BANGUNAN SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD

Special Edition

DDWR 1223

SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD

The Case Study of Brickwork

Historic Bricks Building Burnt Clay Bricks of Sultan
Abdul Samad Building

Moorish Islamic Architecture:

From Mezquita to Kuala Lumpur
1

CONTENTS 03 09 10 11
Introduction Moorish Islamic Post-Moorish Indo Islamic
Architecture: Islamic Architecture
15 From Mezquita
to Kuala Architecture 25
Lumpur
21
Historic Bricks 18 Burnt Clay
Building Restoration & Bricks of Sultan Type of Bonding
Conservation of
Abdul Samad
Sultan Abdul Building
Samad Building

28 31 33 35
Conclusion
Construction Defects on the Other Materials
Method of Bricks of the of the Sultan
Building of Abdul Samad
Sultan Abdul Sultan Abdul Building
Samad Building
Samad

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3

Introduction In the middle of 19th century, when 12 years. In 1896, the area was not
larger than ½ sq miles and the river
Sultan Abdul Samad ruled Selangor, the separated the administration and
Resident of British had welcomed many business section, this gives a good idea
Chinese to Malaya which the main of how Kuala Lumpur looked like
reason was the attraction of the tin mines during that time. Formerly known as the
opened in Malaya. One of the states, Secretariat Building, Sultan Abdul
Selangor had mines near the area where Samad Building is considered as one of
Gombak and Klang Rivers met. In 1863, the most important historic buildings in
came a man named Yap Ah Loy, who is Malaysia. Sultan Abdul Samad building
a brave and genius man, who built a which is one of Malaysia‟s heritage
village which has developed to be a city, building and a famous and historic
Kuala Lumpur. Under Yap Ah Loy, this landmark in the Federal Capital. It is
village grew and prospered with a small situated right at the heart of Kuala
population of 4054 in 1884 to 25,000 in Lumpur.
1896, marking a six-fold increase in just

4

On one side of the Sultan Abdul Samad building, across
the Gombak River, are the Subordinate Courts, the former
High Court building and the Jamek Mosque (Masjid
Jamek). On the other side is the former General Post
Office (Pejabat Pos) building which is now houses the
Court of Appeal Registry (Infokraft, Textile Museum;
originally Department of Public Works); next to it is the
Malaysian Handicraft Centre and further down is the
Dayabumi Building which is the first Malaysian “Turnkey
System” building.

“Constructed entirely of
brick, it boasts a Mahometan
or Neo-Saracenic style with
an imposing porch, graceful
arches, shiny copper domes
and a 41.2m high clock
tower.”

5

The old mining town of Kuala Lumpur (Credit: Wonderful Malaysia)
6

7

Directly opposite the building are the famous Royal “The Sultan Abdul Samad
Selangor Club and the Independence Square building was constructed
(Dataran Merdeka) which acquired its name at the end of the last
because it was at that very spot that the Union Jack century and the site was
flag was lowered down on August 31, 1957 and the chosen because of its
new flag of the Federation of Malaya was hoisted. central position.”
This marked the passing of an era and the birth of a
newly independent nation, the Federation of
Malaya (Persekutuan Malaya).

8

A.C. Norman, a British architect who worked for the
Public Works Department in Kuala Lumpur, in
designing the existing building took into consideration
some of the features of buildings in several Islamic
countries. The predominantly Moorish appearance of
the building suitably reflects the cultural background
of Malaysia.

1. Dome: The dome was one of the most prominent

features of mosque and as to this building. The

three domes originally made of timber and bricks

and painted black now are replaced with copper

cladded domes. The central dome is, however,

unusual and it was actually an integration of two

traditional features the dome and the kiosk. It is

placed on top of the clock tower flanked by two

smaller domes with descending spiral staircase.

He adapted the design of classical domes where

they usually had lantern to crown the domes. and white painted plastered strips like those

Here, the domes are painted gold in color to give found in later Cairo mosque , who borrowed

attraction and symbolic our riches country. from the Byzantines , like mosque , this building

2. The way of expressing the materials on the Wall: also has crests all around.

The external walls were mainly made of with 3. Internal courtyard: Strong expressing the

colored bricks while the interior walls were symmetrical axial just like Taj Mahal building.

rendered. Two parts of the façade as have

horizontal bonding in alternate course of bricks

9

Moorish Islamic Architecture: From

Mezquita to Kuala Lumpur

One of the main features of Moorish architecture is
the consistent use of arches in many of the most
important buildings. The Mezquita in Cordoba and
Alhambra Palace in Granada, feature this style.
Arab arches built during the Caliphal era (when
Arab rulers in Andaluc decided to have their own
Caliph) were built in a horseshoe design, with
bricks and stone laid alternately within the arch and
giving it a striped pattern. As time went by the

horseshoe shape made way for intricate arches that
curved to a point. Application in Sultan Abdul
Samad Building: Arches The architect used arcade
extensively throughout the building. This Feature
can also be found abundantly in mosque.

