ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Transcription

1

2 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Vol. 93 (3-4) ~~ Edited by the Direc,tor, ZoologicQ,1 Survey oj India 1m

3 C Copyright 1995, Government of India Publi8Md: MartJ' PRICE: Inland : Ra_ ~oreigd : or S PlUNTED ATTJlB BANI PBJ!SS~ 16 ~EN.BNDaA SEN ~'BT, CALCU1TA , PRODUCBD BY 'THE PUBUCATION b1\rtslow AND PUBUSHBD 'BY THE PJRECTOR J ZOO1.00~CA~ SVR\1I't (>p JNDIA, CALQUTTA 7QO OZQ

4 COMPUTERISED DATA ON NATIONAL ZQ'OLOGICAL COLLECTION The National Zoological Collections comprising nearly types are housed in the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta and are prop1erly maintained. AU these specimens have Registration numbers :and are readily available for study as and when requir,ed. Data pertaining to locality, date of collection, name of colle,ctor, sex, up to date valid specles name, name of the host (for parasite), etc., of each type collection have already be,en computerised. The computer sed data 'are stored in the computer centre of Zoological Survey of India. Scientists I Naturalists interested for,any infor.. mation on type species present in Zoological Survey of India may contact the Director, Zoological Sut'vey of India; 'M' Block, New Alipur, Caicutta, DR.,A. K. GHOSH Dire,clor Zoological Survey of India

5 AN APPEAL In order to enrich the un adonal Zoolo gi,c,al Collection';' (NZC) and to up date iniorm:ation on the occurrence and distribution of animal species in India Scientists I Naturalists and researchers working on animal taxonomy I systematics are requested to deposit t.heir identified specimens to the Zoological Survey of India at the fo lowing address; Office'r-in... Char,ge, dentification and Advisory Section, Zoological Survey of Illdia, M. S. BuUding, Nizam P,alac,e, 234/4, A. J. C. Bose Road, Calcutta These,specimens will be registered and their data will be computerised. They are,jurther requested to dep,osi,t their type cdllection posit.ively to ZS/,and use the R,~gislrati"n number in their p,ublication of.the new taxon. DR. A.,K. GHQSH Director Zoological Surv,el of India

6 51,RECORDS OF \['HE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Vol. 93 (3-4) Pages : CONTENTS PAGE YADAV,B. E. A Report on some 8'pecies of the Genera Digltipu and EtkmoBligmu8 (Chilopoda : Scolopendromorpha : Scolopendridae, 'Otostigminae) from Maha ashtra 313 AnslKAB:r, C. C. AND GHOSH, A. I.(.-On the Occurrence of Linognathus vitu" (Linnaeus) (Anoplura: Linognathidae),on a Giant Squirrel, Halula indioa from North Bengal 317 YADAV, 'S. B.-5colopendridae (Okilopoda) of Western Ghat 'with some Firat Records from the State of Maharastra, India 321 SILVAKUMAR, S. AND AJMAL KHAN, S.--Orapstd and Xanthid Crabs of Parangipettai Coast. 329 MANDAL, AJoy. KUMAR, PODDAR, A. K,., 'BHATTAcHARnA, T.P.-Records of Megaerop' nipaanae Yenbutra &.Felten, 1983 (Mammalia; Chiroptera : Pteropod dae), Bipposidero8 lan1caditjakelaart, 1850 and H;,pposidero8 armiger armiger (Hodgson:, 1835) (Chiroptera Rhinolopbidae) from M,anipur, Ind"a with Taxo.. 'nomic: Notes BASTAWADl!, D. 'B.. -Spiders as Larval 'Food of 8celipAron 11ioZaceum (Dablb.) (Hymenoptera; Sphecidae).' 'RAMAKlUSHNA-Biomonitoring of Inland Water: Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Rlve'r Musl at Hyderabad ADdhra 'Pradesh, India 'I', 367 MAlly BAl, M.-Bcological Studies on the River Cooum with Special Referenoe topollutiod 393 VASANTH,M.-AvlfauDa of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India 417 MURTHY, T. S. N.First Rec'ord,of the Urope'lt Teretrurus Sanguineus (Beddome 1887) (Reptilia) Serpentes from the Nilgiris, South India ".'. 447

7 [ II ] NAGABR'U8HANAM, A. K. AND KIUSHNAN, S.-Ob8ervations on the Distribution of some of the Marine Organisms Inhabiting the Intertidal Zone Along the Western Continental Shelf of the Bay of Bengal, 'with Particular Re(ereo1ceto 'the 'Tamil Nadu Coastal Strip RAMAKllISRNA, G. AND SINHA, BHANUDBB,-Systematic Status of the Gonera Ad_nia, Peri80'1IP,hi8" Paraperi8ogpA'8an,d TortJditfl Crustacea-Isopoda-Qni8coidea Armadillidae HAPBBIULLAB, M.- Cestode,s of Vertebrates of Rajasthan YADAV, B. E.AND KAMBLE, R. H.-A Dote 'OD the Temperature Preference D Muo6utkuB tamul"'8 tamulus (Fabr.) (Orde'r: Scorpionida, Family: Buthidae ) HAD1!ZULLAH, M.-Trema'todes of Vertebrates of Rajasthan 1. MUKHERfSS, R. P., CHAUDHUJU) S. AND MURMU, A. Population Survey of N,on Human Primates (MammaliaD of Tripura 491,

8 Bee. zool. Surv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 A REPORT ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENERA DIGITIPES AND ETHMOSTIGJJIUS (CHILOPODA: SCOLOPENDROMORPHA: SCOLOPENDRIDAE, OTOSTIGMINAE) FROM MAHARASHTRA B. E. YADAV Zoological Survey oj India Western Regional Station, Pune INTRODUCTION During the course of general faunistic survey of Kolhapur, Sindhud urg and Pune districts, some interesting specimens of centipedes of the genera Digitipes and Ethmostigmus belonging to tribe Otostigmini were collected under stones, which constitute their first record from Maharashtra. I. Genus; Digitipes Attems, 1930 The Old World genus of Congo ori~in, was first recorded in Deccan by Jangi and Dass (1984). Diagnosi8: The claw of 2nd maxilla without spur, nine pairs of oval undivided spiracles present above alternate legs from 3rd onwards except 7th; anal legs possess posterio-medial femoral process in males. Species and distribution: Out of six species known from Deccan Plateau, Digitipes barnabasi Jangi and Dass is fairly well known from Maharashtra while D. chhotani'i, Jangi and Dass, D. indicus Jangi and Dass and D. coonoorensis Jangi and Dass form the first record, the details of which are given below- 1. Digitipes chhotanii Jangi and Dass, 1984 Material examined: INDIA: MAHARASHTRA, Pune District, Khandala Ghat, 68 kms NW of Pune, 1-X-1988, 2 do, 1 ~, Dr. G. M. Yazdani. Remarks: The 21st sternite longer than broad, (V8 broader than long). Analleg tarsi smooth (V8 pilose). 2. Digitipes indicus Jangi and Dass, 1984 Material examined: INDIA, MAHARASHTRA, Sindhudurg Dist, Phonda Ghat, lo-ix-1987, 1 ex, Dr. D. B. Bastawade; Pune District, Khandala Ghat, 1-X-1988, 1 ~, Dr. G. M.~Yazdani. 1

9 314 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Remarks: The specimen from Sindhudurg exhibited variation: 2nd-5th and 13th-20th tergal segments slightly overlapping the preceeding ones; 6-12 normal; 10th-20th broader than long. 3. Digitipes coodoorensis Jangi and Dass, Material examined: INDIA: MAHARASHTRA, Sindhudurg Dist., 30 kms. W. of Amboli Ghat, 19-IX-1987, 1 ~, Dr. D. B. Bastawade. Remarks: Lateral tergital emargination starts on 6th instead of 8th, and 15th- 20th tergal segments broader than long. II. Genus Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898 The genus Ethmostigmu8, having worldwide distribution, is represented by five species in India. Diagnosis: Maxillipedes in the genus lack median dental process but possess 10 pairs of spiracle, including one above the 7th pair of walking legs, the 1st pair of spiracle is large, elliptical and sieve like. Species and distribution: Ethmostigmu8 pygomegas (Koblraush) is known to occur in Himalaya (Gravely, 1912.) E. coonooranu8 Chamberlin from Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu), E. platycephalus spinosus (Newport) from Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, E. p. cribrifer (Gervais) from Mysore (Karnataka) while E. p. platycephalus (Newport), the only record from Malabar coast (Kerala). 1. Etbmostigmus p. platycepbalus (Newport) 1845 Diagnosis: Four basal antennal segments glabrous, median dental plate having 3 teeth, posteriomedial spiny process of anal leg prefemur is of normal size, anal leg prefemur with 3 ventrolateral spines and coxopleural process tipped with 2-4 spines; bearing dorsally 0-1. spine. Material examined: INDIA: MAHARASHTRA, Kolhapur District, 60 km. N. of Pundra on Ajra Road, 28-IX-1986, 1 ex, Dr. D. B. Bastawade. Remarks: Coxopleural process tipped with 2 spines (vs 2,4) and 1 lateral (vs 0-1 dorsal). Body length-ll0 mm. SUMMARY Three species belonging to gsnus Digitipes viz. D. chhotanii Jangi and Dass, D. coonoorensis Jangi and Dass and one to the genus Ethmostigmus,. E. p. platycephazu8 (Newport) collected from Western Ghats, Pune, Kolhapur, and Sindhudurg districts are reported for the first time from Maharashtra.

10 YADAV: O'n some species of the genera Digitipes 315 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, and Dr. O. M. Yazdani Sci-SE, O/C of W. R. S. Pune, for the laboratory facilities. REFERENCES Gravely, F. H. 1912, Zoological results of Abhor Expedition, V Scolopendridae. Rec. Indian Mus., 8 : Jangi, B. S. and Dass, C. M. S Scolopendridae of the Decan. J. Scient. Ina. Res., 43 (1) :

11

12 Reo. zool. Surv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF LINOGNATHUS VITULI (LINNAEUS) (ANOPLURA : LINOGNATHIDAE) ON A GIANT SQUIRREL, RATUFA INDIO A FROM NORTH BENGAL c. C. ADHIKARY AND A. K. GHOSH Zoological Survey of India, Oalcutta. INTRODUCTION Linognathus vituli was first described by Linnaeus (1758) as a species of Pediculus. Later on various workers placed its under Haematopinus and Trichaulus. It was Enderlein (1905) who first rightly considered as a number of Linognathu8 and since then the generic status of the species has been in use. The lice was reported to infest the domestic cattle of Europe, North America, India (Ferris, 1932, 1951) and Wild Boar from Hungary (Dudich 1923). There had been no record on the occurrence of this species in mammal other than Cattle and Boar. During this investigation, the lice have been collected from giant squirrel from Jalpaiguri, North Bengal, India. The squirrel hosting this parasites in fair number should be considered as a new host of Linognathus vituli in India. In this paper, the revision of the description of the species has been made with addition of some new characters of txonomic importance. The general morphology and usages in describing lice follows Kim and Emerson (1978). Linognathus v~tuli (Linnaeus) Female: (Fig. 1) Total body length 2.46 mm. Head: (Fig. 2) Without eyes, elongate the forehead acutely conical, slightly shorter than hind head, which has the later margins straight and parallel; entire head quite strongly sclerotic and pigmented with a darker longitudinal band long the lateral margin of the hind, head. All typical head setae present; ventral setae large, larger than dorsal side, ventral pre-antennal head setae (VPaHS) long, sutural head setae (SHS) 2 pairs; supra antennal central head setae (SPAtCHS) small, dorsal Principal head setae (DPHS) long, dorsal marginal head setae (DMHS) 2 3 pairs. Antennae 5 segmented; occipital apophyses (OA) not developed. Pharynx without brushes; mouth parts reaching nearly to the posterior border of the thorax. Thorax: Meso and meta thoracic phragmata well developed, notal pit indistinct. Sternal plate absent. Legs: Forelegs small and slender with accuminate claws, mid and hind legs subequal and larger than forelegs; each with stout claw, tibial thumbs highly developed; each with a spiniform seta j one pair of mesothoracic spiracle. Dorsal principal thoracic setae (DPTS) medium sized, one pair. Abdomen: Membraneous. with no sternal and targal plates except genital and terminal segments. Paratergites

13 318 Records of the Zoological Survey of India absent. Central abdominal setae (CAS) in two raws both dorsal and ventral side. In dorsal, anterior row having 3-5 setae, terminal with 2 setae, rest having 7-9 setae each. In ventral, anterior having 2-4 setae and remaining 9-11 setae each. 6 pairs of spiracles, with distinct internal ledges ; a pair of each on segments m~ 1',, I \ \ E\ E --.j" o ( Fig. a. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus), b. Head" c. Genetalia uf Female, d. Genetalia, of ]VIale. Genetalia: (Fig. 3) Gonopods very distinctive form, set close together, broad, with posterior margin emarginate and bearing a sclerotic hook at its inner angle. Male: In general very similar to female. Genetalia : (Fig. 4) Parameters long and acutely tapering, almost entirely concealing the delicate, elongate, ring-like endodermal piece, basal apodeme longer than terminal complex; Pseudopenis small with slender arms, apex of the apodemes terminating in a single point.

14 ADHIKARY & GHOSH: Occurrence of L. vituli from North Bengal 319 Nymphs: Unknown. Material examined: 5 ~ ~, 4 d d. Host: Gian squirrel, Ratufa indica (Erxleben). Place of collection: Jainti, Jalpaiguri, Remarks: The present specimens correspond with those described by Ferris, 1932, 1951 from Europe, N. America, India and Wild Boar from Hungary by Dudich, 1923, but with following differences; Head: VPaHs long, SHS 2 pairs, SP AtCHS small, DPHS long; DMHS 2-3 pairs. Thorax: MDHS one pair; medium sized. Abdomen: CAS in two rows both dorsal and vental side. In dorsal, anterior 3-5 setae, terminal with 2 setae, remaining having 7-9 setae each. In ventral, anterior 2-4 setae, remaining having 9-11 setae each. SUMMARY A new host Giant squirrel, is recorded from Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus) a parasite of common cattle for the first time. The morphology of the lice has also been described in details in this paper. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Sri A. K. Mondal, Scientist 'B', Zoological Survey of India, for identification of mammal and to Dr. P. K. Chaudhuri, Reader in Zoology, Burdwan University, for going through the manuscript. Sincere thanks to Shri S. Ghosh, Zoological Survey of India, for collection of specimees. REFERENCES Adhikary, C. C Record of Hoplopleura malabarica Werneck (Anoplura : I-Ioplopleuridae) from India. Bull. zool. Sur'IJ. India, 8 (1-3) : Adhikary, C. C. and Ghosh, A. K State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal (Insecta: Anoplura), part 7 : (1-16), Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Ferris, G. F Contribution toward a monograph of the sucking lice vol. 2., Part 5 : Ferris, G. F The sucking lice mem. pacif. coast. Soc., vol Kim and Emerson Systematic Entomology 3,

15

16 Bee. zoot. Surv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 SCOLOPENDRIDAE (OHILOPODA) OF WESTERN GHAT WITH SOME FIRST RECORDS FROM THE STATE OF MAHARASTRA, INDIA B. E. YADAV Zoological Survey of India Western RegionaZ Station Pune INTRODUCTION Western Ghat, a rich heritage of biodiversity, forms a vast array of tropical evergreen forests, with the patches of mixid to dry deciduous, having red laterite and black soil, provides the unique home-sites for centipedes, in the moist soil as well as in the semi-arid zones and habitats at hill ranges. However, as a result of human invasion, through urbanization and rapid constructions, centipedes are under threat. The Scolopendridae, in India, is represented by two subfamilies, 3 tribes, 8 genera comprising about 70 species. During the course of faunistic survey of Ahmad Nagar, Raigad, Kolha pur, Sangli and Pune districts, specimens of Scolopenara (Trackycormocephalus) indiae (Chamberlin), * 8. (T) mirabilis (Porat)* and Scolopendra andhrensis Jangi and Dass, were collected. Hitherto the first two species were restricted to Indo-Gangetic belt (Khanna, 1977, Vazirani and Khanna 1977, Jangi and Das 1984) and the last was originally described by Jangi and Dass (1984) from Vishakhapattanam district, Andhra Pradesh. The present account constituting the first record of three species adds significantly to the Scolopendrid Fauna of Western Ghat, and thus raising the number of species for W. G. to 41. The details of the specimens collected, are given below. 1. Scolopendra indiae (Chamberlin) 1914 Material examined: INDIA, MAHARASHTRA, Raigad district, 50 kms E. of Mangaon, 6-XII-1987, 1 ex. Dr. D. B. Bastawade, Ahmad Nagar district, Chincholi Village, 8-IX-1988, 1 ex., Dr. R. HI Kamble. Diagnostic characters: Lateral emargion only on the 21st tergite. Variations noticed: Length 50 mm. (V s. 23 mm.). The claw of anal legs without tarsal spur. Di8tribution: ORISSA: Jeypore dist. RAJASTHAN; Jodhpur dist. MAHA RASHTRA : Ahmad Nagar and Raigad dist. * Lewis (1986) Synonymised the genus Trachycormocephalus under Scolopendra. 2

17 322 Records of the Zoological Survey of India 2. Scolopendra mirabilis (Porat) 1876 Material examined: INDIA, MAHARASHTRA, Sangli district, Machundi Village, 20 kms. E. of Jat-Umadi Road, 19-X-1984, 1 ex., Dr. A. S. Mahabal. Scolopendra amazonica Bucherl FIG. 1

18 ladav: Boolopendridae (Ohilopoda) of West Ghats 323 Diagno8tic character8: Lateral emargination on the tergites 17th-21st. Variations noticed: The claw of anal legs with a spur. Distribution: RAJAS1'HAN: Nagpur dist. Jodhpur; Asop Village, Bharatpur, MAHARASHTRA : Sangli district. The base of dental plate on the coxosternum of S. inaiae (Chamberlin) and S. ",irabilis (Porat) noticed hairy with median longitudinal furrows as was observed by Khanna (1977), 3. Scolopendra andhrebsis Jangi & Dass 1984 Material examined: INDIA, MAHARASHTRA, Kolhapur district, Kadamkai khind, near village Tamdalge, 15-VIII-1989, 1 adult female, Dr. S. G. Patil; Pune district, Vetal hill, 22-IX-1983, 1 ex, Dr. D. B. Bastawade. Diagno8tic characters: The cephalic plate bearing coarse pit like puncta, lack of tarsal spur on the 20th pair of walking legs, prefemur of anal legs ventrally having 1 6 spines. Variation8 noticed: Length 80 mm. (Vs. 26 mm.) Antennae: Composed of 19 articles instead of 17, six basal segments glabrous. Cephalic plate: In Kolhapur specimen, puncta, on anterior 1/3 portion (Vs 2/3). Tergites: Lateral emargination starts on 15th (V s 18th). Maxillipedes: out of six median teeth, inner 2 (Vs 3) partly united. Toothed femoral process present only at one side in the Kolhapur specimen. Distribution: ANDHRA PRADESH: Visahakbapattanam district, MAHA- RASHTRA: Kolhapur and Pune districts. THE SCOLOPENDRID CENTIPEDES OF WESTERN GHAT Family : SCOLOPENDRIDAB Sl. No. Species Subfamily : SCOLOPBNDRINAB Tribe : Scolopendrini Distribution in W. G. Belt 1. Scolopendra amazonica Bucherl 2. Scolopendra mor8itan8 Linn. 3. Scolopendra hardwickei Newport 4. Scolopendra subspinipes Leach Maharashtra, Goa, Kelala, T. N. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bangalore, Tamil Nadu. Karnataka, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Karwar, Mysore. Tamil Nadu : Cochin.

19 324 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Sl. No. Species Di8tribution in W. G. Belt 5. Scolopenara subspinipes dehani Brandt 6. Scolopendra andhren8is Jani & Dass, 7. Scolopendra punen8is J angi & Dass 8. Scolopendra elloren8i8 Jangi & Dass 9. Scolopendra inaiae (Chamberlin) 10. Scolopendra mirabilis (Porat) 11.** Arthrorhabdu8 jone8ii Verhoeff 12. Oormocephalu8 we8twoodi dispar Porat 13. Oormocephalu8 macrosestrus A ttems 14. Oormocephalu8 pygmaeub (Pocock) 15. Oormocephalus nudipes Jangi & Dass 16. Oormocephalus pilosus J angi 17. Oormocephalu8 denticaudu8 Jangi & Dass 18. *Oormocephalu8 nigrificatus Verhoeff 19. Oormocephalus pseuaonudipes Jangi & Dass 20. Asanada brevicornis Meinert 21. Asanada agharkari (Gravely) 22. Asanada sokotrana (Pocock) 23. Asanada indica Jangi & Dass Tribe: AS8n8dini Karnataka : Karwar. Maharashtra: Pune, Kolbapur. Maharashtra, Pune. Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Ellora. Maharashtra, Ahmad Nagar, Raigad. Maharashtra, Sangli. Kerala : Trivendrum. Deccan area. Maharashtra. Maharashtra : Nasik, Karanataka : Kanara. Karnataka : Mangalore, Karwar. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa. Maharashtra, Satara, Panchgani. Kerala : Trivendrum. Maharashtra : Nasik. Maharashtra. Maharashtra : Sa tara Koyna Valley. Maharashtra : Aurangabad ; Pune ; Kerala : Palgha t. Maharashtra. Subfamily ; OTOSTIGMINAE Tribe : Otostigmini 24. * Digitipes gravelyi J angi & Dass Kerala ; Palgha t. 25. Digitipes coonoorensis J angi & Dass Tamil Nadu : Nilgiri, Maharashtra : Sindhudurg..26 l)igitipe8 indicus Jangi & Dass Maharashtra, Pune, Khandala 27. Digitipes chhotanii J angi & Dass ~erala : Palghat, T richur. Maharashtra : Pune, Khandala.

20 JA'OAV: BcoZopentlritlae (Ohilopoda) of West Ghats 325 BI. No. Species 28. Digitipes barnabasi Jangi & Dass 29. Ot08tigmus orientalis Porat 30. Otostigmus politus Karsch 31. *Etkmostigmus coonooranus Chamberlin 32. * Ethmostigmus tristris (Meinert) 33. * Ethmo.. fltigmus pzatycepkalus platycephalus (Newport) 3i. Etkmostigmus p. spinosus (Newport) 35. * Ethmostigmus p. cribrifer (Gervais) 36. Rkysida lithobioides trispinosus J angi & Dass 37. Rhysida longipes simplicor Chamberlin 38. Rhysida longipes longipes (Newport) 39. Rkysiaa nuda subnuda J angi 40. Rkysida nuda immarginata (Porat) 41. Rhysida crassispina Kraepelin Source: Distribution in W. G. Belt Maharashtra. Maharashtra, Bombay, Pune, Bhorghat. Kerala, Palgbat. Tamil Nadu : Nilgiri Tamil Nadu : Nilgiri Maharashtra, Kolhapur, Kerala : Malbar coast, T. N. Nilgiri. Karnataka : M ysore, Mabarashtra : Satara, Mahabaleshwar. Karnatak-a : Mysore. Maharashtra, Karnataka. T. N. : Coonoor. Goa, Karnataka : Coorg. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala. Maharashtra : Pune, Kbandala. Maharashtra : Raigad, Matheran. Pocock (1892), Gravely (1910), Attams (1930), Jangi & Dass (1980 a, b), Jangi (1966), Jangi & Dass (1984), Khanna & Tripathi (1987), Koch (1984), (Unpublished record). * Endemic, ** Rare in Asia. la Head with basal plate. 1 b Head without basal plate. Key (0 the known Indian species of Scolopendra 2a Cephalic plate with para median furows, coxosternal plate of maxillipedes with furrows. 3 2b Cephalic plate bearing coarse pit like puncta, coxosternal plate of maxillipedes without furrow, 20th walking leg without tarsal spur and anal leg prefemur, ventrally having 1-6, spines, (excluding pre femoral process)... S. andhrensis Jangi & Dass 2 4

21 326 Records of tke Zoological Survey of India 3a Tergites 17th 21st laterally emarginated. 3b Only the Tergite 21st laterally emarginated. S. mirabilis (Porat) S. indiae (Chamberlin e» 4a Head with distinct median longitudinal furrow. 5 4b Head without median longitudinal furrow, grooves or sulci mayor may not be present on the head. 6 5a Coxopleural processes of anal leg segment simply pointed without spinules. 8. maziibii (Gravely) 5b Coxopleural processes of anal leg segment tipped with spines. S. occitlentalia (Attems) 6a Grooves or sulci on the head confined to the posterior half b Grooves or sulci absent on the head, 1st tergite with or without transverse collar sulcus. 8 7a Coxosternal plate of the maxillipedes with net work of fine sulci on each side, 21st sternite, tapering with straight posterior margin. S. nudu8 (]angi & Dass) 7b Coxosternal plate of the maxillipedes with two posteriorly divergent sulci, 21st sternite tapering with rounded posterior margin. S. paran'uaus (Khanna & Tripathi) 8a 1st tergite with transverse collar sulcus. 0 0 S. valida H. Lucas 8b 1st tergite without transverse collar sulcus. 9 9a Anal leg prefemur, femur and tibia in adult male dorsally flat and emarginated and prefemur in juveniles and adults () both sexes carrying ventrally 9 spines in 3 longitudinal rows. 10 9b Anal1egs without such secondary sexual character. loa 20th walking legs with tarsal spur. 000 S. 11 moraifana Linn. lob 20th walking legs without tarsal spur. S. amazonica Bucher! l1a Alternate brown or dark greed, brownish yellew tergites indicating banded appearnce of the trunk, anal leg prefemur without spines..0. B. harrlwiclci Newport 11 b No colour pattern, anal leg prefemur with or without spines ventrally a Anal leg prefemur (excluding prefemoral process) bearing 1-6 spines. 13

22 JA'DAV: Soolopendridae (Ohilopoda) of West Ghats b Anal leg prefemur (excluding prefemoral process) bearing as many as 26 spine. S. ellorensis ]angi & Dass 13 20th walking legs with tarsal spur, cephalic plate smooth or rugose a Cephalic plate smooth. S. 8ub8pinlpes Leach 14b Cephalic plate rugose. S. puneni8 Jangi &. Dass. SUMMARY The present paper deals with an annotated list of the Scolpendrid centipedes of Western Ghat with the first record of three species of the genus Scolopendra, collected, during the course of faunistic survey of Ahmad Nagar, Raigad, Kolhapur, Sangli and Pune districts of Maharashtra. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, and to Dr. G. M. Yazdani, Sci-SE, 01 c, W. R. S, Pune, for the facilities. REPERENCES Attems, C. G.* Scolopendromorpha, Da8. Tier, 54 (2) : Gravely, F. H The distribution of Oriental Scolopendridae, Reo. Indian M U8, 8 (1) ; Jangi, B. S The Indian Centipede-Scolopendra. Indian Zool Memoir. on Indian animal types. Zool. Soo. Inaa, 9 : pp Jangi, B. S. & Dass, C. M. S. 1980a. Redescription of the Indian Centipede Soolopendra mazbii Gravely (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha : Scolopendrldae). Entomologi8t's mon. Mag., 115 : Jangi, B. S. & Dass, C. M. S. 1980b. A new species of Traohyoormooephalus Kraepelin (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae) from India. Entomologist's mon. Mag., 116 : Jangi, B. S. & Dass, C. M. S : Scolopendridae of the Dececan. J. Sci. [nds. Res., Khanna, V Studies on the gennus Traohyoormooepkalus (Myriapoda : Scolopendridae) from Rajasthan, India. Oriental Ins., 11 (1) : Khanna, V. & Kumar, A Scolopendrid centipedes of Western Himalaya (U. P.) with an annotated list of Indian species. (Chilopoda: Schlopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Uttar Pradesh J. ZooZ., 4 (1) :

23 328 Record8 0/ the Zoological Survey o/india Khanna, V. & Tripathi, J. C Trachycormocephalu8 Paranudus, a new Scolopendrid centipede from Hissar dist. (Haryana), India, Bull Soc. ent. ital., Genova, 112 (2) : Koch, L.' E Australian species of the centipede genus Artll.rorhabdu8 Pocock (Chilopoda: Scolopendriae : Scolopendrinae) J. nat. Bi8t., 18 ; Lewis, J. G. E The genus TrackycormocephaZu8, a Junior synonym of Scolopendra with remarks on the validity of other genera of tribe Scolopendrini (Chilopoda, Scolopendrini). J. nat. Hi8t., 20: Pocock, R. I Report upon two collections sent from Ceylon by Mr. E. E. Green and from various parts of South India by Mr. Edgar Thurston of the Govt. Central Mus, Madras, J. Bombay nat. Bist. Soc., 7 (2) : Vazirani, T. G. & Khana, V First record of the Centipede TrachycormocephaluB indiae Chamberlin (Scolopendridae) from Rajasthan, India. Newsl., Z. S. I., 3 (4) : *Not consulted in original.

24 Reo. JOoZ. S'Uru. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 GRAPSID AND XANTHID CRABS OF PARANGIPETTAI COAST S. SELVAKUMAR AND S. AJMAL KHAN Oentre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Annamalai Univer8ity, Parangipettai INTRODUCTION Studies pertaining to the infauna of Parangipettai waters have been in progress since the inception of the Marine Biological Station in the year With the growth of this station as an Advanced Centre in Marine Research, a more extensive knowledge on the local fauna has become imperative. Special emphasis was. given to this aspect, so as to get a comprehensive idea of community structure and population dynamics of this area. Brachyuran crabs, the most interesting group of organisms among the decapod crustaceans occur in large numbers in the Vellar estuary, Pitchavaram mangroves and in the trawl catches of local mechanised vessels. Sethuramalingam (1983) studied the portunid crabs of Porto Novo coast. No information is yet available regarding the species composition of grapsid and xanthid crabs. In the present study an inventory was made on species composition of the above groups and the results are given here. The terminology used in the keys conform to those of earlier works. The synonyms given are not to be complete. CHECK LIST 8 Family : Subfamily: Genus Species Genus Species Subfamily: Genus Species Genus Species t Grapsidae Dana, 1851 Grapsinae Dana, 1851 Grapsus Lamarck, 1801 G. strigosu8 I-Ierbst, 1783 G. tenuicrustatus (Herbst, 1783) Metopograpsus H. Milne Edwards, 1853 M. maculatu8 Milne 'Edwards, 1853 M. mess or (Forskal, 1775) Varuninae Ptychognathus Stimpson, 185'8 p. altimanus (Rathbun, 1914) Pseudograpsus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 p. intermedius Chhapgar, 1955

25 330 Reoords oj the Zoologioal SurtJey 01 India Subfamily: Sesarminae Dana, 1852 Genus : Nanosesarma Tweedie, 1950 ~ubgenus : Nanosesarma Serene and Soh, 1970 Species. N. (Nanosesarma) minutum (De Man, 1887) Subgenus: Species : Genus : Subgenus: Species Subgenus: Species : Subgenus: Species Genus : Species : Subfamily: Genus : Species : Family : Subfamily: Genus Species Genus Species Genus Species Genus Species Genus. Beanium Serene and Soh, 1970 N. (Beanium) batavieum (Moriera, 1903) N. (Beanium) andersoni (De Man, 1887) Neoepisesarma Serene and Soh, 1970 N. (Neoepisesarma) Serene and Soh, 1970 N. (Neoepisesarma) mederi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) Muradium Serene and Sob J 1970 N. (Muradium) tetragonum (Fabricius, 1798) Selatium Serene and Soh, 1970 N. (Selatium) broekii (De Man, 1887) Parasesarma (De Man, 1890) p. plioatum (Latreille, 1806) Plagusinae Dana, 1851 Plagnsia Latreille, 1806 p. depressa tubereulata (Lamarck, 1818) p. dentipes (De Haan, 1835) Xanthidae Alcock, 1898 Xanthinae Alcock, 1898 Liagore De Haan, 1835 L. rubromaeulatus (De Haan, 1835) Leptodius A. Milne Edwards, 1863 L. crassimanus A. Milne Edwards, 1867 Demania Laurie, 1906 D. buacaupes Alcock, 1898 HaIimede De Haan, 1835 H. ochtodes (Herbst, 1783) I Galene De HaanJ 1833

26 5BLVAKUMAR & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid Crabs 331 Species : Subfamily: Genus Species G. bis pinosa (Herbst, 1783) Piluminae Ortmann, 1893 Heteropanope Stimpson, 1858 H. indica De Man, 1887 KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION Key to Grapsidae Last legs not dorsally placed; a gap between third maxillipeds; anterolateral side of carapace striaght or arched; front broad; rarely true land crabs (Fig. 1). T,. Fig. 1 T.iig.2 T"Fig.3 Figs Broad front in grapsid crabs. 2. Gap between external maxillipeds in crabs of subfamily Grapsinae. 3. External maxillipes which completely shut buccal cavern in crabs of subfamily Varuninae. 4. Oblique hairy crest on merus of external maxillipeds in crabs of subfamily Sesarminae.

27 332 Records of the Zoological Survey oj l'}1,d,ia Key to subfamilies of Grapsidae 1. Front broad and deflexed; flagellum of antenna very short; external maxillipeds leaving rhomboidal gap between them (Fig. 2) Grapsinae 2. Front broad and not deflexed, sublaminar; antennal flagellum lengthy; external maxillipeds completely shut buccal cavern (Fig. 3) Varunin ae 3. Front broad and strongly deflexed; hairy crest on merus (Fig. 4) external maxillipeds slender; oblique Sesarminae 4. Antennulary fossets deeply divided into lobes; infraorbital border curved; exter~al maxillipeds incompletely close buccal cavern (Fig. 5) Plag'U8inae T.F1g.5 T. Fig. 6 T. F1t.' Figs External maxillipeds which incompletely close buccal cavern in crabs of subfamily Plagusinae. 6. l\:lerus of external maxillipeds longer than broad in crabs of genus Grapsus. 7. l\:lerus of external maxillipeds broader than long in crabs of genus Metapograpsus. Key to genera of Grapsinae 1. Front less than half of greatest breadth of carapace; merus of external maxillipeds longer than broad; dactylus of cheliped spoon shaped at tip (Fig. 6) Grap8'U8 2. Front more than half of greatest breadth of carapace; merus of external maxillipeds broader than long; antenna completely excluded from orbit (Fig. 7) Metopograps'U8 Genus Grapsus Lamarck Grapsus Lamarck, Syst. Anim. Sons. Verte., Grapsus Aloock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 : Grapsus Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Monogr., 390 : Grapsus Crosnier, Fauna do Madagascar, 18 : 10.

28 SELVAKUMAR & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid Grabs 333 This genus is represented by two species in Parangipettai waters. Key to species of Grapsus 1. Front less deflexed and less higb; epistome short; spine at inner angle of wrist of cheliped nearly straight (Fig. 8) G. strigosus 2. Front strongly deflexed and very high; epistome very long; spine at inner angle of wrist of cheliped curved (Fig. 9) G. tenuicrustatus T.Fig.8 T.Fig.9 T.Fig.1Q Figs Straight spine at inner angle of wrist of cheliped in Grapsus strigosus. 9. Curved spine at inner angle of wrist of cheliped in Grapsus tenuicrustatus. 10. Distinctly shorter dactylus (than propodus) and trilobed last segment of abdomen in Metopograpsus maculatus. Grapsus strigosus Herbst Grapsus strigosus Herbst, Krabbe1~, III : Grapsus strigosus Henderson, Trans. Linn., Soc. London Zool., 20 : Grapsus strigosus Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 : Grapsus strigosus Tweedie, Bull. RatJles Mus. Singapore, 21 : 94. Material: 10 males and 20 females ranging from 30 mm to 34 mm in carapace width were collected from Yeller estuary.

29 334 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Oolour: Carapace green, mesogastric and hepatic regions light green, cardiac and other intestinal regions brownish and epibranchial region with scattered white patches; dark green bands on pereopods and chelipeds light green. Habitat: These are the inhabitants of rocky shore, constricted rocks, boulders and broken building material like iron bar. In Vellar estuary it is collected from underneath stones" pillars of railway bridge, jetty and from oyster beds. Distribution: This species is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region from the East coast of Africa, Madagascar, Red sea, Arabian sea through Japan and Australia to Hawaii. In and around India, the occurrence of this species has been reported from Andaman Nicobars, Mergui, Sri Lanka, East and West coasts of India, Sind and Baluchistan. Remarks: This species is smaller than G. tenuicfustatus and is always found along with the latter. The presence of the straight spine at the inner angle of carpus of cheliped is very much helpful in distinguishing this species from G. tenuicru8tatu8. Grapsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst) Cancer tenuicrustatus Herbst, Krab'!Jen, I : Grapsus hirtus Randal, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia J ourn., 8 : Grapsus grapsus tenuicrustatus Rathbun, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 23 : Grapsus maculatus gracilipes Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Monogr., 39 C : Grapsus grapsus Balss, Arch. f. Naturg. Bd., III, 88 : Grapsus tenuicrustatus Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 16 : Grapsus tenuicrustatus Sakai, Crabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas: 629. Material: 5 males and 20 females were collected from Vellar estuary. Oolour: Carapace velvet green with regularly arranged white patches, concentrated more on epibranchial region along striae; dactylus of pereopods light brown and merus with irregularly scattered white patches which is absent in chela and palm of which appears violet in colour. Habitat: This species occurs in the constricted rocks, stones and boulders of of railwa y bridge and jetty at Parangipettai and in the oyster bed also. Distribution: All tropical and subtropical seas. Remarks: This fairly large sized crab runs faster when approached. It has already been recorded from the rocky habitat. Now it is found to inhabit the oyster bed also.

30 61LVAKUMAR &. AJMAL KHAN ; On Grap8id and, Xanthid Grab8 335 Genus Metopograpsus H. Milne Edwards Metollograllsus H. ]\Iilne Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat., 3 : Metopograpsus Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Monogr., 39C : Metopograpsus Sakai, Yokendo Ltd. Tokyo, 646, Metopograpsus Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 21. This genus is represented by two species in Parangipetta{ coast. Key to 8pecie8 of Metopograpsus 1. Walking legs larger, dactylus distinctly shorter than propodus; lateral margin of carapace less convergent posteriorly; last segment of abdomen trilobed (Fig. 10) M. maculatu8 2. Walking legs shorter, dactylus nearly as long as propodus; lateral margin markedly convergent posteriorly; last segment of male abdomen triangular (Fig. 11) M. me880r Metopograpsos maculatus H. Milne Edwards Metopograpsis maculatus H. ]\iilne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (3) XX : Metopograpsus maculatus De ]\1:an, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., 22 : Metopograpsus maculatus Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 : Metopograpsus maculatus Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Monogr., 39C : 80. Material: 10 males measuring carapace width of 21 mm to 26 mm were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves. Oolour: Carapace dark green, few scattered light green patches on pereopods, dactylus of chelate leg violet. Habitat: It is found in the muddy substrates of the intertidal region in Pitchavaram mangroves. Distribution: Along the coasts of India, Ceylon, Mergui and East Indies. It bas been recorded from Bombay coast by Alcock (1900). Metopograpsos messor (Forska1) Oancer messor Forskal, Descrip. Anim. in itin Orient., : Metopograpsus messor Del\1:an, Journ. Linn. Soc. London Zool., 22 : Metopograpsus messor Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 : Meiopograpsus messor Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Monogr., 390 : 79. M ateriaz: 50 specimens of both m ales and females were collected from Vellar estuary and Pitchavaram mangroves.

31 336 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Oolour: Carapace dark green with scattered white patches on epibranchial and cardiac regions; pereopods striped with light and dark green bands and dactylus of chela appears bright violet. Habitat: Abundantly found in rocks and exposed oyster beds in subtidal region and also found in muddy substrata. Distribution: Ranging from Red sea to Australia. Remarks: This species is easily distinguishable from M. maculatu8 by the colour pattern and by the triangular shaped last segment of abdomen of male. T.F1g.11 T.F19.12 T.F1g.13 Figs Equal sized dactylus and propodus and triangular shaped last segment of male abdomen in Metopograpsus messor. 12. Toothed lateral border and very flat carapace in crabs of genus Ptychognathus. 13. Subcircular carapace with flattish teeth on anterolateral border separated by very narrow notch in crabs of genus Pseudograpsus. 14. 'S' shaped upper orbital margin in carapace of Pseudograpsus altimanus. Key to genera of Varuninae 1. Exognath of external maxillipeds broader than or nearly as broad as ischium; carapace very flat lateral border toothed, no posterolateral facet defined (Fig. 12) Ptychognathu8 2. Exognath of external maxillipeds narrower than ischium, external maxillped do not close buccal cavern completely, merus of external maxillipeds shorter than ischium; carapace subcircul~r, teeth on anterolateral border flattish and separated by very narrow notch (Fig. 13) -- Pseudograps'U8

32 S'aLVAKUMAR & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid Crabs 337 Genus Ptychogoatbos Stimpson Ptychognathus Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10 : Ptychognathus Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 : Ptychognathus, Tesch, Slboga Expedn. Monogr., 390 : Ptychognathus Orosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : 37. The genus is represented by a single species in Parangipettai waters. Key to species of Ptychogoathos 1. Carapace finely punctate, two pairs of indistinct transverse depressions on carapace, upper orbital margin cs' shaped (Fig. 14) p. altimanus Ptychognathus altimanos (Rathbun) Varuna altimana Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47 : Ptychognathus altimanus Tesch, Siboga Er»pedn. Monogr., 390 : 88. Material: 5 males and 7 females were collected from Vellar estuary and Pitchavaram mangroves. Oolour: Carapace brown, cardiac region less brighter. Habitat; Di8tribution: Inhabits muddy substrata along intertidal region. Indo-Pacific. Remarks: From'S' shaped orbital margin the species can be easily identified. Genus Pseudograpsos H. Milne Edwards Pseudograpsus H. :M:ilne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., I (2) : Pseudograpsus Tesch, Siboga Expedn. Manogr., 390 : Pseudograpsus Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : 39. This genus is represented by a single species. Key to species of Pseodograpsos 1. Legs hairy, not compressed, a fleshy lobe at dactylus of cheliped p. intermedius Pseodograpsus intermedius Chhapgar Pseudograpsus intermedius Ohhapgar, Marine Crabs oj Bombay State: 57. Material; 15 males and 10 females were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves. 4:

33 338 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Oolour: Habitat: Chestnut. Found under the stones in muddy substrates. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. It has been reported from Bombay coast by Chhapgar (1957). T.Fig.16 T.Fig.17 T.Pig.18 Figs ~!erus of pereopod 4-5, in crabs of genus Nanos6sarma with dents. 16. Merus of pereopod 4-5, in crabs of genus N60e:pisesarma without dents. 17. Anterior frontal margin with strong median concavity in crabs of genus Neoe:pisesarma. 18. Anterior border of merus of cheliped with subdistal triangular process distally denticulated in crabs of genus Neoe:pisesarma. 19. Carapace with no anterolateral tooth on carapace in crabs of genus ParasBsarma. Remarks: The fleshy lobe at the dactylus of cheliped is helpful in the easy identificatlon of this species.

34 SBLVAKUMAR &. AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthia Orabs 339 Key to genera of Sesarrninae 1. Antennal peduncie not excluded from orbit; posterolateral border of merus of pereopod with 4 5 dents (Fig. 15) Nanosesarma T.F1g.20 T.Fig.22 Figs Outerside of palm. of cheliped entirely covered with soft hair in carbs of subgenus Nanosesarma (Nanosesarma). 21. Remarkably elongated male abdomen in crabs of subgenus Nanosesarma (Nanosesarma). 22. Not so remarkably elongated male abdomen in crabs of subgenus Nanosesarma (Beanium). 2. Antennal peduncle not excluded from orbit; posterolateral border of merus of pereopods 4-5, without dents (Fig. 16) ; carapace with one or two anterolateral teeth, anterior frontal margin with strong median concavity (Fig. 17) ;

35 340 Records of the Zoological Survey of India. upper surface of palm of cheliped with only one of pectinated crest, anterior border of merus of cheliped with sub distal trinangular process distally denticulated (Fig. 18) Neoepisesarma 3. Antennal peduncle not excluded from orbit; posterodistal border of pereopod without denticulation; upper edge of palm of cheliped with 2-3 pectinated crest (Fig. 19) ; no anterolateral tooth on carapace Parasesarma Genus Nanosesarma Tweedie Nanosesarma Tweedie, Bull. Raffles. Mus. Singapore, 13 : Nanosesarma Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : Nanosesarma Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 393. I~~~ /"J/."1./'.;:6. T.Fig.23 T.Fig.24 -_ _,---...,----~ " \ T.,Fig. 26 Figs Clearly marked anterolateral teeth on carapace of Nanosesarma (Nanosesarma) minutum. 24. Upper edge of palm of cheliped with 2 oblique pectinated crest in Nanosesarma (Beanium) batavicum. 25. Three acute spines on posterodistal border of pereopod 4 in Nanosesarma (Beanium) batavicum. 26. Upper edge of palm of cheliped with numerous striae in Nanosesarma (Beanium) andersoni. Key to subgenera of Nanosesarma 1. Outerside of palm of cheliped entirely covered with soft hair concealing lines of granules (Fig. 20). merus of pereoped with short denticulation; male abdomen remarkably elongted (Fig. 21) N. (lyanosesarma)

36 SBLVAKUMAR & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid ana Xanihid Grabs Outer surface of palm of cheliped smooth or with limited patch of hair, merus of pereopod 4 with 2-4 acute spines posterodistally; male abdomen not remarkably elongated (Fig. 22) N. (Beanium) The subgenus Nanosesarma is represented by a single species and subgenus Beanium by two species in Parangipettai waters. Key to species of Nanosesarma 1. Upper edge of palm of cheliped without pectinated crest; anterolateral teeth on carapace clearly marked (Fig. 23)... Nanosesarma (Nanosesarma) minutum 2. Upper edge of palm of cheliped with 20bligue (Fig. 24) pectinated crest, three acute spines (one long and 2 short) on posterodistal border of pereopod 4 (Fig. 25) N anosesarma (Beanium) batavicum 3. Upper edge of palm of cheliped with numerous striae (Fig. 26), one of which forms pectinated crest, four strong spines on posterodistal border of merus of pereopod 4 (Fig. 27) Nanosesarma (Beanium) andersoni Nanosesarma (Nanosesarma) minutum (De Man) Besarma minutum De l\lan, Zool. Jahrb. Byst., II : Sesarma (Sesarma) minuta Tesch, Zool. Meded. Leiden, iii: Sesarma (Sesarma) gordon.i Shen, Ghinese Jou'l'n. Zool., 1 : Nanosesarma gordon., Tweedie, Bull. Raffles. Mus. Singapore, 13 : Sesarma (Sesarma) minuta Chhapgar, Marine Grabs of Bombay State: Nanosesarma gordoni Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : Nanosesa'l'ma (Nanosesa'l'ma) minutum Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 404. MateriaZ: 8 males and 15 females were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves. Oolour: Carapace lemon yellow, cardiac region less brighter; pereopod, with 'yellow and light green bands, chela bright yellow. Habitat: Occurs in the muddy substrata along intertidal area and also in loosely packed oyster shells in the subtidal area. Distribution: Indian coasts, Sagami Bay and Inland Seas of Japan. Nanosesarma (Beanium) batavicum (Moriera) Nanosesa'l'ma (Beanium) batavicum Serene and Soh, T'l'eubia, 27 (4) : 394. Material: 100 males and 100 females were collected from Pitchavaram mallgroves and Vellar estuary.

37 342 Records of the Zoological Survey oj India Oolour: Carapace light green in general, mesogastric and cardiac regions bright coloured; pereopods with less pronounced stripes and dactylus of cheliped with light brown colour. Habitat: Inhabits the oyster bed in the intertidal region of Vellar estuary and Pitcbavaram mangroves. Distribution: Widely distributed in Indo-Pacific region. Remarks: This small grapsid crab dominates the crab fauna of oyster bed community. More Dumber of adult specimens were collected during summer whereas during monsoon season, the juveniles were mote. Nanosesarma (Beanium) andersoni (De Man) Sesarma andersoni De l\:fan, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., II : Sesarma anderson.. Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 (3) pt. 11 : Nanosesarma (Beanium) andersoni Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 394. Material: 4 males and 13 females were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves. Oolour: Carapace dark green with scattered white patches. Habitat: Intertidal muddy substrata near railway bridge and also found in Pitchavaram mangroves. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Remarks: Serene and Soh (1970) considered the presence of 2-3 acute spinules on the posterodistal border of the meius of pereopod 4 as subgeneric character of Beanium. Presently N. (B) ander80ni shows 4 strong spinules on posterodistal border of merus of pereopod 4, when reexamined. So the taxonomy of N. (B.) ander80ni needs further detailed study. Genus Neoepisesarma Serene and Soh Neoepisesarma Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 889, Neoepisesarma Sakai, Grabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, 661. Key to subgenera and, 8pecies oj Neoepisesarma 1. On upper surface of palm of cheliped low pectinated crest continued from distal end to proximal end, numerous transverse long swollen dacty tar tubercles closely arranged in a continuous rim (Fig. 28) Neoepisesarma (lveoepisesarma) (i) Carapace quadrangular; above transverse dactylar tubercles, a sulcus runs about 1/3 of total length of tubercles, vertical granular crest on inner palm salient (Fig~ 29) N. (Neoepise8arma) mellen.