“The arches found in this building
are of the arches were made of
bricks and white painted plastered
blocks. The arches are of pointed
horseshoe type with varying spans. “

10

The Christians re-conquered the peninsula in the have a much widen span than those upstairs
15th century and set about removing many of the showing that Norman gave the building a feeling of

Arab buildings, converting the mosques into proportion. Relief arches were also used in the
Christian churches by adding the steeples, arches interior.

and bell towers of Northern European Gothic

Post-Moorish Islamicstyles. The intermingled styles of Islamic and
ArchitectureChristian led to the creation of a style called
Mudejar. Some of the best examples of this can be

seen in the Mezquita in Cordoba where the Arab

Minaret has been replaced by a Christian bell

tower.

Application in Sultan Abdul Samad Building A
Clock tower The clock tower on the axis seems to
be balanced by the two turrets. Without the turrets,
the design might not be successful as the central
tower look too tall and not of place. The location of
the clock tower at the central of the building shows
the symbolic of our country as democratic, Islamic
and stability economic country. Whether it was
dome on purpose or by accident the spiral staircases
in the turrets, tend to point up to the tower, thus
accentuate the important of it. The turrets and both
projecting ends help to break up a flat façade

In the front elevation , the horseshoe arches are
bricks and stone laid alternately within the arch and
giving it a striped pattern The ground floor arcades

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INDO ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

The Imperial Style developed under the patronage influenced by Islamic Art. This style was neither
of the Sultans of Delhi. The Provincial Rulers who strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu. The Muslims
were mostly Muslims patronized the Provincial provided spaciousness, massiveness and breadth to
Style. Though the Imperial Style influenced this the Hindu architecture. They added mere or arch,
style yet it had its own individuality. The Hindu dome and minaret to the indigenous architecture.
Architecture evolved under the Hindu kings of The Muslims borrowed the design of kalash on the
Rajasthan and Vijayanagara Empire with an top of the Hindu temple by placing a dome on the
influence of the Imperial style. top of their buildings. The Hindu style of
decoration was applied by the Muslims to decorate
“The Mughal Architecture was a blend their arches. The Quila-I-kunha Mosque is an
of the Islamic Architecture of example of Indo Islamic architecture. The prayer
Central Asia and the Hindu hall of the Quila-i-Kunha mosque doorways with
Architecture of India.” the 'true' horseshoe-shaped arches. The styles favor
ornamentation and buildings of both styles are
The development of the Muslim Style of marked by the presence of an open court
Architecture of this period can be called the Indo- encompassed by chambers or colonnades
Islamic Architecture or the Indian Architecture

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13

Sultan Abdul Samad Building c.1920.Image reproduced from "Malaysia: A Pictorial History 1400-2004" book by Wendy Khadijah Moore
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Historic Bricks Building

“Its unique and dramatic Merdeka Square and backing Belanda Road and
both Gombak and Klang Rivers. It is surrounded by

style; and grandeur of many historic buildings including Jamek Mosque,
S1. Mary's Church, Selangor Club, Old Standard

scale have made it the Chartered Bank Building, JKR 92 Memorial
first architectural Library and Museum, Infokraft Malaysia, Old
General Post Office and High Court all of which

landmark in Malaysia. It form the most memorable combination of the
British colonial architecture in the country. It was

has come to symbolise the originally constructed to house the Secretariat
offices of the Colonial State of Selangor. It served

city of Kuala Lumpur. “ this function until 1978 when, the Federal Territory
having been established, the Selangor Government

D moved to Shah AIam, Selangor's new capital.
esigned by British architect A.C. Norman During these 81 years, the building has modified

assisted by engineer C.B. Spooner, the building and undergone many changes and additions in

was built in 1894 and completed in 1897 with a response to high demands for office spaces,S It was

total cost of MRI52,OOO. The building was then handed over to the Justice Department to be

designed with a mixture of Moorish influence used as both the Federal and High Courts.

inspired from northern India and European styles. It However, due to difficulties in reconciling its plan

is of historically and architecturally significant, of small cellular office spaces with the large rooms

particularly to the early development and history of required for the Courts, the building's initial

Kuala Lumpur. The Sultan Abdul Samad Building, schemes for the conversion did not meet with the

stretching 121.91 metre or 400 feet along the east official approval.

of Raja Road, is situated in an area facing the

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Restoration and This two-storey building, with a mezzanine floor of
Conservation of 5.48 metre or 18 feet high in between, was planned
Sultan Abdul asymmetrically with an F-shaped plan form.
Samad Building Constructed of exposed red brick with imitation
stone dressing made of plastered brick and a tiled
Later in 1979, an architectural from BEP Akitek roof; the building has adopted a two-metre wide
verandahway around both floors. The verandahs
was commissioned to undertake the works of that surround the building are arcaded and
restoration and conservation to fit with the new emphasised by various forms of arches including
required spaces. pointed, ogee, horse-shoe, multi foil and four-
centred arches. There is an elevated internal
“Under the Antiquites Act, courtyard with car park below. The building has a
the building was gazetted by symmetrically front facade with three onionshaped
the government on October domed towers: a 41 meter high tower which is
13, 1983 for preservation and square in plan in the centre and two shorter
maintenance.” circulation towers with outer stairways which climb
the towers in a spiral fashion.

Architectural Significance Apart from its historical
importance, the building has architectural values
which has led to some of its features being adopted
for other government buildings built during the
British period. For example, some buildings around
the area have used pointed arches, verandahs,
domes, pinnacles, decorative pediments and
exposed red brick with imitation stone dressing
made of plaster.

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All of these became common features of the

British colonial architecture built under the
Moorish influnce. Another important aspect
about the building is that it was designed by
British architect Arthur Charles Alfred
Nonnan who was also responsible for
designing many renowned buildings in Kuala
Lumpur including the St. Mary's Church,
High Court, Carcosa, Old Chartered Bank
Building, Municipality Hall, Selangor Club
Building and the Infokraft Malaysia (former
Public Works Department). A statue of Sir
Frank Swettenham, the . then British Resident
of Selangor, was erected at the end of the
building near the Gombak Bridge. In 1921,
an impressive ceremony attended by the
British High Commissioner Sir Lawrence
Guillemard and Rulers of the four Federated
Malay States was held to honour Sir Frank
Swettenham. It was under Swettenham's
direction as the British Resident in the 1880's
that the rrrst steps were taken to modernise
Kuala Lumpur.7 However, after
Independence in 1957, the statue was
removed to its present site outside the
National Museum in Kuala Lumpur.

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Burnt Clay Bricks made in this manner have been used in
buildings which have lasted for centuries. Their
Bricks of Sultan longevity has depended on the quality of the
ingredients, the skill of the artisans and the climate
Abdul Samad in which they were used. In appearance, these
bricks are solid blocks of hardened clay, usually
Building reddish in color.

Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes,
with first-class offering the best quality and most
created by pressing wet clay into molds, then strength. These high-grade burnt clay bricks have
drying and firing them in kilns. Burnt-clay bricks no noticeable flaws, but they’re also going to cost
have good resistance to moisture, insects and more.
erosion and create a good room environment. They
are medium in cost and have medium-to-high When these bricks are used in walls, they require
compressive strength. plastering or rendering with mortar. Uses for burnt
clay bricks include:
“This is a very old building
material—the type of brick found Masonry walls
in many of the ancient structures
of the world. “ Foundations

Columns

1.Burnt-clay bricks have good resistance to
moisture, insects and erosion and create a good
room environment. They are medium in cost and
have medium-to-high compressive strength. Burnt
clay fly ash bricks are classified on basis of average
compressive strength.

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Table 1: Classes of burnt clay fly ash bricks

Bricks should be uniformly burnt, free
from cracks and flaws such as nodules of
stone, black coring and organic matter.
Frog dimensions should same for both
modular and non modular size bricks.
Frog dimension should be either 10 or
20mm for and hand molded bricks of 90
or 70 mm height. No frog is provided for
bricks of height 30 or 40 mm and for
bricks made by extrusion process.
Smooth rectangular faces with sharp
corner should be provided to the bricks
along with uniform color and shape.