38 SELVAKUMAR &. AJMAL KHAN : On Grapsid and Xantkid Grabs On upper surface of palm of cheliped, high pectinated crest limited to median part, proximally continued by smooth rim, distally continued by lines of granules V. N eoepisesarma (M uradium) T.Fig.27 '1'.Flg.28 '1'., Fig 0 30 Figs Four strong spines on posterodistal border of :merus of fourth pereopod in Nanosesarma (Beanium) andersoni. 28. Pectinated crest on upper surface of palm in crabs of subgenus Neoepisesarma (Neoepisesarma). 29. Salient vertical grannular crest on inner palm of Neoepisesarma (Neoepisesarma mederi,. 30. Strongly salient vertical granular crest on inner palm of cheliped in Neoepisesarma (Muradium) tetragonum. (i) Longitudinal dactylar tubercles widely separated from one another, a clear sulcus running between them, vertical granular crest on inner palm of cheliped strongly salient (Fig. 30) (Muradium) tetragonum 3. On upper surface of palm of cheliped, pectinated crest salient, only proximally replaced by smooth rim, vertical granular crest on inner palm salient N eoepi8esarma (Salatium) (i) Pectinated crest on upper palm distally reach margin, dactylar tubercles well separated from one another without transverse sulcus above (Fig. 31) N. (Selatium) brockii

39 344 Records of tke ZoologicaZ Survey o/lntutj Neoepisesarma (Neoepisesarma) mederi (H. Milne Edwards) Sesarma meaeri H. lihlne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 20 (3) : Sesarma teaniolatum De 1\ian, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., II : Sesarma teaniolatum Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 69 (3) pt. II : Neoepisesarma (Neoepisesarma) meaer;, Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : S89, 896,405. Material: 3 males and 3 females were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves. Oolour: Carapace dark green, mesogastric region less brighter, pereopods less violet, dactylus of cheliped bright'violet. Habitat: Inhabits burrows as deep as one meter in the muddy substratum along intertidal area of Pitchavaram mangroves. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Remarks: This is recorded for the first time in Parangipettai coast. Altogether 3 males and 3 females were collected from the same spot during the study period. It has been observed that this species occurs in limited numbers and restricted to a particular habitat where another species of this genus (tetragonum) is dominant. Neoepisesarma (Muradium) tetragodum (Fabricius) Oa11,cer tetragonum Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., Oancer /ascicularis Herbst, Krabben, III : Sesarma tetragona De :Man, Zool. J arhb. Syst., II : Sesarma tetragona Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., 2 : Neoeptsesarma (Muradium) tetragonum Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 397,405. },f ateriaz: 100 males and 100 females were collected from burrows found in the muddy substrata of Pitchavaram mangroves and Vellar estuary. Oolour: Carapace dark brown, epibranchial region less brighter, pereopods purple coloured, chelipeds dark red and dactylus light red. Habitat: Inhabits burrows as deep as 1 meter in muddy and bushy areas of Pitchavaram mangroves along intertidal region. Di8tribution: Widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific region. Remarks: In the present study, the generic and subgeneric characters reveal that there are differences in the pectinated crest. Neoepisesarma (Selatium) brockii (De Man) Sesarma brockii De 1\{an, ZooZ. Jahrb. Syst., 9 : Sesarma 9roc7cii Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Neoepisesarma (SeZatiu~) broc7cii Serene and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 405. Material: 5 males and 11 females were collected from Pitcbavaram mangroves.

40 SBLVAKUMAR & AJMA'L KHAN; On Grapsid and Xanthid Grabs 345 Oolour: Carapace brownish, epibranchial and mesogastric less brighter, dactylus or chela violet. Habitat: Like N. (M.) tatragonum and N. (N.) mederi this species occurs in burrows as deep as one meter along the intertidal area of Pitchavaram mangroves. Distribution: Indo-Pacinc. Remark8: Alcock (1900) recorded this species as Sesarma brockii. Serene and Soh (1970) erected a new genus and subgenus and included this species. Genus Parasesarma (De Man) Sesarma (Parasesarma) De!\'Ian, Zool. Jahrb. Byst" 9 : Sesarma Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Sesarma (Parasesarma) Tesoh, Zool. Meded. Leiden, iii : Sesarma (Parasesarma) Barnard., Ann. South Atric. Mus., 38 : Sesarma (Parasesarma) Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : Pa'rasesarma Serone and Soh, Treubia, 27 (4) : 387, 392. Key to species of Parasesarma 1. Outer transverse dactylar tubercles sharp, not much loosely packed, a clear sulcus runs between two rows of tubercles extended upto 2/3 of total length of dactylus, vertical granular crest on inner palm of cheliped clear (Fig. 32) p. plica tum Parasesarma plieatom (Latreille) OCYioda ilicata Latreille, Hist. Nat. Orust., & 0., 6 : Sesarma guadrata Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Sesarma (Parasesarma) pzicata Tesoh, ZooZ. JJ!J.eded. Leiden, iii : Sesarma (Parasesarma) plicata Barnard, An.n. South Alric. Mus., 38 : Sesarma (Parasesarma) plicatum Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : Sesarma (Parasesarma) pzicatum Sakai, Crabs of J aian and Adjacent Seas: Parasesarma pzicatum Soh, Vom. H. K. Nat. Hist. Soc., 13 : 11. Material: 100 males and 100 females were collected from the Pitchavaram mangroves and the Vellar estuary. Oolour: Dark brown, daety Ius of cheliped in striking violet. Habitat: Inhabits the muddy substratum in lower reaches of tidal creek and root~ of mangrove plants. Distribution: 5 Widely distributed in Indo-Pacific region.

41 346 Records 01 the Zoological SurfJey 0/ I nflia Remarks: This species was previously recorded as Sesarma guadrata by Balasubramanian (1962) from Parangipettai coast. Serene and Soh (1970) included this species in Parasesarma based on the presence of pectinated crest on the upper surface of palm of cheliped. T.F1g. 33 Figs Well separated dactylar tubercles in Neoepisesarma (Selatium) brockm. 32. Clean vertical granular crest on inner palm of cheliped in Parasesarma pzicatum. 33. ~Ierus of pereopods with one subterminal tooth on upper margin in Plagusia depressa tubercuzata. Fig. 34. Carapace with squamiform tubercles in Plagusia depressa tubercuzata. 85. Outer palm of cheliped longitudinally costate in Plagusia depressa tuberculata. Key to genera of Plagusinae 1. Carapace thick ; merus of external maxillipeds as broad as ischium.. Plagu8ia Genus Plagosia Latreille Plagusia Latreille, Gen. Crust., 1 : Plagusia Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Plagusia Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : 80. Key to 8 pecies of Plagosia 1. Merus of pereopods (Fig. 33) with one subterminal tooth' on upper margin; carapace with squamiform tubercles (Fig. 34); outer palm of cheliped longitudinally costate (Fig. 35). p. depressa tubercu'lalg

42 SELVAKUMAR & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid Grabs Merus of pereopods with a series of teeth on upper (Fig. 36) margin; carapace devoid of tubercles; outer palm of cheliped with longitudinal grooves deeply impressed (Fig. 37) p. dentipes Plagusia depressa tuberculata (Lamarck) Plagusia tuberculata Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., 5 : Plagusia orientalis Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10 : Plagusia depressa squamosa Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Plagusia depressa tuberculata Tesch, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 39C : Plagusia depressa tuberculata Crosnier, Fauna de Madagascar, 18 : 80. Material: estuary. 9 males and 6 females were collected from the tidal zone of Vellar Oolour; In general, carapace brownish, cardiac region reddish, merus of pereopods with red markings transversely in the middle on the outer surface dactylus of pereopods light red. Habitat: Di8tribution: inhabits rocks. constricted rocks and drift wood. Indo-Pacific, extending upto west coast of America. Plagusia dentipes (De Haan) Grapsus plagusia dentipes De Haan, Ph. F. Von Seibolds Fauna Japonica Crust., Plagusia dentipes Tesch, Siboga E~pedn. Monogr., 390 : Plagusia dentipes Sakai, Crabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, : 675. Material: 10 males were collected from the tidal zone of the Vellar estuary. Oolour: Carapace reddish brown, few scattered red spots on epibranchial region, anterolateral teeth on carapace dark red, very light brown band like colouration in merus of pereopods. Habitat: Distribution: Inhabits rocky beaches, floating timbers. Indo-Pacitic and Japan. Key to Xanthidae Legs not adapted for swimming; carapace anteriorly broadened, branchial region not swollen; no inner lobe OD endopodite of first maxilliped. Key to 8ubfamilie8 of Xanthidae Carapace usually much broader than long, transversely oval, sometimes haxagonal, front narrow, one third to one fifth of greatest breadth of carapace... Xanthinae

43 348 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Carapace moderately broad, front about a third of greatest breadth of carapace, anterolateral borders of carapace not longer than posterolaterals; basal antennal joint does not or just touches front Pilumninae T.Fig.36 T.Fig.37.,- '. :,.,, T.F1g.33 Figs \:1eL11s of pereopods with 8.0 series of teeth on upper margin in Plagusia dentipes. 37. Outer palm of cheliped with longitudinal grooves deeply impressed in Plagusia dentipes. 3S. Reddish spots on carapace of Liagore rubromaculatus. 39. Anterolateral border in Leptodius crassimanus cut into 5 teeth. Key to genera and 8pecies of X anthinae 1. Carapace perfectly smooth, no trace of regions, anterolateral border entire Liagore Front faintly bilobed; little pimple like thickenings (tubercles) on outer angle of orbit; borders of merus hairy, upper borders with a denticle, dactyli of leg elongately plumed; reddish spots on carapace (Fig. 38) as well as on legs u. L. rubromaculatu8

44 SELVAKUMAR & AJMBL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid. Grabs 349 Genus Liagore De Haan Liagore De Haa,n, Ph. F. Von Siebold's Fauna Japonica, Crust., 1 : Liagore Dana, Amer. J. Sci. & Arts., 12 (2) : Liagore Alcock, Lit. Cit. : 93. Liagore rubromaculatus (De Haan) Cancer (Liagore) rubromaculatus De Haan, Ph. F. Von Siebold's Fauna Japonica, Crust., 1 : Liagore rubromaculatus Alcock, Lit. Cit., 67 : Liagore rubromaculatus Sakai, Crabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, 389. Material: inshore waters. Oolour : pereopods. Habitat: Distribution: 8 males and 10 females were collected from the trawl catches of local Yellowish with numerous scattered large red spots on carapace and Inhabits the bottom or rocks and stones. Indian coasts, Irrawaddy delta, Hong Kong and Japan. 2. Anterolateral borders not prolonged beyond orbit, cut into 4 or more teeth; dactylus of cheliped blunt hollowed at tip Leptodius Front narrow with edges of its lobes deeply concave, appears quadridentatus, anterolateral border cut into 5 teeth (Fig. 39) L. crassimanus Genus Leptodius A. Milne Edwards Leptodius A. M1lne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 20 : 284: Xantho (Leptodius) Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Leptodius Guinot, CalLiers du Paciflgue, 15 : Leptodius crassimanus Milne Edwards Leptodius crassimanus Haswell, Catalogue Austr. Crust., Xantho (Leptodius) crassimanus Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Lepto~ius crassimanus Chhapgar, JYlarine Crabs of Bombay State: 30. Material: study. Oolour: Habitat: Distribution: 10 males and 6 females were collected and examined in the present Carapace grey ; dactylus of cheliped black with whitish tip. Inhabits rocky beaches and is found under stones and crevices. Bambay coast, Andamans, Karachi and Australia.

45 350 Records of the Zoological Survey oj 1 ndia 3. Anterolateral borders of carapace lobed, first two indistinct, carapace regions and subregions well defined (Fig. 40) Demania Dactylus of cheliped sharp and incurved, surface of cheliped entire with mossaic pattern D. buccaupes... :.-...\ e 0.: ,',..\... J\;I~.::....- \ :...,:,., 0 t'... ~... T.Fig.40 T.F1g '...'...-" '\ ". ' ~ o.. i ".. 0 '...,,.'.. "" 1'.F19.42 T.Fig.43 Figs Lobed anterolateral border and well defined rogions and subregions in crabs of genus Demania. 41. Round and smooth tubercles in carapace of Halimede ochtodes. 42. Pentagonal carapace in Galene bispinosa. 43. Anterolateral border armed with 4 teeth behind the external orbital angle in crabs of genus Hetero panope.

46 SELVAKUMAR &.. AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsia ana Xantkia- Orabs Genus Demania Laurie Demania Laurie, Oeylon Pearl oyster Fish. Report London, 5 : Demania Serene, J. Mar. BioZ. Ass. India, 11 (1) : Demania Guinot, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., (2) : Demania Deb. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 83 (a & 4) : Demania boeealipes (Alcock) Xantko (Lophor»anthus) scaberrimus buccalipes Alcock, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 67 : Xantho reynaudii buccazipes Balss, Bull. Raffles Mus" 14 : Xantho (Lophor»anthus) scaberrimus baccazipes Ohhapga.r, Marine Crabs of Bombay State: Demania scaberrima buccalipes Guinot, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., 42 (5) : Demania buccalipes Saka.i, Orabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, Demania bucealipes Deb, Ree. Zool. Surv. India, 83 (3 & 4) : 132. Material: 20 males were collected from the trawl catches of local inshore waters. Oolour: Carapace dull red, pereopods bright red and dactylus of cheliped yellowish. Habitat: Inhabits the bottom of rocks, stones and broken shells. Distribution: Bombay, Sri Lanka, Malacca Strait and Japan. 4. Front square cut and narrow, two lobes not strongly convex dorsally, carapace rugose and granular, H azimede Tubercles of carapace and chelipeds ill isolated and their surface round and smooth ; anterolateral tooth abtusely angular (Fig. 41). H. oohtodes Genus Halimede De Haan Halimede De Haan, Orustacea in : de SIEBOLD'S Fauna Japonica, HaZimede Dana, Orustacea United States E~ploring E~'Ped., 13 : HaZimede Alcock, Lit. Cit. : 1a Halimede Sakai, Orabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, Cancer ochtodes Herbst, Krabben, I : 158. Halimede ochtodes (Herbst) Polyeremnus ochtodes Alcock, Lit. Oit. : Halimede hendersoni Nobili, Anni. Sci. Nat. Serf 9, Zool. Paris, 4 : Halimede ochtodes Rathbun, The Danish E ~ped., 4 : HaZimede ochtodes Stephensen, Danish SCt. Invest. in Irran, Oopenhagen,4 : HaZimed6 ochtodes Sakai, Orabs of Japan ana Adjacent Seas, 387. Material: inshore waters. 7 males and 4 females were collected from the tra wi catches of local

47 352 Recoras of the Zoological Survey oj India Oolour: Cream coloured. Habitat: Distribution: Sagamt Bay. Inhabits muddy or sandy habitats in the inshore waters. Madras coast, Penang, Singapore, Gulf of Thailand, Hong Kong, 5. Carapace granular marginally, regions vaguely defined; basal antennal joint not reaching front, anterolateral border with lobes or teeth Galene Carapace pentagonal (Fig. 42), surface lumpy and scabrus near borders, pterygostomian region almost hairy, anterolateral border indistinctly four lobed, posterolateral border longer than anterolateral border; inner and outer surfaces of palm and wrist spiniform... G. bispinosa Genus Galene De Haan Galene De Haan, Ph. F. Von Siebold's Fauna J aponica Crust, Galene :Miers, Report H. M. S. "OhaZZanger", London, 17 : Galene Alcock, Lit. Cit. : 136. Galene bispinosa (Herbst) Cancer bispinosa Herbst, Krabben I. II : Cancer (Galene) bispinosa De Haan, Ph. F. Von Siebold's Fauna Japonica Crust., 49 : GaZene bispinosa Guinot, Bull. Mus. Disl. Nat., 42 (5) : Material: inshore waters. 50 males and 50 females were collected from the trawl catches of local Oolour: Carapace grey, frontal and protogastric region brighter, dactylus of pereopods less violet, inner and outer palm light grey. Habitat: Inhabits the bottom of sandy mud at about 3 to 50 meters deep. Distribution: Indian coast, Singapore, coasts of South China, Formosa, Hong Kong, Queensland. Remarks: In Parangipettai region this species is being eaten by coastal inhabitants. This species dominates the catches during summer months. The systematic position of bispinosa is still uncertain. Though the adults have all the morphological characteristics of the subfamily Xanthinae, the larvae (Mohan, 1984) showed close similarities to piluminids in their antennal morphology (Hyman, 1925) and armature of abdominal segments (Sandifer, 1974). As revealed by larval characteristics this species should be removed from Xanthinae and included into the subfamily Pilumninae.

48 S1!LVAKUM~R & AJMAL KHAN: On Grapsid and Xanthid Orabs 353 Key to species of Pilumninae Carapace transversely oval, markedly convex and glabrous, broader, frontal lobe straight and truncate, anterolateral border armed with 4 teeth behind external orbital angle (Fig. 43). Heteropanope Dorsal surface of carapace conve~ in both directions, transverse ridges beaded with depressed granules; carpus and propodus of cheliped studded with pearly granules H. indica Genus Heteropanope Stimpson Heteropanope Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10 (4) : Heteropanope Alcock, Lit. Cit. : Heteropanope Balss, Oapite Zoologica deel 4, oil. 35, Heteropanope Sakai, Yokendo Ltd., Tokyo, 512, 545. Heteropanope indica de Man Heteropa1UJpe indica De ~1:an, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., 22 : Heteropa1UJpe indica Alcock, Lit. Cit., 67 (2). Material: 20 males and 30 females were collected from Pitchavaram mangroves and Vellar estuary. Oolour: Carapace dark green, dactylus of cheliped black., Habitat: Inhabits the loosely packed oysters, present along the subtidal region 'of Pitchavaram mangroves and Vellar estuary. Di8tribution: Indo-Pacific~ Remark8: The maximum size of the species recorded in the present study is 24 mm in carapace width. This species is restricted to the oyster bed community. The antennal morphology of the larvae of this species suggests erection of a third group of Xanthid larvae in addition to the already existing 2 groups of Hyman (1925). SUMMARY Collection and identification of crabs belonging to the families Grapsidae and Xanthidae revealed the occurrence of 15 species of grapsids under 8 genera and 6 species of xanthids belonging to 6 genera. A figurative key for their identification has been prepared and presented, along with notes on their distribution. A check list is also provided. 6

49 354 Records 01 the Zoological Survey of I nilia REPERENCES Balasubrahmanyan, K Studies in the ecology of the Vellar estuary. 4. Distribution of crabs in the intertidal region. Proc. Second.All India Oong. ZooZ Hyman, O. W Studies on the larvae of crabs of family Xanthidae. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., lxvii, Art. 3 : 22 pp. Mohan, R Laboratory reared larval stages of the majid crab Doclea ovis (Herbst) and the xanthid crab Galene bi\~pinosa (Herbst). M. Phil. The8is, Annamala' U ni ver sity. Sandifer, P. A Larval stages of the crab Pilumnus dasypoaus Kingsley (Crustacea: Brachyura : Xanthidae) obtained in the laboratory. Bull. mar. Sci., 24 : Sethuramalingam, S Studies on brachyuran crabs from Vellar estuary-killai backwaters complex of Porto Novo coast. Ph. D. Thesis, Annamalai University.

50 Reo. zool. Sur'IJ. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 RECORDS OF MEGAEROPS NIPH ANAE YENBUTRA & FELTEN, 1983 (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA: PTEROPODIDAE), HIPPOSIDEROS LANKADIV A KELAART, 1850 AND HIPPOSIDEROS ARMIGER ARMIGER (HODGSON, 1835) (CHIROPTERA RHINOLOPHIDAE) FROM MANIPUR, INDIA, WITH TAXONOMIC NOTES AJOY KUMAR MANDAL A. K. PODDAR T. P. BHATTACHARYYA Zoological Survey of India 'M' Block, New Alipore Oalcutta Faunistic surveys were conducted in Manipur, specially for mammals, during March and November-December, 1992, by the Zoological Survey of India. The collection thus obtained contains serveral species of bats, of which, three, namely, Megaerops niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart and Hipposider08 armiger armiger (Hodgson) were found to be unrecorded from that state (Blanford 1891, Roonwal 1950, Ellerman and Morrsison-Scoot 1966, Agrawal et ale 1992). Hence, they are reported hereunder. In addition, taxonomic remarks and distribution of these bats have been given. External measurements have been taken in the field and the skull-measurements in the laboratory. All mesurements are in millimeters and have been taken after Khajuria (1953), except cranial rostrum and the rostral height at front of c 1 which have been taken after Sinha (1969) and Yenbutra & Felten (1983), respectively. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order : CHIROPTERA Family : PTEROPODIDAE Megaerops nipbanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983 Niphan's Fruit Bat Megaerops niphanae Yenbutra. & Felten, Senckenberg. biol., 64: 2 (Sakaerat Environmental Reseach Station (14 30' N ' E), Amphoe Pak Thong Ohai, Provo Nakhon Ratchasima, Thaila.nd). ljlaterial examined: Manipur: Tamenglong district 1 d, Tamenglong (c 1280 m), coll. Ajoy K. MandaI, 22 Nov 1992 (in spirit, skull extracted), Zoological Survey of India Registration Number (ZSI Reg. No.) Imphal district: 1 ~, Uchathol (c 175 m), coil. Ajoy K. MandaI, 28 Nov 1992 (in spirits skull extracted), ZSI Reg. No

51 356 Record8 of the Zoological Survey of I naia jjleasure'lnenls: External: 1 d', 1 ~ : length of forearm 59.4, 59.9; length of ear 19.2, 17.5 ; length of tibia 23.0, 22.7 ; length of foot and claw 14,0, Cranial: 1 d', 1 ~ : greatest length 28.0, 26.3 ; cranial rostrum 6.3, 6.3; length of maxillary tooth-row 8.6, 8.3 ; canine width 5.7, 5.3; least interorbital width 5.0, 5.0 ; cranial width 12.4, 12.0; zygomatic width 17.8, 17.6; molar width 8.3, 7.9; mandibular length 20.0, 19.0 ; rostral heigth at front of c 1 4.4, 4.4. Distribution: Megaerops niphanae was described from northern Thailand (Yenbutra & Felten 1983). The occurrence of this species in Vietnam and Pashok (Darjiling district, West Bengal), India, was confirmed by Koopman (1989). The present specimens therefore, constitute the first record of Megaerops niphanae from Manipur, and extend its distributional range further south-eastwards in India. Remarks: Wroughton (1916) reported a specimen from Pashok, as Oynopterus sphinx which was subsequently identified by Hill (1983) as Megaerops ecaudatus (Temminck), with som~ hesitation. Hill (1983) also treated specimens from northern Thailand and Vietnam in the same manner. Koopman (1989) confirmed the specimen from Pashok as Megaerops niphanae. He also mentioned a specimen from Vietnam (present in the American Museum of Natural History) as M. niphanae. Incidentally, M. niphanae is the largest among the four species known thus far of the Indo-Malayan genus M egaerops. Both the specimens were collected at night with the help of nylon mist nets, and wete found to be entangled in the uppermost tier of the nets at a height of about 4.5 m above the ground. 1'he habitat at Temenglong was undulating hilly terrain with bushes and a banana plantation. Two nets were set up in a V.. shaped manner alongside the banana plantation. A large number of Oynopterus sp. were also caught in these nets. In Uchathol, nets were set up on the hill-slope with Lantana bushes around. Besides M egaerops niphanae, individuals of Oynopterus sp. and Pipistrellus sp. were also caught in the nets. ljf. niphanae was found to be less noisy than Oynopteru8 sphinx and when distrubed, emitted a call somewhat reminiscent of the call of that species, but with less harshness. Family : RHINOLOPHIDAE Subfamily : HIPPOSIDERINAE Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850 Sri Lan ka Gigantic Leaf-nosed Bat, Kelaart's Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros Lankadiva Kelaart. J. Oeylon Branch R. Asiat. Soc., 2 : 216 (Kandy, Ceylon= Sri Lanka). Material examined: 1vlanipur: Imphal district: 1 ~, Jiribam (c 175 m), coli. A. K. Pod dar, 19 Mar 1992 (in spirit, skull extracted), ZSI Reg. No

52 MANDAL et al: Ohiroptera: Rh2-nolophidae from Manipur 357 Measurements: External: 1 <t : length of forearm 86.5; length of ear 24.0 ; length of tibia 36.0; length of foot and claw Cranial: 1 ; greatest length 32.5 ; condylocanine length 27.9; length of maxillary tooth-row 11.7; canine width B.O; least interorbital width 3.4; cranial width 13.7; zygomatic width 19.3; molar width 12.8 ; mandibular length Distribution: Hipposideros lankadiva is known from Sri Lanka and India (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Meghalaya) (Agrawal et ale 1992). Hence, the present spacimen constitutes the first authentic record of the species from Manipur, and also extends its distributiona1 range eastwards. Remarks: Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966) recognised three subspecies of Hipposiaero8 lanka diva from the Indian mainland, viz., H. l. i1l,dus, H. l. mixtus and B.l. uritu8. Brosset (1962) did not consider the variation in colour in the present species as zoogeographically related and he considered this species as monotypic. Hill (1963) has maintained all the mainland subspecies of lankadiva. Under the circumstances, further study of fresh material from the entire range of distribution of the species is very much necessary to reach to a definite conclusion, The specimen was collected with the help of mist nets placed on hill-top with rubber plantations. It was found entangled in the net, at about midnight, 3 m above the ground level along with specimens belonging to the genera Oynopterus and Pipistrellus. Hipposideros armiger armiger (Hodgson, 1835) Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat Rhinolophus armiger Hodson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 4 : 699 (Nepal). Material examined: Manipur: Tamenglong district: 1 ~, Tharon Cave (30 Km North of Tamenglong, c 1,280 m. coli. Ajoy K. MandaI, 23 Nov 1992 (in spirit, skull extracted but damaged), ZSI Reg. No Measurements: External: 1 ~ : length of forearm 89.1; ledgth of ear 26.0; length of tibia 37.6 ; length of foot and claw Distribution: Hipposideros armiger armiger is.. known from Nepal; India (Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghal~ya); Burma; southeastern China; Hong Kong; Vietnam; Thailand; Malay Peninsula and nearby islands (Agrawal et ale 1992). Hence, the present specimen constitutes the first record of the species from Manipur and extends its distributiodal range southeastwards, in India. Remarks: Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966) recognised six subspecies of Hipposiaeros armiger, of which, Hill (1963) has synonymised 8winhoii Peters and debilis Andersen with the nominate subspecies.

53 358 Records of tke ZoologicaZ Survey of India This specimen was collected from Tharon Cave (a limestone cave, 30 Km North of Tamenglong), where a colony of this species exists. The bat was collected by striking with a stick when it was flying. Two albino specimens of this from were also noticed which could not be collected. No other species of bats could be located in the cave. SUMldARY Megaerops niphanae, Hipposideros lankadiva and Hipposideros armiger armiger have been recorded for the first time from Manipur, India. Their locality, measurements, distribution and taxonomic remarks have been appended. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, for providing necessary facilities for this work. They are thankful to Shri P. K. Das, Scientist ese' who substantially improved upon the initial drafts. Thanks are due to Dr. S. Chakraborty, Scientist 'SD' for going through the manuscript and constant encouragements. REFERENCES Agrawal, V. C., Das, P. K., Chakraborty, S.J Ghose, R. K., MandaI, A. K., Chakraborty, T. K., Poddar, A. K., Lal, J. P., Bhattacharyya, T. P. and Ghosh, M. K State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal, Part I. Mammalia Calcutta (Zoological Survey of India). Blanford, W. T The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia, Part II. London (Taylor and Francis). Brosset, A The bats of central and western India. Part 2. J. Bombay nat. HiBt. Soc., 59 : Ellerman, J. R. and Morrison-Scott, T. C. S Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946, edt 2. London [British Museum (Natural History)]. Hill, J. E A revision of the genus Hipposideros. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Bist. (Zool.), 11 : Hill, J. E Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hiat. (Zoo!'), 45 : Khajuria, H Taxonomic studies on some Indian Chiroptera. Rec. Indian Mus., SO :

54 MANDAL et al : Ohiroptera 00 Rhinolophidae /roll" M anipur 359 Koopman, K. F Distributional patterns of Indo-Malayan Chiroptera). Am. MU8. Novi!., No : bats (Mammalia: Roonwal, M. L Contributions to the fauna of Manipur State, Assam. Part III. -Mammals, with special reference to the family Muridae (Order Rodentia). Reo. Indian MU8., 47 : Sinha, Y. P Taxonomic status of Rou8ettu8 8eminudu8 (Gray) (Chiroptera: Pteropidae). J. Bombay nat. Bist. Soc., 6S : Wroughton, R. C Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 26. Darjeeling District. J. Bombay nat. Bist. Soc., 24 : Yenbutra, S. and Felten, H A new species of the fruit bat genus Megaerops from SE-Asia (Mammalia: Chiroptera ~ Pteropodidae). Senckenberg. biol., 64 : 1-11.

55

56 Reo. zoo". Surv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 SPIDERS AS LARVAL FOOD OF SOELIPHRON VIOLAOEUM (DAHLB.) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) D. B. BASTAWADB ArunachaZ Pradesh Field Station, Itanagar-' (Ar. Pr.) ZoologicaZ Survey of India INTRODUCTION The Sphecid wasps are known to prepare mud cell, in and around the human habitations. They construct the mud cells in the corners of houses, on walls and logs, underneath of furnitures (Jaykar and Spurway 1964) and in pin-holes of electrical fittings (Joshi, 1984 and personal observations). 1"he wasps, as mud potters, are known to be adapted for collecting and transporting small balls of soft mud for daubbing their nests (Hingston, 1926, 1927, Jaykar and Spurway, 1960, 1968, and Joseph and Raphe1, 1991). The mud potters are known to collect insects, both adults and larvae, spiders, and after narcotising, they are deposited in the cell, the breeding nest, in the form of ready food for the development of their larvae upto pupation. The ahove has heen reported in the species of genera Sceliphron, Ohalybion, Tryperylon, Trypargilum and Pison. This habit of them is known since The taxonomic studies on spider collections made hy the mud potters have been initiated in recent years (Callan, 1987 ; Durris, 1969, 1970, Laing 1988; Ohin 1981). Landes and his associates (Landes et a!. 1988) report the seasonal and latitudinal variations in the spider prey of Ohalybion calijornicu8 (Saussure) (Sphecidae) from four localities in Meryland, U. S. A. Similar studies have been made by Jocque (1988) on Sceliphron spirifex (Linn.) from Central Africa. There is no work on the above aspects on any species of Indian doubbers except B. madraspatanum (Fabr.) made by Ja-ykar and Spurway, (1960 & 1968), and on S. viozaceum (Dahlo.). The collection of spiders, as larval food has been accounted in their work but however, they have not dealt with the taxonomy of spider species and also have not mentioned regarding the preference to the spider species as larval food. In this communication efforts have been made to analyse both the above referred aspects. '1

57 362 Records of tke Zoological Survey of India METHODS Two study areas, one at Shivajinagar,. Pune 5 and another in the University campus, Pune 7 were selected. The nesting sites of B. violaceum (Dahlb.) were located in the study areas. The wasps were allowed to cap the breeding nests. These nests were uncapped gently with the help of forceps. The deposited prey (spiders) was gently taken out with the help of camel hair brush and collected in the specimen tubes containing 70% alcohol. Nest wise data was prepared and identification of the spiders was done using fauna of India: Araneidae (1982). OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION The Spiders collected and stored by the daubber wasps. B. violaceum at study area I belonged to the families Araneidae (96%), Theridiidae (2.6%), and Hersiliidae and Uloboridae (0.7 %) each. Whereas in the study area II the spiders collected by the wasp belonged to only one family, Salticidae. It was observed that the wasp generally collects 9-13 spiders per cell, may be depending on the size of the spiders collected for the respective cell. Table no. I presents species wise preference of spiders at locality I. The species Neoscona mukerjei Tikader was prefered in large numbers (30%). It is followed by Leucauge decorata (Black Wall) (11%), Larina chloris (Savigny & Audin) 9%; Meta sp. 8%,.Araneu8 mitifica (Simon) and Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader & Bal. 6% each, Araneus bituberculatus (Walk) 4%. It was interesting to note that at both the localities the prey mainly included the female spiders (83%). From the above observations it is clear that S. violaceum have different larval food preference, which appears to be dependent on the locality. At locality I they prefer Araneid spiders in large numbers (percentage) and Salticids are preferred at locality II. Interestingly the above two spider families differ considerably in their habits and habitats. The spiders belonging to Araneid group are the true orb weavers. They occur on the webs while feeding, whereas the Salticids are either ground or tree trunk dwellers and non-orb-weavers. They prefer to hunt their prey through direct attacks. At locality I, there is an abundance and diversity of Araneid spiders which it appears, gives a choide for the wasp to select and prefer different species as their larval food. Such a situation does not exist at locality II which has only one species of Salticid. Twenty one species of Araneids at locality I are found to be coiiected by the wasp as larval food. Amongst these N e08cona mukerjei Tikader are most commonly caught (30%) Leucauge decorata (Black Wall) (11%) and Larina chloris (Sav. and Audin) (9%) form the next choice. Thus, it indicates that the Araneid spiders constitute a dominent community at locality I. At the II 10calitCy, such a choice and preference is not possible, because it is having the dominance of only one species of Salticids. Another interesting observation made in this regards relates to the preference by the wasp for female spiders at both the localities (83%). This further indicates an

58 BAsTAWADB: Larvaljood of 8Geliphron & Violaceum 3"63 TABLB I. Showing the food preference for the wasp S. violeceum (Dablb.) in two study areas. Spider Name of spider species Locality Nest Nos. Particulars Species Family Families (Study 1 to 13 of prey in % in % areas) Female Male (Appr.) Araneidae. 1. N eoscona mukerjei Tikader 1 to ~ ~ 20 d' 30.3% 2. N. rumfi (Thorell). 6 1 ~ 0.7% 3. N. elliptica & Bal ~ ~ 1.5% 4. N. sinhagadensis (Tikader) 4,7 & 8 4 ~ ~ 10' 3.9% 5. N. theis (Wrlckenaer) 5,8 & 9 7 ~ ~ % 6. N. laglaizei (Simon) 2,3& 9 3 ~ ~ % 96% 7. N eoscona sp. I 9 3 ~ ~ 2.3% 8. Lecauge decora 1, 2, 3, 5, 13 ~ ~ Id' 11% (Blackwall) 6, 7, 8 & Lecauge sp. 1 1 ~ 0.7% 10. Larina chloris 7, 8, 10, 10 ~ ~ % (Sav. & Audin) & Araneus mitijica (Simon) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 ~ ~ 4d' d' 6.3% 6 & A. bituberculatus (Walk) 11 5 ~ ~ 3.9% 13. Oyclosa hexatuberculata 1, 2, 6, 7 ~ ~ 6.3% Tikadar & Bal. 10 & O. confraga (Thorall) 4&5 2 ~ ~ 1.5% 15. O. mulmeinensi8 (Thorall) 5 2 ~ ~ 1.5% 16. O. 8pirifera Sinlon 8 1 ~ 0.7% 17. Oyclosa sp. 5 2 ~ ~ 1.5% 18. Meta sp. 4 & % 9Immture

59 364 Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey oj 1 ntug TABLB I. (Oontinued) Oyrtophora citricola I 1,5& 3 ~ ~ 3.0% (Forskal) Argeope aemula (Walk.) 6 2 ~ ~ 1.5% 21. Poltys sp. 2 1 ~ 0.7% Hersiliidae. 22. M uricia indica Simon 3 1 ~ 0.7% Uloboridae. 23. Uloborus sp. 2 1 ~ 0.7% Theridiidae. 24. Theridion sp. 3 3 ~ ~ 2.6% Salticidae. 25. Salticu8 sp. II 12 & ~ ~ 100% abundance of female spiders in population at both the locations. Apart from it, it may also be concluded that the wasps have developed the ability to locate and hunt the female spiders, since the female spiders provide more nourishment to the developing larvae of the wasp because they are larger in size. This would also result in minimum hunts to catch the spiders. Since the natural status of the ratio of female to the male in a population was not yet established in case of any spider species from India, it would be imperfect to mention about it but now it is known that the natural spider population alway has more number of females than males for any species of spiders. Jocque (1988) has indicated that the prey of Sceliphron spirifex (Linn.) belong to 8 spider families. 56% spiders belong to Araneidae, and 31 % to Salticidae. The other families like Clubionidae, Theridiidae, Hersiliidae, Tetragnathidae respresent less than 10%, white (1962) reports on the presence of Lycosidae and Zodaridae in the nests of some species of Sceliphron in Sierra Leon. The above studies, thus indicate that the above cited two species of Sceliphron have an impact on the population of certain spider species, since a large prey per cell per nest is required. Further, the wasp S. violaceum mainly predates on female spiders and this would have a direct impact on the spider population, because before breeding activities are completed the female individuals are preyed upon, further, the two Indian species, S. madraspatanum and S. violaceum might have a compc:tition for prey, and to confirm this furthers efforts are needed and the same are in progress. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I most sincerely thank to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta and the Oflicer-in-Charge, Zoological Survey of India; Arunachal Pradesh Field Station,

60 BASTA WADE : Larval food, of Sceliphron & Violaceum 365 Itanagar for providing facilities. I am most indebted to Prof. N. K. More, Kolhapur and Prof. P. V. Joshi, Pune for their valuable suggestions for the improvemements in the text. REFERENCES Hingston; G An oriental sphex or hunting wasp. Part I. J. Bombay Nat. HiBt. Soc., 31 : 241. Hingston, G An oriental sphex or hunting wasp. Part II. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 31 : 890. Jaykar, S. D. and H. Spurway, The nesting activities of Vespid potter wasp Eumens companiformis esurine8 Fabr. compared with the ecologically similar Bceliphron madraspatanum (Fabr.) Hymenoptera, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 65 : 148. Jocque, R The prey of the mud-daubber wash, 8celiphron spirife3; (Linn.), in central Africa, N ewl. Br. arachn. Soc., 51 : 7. Joseph, K. J. and P. Kurien Raphel, The nesting and provisioning behaviour of a potter wasp (Eumenidae) : and ethological analysis, Entomon., 16 (1) : Joshi, P. V Some aspects of Nest building, its repair and post embryonic stages of Red potter wasp Eumfnes conica Fabr. Biovigyanum., 7 : Joshi, P. V The spining of puparium by larvae of Eumenid and sphecid wasps reared in glass tubes. Ourrent Science, 53 (14) : Laing, D. J The prey and predation behaviour of the wasp Pison morosum '(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). New Zealand Entm., 11 : Landes, D. At, M. S. Ohin, A. B. Cady and J. H. Hunt, Seasonal and latitudinal variation in spider prey of the mud daubber Okalybion californicu8 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) J. Arachnol., 15 : ,Spu:rway, H., Dronamraju and S. D. Jaykar, One nest 8celiphron madraspatanum (Fabr.) (Sphecidae : Hymenopter) J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 61 (1) : Tikader, B. K Fauna of India: Spiders (Araneidae &. Gnaphosidae), Vol. II, part I : White, E Nest-building and pr-ovisioning in relation to sex in SceZiphron 8pirifex (Linn.) (Sphecidae). J.Anim. Ecol., 31 :

61

62 Reo. zool. 8urv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 BIOMONITORING OF INLAND WATER: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF RIVER MUSI AT HYDERABAD ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA. RAMAKRISHNA * Freshwater BiologicaZ Station Zoological Survey of India A8koknagar, H yderabad. INTRODUCTION The close dependence of man on water for life accounts for the association which has existed between him and several rivers over centuries. In the process of dependency, of using surface water for development, man has interfered so much, streams, rivers and lakes that are now, can be hardly called natural. Water was being withdrawn excessively and faunal associations and population balances have been grossly affected bv disturbances, where the water flow is checked by barrier, ecological systems have been drastically changed down stream and water quality is affected by dissolved and suspended matter. Furthermore, surface water is often used for the disposal of human waste, and industrial effluents; the organic and inorganic material thus introduced into them in this way affected the delicately balanced ecosystem. The effect of these modifications in tropical water is not understood properly. Only limited studies have been carried out by Venkateswarulu (1976, 1981, 1986) on river Musi on the interrelationship of algal distribution. The present study was undertaken to understand the distribution of faunal components in clean and polluted zones -of the river Musi for a period of two years. RIVER MUSI The river Krishna rises near Mahabaleshwar at 1360 m above msl and flows towards east (1400 km) to join Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). River Musi, a tributary of Krishna originates from Anantagiri hills of nearby Medak district of Andhra Pradesh. It traverses nearly 240 km and joins Krishna at Wazirabad, 40 km below Nagarjuna sagar reservoir. In the entire basin, a semi arid condition prevails and as a result, most part of the year the flow is very less. In addition, to augment the drinking water facility to the city of Hyderabad, and also to check flash floods, two reservoirs have been constructed along its cource viz. Himayat sagar and Osman sagar in the peripheral *.Present Address: Ma.rine Aquarium cum Research Oentre, Digha

63 368 Records of the Zoological Survey o/india area of the city. The flow of the river is therefore, controlled by the sluice gates of these two reservoirs. 74 MAP OF KRISHNA.RIVER BASIN Figure 180 km ( Source ~ Indian Water Wealth) Fig. 1. Course of River Musi in the Krishna. River Basin. The river along its couree in the city flows over rocky bed and receives waste water at various points. The major source of waste water entering the river are 1. the return canal from highly polluted lake, Husain sagar passing through the middle of the city, 2. seepages from Burning ghat, sewage treatment plant, washing ghat, slaughter house, hutments on the river bed etc. and 3. effluents from automobile industry and dumping wastes from various sources along its bank; all resulted in the deterioration of the water quality. SAMPLING STATIONS Sampling stations were marked for periodic collection and analysis as in figure- 2. Sampling station-l represents the area in the upper tributary receiving seepages

64 KEY MAP SHOWING THE ORIGIN Of THE R\V[R MOOSl MAP SHOWING THE COURSE OF RIVER MOOSI AND THE S~l' NO STATlQ.lS IN HYOERABAO URBAN DEVELOPMENT AREA Scale: 2. I em I kilometre Hussain sagar canal figure - 2 Fig. 2. Origin, coutse and sa.mpling stations of River nlusi.

65 370 Record8 01 the Zoologioa! Survey oj 1 nditj from Mir Alam tank passing through zoo garden with substrate predominantly of of boulders and black soil. Sampling station-2 located in the middle of the city devoid of any boulders but with grass cultivation along its bank. Sampling station-3 is located on a less densely populated area, outside the city limits receiving run-off' from slaughter house, sewage treatment plant, grass land, industrial and domestic wastes. A rich growth of Eicchornia crassipes was found as free floating plant. Moderate flow was noticed in this sampling station-4 was located at about 150 km. from the city limits, almost near its confluence with river Krishna at Dameracherla, wherein, the gauging station is maintained by the Central Water Commission. MATERIAL AND MBTHODS Water samples collected periodically from different sampling stations of the river are brought to the laboratory for detailed analysis for a period of two years (May ~Fox sagar G> Hydcrabd AREA UNDER HYDERABAD URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Scale I: (Scale I: )0.000 ) Figure - :5 Fig. S. Location of River ~iusi under Hyderaba.d Urba.n Development Authority with other reservoirs. April 1987). Parameters such as temperature, humidity, ph, transparancy of water was measured in the field. Specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, carbondioxide,

66 RAMAKRISHNA: Biomonitoring oj Inland, Water 371 Bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sodium, potassium, nutrients such as Nitrate-nitrogen, phosphates, sulphates are anlavsed in the laboratory as recommended bv Standard Methods, (A P H.A.), 1985, and the results are expressed in mgt1, unless otherwise mentioned. PHYSICAL FACTORS a. Temperature: Hyderabad city located in the semi arid region of Andhra Pradesh, exhibits tropical climate with maximum day temperature rising to degree Celcius during summer and minimum winter night temperature falls to degree Celcius, the mean annual diurnal range exceeding degree Celcius. Water temperature followed a characters tic seasonal cycle at all stations, the maximum generally in the month of April and minimum in the month of January. Gradual decrease in the surface water temperature has been noticed from October on wards upto January and at DO time of the year, the temperature fell below 23 degree Celcius. ~ c.. ~ 40 r ",,/'_. L:.l< :> x 30 '~ ~~ I-:!! ~~ 20 0_0_0_0--'0 o~o_j 30 ~ ~... ~ Z._._'. ~ ~-. 10 c:t Z ou - < < UJ ~ ~ 200 ~ i5 o RAINFALL (mm) ~ :J :t: ~ 100 ~ ORELA TlVE HUMIDITY ( % ) i ): ':11 :;-1 ;IIRJJ rn,~ I] ] ~I J] rfl ~ J J A S o N 1\ M Figure - " '187 Fig. 4. Temperature, Evaporation, Rainfall and Humidity records at Hyderabad for b. Sunshine Hours: Hyderabad is located in the southern peninsular part at about 510 m above msl and receives maximum light. From the study of solar radiation reaching the earth (Zafar, 1964), during January it is a 3gm/cal/cm/min, from February

67 372 Records of the Zoological Survey of India onwards, a slight decline is seen and balanced during July. Thus at no time of the year, the region loses radiation in excess of what is gained from Sun. If biological function is taken as a function of radiation gain, Hyderabad city could be regarded as continuously productive all through the year. c. Rainfall: Hyderabad city is situated at a distance of about 265 km from eastern sea coast and as a result, the marine climate generally becomes peninsular, the air becomes drier and amount of rainfall decreases. Long term averages of rainfall in the district varies from mm/year of which 78 % is received from South-West monsoon, with an average of 48 rainy days/year. The monsoon reaches its peak during August-September and gradually decreases from October onwards. d. Evaporation: The rate of evaporation dependent on both temperature and humidity as well as wind stress on the water surface. It has been estimated that the present rate of evaporation at Hyderabad is 2172 mm/year, which gives a daily average of 6 mm. CHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS a. Disaolved Oxygen: Dissolved oxygen is a valuable tracer for water and sensitive indicator for biological and chemical processes occuring in it. The value of oxygen was comparatively low indicating anaerobic condition. In most part of the year, the dissolved oxygen never exceeded 3.3 mg/l. Post monsoon months of September December 1985 exhibitted no oxygen, while during 1986, it was in traces at all three sampling stations as in table-l and 2. TABLE 1. Values of Dissolved oxygen at 3 sampling stations for Station May June July Aug. Sept. Octo. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April I Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil II Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.8 Nil Nil Nil III Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.2 Nil Nil TABLE 2. Values of Dissolved oxygen at 3 sampling stations for Station May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April..., ( I.Nil Nil Nil 0.9 Nil Nil Nil 1.0 II Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.6 Nil 0.4 Nil 0.8 III Nil Nil 0.9 Nil Nil 0.2 Nil 0.4 Nil (Values are in mgt!)