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Dimension of modular bricks should be as follows:
Length(mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
190 90 90
190 90 40
Non modular bricks of following size may also be used:
Length(mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
230 110 70
230 110 30
Following sizes of non modular brick may also be used to obtain proper bond agreement and modular
dimension for brickwork:
Length(mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
70 110 280/3

1.Tolerance
Randomly select 20 bricks (or more according to the high) the width and height should be 1800±40mm
size of the stack) from the selected sample. Arrange and length should be 3800±80mm. For 40mm high
these bricks on as level surface successively as bricks the height should be 800±40mm, width and
depicted in 2A, 2B and 2C. Measure overall length length should remain same as for 90mm high bricks.
of the assembly with a sufficiently long steel tape or For non modular size bricks (70mm high) the length
with help of some other inextensible measure. If should be 4600±80mm and width should be
measurement of bricks in one row is not possible for 2200±40mm and height should be 1400±40mm. For
some reason; sample may be divided into rows of 10 30mm high bricks the height should be 600±40mm,
bricks and measurement should be done to the length and width should remain same.
nearest millimeter. For modular size bricks (90mm

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1.Physical properties “Clay brick is the oldest and
most used building material,
Bricks should have minimum compressive is a product of a brick dough,
strength . Water absorption of bricks should not which consists of clayey soil
be more than 20% by weight up to class 12.5 and and water. It is formed
15% for higher classes when bricks are immersed primitively, naturally dried,
in cold water for 24 hours. Efflorescence should and fired in the kilns in the
not be more than ‘moderate’ for class up to 12.5 workshop. “
and ‘slight’ for higher classes.

Four main ingredients are required for brick
making: suitable clay and sand, water, fuel and
manpower. The clay must be easily available, be
plastic when mixed with small amounts of water,
develop strength upon drying and develop hard
and durable use-strength when burned.

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Type of bonding The Sultan Abdul Samad Building is The way of expressing the materials on
widely used the facing brick, with the the Wall:
natural colour to suite environment. The
bricks widely used for wall surfaces The external walls were mainly made of
minarets and columns. The arches, posts with colored bricks while the interior
and sculptures are constructed by walls were rendered. Two parts of the
concrete. The hardwood are used for façade as have horizontal bonding in
doors opening and window frames. The alternate course of bricks and white
glass used windows is to give more painted plastered strips like those found
natural light to flow into the rooms. in later Cairo mosque , who borrowed
from the Byzantines , like mosque , this
building also has crests all around.

English bond were used in the construction of the bricks bonding

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A check by The Straits Times two weeks ago
revealed that the brick walls of the Sultan Abdul
Samad Building were unprotected from ongoing
construction work on the river.

 They were also unprotected from nature:
algae and plants could be seen growing in
the crevices.

 Plants growing on the roof. The building will
soon fall apart when there's no maintenance.

 The buildings fell into neglect due to a lack
of funds.

 No long-term planning.

 When there was a new government building,
they moved into it and left this empty.

English Cross bonding in Sultan are not positioned above one another on

consecutive courses.

Abdul Samad Building

Bonding is the arrangement of bricks in
a structure such as a wall or column.

Very broadly, bricks can be laid as soldiers

(standing upright), stretchers (laid lengthwise along

the wall) or headers (laid width wise along

the wall). 27

Brick bonding patterns: different texture or coloured bricks.

Distribute loads throughout the structure to This is a modification of English bond, used to
achieve maximum strength. improve the appearance of the wall. This bond
combines the requirements of beauty and strength.
Ensure stability. Special features of bond are:

Achieve the desired aesthetic. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers
are provided as in English bond.
This alternates courses of stretchers and headers,
with the alternating stretcher course being offset by Queen closers are placed next to quoin headers.
half a brick. The stretchers are centred on the joins
between the stretchers below them, so that the A header is introduced next to the quoin stretcher
alternating stretcher courses are aligned. Staggering in every alternate stretcher course.
stretchers enables patterns to be picked out in

English Cross bond with king-closer is laid at the end of the stretcher course. “The way in which a
Every 4 courses a header is laid next to the king-closer. This way the bricks brick is laid
are staggered by half a brick.
– the brickwork bond
–

also strongly

influences the
appearance of the

facade. A well

thoughtout brickwork
bond

gives projects extra
style and character.”

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Construction Method of Sultan
Abdul Samad Building

The construction of the building began in cement, 18,000 pikuls of lime, 5,000 lbs of copper,
50 tons of steel and iron, and about 30,000 cubic
September 1894 and was completed in 1897. The feet of timber. Spooner had previously established
foundation stone was laid on 6 October 1894 by in the Brickfields area a factory for the production
the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Charles of large number of higher quality bricks, tiles and
Mitchell. The building sits on an area of 1.034 other building material suitable for the construction
hectares, with the floor of the building occupying of the building. The cost of construction was
an area of 4,208.5 square metres (45,300 sq ft). The 152,000 straits dollars.
construction used 4 million bricks, 2,500 barrels of

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Spooner also made many alterations and additions due to the ground vibrations caused by a loud
while the building was being constructed with the signal gun fired daily at noon and 5 pm, the built
help of A. B. Hubback. Some of these, such as an tower however proved to be sturdy. A problem
extra two and a half feet of brickwork on the lower arose with the clock first delivered as it was not in
walls, were necessary to strengthen the building harmony with the building, and it was replaced by
due to it being built so close to the river. The height a second one. The clock was manufactured by
of the clock tower had also caused much concern to Gillett & Johnston Ltd of Croydon.
the public, who thought that the tower may collapse

30

The Sultan Abdul Samad
Building is near completion
viewed from across the Klang
River c 1897. Notice the clock
tower is not installed with the
clock yet. Picture source:
skyscrapercity.com forum

The completed structure housed various important As it was not foreseen when construction began in
government departments during the British 1894 that Kuala Lumpur would become the capital
administration. The building, simply known of the Federated Malay States, the office space
as Government Offices in early Kuala Lumpur provided was inadequate for the needs of a
maps, housed the Federal Secretariat of the then- burgeoning bureaucracy. The FMS government
Federated Malay States (FMS) which was formed took over the offices that were intended for the
in 1896. The entire FMS administration—the Sanitation Board.[6] Other buildings and extensions
Public Works Department, General Post Office, were then constructed around it. A rear wing was
District Offices, Mines Department, Lands, Audit, added in 1903, and a building built in the same
Treasury, Government Secretariat Offices—was style was added to the south in 1907 to house the
housed there.[2][3] It also shared its offices with the General Post Office.

Selangor State Government.

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The building was also severely damaged during the great KL flood of 1971. (Cr edit: Portal MyPT3)

Defect on the Bricks of the Buildings of

Sultan Abdul Samad

M repair in order to enable the building to be fit for its
ost of the heritage buildings are generally purpose. There had been many additions and

susceptible to deterioration due to factors such as modifications carried out to the building over the
poor maintenance and improper restoration years before the works of renovation and
methods thus needs to be refurbished. According to restoration. For example. many places in the
Burden (2004), refurbishment means to bring an verandah ways were blocked up and taken over as

existing building up to standard, or to make it offices. The open internal courtyard was occupied
suitable for a new use by renovations, or by to house offices, canteen, toilets and air-

installing new equipment, fixtures, furnishing and conditioning plant, much of which spoilt the

finishes. Refurbishment is considered as a minimal original feature of the plan.

32

For security purposes, grilled screens were fixed A check by The Straits Times two weeks ago
in between columns with an arched curve motif revealed that the brick walls of the Sultan Abdul
at lower level. Pinnacles placed on the pediments Samad Building were unprotected from ongoing
and on top corners of the central tower were construction work on the river. They were also
taken down before the war, in fear of bombing unprotected from nature: algae and plants could be
attacks which could cause a danger to seen growing in the crevices. Plants growing on the
pedestrians. The architects were much happy to roof. The building will soon fall apart when there's
restore the pinnacles and put them back to the no maintenance. The buildings fell into neglect due
original state but due to budget constraint they to a lack of funds.
have not been restored. Over the years,
mezzanine floors had been added in several 33
places, bearing on the old walls. In addition,
some of its main building problems include
broken roof tiles, rotting timber trusses, decayed
woodwork. water penetration through
foundations; and broken bricks. Another
modification of the exterior is the three domes
surmounting two staircases and the central clock
tower. These copper-covering domes had been
painted black at some time in the past. However,
with the donation of MR200,OOO from the
Australian Government the domes were restored
during the renovation work. Copper has been
used to restore to its original state. A very high
grade lacquer was applied to burnish the domes.
This gives a magnificient golden look to the
building.