68 R.\MAKRISHNA: Biomonitoring oj Inland, Water 373 According to present data, all sampling stations receive waste water leading to higb organic matter and low oxygen values. The reason for such a condition is the application of synthetic detergents throughout the drainage basin and these detergents are ressistant to secondary sewage treatment and frequently produces a layer of surface foam, as observed at all stations, when the effluents are discharged in to the river. This foam restricts re-oxygenation and causes anaerobic condition to rise &~ - 4' ph atlon - _. & 51a.tion t~ ta t i on St a tlon ph ' M J J ft- 's b N [, J. F' M A Figure - S Fig. 5. 1\fonthly variation of ph in River :M:usi for different sampling sta.tions. Running water contain typically high concentration of dissolved oxygen tending towards saturation, however, larger organic discharges perhaps adding to upstream

69 374 Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey of India pollution already present, causes great ecological changes (Dix 1981), resulting in a large oxygen deficit in the down stream. According to Hawkes (1981), the presence of surface active material in the sewage effiuent suppresses the rate of reaeration of the receiving stream and thereby delays self purification, and this effect is greater in sluggish rivers. According to Butcher and Blum (1957), the low values of dissolved oxygen is p;====================:::::=:==-=::'-=====-'~--;::-'==----~--'--=============================. ~ E I (l)... ro c: 0.Q I- ro U.~ a) ' 100, --../ o.::--.-".~t--.jii_--"-- ~. os OJ "' o 80 - X 60.~ "' ;}~. A j/. --- \~:/~-<~. I Station - 1 J A--A Station o,. M J J A S G N D J F M A Figure Fig. 6. ~ronthly variation of Free Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate in River Musil generally associated with high organic matter and due to the active aerobic bacteria, dissolved oxygen content is known to fall down below the sewage outfalls. Unlike lake ecosystems, river water quality cannot be characterised by the concentration of nutrients only (Wong et. all 1979), however, dissolved oxygen content which plays a vital role in supporting aquatic life in running water is succeptible to

70 RAMAKllSHNA: Biomonitoring of 1 nzancl Water 375 aught environmental changes. A similar condition is already noticed (Hynes 1966), that high organic pollution also lead to local depletion, frequently eliminating certain elements from the fauna. In the present case also, the occurence of faunal components are restricted to organisms capable of living anaerobic condition, such as Chironomids, musquito larvae, a few hemipterans such as Diplonych'Us and Laccotrephes species. b. Oarbonate and, Bicarbonate: Carbontes are absent in water and the total alkalinity available was in the form of bicarbonate, the values of it varied between mgtl as in figure 6. According to Rutner (1957), accumulation of large quantity of bicarbonate during summer may be due to the liberation of carbon dioxide in the process of decomposition of bottom sediments which resulted in the conversion of insoluble carbonate into soluble bicarbonate. Present investigation is in confirmity with the work of Rao and Govind (1964), that the water having carbonates was devoid of carbon dioxide and vice versa. The absence of carbonates was mainly related to the absence of macrophytes, phytoplankton and decomposition of organic matter. c. Oarbon d,ioxide: Carbon dioxide is present at all stations throughout the year, the maximum was mg/l and the minimum was 9.98 mg/l (Figure 6). The presence of large quantity of carbon dioxide at every sampling station is the effect of microbial activity of converting organic waste into water and carbon dioxide because the respiratory activity is nearly absent due to absence of biota. From the earlier work of Venkateswarulu (1968), carbon dioxide values appear to be negligible and are found only in the lower stretches of the river, which was mainly due to the presence of phytoplankton. However, in recent years, anthrapogenic activity has added considerable material resulting in the change of water condition. d,. ph: ph of the water vary widely between different rivers and streams and influenced by carbonate-bicarbonate alkalinity and the concentration of carbon dioxide (Talting 1976). In the present case, the ph of the water was found to be in the alkaline range and the values are in figure 5. The pattern of fluctuation was almost irregular at all three sampling stations for a major part of the year and comparatively lower values were obtained during summer months except at sampling station-l during 1986 April. The decline in ph during summer months is normally due to the surplus amount of carbon dioxide in water. A similar inverse relationship between ph and free carbon dioxide has been reported earlier by Rao and Govind (1964) and Zafar (1964). Sampling 8tations Station-l Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 TABLE 3. River Musi-pH changes at different sampling stations ( ) 7.74 ( ) 7.81 ( ) 8.02 ( ) (Values are in mg/l) ( ) 7.42 ( ) 7.55 ( ) 7.95 ( )

71 376 Records oj the Zoological Survey 0/ India e. Ohloride: Chloride content of the river varied from mgt! indicating a significant portion of human and animal refuse entering into the river, causing high degree of pollution. From the study, that the up stream and mid stream indicated a high degree of variation, and the down stream showed a normal curve except for the month of October 1985 at all sampling stations. The high degree of chloride at all places was due to the anthrapogenic activity and absence of seasonal variation was due to the absence of river flow, except for station 3 and 4 which showed a near uniform value due to moderate flow. Figure "'O2l E -~ ~ ~ 0 :2 u -~ E -nj "0 ~.9.c u t ,-. ~ ~ , ~.---4 ~ Station - I Station - 2 Station - 3 j, Station - 4 I \ I \ ~ / '1~~" \.- 0 \ / --L.r, / / \ I \/' \! \ I \ I ~!~ ~--G !, I, MJ J AS OND] FMA Fig. 7. Chloride concentration for different sampling stations of River ~{usi. Klein (1957) found a direct correlation between chloride content and pollution level and therefore, higher value of chloride in the river showed high degree of pollution. According to Munawar (1970) higher value of chloride is an index of pollution of animal origin. Several investigators such as Blum (1957), Hawkes (1957), Venkateswarulu

72 RAMAKRISHNA : Biomonitoring oj Inland Water 377 (1986), Somashekar (1988) have reported sharp increase in chloride content at sewage ponuted stretches of the river. /. Specific conauctance and Total Dissolvea solid9: Conductivity which measures the total ionic composition of water and therefore, its overall chemical richness is vital as it indicates the biogenic potential of any body of water. III the present observation, anthrapogenic influences by way of effluents and sewage released into the river appears to be more responsible and values always exceeded 1000 mmho/cm at all sampling stations. The electrical conductivity of any water is roughly proportional to the concentration of dissolved major elements and the conductivity is often employed as it correlates closely with the dissolved solids. On the basis of this, the values of dissolved solids so calculated exceeded 700 mgtl on an average and showed a positive increase from the month of December. ~ 10 ~ e.io ~ ~ wlo to-' = < :c.... ~ 0 C... ~ 80 - Db! 60 UJ C... ~ 40 :2 20 U.--=-=.:=l /.~./ /---" /"i' I ~ ~. I I.~..~. / / ::--" / / '--... e--...' ' ~. M J J A s o N o J F M A Fig. 8. Rate of discharge of water from River ~rusi to River Krishna at the confluence point and its relation with chloride. The lanert organic and inorganic material released into the river from various sources adds significant contribution to the specific conductance and dissolved solids. This is clearly visible from the black colour of the water. According to Claussen (1973) such suspended solids interfere with the self purification of water by dimnisbing light penetration and hence the photosynthetic activity and damage fisheries by silting over 9

73 378 Record8 of the Zoolog1:cal Survey of India food organisms. Probably due to this, planktonic and benthic populations have been highly destroyed in the river. Absence of many freshwater fauna in the river Musi can therefore, be attributed to the high specific conductance as normally inland water having a range of mm ho/cm support a good fish fauna (Ellis 1937). - u -- o..c: E ~ c) c... c: ro J u ::l 'U c: o u. u 3000 r ') ') r.. ~v f., -... /., /.~ _._./ Station - 1 Station - 2 Station - 3 ~ Stat jon - 4 -U GJ 0- V') Figure Fig. 9. Specific conductance of water at different sampling stations. g. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR): Importance of sodium absoption ratio is well understood, as it provides an indicator of effect of sodium in the soil. This (SAR) is evaluated in terms of Sodium Absorption which is defined as : SAR= Na JGai Mg On the basis of the salinity diagram, the water in the polluted zone of the river Musi falls under C s S1 with medium to high conductivity and low S A R. Similar condition was noticed even in the down stream near the confluence with the river Krishna at about 150 km. down stream, indicating it quality (Less suitability) for irrigation. Generally C or Cst 8 2 are are considered excellent for use in irrigation.

74 RAMAKRISHNA: Biomonitoring Of 1 nlana Water 379 h. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD): BOD values of the river varied from mgt1 and range of variation at different sampling stations showed that highest value was 96, 102 and 109 mg!1 respectively in stations 1, 2 and 3. A steady increase in the values were observed at all sampling stations from the post monsoon months of September and highest during summer months. Absence of seasonal variation and comparatively higher values in the river during all seasons of the year is indicative of high organic pollution due to discharge of waste water from various points. A similar condition exists in the river Cauvery (Somashekar 1988) and in the river Ganges at Kanpur (Mahajan, 1988) resulting in the degradation of water quality. i. Nutrients: Concentration of nutrients viz. Nitrogen and phosphorous are important in standing water and running water as they are directly related to the biological productivity. Nitrogen is one the important nutrient for plants, however excess of this element in water results in eutrophication. Phosphorous, an another nutrient, limits the growth of phytoplankton. The source of nitrate in the river Musi, is from the runoff received at several points and not geologically as the water passes through laterite soil and granite rocks, which are poorer in nitrate content. This is in confirmity with the work of Whitton (1972), that the rivers draining primarily agricultural area, land drainage is the major source of nitrogen and chloride where as the industrialised and urbanised catchments, the major portiol} of these ions are derived from effluents. The nitrate fluctuated in a narrow range but showed a similar trend at all sampling stations except down stream of the river (sampling station-i) and summer months showed maximum level in water and minimum during rainy season indicating the effect of temperature and dilution respectively. Loss of nitrate by denitrification is the reason for their low values. However, according to Ganapati (1943) and Zafar (1964) deficiency of oxygen or the absence of proper organisms are being the prime factors responsible for the incomplete oxidation of the free ammonia accounting for the low nitrate values. Values of phosphate obtained in the river water are on the higher side as in the table and this is due the sewage contamination and application of synthetic detergents containing Glycero-polyphosphate. According to Chakraborty et. a1. (1959), Pahwa and Mehrotra (1966), many Indian rivers exhibitted lower concentration of phosphate than nitrogen, therefore, the present trend.of increased amount of phosphate is due to the application of detergents and hiodegradation of these compounds is comaratively less, as evidenced in the present case at Sampling station-4, which is about 150 km. from others points ( mg/1). j. Sulphate: Sulphur is an essential element to all life and enters the biomass as sulphate. Sulphate deficency can inhibit algal population directly by hindering chlorophyll synthesis (Cole, 1979), The Concentrat.ion of sulphate in the river water was low in area wi~h less flow and anaerobic condition. This was mainly because of

75 380 Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey of I naia '=' E E ~ ", 6~"'~'''~ / ~ _. Station A--" Statioll _. Station ~- / - Station ;- 4 :. --==-=" " "/. ~......><: -~ o E ~ 75 -c ~ ~7 Rig"re '=' E 20 E ~ 'Vi 10 V') rj oj ~X-/&~ l 1- M J.1- A.. S 0 ~. N D J F M A Fig. 10. Variation in monthly concentration of Sodium, Potassium and l\lagnesium.

76 ilamaklushna: Biomonitoring of Inland, ivater 381 the reduction of sulphates as hjdrogen sulphide. According to Poste Gate (1954),,many bacteria reduces sulphate to sulphide under anaerobic condition thus releasing abnoxious hydrogen sulphide and blackening mud and sand, as this gas combines with iron forming ferrous sulphide, the bacteria causing such a reaction are Desulpho tluulphuricans. This condition appears to be same in the river Musi, with sulphate concentration varying from mg/l in the polluted zone and above 60 mgt! in the down stream. The source of sulphate is mainly from the run-off of the catchment area and hence concentration increases with the increase of discharge or river flow. _. Station - 1 "--A Station -: Station :. Station - 4 ~ 150 e... E 'u = 100 -; 50 u ol ~ E ,.---0-_- a ~ I, M J J A s o N,. o J F M A I Fig~re - II Fig. 11. Ooncentra.tion of Calcium in River l\fusi. k. Ionic composition: Calcium and magnesium are two important cat ions imparting hardness to the water, in comparison to monovalant sodium and potassium. These ions are normally leached from different types of rocks. In temperate climate,

77 382 Records oj the ZoologicaZ Survey oj India as in river Wye, the major ions such as of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate are generally lowest during winter and higest during summer (Whitton, 1972). However, in tropics, the ionic composition found to vary according to the river flow or alteration in the catchement area. Based on the averages, the ionic composition of the river Musi was found to be Ca>Mg>Na.>K in the polluted zone and Na.>Mg>Ca>K in the unpolluted zone, arnong anions HCO;->Cl->S04: at all sampling sampling stations. The ionic composition of river Musi, even differed from that of river Cauvery in the South and Jhelum in the ~lorth (Ca;>Na>Mg>K) in the polluted and unpolluted zones. TABLE 4. Seasonal variation of Nitrate and Phosphate at different sampling stations of the river Musi for the Year Sampling stations June-Sept Oct.-Jan Feb.-May 1987 Average Yearly Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Nitrate Phosphate Nitrate Phosphate Nitrate Phosphate Nitrate Phosphate TABLE 5. Seasonal varia tion of sulphate in river Musi at different sampling stations for the Year Sampling Oct.-Jan. Feb.-May June-Sept. Oct.-Jan Feb.-May Stations Station Station Station Station (Values are in Mg/l) IMPACT OF ANTHRAPOGENIC ACTIVITY ON THE RIVER Mus! Rivers differs from that of lacustrine environment by having unidirectional, continuous motion over an area extended often with rocky stretches and variable soil composition. In the process, aquire mineral components, solids and solutions from a wide range of their basin (Rzoska 1978) and thus creates a different condition for

78 !lamakrlshna: Biomonitoring oj 1 nlantl Water 383 life. Impact of man has so profound effect on the nature of rivers, streams and tributaries, especially in recent years, it is extremely difficult to find any river or stream Which has not altered for his benefit. This has been a bly achieved by the way of construction of dams and reservoirs. In tropical countries, these problems are further aggravated by the unseasonal rains, unprecedented extreme climatic conditions such as high temperature, low humidity and high rate of evaporation., ~. """ -~ e "-" II') II') UJ Z Q 300 ~ <: :c /' - Station - I 4-.. Station _. Station 3 _--"I Station - 4. I/A ,. 7':: ~ ~ ~~/. "~, A... \,,/~ ~ ~~7--~ ";D 400 e "-" 300 V') V') UJ Z 200 Q ~ <: 100 :t: M J J _... o-~_ «,, I I «, «, A SON o J F M A Figure ~========~==========================c=============~========= Fig. 12. Seasonal variation of hardness of water samples of River ~{ubi. Impact of human settlement, degradation of water quality and exccessive exploitation resulted in the imbalance of freshwater ecosystem. The initial effect of

79 384 Record8 of tke ZoologicaZ Survey oj IntliCl this on a stream or river is to degrade the physical quality of water, as the deterioration is more pronounced, a shift to chemical degradation is biologicaily induced in terms of number and variety of organisms. The intial effect of anthrapogenic activity OD river Musi is felt by way of deterioration of water quality, alteration in the habitat structure and elimination of large groups of vertebrtes and invertebrates. The exact reason for the elimination of such a diverse group is not known, however, it can be assumed that fishes are usually eliminated for long stretches by severe organic pollution particularly ammonia, sulphide and cyanide, apart from low oxygen tension as in the present case. Low oxygen tension enhances the toxicity of most poisons, and high degree of suspended solids in the river have serious effect on the spawning sites of many fishes. According to Ellis (1937), the specific conductivity of inland water of supporting good fish fauna lies between ls0-500m mho/em where as in the present case exceeds looom mho/cm in the polluted zone and exceeds 700m mho/em in the down stream. Impact on phylo-zooplankton : Pollution of organic matter is very complex, as it involves not only deoxygenation of the water, but also addition of suspended solids. Organic wastes such as saw dust, wood fibre, fibruos textile waste, which are capable of slow bacterial breakdown produces deoxygenation and sewage fungus. Suspended solids tend to eliminate algae and plants and they alter the fauna by blanketting over stream bed (Hynes 1966). This is evident from the work of Venkateswarulu (1968, 1974, 1986), a shift in the algal population in the river Musi is noticed especially in the polluted zone (Bacillariophyceae>Cyanophyceae>Euglenophyceae>Cblorophyceae during and Chlorophyceae> Bacillariophyceae> Cyanophyceae> Euglenophyceae in ). The plankton of the river has completely altered during the recent years with gradual deterioration in the water quality as evidenced in the earlier chapters with very few species of phytoplankton, especially belonging to cyanophyceae, euglenophyceae, abundant sewage fungus and bacterial flora (Bacterial counts ranged from 23 X los to 104./ml with an average of 10 X 10 2 / ml). Similarly zooplankton analysis showed avery limited abundance (2-22/100 ml). Zooplankton community showed the presence of pollution tolerant copepods and cladocerans and on rare occassions with rotifera. The cladocera recorded belongs to Diaphanosorna, Oeriodaphnia cornuta, Moina micrura; copepoda belonging to M esocyclops and Diaptomus and rotifera having Keratella and BrachionU8 species. Among protozooans the river water exhibitted several colonial members such as Oarchesium, Vorticella, and Stentor and ciliates like Paramoecium, Euplotes, Stylonychia, Oolpodium and Lynotus species. Impact on invertebrates : Usually according to Hynes 1966, in the polluted zone of the stream or river, the tolerant species are replaced by abundant "Pollution fauna" consisting of largely

80 RAMAKRISHNA: Biomonitoring of I nlantl Water 385 sludge worms (Tubi6.cidae), blood worms (Chironomidae) and water louse (Ascellus species). In the present case, larval groups of several invertebrates such as Chironomidae and Diptera (Mosquitoes) were found in abundant number. Only on few occassiods, Odonate and Mayfly Jarvae were observed in the unpolluted puddles found on the bahk of the river, belongs to Pantala, Orocothemis, Diplocodes and Trithemu8 species. Hemiptera such as Diplonychus, Laccotrephes (~lepa) and Microvelia Were found in abundant number among the macrophytic vegetation of Eicchornia crassipes. Another striking feature of the river is the total absence of molluscan members in the polluted zone, where as several species of Lamellidens, Parreysia, Lymnaea, Bellamia, Indoplanorbis are abundant in the upper stretches of the river especially in the. impounded area. Invertebrates characters tic of fast flowing water s~ch as gerridae, simulidae, macro-invertebrates such as crustacean were totally absent in the polluted zone. Macrobenthic invertebrates were also absent due to suspended, dissolved solids and microbial activity with deoxygentation. Absence of many insect species was mainly due to the presence of surface active material in the sewage effluent, which suppresses the rate of reaeration of the receiving stream and therey delays self purification (Dix, 1981). The effect is greater in sluggish rivers, especially in the present case. Further more, many aquatic insects are associated at some stage in their life cycle with air water interface, the affect of surface active agents on the surface tension might be expected to affect such insects. Also, the presence of foam on surface water due to high levels of phosphates would affect the emergence of egg laying activity of many insects. Impact of pollution on the river Musi. The capacity of the river to cope up with the pollution load, depends on oxygen balance, resulting from the compition between the demands imposed by the oxidisable material and the existing oxygen resources and capacity of reaeration (Anandavalli & Krishna swamy (1988). A high degree of self purification capacity appears to be feature of tropical ecosystem. The self purification powers of the rivers of Northern India especially Ganges are high on account of shallow depth, turbulent flow, prolific biological activity and the deposition of organic matter on the river beds, but converse appears to be true in South Indian rivers. This is true due to dry and lean seasons, the chemistry of the water vary enormously resulting in the variation of seasonal abundance and diversity of fauna. Suspended solids and sediments, falling on the eroding substrata fillup the interstices between stones, thus depriving the cryptic animals of their hiding place. Slow flow also coat these suspended material over the stones and so render ineffective to various holdfast mechanisms of stone fauna (Hynes 1966). It is found, that all or most fauna disappears and are replaced by burrowing or tube dwelling animals, such as worms and chirononlid larvae. Suspended and dissolved solids also interfere in the 10

81 386 Records of the Zoological Survey of India self purification of water by diminishing light penetration and reducing the photosynthetic activity. The concentration of organic matter, free ammonia and phosphates released by the decomposition of particulate organic matter with high microbial demand for dissolved oxygen has increased the concentration of toxic substances in the river Musi. The river Musi being a small tributatry with a limited capacity of dilution to the pollutants, it is not surprising that it exhibits severe reaction to effluents entering in it. TABLE 6. Water quality standards specified by Bureau of Indian Standards (Tolerance limits) in comparision to water quality parameters of river Musi in polluted and unpolluted zone. Parameters Uustream Polluted Down A B C D E 1 zone stream 1. ph Dissolved oxygen 7.3 Traces Biochemical Oxygen Demand Total Coliform lox Odour Nil Sulphide Nil Unobjectinable 6. Taste Tasteless Irritating Tasteless 7. Sp. Conductivity Total Hardness (as Ca Co) Calcium hardness Magnesium hardness Iron I 12. Chlorides Sulphate Trace Nitrate-Nitrogen Nil Free Carbon dioxide Nil Total Dissolved Solids Sodium Absorption Ratio (Note: Values are in mg/l except SSe Conductance-Umhos/cm) Unstream-l-Impounded area of the river such as Osman sagar. Polluted Zone Sampling spots in the city limits ; Down Stream-At the confluence with River Krishna at Damercherla ; A-Drinking water sources without conventional treatment but after disinfection; B-Outdoor bathing; C-Drinking water sources with conventional treatment followed by disinfection; D-Fish culture and wild life propagations; E-Itrigation, Industrial cooling and controlled waste disposal.

82 RAMAKRISHNA: Biomonitoring Of Inland Water 387 TABLE 7. River Musi-Seasonal variation in Chemical characterstics for the year for different sampling stations. June-September 1985 June-September 1986 Parameters ph Sp. Conducta nee Total Diss. Solids Bicarbonate Chloride Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Sulphate Hardness BOD Ionic composition: Station t to 3 : Ca.>Mg and Station 1 to 3 : Ca-..>Mg>Na>K HCos-->Cl- and HCos>Cl>So4, Station 4. Na>Mg.>Ca>K Station 4. Na.> Mgt>Ca>K and HCos -->Cl->S04,->Cos- and HCos -->S04,->Cl- TABLB 8. River Musi-Seasonal variation in chemical characterstics for the year for different sampling stations. October 1985 to Januarv 1986 October 1986 to }anuarv 1987 Parameters ph Sp. Conductivity CO Total Diss. Solids Bicarbona te Chloride Sulphur Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Hardness BOD Ionic Composition: Station No.1 to 3 : Ca>Mg> and Station No.1 to 3: Ca>Na>Mg.>K HCo s -->CI-::> S040- and HCos>CI->So40 Station No.4: Na>Mg>Ca>K Station No.4: Mg>Na;>Ca>K and and HCos -->Cl->So4, HCos ->Cl-;> S04,-

83 388 Record8 of the Zoological Survey oj I ndim TABLE 9. River Musi-Seasonal variation in chemical characterstics for the year for different sampling stations. February 1986 to Mav 1986 Fehruarv 1987 to Mav 1987 Parameters ph ) Sp. Conductivity ' Total Diss. Solids Bicarbonate Chloride Sulphate Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Hardness BOD Ionic Com position 87 Station 1 to 3 : Ca>Mg>Na>K and Station 1 to 3 : Ca>Na>Mg.>K HCo s -->CI->So4,- and HCo s -->Cl->So4,- Station No.4: Na>Ca>Mg>K and Station No.4: Na.>Mg>Ca>K HCo s --:> Cl->So4, and HCo s --> CI->So4, - TABLE 10. Yearly averages of chemical characterstics from the polluted zones of the River Musi during various year. Parameters ph Carbonate 2.88 Nil Nil Nil Nil Bicarbonate Chloride Dissolved Oxygen Nil Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Nitrate-Nitrogen Phosphate Silicate BOD 76 (Source: 196t-62, & , V. Venkateswarulu & , Ramakrishna)

84 D.AMAICRISHNA : Biomonitoring oj Inland Water 389 TABLE 11. River Musi-Chemical characterstics of the River lin the polluted Zones of the City and Down stream (Near the confluence with the River Krishna at Dameracherla) In city limits Down stream In city limits Down stream ph Carbonate Bicarbonate Chloride Sulphate Dissolved Oxygen BOD Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Nitrate Phosphate Silicate Hardness Conductivity Total Diss. Solids Sodium A bsroption Ratio Ionic composition: Cation Anion Ca>Mg HCos--.>Cl >Co s Na>:Nlg >Ca>K HCo s --->Cl- >SO Nil Ca>Mg >Na>K HCo s --.>Cl- SO Nil Na>Mg >CaK HCo s --Cl- >S04,- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is grateful to Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta for providing necessary facilities and guidance. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Prof. T. N. Ananthakrishnan, Dr. B. K. Tikader and Prof. M. S. Jairajpuri, Ex-Directors, Zoological Survey of India and to Dr. A. N. T. Joseph, Joint Director, Marine Biological Station, Madras for their constant encouragement. I am also thankful to Dr. K. V. Ramarao, Officer-in-Charge, Freshwater Biological Station. ZSI, Hyderabad and staff' of that station for the help during the investigation.

85 390 Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey oj India My,sincere thanks to superintending Engineer, Central Water Commission Hyderabad, for providing data on the river Musi. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the friendly co-operation of my collegues for their help in various ways. REFERENCES Ajmal M. and Razi-ud-in Studies on the pollution of Hindon river and Kalinadi river in Ecology and polltion of 'ndian rivers (Ed.) R. K. Trevedi, Ashis Publ. House. Anandavalli, M. and Krishnaswamy, S Man and river Vaigai in Ecology ana Pollution of Indian Rivers Ibid. pp Apha and Awwa, Standard Methods of Analysis of water and Waste Water, 17th Edn. Apha & Awwa, New York. Blum, J. L An Ecological study of the algae of the saline river, Michigan. Hydrobiologia, 9 : Butcher, R. W Studies on the ecology of the rivers IV. Observation on the growth and distribution of sessile algae in River Hull. Yorkshire. J. Ecol., 74 (5) : Chakraborty, R. D., Roy, P. and Singh, S. G A qualitative study of plankton and physico-chemical conditions of the river Yamuna in Indian J. Fish., 6 : Chakraborty, R. 0., Roy, P. and Singh, S. O A qualitative study of plankton and physico-chemical conditions of the river Yamuna in Indian J. Fisk., 6 : Claussen, L. H Ecological aspects of dam construction. J. African. Ind. Min.. Metall., 74 (5) : Cole, G 'ext boole of Limnology, The C. V. 1v10sby Company. Dix, H. M Environmental Pollution, Jhon Wiley Company- pp Ellis, M. M Direction and measurement of stream pollution. No. 48. U S Fish Bull. Ganapati, S. V An ecological study of a garden pond containing abundant zooplankton. Proo. Indian Acad. Scie. (B), 17 : Hawkes, H. A Efiects of pollutant in Aquatic environment in Pollution, causes, Effects & Oontrol (Ed.) Roy M Harrison, The Royal Soc. of Chemistry, London. Hynes, H. B. N The Biology of Polluted Water, Liverpool Press, England.

86 lamakrishna: Biomonitoring 0/ I nland Water 391 aynes, H. B. N The Ecology of Running Water, Liverpool Press, England. Klein, L. (Ed.) River Pollution., Oauses and Effects, Butterworths, London. Maha;an, K. K Deteriorating nation River in Eoology and Pollution ef Indian Rivers Ed. R. 1(. Trevedi" pp Munawar, M Limnological studies on Freshwater ponds of Hyderabad, India-II. The Biocenose. Hydrobiologia, 36 (1) : Ownby, C. R. and Key, D. A Res., 10 : Chlorides in lake Eire Proc. Conf. Great lakes Pahwa, D. V. and Mehrotra, S. N Observation on the fluctuation in the abundance of plankton in relation to certain hydrologic conditions of the river Ganga. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. India, 36 (B) : Rao, V. S On the distribution of algae in a group of six small ponds. J. Ecol., 11 (2) : Rao, K. L India's Water wealth, Orient Longmans, New Delhi. Rao, D. S. and Govind, B. V Hydrology of Tungabadra Reservoir, Indian J. Fi8herie8, 11 (2) : Rutner, F Fundamentals 0/ Limnology, Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. Rzoska, J. (Ed.) On the nature of rivers with a case Hi8tory of river Nile. Dr. W. Junk Publ. The Hague. Sawer, C. N. and Mc Carty, P. L Edn. Me Graw Hill, Neyyork. Ohemistry of Environmental Engineering 3rd Somashekar, R. K Ecological Studies on the major rivers of Karnataka.in Ecology an Pollution of Indian Rivers Ed. R. K. Trededi. Ashis Pub. House. New Delhi. pp Talling, J. F Phytoplankton, composition development and productivity On the Nature Rivers Ed. Rzoska, J. Dr. W. Junk Publ. The Hague. Venkateswarulu, V Taxonomy and Ecology of algae in the river musi, Hyderabad, India with special reference to water pollution and physico-chemical complexes. Hydrobiologia, 33 : Venkateswlulu, V Taxonomy and ecology of algae in the river Musi, Hyderabad, India. Nova. Hedwigia., XXVII, pp

87 392 Recorda of the Zoological Survey o/india Venkateswarulu, V Algae as indicators of River water quality and Pollution in in WHO Workshop on biological indicators and inaeces of Environmental pollution, Central Board of Prevention and control of water pollution and Os mania University Hyderabad pp. 93. Venkateswarulu, V Ecological studies on the rivers of Andhra Pradesh with special reference to water quality and pollution. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 96 (6) : Welch, o. S Limnology Mc Graw Hill, New York. Wong, S. L., Clark, B. and Koscium, R. F An examination of the effects of nutrients on the water quality of shallow rivers Hyarobiologia, 63 (3) : Whitton, B. A. (Ed.) River Ecology, Univ. of California Press. Berkely. Zafar, A. R On the ecology of algae in certain fish ponds of Hyderabad, Physico-chemical complexes. Hyarobiologia,23: Zafar, A. R Seasonality of phytoplankton in some South Indian lakes, Hyarobiologia, 138 :

88 Dc Surv. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RIVER COOUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POLLUTION M. MARY BAI Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Ma ras-28. INTRODUCTION The indiscriminate loading of the rivers with the large amounts of effluents from "Ide and varied sources like sewage, industries and agricultural fields lead to the pollution of the rivers. River Cooum plays an important role in the cleanliness of Madras City. It derives its name from vil1age Cooum whose surplus lake water flows into this river. It starts near Sattarai village in Tiruvallur Taluk and flows through 65 kms. before it joins the sea. It enters the city near Aminjikarai, runs for about 18 11m. through the city and empties its waters into Bay of Bengal. During November and December the river is mainly tidal. The ebb and flow of the tide flush the river to some extent. When the monsoon is over, water movement is affected due to the formation of a sand-bar at the river mouth region preventing the continuity of the river with the sea. Consequently, the river is not flushed and acute sewage problem is caused. Urban growth on either side of the river, without adequate storm and sanitary sewers, spread over several decades has brought about an adverse impact on the river ecosystem. Sornavel (1978) reported that about 400 million litres per day of sewage was discharged in different zones of Cooum river. This heavy load of sewage prevents the river from self purification and regeneration. There have been extensive studies on the limnology of River Cooum. (Panikkar and Alyar, 1937; Govindan Potti, 1958; Abraham, 1962; Narayanan, 1980; Joseph et ai, 1989). The earlier workers have studied about 18 km. stretch of the River Cooum within the vicinity of Madras. But in the present study the entire stretch of River Cooum was studied for physico-chemical and biological characteristics of polluted and unpolluted regions. In the present study an attempt has been made not only to study the extent of pollution caused by sewage and other pollutants but also to monitor the sewage pollution by indicator species. These indicator species can be used for further monitoring of the freshwater bodies. Study area, Materials and Methods : The following six stations given in Fig. I and Table I and Plate I and II were selected along the River Cooum to study the changes in the physio-chemical add biological features. 11

89 COOUM RIVER SAMPUNG STATIONS i, j- - - l. ~) t:~.,._,' l.",, NORTH A~COT ( AMBEDKAR /~..--,..,4 u.. o SCALE: 2,50,000 N t

90 MARY BAI: Ecological studies on the River Oooum 395 Table I Sampling Stations Station Name Location Distance Depth Range in kms. (in Metres) from sea Maximum Minimum 1. Cooum Estuary Bay of Bengal Napier Bridge On Kamaraj Salai near University 3. Nungambakkam Opposite to Malaria Research Institute 4. Koyambedu Bridge over Cooum Korattur Near Korottur Puduchattram Puduchattram village 6. Cooum Cooum Village Water samples taken at monthly interval from a central area of the estuary and from all the six stations of the river were used for physiochemical and biological analysis. The water samples were collected using a Friedinger type water sampler (Narayanan 1980). Water sampler was lowered to a specified depth and the sample was collected. The sampler was then Hfed up and the air and water temperature were noted immediately. Samples collected at each station were transferred individually to one litre capacity polyethylene bottles and were transported immediately to the laboratory. PH was determined in the field using BDH wide and narrow range PH papers. PH measurements were also made in the laboratory using an electrical PH meter-hach DREL 5 spectrophotometer. The depth was measured using a line marked in meters. Dissolved oxygen, free carbondioxide, Alkalinity and Acidity were determined using HACH DREL Digital titrator in the field itself. The other parameters like Biological Oxygen Demand (B. O. D.) Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. 0, D.), Salinity, Nitrogen Compounds (Nitrite (Nos), Nitrate NOs), Ammonia (NH4,), Colour, suspended solids, phosphate, sulphate, chloride and silica were determined in the laboratory using HACH DREL Spectrophotometer following the methods in water analysis Handbook (HACH 1983). Months from September to January were taken as the rainy season and February to August as the summer season based on rainfall data. Plankton samples were collected using a standard plankton net (no. 35 H. D.). At each station standard horizontal hauls were made for a specific period of 3 minutes.

91 396 Records of the Zoological Survey 011 nella Samples were preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution and the organisms were identified, sorted and counted using Hydrobios plankton microscope. Most of the Micro and Macro fauna were identified to generic level and when possible to species level. (Davis 1955 and Welch 1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Depth of the river :-Data relating to depth measurements during the period of were given in Table I. The river is shallow during summer and with the onset of the North-East monsoon during November and December, the depth of the river increases. TEMPERATURE Water temperature following the atmosphere temperature was maximum in the summer months and minimum in the rainy months (Tables II and III). The water temperature range in the polluted stations (I to III) was higher (23.4 C to 32.6 C) than unpolluted stations (22.0 C-24.0 C). Similarly, the summer months had the highest temperature range (28.8 C-32.6 C) in polluted stations, in contrast to the unpolluted stations (27.8 C-30.8 C). The water temperature during other months in the two sets of stations also behaved the same way. The higher temperature recorded at the polluted stations may be due to the discharge of hot effluents from the factories (Manimegalai et al 1986) and longer term of bright sunshine and lack of rainfall. The minimum values recorded in the rainy months may be due to rainfall (Sreenivason 1977). COLOUR By filtering and centrifuging out the suspended materials, the true colour could be determined. The colour of Cooum river is expressed in units of apparent colour following the method in HACH (1983). Observations on the colour variations are recorded in Table II and III. It is seen from the table that the colour of the water varied mostly in accordance with season. During the summer season, the apparent colour of the polluted stations was high ( units) and of the unpolluted stations low ( units). But the apparent colour of the polluted stations during the rainy season was comparatively lower than that of summer. The apparent colour may be due to the presence of algae, rotifers, dissolved substrates or bacteria (Narayanan" 1980). ph It is seen from the Tables II and III that during the course of study the ph of the polluted stations was alkaline (8-9.5) except for rainy season when it was slightly

92 Table II. Physico-chemical parameters (mgfl) in the river coom at p31luted stations during (~rean values have been shown ~ along with range in brackets). > ~ ~ Station I Station II Station III OJ > Snm- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy ~ - mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer ~ c c Air tempoc ~ -~. ~ (28.4- {23.4- {23.8- {23.4- (26.8- (23.6- (28.4- (24.6- (24.0- (23.8- {26.8- (23.8- (28.6- (25.0- (21.6- (23.6- (27.0- (24.4- ~ 31.0) 28.4) 31.6) 28.5) 31.1) 28.5) 31.8) 28.6) 32.0) 29) 31.2) 28.6) 32.6) 29) 32.6} 29.2) 30.3) 28.9) ~ -~ Water tempoc ) ~ ~. ~ ~ (28.6- (23.6- {24- (23.6- (25.2- (23.8- (29.0- (24.8- (24.2- (24.0- (25.4- (24.0- (29.4- (25.2- (21.9- (24.0- (27.0- (24.4- c ~1.8) 28.4) 32) 29.0) 31.2) 2~.6) 32.9) 28.8) 29.8) 29.0) 31.4) 28.6) 32.9) 29.3) 32.8) 29.4) 31.4) 28.9) ~ Colour (in units) > ~ (170- (160- (160- (180- (190- (160- (540- (215- (515- (220- (600- (300- (560- (285- (580- (310- (610- (470-!;:t1 ~. ~ 240) 220) 250) 240) 260) 220) 680) 340) 635) ) 320) 590) 310) 650) 335) 680) 490) ~ ph (7.4-9) (6.6- (8.1- (6-7.5) (8.4- (6.5- (8-9.2) (7-7.5) (7-7.5) (8.6- (6.2- (8.8- (6.8- ( (6.4- c ~ 7.5) 9.1) 9.2) 7.5) 9.4) 7.2) 9.4) 7.5) 9.5) 7.5) $ Salinity {23.6- (8.4- ( (14.6- (8.6- (22.1 (7.4- (9.6- (8.1- (12.4- (5.6- (9.6- (6.4- (8.4- (6.2- (8.6- ( ) 20.1) 44.6} ) 17.4) 38.1) 18.2) 40.1) 14.4) 40.3) 14.2) 18.6) 8.6) 31.2) 10.1) 28.6) 10.2) Total Suspended Solid (192- (72- (212- (78-96) (192- (85-118) (90- (56- (382- (94- (321- (92- (385- (94- (323- (82- (386- ( ) 81) 241) 263) 490) 87) 483) 126) 486) 136) 468) 128) 487) 108) 570) 155) Free Carbondi oxide (72-101) (43- (79- (40- (6'3- (40-90) (101- (58- (101- (65- (98- (50- (121- (58- (84- (72-91) (88- (74-93) 108) 90) 112) 138} 94) 146) 98) 152) 97) 141) 94) 138) 142) 97) Dissolved oxygen (3-7) (5.2- (3.1- (4.1- {2.5- (2.7- Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nll 7.8) 6.8) 8.4) 7.6) 9.8) B.O.D (25-27) (25- (25- (26-29) (24- (25-27) (60-66) (61-69) (62- (6 t -67) (62-68) (63- (26-27) (24- (26- (25-27) (24-26) (26- Vol 29) 29) 26) 67) 68) 26) 28) 27) "'" ~ \0 -..]

93 Table II. (Continued) Station I Station II Station III Snm- Rainy Snm- Rainy Snm- Rainy Snm- Rainy Snm- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer UJ \0 00 O. O. D (232- (230- (230- (228- (229- (230- (465- (460- (461- (458- (461- (451- (212- (243- (213- (245- (245- (214- Acidity 241) 241) 239) 242) 240) 244) 485) 483) 485) 487) 483) 483) 253) 255) 254) 258) 259) 255) (201- (54- (68- (59- (54- (69- (260- (128- (137- (130- (128- (131- (118- (124- (114- (164- (115- ( ) 74) 246) 73) 76) 249) 328) 201) 331) 213) 830) 211) 328) 198) 308) 208) 342) 201) Alkalinity : (510- (94- (139- (107- (141- (112- (260- (128- (137- (130- (216- (131- (118- (124- (340- (4C6- (342- ( ) 108) 631) 129) 624) 131) 328) 201) 331) 231) 330) 211) 328) 198) ) 746) 541) Nitrite (.01- (.01- (.01- (.01- (.01- (.01- (0.01 (.01- (.01- (.01- (.01- (.01- (.03- (.01- (.02- (.01- (.015- ( ).03).O!).02).03).02).04).03).04).03).05).03).06).03).05).04).06).05) Nitrate 4.5 ~ (4.3- (2.1- (2.7- (2.0- (3.9- (2.8- (4.2- (4.3- (4.1- (8.8- {4.2- (3.8- (5.2- (4.3- (6.1- {4.8- (5.4- ( ) 8.8) 4.9) 4.4) 5.9) 8.6) 6.2) 5.4) 5.9) 5.9) 6.4) 5.6) 7.4) 5.8) 7.4) 5.9) 7.6) 5.8) t:t1 ~ Ammonia S.S S (1.4- (1.1- (1.7- (1.2- (2.5- (1.8- (2.4- (2.4- (2.8- (1.6- (3-4.2) (2.0- (3.2- (2.1- (2.6- (2.6- (8.2- (2.1- a 0) 3.9) 2.8) 3.8) 2.4) 8.8) 3.2) 4.S) 4.6) 4.6) 3.6) 3.3) 5.2) 4.2) 4.6) 4.2) 4.S) 3.9) ~ Phosphate S S ~ ~ ~ (1.4- (1.8- (l.s- (1.8- (2.0- (2.2- (4.3- (2.9- (3.9- (2.8- {4.8- (4.6- (4.9- (2.S- (5.2- (4.3- (5.6- (4.5- ~ 3.2) 2.8) S.8) 2.6) 4.6) 3.8) 6.S) 4.8) 6.1) 4.6) 7.9) 5.4) 7.9) 8.4) 7.6) 5.6) 8.1) 6.4) 0 ~ Sulphate S c8 eo. 0 (76- (42- (106- (52- (92- (65- (95- (51- (S2- (85- (162- (6S- (115- (5S- (96- (410079) (10S- (76- ~ 119) 68) 218) 85) 218) ) 78) ) 269) 124) 218) 95) 221) 264) 128) ~ ri!l Chloride ~ ls ! IS6a (1640- (SOO- (1760- (610- (1880- (S26- (1140- (740- (1030- (720- (1230- (720- (1080- (64:0- (1020- (724- (1140- (760- ~ 1920) 980) J980) 920) 2l40) 984) 1380) 88~) 1310) 860) 1440) 893) 1210) 840) 1260) 960) 1880) 890) ~ Silica, : ~ (1.6- {4.2- (1.8- (6.4- (3.0- (6.1- (1.6- (S.O- (1.7- (6.1- (3.0- (5.0- (1.6- (S.O- {1.8- (6.0- (2.8- ( ) 6.8) 3.1) 7.8) 4.4) 8.6) 3.2) 5.8) 3.4) 6.8) 4.8) 8.1) S.O) 5.9) 2.6) 6.7) 8.6) 7.8) ~ a -

94 Table III. Physico-chemical parameters (mg/l) in the river cooum at unpolluted stations dunng (Kean values ba.. e "been 't: shown along with range in brackets). Sta.tion IV Station V Station VI Sum- Rainy Bum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Bum- Rainy Bum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy ~ mer a mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer Q ~ Air tempoo 28.8 ~ ~ (26.6- (23.0- (22.6- (22.6- (25.2- (22.4- ( (23.2- (22.8- (12.6- (25.0- (22.0- (26.3- (23.0- (26.0- {24.0- (25.0- ( ) 27.6) 30.8) 28.4) 80.8) 28.5) 30.4) 27.8) 30.6) 27.8) 30.6) 28.0) 30.6) 27.6) 29.4) 27.6) 30.4) 28.1) Water tempoc 30.6 (lq ao ~ Co (29.0- (25.1- (23.8- (23.8- ( (22.4- (29.0- (25.1- (84.1- (22.6- (25.6- (25.6- (29.2- (25.2- (24.2- (24.2- (25.5- (24.2- Q ;S as.6) 28.4) 32.6) 29.2) 30.8) 26.3) 33.0) 28.4) 32.4) 27.8) 31.4) 31.4) 33.2) 28.6) 33.6) 29.0) 81.5) 29.6) Colour (in units) ~ (160- (107- (143- (122- (136- (108- (240- (156- (278- (162- (310- (165- (96- (73- (112- (73- (121- (81-260) 136) 248) 156) 265) 138) 306} 210) 395) 186) 420) 214) 138) 96) 198) 94) 241} 118) ph C Q 0 (6.3- (6.1- (7.0- (6.0- {7.1- (6.8- (6.4- (6.1- (6.S- (6.0- (6.8- (6.8- (6.1- (6.0- (6.0- (6.0- (6.2- (6.0- ~ 7.3) 6.6) 7.5) 7.0) 7.6) 7.0) 7.0) ~ 6.6) 7.1) 7.1) 7.2) 7.1} 6.4} 6.3} 6.2} 6.2) 6.8} 6.2) Salinity (3.6- (3.2- (4.0- (2.8- (6.4- (2.2- (5.6- (0.17- (4.0- (0.16- (4.0- (0.16- (0.69- (0.18- (0.8- (0.13- (0.9- ( ) 7.6) 9.8) 6.8) 12.6) 7.1) 8.9) 4.0) 9.8) 3.6) 9.8) 3.6) 2.8} 1.9) 2.1) 0.68) 1.8) 0.8) Total Suspended solids (32- (18- (48- {18- (48- (19- (52- (26- (58- (22- (58- (18- (52- (27- (52- (27- (64- (28-68) 25) 76) 38) 73) 32)?8) 42) 73) 41} 86) 39) 68) 45) 75) 48) 86) 46) Free Oalbondi oxide (71- (26-52) {41- (24- (76- (24- (36- {21- (42- (22- (~4- (17- t24- (18- (29- (15- (26- (18-92) 94} 58) 91} 65) 61) 31) 72) 40} 78) 26) 31) 24} 68) ~8) 36) 21) Dissolved Oxygen {4.5- (9.1- (3.8- (6.2- (4.1- (5.1- {6.1- (10.4- (4.1- (5.6- (6.5- (7.8- (6.1- (10.4- (5.6- (6.9- (7.6- ( ) 12.6) 8.4} 14.2) 13.1) 16.4) 8.3) 17.2) 10.1 ) 15.8) 17.0) 18.2) 8.3) 17.2) 10.8) 17.4) 18.3) 19.8 B. O. D (12- (12-14) (12-14) (13- {11- (12- (9-12) (9-12) (9-11) (8-11) (9-12) (1-12) (7-10) (6-10) (8-10) (6-10) (6-8) (8-9) 18) 15) 14) 15) C.O.D ' (41- (42-51) (45-52) (42- (44- (40- (21- (21- (22- (21- (21- (22- (14- (17- (18-23) {16- (14-22) (15- Vl \0 52) 52) 52) 51} 26) 25} 26) 25) 26) 26) 21) 20) 21) 26) \0 = r Q CQ cte. a Q ~ Co ~ ~ ~ ~ '" ~ cad. ~ ~ "o1t

95 Table III. ( Oontinued) ~ 0 0 Station IV Station V Station VI Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Sum- Rainy Bum- Rainy mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer Acidity ' (84-89) (70-85) (58-86) (71-84) (61-88) (64-81) (7S-72) (47-69) (24-71) (47-51) (26-68) (28-53) (20-2S) (ls-2s) (18-44) (18-i5) (16-36) (18-25) Alkalinity ' {182- {157- (170- (126- (132- (104.- ( {S6- (9S- (SS- (9S- {59- (36- (61- (S6- (52- (43-210) 210) 210) 196) 204) 206) 186) 136) ls5) 146) 251) 108) '78) 53) 108) 52) 90) 62) Nitrite :.01.OOS (.004- (.002- {.OOS- {.OO5- {.012- {.006- (.004- (.001- (.C02- (.001- {.O04- (.001- (.002- {.001- (.001- (.001- (.004- ( ).006).027).009).018).01).OOS).006).005).004).007).004).006).003).006).003).007).003) Nitrate S 2.6 {2.S- (2.4- (2.4- {2.2- (3.1- {2.1- (2.1- {1.S- (2.4- {I.S- (2.9- (1.8- (2.S- (1.9- {2.4- (1.9- (2.9- \ ) 3.2) 3.8) 2.8) 8.8) 2.6) S.6) 2.6) 3.S) 2.6) 4.8) 2.6) S.9) 2.9) 3.8) 2.8) 4.2) 2.8) Ammonia S (.08-1,4) (.OS- (1 1- (.2-.8) (.8-l.4) (.1-.8) (1.1- (.72-.9) {L1- (.3-.8) (1.1- (.S-.'7) (l.l-l.9) (.6-.9) (1.1- (.5-.9) (1.8- (.3-.8).09) 1.6) 1.S) 1.6) 1.5) 1.6) 2.4) 0 <:) " Phosphate C O.OOS ~ ( ( ( {O.OOl- ( ( { ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (O.OOS- (O.OOS- ( ~ ~ 0.004) 0.002) 0.003) 0.002) 0.005) 0.008) 0.004) 0.02) 0.004) 0.002) 0.004} 0.003) 0.00'7) 0.003) 0.009} 0.005) 0.009) 0.004) ~ ~ Sulphate ~ (58- (15- (42- (19- (52- (28- (48- (21- (48- (22- (42- (18- (48- (21- (S2- (22- (41- (22-65) 27) 61) 27) 68) 37) 56) 27) 56) 31) 64) 28) 51) 36) 56) 31) 52) 46) ~ Chloride : ~ (62- (34- (81- (41- (89- (52- (51- (26- (62- (21- (71- (31- (31- (12- (18- (12- (18- (12- ~ 96) 48) 115) 56) 118) 78) 66) 38) S4) 42) 98) 46) 38) 24) 86) 24) 42) 21) ~ ~ (l.~- (S.S- (1.6- (6.8- (8-4.6) (6-8.4) (1-3.6) (6-8.2) (1.6- (5-8.8) (2.6- (4-10.6) (2.1- (6-8.8) (3.S- (6.1-9) (3.4- ~ ( ) 6.8) 8.0) 7.2) 4.2) 4.8) 4.1) 4.4) 5.6) 9.4) ~ Silica S S : ~ 0 -. <:) ~ ;:

96 Re,c ords of the Zoologic al Survey of India MARY BAI PLAT 1. Cooum Estuary at Bay of Bengal. 2. Napier Brlidge on Ka,mslraj Sal,ai near IMadra:s Universitv. 3. Nug,amba'kkam : Opposite to Malaria Research Insftute.

97 ,Records of the Zoological Survey of India MARY SAl PLATE U 4. Koyambedu, n'ealr bridge oy,er Cooum. 5. Koratur P~duch,atram, near Koratur Puduchatram Villi age. 6. CQoum lake near Cooum ViI'Iag'e,.

98 MA'lY BAI: EcoZogicalstudies on the River Oooum 401 acidic to neutral (6-7.5). In the unpolluted stations it was acidic or neutral through out the year. The same condition has been reported by Manimekalai et al (1986) in River Bhavani and Kulshrestha et al (1989) in the river Chambal, due to the discharge of efbuents into these rivers. The low value in ph in the unpolluted stations may be due to the dilution by rain water, absence of effluents and high concentration of free Carbondioxide (Welch, 1952 ; Jhingran, 1982). SALINITY The salinity of the polluted stations varied from 8.4%0 to 44.6%0. The salinity. of unpolluted stations varied from 0.13%0 to 12.6% 0 It is seen from the data that there is a general uniformity in the pattern of salinity variation in all the six stations. The : ~inimum range ocurred in the rainy season and the maximum in the summer season. The pattern of seasonal variation appears to be repetitive year after year. The reduction in the salinity appears to be closely linked with the amount of rainfall (Table IV). The enrichment in salinity at Station I may be due to the incoming sea water during high tide (Narayanan 1980 and Joseph et al1989). TABLE IV. Rainfall (24 hrs. in mm. data collected from Meteorology Deptt.) Month January February 21.9 Nil March Nil Nil 16.0 April Nil Nil May June July August September October November December TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS It is evident from Tables II and III that the total suspended solids in the polluted stations were much higher than that of unpolluted stations. The maximum values of 12

99 402 Record8 0/ the ZoologicaZ Survey o/znflia total suspended solids ranging between mg/1 were recorded during summer and the lowest values were observed during the rainy season. ( mg/i); (Tables II & III in the polluted stations. This is in consonant to the findings of Somashekar (1985), Manimegalai et az (1986), Venkateswarlu (1986) and Shashikant and Ra;kumar. Rampal (1989). FREE CARBONDIOXIDE The free carbondioxide values have a direct relation to the dissolved oxygen. The free COg was very high in the polluted stations having a range of mg/l in summer and mg!1 in rainy season. In the unpolluted stations also the summer values of free COg were high while in the other season it ranged between mg!1 (Table III). Similar results were reported by Shashikant and Anil Raina (1989) and Kulshrestha et al (1989). The annual peak in the month of May is attributed to the increased decomposition of dead organic matter with the rise in temperature. The fall in free COg in rainy season may be due to the reduced decomposition of dead organic matter at low temperature during this season and dilution of water. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Dissolved Oxygen influences the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton and is important in bringing about various biochemical changes in water. The distribution of the dissolved oxygen in River Cooum showed marked oscillations. The dissolved oxygen was greater in the unpolluted stations in comparison to the polluted (Tables II & III) ones. The minimum and maximum oxygen values in the Cooum estuary is in 1st station ranged from 2.5 (Feb. '90) to 9.8 mgt! (Oct. '90). In the polluted stations, second and third stations of the river was devoid of dissolved oxygen except in the months of N. E. monsoon. In the fourth station, the minimum was 3.6 (May'89) and maximum 16.4 mg/1 (Oct. '90). In the fifth station, the D. O. ranged from 4.1 (May'89) to 18.2 mg/1 Oct. '90). In the sixth station the D. G. ranged from 5.6 (May'89) to 19.8 mg/l (Oct. '90). Similar condition was recorded by Venkateswarlu 1986, Shashikant and Rajkumar Rampal 1989, Jebanesan et al 1989, and Kulshresthe et al The D. o. values were high during rainy season at all the stations since the colder water has a greater capacity for holding dissolved gases. (Hutchinson 1957). The absence and lower values of D. O. in the polluted station have been attributed to the heavy organic load at the polluted stations through the addition of raw sewage and other municipal wastes and due to the decomposition processes set in by micro organisms which utilize the oxygen in great quantity. (Narayanan 1980). B. O. D. AND C. O. D. The B. O. D. Values (Tables II and III) ranged from 24 to 68 at the polluted stations. There was a decreasing trend from IV station. The values ranged from 6

100 MARY BAI : Ecological studies on the River Ooou-m 403 to 15 at the Vth and VIth stations. The C. O. D.. ranged from 212 to 485 at the,olluted stations and from in the unpolluted stations. High B. O. D., C. O. D. add low content of dissolved oxygen (DO) are all indicators of pollution. The high content of B. O. D. c. O. D., and low content of DO in the downstream of River Cooum may be due to the heavy organic pollution. Similar conditions have been reported by Somashekar Venkateswarlu 1986, Manimegalai et al 1986 Jebanesan ei at Shashikant and Anil Raina 1989, Kulshresthe et al 1989, Joseph et al1989, Shashikant and Rajkumar Rampa It was also noticed that during summer months the B. O. D. and C. o. D. values were high which may be due to the presence of aerobic micro-organisms which easily degrade organic matter in the presence of oxygen (Shashikant et al1989 and Naryanan 1980). ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY In the polluted stations, the acidity value range from 54 to 342 mgtl and in the udpolluted stations it ranged from 18 to 89 mgtl (Tables II and III). In the polluted stations, the total alkalinity value ranged from 94 to 746 mg/l and in the unpolluted stations from 36 to 210 mgtl. Both the values were high during summer i.e. May and low during the rainy season i.e. in November-December. The values of acidity and alkalinity were high at the first three stations indicating the pollution. (Kulshresthe d' a' 1989; Shashikant and Anil Raina 1989 and PatH et al 1984). Of these, two parameters, the total alkalinity seems to be high, indicating the alkaline nature of the effiuent. INORGANIC NITROGEN (NITRITE, NITRATE AND AMMONIA) The chemical composition at the polluted stations in River Coounl, reveals that in the nitrogen complex, nittates were more like that of river Tungabhadra (Venkateswarlu 1986). The three forms of nitrogen indicated high level during summer season in the polluted station (nitrite mg/l, nitrate mg/l, NH mgtl) and during rainy season the values were low. Low values of nitrite l5 mg/l, Nitrate mg/l, Ammonia mgtl (all in summer) and lowest values of Nitrite mgtl, Nitrate mgtl and Ammonia in raioy season were recorded in unpolluted stations. This find support from the s~udi~s Narayanan (1980). Shashikant and Anil Raina (1989). Very high amounts of nitrogen!=olt;lpounds are indicative of organic pollution due to sewage. The lack of rainfall was the reas'on for maximum concentration in summer and minimum value in rainy season. Increase in ammonia concentration results in the biochemical, physiological, histological and immunological changes in the vital organs of fish (Colt and Techobanoglous 1978 and Hillaby and Randal 1979).

101 404 Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey of 1 ndig PHOSPHATES Phosphates are essential for the growth of algae but are usually present in low concentration in natural, unpolluted freshwaters. The phosphate in the unpolluted stations of the River Cooum ranged between mgt1 and mg/1 during rainy. season with maximum values of mgt1 during summer months. In contrast, in the polluted stations, the Po" concentration was very high. The maximum values ranging between 5.6 to 8.1 mg/1 were recorded in Station III during summer and the minimum being mgtl during rainy season. (Willam et ale 1972, Shahshikant and Anil Raina 1989; Venkateswarlu 1986). This condition of higher amount of PO tlo in the polluted stations indicates a higher level of pollution in Cooum river, probably due to sewage contamination (Welch, 1952) or due to chemical compounds used in industries (Manimegalai et al, 1986). SULPHATB In the present study, the sulphate content of the polluted stations ranged between mgt1 in summer and mgtl in rainy season. In contrast, in the unpolluted stations the values ranged between mgtl in summer and mg/l in rainy season. Sulphate is involved in biodegradation and is converted to sulphide which may cause obnoxious odour in polluted stations in River Cooum. This is common in sewage comtaminated streams (Welch 1952). Similar results were observed by Govindan and Sundaresan (1979) in Adyar river in Madras. CHLORIDE Chlorides are present in all potable water supplies and in sewage, usually as a metallic salt. The high amounts of chlorides are also indicators of large Amounts of oaganic matter in the water. In the present study (Table III & IV), the same trend is noticed. Chloride was very his in polluted stations ( mgtl) compared to the unpolluted stations ( mgt!) (Venkateswarlu, 1986, Manimegalai et al, 1986 and Sahhshikant and Rajkumar Rampal, 1989). The chloride content was minimum during rainy season and maximum during summer season (Sangu and Sharma 1985, Joseph et az 1989), The increase in Chloride in the first station is attributed to sea water intrusion during high tide. The addition of allochthonous materials in the form of domestic sewage, human wastes and the effluents discharged from the industries located adjacent to the river finally leads to nutrient enrichment. SILICA Silica normally exists as an oxide (Sio 2 as in sand) or as a Silicate. It has no known toxic effect. Davis 1964 observed that Silica is less variable in natural waters

102 !4'AB.Y BAI: Ecologicalstudie8 on the River Oooum 405 ejaan the other dissolved constituents. In the presect study, silica is estimated in Sial. Variations in the silica volues in all the six stations show that it is independent of the effluent discharge (Table II and III). The higher amount of silica at station V may be due to the sandy nature of the substratum with small pebbles and stones (Venkateswarlu 1916). The high value of silica during rainy season may be due to the floods during this season and weathering of rocks and mineralisation in the catchment area (Manimegalai et az 1986). PLANKTON Plankton not only indica te the level of pollution but provide insight in the composition of their substratum. Indicator organism concept is based on the presence of particular taxa indicative of the existence of certain environmental condition, whereas its absence is indicative of the absence of that condition (Warren 1971). Phytoplankton: Three groups of algae were commonly represented in the river and percentages in unpolluted and polluted stations are shown in Tables V and VI (Fig. II). In general in polluted stations Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) dominated followed by cyanophyceae ceae and chlorophyceae. In unpolluted stations chlorophyceae dominated followed by Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae like the river 1.1oosi of Andhra Pradesh (Venkateswarlu he 1986). Of all the stations, unpolluted stations (i.e. IV-VIth) supported the highest amount of algae. The species composition at the unpolluted and polluted sites of the River Cooum indicates a clear demarcation, certain species always occurring only in the uncontaminated waters whereas some species live in polluted waters. (Table V). Similar results have been reported by Venkateswarlu, 1986, Shashikant and Ani! Raina (1989), Kulshrestha et al (1987), Ray et az (1979). This distinction can be attributed to the type of efhuents entering the river. Seasonally, the highest standing crop of total phytoplankton was recorded in summer particularly April-May. Similar conditions have been reported by Gopinathan (1972). The highest population of phytoplankton groups during summer months can be correlated to the higher temperature {optimum for algal growth) and higher concentration of essential nutrients particularly phosphates, nitrates and nitrites during these months. Zooplankton: The quality and quantity of zooplankton offers additional evidence for the poor quality of water. 14 species of zooplankton were identified from River Cooum (Table V). Among these, Vorticella, Rotifers and Moina were represented abundantly at the polluted stations and moderately at udpolluted stations whereas copepodes and ostrocodes were abundant at unpolluted stations and rare in polluted stations (Narayanan 1980). Rotifers as biological indicators of pollution have been recorded earlier. (Rao and Chandramohan 1977, Michael 1964 and 68, Sampath et al1979 and Ramesh Konnur

103 406 Records of the Zoological Survey oj 1 ntu" et al 1986). Brachionus calvciflorus Pallus, B. ruben8 Ehr, B. guadridenta, B. jorficula, Filium longiseta were found to be predominant in River Cooum suggesting that these five species are more pollution tolerant than the other species. (Ramesh Konnur et al I~~l BacillariophyceaG:! [ggg\ Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae 100 ~ o - xxx xxx xxx ~ xxx - xxx xxx ~ xxx xxx - xxx ~ xxx ~..- xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx 0000 xxx (PoLluted station) ,;000 xxx 0000' x XX 0000 xxx 0000 ~ ),(x 0000 )( xx 0000 xxx 0000 xxx 0000 )( xx (Unpolluted station) Fig.II Algal composition (0/0) in~.cooumat polluted and unpolluted stations. 1986). Presence of rotifers throughout the year and their abundance during April and May suggests the constancy in occurence of pollution in the River Cooum. The macroinvertebrates are also valuable indicators of environmental quality in aquatic ecosystem because of their life cycle stages, their comparatively stable mode of

104 MARY BAI: Ecological studie8 on the Ri1Jer Oooum 407 1tfe and their convenient size and distinct characters which offers an easy sorting and identification of these organisms (Kulshrestha et al 1989 and Rao and Jain 1985). Larvae and pupae of dipterans are the second large group of macro-invertebrates in River Cooum. Dipteran larvae correlate well with the physico-chemical data to suggest that these groups can be taken as the indices of pollution as in River Tawi at Jammu (Shashikant and Ani! Raina 1989). The larvae and pupae of Diptera were abundant in stations I, II & III, the maxium in Station III. They were completely missing in stations IV to VI which indicates that these can also be used as a biological indicator. Chironomous larvae and mosquito larvae were also represented in the polluted stations (Kulshrestha et az 1989). Aquatic Hemipterans population was more in IV to VI stations. Diplonychus i'lldious, Anisops 8p., Ranatra sp., Limnogonus J088arum jossarum, Laoctrephe8 sp. were abundant in the unpolluted stations. The semi aquatic insects such as Gerrid, sp. and Hydrometra, Micronecta punctata were also present in the unpolluted stations. These insects were not at all found in the polluted stations indicating that they are all sensitive to organic pollution. The plausible reasons for their absence are intolerable conditions of the water and the Don-availability of "~getation and food organisms. (Jebanesan et. ale 1989, Krishnamoorthy and Sarkar 1979). Oru8tacea: Crustaceans like M acrobrackium rosenbergi, M acrobrachium lamarrei, Macrobrackium javanicum and Scylla serrata were found only in unpolluted station IV to VI. The polluted stations I to III were charcterised by the absence of crustaceans. MollUBcs: There were many species of molluscs like Planorbis exustu8, Anisc'lJ,8 'hypotoclos, Pila virens, Pila globosa and Vi1Jipara balonsis in the unpolluted stations while they are completely absent in the polluted stations (Krisbnamoorthy and Sarkar 1979). Thus the total absence of macroinvertebrates in polluted stations where Dissolved Oxygen is completely depleted and sludge smells of HgS is indicative of higb degree of pollution. (Krishnamoorthy and Sarkar 1979). Pisces: Fifteen species of fishes (Table V) were noticed in unpolluted stations (IV to VI). But the polluted stations were characterised by rare presence of Magalops oyprinoid,es (Broussonel), Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus), Mugil macrolepis (Smith) and P'herapon jarbu1ja (Forsk). The fishes appear generally to avoid the chlorine containing water. The polluted stations of River Cooum are devoid of large number of fishes due to the toxicity of chlorine. (Zillich 1972). The amphibian like Rana cyanophycti8, Rana limnocharis and reptile Natrix sp. were restricted only to unplluted stations. The severely altered depressed macrofauna

105 408 Record8 of the Zoological Survey o/india in polluted stations indicated the numerous discharges invariably exceeded the waste assimilative capacity of the river, causing alarming deterioration in the water quality. The higher values of all physicochemical parameters except DO and low representation of micro and macro fauna in the polluted stations and during summer months are in accordance with the earlier findings of Shashikant and Rajkumar Rampal (1989). The analysis of physico-chemical and biotic factors of River Cooum confirm the high degree of industrial and sewage pollution, which needs care and treatment to sustain aquatic life. It is recommended that there should be regular monitoring of River Cooum to maintain the comprehensive picture of its characteristics as a basis for management of this river. TABLE V. List of dominant phyto-zoo-plankton and Macrofauna in polluted stations of River Cooum. OYANOPHYOEAE Apanozomenon flosaguae M icrocystis elebans Pleurooopsa sp. Oscillatoria chazybea Oscillatoria putrida Oscillatoria formosa Bory Phormidium anbigenum Spirulina jenneri (Stizb) geitler Anabaena constricta Anabaena circinalis Anthrospira sp. M eriesmopedia blauca Euglena acu8 Euglena polymorpka Spirulina gigantea OHLOROPHYOEAE Ohlorella vulgaris Olosterium acer08um (Schrank) Ehr Eudorina sp. Oxystis sp. Seenedesmu8 quadricauda (T urp) Breia

106 liary BAt : Ecological sludiu on lite River Oooum 409 SoAroederic Ankislrodesmus Oryplomonas ovata 8priogyra crabs(j kuty SIauraBtrum punctulatum Brei Ulotrix zonata (Weber and Mohr) Kutz V oltjox gzobator BASOILLARIOPHYOEAE Amphora Oyolotella menghiniana FragiZaria kalophila N atjicula pupala F. Capitata N avioula pygmaca Fitz80hia acioulari8 var Nitz8ohi8 palea (Kutz).Asterionella japonioa Bacteria8trum Bidd,ulphia 8inensi8 Pkalassionemo DIATOMS Tabellaria /ene8trata (Lyngb) Kutz Navicula pupuza capitate Rhizosolenia Oarcinodisou8 Asterionella formosa Hass BOPIFERS BrachionU8 ruben8 Ehr Brachionu8 calyoifloru8 Pallus BrackionU8 quaclridenta Braohionut9forficula Filium longi8eta Oladocera Moina sp. 18

107 410 Record8 oj the Zoological Survey oj I ndifj OOPEPODA Diaptomus sp. M esocyclops sp. NaupluiB Platyhelminthes Nematode worm Orustacea Balanu8 sp. Larval Jorms Ohironomous larva Oulex fatigans Dipetran Larva, Brachydeutera longipe8 Hendel Culecine pupa Dipteran pupa FISHES M ago lops cyprinoides (Broussonel) Mugiloephalus (Linnaeus) Mugil microlepis (Smith) Therapon jarbuv(j (Forsk) T ABLB VI. List of dominant phyto-zoo-plankton and Macrofauna in unpolluted station of River Cooum. OYANOPHYOEA Ooelospharium huetzingianum Gleocap8a Polycysti8 ProtococcU8 Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kutz) Raben Spirulina Euglena viridis Ehr Mougeotia indica Randhawa BAOILLARIAOEA N (Jvicula cryptocephala Kutz

108 MARy BAl: Ecologioal 8tudie8 on tke River Oooum 411 8gnedro, aouo, Kutz Synedro, ulna (Nizt) Ebr Fragilaria capucina Desmaz Gompkonemo, parvulum (Kutz) green Gompkonema 8phaorop}"orum (Ehr). f. subscapitata N afjioula pygmaca (Kutz) green N avioula laterostrata Hust. N itzsokia obtuso, W rn. Srn. Vi Nitzsbkia palea (Kutz) wrn. srn. OHLOROPHYOEAE Olosterium Stauronei8 parvula green P etraedron tumiauzum B ytlrodiotyon A.ctina8trum sp. An1ci8trodermu8/aloatus (corda) Ralfs. Okiamydomona8 sp. Oklorococcum kumioola (Naeg) Raben Orucigenia guaaradata Orucigenia tetrapeaia Eudorina elegan8 Ekr Eudorina indica Iyengar Oxgstis ecballocystiformis Iyengar Pandorina morum Mull Bory Pediastrum duplex Soenedesmu8 bernardii G. M. Smith Soeneaesmus dimorpkus (Turp) Kutz Ox/i,stis ora8sa Wittrock Sta urastrum iotanum ZOOPLANKTON Rotilers Braokionu8 calyciflorus Braokionu8 guaaridenta

109 412 Records 01 the Zoological, SurtJey 0/ India Asplanohna sp. Filinia sp. OZadocera Moina Ostracod Oypris Oopepoda Eu.eaZanus elongatus (Dana) U ndinull 'Vulgoris Var. Sewell Lucifer sp. M esocyclops sp. MAOROFAUNA Mollusca Anisus (Diplodiscus) Hyptocylo8 (Bensen) Pilaglobosa (Swainson) Pilavirens (Lamark) Planorbis ezustus (Deshayes) V ivipara sengalensis ORUSTAOEA M acrobrachium javanicum (Heller) Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Mibre Edwards) Macrobrachium rosenbergi (de Man) INSEOTA Anisops ni1jea Fieber Hydrometra sp. Micrc>mecta punctata (Fieb) Nepa sp. Ger~;,a sp. RanrJtra sp. Laccotrepke8 sp. Spkacrodema annulatum Fabr. Diplonychus indicus Limnogonu8 fos8arum f08sarum

110 Mt\B'Y BAI: EcologicaZ studies on tke River Oooum 413 FISHES Ambl,lpkaryngodon mala Hamilton Ollanna punctatus (Bloch) Ooli8a /asciata (Schneider) EsomU8 dandricu8 (Hamilton) Etropl'U,8 maculatus (Bloch) GZo880gobi'ltB giuri,s (Hamilton) Leiognatku8 aculeatum (L) Macrognathu8 aculeatum (Bloch) Muraena sp. M 1I8tu8 vittatu8 (Bloch) O~'!Jga8ter bacaila Hamilton Punti'Us amphibia (Valencienes) Punti'Us sopkor (Hamilton) Ra8bora daniconiu6 (Hamilton) Tilapia m08sambica (Peters) AMPHIBIA Rana kexadactyla Bana 8yanaphlyctis Schneider Rana limnoohari6 Boie REPTILES Natr'~ sp. SUMMARY Ecological investigations in the river Cooum have been made for three years ( ). Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters were analysed at both unpolluted and polluted stations in the river for summer and rainy season. The results suggest that a group of phytozooplankton and Macrobenthos can prove very successful indicators of pollution and can be very useful in monitoring sewage pollution id inland waters. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is deeply grateful to Dr. R. S. Pillai, Retd. Joint Director and former Officer-in-Charge, Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India for providing necessary laboratory facilities and encouragement. Thanks are due to Officer-in-Charge, SRS/ZSI and others.

111 414 Record8 of tht Zoological Survey of I ntlia REFERENCES Abraham, J. G A survey of the Hydrobiology and Fisheries of the Cooum river Madras J. Fisk. 1 : Apha Standard methods for the examination of water and wa8te water. 12th ed. Amer. Publ. Heth. Assoc. Ind., New York. Colt, J. and Techobanoglous Chronic exposure of channel catfish Ictaluru8 punctatu8 to ammonia effects on growth and survival. Aguaculture 15 : Davis, C. C The marine and freshwater plankton Michigan State University Press: Davis, S. N Silica in streams and ground water. Am. J. Sci., 252 : Gopinathan, C. P Seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in the Cochin Backwater. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 14 : Govindan Potti, S Cooum.River Pollution and its capacity constants. M.Sc. thesis, College of Engineering Guindy, Madras. 25. Govindan, V. S. and B. B. Sundaresan Seasonal succession of AIgal1lora in polluted region of Adyar river. Indian J. Environ. Health, 21 : Hach Water Analysis Handbook. Hach Company Loveland, Colorado. Hillaby, B. A. and D. Randal, Acute ammonia toxicity and ammonia excretion in rainbow trout-salmo gairdreri. J. Fish. Re8. Bd. Gan., 36 : Jebanesan, A. M. Selvanayagam and A. Joseph Thathevus Distributory pattern of Dissolved Oxygen in the selected stations of Cooum river and its effect OD the Aquatic fauna. Proceeding.National Sympo8ium on Environmental Pollution and Pesticide Toxicology held at University of Jammu, in Jhingran, V. G India pp Fish and Fisherie8 of India, Hindustan Publishing Corporation Joseph Thatheves, A., Selvanayagam and A. Jebanesan Studies on the Non Metallic Pollution in River Cooum, Madras. In proceeding of the National symposium on Environmental Pollution and Pesticide Toxicology held at University of Jammu in Krishnamoorthy, K. P. and P. Sarkar Macro-invertebrates as indicators of water quality. In environmental biology (Eds. S. R. Verma et. a1). The Academy of Environmental Biology, India

112 MARY BAl: EcologicaZ 8tudie8 on the River Oooum 415 ((ulahrestha, S. K. U. N. Andholia, Altaf A. Khan, Anite Bhatnagar and Meeta Saxena, Assessment of water quality and Kshipra river by Algal Analysis. Proe. Environ. Poll and Pesticide. Toxicology: ICulshrestha, S. K., U. N. Adholia, Altaf. A. Khan, Anita Bhatnagar and Manju Baghail a. Pollution studies on River Chambal near Nagaland with reference to phytoplankton community. In proceedings of the National Symposium of Environmental Pollution and Pesticide toxicology: Manimegalai, M., A. A. Sivakumar and M. Aruchami Physico-chemical characters of the river Bhavani (Coimbatore Distt., Tamil Nadu) with special reference to wa_ter pollution, Envitonment and Eco-toxicology _Micheal, R. G Limnological investigations on pond plankton, Macrofauna and Chemical constitutents of water and their bearing on fish production. Ph. D. Thesis., University of Calcutta. Micheal, R. G Zogica. 32 : Studies on zooplankton of a tropical fish pond, India. Hydrobio Narayanan, K Hydrobiological study of the River Cooum in Madras. S. India with special reference to Aquaculture. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Madras, Madras. PaDikkar, N. R. and I. G. Aiyer, The brackish water fauna of Madras. Proof Indian. Acad. Soi. 6 : PattI, S. G., D. K. Harshey and D. F. Singh Benthic organisms as indicators of pollution in len tic and lotic environments. Geobios. 11 : Rao, Kameswara, R. and P. Chandramohan Rotifers as a indicators of pollution. Ourr. BC1:. 46 (6). Rao, K. S. and S. Jain Comparative qualitative study of Macro-zoobenthic organisms in some central Indian Freshwater bodies with relation to their utility in water quality monitoring. J. Hydrobiol. 1 & 2 : Ramesh Konnur, Jayapaul Azariah and S. Rajan Rotifer-A unique zooplankton in Cooum River Ecosystem. An assessment of its role as waste water cleaner. Proc. of Seminar on River Oooum-Let it be a resource Ray, P., B. B. Ghosh and M. M. Bagchi Effects of pulp and paper Mill Waste (Soda Process) around the outfall in the Hooghly Estuary with reference to plankton. In Proc. Symp. Environ. BioZ Sampath, V., A. Sreenivasan and R. Ananthanarayanan Rotifers as Biological indicators of water quality in Cauvery River. Proc. Symp. Environ. Biol

113 416 Records of the Zoological Survey 011 MifJ Sangu, R. P. S. and Sharma, K. D Studies on water pollution of Yamuna river at Agra. Ind. J. Environ. Health., 27 : Shashikant and Anil Raina Sewage Pollution Monitoring by algal Indicator Species. In Proc. Trends in Pollution and Toxicology Shashikant and Rajkumar Rampal Limnology of Polluted and unpolluted ponds in Jammu. In Proc. Trends in Pollution and Toxicology Sornavel, T Development of a water quality Modelling Programme-A case study M. E. (P. H. Engg.) thesis submitted to University of Madras. Sreenivasan, A Limnology studies on Parambikulam Aliyar Project II. Limnology and Fisheries of Tirumoorthy Reservoir (Tamil Nadu) India. Artk. Hydrobiol., 80 (1) : Somashekar, R. K Studies of water pollution of the River Cauvery. Physico Chemical characteristics Intern. EnfJironmental Studies, 24: Venaketeswarlu, V Ecological Studies on the rivers of Andhra Pradesh with special reference to water Quality and pollution. Proc. Indian. A cad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) Vol. 96, No.6: Wal'ren, C. E Philadelphia. Biology and water pollution control. W. B. Saunders. Co., Welch, P. S Limnology Megrew Hill Book Company, New York. William, H. 0., Frans De Smet and M. J. C. Evens A hydrobiological study of the polluted river Lieve (ghent, Belgium Hydrobiologica 39 (1) : Zillich, J. A Toxicity of combined chlorine periduals to Freshwater fish. J. Water Poll. Oontrol Fed., 44 : 212.

114 IIBc. ZfJol. Surv. India, 93(3-4) : ( ) AVIFAUNA OF KALAKAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, TAMIL NADU, INDIA M. VASANTH Freshwater Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, Hyderabad* INTRODUCTION On the basis of a decision taken by the Tamil Nadu Wildlife Advisory Board, the Zoological Survey of India was requested by the Chief Wildlife Warden, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Tirunelveli, to prepare a checklist of the lower invertebrates of Kalakad Sanctuary. This work was taken up in 1984 as part of the approved Annual Programme of Work of Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Madras, with Dr. R. S. Pillai, the then Officer-in-Charge of the station as the Chief Coordinator. But it was decided to include inventorisation of birds as well as part of the programme. Between August, 1984 and April, 1987 a party led by the present author conducted a total of eight survey tours to various parts of Kalakad Sanctuary. Dr. Pillai accompanied the party on all but one of its trips. The present paper is the fruit of field studies made by the present author on the rich avifauna of the sanctuary. Tbe list includes birds observed by him, and also those which he was unable to observe, but which find mention in the Management Plan of the sanctuary by Sri S. Ramanathan. The present list is by no means complete. Nevertheless, it indicates the richness of the bird fauna of Kalakad Sanctuary. LDcation and Area : KALAK AD SANCTUARY Kalakad Sanctuary is located in the Nanguneri Taluk of the southwestern part of Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu, between 8 25' and 8 35' N latitudes, and 77 25' and 77 35' E longitudes. The sanctuary comprises the whole of the Kalakad Reserve Forest. Covering an area of hectares, the sanctuary is easily approachable by road from Tirunelveli, about 45 Km. away. The nearest railway station is Cheranmadevi, 20 Km. away from Kalakad, a small town situated 4 Km. from the eastern boundary of the sanctuary. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Kerala, 140 Km. away. Curreut address: 232 Gerry Road, Brookline, MA USA 14

115 418 Records of the Zoological Survey of India STUDY AREA-Physiography: The sanctuary is characterised by rugged, undulating, mountainous and inaccessible terrain. Only in its periphery, viz., in the Kalakad beat, is the terrain plain. However, MAP OF KALAKAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 51 NGAMPATTJ R. F. NOT TO SCALE ---- ~-,-.. REFERENCE SANCTUARY BOUNDARY RIVER ROAD -,- PAIH/lRAIL OBSERVATION LOCALITIES \ I I ~~ TTtRII<~L' -'. '" ", " <., ", -..",..) ~ '-", < t::7..0 '-, '"11>', '\ '"1..0 " ARAKAN SHOLA ~"',Q / "'11>' I \, I KOIL " \ evilakk[nnai KASAM... ~::-~:!:::~ ~NADUKANr,.-...::C',r KODAMADI ESTATE THEK~ADU CHARAGAM" \ " ') \~ / ' I THULUKKANPARAJ, \ -v \. '7, J \,.-, ( \ (),., '"'....9:HIRU~AN~A MALAJ HILL \&...." MAHENORAGIRI PEAK.I' I I I \ J V I

116 VA8ANTH: 4vifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 419 Its extent is negligible, not extending to more than a square kilometer. The hills are :not accessible to any kind of vehicle, except the Sengaltheri hills, which are accessible only by jeep. Therkkuveeravanallur Reserve Forest forms the northern boundary of the sanctuary, while the mighty Mahendragiri peak and Reserve Forest form its southern boundary. To the eastern side lie vast stretches of private uncultivated lands. On the west, the sanctuary is contiguous with the Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. The lowest altitude within the sanctuary is about 100m along the eastern boundary. The highest peak-kalakad Peak (1775m)-is on the southern boundary, in Veerapuli Reserve Forest. Other noteworthy peaks are Kuliratti (1396m), Thiruvannamalai (1387m), Netterikal (1350m), Kakachi (1233m) and Panchanthangi mottai (1192m). A few perenniel rivers and streams, and several seasonal ones, traverse the sanctuary. The rivers Kodumudiar, Nambiar, Netterikal and Pachayar flow eastwards across the sanctuary. The Keelamanimuthar, with its tributaries, the Kulirattiar and Kusanguliar, dra in the western aspect of the sanctuary. These perenn iel rivers form the major sources of water for animals all through the year. Besides these, three artificial water holes have been dug within the sanctuary. There are, at present, no reservoirs, natural pools and tanks within the sanctuary. There are three roads within the sanctuary: 1. Manimuthar-Upper Kodayar road, an all-weather road ; 2. Kalakad-Sengaltheri road, which is pucca most of the w~y ; and 3. Thirukarungudi-Nambikoil road, which needs further improvement. Besides these, there is a bridle path-the Thirukarugudi-Netterikal-Sengaltheri -Kalachi bridle path-dividing the sanctuary into two almost equal halves, starting from the eastern boundary of the sanctuary and ending at the western one. The sanctuary is divided into the following zones: 1. Wilderness zone; 2. Buffer zone; and 3. Tourism zone. \ The wilderness zone-the core area of the sanctuary-is formed by the upper reaches, containing tropical wet evergreen forests. Forestry operations are prohibited in this zone. Only research studies are perlnitted to be undertaken in it. The forests surrounding the Panchanthangi peak also come under this zone as they contain populations of Nilgiri Tahr. The buffer zone consists of the belt of evergreen forests devoid of the associa tion of Durio, Palaquium and Syzygium, and the rest of the sanctuary not included in the tourism zone. Wildlife-oriented forestry operations are planned in this zone.

117 420 Records of the Zoological Survey of India The tourism zone, where paths and trails will be cleared periodically, and where watch-towers and tree-top cabins will be built at suitable places, will be a zone where tourists can observe and learn about wildlife, without undue disturbance to the environment. Protection of wildlife is of primary concern in the management of the sanctuary. Promotion of tourism is only secondary. The geological formations are, for the most part, of archaen age, represented by gneisses and granites. The granitoid gneiss is a pale grey rock banded with quartz and felspar, and contains narrow veins of black mica, and is intercalated with numerous small, pale red and pink garnets. The following types of soil are met with in the sanctuary: 1. In the outer slope of the sanctuary, which is subjected to heavy wash on the sutface due to sparse plant growth, the soil consists of reddish-yellow ferruginous sandy loam of very little depth, always intermingled with numerous boulders; 2. in the upper reaches of the sanctuary, where the moist evergreen forests are met with, the soil is mostly loamy, assuming sandy or clayey character, depending on the accumulation of wash on the surface. In the valleys and low-lying areas the soil is fairly deep. Climate: The outer fringe of the hills is generally hot and dry upto an elevation of a bout 500m. The minimum and maximum annual temperatures in the plains are in the neighbour~ood of 24 C and 43 C. The hills are cooler and drier in summer. Kalakad Sancturay gets the benefit of both the southwest and northeast monsoons. The former begins in June and continues till the end of August, while the latter brings rain from October to December. The sanctuary receives the bulk of the rainfall from the northeast monsoon. Two prevailing winds are noticed in the sanctuary, one usually accompanying the southwest monsoon, and the other accompanying the northeast monsoon. While the latter are seldom of high velocity, the former blowing from the western aspect, are strong. These winds have little impact on the eastern slopes. Although thick mist is generally seen in the upper reaches of the hills during the winter and monsoon months, frost is not encountered anywhere in the sanctuary. Vegetation ; Tropical wet evergreen forests cover the upper reaches of the Kalakad Res~ve Forest from an elevation of 600m upto 1500m and extending nearly to the crest of "the mountains. The wind-swept ridges exhibit poor growth. Tropical dry deciduous forests occur along the foot of the hills in Kalakad Reserve Forest. In the low

118 VASA-NTH: A.vifauna Of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 421 undulating hills in Vallioor and Parivarisurian beats carnatic imbrella thorn forests occur. MATERIAL AND METHOD Field observations were made with the aid of field binoculars of the power 8 x 21, field 7 0 Notes were taken down on locality of sighting, habitat in which sighted, whether adult or juvenile, male or female (where the sexes are distinguishable), solitary, in a pair or gregarious. Notes on behavioural aspects were also jotted down, as well as associations with other birds, if any. Nesting details, where observed, were recorded. ANIFAUNA Kalakad Sanctuary offers a very wide range of habitats for a variety of birds. Consequently, the bird fauna is quite rich. Additionally, the inaccessible, undisturbed and protected nature of some areas of the sanctuary has resulted in the preservation of many species of birds. The thorn forests at the base of the hills, the tropical dry deciduous and tropical wet evergreen forests harbour several different species. Some, like the Jerdon's Imperial Pigeon (Ducula badia (Raffles»), the Drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris (Horsfield», the Indian Great Black Woodpecker (DryocopuS javensis (Horsfield», the Whitebellied Tree Pie (Dendrocitta leucogastra (Gould», the Fairy Bluebird (Irena pue/la (Latham»), the Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myiophonus horsfieldii (Vigors» and the Nilgiri Verditer Flycatcher (Muscicapa albicaudata Jerdon) were found to be highly restricted to the evergreen biotope. Others, including the Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli», the Little Brown Dove (S. senegalensis (Gmelin», the Whiteheaded Babbler (Turdoides affinis (Jerdon»), the Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata (Linn.», the Small Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis Latham) and the Indian Roller (Coracias benghalens is (Linn.» frequented scrub, thorn and light forest, and even fallow land, at lower elevations. Two species, viz., the Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi Linn.) and the Black Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein» were sighted in all kinds of forest upto 'about 900m. Six species each of Bulbul and Flycatcher were sighted during the present study. Abouy 94 % of the birds observed are resident birds. Dates of sighting: 8 & SYSTEMATIC LIST Order: PELECANIFORMES Family: PHALACROCORACIDAE 1. Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot) Little Cormorant Flocks of these birds (one flock comprising at least 40 individuals) were seen

119 422 Records of the Zoological Survey of India on wet grassy patches forming little islands near the edge of the tank at Periakulam on the road to Nambikoil from Thirukarungudi. Order: CICONIFORMES Family: ARDEIDAE Z. Arodeola grayii (Sykes) Paddy Bird or Pond Heron Dates of sighting: ; This bird was sighted in the paddy fields just outside the sanctuary boundary. 3. Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus) Cattle Egret Dates of sighting: 8, 9 & Two or three of these egrets were seen attending on grazing cattle on the way to Karungal Kasam from Chidambarapuram village; a few at Periakulam tank, with no cattle nearby. 4. Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus) Little Egret Dates of sighting: ; 8, 9 & The commonest of the egrets seen, the Little Egret was found in fair numbers at Periakulam tank and near Chidambarapuram village. A single bird was found near the Thalayanai dormitory, on a boulder in a stream that had only slow water movement. Date of sighting: Family: THRESKiORNITHIDAE 5. Threskiornis melanocephala (Latham) White Ibis One bird was sighted at the Periakulam tank. This ibis is supposed to be of gregarious habits, so it was unusual to find a solitary bird. Date of sighting: Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus Spoonbill This bird was recorded at the Periakulam tank along with the previous species. As a matter of fact, the two birds were sighted close to each other. The spoonbill is also known to be gregarious, but the present record is of one individual only.

120 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 423 Order: FALCONIFORMES Family: ACCIPITRIDAE 7. Milvus migrans (Boddaert) Pariah kite A common kite sighted frequently only in the vicinity of human habitation at the base of the hills. 8. Haliastur indus (Boddaert) Brahminy Kite A kite that was more commonly seen than the previous species and which was not restricted to the vicinity of human habitation. This species was sighted flying over the forest on the VJay to Nambikoil at Sengaltheri, Vallioor R. F. and Manjolai. At Sengaltheri, these kites were seen soaring overhead on two cloudy afternoos in late April" One day only a solitary bird was sighted, while on the subsequent afternoon five birds were seen together. Every now and then a shrill squeal was heard from the birds on the wing. 9. Accipiter bad ius (Gmelin) Shikra Dates of sighting: ; ; Sighted in the open dry deciduous forest. In January, 1987 one bird was seen to pick and eat winged,termites emerging from the ground in the Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex. 10. Spizaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin) Crested Hawk-Eagle Dates of sighting: ; This bird was sighted in deciduous and semi-evergreen forest on two occasionsonce along the Kombaiar river in August, 1986, and a second time along the Nambiar river in January, Date of sighting: Only one bird was sighted. the 'view-point' at Sengaltheri. Family: FALCONIDAE 11. Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus Kestrel This was seen hovering over the grassy slopes near

121 424 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Order: GALLIFORMES Family: PHASIANIOAB 12. Gallus sodneratii (Temminck) Grey Junglefowl Dates of sighting: ; ; Although apparently a very common bird in the sanctuary, found in all kinds of forest from dry-deciduous and moist-deciduous to evergreen, its presence is more easily known by its typical call and a rustling sound as it scurries through the leaf litter, than by visual sighting. Date of sighting: Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily: CHARADRIINAE 13. Vanellus indicus (Boddaert) Redwattled Lapwing A sighting of a solitary bird was made in an open grassy area in the vicinity of a water body to the west of Chidambarapuram village adjacent to the sanctuary boundary. The lapwing was seen in the company of Little and Cattle Egret and the Large Pied Wagtail. Date of sighting: Order: COLUMBIFORMES Family: COLUMBIOAB 14. TrerOD pompadora (Gmelin) Greyfronted Green Pigeon Five to six of these birds were seen in the well-wooded area about 3.5 Km. before Sengaltheri on the Kalakad-Sengaltheri road. Date of sighting: TreroD phoenicoptera (Latham) Green Pigeon Large flocks of green pigeon were sighted in the huge fruiting trees in the Vallioor R.F. in August, Ducula badia (Raffles) Jerdon's Imperial Pigeon Dates of sighting: 18 & ;

122 'VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 425 This bird of the evergreen biotope was seen only at Sengaltheri and Karumandi A.mman temple areas. At the latter area, these birds were sighted flying at a great :teight in flocks of two to four birds. 17 Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli) Spotted Dove Dates of sighting; 8 & ; 20 & ; A dove found abundantly in the scrub, thorn and mainly deciduous forest in the foothills and lower elevations. A large number of these birds was found to be present in the Vallioor R.F. and Keeripittam Odai. 18. Streptopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus) Little Brown or Senegal Dove Dates of sighting: 8 & ; ; 10 & The little brown dove is also a common species of dove in the sanctuary., Although co-existing with the previous spec ies in some areas, the present species -appears to be more abundant in scrub, thorn and dry-deciduous jungle than the previous one. Order: PSITTACIPORMES Family: PSITTACIDAE 19. Psittacula krameri (Scopoli) Roseringed Parakeet Dates of sighting: ; ; This parakeet is a common bird in the lower elevations, being found in deciduous forest.- In February, 1986 a pair of this parakeet was observed trying to oust a spotted owlet from its bollow in a margosa tree just outside the Forest Range Office at Kalakad. The female parakeet appeared to be the more active of the partners in annoying the spotted owlet. Date of sighting: Psittacola columboides (Vigors) Bluewinged Parakeet Only one bird of this species was sighted in the evergreen forest fringing the tea gardens of the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation at Manjolai. 15

123 426 Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Date of sighting: Loriculus vernalis (Sparrman) Indian Lorikeet This bird was sighted just once in the moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forest between the 11 Km. stone and Sengaltheri on the Kalakad-Sengaltheri road. Date of sighting: Order: CUCULIFORMES Family: CUCULIDAB 22. Surniculus logubris (Horsfield) Drongo-Cuckoo The unmistakable call of this bird was first heard and the bird was sighted subsequently deep within the evergreen forest on the way to Nadukani. This was the only record of the bird in the sanctuary. 23., Eudynamys scolopacea (Linnaeus) Koel Dates of sighting: 8 & ; ; 9, 13 & The koel was seen only in the foothills and low elevations in the vicinity of human habitation. 24. Rhopodytes viridirostris (Jerdon) Small Greenbilled Malkoha Date of sighting: This bird was seen on one occasion only in the dense thickets bordering a canal in Vallioor RtF. close to Kodamadi Estate. 25. Centropus sinensis (Stephens) Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Dates of sighting: ; One bird was sighted in almost the same place where the previous species was seen. The call of the coucal was heard in the deciduous jungle at Ombadu. Kal So~ai near the boundary of Vallioor R.F. and Kalakad R.F., indicating its presence there. Date of sighting: Order : STRIGIFORMES Family : STRIGIDAE Subfamily: STRIGINAE 26. Bubo zeylonensis (Ornelin) Brown Fish Owl

124 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 427 One bird was seen at night in a teak tree betwe~n -Mudaliruppan and the point where the road to the Thalayanai dormitory- ljranches off from the Kalakad-Sengaltheri road. Dates of sighting: ~ Athene brama (Temminck) Spotted Owlet One bird of this species was found to be occupying a h~le _in amargosa (Azadiarcta Indica) tree trunk just outside the Fores't Range Office compound at Kalakad. A'pair <>f roseringed parakeet, which was obviously keen on appropriating the"hole for nesting, was observed anoying the owlet (as mentioned earlier) from morning to 'dusk. Although the latter vacated the hole once in a way, it perched in a tree about 10 m away, and swooped down on the parakeets whenever it found them approaching the hole too closely. Order : CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family : CAPRIMULGIDAE 28. Caprimulgus asiaticus Latham Indian Little Night jar The typical call produced by this night jar was heard at dusk in the scrub jungle adjacent to the Vallioor R.F. Range 'Office complex, ~lthough the bird itself was never sighted. Order : ApODIFORMES Family : ApODIDAE 29. Cypsiurus parvus (Lichtenstein) Palm Swift Dates of sighting: ; This swift was found in abundance in the foothills area where the land had numerous palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) trees. Order Famjly Date of sighting: : CORACIIFORM,ES. : ALCEDlNIDAE 30. Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus) Pied Kingfisher This species of kingfisher was sighted only at Kalakad-not far from the Forest Office complex.

125 428 Records of the Zoological Survey of India 31. Alcedo attbis (Linnaeus) Small Blue Kingfisher Dates of sighting: ; Two sightings of this bird were made, one at Pachayar, not very far from Thalayani dormitory, and the other at Thulukkanparai. The hill stream and the surrounding forest in the two locations were similar-swiftly-flowing stream with numerous rocks and boulders and moist-deciduous to semi-evegreen forest. In the Pachayar the bird was observed while it dived into the splashing, foaming waters of the stream and emerged with a fish in its bill. The latter was swallowed by the bird tail first. 32. Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus) Whitebreasted Kingfisher Dates of sighting: ; ; A commonly found kingfisher in the foothills area of the sanctuary. in forests. Not found Family: MEROPIDAE 33. Merops lescbenaulti Vieillot Chestnutheaded Bee-Eater Date of sighting: ; ; This species of bee-eater was sighted at three places: one bird at Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex, one perched on an electric wire in a wooded section along the road to Nambikoil from Thirukarngudi, and four birds, two of them probably juveniles, seen for about a minute or so on a tree about 25m in front of the Forest R.H. at Sengaltheri. They flew away down a valley one after another. 34. Merops orientalis Latham Small Green Bee-Eater A common, frequently-sighted resident bird confined chiefly to the plains and lower elevations. A good number was seen in the Vallioor R.F. and at Kalakad. The species shows a definite preference for scrub and open forest close to cultivation. Family: CORACIIDAE 35. Coracias bengbalensis (Linnaeus) Indian Roller This bird was seen in biotopes where the previous species (34) was recorded.

126 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 429 Family: UPUPIDAE 36. Upupa epops Linnaeus Hoopoe Dates of sighting: ; The hoopoe was sighted only in Vallioor R.F. and near the Kalakad Forest Range Office. It was not sighted in the former locality during January, Order: PICIFORMES Family: CAPITONIDAE 37. Megalaima viridis (Boddaert) Small Green Barbet Dates of sighting: ; This bird was more easily heard than seen in various parts of the evergreen and moist-deciduous forest in the sanctuary. Although the call of this barbet is said to be very closely akin to that of the Large Green Barbet, M. zeylanica (Gmelin), at least two sightings-one near Kulirattiar on way to Kuliratti Estate from Sengaltheri, and another at Kakachi-confirmed the presence of M. viridis. 38. Megalaima haemacepbala (P.L.S. Muller) Crimsonbreasted Barbet or Coppersmith Dates of sighting: ; A barbet seen in dry and moist-deciduous forested parts of the sanctuary. Call similar to that of this species, heard in evergreen forest, were possibly those of the crimsonthroated barbet, M. rubricapilla (Gmelin). The latter species of barbet is said to be "restricted to evergreen biotope" and the "ecological counterpart" of M. haemacephala, according to Ali & Ripley, Since no sighting of either species was made in the evergreen forest in the sanctuary, the presence or absence of M. rubricapilla is, at the present time, mere conjecture. Family; PICIDAE Subfamily: PICINAE 39. Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus) Goldenbacked Woodpecker Dates of sighting: ; ; A woodpecker of light deciduous forest, the Goldenbacked woodpecker was sighted only in the foothills areas.

127 430 Records of the Zoological Surv~y of ~ndi~ 40. Dryocopus javensis (Horsfield) Indian Great Black Woodpecker Dates of sighting: ; Sighting of this woodpecker v/ere made in the dense evergreen forest near Sengaltheri, and on way to Kuliratti Estate from Sengaltheri. Date of sighting: Order: P ASSERIFORMES Family: PITTIDAE 41. Pitta brachyura (Linnaeus) Indian Pitta Only once was this bird seen in this sanctuary. It was found on the ground close to a little trickle of water in the mixed evergreen and moist-deciduous biotope on the Sengaltheri-Kalakad road near about the 12 km. stone. Family: HIRUNDINIDAE 42. Hirundo rustica Linnaeus Common Swallow Dates of sighting: ; 8 & Several of these birds were seen flying over the water surface at Periakulam tank. A few were also seen at the Kakachi golf course, flying and hawking insects. Date of sighting: Hirundo daurica Linnaeus Striated or Redrumped Swallow Several of this species of swallow were found flying about, hawing insects on the., wing, over a massive expanse of bare rock at Ombadu Kal Sonai in the foothills area. Date of sighting; Family: LANIIDAE 44. Lanius cristatus Linnaeus Brown Shrike One individual was sighted near the Kodamadi Estate at the base of the hills. This species is a winter visitor to India.

128 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary Family: ORIOLIDAE 431 Date of sighting: Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus) Golden Oriole One bird was seen on the Kalakad-Sengaltheri road between Thalayanai and the Forest Range Office at Kalakad. The Golden Oriole is a winter visitor to South India. Family: DICRURIDAE 46. Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) Black Drongo Although this common resident was sighted frequently in various parts of the sanctuary, including the mixed moist-deciduous and evergreen forest, it was found more abundantly in the foothills and lower elevations, and was not seen at all elevations above 900 m or so. The bird shows a preference for scrub, cultivation, fallow land and open deciduous forest. It also frequents the neighbourhood of human dwellings. Date of sighting: Family: ARTAMIDAE 47. Artamus fuscus Vieillot Ashy Swallow-Shrike This species was sighted only in the golf course area at Kakachi, where the birds were seen making aerie! sorties from their perch on electric wires, presumably to catch insects. Family: STURNIDAE 48. Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus) Indian Myna A common resident of the foothills near human habitation. Family: CORVIDAE Dat~s of sighting: 20 & Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham) Indian Treepie The treepie was sighted mostly in light deciduous forest at the foot of the hills.

129 432 Records of the Zoological Survey Df India Date of sighting: Dendrocitta leucogastra Gould Whitebellied Treepie Three of these treepie were recorded flying from tree to tree in the dense evergree shola near the 16 Km stone on the Kalakad-Sengaltheri road. Dates of sighting: Corvus splendens Vieillot Indian House Crow The house crow was not seen anywhere in the hills. As a matter of fact, it was seen only in the vicinity of the Forest Range Office at Kalakad. It was not to be found in the Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex, where the Jungle Crow, C. macrorhynchds was seen. 52. Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler Jungle Crow Dates of sighting: ; Like the House Crow, the Jungle Crow was also not found in the hills in the sanctuary. But, as mentioned earlier, this was the only crow sighted in the Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex, while both this crow and the previous species (51) coexisted in the vicinity of the Forest Range Office at Kalakad. Family: CAMPEPHAGIDAE 53. Hemipus picatus (Sykes) Pied Flycatcher-Shrike Dates of sighting: ; One male was seen in a cardamom estate (S.S.R. Estate), and about six birds near a stream passing through tea gardens at Nalumukku. Date of sighting: Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gmelin) Indian Wood Shrike One individual of this species was sighted in the scrub and secondary jungle in the vicinity of a streamlet at Keeripittam Odai.