Other Materials
of the Sultan
Abdul Samad
Building

The colonials built huge numbers of monumental comprised of arches of different patterns such as
the pointed arch, ogre arch, horseshoe arch, multi-
structure across the country. This includes the foiled arch and four-centered arch punching
Sultan Abdul Samad building which was the capital through a red-bricked wall. It is richly decorated
of British administrative center from 1896 onwards with floral finials, embellishments and sculptural
once Kuala Lumpur was declared as the capital elements arranged in hierarchical organisation at
town of Malaya. Like most of the British colonial the roof, body and base section.
buildings, A.C.A. Norman's buildings are
essentially hybrids. Moorish influence, Tudor, Neo-
Classical and Neo-Gothic are examples of
architectural styles introduced by many British
architects including A.C.A. Norman. The building
has three copper onion domes that marked the
Moghul style of architecture. The built form is
monumental in scale, vertical in height or
horizontally massive compared to human
proportions and other surroundings. The façade

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The façade also has distinct focal point that ideally the building is strategically placed in an open
projects a strong central focus decorated with the ground facing a large square intending it to be
center tower equipped with a tower clock and the noticeable and recognized to signify importance.
other two side towers are decorated with arches in a Nonetheless, the British left significant legacy that
spiral motion, enhancing the overall perceptual still prevails until the present context and this
stability. This arrangement provides symmetrical includes architecture, administrative system,
axis and order while adding an element of interest lifestyle and culture in the local scene due to their
to the bland monotonous façade. The placement of long subjugation that lasted for 170 years.

Copper dome of Sultan Abdul Samad Building

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Conclusion

Brick-making became a major industry in Kuala Norman successfully designed his buildings with
Lumpur after conflagrations in the city led the adaptations to climatic conditions, local building
British administration to control the use of materials and building details. The use of high
flammable building materials. The principal non- ceilings, verandahs, wide overhangs and canopies,
flammable materials that were available were big windows and louvered panels are some
bricks and tiles, and the restrictions created a strong examples of common architectural features which
stimulus for the brick-making industry in Kuala appeared in his buildings. In addition, he used
Lumpur. Improved machinery for making bricks building materials including bricks, roof clay tiles,
needed for large-scale infrastructure projects. timber and metal products which were available
locally.
It is believed that the design of the Sultan Abdul
Samad Building, which is of the Moorish
architectural style, was very much influenced by
the State Engineer Charles Edwin Spooner who had
working experience in Ceylon. It was Spooner who
suggested that Norman and Bidwell should change
the early elevations of the Building from Classic
Renaissance to the adaptations of Mahometan style.
However, Norman's other buildings in Kuala
Lumpur such as the St. Mary's Church, Selangor
Club Building and the JKR 92 Memorial Library
and Museum have architectural styles which are
similar to that of his homeland England.

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The clock tower of Sultan Abdul Samad Building.

Even though Norman's buildings represent a buildings including the architects should be well
relatively small part of the Malaysian building documented. Though some of Malaysia’s iconic
heritage, their characters and styles have to some monuments might be old and a little outdated
extent influenced other new buildings especially against the backdrop of KL’s modern skyline, these
commercial buildings, offices and houses. For historical structures serve as a great reminder of the
building conservation, it is important that not only nation’s past, present and future heading, and
historic buildings should be preserved and should command a great amount of respect and
conserved but all historical facts about the tender care.

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References:
1. Application of Islamic Architecture at Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala Lumpur. Available from:

https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/274712067_Application_of_Islamic_Architecture_at_Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building_K
uala_Lumpur [accessed Dec 25 2020].
2. Conservation of British Colonial Buildings Built Between 1800 and 1930 in Malaysia, October
1993 , http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14730/1/252500.pdf
3. A Ghafar Ahmad, (2011). Restoration of building façade at the Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. The Eighth Regular Report, ACCU Nara International Correspondent, 17-19.
4. A Ghafar Ahmad, (1997). Chronological biography of Arthur Charles Alfred Norman. Journal of the
Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 70, 21-29.
Gibson, M. (2009, March-April). When the Sultan Abdul Samad Building was new. Bulletin
Warisan, 3-4.
5. Gullick, J.M. (1992). The Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 65, 27-38.

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The Sultan Abdul Samad Building.
39

Ahmad Akmal Irfan b. Rahsidi Sabri Nor Afriina Syahida bt Mohd Fikeri
(Matric No.: A20DW1850) (Matric No.: A20DW1881)

Visit us via online at,

https://anyflip.com/ahljs/luig/

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