130 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 55. Pericrocotus ftammeus (Forster) Scarlet Minivet 433 Dates of sighting: ; 20 & ; ; ; ; This mini vet was seen in several places-mostly in evergreen forest and also in moist-deciduous forest. It was sighted near the 11 Km stone on the Kalakad Sengaltheri road, at Sengaltheri, Karumandi Amman temple, between Kusanguliar and Murunga mottai and near Nalummukku. Dates of sighting: Family: IRENIDAE 56. Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus) Common lora The lora was sighted in deciduous forest at several localities at low elevations viz., Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex, Ombadu Kal Sonai, along Nambiar on road to Nambikoil, and along Kombaiar at Thekkadu Charagam. 57. Chloropsis aurifrons (Temminck) Goldfronted Chloropsis Dates of sighting: 21 & ; Sighted in the deciduous forest in Vallioor R.F. and also on way to Nambikoil. Not sighted in evergreen forest. 58. Irena pueua (Latham) Fairy Bluebird Dates of sighting: ; ; ; 22 & Sighted only in the evergreen forest around Sengaltheri and S.S.R. Cardamom Estate. In the latter half of April, 1987 this bird was easily observed close to the Sengaltheri Forest R.H. A pair was seen twice or thrice a day for two days on the top branches of some tree or other, uttering their typical calls. Date of sighting: Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin) Ruby throated Yellow Bulbul One individual was spotted in the dense forest at Thekkadu Charagam on the bank of Kombaiar. The bird appeared to be shy. 16

131 434 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Dates of sighting: Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus) Redwhiskered Bulbul ; ; ; ; 4, ; In the sanctuary these bulbuls were sighted only in the hills. Although they were found in the vicinity of evergreen forest, they were never sighted there; they were found to be restricted to pockets of more open forest. This bulbul was seen around Sengaltheri, at Manjolai and near Nalumukku. In the first-named locality, a family group of four birds, two of them immature, was seen during November, 1984 in the overgrown grassy area in front of the Forest R.H. The immature birds lacked the red 'whiskers', and their colours were not as striking as those of the adults. 61. Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus) Redvented Bulbul Dates of sighting: ; ; ~ The Redvented Bulbul was sighted only at lower elevations and foothills. It was very abundantly present in the Vallioor R.F. Range Office complex in August, 1986 when they were seen feeding on the surfeit of margosa fruits. The numbers of this bulbul in the aforesaid locality had diminished greatly in January, In this season, the margosa trees had no fruit. The poorer numbers of the bulbul is probably related to the lack of fruits on the margosa trees. The redvented bulbul was a common bird in light deciduous forest, scrub and secondary jungle. In appropriate biotopes it was found to cohabit with the following species (62), but never was it found to eo-exist with P. jocosus. 62. Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson) Whitebrowed Bulbul Dates of sihgting: ; 8 & A common resident, this bulbul was also found, like the previous species (61), at lower elevations in light deciduous forest. Very shy and retiring, unlike P. cafer, and not prone to come out in the open, this species makes its presence known by its typical call. 63. Hypsipetes indicus (Jerdon) Yellowbrowed Bulbul Dates of sighting: 18 & ; ; ; A shy bulbul, found only in the evergreen forest and sholas. It was also sighted

132 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 435 in the shola below Thalai Odai, at Sengaltheri, near the S.S.R. Cardamom Estate and on the way to Kakachi. 64. Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S.Muller) Black Bulbul Dates of sighting: 19 & ; ; ; ; This was, by far, the commonest bulbul sighted in the evergreen hill forest. The birds showed a distinct liking for the sholas, cardamom and tea plantations, where they were seen in very large numbers in the canopy of the shade trees chasing one another and creating a din. They were seen at Sengaltheri and its neighbourhood, at Kakachi and Nalummukku. Date of sighting: Family; MUSCICAPIDAE Subfamily: TlMALllNAE 65. Tordoides malcolmi (Sykes) Large Grey Babbler Recor~ed only once; one sisterhood close to the dormitory at Thalayanai. 66. Tordoides subrufus (Jerdon) Rufous Babbler Dates of sighting: ; ; Three sisterhoods, one of six birds in August, 1984, a second of at least four birds in November, 1984, and a third of at least two birds in February, 1985 were seen 'lit the same site, viz., in the grassy, overgrown jungle in front of the Forest R. H. at Sengaltheri. They were found to be shy, flying and hopping away, at the first sign of danger, keeping very low all the time. 67. Turdoides affiois (Jerdon) Whiteheaded Babbler Dates of sighting: ; ; A common resident found in several places in scrub and deciduous forest and also in hedgerows in the vicinty of cultivation.

133 436 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Date of sighting: Subfan1ily: MUSCICAPINAE 68. Muscicapa latirostris Raffles Brown Flycatcher A pair was sighted near the Forest R. H. at Sengaltheri in early March, The birds were seen to make aeriel sorties to catch insects in the typical flycatcher fashion. Dates of sighting: 13 & Muscicapa tickelliae (Blyth) Tickell's Blue Flycatcher One female was seen on the shady bank of the Kombaiar river at Thekkadu Charagam. The forest in this area was of dense deciduous type. A pair of this flycatcher was also seen one evening at the boundary of the thorn forest at the Vallioor R. F. Range Office complex, where they were busy catching winged termites emerging from the soil. 70. Muscicapa albicaudata Jerdon Nilgiri Verditer Flycatcher Dates of sighting: ; ; This species of flycatcher was recorded only from dense evergreen forest-between Karumandi Amman Temple and S. S. R. Cardamom Estate, at Cholai Palam aru near Kakachi, and between Yaanai elumbu odai and Netterikal. 71. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson) Greyheaded Flycatcher Dates of sighting: ; 20 & ; ; 6 & This is a fairly common resident species of flycatcher in the hill evergreen forest and sholas, particularly near streams. It was sighted at various places including S.,S. R. Cardamom Estate and its neighbourhood, on way to Yaanai elumbu odai near Nalummukku, and on way to Kuliratti Estate. The birds were found in good numbers and did not appear to by shy of man. Subfamily: MONARCHINAE 72. Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus) Paradise Flycatcher Dates of sighting: ;

134 VASANrH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 437 The adult male of this flycatcher was observed only once in the dense shady shola below Thalai odai, where it was seen flitting about among the trees with a female. Females of this species were seen at Kodamadi Estate, at the boundary of the thorn forest with the Vallioor R. F. Range Office complex, and in the complex itself. Date of sighting: Hypothymis azure a (Boddaert) Blacknaped Monarch Flycatcher This flycatcher was seen in the forest on way to Kulirattiar from Sengaltheri. As this male bird was turned away from the present author, the black cresentic marking on the throat could not be seen. 74. Prinia hodgsonii Blyth Franklin's Ashy-Grey Wren-Warbler Dates of sighting: ; This species was heard and sighted in the thorn and scrub forest in Vallioor R. F. on way to Ombadu Kal Sonai from the Range Office complex. The call of this bird was also heard in the open deciduous forest off Sengaltheri-Kalakad road, near about the 12 Km. stone, although the bird itself was unseen. This latter area had abundant wait-high grass in bloom and teak trees also in bloom. 75. Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant) Tailor Bird Dates of sighting: ; 20 & The tailor bird was seen in the mixed scrub and deciduous forest at Ombadu Kal Sonai and in the deciduous forest at Thekkadu Charagam (along Kombaiar) and between 6.5 and 9 Km. on Kalakad-Sengaltheri road. 76. AcrocephaIus dumetorum Blyth Blyth's Reed Warbler Dates of sighting: ; ; 8 & ; An abundant winter visitor giving itself away by its s... hort, sharp monosyllablic 'check' uttered every now and again. It was found in several places in the sanctuary, right from the plains and foothills~ through the deciduous forest, to the evergreen forest in the higher elevations. Everywhere it was found restricted to tall grass, dense bushes and the lower branches of shrubs and trees.

135 438 Records of the Zoological Survey of India 77. Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall) Greenish Leaf Warbler Dates of sighting: ; 2 & ; ; Another common winter visitor found moving about restlessly among the branches of trees, rarely coming to the bushes. This leaf warbler was also sighted in several areas like Acrocephalus dumetorum. Subfamily: TURDINAE Date of sighting: Erithacus brunneus (Hodgson) Indian Blue Chat A winter visitor to south India, this chat was sighted only once within a large dense shrub near a brook in the evergreen forest between Karumandi Amman temple and S. S. R. Cardamom Estate. Date of sighting: Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus) Magpie-Robin Only one record-of a pair-in the boundary of the thorn forest with the Vallioor R. F. Range Office complex. The pair was seen one evening feeding on winged termites emerging from the soil, in the company of other birds like the Tickell's Blue Flycatcher, the Black Drongo and the Redvented Bulbul. 80. Saxicoloides fulicata (Linnaeus) Indian Robin This bird is a fairly common and abundant resident in scrub and thorn forest, dry deciduous forest, fallow land with shrubs scattered here and there. It was sighted frequently in several places in the appropriate biotope. 81. Myiophonus horsfieldi (Vigors) Malabar Whistling Thrush Strangely, this whistling thrush was never sighted by the present author in the sanctuary, but its unmistakable whistling song was heard very many times in the neighbourhood of rocky hill streams in evergreen forest. From this, its occurrence in the sancturay is amply evident.

136 VABANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 82. Zootbera citrina (Latham) Orangeheaded Ground Thrush (Whitethroated Subspecies) Date of sighting: A solitary bird was recorded from the shola below Thalai odai on road to Kalakad. It was sighted first on a low branch of a tree from where it flew down to the ground. Family: Subfamily: P ARIDAE P ARINAE 83. Parus xanthogenys Vigors Yellowcheeked Tit Date of sighting: A single bird was sighted in the evergreen forest between Karumandi Amman temple and S. S. R. Estate. 439 Family: Subfamily: SITTIDAE SITTINAE 84. Sitta frontalis Swainson Velvetfronted Nuthatch Dates of sighting: ; ; The Velvetfronted Nuthatch was sighted at several places in the evergreen biotope -in the shola near Thalai odai, at Sengaltheri, at and in the vicinity of S. S. R. Cardamom Estate, at Kakachi and Nalumukku. Family; MOTACILLIDAE 85. Motacilla cinerea Turnstall Grey Wagtail Dates of sighting: ; ; ; 8 & This winter visitor was seen always singly near hill streams at several places, mostly in evergreen forest (Sengaltheri, Karumandi Amman temple, Kakachi and its neighbourhood) and twice in moist-deciduous forest-at Vilakennai kasam near Nambikoil, and at Vaithupaarai. Dates of sighting: 9 & Motacilla maderaspatensis Gmelin Large Pied Wagtail A resident wagtail recorded from moist, grassy areas adjoining the Periakulam

137 440 Records of the Zoological Survey of India tank and on the way to Karungal kasam from Chidambarapuram village. sighted in the hills or forest. It was not Family; DICAEIDAE 87. Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Latham) Tickell's Flowerpecker Dates of sighting: ; Although this and the following species of flowerpecker, viz., D. concolor Hume, are both found to occur in several parts of the sanctuary, the present species appears to be the dominant one, if not the only one, in the lower elevations. 88. Dicaeum concolor Jerdon Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dates of sighting: ; 22 & ; ; This species of flowerpecker was sighted in the evergreen biotope in the higher elevations. One bird was seen in a nest built in a tree about 5m above the ground, close to the Sengaltheri Forest R. H. in the third week of August, It was also observed to bring nest-building materials every now and again. It must be emphasized that distinguishing the present species from the previous one in the field, especially when the bird is sitting high up on a tree or is in flight, is impossible. Thus, several sightings of flowerpeckers in flight could not provide more revealing information on their specific identity. Family; NECTARINIIDAE 89. Nectarinia zeylonica (Linnaeus) Purplerumped Sunbird Dates of sighting: ; ; ; ; ; A widely-distributed, common resident sighted in the plains, foothills, low and higher elevations in the hills, in scrub and thorn jungle, deciduous and evergreen forest and gradens. 90. Nectarinia asiatica (Latham) Purple Sunbird Dates of sighting: ; Although coexisting with the previous species in the foothills and lower eleva-

138 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 441 dons, the present species was found to be lacking in the evergreen forests above m. Nichols (1944) has recorded it in the Nilgiris upto 240 m. Family: ZOSTEROPIDAE 91. Zosterops pajpebrosa (Temminck) White Eye Dates of sighting: ; ; In the Kalakad sanctuary this species was encountered only in evergreen forest. These birds were particularly abundant near the S.S.R. Cardamom Estate and Karumandi Amman temple in August, Dates of sighting: Family: PLOCEIDAE Subfamily: P ASSERINAE 92. Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) House Sparrow Like the House Crow, the House Sparrow was sighted only around the Forest Range Office at Kalakad. The species was, however, present in good numbers in the nearby Kalakad town. It was also absent around the Vallioor R. F. Range Office complex. The sparrow is, undoubtedly, closely associated with man, and is never found far from him or in deep forest. Ali and Ripley (1983) have stated that in winter this sparrow is found in scrub jungle far from human dwellings. There was no evidence to corroborate this view during the present study. Datea of sighting: 8 & Petronia xanthocollis (Burton) Yellothroated Sparrow This species of sparrow was recorded from two localities only in the compound of the Forest Range Office at Kalakad, and in the deciduous forest at Keeripittam odai. At the latter locality two of these sparrow were seen sitting high up on a palmyra (Boraslus flabellifer) palm tree. Date of sighting: Subfamily: ESTRILDINAE 94. LODchura malabarica (Linnaeus) Whitethroated Munia A flock of about five of these birds was sighted on a cactus plant in the neighbour 17

139 442 Records of the Zoologic,al Survey of [Mia hood of Keeripittam odai. The general vegetation in this area was sparse, with sdllllll bushes here and tl}.ere, and scattered trees. Date of sighting: Lonchura kelaarti (Jerdon) Rufousbellied Munia A flock of 6-8 birds was seen feeding on the grassy area at the poudq.ary of the (n~est at Kakachi. Apart from the 95 species of birds actually observed by the present author aud close to the boundary of the Kalakad Sanctuary, another 32 species are reported to be occuring in the sanctuary as per the 'Management Plan' of the sanctuary by S. Ramanathan. The following is a systematic list of those species : Order: F ALCONlf'ORMES Family: ACCIPITRIDAE 1. Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines) Blackwinged Kite 2. Pernis ptilorhyncus (Temminck) Crested Honey Buzzard 3. Accipit~r frivirgq.tus (Temminck) Crested Goshawk 4. Ictinaetus malayensis (Temminck) Black Eagle 5. Spilornis cheela (Latham) Crested Serpent Eagle Order; GALLIFORMES Family: PHASIANIDAE 6. Francolinus pondicerianus (Orne! in) Grey Partridge 7. Perdicula asiatica (Latham) Jungle Bush Quail

140 A~KNTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 8. Galloperdii spadi'cea (Gmelin) Red Spurfowl Order Family Subfamily : CHARADRIlFORMES : CHARADRllDAE CHARADRlINAE 9. Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert) '{' ellow-wattled Lapwing Order COLUMBIFORMES Family : COLUMBlDAE 10. Columba livia' Gmelin Blue Rock Pigeon 11. Cbalacopbaps indica (Linnaeus) Emerald Dove Order TROGONIFORMES' Family: TROGONIDAE 12. Harpactes fasciatus (Pennant) Malabar Trogon Order : Family : CORACllFORMES BUCEROTIDAE 13. Tockus griseus (Latham) Malabar Grey Hornbill 14. Antbracoceros coronatus (Boddaert) Malabar' Pied Hornbill 15. Buceros bicornis (Linnaeus) Great Pied Hornbill Order : Family : P ASSERIFORMES ORIOLIDAE 16. Oriobis xantbornus (Linnaeus) Blackheaded Oriole Family: DICRURIDAE 17. Dicrurus leucopbaeus Vieillot Grey or Ashy Drongo 443

141 r 444 Records of the Zoological Survey sf Indlll 18. Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus) Large Racket-Tailed Drongo Family: STURNlDAE 19. Acridotberes fuscus (Wagler) Jungle Myna 20. Gracula religiosa Linnaeus Hill Myna Family: CAMPEPHAGIDAE 21. Pericrocotus cionamomeus (Linnaeus) Small Minivet Family: IRENIDAE 22. Chloropsis cochiochinensis (Gmelin) Jerdon's Chloropsis Family: MUSCICAPJDAE Subfamily: TIMALIINAE 23. PeUorneum ruficeps Swainson Kerala Spotted Babbler 24. Rbopocicbla atriceps (Jerdon) Blackheaded Babbler 25. Turdoides striatus (Dumont) Jungle Babbler 26. Alcippe poioicepbala (J erdon) Nilgiri Quaker Babbler Subfamily: MUSCICAPINAE 27. Muscicapa nigrorufa (Jerdon) Black and Orange Flycatcher 28. Muscicapa pallipes Jerdon Whitebellied Blue Flycatcher Subfamily: SYLIINAE 29. Prinia sylvatica Jerdon Jungle Wren-Warbler

142 VASANTH: Avifauna of Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary 30. PbyUoscopus magnirostris Blyth Largebilled Leaf Warbler Family: MOTACILLIDAE 31. Motacilla indica Gmelin Forest Wagtail Family: NECTARINIIDAB 32. Nectarinia minima (Sykes) Small Sunbird 445 ACKNOWLDBGBMENTS The author is thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for giving him an opportunity to carry out this work. He is very thankful to Dr R.S. Pillai, Scientist esp' (Retd.), and formerly Officer-in-Charge, Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Madras, for vesting in him the responsibility of leading all the survey teams to Kalakad Sanctuary, and for being a constant and invaluable source of inspiration and advice during virtually every tour that he also attended. He is also thankful to the various members of the survey teams, particularly Dr. M. S. Ravichandran, Southern Regional Station, Madras, whose untiring help and cooperation he cherishes. REFERENCES Ali, S. and Ripley, S. D Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan (compact edition). Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi, xlii 737 pp. Nichols, E. G Soc., 44. Occurrence of birds in Madura district. J. Bombay nat. Hist.

143

144 Reo. zool. Surv. India, 93 (3 4) : 447, 1993 FIRST RECORD OF THE UROPEL T TERETRURUS SANGUINEUS (BEDDOlvlE 1887) (REPTILIA) SERPENTES FROM THE NILGIRIS, SOUTH INDIA T. S. N. MURTHY Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of InrJia, Madra While studying a lot of reptiles collected recently in the Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu I came across a specimen of an uropeltid snake picked up from underneath a stone in the Longwood Shola off Kotagiri. On detailed examination I have identified the snake as TeretrurU8 sanguineu8 because of the separate supraocular and postocular shields in the head and the depressed caudal disc ending in a single point. The specimen, a juvenile, bearing the Register No. 187/SRS. S. measures 105 mm in length and is characterised by 15 rows of scales, 145 ventrals and 8 caudals. Colouration is as follows: Purplish red above and uniformly reddish (in life) and blackish brown and whitish below (in spirit). Malcolm Smith (1943) has included Wynaad, Anaimalai Hills and Travancore in the range of this species whereas Rajendran (1977) has recorded the snake from Tirunelveli HiIls, Tamil Nadu and Munnar in Kerala. The present record, besides constituting the first authentic report of the occurrence of the species in the Nilgiris, extends the known range of the species considerably in the Western Ghats. Attention of the Opbiologists in India must be drawn to the fact that the rarity of several species of uropelts may be illusory since these interesting snakes have been collected at irregular intervals. It is possible that the range of the uropeltid snakes may further be widened provided they are searched for carefully. I wish to thank Dr. P. T. Cherian, Officer-in-Charge, SRS/ZSI for encouragement. REFERENCES Rajendran, M. V A survey of uropeltid snakes. J. Madurai Univ., 6 (1) : Smith, M. A Fauna oj Briti8h India: Reptilia and Am,phibia, Vol. III, Serpeme8. London: Taylor & Francis.

145

146 Beo. zooz. Surv. India,93 (3-'10) : , 1993 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME OF THE MARINE ORGANISMS INHABITING THE INTER-TIDAL ZONE ALONG THE WESTERN CONTINENTAL SHELF OF THE BAY OF BENGAL, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE TAMIL NADU COASTAL STRIP. NAGABHUSHANAM, A. K. AND KRISH.NAN, S. Marine Biologioal Station, Zoological Survey o/india, 100, Santhome High Road., Santkome, Madras (Tamil Nadu), India. INTRODUCTION While there are a number of papers which deal with the distribution of marine life of the coral reefs, littoral flora and fauna, etc., of the Bay of Bengal, there are relatively few describing the inter-tidal zonal marine life ; among the notable exceptions, mention may be made of the following workers: Alcock, 1890, 1892; Arora and Banerji, 1957; Blyth, 1891; Carpenter, 1885; Chacko, 1949; Day, 1958; Gravely, 1941, 1942; Jenkins, 1912; Koumans, 1941 ; Nagabbushanam, 1972; Nagabhushanam & Rao, G. C., 1969; Nagabhushanam & Rama Rao, K. V., 1984 ; Russell, 1803 ; Satyamurti, 1952, However, a detailed and comprehensive survey of the inter-tidal zone has been lacking. One of U8 (AKN) had the opportunity between , and again , to carry out detaued surveys along the Orissa, Andhra and Tamil Nadu coasts; both of us have, during the period had the chance to deal with the Tamil Nadu surveys, and to study the phytal and faunal components collected during those surveys. MATERIAL AND MBTHODS A minimum of thirty qualitative samples each collected at a large number of stations from Orissa, Andhra and Tamil Nadu (MAP) coasts during the shore surveys through out the year are dealt with under two heads for convenience and as such they are: (One) Those pertaining to interstitial life, mostly between Mid-Water Mark (MWM) and Low-Water Mark (LWM); (Two) Those macro-organisms encountered between High-water Mark (HWM) and L WM. The samples were collected from transects traversing the area between HWM and L WM and brought to the laboratory, 18

147 450 Records 0/ tke Zoological BurtJey oj India mostly in a live condition, for identification, preserving and cataloguing. The laboratory analyses revealed two facts: (i) the organisms were restricted to such areas which had sand-grains measuring between 150 and 600p; such an ideal habitat occurred chiefly between MWM and L WM, where large pebbles and rocky out-crops were absent. In this optimum strip of the inter-tidal zone, samples were taken from surface down to a depth of approximately 100 cms. below the air/sand interface; (ii) the surface scrapings revealed the presence of a fine film of diatoms; and the area between cms. below surface was found to harbour the maximum concentrations of interstitial forms. Though a number of observations have been made during the surveys, information pertaining only to the species identified in the collections, and their occurrence in the various niches of the inter-tidal zone are presented in this paper. (I) Shore Oharacteristics : OBSERVATIONS To a major extent the shore is made up of fine, medium and coarse grades of siliceous sand-grains along the Orissa, Andhra and Tamil nadu coastline. This sandy inter-tidal zone is interrupted in Andhra at Visakhapatnam and Bimlipatnam; and in Tamilnadu at Mahabalipuram, Point Calimere, Mandapam and Kanyakumari by rocky outcrops or the Eastern Ghats descending into the sea as rocky ledges forming rock pools of different sizes. Besides these, there are a large number of sand-bottomed tide pools, a classic example of which is the one at Muttukkadu (Tamilnadu). At a number of points in the inter-tidal zone are located man-made harbours with break-waters. Besides are the natural rocky harbours like the one at Visakhapatnam. In south Tamilnadu coralline growths encroach into the inter-tidal zone. (II) Flora and Fauna of tke Inter-tidal zone: The phytal and faunal components identified from the samples collected during the surveys made are presented in Table 1 under five different headings which represent fairly well marked niches: (1) microscopic interstitial forms occurring in the region between MWM & L WM. Macroscopic components of the regions (2) between HWM & MWM, (3) between MWM & L WM, (4) of rock-pools/tide pools, and (5) of rocky outcrops and break waters. (1) Microscopic interstitial components: The interstitial forms are characteristically concentrated in a wide belt between the MWM and L WM. Our observations indicated an amazing simuarity in species composition all along the Bay of Bengal western sandy coastline. At study of the Table 1 for this niche indicates the presence of not less than 14 species of diatoms,

148 NAGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN: Distribution oj marine organism species of alga (Cyanophyceae), 1 species of Dinoflagellate, 20 species of Foraminifera, 10 species of Ciliophora (Holotricha), 1 species of Hydrozoa (Actinulida), 4 species of Rotifera, 10 species of Gastrotricha, 4 species of Kinorhyncha, 31 species of Nematoda, 6 species of Archiannelida, 7 species of Polycbaeta, 5 species of Oligochaeta, 7 species of Arachnida, 8 species of Ostracoda, 16 species of Copepoda, 2 species of Isopoda and 2 species of Opisthobranchia. The interstitial microfauna occur in large numbers in the interstices between sand grains so as to dominate the population down to a depth of approximately 50 ems. below which depth, their number fall off abruptly, possibly because of impactation of sand grains which results in practically DO interstitial space for the organisms to occupy; coupled perhaps with such factors as higher hydrostatic pressure, lack of oxygen penetration, lack of food material etc. (2) Macroscopic components: HW M to MW M : This niche is unique as it is characterised by high desiccation due to direct insolation for extended periods of time (at least six hours between tides) which precludes survival of delicate marine forms. Onlv those organisms adapted to extremes of exposure and fluctuations of various physical parameters populate this area. In this niche are found 8 species of free-living Polvchaetes (Errantia), 6 species of sedentary Polychaetes (Sedentaria). 8 species of Ostracoda, 4 species of Copepoda, 6 species of Amphipoda, 15 species of Anomura, 6 species of Brachyura, 1 species of prosobranch Gastropod (Bursa 8pino8a) 15 species of Lamellibranchia and 2 species of bony fishes (Billago spp.). It is note-worthy that even these hardy organisms prefer the lower reaches of this niche, namely towards the MWM. (3) Macroscopic component8 : MW M to LW M ; In this niche most of the forms live just uuder the surface down to a depth of approximately 100 cms. However, the macroflora occur at the air-sand interface. In this niche are found 9 species of Chlorophyceae, 1 species of Dinoflagellate, 1 species of Cystoflagellate, 21 species of Foraminifera, 14 species of holotrich Ciliophora, 1 species of Hydrozoa (PZumuZaria 8etacea), 1 species of Actinulida, 2 species of alcyonarian Anthozoa, 4 species of zoantharian Anthozoa, 3 species of heteronemertinian Rhynchocoela, 4 species of Rotifera, 10 species of Gastrotrichia, 3 species of Kinorhyncha, 8 species of enoploid Nematoda, 12 species of chromadoroid Nematoda, 4 species of monhysteroid Nematoda, 2 species ofaxonalaimoid Nematoda, monohysteroid Nematoda, 7 species of Archiannelida, 20 species of free-living Polychaeta, 9 species of sedentary Polychaeta, 4 species of Oligochaeta, 2 species of tardigrade Arachnida, 5 species of acarine Arachnida, 1 species of merostomation Arachnida { (Tachypleu8 giga& (Muller)} which was to be found only along the northern Orissa coast), 8 species of Ostracoda, 16 species of Copepoda, 2 species of lsopoda, 6 species of Ampbipoda, 19 species of Anomura, 10 species of Brachyura, 1 species of solenogasteran mollusc,(ohaetotjerma sp.), 78 species of prosobradch Gastropoda, 18 species of opisthobranch

149 452 Records of tile Zoological Survey of India Gastropoda, 2 species of Scaphopoda (Dentalium spp), 68 species of Lamellibranchia, 20 species of Holothuria, 17 species of Asteroidea, 18 species of Echinoidea, 21 species of Ophiuroidea, 3 species of Hemichorda, 1 species of Cephalochorda, 2 species of Chondrichthyan Pisces, and 10 species of osteichthyan Pisces. Small clumps of green algae, in particular, UlfJa spp. Enteromorpha, Ohaetomorpna, Oladophora, Oaulerpa and Oodium species occur on the coarser grades of sand. Associated with these clumps are large numbers of very young Nemertines, Nereids and Nephthyid Polychaetes, along with Gastropod, Asteroid and Ophiuroid juveniles~ belonging to practically every species of these groups occurring in the zone. (4) Rock-pools/Tide-pools: In this niche the water contained in the pools showed the presence of five species of Diatoms; the same five species were represented in films scraped from the rocks, stones, etc., lying in the pools. Also taken were 9 species of Chlorophyceae, 6 species of Phaeophyceae, 15 species of Rhodophyceae, 1 species of Cyanophyceae, 4 species of Dinoflagellata, 1 species of Cystoflagellata, 1 species of sarcodinian Protozoa, 21 species of Foraminifera, 1 species of Radiolaria, 1 species of Heliozoa, 14 species of holotrichous Ciliophora, 2 species of calcareous Porifera, 17 species of. demospongiarian Porifera, 4 species of anthomedusan Hydrozoa, 5 species of leptomedusan Hydrozoa, 1 species of actinulid Hydrozoa, 3 species of Siphonophora, 3 species of Chondrophora,. 2 species of milliporan Hydrozoa, 1 species of cubomedusan Scyphozoa, 12 species of alcyonarian Anthozoa, 8 species of zoanthid An thozoa, 7 species of acoelan Turbellaria, 4 species of alloeocoelan Turbellaria, 4 species of polycladid Turbellaria, 1 species of palaeonemertine Rhynchocoela, 3 species of heteronemertine Rhynchocoela, 4 species of Rotifera, 10 species of Gastrotricha, 3 species of Kinorhyncha, 8 species of enoploid Nematoda, 10 species of chromodoroid Nematoda, 1 species of monhysteroid Nematoda, 3 species ofaxonalaimoid Nematoda, 2 species of desmoscolecoidan Nematoda, 2 species of Entoproct~, 7 species of Archiannelida, 26 species of errant Polychaeta, 14 species of sedentary Polychaeta, 1 species of Oligocbaeta, 1 species of Echiuroidea, 5 species of Sipunculida, 1 species of Brachiopoda, 1 species of Phoronida, 2 species of Chaetognatha, 15 species of Ectoprocta, 2 species of tardigrade Arachnida, 5 species of acarine Arachnida, 8 species of Ostracoda, 17 species of Copepoda, 4 species of Isopoda, 7 species of Amphipoda, 8 species of Cirripedia, 7 species of Stomatopoda, 2 species of Mysidacea, 1 species of Palaeomonidea, 15 species of Anomura, 3 species of Macrura, 17 species of Brachyura, 5 species of Polyplacophora, 90 species of prosobranch Gastropoda, 27 species of opisthobranch Gastropoda, 37 species of Lamellibranchia, 8 species of octopod Cephalopoda, 7 species of Crinoidea, 4 species of Holothuroidea, 6 species of Asteroidea, 15 species of Echinoidea, 19 species of Ophiuroidea, 10 species of ascidian Tunicata, 4 species of thaliacean Tunicata, 1 species of larvacean Tunicata,

150 '. a.. j /'.,.' '. r..., ~ ~\,.".. _.J \.,... ~. ~ ". (.;,.. ''\--t I.r./ f'-'..\..,..._; ;/...;... > ORISSA \o..j... :.J}... ) '\ L. ~ Showing major Stations from whiah col 1 e (,' t ion 5 'we r e Il\4d e a 10 n g the Bay of Bengal coast-line. Minor Stat ions: Andhrapradesh: Sant a pa t 1 i Jhmll pa t nam. (not shown in Map) Tamil nadu: Kov1l1am. Mutnukkadu. Sadras. j(rusada i group Islands Thiruehendu r. Manappacu. Idinthakara i

151 NAGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN: Distribution oj marine organism species of Cephalochorda, 2 species of chondrichthyan Pisces, 10 species of Anguilliformes, 1 species of Siluriformes, 2 species of Atheriniformes, 5 species of Syngnathiformes, 11 species of Scorpaeniformes, 36 species of Perciformes, 11 species of Gobiesociformes, 7 species of Tetraodontiformes, 2 species of Batrachoidiformes,.. species of Lophiiformes, and 2 species of ophidian Reptilia. Most of the species, particularly those of Pisces, were represented by very young Juveniles; and thus, this niche also must be considered to be a "nursery" for many of the animal groups that occur. (5) Rocky out-crops and Break -water8 : The flora and fauna of this niche consisted of not less than 5 species of Diatomacea, 9 species of Chlorophyceae, 6 species of Phaeophyceae, 15 species of Rhodopbyceae, 1 species of Cyanophyceae, 1 species of Dinoflagellata, 1 species of Cystoflagellata, 15 species of Foraminifera, 10 species of holotrich Ciliophora, 2 species of calcarean Porifera, 17 species of demospongiarian Porifera, 3 species of anthomedusan Hydrozoa, 6 species of leptomedusan Hydrozoa, 3 species of Siphonophora, 3 species of Chondrophora, 2 species of milliporan Hydrozoa, 1 species of cubomedusan Scyphozoa, 3 species of rhizostomid Scyphozoa, 12 species of alcyonarian Anthozoa, 5 species of acoelan Turbellaria, 2 species of alloeocoelan Turbellaria, 3 species of polycladid T urbellaria, 1 species of palaeonemertine Rhynchocoela, 3 species of heteronemertine Rhynchocoela, 2 species of Rotifera, 6 species of Gastrotricha, 2 species of Entoprocta, 23 species of errant Polychaeta, 8 species of sedentary Polychaeta, 1 species of Echiuroidea. 5 species of Sipunculida, 1 species of Brachiopoda, 1 species of Phoronida, 15 species of Ectoprocta, 2 species of Isopoda, 4 species of Amphipoda, 8 species of Cirripedia, 6 species of Stomatopoda, 2 species of Mysidacea, 1 species of Palaeomonida, 4 species of Anomura, 1 species of Macr~ra, 5 species of Brachyura, 5 species of Polyplacophora, 78 species of prosobranch Gastropoda, 23 species of opisthobranch Gastropoda, 25 species of Lamellibranchia, 8 species of Octopod Cephalopoda, 7 species of Crinoidea, 2 species of Ho1otburoidea, 3 species of Asteroidea, 8 species of Echinoidea, 20 species of Ophiuroidea. 10 species of ascidian Tunicata, 8 species of Anguilliformes. 9 species of Scorpaeniformes, 31 species of Perciformes, 11 species of Gobiesociformes, 7 species of T etraodontiformes, 2 species of Batrachoidiformes,.. species of Lophiiformes, and 2 species of ophidian Reptilia. The rocky outcrops and breakwaters show an almost vertical zonation since the rise and fall of the tide is in the vertical plane, unlike the previously mentioned niches where it is more or less horizontal. This means, in effect. that the stress OD the organisms inhabiting this niche is incomparably more.

152 454 Records oj the ZoologicaZ Survey fj/ludie (III) Specie8 Analyses : A study of Table 1 reveals that the diatoms were to be chiefly taken between MWM and LWM, where they dominated both in surface film and interstitial community. However, a few of them occurred in rock-pools/tide-pools and rocky outcrops/breakwa terse Among the macroscopic algae there is little doubt that the Chlorophyceae have established themselves in three niches, namely MWM-LWM, Rock-pools and breakwaters, while the Pbaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae appear to be restricted to the rock-pools and breakwaters. The cyanophycean Trickode8mium etytkraeum Ehrenberg, occurs in the diatom film and in the films coating rocks, stones, etc., making up the rock-pools and breakwater niches. With the exception of one Dino:flagellate, namely Amphidinium pezzucid,um Herdman which occurred in four niches, the rest appeared to be restricted to rockpools. The Cystoflagellate NoctiZuca miliaris Suriray occurred at L WM, rock-poois and around the breakwaters. A.moeba verrucocsa Ehrenberg occurred only in the rock-pools. The Foraminifera appeared to be ubiquitous in distribution, occurring in niches below M W M. The radiolarian and Heliozoan occurred only in the rock-pools. The Ciliophora had a similar distribution to that of the Foraminifera, and together they form the bulk of the Protozoan population wherever the occurred. The sponges were limited to the rock-pools and breakwater niches. The anthomedusan Hydrozoa were also restricted to the rock-pools and breakwaters. The rest of the Hydrozoa also appeared to be concentrated in the same niches, the exceptions being Plumularia setacea (Ellis & Solander) which also occurred at L WM, and the actunilid Hydrozoan, Halammokydra octopodoides Remane, which was found in the interstitial fauna and LWM and was not taken in the breakwater niche. The Scyphozoa were found stranded in the tide-pools and breakwaters. The alcyonarian Anthozoan were mainly to be collected from the rock-pools and and interstices of breakwaters, the exceptions being Pennatula murrayi Kollicker add Pteroides espari Herklotts which occurred in the MWM-LWM niche onlv- 1'he zoantbarian Anthozoa on the other hand showed a distribution chiefly restricted to the rock-pools with only four sand living forms occurring in the MWM-LWM. The Turbellaria as a group occurred chiefly in the rock-pools and breakwaters. The Palaeonemertine Tubulanu8 sp occurred in rock-pools and breakwaters, while tile Heteronemertines occurred in MWM-L WM niche in addition. The Rotifers and Gastrotricba occurred through out the intertidal zone, except in the HWM-MWM niche. The Kinorhyncha occurred in the interstitial and rock-pool niches. The Nematoda as a group occurred through out except in HWM-MWM and breakwater niches. The Entoprocta occurred in the rock-pools and breakwater niches.

153 MAOABHUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN: Di8tribution Of marine organi8ms 455 The Archiannelida occurred only in the interstitial, MWM-L WM and rock-pool aiches. While the errant Polychaeta occurred mainly in the MWM L WM, rock-pool add breakwater niches, some of them were found in the HWM-MWM (including li.,.is 8p., and N epktky8 sp.) ; while others, the microscopic forms, occurred as members of the interstitial community. The sedentary Polychaetes were chiefly restricted to the MWM-L WM, rock-pools and breakwater niches; however, a few were found in tlle HWM-MWM niche. Except for Friearicia bulbosa (Rosa) which occurred in the lock-pools in addition, the other Oligochaeta were restricted to the interstitial, MWM L WM niches. The Echiuroid Thala8sema sp., all Sipunculida, Brachiopoda, Phoronida add Ectoprocta occurred only in the rock-pool and breakwater niches. A few species of Chaetognatha occurred due to stranding in the rock-pool niche. The tardigrade and acarine Arachnida are commonly found occurring in large numbers in the interstitial, MWM-L WM and rock-pool niches. The Ostracoda form a prolninent part of the population in all niches, except the ldreakwater one. The Copepoda have a distribution pattern identical with the Ostracoda. The Isopoda Anilocra spp. and Oirolana lati8tylis Dana are parasites, living attached to young fish. The Isopod Oymadoce sp. occurred in the interstices of the breakwater niche. The Amphipoda occurred in all the niches except the interstitial one. The pelagic Amphipod, Pkronima 8edentaria (Forsskal) occurred in the rock-pool niche only, living inside the eviscerated "tests" of Salpa zonaria (Pallas). The Cirripedia as a group, occurred only in the rock-pool and breakwater niches where conditions are ideal for their larval settlement and growth. The Stomatopoda, Mysidacea and Palaeomonida occurred only in the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Anomura chiefly inhabited the HWM-MWM and MWM-L WM niches, with some of them occurring in small numbers in rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Macrura chiefly occurred in the rock-pool niche, with the lobster Panulirus polypkagu8 (Herbst) occurring in the breakwater niche in addition. The Brachyura occurred in the inter-tidal z.one generally, particularly towards L WM, but were chiefly represented in the rock-pool niche; a few inhabited the breakwater niche; the fiddler crab Uca sp. was only found in the HWM MWM niche on the banks of the larger tide-pools and backwaters. The aplacophoran Solenogastres Okaetoderma sp. occurred in the MWM-LWM niche only. The Polyplacophora (Chitons) were restricted to the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The prosobranch Gastropoda mainly occurred in the rock-pool and breakwater niches; with a few, particularly the sand living species of the genera.ijlonilea, Umbon''Um, Litto! ina, N eritina, T'Urritella, Arckitectonioa, Oeritki'Um, Tripkora, Oalyptraea, Xenophora, StrombU8, Pterocera, Natica, Oypraea, Oas8is, M'Urex, Thai8, Na88a, Oliva, 00'16'U8, and Terebra, being found in the MWM-L WM niche. The opisthobranch Gastropoda (with the exception of Microhedyle sp. and ParheayZe sp. which occur only as members of the interstitial niche) chiefly occurred in the MWM-LWM, rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Aplysians form an important part of the community of

154 456 Recorda oj tke Zoological Survey 0/ I ndig the rock-pool and breakwater niches; they regularly showed a migratory movement away from the shallow waters during the period January-February. The Scapbopoda are restricted to the MWM-LWM and are found in large colonies in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay areas; However, they also occurred along most of the coastline of Orissa, Andhra and northern Tamilnadu. The sand-living Lamellibranchia occurred mostly between the MWM and LWM, particularly the following genera, Modiolu8, Litkopltaga, Perna, Malleus, Pecten, Placenta, A mu8sium, Oardita, Okama, P8eudockama, Oardium, Gajrariufl1" Meretrix, Dona x, Tellina, Solen, Ouspidaria etc. ; while rock-living forms like Limopsi8, Pinctaila, Pinna, Tridacno" Pkolas, Ostrea, M artesia etc. occurred mainly in the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The octopod Cephalopoda are mainly inhabitants of the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Crinoidea are restricted to the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Holothuroidea prefer a sandy floor and are mainly to be found in the MWM-L WM niche; However, a few genera like Holothuria spp. and Actinopyga spp. have been taken from the rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Asteroids occurred commonly in MWM-L WM and rock-pool niches, although Luidia sp. have been found in the breawater niche, in addition. Most of the Echinoidea accurred in the MWM-L WM sandy niche. A large percentage of the forms identified occurred in the rock-pool niche; whereas a few, including species of the following genera, Stomopneustes, Temnopleuru8, Salmacis, Tripneustes, Heterocentrotus and Eckinornetra, occurred in the breakwater niche. Ophiuroids, as a group, occurred in MWM-L WM, rock-pool and breakwater niches. The Hemichorda Balanoglossu8 sp. and Ptychodera sp. were restricted to the MWM-L WM niche, and were to be collected only on certain islands of the Gulf of Mannar. The ascidian Tunicates were found only in the rock-pools and breakwaters. The Thaliacean and Larvacean Tunicates were found trapped in the rock-pools. The Cephalochordate Amphioxus sp. was found in the coarse sand at L WM, a few were found trapped in rock-pools. The cartilagenous fishes are represented by juveniles of N arcine sp. at L WM and in the rock-pools, where they lie buried in the sandy bottom. Among the bony fishes, the bulk occurred in the rock-pool and breakwater niches. However, a few like the fishes of the genera Opkichthys, Plot08US, Hemirhamphu8, Plat ycepha lus, Sillago, Urano8- copus, 1chthy08COpUS live either in the sandy floor in the MWM-L WM niche, or swim as juveniles in the rock-pool niche. It is note-worthy most of the fish-groups taken in the inter-tidal zone are juveniles, and hence it is strongly felt that this zone is a nursery area for most of the fish-species. The two species of sea-snakes were found in the rock-pools and breawaters. The sea-turtles, Ohelonia myaas (L.), EretmockeZY8 imbricata (L.) Oaretta (caretta) gigas Deraniyagala and LepidocheZys olitjacea (Eschscholtz) come ashore during breeding season (November through February) ~o lay eggs above HWM.

155 NAGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN: Distribution of marine organisms 457 A variety of birds were found frequenting the sandy shore for foraging during low tides. Mention may be made of the Common Swallow, Hirundo rustica L. ; the White-bellied Sea Eagle, Haliaetu8 leucogaster (Pallas); the Brahminy Kite, Haliastur indus (Boddaert) ; the White-crested Water-hen, Amaurornis pkoenicurub (Pennant) ; the Brown-headed Sea gull, LarU8 brunnicephalus Jerdon; the Common Tern, Sterna tj1wtj'iitia Gray; the Little Ringed Plover, Okaradriu8 dubiu8 Scopoli; the Common Sandpiper, Actitis hypo1,eucos (L.) the Little Cormorant, Pkalacrocorax niger (Vieillot); the Common Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea (L.); the Little Egret, Egretta garzetta (L.) ; the Indian Reef Heron Demiegretta aam (Sykes) ; the Common Teal. Anas crecca (L.); the Blue-wing Teal Anas querquedula L. ; the Pin-tail, Anas acuta L. ; and the Shoveller Spatula clypeata (L.). Of these, the swallows were rarely observed, while others, like teals and pin-tails, were migrants seen during October-December. The species composition of the major groups worked out by us is presented in Table 2 ; from a study of the Table, it would appear that the Mollusca, Arthropoda, Pisces and Echinodermata contribute 60% of the total species populating the intertidal zone. DISCUSSION The distributions of various marine species is of great interest from both academic and commercial stand-points. The present paper fills in information on distribution of some marine species in the inter-tidal zone of the western continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal, with particular reference to the Tamilnadu coast. Our studies reveal a wealth of flora and fauna particularly in the MWM-L WM part of the sandy sea-floor, whether interstitial-dwelling minute forms or macroflora and macrofauna living at the surface or just below it (as members of sandy-bed infauna). Near L WM the sizes of the animals revealed that this niche (MWM-L WM) was in effect a nursery. Similarly, a study of the rock-pool and tide-po~1 indicated that they also serve as nurseries. In conclusion, this study has shown that a large number of marine flora and fauna are colonizing, and thriving, in the inter-tidal zone of the Bay; future work will have to determine the environmental factors, physical and chemical, which help them, individually and severally, to live in the niches of this zone. There is little doubt that future work will only add to our lists of species populating the inter-tidal zone. SUMMARY The bulk of the micro-and macro-fauna of the inter-tidal zone stretching from the False Point Light-house (North Orissa) to Kanyakumari (South Tamil Nadu) is located between the Mid-Water Mark (MWM) and Low-Water Mark (LWM). The microflora consists of vast diatom films near MWM and is made up of fourteen (14) 19

156 458 Records 01 the Zoological Survey 011 rwurj dominant species. The interstitial micro-fauna prefer a sandy habitat where the saud grains measure between 150 and 6001'. A large number of interstitial forms belonging to Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Gastrotricha, KinorhVDcha. Nemertinea, Rotifera, Annelida (chiefly Polychaeta; a few Oligochaeta), Crustacea. Arachnida and Mollusca were collected from this niche. The macro-fauna included large groupings of organisms, which have been presented in detail. The occurrence of algae with associated nemertines, polychaetes, etc., have been studied; as a180 the peculiar occurrence of some geographically restricted forms, e. g., the Horse-shoe Crab, Limulu8 molluccanus Latr. Tachypleu8 gigas (Muller) The flora and fauna of the rock-pools of the inter-tidal zone, as also the population of the artificial breakwaters at ports have been studied; a few sightings of birds, turtles which frequent the intertidal zone bas been reported. ACKNOWLEDGEMBNT The authors are thankful to J;)irector, Zoological Survey of India for facilities and encouragement ; colleagues for help in collection of material and confirming identification. RBPBRBNCES Alcock, A. W., On some undescribed shore-fishes from the Bay of Bengal. Ann Mag. nat. Hisl., (6) : Alcock, A. W., A case of commensalism between a gymoblastic anthomedusoid (Stylactis minoi) and Scorpaenoid fish (Minous inermis). Ibid, (6), 10: Arora, H. L. and Banerji. S. K., Flying-fish fishery along the Coromandal. Ind. J. Fish., 4 : Blyth, E., The cartilagenous fishes of Lower Bengal. 29 : J. A8iatic. Soc., Be"f/GI. Carpenter, A., Flying-fish. Nature, 32 : Chacko, P. I., Food and feeding habits of the fishes of the Gulf of Manaar. ProD.. Ind. Acad. Sci., Sect. B, 29 : Day, F., The fishes of India, being a Natural History of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of India, Burma and Ceylon. 2 vols. Wm. DaWBoA & Sons. London. Gravely, F. H., Shells and other animal remains found on Madras B~ach, I: Oroul>s than Snails 1 etc. Bull. Madras Gove. Mus., NS, 5 :

157 NAGABHUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN: Distribution of marine organisms 459 Gravely, F. H., Shells and other animal remains found on Madras Beach. II: Snails. Ibid, NS, 6 : Jenkins, J. T., Observations on the shallow-water fauna of the Bay of Bengal, made on the Bengal Fisheries Steam Trawler GOLDEN CROWN, Rec. 1Mian MU8., Oalcutta, 7 : Koumans, F. P., Gobioid fishes of India, Mem. Indian MU8., Oalcutta, 13: Nagabhushanam, A. K., Studies on the marine inter-tidal ecology of the Orissa coast. Proc. Indian Nat, Sci. Acad., 38, Pt. 8 (3, 4) : Nagabhusnanam, A. K., and Rao, G. C., Preliminary observations on a collection of shore-fauna of the Orissa coats, India. Proc. zool. Soc., Oalcutta, 22 : Nagabhushanam, A, K., and Rama Rao, K. V., First record of a small pink goby-fish, Quisquilius anthioides Smith, 1959 (Pisces: Gobiidae) from Indian waters: in association with a scyphomedusan jellyfish, Orambionella orsini (Vanhoffen). J ANTU, 2 : Russell, P., Description and fiigures of two hundred fishes, collected at Vizagapatam on t.he coast of Coromandel. 2 vols. Publ. Oourt of Directors, H on. East India 00., London. vols 1, 2, Folios, 197, pis. 27. Satyamurti, S. T., The Mollusca of Krusadai Island. I: Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bull. Mraras Govt. Mus., NS, I : Satyamurti, S. T The Mollusca of Krusadai Island. II : Scapbopoda, Pelecypoda, and Cephalopoda. Ibid, N S, I :

158 460 Records 0/ the ZooZogioal S""ve1J oj i_i. TABLB 1. Occurrence and distribution of the various components of Sora and fauna in the niches of the inter-tidal zone of the western continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal. Presence, - Absence Species I Niche Microscopic Macroscopic Interstitial Inter-Tidal Froms HWM/ MWM/ MWM/LWM MWM LWM 4 Rock-Pooll Tide-Pool 5 Rocky out crop. &.Breakwaters FLORA: DIATOMACBA : A8terioneZla. japonica Cleve & Moler BidduJ,phia chinensis Greville B. mobi"liensis Bailley o kaetocer08 8,ifine Lauder O. d,itjersum Cleve OOBcinnodiBc'U8 centrali8 Ehrenberg Hemidi8CU8 spp. N itz8chia seriata Cleve Pleurosigma elongatum Smith p. aestuarii Smith Rkizosolenia robusta Worman R. crassispina Schroder Tkallasionema nitzschoiaea Griinow Thallasiotkrix /raun/eldi Grunow : CHLOROPHYCEAE : UlfJa /asciata Delile UltJa lactuca L. U. rigida J. Agardh U. reticulata Forsskil Enteromorpha compru8a Greville Okaetomorpha sntennia Keutzing Oladophora spp. Oaulerpa sertularoides Howe Oodium tomento8um Stackhouse

159 NA8ABHUIHANAM &. KRISHNAN : Di8tribution of marine organi8ms 461 TABLE 1. ( Oonti1iud) Species I Niche : Phaeophyoeae : Diclllota dicaotoma Lamouroux Padt.a gymno8flora Vickers Oolpomenia 8inu08a Derbis & SoHer 01J8lofJkyllum Muricatum J. Agardb BargaBs'Um myriocy8tum J. Agardh B. johnston;i Setchell & Gardner : Rhodophyceae : PorpAyra fjietnamen8i8 Tanaka & Ho GeZitliella acer08a Feldman & Hamel Grateloupia lithopk;la Boergesen Graoilaria eortl'ca J. Agardh G. liokenoide8 Harvey G. fjerruco8a Papenfuss 8ar68nema /urceuatum Zanardini H y'jirea mu8ciftjrmi8 Lamouroux Gig.tina acicular;8 Lamouroux Rko8ymenia di88ecta Boergesen Oe16lroceras ciatjulatum Montague 8pyHdia filamtmto8a Harvey Acaf6tAopkora spiel/era Boergesen LatWttZOia pappilo8a GreYille,L. 06'u8G Lamouroux - t Cyanophyceae ; T,iModesmium erytkraeu"" Ehrenberg FAUNA PROTOZOA: FLAGBLLATA : DINOPLAGBLLATA : Ampkidinium pellucidum Herdman Gymnodinium,plenden8 Lebour Oeratium brachycero8 Daday

160 462 Records of the Zoological. SurtJey ollndi", TABLE 1. ( Oontinued,) Species I Niche O. /urcoiae8 Langerhans - : C'ISTOPLAGELLATA : NoctiZuca miliari8 Suriray : SARCODINA: LOBOSA : Amoeba verrucosa Ehrenberg : FORAMINIFERA : Allogromia oviform'8 (Dujardin) Lagena striata var. Bemi8triata Williamson L. marginata (Walker & Boys) Nodosaria japonica Cushman RobuZus calcar L. Lox08tomina limbatum Brady ' Di8earbi8 ve8iculari8 Lamarck Rotalia pulckezla d'orbigny --...; Globigerina bulloides d'orh. Orbulina univer8a d'orh. Globorotalia menardii d'orh. Nonionella auri8 (d'orb) -- EZphidium craticulum H5fker Milliammina oblonga Chapman. Qu,inqueloculina Zamarc1cina d 'Orb. Q. vulgari8 d'orb. SpiroZoculina antillarum d'orh. ' TriZoculina tricannata d 'Orb. Ampki8tegina le88on; d'orb. Troekammina inflata Montague Entz'a tetra8tomezla Daday -. : RADIOLARIA : Aeantkometra spp. - - : HELIOZOA: Actinopkry880l Ehrenberg -

161 [tlaoabhushanam &.. KRISHNAN : Di8tribution 0/ marine organi8m TABLB 1. ( Oontinued) Spec'les I Niche : CILIOPHORA : HOLOTRICHA : 00lep8 tuselatu8 Kahl Prorotlon morgan' Kahl laorymaria ozor o. F. M iiller Geleia decozor Kahl Remanella m,a,rgariti/era Kahl Pracheloceroa entzi Kahl MetoptUJ mathias; Villeneuve-Brachon FollicuZina elegan8 Claparede &. Laehmann Oond,yZo8toma patens (0. F. Miiller) EUpZote8 moebusi Kahl A8pidi8CU8 dentata Kahl Diophry8 appendicuzatu8 (Ehrenberg) Epiclintes ambiguu8 Biitschli Keronopsi8 rubra (Ehrenberg) - POlUPERA : CALCARBA : Grantia compre88a (Fabricius) - LeuCOBolenia spp. : DBMOSPONGIARIA : Polyma8tia mammillari8 (0. F. Miiller) Buberite8 epipkylum (Lam.) 8. oarnobub (Johnston) RkizazineZla ezongata (Ridley & Dendy) Olione celata Grant A:,;ineZla polypzoitles Schmidt PkalceZZia tjsrmicuzata (Bowerbank) ApZY8itZa r08sa (Barrios) DY8idea!rag"Zi8 (Montagu) Haliclona cancezlata (Montagu) GelZoideB camo8a Dendy Be",iera spp.

162 464 Record8 0/ tke ZoologioaZ SurfJeg oll"'~ TABLE 1. ( Oon.inuetl) Species/Niche S Amphilectus /ucorum Esper Desmacidon frutic08um (Montagu) Ra8pailia /rutico8a Dendy R. kibpida (Montagu) H aliohondrina panaoea (Pallas) COELBNTERATA : HYDROZOA: ANTHOMBDUSAB : Sar8ia oonica (Haeckel) Pennaria armatfj Vanhoffen - Zanolea (Gemmaria) c08tata Gegenbaur Bougain1Jillia fulva Agassiz & Mayer : LBPTOMEDUSAB : Oampanularia spp. Serlularia operculata (L.) IS. rugo8a GraV Plumularia 8eta"ea (Ellis & Solander) Aglaophenia spp. Aequora pensilis (Eschschol tz) : ACTINULIDA : Halammohydra octopodide8 Renlane : SIPHONOPRORA : PhY8alia phy8ali8 (L.) DiphYe8 dispar Chamisso & Eysenhardt... D. bojani (Eschscholtz) : CHONDROPHORA : Velella 1Jelella (L.) Por1Jita parpita (L.) Porpema pruneua (Haeckel) : MILl.,lPORINA : MilUpora alcioornis L. M. tenera Boschma -

163 NAGABHUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN : Di8tribution oj marine organisms 465 TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Species/Niche : ScYPHOZOA : CUBOMEDUSAB : OAirDp8a'l,mu8 qutjdrigatu8 Haeckel : RR1Z0STOMBAB : OaBftopea andromeda (Forsskal) Oro,mbionello orri",,;' (Vanhoft'en) RAopilema ""'spidum (Vanhoft'en) : ANHOZOA : ALCYONARIA : Pubipora musica L. Peleato tnchobtemma Dana Akyonium pachyckmle8 Kliinzinger 8arcop'hyto'16 glaucum Quoy et Oaimard - 8.latum Dana - B. palmatum Pratt M eutodes t1tj,iabizi8 Hickson 8oZenocaulon ramosa Hickson Spongorle8/ZabeZlifera (W. cst. s. ) Ju,ncelZa juncea Pallas Gorgon'" spp. Gcwgonella 'UmbelltJ Esper Pennatulfl murrayi K811iker Pleroeiile8 espari Herklotts : ZOANTHARIA : SloiohactiB giganteum (Forsskal) ZoantAua spp. 8p'h,eMpus mar8upiau, (Gmelin) Oeriant"'u, spp. Fatna ctjfjerno8a (Forsskal) F. AaZicora Kliinzinger EupAylUa,Zabescens (Chamisso) l''urgia dame Ed. &. H "'"

164 466 Records 0/ tke Zoological 8'UrfJey oj rnturj TABLE 1. e Oontinued) Species/Niche S Acropora digiti/era (Dana) - Porite8 lichen (Dana) Ooeloria astraea!ormes (Ed. & H.) PLATYHELMINTHES: TURBELLARlA : ACOELA : OonfJoluta saliem (Graff) O. convolute (Ahlldgaard) M acrostomum appendiculatum (Fabricius) Acanthomacro8tomum spiculi/arum Papi &. Swedmark Prouortex ajlini~ (Jensen) GyraJhrix kemaphroditus Ehrenberg -..,;.. - Feca/mpia erythrocephala Giard : ALLOEOCOELA : Plagtostomum 8ulphureum Graff PseuiJ,ol~tomum inerme (Hallez) --- Mottocelis lineaia (0. F. Muller) Otoplana baltica Meixner : POLYCLADIDA : Leptoplana tremullaris (0. F. MiiUer) Baltoplana magna Karling... Oycloporus papillosus Lang ~ OoeZogymopora aculeata Ax RHYNCHOCOELA : PALAEONFMBRTINI : Tubulonus spp. HETBRONEMERTINI : Lineus azbofjittatu8 Burger Oeribratulu8 gardineri Punnett Baseodiscu8 (Eupolia) hemprichi (Ehrenberg) - ASCHELMINTHES : ROTIFERA : MONOGONATA : Encentrum spp. Synchaeta spp. -.Aaa..

165 ~AOABAUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN: Diatribution OJ marine organisms 467 TA»LB 1. (Oontinued) Species I Niche A8planokna spp.!'atudinelza spp. - i OasTRoTRICHA : MACRODASYOIDEA : Macrodasys caudatu8 Remane Paradasys turbanelloides Boaden Paraturbanella spp. 'ruraokyroderma megastoma (Remane) P.suioioa Boaden PAaumaltoderma keideri Remane P8eudo8tomella r0800vita Swedmark : CHABTONOIDEA : OAaeionolU8 spp. Xe'l6otricula tjelo:c Remane A8pidopkorv,8 marin/us Remane : KINORHYNCHA : CYCLORHAGAB : Eohirwdere,a spp. Oaler'", sty:c Gerlach : CONCHORHAGAE : Bem'l6oderes spp. : HOMALORHAGAB : PyoRophyes dentatu8 (Reinbardt) : NEMATODA : ENOPLOIDEA : Anticoma arcticg, Steiner PZatyooma ajriop,ns (Gerlach) Enoploides spp. Ha1olaim1J,8 longicollis AUgen Onoholaimu8 brackycercu8 de Man - Eurystomina ornatum var. indicum Micol & Kreis V i8cosia spp.

166 468 Records of the Zoological Survey oj l'lklia TABLB 1. ( Oontinued) Sepcies I Niche M esacantkion spp. - : CHROMODOROIDBA : H alichoanolaimus rob'u8tu8 Bastian - M enopostia spp. Okromospirina spp. Ohromodora 'lj'ulgari8 Bastian Dickrornodora spp. Metackrornodora clavata Gerlach Ohromogaster alatum Gerlach Sabatiera aby8ali8 (Filipjev) DfJ8ynemella spp. Gammanema cancellajum Gerlach M etepsilonema spp. Pterygonema ornatum Timm : MONHYSTBROIDBA : Sphaerolaimus pacijic'u8 AUgen Tkerist'U8 tortuo8a Timm - Steineria spp. M onhy8tera partja Bastian Rhynchonema cinctum Cobb OytolaimuB exile Cobb : AXONALAIMOIDEA : Oomacolaimus prytheroai Chitwood Bathylaimu8 spp. Oynura papillata Gerlach - : DESMOSCOLECOIDBA : De8m08colex bengalen8i8 Timm Tricoma spp. ENTOPROCTA: LoX080ma spp. Pe~icellina 8pp.

167 ttagabhushanam & KRISHNAN : Distribution of marine organismb 469 TABLB 1. ( Oontin?i,ed) - Species I Niche ANNELIDA : ARCHIANNELIDA PoZygord'us maarabenbib Aiyar &. Alikunhi - PrototlrilU8 indicus Aiyar &. Alikunhi P. pierantonii Aiyar &. Alikunhi 8acoooirrus minor Aiyer &. A.1ikunhi DiurodriZu8 b!mzzi Gerlaeh N erilzidium mediterraneum Remane ])inophizu8 taeniatus Harmer : POLYCHAETA: ERRANTIA : Aphrodite aculeata L. Hermione hystri:e (Savigny) Lepitlonotus carinulatub Grube Harmatkoe indica (Kin berg) Pi8io'IUJ comple:ea Alikunhi OAZoeia IZatJa Pallas H esionides arenariub Friedrich H. gohari Hartmann-Schroder P'h,yZZotloce ca8tanea (Marenzeller) PomopteriB ezeganb Chun BylZ'B Bpongicola Griibe EUByZZi8 homocirratu8 Hartmann-Schroder ParaspiontJ8yZU8 spp. BphaeroByZZiB bengazenbis Rao &. Ganapati De'Nl,rOMreiB arborifera Peters N ereis trifabciata Griibe N. oaiz1caenbib Southern N. mirab'l'8 Ktnberg N ephth'!l~ graweri Augener Eunice tentaculata Quatrefages Marphyso, graveli Southern Dioptera neapoutana Della Chiaje

168 470 Records of tke Zoological SurvBY 0/1 'IJIJia TABLE 1. (Oontinued) Species I Niche Onupkis eremita Audouin &. Milne-Edw. Lumbrioonereis impatiens Claparede Glycera rouxii Aud &. M.-Edw. Petitia amphophthazma Siewing : SBDBNTARIA : Nerine oirratuzus Della Chiaje PoZydora coeca Oersted Prionospio kru8adensi8 Fauvel Oirratulus Jiltjormis Keferstein PhyZlochaetopterus ellioti Crossland M aldane sara' Malmgren - Sahellaria pectinata Fauvel Pectinaria CraB8a Griibe Loimia meausa (Savigny) Sabella porifera Griibe - Berpula vermicularia L. H yaroides nortjegica (Gunnerus) H. albicep8 (Ehrenberg) Pomatoceros caerulu8 (Schmarda) Spirorbi8 foramino8u8 Moore : OLIGOCABTA : LIMIGOLAB : Achaeta spp....".. - Enchytraeu8 barlcuaen8's Stephenson Frietlricia bulbo8a (Rosa),~ M i8haelbena spp. ~ Propappus spp. "... - EcHIUROlDBA : Tha~8sema spp. SIPUNCULIDA : Sipunculus indicu8 Peters Biphono8oma vastum (Selenka &. Bulow).- -

169 NAOABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN : Distribution oj marine organi8m8 471 TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Spe~tes I Niche ABpiJoripkon Bteen8trupii Diesing PAascoZo8oma dentigerum Selenka & de Man - PAysoBema rupelzii Grube BRACHIOPODA: INARTICULATA: Lingula spp. PHORONlDA: Phoroni8 spp. CHAETOGNATHA : Krohn.tta 8ubtilis (Grassi) Sag'"" spp. ECTOPROCTA: GYMNOLABNATA s CTENOSTMATA : Bowerbankiw caudtjta (Hincks) AZcyonUtum pozyoum (Hassal) : CHBILOSTOMATA : Membranipora membranacea (L.) Eleotra bezlula (L.) FI'U8tra /oziacea (L.) Micropora coracea (Bsper) Bugula, neritina (L.) B. flabellat(j (Thompson) Hippotlwa divaricata Lamouroux Bippoporina porcellana (Esper) M icroporella ciliata (Pallas) Adona violacea (Johnston) P(Jf'tJsmittina t,;spino8a (Johnston) : CYCLOSTOMATA: Or'BIa elongata Harmer O. oouzeata Hassan ARTHROPODA: ARACHNIDA : T ARDIGRADA : Stygarct'U8 bradyp'u8 Schultz BatiZUpes camcmensi8 Fize

170 472 Records oj the Zoological Survey oj 1 ",dig TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Species I Niche : ACARINA: Actaoarus pygmaeu8 Schiiltz Oopedognathus spp. Balacarus anomalus Trouessart Rkombognatkus spp. Simognat1l,us 8culptU,8 (Brady) : MBROSTOMATA: Packypleus gigas (Muller) : CRUSTACEA : OSTRACODA: Polycope areolata Sars P.orbiculari8 Sars - Oythereis runcinata (Baird) M icrocgthere 8ubterranea Hartmann Lozoconcha tamarindus (T. R. Jones) - L. guttata (Norman) X estoleberis rlepru8a Sars x. aurantia (Baird) : COPEPODA: Paracalanu,s sp. Ameira tri8uo811 Krishnaswamy ~ Arenopontia indica Rao A. subterranea K iinz Kleionyckocamptoitles Areoo8tella germanic a Kiinz H arpactica spp. remanei Noodt - P. wilsoni Krishnaswamy Laopkonte spp. Leptopscyllu8 spp. Paramesochra p8eudogracilis (Krishnaswamy) - Pararenosetella spp. P8amm,opscyllus operculatu8 Nicholls Schizopera spp. -

171 ,NAGABAUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN: Distribution oj marine organi8ms 473 TABLB 1. (Oontinued) Species I Niche eweUina reauatu8 Krishnaswamv B'igmatidium arenosetelloiae8 Noodt PiBbe spp. : ISOPODA : A.ilocra spp. Oirolana lati8tylis Dana Oymadoce spp. Angeliera phraeticoza Chappuis et Delamare Microcerebrus predatori8 (Gnanamuthu) ; AMPHIPODA : Oymad,usa ftlosa Savigny O. microphthalma (Chevreux) Gammarop8;'8 atlanticu8 Stebbing Leuoothoe farina (Savigny) Melita spp. Paragrubia voraz Chevreux Phronima 8eilentfJria (Forsska l) : CIRRIPEDIA : BalanUB tintinnabulu'11& (L.) B. amphitrite Darwin B. longiro8tr'um Hoek Ohtkamalus spp. Lepa8 anaerifera L. L. anatifera L. Litlwtrya spp. Pyrogoma grande (Sowerby) : STOMATOPODA : Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.) G. /alcat'u8 (Forsskal) O,ato8quilla nepa Latrlelle - -- ~1

172 474 Record8 of the Zoological Survey 0/1 "lia TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Species I Niche S.. O. wooamasoni (Kemp) - Ly8iosquilla spp. Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.) Odontoaactylu8 breviro8tri8 (Miers) : MYSIDACBA : Acetes dispar Hansen Ga8tro8aCCu,s spp. = PALAl!OMONID1!A : Leander spp. : AN OMURA :.Albu,nea 8ymnista (L.)..4.. microps Miers Oalc,nus elegans (Milne-Edwards) O. herbst,i De Man O. gaimardi (Milne-Edwards) OlibanariU8 kumilis Dana DardanuB de/ormib (Milne-Edwards) D. 8cabrlmanus (Dana) D. tjaripes (Heller) Dioge'neB gartlineri Alcock D. custos Fabr. D. diogene8 (Herbst) D. avarus Heller Emeri'a asciatica (Milne-Edwards) Hippa spp. Paguru8 spp. Eupagurus spp. Remipes pacijicus Dana SpiropaguruB spiriler (De Haan) -

173 NAGI&S1tUSHANAM & KIU8HNAN : Distribution oj marine organisms Species/Niche TABLB 1 ( Oontinued) : MACRURA: Solenocera melanl1w De Man PrtMJA1/penae'U8 c'urvir08tri8 Stimpson PanuUf'UB polypmgu8 (Herbst) : BRACHYURA : Acarina 8eptumspinosa (Fabricius) - OaZappa hepatica (L.) O. lopko8 (Herbst) Oharybdi8 annulata (Fabr.) OarpiliU8 COnVe:l:U8 (Forsskal) Aotaedoe8 tomem08u8 (Milne-Edwards) Dor'ppe /aoohino (Herbst) D./ra8CO'16e (Herbst) Doalea Aybrida (Fabr.) Graps'U8 albolineatu8 Lam. H eteropilu"''iiu8 angu8tifron.s Alcock Ma'ula lunari8 (Forsskal) Scylla 8errata (L.) Pach"grapBU8 planilror&8 De Man P'""no,kere8 tenu,ipe8 Burger P,eutloziuB ca1/8trus (Ad. & Wh.) - Seaarma spp. ShaeroziuB nuau,8 (Milne-Edw.) Ocypode cortlimanu,8 Desmarest O. pzatytar8'u8 Milne-Edw. Uca (Oeluca) laotea annulipeb (Milne- Edwards) : MOLLUSCA: SOLENOGASTRES : APLACOPHORA : Okoelotlerma sp. -

174 476 Record8 oj the Zoological Survey oj lrulitj TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Species I Niche : POLYPLACOPHORA (== LORICATA) Oraspidochiton laquetn8 (Sowerby) Acantkockitona mahen8is \Vinckworth Ischnochiton herdmani Sykes I. aequigranuiatu8 von Koorre SchizockitoJ11 incisu8 Sowerby ; GASTROPODA : PROSOBRANCHIA : H aliotis varia L. Diodora 8ingaporensiB (Reeve) D. lima (Sowerby) Emarginula planulata Abanls E. incisura Adams Scutus UngU1iB (L.) Oellana radiata (Born) Oalli08toma tranq'uebaric J (Roding) Gibbula pulcherrima Adams Oantharidu8 interruptu8 (Wood) OlanculuB microdon Adams Trocku8 puslolu8ub Philippi T. '11tUCulatuB Lam. T. obesus Reeve T. stellatus Gmelin Mouilea 80landri (Philippi) Umbonium vesti, rum (L.) Turbo argyrosloma L. Astraea semico8tata (Kiener) N erita kt8trio L. N. plicota L. N. politu L. N. rumpkii Recluz

175 NAGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN : Di8tribution of marine organisms 477 TABLB 1. (Continued) Species I Niche N. chameleon L. N. 8q'UGmulata Le Guillon N eritina oualanien8 is Lesson Littorina glabrata Philippi L. 8eabra L. Ri880ina olathrata Adams f'urritelta aeutangulo (L.) p. a"enuatta Reeve Arohitectoniea perspectiva (L.) Pori",ia oor8'u08a (Hinds) Vermetu8 spp. Vermieularia inopertua (Riippell) Oerithid,ea fluviatilib (Potiez &.. Michaud) Oerithium morus Lam. O. 800bridium Philippi O. 8plenden8 Sowerby O. rugosum, Wood O. trailii Sowerby Priphora eorrugata (Hinds) T. viozaoea (Quoy & Gaimard) Janthina globosa Swain.son Oalyptraea extinctorium Lam. Xenopkora corrugata (Reeve) StrombU8 dentatu8 L. 8. marginatu8 L. Pterocera Zambia (L.) Natica marochiensis Gmelin N atsea tigrina (Roding) N. aza-papilionis (Roding) Polynices mamilla (L.)

176 478 Records oj tke ZooZogical Survey 0/1",. TABLB 1. ( Oontinued)., Species I Niche 1 M Sin/urn planulatum (Recluz) Oypraea argus L. - O. Gaput-8erpentis L. O. tigns L. O. oceuata L. O. moneta L. G. arabica L. - Ovulum formo8um Adams & Reeve PhaZium areola (Lam.) Oassi8 raja Lam. Oymatium Gingulatum (Lam.) Bursa spinosa (Lam.) Mure:.; trapa Roding M. ram,osus L. M. aouleatu8 Lam. Drupa tubergulata (Blainville) M arginezla den.i Reeve Va8'Um eornigera (L.) Phos roseatus Hinds T/~ailJ bujo (Lam.) - T. rugo8a (Born) Pyrene ver8icolor (Sowerby) Engina trifasgiata Melvill E. zonata (Reeve) Babylonis spirata (L.) H emifubu8 pugilin/us (Born) Bullia melanoideb (Deshayes) N ab8a eehiuata Adams N. granifera Kiener N. ornata Kiener 4.

177 M'AGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN: Distribution of marine organisms 479 TABLE 1. ( Continued) Sepcies I Niche Petti3temia 1Julohr,lla (Reeve) I'tJlCiolaria filamento8a Lam. Fu,tnuB toreuma (Lam.) 01.0, gibbo8u (BOrn) O. oliva (L.) Milra tjcu,minata Swainson - M moulpta Adams XfJtICU8 pgrum (L.) HOKpa conoidalis Lam. Purri, tigri'll,q, (Lam.) Pur,icula tornata, (Dillwyn) OoatlB acuminatub Bruguiere O. 'ividub Hwass O. GOronat'U8 DUlwyn Rhiwoon'U8 Zineatu,s Chemnitz LiIltoCO'lllUB ebw1aeu,b H wass O0fW,8 zcmatu8 Hwass DwpZicaria tw,pzicate (L.) 'l'erebra 8'Ubulala (L.) T. orerula'a L. T. comaticulata Omelin Fious flc'ub (L.) P'UBtuZaria icercula (L.) - : OPISTHOBEANCHIA : Pupa tes8ezata Reeve BlItlati'Aa velum (Gmelin) Bulla ampulla L. - AIglogZintlric'U8 (Helbling) M icroaeilgle spp. ParAedyZe spp.

178 480 Records 0/ the Zoological Survey o/india, TABLB 1. ( Continued) Species I Niche Aplysia benedicti Eliot A. corigera Sowerby A. lineolata Adams & Reeve. DolabeZla rumphii Cuv. Polybrackia orietalis (Kelaart) Elysia grandi/olio, Kelaart Euseleops winc1cwortki Satyamurti Marion,a pambane'llsis O'DoDoghue Armina paucidentata (O'Donoghue) Glossodoris humberti (Kelaart). Okromodoris pustuzana (Born), Discodoris pardalis (Alder & Hancock) Dendrodoris indica Stimpson Notodoris gardineri Smith Doto indica Stimpson Prippa ornata Born Eubranchus pro.luctu8 (Farran) - Thordista cro8szandi Eliot H erv'a ceylonica Farran Phylliroe spp. --. P8euaovermes salamandrops Marcus. GZaucus marinu8 (Dupont) Siphonaria stellata (Helbling) Onchidium verruculatum Cuv. : SCAPHOPODA : DENTALIlDAB : DentaZium octangulatum Donovan D. manaarense Winckworth. - : LAMBLLIBRANCHIA : TAXODONTA : Area inaequivalvis Bruguiere

179 NAaABBUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN: Distribution 0/ mljrine organism8 481 TABLE 1. ( Oontin/lud,) <_~cle8/~iclle : DYSODoNTA : Lifll0p8i8 belcheri (Adams & Reeve) JI otuolw perfragizi,s (Duncker) Jt. IraiU, (Reeve) M. arborescen8 Chemnitz M. modiolus (L.) M. tu,upa (Lam.) M. tlf'genlea Reeve Musculus RaM (Duncker) LifhopAaga gracilis (Philippi) L. cinnamonea (Lam.) Pem,a, Zegum,en (Omelin) p. viridis (L.) M ajle'ij8 malleus (L.) Plena chimnbis (Leach)... PiRCtada margaritifera (L.) p. wzgans (Schumacher) Pinna bicolor Omelin p. m",nctjla (L.) p. serrala Solander : PSBUDOLAMBLLIBRANCHIA : Pecten tranq'lj,ebaricu,s (Gmelin) - p. (OhZam1J8) cras8icostatus Sowerbv p. (0.) irregularis Sowerbv 8emipecten lorbesia'fl,'ij,8 Adams &. Reeve SptmtJ,I'UB imperiali8 Chenu Lima i'l6jlata Chemnitz L./ragiliB Chemnitz I Placenla placenta (L.) -,-AmrAu'",m pau,cilirata Smith - i2

180 482 Retford8 ol'ie Zoolog1,eaZ Survey 0/1 nditj TABr:t 1. ( Oontt'fluetl) -. ii.. Ii Species I Niche : OSTRAEIPORMES : Ostrea:!or8s1caZi Gmelin O. ma'drasensis P'reston : BULAMBLLIBRANCHIA : Oardi,ta meolor Lam. Lucina edentula (t.) L. fjuieuza Gould DifJaricelZa eumingii (Adams & Angas) Ood,a1cia difjergenb' (PhUippij Okam,d, imbricata Broderif Pseud,()c'hama cri8eezza (Lam.) - Oardium asiaticum Brugiere O. papgracea Chemnitz O. macul08um Wood Pridacna tridacna L. T. cummingii Reeve O'rce Icripta (L.) - Galrartum tumidttm Roding G. di81rar (Cheml1itz) - Meretfix cabta (Cliemnitz) - Pitar azababtrum (Reeve) 8unetta 8cripta (L.) DoBinia cretacea (Reeve)... VenU8 reticulata L.... Antigona lamellar;8 Schumacher --- Ohiom calopkyzla (Philippi) - Venerupi8 macrophylla Desbayes Papkia ala-papiliones Roding -.sr.;o. M esoaesma trigona Deshaves --- M actrcl (Juneata Chemnitz......,.

181 WAMBHQ6HA-NAM &.,KRISHNAN : Distribution 01 marine organismb 483 TABLE 1. (00,71' ) Species/Niche M. wiozacea Chemnitz - Lutf'Gf'ir philippinarum O.ha yes - DO'MIz cuneatus L. D. fjpbrittu8 Melvill P8ammobia bipartita Philippi..,. PelUna anguzata Omelin T. pristi8 Lam. - P. rugo8a Born -.- Siliqua racliata (L.) SoZe", Zamarckii Deshayes S. armanclale P..-.uton - OuleeUu8 maximus (Omelifll) Oorb'tJla mode8ta Hinds Gaslt;ookaena gi,antea (Deshayes) PAoZ., oriental~ Gmelin M arle8ia 8triata {L.)... LateruZa anatina (L.) - - : SEPTIBRAN~HIA : Ousp,tJa,ria elegans Hinds : CEPHALOPODA ; OcrOPODA : Oct0PU8 hcmgkongen8i8 Hoyie ~ O. rugobu8 (Bose) O. arbore8cens Hoy Ie O. horridu8 (d'orb.) O. cyafl 'U8 Gray O. /'U8"ijormi8 BrQCk O. maoropu8 Ris~o Oi8top'U8 inaiou8 (Ferussac ~t d'orb.) : EcHINODERMATA: Ca'l-NOIDEA :. ARTICULATA : OomafMla pectinqto (L.) OapiZlaster muuir.aaiata (L.~ Ampkimetra ",ilberti (J. Miiller) Dichrometra palmata (J. M liller) - TropiometrtJ encrinus (Liit~n) Antedon indica Carpenter Iridometra nana (Hart1au~

182 484 Records 0/ the ZoologicaZ Survey 011 ",Jig TABLE 1. ( Oontinued) Species I Niche : HOLOTHUROIDBA : DBNDROCHIROTA : Oalockiru8 violaceu8 Theel Oucumaria eckinata Marenzeller O. imbricata (Semper) O. ardens Koehler & Vaney PsoZus monacaria Lesson : ASPlDOCHIROTA : Bolotkuria aero, Jaeger H. edulis Lesson - H. im,patiens Forsskal H. pardo,lis Selenka H. kurti Lampert B. billa Lesson H. marmorata (Jaeger) H. scabra Jaeger Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard) - StichopU8 variego,tub Semper Pkelenota ananas (Jaeger) Microthele nobilis (Selenka) - : MOLPADONIA : H aplodactyla molpadioide8 Semper : ApoDA : Synapta maculata (Cham. &. Eysen.) - Okiridoto, rsfuscens Brandt : ASTEROIDEA : PHANBROZONIA : P AXILLOSA : Astropecten indicu& Doderlein A. monacanthu8 Sladen A. polyacanthus Muller & Troschel - A. nobilis Koehler A. pugnax Koehler -- Lurdia limbo,ta (Sladen) L. macuzata Miiller & Troschel : VALVATA: Archaster typi,cug M iiller & Troschel - Oraspidaster hesperus (M. & Tr.) Goniodi8oU8 forfioulatu8 Perrier SteZlaster inoei Gray

183 NAGABHUSHANAM &. KRISHNAN : Di8tribution, Of marin,e organi8m8 485 TABLE 1. ( Oon,tinued) Species I Niche Pentacero8 regulu8 (M. & Tr.) p. iutlic'u8 Koehler p. Buperbu8 Mobius ABterina cepkea (Miiller &. Troschel) A. ~ig'uq, (Lam.) A. lorioli Koehler - : ECHINOIDEA : REGULARIA : AULODONTA: Astropyga radiata (Leske) : STIRODONTA : Stomopneu81e8 variolar,us (Lam.) : CAldARODONTA S Temnopleurus torematic'u8 (Klein) BalmaciB bicolor Agassiz 8. tjirgulattj Agassiz S. r08eo-tjirld,s Koehler Trip'l1eu8te8 gratilla (L.) H e1erocentrotu,8 mammillatus (L.) Eckinometra matkaei (BlainviUe) : IRREGULARIA: CAssmvLoIDA: Eckinolamp'U8 ovatu8 (Leske) : CLYPBASTROlDA : OZypeaater annandalei Koehler O. AumiZis (Leske) O. rari8pinus ( Meijere) Eckinocyamu8 cri8pus Mazetti FibuZaria fjolvo Agassiz &. Desor Lagenum decagon,ale (De Blainville) L. depre88um (Lesson) EoAinodiscUB auntu8 (Leske) - E. biper/oratu8 (Leske) : SPATANGOIDA : P8eudomaretia alta (Agassiz) Lovenia elongata (Gray) Bri88op8i8 luzonica (Gray) Metalia maculo8a (Gmelin) : OPHIUROIDEA : OPHIURAE : Opkiomy:ca br~f}i8pina Martens

184 486 Records of tke Zoological SUnJey of JIJI1,ia" TABLE t. (Oontinued) Species I Niche Ophiacantha d,wra Koehler O. tjagans Koehler Amphiura duncani Loriol AmphiopkoZis 8quamta (Della Chiaje) Ophiocnida ec'hinata (Ljungman) Opkiactis affinis Duncan Opkiolepi8 rugo8a Koehler Opkiura (Ophioglypha) 8inen8is Lyman OpkiotheZa danae Verrill Opkiothriz ooma'a Muller,&, Troschel O. nereidina (Lam.) o. 8pecio8a Koehler O. tr'zineate Liitken Ophiocoma brevipe8 Peters - O. 8colopendrine Agassiz, Opkiocomella seawadiata (Duncan) Ophioma8tix anft,,,losa (Lam.) Ophiarthrum piotum (Muller & Troschel). Pectinu'l'a gorgonia (M. & Tr.) Ophionerei8 porrecta Lyman : CHORDATA : HEMICHORDA : Balanoglo88U8 carn08us (Willey) Ptychodera :/lava Eschscholtz - p. viridis Punnett : TUNICATA : ASCIDIACBA : Ecteinascidia bombayensi8 Das E. thur8toni Herdman H erdmania palli,da Labille H. ennuren8is Das Styela areolata Heller Ascidiella aspersa (0. F. Muller) Polyclinum indicum Sebastian Phallusia mammillata (Cuv.) Glossopkorum indicum Das Perophora spp. : THA1.IACEA : Pyrosoma atzanticxm Peron

185 N-AGAB!1USHANAM &. KRISHNAN: D'81,ibution oj marine organi8ms 487 TABL'B 1. ( Oontiooed) SpecIes I Niche DoUo1lum "atio"'" Borgert D. (Dol.oZetta) gegenbauri Uljanin Salpe (1 fuis) zemaria (Pallas) : LARVACBA' OiTco1Jleura tlio'ca Fol : CBPHALOCHORDA : - AmpMo:W8 (BrOl16Ohio8toma) spp. : PIsCES : CHONDJlICHTHYBS : T ORPEDIN1PORIIIBS : N arct-ne brunnea Annandale N. titnlei (Bloch- & Schneider) : OSTEICHTHYES : ANGUILLPORMES : Anguilla bicolor bicolor Mc Clelland - A. beagalen8i8 btngalensi8 (Gra V &. Hardwicke) EokitJna nebulos(j (Ahl) - E. delioatula (Kaup) Ggm'iaOtkor.az reticularis Bloch G. p6t,'u,flothyr80ifje,a (Bleeker) Bide";a picta (AllI) Uropferyg'u8 marmorat'u8 (Lacepede) Urood'nger leptu,. (Richardson) 00. cinereus Iliippell OpkilAtAY8 apicaus (Bennett) O. aztipiuni8 (Kaup) : SILUIUPORMES : PZotOl'US Zimb(Jt~ Val. : ATHEB,lNIPORMES : Hemirhampk'U8 h6tlcei Val. Hgpotkamphu8 ajlinis (Gunther) : SrNGNATHIPORMES :.Fistula"a petimba Lacepede OentriBc'U8 8C'Utat'A8 L. lcht1vg9oamyu,b carce ( Hamilton-Buchanan) - U rocllmpbb 80'UtMDeZZ' Duncker Hlpp6COlmlp'U8 kuda Bleeker -- : ScORP ABNlfoRMES : PZat1Jfel'haZus sctlber (L.) -

186 488 Record8 oj tlte Zoological Survey oll.tug TABLB 1. (Oontinued) t'- Species I Niche S P. crocod;'zus Tilesiu8 PteroiB tjolitan8 (L.) P. miles Bennett Scorpaenode8gaumensis (Quoy & Gaimard) -. Parascorpaena erobtri8 (Alcock) p. blee1ceri (Dav) P. picta (Cuv.) p. armata (Sauvage) Okoridactylus muztibarbus Richardson Min0'U8 monodactylus (Bloch & Schneider) - : PBRCIFORMER : Ambas8is commer80ni CUV. - A. gymrwcephalu8 (Lacepede) A. interruptus Bleeker EpinepkeZU8 areolacus (Forsskal) E./lavocaeruZus (Lacepede) 4-. E. tautjina (Forsskal) Pelate8 quadrizineatu8 (Bloch) Perapon jarbua (Forsskai) T. tkerap8 Cuv. Apcg(111,ichthy, ezlioti (Da v) Apogon ennea8tigma (Riippell) A, quadrifasciatu8 Cuv. Sillago maculata Quoy & Gaimard S. sikama (Forsskal) - P8eudochromis fu8cu8 M & Tr. U ran08cop'ub /u8comaenlatu8 Kner Jchthyoscopus Zebeek (Bloch) Blenniehes breviceps Cuv. - SaZa,ias ZeOparpu,8 Day 18tiblenniu8 unicolor (Ruppell) - Dasr,yllu,8 trimaculatu8 (Ruppell) Oheiloprion labiatu8 (Day) AbudeJdu/8eptu,m/asciatUB (Cuv.) 00ri8 gaimardi (Quov & Gaimard) Aprion virescens Val. Paracaesio 80rdidu,s Ade &. Shinohara

187 NAGABHUSHANAM & KRISHNAN: Sepcies I Niche Distribution of marine organisms TABLE 1. (Ooncluded) O. erytlwogaster Cuv. Gerre8 abbretjiatus Bleeker G. ftlamentosu8 Cuv. G. oblongus Cuv. Pomadasys kabta (Bloch) 8catophagus argus (L.) Parachaetodon ocezlatub (Cuv.) Okaetodon vagabundus L. O. tri/asciatus Mungo Park Liza parsia (Ham.-Buch.) Mug" cepkazus L. Otenochaetu8 strig08us (Bennett) : GOBIESOCIPORMES : Eleotriodes muralis (Val.) Gobiodon citrinus (RiippeU) 8tenogobius malabaricus (Day) Ozyurichtkys microlepis (Bleeker) O. tentaculari,s (Va1.) Oottogobius bilobatus Koumans GZo8sogobius biocellatus (Val.) Acentrogobiu8 ornatus (R ii ppell) M ugilogobiub yaligouva (Deriyanagala) Stigmatogobius javanicus (Bleeker) Parapocryptes macrolepis (Bleeker) : TBTRAODONTIPORMES : Triacantkus brevirostris Schlegel Lactoria cornuta (L.) Ostraoion tuberculata L. Tetrosomus gibbosus (L.) Abalistes stellaris (Bloch) Di,otlon kystrix L. Tetradon inermis Temminck & Schlegel : BATRACHOIDIFORMES : Halophryne dussurnieri (Val.) H. gangene (Hamilton) : LOPHUPORMES : H ibtrio histrio (L.) Antennarius commersoni (Cuv.) A. lepr08us Eydoux & Souleyet A. hispidus (Bloch) : REPTILIA : OPHIDIA : H ydrophis cantoris Gunther Microcephalopkolis gracilis Shaw 23

188 490 Records of tke Zoological Survey of/mia TABLE 2. Contribution of species by each major group to the population of the inter-tidal zone. Major Group No. of species ~ FLORA: Diatomacea 14 Chlorophyceae 9 Phaeophyceae 6 Rhodophyceae 15 Cyanophyceae 1 FAUNA: Protozoa 43 Porifera 19 Coelenterata 48 Platyhelminthes 19 Aschelminthes 49 Entoprocta 2 Annelida 53 Echiuroidea 1 Sipunculida 5 Brachiopoda 1 Phoronida 1 Chaetognatha 2 Ectoprocta 15 Arthropoda 105 Mollusca 227 Echinodermata 88 Hemichorda 3 Tunicata 15 Cephalochorda 1 Pisces 95 Reptilia 5 Aves 16 TOTAL 858 species Ii 'ai

189 Bee. zool. SU'I'tJ. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE GENERA ADINDA, PERISOYPHIS, PARAPERISOYPHIS AND TORA.DJIA. CRUSTACEA-ISOPODA-ONISCOIDEA-ARMADILLIDAE o. RAMAKRISHNA, AND BHANUDBB SIN'HA Zoological Survey of India, Oalcutta. INTRODUCTION The genus Toradjia was established by Dollfus during 1898 on the collection of Dutch East Indies. During 1904, Budde-Lund created the genus Adinda to include Periscypkis Weberi Dollfus, but gave no description of generic characters. This genus is undoubtedly the same as Paraperi8cyphis Stebbing 1911 according to Omer-Cooper (1926). Paraperiscyphis was set up in 1911 by Stebbing to include his new species Paraperiscyphis tratjancorensis from Madathorai, formerly from travancore state now in Kerala. The authors agree with the views expressed by Omer-Cooper, that there has been no valid character by which the four genera can be separated namely Toradjia, Adinda, Periscyphis and PavaperiscyphiB, and according to law of priority genus To,oadjia stands valid to accomodate under other genera namely Adinda, Periscyphi8 Paraperi8cypni8. While the senior author was studying the Oniscid Isopod in connection with the preparation of "Fauna of India-Oniscidae", he came across these interesting genera and felt this fact should be cleared in the interest of science and compelled him to write an account. Besides, fortunately all the type of the species of Tradjia are represented in the Zoological Survey of India collection. The genus includes the following species from Indian region namely: 1. Toradjia giga8 (Collinge) 2. Toradjia pulcher (Collinge) 3. Toradjia 8cabrU8 (Collinge) 4. Poradjia stebbingi (Collinge) and 5. Toradjia trafjencoren8i8 (Stebbing)

190 492 Records oj the Zoological Survey ollrmlt'ti Toradjia Dollfus Poradjia Dollfus, Prof, l\iax Weber's Publ. Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in NiederZandlisch Ost Indien,4 (2) : (1907) Adinda Budde-Lund..A Re~ision of the Orustaeea Isopoda Perrestria. pt. 2, Spheril1,omnae pt. 3, Armadillo, Oopenhagen Paraperiseyphis, Stebbingi, Bee. Indian Mus., Calcutta 6 (4) : Parapertscyphis CoIIinge, Ree. Indian Mus., Calcutta 10 (3) : Perisellphis Collinge, Ree. Indian Mus.. Calcutta. 11 (2) : Paraperiscllphis Collinge, Ree. Indian Mus., Calcutta 12 (2) : Torad}ia Richardson, Proc. United States Nat. Mus., 60 (24) : Toradjia Omer-Cooper, Proe. ZooZ. Soc. London, 1 : Adinda Jackson, BulZ. Raffles Mus., Singapore 12 : 84. Oharacters: Body oblong-oval, smooth or with tubercles slightly convex; cephalon small, flanked on either side by the lateral plates of the- first thoracic segment; lateral lobes well developed, median lobe present but small; eyes sub-dorsal. In the second antennae, the first joint of the flagellum shorter than the second. The teison, obtuse, triangular and not narrowly produced at, the apex. The inner branch of the uropod attached not to the projection of the peduncle's base but to a notch far below the inner margin, while still further below attached the outer branch; both branches extending beyond the peduncle itself extending beyond the teison. This genus was established by DoUfus during 1898 on the collection from Dutch East Indies, During 1904, Budde-Lund formed the genus Adinda to contain Peri8cypAiB weberi DoUfus, but gave DO description of the generic characters. This genus is undoubtedly the same as Paraperi8cyphis Stebbingi, 1911 according to Omer-Cooper (1926). The genus Paraperisyphis was established by Stebbingi to include his new species p. travancoren8is from Maddathorai, former Travancore (Kerala). The author agrees with the views expressed by Orner-Cooper, that there has been no valid characters by which the three genera can be separated viz. Toradjia, Adinda and Paraperi8cyphis and according to law of priority, the genus rr oradjia stands valid to accommodate species described later under genera Adinda and PCiraperi,8cypni8. Type-Species: Periscyphi8 weberi Dollfus, Distribution: Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, East Africa, and Malaysia. Keys to the Indian Species of the Genus Toradjia (Paraperiscyphus) 1. Body surface smooth length about twice its greatest width. la. Body surface tubercular. 2. Lateral lobes of head raised in an angle. 2a. Lateral lobes well developed.

191 RA~IAKRISHNA & SINHA: Systematic status of the genera Eyes small with three longtitudinal rows of os celli 17 in member. Toradjia gigas (Collinge). 3a. Eyes larger with 13 oscelli arranged in three longtitudinal rows. T oradjia pulcher (Collinge). 4. Surface richly tubercular eyes with 11 oscelli arranged in three rows. Toradjia Scabrus (Collinge). 4a. Surface with rows of tuburcles well aranged, eyes with 22 os celli arranged in four rows.... Toradjia Strebbing (Collinge). 4b. Surface with minutely Setose warts, eyes with 16 oscelli arranged in four rows. Toradjia travancorensis (Strebbingi). Toradjia gigas (Collinge) Text-Fig. 1 & 2 (1-8) Toradjia Dollfns, Prof. ~fa.x Weber's Publ. ZooZ. Ergebnissener. Reise in Niederlandisch Ost- Indien 4 (2) : (1907) Periscyphis gigas Oollinge, Rec. Indian Mus" 11 (2) : ParaferiscYfhis gigas Collinge, Ree. Indian ~ius., 12 (8) : 116. GeneraZ: Body oblong oval (Text fig. 1) very strongly convex and surface practically smooth. Length nearly double the greatest breadth. Oepkalon: Head (Text fi.g. 2-1) about two and half times wider than long, completely embedded within the lateral plates of the 1st thoracic somite. Anterior edge folded in the centre, with a triangular spine on its ventral surface. Lateral edges slightly raised in an angle. Central portion of posterior border depressed. Eyes small compared to the size of the specimen, with three longitudunal rows of ocelli 17 in number. Thorax: Mesosomatic somites broad, strongly convex and gradually decreasing in size towards the posterior end. Lateral plates of first thoracic somite covering the lateral sides of the head. The first somite widest of all. All other somites sub-equal in width. Abdomen: Abdomen about one-third in length of the mesosome, almost of the same width as the last thoracic somite. The first two segments small, covered by the last thoracic somite. Lateral plates of third to fifth somites expanded distally. Telson (Text fig. 1) broadly triangular, convex and smooth, its distal being rounded. Appendages: First antenna (Text fig. 2-3) short and stout, 3 jointed, its distal end being pointed. Mandibles consisting an outer cutting edge with three blunt teeth and a blunt process on the inner edge beneath which is tuft of setae.

192 494 Records of the ZoologicaZ Surue'JJ oj I Mi. First maxilla (Text fig. 2-5) outer lobe terminating in four curved spines and five finer and straighter ones on the inner side. Second maxilla thin and plate-like, the inner lobe terminating in a mass of setae, while the outer lobe is more robust and tooth-like../ I.. ', E E...n Fig. 1. TORADJIA gtuo,s (Oollinge) DORSAL VIlDW Head with Paereon Segment Paeteon and Pleon. Maxillipedes (Text fig. 2-4) inner lobe palp-like with setae on the inner side and two rows across the distal side, the outer palp terminating in three mulds-pingui processes. Thoracic appendages (Text fig. 2-7) robust and fringed with numerous spines with trifid terminal portion and smaller spines. Uropoda (Text fig. 2-6) with a large basal plate, extending beyond the telsod. Outer margin subcrenate ; expodite articulating on- the middle inner border, endopodlte

193 RAMAKRISHNA &. SINHA: SY8tematio status of the genera 495.slightlv longer than the exopodite and articulating at the top of the inner border of the basal plate. 1 6 Fig. 2 (1-8). TOBADJI.A.. g'igas (Oollinge) 1. Dorsal view of Oephalon, 2. Right ma.ndible, 3. First antenna, 4. Maxillipede, 5. Outer lobe of first maxilla, 6. Left uropod, 7. Second thoracic leg, 8. Second maxilla. Colour horny-brown with the lateral plates of the 1st fifth and sixth mesosomatic and the third and fourth metasomatic segments yellow. Length and breadth of female specimen 24 mm. and 13 mm. respectively. Type-locality: Ponmudi near Trivandrum, Kerala, INDIA, September, 1893, Coli. H. S. Ferguson. Syntypes: A male and female in the National Collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Regd. No. 8626/10.

194 496 Records of tke Zoologioal Survey 0/1 ntlia Distribution: This species is known, so far, from its type locality only. Remarks: Since either of the two specimens do not possess the second antennae, it has not been possible to furnish particulars of the same. Toradjia pulcher (Collinge) Text-Fig. 1 & 2 (1-8) 189B. Toradjia Dollfus, Prof. ]\{a,x Weber's Publ. Zool. Ergebnissener. Reise in NieaerZantfisch O,t Indten 4 (2) : (1907) Paraperic1lphis pulcher Collinge, Rec. Indian ]\{as., 12 (3) : Paraperisc1lphis pulcher Ramakrishna, Rec. Bool. Surv, India, 68 : General: Body elongate oval (Text-fig. 1) strongly convex, about two and half times longer than broad. Surface smooth all through. 5mm Fig. 1. TOBADJIA pulcher (Collinge) Dorsal View.

195 RAMAKRISHNA &. SINHA: SY81emalio statu8 Of tke genera 497 OephGZo",: Head almost three times wider than long, oval shaped. Frontal margin folding inwards with its middle portion deep, its ventral part forming a well developed, large and blunt spine. Antero-laterallobes well developed. Posterior margin smooth and rounded postero-iaterally. Eyes large, dorso-iateral, placed well behind the lateral lobe of the bead with thirteen ocelli arranged in three longitudinal rows. 6 Fig. 2 {1-8}. TOBADJI,A puloher (Oollinge) 1. Right antenna, 2. Telson with uropoda, S. Right uropoda-dorsa! view, 4. Right antenna {second antenna}. TOBADJIA scobrus (Oollinge) 5. Left antennule (first antenna), 6. Telson with uropoda, 7. Right antenna (second antenna), 8. Right uropoda, dorsal view. 'l)horax; The first thoracic somite widest of all. Lateral plates of the first thoracic segment covering the head both laterally and posteriorly add its posterior part drawn out into an acute spine. The lateral plates of the second somite ending with a blunt 24:

196 498 Records oj the ZoologicaZ SU'ff}6Y 011 "Ilia process, those of the third and fourth somites drawn posteriorly into a broad pointed spine. Lateral plates of the 5th to 7th segments not at all drawn but ending in a blunt process similar to that of the second somite. All the thoracic somites strongly convex. Abdomen: Metasome about a third of the body. The first two somites, small. narrow and covered laterally by the lateral plates of the last thoracic somite. Third to fiifth somites large with lateral plates expanding posteriorly. Telson large ( Text fig. 2-2), broadly triangular with its apex slightly rounded. Appendages: Antennule (Text fig. 2-1) small, and three-jointed, the distal longer than the basal two joints with its terminal portion ending in a style. The inner side of the fistal joint indented. Antennae (Text fig. 2-4) moderately stout and long, second to fourth joints almost subequal, the fifth joint longest. Flagellum two jointed, the proximal shorter than the distal, the latter ending in a fine style. Uropoda (Text fig. 2-3) extending beyond the telson, basal plate short and stout with anterodorsal surface expanded, convex dorsally, concave ventrally. Exopodite and endopodite extending beyond the basal plate, both articulating on the inner margin, exopodite flat and blade-like, endopodite three sided. Colour greyish green with regular yellow patches all through the mesosome and metasome, arranged in the median line and laterally. Length and greatest breadth of the ovigerous female 18 and 7.5 mm. respectively. Type-locality: Peradeniya, (Ceylon), Sri Lanka, , coli. Dr. F. H. Gravely. Holotype; An ovigerous female specimen (in two parts) in the National Collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Regd. No. 8603/10. Dilltribution: In addition to its type locality viz. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, this species is, so far, reported for the first time from the Silent Valley in Kerala, India. Remark8: In the form of Cephalon, antennae, Uropoda and the size and shape of the specimen, this species differs from others of the genus. Taradjia scabros (Collinge) (Text-Fig. 1) Toradjia Dollfus, Prof. Max Weber's Publ. Zool. Ergebntssener. Reise ttl NieaerZancJi,scn Ost Indien 4 (2) (1907) Paraperisc!lphis scabrus, Oollinge, Ree. Indian Mus., 12 (3) : Paraperisc!lphis scabrus Ramakrishna, Ree. Zool. 8ur'V, Indta, 68 : , General: Body oblong oval, highly convex, (Text fig. 1) about two times longer than broad. Surface richly tubercular all through.

197 RAMAKRISHNA &. SINHA: SY8tematic 8tatu8 0/ tke genera 499 Oep16alon: Head small, flanked on the lateral and posterior side by the lateral plates of first mesosomatic segment, its anterior frontal portion raised laterally into prominent lobes, the middle portion raised ventrally into a broad pointed process, 'almost looking like a spine. Posterior border with slight depression in the middle. Eyes dorso-lateral well behind the lateral lobes, with eleven ocelli arranged in three rows. t.n 3 3 ';',.; t 1,.'" 1 Fig. 1. TORADJIA scabr'us (Collinge) Dorsal View. Thorax: The first thoracic somite widest of all, the others being almost subequal. Lateral plates of all thoracic somite expanding posteriorly and ending in a blunt process, except the first one in an acute point. Abdomen: Metasome about one third in length of the total body. The first two somites small, narrow in width and covered laterally by the lateral plates of the last thoracic segment. Third to fifth segments Wider, prominent and their lateral plates

198 500 Record8 of the ZooZogical StW1Jey oj India expanding posteriorly in an obtuse point. Telson (Text fig. 2-6) triangular with its apex broadly rounded. Appendages: First antenna (Text fig. 2-5) small, three jointed, the distal joint terminating as a cone. Second antenna (Text fig. 2-7) short and stout, second and third joints subequal, fourth nearly double the size of the 2nd and fifth longest, about three times longer as the 2nd joint. Flagellum of two joints, with its proximal shorter than distal and the latter ending in a terminal style. The entire appendage being sparsely covered by blunt setae. Uropoda (Text fig. 2-8) extending beyond telson, basal plate short and stout, with antero-dorsal surface expanded, convex dorsally with thickened aotero-dorsal margin bounding the antero-dorsal surface, concave ventrally with grove. Exopodite and endopodite both extending beyond the basal plate and articulating on the inner margin. Colour greenish brown with irregular yellow patches spread throughout the body. Measurements of egg-bearing female specimen being 12 and 6 mm. in length and breadth respectively. Type-locality: Peradeniya, (Ceylon), Sri Lanka, , ColI. Dr. F. H. Gravely. Holotype: An egg-bearing female in the National Collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Regd. No. 8585/10. Distribution: In addition to its 'type locality, Paraperiscyphis scabr'u8 is known to occur for the first time from Karnataka and Silent Valley in Kerala in India. Remarks: Paraperiscyphi8 8cabru8 has some resemblence with regard to form of the telson and uropoda with p. pulcher, but it is distinct from it by the striking difference in the shape and development of the lateral and median lobes of the cephalon, antennule, antenna, number and rows of ocelli in the eye, and size and shape of the body. Toradjia stebbingi (Collinge) (Text figures a -f) Toradjia Dolifus, Prof. l\iax. Weber's Publ. Zool. E,.geb1flisse",er. Reise in NiederZandtsch ose- Indien 4 (2) : (1907), Paraperiseyphis stebbingi Collinge, Bee. Indian Mus., 10 (8) : Paraperiseyphis stebbingi Collinge, Ree. Indian Mus" 12 (8) : 115. General: Body oblong oval (Text fig. a ) strongly convex, nearly twice as long as the greatest breadth. Surface with rows of tubercles well arranged.

199 RAMAKRISHNA & SINHA: Systematic staf.u8 of tke genera 501 OepkaZon: Head smalj, flanked laterally and posteriorly by the lateral plates of the first thoracic somite. Frontal margin laterally expanding to two lateral lobes with its anterior extremity ending in an obtuse angle. The middle portion of the front depressed deeply and folded Wilh a raised triangular apex {!iving the appearance of an obtuse spine. Eyes dorso-iateral, prominent, with 22 ocelli arranged in four rows. WWl. c ~ 3 3 d f Fig. 1 (a-f). 1 (a -f).. TORADJI.A stebbingt (Oollinge). a. Dorsal view, b. Second a.ntenna, c. First maxilla, d. Maxillipede. e. Second thoracic leg, f. Uropoda. Thorax: First thoracic somite nearly double in width of the second, all others almost subequal. The lateral plates of the first somite covering the Cephalon laterally and posteriorly. The lateral plates of all other somites expanding towards their posterior end terminating distally in a blunt process. All the thoracic somites convex with regular rows of tubercles.

200 502 Rtcords of the Zoological Burvey of India Abdomen: Metasome convex and about one-fourth the length of the body, somites wider than long. The first two somites broadly rounded posteriorly and smaller compared with third to fifth, its terminal end covered by the lateral plates of the last thoracic somite. Third to fifth somites well expanding posteriorly and its distal end terminating in an obtuse process. T elson broadly triangular with its apex terminating in a rounded obtuse process. Appendages: First antenna small, three jointed. Located between the ventral side of the cephalod and the base of the second antennae. Second antenna (Text fig. b) moderately stout, its basal joint small, second and third subequal, fourth longer than the third and the fifth longest of all. The flagellum with two joints, the proximal shorter than the distal, the latter terminating in a thick style. Mandibles with three stout teeth at the outer cutting edge and a blunt process on the inner side. First maxilla (Text fig. c) with an outer lobe oblong and somewhat triangular in shape, distally terminating in seven incurved spines. Inner lobe small and narrow. Second maxilla slender, terminating distally in two setose plumes. Maxillipedes (Text fig. d) broad, the inner plate with numerous short simple setae, the outer palp terminating in three teeth. Thoracic appendages (Text fig. e) fringed with numerous spines, 2nd appendage terminating in two incurved spines. Uropods (Text fig. f) basal plate large, extending beyond the telson, expanded and plate-like laterally, outer margin suhcrenate fringed with hair-like setae and tuberculatnd. Exopodite on the inner margin, endopodite longer than exopodite and located at the top of the inner margin of the basal plate J both covered with fine setae and extending slightly beyond the basal plate. Colour uniform dark-brown with the lateral plates yellowish. Length and greatest width of the male specimen designated Lectotype are 19 and 10 mm. respectively. Type--locality: T. B. Fletcher. Annamalai Hills, 4000 ft., Tamil Nadu, INDIA, , coli. Lectotype: A male specimen in the National Collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, Regd. No. C. Paralectotypes: Two males and two females (broken into rarts) from the same locality as above, in the National Zoological Collections of the Zoological Survey of India. Regd. No. 8612/10 Distribution: This species is, so far, known from its type locality viz. Annamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu and Kavalai Hills, (Cochin State), Kerala between altitude~ 1300 to 4000 ft. respectively. Remark8; Paraperiscyphta stebbingi is the second species descrided under the genus Paraperiscypkis from India, the first being p. tra'vanoorensis Stebbing.

201 RAMAKRISHNA &. SINHA: Sys'ema,io 8tatu8 OJ tke genera Toradjia travadcoredsis (Stebbingi) (Text-Fig. 1-7) Toradjia Dollfns, Prof. Max. Weber's Publ. EooZ. Ergebn'issener. Reise in Niederlandi8eh Ost Inaten, (i) : (1907) PMQ,:p6ris01lphis travaneorensis Stebbing, Ree. Indian Mus., 6 (4) : PQII'o,p6'rise'YPhts travancorens18 Ramakrishna, Bee, zooz, Surv. Xndia, 68 : GeneraZ: Body elongate-oval, convex, (Text fig. 1) narrow anteriorly and wider in the posterior region. Length about double the width. Body not smooth but covered with minutely setulose warts mm E E 7 Fig. (1-7). TORADJIA t1"avan,corenris (Strebbingi). 1. Dorsal view: Head and anterior portion of Paereon, 2. Seoond antenna with terminal spine more magnified, 3. Mandible, 4. First maxi1lia, 5. Dorsal view: Posterior portion of Paereon and Pleon, 6. Uropods, 7. Second maxilla.

202 504 Record8 oj the ZoologicaZ Survey oj If6llltJ Oephalon: Head wider than long, about three times wider than long. Frontal portion raised. Antero-Iaterallobe angular, folding in the centre giving the appearance of a depression. Posterior border almost straight, except for the depression in the middle. Eyes dorso-iateral, prominent and consisting of 16 ocelli arranged in four rows. Cephalon covered posteriorly and laterally by the first thoracic somite. Thorax: Thorax widest at the sixth somite, strongly convex and its lateral plates/ ending posteriorly in anobtuse process. First somite wider than others covering the posterior portion of the head. Surface also with setulose warts. Abdomen: Metasome (Text fig. 6) about one-third of the body. The first two segments narrower but as wider as the 'last thoracic somite and the lateral plates of the same covering the two segments. Third to fifth somites prominent and its lateral plates expending posteriorly pointing backward. Telson triangular and its apex being rounded. Appendages: Second antenna (Text fiig. 2) the basal joint is shortest of all, the 2nd and 3rd joints almost sub-equal, fourth as long as end and 3rd together and fifth longest of all. Flagellum two jointed, the distal shorter tha~ the proximal, the apical seta being well formed. Mandible (Text fig. 3) with two teeth and three sharp spines of which the third one longest and stout, placed with in the inner side. Maxilla (Text fig. 4) outer lobe with eight apical spines, with peculiar dumble shaped process at its proximal end. The maxillipedes broad as in the genus Periscypkis. The thoracic legs fringed with numerous spines, most of them pointed, but one on the apical border of the fifth joint having an obtuse plumose apex. Uropoda (Text fig. 6) with graceful curves of both the inner and outer margins. The endopods longer than the exopods and pointed distally. Colour light-brown all through the body. The length and width of the larger of thc two specimens measuring 11 mm. and 6 mm. respectively. Type.locality: Maddathoray, western base of the Western Ghats, Travancore, Kerala, INDIA, , CoIl. N. Allnandale. Syntypes: Two specimens (one female) damaged, in the National Collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Regd. No. 7931/10. Distribution: This species, is so far, known to occur from its type locality only.

203 RAMAKRISHNA & SINHA: SY8tematic 8tatus oj the genera 505 Remark8: The other mouth parts could not be dea1t with as the material at the disposal do not have them, besides what ever available is badly damaged. Paraperi8cyphiB traafjancorensis Stebbingi has close resemblence to Paraperi8oyphi8 8cabmB Collinge, but differs from it by its shape and size of the body, cephalon, eyes, abdomen, and the mouth parts specially second antenna, maxi.lla and the uropoda. SUMMARY This paper includes details of the genus T oradjia, keys to the Indian species of Toradjia together with detailed synonyms and the description of the species Toradjia giga8 (Collinge) together with illustrations of the five species whereever it was required. 25

204

205 Ree. zool. Surv. India, 93 (3-i-) : , 1993 CESTODES OF VERTEBRATES OF RAJASTHAN M. HAFEEZULLAH Zoological Survey of India, Oalcutta INTRODUCTION The cestode fauna of the vertebrates of the Indian Desert is not sufficiently known as yet. The only praiseworthy work has been done from there by Mukherjee (1970), Gupta (1976), Nama and Khichi ( ) and Wason and Johnson (1977). The present work is based on the cestode material collected at Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and their surrounding areas in Rajasthan from lizards, birds and rodents. Although all the cestodes have been identified to be the known forms, the study is marked by concise descriptions, important synonymies and interesting remarks. The host animals were collected by the staff of the Desert Regional Station, Z. S. I., Jodbpur (Rajasthan) including the author himself. The hosts examined for the cestode parasites were wall lizards, garden lizards, Monitor lizards, Great Indian Bustard, hedgehogs and house rats. The cestodes thus recovered were processed to prepare permanent mounts according to the standard method. The measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise stated. The drawings have been made with the aid of a camera lucida. All the material will be submitted to the National Helminthological Collections of Z. S. I., Calcutta. Figs. 10 and 15a from Nama (1975) and Gupta (1976) respectively have been included for the complete description of the species. SYSTEMt\TIC ACCOUNT Order CYCLOPHYLLIDEA Benden in Braun, 1900 Family ANOPLOCBPHALIDAB Cholodkvosky, 1902 SubfamUy LINSTOWIINAE Fuhrmann, Genus 1. Oochoristica Liihe Oochortslica Luhe, Zool. Anz., Leipzig, 21 : Diochetos Harwood. U. S. nat. Mus., 81 : Skrjabinochora Spassky, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, n. s. 59 (2) : The genus Diocheto8 Harwood, 1932 was erected against the genus Oochoristi,ca Lube, 1898 on the basis of the position of the genital pore and the larger ratio of the length of the gravid segment with its width. It was stated that in Diocheto8 the genital pore is formed at a level of 2/5th of the length of the segment from the anterior segmentation and the gravid segments are 2-6 times longer than broad. Spassky (1951)

206 508 Records of the Zoologicat Survey oj 1 "dia considered that these are variable characters and therefore he synonymised Diocketo8 with Oochoristica. Schmidt (1970, 1986) does not seem to agree with this synonymy and maintains Diochetos as distinct entity from that of Oochoristica. The present author has collected a number of this anoplocephalid cestode from wall lizard, garden lizard and Monitor lizard from the desert areas of Rajasthan. On study and analysis of the entire material, he is convinced that the differences between Diochetos and Oochoristica are untenable. Therefore he is inclined to concur with Spassky (1951) who has also considered his own genus Slcrjabinochora a8 a synonym of Oocltori8tica. 1. Oochoristica karachiedsis (Bilqees and Siddiqui) n. comb. (Fias. 1-3) Diochetos karachiensis Bilqees and Siddiqui, Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 18 (6) : 261-~ Oochoristica jodh~urensis Nama, Bev., Bev. Bras11" Biol., 37 (1) : Q (Jl 3 3 OOCh01'istica karachiensis : Fig. 1. Scolex with neck.

207 HA,IBZ ULLAH: Oe8tode8 of Vertebrates 01 Raja8than 509 MabriaZ: Bost: Hemidactylu8 brooki, (Squamata: Sauria : Gekkonidae) and an UDideatified gekkonid lizard; location-intestine; localities-paota and Lal Sagar 'Jodhpur). respectively; specimens-on 79 slides; collected in August, 1981 add September, 198Z. 0 ui 3 3. ",.. '. :.. -. :....:: '.. '. ", '. '. " eo"... " ~.. lc'" :': ~1~ '.....'; ':\~.. ~~ ~ -. " t " ~... ~ W-"!:.b... PK?,.~ '. Fig. 2. Flg.2 ~a,ture segment. Description: Strobila acraspedote, velum not formed. Scolex subglobular, small, in diametere. Suckers four, with weak musculature. Neck present, long. In beginning proglottids narrow, rectangular, wider than long, free from internal organs. First maturing proglottids squarish; fully mature ones longer than wide: gravid proglottids cylindrical, much longer than broad. Genital organs not extending into space anterior to level of genital atrium. Genital atrium deep, muscular, irregularly alternating, situated at a level about jth to l from anterior segmentation. Testes in number, arranged in two groups in posterior half of proglottid in lateral fields posterior to ovary, tending to coalesce in middle near posterior segmentation. Vas deferens a narrow duct coiled at turning level, eventually opening into cirrus sac. Cirrus sac elongate, almost spindle-shaped, horizontal in disposition, extending much be)'ond excretory canals to less than half width of proglottids, opening into genital atrium. Ovary buobed, lobes being unequal consisting of severallobulations. Vagina

208 510 Records 01 the Zoological Survey of India horizontal, posterior to cirrus sac, opening into genital atrium just behind male pore. Shell gland irregularly globular, median, immediately posterior to ovary. Vitellarium compact, irregularly semilunar" larger than and immediately posterior to shell gland. Traces of male and female ducts seen in some of gravid proglottids near remnant of genital atrium. Parenchymatous capsules formed, each one having a single egg. Whole of gravid proglottid filled with evenly distributed such capsules. Onchospheres with hooks formed. o 3 3 Fig.3 Fig. 3. Gravid segment. Remarks: The above description closely resembles that of Oochoristica karachiensis (Bilques and Siddiqui, 1975) and O. jodhpurensis Nama, Nama (1677) did Dot compare his species with that of Bilqees and Siddiqui (1975). The author is inclined to refer bis present material to O. karachiensis, and to consider O. jodhpurensis as a synonym of O. karachiensis.

209 HAPBBZULLAH: Oestodes of Vertebrates of Rajasthan 2. Oocboristica calotes Nama and Khichi (Figs. 4-6) Oochortstica cazotes Nama. and Khichi, Folia Parasitol., Praha., 21 : Material: Host-Oalotes versicolor, (Squamata : Sauria : Agamidae) ; locationintestine; locality-ramgarh (Jalsalmer, Rajasthan) ; specimens-on 3 slides; collected in September, lj\ :I 3 Fi~. 4 Oochorist,ca calotes : Fig. 4. Scolex with neck. Description: Scolex simple, small, with four suckers. Neck present. Segmentation of strobila very faint, in some cases not seen at all. Immature proglottids squarish, slightly wider than long. With development of gonads, proglottids increase

210 512 Records of the Zoological Survey of India in length, so much so that fully mature proglottids becoming rectangular, i. e., longer than broad. Gravid proglottids much longer than broad. Genital atrium deep, thickly muscular, extending up to dorsal excretory canal, irregularly alternating, situated at a level 1/3 or 2/5 from anterior segmentation of proglottid. Space of proglottid anterior to level of genital atrium devoid of any internal organs o ~~.....\:..".... '.....".:.,:,; -: :.'... ~:.. ~ ~ <:. :. ; &~: T \ :::....,.. II.. : - ',. t......: -../ &> ~.::: -:...'" '." 0... ~.....,:...'. ~,,' ' " ~.. \.. <. '. ~ OO",. 4":, OO.'....' ~.'.. \..... ".. ~..... ~ ".: _. -. t,. '", :.~.:..: ~',. _. :... ~... :.,..... r,....j.., , to. t.., " too #~. c~;., ~~~.. :. -I.'...:::... '~..' J.'~OO:... ~#~~ >:.. ~ _\... \'.' II '.. - " ",.F.~~~~,,".. or :..~ "... "... ~/~~~,.. ~.:,r..:;'~..,:;~ ~ 0.."".'.\... ~ _ ~ ~~ '".~ ".' \1" '. ~ : \:.. \ ~ '," # ;J.~~: ~.~,tilt,. \... O'..... /.'",,'.)~~f..~oo... ~,.:~... oo ~ '".: :. ~.:.". ':... (:~: ~"'~ ~. '. :.'-... \)(.~f,,~ I '. 'It, ~.!t!.~. ~ ~ ~l." ~... ~r\_"~f"'{.:... ~ ~~~.. ~~.-l-~:: ~ '....oo.. : ~ 'I~ l ~ ~ '.:~ : oo.. :.. :~~ w.~;~ ~~~~~< ~ ("1 I"'"',. "... ~~~~... o ~...:... '.",... ::.: l~.~ 1 ';>.,. ' o...*... t '. ~ t ~. ~.' : '. '..., ~.' 'fl' "., ~ ~.,..... l ~ ".. ;.,,,ao~,"',. '..... _..'.. ttl '- \,... J \... _.", ~, 9.' ~"....., ~. "~F ~Il J I.! "... ~ '..,I.,~... (II,..;7 i t:~: ~ '. 0 ";'.~.' : ~ "',', 4 lo~':" J'., ~'-----::::::: ~ '<3.:;: ~... lilt.. '." '"..."....".....::J". WI.... _...".f~...:.-.:..- ', ~".. j i, t." ~. _.',.".... ~'t, o ~~... ~ ".e.. \' : # u... i~,_.. 1 I.,. ~"'" -,. ) i.. _. ; :.... ~j I fl"/ljij. :/.:....tjii'.. c,.. I t.j' '. ~ <II ~ to.." '..,-_.',,:'~" " -:',:~.: f:..:r: <I.. ~.. '='\... V... ~ At ~ ~!f,;i '. \'.oo, ~",'~ ~.. ~~.t,. #1~';IfI ~ <t I',... '...:...,,~.:..' :'... ';l '.i/e j~,!.;;"c;l:'... ',:':..f ~" 7 "~,... _.'"""... ~'.:,..~. d~! ViT '...f~' ~ f.'4,'" " ~~.m Wf~., tr J"....~y ~..& ~~"".. o. 4 I "1 -.- :""':') '''ftt:... ~.: ~ ft..... :~IJ~., III!~ ~ ". -.~.. :) ~." ~ " '... ltil!!!l!jf8...,~ ~ -- ':'...,....,.'" Fig.5.. Fig. 5. ~rature segment. Tests in number, postovarian, arranged in two lateral fields, tending to meet each other near posterior segmentation. Vas deferens much coiled. Cirrus sac long, wide, occasionally ovate, extending almost up to ventral excretory canal. Ovary median, bilobed, each lobe being further divided into many smaller lobes, smaller lobe poral, larger one a poral. Vagina a narrow straight tube running parallel posterior to cirrus sac, opening into genital atrium beside male pore. Shell gland a small roundish body medianly situated at level of posterior end of poral half of ovary. Vitellarium follicular, immediately behind shell gland.

211 HAPBBZULLAH; Oestoaes of Verlebrates 0/ Rajasthan 513 Gravid proglottids rectangular, all internal organs gradually disintegrated except traces of genital ducts and genital atrium. Parenchymatous capsules formed around each egg, latter developing into onchosphere. Whole gravid proglottid filled with such parenchymatous capsules each containing single onchosphere. {(~~f~~~l ;~:r;~t~~i~: J:i ;~ :I:.~':~!~ tj ;.:}\;':!! ~:::::.} ",....) ~.. o ~ ~., ;-... " \......:.....,.... :.... '...:~ \ e..,..,,:... '. t~... r'... '.':'. ~.~,...,...!: ~. -. ' ~...,.. "'. '.. ~..~.. ~...,.,..!:. ~. "......,..,--:-. '...,...'"... 0.,'/01. :.. :i..:... ~... ~... ":'.'.;:.. -.'.,'. :.~... :~,..., ~...;-~ ~ :..., ~::~: :~:.~.:;~:~~~ : ~:~:. ~r~; :) ":' ~ ~{: i;;.:. ~~: : ~~ ~: ():.?:i:,... ",... ""...,... ~..,.. ~....,-. P....',.~...,. '.,. ~,., \ l -... : ' II1II. ".' \....!.0.~.. ~, '......"... "..,.. " ~ :... ~ ; ~~.. _:.: "....'. ".4. 4 ~.. ',...tiir:irt.'.." '. ' ",II.,.' i' ~.,,,, '" ~.. ~~:.. I!CM...' e r:...,.... ".. ~.~ ~ ~- "...,..... ~ 't.' -. :.. ~~~ a. fj...',...:.: ',' e. - ' ".,. -. ~.. " ~~ ~. " -,......:... '..' :- 1.~' ~ :. IA'" eo' ~ ';If!!.,t;;;.' '. ~ -,'" ~.....:-.-,. ~., ~,. W 4~"'-" ~ ~''''''.\"...,. '-'~J;'~. :'. - ~~... M'- W-:.0 i' '" '~.:' ~.; ~.... &~ ~ '-:;If.J'....-' '". ': e.'.;'. ~ -- ~ ~ '='. ~ fa...:-a ~.:. c ". ~ ~,... w.. '-.- ~...! <... '.. " _ ~,....'.-.. '''a~'''''' : e:~.... o~.. ~:..A\.:;:;. ;:...~ 9 ~. ~.:'" 0".:'_:'.'...:.:.= --.I.".,.s. ~....,..:.,......,~ fw. ~. -.~..,... ~ 'It ~ :...- ".' ' t" $ii!!t '" ~.,... -./v..., '" '" i1iicii'... II... '. ~. _ '. :...,,- ~. IIIIJ'..... :.:. -,..:.:.; 0 ;..,.... I".. :~: Fig. 6. Gravid segment. Remark8: So far five species have been reported from India from the intestine of O. ver8icolor. Thev are: Oockori8tica sigmoides Moghe, 1926; O. lkapart, lohri, 1934 ; O. indica Misra, 1945; O. manaapamemi8 lohri, 1958; and O. calotea Nama and Khichi, The present specimens collected from the same ecosystem and host as those of O. calotea Nama and Khichi, 1974 and in broad details they agree with their species. 3. Oochoristica varadi Nama and Khichi (Figs. 7-9) OochorisUca'DMani Nama and Khiohi, Proc, naez. Acaa. Sci. Inata, B. 42 : , 26

212 514 Records of tke Zoological 'Survey (1/1";", Material: HQst-Varanu8 monitor (L.), (Squamata: Sauria: Ag.mldlle) a location intestine; locality-kalvanpur (Jodhpur, Rajasthan) ; specimens-on 13,1i~ collected in September, Q l/i 3 3 Fig.7 Oochoristica varan.i : Fig. 7. Scolex with neck. Description: Strobila acraspedote; proglottids without velum. Initial eegmen~s squarish, without development of any organs. Genital atrium prominent, muscular. deep but not extending upto excretory canal, situated at a level about 2/5th from anterior segmentation, irregularly alternate. A pair of ventral and a pair of dorsal excretory canal present. Scolex subglobular in diameter, prominent, with large suckers.

213 HAPBBZULLAH: Oestode8 of J1 ertebr(j'e8 oj Rajaatkan Fully mature segments squarish, slightly longer than wide. No organs anterior to level of genital atrium. Testes in number, arranged in two groups in lateral fields posterior to ovary, tending to coalesce near posterior margin of proglottid. Vas deferens convoluted, surrounded by faint prostate gland cells. Cirrus sac quite wide, 515 o 3 3 Fig.8 Fig. B. M ~ure segment. elongate, extending beyond ventral excretory canal, opening into genital atrium. Ovary median, bilobed, poral half conlparatively smaller than aporal half, each half consisting of several small lobes. Vagina prominent, running posterior to male tube, opening into genital a trium behind male pore. Seminal receptacle formed behind convolutions of male tube. Shell gland small, globular, median, postovarian. Vitellarium large, compact mass of follicles, situated immediately behind shell gland. Gravid segments squarish to rectangular, much longer than broad, all internal organs

214 516 Records oj tke Zoological Survey- oj IntlitJ disintegrated leaving traces of genital atrium and ~ucts, :filled with innuq1erable parenchymal capsules, each surrounding a single egg. Oncbospheres present. d 3 3 Fig.9 Fig. 9, Gravid segment. Remarks: Mukherjee reported Oochoristica tuberculata (Rudolphi, 1819) from Varanas monitor from Bikaner and Jaisalmer districts, Rajasthan. NaiDa and Khicbi (1972) described Ooehori8tiea varani from the same monitor lizard from Jodhp,ur, Rajasthan. They held their species distinct from O. tuberculata in larger scolex, suckers and cirrus pouch, smaller size of embryonal hooks and testes instead of, On the basis of the present material I concur with them that O. tjaranl is district fro~ o. tuberculata.

215 tta'bbiultah: (JestodeB 01 P e,tebrates of Raja8than 517 Genus 2. MathevotaeDia Akhumian Mathevota6tHa Akhumian, Gelmint. Sborn. Let. Deiatelnost Skrjab1n, Akademiya Nauk BBSR, Moscow: : MathevotaeDia paraechinis Nama (Figs ) Math6votasfti~,at'aechints Nama, Rev. BrasiZ. BiaZ., 35 (1) : Material: Host-Paraechinus micropus micropu8 BIVth, Hedgehog, (Insectivora : BxiDaceidae) ; location-intestine; locality-chopasni (Jodhpur, Rajasthan) ; specimens -on 7 slides ; without scolex. o u1 3 3 :17 Fia.IO... Mathevotaenia paraechinis : Fig. 10. Scolex with neck. (after Nama, 1975) Description: Strobila craspedote, proglottids without veiudl. Neck short. Initial segments behind neck without any internal organs. Mature segments broader than

216 518 llecorda 01 tke Zoological Survey 0/ India long, posterior most gravid segments either squarish or slightly longer than broad. Genital pores irregularly alternate, situated on margin near anterior segmentation of of proglottid. Genital atrium shallow. Testes in number, arranged in two groups in lateral fields behind ovary. In last maturing proglottids, two groups of o 3 3 Fig. t I Fig. 11. Mature segment. testes separate, in older ones testes near posterior segmentation tending to meet. Seminal vesicle absent. Vas deferens cohes before entering cirrus sac. Cirrus sac extending beyond dorsal excretory canal. Ovary bilobed, each lobe being further divided into several smaller lobes. Vagina straight, running behind male duct. opening into genital atrium behind male pore. Shell glapd globular, median and postovarian. Vitellarium compact, almost semilunar, surrounding shell gland posteriorly. Gravid proglottids full of parenchymatous capsules, each having a single egg, traces of genital atrium seen. Onchospheres formed in eggs. Remarks: Three species of MathetJotaenia have been described from Rajasthan from three different mammals. They are: M. sancmrenlfis Nama and Khichi, 1973 from H erpestea sp. (mongoose); M. paraechinis Nama, 1975 from Paraecki'1l,'ull micropu8 mtcropu8 (hedgehog) ; and M. symmetrica Akhumian, 1946 from Rattus ratl'u8 (house rat).

217 HAPBBZULLAH: Oealode8 of Vertebrates of Rajasthan 519,The preseqt specimens come very close to M. paraechini8 Nama, 1975 in respect of host, number and size of testes and the size of eggs. o 3 3 Fig.12 Fig. 19. Gravid segment. Family DAVAINEIDAE Fuhrmann, 1907 Subfamily IDIOGBNINAB Fuhrmann, 1932 Genus 4-. Otiditaenia Beddard Otiditaenia Beddard, Froc.,ool. Boc. London, 1912 : Schistomstra Cholodkovsky. [Explanatory catalogue of the collection of parasites of the Imperial Military Aca4emy of Medicine. I. Tapeworllls (Cyolophyllidea)]. Bt. Petersburg, 1912 (in Russian) : PMCJsCh,isiomstra Woodland, Parasitology, 22 : Otiditaepia Dtgric~ps (GqptJl) Schmidt (Figs. 13-1S) 197(), BchUtomstra mgrjqs1's G~ptA, J. Bomba1l Mt..fItst. ~(J(J., 73 ; l88~~ Otiditasnia nigrtcsj>s : Schmidt,OBO Handbook of Tafsworm Idsntijlcation : 24Q.

218 Records of the Zoological Survey of India 520 Material: Host-Ohoriotis nigriceps (Vigors), (Gruiformes : Otididae) ; locationintestine j locality-jaisalmer (Rajasthsn) ; specimens-several, on 17 slides. ō ~ 3. F4qJ3 Fig. 13. Otiditaenia n,igriceps : Scolex with a part of strobila. Description: Strobila craspedote with velum. Proglottids squarish or slightly longer than broad behind neck, devoid of any internal organs, becoming much wider than long with development of gonads, last few gravid proglottids very narrow. Scolex globular, quite prominent, distinctly marked off from neck behind. Suckers four, prominent, each having unarmed margin but with two muscular lappets. Two circles of minute rostellar hooks present, but can be seen with difficulty. Genital pores irregularly alternating, genital atrium present, submarginal, situated in anterior half of lateral margin.

219 HA'BBZULLAR: Oeatotle80/ Vertebrates 0/ Raj(J8tkan 521 Testes in number, arranged along posterior border of proglottids between excretory canals of two sides. Cirrus sac extending inside beyond ventral excretory CRnal, with eversible cirrus. Fig.14 Fig. 14:. Scolex with a part of strobila of another speoimen. Female glands poral. Ovary globular or ovoid, poral. Vagina opening into genital atrium, ventral or dorsal to cirrus sac. Vitellarium compact mass, occasionally crescent-shaped. Uterus a transverse tube or sac parallel to posterior bofder of segments. Paruterine organ not se"n, 9'1

220 522 Records of the ZoowgiOGI StJ,fIfJ'llJ oj I"fiill Remarks: Gupta (1976) described his species from the Great IndtaD Bastard received from Pokbaran (Jaisalmer, Rajasthan). The present author also collected the Fig.15 ~ Fig. 158.!\iature segment. (after Gupta, 1976) E E o Fig. f Sb Fig. 15b. Posterior part of strobila showidb narrow segments with Ve!UIil.

221 HAPBEZULLAH: Oe8todes 01." erlebratea oj Rajast!an 523 material (rom a dead bird of the same species fro'm Jaisalmer. Gupta (loo.oit.) placed this species in the genus Bchi8tometra Cholodkovsky, 1912 but Schmidt (1986) transferred it to the genus Otiditaenia Beddard, Fuhrmann (1932) and later on Schmidt (1986) considered Schi8tometra Cholodkovsky, 1912 and Para8chistometra Woodland, 1930 as identical and consequently synonymised them with Otitlitaenia Beddard, Family HYMENDEPmmAB Railliet and Henry, 1909 Subfamily HYMBNOLBPIDINA'B Perrier, Genus 5. HymeDolepis Weinland Hymenolepis Weinland, Proo. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 6 : Triorchis Olerc, Rev. Suisse Bool., 11 : Hymenolepis dimiouta (Rudolphy) Weinland (Figs ) TaenitJ diminuta Rudolphi, Entozoorum synopsis cui accident mantissa duplex et indices locupletissini, Berolini, x 811 pp H1Imenolepis dimmuta (Rudolphi) : Weinland, An essay on tapeworms of man, x98 pp. E E If) b \ ) 1 Fi g. I 6 Hymenolel.lts climinuta : Fig. 16. Scolex with neck.

222 524 Record8 oj tke Zoolog;'cat Survey oj 1 MiG Material: Host-Rattus rattus, House rat, (Rodentia: Muridae); locationintestine; locality-jodhpur (Rajasthan); specimens-od 6 slides, collected in November, '. ",'. '... ".... ~. ',..... ' '..." '..... '.. ;.:... :... ' :'"0. J ' '.... :.'. -.'..:'..... ~. ",... ' ", " Fig.l7 Fig. 17. Scolex with neck of another specimen De8cription: Strobila craspedote but no velum formed. Scolex small, club-shaped, in diameter, with a rudimentary apical rostellum without hooks; suckers 4, small, unarmed. Neck long. Mature and gravid proglottids much broader than long, ong, 1.fO-l.75 broad. Genital pores unilateral, in middle of lateral margin of proglottids. Testes 3, in diameter, arranged in straight line or triangle, always one poral and two apora), variously arranged with respect to ovary when not in straight line. Seminal vesicle present. Cirrus sac spindle-shaped, in length, extending beyond excretory canal. Ovary single, median, having several lobules, situated nearer to the posterior segmentation, always between poral add next

223 HAPBB~ULLAa: Oe8tode8 oj Vertebrates oj Raja8than 525 apora1 testes. Seminal receptacle formed near ovarv- Vagina opening into genital atrium behind male pore. Gravid proglottids filled up with various sizes of egg.. capsules, each containing several developed ova. o vi 3 3 F1 g. t 8 Fig. 18. Mature segment. ~J Q ln 3 3 Fig. 19. Gra.vid segment. Remark8: It is a com mod tapeworm parasiting house rat, mouce and shrew. Mukherjee (1970) has listed it from Rattua rattus and Ge,billu8 gleadowi from Rajasthan. Nama and Khichi (1975) reported it from Rattu8 ralt'll/} from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) and

224 526 Records of the Zoological SurtJey oj India recorded variations from Johri's (1950) description of this species. The present report also shows that the species exhibits morphological variations. Primarily it is the parasite of the rodents as noted above, but man may also accidentally gets infected by it by eating food contaminated with the infected material. SUMMARY The cestode material for the present study was collected from arid zones of Rajasthan from lizards, birds and rodents during It comprises 6 known species belonging to 5 genera and 3 families of the Order Cyclophyllidea. The species are: Oochoristica karachiensis (Bilqees and Siddiqui, 1975) n. comb. from Hemidactylus brooki and an unidentified lizard, considering O. jodhpuren8i8 Nama, 1974 from Galotea versicolor as synonym of O. karachien8i8; O. varani Nama and Khichi, 1972 from Varanus monitor; Mathevotaenia paraechini8 Nama, 1975 from Paraechinu8 micropu8 microp'u8 ; Otiditaenia nigricep8 (Gupta, 1976) from Ohoriotis nigric2p8 ; and Hymenolepi8 diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819) from Rattu8 rattus. Concise descriptions of the species, important synonymies and interesting remarks are additional features of the present study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for providing laboratory and library facilities to study the material. He is also thankful to Dr. S. K. Bhattacharya, Additional Director, for taking interest in the present study. REFERBNCES Bilqees, F. M. and Siddiqui, M. H Three helminth parasites of the wall lizard Gecko sp. Paki8tan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 18 (6) : Fuhrmann, O Les Tenias dos oiseaux. Memoires de I' UnifJer8ite do NeuckateZ, 8 : 381 pp. Gupta, P. D A new species of cestode of the genus Schistometra (Cestoda: Davaineidae: Idiogeninae) from the Great Indian Bustard, (JI"orioti8 nigriceps (Vigors), J. Bombay nat. Hi8t. Soc" 73 : Johri, L. N Report on cestodes collected in India and Burma. Indian J. Helminth., 2 : Mukherjee, R. P Fauna of Rajasthan, India, part 9. Cestoda. Rec. zool. Surv., India, 2 : Nama, H. S Oyltndrotaenia roonwali sp. n. (Cestoda : Nematotaeniidae) from Rana cyanophlyctis. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. India., 42 (B) :

225 HAnlzuLLAH: Oestode8 of Vertebrate8 of Rajasthan 527 Nama, H. s On a new species of Hymenolepis from Funambulu8 pennanti. Proo. natl. Aoad. Soi. India, 44 (B) : Nama, H. S On the occurrence of Matkevotaenia symmetrioa Akhumian, 1946 (Cestoda: Anoplocepbalidae) from rats in Rajasthan, Labdev J. Sci. Teck., India, 12-B(4) : Nama, H. S A note on some cestodes of goat. Indian J. Helminth., (1972), 24 : Nama, H. S On a new species of Myotolepi8 Spaasky, 1954 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae). Geobios, 1 : Nama, H. S On a new species of M athefjotaenia (Cestoda: Anoplocepbalidae) from the hedgehog, Paraeohill/U8 micropu8 micropus Blyth. Rev. Bra8il Biol., 3S (1) : Nama, H. S On a new species of StapkylooY8ti8 Villot, 1877 (Cestoda: Hymenolepidae) from SunOU8 murinu8 sindensis Acta ParasitoZ. pol., 24 : Nama, H. S On a new species of Ooohoristioa (Cestoda : Anoplocephalidae) from the bouse lizard, HemidaotyZu8 jlaviviridis Riippell. Rev. Bra8il. BioZ., 37 (1) : Nama, H. S On a new species, Paronia galli (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from Gall'll8 domesticu8, in India. Ourr. Soi., 47 : Nama, H. S On a new species of Mosgovoyia from the hare, Lepus sp. (Cestoda : Anoplocephalidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol, 40 ; Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S On a new species of Oookoristioa Liihe, 1898 from Varanus monitor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Soi. India, 42 (B), III: Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S On a new species of Mathevotaenia from mongoose, Herpeates sp. Zool. Anz., 191 : Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S On a new species of cestode from Galotea t1~rsicolor. FoUa Para8itol., Praha, 21 : Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S A new cestode Stapkylocystis sanchoren8is sp. D. (Hymenolepididae) from the shrew, SunrU8 murinu8 sindensis. Folia Parasitol., Praha, 22 : Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S Studies on cestodes (Hymenolepididae) from OoZumba livia and Rattu8 rattus. Aota ParasitoZ. poz., 23 (16) : Schmidt, G. D How to know tke tapewarm8. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque,

226 528 Reoord8 0/ the Zoologioal Survey o/lndia Schmidt, G. D Handbook oj Tapeworm Identification. Raton, Florida, ere Press Inc. Boca Spassky, A. A E8sentials oj Oestodology. VoZ. 1. Anoplocepkalate8 (English Translation, 1961). The Academv of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, Wason, A. and Johnson, S A new genus of hymenolepid cestodes from the Indian gerbil, Patera indioa. J. Helminth., 51 : Yamaguti, S Systema Helmi,nthum. Vol. 11. The Oe8torles of V"rlebraIe8. Interscience. publishers, Inc., New York, 860 pp.

227 Bee. zooz. SurtJ. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 A NOTE ON THE TEMPERATURE PREFERENCE IN MESOBUTHUS TAMULUS PAMULU.8 (FABR.) (ORDER: SCORPIONIDA. FAMILY: BUTHIDAE) B. E. Y ADAV AND R. H. KAMBLE Zoological Survey 0/ India, Western Regional Station, 1182/2, F. O. Road, Shivajinagar, Puna INTRODUCTION Mesobuthu8 tamulu8 tamulu8 is commonly occurring yellow scorpion in Maharashtra. Very scanty information is available on its behavioural patterns except scorpion poisioning and venom studies (Ramamurthi & Jangi, 1987, Tare 1981), while a comprehensive account on its taxonomy by Tikadar & Bastawade (1983) is worth mentioning. In January, experiments were conducted by keeping an illuminated electric bulb in the cage. Scorpions responded towards this stimulus. The present paper deals with one month's observations on Me8obutku8 tamulu8 tamulus(fabr.). Various experiments yielded similar results. Scorpions, inhabitants of warmer part of the globe, show great adaptability as tolerance for higher temperatures. Few authors, cloudsley-thompson (1962) ; Alexander &. Ewer (1958) ; Warburg & Ben horln (1981) and Hadley (1970) have demonstrated the ability of several species of scorpions to withstand higher temperatures, e. g. LeiurUB q'uinquestriatus (L.). H adrurus arizonen8is, Oentruroides sculpturatu8, Opistkophthalmu8 latimanu8, B. judaicu8, ButhotU8 minax. MATERIALS AND MBTHODS Five specimens of Mesobutku8 tamulu8 tamulu8 were collected from Pashan, in the vicinity of Pune. The specimens brought to the laboratory were kept for a week to acclimatize them. They were kept in a wooden cage of 45 cmsx30 cmsx30 ems size having a glass top. The sides were fitted with iron mesh. The cage was supported by four, 7.5 cm. high wooden blocks, which were immersed in plastic containers filled with water to prevent the attack of ants. Sand and dry soil was spread in the cage. Few pieces of dry coconut shells and smaller stones were kept here and there for sbelter. Insects were given as food, twice a week ~nd a petridish filled with water was kept in the Icage. 28

228 530 Records of the Zoological B'IM''lJ8g oll,.tug An illuminated electric bulb of 60 w. was arranged in the cage for a period of one hour. Initial temperature in the cage and temperature surrounding scorpions was Doted. After half an hour temperature surrounding scorpions was recorded. Orientationapproach and the sitting posture of scorpions were observed. BULB 'STONE E!..t'!.:..L RESPON~!O THE SOURCE OF HEAT In an another set of experimtnt, a beaker containing the illuminated candle was kept in the cage. Temperature was recorded. The experiment was repeated by shifting the beaker and the reaction of scorpions was noted.

229 YADAV &. I(AMBLE: Pemperature preference in M. tamutu8 tamulu8 (Fabr.) Re8ponBe to electric bulb :- OBSERVATIONS In the month of January 1981, 3 sets of experiments were conducted on 5 scorpions. All scorpions reacted positively. They oriented with projected open pincers from below the stone, within 5-10 minutes, gradually scorpions approached with the movement of pedipalps. Real sign whether scorpions realised the sense of heat was that they opened and extended their pedipalps. In one instance, scorpion just extended its pedipalps from below the stone. When the light was put.on, scorpions gradually came out from beneath the coconut shell. After few minutes march, scorpions attained particular sitting position some distance away from the bulb. Their prosoma were facing away from the bulb and metasoma were towards the bulb. Tails were curled over back and pedipalps were held very close to chelicerae. Few scorpions just shifted their previous sitting position and remained concealed beneath stones, Scorpions sat in this position for more than hour, when the light was made oft~ they did not change their place, scorpions had acquired a temperature surrounding them c. TABLE I: Showing the sitting position of scorpions. Scorpion A B c D E Distance of sitting away from bulb 4 ems away 8 ems away 4 ems above on the inner side of cage 8 cms away in the corner of cage 7 cms away Position of sitting Posterior end facing towards the bulb sting upwards -do- -do- Pedipalps closed near chelicere -do- Below a stone.

230 532 Records oj tke Zoological Sur1Jey oj India TABLE II Showing the response of scorpions towards the source of beat Date: Time of light on: a.m. Time of light off: noon Initial temp. in the cage 25 c. Scor- Time of Initial Temp. Time required Time of Dis- After Sitting pion orientation surrounding to come near sitting tance i hr. position of scorpions bulb temp. scorpions acquired by scor. A a.m. 2 minutes a.m. 4 ems 30 0 e Below stone, near bulb, prosoma towards bulb. B a.m. 3 minutes a.m. 6 ems 30 c Sting towards bulb, in the corner of cage C a.m. 8 minutes 11,20 a.m. 8 ems 29 c Scorpion was in the gap between two stones, sting towards the bulb. o a.m. Immediately a.m. 8 ems 29 c -do- E a.m. -do a.m. 10 ems 30 c On the inner side of cage. Just it reverted the position. Prosoma towards bulb. (1) After one hour temperature surrounding scorpions was in the range of c. (2) At 1.20 p. m. all the scorpions changed their sitting places.

231 Y: ADAV & KAMBLE: Temperature preference in M. tamulu8 tamulu8 (Fabr.) 533 (II) Re8pon8e of Scorpions towards illuminated candle : Fifteen minutes after keeping the beaker containing illuminated candle in the cage, 3 out of 5 scorpions displayed similar orientation-approach response to those observed by keeping illuminated bulb. Scorpions came closer to beaker and sat with their pedipals closed near chelicerae ~-8eaker E E P ~_-- f.~cl'".~~- Candle Fig"L RESPONSE TO ll.lumin~ted CA~DLE Three females came in close contact with beaker and sat in the gap between inner side of cage and the beaker. One gravid female twice attempted to climb on the beaker. Her pedipalps were touching the upper edge of beaker and she stood in erect position.

232 534 Records oj tke Zoological S'U'ff)ey oj India After shifting a beaker at other place again she approached and tried to climb over beaker. Two females sat in a position such that they were in close contact with beaker. Two males did not show response towards this stimulus. Temperature surrounding scorpions was c. When the candle was made off, scorpions did not change their sitting position. DISCUSSION In January, Mesobuthu8 tamulus tamulu8 showed affinity towards the source of heat (Illuminated bulb and candle) and preferred a temperature surrounding their body c with particularly sitting away from the bulb at the distance (4 to 10 ems) and their stings were facing towards the bulb. However in case of candle experiment, scorpions sat in close contact with beaker regardless of their strictly nocturnal habit. Results of the present study are in agreement with the investigations made by earlier authors (Cioudsley-Thompson, 1962); Abushama (1984) and Alexander and Ewer (1958) stating that the upper lethal limit of temperature for the scorpion Leiufu8 quinquesriatus (H & E) to be 47 c and Buthotus minax was 45 c, after 24 hours exposure. OpishophthalmU8 latimanu8 preferred a temperature range c. More over Warburg & Benhorin (1981) reported that two Buthids; Buthotus judaicu, and Leiurus quinquestriatu.s reamined in the warmer zones of the gradient (25-27 c) for longer period. As the experiments on M esobuthus tamulu8 tamulus were conducted in January; cold climate of this month may be a factor inducing this behaviour in M esobuthu8 tamulus tamnlua. Recent studies indicate scorpions are also able to behaviourally regulate their temperature through vertical movements within the burrow (Hadley 1970). As soon as keeping the illuminated bulb in the cage.. Me8obutku8 tamulu8 tam'ul'u8 opened fingers of their padipalps-this observation suggests that the pedipalp receptors may possess some cues informing abour physical conditions of the environment. Further scorpions sat in a particular position-avoiding the direct light and stings facing towards the bulb-this observation supports the views of Abushama (1964) that receptors perceiving the heat are located on hairs of poison bulb of scorpions. Field observations indicate that M esobuthu8 tamulu8 tamulu8 occupied a range of temperature c in natural habitats.

233 Yi'bAV &. KAMBLB: Temperature preference in M. tamulu8 tamulu8 (Fabr.) 535 SUMMARY Although M e8obuthu8 tamulus tamulu8 is a nocturnal species, in captivity it displayed affinity towards the source of heat (Electric bulb and illuminated candle) in cooler month (January), scorpions reacted by sitting in a particular position. Their prosoma was facing away from the direct light for longer period. Temperature surrounding scorpions was recorded in the range of c. Response of scorpions towards the electric bulb was within a period of 5-10 minutes. While in case of illuminated candle the response was not so fast. The sitting distance of scorpions from the source of heat was directly related to the intensity of heat. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are greateful to Dr. B. S. Lamba, Joint Director in-charge, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta for providing the facilities for work and to Dr. B. K. Tikader, Ex Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta for his kind guidance & to Dr. G. M. Yazdani, Sci-SF, ole. Thanks are due to Shri P. W. Garde, for preparing some illustrations and to Mrs. K. K. kathawde for typing the manuscript. REFERENCES Abushama, F. T On the behaviour and sensory physiology of the scorpion Leiuru8 quinquestriatu8 (H & E). Anim. Behav. 12, Alexander, A. J. and Ewer, D. W Temperature adaptive behaviour in the scorpion Opi8thophthalmu8latimanu8 Koch. J. exp. biol. 35, Cloudsley-Thomson. J. L Lethal temperatures of some desert arthropods and mechanism of heat death. Ent. exp. apple 5, Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L Some aspects of the physiology of ButhotU8 minax (Scorpiones: Butbidae) with remarks on other African scorpions. Erdo. Month Mag. 98 : Hadley, N. F Micrometrologyand energy exchange in two desert arthropods. Ecology, 51 :

234 536 Records oj tke Zoological Survey 0/1 nd'a Ramamurthi, R. and Jangi, B. S Scorpion poisioning, Science Reporte" 24 (3) : Tare, Studies on Scorpions : Ecological, biometrical and output of venom studies M. SCI Diss. Bombay University, pp Tikader, B. K, and Bastawade, D. B Fauna of India Arachnida: Scorpions, Vol. III, pp, 671. Warburg, M. R. and Ben-Horin, A The response to temperature gradients of scorpions from Mesic rand Xeric habitats. Oomp. Biockem. 1J81J8io'. vol. (j8 A ~279.

235 Bea. saol. 8u",. India, '3 (3-4) : , 1993 TREMATODES OF VERTEBRATES OF RAJASTHAN M. HAPBEZULLAH Zoological Survey oj India, M-Bloc1c, 535-New Alipore, Oalcutta-' INTRODUCTION The present study is based on the digenetic trematodes of garden lizards, snakes and bats collected from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) and the nearby areas during They belong to the families Dicrocoeliidae, Lecithodendriidae and Plagiorchiidae and are all known forms. Therefore, only their diagnostic features are included in this paper with interesting remarks on variability, zoogeography, host and locality records and synonymies. The specimens were processed according to the standard methods of collection i. e. flattening under cover glass pressure, killing and fixing with the fixative AFA, preserving in 70% alcohol, staining with borax carmine, differentiation with acid alcohol, dehydration with higher grades of alcohol, clearing with xylol and clove oil, mounting in Canada balsam, and finally drying the permanent mounts on temperature regulated hot plate. The drawings have been made with the aid of a camera luclda. The material has been deposited with the National Collections of Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Family DICROCOBLIlDAE Odhner, 1910 Subfamily DICROCOBLUNAB Looss, 1899 Genus 1. Paradistomum Kossack ParaiUstomum Kossaok, Otbl. Bakt. I. Ortg., 56 (~) : Paro,aistomotdes TravasBos, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Orus, 2 : ~6S Paradistomum: Arora and Agarwal, Bull. tlool. Soc. OoZZege SC'i., Nagpur, 3 : PMaclistom,o'id,es: Arora and Agarwal, BuZZ. Baal, Soc. Oollege Sci., Nagpur,3 : 51. Arora and Agarwal (1960) have studied intra-specific variations in Paradi8tomum orientalis (Narain and Das, 1929) in detail in 157 specimens collected from the gallbladder of Oalatea ver8icolor Daud. They have made systematic study of the digenean trematode on the basis of five pure populations, each of one, sixteen, eight and fifty-one specimens while a sixth sample of mixed population of sixty-seven parasites was also included in the study. They have noted marked variations in shape (broad and leaf-like, slender, elongated) and ~i~e of the body? width of intestinal caeca i9

236 538 RtOOrd8 oj the Zoological 8'11,tt61/ oj I ",dia (extremely broad to narrower), length of oesophagus in broad to narrower forms, lobation of testes (from ovoid to indented). positions of ovary and genital pore, etc. in specimens recovered from a single gall-bladder. The most significant variation they have noted is in the anterior extent of vitellaria with respect to the level of the anterior margin of the testes or the ventral sucker-intergrading variations in the gravid individuals collected from the same gall-bladder. On this evidence, they do not agree with the separation of Paradistomoide8 Travassos, 1944 from Pafadistomum Kossack, The author has also studied six pure populations (16, 5, 8, 1, 2, 2) recovered from the gall-bladder of Galotes ver8icolor and Hemidactylu8 brooki examined at Jodhpur, Rajasthan. He has also come to the same conclusion that Paradi8tomoide8 should be considered as a synonym of Paradistomum. 1. Paradistomam orientalis (Narain and Das) (Figs. 1, 2) DtcrocoeZ"um orientalis Narain and Das, J. Bombay f1,at, Htst., 33 (2) : Paraclistomum orisntalis: Bhalerao, J. Helminth., 14 ; Pa7'aclistomum m,oghst Bhalerao, J. HsZmtinth., 14 : 1' Paradistomum banarasenris Baugh, Proc. natl. Acad. Bci. India, B, 26 (6) : Paradistomoids8orientalts: Nama and Khiohi, Z. Angew. ZooZ.,60 : Paradistomotdes medius Nama and Khiohi, Z.A.ngew. ZooZ., 60 : 258. (syn. nov.) Paradistomoides brevis Nama and Khichi, Z.A.ngew Zool., 60 : 259 (Syn. nov,) Material: Hosts-Oalotes versicolor Oaud., (Squamata: Sauria : Agamidae); Hemidactylu8 brooki, (Squamata; Sauria: Geckonidae); location-gall-bladder; locality-jodhpur (Rajasthan); no. of specimens =34, on slides, collected in May and October, Diagnosis: Body narrow elongated to leaf-like with narrow anterior end and broadly rounded posterior end. Suckers equal to sub equal. Pre pharynx indistinct pharynx small; oesophagus slender; intestinal caeca narrow to fairly broad. Testes ovoid to globular, immediately posterolateral to acetabulum, caecal. Cirrus sac cylindrical to fusiform, lying between acetabulum and intestinal bifurcation. Genital pore at level of intestinal bifurcation. Ovary globular to ovoid, immediately behind testes, median or submedian. Seminal receptacle smaller or subequal or even larger than ovary. Uterine coils filling all avauable postacetabular space. Vitelline follicles variable in anterior extent being post-testicular to testicular or even pretesticular. Remark8 I Paradi8tomum moghei (Bhalerao, 1936) was recovered from the liver of Galotes tjer8icolor and was described as distinct from p. orientalis, but Krishnaswamy

237 HAFEEZULLAH: Trematodes 0/ Vertebrates o/ifajastkan 539 and Anantaraman (1956), while studying variations in 91 specimens recovered from the gall-bladder of O. versicolor, arrived at the conclusion that it should be a synonym of P. orientalis, in spite of differences in body shape, size, vitellaria not extending anteriorly beyond the anterior border of testes, in the contents of the cirrus sac and 3 3 Fid- I Figs. 1. Paradistomum orientazis from Hemidactylu8 brooki. En tire worms. wide intestinal caeca. Arora, Agarwal and Agarwal (1962) studied the occurrence of intra-specific variations in p. orientalis from the liver [18 (N.= 1Bex.)] and intestine [27 (N = 27ex.)] of C. versicolor. As a result of this study, they considered p. 7noghei and p. banarasensis as synonymous with P.orientalis. The authors gave an emended diagnosis of this species.

238 540 Record8 oj the Zoological Survey oj 1 'J1,cJ,ia Nama and Khichi (1973) did not consult Krishnaswamy and Anantaraman (1956), Arora and Agarwal (1960) and Arora, Agarwal and Agarwal (1962) and maintain Paradistomoides Travassos, 1944 distinct from Paradi8tomum Kossack, 1910 and p. moghei (Bhalerao, 1936) and p. orientali8 as distinct species. They further added 2 more new, \ Fig,2, Paradist01num orientalis from Hemidactylus brooki. Entire worms. species in the genus Paradi8tomoide8 which were collected from the gall-bladders of Hemidactylu8 jlaviviridis from Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The two new species p. mediu8 and p. brevi8 fall within the great range of intraspecific variations of Paradi8tomum orientali8. The present author therefore considers both the species as synonyms of p. orientali8. 2. Paradistomum spatulum (Simha) n. comb. (Figs. 3, 4) Paradistomoides spatulus Simha, Z. Parasitenkd., 18 : ParadistO?noides diminutus Nama and Khichi, Z. Angew. Zool., 60 : 260. (n. syn.)

239 'HAnBzuLtAH: Trematodes oj Vertebrates of Rajasthan PIJ1'lJaistomoides intermedius Nama a.nd Khichi, Z. Angew. Zool., 60 : 263. (n. syn.) 19'18. Paradistomotdes ezongatub Na.ma and Khichi, Z..A.ngew. Zool., 60 : 265. (n. syn.) MateriaZ: I-Iost.s--Oalote8 versicolor, (Squamata: Sauria : Agamidae) ; Eryx conicu8, (Ophidia : Boidae); location-gallbladder; locality-jodhpur (Rajasthan); no. of speclmens-642=12, on slides, collected in May and October ry o 3 3 Fig. 8. Paraaistomum 81JatuZum from Oalotes versicozor. Entire woom. Diagnosis: Body large, oblong or spatulate- Oral sucker terminal. Acetabulum in middle of anterior half of body, larger than oral sucker. Pharynx muscular. Oesophagus very short. Caeca much wide, distended, extending slightly short of posterior end of body. Testes symmetrical, one OD either side immediately behind acetabulum, smaller or almost equal to latter. Cirrus sac small. Genital opening ventral to

240 542 Records of the Zoological Survey of India intestinal bifurcation. Ovary entire or of irregular margin, post-testicular, median or submedian. Seminal receptacle and shell gland present near ovary. Vitelline follicles extending from about equatorial plane to level of anterior margin of acetabulum or beyond it, definitely post testes. Dense and close coils of uterus filling entire hind body. N o 3 3 Fig.4 Fig. 4. Paradistomum spatulum from Eryx contcus. En tire worm. Remark8: Simha (1958) described this species from the gail-bladder of the rock lizard, Oalotes numbericola, from Hyderabad. The present specimens from the gallbladder of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, and the snake, Eryx conicus, from Jodhpur (Rajasthan), closely resemble Simha's description except in smaller eggs. The body also is not uniformly broad and spatulate in all the specimens from both the

241 HAnBZULLAH: Premalodes 0/ Vertebrate8 01 Rajastkom, 543 hosts. The present specimens also come very close to Paradistomum oouteleni (Deblock, Capron and Brygoo, 1962) in body size, extent of vitellaria, small cirrus sac, greatly distended caeca and egg size. It is quite possible that further study may prove P. couteleni as synonym of p. spatulum. Nama and Khichi (1973) did not compare their species Paradistomoiae8 diminutus, p. intermedius and P. elongatus with Paradistomoides 8patuZu8 Simha, 1958, and did not consult the papers of Arora and Agarwal (1960) and Arora, Agarwal and Agarwal (1962). In the light of these investigations and study of the present material, p. diminutu8, p. intermedius and p. elongatu8 fall as synonyms of Paraai8tomum 8patulum (Simha, 1958). Family LECITHODENDRIIDAE Odhner, 1911 Subfamily LECITHOD'BNDRIINAE Looss, 1902 Genus 2. Prosthodendrium Dollfus Lscithoaeftclrium LOOBS, (Partim), M6m. Inst. Eg1J:Pt, 3 : Prosthoaenarium DoUms, Ann. Parant.. 9 : 4:84:. 194:8. Skrjabinoaendrium Ska.rbilovioh, DokZ. Acad. Nauk SSSB n. 8., 38 (7) : OMroptoaendrium Skarbilovich, DokZ. Acad. Nauk SSSR n. s., 38 (7) : :8. Trav(JSsodeMrtum Bkarbilovich, DokZ. Aoaa. Nauk SSSR n. s., 38 (7) : :. Longitrema Ohen, Aota BOOZ. Stnica, 6 : 150. The genus Pr08thodendrium. was erected by Dollfus (1931) with Prosthodenclrium dinanatum (Bhalerao, 1962) as its type species. With the passage of time, a large number of species was added under it. It included species with lobed and unlobed ovaries. DoUfus (1937) divided this genus into two subgenera, fjiz., Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 with Proslhodendrium (Pr08tkodenarium) dinanatum (Bhalerao, 1926) as type species, and ParaZecithodenar ium Odhner, 1911 without a type species. The former lecithodendriid trematodes included with unlobed overies while the latter trematodes with lobed ovaries. This arrangement is generally accepted by other workers. Dubois (1960, 1962) revised the subgenera Pr08tkodendrium and Paratec,'hodendrium respectively, reducing the number of species to 23 in the former and 6 in the latter through synonymisation. Later OD, a few more species were added to each subgenus. Yamaguti (1971) accepted the validity of Skrjabinodendrium on the basis of the characters of Lecitkodendrium orospinosa Bhalerao, 1926 only, and that of Longi.trema on the basis of Prosthodendr'urn pitiforme Yamaguti, 1939, as the type species, (other species being Lecithodendrium bhazeraoi Pande, 1935, ProBthodendrium chilostomum (Mehlis, 1831) Macy, 1936, Prostkodendrium ckilo8tomum madagascarien8e Richard, 1966, Lecitkodendrium longijorme Bhalerao, 1926, Lecitkodendrium longijorme allahabadi Pande, 1935 and Lecithodendrium Zuzonicum Tubangui, 1928). However, there appears to be no pronounced generic difference between these two genera and others listed above.

242 544 Record8 0/ tke ZoologioaZ 8'UrtJey oj 1 ",rua 3. Prosthodendriom (Prosthodendriom) longiforme Bhalerao (Fig. 5) Lecithodendrium longiforme Bhalerao, J. Burma Res. Soc., 15 ; 18S Lecithodendrium luzonicum Tubangui, Phiiipfine J. Sc., 36 ; S Prosthodendrium longiforme: Dollfus, Ann. Parasit., 9 : Lecithodendrium bhazeraoi Pande, Proc. Acad. SCI U.P. Agra Oudh, 5 (1) : Lecithodendrium langiforme var allahabad';' Pande, Froc. Acad. Be. U. P. Agra Oudh, 5 (1) : Prosthodendrium (Pr.) longiforme : Dollfus, BulZ. Mus. Boy. Htst. Nal. Belgtf}.ue, 13 : Lecithodendrium kitazawat Ogata, Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 51 (8) : Prosthodendrium (Pr.) Zongiforme : Dubois, Rev. Bwisse ZooZ., 62 : Prosthodendrium magnum Rysavy, Oosk. pq/1'aritol., 3 : Prosthodendrium Zongiforme: Matskasi, Parasite Hung., 6 : 84. E E to b Fig. 5. Prosthoaen,artum loftgiforme, Entire worm.

243 HAnEZULLAH: Trematodes 01 Vertebrates of Raja8than 545 Material: Host-Tadarida aegypticq, Geofrroy, (Family Molossidae); locationintestine; localitv-jodhpur; no. of specimens-2, on one slide. Diagnosis: Bodyellipticallv elongated, about 1.30 mm. long. Oral sucker large, subterminal. Oesopbagus indistinct. Intestinal caeca wide, extending laterally and obliquely to anterior margins of testes. Acetabulum smaller than oral sucker. Testes on either side of acetabulum. Pseudo cirrus sac between acetabulum and intestinal bifurcation. Ovary unlobed, position variable in acetabular zone. Vitelline follicles OD either side of hinder part of oral sucker. Uterus occupying whole of postacetabular space. Remarks: Bhalerao (1926) originally described this species from a bat, Nyctinomus pzioatus, in Burma and placed it under the genus Lecithodendrium Looss, Dollfus (1931) transferred it to his genus Prosthodendrium. Later on, Bhalerao (1936) agreed to it. Pande (1935) described Lecithodendrium longilorme var. allahabadi and L. bhaleraoi from the bat Nyoticejus TcukU which were synonvmised with p. (Pr.) longiforme bv Dubois (1955). Matskasi (1973) recorded it from 9 different species of bats from Birsivpur, Calcutta, Nalhani (West Bengal), Bhubaneswar, Konark, Udavgiri (Orissa), Mahableshwar (Maharashtra) and Cherrapunjee (Meghalava) in India. It was also reported from Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, Czechoslovakia, Hungarv, U. S. S. R., Poland, Egypt and Afghanistan. Recently, Wason and Johnson (1978) reported it from the bat, Taphozus per/oratu8 per/oratus from Jodhpur (Rajasthan, India). 4. Prosthodendriom (Prosthodendriom) parvooteros (Bhalerao) Dubois (Fig. 6) Lectthoae1f,clrtu'm coraiforme parvout61'us Bhalerao, J. Burma Res. Soc., 15 : 182, Lecithodendrwm corcliforme of Modhinger (nee Braun, 1900), Zool. R. SCI Univ. Heng., Budapest 1 (3) : ProsthodendrWm f'uskltri Bhalerao, J. HeZm'intk., 14 (4) : Prostkoaenilrfum cordij01'me : Bhalerao, Ibid, 14 (4) : Leeithodenitrium :pyramidum Lukasiak (nee LoosS, 1896), Fragm. li'0iu1f,. Mus. Zool. Polan" 4 (5) : Prosthoaendrium 1lflramidum ortentale Yamaguti and Asada, Bull. Inst. Sci. Res" Manchoukuo, 6 : 498: Prosthodendrtum cardi/arme of Chen (nee Brrun, 1900), Acta zool. Sinica, 6 : Prosthodendrilum (Prosthodenilrium) parvouterus: Dubois. Rev. Suisse Zool., 62 : 490, 493J1 498, 502, Prostkoilenilrtum corat/orme of Yah (nee Braun, 1900), J. Helminth., 31 (3) : Prosthodenitrium :parvouterus: Matskasi, Parasite Hung. 6 : 86. Material: Host-Tadrida aegyptica Geofrroy, (Family Molossidae); locationintestine; locality-luni (Jodbpur, Ra'asthan); no, of specimen-32, on slides. 30

244 546 Reoord8 0/ tke Zoological 8""611 oj 1 t'miia Diagnosis: Ovoid to pyriform; small, about 1.0 mm long, occasionally broader than long. Suckers almost equal. Intestinal caeca extending obliquely to anterior margins of testes. Testes large, larger than acetabulum, situated on either side of it. Pseudocirrus sac usually dorsal to acetabulum, larger than latter. Ovary postacetabular, larger than acetabulum, smaller than testes. Vitelline fallicles anterior to intestinal caeca or overlapping it. Uterus occupying whole of postacetabular space. Positions of pseudocirrus sac and ovary with respect to acetabulum slightly variable. Shape and size of gonads variable. o Vi 3 3 ~. d <41 II! (J~ ~() Fig. 6. Prosthod6nMium parvoutsfus. EnUre worm. Remarks: The species was described by Bbalerao (19~6) f~()m a bat, Nyoe;,nomfJ,B plicatu8 (= Tatlarida pzicata) and placed it in the genus Lecitkoilentf,r''IJ,ma~ ~ sgbspecies of L. cordiforme Braun, Dubois (1955) raised the subspecies parvo'uteru8 to the rank of a species distinct from L. cordi!orme Braun and transferreq it Q,JlQer th~ genus Prosthodendrium. It was later recorded from Hungary, Malavsia, Cz~cho$lovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, Morrocco, Zambia, Vietnam, India and Afghanistan. Soud and Ratnadan (1977) redescribed it from the bats TapkozU8 n,udiventri8,.a.8ellia tridem triaens and Otonycte)'i hemrichi from Egypt. The details of the present specimens agree

245 ~IBBtULtAH: Trematodes of Vertebrates of Rajasthan 547 Mth those given by Bhalerao (1926) and Saoud and Ramadan (1977). However, the body shape may vary from round to oval and the positions of the cirrus sac and ovary Jilay also vary with respect to the ventral sucker. The shape and size of the gonads are also variable. Kifune and Sawada (1980, 1982) and Kifune (1980a, 1982b) recorded it from various places in Japan. Kifune and Lee (1983) collected it from Korea. Matskasi (1973) recovered it from four species of bats from Birsivpur, Calcutta (West Bengal), Ricchai (M. P.) and Ellora caves (Maharashtra). 5. Prosthodendrium (Paralccithodendrium) ovimagoosum (Bhalerao) Dollfus (Figse 7, 8) Lscithodentlr,um o'vimagnosum Bhalerao 6 J. Burma Res. Soc., 15 : P'I'osthodensrium ovimagnosum : Dollfus, Ann. Parasit., 9 : Prosthotlendr:ium ~vimagno8um : Bhalerao, J. Helminth., 14 (4) : Lecithodendrium asada, Fukui and Ogata, Zool. Mag. (Japan), 51 : Proslhodendrium he:pattcum Chen 6 Acta Bool. Sinica,6 : ParaZectthodenarium magwioris Gupta and Bhardwaj, Res, Bull. Panjab Univ., 141 : F 19.. " 7 Pil"osthodendrium ovimagnosum. Entire worm. I Material: Host-Rhinopama harawickei Gray, Family Rhinopomatidae) j location -intestine; locality-bhim Bbarak (Jodhpur); no. of specimens-17, OD slide.

246 548 Records oj tke ZooiogicaZ 8urtJey of ind~a Diagnosis: Body ovoid, small, wider than long. Suckers almost equal. Intestinal caeca extending obliquely to testes. Testes much larger than suckers, situated on either side of acetabulum. Pseudocirrus sac preacetabular. Ovary large, much lobed, preacetabular, extending almost from one testes to other. Vitelline follicles on either side of oral sucker and pharynx, anterior to and occasionally overlapping intestinal caeca. Uterus occupying all available space in hindbody. Fig. 8. Prosthodendrlum ovimagnosum. Entire worm. Remarks: Bhalerao (1962) described it as Lecitkodadrium ovimagno8um from the bat Nyctonomus plicatus in Burma. Dollfus (1931) transferred it in the genus Prostkodendrium while reviewing the subgenus Paralecitkodendrium Odhner, Dubois (1962) accepted the validity of only six species under it and Prostkodendrium (Par.) ovimagnosum was one of them. He further synonymised Lecithodendrium asadai Fukui and Ogata, 1938 alld Paralecithodendrium magnioris Gupta and Bhardwaj, 1985 with Bhalerao's species. Pro8thodendrium hepaticum Chen, 1954 was also enumerated as one of the six valid species in the subgenus Paralecitkodendrium by Dubois (loc. cit.), but Matskasi (1973) regarded it as a synonym of p. otjimagn08'um on the basis of Vietnamese materi~l.

247 HA'BBiuLLAH: Trematode8 of Vertebrate8 of Rajasthan 549 He further recorded it from Birsivpur, Nalbani, Barkalikapur, Calcutta (West Bengal), Bbubaneswar, Konarak, Udaygiri (Orissa), Richai (M. P.), Elephanta caves and Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra) in India from the intestine of eight species of bats including Rkinopoma kardwiclcei. Al though the present specimens vary in the measurements of various organs as well as in the positions of the ovary and pseudocirrus sac with respect to the ventral sucker, the broadly and essentially conform to the original description. It was also reported from the Philippines, China and North Somaliland. Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE Lube, 1901 Subfamily PLAGIORCHllNAE Pratt, 1902 Genus 3. Plagiorchis Luhe Plagiorchis Liihe, Zool. Ana., Leipaig, 22 : 531, 53~, 533, 534: Bsnolelstr6ma Cheng, Am. Miell. Nat., 6 : 84, Plagiorchis koreanus Ogata (Figs. 9-12) Plagiorchis kcweanum Ogata, Annot. ZooZ. Ja~an, 17 : Material: Host-Rhinopoma kardwickei Gray, (Family Rbinopomatidae) ; Tadarida aegyptica Geoffroy, (Family Molossidae); location-intestine; locality-jodhpur; no. of specimens-31, on two slides; collected on and E E If) o Fig. 9. Plagiorchis koreanub from Bhino!poma harelwickei. Entire worm. Dorsal View. Diagnosis: Body small, less than 2.0 rom long. Oral sucker much larger than ventral sucker. Testes add ovary also larger than ventral sucker. Testes larger than

248 550 Recoras oj tke Zoological Survey 0/1 ",d,i" or equal to or smaller than ovary. Anterior extent of vitellarium in.1evel with snterior or posterior margin of ventral sucker or remaining behind it. Uterus completely descending into caudal space or not. Remarks: Ogata (1938) first described this species from the bat N1JotaluB aviator from Korea. Later OD, he (1943) reported it from the same host as well as Rhinopoma jerrumeguium nippon from Japan. Groschaft and Tenora (1973) reported it from eight o vi 3 3 ~ Fi{ 10 Fig. 10. Plagiorchis 'korean'us from Rh'ino:poma hardwic'kei. Entire worm. Dorsal View. species of bats from Afghanistan, viz., Eptesticu8 serotinu8, E. na8utu8, Pipistrellu8 coromandra, Mgoti8 longipe8, Nyctatus montaun8, Rkinopoma micropkyllum, R. kartlwtcldei and Rhinolophus lepia'us. Wason and Johnson (1978) recorded it from bats-tophozo'u8 perforatu8 and Rhinopoma microphyllum. Kifune and Sawada (1979, 1982) from Japan and Kifune, Sawada and Lee (1983) from Korea recorded it from various species of bats. This is the second report of Plagiorchis koreanus from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) and Tadarida aegyptica appears to be the new host record. Some workers including Dubois (1960) considered Plagiorchi8!coreanu8 Ogata as a synonym of Plagiorchia ve8pertilionis (Muller, 1784) Braun, 1900, the type species of the genus Plagiorchis Liihe, 1899, which was accepted by Timofeeva (1962), Hurkova (1962), Hurkova (1963) and Richard (1966) but Sogandares-Bernal (1956), Groscbaft and Tenora (Zoo. cit.), Klfune and Sawada (loc. cit.) Kifune, Sawada and Lee (Zoe. cil.)

249 HABIB,ULLAR: T,ematocles 0/ Vertebrates 01 Raja8than 551 B nd Wason add Johnson (lac. cit.) do not agree with this view and consider Ogata's tpe~ies distinct from p. ve8pertilionis. The present author concurs with these workers. E E Lf) b F i g.11 Fig. 11. Plag'iorohi,s koreanu8 from Rh';'noioma harawicke'i. Entire worm. Ventral View. Plagiorehls tjespertilionis is characterised by a much longer body than that of P. lcoreanu8, oral sucker is equal or subequal to ventral sucker and ovary is always smaller than

250 552 Records of the Zoological Survey 0/1 ndia ventral sucker. Sogandras-Bernal (1956) not only accepted the validity of p. 1corean'l1-8 against P. vespertilionis but also pointed out that P. vespertilionis of Shtrom and Sondak,..."'"..-., "'e.,.,. 11-.t. - ~..... ~. N ~,,... '! , ' Fi g.12 Fig. 12. Plagiorchis koreanus from Tadartda aegyptica. Entire worm. Ventral View. (1935) from the bat Pipistrellu8 pipistrellus was misidertified and opened that it is actually P. koreanu8 Ogata, He came to the conclusion on the basis of body length (1.53 mm) and oral sucker larger than ventral sucker.

251 HAnEzuLLAH: Trematodes 01 Vertebrate8 0/ Rajasthan 553 SUMMARY The material for the present study was collected from lizards, snakes and bats from Jodhpur and its environs. The genus Paradistomoides has been considered as indistinct from Paradistomum. Parailistomoides medius Nama and Khichi and Paradistomoides brevi8 Nama and Khichi are considered as synonyms of Paradisfomum orienta Us (Narain and Das). Paradistomoides diminutus Nama and Khichi, p. intermedius Nama and Khichi and p. elongatus Nama and Khichi are svnonymised with Paradi8tomum spatulum (Simha). Prosthodendrium (Prostkodendrium) longi/orme Bhalerao, Prosthodendrium (P'I'ostkodenarium) parvouterus (Bhalerao), Prosthodendrium (Paralecitkodentlrium) 0'IJimagn08um (Bhalerao) and PZagiorckis koreanum Ogata have been reported from new hosts and locality. Intra-specific variations and synonymies have been discussed. ACKNOWLBDGEMBNTS The author is obliged to Dr. A. K. Ghosh, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for providing laboratory and library facilities for the study. He is also thankful to Dr. S. K. Bhattacharya, Additional Director, for taking interest in the study. REPRBNCBS Arora, S. and Agarwal, S. M Studies on some intraspecific variations in Paradistomum orienta lis Narain and Das collected from the gall-bladder of Galates ver8icolor Daud. : Part I (Dicrocoeliidae : Trematoda). Bull. zool. Soo., Oollege Sci., Nagpur, '3 : Arora, S., Agarwal, M. M. and Agarwal, s. M Studies on some intra-specific variations in Pa'l'adistomum orientali8 Naraln and Das collected from the liver and intestine of Oalates versicolor Daud. ; Part II (Dicrocoeliidae: Trematoda). 1 ndian J. Helminth., 14 (1) : Bhalerao, O. D The intestinal parasites of the bat (Nycti,nomus pucojus) with a list of the trematodes hitherto recorded from Burma. J. Burma Ru. Soc., 15 : Bhalerao, G. D (4) : Studies on the Helminths of India. Trematoda III. J. Helminth., Dol1fus, R. Ph Amoenitates helminthological. A propose de la creation de Lecitkodendrlum laguncuza Ch. W. Stiles et M. o. Nolan, Ann. Parasit., 9 : Dollfus, R. Ph Sur Distoma ascidia P. J. van Beneden, 1873 (nec Linstow, nec Looss) et Ie genere Prosthodendrium R. Ph. Dollfus, 1931 (Trematoda, Lecithodendriidae). Bull. Mus. Roy. Hise. Nat. Belgigue, 13 : Sl

252 554 Becor4B 0/ the Zoologioal 8'UA'fJ6g 0/1,*"0, Dubois, G Les Trematodes de chiropteres de la collection Villy Allen. Etude suivie dune revision du sous-genre Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1937 (Lecithodendriidae Luhe). Rev. Sui8se Zool., 62 : Dubois, G Contribution a l'etude des Trematodes de chiropteres. Revision du souse-genere Pro8thoilendrium Dollfus, 1911 et des generes Leoitkodendrium Looss, 1896 et Pyonoporus, Looss, Rev. Suisse Zool., 67: Dubois, G Contribution a l'etude des trematodes de chiropteres. Revision du sous-genere Paralecithodendrium Odhner, Rev. Sui8se Zool., 69 : Groschaft, J. and Tenora, F Trematodes of the genus PlagiorchiB Luhe, 1899 (Plagiorchiidae), parasites of bats in Afghanistan. Vest. Oesk08l. Spoz. zool., (1973), 37 : Hiirkova, J Bat trematodes in Czechoslovakia. I. A. systematical review of occurring species. Vest. Oukosl. Spol. zool., 27 : Kifune, T. 1980a. Records of Trematode Parasites of Japanese Bats from Prefecture, Northern Housu. Med. Bull. Fukuolca UnitJ., 7 (1) : Akita Kifune, T. 1980b. Records of the Trematode Parasites of Bats from Houshu and Kyushu with Descriptions of Two New Species of the Genus Prostho,zendr;,um (Trematoda: PlagiorchUdae, Lecithodendriidae). Ibid, 7 (4) : Kifune, T. and Lee, W Trematode parasites of two Korean bats. Med. Bull. Fukuolca U'16iv., 10 : 3-8. Kifune, T. and Sawada, I Helminth fauna of bats in Japan. XXI. Mell. BuZt Fukuoka Univ., 6 : Kifune, T. and Sawada, I Helminth fauna of bats in Japan. XXIII. Med. Fukuoka U niv., 7 (2) : Bull. Kifune, T. and Sawada, I Helminth fauna of bats in Japan. XXVI. Med. Bull. Fukuoka UnitJ., 9 : Krishnaswami, S. K. and Anantaraman, M Parasites of reptiles, 1. Paraaj,seomum in Indian lacertilians. Ann. Mag. nat. Hi8t., 9 : Matskasi, I Trematodes of bats in India. Paras;,eoz. Hung., 6 (6) : Nama, H. S. and Khichi, P. S New records of the genus ParatJ,i8tom,o;tks (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from India. Z. Angew. ZooZ., 60 : Ogata, T Contribution a la connaissance de la fauna helmintbologique Coreene. I. Una nouvelle espece de trematodes provenant de chauves-souris. Annat. zool. Jap., 17:

253 t-iapeezullah: Trematodes of Vertebrates oj RajastAan 555 Ogata, T (On animals of Mt. Fiji and its adjacent areas (XXVIII). On the parasites of bats collected at the foot of Mt, Fiji). Hakubut8ugaku Zasshi, 39 : Richard, S Trematodes de chiropteres de Madagaskar. I. Identification de PZagiorcki8 vespertilio16es et description de trios Lecithodendriidae nonveaux. Ann. Parasit., 41 : Saoud, M. F. A. and Ramadan, M. M Studies on digenetic trematodes of the genus Prostkodendrium Dollfus, 1931 from some Egyption bats. 1. Trematodes of the subgenus Prosthodendrium OoUfus, Folia Parasit., Praha, 24 : Saoud, M. F. A. and Ramadan, M. M Studies OIl diagenetic tematodes of the genus Prostkodendrium Dollfus, 1931 from some Egyptian bats. 2. Trematodes of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, Folia Para8it., Praha, 24: Shtrom, Zh. K. and Sondak, V. A (Some new and little known trematode worms belonging to the families Plagiorchiidae and Oicrocoeliidae). Parazit. Pereno8ok. i. Iadovit. Skorn. Zkivotn. Robat.... Pavlovskii, 1939, (1934), pp (In Russian). Simha, S. S Studies on the trematode parasites of reptiles found in Hyderabad State. Z. Para8itenkd., 18 : Sogandares-Bernal, F Four trematodes from Korean bats with description of these new species. J. Parasit., 42 : Timofeevh, T. N On species of Plagiorckis Liihe identical with p. vespertilione8 (Muller, 1780). Trudy Gelm. Lab. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 12 : Wason, A. and Johnson, S Pro8tkodend,rium longiforme (Bhalerao, 1926) from a new chiropteran host Taphozu8 perforatu8 Geoffroy. Indian J. Para8it., 2 (1) : Yamaguti, S Synop8is of digenetic trematodes of vertebrate8, vol. 1. Keigaku Publishing Co., Tokyo, Japan, pp

254

255 Reo. zool. 8ur'V. India, 93 (3-4) : , 1993 POPULATION SURVEY OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES (MAMMALIA) OFTRIPURA R. P. MUKHERJBE, S. CHAUDHURI AND A. MURMU ZoologicaZ Survey of India, Oalcutta. INTRODUC'IION A variety of primate species inba bit the northeastern and southern India and some of the species are restricted in their distribution in these areas. Rhesus macaque and hanuman langur are widely distributed in India and are found in a variety of habitats and have been intensively studied in the field. The other species of nonhuman primates that are found in. northeastern and southern India have not been received attention so far. The field studies of non-human primates of Tripura have been initiated by Mukherjee in the year 1976 and it resulted in a series of papers and scientific reports. In 1990 a fresh census was conducted under a joint venture involving the Forest Department of Tripura and the Zoological Survey of India to find out the trend of population changes in the non-human primates in this state. The small state of Tripura is inhabited by three species of macaques viz. rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoide8) and pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), two species of leaf monkeys viz. capped langur (Preabyti,8 pileatu8) and Phayre's leaf monkey (PreIJbyti8 phayrei), one species of ape, the hoolock gibbon (Hylobate8 hoolock), and slow loris (Nycticebu8 coucang). In recent years golden langur (Pre8bytis geei) bas been introduced in Sepahijhola and Trishna Wildlife Sanctuaries. STUDY MBTHOD The present report is based on the survey conducted in February The census were conducted in all the possible habitat of monkeys in the forests, villages, towns and cities. In this state the non-human primates inhabited mostly in the forests. The observations were carried out on foot and by a vehicle. The surveys were conducted from morning to late evening. The methods that were applied to census the areas were roadside, transect and point methods. For transect, forest roads and trails were used and at places the forest routes were also cut. The point methods was used to locate the groups occupying the undulating and hilly tracts. In the forest the procedure adopted was to move slowly with least noise and stop at regular intervals or at suitable places and scan the areas for the presence of monkeys. For survey of roadside, villages, towns and cities a slow moving vehicle (Jeep) was used. Three to four observers were engaged to conduct the survey. The disturbance caused by the

256 558 Records oj the Zoological Survey oj i"dia, movement of the monkeys and the calls were also utilised for locating the modkeys. Once a group was observed, notes on their social structure, habitat, interaction, etc., were noted down. The mechanical aids that were used in the field were binoculars and camera. RESULTS The survey reveals that unlike other places in India the non-human primates in Tripura are inhabited the forested areas and are totally depended upon the forest produce for their food and shelter. The rhesus macaque invade cultivated fields and causes damage to the crops. Table I and II show the distribution and social structure of non-human primates that were recorded during the survey in the three districts. The rhesus macaque,.macaca muzatta, was recorded from all the three districts of the state. A total of 23 groups were encountered out of which the maximum number of 15 groups with 280 monkeys were recorded from the south district. Three groups with 50 and five groups with 46 rhesus were recorded from north and west TABLB I. Non-human primates sighted and counted in the cen8using districts. Common name & District Total No. Total NOe Group Total Total Total Total Scientific name of groups of monkeys size No. No. No. No. 00 ~ ~ JJ 11 Rhesus macaque South (Macaca mulatto,) North West Pigtailed macaque South (Macaca neme8trina) Phayre's leaf monkey South (Pre8byti8 pkayrei) North West Capped langur South (Pre8byti8 pileatu8) North West Hoolock gibbon North (Hyloba'e8 hooloclc) West

257 MUlCHBRJEB et al. : Population Survey of non-human Primate8 559 TABLE II. Total Dumber of groups and total number of sex and age class of different Don-human primates. Common name &. District Total Total No. Total Total Total Total ~ ~ ~ : I Scientific name No. of of No. No. No. No. groups monkeys. of &' (j of ~ ~ of JJ of II Rhesus macaque South : : 0.34 (Maoaw mulatta) Mean S. D.* North : : 0.25 Mean S. D West : : 0.23 Mean S. D Pigtailed South : ; 0.20 macaque (Macaea nemestr;na) Phayre's leaf South : : 0.28 monkey. (Pre8bY"8 pkayrei) Mean S. D North : : 0.11 Mean S. D West : : 0.24 Mean S. D Capped langur. (Presbyti,8 pileat'lj,8) South : : 0.19 Mean S. D North : : 0.50 West : ; 0.29 Mean S. D i Hoolock gibbon (H 1Jlobate8 Molock) North : : 0.50 Mean S. D West : 1.00 Mean S. D S. D.-Standard Deviation

258 560 Records of the Zoological Survey o/lndia districts respectively. The groups in south district on an average contained individuals, with 2.47 adult males, 9.20 adult females, 3.80' juveniles and 3.20 infants. The groups of the north district on an average contained individuals with 2.67 adult males, 9.33 adult females, 2.33 juveniles and 2.33 infants. The smallest group size with an average of 9.20 individuals with 1.40 adult males, 5.20 adult females, 1.40 juveniles and 1.20 infants were recorded from the west district. The sex ratio of adult male to adult female in south, north and west districts was 1 : 3.72, 1 : 3.50 and 1 : 3.71 and the ratio of adult female to infant was 1 : 0.34, 1 : 0.25 and 1 : 0.23 respectively. Only one group of pigtailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina, was observed at Paratia in the south district during the present survey. The group contained a total of 16 monkeys with 1 adult male, 10 adult females, 3 juveniles and 2 infants. The adult female to infant ratio was 1: However, pigtailed monkey was reported to be present at Sepahijhola, Trishna and Gumti forests. Similarly stumptailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, though not observed in the present survey but was reported to be present in certain forests of Tripura by local people and the staff of the forest department. The Phayre's leaf monkey, Pre8byti8 phayrei, is found in Tripura and in certain areas of south eachar district of Assam in India. In the present survey this monkey was recorded from all the three districts of Tripura. A total of 21 groups were recorded out of which south and west districts each contained 8 groups and the remaining 5 groups were encountered in the north district. The average group size in the south, north and west districts were 9.38, 8.20 and respectively. The average group size in the west district was much more than the other two districts. The adult male to adult female and the adult female to infant ratios in the south, north and west districts were 1: 3.54, 1: 3.71, 1: 5.46 and 1: 0.28, 1; 0.11, 1: 0.24 respectively. There are more adult females in proportion to adult males in the west district. The other leaf monkey, the capped langur, Presbyti8 pileat'u8, which is widely distributed in northeastern India and is sympatric with Phayre's leaf monkey (Mukherjee, 1982b) was recorded from all the three districts of the state in this survey. It is apparent from Table I that they are more common and abundant on south district than in other two districts. The average group size in sou th, north and west districts were 6.20, and 6.20 respectively. The sex ratios of adult male to adult female in south, north and west districts were 1 : 3.00, 1 : 3.00 and 1 : 3.40 respectively. The average group size of the south and west districts were the same and the sex ratio of adult male to female in all the three districts were almost the same. However, the average group size in the north is much more than the other two districts. The only ape that is found in India is the hoolock gibbon, Hylobate8 hoolock, and is distributed to south and southeast of Brahmputra river in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and in the districts of Tirap, Lohit and Dlbong

259 M UKHBR)BB et at.: Population Survey 0/ non-human Primates 561 (east of Dibong river) in Arunachal Pradesh. In the present survey this ape were encountered in the forests of Atubtang, Baramura and Juri. They were also reported to be present at Trishna, Gumti and New Kamti Bati. The group size varies from 2.50 to DISCUSSION In the present survey the non-human primates that were recorded from Tripura are rhesus and pigtailed macaques, Phayre's leaf monkey, capped langur and hoolock gibbon. The stumptailed macaque was not recorded in the present survey. In the earlier survey (Mukherjee, 1982b) 5 groups of stumptailed macaque with 62 monkeys and one group of pigtailed monkey with 16 members were observed. Mukherjee (1982b) recorded 6 groups of hoolock gibbon. It is apparent from these surveys that the two macaques, stumptailed and pigtailed and hoolock gobbon are rare and threatened in Tripura and needs immediate protection. The three species of non-human primates viz. rhesus macaque, Phayre's leaf monkey and capped langur are common and are found in all the three districts. However, when the present survey is compard with the earlier survey (Mukherjee, 1982b) it is noticed that the group number and the populations of all these three species have declined to great extent. The total number of 376 rhesus monkeys were recorded in 23 groups whereas in earlier survey a total of 931 rhesus monkeys were recorded in the 28 groups. In all the districts the groups contained immature population much less than 50%. For long term maintenance of population 50% immature are necessary (Southwick and Siddiqi, 1977, Southwick et al, 1980, 1982 and Teas et az 1980). The decline in population of capped langur is also apparent from the present survey. In the earlier survey 15 groups with 138 langurs were recorded. In the present survey a total of 16 groups with 108 monkeys were observed. The average group size has come down from 9.20 to 6.20, The concentration of this langur is more in the south district. The adult female to infallt ratio varies from 1 : 0.19 to 1 : The colour on the ventral side and the tip of the hands and legs and the tail varies from population to population and from season to season. The ventral parts are brownish yellow or orange and the tip of the tail, legs and hands may be blackish. At times the local people confuse this species with that of the common langur. The Phayre's leaf monkey population has also declined. In the earlier survey 36 groups with 409 monkeys were counted whereas in the present survey 21 groups with 264 langurs were recorded. The reduction of population was more on the south district. Hoolock gibbon groups have also declined. The groups at Khasi Bari, Pechartal, Baramura and a group at Longthorai which were encountered in the earlier surveys were not seen in the present survey and appeared to have been lost. 82

260 TABLB-III. Comparative table of social structure of non-human primates of Tripura recorded during two surveys. Species Total No. Total No. Average 'Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Year of of groups of group of adult of adult of Juveniles of Infants Survey monkeys Males Females Rhesus macaque (4.4±2.6) (16.0± 10.8) (7.8 ± 4.6) (7.2±5.5) (2.26 ± 1.0) (8.7 ± 5.5) (3.7 ± 2.0) (3.6 ± 2.0) Pigtailed macaque Stumptailed macaque (1.2±0.2) (7.2±2.8) (3.0 ± 1.2) (1.4 ± 0.9) Phayre's leaf monkey (2.0 ± 0.2) (4.7±O.4) (2.5±0.4) (2.1 ±0.3) ~ ~. (1.5±0.9) (7.4 ± 4.5) (2.7±2.2) (2.0 ± 1.6) ~ ~ Capped langur ~ (1.7 ± 0.7) (4.8 ± 1.1) (2.6 ± 1.6) (1.8 ± 1.0) ~ (1.2 ± 0.4) (3.7 ± 1.8) ( ) (1.6 ± 0.8) Hoolock gibbon ~ (I.Ot 0.0) (1.0 ± 0.0) (1.0 ± 0.0) (1.0 ± 0.0) (t.oto.o) (l.o±o.o) (l.o±o.o) (l.o±o.o) ~. t'o n Q Q CQ n.. S"- 2.- ~ ~ ~ ~

261 MUKHERjBE et at.: Population Survey oj non-human Primates 563 Forests destruction due to illicit felling, C ]huming' and encroachment are the main factors for the loss of habitat of the non-human primates at Tripura. Leaf eating monkeys and hoolock gibbon are affected much due to the loss of potential food trees and disruption of their canopy pathways. The loss of habitat is the main factor for the decline in group density and group size. CONCLUSION In the present survey the non-human primates that were recorded in Tripura are rhesus macaque, pigtailed macaque, Phayre's leaf monkey, capped langur, and hoolock gibbon. The presence of stumptailed macaque and slow loris have been reported by local people. The golden langur has been introducted in Sepahijhola and Trishna Wildlife Sanctuaries. When compared with the earlier survey (Mukherjee, 1982b) all the species show a decline in population and group size. The three species of non-human primates viz. pigtailed and stump tailed macaques and haolock gibbon are now rare and are in danger of extinction in Tripura. The decline in the population of Phayre's leaf monkey which is mostly found in Tripura, has also been noticed. The main factor for the decline of different species of non-human primates is the destruction of their habitats. SUMMARY A survey of non-human primates of Tripura was conducted in the year The present survey when compared with the survey of 1982 revealed the decline in population of all the species. The three species, the pigtailed and stumptailed macaques and hoolock gibbon, are now rare and are in danger of extinction in this state. The population of Phayre's leaf monkey has also shown a decline in population. REFERENCES Mukherjee, R. P. 1982a. Phayre's leaf monkey (Presby tis pkayrei Blyth, 1847) of Tripura. J. Bombay nat. Hi8t. Soc., 79 (1) : Mukherjee, R. P. 1982b. Survey of non-human primates of Tripura, India. J. Zool. Soc. India., 34 (1 & 2) : Southwick, C. H. and Siddiqi, M. F Population dynamics of rhesus monkeys in India. (Eds. H. R. H. Prince Rainier III and O. Bourne) Primate Cons., Academic Press, N. Y., USA:

262 564 Hecords of tke Zoological Survey oj India Southwick, C. H., Richie, T., Taylor, H., Teas, J. and Siddiqi, M. F Rhesus monkey populations in India and Nepal: patterns of growth, decline, and natural regulation. (Eds, M. N. Cohen, R. S. Malpass, and H. G. Klein. Biosocial of. population regulation. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA:, Southwick, C. H., Teas, J., Richie, T. and Taylor, H Ecology and behaviour of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in Nepal. Nat. Geog. Soc. Res., 14 : Teas, J., Richie, T., Taylor, H. and Southwick, C. H Population patterns and behavioural ecology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in Nepal. (Ed. D. G. Lindburg). The macaques: studies in ecology, behaviour and evolution. Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA: