DUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMME ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS Form

RUKUN NEGARA Bahawasanya Negara Kita Malaysia mendukung cita-cita hendak; Mencapai perpaduan yang lebih erat dalam kalangan seluruh masyarakatnya; Memelihara satu cara hidup demokrasi; Mencipta satu masyarakat yang adil di mana kemakmuran negara akan dapat dinikmati bersama secara adil dan saksama; Menjamin satu cara yang liberal terhadap tradisi-tradisi kebudayaannya yang kaya dan pelbagai corak; Membina satu masyarakat progresif yang akan menggunakan sains dan teknologi moden; MAKA KAMI, rakyat Malaysia, berikrar akan menumpukan seluruh tenaga dan usaha kami untuk mencapai cita-cita tersebut berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip yang berikut: KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN KESETIAAN KEPADA RAJA DAN NEGARA KELUHURAN PERLEMBAGAAN KEDAULATAN UNDANG-UNDANG KESOPANAN DAN KESUSILAAN (Sumber: Jabatan Penerangan, Kementerian Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia)

Authors Dr. Wong Mee Kiong Zaini bin Musa Azizah binti Kamar Saripah binti Ahmad Nurbaiti binti Ahmad Zaki Zefry Hanif bin Burham@Borhan Translators Yew Chian Hauo Lee Chye Mei Editors Izyani binti Ibrahim Nur Marliesa Atiera binti Zakaria Wan Fathiyyah binti Wan Ismail Nur Shuhada binti Osman Designer Ng Peck Foong Illustrator Ng Ying Tong 2019

BOOK Series NO: 0174 The publisher and the authors would like to express wholehearted appreciation and the KPM2019 ISBN 978-967-2375-42-5 highest thanks to all of the following parties: First Published 2019 • Committee members of Penyemakan Naskhah © Ministry of Education Malaysia Sedia Kamera, Educational Resources and Technology Division, Ministry of Education, All rights reserved. No part of this book may Malaysia be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, either • Officers in Educational Resources and electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording Technology Division, Ministry of Education, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Malaysia and Curriculum Development Director General of Education Malaysia, Ministry Division, Ministry of Education, Malaysia of Education Malaysia. Negotiations are subject to an estimation of royalty or an honorarium. • Chairperson and members of the Quality Control Panel Published for the Ministry of Education Malaysia by: • Editorial Team and Production Team PENERBITAN PELANGI SDN. BHD. 66, Jalan Pingai, Taman Pelangi, • GeoGebra 80400 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim. • Desmos Tel: +607-331 6288 Fax: +607-332 9201 • Everyone who has been directly or indirectly E-mail: [email protected] involved in the successful publication of this Additional Mathematics Form 4 textbook. Layout and Typesetting: PENERBITAN PELANGI SDN. BHD. Font type: Times New Roman Font size: 11 point Printed by: THE COMMERCIAL PRESS SDN. BHD Lot 8, Jalan P10/10, Kawasan Perusahaan Bangi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

This KSSM Form 4 Additional Mathematics Textbook is written based on Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran (DSKP) for Additional Mathematics Form 4. The purpose of Additional Mathematics Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM) is to form individuals who think mathematically, creatively and innovatively as well as having a good image. The contents of this textbook integrate six basis of the KSSM structure, knowledge, skills and values as well as explicitly instilling 21st Century Skills and Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This textbook weaves the diversity of teaching and learning strategies to enable students to understand the contents in-depth as well as sharpen their thinking to a higher level. Through the complete usage of this book, students will actively participate in inquiry-based learning that involves experience, investigation and exploration. Cross-Curricular Elements (CCE) such as the correct usage of language medium, moral values, patriotism, scientific and technological literacy, creativity and innovation, entrepreneurship, information technology and financial education are wholly instilled in the formation of contents of this textbook. A STEM approach is also applied in this book in preparation for students to face challenges and be competitive at the global stage. Special Characteristics in this Book and its Functionalities Stimulus Pages • Contain interesting photographs and texts that relate to daily life which stimulate students’ thinking. • Contain Content Standards in ‘What will be learnt?’, learning aims in ‘The significance of this chapter’, history or general information about the chapter in ‘Did you know?’ and bilingual Key Words. InQuirY 1 Individual The QR code on the front cover of the book contains explanation of the book themes, the author’s biography In pairs In groups as well as updated information and facts (if any). Self Practice 1.1 Activities that involve students individually, in pairs or in groups which encourage students to be actively involved Intensive Practice 1.1 in the learning process. Prepares questions to test the students’ understanding about learnt concepts. Contains questions to determine students’ mastery of a learnt topic. iii

Mathematics Application Gives problem solving questions as well as working steps that cover real life situations. FLASHBACK Shows information that is learnt by students. Mind Challenge Provides questions that require students to think Mathematics Museum creatively and test students’ performance. Gives explanation about the developments in the history BRAINSTORMING of mathematics and contributions of mathematicians. Provides activities that require discussion amongst QUICK COUNT students. Tech Whizz Explains the ways of using the scientific calculator in mathematical calculations. QR Gives exposure to students regarding applications of Smart TIPS technology in mathematical learning. Alternative Method Gives exposure to students using mobile devices by scanning the QR code to get additional information. MATHEMATICS POCKET Gives mathematical tips that relate to the topic for student’s use. Summary OF Chapter WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Suggests an alternative method to certain questions. Exploring MATHEMATICS Gives additional information to students to master the learnt topic more. MASTERY PRACTICE A whole coverage about the learnt chapter. 21st Century Learning Apply learnt concepts in daily lives. 1.1.2 Brief activities that relate to the learnt topic. iv Covers LOTS and HOTS questions to test students’ understanding. HOTS question is to stimulate students’ higher order thinking skills. Uses 21st century learning concepts to increase students’ understanding. Shows the learning standards for each chapter. Shows the performance level for each question.

Introduction iii Formulae vii Chapter 1 Functions 1 1.1 Functions 2 1.2 Composite Functions 12 1.3 Inverse Functions 20 Summary of Chapter 30 Mastery Practice 31 Exploring Mathematics 33 Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 34 2.1 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 36 2.2 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations 45 2.3 Quadratic Functions 49 Summary of Chapter 65 Mastery Practice 66 Exploring Mathematics 67 Chapter 3 Systems of Equations 68 3.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables 70 3.2 Simultaneous Equations involving One Linear 79 Equation and One Non-Linear Equation Summary of Chapter 85 Mastery Practice 86 Exploring Mathematics 87 Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 88 4.1 Laws of Indices 90 4.2 Laws of Surds 96 4.3 Laws of Logarithms 109 4.4 Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms 122 Summary of Chapter 123 Mastery Practice 124 Exploring Mathematics 125 Chapter 5 Progressions 126 5.1 Arithmetic Progressions 128 5.2 Geometric Progressions 139 Summary of Chapter 150 Mastery Practice 150 Exploring Mathematics 151 v

Chapter 6 Linear Law 152 6.1 Linear and Non-Linear Relations 154 6.2 Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations 162 6.3 Applications of Linear Law 166 Summary of Chapter 170 Mastery Practice 171 Exploring Mathematics 173 Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry 174 7.1 Divisor of a Line Segment 176 7.2 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines 184 7.3 Areas of Polygons 192 7.4 Equations of Loci 200 Summary of Chapter 206 Mastery Practice 207 Exploring Mathematics 209 Chapter 8 Vectors 210 8.1 Vectors 212 8.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors 221 8.3 Vectors in a Cartesian Plane 227 Summary of Chapter 236 Mastery Practice 237 Exploring Mathematics 239 Chapter 9 Solution of Triangles 240 9.1 Sine Rule 242 9.2 Cosine Rule 251 9.3 Area of a Triangle 256 9.4 Application of Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area of a Triangle 263 Summary of Chapter 266 Mastery Practice 267 Exploring Mathematics 269 Chapter 10 Index Number 270 10.1 Index Numbers 272 10.2 Composite Index 279 Summary of Chapter 284 Mastery Practice 285 Exploring Mathematics 287 Answers 288 Glossary 309 References 311 Index 312 vi

Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry x = –b ± !bw2 – 4ac Divisor of a Line Segment 2a ( )= nxm1 ++mnx2, nym1 ++mny2 Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Area of triangle Logarithms 1 = 2 [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x1y3)] am × an = am + n Area of quadrilaterals am ÷ an = am – n 1 (am)n = amn = 2 [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) !wa × !wb = !wab – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)] !!wa ÷ !wb = wa Chapter 8 Vectors b ∼r = !wx2 + y2 logamn = logam + logan ∼r^ = ∼∼rr m loga n = logam – logan logamn = n logam Chapter 9 Solution of Triangles logcb logab = logca a = b = c sin sin sin A B C a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A Chapter 5 Progression b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B Arithmetic Progressions c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C Tn = a + (n – 1)d Area of triangle n Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d] = 1 ab sin C = 1 ac sin B = 1 bc sin A 2 2 2 Sn = n [a + l] 2 Heron’s Formula a + b + c Geometric Progressions = !ws(s – a)(s – b)(s – c), s = 2 Tn = arn – 1 rrn), Chapter 10 Index Number a(1 – Sn = 1 – r < 1 Q1 Q0 Sn = a(rrn––11), r > 1 I = × 100 S∞ = a r, r < 1 I = ∑Iiwi – ∑wi 1 Download the free QR code scanner application from Google Play, App Store or other platforms to your mobile devices. Scan the QR Code using the application or visit the website as shown on the left to download PDF files, GeoGebra and complete answers. Then, save the downloaded files for offline use. bit.ly/2nFGX42 vii

1CHAPTER Functions Proton again makes Malaysians proud by producing a new model, that is Proton X70 which gives a What will be learnt? high efficiency in fuel usage. Proton X70 is powered by a 1.8 litre TGDI Functions (Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Composite Functions Injection) engine which makes Inverse Functions this model a powerful and yet fuel saving efficient vehicle. This car List of model is categorised as Energy Learning Efficient Vehicles (EEV) by the Standards Road Transport Department (RTD). Do you know that the formula used bit.ly/329x6lO by the engineers in measuring the efficiency is closely related with functions? For your information, efficiency of usage of fuel for 10  litres of petroleum is given as d km C= 10(l) , where C is the rate of KEY WwORDS usage of fuel and d is the distance travelled. Function notation Tatatanda fungsi Undefined function Fungsi tidak tertakrif Absolute value function Fungsi nilai mutlak Vertical line test Ujian garis mencancang Arrow diagram Gambar rajah anak panah Object Objek Image Imej Domain Domain Codomain Kodomain Range Julat Discrete function Fungsi diskret Continuous function Fungsi selanjar Composite function Fungsi gubahan Inverse function Fungsi songsang Horizontal line test Ujian garis mengufuk

Did you Know? The subject of function was first introduced by the French mathematician, Rene ­Descartes, in the year 1637. According to him, a function is any variable x where its power is a positive integer. However, Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), a mathematician from Switzerland stated that a function is any equation or formula involving variables and constants. His idea regarding functions is similar to what is ­being studied these days. For further information: bit.ly/2B2y33v SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER A function gives rise to simple and accurate mathematical model in representing a situation as well as in solving problems faced in our surroundings. For example: The height of an individual, h, is a function related to his/her thigh bones, f. By substituting the values of f into the function h, forensic experts are able to estimate the height of a corpse based on his/her thigh bones. Bank officers use the concept of functions in calculating the interest incurred in a loan and hence in the instalments of purchasing a house, a car, a personal or business loan of their clients. Scan this QR code to watch a video on Proton X70. bit.ly/2Rnu0Zh 1

CHAPTER 1 1.1 Functions There are many quantities which depend on one or more variables in our daily lives. Study and understand the following situations: You are working as a You are buying durians temporary cashier and from a stall. If the cost is paid RM80 daily. The of one kilogram of total payment received durian is RM8, the total is determined by the amount you need to pay number of days you depends on the weight worked. of durians you bought. In mathematics, such situations are examples of functions. From the above examples of situations, state the meaning of a function. Explaining functions by graphical representation and notation Look at the graph of y = 2x + 1 on the right. The relation y between the value of 1 on the x-axis and the value of 3 on the (x, y) y-axis can be written as 1 → 3. This indicates that 1 is the first element and 3 is the last element. 14 In this case, we can say that 1 is mapped to 3. Similar to 3 → 7,  5 → 11 and so on. Every point (x, y) on the line is 12 corresponding to the mapping of x → y where x on the x-axis is 10 (5, 11) mapped to y on the y-axis. The relation from part of the mapping x → y can be 8 (3, 7) represented by an arrow diagram as shown below. 6 4 (1, 3) 2 0 2468 x 1 3 Each element x in 3 7 set X is mapped to 5 11 one and only one Set X Set Y element y in set Y. Thus, this type of relation is known as function or mapping. In general: Function relating set X to set Y is a special relation where each element x  X is mapped to one and only one element yY 2 1.1.1

Functions If f is a function from set X = {1, 3, 5} to set Y = {3, 7, 11} MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 1 and is defined by f : 1 → 3, f : 3 → 7 and f : 5 → 11, element 1 is POCKET known as the object and element 3 is its image. Similarly, 7 and 11 are the images of 3 and 5 respectively. Any element x in set X • f : x → 2x + 1 is read as that is mapped to one element y in set Y by y = 2x + 1 is written in “function f maps x to function notation as below: 2x + 1”. f : x → y or f(x) = y • f(x) = 2x + 1 is read as“2x + 1 f : x → 2x + 1  or  f(x) = 2x + 1 is the image of x under the where x is the object and 2x + 1 is the image function f ” or “the function f of x is equal to 2x + 1”. • x f 2x + 1 Example 1 13 37 5 11 Are the following relations a function? Explain. Set X Set Y (a) (b) is read as “2x + 1 for 1 is 3” and so on. 2 84 2 5 3 20 8 9 6 22 (c) 24 18 FLASHBACK (d) 1 aa 4 Function is a relation of 3 bb 10 one-to-one or a relation of 7 cc 12 many-to-one. 9 classi cation of animals Crocodiles Reptiles Solution Whales Mammals Frogs Amphibians (a) This relation is a function because each object has only one image even though element 22 has no object. Relation of one-to-one (b) This relation is not a function because it does not satisfy favourite subjects the condition of being a function, that is each object has only one image. Note that 18 has two images, that are Ali Physics 18 → 3 and 18 → 9. Rama Chemistry Tan (c) This relation is not a function because it does not satisfy the condition of being a function, that is each object has only one image. Note that 9 does not have any image. (d) This relation is a function because each object has only one Relation of many-to-one image even though element 10 has no object. 1.1.1 3

CHAPTER 1 How can we determine whether a graph of a relation is a function? When a graph is given, we use the vertical line test to determine whether the given graph is a function or otherwise. If the vertical line cuts only at one point on the graph, then the relation is a function. On the other hand, if the vertical line does not cut the graph at any point or cuts more than one point, then the graph is not a function. yy Vertical h Vertical The graph of h h line test line test is not a function. The graph of h 0x is a function. 0 x      Example 2 Which of the following graph represents a function? (a) y (b) y (c) y 01 x 0 x 1 –1 0 x Solution y (a) This graph is a function because when the 0 x vertical line test is carried out, the line cuts the Vertical graph at only one point, except when x = 1 where the line does not cut any point on the graph. 1 (b) This graph is a function y line test because when the vertical line Vertical test is carried out, the line cuts the graph at only one point. 1 line test –1 0 x (c) This graph is not a function y Vertical Mind Challenge because when the vertical line line test test is carried out, the line cuts How many x-intercepts and y-intercepts can exist in the the graph at two points. x graph of a function? 0 4 1.1.1

Functions Observe the graph in Example 2(a). The graph is for the function y CHAPTER 1 f(x) = x x 1 . From the graph in Diagram 1.1, we obtain that f(x) = x – –1 when x → 1–, that is x approaches 1 from the left, f(x) → –∞, x thus the value of f(x) decreases non-terminating. When x → 1+, x that is x approaches 1 from the right, f(x) → ∞, thus the value 01 of f(x) increases non-terminating. This implies that the graph will approach but will never touch the line x = 1. Therefore, this function is not defined at x = 1. Diagram 1.1 Next, observe the graph in Example 2(b). The graph represents the function of absolute value f(x) = |x + 1|. The expression of the absolute value |x| is the numerical value of x MATHEMATICS POCKET and is defined by: y f(x) = |x| Based on Diagram 1.1: x if x  0 • x → 1– means x |x| = approaches 1 from the left –x if x < 0 side on the graph of Thus, when x = –2, |–2| = –(–2) 0x f(x) = x x 1, x < 1. =2 Diagram 1.2 – and when x = 2, |2| = 2. • x → 1+ means x approaches 1 from the right side on the graph of The function which is defined by f(x) = |x| has a V-shaped f(x) = x x 1, x > 1. graph where the vertex is at (0, 0) as shown in Diagram 1.2. – |x| is read as “the modulus of x”. Example 3 g Based on the diagram on the right, write the relation for function g –3 4 by using the function notation. 29 3 Solution 5 25 The function notation for the function is g : x → x2 or g(x) = x2. Self Practice 1.1 1. State whether each of the following relation is a function. State your reason. (a) 12 of (b) square of (c) p 1 q 5 21 –2 r 8 42 10 2 4 B 63 9 7 5 3N A X Y M 1.1.1

CHAPTER 1 2. Determine whether each of the following graphs is a function by using the vertical line test. (a) y (b) y (c) y 0x x 1 x 0 02 3. By using the function notation, express h in terms of x for each of the following arrow diagrams. (a) x h(x) (b) x h(x) (c) x h(x) 2 1 –5 4 –3 –27 2 –2 –8 3 1 –4 1 34 1 64 5 1 5 4 5 5 Determining the domain and range of a function InQuirY 1 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the domain and range of a discrete function and a continuous function. Instruction: 1. Each group is required to choose one of the situations below. y Situation I Function y = 18x represents the price of Total price (RM) 90 tickets, in RM, for x tickets 72 purchased by a family to watch a film. 54 Draw a graph of the function for the purchasing of 1 to 5 tickets. 36 18 0 12345 x Number of tickets y Situation II Calories consumed 240 A packet of popcorn contains 60 calories. y calories is a function of x packets of 180 popcorn consumed. Draw a graph of the function for the purchasing of 1 to 4 120 packets of popcorn. 60 6 0 x 1 2 34 Number of packets of popcorn 1.1.1 1.1.2

Functions Situation III Distance from y Hilal cycled a distance of 100 m from his Hilal’s house (m)100 friend’s house at the speed of 10 ms–1. With the same speed, Hilal cycled back to CHAPTER 1 his friend’s house to take his books that x he left behind. Complete the distance- 0 10 Time (seconds) time graph of Hilal’s journey. 2. Based on the graph drawn, discuss with the members of your group and answer the following questions. (a) Is the graph of the function chosen discrete or continuous? Explain. (b) Identify the domain and range of the graph of function. 3. Present the findings of your group to the class. From the results of Inquiry 1, it is noticed that points on the graph of the discrete function are real, separated and not connected by a straight line or a curve. As for the graphs of continuous function, the points are connected by a straight line or a curve within the given interval. Thus, Situation I represents a discrete function whereas Situations II and III represent continuous functions. In general, the domain of a function is the set of possible values of x which defines a function, whereas range is the set of values of y that are obtained by substituting all the possible values of x. Discrete function Continuous function f (x) f (x) Range Range 0 Domain x 0 Domain x          Look at the arrow diagram of a discrete function f in Diagram 1.3. x f 2x + 1 In this function, the elements in set X are mapped to a corresponding 13 element in set Y respectively. 2 5 The elements in set X, are the values of x that can be substituted 3 7 in f which is known as the domain whereas elements of set Y, are the possible obtained values of function f which is known as the 4 9 11 codomain. The elements in set Y that are mapped from X, are the XY actual obtained values of function f is known as the range. Domain Codomain Thus, we obtain Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} Diagram 1.3 Codomain = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} Range = {3, 5, 7, 9} Next, consider a continuous function f(x) = 2x + 1 that can take all values of x from 1 to 4. Can you determine the domain, codomain and the range? 1.1.2 7

CHAPTER 1 Example 4 Determine the domain, codomain and range for each of the following functions f. (a) f (b) f(x) (c) f(x) xy 6 p 1 4 x 3 x q 3 2 24 2 3 r 4 01 s 7 –2 0 9 X Y Solution (a) Domain = {p, q, r, s} (b) Domain = {–2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} Codomain = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9} Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Range = {1, 3, 7, 9} Range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (c) Domain of f is 0  x  3. Codomain of f is 2  f(x)  6. Range of f is 2  f(x)  6. Example 5 Alternative Method Function f is defined as f : x → |2x – 1|. Sketch the graph of f in From Example 5, draw the the domain –1 < x < 2 and state the corresponding range of f graph of y = 2x – 1 in the for the given domain. domain –1  x  2 first. The graph below the x-axis Solution is reflected on the x-axis to obtain the graph of The graph of f(x) = |2x – 1| can be sketched by plotting several f(x) = |2x – 1|. points in the domain –1 < x < 2 as shown in the following table. x –1 0 1 1 2 y = f(x) = |2x – 1| 3 1 2 1 3 (–1, 3) (0, 1) (1, 1) (2, 3) (x, y) 0 Tech Whizz ,( )10 2 By using the GeoGebra f (x) software, draw the graphs 3 f(x) = |2x – 1| of y = |x|, y = 2|x|, y = 4|x| 1 Vertex ΂–21, 0΃ and y = 1 |x|. 2 What pattern do you observe? Can you predict x the graphs of y = 8|x| and –1 0 –21 2 1 From the graph, the range of f : x → |2x – 1| is 0  f(x)  3. y = 4 |x|? 8 1.1.2

Functions Self Practice 1.2 CHAPTER 1 1. Determine the domain, codomain and range of the following functions. (a) –2 24f0(x) 2 4 x (b) mkljx g y736210 (c) –3 620y 1 y 5= f(xx) X Y 2. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions in the domain –2 < x < 4. Hence, state the corresponding range for the given domain. (a) f : x →  x + 1 (b) f(x) =  4 – 2x  (c) f : x →  2x – 5  Determining the image of a function when the object is given and vice versa Consider a fruit juicer. When we put oranges into the juicer, orange juice will be obtained. It is impossible for us to obtain other than orange juice. Think of this analogy where a function is the machine with input and output or an object and its image. Thus, if the object x is given and by inserting it in a function, the corresponding image f(x) can be determined. Similarly, if the image, f(x) is given, the corresponding object x can also be determined. Example 6 Function f is defined by f : x → 3x + 5 , x ≠ 0. Find Mind Challenge x (a) f(5), 5 f : x → 3x + x , x ≠ 0. 1 (b) the image of 3 under f, Why is x ≠ 0? (c) the possible values of x when their image is 8. If f(x) = x 2 3, x ≠ k, + Solution what is the value of k? (a) f(5) = 3(5) + 5 (c) f(x) = 8 Multiply both sides 5 of the equation = 15 + 1 3x + 5 = 8 with x. x = 16 3x2 + 5 = 8x 5 (b) Given f(x) = 3x + x . 3x2 – 8x + 5 = 0 The image of 1 , (3x – 5)(x – 1) = 0 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) x = 5 or x = 1 1 1 5 3 f  3 =3 3 + 1 Thus, the possible values of x are = 1 + 15 3 x = 5 and x = 1. 3 = 16 1.1.2 1.1.3 9

CHAPTER 1 Example 7 y f(x) = |2x – 3| The diagram on the right shows parts of the graph f (x) = |2x – 3|, find 3 (a) the values of f (–2) and f (4), (b) the values of x such that f (x) = 5, 0 2–3 x (c) the values of x which maps to itself, (d) the domain of f (x) , 1, (e) the domain of f (x) > 3. Solution (a) f (–2) = |2(–2) – 3| (b) f (x) = 5 = |–7| |2x – 3| = 5 = 7 2x – 3 = –5  or  2x – 3 = 5 QR f (4) = |2(4) – 3| 2x = –2 = |5| x = –1 2x = 8 The solution of equality and inequality involving x = 4 absolute values. = 5 (c) f (x) = x (d) f (x) < 1 |2x – 3| = x |2x – 3| < 1 2x – 3 = –x  or 2x – 3 = x –1 < 2x – 3 < 1 3x = 3 x = 3 2 < 2x < 4 x = 1 1 < x < 2 (e) f (x)  3 bit.ly/2Oz1EcZ 2x – 3  –3  or 2x – 3  3 2x  0 2x  6 x  0 x  3 Self Practice 1.3 1. Function g is defined by g :x →3 +x 6 1, x ≠ 1. (a) Find the images of –5, –2 and – 1 2 . (b) Given the image of b is 2b, find the possible values of b. 2. Function h is defined by h : x → kx – 3 , x ≠ 1. Find the value of k such that x–1 (a) h(2) = 5 (b) h(3) = k (c) h(k) = k 3. Function f is defined by f : x → |4x – 3|, calculate 1 (a) f (–2) and f  1– 2 2, (b) the values of x such that f (x) = 1, (c) the domain of f (x) , 1, (d) the domain of f (x) . 5. 4. Given g(x) = |6 – 2x|, find the values of x if g(x) = x. 5. Function f is defined by f : x → mx + c. Given f (2) = 7 and f (4) = –1, find (a) the value of m and of c, (b) the image of 2 under f, (c) the value of x that is unchanged under the mapping of f. 10 1.1.3

Functions Intensive Practice 1.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/33iJznC for the quiz CHAPTER 1 1. Which of the following relations are functions? State your reasons. (a) (b) (c) 41 –4 a 2 6 5 –1 b 9 10 2 3c Y 7d 8 X Y X Y X 2. By using the vertical line test, determine whether the following graphs are functions. (a) y (b) y (c) y 0x 0x 02 x 3. The diagram on the right shows the images for certain elements 7 49 of set A. 6 36 (a) Is the relation a function? If so, state your reason. –6 Set B (b) State the domain and range for that relation. –7 (c) Using the function notation, write one relation between set f(x) = |2x – 4| A and set B. Set A 4. The diagram on the right shows the graph of the function y f(x) = |2x – 4| the domain 0  x  5. Find (a) the value of t, t (b) the range of f based on the given domain, 4 (c) the range of values of x such that f(x)  4. 02 x 5 5. A stone fell from a height of 81 metres above the ground. The height of the stone, H metres, after t seconds, is assumed to be H(t) = 81 – 9t2. (a) State the height of the stone when (i)  t = 1 second, 3 (ii)  t = 1 second, (iii)  t = 2 seconds. (b) When will the stone hit the ground? 11

CHAPTER 1 1.2 Composite Functions The picture on the right shows an oil leakage from a ship. The oil leakage forms a circle. The circular area of the oil leakage, A, is a function of its radius, r, in metres, and can be modelled as A = f(r) = πr2. The length of the radius, r increases with time, t, in hours, measured from the moment the leakage starts. This relationship can be modelled as r = g(t) = 100t. By substituting r = 100t into the function A = f(r) = πr2, we obtain:  A = f(100t) = π(100t)2 = 10 000 πt2 m2 If the time t is given, then the area of the oil leakage can be determined. What can you say about the combination of the two functions A = f(r) and r = g(t) which results in A = f [g(t)]? Describing the outcome of composition of two functions InQuirY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the outcome of composition of two functions f and g Instruction: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Given the functions f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = x2 together with the bit.ly/2U5VrEq respective graphs. 3. Examine the graphs formed on the plane. 4. Click on the f [g(x)] button and observe the graph displayed on the plane. 5. How to obtain the function f [g(x)]? 6. What is the shape of the graph resulted from the composition of the functions f and g? 7. Then, click again on the f [g(x)] button to delete the graph of f [g(x)]. 8. Click on the g [f(x)] button and observe the graph displayed on the plane. 9. How to obtain the graph of g [f(x)]? 10. What is the shape of the graph resulted from the composition of the functions g and f ? 11. Then, change the functions f and g each with a different function to continue exploring the results of the composition of two functions and their graphs. 12. Each group will move to the other groups to see the results. 13. Discuss with the members of your group regarding the results obtained by the others. From the results of Inquiry 2, it was found that the function f[g(x)] is obtained by substituting the function g into the function f whereas the function g[f(x)] is obtained by substituting the function f into the function g. 12 1.2.1

Functions CHAPTER 1 The process of combination by replacing two functions f and g to generate f[g(x)] or g[f(x)] is known as the composition of two functions and is written as fg(x) or gf(x). fg(x) is read as “f composed with g of x” and is defined by fg(x) = f [g(x)]. Given two functions f(x) and g(x), the product of combination of two functions that written as fg(x) or gf(x) are defined by fg(x) = f [g(x)] or gf(x) = g[f(x)]. Determining composite functions Given functions f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = x2. The diagram below shows part of the mapping of function g followed by function f. xg 1 xy2 f y +z 2 g f 1 1 ➤ 12 = 1 ➤ 1+2=3 2 2 g 22 = 4 f 4+2=6 ➤ ➤ 4 3 x g x2 = y f y + 2 = z = x2 + 2 ➤ ➤ 6 fg Based on the pattern in the diagram above, we can gf simplify it into an arrow diagram as shown on the right. x y = x2 z=y+2 From the arrow diagram, a direct mapping can be seen with an element x  X mapped to an element z  Z = x2 + 2 which can be defined by the function fg(x) = x2 + 2. XY Z The new function of combining two functions f and g with domain X and codomain Z is known as the fg composite function of f and g which is represented by a function fg. gf Thus, from the process shown, we can conclude that: x y = g(x) z = f(y) = f[g(x)] fg(x) = f [g(x)] Algebraically, the composite function fg(x) can be XY Z determined as follows: x fg x2 + 2 f(x) = x + 2 g(x) = x2 fg(x) = f [g(x)] 1 = f(x2) = x2 + 2 or fg : x → x2 + 2 2 3 1.2.1 1.2.2 6 13

CHAPTER 1 Example 8 Mind Challenge Two functions are defined by f : x → 2x and g : x → x2 – 5. Would the composite Determine the following composite functions. functions, fg and gf always (a) fg (b) gf be different? (c) f 2 (d) g2 MATHEMATICS Solution POCKET (a) fg(x) = f [g(x)] (b) gf(x) = g[f(x)] f 2 is equal to ff. = f(x2 – 5) = g(2x) Similarly, g 2 is equal to gg. = 2(x2 – 5) = (2x)2 – 5 = 2x2 – 10 = 4x2 – 5 Thus, fg : x → 2x2 – 10 Thus, gf : x → 4x2 – 5 (c) f 2(x) = f [ f(x)] (d) g2 = g[g(x)] = f(2x) = g(x2 – 5) = 2(2x) = (x2 – 5)2 – 5 = 4x = x4 – 10x2 + 25 – 5 Thus, f 2 : x → 4x = x4 – 10x2 + 20 Thus, g2 : x → x4 – 10x2 + 20 Self Practice 1.4 1. In the arrow diagram on the right, function f maps set P to set Q fg and function g maps set Q to set R. x 3x 2x –7 Determine (a) function f, P QR (b) function gf. 2. For each pair of the functions below, obtain an expression in the form of function notation for fg, gf, f 2 and g2. (a) f : x → 3x, g : x → 3 – x (b) f : x → 4 + 2x, g : x → x2 (c) f : x → x + 4, g : x → 6 , x ≠ 0 x (d) f : x → x – 5, g : x → x 1 1, x ≠ 1 – 3. Two functions, f and g are defined by f : x → 3x + 4 and g : x → x2 + 6. Find the expressions for fg and gf, then find the values of x when (a) f = g (b) fg = gf 4. Given that f : x → ax + b and f 2 : x → 4x – 9, find the value of the constants a and b. 5. If f : x → 3x + k and g : x → 2h – 3x such that fg = gf, find the relation between h and k. 14 1.2.2

Functions Determining the image or object of a composite function CHAPTER 1 By substituting the value of the object into a composite function, the image can be obtained. Similarly, if the value of the image is given, then the value of the object can be determined by solving the equation. Example 9 If f : x → x – 1 and g : x → x2 – 3x + 4, find (a) fg(2) and gf(1), (b) the values of x when fg(x) = 7. Solution (a) fg(x) = f [g(x)] (b) fg(x) = 7 = f(x2 – 3x + 4) x2 – 3x + 3 = 7 = x2 – 3x + 4 – 1 x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 = x2 – 3x + 3 (x + 1)(x – 4) = 0 Thus, fg(2) = (2)2 – 3(2) + 3 x = –1 or x = 4 = 1 Thus, the values of x are –1 and 4. gf(x) = g[ f(x)] Alternative Method = g(x – 1) = (x – 1)2 – 3(x – 1) + 4 (a) g(2) = 22 – 3(2) + 4 = x2 – 2x + 1 – 3x + 3 + 4 = x2 – 5x + 8 = 2 Thus, gf(1) = (1)2 – 5(1) + 8 = 4 Thus, fg(2) = f(2) = 2 – 1 = 1 Self Practice 1.5 1. Given two functions f and g. (a) f : x → 2x + 1 and g : x → x x 1, x ≠ 1, find fg(3). – ( )(b) f : x → 5x + 6 and g : x → 2x – 1, find gf  –  1 . 5 ( )(c) f:x→ x + 31, x ≠3 and g : x → x 6 2, x ≠ 2, find f 2(4) and g2 1 . x – – 2 (d) f : x → x2 – 4 and g : x → x 2 2, x ≠ 2, find f 2(–1) and g2(1). – 2. For each of the following function, find the value of the object x. (a) f : x → 2x – 5, g : x → 1x0, x ≠ 0 and fg(x) = 5. (b) f : x → x2 – 1, g : x → 2x + 1 and gf (x) = 7. (c) f : x → 3x – 2 and f 2(x) = 10. (d) g : x → x 2 2, x ≠ 2 and g2(x) = –  1 . – 2 1.2.3 15

CHAPTER 1 Determining a function when the composite function and one of the functions are given When the composite function and one of the functions are given, the other function can be determined. Example 10 The function f is defined by f : x → x – 2. Find the function g for each of the following. (a) fg : x → 8x – 7 (b) gf : x → x2 + 3x – 5 Solution (a) f [g(x)] = 8x – 7 (b) g[ f(x)] = x2 + 3x – 5 g(x – 2) = x2 + 3x – 5 g(x) – 2 = 8x – 7 g(x) = 8x – 7 + 2 Suppose y = x – 2 g(x) = 8x – 5 x=y+2 Thus, g : x → 8x – 5 Then, g(y) = (y + 2)2 + 3(y + 2) – 5 = y2 + 4y + 4 + 3y + 6 – 5 = y2 + 7y + 5 Replacing y with x, g(x) = x2 + 7x + 5 Thus, g : x → x2 + 7x + 5 Self Practice 1.6 1. Given the function f and the composite function fg, determine the function g for each of the following. (b) f : x → x2 + 1, fg : x → x2 + 4x + 5 (a) f : x → x – 3, fg : x → 2x2 – 4x + 7 2. Given the function f and the composite function gf, determine the function g for each of the following. (b) f : x → x2 + 3, gf : x → 2x2 + 3 (a) f : x → x + 1, gf : x → x2 – 2x – 3 3. Given the function h(x) = 8 , x ≠ 0 and hg(x) = 4x, find (a) g(x), x (b) the value of x when gh(x) = 6. 4. Given the function g(x) = 3x and fg(x) = 9x – 7, find (a) f(x), (b) gf (2). Solving problems involving composite functions Example 11 1.2.4 1.2.5 Function f is defined by f : x → x12, x ≠ 0. (a) Express f 2(x), f 3(x) and f 4(x) in the simplest form. (b) Hence, find f 22(x) and f 33(x). 16

Functions Solution CHAPTER 1 (a) f(x) = 1 = x–2 x2 f 2(x) = f [ f(x)] f 3(x) = f [f 2(x)] f 4(x) = f [f 3(x)] ( ) = f = f (x4) ( ) = f 1 1 x2 = 1 x8 (x 4)2 ( ) = 1 ( ) = 1 12 = 1 12 x2 x8 x8 = x 4 = x16 = x 22 = x –23 = x 24 (b) From the pattern in (a), we can deduce that f n(x) = x–2n when n is odd and f n(x) = x2n when n is even. Thus, f 22(x) = x222 and f 33(x) = x –233. Example 12 Mathematics Application Total production of q goods per day by a factory depends on the number of workers, n, and the function is modelled –the14 by q(n) = 10n n2. Total revenue per day, r, in RM, received from sale of q goods is modelled by the function r(q) = 40q. Determine the total revenue of the factory in one day if the number of workers is 20. Solution 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ Given two functions, q and r which are defined by q(n) = 10n – 1 n2 and r(q) = 40q respectively. 4 ◆ Find the total revenue of the factory of 20 workers in one day. 2 . Planning the strategy ◆ Find the composite function rq(n) so as to determine the total revenue of the factory, r which represents the function of n workers, that is r(n). ◆ Substitute n = 20 into the composite function r(n) which is obtained earlier so as to find the total revenue of the factory per day, in RM. 1.2.5 17

CHAPTER 1 3 . Implementing the strategy 4 . Making a conclusion rq(n) = r[q(n)] When r(n) = 4 000, ( ) = 4 000 = 400n – 10n2 r 10n – 1 n2 10n2 – 400n + 4 000 = 0 4 n2 – 40n + 400 = 0 ( ) (n – 20)(n – 20) = 0 = 40 10n – 1 n2 n = 20 4 = 400n – 10n2 Thus, the daily revenue of the factory is Therefore, r(n) = 400n – 10n2 RM4 000 when the number of workers is 20. With 20 workers, r(20) = 400(20) – 10(202) = 8 000 – 4 000 = 4 000 Thus, the daily revenue of the factory with 20 workers is RM4 000. Self Practice 1.7 1. The function f is defined by f : x → x x 1, x ≠ –1. + (a) Find the iterated functions f 2, f 3 and f 4. (b) Hence, write the functions f 20 and f 23. 2. If f : x → 1 , x ≠ 0, find x (a) the iterated functions f 2, f 3 and f 4, (b) values of f 40(2) and f 43(2). 3. The surface area of a hot air balloon, A, in m2, filled with hot air is given by the function A(r) = 4πr2 where r is the radius of the balloon, in metres. The radius of the balloon is increasing as a function of time, t, in seconds, according to the formula r(t) = 2 t³, t  0. 3 (a) State the surface area of the balloon, A, as a function of time, t. (b) Find the surface area of the balloon after 2 seconds. 4. A cylindrical container of radius 20 cm contains 200 cm3 of water. The container is filled with water at a constant rate of 100 cm3 per second. (a) Write the formula of (i) the amount of water in the container, v, after t seconds, (ii) the height of water in the container, h, in terms of v, (iii) the composite function hv(t). (b) Find the height of water in the container after 20 seconds. 5. A small stone is thrown into a calm pond and produces a circular ripple. The radius of the ripple, r, in cm, is increasing at a rate of 3 cm per second. (a) Find an expression for the radius, r, in terms of time, t, after the stone is thrown. (b) If A is the area of the ripple, explain the meaning of the composite function Ar(t). (c) Find the area A, of the ripple after 30 seconds. 18 1.2.5

Functions Intensive Practice 1.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2AWCFIn for the quiz CHAPTER 1 1. Two functions are defined by f : x → 2x – 1 and g : x → x x 1, x ≠ –1. Find + ( )(a) fg and gf, (b) fg(2) and gf  – 21 , (c) the value of x when fg = gf. 2. The functions f and g are defined by f : x → x x 1, x ≠ 1 and g : x → hx + k, where h and k are – constants. Given g(3) = 8 and gf(2) = 5, find (a) the value of h and of k, (b) the value of a if fg(a) = 3. 3. The functions f and g are defined by f : x → ax – b where a and b are constants and g : x → x + 4. ( ) Given 1 fg(2) = 9 and gf  2 = 2, find the value of a and of b. 4. The functions f and g are defined by f : x → x 2 3, x ≠ 3 and g : x → hx2 + k, where h and k are constants. – (a) Given g(2) = 5 and gf(1) = –1, calculate the value of h and of k. (b) Find the expression of gf. 5. Given that f : x → ax + b and f 3 : x → 27x + 13, find (a) the value of a and of b, (b) the expression of f 4. 6. The diagram on the right shows a tissue box with a square base of 10 cm side x cm and the height of 10 cm. x cm x cm (a) Write the base area of the box, A as a function of x and its volume, V as a function of A. (b) Show that the volume, V is the result of the composition of these two functions. 7. The function f is defined by f : x → x + 6. Find the function g in each of the following. (a) fg : x → 2x2 – 3x – 7 (b) gf : x → x2 + 4 (c) gf : x → 8 – x 8. The diagram on the right shows the relation between set P, set Q x – 1 and set R. Given that set P maps to set Q by the function 3 P ➤ fg(x) = x2 – 3x + 6 Q and maps to set R by fg : x → x2 – 3x + 6. ➤ (a) Write the function that maps set P to set Q by using the function notation. ➤ (b) Find the function that maps set Q to set R. R 9. Given f : x → px + q and f 3 : x → 8x – 7, (a) find the value of p and of q, (b) determine the function f 4, (c) by studying the pattern of f, f 2, f 3 and f 4, determine the general rule f n where n is the number of times. 10. A car factory manufactures N cars daily after t hours of operation is given by N(t) = 100t – 5t 2, 0 < t < 10. If the cost, in RM, for manufacturing x cars is C(N) = 15 000 + 8 000x, find the cost C as a function of time t, for the operation of the factory. 19

CHAPTER 1 1.3 Inverse Functions You read news online that the temperature in New York is 39°F. Calculate the temperature in degree Celsius. The relationship between the number on a Fahrenheit, F thermometer and that of degree Celsius, C is a function 9 F(C) = 5 C + 32. By changing C as the subject of the formula, = 32) and substituting the value F = 39 into that is C(F) 5 (F – the 9 function C, the temperature in degree Celsius of New York can be known. (Source: https://www.necn.com/ weather/maps/ NECN-Weather- F : C → 9 C + 32 Now-250228521.html) 5 C : F → 5 (F – 32) 9 Will carrying out the inverse operation as shown above generate an inverse function of F? Describing the inverse of a function Inverse function of a function f can be written as f –1. For example: f : x → x + 2   f –1 : x → x – 2 What is an inverse of a function? To understand this further, let’s follow the next exploration. InQuirY 3 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the relation between the graph of a function and its respective inverse. Instruction: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2LQjG8M 2. Click on the buttons of all the functions and study the graphs obtained. 3. Are the graphs of each function and its inverse symmetrical about the line h(x) = x? 4. Carry out the discussion in the respective groups. From the result of Inquiry 3, it was found that every graph of the function x f y and its graph of inverse function is symmetrical about the line h(x) = x, that is y = x. The graph of f –1 is the reflection of the graph of f in the line y = x. f –1 f : x → y ⇔ f –1 : y → x or y = f (x) ⇔ x = f –1(y) 1.3.1 20

Functions ( )Example 13In the arrow diagram on the right, the x f y CHAPTER 1 1 function f maps x to y. Determine 4 MATHEMATICS POCKET (a) f –1 1 (b) f –1(5) 2 4 3 The sign –1 used in f  –1 does not mean the reciprocal of Solution 5 f, f –1(x) ≠ 1 but f –1 is f(x) (a) From the given arrow diagram, we obtain ( ) the inverse of f. 1 1 f(2) = 4 , thus f –1 4 = 2. (b) By inverse mapping, f –1 : 5 → 3. Then, f –1(5) = 3. f : x → y ⇔ f –1: y → x Example 14 A function is defined as f(x) = x x 4 , x ≠ 4. Determine – (a) the image of 2 under f, (b) f –1(3). Solution (a) The image of 2, f(2) = 2 = –1 2–4 (b) Let a = f –1(3), f f(a) = 3 a a 4 = 3 a3 – a = 3(a – 4) a = 3a – 12 f –1 2a = 12 a = 6 Thus, f – 1(3) = a = 6 Self Practice 1.8 1. In the arrow diagram on the right, the function f maps x to y. Find f y (a) f(4) x (b) f –1(–1) 6 2 (c) f –1(2) –1 (d) f –1(–5) 4 –5 2. The functions g and h are defined by g(x) = 5 x, x ≠ 2 and –2 h(x) = 3x + 6 respectively, find – 2 (a) g(12) (b) g–1(4) (c) h(–1) (d) h–1(9) 1.3.1 21

CHAPTER 1 Making and verifying conjectures related to the properties of inverse functions Do the following Inquiry 4, 5, 6 and 7 to make and verify the conjectures regarding the properties of inverse functions. InQuirY 4 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To make and verify conjectures that a one-to-one function has an inverse function Instruction: 1. Copy and complete the mapping of the following discrete functions. (a) Discrete function g maps set A to set B and g –1 maps set B to set A. g g–1 x x2 –1 1 l –1 –2 –2 l 4 4 l 2 2 AB BA (b) The discrete function h maps set C to set D and h–1 maps set D to set C. h h–1 x x+2 –2 0 0 –2 02 20 24 42 46 64 CD DC 2. Are g –1 and h–1 functions? 3. What type of function will yield an inverse function? State your conjecture. 4. Every group must send a representative to present the outcome of the group’s findings in front of the class. Members of the other groups can ask the representative questions. 5. Repeat step 4 until all the groups have completed the presentation. From the results of Inquiry 4, it was found that the inverse function is the reversal of a function such that every element in the codomain is mapped to only one element in the domain. Thus, we can conclude that: A function f that maps set X to set Y has an inverse function, f –1 if f is a one-to-one function. 22 1.3.2

Functions InQuirY 5 In groups 21st Century Learning CHAPTER 1 Aim: To make and verify conjectures that composite function f fg(x) = gf(x) = x such that function f and function g are inverses of each other 1 1 2 3 Instruction: 3 5 1. The arrow diagram on the right shows the discrete function 4 7 f that maps set X to set Y and the discrete function g that X Y maps set Y to set X. 2. Complete the empty boxes below based on the arrow g diagram on the right. f(1) = 1 g(1) = 1 gf (1) = g(1) = 1 gf (3) = g(0) = 0 f(2) = 3 g(3) = 2 fg(1) = f(1) = 1 fg(5) = f(0) = 0 f(3) = 0 g(5) = 0 gf (4) = g(0) = 0 f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0 gf (2) = g(3) = 2 fg(7) = f(0) = 0 fg(3) = f(2) = 3 3. From the result obtained, what is the conjecture that can be made regarding the values of fg(x) and gf(x)? 4. Each group presents their findings in front of the class and a question and answer session is carried out. From the results of Inquiry 5, the functions f and g are the inverse functions of each other if and only if: fg(x) = x, x in the domain of g and gf(x) = x, x in the domain of f. InQuirY 6 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To make and verify conjectures that if two functions f and g are inverse functions of each other, then (a) domain of f = range of g and domain of g = range of f (b) graph of g is the reflection of graph of f at the line y = x bit.ly/2ob10HU Instruction: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 1 2. Click on the box f(x) = 2 x for the domain 0 < x < 8 and take note of the graph obtained. 3. Then, click on the box g(x) = 2x, that is the inverse of f and take note of the graph displayed. 4. Complete the domain and range of the Graph Domain Range graphs of f and g in the table shown on the right. Graph of function f 5. What is your conjecture regarding the Graph of function g results of the findings? 6. How are the graphs of f and g located with respect to the line y = x? What is your conjecture? 7. Each representative of the groups moves to the other groups and presents the results of their group. 1.3.2 23

CHAPTER 1 From the results of Inquiry 6, it was found that: If two functions f and g are inverse functions of each other, then (a) the domain of f = range of g and domain of g = range of f (b) the graph of g is the reflection of the graph of f at the line y = x InQuirY 7 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To make and verify conjecture that if the point (a, b) is on the graph of f, then the point (b, a) is on the graph of g Instruction: bit.ly/30PXAr9 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Click on the box f(x) = x2 + 1 in the range 0 < x < 3 and its inverse function, g(x) = √x – 1 in the range 1 < x < 10. 3. Then, click on the box “Point and reflection”. Drag point A along the graph f. Note the points on the graph f and the graph g. 4. What is the conjecture that can be made regarding the points that you observe on both graphs? 5. Carry out a discussion within the group regarding the results of the finding. 6. Each group elects a representative and presents in front of the class. From the results of Inquiry 7, it was found that: For any real number, a and b, if the point (a, b) lies on the graph f, then the point (b, a) lies on the graph g, that is graph f –1. The point (b, a) lies on the graph g is the point of reflection of (a, b) which lies on the graph f in the line y = x. To determine whether the graph of a function has an inverse function, carry out the horizontal line test. If the horizontal line cuts the graph of the function at only one point, then this type of function is a one-to-one function and it has an inverse function. Conversely, if the horizontal line cuts the graph at two or more points, then this type of function is not a one-to- one and the function has no inverse function. y y y = f(x) y = f(x) f(x) Horizontal f(x) Horizontal line test line test 0x x       0 x1 x2 x f has an inverse function f does not have an inverse function 24 1.3.2

Functions Example 15 CHAPTER 1 Determine whether each of the following functions f has an inverse or not. Give a reason for your answer. (a) x f y (b) y (3, 7) (c) y a –2 f f 40 b x c 9 (–3, –3) Domain: –3 р x р 3 –4 0 4 x Domain: –4 р x р 4 Solution (a) f is a function because this function is one-to-one with every element in the domain mapped to only one element in the y codomain. The inverse of this function also maps every (3, 7) element in the codomain to only one element in the domain. Horizontal line test Thus, function f has an inverse function. f x (b) When the horizontal line test is carried out, the horizontal 0 (–3, –3) line cuts the graph of function f at only one point. This means that function f is a one-to-one function. Thus, function f has an inverse function. y (c) When the horizontal line test is carried out, the horizontal f Horizontal line cuts the graph of function f at two points. This means –4 0 line test that function f is not a one-to-one function. Thus, function f has no inverse function. x 4 Example 16 Verify that the function f(x) = 3 – 2x has an inverse function, g(x) = 3 – x. 2 Solution First, determine fg(x). Then, determine gf(x). fg(x) = f [g(x)] gf(x) = g[ f(x)] ( ) = f  3 – x = g(3 – 2x) 2 3 – (3 – 2x) ( ) = 2 = 3 – 2 3 – x 2 2x = 3 – (3 – x) = 2 = x = x Since fg(x) = gf(x) = x, thus g(x) = 3–x is the inverse function of f(x) = 3 – 2x. 2 1.3.2 25

Example 17 CHAPTER 1 The function f is defined by f : x → x2 – 6 for the domain 0 < x < 4. On the same plane, y = f(x)sketch the graphs of f and f –1. Hence, state the domain of f –1. Solution y The graph of f is a part of the quadratic curve y = x2 – 6. By plotting the (4, 10) y = x points in the table of values below, the graph of f is sketched as shown in the diagram on the right. (10, 4) x x01234 f –1 f     y –6 –5 –2 3 10 –6 0 The graph of f –1 is the reflection of the graph of f in the line y = x. –6 The domain of f –1 is the range of f. Hence, the domain of f –1 is –6  x  10. Example 18 y Q(3, 6) The diagram on the right shows the graph of y = f(x) passing through the points P(1, 0) and Q(3, 6). On the same y = f(x) diagram, sketch the graph of y = f –1(x) by showing the points corresponding to point P and point Q. Solution 0 P(1, 0) x y The graph of y = f –1(x) is the reflection of the graph of y = f(x) in the line y = x. The points P9 and Q9 on the graph of y = f –1(x) Q(3, 6) y = x correspond to the points P and Q as shown in the diagram on the right. Q'(6, 3) P'(0, 1) y = f –1(x) 0 P(1, 0) x Self Practice 1.9 1. Determine whether each of the following function given has an inverse function. (a) x f 2 + 6x (b) x g x2 – 3 (c) y f(x) = x – 2 13 4 –4 6 24 3 35 13 –2 0 2 x 68 4 6 (d) {(1, 2), (4, 5), (5, 8), (9, 9)} (e) {(–3, 2), (–1, 1), (2, 4), (5, 4), (9, 5)} (f) f : x → 4 – x2 (g) f : x → (x –12)2, x > 2 26 1.3.2

Functions 2. Are the following functions f and g the inverse functions of each other? Verify the truth by CHAPTER 1 applying the relation fg(x) = gf(x) = x. (a) f(x) = 3x – 2 and g(x) = x + 2 3 (b) f(x) = x2–x3, x ≠ 3 and g(x) = x3–x2, x ≠ 2 (c) f(x) = x 2 3, x ≠ 3 and g(x) = 3x – 2, x ≠ 0 – x (d) f(x) = 2 + 5x and g(x) = x – 5 2 3. The function f is defined as f : x → x3 for the domain –1 < x < 2. On the same plane, sketch the graphs of f and f –1. Hence, state the domain and range of f –1. 4. The function h is defined as h(x) = x2 – 2 for the domain 0  x  3. (a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of h and h–1. (b) State the domain of h–1. (c) Find the value of x such that h(x) = h –1(x). 5. The coordinates of the following points lie on the graph of one-to-one function, f. Determine the corresponding coordinates lying on the graph of f –1. ( )(a) P –2, 1      (b) Q(1, –3)     (c) R(4, 5)     (d) S(–6, –8) 2 6. The diagram on the right shows the line y = x and the graph of y B(3, 10) y = x y = f(x) for the domain –1 < x < 3. The points A(–1, 2), B(3, 10) y = f(x) and P(a, b) lie on the graph. (a) Sketch the graph of y = f –1(x) that shows the points on the P(a, b) x graph of y = f –1(x) corresponding to the points A and B. A(–1, 2) (b) Find the values of a and b, if the corresponding coordinates 0 on the graph of y = f –1(x) are (4, 1). Determining the inverse function f xy We have learnt that when given y = f(x), then x = f –1(y). Algebraically, the formula of the inverse function, f –1(­ x) with f –1 the original function y = f (x) can be determined by following the steps below. Change function Write x as f –1­(y). Replace variable y y = f(x) to the form with variable x. x = f(y). 1.3.2 1.3.3 27

CHAPTER 1 Example 19 MATHEMATICS POCKET If f : x → 5x + 2, find (a) f –1(x) (b) f –1(7) Solution Check the validity of the inverse xfu–5n2ctioonbtained (a) f(x) = 5x + 2 f –1(x) = in Let y = 5x + 2 Example 19(a) by applying 5x = y – 2 the relationship x = y – 2 The form of x = f(y) ff –1(x) = f –1f(x) = x. 5 ff –1(x) = f [f –1(x)] ( ) = 5 Since x = f –1(y),   Write x as f –1(y) x–2 +2 f –1(y) = x 5 y – 2 = x 5 = f –1f(x) = f –1[f(x)] Substitute the variable y with x, = f –1(5x + 2) 5x +2 – 2 = x 5 f –1(x) = x – 2 = 5 x – 2. Since ff–1(x) = f–1f(x) = x, 5 x – 2 Thus, f –1 : x → f thus f –1 : x → 5 is the (b) f –1(x) = x – 2 inverse function of 5 1 7 f : x → 5x + 2. Thus, f –1(7) = 7 – 2 5 = 1 f –1 Self Practice 1.10 1. Find f –1 for each of the following one-to-one functions. (a) f : x → 2x – 5 (b) f : x → 3 , x ≠ 0 (c) f : x → x 4 1, x ≠ 1 x – (d) f : x → x5–x6, x ≠ 6 x + 89, 2x – 13, 1 (e) f : x → x – x ≠ 8 (f) f : x → 2x – x ≠ 2 2. The function f is defined by f : x → 32–xx, x ≠ 0, find (a) f –1(4), (b) the values of x such that f(x) = f –1(x). 3. Given the functions h : x → 4x + a and h–1 : x → 2bx + 5 , find the value of the constants a and b. 8 4. Find the function f in similar form for each of the following f –1. (a) f –1 : x → 6x + 7 (b) f –1 : x → 2 – x (c) f –1 : x → x3–x3, x ≠ 3 5 4 5. The inverse function g–1 is defined by g–1 : x → 2 – x, x ≠ k. (a) State the value of k. ( )(b) Find g 1 . 2 28 1.3.3

Intensive Practice 1.3 Functions CHAPTER 1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2p5bB7a for the quiz 1. In the arrow diagram on the right, the function f maps x to y and xf ygz 2 the function g maps y to z. Determine (a) f (2) (b) g(5) 58 (c) gf (2) (d) f –1(5) (e) g–1(8) (f) f –1g–1(8) 2. By applying the horizontal line test, determine whether each of the following function has an inverse function. (a) y (b) y (c) y f(x) = –12x3 – 5x f(x) = 2x –13 f(x) = –1x 0x 0x 0x 3. The diagrams below show the graphs of one-to-one functions, f. In each case, sketch the graph of f –1 and hence state the domain of f –1. (a) y (b) y (c) y (4, 8) 4 f (4, 2) f f 0 x 2 x 0 x 0 4. Given f : x → 2xx–+3h, x ≠ 3 and f(4) = 13, find (a) the value of h, (b) f –1(3), (c) the value of m when f –1(m) = 2. 5. The inverse function h–1 is defined by h–1 : x → 3 2 x , x ≠ 3, find – (a) h(x), (b) the values of x such that h(x) = 2. 6. Two functions f and g are defined by f : x → 4x – 17 and g : x → 5 7 , x ≠ 3 1 . Solve the equation f –1(x) = g–1(x). 2x – 2 7. Faridah carried out a physical activity during her leisure time. Then, Faridah calculated her estimated heartbeat rate by using the function f(x) = 1270(220 – x), where x is her age. (a) Determine the inverse function of this function. (b) If Faridah’s age is 16, determine her estimated heartbeat rate. 29

CHAPTER 1 8. Zaki intends to make spherical water balls that can hold 1 2 cm3 of water. The volume of sphere, V is given by V the radius of the sphere. Zaki = 4 πr3, where r is 3 wishes to know how to determine r if V is given. (a) Draw an arrow diagram of the function f that maps r to V and its inverse function f –1 which maps V to r. (b) Hence, determine the radius of the ball that can hold the volume of water according to the specification. Summary OF Chapter 1 f : x → 2x or r��r��e Arrow diagram f(x) = 2x, ��o� ��a Graph x is the object 2x is the image �� ��v��v� Discrete functions Continuous functions ��n��i�� ��t��i�� FUNCTIONS One-to-one function, f : x → y has an inverse function, f –1 : y → x Composite functions Inverse functions � ��n��t�� n f gf(x) = g[f(x)] xy gf f –1 fg Properties of inverse functions: x f(x) g[f(x)] • Only restricted to one-to-one function fg(x) = f[g(x)] which has inverse function. fg • fg(x) = gf(x) = x, where g(x) is the gf inverse function of f(x). • Graph of f –1 is the reflection of graph x g(x) f [g(x)] of f in the line y = x and vice versa. • If the point (a, b) lies on the graph of f, then the point (b, a) lies on the graph of f –1. 30

Functions WRITE YOUR JOURNAL CHAPTER 1 Search on the internet or books regarding the history of the usage of the function notation y = f(x). Create a digital folio by using presentation software such as PowerPoint, Prezi or Powtoon. MASTERY PRACTICE 1. The arrow diagram on the right shows the relationship between 2 1 set M and set N. PL1 6 4 (a) State 7 5 (i) the image of 2, 8 (ii) the object of 4. 9 Set N (b) Does this relation represent a function? Give your reason. Set M (c) State the domain, codomain and the range of the relation. xh h (x) 2. The arrow diagram on the right shows a function h. PL2 –2 (a) State the value of m. 2 3 (b) Using the function notation, express h in terms of x. 4 15 6 m 3. Using the vertical line test, determine whether the graph on the right represents a function or not. If yes, is this function a y one-to-one function? Test by drawing a horizontal line on the graph. PL2 0x 4. Function f is defined by f : x → |x – 3| for the domain –1  x  7. PL3 (a) Sketch the graph of f and state the range of f. (b) Find the range of values of x such that f(x) < 2. (c) On the same graph in part (a), sketch the graph of y = 2x – 3 and hence obtain the value of x such that |x – 3| = 2x – 3. 5. The arrow diagram on the right represents part of the mapping of x f hx + k x f : x → hx + k , x ≠ 0, find PL3 x (a) the value of h and of k, 2 17 3 (b) the image of 6 under this mapping. 23 6. Two functions f and g are defined by f : x → x + 22, x ≠ 2 and g : x → mx + c. Given that x – g –1(2) = f(3) and gf –1(2) = 5, find the value of m and of c. PL3 31

CHAPTER 1 7. In the diagram on the right, the function f maps set A to set B and fg the function g maps set B to set C. Find PL4 x 3x– 2 6x+ 1 (a) in terms of x, the function (i) that maps set B to set A, A BC (ii) g(x). (b) the value of x such that fg(x) = 4x – 3. 8. Function f is defined by f : x → m + n, x ≠ k. Given f(2) = 3 and f(3) = 2, find PL3 x–1 (a) the value of k, (b) the value of m and of n, (c) f 2(x), (d) f –1(2). 9. The diagram on the right shows the function f(x) = –x3 – 3x2 – x + 1 y for the domain –3  x  1. PL3 4 (a) State (i) whether the function f is discrete or continuous, 1 (ii) the range of values of f corresponding to the domain given. –3 0 x (b) By applying the horizontal line test, determine whether f 1 has an inverse function or not. f(x) = –x3 – 3x2 – x + 1 –4 1 0. Given that the functions f(x) = |x| and f(x) = x4 are not one-to-one functions. PL5 (a) Determine the suitable conditions in the domain of f so that the new functions become one-to-one functions. (b) From (a), find the inverse function for each of the functions f. 1 1. If the graphs of a function and its inverse function intersect, would the two graphs intersect on the line y = x? What is the possibility for the two graphs to intersect on other lines? PL5 1 2. Given f(x) = ax + db, find f –1(x). PL5 cx + (a) Using the formula f –1 obtained, determine f –1 for each of the following functions. (i) f(x) = x + 58, x ≠ 5 x – (ii) f(x) = 2xx+–43, x ≠ – 4 (b) If c ≠ 0, what are the conditions on a, b, c and d so that f = f –1? 13. A one-to-one function f is defined by f : x → x2 – 2x for 1  x  3. PL6 (a) Using the GeoGebra software, (i) draw the graph of f and from the graph, state the range of f, (ii) draw the graph of f –1 on the same plane and state the domain of f –1. (b) What can you say about the range of f and the domain of f –1 and also the domain of f and the range of f –1? Hence, on the same plane, draw the line y = x. (i) Is the graph of f –1 the reflection of the graph f in that line? (ii) Is the point (0, 2) on the graph of f –1 the reflection of the point (2, 0) on the graph of f in the line y = x? What conclusion can you make? 32

Functions 14. The price p, in RM, of an item and the quantity x sold follow the demand equation CHAPTER 1 p = 100 – 1 x for 0 < x < 400. Whereas the cost C, in RM, to produce x units is 4 x C = 25 + 600. Assuming all the items produced are sold, calculate PL4 (a) the cost C as a function of price p, (b) the cost for producing that item if the price for one unit of the item is sold at RM36. 15. Period T, in seconds, of a simple pendulum is a function of length l, in metres, defined by T(l l , such that g = 10 m s–2 is the gravitational acceleration. Using the GeoGebra g software, draw the graph of this function and on the same plane, draw the graphs of the following functions. ! !(a) T(l) = 2π wl +g 4 (b) T(l) = 2π w4gl How does the change in the length, affect the period, T of the pendulum? PL5 Exploring MATHEMATICS The table below shows the amount of petrol used by a car on a highway as compared to the distance travelled. Supposed l is the volume of petrol used, in litres, and d is the distance travelled, in km, by the car. Petrol used (l) Distance travelled, in km (d) 4 48 8 96 12 144 16 192 20 240 1. Based on the table above, (a) how far can the car travel with l litre of petrol? (b) determine the distance travelled, d, as a function of amount of petrol used, l. d(l) = 2. Using the GeoGebra software, draw the function d as obtained in question 1(b) and from the graph, determine the following: (a) What is the amount of petrol used to travel 300 km? (b) What is the distance that can be travelled for 100 l of petrol? 33

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER Quadratic Functions 2 What will be learnt? Quadratic Equations and Inequalities Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations Quadratic Functions List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2AYDj8t KEY WwORDS Completing the Penyempurnaan square kuasa dua Root Punca General form Bentuk am Quadratic inequality Ketaksamaan kuadratik Number line Garis nombor Discriminant Pembezalayan Real root Punca nyata Imaginary root Punca khayalan Vertex form Bentuk verteks Axis of symmetry Paksi simetri Maximum value Nilai maksimum Minimum value Nilai minimum 34 2.1.1

Quadratic Functions CHAPTER 2 Did you Know? A satellite dish has the ability to converge the energy on its focal point. Satellite, television, radar and telecommunication tower are examples of objects which focus on the properties of reflection of parabola. Based on the history of the ancient times, Archimedes helped the Greek army by using parabolic mirrors to torch the military ships of Rome who were trying to conquer the Greek town, Syracuse in 213 B.C. For further information: bit.ly/35rNxMi SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER Astronomers use the concept of quadratic function in inventing telescopes. Parabolic mirrors are able to converge and reflect the light onto a certain point. In the engineering field, engineers apply the concept of quadratic function to determine the types of loads which can be accommodated by a bridge. The cross section of a skateboard ramp in the Scan this QR code shape of a parabola can be modelled by using to watch a video on the quadratic function, that is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. skateboard games in For your knowledge, the shape and width of a Malaysia. skateboard ramp can be modified through the knowledge of quadratic functions. What is the bit.ly/2V2I1ys best shape of skateboard ramp from the safety aspects? 35 2.1.1

2.1 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities CHAPTER 2 Solving quadratic equations by using the method of completing the square and quadratic formula Most of the situations that take place in our daily lives are associated with equations. One of the equations is the quadratic equation. Consider this situation: The area of a rectangular picture frame is 100 cm2­­. If the length is 3 cm longer than its width, write an equation which satisfies this situation. Supposed that the width of the frame is x cm and its length is 3 cm longer than its width, that is (x + 3) cm. Then: x(x + 3) = 100 x2 + 3x = 100 x2 + 3x – 100 = 0 Note that this equation has a variable x and the highest power of the variable is 2. Hence, this equation is known as a quadratic equation in general form. In general, a general form of quadratic equation can be written as: ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0. How do you solve a quadratic equation? What does it mean by solving the quadratic equation? InQuirY 1 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the solving of quadratic equations by using dynamic geometry software Instructions: bit.ly/30MWj48 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Click the point button and mark A and B on the intersection points between the graph y = 3x2 + 11x – 4 and the x-axis. 3. Record the coordinates of point A and point B. Then, observe the x-coordinate of point A and point B. 4. What is the conclusion that can be made on the x-coordinate of point A and point B? 5. Discuss with your partner and share the findings obtained with other classmates. From the results of Inquiry 1, the values of x for both the intersection points, that is, x = –4 and 1 x= 3 are the solutions or roots of the equation y = 3x2 + 11x – 4 when y = 0. 36 2.1.1

Quadratic Functions Then, it can be concluded that: Solutions or roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the x-coordinates of the intersection points between the graph y = ax2 + bx + c and the x-axis. You have learned how to solve quadratic equations by using factorisation method. Other than CHAPTER 2 that, the solutions of a quadratic equation can be obtained by using the completing the square and formula method. A   Completing the square method Example 1 FLASHBACK Solve the following equations by using completing the square Factorisation method method. x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 (a) x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 (b) –3x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 x = –2 or x = –3 Solution Move the constant term to the QR right hand side of the equation (a) x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 Factorisation method by ( )Add the term using algebra tiles. x2 + 4x = 7 coefficient of x 2 ( ) ( ) x2 + 4x + 2 42 2 bit.ly/34f7x3G 4 = 7+ 2 on the left and right hand side 2 Mathematics Museum x2 + 4x + 22 = 7 + 22 of the equation A Persian mathematician, (x + 2)2 = 11 (x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi used the x + 2 = ±!1w1 same method as completing the square to solve quadratic x = –5.317  or  x = 1.317 equations. Hence, the solutions of equation x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 are –5.317 and 1.317. (b) –3x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 Divide both sides of the equation by –3 so that the coefficient of x2 becomes 1 x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 3 1 x2 – 2x = –  3 ( )Add 2 ( ) ( ) –2 2 – 13 –2 2 –2 on both sides of the x2 – 2x + 2 = + 2 2 equation x2 – 2x + (–1)2 = – 13 + (–1)2 2 (x – 1)2 = 3 !x – 1 = ± w2 3 x = 0.1835  or  x = 1.8165 Hence, the solutions of equation –3x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 are 0.1835 and 1.8165. 2.1.1 37

B   Formula method Mind Challenge The formula for solving a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is Derive the quadratic formula given as: by using completing the square method. CHAPTER 2 x = –b ± !bw2 – 4ac 2a BRAINSTORMING Example 2 State another method to solve a quadratic equation Solve the equation 2x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 by using formula. other than the method of completing the square and Solution quadratic formula. What is your choice? Explain the Compare the given equation with the equation of general form reason for your choice. ax2 + bx + c = 0. Hence, a = 2, b = –2 and c = –3. Mathematics Museum x = – (–2) ± !w(–2)2 – 4(2)(–3) 2(2) An Indian mathematician 2 ± !w28 and astronomer, = 4 Brahmagupta produced a formula to solve a quadratic x = 2 –4!2w8 or x = 2 + !w28 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 4 which is equivalent to = –0.823 or = 1.823 x = !w4ac 2+ab2 – b. Hence, the solutions of the equation 2x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 are –0.823 and 1.823. Self Practice 2.1 1. Solve the following quadratic equations by using completing the square method. Give your answers in three decimal places. (a) x2 + 4x – 9 = 0 (b) x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 (c) –x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 (d) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0 (e) 4x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 (f) –2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 2. Solve the following quadratic equations by using formula. Give your answers in three decimal places. (b) 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (c) 3x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 (a) x2 – 4x – 7 = 0 (d) 4x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 (f) (2x – 3)2 = 6 (e) (x – 1)(x – 3) = 5 3. (a) The length of the diagonal of a rectangle is 10 cm. If the length is 2 cm longer than its width, find the length and the width of the rectangle. (b) Find the measurements of a rectangle with a perimeter of 26 cm and an area of 40 cm2. 4. The diagram on the right shows a trapezium PQRS where P (x + 3) cm S R (x – 1) cm PQ = (x – 1) cm, PS = (x + 3) cm and QR = (3x + 2) cm. Given the area of the trapezium is 17 cm2, find the value Q (3x + 2) cm of x. 38 2.1.1

Quadratic Functions Forming quadratic equations from given roots The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be written as FLASHBACK x2 + b x + c = 0  …1 Factorisation identity a a (a) (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x2 + 2xy + y2 CHAPTER 2 If a and b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then (b) (x – y)2 = (x – y)(x – y) = x2 – 2xy + y2 (x – α)(x – β) = 0 (c) x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y) x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0  … 2 Comparing 1 and 2 , – (α + β) = b  and αβ = c a a α + β = –  b BRAINSTORMING a In general, this comparison can be formulated as follows: –b – !wb2 – 4ac Given α = 2a Sum of roots = α + β = –  b and β = –b + !bw2 – 4ac , a 2a c Product of roots = αβ = a (a) show that α + β = –  b , a (b) express the product of Therefore, the quadratic equation with roots a and b can be written as: αβ in terms of a and c. Discuss with your classmates. x2 – (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 Example 3 Alternative Method Form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and –5. (x – 3)(x + 5) = 0 x2 + 5x – 3x – 15 = 0 Solution x2 + 2x – 15 = 0 Given α = 3 dan β = –5. 39 Sum of roots, α + β = 3 + (–5) = –2 Product of roots, αβ = 3 × (–5) = –15 Thus, the quadratic equations with roots 3 and –5 is x2 – (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0 x2 – (–2)x + (–15) = 0 x2 + 2x – 15 = 0 2.1.2

CHAPTER 2 Example 4 If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + x = 4, form a quadratic equation with the following roots. (a) α + 3, β + 3 (b) 2α, 2β (c) α2, β2 Solution 2x2 + x – 4 = 0 where a = 2, b = 1 and c = – 4 α + β = –  b = –  1 and αβ = c = –  4 = –2 a 2 a 2 (a) Sum of roots: Product of roots: (α + 3) + (β + 3) = (α + β) + 6 (α + 3)(β + 3) = αβ + 3(α + β) + 9 ( ) = = –  1 + 6 –2 + 3 –  1 +9 2 = 11 2 2 = 11 2 Thus, the quadratic equation with roots a + 3 and b + 3 is x2 – 121x + 121 = 0 Multiply both sides of the   2x2 – 11x + 11 = 0 equation by 2 (b) Sum of roots: Product of roots: 2α + 2β = 2(α + β) (2α)(2β) = 4αβ ( ) = 2 –  1 = 4(–2) 2 = –8 = –1 Thus, the quadratic equation with roots 2a and 2b is   x2 – (–1)x – 8 = 0 x2 + x – 8 = 0 (c) Sum of roots: Product of roots: α2β2 = (αβ)2 α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ ( ) = – 12 2 – 2(–2) = (–2)2 =4 = 1 +4 4 = 17 4 Thus, the quadratic equation with roots a2 and b2 is x2 – 17 x + 4 = 0 Multiply both sides of the 4 equation by 4   4x2 – 17x + 16 = 0 40 2.1.2

Quadratic Functions Self Practice 2.2 1. Form quadratic equations which have the following roots. (a) 2 and 6 (b) −1 and 4 (c) −4 and −7 (d) 1 and −5 5 2. The quadratic equation x2 + (p – 5)x + 2q = 0 has roots of –3 and 6. Find the value of p and of q. CHAPTER 2 3. If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 5x2 – 10x – 9 = 0, form quadratic equations with the following roots. β 3 (a) α + 2 and β + 2 (b) 5α and 5β (c) α – 1 and β – 1 (d) α and 3 4. If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 5x = 1, find the quadratic equations with the following roots. β 2 (d) βα , αβ ( ) ( )(a) 1 , 1 (b) α + β1 , β + 1 (c) α2, α β α 5. A quadratic equation 2x2 = 6x + 3 has two roots p and q. Find the quadratic equations with roots p2q and pq2. Solving quadratic inequalities An inequality with a quadratic expression on one side and zero on the other side, is called a quadratic inequality in one variable. For example, 2x2 + 7x – 4 < 0 and (x + 1)((x – 3) . 0 are quadratic inequalities in one variable, x. To solve a quadratic inequality as (x + 1)(x – 3) . 0, we have to find the range of values of x so that the expression on the left is greater than zero. The three methods which can be used to solve a quadratic inequality are graph sketching, number line and table methods. InQuirY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To solve quadratic inequalities by graph sketching, number line and table methods Instructions: 1. Consider quadratic inqualities (x + 1)(x − 3) . 0 and (x + 1)(x − 3) , 0. 2. Form three groups and each group has to choose one of the three following method. Graph sketching method ✑ Solve the quadratic equations (x + 1)(x − 3) = 0. ✑ Draw the graph of y = (x + 1)(x − 3). ✑ Mark and determine the range of values of x on the graph when (x + 1)(x − 3) . 0 (y . 0) and (x + 1)(x − 3) , 0 (y , 0). 2.1.2 2.1.3 41

CHAPTER 2 Number line method ✑ Solve the quadratic equation (x + 1)(x − 3) = 0. ✑ Draw a number line on a piece of paper. ✑ By choosing the values of x that satisfy x , −1, x . 3 and −1 , x , 3 on the number line and substituting them into (x + 1)(x − 3), determine and verify the range of values of x when (x + 1)(x − 3) . 0 and (x + 1)(x − 3) < 0. Table method ✑ Copy and complete the table with positive value (+) or negative value (–) for every factor of quadratic equation (x + 1)(x – 3) = 0. x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 3 x=3 x>3 (x + 1) (x – 3) (x + 1)(x – 3) ✑ From the results obtained in the table, what is the range of values of x when (x + 1)(x − 3) . 0 and (x + 1)(x − 3) , 0? 3. Compare the findings of your group with other groups. 4. Do a thorough discussion about the three methods that can be used to solve quadratic equations. From the results of Inquiry 2, the solution for the quadratic inequalities (x + 1)(x – 3) . 0 and (x + 1)(x – 3) , 0 by using the methods of graph sketching, number lines and table are shown as follow: Graph sketching Number line Test point –2: Test point 0: Test point 4: (–2 + 1)(–2 – 3) > 0 (0 + 1)(0 – 3) < 0 (4 + 1)(4 – 3) > 0 y y>0 +– + y>0 x < –1 x>3 x < –1 –1 –1 < x < 3 3 x > 3 x 3 Table –1 0 x y<0 Range of values of x x < –1 –1 < x < 3 x>3 –1 < x < 3 (x + 1) –++ (x – 3) (x + 1)(x – 3) ––+ +–+ From the three findings above, it can be concluded that: 2.1.3 For a quadratic equation in the form of (x − a)(x − b) = 0, where a < b, (a) if (x − a)(x − b) > 0, then x < a or x > b, (b) if (x − a)(x − b) < 0, then a < x < b. 42

Quadratic Functions Example 5 CHAPTER 2 Find the range of values of x for the quadratic inequality (2x – 1)(x + 4)  x + 4 by using (a) graph sketching method (b) number line method (c) table method Solution y y = (x + 4)(x – 1) (a) (2x − 1)(x + 4)  x + 4 2x2 + 7x − 4  x + 4 ++ 2x2 + 6x − 8  0 x2 + 3x − 4  0 –4 1 x (x + 4)(x − 1)  0 – When (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0, x = − 4 or x = 1. –4 The graph will intersect the x-axis at point x = – 4 and x = 1. Since (x + 4)(x − 1)  0, thus the range of values of x is determined on the graph above the x-axis. Hence, the range of values of x is x  − 4  or  x  1. (b) Test point –5: Test point 0: Test point 2: (–5 + 4)(–5 – 1) 0 (0 + 4)(0 – 1) 0 (2 + 4)(2 – 1) 0 +– + x –4 –4 –4 x 1 1 x 1 x Since (x + 4)(x − 1)  0, then the range of values of x is determined on the positive part of the number line. Hence, the range of values of x is x  − 4 or x  1. (c) Range of values of x x  − 4 − 4  x  1 x1 (x + 4) – + + (x − 1) – – + (x + 4)(x − 1) + – + Since (x + 4)(x – 1) > 0, then the range of values of x is determined on the positive part of the table. Hence, the range of values of x is x  − 4 or x  1. 2.1.3 43

Self Practice 2.3 1. Solve each of the following quadratic inequalities by using graph sketching method, number line method or table method. (c) x2  4x + 12 (a) x2 < 4 (d) x(x – 2)  3 (b) (2 – x)(8 – x) < 0 (e) (x + 2)2 < 2x + 7 CHAPTER 2 (f) (3x + 1)(5 – x) > 13 2. Find the range of values of x for 3x2 – 5x  16 + x(2x + 1). Intensive Practice 2.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2pSSNs6 for the quiz 1. Solve the quadratic equation 3x(x – 5) = 2x – 1. Give the answer in three decimal places. 2. Given a quadratic equation 2(x – 5)2 = 4(x + 7), (a) express the equation in general form, that is ax2 + bx + c = 0. (b) state the sum of roots and the product of roots of the equation. 3. If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 6x – 7 = 0, form equations with the following roots: 1 (b) 5βα , 5αβ (c) α + 3β, 3α + β (a) 1 1, 1 2α + 2β + 4. If one of the roots of the equation 3x2 + 19x + k = 0 is –7, find the value of the constant k. 5. Given the quadratic equation rx2 + (r – 1)x + 2r + 3 = 0, where r is a non-zero integer, find the value of r such that (a) one root is negative of the other root, (b) one root is the reciprocal of the other root, (c) one root is twice the other root. 6. One root of the equation x2 – 8x + m = 0 is three times the other root, find the value of the constant m and the roots. 7. The equation x2 + 2x = k(x – 1) has non-zero roots where the difference between the roots is 2, find the value of each root and the value of k. 8. The roots of the equation x2 + px + 27 = 0 are in the ratio of 1 : 3. Find the values of p. 9. Given 3 and h + 1 are the roots of the equation x2 + (k – 1)x + 9 = 0, find the possible values of h and k. 10. The two roots of the equation x2 – 8x + c = 0 are a and a + 3d. Express c in terms of d. 11. Solve each of the following quadratic inequalities: (a) 2x2 > x + 1 (b) (x – 3)2 < 5 – x (c) (1 – x)2 + 2x , 17 12. Find the value of m and of n for each of the following quadratic inequalities: (a) x2 + mx , n which is satisfied by –3 , x , 4. (b) 2x2 + m . nx which is satisfied by x , –2 or x . 5. 13. Given y = 2x2 + bx + 12 and y , 0, if 2 , x , a, find the value of a and of b. 44 2.1.3

Quadratic Functions 2.2 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations Types of roots of quadratic equations and value of discriminant You have learned that the roots of a quadratic equation can be found by using the formula CHAPTER 2 x = –b ± b2 – 4ac. Are the roots of a quadratic equation associated closely to the value of 2a b2 – 4ac in the formula? Let’s explore. InQuirY 3 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the relation between types of roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and the value of b2 – 4ac Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2RS5Jff 2. Click one by one on the boxes which display the quadratic equations y = x2 + 5x + 4, y = x2 – 6x + 9 and y = 9x2 – 6x + 2 to display each of the graphs. 3. Observe the positions of those graphs. 4. Identify the values of a, b and c as well as the roots of each graph when y = 0. 5. Discuss with the group members on the relation between the values of b2 – 4ac and the types of roots obtained. 6. Present the findings of your group in front of the class. From the results of Inquiry 3, note that the types of roots of Smart TIPS quadratic equations can be determined from the values of b2 – 4ac which is known as the discriminant and usually denoted by D. When the discriminant b2 – 4ac  0, the equation In general: has real roots. 1. If the discriminant b2 – 4ac > 0, the equation has two Mind Challenge different real roots. What is the type of roots of 2. If the discriminant b2 – 4ac = 0, the equation has two a quadratic equation if the discriminant b2 – 4ac  0? equal real roots. 3. If the discriminant b2 – 4ac < 0, the equation has no real BRAINSTORMING roots. Determine the roots of the following quadratic For the quadratic equation 9x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 which has no roots, equations. Give your note that the value of the discriminant is negative. Since √ –36 is answers in terms of imaginary number, i, not a real number, then this quadratic equation has no real roots. i = !–w1. The square root of a negative number is known as an imaginary root and it is represented by i = √ –1. Then, the roots of the (a) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 quadratic equation 9x2 – 6x + 2 can be written as (b) x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (c) 2x2 – 6x + 5 = 0 x= 6 ± √ –36(–1) = 6 ± 6i = 1 ± i . 18 18 3 45 2.2.1

CHAPTER 2 Example 6 Mind Challenge Determine the type of roots for each of the following quadratic Why must the value of the equation. discriminant need to be (a) x2 + 5x – 6 = 0 found first when determining (b) – 4x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 the types of roots of a (c) 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 quadratic equation? Solution Tech Whizz (a) x2 + 5x – 6 = 0 with a = 1, b = 5 and c = –6 Check your answers by b2 – 4ac = 52 – 4(1)(–6) Mathpapa application = 49 (> 0) which can be downloaded Thus, the equation x2 + 5x – 6 = 0 has two real and different from your mobile phone. roots. bit.ly/2LGCIgg (b) – 4x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 with a = – 4, b = 4 and c = –1 b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(– 4)(–1) = 0 Thus, the equation –4x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 has two equal real roots. (c) 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 with a = 2, b = – 4 and c = 5 b2 – 4ac = (– 4)2 – 4(2)(5) = –24 (< 0) Thus, the equation 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 has no real roots. Self Practice 2.4 1. Find the discriminant and determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equation: (b) x2 = 8(x – 2) (c) 5x2 + 4x + 6 = 0 (a) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (d) –3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0 (e) –x2 + 10x – 25 = 0 (f) (2x – 1)(x + 3) = 0 Solving problems involving types of roots of quadratic equations The discriminant, D which determines the types of roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be used to: (a) Find the value of a variable in the quadratic equation. (b) Derive a relation. Example 7 (a) The quadratic equation x2 + k + 3 = kx, where k is a constant, has two equal real roots. Find the possible values of k. (b) The roots of the equation (p + 2)x2 – 2px = 3 – p, where p is a constant, are real and different. Find the range of values of p. (c) Given the quadratic equation x2 + 4x + 13 = m(2 – x), where m is a constant, has no real roots. Find the range of values of m. 46 2.2.1 2.2.2

Solution Quadratic Functions (a) x2 + k + 3 = kx Arrange the equation in BRAINSTORMING x2 – kx + k + 3 = 0 the general form a = 1, b = –k and c = k + 3 By assuming b2 – 4ac  0, b2 – 4ac = 0 Two real and show that the solutions of (–k)2 – 4(1)(k + 3) = 0 equal roots the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 CHAPTER 2 are the reciprocal of the k2 – 4k – 12 = 0 solutions of the equation (k + 2)(k – 6) = 0 cx2 + bx + a = 0. k = –2  or  k = 6 MATHEMATICS (b) ( p + 2)x2 – 2px = 3 – p Arrange the equation in POCKET ( p + 2)x2 – 2px + p – 3 = 0 the general form a = p + 2, b = –2p and c = p – 3 Consider a line y = x + 4 b2 – 4ac > 0 Two real and that crossed a curve (–2p)2 – 4( p + 2)( p – 3) > 0 different roots y = x2 + 3x + m as shown in the diagram below. 4p2 – 4( p2 – p – 6) > 0 4p + 24 > 0 y p > – 6 y = x2 + 3x + m y = x + 4 (c) x2 + 4x + 13 = m(2 – x) x2 + 4x + 13 = 2m – mx 0x x2 + 4x + mx + 13 – 2m = 0 To find the range of values x2 + (4 + m)x + 13 – 2m = 0 Arrange the equation in of m, solve both equations a = 1, b = 4 + m and c = 13 – 2m the general form simultaneously. b2 – 4ac < 0 No real roots x2 + 3x + m = x + 4 (4 + m)2 – 4(1)(13 – 2m) < 0 x2 + 2x + m – 4 = 0 16 + 8m + m2 – 52 + 8m < 0 ++ This quadratic equation has m2 + 16m – 36 < 0 two real and different roots. m Thus, (m + 18)(m – 2) < 0 –18 – 2 b2 – 4ac > 0 Thus, the range of values of 22 – 4(1)(m – 4) > 0 m is –18 < m < 2. 4 – 4m + 16 > 0 4m < 20 Example 8 m < 5 Hence, the range of values of Given the equation x2 – 4ax + 5b = 0 has two real and equal m is m < 5. Discuss with your roots, express a in terms of b. friends and find the values of m or the range of values Solution of m for the following cases: • Line y = mx – 5 touches x2 – 4ax + 5b = 0 where a = 1, b = – 4a and c = 5b. a point on the curve Since the equation has two real and equal roots, 2y = x2 – 1. b2 – 4ac = 0 • Line y = mx + 4 crosses a (– 4a)2 – 4(1)(5b) = 0 curve 5x2 – xy = 2 at two 16a2 – 20b = 0 points. 16a2 = 20b • Line y = 2x + 3 does not 5 cross the curve x2 + xy = m. a2 = 4 b 47 a = ± 1 !5wb 2 2.2.2

CHAPTER 2 Self Practice 2.5 1. Find the values or range of values of p such that the equation (a) 9x2 + p + 1 = 4px has two equal roots, (b) x2 + (2x + 3)x = p has two real and different roots, (c) x2 + 2px + (p – 1)(p – 3) = 0 has no real roots. 2. Find the range of values of k if the equation x2 + k = kx – 3 has two real and different roots. State the values of k if the equation has two real and equal roots. 3. The quadratic equation x2 + hx + k = 0 has roots of –2 and 6, find (a) the value of h and of k, (b) the range of values of c such that the equation x2 + hx + k = c has no real roots. 4. The equation hx2 + 3hx + h + k = 0, where h ≠ 0, has two real and equal roots. Express k in terms of h. 5. Given the quadratic equation ax2 – 5bx + 4a = 0, where a and b are constants, has two real and equal roots, find a : b. Intensive Practice 2.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2nCIGqQ for the quiz 1. Determine the types of roots for the following quadratic equations. (a) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0 (b) (x – 2)2 = 3 (c) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0 2. The following quadratic equations have two real and equal roots. Find the values of k. (a) x2 + kx = 2x – 9 (b) kx2 + (2k + 1)x + k – 1 = 0 3. The following quadratic equations have two real and different roots. Find the range of values of r. (a) x(x + 1) = rx – 4 (b) x2 + x = 2rx – r2 4. Find the range of values of p if the following equations have no real roots. (a) (1 – p)x2 + 5 = 2x (b) 4px2 + (4p + 1)x + p – 1 = 0 5. The equation kx2 – 10x + 6k = 5, where k is a constant, has two real and equal roots. (a) Find the values of k. (b) Hence, find the roots of the equation by using the smallest value of k obtained in (a). 6. The quadratic equation x(x – 4) + 2n = m where m and n are constants, has two real and equal roots. Express m in terms of n. 7. The quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 where b and c are positive integers, has a discriminant of 16 and b – c = –4. Find (a) the possible values of b and c, (b) the corresponding roots of the equations. 8. The quadratic equation 2x2 – 5x + c = 0 where c is a positive integer, has no real roots. (a) Find two possible values of c, that is c1 and c2. 1 (c1 + c2) = 0 have (b) Based on the values of c1 and c2 in (a), does the equation 2x2 – 5x + 2 two real roots? Explain. 48 2.2.2

Quadratic Functions 2.3 Quadratic Functions CHAPTER 2 A ball is thrown into the net. What can you observe from the path of the ball? If you observe the path of the ball, it follows the shape of a parabola. The path or the curve is the shape of the graph of a quadratic function. What are other examples that involve the shape of a parabola? Analysing the effect of changes of a, b and c towards the shape and position of the graph for f (x) = ax2 + bx + c The general form of a quadratic function is a function in the form of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. The shape of the graph of a quadratic function is a parabola which is symmetrical about the axis that passes through the minimum point or maximum point. f(x) Axis of symmetry f(x) Maximum point MATHEMATICS y = f(x) 0x POCKET y = f(x) 0x The highest power of a quadratic function is the same as the highest power of a quadratic equation, that is 2. Minimum point Axis of symmetry What are the effects on the shape and position of the quadratic function graph if the values of a, b and c change? Let’s explore. InQuirY 4 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the effects of changes in the values of a, b and c towards the shape and position of the quadratic function graph Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/324HT0w 2. Observe the graph of function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3. 3. In groups, analyse the changes of shape and position of the quadratic function graph based on the following instructions: (a) Drag slide a to the left and to the right without changing slide b and slide c. (b) Drag slide b to the left and to the right without changing slide a and slide c. (c) Drag slide c to the left and to the right without changing slide a and slide b. 4. Make a generalisation on the effects of changes in the values of a, b and c on the shape and position of the graph of f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. 5. Present the findings of your group in front of the class and discuss with other groups. 2.3.1 49

From the results of Inquiry 4, the following findings are obtained. Changes in shape and position of the graph of function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c • Change in value of a affects the shape and width of the graph, however the y-intercept remains unchanged. • When a . 0, the shape of the graph is which passes through the minimum point and when a , 0, the shape of the graph is which passes through the maximum point. CHAPTER 2 Only the • For the graph a . 0, for example a = 1, when the value of a is larger than 1, the value of a changes width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of a is smaller than 1 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases. • For the graph a , 0, for example a = –1, when the value of a is smaller than –1, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of a increases from ­–1 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases. • Change in value of b only affects the position of vertex with respect to the y-axis, however the shape of the graph and the y-intercept are unchanged. Only the • When b = 0, the vertex is on the y-axis. value of b • For the graph a . 0, when b . 0, the vertex is on the left side of the y-axis and changes when b , 0, the vertex is on the right side of the y-axis. • For the graph a , 0, when b . 0, the vertex is on the right side of the y-axis and when b , 0, the vertex is on the left side of the y-axis. Only the • Change in value of c only affects the position of graph either vertically upwards or value of c vertically downwards. changes • The shape of the graph is unchanged. Example 9 f(x) The diagram shows the sketch of the graph for f(x) = x2 + 1 where f(x) = x2 + 1 a = 1, b = 0 and c = 1. Make an analysis and a generalisation on 1x the shape and position of the graph when the following values change. 0 Hence, sketch the graph. (a) The value of a becomes (i) 2,          (ii) 21 . (b) The value of c becomes 3. Solution (ii) When a changes from 1 to 1 , 2 (a) (i) When a changes from 1 to 2, the the width of graph increases. The width of the graph decreases. The y-intercept does not change and y-intercept does not change and the the vertex is on the y-axis. vertex is on the y-axis. f(x) f(x) f(x) = 2x2 + 1 f(x) = x2 + 1 f(x) = x2 + 1 x f(x) = –21– x2 + 1 1 50 0 1x 0 2.3.1

Quadratic Functions (b) When c changes from 1 to 3, the shape of the graph remains f(x) unchanged. The only change is the position, that is, the graph moves 2 units upwards. 3 f(x) = x2 + 1 1x f(x) = x2 + 3 0 CHAPTER 2 Self Practice 2.6 1. The diagram on the right shows the graph for f(x) = –x2 + x + 6, f(x) where a = –1, b = 1 and c = 6. Sketch the graph of f(x) formed 6 f(x) = –x2 + x + 6 when the following values change. (a) The value of a changes to (i) –3          (ii) – 14 , (b) The value of b changes to –1, (c) The value of c changes to –2. –2 0 3x Make a generalisation from the changes in the shape and position of the graphs obtained. Relating the position of the graph of a quadratic function and the types of roots You have learned that the discriminant b2 – 4ac of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be used to determine the types of roots. Let’s see how the types of roots of a quadratic equation can determine the position of the graph of a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c with respect to the x-axis. InQuirY 5 In groups Aim: To explore the relation between the position of the graph of quadratic function and types of roots Instructions: 1. Each group has to choose only one case out of the following two cases. Case 1 Case 2 (a) f (x) = x2 + 4x + 4 (a) f (x) = –x2 + 2x – 1 (b) f (x) = 2x2 + 7x – 4 (b) f (x) = –2x2 – 8x – 5 (c) f (x) = x2 – 6x + 12      (c) f (x) = –x2 + 6x – 10 2. By using a dynamic geometry software, plot the graph of each quadratic function in the case chosen. 3. Observe the shapes of the graphs obtained and the respective roots. 4. State the relation between the value of b2 – 4ac, types of roots and the number of intersection points on the x-axis. 5. From the relation, state the position of the graph of the quadratic function obtained. 6. Compare the findings of your group with other groups of different case and make a conclusion on the comparison made. 2.3.1 2.3.2 51

From the results of Inquiry 5, the relation between the position of graph of quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c on the x-axis and the types of roots can be summarised as shown in the table below. Discriminant, Types of roots and Position of graph of function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c b2 – 4ac position of graph CHAPTER 2 a>0 a<0 b2 – 4ac > 0 • Two real and α βx α βx different roots • The graph intersects the x-axis at two different points. • Two real and equal α=β x roots b2 – 4ac = 0 • The graph touches the x-axis at one α =β x point only. • No real roots x • The graph does not b2 – 4ac < 0 intersect at any point on the x-axis. x Example 10 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic functions when f(x) = 0. Then, sketch the graph and make a generalisation on the position of graph at the x-axis. (a) f(x) = 2x2 + x – 5 (b) f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 1 Solution x x (a) f(x) = 2x2 + x – 5 a = 2, b = 1, c = –5 b2 – 4ac = (1)2 – 4(2)(–5) = 41 (> 0) The quadratic function has two real and different roots. Since a > 0, thus the graph of f(x) is a parabola which passes through the minimum point and intersects the x-axis at two points. (b) f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 1 a = –1, b = 2, c = –1 b2 – 4ac = (2)2 – 4(–1)(–1) = 0 The quadratic function has two real and equal roots. Since a < 0, thus the graph of f(x) is a parabola which passes through the maximum point and intersects the x-axis at one point. 52 2.3.2

Quadratic Functions Example 11 CHAPTER 2 (a) Find the values of m such that the x-axis is the tangent to the graph of a quadratic function f (x) = (m + 1)x2 + 4(m – 2)x + 2m. (b) Find the range of values of k if the graph of a quadratic function f (x) = 2x2 + 5x + 3 – k has no x-intercept. (c) Find the range of values of p if the graph of a quadratic function f (x) = x2 + px + p + 3 has two x-intercepts. Solution (a) The graph of a quadratic function f (x) = (m + 1)x2 + 4(m – 2)x + 2m such that the x-axis is a tangent to the graph which means the function has two real and equal roots. For two real and equal roots: b2 – 4ac = 0 (4m – 8)2 – 4(m + 1)(2m) = 0 16m2 – 64m + 64 – 8m2 – 8m = 0 8m2 – 72m + 64 = 0 m2 – 9m + 8 = 0 (m – 1)(m – 8) = 0 m = 1 or m = 8 (b) The graph of a quadratic function f (x) = 2x2 + 5x + 3 – k has no x-intercept, which means the function has no real roots. For no real roots: b2 – 4ac < 0 52 – 4(2)(3 – k) < 0 25 – 24 + 8k < 0 1 + 8k < 0 8k < –1 k < – 18 (c) The graph of a quadratic function f (x) = x2 + px + p + 3 has two x-intercepts which means the function has two real and different roots. BRAINSTORMING For two real and different roots: What are the rules of b2 – 4ac > 0 a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c so that it p2 – 4(1)( p + 3) > 0 is always positive or always p2 – 4p – 12 > 0 negative for all real values of x? Discuss. (p + 2)(p – 6) > 0 p < – 2  or  p > 6 ++ –2 – 6 p 53 2.3.2

Self Practice 2.7 1. Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic function. Sketch the graph and make generalisation on the position of the graph on the x-axis. (a) f (x) = –3x2 + 6x – 3 (b) f (x) = x2 + 2x – 3 (c) f (x) = 4x2 – 8x + 5 CHAPTER 2 2. Find the possible values of h if the graphs of the following quadratic functions touch the x-axis at only one point. (a) f (x) = x2 – 2hx + 2 + h (b) f (x) = x2 – (h + 3)x + 3h + 1 3. Find the range of values of q if the graph of the following quadratic functions intersect the x-axis at two points. (a) f (x) = 5x2 – (qx + 4)x – 2 (b) f (x) = (q + 2)x2 + q(1 – 2x) – 5 4. Find the range of values of r if the graphs of the following quadratic functions do not intersect the x-­axis. (a) f (x) = rx2 + 4x – 6 (b) f (x) = rx2 + (2r + 4)x + r + 7 Making relation between the vertex form of a quadratic function f (x) = a (x – h)2 + k with the other forms of quadratic functions The diagram on the right shows the sketch of graph of a f(x) quadratic function in the vertex form, f (x) = (x – 2)2 – 9. Since a > 0, the graph of the quadratic function is in the shape of . f(x) = (x – 2)2 – 9 Note that the graph of this quadratic function has its vertex at the minimum point (2, –9) and the equation of the axis of –1 0 5 x symmetry, x = 2. –5 The vertex form is a quadratic function in the form of (2, –9) f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants. The vertex x=2 is (h, k) and it is symmetrical about the line x = h. When a > 0, the vertex (h, k) is the minimum point and k is the minimum value of f (x). When a < 0, the vertex (h, k) is the maximum point and k is the maximum value of f(x). Other than the vertex form, the quadratic function can be written in the following form: Form of quadratic functions • General form, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where • Intercept form, f (x) = a(x – p)(x – q), a, b and c are constants with a vertex at where a, p and q are constants. p and q are ( ( )) the point – 2ba, f  – 2ba and symmetrical the roots or x-intercepts for f (x), its vertex is about the line x = – 2ba. ( ( )) p + q p+q at the point 2 , f  2 and symmetrical about the line x = p + q . 2 What is the relation that exists between vertex form of quadratic functions with the general form and the intercept form? Let’s explore. 54 2.3.2 2.3.3

Quadratic Functions CHAPTER 2 InQuirY 6 In groups Aim: To explore the relation between the vertex form of a quadratic function with the general form and intercept form Instructions: 1. Consider a quadratic function in the vertex form, f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 4. 2. In each group, discuss and express the quadratic function in the vertex form into general form and intercept form. 3. Then, copy and complete the table below. Shape of Quadratic x-intercept y-intercept Vertex Axis of quadratic function symmetry function f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 4 Vertex form General form Intercept form 4. Sketch the graphs for each of the forms of the quadratic function. Check the sketching of graphs by using dynamic geometry software. 5. Compare the graphs of quadratic function which are plotted in the vertex form, general form and intercept form. 6. Carry out a brainstorming session in the group and obtain a conclusion on the relation that exists between quadratic function in the vertex form with the general form and intercept form. From the results of Inquiry 6, it is found that the quadratic function f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 4 in vertex form, general form and intercept form produced the same graph when they are sketched. In expressing quadratic function in the vertex form to general form and intercept form or vice versa, the following methods can be used: Expansion Factorisation or formula f (x) = a(x – h)2 + k f (x) = ax2 + bx + c f (x) = a(x – p)(x – q) Vertex forms General form Intercept form Completing the square Expansion 2.3.3 55

Example 12 Mind Challenge ( )Express quadratic function, f(x) = 2 x + 9 2– 1 in the Not all the vertex forms 4 8 or general forms can be intercept form, f(x) = a(x – p)(x – q), where a, p and q are expressed in intercept form, constants and p , q. Hence, state the values of a, p and q. only graphs which have CHAPTER 2 x-intercept can be expressed. Solution Do you agree with the statement? Convert the vertex form of the quadratic function into the general form first. ( )f(x) = 2 2 x+ 9 –  1 Alternative Method 4 8 ( ) 9 81 –  81 = 2 x2 + 2 x + 16 ( )f(x) = 2 x +9 2 1 4 8 = 2x2 + 9x + 10 General form – = (2x + 5)(x + 2) =2[( ) ] x+ 9 2 – 1 4 42 ( ) 5 =2 x+ 2 (x + 2) Intercept form Use a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b) ( )( )f(x) = Thus, the quadratic function in the intercept form for 2 x + 9 + 1 x+ 9 – 1 4 4 4 4 ( )f(x) = 2 9 2 1 ( )( ) x+ 4 –  8 can be expressed as = 2 x + 10 x+ 8 4 4 ( )f(x) = 2 ( ) x+ 5 (x + 2), where a = 2, p = –  5 and q = –2. =2 x+ 5 (x + 2) 2 2 2 Example 13 Express f(x) = –3x2 + 2x + 1 as f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants. Hence, determine the values of a, h and k. Solution f(x) = –3x2 + 2x + 1 Make sure the coefficient of x2 is 1 before completing the square. f(x) = –3x2 + 2x + 1 ( ) = –3 x2 – 2 x – 1 Factorise –3 from –3x2 + 2x + 1 3 3 [ ( ) ( ) ] 2 –1 2 –1 2 1 Add and subtract = –3 x2 – 3 x + 3 – 3 – 3 BRAINSTORMING  coefficient of x 2 [( ) ( ) ] = –3x– 1 2– –1 2 – 1 2 By using completing the 3 3 3 square method, show [( ) ] 1 2– 4 that the equation of the = –3 x– 3 9 axis of symmetry for f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is ( ) = –3 x– 1 2+ 4 x = – 2ba. 3 3 1 4 2.3.3 Thus, a = –3, h = 3 and k = 3 . 56

Quadratic Functions Self Practice 2.8 1. Given f(x) = 2(x – 3)2 – 8 = a(x – p)(x – q) for all values of x, find the values of the constants a, p and q where p , q. 2. Express each of the following vertex form into general form and intercept form. (a) f(x) = (x – 2)2 – 1 (b) f(x) = 9 – (2x – 1)2 (c) f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 – 18 CHAPTER 2 3. Find the vertex of the function f(x) = – 1 (x + 4)2 – 5 and convert it into general form. 2 4. The diagram on the right shows the graph of quadratic f(x) function f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants. (–2, 16) Given (–2, 16) is the maximum point of the graph. 12 f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k (a) State the values of a, h and k. (b) Hence, express the function in general form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c and intercept form, f(x) = a(x – p)(x – q). 0x 5. Express each of the following in the vertex form, f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants. (c) f(x) = –2x2 – x + 6 (a) f(x) = x2 – x – 6 (b) f(x) = –x2 – 2x + 4 (d) f(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 9 (e) f(x) = (x + 2)(6 – x) (f) f(x) = 2(x + 4)(x – 2) Analysing the effect of change of a, h and k on the shape and position of graph for f (x) = a(x – h)2 + k The quadratic function in the vertex form, f(x) = a(x + h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants has its vertex at (h, k) and it is symmetrical about the line x = h. What will happen to the shape and position of the graph of function f(x) when the values of a, h and k are changed? InQuirY 7 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the effect of change in the values of a, h and k on the shape and position of the graph f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2OrShvq 2. Observe the graph of function f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k where a = 2, h = 3 and k = 1. 3. In groups, make an analysis and state the observation on the shape and position of the graph based on each of the following instructions: (a) Drag slide a to the left and to the right without changing slide h and slide k. (b) Drag slide h to the left and to the right without changing slide a and slide k. (c) Drag slide k to the left and to the right without changing slide a and slide h. 4. What happens to the axis of symmetry, minimum value or maximum value of the graph when the values of a, h or k change? 5. Make a generalisation on the effect of change in the values of a, h and k on the shape and position of the graph f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. 2.3.3 2.3.4 57

From the results of Inquiry 7, it is found that: Changes in shape and position of the graph of function f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k • Change in value of a affects the shape and width of graph. • When a . 0, the graph is in the shape of which passes through the minimum point and when a , 0, the graph is in the shape of which passes through the maximum point. • For the graph a . 0, for example a = 2, when the value of a is increased to more CHAPTER 2 Only the than 2, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of a decreases value of a from 2 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases. changes • For the graph a , 0, for example a = –2, when the value of a is decreased to smaller than –2, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of a increases from –2 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases. • The axis of symmetry and the maximum or minimum value remain unchanged. Only the • The change in the values of h only shows the horizontal movement of the graph. value • When the value of h increases, the graph will move to the right whereas when the of h changes value of h decreases, the graph will move to the left. • The position of the axis of symmetry changes but the minimum or maximum values remain unchanged. • The change in the values of k only shows vertical movement of the graph. Only the • When the values of k increases, the graph will move upwards whereas when the value of k value of k decreases, the graph will move downwards. changes • The maximum and minimum values change but the axis of symmetry remain unchanged. Example 14 The diagram on the right shows the graph of f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3, where f(x) a = 2, h = –2 and k = 3. Make generalisation on the effect of change in 11 each of the following values on the shape and position of the graph. (a) The value of a changes to f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3 (i) 6,            (ii) 12 . 3 (b) The value of h changes to –6. (c) The value of k changes to 8. –2 0 x Solution (ii) When a changes from 2 to 1 , the 2 (a) (i) When a changes from 2 to 6, the width of the graph increases. The axis width of the graph decreases. The axis of symmetry and the minimum of symmetry and the minimum value value remain unchanged. remain unchanged. f(x) f(x) f(x) = 6(x + 2)2 + 3 11 f(x) = –21 (x + 2)2 + 3 11 f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3 3 f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3 3 –2 0 x –2 0 x 58 2.3.4

Quadratic Functions (b) When h changes from –2 to – 6, the graph (c) When k changes from 3 to 8, the graph CHAPTER 2 with the same shape moves horizontally with the same shape moves vertically 5 4 units to the left. The equation of the units upwards. The minimum value axis of symmetry becomes x = – 6 and the minimum value remains unchanged, that becomes 8 and the equation of the axis of is 3. symmetry is still the same, that is x = –2. f(x) f(x) f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3 16 11 f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 8 11 f(x) = 2(x + 6)2 + 3 3 8 –6 –2 0 x f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 3 3 –2 0 x Self Practice 2.9 f(x) f(x) = –3(x – 2)2 + 4 1. The diagram on the right shows the graph of f(x) = –3(x – 2)2 + 4 where a = –3, h = 2 and k = 4. 4 (a) Determine the coordinate of maximum point and the equation of the axis of symmetry. 02 x (b) Make generalisation on the shape and position of the graph when the following values change. Hence, sketch the graphs. f(x) f(x) = (x – 3)2 + 2k (i) The value of a changes to –10. (ii) The value of h changes to 5. p x (iii) The value of k changes to –2. 0 2. The diagram on the right shows the graph of function (h, – 6) f(x) = (x – 3)2 + 2k, where k is a constant. Given (h, –6) is the minimum point of the graph. (a) State the values of h, k and p. (b) If the graph moves 2 units to the right, determine the equation of the axis of symmetry for the curve. (c) If the graph moves 5 units upwards, determine the minimum value. 3. Compare the graph of each of the following quadratic functions to the graph of f(x) = x2 with its vertex at (0, 0). (a) f(x) = 1 (x – 6)2 (b) f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 5 (c) f(x) = 1 (x + 1)2 – 4 2 4 2.3.4 59

Sketching the graphs of quadratic functions The graph of a quadratic function in various shapes can be sketched by following the steps below: CHAPTER 2 Identify the value of Find the value of Determine the vertex. a to determine the discriminant, b2 – 4ac shape of the graph of a quadratic function. to determine the position of the graph. Plot the points obtained Find the value of Determine the on the Cartesian f(0) to determine the intersection point on the plane and draw a y-intercept. x-axis by solving the smooth parabola that equation of quadratic is symmetrical at the vertical line passing function f(x) = 0. through the vertex. BRAINSTORMING Example 15 How to sketch a quadratic Sketch the graph of quadratic function f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12. function graph in Example 15 in the domain Solution –3  x  7? a < 0, so f(x) has a maximum point BRAINSTORMING b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(–1)(12) Without expressing to = 16 + 48 vertex form, how to find the vertex of a quadratic = 64 (> 0) function in general form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c The curve intersects the x-axis at two different points. and intercept form, f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12 f(x) = a(x – p)(x – q)? Discuss. = – (x2 – 4x – 12) [ ( ) ( ) ] 2.3.5 = –  x2 – 4x + – 4 2 – – 4 2 – 12 2 2 = – (x – 2)2 + 16 Maximum point is (2, 16) and the equation of the axis of symmetry, x = 2. f(x) = 0 –x2 + 4x + 12 = 0 (–x + 6)(x + 2) = 0 –x + 6 = 0   or   x + 2 = 0 x = 6 x = –2 The intersection on the x-axis are x = –2 and x = 6. f (0) = – (0)2 + 4(0) + 12 = 12 The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 12). 60

The curve is sketched as shown in the Quadratic Functions diagram on the right. f(x) x=2 (2, 16) 12 f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12 –2 0 6x CHAPTER 2 Self Practice 2.10 1. Sketch the graphs of the following quadratic functions. (a) f(x) = (x – 1)2 – 4 (b) f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 – 2 (c) f(x) = 9 – (x – 2)2 (f) f(x) = 2(x + 1)(x – 3) (d) f(x) = –2(x – 1)(x – 3) (e) f(x) = –(x + 3)(x + 5) (i) f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12 (g) f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 5 (h) f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 2 Solving problems of quadratic functions The knowledge on quadratic function is very important and it is widely used in our daily lives. The graph of a quadratic function in the shape of a parabola helps us to solve many problems. For example, it can be used to forecast the profit or loss in business, plot the curved motion of an object and determine the minimum or maximum values. Example 16 Mathematics Application Suresh is chosen to represent his school in the district level javelin competition. He throws the javelin at a distance of 3 metres from the ground. The height of the javelin is given by the function h(t) = –5t2 + 14t + 3, where h is the height, in metres, of the javelin and t is the time, in seconds. (a) Find the maximum height, in metres, of the javelin thrown by Suresh. (b) Calculate the time, in seconds, when the javelin touches the ground. Solution 1 . Understanding the problems The function of the height of javelin is h(t) = –5t2 + 14t + 3, where h is the height of javelin, in metres, and t is the time, in seconds, after the javelin is thrown. 2 . Planning a strategy ◆ Express the quadratic function in vertex form and determine the maximum value. ◆ Solve the equation h(t) = 0 to find the intercept on the t-axis, that is the time for the javelin to touch the ground. 2.3.5 2.3.6 61

3 . Implementing the strategy (a) h(t) = –5t2 + 14t + 3 Make the coefficient of t2 as 1 ( ) = –5 t2 – 14 t – 3 5 5 ( ( ) ( ) )   = –  75 CHAPTER 2 –5 t2 – 14 t + 2– –  7 2 – 3 Add and subtract coefficient of t 2 5 5 5 2 [( ) ] = –5 t – 75 2 – 64 25 ( ) = –5 2  Vertex is 7 , 64 t –  7 + 64 5 5 5 5 Since a < 0, then the maximum value of h(t) is 64 when t = 7 . 5 5 Thus, the maximum height reached by the javelin is 64 metres = 12.8 metres. 5 (b) h(t) = 0 –5t + 14t + 3 = 0 5t2 – 14t – 3 = 0 (5t + 1)(t – 3) = 0 t = –  1 (rejected) or t = 3 5 Thus, the time when the javelin touches the ground is 3 seconds. 4 . Making a conclusion Function h(t) = –5t2 + 14t + 3. (a) Coordinates of the maximum height: t = – 2ba = – 2(1–45) = 1.4 Substitute t = 1.4 into the quadratic function, h(1.4) = –5(1.4)2 + 14(1.4) + 3 = 12.8 Thus, the maximum height achieved by the javelin is 12.8 metres after 1.4 seconds. (b) When the time is 3 seconds: h(t) = –5(3)2 + 14(3) + 3 = – 45 + 42 + 3 = 0 62 2.13.16

Quadratic Functions CHAPTER 2 Self Practice 2.11 1. The function h(t) = –5t2 + 8t + 4 represents the height h, in metres, of a diver from the water surface in a swimming pool, t seconds after he dives from the diving board. Find (a) the height, in metres, of the diving board from the water surface, (b) the time, in seconds, the diver achieves at the maximum height, (c) the maximum height, in metres, the diver achieves, (d) the time, in seconds, when the diver is in the air. 2. A tunnel at a certain part of a highway is in the shape of parabola. The height, in metres, of the curve of the parabola is given by the function h(x) = 15 – 0.06x2, where x is the width of the tunnel, in metres. (a) Determine the maximum height, in metres, of the tunnel. (b) Find the width, in metres, of the tunnel. 3. The diagram on the right shows the cross section of y 0 a parabolic satellite whose function is represented by y = 41– x2 f(x) = 1 x2, where x and y are measured in metres. Find (–2, 1) (2, 1) 4 x the width and the depth of the parabola, in metres. 4. The diagram on the right shows a suspension bridge. The function of the cables between the two pillars of the y 1 bridge is represented by y = 400 x2 – x + 150, where x y = 4–01–0– x2 – x + 150 Road and y are measured in metres. The minimum point of the cable is on the road surface at the middle of the two pillars. (a) What is the distance between the minimum point x and each pillar? 0 Pillars (b) What is the height of the road above the water level? Intensive Practice 2.3 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/33jjtRj for the quiz 1. Find the values or range of values of k, if the quadratic function (a) f(x) = kx2 – 4x + k – 3 has only one intercept, (b) f(x) = 3x2 – 4x – 2(2k + 4) intersects the x-axis at two different points. 2. Find the smallest value of integer m such that the function f(x) = mx2 + 7x + 3 is always positive for all real values of x. 3. The quadratic function is defined by f(x) = x2 + 6x + n, where n is a constant. (a) Express f(x) in the form (x – h)2 + k, where h and k are constants. (b) Given the minimum value of f(x) is –5, find the value of n. (c) Sketch the curve of f(x). 2.3.6 63

4. Find the range of values of r such that the line y = rx + 4 does not intersect the curve y = x2 – 4x + 5. State the values of r such that the line y = rx + 4 is a tangent to the curve y = x2 – 4x + 5. CHAPTER 2 5. Explain the effect on the shape and position of the graph for each change on the following quadratic functions. (a) Change f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 2 to f(x) = 6(x – 1)2 + 2. (b) Change f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 2 to f(x) = 3(x – 4)2 + 2. (c) Change f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 2 to f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 5. 6. The height, h, in metres, of a bird to catch a fish in a pond can be represented by the function h(t) = 2(t – 3)2, where t is the time, in seconds, when the bird starts to fly to catch the fish. (a) Sketch the graph of h(t). (b) The movement of another bird is represented by the function r(t) = 2h(t). Sketch the graph of r(t). (c) Compare the graphs of h(t) and r(t). Which bird starts to move at the highest position? Explain. 7. Given a quadratic function f(x) = 3 – 4k – (k + 3)x – x2, where k is a constant, is always negative when p , k , q. Find the value of p and of q. f(x) 8. The diagram on the right shows a bridge PQ of length 8 m A y = –18– x2 + bx + c C across a river. The supporting cable ABC on the bridge can be 1 represented by the function f(x) = 8 x2 + bx + c, where b and c are constants. B (a) Find the value of b. 0 P 8m Qx (b) Find the value of c such that the minimum point B on the cable is always above PQ. (c) Find the values of c if b is 2 m above PQ. 9. The function h(t) = –4t 2 + 32t as shown in the diagram on h(t) = – 4t 2 + 32t the right represents the height, in metres, of a firework, t seconds after it was launched. The fireworks exploded at y the highest point. (a) When did the firework explode? (b) What was the height at which the fireworks explode? 1 0. The diagram on the right shows the graph of y = –(x – a)(x – b) where a , b. y = – (x – α)(x – β ) (a) Given that M is the midpoint of AB, express the x following lengths, in terms of a and/or b. 0A B (i) OA (ii) OB C (iii) OC (iv) OM a+b (b) Can you interpret 2 and – ab in the diagram geometrically? 1 1. The maximum value of f(x) = x2 – 4nx + 5n2 + 1 is m2 + 2n where m and n are constants. Show that m = n – 1. 64

Quadratic Functions Summary OF Chapter 2 Completing the metho (x – )(x – ) = 0 square or ng CHAPTER 2 d of solving on x2 – ( + )x + = 6 solving Graph sketching equaftoirmi od Number line meth of Formula Quadratic equation Quadratic Table ax2 + bx + c = 0 inequalities involves QUADRATIC ts of hanges a > 0, graph in the shape of Type of roots FUNCTIONS a < 0, graph in the shape of Discriminant Quadratic functions c For a > 0, D = b2 – 4ac b > 0, graph shifts to the left b < 0, graph shifts to the right Two real and distinct roots General form effec c increases, graph shifts upwards D>0 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c c decreases, graph shifts downwards Two equal roots ffects of changes D=0 a e > 0, graph in the shape of No real roots D<0 Vertex form a < 0, graph in the shape of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k Intercept form h increases, graph shifts to the right f(x) = a(x – p)(x – q) h decreases, graph shifts to the left k increases, graph shifts upwards k decreases, graph shifts downwards WRITE YOUR JOURNAL The word quadratic originates from the word quad which means four but a quadratic equation involves polynomial with the maximum power of 2. Carry out a study on the origin of the word quadratic that is related to quadratic equation. Produce a graphical folio on your study. 65

MASTERY PRACTICE 1. Solve the quadratic equation 3x(x – 4) = (2 – x)(x + 5). Write the answer in three decimal places. PL2 CHAPTER 2 2. Given the quadratic equation (x – 4)2 = 3. PL2 (a) Express the equation in the general form, ax2 + bx + c = 0. (b) State the sum of roots and products of roots of the equation. (c) Determine the type of roots of the equation. 3. Find the values of k or the range of values of k such that the equation x2 + kx = k – 8 has PL2 (a) two equal roots, (b) two real and different roots, (c) real roots. 4. Given the quadratic equation 3x2 + px – 8 = 0, where p is a constant. Find the value of p if (a) one of the roots of the equation is –2, PL2 (b) the sum of roots of the equation is 1 . 3 5. Given 3hx2 – 7kx + 3h = 0 has two real and equal roots, where h and k are positive. Find the ratio h : k and solve the equation. PL3 6. Find the range of values of x for x2 – 7x + 10 . 0 and x2 – 7x < 0. Hence, solve the inequality –10 , x2 – 7x < 0. PL5 7. The diagram on the right shows the graph of quadratic function f(x) f(x) = –  1  [(x + p)2 + q]. The line y = 4 is the tangent to the 03 y=4 3 f(x) 7x curve. Find PL3 y = f(x) (a) the roots for f(x) = 0, (b) the values of p and of q, (c) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the curve, (d) the range of values of x when f(x) is positive. 8. The diagram on the right shows the graph of f(x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are constants. Find PL3 (a) the values of b and of c, (b) the coordinates of the minimum point, (c) the range of values of x when f(x) is negative, (d) the maximum value when the graph is reflected in the x-axis. 02 6 x 9. A boat moves 24 km to the east and the water current was 3 km/h. The to-and-fro journey took 6 hours. Find the velocity of the boat, in km/h, if the boat maintained its uniform velocity. PL5 66

Quadratic Functions 10. An ancient Chinese book, Jiuzhang Suanshu which means “Nine Chapters on Mathematics Arts” contained the following problem. PL4 “ The height of a rectangular door is 6.8 units more than its width and the length between two opposite vertices is 100 units. Find the width of the door.” Using a quadratic formula, solve the problem. CHAPTER 2 11. The diagram on the right shows the cross section of a drain around House wall Floor the house. If the shape of the drain is represented by the equation Drain 1 y= 5 x2 – 24x + 700, find PL5 (3, 2.5) (a) the width of the opening of the drain, (b) the minimum depth of the drain. 1 2. The path of a shot put thrown by Krishna in a competition can be y represented by the quadratic function graph as shown in the diagram on the right. The shot put is thrown at a height of 2 m and the path passes through the maximum point (3, 2.5). PL4 2 (a) Express the equation of the path of shot put in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k, where a, h and k are constants. 0 x (b) Find the maximum distance of the horizontal throw, in metres, by Krishna. Exploring MATHEMATICS The functions for three different water spouts in the shape of a parabola in a pool are as follows. Water spout I: h = –3d 2 + 4 Water spout II: h = –3.5d 2 + 3 Water spout III: h = –0.5d 2 + 1 For each of the functions, h metres represents the height of the water spout and d metres is the horizontal distance of the water spout. Based on the given functions, answer the following questions and explain your reason. (a) Which water spout emits water from the highest point? (b) Which water spout follow the narrowest path? (c) Which water spout has the furthest distance? 67

CHAPTER Systems of 3 Equations CHAPTER 3 What will be learnt? Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables Simultaneous Equations involving One Linear Equation and One Non-Linear Equation List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2pWDLl8 KEY WwORDS System of equations Sistem persamaan The Monsopiad Cultural Village in Sabah has Variable Pemboleh ubah successfully sold 30 adult tickets to foreign Linear equation Persamaan linear tourists for RM1  100. The ticket price for a trekking Non-linear equation Persamaan tak linear package is RM30, whereas the ticket price for an Elimination method Kaedah penghapusan optional package is RM45 and the ticket price Substitution method Kaedah penggantian for a standard package is RM55. The number of Graphical method Perwakilan graf trekking package tickets sold was twice the sum of the optional and standard package tickets. 68 How do you determine the number of tickets sold for each package? 3.1.1

Systems of Equations CHAPTER 3 Did you Know? The solutions to systems of linear equations in three variables can be derived using the Gaussian elimination method. This method was invented circa 1810 by Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician. This is an alternative method if you do not have a graphical calculator or software. For further information: bit.ly/2OCmQi5 SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER Engineers use systems of equations to solve problems involving voltages, currents and resistances. Biomedical, chemical, electrical, mechanical and nuclear engineers use systems of equations to derive the measurements of solids and liquids. 3.1.1 Scan the QR code to watch the video on the tradisional dance of the Kadazandusun tribe at the Monsopiad Cultural Village. bit.ly/2FNZjXk 69

3.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables Describing systems of linear equation in three variables Have a look at the prices of the packages offered by a EXCLUSIVE PACKAGE cinema in the advertisement on the right. How do you SUTERA CINEMA determine the price of one ticket, one bottle of drink and CHAPTER 3 one bucket of popcorn? Three linear equations can be formed using the variables x, y and z to represent the prices of one ticket, one bottle of drink and one bucket of popcorn respectively. x + y + 2z = 13 2x + 2y + z = 17 3x + 3y + 2z = 27 These linear equations formed are known as systems FLASHBACK of linear equations in three variables. A system of linear equations refers to the presence of at least two linear A linear equation is an equations which contain the same set of variables. The equation where the power general form of a linear equation in three variables can be of the variable is 1. written as follows: ax + by + cz = d, where a, b and c are not equal to zero. Let’s see how systems of linear equations in three variables can be expressed in three-dimensional planes. INQUIRY 1 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To describe systems of linear equations in three variables Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2ItuOpP 2. Click on all three boxes to display all three planes for the equations x – 3y + z = 4, x – 3y + 3z = 4 and x – 3y + 3z = 0. 3. Observe the three planes. 4. Discuss with your groupmates your observations and record your findings in a sheet of paper. 5. Each group shall move to other groups to compare the results obtained. 70 3.1.1

Systems of Equations From the results of Inquiry 1, it is found that A system of linear equations in three variables has three axes, namely the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis. All three linear equations form a plane on each axis. INQUIRY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To compare systems of linear equations in two variables and three variables Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/35b4J8R CHAPTER 3 2. Click on both boxes to display the two straight lines. 3. Observe both lines and record your group’s findings in a sheet of paper. 4. Compare your group’s findings with the results of Inquiry 1. 5. Present the comparison in front of the class. From the results of Inquiry 2, it is found that there are only two axes, namely the x-axis and y-axis. Every linear equation in two variables forms a straight line on each axis. In general, a linear equation in two variables can be written in the form ax + by = c, where a, b and c are constants. Geometrically, when a linear equation in two variables is sketched on a plane, it will form a straight line as shown in Diagram 1(a). Meanwhile, linear equations in three variables can be written in the form ax + by + cz = d, where a, b, c and d are constants. When sketched, a three-dimensional plane will be formed, as shown in Diagram 1(b). y z ax + by = c 0y 0x x Diagram 1(a) Diagram 1(b) Example 1 Describe whether the following equations are systems of linear equations in three variables or not. (a) 2x + 4y – z = 10 (b) p + 8q – 4r = 2 x + y = 10z2 2(p + 6r) + 7q = 0 5y – z – 2x = 3 10r + p = 5q Solution (a) No, because there is an equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2. (b) Yes, because all three equations have three variables, p, q and r, of power 1. 3.1.1 71

Self Practice 3.1 1. Form linear equations in three variables for the following statement. Aiman bought 3 pairs of trousers, 2 shirts and a pair of shoes. He spent RM750 for all his purchases. 2. Explain whether the following equations are systems of linear equations in three variables. (a) 2m + 6(n – 2p) = 4 (b) e(12 – 6g) = f 2 (c) 7a – c = 6b n = 5m + p 8e + 6 – 2f – 9g = 0 3 – 4c = 10a + b CHAPTER 3 4m + p = 25m 17f + e = 6 + 2e 6a + 3b = 2(c + b) Solving problems of linear equations in three variables INQUIRY 3 In groups Aim: To solve systems of linear equations in three variables Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/31Z1gZe 2. Click on all three boxes to display all three planes for the linear equations 2x + y + z = 3, –x + 2y + 2z = 1 and x – y – 3z = –6. 3. Do the planes intersect with each other? Determine the point of intersection of its coordinates (x, y, z) between all three planes. 4. Determine whether the point of intersection (x, y, z) is the solution to all three linear equations. 5. Record the opinion of each group member with regards to the relation between the point of intersection and the solution to all the linear equations. Discuss accordingly. From the results of Inquiry 3, the point of intersection between the three planes is the solution to all three linear equations. In this case, there is only one solution because the planes only intersect at one point. INQUIRY 4 In groups Aim: To solve systems of linear equations in three variables Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2Vk8OTC 2. Click on all three boxes to display all three planes for the linear equations x – 2y = 4, 2x – 3y + 2z = –2 and 4x – 7y + 2z = 6. 3. Do the planes intersect with each other? Determine the point of intersection. 4. Record the opinion of each group member with regards to the relationship between the point of intersection and the solution to all the linear equations. Discuss accordingly. 72 3.1.1 3.1.2

Systems of Equations From the results of Inquiry 4, the three planes intersect along a straight line. Hence, this system of linear equations has infinite solutions. INQUIRY 5 In groups Aim: To solve systems of linear equations in three variables Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Click on all three boxes to display all three planes for the linear bit.ly/2IoqoRh equations 2x – 4y + z = 3, 4x + 8y + 2z = 14 and x – 2y + 0.5z = –1. 3. Are there any intersecting points among the three planes? CHAPTER 3 4. Record the opinion of each group member and discuss accordingly. From the results of Inquiry 5, it is found that the planes of all BRAINSTORMING three linear equations do not intersect at any point. Hence, this system of linear equations has no solution. Using the GeoGebra software, determine The results of Inquiry 3, 4 and 5 show that there are three the systems of linear types of solutions to systems of linear equations in three variables equations in three as shown in the diagram below. variables which have (a) only one solution (b) infinite solutions Solutions to systems of linear equations in three variables One Infinite No FLASHBACK solution solutions solution Simultaneous equations The planes The planes The planes in two variables can be intersect at intersect along do not intersect solved using the graphical only one point a straight line method, substitution at any point method or elimination method. Systems of linear equations in three variables can be solved FLASHBACK by finding the values of all variables so that they satisfy all three linear equations. The methods for solving systems of linear There are three types of equations in three variables are the elimination and substitution solutions to simultaneous methods. equations in two variables. When both lines are: The steps for solving systems of linear equations in three • Intersecting, there is a variables through the elimination and substitution methods are similar to the method for solving simultaneous equations in two unique solution. variables. • Parallel, there is no solution. • Overlapping, there are infinite solutions. 3.1.2 73

EExxaammppllee 22 Quick Count Solve the following system of linear equations using the Determine the solution elimination method. to Example 2 using a scienti c calculator. 4x – 3y + z = –10 22xx++yy++33zz ==00 1. Press MENU ––xx++22yy––55zz ==1177 2. Press  twice Solution 3. Press ALPHA (–) Choose any two equations. 4. Press 1 for Simul CHAPTER 3 4x – 3y + z = –10  … 1 Equation 2x + y + 3z = 0 … 2 Multiply equation 2 with 2 so that the coefficients of x are equal. 5. Press 3 2 × 2: 4x + 2y + 6z = 0 … 3 6. Key in the coe cients of E2li×m2in:ate4txhe+v2ayri+ab6lze =x 0by sub…trac3ting 1 from 3. C33h––oo11se:: anothe55ryyse++t 55ozzf ==tw11o00 equa……tion44s. x, y and z. ………… Press 4 = , –3 = , ––22xxxx++++22yyyy ++–– 3535zzzz ==== 01107 7 5 65 1 = , –10 = , 2 = , 6 1 =, 3 =, 0 =, –1 = , 2 = , –5 = , 17 = 7. The screen will show: Multiply equation 6 with 2 so that the coefficients of variable x 1 Press = x are equal. 6 × 2: –2x + 4y – 10z = 34 … 7 5 + 7 : 5y – 7z = 34 … 8 y 4 Press = 4 – 8 : 12z = –24 z = –2 z –2 Substitute z = –2 into 8 . Thus, x = 1, y = 4 and z = –2. 5y – 7(–2) = 34 5y + 14 = 34 5y = 20 y = 4 Substitute y = 4 and z = –2 into 1 . 4x – 3(4) + (–2) = –10 4x – 12 – 2 = –10 4x = 4 x = 1 Thus, x = 1, y = 4 and z = –2 are the solutions to this system of linear equations. EExxaammpplele 33 3.1.2 Solve the following system of linear equations using the substitution method. 3x – y – z = –120 yy––22zz ==3300 xx++yy++zz ==118800 74

Solution Systems of Equations 3x – y – z = –120 … 1 QR …2 y – 2z = 30 The Gaussian elimination x + y + z = 180 … 3 method can also be From 1 , z = 3x – y + 120  … 4 Express z in terms used to solve systems of x and y of linear equations. Visit Substitute 4 into 2 . the following link for more information on the y – 2(3x – y + 120) = 30 Gaussian elimination method. y – 6x + 2y – 240 = 30 bit.ly/2nA2g6U – 6x + 3y = 270 Express y in terms CHAPTER 3 y = 90 + 2x … 5 of x Mind Challenge Substitute 4 and 5 into 3 . Solve Example 3 using the x + (90 + 2x) + [3x – (90 + 2x) + 120] = 180 elimination method. Did you get the same solution? x + 2x + 3x – 2x + 90 – 90 + 120 = 180 4x = 60 x = 15 Substitute x = 15 into 5 . y = 90 + 2(15) = 120 Substitute x = 15 and y = 120 into 3 . 15 + 120 + z = 180 z = 45 Thus, x = 15, y = 120 and z = 45 are the solutions to this system of linear equations. Example 4 QR Solve the following system of linear equations. Solution to Example 4 x – y + 3z = 3 using the GeoGebra software. –2x + 2y – 6z = 6 y – 5z = –3 bit.ly/2OwUo0W Solution x – y + 3z = 3 … 1 –2x + 2y – 6z = 6 … 2 y – 5z = –3  … 3 Since equation 3 only has two variables, which are y and z, then the variable x in equations 1 and 2 need to be eliminated. 1 × 2: 2x – 2y + 6z = 6  … 4 4 + 2 : 0 + 0 + 0 = 12 0 = 12 Thus, this system of linear equations has no solution as 0 ≠ 12. 3.1.2 75

Example 5 Solve the following system of linear equations. 3x + 5y – 2z = 13 –5x – 2y – 4z = 20 –14x – 17y + 2z = –19 Solution CHAPTER 3 3x + 5y – 2z = 13 … 1 –5x – 2y – 4z = 20 … 2 –14x – 17y + 2z = –19  … 3 1 × 2: 6x + 10y – 4z = 26 … 4 Multiply equation 1 4 – 2 : 11x + 12y = 6 … 5 with 2 to eliminate the 1 + 3 : –11x – 12y = – 6 … 6 variable z 5 + 6 : 0 + 0 = 0 0 = 0 Thus, this system of linear equations has infinite solutions because 0 = 0. Self Practice 3.2 1. Solve the following systems of linear equations using the elimination method. (a) 7x + 5y – 3z = 16 (b) 4x – 2y + 3z = 1 3x – 5y + 2z = –8 x + 3y – 4z = –7 5x + 3y – 7z = 0 3x + y + 2z = 5 2. Solve the following systems of linear equations using the substitution method. (a) 2x + y + 3z = –2 (b) 2x + 3y + 2z = 16 x – y – z = –3 x + 4y – 2z = 12 3x – 2y + 3z = –12 x + y + 4z = 20 Solving problems involving systems of linear equations in three variables Example 6 MATHEMATICS APPLICATION Tommy has three condominium units, type A with 1 bedroom, type B with 2 bedrooms and type C with 3 bedrooms. All three condominium units are rented and the total rent received by Tommy is RM1 240 per day. Tommy needs to save 10% of the rent of the type A unit, 20% of the rent of the type B unit, and 30% of the rent of the type C unit to pay for maintenance charges. The total daily savings is RM276. The rent for the type C unit is twice the rent for the type A unit. What is the daily rent for each condominium unit owned by Tommy? 76 3.1.2 3.1.3

Solution Systems of Equations CHAPTER 3 1 . Understanding the problem 2 . Planning a strategy u Total rent is RM1 240 per day. u Form three equations which involve the total daily rent, total daily savings u Savings for maintenance charges: and the rent of the type C unit. •  Type A unit is 10% of the rent. •  Type B unit is 20% of the rent. u Let the rent of the type A unit be a, •  Type C unit is 30% of the rent. rent of the type B unit be b and rent of the type C unit be c. u Total daily savings in RM276. 3 . Implementing the strategy u The rent for the type C unit is twice the rent for the type A unit. a + b + c = 1 240  … 1 0.1a + 0.2b + 0.3c = 276 … 2 4 . Making a conclusion c = 2a … 3 2 × 10: a + 2b + 3c = 2 760 … 4 Total rent per day 1 × 2: 2a + 2b + 2c = 2 480 … 5 = 280 + 400 + 560 4 – 5 : – a + c = 280 … 6 = RM 1 240 Substitute 3 into 6 . Total daily savings – a + 2a = 280 = 0.1(280) + 0.2(400) + 0.3(560) a = 280 = 28 + 80 + 168 Substitute a = 280 into 3 . = RM276 c = 2(280) = 560 Substitute a = 280 and c = 560 into 1 . 280 + b + 560 = 1 240 840 + b = 1 240 b = 400 The rent for the type A condominium unit is RM280, type B condominium unit RM400 and type C condominium unit RM560. Self Practice 3.3 1. Patricia invested RM24 500 in three unit trusts. She divided the money into three different unit trust accounts, P, Q and R. At the end of the year, she obtained a profit of RM1 300. The annual dividends for the accounts are 4%, 5.5% and 6% respectively. The final amount of money in account P is four times that in account Q. How much money did she invest in each unit trust account? 2. Billy Restaurant ordered 200 stalks of flowers in conjunction with Mother’s Day. They ordered carnations which cost RM1.50 per stalk, roses which cost RM5.75 per stalk and daisies which cost RM2.60 per stalk. Of the three types of flowers ordered, the number of carnations was the largest. Meanwhile, the number of roses was 20 stalks less than that of daisies. The total price of the flowers is RM589.50. How many flowers of each type were ordered? 3.1.3 77

3. Ramasamy wants to buy pens, pencils and notebooks for the new school term. He has RM102 to spend. The price of a pen is RM5, a pencil RM3, and a notebook RM9. Ramasamy intends to spend the same amount of money on pens and pencils. The total number of pens and pencils to be purchased must be equal to the number of notebooks to be purchased. How many of each item will he purchase? Write a system of equations to solve this problem. Intensive Practice 3.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2IEEJZT for the quiz CHAPTER 3 1. Form systems of linear equations for the following situations and answer the questions given. (a) The sum of angles in a triangle is 180°. The largest angle is 20° more than the sum of the other two angles and is 10° more than three times the smallest angle. What is the measure of each angle of the triangle? (b) The sum of three numbers is 19. If the first number is multiplied by 2, the sum of the three numbers is 22, and if the second number is multiplied by 2, the sum becomes 25. Find the value of each number. 2. Solve the following equations using the elimination and substitution methods. (a) x + y + z = 3 (b) 2x + y – z = 7 (c) x + y + z = 3 x + z = 2 x – y + z = 2 2x + y – z = 6 2x + y + z = 5 x + y – 3z = 2 x + 2y + 3z = 2 (d) 2x – y + z = 6 (e) x + y + 2z = 4 (f) x + 2y + z = 4 3x + y – z = 2 x + y + 3z = 5 x – y + z = 1 x + 2y – 4z = 8 2x + y + z = 2 2x + y + 2z = 2 3. A bakery bakes three types of bread, with the monthly cost being RM6 850 for 2 150 loaves of bread. The cost of baking a loaf of butterscotch bread is RM2, a chocolate bread RM3 and a coconut bread RM4. The sale prices of a loaf of butterscotch bread, a chocolate bread and a coconut bread are RM3, RM4.50 and RM5.50 respectively. If the bakery makes a profit of RM2 975 monthly, how many loaves of each type of bread will it bake? 4. Andrea sells flower pots of different sizes. The price of a small flower pot is RM10, medium flower pot RM15 and large flower pot RM40. Every month, the number of small flower pots sold is equal to the total number of the medium and large flower pots sold. The number of medium flower pots sold is twice the number of large flower pots sold. Andrea needs to pay a rent of RM300 per month for her business premise. What are the minimum numbers of pots of each size which Andrea has to sell in a month so that she can pay the monthly rent? 5. Mr Chong intends to purchase a few chickens, rabbits and ducks for his farm. The total number of animals is 50. He has RM1 500 to be spent. A chicken costs RM20, a rabbit RM50 and a duck RM30. The number of chickens is equal to the number of ducks. How many of each animal should Mr Chong purchase? Write a system of linear equations to solve this problem. 78 3.1.3

Systems of Equations 3.2 Simultaneous Equations Involving One Linear Equation and One Non-Linear Equation Solving simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one non-linear equation INQUIRY 6 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To identify simultaneous equations CHAPTER 3 Instructions: 1. Form a few groups of three to four members each. 2. Read the following statements and construct the appropriate equations. STATEMENT 1 Chong has a rectangular garden. The length of fencing which will be used to fence the garden is 200 m. The area of the garden is 2 400 m2. What is the length and width of the garden? STATEMENT 2 Shida is sewing a rectangular tablecloth. The perimeter of the tablecloth is 800 cm and the area is 30 000 cm2. Find the length and width of the table. STATEMENT 3 The difference between two numbers is 9 and the product of the two numbers is 96. Find the values of the numbers. 3. Answer the following questions: (a) How many equations can be formed in each statement? (b) How many variables are involved? 4. Discuss with your group members and record your findings on a piece of paper. 5. Each group shall elect a representative to present their findings to the class. 6. Other group members can ask questions to the elected representatives. 7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until all groups have finished presenting. From the results of Inquiry 6, each of the three statements had two equations of two variables, namely a linear equation and non-linear equation. What are the characteristics which distinguish linear equations from non-linear equations? How do we solve simultaneous equations which involve a linear equation and non-linear equation? 3.2.1 79

InQuirY 7 Individual 21st Century Learning Aim: To explore the point of intersection between linear and non-linear equations Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Click on both boxes to display the shapes of graphs for the equations x + 2y = 10 and y2 + 4x = 50. bit.ly/2OqKBK7 3. What can you conclude about the shapes of the two graphs? CHAPTER 3 From the results of Inquiry 7, the point of intersection between the graph of linear equation x + 2y = 10 and the non-linear equation y2 + 4x = 50 is the solution to both equations. The solution to both equations is also known as the solution of simultaneous equations. Solving simultaneous equations means finding the values of the variables which satisfy the equations concerned. These simultaneous equations can be solved using the elimination method, substitution method or graphical representation method. Example 7 Mind Challenge Solve the following simultaneous equations using the Solve Example 7 when y is substitution method. expressed in terms of x for 2x + y = 4 the linear equation 2x + y = 4. y2 + 5 = 4x Did you get the same solutions? Solution FLASHBACK 2x + y = 4 …1 y2 + 5 = 4x … 2 Quadratic equations can be solved using the From 1 , following methods: (a) Factorisation 2x = 4 – y (b) Formula 4– y  (c)  Completing the square x = 2 …3 Make x the subject of the formula 3.2.1 Substitute 3 into 2 . ( ) y2 4 – y + 5 = 4 2 y2 + 5 = 8 – 2y y2 + 2y – 3 = 0 (y + 3)(y – 1) = 0 Solve the quadratic equation by y = –3 or y = 1 factorisation Substitute y = –3 and y = 1 into 3 . x = 4 –2(–3) or x = 4 – 1 2 = 7 = 3 2 2 Thus, x = 7 , y = –3 and x = 3 , y = 1 are the solutions to these 2 2 simultaneous equations. 80

Systems of Equations Example 8 Solve the following simultaneous equations using the elimination method. 2x + y = 4 x2 – 2xy = 3 Solution 2x + y = 4 … 1 x2 – 2xy = 3 … 2 1 × 2x: 4x2 + 2xy = 8x  … 3 2 + 3 : 5x2 = 3 + 8x CHAPTER 3 5x2 – 8x – 3 = 0 –b ± !bw2 – 4ac x = 2a Use the quadratic formula = 8 ± !w(–8)2 – 4(5)(–3) 2(5) x = 1.9136  or  x = – 0.3136 Substitute x = 1.9136 into 1 . 2(1.9136) + y = 4 3.8272 + y = 4 y = 0.1728 Substitute x = – 0.3136 into 1 . 2(– 0.3136) + y = 4 – 0.6272 + y = 4 y = 4.6272 Thus, x = 1.9136, y = 0.1728 and x = – 0.3136, y = 4.6272 are the solutions to these simultaneous equations. Example 9 Solve the following simultaneous equations using the graphical representation method. 2x + y = 4 y2 – 4x = 0 Solution Construct a table to determine the points which need to be plotted. x 0 12345 4 2 0 –2 – 4 – 6 Value of y in the equation 0 ±2 ±2.8 ±3.5 ±4 ±4.5 2x + y = 4 Value of y in the equation y2 – 4x = 0 3.2.1 81

CHAPTER 3 Construct a graph based on the values in the table. Mind Challenge y y2 – 4x = 0 Solve the following simultaneous equations 4 2x + y = x2 – xy + y2 = 7. 2 (1, 2) Tech Whizz 0 2468 x The solution to Example 9 using the Desmos software –2 –4 (4, – 4) 2x + y = 4 –6 Based on the graph above, there are two points of intersection bit.ly/2KHpcbw which represent the solutions to both equations. Thus, the solutions to these simultaneous equations are (1, 2) and (4, –4). Self Practice 3.4 1. Solve the following simultaneous equations using the elimination, substitution or graphical representation method. (a) 2x – y = 7 (b) 5y + x = 1 (c) y = 3 – x y2 – x(x + y) = 11 x + 3y2 = –1 1 – 1 =2 x y (d) 3x + 5y = 1 (e) 2x + 4y = 9 (f) x + y – 4 = 0 x + 2y = 4 4x2 + 16y2 = 20x + 4y – 19 x2 – y2 – 2xy = 2 y 2. Solve the following simultaneous equations using the graphical representation method. (a) Draw the graph for the following pairs of equations for the domain –5 < x < 5. Hence, determine the solution to the simultaneous equations. 2y – x = 1 xy + x2 = 26 (b) Draw the graph for the following pairs of equations for the domain –3 < x < 4. Hence, determine the solution to the simultaneous equations. x – y = 2 4x2 + 3y2 = 36 82 3.2.1

Systems of Equations Solving problems involving simultaneous equations Example 10 MATHEMATICS APPLICATION E CHAPTER 3 B A food packaging factory intends to pack dodol in a container in the shape of a right prism with a square base, as shown in the diagram. FD Given that the total length of sides of the right prism is 133 cm and AC ED = BC = 25 cm. Can a piece of dodol of volume 600 cm3 be packed into the container? Justify your answer. Solution 1 . Understanding the problem 3 . Implementing the strategy u Container in the shape of a right prism x2 + y2 = 252 …1 with a square base. 5x + 2y + 50 = 133 …2 u Total length of sides of the container 5x + 2y = 83 = 133 cm From 2 , 83 – 5x u ED = BC = 25 cm y = 2 …3 u To determine whether dodol of volume Substitute 3 into 1 . 600 cm3 can be packed into the ( ) x2 + 2 container. 83 – 5x 252 2 = 2 . Planning a strategy ( ) x2 + 6 889 – 830x + 25x2 = 625 u Let the length of side of the base be x 4 and the height be y. 4x2 + 25x2 – 830x + 6 889 – 2 500 = 0 29x2 – 830x + 4 389 = 0 u Form a non-linear equation for the (29x – 627)(x – 7) = 0 length of BC. x = 62297  or  x = 7 627 u Form a linear equation for the total x = 29 into 3. length of sides of the prism. ( )Substitute y = 83 – 5 627 u Volume of prism 2 29 = area of cross-section × height = – 32694 (Ignored) 4 . Making a conclusion Substitute x = 7 into 3 . 83 – 5(7) y = 2 Volume of container = 588 = 24 1 × 7 × 24 × x = 588 2 Volume of container = 1 × 7 × 7 × 24 x = 7 cm 2 = 588 cm3 Substitute x = 7 into equation 2 Hence, a piece of dodol of volume 600 cm3 5(7) + 2y = 83 cannot be packed into the container y = 24 cm because the volume of container is only 588 cm3. 3.2.2 83

Self Practice 3.5 1. Audy cuts out a rectangular plank of area 72 cm2 and perimeter 34 cm. Calculate the length and width of the plank. 2. The diagram shows the plan of a rectangular garden xm y m Pond which will be constructed by Syarikat Pesona Alam. The Grassy area corner of a garden will have a rectangular pond. The area 10 m to be covered with grass is 96 m2 and the perimeter of the pond is 20 m. Calculate the value of x and of y. CHAPTER 3 12 m Intensive Practice 3.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2IDhbEE for the quiz 1. Solve the following simultaneous equations. (a) x – 3y + 4 = 0 (b) k – 3p = –1 x2 + xy – 40 = 0 p + pk – 2k = 0 2. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the curve x – 2y = 1 and straight line 2x + y = 3. y x 3. Given that (–2, 2) is the solution to the following simultaneous equations: x+ 1 y= h and 1 + 2 =k 2 2 x y Find the value of h and of k. Hence, find another solution. 4. The hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle is (2x + 3) cm. The lengths of two other sides are x cm and (x + y) cm respectively. Given that the perimeter of the triangle is 30 cm, find the value of x and of y. 5. Given that the total surface area of a cuboid with a square base is 66 cm2 and the total length of the sides is 40 cm. Find the possible volumes of the cuboid. 6. A fish is moving in a circular manner, with the equation of its locus being 2x2 + 11y2 + 2x + 2y = 0. A boat is moving along a straight line of equation x – 3y + 1 = 0 and it intersects with the circular locus of the fish. Find the points of intersection between the locus of the fish and trajectory of the boat. 7. A sailing boat is moving in a circular manner, with the equation of its locus being 2x2 + 4y2 + 3x – 5y = 25. Meanwhile, a speedboat is moving along a straight line of equation y – x + 1 = 0 and it intersects with the locus of the sailing boat. Find the points of intersection between the trajectories of the sailing boat and the speedboat. 84 3.2.2

Systems of Equations Summary OF Chapter 3 i��o��e� Systems of Linear SYSTEMS OF i��o��e� Equations in Three EQUATIONS Simultaneous Equations Variables • one linear equation • one non-linear equation u��n� a��l��a��o�� CHAPTER 3 Elimination Elimination Substitution Solving problems method u��n� method method in daily life Substitution InSfaitnuite t��e��o� method pensoyleulteisoanisan �� ��s��u��o�� Graphical No solution One solution method WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Think of a problem in your surroundings which can be solved using systems of linear and non-linear equations. Formulate the problem in the form of a system of linear equations with proper definitions for the variables used. State the relation between the variables. Solve the system of equations which has been constructed. Then, write a report on the problem and display it to the class. 85

MASTERY PRACTICE CHAPTER 3 1. Form systems of linear equations in three variables for the following situations. PL1 (a) Abdullah buys a History book, two Mathematics books and three Science books for RM120. Chong buys two History books, three Mathematics books and two Science books for RM110. Meanwhile, Kaladevie buys a History book, four Mathematics books and two Science books for RM180. (b) There are a total of 30 coins which consist of 10 cents, 20 cents and 50 cents coins in a box. The total value of the coins is RM20.60. Salmah bought an ice cream using two 50 cents and three 20 cents coins. 2. Solve the following systems of linear equations. PL2 (a) x – y + 2z = 3 (b) x + 2y + 5z = –17 x + y – 3z = –10 2x – 3y + 2z = –16 2x + y – z = –6 3x + y – z = 3 3. The second angle of a triangle is 50° less than four times the first angle. The third angle is 40° less than the first angle. Find the value of each angle in the triangle. PL3 4. Given that (5, h) is one of the solutions to the following simultaneous equations. PL4 h(x – y) = x + y – 1 = hx2 – 11y2 Find the value of h and the other solution to the simultaneous equations. 5. Every month, Raju receives sources of income from his fixed salary as a sales officer, house rental and online sales. His total monthly salary is RM20 000. If RM500 is added to his monthly salary, it will be twice the total income from house rental and online sales. The total monthly salary and online sales income is twice the house rental income. How much does Raju receive from each source of income every month? PL4 6. Encik Abu plants vegetables on a plot of land in the shape of a right-angled triangle. Given that the longest side of the land is p metres, the other two sides are q metres and (2q – 1) metres respectively. Encik Abu fenced the land using a fencing of length 40 metres. Find the length, in metres, of each side of the land. PL4 7. Prove that a straight line passing through (0, –3) intersects a curve x2 + y2 – 27x + 41 = 0 at point (2, 3). Does the straight line intersect the curve at any other point? Justify your answer. PL4 8. A piece of wood measures y cm in length and 3x cm in width. A worker intends to cut the piece of wood into two small triangular pieces of wood. The perimeter of each triangle is 24 cm and the longest side of either triangle is (x + y) cm. Calculate the area, in cm2, of the original piece of wood. PL4 86

9. The diagram on the right shows the plan of a 1m Systems of Equations 1m rectangular room. A rectangular carpet is to be placed 1m with a distance of 1  m from the wall of the room. The area and perimeter of the carpet are 8.75 m2 and 12 m respectively. Find the length and width, in m, of the room. PL4 10. The diagram on the right shows a rectangular piece of P 1m cardboard PQRS of area 224 cm2. A semicircle STR was Q CHAPTER 3 cut out from the cardboard. Given that the perimeter of T y cm the remainder of the cardboard is 72 cm, find the value of x and of y. PL4 S 28x cm R D 11. Mr. Chee Hong instructed the students of Form 4 A Kembara to draw a rectangular mural of length 7x m B ym and width y m on the wall of the canteen. Two different E shapes will be drawn on the wall as shown in the diagram 7x m C on the right. AED is a semicircle. Given that the area of the wall is 28 m2 and the perimeter of ABCDE is 26 m, find the diameter and radius of the semicircle. PL5 Exploring MATHEMATICS Encik Awang, a chemist, has three types of solutions. Every day, he will prepare a few solutions of specific proportions. One day, Encik Awang intends to prepare a solution from three types of solutions. The first solution must contain 10% of acid, the second solution 40% of acid and the third solution 60% of acid. Encik Awang intends to prepare 1 000  litres of mixed solution with an acid concentration of 45%. The available amount of 40% acid solution is twice the amount of 10% acid solution. How much of each solution would you suggest Encik Awang use? 1. Write three equations based on the above statements. 2. Write your suggested workings to Encik Awang. 87

CHAPTER Indices, Surds 4 and Logarithms CHAPTER 4 What will be learnt? Laws of Indices Laws of Surds Laws of Logarithms Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2VyB2Kk KEY WwORDS Index Indeks Base Asas Rational number Nombor nisbah Irrational number Nombor tak nisbah Surd Surd Radical Radikal Recurring decimal Perpuluhan berulang Conjugate surd Surd konjugat Logarithm Logaritma Natural logarithm Logaritma jati Algebraic expression Ungkapan algebra Coefficient Pekali 88 4.1.1

The population of the country needs to Indices, Surds and Logarithms CHAPTER 4 be estimated in order to plan the future of the nation. Knowledge on the growth rate Did you Know? of the Malaysian population will enable preparations to be made in various aspects, John Napier was a famous Scottish including medical facilities for children, new mathematician who introduced logarithms. registrations for year 1 students and so on. Logarithms is a mathematical tool In your opinion, how can the population of which simplifies calculations, especially Malaysia in a particular year be estimated? multiplications which are frequently utilised in astronomy. For further information: bit.ly/2pgYYWz 4.1.1 SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER The half-life of a radioactive substance is given by the function N(t) = N0e–λt, where N0 is the initial mass of the radioactive substance, N(t) is the remaining mass of the radioactive substance post-decay, t is the time of decay and λ is the decay constant. By substituting the values of N0, N(t) and λ into the function, physicists can determine the time of decay of a radioactive substance. Biologists can determine the growth rate of bacteria from time to time if the bacteria were allowed to proliferate. The intensity of an earthquake can be determined by using exponential functions. This enables geoscientists to calculate its magnitude using the Richter scale. Scan this QR code to watch a video on the population of Malaysia. bit.ly/2qWcv70 89

4.1 Laws of Indices InQuirY 1 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To recall the laws of indices Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2onDQy8 2. Take note of the list of laws of indices. Cut out all shapes and paste at the corresponding laws of indices in the table. 3. Write an example of index law using algebraic expressions as shown in the following table. CHAPTER 4 Index law Example am × an = am + n t2 × t3 = t2 + 3 = t5 4. Display your partner’s and your findings. 5. Along with your partner, move around and observe other teams’ results. Simplifying algebraic expressions involving indices You have learnt that an is an index number with a being the base and n being the index. How can an algebraic expression involving indices be simplified by using the laws of indices? Let’s explore. InQuirY 2 Individual Aim: To simplify algebraic expressions involving indices Instructions: 1. List the laws of indices which you have learnt. 2. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2MmURQD 3. Using the laws of indices you have listed down, simplify each of the provided algebraic expressions. 4. Click on the “Check Answer” button to check your answers. 5. Discuss with your friends the ways by which you have obtained your answers. From the results of Inquiry 2, we can deduce that: 4.1.1 An algebraic expression involving index numbers can be simplified by using the laws of indices. 90

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Example 1 Simplify the following algebraic expressions. (a) 42n × 4m (b) 3m +2 – 3m 4n 3m (c) (5x −1)3 × 4xy2 ÷ (xy)− 4 (d) 4a3b2 × (4ab3)– 4 Solution (a) 42n × 4m = 42n + m – n (b) 3m +2 – 3m = 3m × 32 – 3m 4n 3m 3m = 4n + m 3m(32 – 1) = 3m = 8 (c) (5x –1)3 × 4xy2 ÷ (xy)– 4 (d) 4a3b2 × (4ab3)– 4 = (5x –(1x)3y)×– 44xy2 CHAPTER 4 = 4a3b2 × 1 (4ab3)4 = 5123x5–3××44×xyx2–×3 +(1x+y4)4× y2 + 4 = 4a3b2 = 256a4b12 = 500x2y6 = 1 64ab10 Example 2 Simplify the following algebraic expressions. (a) a–  1 × 2a–  1 (b) 2aa– –232 3 2 (c) 3!wa2 × 2!aw –3 (d) a– 21 (a 3 + 2a 1 – 3a–  1 ) 2 2 2 Solution (a) a–  1 × 2a–  1 = 2 × a– 13 × a– 21 (b) 2aa– –322 = 2a–2 ÷ a– 32 3 2 2a–  1 + ( )– 21 ( )= –  3 = 3 2a–2 – 2 = 2a–  5 = 2a– 12 6 = 2 5 = 2 1 6 2 a a (c) 3!aw2 × 2!aw –3 = a 2 × a– 23 (d) a– 12 (a 3 + 2a 1 – 3a–  1 ) 3 2 2 2 ( )= a2 + –  3 = a– 21 × a 3 + a– 21 × 2a 1 – a– 21 × 3a– 21 3 2 2 2 = a 2 – 3 = a– 12 + 3 + 2a– 12 + 1 – 3a– 12 – 1 3 2 2 2 2 = a–  5 = a1 + 2a0 – 3a–1 6 = 1 5 = a + 2 – 3 6 a a 4.1.1 91

Example 3 Show that (a) 72x – 1 = 49x 7 (b) 3x + 4 + 3x + 5 + 3x is divisible by 25 for all positive integers x. Solution (a) 72x – 1 = 72x 7 49x = 7 (b) 3x + 4 + 3x + 5 + 3x = 3x(34) + 3x(35) + 3x = 3x(81 + 243 + 1) CHAPTER 4 = 3x(325) Since 325 is a multiple of 25, thus 3x + 4 + 3x + 5 + 3x is divisible by 25 for all positive integers x. Self Practice 4.1 1. Simplify the following algebraic expressions. (a) 53x × 5x (b) 7b – 2 – 7b (c) 9a – 3 + 9a + 4 5–x 7b 81 +3 (d) c4d3 × c3d5 (e) (xy2)3 × x3y5 (f) (7x−1)2 × (49−2xy)3 (g) (3x2y)3 × (x3)4 ÷ x16y2 (h) ( p2q−1)5 × q8 (i) ( pq5)4 × p3 (j) (49−2xy)3 ÷ (7xy)−2 (k) 20x−7y2 ÷ 4x3y−4 (l) 6a7b−2 ÷ 36a3b−4 2. Simplify the following algebraic expressions. (a) a 1 × 2a–  1 (b) a4–a 353 3 2 ( )(c) 5!aw7 × 4!wa–9 (d) a– 32 a 21 + 3a– 23 – 3a– 52 3. Show that (a) 43a − 2 = 64a (b) 92a + 2 = 81(81a) (c) 73a − 4 = 343a 16 2 401 4. Show that 4x + 2 + 4x + 1 + 4x is divisible 7 for all positive integers x. Solving problems involving indices Equations involving indices can be solved as follows: If am = an, then m = n or if am = bm, then a = b when a > 0 and a ≠ 1. 92 4.1.1 4.1.2

Example 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms Solve each of the following equations. MATHEMATICS POCKET (a) 32x = 1 1 8x – • If 5x = 54, then x = 4. • If x5 = 55, then x = 5. (b) a5 = 243 (c) 27(813x) = 1 Solution (a) 32x = 1 1 Quick Count 8x – 25x = 2–3(x – 1) Express both sides of equations in a same base Compare the indices 392x, 5x = –3x + 3 Given 3x = find the value of x. 8x = 3 CHAPTER 4 x = 3 1. Press 3 x£ ALPHA ) 8 „ ALPHA CALC . (b) a5 = 243 Express in index form 2. Press 9  3 x£ 2 = 35 Compare the indices  a = 3 ALPHA ) . (c) 27(813x) = 1 33(34)3x = 30 30 = 1 3. Press SHIFT CALC . 33 + 12x = 30 am × an = am + n 3 + 12x = 0 4. Press = to obtain the 12x = –3 value of x. x = – 132 = – 41 Example 5 Mathematics Application SAMPLE Husna has RM1 000 000. She invests that sum of money into an investment institution that offers an annual return of 6%. Husna's investment amount after n years is calculated with the equation J = p(1 + k)n using p as the investment at the beginning of the year and k as the annual return rate. Determine Husna's investment amount after 20 years. 4.1.2 93

Solution 2 . Planning a strategy 1 . Understanding the problem Substitute the values of k, p and n into the investment formula. ◆ Initial investment, p is RM1 000 000 ◆ Return rate, k is 6% per annum 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆ Investment formula, J = p(1 + k)n ◆ n = 20 J = p(1 + k)n ◆ Determine the total investment after ( ) = 1 000 000 1 + 6 20 20 years 100 = 1 000 000(1 + 0.06)20 CHAPTER 4 4 . Making a conclusion = 1 000 000(3.207135) When J = 3 207 135 and k = 0.06, then 3 207 135 = 1 000 000(1 + 0.06)n = 3 207 135 3.207135 = (1.06)n n = 20 Thus, Husna's total investment is Thus, n = 20 years. RM3 207 135. Self Practice 4.2 1. Solve the following equations: (a) 4x – 1 = 8x + 3 (b) 3x + 3 – 3x + 2 = 2 (c) 8x – 3 = 42x 64 2. A ball was released at a height of h cm from the surface of the Earth. The ball will bounce with 90% of its initial height after the ball hits the surface of the Earth. The height of the ball after l bounces is given by h = 10 × (0.9)l. Determine the height of the ball, in cm, (a) when the ball was released, (b) after 10 bounces. Intensive Practice 4.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2IAEoaM for the quiz 1. Simplify each of the following: (a) y3(93xz3x)2 (b) zz4xyyx22 (d) (ef 2)3 ÷ (e−2f 2) (e) 4.2x4y14 ÷ 0.6x9y5 (c) [(xy)5 × 2xy3]2 (f) (7x−1)2 × (49−2xy)3 ÷ (7xy)−2 2. If 2x – 2 = 2(16), find the value of x. 4.1.2 3. Solve 25x – 53x – 4 = 0. 4. Solve 4(2m + 1) – 16m = 0. 94

Indices, Surds and Logarithms 5. Find the way to the FINISH box by choosing the correct answers. START Solve Solve Solve 2 ÷ 4x – 1 = 162x 3n – 2 × 27n = 1 23x – 5 = 1 1 81 4x + 1 –  23 2 Solve Solve Solve 4x + 3 – 4x + 2 = 3 5n + 1 – 5n + 5n – 1 25x + 2 = 1 625x = 105 12 CHAPTER 4 2 Solve Solve Solve 42x – 1 = 64x 324x = 48x + 6 2x + 4 – 2x + 3 = 1 –1 –3 Solve Solve FINISH 16(3n – 1) = 27n 162x – 3 = 84x 6. In a research, a type of bacteria will multiply itself in 1 minute. The amount of bacteria at the start of the research was 300. The amount of bacteria after t minutes is given by 300(3t). (a) Determine the amount of bacteria after 9 minutes. (b) Determine the time, t, in minutes for the amount of the bacteria to be 72 900. t ( ) 7. The population of country M can be estimated with the growth model, P = A 1 + k 100 where P is the expected population, A is the population in year 2017, k is the growth rate and t is the number of years after 2017. The population of this country in 2017 was approximately 30 million. Assuming that this population increases with a rate of 3% each year, estimate the population of this country in the year 2050. 8. Mr. Prakesh invested RM20 000 in a bank with an annual interest rate of 10%. Mr. Prakesh's investment amount after t years can be determined by the formula P = f(1 + r)t where f is the initial investment value and r is the annual return rate. Determine Mr. Prakesh's investment amount after 10 years. 95

4.2 Laws of Surds InQuirY 3 In groups Aim: To know surds Instructions: 3 cm 2 cm 1. Observe the diagram on the right. ␪ 2. tWhiethaonuswt uesriinngtahecaflocrumlatoofr!,abwf,inwdhtehree value of cosine θ and give a and b are integers. 3. Discuss your group's findings. CHAPTER 4 We often face problems as mentioned above. How can problems involving surds be solved? Let's explore. Comparing rational numbers and irrational numbers, and relating surds with irrational numbers You have learnt about rational numbers, in other words, numbers that can be expressed in the form of a , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. Rational numbers can also be written in b such as 1 = 0.3333… What is the connection between rational numbers and decimal form 3 irrational numbers? InQuirY 4 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To find the relation between surds and irrational numbers bit.ly/315G1Ub Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Browse the Internet to obtain information about surds. 3. Cut all the prepared number cards and paste them onto the table according to the correct classification as shown as the following. Rational numbers Irrational numbers Surd Not surd 0.333333… 4. Convert all decimals on the number cards to fractions. What can be concluded? 5. Each group will move to other groups to see their findings. 6. Discuss with team members about the findings of other groups. 96 4.2.1

From the results of Inquiry 4, it is found that: Indices, Surds and Logarithms (a) Decimals that can be coverted to fractions are rational MATHEMATICS numbers. POCKET (b) Decimals that cannot be converted to fractions are • Radical symbols are as irrational numbers. follows. (c) Numbers with radicals, if the values are integers or a !w, 3!w, 5!w, n!w recurring decimals, are not surds. • Recurring decimals Surds are numbers in the square root form, that is !wa , where are decimals that a is any positive integer. Surds have infinite decimal places and can be converted to are non-recurring. n!wa is called \"surd a order n\". For example, 3!w4 fractions. An example is called \"surd 4 order 3\". When a number cannot be simplified by of a recurring decimal is eliminating the root, then that number is classified as a surd. 54.5656… For instance, CHAPTER 4 (a) !w2 cannot be simplified, therefore !w2 is a surd. (b) !w4 can be simplified as 2, therefore !w4 is not a surd. Are all numbers with roots, surds? Observe the following table. Mathematics Museum Simplified Surd or 1 number Not surd ͱහ5 ͱහ4 ͱහ3 ͱහ2 1 Number Decimal ͱහ6 ͱහ1 1 !w3 !w3 1.7320508... Surd ͱහ7 ͱ1හ1 ͱ1හ2 ͱ1හ3 ͱ1හ7 1 ͱ1හ6 !wl 2 0.5 Not surd ͱහ8 4 3!w11 2.2239800... ͱහ9 ͱ1හ5 3!w11 Surd ͱ1හ0 ͱ1හ4 3!w27 3 3 5!w3 1.2457309... Not surd In geometry, the first 5!w3 Theodorus spiral (also called Surd square root spiral, Einstein spiral or Pythagorean spiral) was built by Theodorus from Cyrene. This spiral composed of right-angled triangles that were placed edge-to-edge. From the table above, it is found that surds have non-recurring decimals. Therefore, surds are irrational numbers. Recurring decimals, such as, 54.565656… are sometimes written as 54.56 or 54.56. 4.2.1 97

Example 6 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions. (a) 0.676767… (b) 12.645645645… Solution (a) Let, N = 0.676767…  … 1 Multiply with a suitable integer so that the part with the Mind Challenge 100N = 67.6767… … 2 recurring decimal can be eliminated. Convert the following 2 – 1 : 99N = 67 fraction to a recurring decimal. N = 67 99 224 495 CHAPTER 4 Thus, 0.676767… = 6997. (b) Let, A = 12.645645645… A = 12 + N Assume, N = 0.645645645…  … 1 1000N = 645.645645… … 2 Smart TIPS 2 – 1 : 999N = 645 Is n!aw = n!wa ? N = 645 !9w = 1 = 3 999 (9)2 = 215 2!w9 = 2 × 1 333 92 =2×3 A = 12 + 215 =6 333 Since 3 ≠ 6, thus Thus, 12.645645645… = 12323135. n!aw ≠ n!aw . Example 7 Determine whether the following terms are surds. Give your reason. !(a) 3!w125 (b) 5!1w25 (c) 4 1664 Solution Use a scientific calculator to obtain the values. (a) 3!w125 = 125 1 3 = 5 3!1w25 is not a surd because the value is an integer. (b) 5!w125 = 2.6265278 5!1w25 is a surd because it is a non-recurring decimal. 98 4.2.1

Indices, Surds and Logarithms !(c) 4 16 = 0.7071067… 64 ! 4 16 is a surd because it is a non-recurring decimal 64 Example 8 Smart TIPS Is !w4 = 2!w4 ? Explain. Solution n!aw ≠ n!wa because n!aw = 1 an !w4 = 4 1      ,     2!w4 = 2 × 4 1 while n!aw = n × 1 2 2 a2. =2 =2×2 CHAPTER 4 = 4 Since 2 ≠ 4, thus !w4 ≠ 2!w4. Generally, n!wa ≠ n!wa. Self Practice 4.3 1. Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions. (a) 0.787878… (b) 3.57575757… (c) 0.345345345… (d) 13.567567567... 2. Determine whether the following terms are surds. Give your reason. ! !(c) 6 (a) 3!1w27 (b) 4!1w125 64 (d) 7 87997 729 Making and verifying conjectures on !wa  !wb and !aw  !wb InQuirY 5 In groups Aim: To verify conjectures on !aw × !wb and !aw ÷ !bw Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2MkBDv5 2. Click on the \"Law 1\" and \"Law 2\" boxes. Then, drag cursors a and b. 3. State the conjectures based on your observation regarding both laws. 4. With a scientific calculator, fill in the following tables by taking any positive integer a and b. a b (a  b) !wa !wb Value of !wa  !bw !(wa  b) Value of !w(a  b) 2 5 10 !2w !w5 3.162… !w10 3.162… 99 4.2.1 4.2.2

a b (a  b) !wa !wb Value of !wa  !bw !(wa  b) Value of !w(a  b) 10 5 2 !1w0 !5w 1.414… !2w 1.414… 5. Compare the values of the 6th row and 8th row for both completed tables. 6. Were you able to verify the conjectures made? Discuss. CHAPTER 4 From the results of Inquiry 5, it is found that: MATHEMATICS POCKET For a > 0 and b > 0, If a  0, then !wa is a real (a) !wa × !wb = !wab (Law 1) number and 1 (Law 2) !(b) !wa ÷ !wb = a !aw × !wa = !wa2 = (a2)2 = a b Example 9 Write the following as single surds. (a) !w2 × !w7 (b) !!2ww84 (c) !w3a × !w5a (d) !2w1a !w7a Solution !!w21w4× 7 (b) !!2w8w4 == !(a) !w2 ×!w7 = 24 = 8 !w3 !!ww31a5a×2 5a (d) !!w2w71aa == !w3271aa !(c) !w3a× !w5a = = = a!1w5 100 4.2.2

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Self Practice 4.4 1. Write the following as single surds. (a) !w2 × !w3 (b) !w3 × !w5 (c) !w3 × !w3 (d) !w5 × !w6 (e) !w8 (f) !!1ww38 (g) !!w2w50 (h) !w5!×3w!6w !w3 Simplifying expressions involving surds InQuirY 6 Individual Aim: To simplify expressions involving surds Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. CHAPTER 4 2. Drag the cursor to change the value of the surd. bit.ly/2LQqH9u 3. Write down the surds that can be simplified and the surds that cannot be simplified. 4. Simplify !w90 without using mathematical tools and technological devices. From the results of Inquiry 6, it is found that !w3 cannot be simplified but !w9 can be simplified to 3. Besides, !w90 can be written as !w9 × 10 or !w9 × !w10, therefore !w90 = 3!1w0. Example 10 Write !1w8 in the form of a!wb where a and b are integers and a is the largest value. Solution 9 is the largest perfect square number and a factor of 18 !1w8 = !w9 × 2 = !w9 × !w2 = 3!w2 Self Practice 4.5 1. Mark (✓) on the correct statements. !w5 !w7 3!w2 × 2!w2 !2w60 (!w16!3w6 )2 4!w7 × 5!w7 = !w12 = 6!w2 = 2!w65 = 20!w21 = 576 4!w8 !1w8 !w75 (!w81 )2 2!4w !3w !w3 30!2w7 = 2!w2 = !1w5 =5 6!3w = 81 = 15 4.2.2 4.2.3 101

2. Write the following in the form of a!wb where a and b are integers and a is the largest value. (a) !w12 (b) !2w7 (c) !2w8 (d) !w32 (e) !w45 (f) !w48 (g) !w54 (h) !w108 How to perform addition, subtraction and multiplication involving surds? Let's explore this in detail. InQuirY 7 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To perform mathematical operations involving additions, subtractions and multiplications on surds Instructions: CHAPTER 4 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/31OY9To 2. Consider the expressions involving surds. 3. Click on the \"Solution\" button to see the calculation steps. 4. Click on \"Other Questions\" to see the next question. 5. Make a note about the calculation steps shown and explain to other classmates about your understanding on solving expressions involving surds. From the results of Inquiry 7, it is found that: Expressions involving surds can be simplified by performing addition, subtraction and multiplication operations of surds. Example 11 Simplify the following expressions. (a) !w2 × !w3 + !w6 (b) !w7 (6 – !w7 ) (c) !1w8 – !w8 (d) (6 + 2!w2 )(1 + 3!w2 ) Solution (a) !w2 × !w3 + !w6 = !w2 × 3 + !w6 (b) !w7 (6 – !w7 ) = 6!w7 – !w7 × !w7 = !w6 + !w6 = 6!w7 – 7 = 2!w6 (d) (6 + 2!w2 )(1 + 3!w2 ) (c) !1w8 – !w8 = !w9 × 2 – !w4 × 2 = 6(1) + 6(3!w2 ) + 2!w2 (1) + (2!w2 )(3!w2 ) = !w9 × !w2 – !w4 × !w2 = 6 + 18!w2 + 2!w2 + 12 = 3!w2 – 2!w2 = 18 + 20!w2 = (3 – 2)!w2 = !w2 102 4.2.3

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Example 12 Simplify each of the following in the form of a!wb. (a) 4!w27 (b) 7!2w43 (c) 5!7w5 Solution (a) 4!w27 = 4!w9 × 3 (b) 7!w243 = 7!w81 × 3 (c) 5!w75 = 5!w25 × 3 = 4(3)!w3 = 7(9)!w3 = 5(5)!w3 = 12!w3 = 63!w3 = 25!w3 In Example 12, notice that 12!w3, 63!w3 and  25!w3 have !w3  as the irrational factor. Therefore, CHAPTER 4 these three expressions are known as similar surds. Numbers that do not contain a similar irrational factor are known as not similar surd. For example, the set of expressions !w3 , 23!w3, 5!w6 and 74!w3 are not similar surds. Example 13 Determine whether the set of expressions 4!w12 , 5!1w8 and 5!w6 are similar surds or not similar surds. Solution 4!1w2 = 4!w4 × 3 5!w18 = 5!w9 × 2 5!w6 = 5!w2 × 3 = 4(2)!w3 = 5(3)!w2 = 5!w6 = 8!w3 = 15!w2 The three expressions do not contain a similar irrational number factor. Thus, all of those expressions are not similar surds. Self Practice 4.6 1. Simplify the following expressions involving surds. (a) 3!w5 + 5!w5 (b) 7!w5 + 5!w5 (c) 7!w7 – 5!w7 (d) !w6 (3!w6 – 5!w6 ) (e) !w5 (4 + 5!w5 ) (f) !w7 (3 – 5!w7 ) (g) (4 + 5!w3 )(3 + 5!w3 ) (h) (7 – 5!w7 )(3 + 5!w7 ) (i) (9 + 5!w4 )(3 – 5!w4 ) 2. Determine whether the following sets of expressions are similar surds or not similar surds. (a) 5!w80 , 2!5w8 , 9!4w5 (b) 3!w3 , 4!w12 , 5!w27 (c) 2!1w25, 7!w5 , –7!w5 (d) 2!w12 , 9!w24 , 8!w5 (e) 3!w27 , –3!w27 , –!w3 4.2.3 103

Rationalising the denominators for expressions involving surds Numbers that contain irrational denominators such as m1!wa , m!wa 1 n!wb and m!wa 1 n!wb , + – where m and n are integers should be written by rationalising the denominators. The rules to rationalising the denominators are as follows: (a) Multiply the numerator and denominator of 1 with the conjugate surd m!wa so that the m!wa surd can be eliminated from the denominator. (b) Multiply the numerator and denominator of m!wa 1 n!wb with the conjugate surd m!wa – n!wb + so that the surd can be eliminated from the denominator. CHAPTER 4 (c) Multiply the numerator and denominator of 1 n!wb with the conjugate surd m!wa + n!wb m!wa – so that the surd can be eliminated from the denominator. Example 14 MATHEMATICS POCKET Rationalise the denominator and simplify each of the following. Rationalising using (a)  1      (b) 7!w2 1 5!w3      (c) 2!w3 1 5!w7 conjugate surds. 5!w3 + – Surd Conjugate Solution surd m!wa m!aw (a) 1 = 1 × 5!w3 Multiply with the conjugate surd m!aw + n!wb 5!w3 5!w3 5!w3 m!wa – n!wb m!wa – n!bw m!wa + n!wb = 5 × 5 5!w3 × !w3 × !w3 = 5!w3 75 !w3 = 15 (b) 7!w2 1 5!w3 = 7!w2 1 5!w3 × 7!w2 – 5!w3 Multiply with the Smart TIPS + + 7!w2 – 5!w3 conjugate surd !wa × !aw = (!aw )2 = a = 7!w2 – 5!w3 (a − !bw )(a + !wb) = a2 − b (7!w2 + 5!w3 )(7!w2 – 5!w3 ) 7!w2 – 5!w3 = – )2 (7!w2 )2 (5!w3 7!w2 – 5!w3 = 23 104 4.2.4

(c) 1 = 1 × 2!w3 + 5!w7 Multiply with the Indices, Surds and Logarithms 2!w3 – 5!w7 2!w3 – 5!w7 2!w3 + 5!w7 conjugate surd The conjugate surd for 2!w3 – 5!w7 is 2!w3 + 5!w7. = 2!w3 + 5!w7 (2!w3 – 5!w7 )(2!w3 + 5!w7 ) 2!w3 + 5!w7 = – )2 (2!w3 )2 (5!w7 2!w3 + 5!w7 = – 163 Example 15 Rationalise the denominator and simplify 1 + !w3 . CHAPTER 4 1 – !w3 Solution Mind Challenge 1 + !w3 = 1 + !w3 × 1 + !w3 Multiply with the What is the conjugate surd 1 – !w3 1 – !w3 1 + !w3 conjugate surd of 1 – !3w? = 1 + 3 + !w3 + !w3 1–3 + 2!w3 = 4 –2 = –2 – !w3 Smart TIPS Multiply a ––th!!ewbwbfowrmithaa+c!wb a fraction in Example 16 to eliminate the surd from 5 + !w7 4 – !w7 the denominator. 1 + !w3 1 – !w3 Write + as a single fraction. Solution BRAINSTORMING 5 + !w7 + 4 – !w7 = 5 + !w7 × 1 – !w3 + 4 – !w7 × 1 + !w3 “The product of 2 irrational + !w3 1 – !w3 1 + !w3 1 – !w3 1 – !w3 1 + !w3 numbers is an irrational ( ) ( )1 number.” 5 – 5!w3 + !w7 – !2w1 + 4 + 4!w3 – !w7 – !w21 Discuss and give your = justification regarding this (1 + !w3 )(1 – !w3 ) statement. 9 – !w3 – 2!w21 = 1–3 105 = –9 + !w3 + 2!2w1 2 4.2.4

Self Practice 4.7 1. Rationalise the denominator and simplify each of the following: (a) 2 (b) 7 (c) !2w !w5 !w2 !w5 (d) !3w (e) 1 + !w3 (f) 3 + !w2 2!w12 !w12 5 – !w5 (g) 6 – !w3 (h) 3 + !2w + 4 – !3w (i) 7 – !w5 – 6 + !w3 9 – !1w2 5 – !w2 7 + !w3 5 + !w5 6 – !3w Solving problems involving surds CHAPTER 4 Example 17 Mathematics Application The diagram on the right shows a pyramid-shaped house. The triangle shape at the front of the house has an area of (20!w3 – 4) m2 and the length of its base is (4 + 4!w3 ) m. Determine the height of the triangle at the front of the house in ( )the form of a + b!w3 , where a and b are rational numbers. Solution 3 . Implementing the strategy 1 . Understanding the problem 1 × (4 + 4!w3 ) × t = 20!w3 – 4 2 ( )◆ The area of the triangle = 20!w3 – 4 m2 (2 + 2!w3 )t = 20!w3 – 4 20!3w – 4 ◆ The length of the base of the triangle t = 2 + 2!w3 = (4 + 4!w3 ) m = 20!3w – 4 × 2 – 2!3w 2 + 2!w3 2 – 2!w3 ◆ Determine the height of the triangle in the form of (a + b!w3 ) 2 . Planning a strategy = 40!w3 – 120 – 8 + 8!w3 –8 –128 + 48!w3 ◆ Use the formula of the area of triangle = –8 = 1 × base × height = 16 – 6!w3 2 The height of the triangle part at the front of the house is (16 – 6!w3 ) m. 106 4.2.4 4.2.5

Indices, Surds and Logarithms 4 . Making a conclusion The area of triangle = 1 × (4 + 4!w3 ) × (16 – 6!w3 ) 2 = (2 + 2!w3 )(16 – 6!w3 ) = 32 – 12!w3 + 32!w3 – 36 = (20!w3 – 4) m2 Example 18 CHAPTER 4 Solve x – 4!wx + 3 = 0. Solution x – 4!wx + 3 = 0 (!wx – 3)(!wx – 1) = 0 Factorise !wx – 3 = 0   or   !wx – 1 = 0 !wx = 3 !wx = 1 ( ) !wx 2 = 32 ( )!wx 2 = 12 x = 9 x = 1 Self Practice 4.8 1. Triangle ABC has an angle of ABC = 60°, AB = 3!w3 cm and BC = 4!w3 cm. Determine the length of AC. 2. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle ABC. A (a) Determine the area of triangle ABC. (5 – 2ͱස2ස ) cm (b) Determine the length of AC. B (5 + 2ͱස2ස ) cm C 3. Solve the equation 2 + 3!wy = 6!w3 + 5. Write your answer in the form of a + b!w3 , where a and b are rational numbers. 4. Solve the following equations. (a) !w2 – 7x + 2x = 0 (b) !w2x + 1 + !w2x – 1 = 2 (c) !w4x + 3 – !w4x – 1 = 2 4.2.5 107

Intensive Practice 4.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/33f32pd for the quiz 1. Write the following as single surds. (a) !w5 × !1w1 (b) !w7 × !w10 (c) !!1ww278 (d) !!w4w88 2. Write the following in the form of a!wb, where a and b are integers and a is the largest value. (a) !w24 (b) !1w62 ( )(c) !!5w3w4 (d) 23!w6 2 3. Simplify. (a) 3!w10 + 5!1w0 (b) 6!w11 – !1w1 (c) 13!1w3 – 2!1w3 CHAPTER 4 (d) 2!4w5 + !w20 (e) 3!2w7 – !w72 (f) !1w8 + !w27 ( )(g) 3!1w5 × 7!w5 (h) !w72 × 4!1w5 (i) !w4 2!w3 – 5!w3 (j) !w7 (3 + 7!w7 ) (k) !w5 (7 – 5!w5 ) (l) (3 + 3!w7 )(3 + 5!w7 ) (m) (7 + 5!w7 )(3 – 5!w7 ) (n) (7 – 5!w5 )(3 – 5!w5 ) (o) !w1!1w72 (p) !!1w1w028 (q) 2!!8w1w81 (r) 93!!w25w0 4. Given A = 3!w5 + 7!w3 , B = 2!w5 – 7!w7 and C = 2!w3 – 9!w8 . Simplify (a) A + B (b) A – C (c) 3A + 2B (d) 3A + B – 2C 5. Rationalise the denominators and simplify the following expressions. (a) 2 (b) 3 4 (c) 3 4 !w5 – !w5 – 3!w5 !w5 !w3 – !w7 (d) 5 !w2 (e) 4+ !w5 (f) !3w + !w7 2!w3 – 3– 6. Write the following as single fractions. (a) 1 1 + 1 1 (b) !w7 2 !w2 + !w7 1 !w2 (c) 4 2 + 4 1 + !w3 – !w3 + – – !w3 + !w3 ( ) 7. The area of a rectangle is (8 + !1w0 ) cm2. One of its sides has a length of !w5 + !w2 cm. Determine the length of the other right in the form of a!w5 + b!w2 . 8. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle PQR. P (a) Determine the value of tan x. Write your answer in the form of a +cb!w2, where a, b and c are integers. (3 + ͱස2ස ) cm (1 + 2 ͱස2ස ) cm xR (b) Determine the area of triangle PQR. Write your p +rq!w2 , answer in the form of where p, q and r Q are integers. 108

Indices, Surds and Logarithms 4.3 Laws of Logarithms Relating the equations in index form with logarithmic form and determining the logarithmic value of a number An equation in index form can be written as N = ax where a > 0 If am = an then, m = n and a ≠ 1. N, a and x are variables. We can find the value of one If am = bm then, a = b variable if the value of the other two variables are given. For example, CHAPTER 4 (a) if 81 = 9x, then x = 2 (b) if 1 000 = a3, then a = 3!w1 000 = 10 (c) if N = 53, then N = 125 Can you find the value of x of the following equations? (a) 50 = 4x (b) 69 = 7x (c) 80 = 8x What is the method that can be used? Let's explore in detail. Inquiry 8 will explain the methods to solve the equation above. InQuirY 8 In groups Aim: To relate the equations in index form and logarithmic form Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/30Txh3t 2. Click on the \"Graph of equation in index form\" box and observe the graph f(x) = ax that appears. 3. Then, click on the \"Graph of equation in logarithmic form\" box and observe the graph of g(x) = loga(x) that appears. 4. Drag cursor a to the left and to the right. Write down your observations regarding the changes that happen to the graph when the value of a increases. 5. Drag cursor a to the value of 1. Does the graph g(x) = loga x exist? What is the shape of the graph for f (x) = ax that was formed? Write down your findings. 6. Drag cursor a to negative values. Does the graph f (x) = ax and g(x) = loga x exist? Write down your findings. 7. Discuss on the existence of logarithms for negative numbers and zero. 8. Then, verify if the following statements are true or false. (a) loga 1 = 0 (b) loga a = 1 4.3.1 109

From the results of Inquiry 8, it was found that the relationship Smart TIPS between equations in index and logarithmic forms can be defined loga ax = x as follows: loga N = x ⇔ N = ax where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 MATHEMATICS From the definition above, it can be concluded that: POCKET a0 = 1 ⇔ loga 1 = 0   and   a1 = a ⇔ loga a = 1 Index Logarithmic form form Thus, for any real numbers, a > 0 and a ≠ 1, the following 40 = 1 statement is true. 100 = 1 log4 1 = 0 71 = 7 log10 1 = 0 CHAPTER 4 loga 1 = 0 101 = 10 log7 7 = 1 loga a = 1 log10 10 = 1 Notice that: loga N is defined if N > 0 and a > 0, a ≠ 1 MATHEMATICS POCKET For example, log7 0, log10 (−10), log0 2 and log1 13 are undefined. The base of logarithms must be positive. Usually, 1 is not used The common logarithm is the logarithm in base 10. as a base because 1n = 1 for any value of n. For example, log10 a = lg a If a common logarithm value is given for a number, that number can be determined with a scientific calculator. That number is called antilogarithm or antilog for short. If log10 N = x, then antilog x = N Based on the definition of logarithms of a number, we can convert Mathematics Museum an index equation to the logarithmic form. The value of common logarithms can be The power of the index number is the logarithmic value determined by using a scientific calculator or a Given 16 = 24 thus log2 16 = 4 four-figure table. Scan the QR code below to The base of the index number is the base of the logarithm obtain a four-figure table. Otherwise, we can convert an equation in logarithmic form to index form. bit.ly/2MvAcvb If log2 16 = 4, then 16 = 24 4.3.1 110

Indices, Surds and Logarithms InQuirY 9 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To relate the graphs of exponential function and logarithmic function. Instructions: 1. Copy and complete the table below for y = 2x. x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 y 1 8 2. Then, copy and complete the table below for the inverse function y = 2x, by exchanging the value of x and y. x 1 8 y –3 CHAPTER 4 3. Draw the graph of y against x for y = 2x and its inverse function on the same axis. 4. Note down your observation about both of the graphs drawn. 5. Present your findings in front of the class. From Inquiry 9, f : x → 2x, x = f −1(2x). y Suppose y = 2x, y = ax thus x = f −1(y) y=x log2 y = log2 2x log2 y = x (0, 1) y = loga x Substitute x = log2 y into x = f −1(y) 0 (1, 0) x then, f −1(y) = log2 y or f −1(x) = log2 x Generally, If f : x → ax, then f −1 : x → loga x Thus, y = loga x is the inverse of ay = x Example 19 111 Convert 24 = 16 to logarithmic form. Solution 24 = 16 log2 16 = 4 4.3.1

Example 20 Convert log3 27 = 3 to index form. Solution log3 27 = 3 33 = 27 Example 21 Find the value of each of the following. ( )(c) log1033 4 (a) log10 7 (b) log10 79 CHAPTER 4 Solution ( ) ( )(c) log10 (a) log10 7 = 0.8451 (b) log10 79 = 1.8976 3 3 27 4 64 = log10 = − 0.3748 Example 22 (b) log6 7 776 Find the value of each of the following. (a) log5 625 Solution (a) Let, log5 625 = x Let, log6 7 776 = y 5x = 625 6y = 7 776 5x = 54 6y = 65 x = 4 y = 5 Thus, log5 625 = 4 Thus, log6 7 776 = 5 Example 23 (a) Determine the value of x if log5 x = 3. (b) Determine the value of y if log3 y = 4. Solution (a) log5 x = 3 (b) log3 y = 4 x = 53 y = 34 x = 125 y = 81 112 4.3.1

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Example 24 (b) antilog (− 0.3976) Determine the value of each of the following. (a) antilog 0.1456 Solution (b) antilog (− 0.3976) = 0.4003 (a) antilog 0.1456 = 1.3983 Self Practice 4.9 1. Convert the following to logarithmic form. (c) 53 = 125 (a) 34 = 81 (b) 27 = 128 (d) 63 = 216 2. Convert the following to index form. (b) log10 0.0001 = −4 CHAPTER 4 (a) log10 10 000 = 4 (d) log4 64 = 3 (c) log2 128 = 7 3. Find the value of each of the following: ( )(a) log10 9 5 3 (b) log10 99 (c) log10 6 (d) log2 64 (f) log4 256 (e) log3 81 (g) log10 100 000 4. Solve the following equations. (a) log2 x = 5 (b) log8 x = 3 (c) log2 x = 8 5. Determine the value of each of the following: (a) antilog 2.1423 (b) antilog 1.3923 (c) antilog 3.7457 (d) antilog (−3.3923) (e) antilog (−2.5676) (f) antilog (− 4.5555) Proving the laws of logarithm InQuirY 10 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To prove the laws of logarithm bit.ly/2MiX9QP Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Observe the examples of three laws of logarithm that is shown. 3. Drag cursors a, b and n. Observe the changes to the three laws of logarithm. 4. Discuss the three laws of logarithms and make a conclusion. 5. Make a short presentation about your findings. 4.3.1 4.3.2 113

From the results of Inquiry 10, three basic laws of logarithm are as follows: If a, x and y are positive and a ≠ 1, then (a) loga xy = loga x + loga y (Product law) x (Division law) (b) loga y = loga x − loga y (Power law) (c) loga xn = n loga x for any real number n Each basic law of logarithm above can be proven as follows: Let x = ap and y = aq, then p = loga x and q = loga y. (a) xy = ap × aq = ap + q From the definition of logarithms Thus, loga xy = p + q Substitute p = loga x and q = loga y loga xy = loga x + loga y CHAPTER 4 (b) x = ap = ap − q y aq Thus, loga x = p –q From the definition of logarithms y Substitute p = loga x and q = loga y loga x = loga x − loga y y (c) xn = (ap)n = apn From the definition of logarithms Thus, loga xn = pn Substitute p = loga x loga xn = n loga x Example 25 Given log5 15 = 1.6826 and log5 4 = 0.8614. Determine the value of each of the following. (a) log5 60     (b) log5 12     (c) log5 100 Solution (a) log5 60 = log5 (15 × 4) Tech Whizz = log5 15 + log5 4 Check your answers with = 1.6826 + 0.8614 the Photomath app. Scan the QR code below to = 2.544 download the Photomath ( )(b) log5 12 = log5 app. 60 loga ax = x 5 bit.ly/2Rg86YH = log5 60 − log5 5 4.3.2 = 2.544 – 1 = 1.544 (c) log5 100 = log5 (25 × 4) = log5 25 + log5 4 = log5 52 + log5 4 = 2 log5 5 + 0.8614 = 2 + 0.8614 = 2.861 114

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Example 26 Find the value of each of the following without using a calculator. (a) log5 750 − log5 6 (b) log3 8 + 2 log3 6 − log3 96 9 Solution (a) log5 750 − log5 6 = log5 750 6 = log5 125 = log5 53 loga ax = x = 3 log5 5 =3 (b) log3 8 + 2 log3 6 − log3 96 = log3 8 + log3 62 − log3 96 CHAPTER 4 9 9 ( ) = log3 8 × 36 ÷ 96 9 = log3 27 = log3 33 loga ax = x = 3 log3 3 =3 Self Practice 4.10 1. Given that log7 4 = 0.712 and log7 5 = 0.827. Evaluate each of the following: 1 (a) log7 1 4 (b) log7 28 (c) log7 100 (d) log7 0.25 2. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. (a) log3 21 + log3 18 – log3 14 1 (b) 2 log4 2 – 2 log4 9 + log4 12 (c) log2 7 + log2 12 – log2 21 Simplifying algebraic expressions using the laws of logarithms Algebraic expressions involving logarithm can be simplified using the laws of logarithms. Example 27 Express the following as single logarithms. (a) loga x + 3 loga y (b) 2 loga x – 1 loga y (c) 2 log3 x + log3 y – 1 2 115 Solution (a) loga x + 3 loga y = loga x + loga y3 = loga xy3 4.3.2 4.3.3

(b) 2 loga x – 1 loga y = loga x2 – loga y 1 2 = loga x2 2 !wy (c) 2 log3 x + log3 y – 1 = log3 x2 + log3 y – log3 3 = log3 x2y 3 Example 28 If p = logb 2, q = logb 3 and r = logb 5, write the following in terms of p, q and/or r. (a) logb 6 ( )(b) logb 45 CHAPTER 4 (c) logb 0.2222… logb 5!w3 (d) 2 Solution Mind Challenge (a) logb 6 = logb (2 × 3) Can you determine the value = logb 2 + logb 3 of = p + q ((ba)) lloogg1–100(–66? )? (b) logb 45 = logb (9 × 5) = logb 32 + logb 5 = 2 logb 3 + logb 5 = 2q + r 2 (c) logb 0.2222… = logb 9 FLASHBACK = logb 2 − logb 9 Suppose, 1 = logb 2 − logb 32 A = 0.2222…  2 = logb 2 – 2 logb 3 100A = 22.22… = p – 2q 2 – 1 : 99A = 22 ( )(d) logb 22 5!w3 = logb 5 + logb !w3 − logb 2 A = 99 2 1 = 2 = logb 5 + 2 logb 3 − logb 2 9 =r+ 1 q–p 2 Self Practice 4.11 1. Write the following expressions as single logarithms. (a) log2 x + log2 y2 1 (b) logb x – 3 logb y (c) log2 x + 3 log2 y 2 (d) log4 x + 2 – 3 log4 y (e) log3 m4 + 2 log3 n – log3 m 2. Given log2 3 = p and log2 5 = q, express each of the following in terms of p and q. (c) log2 !1w5 (a) log2 10 (b) log2 45 116 4.3.3

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Proving the relationship of loga b = logc b and determining the logarithm of a number logc a If a, b and c are positive numbers, then, a ≠ 1 and c ≠ 1, QR logc b then loga b = logc a Logarithmic base changes. The prove for the above statement are as follows: Suppose loga b = x, then, ax = b. logc ax = logc b Use the same logarithmic bit.ly/2NtoekS x logc a = logc b base on both sides x = logc b Power law of logarithm CHAPTER 4 logc a Thus, loga b = logc b logc a Specifically: If b = c, then loga b = logb b = 1 a logb a logb By using the law of base change, any logarithmic base can be MATHEMATICS written and evaluated with base 10 or base e. POCKET Logarithms with base e are known as natural logarithms ln aanmeexapnosnloengte a with e and are written as loge, or ln. Base e is often used in mathematics, as base. The science and technology. number e is a non-recurring decimal, which is 2.7182… Example 29 Observe the following: • log 10 = 1 Determine the following values by changing their bases to 10. • ln e = 1 • ln ex = x (a) log30 4 (b) log2 0.45 • eln x = x • 10log x = x Solution (a) log30 4 = log10 4 (b) log2 0.45 = log10 0.45 log10 30 log10 2 = 01..46077211 – 0.3468 = 0.3010 Mind Challenge = 0.408 = –1.152 uFisnindgthceomvamluoenolfolgoagr5it2h0ms and natural logarithms. 4.3.4 117

Example 30 Quick Count Convert each of the following to natural logarithms and Determine the solution to Example 30 with a scientific evaluate them. calculator. 1. Press In 254 ) ÷ (a) log6 254 (b) log30 4 In 6 ) = . 2. The screen will show: Solution In(254) ÷ In(6) (a) log6 254 = loge 254 (b) log30 4 = loge 4 loge 6 loge 30 3.090445097 = lnln2654 ln 4 = ln 30 = 51..57397138 = 1.3863 3.4012 = 3.090 = 0.408 CHAPTER 4 Example 31 Given log5 x = p, express each of the following in terms of p. (a) log25 x (b) logx 25x3 Solution (a) log25 x = lloogg552x5 (b) logx 25x3 = log5 25x3 log5 x = p = log5 52 + log5 x3 2 p = 2 log5 5 + 3 log5 x p = 2 + 3p p Self Practice 4.12 1. Evaluate each of the following by converting it to base 10. (a) log3 22 (b) log6 1.32 (c) log5 18 (d) log4 0.815 2. Convert each of the following to natural logarithms and evaluate them. (a) log7 225 (b) log9 324 (c) log20 379 3. Given log3 2 = t, express each of the following in terms of t. 9 4 (a) log2 9 (b) log9 8 (c) log2 18 (d) log2 4. If log2 m = a and log2 n = b, express each of the following in terms of a and b. (b) log8 nm2 (a) log4 m2n3 (c) logmn 8n 118 4.3.4

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Solving problems involving the laws of logarithms Problems involving indices, such as 3x = 70 that cannot be expressed in the form of ax = ay or ax = bx can be solved by using logarithms. Example 32 Solve the equation 3x − 4 = 50x − 3. Solution 3x − 4 = 50x − 3 Use base 10 logarithm log10 a = log a (x − 4) log 3 = (x − 3) log 50 x log 3 – 4 log 3 = x log 50 – 3 log 50 CHAPTER 4 x log 3 – x log 50 = –3 log 50 + 4 log 3 x (log 3 – log 50) = −3 log 50 + 4 log 3 –3 log 50 +4 log 3 x = log 3 – log 50 = 2.610 Example 33 Solve the following natural logarithmic equations. (b) 10e2x = 35 (a) ln (4x − 2) = 5 Solution (a) ln (4x − 2) = 5 (b) 10e2x = 35 loge (4x − 2) = 5 e2x = 3.5 e5 = 4x − 2 ln e2x = ln 3.5 ln e = 1 148.4132 = 4x − 2 2x ln e = ln 3.5 4x = 150. 4132 2x = ln 3.5 x = 150.44132 x = ln 3.5 2 = 37.603 = 0.626 Example 34 Mathematics Application The temperature of a block of steel rises from 30°C to T °C when it was heated for x seconds. Given T = 30(1.2)x, determine (a) the temperature of the steel when it is heated for 10.4 seconds, (b) the time, x, in seconds, taken to increase the temperature of the block of steel from 30°C to 1 500°C. 4.3.5 119

Solution 2 . Planning the strategy 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ Substitute the value of x into the formula to find the value of T. ◆ Given the formula T = 30(1.2)x ◆ The temperature rises from 30°C to ◆ Substitute the value of T into the formula to find the value of x. T °C. ◆ Determine T when x = 10.4 seconds 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆ Determine x when the temperature of the block of steel rises from 30°C to 1 500°C. 4 . Making a conclusion (a) T = 30(1.2)x = 30(1.2)10.4 CHAPTER 4 (a) When T = 199.8°C, then = 199.8ºC 199.8 = 30(1.2)x Thus, the temperature of the steel after 19390.8 = (1.2)x 10.4 seconds is 199.8ºC. 6.66 = (1.2)x (b) T = 30(1.2)x 1 500 = 30(1.2)x log 6.66 = x log 1.2 135000 = (1.2)x 50 = (1.2)x x = log 6.66 log 1.2 = 10.4 seconds log 50 = x log 1.2 (b) When x = 21.4567 seconds, then x = log 50 T = 30(1.2)21.4567 log 1.2 = 21. 4567 ≈ 1 500ºC Thus, the time taken for the block of steel to reach a temperature of 1  500ºC is 21.4567 seconds. Self Practice 4.13 1. Solve the following equations by giving answers in three decimal places. (a) 42x − 1 = 7x (b) 52x − 1 = 79x − 1 (c) 73x − 1 = 50x 2. Solve the following equations by using natural logarithms. Give the answer in three decimal places. (b) 30e2x + 3 = 145 (c) 5e3x − 4 = 35 (a) ln (5x + 2) = 15 (e) 41 – e2x = 5 (f) ln (x + 1)2 = 4 (d) ln (3x – 2) = 4 ( ) 3. The 9 n the minimum price of a house after n years is given by RM260 000  8 . Determine number of years for the price of the house to exceed RM300 000 for the first time. 120 4.3.5

Indices, Surds and Logarithms 4. A company's savings after n years is RM2 000(1 + 0.07)n. Determine the minimum number of years for their savings to exceed RM4 000. 5. After n years, Mr. Chong's money in a bank is RM4 000(1.1)n. Calculate the number of years for Mr. Chong's money to exceed RM5100 for the first time. 6. The air pressure, in Hg, at a height of 10 km above sea level is given by P = 760e– 0.125h, where h is the height, in km, and e = 2.718. Determine the height above sea level if the pressure at that height is 380 mm Hg. Intensive Practice 4.3 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2osOqUo for the quiz 1. Given log5 3 = 0.683 and log5 7 = 1.209. Without using a calculator or four-figure tables, CHAPTER 4 calculate log5 1 and log7 75. ( ) 2. Given loga 3 = x and loga 5 = y, express loga 45 in terms of x and y. a3 3. Determine the value of log4 8 + logr !wr . 4. Without using a calculator or four-figure tables, simplify log12 49 × log64 12. log16 7 5. Given log10 x = 2 and log10 y = −1, prove that xy – 100y2 = 9. 6. Given log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express log5 4.9 in terms of m and p. 7. Simplify log2 (2x + 1) – 5 log4 x2 + 4 log2 x. 8. Given that log2 xy = 2 + 3 log2 x – log2 y, express y in terms of x. ( ) 9. Given log2 b = x and log2 c = y, express log4 8b in terms of x and y. c ( ) 10. The intensity of a sound, in decibel, is calculated by using the formula d = 10 log10 P P0 where d is the intensity of sound, in decibel, P is the intensity of sound, in Watt and P0 is the weakest intensity of sound that can be detected by the human ears, in Watt and it is a constant. In a house, a hot water pump has an intensity of sound of 50 decibels and a wattage of 10−7 Watts while a dishwasher has a sound intensity of 62 decibels. (a) Calculate the value of P0. (b) Determine the wattage, in Watts, for the dishwasher and the hot water pump. (c) A wattage for sound that exceeds 100 Watts is said to be painful to the human ears. State the minimum intensity of sound, in decibel, that is considered to be painful to the human ears. 1 1. The population growth in a certain country is P = 2 500 000e0.04t where t is the number of years after year 2020 and e = 2.718. (a) What is that country's population in 2020? (b) What is that country's population in 2030? (c) In which year will that country's population exceed 50 000 000? 4.3.5 121

4.4 Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms Solving problems involving indices, surds and logarithms Example 35 Mathematics Application An entomologist found that a grasshopper infestation towards plants spreads across an area of A(n) = 1 000 × 20.2n acres, where n is the number of weeks after the initial observation. (a) Determine the area of infestation at the beginning. (b) Determine the area of infestation after (i) 5 weeks, (ii) 10 weeks. (c) How much time is needed for the infestation to spread across an area of 8 000 acres? CHAPTER 4 Solution 1 . Understanding the problem 2 . Planning the strategy ◆ Given A(n) = 1 000 × 20.2n ◆ Substitute the value of n into the ◆ n = 0, n = 5, n = 10 given formula. ◆ A = 8 000 acres ◆ Substitute the value of A into the 4 . Making a conclusion given formula. (a) When A = 1 000, 3 . Implementing the strategy 1 000 = 1 000 × 20.2n 20.2n = 1 (a) A(n) = 1 000 × 20.2n 0.2n log 2 = log 1 A(0) = 1 000 × 20.2(0) log 1 = 1 000 × 1 n = 0.2 × log 2 = 1 000 acres (b) (i) A(n) = 1 000 × 20.2n n = 0 weeks A(5) = 1 000 × 20.2(5) (b) (i) When A = 2 000, = 1 000 × 21 2 000 = 1 000 × 20.2n = 2 000 acres 20.2n = 2 (ii) A(n) = 1 000 × 20.2n 0.2n log 2 = log 2 A(10) = 1 000 × 20.2(10) log 2 = 1 000 × 22 n = 0.2 × log 2 = 4 000 acres (c) 8 000 = 1 000 × 20.2n n = 5 weeks 20.2n = 8 (ii) When A = 4 000, 20.2n = 23 4 000 = 1 000 × 20.2n 0.2n = 3 20.2n = 4 n = 15 0.2n log 2 = log 4 Thus, the time taken for the infestation log 4 n = 0.2 × log 2 to spread across an area of 8 000 acres is 15 weeks. n = 10 weeks (c) When n = 15, A = 1 000 × 20.2(15) = 8 000 acres 122 4.4.1

Indices, Surds and Logarithms Self Practice 4.14 1. A gardener observes a bug infestation towards plants in his garden. He finds out that the area of insect infestation towards his plants is A = 1 000 × 20.7n acres, where n is the amount of weeks after the first week of initial observation. How long will it take for the insects to infest an area of 5 000 hectares? 2. The electric current that flows in an electrical circuit for t seconds after its switch is turned off is I = 32 × 4−t amp. (a) Calculate the current flow when the switch is off. (b) Calculate the current flow after (i) 1 second, (ii) 2 seconds. (c) How long will it take for the current to reach 0.5 amps? Intensive Practice 4.4 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/311IqiH for the quiz CHAPTER 4 1. Mr. Ramasamy keeps RM1 000 in a bank. The amount of money rises by W = 1 000(1.09)t after t years. Calculate (a) the amount of money after 5 years, (b) the time taken, t, in years, for the money to rise from RM1 000 to RM1 200. 2. The remaining radioactive substance of uranium after t years is W(t) = 50 × 2 −0.0002t gram, where t  0. (a) Determine the initial mass of the uranium. (b) Determine the time that is needed for the uranium to weigh 8 grams. 3. The mass, J of a bacteria after time t, in hours is J = 25 × e0.1t gram. (a) Show that the time taken for the bacterial mass to reach 50 grams is 10 ln 2 hours. (b) Determine the time taken in two decimal places. Summary OF Chapter 4 INDICES, SURDS AND LOGARITHMS Indices Logarithms Laws of Indices Surds • logaxy = logax + logay • loga –yx– = logax – logay am × an = am + n • a× a=a am an = am – n • logabn = n logab (am)n = amn • a × b = ab • logab = –ll–oo–gg–ccab– • logab = –lo–g1–b–a– • –a– = a–b b • (a + b ) × (a – b ) = a2 – b 4.4.1 123

WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Make a poster that contains all the laws of indices, surds and logarithms according to your creativity. Each stated law must be accompanied with an example of its usage. Then, hang your poster in the classroom. MASTERY PRACTICE 1. Solve the equation 42x − 1 + 42x = 4. PL1 CHAPTER 4 2. Solve the equation 5n + 1 – 5n + 5n − 1 = 105. PL2 3. If !w5 x = !w3 x + !w7 , find the value of x in the form of !bwa. PL2 4. If logx a + logx 1 = t, what is the possible value(s) of t? PL2 a 5. The diagram below shows three circles. Circle A has a radius of 2 cm and circle B has a radius of 1 cm. A B P Q PQ is a common tangent and all circles touch one another. Find the radius of the smallest circle. PL5 6. The temperature of a type of metal decreases from 100°C to T °C according to T = 100(0.9)x after x second. Calculate PL4 (a) the temperature of the metal after 5 seconds, (b) the time taken, x, in seconds for the temperature of the metal to decrease from 100°C to 80°C. ( ) 7. 7 n After n years, the price of a car that was bought by Raju is RM60 000 8 . Determine the number of years for the price of the car to be below RM20 000 for the first time. PL4 8. Given logx 3 = s and log!wy 9 = t, express log9 x3y in terms of s and/or t. PL4 124

Indices, Surds and Logarithms 9. Two experiments were carried out to find the relationship between the variables x and y. Both experiments showed that the relationship between x and y is in accordance to 3(9x) = 27y and log2 y = 2 + log2 (x − 2). Find the value of x and y that satisfy both experiments. PL5 ( )1 0. The price of a car drops and can be determined with the equation x log101–2= log10 p – log10 q. y In this equation, the car with y years of usage and price RMq will drop to RMp after being used for x years. A car is bought at RM100 000 has 20 years of usage. If the price of the car drops to RM10 000, find the years of usage for that car. PL5 Exploring MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 4 Building an index and surd game with Tarsia software. 1. Download Tarsia software from bit.ly/2SssDGz. 2. Click on “Standard Rhombus Jigsaw” on the following window. 3. Type the question and answer in the relevant spaces. The number of questions that is need to be completed are shown on the right part of the screen. Type your question in this space Example of queston:  42x + 3 = 1 024 Type your answer in this space Example of answer: x = 1 4. Then, click on the “Output” button on the bottom part of the screen to generate the Jigsaw Puzzle. Print the Jigsaw Puzzle and cut it according to shape. 5. The Jigsaw Puzzle is ready to be used. Click on the \"Solution\" button to check the answers. 125

5CHAPTER Progressions CHAPTER 5 What will be learnt? Arithmetic Progressions Geometric Progressions List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2nGImr6 KEY WwORDS Sequence Jujukan Arithmetic progression Janjang aritmetik Common difference Beza sepunya Geometric progression Janjang geometri Common ratio Nisbah sepunya Sum to infinity Hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan Recurring decimal Perpuluhan berulang 126 5.1.1

Progressions Did you Know? Carl Friedrich Gauss is a mathematician who is known as the Prince of Mathematics. His intelligence was proven since he was a child. Carl Friedrich Gauss corrected his father’s wage calculation at 3 years old. At the age of 7, he was able to calculate the sum of 1 to 100 quickly and accurately. For further information: bit.ly/2p6owFX SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER CHAPTER 5 Bukit Jalil National Stadium is the largest The knowledge in solving progression problems stadium in Malaysia. It has indoor shaded is very important in the field of engineering, seats for the spectators. How do we know medicine, technology and economy. The the total number of seats without counting knowledge in progression allows you to determine it one by one? How did the number of the total sums of large numbers with ease. seats increase from the innermost row to the outermost row? Can you form an Scan this QR code to equation to calculate the total number of watch video of Bukit Jalil seats in the stadium? National Stadium. 5.1.1 bit.ly/2Vijima 127

5.1 Arithmetic Progressions Identifying arithmetic progressions Mr. Lee built stairs in his garden. He used eight bricks on the first level. For each subsequent level he increased another 8 bricks. The total number of bricks used on each level can be written in a progression of 8, 16, 24, … If Mr. Lee wanted to build 18 steps, how many bricks would be needed? 8, 16, 24, … is a finite sequence that follows a specific pattern. Sequence such as 3, -3, 3, -3, … is an infinite sequence. Each number in a sequence is known as terms, such that the first term is written as T1, second term T2 and so on until Tn, which is the nth term. INQUIRY 1 In groups Aim: T o understand arithmetic progressions Instruction: CHAPTER 5 1. Observe the following polygons in which the number of sides of the consecutive polygons increase by one. (f) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2. Divide each polygon into triangular-shaped as shown in (b) and (c). 3. In the table, fill in the sum of interior angles for each of the given polygon. Polygon arrangement, n n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 n = 6 Sum of interior angles 180° 4. How do you obtain consecutive terms for the sum of interior angles in the polygons? 5. Explain the relationship between any two consecutive terms and state the finite value that relates the two terms. 6. Without plotting a graph, find the sum of interior angles for the tenth polygon arrangement. From the results in Inquiry 1, it is given that the difference between any two consecutive terms of a sequence is a fixed constant. The constant is known as common difference and is represented by d. Thus: d = T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = … = Tn – Tn – 1 d ≠ T1 – T2 ≠ T2 – T3 ≠ … ≠ Tn – 1 – Tn 128 5.1.1

Progressions Sequence that has common difference, d is known as arithmetic progression. Arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that each term is obtained by adding a constant to the term before it. Example 1 Determine whether each of the following sequence is an arithmetic progression. Give your justification. (b) 2 , 2, 130, 5, … (a) 358, 350, 342, … 3 Solution (a) d1 = 350 – 358 = –8 (b) d1 = 2 – 2 = 4 Td2h=is3s4e2qu–en3c5e 0i=s a–n8 d2 = 3 = 3 = 4 10 – 2 3 3 5 arithmetic progression 3 because d1 = d 2 = –8. d3 = 5 – 10 3 This sequence is not an arithmetic CHAPTER 5 progression because d1 = d2 ≠ d3. Example 2 An auditorium has 15 chairs in the first row, 19 chairs in the second row, 23 chairs in the third row and so on. Determine whether the arrangement of chairs in each row follows an arithmetic progression. Give your justification. Solution Sequence: 15, 19, 23, … d1 = 19 – 15 = 4 d2 = 23 – 19 = 4 Since, the difference of the progression is a fixed constant, which is 4. Thus, the arrangement of chairs in each row in the auditorium follows an arithmetic progression. Self Practice 5.1 1. Find the common difference for each of the following arithmetic progression and state the method to obtain the arithmetic progression. (b) 2!w3, 5!w3, 8!w3, … (a) –35, –21, –7, … (d) loga 2, loga 24, loga 27, … (c) p + q, 2p, 3p – q, … 5.1.1 129

2. Determine whether each of the following sequence is an arithmetic progression and give your justification. 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 (a) 9, 13, 17, 21, … (b) , , , , … (c) 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, … (d) 5 – x, 5, 5 + x, … 3. Complete the network diagram below, given that the relationship of each of the following network is a consecutive term in an arithmetic progression. (a) (b) (c) 10 2p 12x 5 –p 7x 8 12p 5x 4. Azrul and Jonathan are placing national flags along the school corridor from the canteen to the staffroom. The distance between the first and second flag is 5m. The third flag is placed 10 m from the first flag and this is the pattern of arrangement for the rest of the flags until the CHAPTER 5 end. Determine whether the arrangement of these flags follows arithmetic progression. Give justification for your answer. Deriving the formula of the nth term, Tn of arithmetic progression INQUIRY 2 In groups Aim: To derive the formula of the nth term, Tn of arithmetic progression Instruction: 1. Consider an arithmetic progression 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, … Use the pattern of this sequence to complete the table. 2. Assume the first term of an arithmetic progression is a and the common difference is d. 3. Complete the table below. Term Value of Method to obtain the value of term Formula T1 term (deduction method) a Does not have d T1 = a + 0d T2 a +d Add d at T1 term T2 = a + 1d   T3 = a + 2d T3 a +  d + d Add d at T2 term       Tn 4. In your group, answer the following questions. (a) Express T20, in terms of a and d. (b) State the relationship between the term Tn and its common difference. (c) Write a general formula for Tn. 130 5.1.1 5.1.2

Progressions From the results of Inquiry 2, the nth term of an arithmetic progression can be written as: Tn = a + (n – 1)d Such that a is the first term, d is the common difference and n is the number of terms. Example 3 Quick Count (a) Find the 15th term for the arithmetic progression – 4, 2, 8, … Based on Example 3, we can (b) Find the 24th term for the arithmetic progression – 6, 5, 16, … use scientific calculator to obtain the 15th term. Solution 1. Press –4 + ( (a) First term, a = – 4 Common difference, d = 2 – (– 4) = 6 ALPHA ) – 1 15th term, T15 = – 4 + (15 – 1)6 = 80 ) ( 6 ) CALC (b) First term, a = – 6 The screen displays: Common difference, d = 5 – (– 6) = 11 24th term, T24 = – 6 + (24 – 1)11 –4 + (x – 1)(6) = 247 x= Example 4 2. Press 15 = CHAPTER 5 The screen displays: Given that an arithmetic progression with the first term is -6, the common difference is 11 and the nth term is 126, find the value –4 + (x – 1)(6) 80 of n. Solution 3. Press = to enter the value of other terms. a = – 6, d = 11, Tn = 126 Tn = a + (n – 1)d 126 = – 6 + (n – 1)(11) 126 = 11n – 17 n = 13 Example 5 In a book fair, Siti wants to arrange books at the front section. She arranges the books by stacking them with the first book at 2 cm thickness at the bottom. However, the subsequent books have the same thickness, which is 1.5 cm. Find (a) the total thickness of the books if Siti arranged 16 books, (b) the number of books if the height of the books is 30.5 cm. 5.1.2 131

Solution (a) The sequence of the thickness of books: 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, … a = 2, d = 1.5 Total thickness of books at the 16th book. = 2 + (16 – 1)(1.5) = 24.5 cm Thus, the total thickness of 16 books is 24.5 cm. (b) Tn = 30.5 30.5 = 2 + (n – 1)(1.5) n – 1 = 19 n = 20 Thus, there are 20 books. Self Practice 5.2 1. Find the way to the “FINISH” box by choosing the correct answer. CHAPTER 5 START 3x – 1, 4x, 6x – 2 TT45 = 20 and T10. are three consecutive = 2T2, find Find the 9th term terms. Find T6. in the sequence 9, 5, 1, … –23 25 8x – 4 24 40 Given that Given that Tn = 8 – 3n. Given that T2 = 3 and Tn = 8 – 5n, find T4. Find the common T17 = 54, find the first difference, d. term, a. –62 –18 3 – 4 – 0.4 FINISH Given that a = 10 Given that –17, –14, and d = – 4, find –11, … 55, find the T7. number of terms. 2. Encik Muiz starts to work in a company at a certain month. His first annual income is RM36 000 and the increment for the following year is RM1 000. Calculate (a) the number of years in which Encik Muiz needs to work in order for him to receive twice his first annual income, (b) the yearly increment if his salary during the 6th year is RM43 500. 132 5.1.2

Progressions Deriving the formula of sum of the first n terms, Sn  , of the arithmetic progression INQUIRY 3 In groups Aim: To derive the formula of sum of the first n terms, Sn, of the arithmetic progression Instruction: 1. Observe the table below. Sum of Number of grids based on Formula of a rectangle terms the number of terms by deduction method Diagram I T T21 === a  Diagram II Area of a rectangle a T2 T1 = [(aT1++aT+2)(22 S2 d a + (2 – 1)d = – 1)d]2 + d a T1 T2 2[2a + (2 – 1)d] T1 T2 S2 = 2 1 unit   1 unit Diagram III TTT312 = a Diagram IV Area of a rectangle T1 T2 = a T3 T2 = (T1 + T3)3 S3 = a + (2 – 1)d T1 (T1 + T3)3 + (3 – 1)d T3 S3 = S2 = T3 T1 T2 3 [a 2 a + (3 – 1)d] CHAPTER 5 2 + S4   Sn 2. Diagram I shows two grids with 1 unit width arranged side by side. • The height of blue grid is a unit which is represented by the first term T1. • The height of red grid is d unit longer than that of the blue grid that represent the second term, T2 = a + d or T2 = a + (2 – 1)d. 3. In Diagram II, the red grid is placed on top of the blue grid so that the total height is T1 + T2 = a + a + (2 – 1)d unit. The blue grid is placed on top of the red grid so that the height becomes T1 + T2 = a + a + (2 – 1)d unit. 4. Observe that both the blue and red grids become a rectangle. The sum of the blue grid 2[2a + (2 – 1)d]. and red grid, S2, is half of the area formed. The sum can be written as 2 Repeat step 1 to 3 to find S4 and Sn. 5. 6. Derive the formula of sum of the first n terms, Sn. From the results of Inquiry 3, we found that the sum of the first n terms, Sn, of the arithmetic progression is derived by using the area of rectangle formed from the terms of the arithmetic progression. Therefore, the sum of the first n terms, Sn, can be written as: Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d] 2 Such that a is the first term, n is the number of terms and d is the common difference. 133 5.1.3

Since Tn = a + (n – 1)d is also a last term, l, hence the sum of the nth term, Sn can be expressed as follow: Sn = n [a + Tn]  or  Sn = n [a + l] 2 2 The nth term of an arithmetic progression can be obtained by the formula of sum of the first n terms, Sn. For example, to find the value of 10th term in an arithmetic progression, the sum of the first ten terms minus the sum of the first nine terms, which is T10 = S10 – S9. In general: Tn = Sn – Sn – 1 Example 6 Given that an arithmetic progression 4, 7, 10, …, find (b) the sum of the first nth terms. (a) the sum of the first 35 terms, Solution CHAPTER 5 (a) First term, a = 4 (b) Sn = n [2(4) + (n – 1)(3)] = 2n [5 + 3n] Common difference, d = 7 – 4 = 3 2 S35 = T1 + T2 + T3 + … + T35 35 S35 = 2 [2(4) + (35 – 1)(3)] = 1 925 Example 7 Mind Challenge The sum of the first ten terms of an arithmetic progression is In Example 7, why is 230 and the sum of the subsequent ten terms is 630. Find the SE2x0p=la2in30yo+u6r3a0n?swer. first term, a and the common difference, d for this arithmetic progression. Solution S10 = 10 [2a + (10 – 1)d] 2 230 = 5(2a + 9d) 46 = 2a + 9d  … 1 S20 = 20 [2a + (20 – 1)d] BRAINSTORMING 2 230 + 630 = 10(2a + 19d) Discuss with your friends 860 = 10(2a + 19d) 86 = 2a + 19d  … 2 and prove that: 2 – 1 :  40 = 10d (a) SSn8 – SS5n = T=6 T+n.T7 + T8. (b) – d = 4 –1 134 5.1.3

Substitute d = 4 into 1 , Progressions    46 = 2a + 9(4) 2a = 10 Smart TIPS a = 5 Arithmetic progression is Thus, the first term, a is 5 and the common difference, d is 4. written in the form of Ta1r,itTh2m, Te3,t…ic swerhieesreisaswritten in Example 8 the form of T1 + T2 + T3 + … A swarm of bees started to make a new beehive. 2 hexagonal MATHEMATICS holes were made on the first day. 5 hexagonal holes were made POCKET on the second day and 8 hexagonal holes were made on the third day and followed on until the beehive is ready. The beehive is made of a Calculate combination of hexagonal (a) the number of hexagonal holes on the 12th day, prismatic cells so that there (b) the minimum number of days if there are more than 1 000 are no space formed in between the hexagonal hexagonal holes made. shapes. Thus, bees do not need to use a lot of wax to Solution make their hives. The surface area of the hexagonal shapes (a) The sequence of the number of hexagonal holes: 2, 5, 8, … is the largest compared to CHAPTER 5 other shapes. This sequence is an arithmetic progression. Scan the QR code to check out the reason beehive is Common difference, a = 2 hexagonal. First term, d = 5 – 2 = 3 bit.ly/2AYE4hM Total number of hexagonal holes on the 12th day, FLASHBACK S12 = 12 [2(2) + (12 – 1)(3)] 2 If 3n2 + n – 2 000 = 0, then = 222 n = –1 ± !1w2 –24(3(3) )(–2 000), (b) Total number of days, Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + … Tn and n = 25.65 or Sn > 1 000 n = –25.99 n2 [2a + (n – 1)d] > 1 000 Mind Challenge n [2(2) + (n – 1)(3)] > 1 000 In Example 8, why is the 2 value –25.99 not taken into n[1 + 3n] > 2 000 account? 3n2 + n > 2 000 135 3n2 + n – 2 000 > 0 +–+ –25.99 25.65 x n < –25.99 –25.99 < n < 25.65 n > 25.65 n > 153.92  or  n < – 1556.92 6 n > 25.65 < –25.99 (Ignore) Thus, the minimum number of days to make more than 1 000 hexagonal holes is 26 days. 5.1.3

Self Practice 5.3 1. Find the sum of the following arithmetic progression. (a) –20, –15, –10, …, 100      (b) 35 , 6 , 9 , … till the first 23 terms. 5 5 2. Complete the crossword puzzle. Horizontal: (e) (a) Find the sum of the arithmetic series 38 + 34 + 30 + … (c) till the first 18 terms. (b) Find the sum of the first 100 terms of an arithmetic (a) (d) progression such that the first term is –10 and the (b) common difference is 6. (c) Find the first term of the arithmetic progression in which the sum of the first 42 terms is 5 838 and the last term is –22. Vertical: CHAPTER 5 (c) Calculate S140 of an arithmetic progression that has 140 terms in which the first term and the last term are 2 and 449 respectively. (d) Calculate the value of n of an arithmetic progression as such that the first term is –15, the common difference is –3 and the sum of the first n terms is –1 023. (e) Calculate the sum of 200 terms after the fi2nrs[tn50+ terms of an arithmetic progression in which the sum of the first n terms is Sn = 1]. 3. The diagram on the right shows the pattern drawn on a y Cartesian plane. The final line on the plan is parallel to the y-axis and passes through x = –10. Find the sum of the length 4 of the overall pattern. 3 2 1 1234 x –4 –3 –2 ––110 –2 –3 –4 4. The diagram on the right shows a fence that is made of wood. The fence is painted with alternate blue and grey as shown in the diagram. The number of wood pieces painted with the same colour increases with the rate as shown in the diagram. If there are only 200 wood pieces, (a) calculate the number of wood pieces that can be painted with the same colour. Hence, find the number of remaining wood pieces, if any. (b) state the colour of the last wood piece and then, calculate the number of the wood pieces used for that particular colour. 136 5.1.3

Progressions Solving problems involving arithmetic progressions Example 9 MATHEMATICS APPLICATION Encik Suhaimi is a chicken breeder that has 1 500 chickens. He plans to sell 200 chickens each day. He gives food to all the chickens with the expenses of RM0.50 per chicken in a day. Calculate the total expenses of the food spent by Mr Suhaimi if he starts with 1 500 chickens until he is left with 300 chickens. Solution 3 . Implementing the strategy 1 . Understanding the problem Arithmetic progression: ◆ Find the total expenses of chicken food 1 500, 1 300, 1 100, …, 300 CHAPTER 5 until there are 300 chickens left. First term = 1 500 2 . Planning a strategy Common difference = –200 Tn = a + (n – 1)d ◆ Form an arithmetic progression    300 = 1 500 + (n – 1)(–200) 300 = 1 700 – 200n series with a first term, a and common 200n = 1 400 n = 7 difference d, until the last term, 300. On the 7th day, the number of chickens left ◆ Determine the number of days for is 300. Encik Suhaimi to be left with 300 7 chickens by using the formula S7 = 2 [2(1 500) + (7 – 1)(–200)] Tn = a + (n – 1)d. = 6 300 ◆ Determine the total expenses of food The total expenses of food is when there are 300 chickens left by = 6 300 × RM0.50 = RM3 150 using the formula Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]. 2 4 . Making a conclusion n = 7, T7 = 1 500 + (7 – 1)(–200) = 300 5.1.4 137

Self Practice 5.4 1. Mr. Tong ordered 1 000 Form 4 Mathematics textbook to be sold at his shop. He estimated that 10 books would be sold on the first day, 14 books on the second day and 18 books on the third day and the following day with the same increment. (a) Calculate the number of days for Mr. Tong to sell all the books. (b) Calculate the increment of the books to sell each day in order for all the books to be sold in 10 days. 2. A wire with length of 240 cm is cut into 15 pieces such that the length of each piece follows the arithmetic progression. The longest piece of the wire is 30 cm. (a) Calculate the length of the shortest wire. (b) Find the difference between two consecutive wires. Intensive Practice 5.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2p3S7zY for the quiz 1. Determine whether the following sequence is an arithmetic progression and give justification CHAPTER 5 for your answer. (a) –32, –17, –2, 13 (b) 8.2, 5.7, 3.2, 1.7, – 0.8 2. For each of the following arithmetic progression, find the nth term as stated in the bracket. 1 1 (a) –12, –9, – 6, … [9th term] (b) 3 , –  3 , –1, … [15th term] 3. Determine the number of terms for each of the following arithmetic progression. (a) – 0.12, 0.07, 0.26, …, 1.97 (b) x, 3x + y, 5x + 2y, …, 27x + 13y 4. Find the sum of arithmetic progression –23, –17, –11, … which (a) has 17 terms, (b) has 2n terms, in terms of n (c) the last term is 121. 5. Given that Sn = 2n2 – 5n, find (a) the first term, (b) the 9th term, (c) the sum of the 4th term to the 8th term. 6. The 2nd term of an arithmetic progression is 1 and the sum of first 14th terms is –70. Find 2 (a) the common difference, (b) the last term. 7. Yui Ming received offers to work in two companies with the following income. Company A: Monthly income is RM3 500 and the increment is RM20 per month. Company B: Annual income is RM46 000 and the increment is RM1 000 per year. Yui Ming plans to work for 3 years. Which company is more suitable for her in order to receive maximum income in 3 years? Show your calculation and calculate the difference of the total income between the two companies. 138 5.1.4

Progressions 5.2 Geometric Progressions Identifying geometric progressions There is a famous legend regarding the invention of chess related to series. According to the legend, a king from India wanted to meet the chess inventor to give recognition because this invention was interesting. The chess inventor only requested wheat to be given to him according to the following calculation: 1 grain of wheat in the first grid, 2 grains of wheat in the second grid, 4 grains of wheat in the third grid and so on until the last grid. When the chess board was filled, the total amount of grains given to the chess inventor was 1.84 × 1019, which is equivalent to 1.2 metric tons. The calculation of the amount of grains can be obtained using geometric progression. INQUIRY 4 In groups 21st Century Learning CHAPTER 5 Aim: To identify geometric progression Instruction: 1. Read the situation below carefully. There are various bacteria in our surroundings. Bacteria can be found on unhygienic food, human and animal intestines. Bacteria can reproduce very fast and lead to diseases such as diarrhoea. The rate at which a bacterium reproduces is double at the same rate, which is every 20 minutes: a bacterium will become two, two bacteria will become four and so on. If a human intestine has 2 million bacteria, he/she will be infected with diarrhoea. 2. Let’s say if a type of food has only one bacterium. If you consume the food, estimate the time taken for you to be infected with diarrhoea. 3. The table below shows the number of bacteria reproduced. One box represents the reproduction of the bacteria in 20 minutes. Complete the table below until the number of bacteria leads to diarrhoea. 1 2 4 = 22 8 = 23 5.2.1 139

4. How long does it take for you to be infected with diarrhoea? 5. Determine the method to get the number of bacteria every 20 minutes from the previous 20 minutes. Is the value a constant? 6. Use the GeoGebra software and draw a graph to represent the number of bacteria increasing with time. 7. Discuss with your group members about the results obtained and record the results obtained on a piece of paper. 8. Each group moves to another group to compare the results obtained. From the results of Inquiry 4, it is found that the ratio between any MATHEMATICS two consecutive terms is a fixed number. So, the progression is POCKET called geometric progression. The graph for geometric Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers where each progression is quite similar to term is obtained by multiplying a constant with the previous exponential function graph. term. Geometric progression graph is discrete while exponential If T1, T2, T3, …, Tn, is the first n terms of a geometric function graph is parallel. progression. The ratio of the two consecutive terms is called the common ratio, r. Graph of geometric CHAPTER 5 progression Number of boxesr=T2=T3=…=Tnr≠T1≠T2≠…≠Tn –180 T1 T2 Tn – T2 T3 Tn 60 1 40 20 01234 Number of arrangement Example 10 Graph of exponential function Determine whether the progression below is a geometric progression. Give your justification. y (a) 5, 15, 45, 135, … (b) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, … 10 8 6 4 2 Solution –6 –4 –2 0 x 24 (a) r1 = 15 = 3, r2 = 45 = 3, r3 = 135 = 3 5 15 45 This progression is a geometric progression because the common ratio, r is the same. (b) r = 0.2 = 2, r = 0.3 = 3 0.1 0.2 2 This progression is not a geometric progression because the common ratio, r is different. 140 5.2.1

Progressions Self Practice 5.5 1. Determine whether the following sequence is a geometric progression. Justify your answer. (a) 120, 40, 430, … (b) 0.03, 0.003, 0.0003, … (c) x + 1, 2x, 5x + 12, 12x, … 2. Complete the network diagram below, given that the relationship of each of the following network is a consecutive term in a geometric progression. (a) (b) 1 1 11 3 12 24 8 1 12 2 1 2 3. Given that x – 2, x + 1, 4x + 4 are three consecutive terms in a geometric progression, state CHAPTER 5 the positive value of x. Hence, list the first three terms and state the common ratio. Deriving the formula of the n th term, Tn  , of geometric progressions INQUIRY 5 In groups Aim: To derive the formula of the nth term, Tn, of geometric progressions Instruction: 1. Consider the geometric progression 2, 6, 18, 54, … with the first term, a and the common ratio, r. 2. Discuss with your group members and complete the table below. Term Value of term Method to obtain the value of term Formulae 2 2(3)1 – 1 = 2(3)0 a T1 6 2(3)2 – 1 = 2(3)1 T2 18 ar = ar2 – 1 T3 54 T4  T5   Tn 3. Derive a formula of the nth term of geometric progressions. 5.2.1 5.2.2 141

From the results of Inquiry 5, we can notice that the value of each term in this geometric progression can be obtained by using the formula below. Tn = arn – 1 Such that a is the first term, r is the common ratio and n is the number of terms. Example 11 (a) Find the common ratio and the 5th term of the geometric progression 4, –20, 100, –500, … (b) Find the common ratio and the 7th term of the geometric progression 2, 2 , 2 , 227, … 3 9 Solution (a) First term, a = 4 (b) First term, a = 2 Common ratio , r = –240 = –5 Common ratio, r = 2 ÷2= 1 3 3 ( ) T5==24(5–050)5 – 1 T7 7–1 = 2 1 3 CHAPTER 5 = 2 729 Example 12 Find the number of terms of the geometric progression – 235, 5 , – 13 , …, 9 3175. 3 Solution ( )First term, a = – 235, common ratio r = 5 ÷ – 235 = –  1 3 5 ( ) ( ) Tn = arn – 1 9 3175 = – 235 –  1 n–1 5 ( )– 78 n–1 1 = –  1 125 5 ( ) ( ) 7 n–1 –  51 –  51 = 7 = n – 1 n = 8 Thus, the number of terms is n = 8. Example 13 An open stadium has 20 chairs in the first row. The number of chairs in the next row is one and a half times the number of chairs of the previous row. (a) Calculate the maximum number of chairs in the 10th row. (b) Which row has at least 505 chairs? 142 5.2.2

Progressions Solution (b) 20(1.5)n – 1  505 (a) First term, a = 20 (1.5)n – 1  505 Common ratio, r = 1.5 20 Sequence in geometric progression: 20, 30, 45, … (n – 1) log 1.5  log 505 T10 = 20(1.5)9 20 = 768.9 n – 1  log 505 Thus, the maximum number of chairs log 20 in the 10th row is 768. 1.5 n  7.96 + 1 n  8.96 Thus, the 9th row has at least 505 chairs. Self Practice 5.6 1. Find the way to the “FINISH” box by choosing the correct answer. START If T1 = 4 and FINISH CHAPTER 5 T3 = T2 + 24, T1 = 12 and find the positive 0.01 T3 = 27, find T5. values of r. 3 Given that a = 50 and Given that –3, 6, Given that T5 = 201252, find r. –12, …, −192, 0.12, 0.0012, find the number 0.000012. Find r. of terms. Find T5 for the 3 12 sequence x + 1, 5 x + 3, x + 8, … Given that T2 = 8 Given that r = 1 and and T6 9 2 9 1 = 2 . Find T5. T3 = 6 . Find T10. 2. The diagram on the right shows a ball bouncing on the floor. The maximum height of the bounced of the ball is 3 m and the height of each bounce is 95% of the previous bounce. From which bounce onwards will the height be less than 1 m? 5.2.2 143

Deriving the formula of sum of the first n terms, Sn , of geometric progressions Consider a geometric progression with the following terms: a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, arn – 2, arn – 1 Let’s say the sum of the first n terms is Sn. …1 Smart TIPS Hence,  Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + … + arn – 2 + arn – 1 …2 1 × r: rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + … + arn – 1 + arn  • |r| < 1 can be written as A 1 – 2 :  – rSn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + … + arn – 2 + arn – 1 –1 < r < 1. – rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + … + arn – 1 + arn All the terms in between a and • |r| > 1 can be written as Sn – rSn = a – arn arn is eliminated. r < –1 and r > 1. Sn(1 – r) = a(1 – rn) a(1 – rrn), MATHEMATICS Sn = 1 – r ≠ 1 Commonly used POCKET when |r| < 1 B If 2 – 1 :  rSn – Sn = arn – a 1, 2, 4, … is a geometric Sn(r – 1) = a(rn – 1) Commonly used progression whereas Sn = a(rrn––11), r ≠ 1 when |r| > 1 1 + 2 + 4 + … is a geometric series. CHAPTER 5 In a geometric progression, the nth term is also calculated by deducting the sum of (n – 1)th term from the sum of nth term. For example, given that the geometric progression is 1, –3, 9, –27, … the 5th term can be calculated by deducting the sum of first 4 terms from the sum of first 5 terms, which is T5 = S5 – S4. Therefore, the formula to find Tn by using the sum of terms can be written as: Tn = Sn – Sn – 1 Example 14 Given that a geometric series is 1 + 5 + 25 + 125 + 625 + … (a) Find the sum of first 10 terms. (b) Find the value of n where Sn = 3 906. Solution (a) First term, a = 1 (b) Sn = 3 906 1(5n – 1) Common ratio, r = 5 5–1 = 3 906 a(rn – 1) Sn = r–1 Use this formula 5n – 1 = 15 624 because|r| > 1 S10 = 1(510 – 1) 5n = 15 625 5–1 = 2 441 406 n log 5 = log 15 625 n = log 15 625 log 5 = 6 144 5.2.3

Example 15 Progressions A health product company has planned a Level 1 marketing strategy. Each member has to Level 2 promote the company products by getting Level 3 two downlines. Level 4 (a) Show that the number of members in each level follows a geometric progression. (b) If there are 9 levels in the marketing strategy, find the total number of members involved in promoting the product. Solution (a) The number of members in each level can be written as 1, 2, 4, 8, … r= 2 = 4 =2 1 2 Since r = 2, thus, the number of members in each level follows a geometric progression. CHAPTER 5 (b) When n = 9, S9 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + … + T9 BRAINSTORMING a(rn – 1) Use Sn = r–1 By using S9 = 1(29 – 1) Sn = a(rn – 1) and 2–1 r–1 = 511 Sn – 1 = a(rn –1 – 1), prove that r 1 The total number of members involved in promoting the Tn = arn – 1. – product is 511 members. Self Practice 5.7 1. Find the sum of each of the following. (a) 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, …, T12 (b) p, p3, p5, …, p21, in terms of p (c) 1 , 3 , 9 , … till the first 15 terms 2 2 2 2. Find the number of terms if the sum of geometric progression 3 500, 700, 140, … is 4 368. 3. A squared paper is cut into 4 equal-sized squares. Each portion is then cut again into 4 smaller equal-sized portion. This process is repeated on each of the small portion square. (a) Show that the number of squares cut forms a geometric progression. (b) Find the total squares obtained if the process is repeated for 6 times. 5.2.3 145

Determining the sum to infinity of geometric progressions INQUIRY 6 In groups Aim: To determine the sum to infinity of geometric progressions Instruction: n rn Sn 1 1. Consider the geometric progression 64, 32, 16, … 2 3 2. Complete the table on the right for the value of rn and Sn. 4 5 3. Discuss with your group members about your observation 10 20 on these two values when n increases. 100 200 4. Derive a conclusion for Sn = a(1 – rn) when n increases to 1 – r infinity. Then express S∞ in terms of a and r. 5. One of the group members will present their findings in front of the class and the members from the other groups will ask questions. CHAPTER 5 6. Other groups will take turns to do their presentation. From the results of Inquiry 6, when the value of n increases and get closer to infinity (n → ∞), ( )the value or rn will decrease and get closer to zero (rn → 0) whereas the value of Sn will get closer to 1 a r Sn → 1 a r . Hence, the sum to infinity of geometric progressions is – – S∞ = 1 a r, where |r| < 1 – Example 16 QR Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions 45, 9, 1.8, … Proof of Pythagoras theorem using sum to Solution infinity of geometric progressions. a = 45, r = 9 = 1 45 5 bit.ly/2nA0ra4 S∞ = 45 1 5.2.4 5 1 – = 56 1 4 146

Progressions Example 17 The sum to infinity of giseo2m8.eFtriincdptrhoegcreosmsimonosnirsa3ti1o.21 and the Mind Challenge sum of first two terms 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + … = 2 Solution Look at the diagram below 1 and make a conclusion. 2 S∞ = 31 1 1 18 4 a r = 63 1 16 1 – 2 1 a = 63 (1 – r)  …1 2 2 a + ar = 28 …2 Use the similar diagram and a(1 + r) = 28 a(1 + r) = 28 prove that a (1 – 2 ÷ 1 ,  63 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + … = 4. 2 2 4 r) (1 + r)(1 – r) = 8 9 CHAPTER 5 1 – r2 = 8 9 r2 = 1 9 r = 1  or r = –  13 3 Example 18 MATHEMATICS POCKET Express the repeating decimals 0.56363… in the form of sum to infinity of geometric progressions. Hence, express the number in The repeating decimals the simplest form of fraction. such as 0.56363… can be written as 0.56 3. Solution Smart TIPS 0.56363… = 0.5 + 0.063 + 0.00063 + 0.0000063 + … 0.063 + 0.00063 + 0.0000063 = 0.5 + (0.063 + 0.00063 + 0.0000063 + …) + … is a geometric series with a = 0.063 and r = 0.01. = 0.5 + S∞ 1 0.063 = 2 + 1 – 0.01 = 1 + 7 2 110 = 31 55 5.2.4 147

Self Practice 5.8 1. Complete the following crossword puzzle. Horizontal: (a) Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions (a) (c) 2 1 500, 500, 166 3 , … (d) (b) (b) Wilson loaned RM15 000 to buy a motorcycle. Every year, he managed to reduce 50% of his total loan. Find the maximum amount paid by Wilson. Vertical: (c) Given that the sum to infinity is 4 480 and the common ratio 1 is 2 , find the first term of this geometric progressions. (d) 4.818181… can be written in the form of 1h1, find the value of h. Solving problems involving geometric progressions CHAPTER 5 Example 19 A telecommunication company managed to sell 0.5 million smartphones in the year 2015. Every year, the sales of the smartphone increases by 4%. (a) Find the total number of smartphones sold from the year 2015 to the year 2020. (b) If 33% of the smartphones sold from the year 2017 to the year 2020 is 5-inched phones and 14% are 6-inched phones, calculate the total number of 5-inched and 6-inched phones. Solution (a) Geometric progression (in million): 0.5, 0.5(1.04), 0.5(1.04)2, … a = 0.5 million, r = 1.04 0.5(1.046 – 1) S6 = 1.04 – 1 = 3.316 million (b) The total number of smartphones from year 2017 to year 2020. 0.5(1.046 – 1) 0.5(1.042 – 1) S6 – S2 = 1.04 – 1 – 1.04 – 1 = 3.316 million – 1.02 million = 2.296 million The number of 5-inched smartphones: 33 × 2.296 million = 0.758 million 100 The number of 6-inched smartphones: 14 × 2.296 million = 0.321 million 100 Total number of smartphones = 0.758 million + 0.321 million = 1.079 million Thus, the total number of 5-inched and 6-inched smartphones sold are 1.079 million. 148 5.2.4 5.2.5

Progressions Self Practice 5.9 1. A wire is cut into a few pieces, in which 10x cm, (4x + 20) cm and (3x – 10) cm are the three consecutive pieces of a geometric progression. (a) Find the longest piece if 10x is the 2nd longest term. (b) If the wire is cut into sum to infinity pieces, find the maximum length of the wire, in m. 2. The diagram on the right shows the pattern of a spider web. The perimeter of each semicircle follows geometric progression with the smallest radius r cm and each subsequent radius increases 40%. (a) Form the first three terms for the perimeter of the semicircle in terms of r. (b) Find the total length of semicircle, in m, if the spiderweb has 15 semicircles and each radius is 2 cm. Intensive Practice 5.2 Scan QR code or visit bit.ly/2VrxSZ5 for the quiz 1. Calculate the number of terms and the sum for each of the following geometric progression. CHAPTER 5 (b) log x–1, log x–2, log x–4, …, log x–64 (a) –1, 3, –9, …, 2 187 (c) 0.54, 0.0054, 0.000054, … 5.4 × 10–17 (d) 3, 3 , 3 , … 3 2 4 64 2. Given that the geometric progression 4.5, –9, 18, … Find the number of terms for this geometric progression in order for the sum to be 769.5. 3. Three consecutive terms of a geometric progression is x, 2x + 3 and 10x – 3. Find (a) all the possible values of x, (b) the 6th term if x < 0. 4. The diagram shows a few triangles. Given that the area ... of the triangles follows geometric progression such that the area of the third triangle is 36 cm2 and the sum of area of the third and fourth triangle is 54 cm2. Find (a) the common ratio and the area of the first triangle, (b) the sum of the third triangle to the tenth triangle. 5. The diagram shows a few circles with the same centre. The perimeter of each circle follows the geometric progression. Given that the nth perimeter is Tn = 38 – n cm, find (a) the common ratio, (b) the sum of three consecutive perimeter after the second largest perimeter. 6. There are three children with their mass arranged according to the descending order of a geometric progression. The sum of mass of three of them is seven times the mass of the lightest child. Find the common ratio and the mass of the child whose weight is second heaviest if the heaviest child is 14.5 kg. 5.2.5 149

Summary OF Chapter 5 nth term, �� ��f��m� PROGRESSIONS f��m��a� nth term, Tn = a + (n – 1)d Tn= arn – 1 �a� Arithmetic Geometric progression progression The sum of first n terms, The sn2um[2oaf+fi(rnst–n1t)edr]ms, a��l��aT�h�eo�sum to infinity, Sn = a(rn – 1) ,r ≠ 1 (|r| > 1) Sn = r – 1 a , |r| < 1 Sn = a(1 – rn), r ≠ 1 (|r| < 1) – 1 – r Solving S∞ = 1 r problems CHAPTER 5 WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Construct a graphical information on the difference between the arithmetic progression and the geometric progression. Then, think of a situation in your daily life that applies these two progressions and solve it. MASTERY PRACTICE 1. –2x – 1, 3x + 2 and 9x + 3 are three consecutive terms of arithmetic progression. Find PL1 (a) common difference, (b) the first term if 3x + 2 is the third term. 2. The 9th term of an arithmetic progression is 21 + 3p and the sum of the first three terms is 9p. Find the common difference. PL2 3. The diagram shows three cylinders such that the volume of each cylinder is arranged according to arithmetic progression. The sum of the volume of the first and third cylinder is 24 cm3 and the volume of the fifth cylinder is 36 cm3. PL3 (a) Find the volume of the smallest cylinder. (b) Calculate the sum of volume for the first 9 cylinders. 4. The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 30 and the sum of the 3rd and 4th terms is 45. Find PL2 (a) the first term and the common ratio, (b) the sum to infinity. 150

Progressions CHAPTER 5 5. The diagram shows the arrangement of a few chairs. The height of each chair is 80 cm. When the chairs are arranged, there is a 4 cm gap in between two chairs. The arranged chairs will be kept in the store. PL4 (a) Find the maximum number of chairs that can be arranged if the height of the store is 3 m. (b) 13 chairs will be kept in the store with the condition that the first stack will have the maximum number of chairs and the arrangement of chairs for subsequent stacks decreases 2. Calculate the total number of chair kept in the store. 6. Encik Muslim starts to save RM14 000 into his new born baby’s account. The bank offers a 5% interest yearly. Encik Muslim hopes that his child’s saving will reach RM30 000 when his child becomes 18 years old. PL4 (a) Do you think he can obtain RM30 000 when his child becomes 18 years old? Show your calculations. (b) If the interest decreases to 3% per year after 10 years, calculate the total savings when Encik Muslim’s child is 18 years old. Can the savings of his child reach RM30 000? 7. Shahrul has a toy car collection which he collects every month. The number of toy cars increases every month according to geometric progression. The total number of toy cars in the first four months is ten times the total number of toy car in the first month. PL5 (a) If r represents the common ratio, show that r4 – 10r2 + 9 = 0. Hence, find the positive values of r. (b) Calculate the expenses paid by Shahrul in the 6 months if he started to buy 2 toy cars and the average price of a toy car is RM7.50. Exploring MATHEMATICS 1. Prepare two piggy banks. 2. In 10 days, put money into the piggy bank by following these rules: First piggy bank: Start putting 50 cents into the piggy bank on the first day, RM1 on the second day RM1.50 on the third day and so on. Each day, the total savings increases 50 cents. Second piggy bank: Start putting 10 cents into the piggy bank on the first day, 20 cents on the second day 40 cents on the third day and so on. Each day, the total savings increases twice the amount compared to the previous day. 3. Record the total savings after 10 days. 4. Observe the relationship between the total savings with progression. 5. Prepare a report on the relation between the arithmetic progression and geometric progression with the total amount of your savings. 151

6CHAPTER Linear Law CHAPTER 6 What will be learnt? Linear and Non-Linear Relations Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations Application of Linear Law List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2VtVKLE KEY WwORDS Linear relation Hubungan linear Non-linear relation Hubungan tak linear Inspection method Kaedah pemerinyuan Line of best fit Garis lurus penyuaian terbaik 152 6.1.1

Linear Law CHAPTER 6 Did you Know? Leonardo Bonacci or known as Fibonacci was a famous mathematician in Italy in the 13th century. He had discovered a concept such that the ratio of distance between the tip of nose and tip of chin and from the cheek to the tip of chin gave a value which is known as the Golden Ratio. The ratio of readings can be measured and represented through a straight line graph involving two variables. For further information: bit.ly/2M4jLFO SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER In order to relate two variables, a straight line will help us to get the value of a constant. When a straight line is drawn from the results of an experiment, sometimes the data obtained do not produce a perfect straight line. Therefore, the data will be represented by a line of best fit. String art is a type of art which uses Scan the QR code to strings or ropes to form geometric watch the video showing patterns. String art applies the use of the methods of making straight lines to form patterns which are string art. not straight lines. bit.ly/2TWUXAY 6.1.1 153

6.1 Linear and Non-Linear Relations Differentiating linear and non-linear relations INQUIRY 1 In pairs Aim: To differentiate between linear and non-linear relations based on tables of data and graphs Instructions: 1. Complete the table based on the given equation. (a) y = 2x2 – 5x + 8 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 y (b) y = x + 4 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 y 2. Draw the graph of y against x based on the values obtained in both tables for each of the equations. 3. Based on the graphs drawn, compare the shapes of the graphs for both equations. What do you observe? CHAPTER 6 From the results of Inquiry 1, we can conclude that: FLASHBACK The graph which forms a straight line is a linear relation whereas For a linear graph, Y = mX + c, the graph which does not form a straight line is a non-linear X represents the variable relation. on the horizontal axis, Y represents the variable A linear graph can be obtained from a non-linear graph when the on the vertical axis, m variables of the X-axis or Y-axis or both are changed. represents the gradient and c represents the Y-intercept. Example 1 Draw the graph of Y against X based on each of the following tables of data and hence determine which graph is a graph of linear relation? Give your reason. (a) X –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Y –17 0 5 4 3 8 25 (b) X –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Y 9 7 5 3 1 –1 –3 154 6.1.1

Solution Linear Law (a) Y (b) Y Graph of Y against X 8 Graph of Y against X 30 20 6 10 4 X 2 123 –3 –2 –1 0 X 3 –10 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 –2 –20 Graph (a) is a graph of non-linear relation because the graph obtained is a curve. Graph (b) is a graph of linear relation because the graph obtained is a straight line. Self Practice 6.1 1. The diagrams below show two graphs plotted by using the given values in the respective tables for the equation y = x2 + 1. Which graph shows a graph of linear relation? State your reasons. CHAPTER 6 (a) (b) x – 6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6 x2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 y 37 17 5 1 5 17 37 y 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 y y 40 Graph of y against x Graph of y against x2 15 30 20 10 10 5 –6 –4 –2 0 246 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x2 2. Draw the graph of Y against X based on the given values in the following tables. 12 14 (a) X 1 3 5 7 9 11 (b) X 2 4 6 10 Y 3.16 5.50 9.12 16.22 28.84 46.77 Y 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 Which graph shows a graph of linear relation? State your reasons. 6.1.1 155

Drawing lines of best fit for graphs of linear relations A line of best fit is a straight line that joins most of the points plotted on the graph. The points which are not on the line of best fit must be distributed evenly on both sides of the straight line. Example 2 The table on the right shows the values x2346789 obtained from an experiment involving y 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 two variables, x and y. Plot the graph of y against x, by using suitable scales on the x-axis and y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. CHAPTER 6 Solution x y 2.5 Graph of y against x 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 INQUIRY 2 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To draw the line of best fit using digital technology QR Instructions: 1. Draw the straight line graph based on the following data Steps to draw line of best fit using Desmos values. application. x123467 bit.ly/33jaKi3 y 3 5 6 8 10 11 6.1.2 2. Then, enter the values in the table provided into the Desmos software by using the same data values as given in the table above. 3. Follow the diagrammatic steps to draw the line of best fit by scanning the QR code on the right. 4. Compare the line of best fit obtained in the Desmos software with the graph drawn. 156

Linear Law From the results of Inquiry 2, it is observed that: The straight line obtained from the graph drawn is the same as the straight line drawn using the Desmos software. The line is the line of best fit. Self Practice 6.2 1. The following table shows the values obtained from an experiment involving two variables, x and y. x 5 10 15 20 25 30 y 8 14.5 18 23 26.5 33 Plot the graph of y against x, by using suitable scales on the x-axis and y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. 2. An experiment was carried out to determine the relation between extension of spring, L and mass of load, m, which was hung at the end of the spring. The following table shows the results from the experiment. m (g) 20 40 60 80 100 120 L (cm) 0.65 1.25 1.80 2.40 2.95 3.55 Plot the graph of L against m, by using suitable scales on the m-axis and L-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. Forming equations of lines of best fit CHAPTER 6 The equation of straight lines can be written in the form of Y = mX + c, if the gradient, m and Y-intercept, c are known or can be determined by using any two points on the straight line. Example 3 The graph below shows part of a straight line obtained by plotting 1 against 1 . Express y in y x terms of x. –1y– 20 B(19, 20) 15 10 5 A(1, 7) –1x– 0 5 10 15 20 6.1.2 6.1.3 157

Solution Gradient, m = 20 – 7 19 – 1 = 13 18 Y = mX + c ( ) 1 = m  1 +c y x ( )20 =13 18 (19) + c c = 113 Y-intercept 18 Thus, ( )1 = 13 1 + 113 Equation of straight line 18 x 18 y 18x y = 13 + 113x Example 4 The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. CHAPTER 6 x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 y 3.4 4.2 4.8 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.6 (a) Plot the graph of y against x, by using a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to 2 units on the y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the y-intercept and gradient of the line of best fit. (c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit. Solution Graph of y against x (b) From the graph, y-intercept, c = 2 (a) y gradient, m = 7.6 – 2 4–0 8 6 = 1.4 (c) The equation of line of best fit is 4 y = 1.4x + 2. 2 0 x 1234 158 6.1.3

Linear Law Self Practice 6.3 t 1. The graph of line of best fit in the diagram on the right 1.2 Graph of t against x shows the values obtained from an experiment which 1.0 involves two variables, x and t. Express t in terms of x. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2. The following table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. x 10 20 30 40 50 60 y 16.5 20.0 23.5 27.5 31.5 35.0 (a) Plot the graph of y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the y-intercept and gradient of the line of best fit. (c) Determine the equation of the line of best fit. Interpreting information based on the lines of best fit CHAPTER 6 Based on the line of best fit, you can predict the values of variables x or y which are not in the experiment without repeating the experiment. If the values of variable x or y are outside the range of points, you can find the value of the variable by extrapolating the drawn straight line or it can be determined by forming the equation of the straight line. Example 5 The following table shows the data of two variables, x and log10 y, obtained from an experiment. x 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 log10 y 0.40 0.80 1.04 1.60 1.78 2.20 (a) Plot log10 y against x, by using a scale of 1 cm to 0.2 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to 0.5 unit on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the value of (i) log10 y when x = 0.9, (ii) y when x = 0, (iii) x when log10 y = 2, (iv) x when y = 20. (c) Find the equation of the line of best fit. 6.1.3 6.1.4 159

Solution MATHEMATICS POCKET (a) log10 y Graph of log10 y against x • Gradient is the rate of change of a variable 2.0 with respect to another variable. 1.5 • Y-intercept is the 1.0 y-coordinate of the intersection point of a 0.5 straight line with the y-axis. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 x CHAPTER 6 (b) (i) From the graph, when x = 0.9, log10 y = 2. (ii) From the graph, when x = 0, log10 y = 0.2 y = 100.2 y = 1.585 (iii) From the graph, when log10 y = 2, x = 0.9. (iv) From the graph, when y = 20, log10 20 = 1.3. Then, x = 0.56. (c) Two points are selected from the graph, they are (0.7, 1.60) and (0.3, 0.80). Gradient, m = 1.60 – 0.80 0.7 – 0.3 = 2 Y-intercept, is 0.2. Thus, the equation of the line of best fit is log10 y = 2x + 0.2. Self Practice 6.4 1. The following table shows the values of x and y obtained from an experiment. x 1 2 4 6 8 10 15 y 5.5 7.0 10.5 13.0 15.5 19.0 26.5 (a) Plot y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the y-axis. Hence, draw a line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find (i) the y-intercept, (ii) the value of y when x = 12, (iii) the gradient, (iv) the value of x when y = 15, (c) Find the equation of the line of best fit. Hence, calculate the value of y when x = 28. 160 6.1.4

Linear Law Intensive Practice 6.1 Scan the QR code or visit at bit.ly/2pbnnNb for the quiz 1. The following tables show the experimental data involving variables x and y. (a) x – 4 –2 –1 0 1 2 y 3 –3 –3 –1 3 9 (b) 1 x 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.20 y2 4.00 4.41 5.20 5.62 6.20 6.40 Draw the graphs based on the data in the tables. Then, determine the graph which shows linear relation and non-linear relation. Give a reason for your answer. 2. Based on an experiment, the values of X and of Y are related as in the following table. X 20 30 40 50 60 70 Y 108.0 110.4 112.4 114.4 116.8 119.0 Plot the graph of Y against X and draw the line of best fit. Then, write the equation of the line of best fit. 3. The following table shows the readings of two variables, log10(x + 1) and log10 y. log10 (x + 1) 0.18 0.30 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.78 CHAPTER 6 log10 y 0.33 0.45 0.64 0.75 0.85 0.93 (a) Plot the graph of log10 y against log10 (x + 1), by using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 (x + 1)-axis and log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find (i) the gradient, (ii) the log10 y-intercept, (iii) the value of x when log10 y = 0.55, (c) Calculate (i) the value of y when x = 2.5, (ii) the value of x when y = 1.5. 4. The results of experiment of two variables, x2 and xy, are shown in the following table. x2 5 9 16 25 36 42 xy 12 15.5 22 30 40 45 (a) Plot the graph of xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on X-axis and Y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find (i) the gradient, (ii) the Y-intercept, (iii) the value of x2 when xy = 16.5, (iv) the value of y when x = 2.5. (c) Calculate the value of x when xy = 100. 161

6.2 Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations Applying linear law to non-linear relations By using linear law, most of the non-linear relations can be converted to linear relations so that a straight line can be drawn. It is easier to obtain information from the straight line graphs than from the curves. The non-linear equation y = ax + b , such that a and b are constants can be converted to linear x equation form Y = mX + c by using two methods. Method 1 Smart TIPS y = ax + b You have to choose suitable x variables for X and Y to b change the non-linear y(x) = ax(x) + x (x) Multiply both sides of the equation by x equation to the linear form, Y = mX + c such that m is yx = ax2 + b Compare with Y = mX + c the gradient of the straight xy = ax2 + b line and c is the y-intercept. Through comparison, Y = xy, X = x2, m = a and c = b. The variables X and Y must contain variables only and YmX c they cannot contain the xy a x2 b unknown constants. m and c must contain only constants. Method 2 CHAPTER 6 y = ax + b x y b ax x = x2 + x Divide both sides of the equation by x y = 1 (b) + a Compare with Y = mX + c x x2 y x12, YmX c Through comparison, Y = x , X = y 1 m = b and c = a. x b x2 a Example 6 Convert the equation y = pqx such that p and q are constants to the linear form Y = mX + c. Hence, identify Y, X, m and c. Solution y = pqx Write both sides of the equation in logarithmic form log10 y = log10 p + x log10q Compare with Y = mX + c log10 y = log10q (x) + log10 p Through comparison, Y = log10 y, X = x, Y m X c m = log10q dan c = log10 p log10 y log10q x log10 p 162 6.2.1

Linear Law Example 7 The table below shows the values of x and y obtained from an experiment. The variables, x and y are related by the equation 3y – px2 = qx, such that p and q are constants. x123579 y 20 34 48 60 63 36 (a) Convert the equation 3y – px2 = qx to the linear form. (b) Plot the graph xyof-axyxias.gHaiennstcex,, by using a scale of 1 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 1 cm to 5 units on the draw the line of best fit. (c) From the graph, find the value of p and of q. Solution (a) 3y – px2 = qx Divide both sides of the Mathematics Museum 3y px2 qx equation by 3x 3x – 3x = 3x Renè Descartes invented the coordinate grids known y – px = q as Cartesian Diagram. How x 3 3 did the idea of inventing y p q Cartesian Diagram trigger x = 3 (x) + 3 Compare with Y = mX + c him? He laid down on his bed until late night and Through comparison, Y = y , X = x, m = p and c = q . observed a housefly on x 3 3 the ceiling of his room. He thought of the best way (b) x 1 2 3 5 7 9 to illustrate the position of CHAPTER 6 the housefly on the ceiling. y 20 17 16 12 9 4 He decided to take one x corner of the ceiling as the reference point. –xy Graph of y–x against x For further information: 20 15 10 bit.ly/2oALd54 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 4 – 22 9–0 (c) From the graph, gradient = y-intercept = 22 = – 2 q = 22 p = –2 3 3 q = 66 p = –6 6.2.1 163

Example 8 The table below shows the values of x and y obtained from an experiment. The variables x and px y are related by the equation y = q , such that p and q are constants. x 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 y 0.3162 5.0119 100 1 584.89 6 309.57 63 095.73 100 000 (a) Plot the graph of log10 y against x, by using a scale of 1 cm to 2 units on both the log10 y-axis and x-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find (i) the value of p and of q, (ii) the value of y when x = 3. Solution (a) y = px q log10 y = log10 px – log10 q log10 y = x log10 p – log10 q Compare with Y = mX + c log10 y = (log10 p)x – log10 q Through comparison, Y = log10 y, X = x, m = log10 p and c = – log10 q CHAPTER 6 x 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 log10 y – 0.50 0.70 2.00 3.20 3.80 4.80 5.00 log10 y Graph of log10 y against x (b) (i) – log10 q = –2.5 6 log10 q = 2.5 q = 316.228 log10 p= 2.00 – 3.80 5 –7 log10 p = 0.9 4 p = 7.943 2 (ii) When x = 3, log10 y = 0.2 y = 1.585 0 2 x 4 6 8 10 –2 164 6.2.1

Linear Law Self Practice 6.5 1. Convert the following non-linear equations into the form Y = mX + c. Hence, identify Y, X, m and c. (a) y = px2 – q (b) y = hx2 + x (c) y = xp2 + q 2. The table below shows the values of x and y obtained from an experiment. The variables !wx 1 1 and y are related by the equation y = p!wx + q, such that p and q are constants. !wx 0.70 1.00 1.22 1.45 1.58 1.80 1 0.62 1.20 1.65 2.00 2.38 2.75 y (a) Plot 1tyh-eaxgirsa.pHheonfce1y, against !wx , by using a scale of 1 cm to 0.5 unit on both the !wx-axis and draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the value of (i)  q, (ii) p, (iii) y when x = 1.21. Intensive Practice 6.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2M54EMF for the quiz 1. Convert the following non-linear equations to the linear form. Hence, identify Y, X, gradient and Y-intercept. 5mxx2y++3nxy ((be)) yyp=x =p!qwx + !qwx ((cf)) yy(=b a–xxb) = ax (a) y = CHAPTER 6 (d) x = 2. The table below shows the data which relates the variables x and y by the equation y = ax3 + bx2, such that a and b are constants. x 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 y 0.31 2.05 6.19 14.00 26.30 45.00 (a) Convert the non-linear equation y = ax3 + bx2 to the linear form. y y x2 (b) Plot the graph of x2 against x, by using suitable scales on the x-axis and -axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (c) From the graph, find the value of a and of b. 3. The table below shows the data which relates the variables x and y by the equation y = ab + x, such that a and b are constants. x12345 y 2.83 5.66 11.31 22.63 45.25 (a) Convert the non-linear equation y = ab + x into a linear equation. (b) Plot the graph of log10 y against x, by using suitable scales on the x-axis and log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (c) From the graph, find the value of a and of b. 6.2.1 165

6.3 Application of Linear Law Solving problems involving linear law Example 9 MATHEMATICS APPLICATION An experiment is carried out to study the effect of the growth of a plant on the concentration of a hormone. The readings from the experiment are recorded in the table below. The growth of the plant and the concentration of hormone are related by the equation P = 180 + rK – sK 2, such that r and s are constants. Concentration of hormone per million (K) 1 3 4 6 8 10 % growth of plant (P) 181 179.7 178 168 157 140 (a) Plot the graph of P – 180 against K, by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the X-axis and K 2 cm to 1 unit on the Y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, calculate the value of r and s. Solution CHAPTER 6 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ Identify the variables to determine the X-axis and Y-axis. ◆ Plot the graph by using the scales given. ◆ Based on the graph, find the value of r and s. 2 . Planning the strategy (a) Convert the non-linear equation to the linear form and compare with the form Y = mX + c, such that m is the gradient and c is the Y-intercept. (b) Construct a new table using the new variables. (c) Plot the graph by using the values in the new table. (d) Find the y-intercept and gradient by refering to the graph. Hence, compare with the equation Y = mX + c. 3 . Implementing the strategy (a) P = 180 + rK – sK2 P – 180 = rK – sK2 sK2 P – 180 = rK – K K K P – 180 K = r – sK P – 180 = –sK + r K 166 6.3.1

Linear Law Through comparison, Y = P –K180, X = K, m = –s and c = r. K 1 3 4 6 8 10 P – 180 1.00 − 0.10 − 0.50 −2.00 −2.88 − 4.00 K P᎑᎑᎑–᎑K᎑1᎑᎑8᎑0᎑ (b) Y-intercept = 1.6 2 Graph of P᎑᎑᎑–᎑K᎑1᎑᎑8᎑0᎑ against K r = 1.6 1 Gradient, –s = – 4 – 1.6 K 10 – 0 –s = – 0.56 0 2 4 6 8 10 s = 0.56 –1 –2 –3 –4 4 . Making a conclusion CHAPTER 6 When K = 1, When K = 3, P = 180 + rK – sK2 P = 180 + rK – sK2 = 180 + (1.6)(1) – (0.56)(1)2 = 180 + (1.6)(3) – (0.56)(3)2 = 181.04 = 179.76 ≈ 181 ≈ 179.7 Self Practice 6.6 1. The table below shows the total population of a type of bacteria in a test tube. The variable x represents the number of hours and y represents the total population. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pqx, such that p and q are constants. x (Number of hours) 2 4 6 8 10 16 y (Total population) 3.98 6.31 10.00 15.85 25.12 100.00 (a) Plot log10 y against x, by using suitable scales on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the value of (i) p (ii) q (c) Estimate the total population of bacteria after 5 hours. 6.3.1 167

2. The table below shows the values of two variables, x and y obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are related by the equation xy – yb = a, such that a and b are constants. x 0.485 1.556 4.528 10.227 18.333 100.000 y 20.60 18.00 13.25 8.80 6.00 1.40 (a) Plot y against xy, by using suitable scales on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the value of a and of b. (c) Another method of getting a straight line graph for the above non-linear equation is by plotting 1 against x. Without drawing the second graph, calculate the gradient and the y Y-intercept of the graph. Intensive Practice 6.3 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2p2uoA1 for the quiz 1. Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) show two straight line graphs which are related by the equation y!wx = 10. State the value of p in the following cases. (a) (b) y yͱහx CHAPTER 6 (2, p) p 0 x 0 ͱහx1 Diagram (a) Diagram (b) 2. The table below shows the data obtained from an experiment on a pendulum such that p is the length, in cm of the pendulum and t is the period of oscillations, in seconds. One of the values of t was recorded wrongly. Length, p (cm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 9.0 11.0 12.6 14.1 15.0 Period of oscillations, t (s) 6.3 (a) Plot the graph of t2 against p, by using suitable scales. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) Mark ⊗ on the graph, for the point which was recorded wrongly. Then, find the correct value of t. t k (c) Use the graph to find the value of k if t and p are related by the equation !wp = , such that t and p are constants. 168 6.3.1

Linear Law 3. The total production of a type of commodity, N, is related to the total number of hours, H by the equation 2N 2 – a = Hb . The table below shows the corresponding value of N and of H. H (hours) 20 40 60 80 100 N (metric tonnes) 1.225 1.162 1.140 1.135 1.127 (a) Plot the line of best fit of N 2H against H, by using suitable scales. (b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of a and of b. (c) From the graph, estimate the total production if the total number of hours is 10. (d) The manager of the company plans to produce1.1183 metric tonnes of commodity. If a worker works for 8 hours, how many workers are needed by the company? 4. The table below shows the values in an experiment involving the concentration of liquid, L b unit3, which is related to temperature, T, by the equation L = A(3)T. T (°C) 0.100 0.033 0.020 0.014 0.011 0.010 L (unit3) 6.31 × 108 1.00 × 1010 1.58 × 1011 3.98 × 1012 2.51 × 1013 1.58 × 1014 (a) Plot the line of best fit of log10 L against 1 , by using suitable scales. (b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of T (i) A, (ii) b. (c) Determine the temperature when the liquid is heated until its concentration achieves 21.5 CHAPTER 6 unit3. 5. The table below shows the points obtained in an experiment involving two variables, u and v which are related by the relation 1 + 1 = 1 . v u f u 15 20 25 50 100 v 30.0 20.2 16.6 12.5 11.1 (a) Plot 1 against 1 . Draw the line of best fit. v u (b) From the graph, (i) express v in terms of u. (ii) determine the value of 1 when 1 = 0, Hence, find the value of f. f u 169

Summary OF Chapter 6 i��o��i�� Non-linear Solve problems relations involving linear law �� ��e��i��s LINEAR LAW Linear relations �� ��r�� Conversion of a��l��a��o� Equation Graph of lineg non-linear Y = mX + c of base fit equation to linear form ��f��m�� Interpret information from graph of line of best fit CHAPTER 6 WRITE YOUR JOURNAL dismantle assemble The above diagram shows the building blocks which are assembled and can be dismantled. In mathematics, there are many examples with inverses. You can convert non-linear equations into linear equations and vice versa. Can you determine the steps needed to convert linear equations into non-linear equations? 170

Linear Law MASTERY PRACTICE 1. Express the following non-linear equations in the linear form, Y = mX + c, such that X and Y are variables, m and c are constants. PL2 (a) y = 3x + 4 (b) y = px3 + qx2 (c) y = px + qp x x2 (d) y = pk !wx (e) y = pk x – 1 (f) y = kpx2 2. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px2 + qx, yx– such that p and q are constants. The diagram on the right shows (1, 5) opaf ryxt of the line of best fit obtained by plotting the graph (9, 3) against x. 0x PL3 (a) Convert the equation y = px2 + qx to the linear form. (b) Find the value of p and q. x2 log10y (6, 5) x2 3. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = pq4. (4, 4) The diagram on the right shows part of the line of best fit 0 obtained by plotting log10 y against x2. Find the value of p and q. PL3 y–x (2, k) 4. The diagram on the right shows part of the line of best fit of y CHAPTER 6 x against x. Given y = 5x – 3x2, find the value of k and h. PL3 0 (h, 3) x 5. The diagram on the right shows part of the graph of y against x y for the equation y = abx, such that a and b are constants. PL3 Q(3, 32) (a) Sketch the straight line graph of log10 y against x. Mark and P(1, 4) state the coordinates of the corresponding point P and Q. x (b) Based on the graph in (a), find the value of a and b. 0 6. When x2y against x are plotted, a straight line is obtained. The straight line has a gradient of 8 and it passes through point (2, 19). (a) Determine the equation which relates x and y. (b) Hence, find the value of y when x = 9.4. 171

7. A study is conducted to determine the relation between the mass, m and the volume, V of a type of cooking oil. The following table shows the results of the study. PL2 V 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 m 0.35 0.84 1.23 1.60 2.00 2.37 Plot the graph of m against V by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. 8. Based on an experiment, the relation between the values of x and the values of y are shown in the table below. PL3 x 10 20 30 40 50 60 y 16.5 20.0 23.5 27.5 31.5 35.0 (a) Plot the graph of y against x and draw the line of best fit by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the y-axis. (b) Hence, form the equation of the straight line. 9. The table below shows the values which relate the temperature, T of a solution after time, t in an experiment. PL4 t(s) 2 4 6 8 10 T(°C) 29.0 40.0 31.0 32.1 33.0 CHAPTER 6 (a) Plot the graph of T against t. Hence, draw the line of best fit by using suitable scales. (b) Mark ⊗ on the graph the point which was recorded wrongly. Then, find the correct value for T °C. (c) From the graph, find (i) the initial temperature of the solution, (ii) the temperature of the solution after 9 seconds, (iii) the time taken for the solution to reach a temperature of 30.5°C. 1 0. The table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = st x, such that s and t are constants. PL3 x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 y 2.51 3.24 4.37 5.75 7.76 10.00 (a) Plot the graph of log10 y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) From the graph, find the value of (i)  s, (ii)  t, (iii)  x when y = 4. 172

Linear Law 11. The table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are related by the equation 2y – p = q , such that p and q are constants. PL3 x x123456 y 5 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 (a) Plot the graph of xy against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the xy-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of (i) p, (ii) q, (iii) y when x = 3.5. (c) Calculate the value of x when y = 50. Exploring MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 6 Durian is a well-known fruit in Southeast Asia. Attempts to export durians in frozen form have been carried out in order to promote durians to countries outside Southeast Asia. Manuring of plants must be carried out regularly in order to increase the production of durians. The following table shows the relation between the age and the mass of durian trees by using the recommended manuring method during the vegetative stage. Age (year) 1 2 3 4 5 Mass (kg) 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.8 4.0 (a) Draw a dispersion diagram for the data in the table. Does the dispersion diagram show a linear relation between the age and mass of durian trees which used the manuring method? (b) By using suitable scales, draw the line of best fit by taking the mass as a dependent variable and the age as an independent variable. Then, find the equation relating the two variables. (c) Convert the non-linear relation to the linear form and construct a new table for the variables involved. (d) From your graph, predict the mass of a durian tree of 7 years. 173

CHAPTER Coordinate 7 Geometry CHAPTER 7 What will be learnt? Divisor of a Line Segment Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines Areas of Polygons Equations of Loci List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2p7Q7qq KEY WwORDS Divisor of line Pembahagi tembereng segment garis Parallel straight lines Garis lurus selari Perpendicular Garis lurus serenjang straight lines Gradient Kecerunan Area of polygon Luas poligon Equation of a locus Persamaan lokus 174 7.1.1

Coordinate Geometry CHAPTER 7 Did you Know? Ibrahim Ibn Sinan (908 – 946 AD) is a mathematician and astronomer from Harran in northern Mesopotamia. He started doing research on geometry and astronomy at the age of 15 and recorded his first research results at the age of 16. He continued Archimedes’ research on area, volume and in particular, tangent to a circle. For further information: bit.ly/2B3TfpM SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER In construction, coordinate geometry is used when drawing sketches of buildings. Astrophysicists use coordinate geometry to determine the distance between planets. Coordinate geometry is used in aviation to determine the angles in the flight paths of aircraft. The use of a GPS (Global Positioning Scan this QR code System) navigation application allows to watch video on us to quickly and easily locate the application of GPS. places that we want to go. Do you know that GPS navigation uses the bit.ly/2JyqSoC idea of coordinate geometry known as World Geodetic System (WGS 84) 175 to determine the location of places on the surface of the Earth? 7.1.1

7.1 Divisor of a Line Segment A line segment is part of a straight line with two end points with specific length or distance. Any point dividing the segment in a particular ratio is known as the internal point. Relating the position of a point that divides a line segment with the related ratio INQUIRY 1 In groups Aim: To explore the relationship between the position of a point on a line segment and its ratio Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2IvAJe2 2. Drag point P on the line segment AB to the left and right. Observe the values of m and n displayed. 3. What is the relationship between the position of point P on the line segment and the values of m and n? 4. Consider the position of point P on the line segment AB and answer the following questions. (a) How many parts are there between point P and point A? (b) How many parts are there between point P and point B? (c) How many parts are there between point A and point B? (d) What are the lengths of AP and PB in terms of AB? (e) Determine the ratio AP : PB. (f) What is the relationship between the position of point P on line segment AB and the ratio obtained in (e)? CHAPTER 7 5. Now, drag point P so that the ratio m : n is 5 : 5 = 1 : 1. Is the length of AP same as PB? Determine the position of point P on the line segment when the ratio m : n is the same for every part. 6. Change the ratio m : n and observe the position of point P. Does the position change with the change in ratio value? From the results of Inquiry 1, point P on the line segment AB m n divides the line segment into two parts in the ratio m : n. Ratio ● m : n means line segment AB is divided into (m + n) equal parts. A P B The position of point P on line segment AB determines the m number of equal parts from point A to point P and the n number of equal parts from point B to point P. So, point P divides the line segment in the ratio m : n. Conversely, the ratio m : n will determine the position of point P on the line segment AB. When ratio m : n changes, the position of point P will also change. If m = n, then point P is the midpoint of the line segment AB. In general, The position of point P on a line segment AB divides the line segment in the ratio m : n and vice versa. 176 7.1.1

Coordinate Geometry Example 1 Given line segment PQ, a point R is on PQ. Point R is 7 of the distance PQ from point P 9 along the line segment PQ. (a) Sketch this situation by using the line segment. (b) Is point R closer to P or Q? Explain. (c) By using the information given, determine the following ratios. (i) PR : PQ, (ii) RQ : PR, (iii) PR : RQ. (d) Hence, describe the relationship between the position of point R on line segment PQ and its ratio. Solution (a) P R Q ● (b) Point R is closer to Q because the position of point R is more than half of the line segment from point P. (c) (i) PR : PQ = 7 : 9 (ii) RQ : PR = 2 : 7 (iii) PR : RQ = 7 : 2 (d) Point R divides the line segment PQ in the ratio 7 : 2 72 P ●Q R Self Practice 7.1 1. The diagram below shows a line segment AB that is divided into 12 equal parts. CHAPTER 7 A PQ R B ●● ● P, Q and R are internal points on the line segment. (a) Determine the position of each point in relation to its ratio. (b) If point S is on the line segment AB in the ratio 5 : 7, mark and label the position of point S on the line segment. 2. The diagram below shows point P which divides a piece of rope AB in the ratio m : n. mn AB P Given AP = 10 cm and AB = 35 cm. (a) Find the values of m and n. (b) Describe the position of P on the rope in relation to its ratio. (c) If the rope is placed on the x-axis of the Cartesian plane such that A is the origin and coordinates of B is (21, 0), determine the coordinates of P. 7.1.1 177

Deriving the formula for divisor of a line segment on a Cartesian plane In Diagram 7.1, the coordinates of points A and B are y (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively. P(x, y) is a point which divides line segment AB in the ratio m : n. So, CD = x – x1, B(x2, y2) DE = x2 – x, PG = y – y1 and BF = y2 – y. Since AC, PD and BE are parallel, we get: P(x, y) n F m CDDE = AP A(x1, y1) G PB xx2––xx1 = x m 0C DE n n(x – x1) = m(x2 – x) Diagram 7.1 nx – nx1 = mx2 – mx mx + nx = nx1 + mx2 x(m + n) = nx1 + mx2 x = nxm1 ++mnx2 QR For BF, PG and AC which are also parallel, we get: Scan the QR code below PG = AP for another method of BF PB deriving formula for yy2––yy1 = divisor of line segment m on a Cartesian plane. n n(y – y1) = m(y2 – y) bit.ly/35ml4aS ny – ny1 = my2 – my my + ny = ny1 + my2 y(m + n) = ny1 + my2 y = nym1 ++mny2 CHAPTER 7 Thus, the coordinates of point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n is: ( )P(x, y) = nxm1 ++mnx2, nym1 ++mny2 What will happen when m = n? When m = n, P will become BRAINSTORMING the midpoint of line segment AB and is represented by M. Using Pythagoras Theorem, ( )M =mxm1+ mmx2, mym1 + mmy2 show that the distance + + of line segment AB represented by d in ( ) = x2), Diagram 7.1 is m(x1 + m(y1 + y2) 2m 2m d = !(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 ( ) = x1 + x2, y1 + y2 2 2 178 7.1.2

Coordinate Geometry Example 2 (a) The coordinates of points A and B are (–5, –2) and (5, 8). If point P divides line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 2, find the coordinates of point P. (b) Points A(–7, 3), P(5, –3), B and M are on a straight line. Given P divides line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 1 and M is the midpoint of AB. Find (i) the coordinates of B, (ii) the coordinates of M. Solution (a) P(x, y) is the point that divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2. So, 2(–5) + 3(5) x-coordinate of P, x = 3+2 y B(5, 8) = –10 + 15 5 2 = 5 3 P(x, y) 5 x = 1 0 2(–2) + 3(8) A(–5, –2) y-coordinate of P, y = 3+2 = – 4 + 24 5 = 20 5 = 4 Thus, coordinates of point P are (1, 4). (b) (i) B is (x, y) and P(5, –3) divides AB y in the ratio 3 : 1. So, A(–7, 3) 3 x-coordinate of P = 5 1(–7) + 3x = 0 3+1 5 P(5, –3)x CHAPTER 7 1 B(x, y) 3x – 7 = 20 3x = 27 = 9 y-coordinate of P = –3 1(33)++13y = –3 3 + 3y = –12 3y = –15 y = –5 y Thus, coordinates of point B are (9, –5). ( )(ii) x1 + x2, y1 + y2 A(–7, 3) Midpoint of AB = 2 2 1 ( )= –7 + 9, 3 + (–5) 0M x 2 2 1 = (1, –1) B(9, –5) Thus, coordinates of point M are (1, –1). 7.1.2 179

Example 3 Find the ratio AP : PB such that point P(–1, 2) divides the line segment joining point A(–2, 1) and point B(2, 5). Solution Let P(–1, 2) divides AB in the ratio m : n and the x-coordinate of P is –1. y B(2, 5)   n(–2m) + m(2) = –1 + n 2m – 2n = –m – n 3m = n n mn = 1 P(–1, 2) 3 m Thus, ratio AP : PB is 1 : 3. A(–2, 1) x 0 Self Practice 7.2 1. Point P divides the line segment joining points A and B below in the given ratios. Find the coordinates of point P. (a) A(3, 7), B(–7, 2) in the ratio 3 : 2. (b) A(– 4, –1), B(2, 5) in the ratio 2AP : PB. (c) A(7, –3), B(–3, 2) in the ratio 3AP : 2PB. 2. Point R( p, t) divides the line segment joining points A(2h, h) and B(2p, 3t) in the ratio 2 : 3. Express p in terms of t. CHAPTER 7 3. A straight line passes through points A(−2, −5) and B(6, 7). Point C divides the line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 1 while D divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1. Find (a) the coordinates of C, (b) the coordinates of D. 4. Point P divides the line segment joining the points A and B in the ratio AP : PB. Find the ratio AP : PB and the value of k for each of the following. (a) A(1, k), B(–5, 10) and P(–1, 2) (b) A(1, 2), B(k, 6) and P(3, 4) (c) A(k, 3), B(2, 8) and P(6, 4) (d) A(–3, –2), B(2, 8) and P(–1, k) Solving problems involving divisor of line segment Example 4 Mathematics Application A spider is at position E(–7, –5) on a graph paper and moves towards point G(13, 5) along a straight line with uniform velocity. The spider is at point P after moving for 18 seconds and arrives at point G in 1 minute. Determine (a) the coordinates of point P, (b) the ratio EQ : QG when the spider is at point Q(11, 4) on the straight line. 180 7.1.2 7.1.3

Coordinate Geometry Solution 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ The original position of the spider is E(–7, –5). The spider arrives at point G(13, 5) in 1 minute (60 seconds). ◆ Find the coordinates of P after moving for 18 seconds. ◆ Find the ratio EQ : QG when the spider is at point Q(11, 4). 2 . Planning the strategy ◆ Find the ratio EP : PG first and use the formula for divisor of line segment, ( ) P(x, y) = nxm1 ++mnx2, nym1 ++mny2 to determine the coordinates of P. ( )◆ Use the formula nxm1 ++mnx2, nym1 ++mny2 again to determine the ratio EQ : QG. 3 . Implementing the strategy (a) The spider is at P(x, y) after moving for 18 seconds. y G(13, 5) The ratio EP : EG is 18 : 60 = 3 : 10, so the ratio 7 x EP : PG = 3 : 7. 3 P (0x, y) E(–7, –5) ( ) P(x, y) = nxm1 ++mnx2, nym1 ++mny2 ( ) 7(–7) + = 3 + 73(13), 7(–5) + 3(5) CHAPTER 7 3+7 ( ) = –1100, –20 10 = (–1, –2) Thus, the coordinates of P are (–1, –2). (b) Let Q(11, 4) divides EG in the ratio m : n. y The y-coordinate of Q is 4, m n(–5) + m(5) = 4 0 n G(13, 5) m + n Q(11, 4) 5m – 5n = 4m + 4n E(–7, –5) x m = 9n mn = 9 1 Thus, the ratio EQ : QG is 9 : 1. 7.1.3 181

4 . Making a conclusion (a) EP = !(–1 – (–7))2 + (–2 – (–5))2 PG = !(13 – (–1))2 + (5 – (–2))2 = !w62 + 32 = !w142 + 72 = !w45 = !w245 = 3!w5 = 7!w5 Thus, the ratio EP : PG = 3!w5 : 7!w5 = 3 : 7. (b) EQ = !(11 – (–7))2 + (4 – (–5))2 QG = !(13 – 11)2 + (5 – 4)2 = !w182 + 92 = !w22 + 12 = !w405 = !w5 = 9!w5 Thus, the ratio EQ : QG = 9!w5 : !w5 = 9 : 1. Self Practice 7.3 1. The diagram on the right shows the position of two football y Q(40, 45) players, P and Q. The coordinates of players P and Q are (4, 6) and (40, 45) respectively. Player P wants to kick the ball to player Q but the ball lands at 2 the distance of the 3 straight line towards player Q from player P. Determine the coordinates of the ball when it touches the surface of P(4, 6) 0 the field. x y CHAPTER 7 2. The diagram on the right shows the plan of a straight highway between two towns, A and B on the Cartesian A(–4, 5) B(5, 2) plane. An engineer wants to build two rest houses between 0 x the two towns such that the two rest houses divide the road into three parts of equal distance. Determine the coordinates of the two rest houses. 3. The diagram on the right shows the position of two y ducklings, H and K on the Cartesian plane. Given the K(6, 10) coordinates of duckling H are (–3, –2) and the coordinates of duckling K are (6, 10). The two ducklings walk towards H(–3, –2) 0 x each other with different velocities and meet at point L. The velocity of duckling H is twice the velocity of 7.1.3 duckling K. (a) State the ratio HL : LK. (b) Find the distance of duckling K from its original position when duckling K meets duckling H. 182

Intensive Practice 7.1 Coordinate Geometry Scan QR code or visit bit.ly/2pT22Zk for the quiz 1. A straight line passes through P(2, 8) and Q(7, 3). Point R divides line segment PQ such that PR = 4QR. Find the coordinates of point R. 2. If the point R(6, 3) divides the line segment from P(4, 5) to Q(x, y) in the ratio 2 : 5, find (a) the coordinates of Q, (b) the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ. 3. Point C(1, 4) divides the straight line joining points A(–3, 6) and B(h, k) in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the value of h and k. 4. Points A(4r, r), B(e, f) and C(3e, 4f) are on a straight line. B divides the straight line AC in the ratio 3 : 4. Express e in terms of f. 5. The diagram on the right shows a quadrilateral PQRS y R(9, 5) with vertices P(1, 4), Q(7, –8), R(9, 5) and S(5, 1). P(1, 4) T(6, 2) Point T(6, 2) is on the straight line RS. Find (a) the coordinates of point U which divides the side PQ S(5, 1) x in the ratio 2 : 1, (b) the coordinates of the midpoint of side QR, 0 (c) the ratio RT : TS, (d) the length of side PS. Q(7, –8) 6. Point P(k, 2) divides the straight line joining the points A(−2, 1) and B(2, 5) in the ratio m : n. CHAPTER 7 Find (a) the ratio m : n, (b) the value of k. 7. The diagram below shows the position of the multipurpose hall, school, market and bus stop on a Cartesian plane. Haziq’s house is at the midpoint of P1P2 such that P1 divides the line segment from the multipurpose hall to the market in the ratio 4 : 1, while P2 divides the line segment from the school to the bus stop in the ratio 1 : 2. y 12 Multipurpose 10 hall 8 Bus stop 6 4 School 2 Market x 5 10 15 –5 0 –2 Determine the position of Haziq’s house. 183

7.2 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines It is easy to find parallel lines and perpendicular lines around us. The floats separating the lanes in a swimming pool and the support structures used in construction are some of the examples of parallel and perpendicular lines. What are some other examples of parallel and perpendicular lines around us? Making and verifying conjectures about gradient of parallel and perpendicular lines INQUIRY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To make and verify conjectures about the relationship between the gradient of two parallel lines and the gradient of two perpendicular lines Instructions: 1. Form two groups and each group will choose one activity. CHAPTER 7 Activity 1 1. Using GeoGebra software, draw straight lines L1 and L2 that are parallel to each other on the Cartesian plane. 2. Record the gradient of straight lines L1 and L2. 3. Drag straight lines L1 or L2 and observe the changes on the gradient of L1 and L2. 4. What can you say about the relationship between the gradient of straight lines L1 and L2? 5. Measure the angles formed between the lines L1 and L2 and the positive x-axis. What can you observe about the two angles? Explain. 6. With your group members, verify the relationship you obtained in step 4 with the results you obtained in step 5. Activity 2 1. Using GeoGebra software, draw straight lines L1 and L2 that are perpendicular to each other on the Cartesian plane. 2. Record the gradient of L1 and L2 and determine the product of gradient of L1 and L2. 3. Drag straight lines L1 or L2 and observe the change in the gradient of L1 and L2 as well as the product of their gradient. 4. What can you say about the relationship between the gradient of L1 and L2? 5. Measure θ1 and θ2, the angles formed between lines L1 and L2 respectively towards positive x-axis. Hence, determine the product of tan θ1 and tan θ2. 6. What is the relationship between tan θ1 and tan θ2? Explain. 7. With your group members, verify the relationship you obtained in step 4 with the results you obtained in step 6. 2. Appoint a representative from each group to present the results obtained in front of the class. 184 7.2.1

Coordinate Geometry We have learnt that the gradient, m of a straight line L which passes y point A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by the formula: B(x2, y2) L Gradient, m = y2 – y1 A(x1, y1) y2 – y1 x2 – x1 θ θ C 0 x2 – x1 x As shown in the diagram on the right, in ΔABC, y2 – yx11 = x2 – BC AC m = tan θ So, the definition of gradient, m of a straight line is: m = tan θ with θ being the angle formed between a straight line and the positive x-axis and 0°  θ < 180°. The following diagrams show the gradient of a straight line L changing when θ increases from 0º to 180º. y L2 y L3 y L4 y L1 0x θ x θ 0 0x 0x θ = 90°, θ = 0°, tan θ = tan 90° 0° < θ < 90°, 90° < θ < 180°, tan θ = tan 0° mL2 not defined tan θ > 0 tan θ < 0 mL1 = 0 mL3 > 0 mL4 < 0 Thus, from activity 1 in Inquiry 2, let m1 and m2 y be the gradient of straight lines L1 and L2 respectively. If lines L1 and L2 L1 are parallel, then L2 CHAPTER 7 θ1 = θ2 Corresponding angles, lines // θ1 θ2 x 0 tan θ1 = tan θ2 that is, m1 = m2 Conversely, if m1 = m2, we can find that θ1 = θ2 and L1 is parallel to L2. Two straight lines, L1 and L2 are parallel to each other if and only if m1 = m2. From the results of activity 2 in Inquiry 2, let m1 and Smart TIPS m2 be the gradient of straight lines L1 and L2 respectively and θ1 � 0. 90° Exterior angle y In DABC, AC tan tan of Δ BC θ2 = (+90θ°1 + θ1) L1 tan θ1 = tan θ2 = C θ2 = – tan1θ1 θ1 θ2 S o,ABtCaCn =θt2a =n1–θ AB1 CC tan θ1 tan θ2 = –1 x J = – tan1 θ1 that is, m1m2 = –1 0B A L2 7.2.1 185

Conversely, if m1m2 = –1 we can find that θ2 = 90° + θ1 and L1 is perpendicular to L2. Two straight lines, L1 and L2 are perpendicular to each other if and only if m1m2 = –1. Example 5 y 2 (a) Show whether the straight lines 6x + 9y = 7 and x + = 1 are parallel. 3 (b) The straight line y = 4 – k x, such that k is a constant is parallel to the straight line 3 2x + 3y = 9. Find the value of k. Solution (a) Write equation 6x + 9y = 7 in gradient form. 6x + 9y = 7 9y = – 6x + 7 y = –  2 x + 7 Arrange in gradient form, y = mx + c 3 9 Gradient, m1 = –  2 3 y For straight line equation x + 2 = 1, Straight line in intercept form 3 Gradient, m2 = –  b a = – 23 Since both straight lines have the same gradient, they are parallel. CHAPTER 7 (b) y = 4 – k x 3 y = –  k x + 4 MATHEMATICS 3 POCKET Gradient, m1 = –  k 3 2x + 3y = 9 • Gradient form 3y = –2x + 9 y = mx + c, where m 2 is gradient and c is 3 y = –  x + 3 y-intercept. • Intercept form 2 aaxn+d x Gradient, m2 = –  3 Gradient form, y = mx + c bb = 1, where a are the x-intercept Since both of the straight lines are parallel, and y-intercept m1 = m2 respectively, and the – 3k = –  2 gradient is – b . 3 a k = 2 186 7.2.1

Coordinate Geometry Example 6 (a) Determine whether straight lines y – 3x = 5 and 3y + x – 12 = 0 are perpendicular. (b) The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(0, –5), B(2, 1) and C(–7, k), such that k is a constant. Find the value of k if ∠ABC = 90°. Solution (a) Write both equations in the gradient form to find their gradients. y – 3x = 5 y = 3x + 5 Gradient, m1 = 3 3y + x – 12 = 0 3y = –x + 12 y = – 13 x + 4 Gradient, m2 = –  1 3 ( ) It is found that, m1m2 = 3 – 13 = –1 Thus, straight lines y – 3x = 5 and 3y + x – 12 = 0 are perpendicular to each other. (b) Since ∠ABC = 90°, y mAB mBC = –1 C(–7, k) ( )( ) 1 – (–5) k–1 = –1 B(2, 1) Mind Challenge 2–0 –7 – 2 0x ( ) Can Pythagoras Theorem be 3 k–1 = –1 A(0, –5) used to verify the answer in –9 Example 6(b)? k – 1 = 3 CHAPTER 7 k = 4 Self Practice 7.4 1. Determine whether the following pairs of straight line are parallel or perpendicular to each other. 3 4 (a) 2x + 3y = 9 and 4x + 6y = 0 (b) y = x – 5 and 4y – 3x = 12 (c) x – 2y = 6 and 2x + y = 5 (d) 2x + 3y = 9 and 2y = 3x + 10 2. The following pairs of straight lines are parallel, such that p is a constant. Find the value of p. x y (a) 2y = 10 – x and y = 3px – 1 (b) 3 – 6 = 1 and py = 4x – 6 3. The following pairs of straight lines are perpendicular to each other. Find the value of constant k. x y (a) 3x + 5y = 15 and 5x – ky = 2 (b) 3 + 9 = 1 and ky = 2x – 7 4. The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(1, 1), B(–1, 4), and C(5, a). Find the value of constant a if AB is perpendicular to BC. 7.2.1 187

Solving problems involving equations of parallel and perpendicular lines Example 7 Mathematics Application y E A C B The diagram on the right shows the position of roads AD, BC and EF drawn on a Cartesian 0 plane. AD and BC are perpendicular to each other D and they meet at a traffic light junction, while BC and EF are parallel to each other. Given the coordinates of A are (18, 16) and F(20, −1) while the equation of road BC is 5y + 4x = 70, find (a) the equation of road EF, (b) the equation of road AD, (c) the coordinates of the traffic light. Solution CHAPTER 7 Jalan Sutera 5 x Jalan Sutera 4 F Jalan Delima 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ Road AD and BC are perpendicular. ◆ Road BC and EF are parallel. ◆ Coordinates of point A are (18, 16), F are (20, –1) and the equation of road BC is 5y + 4x = 70. ◆ Find the equation of roads EF and AD as well as the coordinates of traffic lights which are at the junction of roads AD and BC. 2 . Planning the strategy ◆ Write the equation 5y + 4x = 70 in the gradient form to determine its gradient, m1. ◆ Use m1 = m2 to find the gradient of road EF. ◆ Use formula m1m2 = –1 to find the gradient of road AD. ◆ Use formula y – y1 = m(x – x1) to find the equation of roads EF and AD. ◆ Solve equation 5y + 4x = 70 and equation AD simultaneously to find the coordinates of the traffic lights. 3 . Implementing the strategy (a) 5y + 4x = 70 Equation of road EF that passes 5y = – 4x + 70 through point F(20, –1) is 4 y = – 45 x + 14 y – (–1) = –  5 (x – 20) Gradient, m1 = –  4 , thus gradient 5y + 5 = – 4x + 80 5 5y + 4x = 75 EF which is parallel to BC is – 45 . 188 7.2.2

Coordinate Geometry (b) Gradient, m1 = –  4 , thus gradient of (c) Equation of BC: 5y + 4x = 70 … 1 5 Equation of AD: 4y – 5x = –26  … 2 road AD, m2 which is perpendicular is 1 × 5 : 25y + 20x = 350 … 3 2 × 4 : 16y – 20x = –104 … 4 – 54 m2 = –1 3 + 4 : 41y = 246 m2 = 5 y = 6 4 Substitute y = 6 into (1). Equation of road AD which passes through 5(6) + 4x = 70 30 + 4x = 70 point A(18, 16) is 4x = 40 y – 16 = 5 (x – 18) x = 10 4 4y – 64 = 5x – 90 Thus, the coordinates of traffic lights 4y – 5x = –26 are (10, 6). 4 . Making a conclusion FLASHBACK Substitute point F(20, −1) into equation Equation of straight line 5y + 4x = 75. with gradient m and passing Left side = 5(−1) + 4(20) yth–royu1 g=hmp(oxi–ntx1()x1, y1) is = 75 = right side CHAPTER 7 Thus, 5y + 4x = 75 is the equation of road EF. C y A 16 Substitute point A(18, 16) into equation 4y – 5x = –26. Left side = 4(16) – 5(18) = –26 = right side Thus, 4y – 5x = –26 is the equation of road AD. From the graph on the right, the coordinates of traffic lights are (10, 6). 12 5y + 4x = 70 8 (10, 6) 4 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16 20 x –4 4y – 5x = –26 B D –8 7.2.2 189

Self Practice 7.5 B(8, 12) A 1. In the diagram on the right, radius AB of the Ferris wheel is perpendicular to the tangent of the circle at point B(8, 12). The equation of the tangent to the circle at point B is given as 3x + 2y = 48. Find the equation of radius AB of the Ferris wheel. 2. The diagram on the right shows the plan of a rectangular- y shaped hut drawn on a Cartesian plane. A pipe of the A(3, 8) shortest length will be connected from the main pipe at P(8, 7) P(8, 7) to the hut. Find (a) the coordinates of point of connection of the pipe at B(7, 2) the hut, 0x (b) the length of trench that should be dug in order to bury the pipe to the hut. Intensive Practice 7.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2Vtz9P4 for the quiz 1. For each of the following, determine whether the lines AB and CD are parallel or perpendicular to each other. (a) A(6, 2), B(3, 4), C(3, –1), D(–3, 3) (b) A(4, –3), B(–3, 4), C(1, 4), D(–2, 1) CHAPTER 7 2. Given A(1, 2), B(6, 8) and C(12, k) are the vertices of a triangle, such that ∠ABC = 90°, find the value of k. 3. Given P(7, 3), Q(2, 2) and R(−1, 4). Find (a) the equation of straight line that passes through point P and is parallel to QR, (b) the equation of straight line that passes through point R and is perpendicular to QR. Then, find the coordinates of S such that both lines intersect. 4. The coordinates of three points are P(−1, −6), Q(3, −12) and R(e, 6). Find the value of constant e if (a) P, Q and R are collinear, (b) PQ is perpendicular to PR. 5. Given four points, P(– 6, 1), Q(1, –2), R(0, 5) and S(–3, h). If PQ is perpendicular to RS, find the value of constant h. y 6. In the diagram on the right, OC is perpendicular from origin A(0, 5) C O to straight line AB, such that point A is (0, 5) and point B is O B(10, 0) x (10, 0). Find (a) the equation of straight line AB and OC, (b) the coordinates of C and distance OC. 190 7.2.2

Coordinate Geometry 7. The diagram on the right shows a parallelogram ABCD. y C Points A and D are (1, 2) and (3, 6) respectively. Equation of 3y – x = 15 the straight line DC is 3y – x = 15. DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Find D(3, 6) (a) the equation for AB and DE, (b) the coordinates of E and B. E B A(1, 2) 0 x 8. The diagram on the right shows a trapezium ABCD. The y B(11, 10) coordinates of A, B, C and D are A(3, 6), B(11, 10), C(9, 4) A(3, 6) and D(5, 2) respectively. (a) Determine the pairs of parallel and perpendicular lines. C(9, 4) (b) Find the equation of straight line AB. 0 D(5, 2) x (c) A straight line passes through point C and is perpendicular to AB. Find the equation of the straight line. Show that the straight line passes through the midpoint of AB. 9. The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABC, such that y A(9, 9) A(9, 9) and C(1, –3). Point B lies on the perpendicular bisector of AC and the equation of straight line AB is y = 8x – 63. y = 8x – 63 (a) Find (i) the equation of perpendicular bisector of AC, B x (ii) the coordinates of B. (b) Point D lies on the diagram such that ABCD is a 0 rhombus. C(1, –3) (i) Find the coordinates of D. (ii) Show that AC = 2BD. 1 0. In the diagram on the right, two straight lines, y = x + 4 and 3y = x + 8 intersect at point P. The straight line that passes y B y=x+4 through point P with gradient 2 meets the x-axis and y-axis at CHAPTER 7 points A and B respectively. Show that (a) the coordinates of P are (–2, 2), 3y = x + 8 P (b) the equation of straight line that passes through point P and is perpendicular to straight line AB is 2y + x = 2, (c) the coordinates of A are (–3, 0) and the coordinates of B are (0, 6), A 0 x m=2 (d) the ratio of AP is 1 . PB 2 1 1. In the diagram on the right, BC is a tangent to the circle with B(1, 8) centre A(– 4, –2) at point B(1, 8). Find the equation of tangent C BC. A(–4, –2) 191

7.3 Areas of Polygons Deriving formula of area of triangles We can use formula to find the area of a polygon on the Cartesian plane if the vertices are known. Follow the exploration below to derive the formula of area of a triangle when the coordinates of each vertex are known. InQuirY 3 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To determine area of triangle when coordinates of each vertex are known Instructions: 1. Using GeoGebra software, draw a triangle with vertices A, B, and C. 2. Draw dashed lines as shown in the diagram on the right. y 3. Using the instruction menu in the software, (a) find the length of AD, DE, BE and CD. 6 C(2, 6) (b) find the area of ΔACD, trapezium BCDE and ΔABE. (c) determine the area of ΔABC by using the values 4 B(6, 3) obtained in (b). 2 x 4. Discuss with your group members the way to obtain 6 E area of the triangle. –2 0 24 5. Are there any other ways to obtain the area of triangle A(–2, –2) –2 D ABC? CHAPTER 7 From the results of Inquiry 3, we can make a generalisation about the method to obtain area of a triangle by using the following formula. Diagram 7.2 shows a triangle ABC, with the position of A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) arranged in order. Area of ΔABC = area of ΔACD + area of trapezium BCDE – area of ΔABE ( ) ( ) ( )= y 1 × AD × CD + 1 × DE × (BE + CD) – 1 × AE × BE C (x3, y3) 2 2 2 = 1 (x3 – x1)(y3 – y1) + 1 (x2 – x3)[(y2 – y1) + (y3 – y1)] 2 2 B (x2, y2) – 21 (x2 – x1)(y2 – y1) 0x = 1 (x3y3 – x3y1 – x1y3 + x1y1 + x2y2 – x2y1 + x2y3 – x2y1 – x3y2 2 A (x1, y1) D E + x3y1 – x3y3 + x3y1 – x2y2 + x2y1 + x1y2 – x1y1) Diagram 7.2 1 = 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3) 192 7.3.1

This area formula can be written as: Coordinate Geometry | |1 x1 x2 x3 x1 MATHEMATICS 2 y1 y2 y3 y1 POCKET with the sum of all the products in the direction is given The formula on the left 1 is known as the shoelace the positive sign, that is 2 (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) and the sum of all algorithm which is used only when coordinates the products in the direction is given the negative sign, that is of vertices are arranged 1 anticlockwise. If the 2 (–x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3). coordinates are arranged clockwise, the answer Thus, formula for area of a triangle ABC with vertices A(x1, obtained would have y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) arranged in order can be written as: negative sign. In this case, the absolute value needs to | |Area of 1 x1 x2 x3 x1 be used so that the value ∆ ABC = 2 y1 y2 y3 y1 of area is positive. This formula can be initiated by = 1 |x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x1y3| choosing any one vertex. 2 Smart TIPS = 1 |(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x1y3)| 2 Some of the quantities we encounter in daily life have Determining the area of triangles by using magnitude only, such as the formula temperature, mass, distance, area and volume which do Example 8 not involve direction. For example, area of ΔABC is Find the area of DABC with vertices A(– 4, – 6), B(5, 3) and 36 units2. Therefore, 36 units2 C(2, 8). is the size or magnitude for the area of ΔABC. Such Solution quantities are known as scalar quantities. If the coordinates are arranged anticlockwise, y area of ΔABC C (2, 8) MATHEMATICS POCKET CHAPTER 7 1 – 4 5 2 – 4 B (5, 3) 2 – 6 3 8 – 6 0x The shoelace formula is used | |= to find the area of a polygon when the coordinates = 1 |(–12 + 40 – 12) – (–30 + 6 – 32)| of each vertex is known. 2 The two vertical lines in this formula are known as = 1 |72| the absolute value which 2 functions to make sure that = 36 units2 A (–4, –6) the measurement area is always positive. Important If the coordinates are arranged clockwise, note: The measurement area of polygon accept | |area of ΔABC = 1 – 4 2 5 – 4 positive value only. 2 – 6 8 3 – 6 193 = 1 |(–32 + 6 – 30) – (–12 + 40 – 12)| 2 = 1 |–72| Take absolute value 2 = 1  (72) 2 = 36 units2 7.3.1 7.3.2

Besides the shoelace algorithm, the box method can also be used to find the area of the triangle in Example 8. Step 1   Draw a rectangle that touches every vertex of the y C (2, 8) triangle. Mark the triangles formed in the box with II I, II and III as shown in the diagram on the right. III B (5, 3) Step 2   Find the area of the rectangle by multiplying its length by width. x Area of rectangle = 9 × 14 0 = 126 units2 I Step 3   Find the area of triangles I, II and III in the rectangle. A (–4, –6) Area of triangle I = 1 ×9×9 = 40 12 units2 2 Area of triangle II = 1 × 3 × 5 = 7 1 units2 2 2 Area of triangle III = 1 × 6 × 14 = 42 units2 BRAINSTORMING 2 Step 4   Subtract each of the area of triangles obtained in What can you say about step 3 from the area of rectangle to determine the area of ΔABC. the three points Ay(3x) 1i,f yt1h)e, Bar(ex2a, yo2f) and C(x3, Area of ΔABC = 126 – 40 1 – 7 1 – 42 x1 x2 x3 x1 2 2 | |DABC = 1 y1 y2 y3 y1 = 0? = 36 units2 2 CHAPTER 7 Example 9 The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle ABC are A(8, 5), B(–2, –3) and C(k, –1). If the area of triangle ABC is 18 units2, find the possible values of k. Solution Since the order of the vertices of triangle ABC is not known, we need to take the absolute value for the expression for area of triangle ABC. | |Area of ΔABC = 1 2 8 –2 k 8 5 –3 –1 5 y 1 ±18 = 2  |(–24 + 2 + 5k) – (–10 – 3k – 8)| A (8, 5) x ±18 = 1  (8k – 4) 2 C2 (k, –1) 1  (8k – 4) = –18   or   1  (8k – 4) = 18 C1 (k, –1) 0 2 2 8k – 4 = –36 8k – 4 = 36 B (–2, –3) 8k = –32 8k = 40 k = – 4 k = 5 Thus, the possible values of k are – 4 and 5. 194 7.3.2

Coordinate Geometry Self Practice 7.6 1. Find the area of the triangles with the following vertices given. (a) (5, 10), (2, 1), (8, 3) (b) (3, 1), (6, 4), (– 4, 2) (c) (– 4, –3), (5, 1), (2, 6) 2. Vertices P and Q are (3, 4) and (1, –2), respectively, and vertex R is on the x-axis. Find the coordinates of R such that area of ΔPQR is 10 units2. 3. Show that points (8, 4), (2, 1) and (–2, –1) are collinear. 4. Points E(–2, –1), F(2, p) and G(10, 5) are collinear. Find the value of p. 5. The vertices and area of ΔABC are given below. Find the possible values of k. (a) A(− 4, −1), B(5, 3), C(−1, k); area of DABC = 15 units2 (b) A(5, k), B(3, 7), C(1, 3); area of DABC = 10 units2 (c) A(1, −2), B(k, 6), C(1, 2); area of DABC = 12 units2 (d) A(3, 0), B(4, k), C(1, 4); area of DABC = 5 units2 Determining the area of quadrilaterals by using the formula Consider quadrilateral ABCD in the diagram on the right, with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4) arranged in order. y Area of quadrilateral ABCD D (x4, y4) = area of DABC + area of DACD xy11 xy22 xy33 yx11 yx11 xy33 xy44 xy11 C (x3, y3) | | | |=1 + 1 x 2 2 B (x2, y2) = 1 |(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x1y3)| 0 2 1 A (x1, y1) = + 2 |(x1y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x3y1 + x4y3 + x1y4)| CHAPTER 7 = 1 |(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)| 2 | |=1 xy11 xy22 xy33 yx44 xy11 2 From the expansion of the above expression, we found that the formula obtained is similar to the formula for area of triangle. In general, the area of quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4) arranged in order can be written as: 1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 | |Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)| = 2 |(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x2y1 7.3.2 7.3.3 195

Example 10 Find the area of quadrilateral PQRS with vertices P(3, 5), Q(–1, 3), R(2, –3) and S(4, 1). Solution y P (3, 5) Arrange the vertices in order: Q (–1, 3) | |Area of quadrilateral PQRS = 1 3 4 2 5 –1 2 1 3 S (4, 1) 3 –3 5 x 1 = 2 |(9 + 3 + 2 + 20) – (–5 + 6 – 12 + 3)| 0 = 1 |42| R (2, –3) 2 = 21 units2 Self Practice 7.7 1. Find the area of the quadrilaterals with the following vertices given. (a) (1, 7), (–5, 6), (–2, – 4) and (2, –3) (b) (2, 9), (– 6, 4), (–1, –3) and (8, 1) (c) (0, 2), (– 6, –2), (–3, –5) and (–1, –3) (d) (3, 4), (–2, 0), (2, – 4) and (5, 1) 2. The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD arranged in order are A(k, 6), B(–2, 1), C(4, 5) and D(2, 8). If area of the quadrilateral ABCD is 30 unit2, find the value of k. Making generalisation about the formula of area of polygons CHAPTER 7 The idea in finding the area of triangle can be used to prove that the area of a polygon with n sides and vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), D(x4, y4), …, N(xn, yn) is as follows. Area of polygon x4 … xn x1 x2 x3 y4 … yn |x1 |=1 y1 y2 y3 2 y1 = 21 |(sum of all products) – (sum of all products)| BRAINSTORMING with vertices A, B, C, D, …, N arranged in order. Surf the Internet to explore In general, if the vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), convex polygon and concave polygon. Discuss D(x4, y4), …, N(xn, yn) of a polygon with n sides are arranged with your friends whether in order, then : the formula for area of polygon can be used for | |Area of polygon = 1 xy11 xy22 … xynn yx11 concave polygon. 2 …      196 7.3.2 7.3.4

Coordinate Geometry Example 11 Find the area of a pentagon with vertices (5, –2), (1, –1), (–1, 1), (1, 3) and (4, 4). Solution y (1, 3) (4, 4) By plotting vertices of the pentagon as in the diagram on the right, the vertices arranged in order would be (4, 4), (1, 3), (–1, 1), (1, –1) and (5, –2). | |Area of pentagon = 1 4 1 –1 1 5 4 (–1, 1) x 2 4 3 1 –1 –2 4 0 (5, –2) (1, –1) = 1  |(12 + 1 + 1 – 2 + 20) – (4 – 3 + 1 – 5 – 8)| 2 = 1  |43| 2 = 21 1 units2 2 Self Practice 7.8 1. A pentagon ABCDE has vertices A(–2, –5), B(3, 2), C(2, 8), D(0, 9) and E(–3, 1). Find the area of pentagon ABCDE. 2. The vertices of a hexagon are (0, –1), (–3, –1), (– 4, 2), (–2, 6), (1, 5) and (2, 1). Find the area of the hexagon. Solving problems involving areas of polygons Example 12 CHAPTER 7 The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(– 4, –3), B(7, 2) and C(–2, 3). M and N are the midpoints of the sides AC and BC respectively. Find (a) the coordinates of M and N, (b) the ratio of area of triangle CMN to area of quadrilateral ABNM. Solution ( )(a) Coordinates of M = –3 + 3 y – 4 +2(–2), 2 C (–2, 3) = (–3, 0) M N B (7, 2) 0 x ( ) –2 + 7, 3+2 Coordinates of N = 2 2 A (–4, –3) ( )=5 , 5 2 2 7.3.4 7.3.5 197

| |(b) Area of triangle CMN =1–2–3 5 –2 2 3 0 2 5 2 3 ( ) ( )| | =1 15 15 2 0 – 2 + 2 – –9 + 0 – 5 = 1  |14| 2 = 7 units2 | | Area of quadrilateral ABNM = 1 – 4 7 5 –3 – 4 2 –3 2 2 5 2 0 –3 ( ) ( )| | = 1 35 2   –8 + 2 + 0 + 9 – –21 + 5 – 125 + 0 = 1  |42| 2 = 21 units2 Thus, the ratio of area of triangle CMN to quadrilateral ABNM is 7 : 21 = 1 : 3. Self Practice 7.9 y C 1. In the diagram on the right, points A(–3, 0), B(5, 2), C and D (–1, 6) D(–1, 6) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. M is the intersection point of diagonals AC and BD. Find M (a) the coordinates of C and M, (b) the ratio of the area of ΔABM to the area of B (5, 2) parallelogram ABCD. x CHAPTER 7 A (–3, 0) 0 2. The straight line y = 8 – 2x intersects the straight line y = k, y x-axis and y-axis at points P, Q and R respectively. Given the area of ΔOPR is 12 units2, with O as the origin, find C (4, 7) (a) the smallest value of k, B (7, 5) (b) the coordinates of P. 0 x 3. In the diagram on the right, ABCD is a parallelogram with D (k, 0) vertices A(4, –2), B(7, 5), C(4, 7) and D(k, 0). Find (a) the area of ΔABC, A (4, –2) (b) the value of k if the area of ΔACD is equal to the area of ΔABC, 7.3.5 (c) the coordinates of E if ACBE is a parallelogram, (d) the area of parallelogram ACBE. 198

Coordinate Geometry Intensive Practice 7.3 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/33hpduP for the quiz 1. ABCD is a parallelogram which diagonals intersect at E. Given A(–5, 3), B(0, –2) and C(3, 5), find (a) the coordinates of D and E, (b) the area of parallelogram ABCD. 2. PQRS is a rhombus with coordinates P(3, 3), Q(h, 3), R(–5, –1) and S(0, k). Find (a) the value of h and k, (b) the area of rhombus PQRS. 3. Given three points, A(–1, –5), B(2, 1) and C(6, 9), (a) find the area of ΔABC, (b) based on the answer in (a), what can you say about points A, B and C? 4. Find the area of a polygon with vertices (5, 2), (–1, –3), (2, 6), (3, –2), (–4, 0) and (–3, 2). 5. Points A(5, –1), B(3, 3) and C(– 6, p) are the vertices of a triangle. Find the values of p if the area of ΔABC is 16 units2. 6. Given three points, P(2, 2r – 1), Q(r – 1, r + 1) and R(r + 3, 0). If points P, Q and R are on the same straight line, find the possible values of r. 7. Three points have coordinates A(8, a), B(–1, 2) and C(3, 10). Find the value of a if (b) the area of ΔABC is 12 units2. (a) A, B and C are collinear, 8. The diagram on the right shows an isosceles triangle y EFG with vertices E(0, k), F(4, 4) and G(7, 8). EF G (7, 8) and FG have the same length. E (0, k) (a) Find the value of k. (b) H is a point on the line y = 11 such that EH = GH. F (4, 4) Find (i) the coordinates of H, CHAPTER 7 (ii) the ratio of area of ΔEFG to area of quadrilateral EFGH. 0 x 9. Points O(0, 0), P(m + 1, m – 7), Q(2m + 1, 2m) and R(m, m + 6) are the vertices of a quadrilateral such that m > 0. 1 2 (a) If the area of OPQR is 34 units2, find the value of m. (b) Hence, find the area of ΔOPR. 10. The coordinates of three LRT stations, Paya Redan, y Panjang Sari Kampung Raja and Panjang Sari are represented by C (12, 12) points A(0, 9), B(7, 0) and C(12, 12), such that Paya Redan 1 unit represents 100 m. Find A (0, 9) (a) the distance, in km, between Paya Redan Station and Kampung Raja Station. (b) the actual area, in km2, of the triangle formed by x the three stations. 0 B (7, 0) Kampung Raja 199

7.4 Equations of Loci The locus of a moving point is the path taken by the point subject A to certain conditions. For example, the path traced by point A r moving r units from the fixed point O on the radar screen at an air traffic control centre as shown in the diagram on the right is O a locus in the shape of a circle and it can be represented by an equation. Can you determine the equation of the locus of moving point A which is a circle? Determining the equation of locus The equation of the locus of a moving point which satisfies certain conditions can be determined using the formula for distance between two points or other formulas depending on the given conditions. A   Locus of a moving point from a fixed point is constant InQuirY 4 In groups Aim: To explore the shape and determine the equation of locus of a moving point which the distance from a fixed point is constant Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. bit.ly/2pMIhTe 2. Let P(x, y) is a point of distance r from a fixed point A(x1, y1) where r . 0. 3. Move point P and observe the path traced by point P. CHAPTER 7 4. What is the shape of the locus of point P obtained? 5. Using the formula of distance between two points, write the equation for the shape obtained in terms of x, y, x1, y1 and r. From the results of Inquiry 4, the shape of locus of point P obtained is a circle with centre A(x1, y1) and radius r unit. Equation of the locus of moving point P(x, y) which the distance from a fixed point A(x1, y1) is always constant, can be determined using the distance formula as follows: Locus of P PA = r A(x1, y1) !(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r r (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2, where r > 0 P(x, y) 200 7.4.1

Coordinate Geometry Example 13 Find the equation of locus of moving point P so that its distance from point A(4, –3) is 6 units. Solution y 5 Let the coordinates of point P are (x, y). Distance of P from A = 6 –5 0 x !(x – 4)2 + [y – (–3)]2 = 6 5 10 Square both –5 A (4, –3) P (x, y) (x – 4)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36 sides of x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 36 equation x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y – 11 = 0 – 10 Thus, equation of locus of P is x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y – 11 = 0. B   Ratio of distance of moving point from two fixed points is constant InQuirY 5 In groups Aim: To explore the shape and determine the equation of locus of a moving point whose the ratio of the distance from two fixed points is constant Instructions: bit.ly/2pMIjuk 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Let P(x, y) is a moving point such that its distance from two fixed points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is in the ratio m : n, that is PA = mn . PB 3. Drag the point on the slider to the left and right so that ratio r changes and observe the circle formed. 4. Does the locus of moving point P form a circle? If yes, can you determine its equation in CHAPTER 7 terms of x, y, x1, y1, x2, y2, m and n? 5. Then, drag the slider r to the left again so that its value is 1, that is, PA : PB = 1 : 1. 6. Make a conjecture about the shape of locus of moving point P that will be obtained if PA = PB. Can you determine its equation? From the results of Inquiry 5, the shape of locus of moving point P is a circle and the equation of locus of moving point P(x, y), which the distance from two fixed points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), is always constant in the ratio m : n can be determined by using the distance formula as follows: PPAB = m Locus of P n P(x, y) n !(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = m m B(x2, y2) 7.4.1 !(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 n A(x1, y1) (x – x1)2 + (y – yy12))22 = m2 (x – x2)2 + (y – n2 201

When PA : PB = 1 : 1, P(x, y) is always the same distance from two fixed points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the shape of locus of P is the perpendicular bisector of line AB. Its equation is: PA = PB !(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = !(x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 Example 14 Point P moves such that its distance from points S(1, 2) and T(4, –1) is in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the equation of locus of moving point P. Solution Let P(x, y) is a moving point. y PPTS = 2 2 S (1, 2) P (x, y) 1 !(x – 1)2 + (y – 21))22 = 2 Square both 05 x !(x – 4)2 + (y + 1 sides of equation T (4, –1) (x – 1)2 + (y – 21))22 = 4 –2 (5, –2) (x – 4)2 + (y + 1 x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 4(x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 + 2y + 1) –4 x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 5 = 4x2 + 4y2 – 32x + 8y + 68 3x2 + 3y2 – 30x + 12y + 63 = 0 Divide each term by 3 x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y + 21 = 0 Thus, the equation of locus of moving point P is x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y + 21 = 0. CHAPTER 7 Example 15 Find the equation of locus of a moving point Q such that its distance from point A(2, 3) and point B(6, 9) are the same. Solution y Let Q(x, y) is a moving point. 10 B (6, 9) QA = QB 2x + 3y – 26 = 0 !(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = !(x – 6)2 + (y – 9)2 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = (x – 6)2 + (y – 9)2 5 Q (x, y) x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 = x2 – 12x + 36 + y2 – 18y + 81 A (2, 3) 8x + 12y – 104 = 0 2x + 3y – 26 = 0 0 5 10 x Thus, the equation of locus of moving point Q is 2x + 3y – 26 = 0. 202 7.4.1

Coordinate Geometry Self Practice 7.10 1. Find the equation of locus of moving point P such that its distance from each of the following points is 3 units. (a) (0, 0) (b) (2, 3) (c) (– 4, 5) (d) (–1, – 6) 2. Point P moves such that its distance from Q(–2, 1) is always 5 units. Find the equation of locus of point P. 3. Find the equation of locus of moving point P such that its distance from the following fixed points is in the ratio given. (a) A(–2, 0), B(4, 0); ratio 1 : 2 (b) C(–3, 0), D(2, 5); ratio 1 : 3 (c) E(0, 2), F(–2, 4); ratio 3 : 2 (d) R(1, 2), S(4, –1); ratio 2 : 1 4. The coordinates of points J and K are (–1, 3) and (4, 6) respectively. Point Q moves such that QJ : QK = 2 : 3. Find the equation of locus of Q. 5. Point R moves such that its distance from point A(6, 0) is twice its distance from point B(–3, 0). Find the equation of locus of R. 6. Point P moves in the ratio PO : PA = 1 : 4, with O the origin and coordinates of point A being (2, 0). Find the equation of locus of point P. 7. Find the equation of locus of moving point P such that its distances from the following points are the same. (a) A(–2, 0) and B(0, 4) (b) C(–3, 5) and D(2, – 4) (c) J(2, 3) and K(6, 8) Solving problems involving equations of loci Example 16 Mathematics Application 4m CHAPTER 7 A (2, 4) A goat is tied with a rope to a pole which is planted in the middle of a field. The length of rope used is 4 metres. The goat walks around the pole tied to the end of the taut rope as shown in the diagram. If the coordinates of the pole are A(2, 4), find the equation of locus of the goat’s track. Solution 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ A goat is tied with a rope 4 metres long to the pole. ◆ Coordinates of the pole are A(2, 4). ◆ Find the equation of locus of goat’s track around the pole with the rope taut. 2 . Planning the strategy 203 ◆ Track of the goat is a circle with centre A(2, 4) and radius 4 metres. ◆ Use formula for distance between two points, d = !(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 to find the equation of locus of goat’s track. 7.4.1 7.4.2

3 . Implementing the strategy 4 . Making a conclusion Let P(x, y) is a moving point at the end of Represent the equation of locus of P on rope tied to the goat’s neck. the Cartesian plane. It is found that the PA = 4 locus of P touches the x-axis at point (2, 0). !(x – 2)2 + (y – 4)2 = 4 Substitute (2, 0) into equation of locus of P. (x – 2)2 + (y – 4)2 = 16 Left side = 22 + 02 – 4(2) – 8(0) + 4 x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 8y + 16 = 16 =0 x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y + 4 = 0 = right side Thus, the equation of locus of moving y point P, which is the goat’s track around the pole with the rope taut is 10 x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y + 4 = 0. 8 P (x, y) 6 x2 + y 2 – 4 x – 8y + 4 = 0 4 A (2, 4) 2 0 x –2 2 4 6 8 10 Self Practice 7.11 y 1. The diagram on the right shows the locus of a moving Locus of P point P(x, y) that touches the x-axis at a point and is of fixed distance from a point A(3, 4). Find the equation of A (3, 4) locus of P. CHAPTER 7 P (x, y) 0x 2. Point P moves such that it is always the same distance from the points Q(8, 7) and R(11, 4). Point S moves such that its distance from point T(7, 8) is always 5 units. The locus of point P and the locus of point S intersect at two points. (a) Find the equation of locus of point P. (b) Show that the locus of point S is x2 + y2 – 14x – 16y + 88 = 0. (c) Find the coordinates of the intersection points of the two loci. 3. In the diagram on the right, point A(–2, 0) and point B(1, 0) y are two fixed points. Point P moves along the circle such that P (x, y) the ratio PA : PB = 2 : 1. Show that (a) the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 – 4x = 0, A (–2, 0) 0 B (1, 0) x (b) point C(2, 2) is on the circle. 204 7.4.2

Coordinate Geometry Intensive Practice 7.4 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/33hpOg3 for the quiz 1. A point R(x, y) moves so that its distance from two fixed points A(–1, 10) and B(2, 6) is such that RA = 1 . Find RB 2 (a) the equation of locus of R, (b) the coordinates of the point on locus R that touches the y-axis. y 2. The diagram on the right shows a line segment AB with B (7, 9) coordinates A(1, 1) and B(7, 9). Find the equation of locus of moving point S such that triangle ABS always has a right angle at S. A (1, 1) x 0 3. Point Q moves along the arc of a circle with centre (6, 5). The arc of the circle passes through R(2, 8) and S(k, 2). Find (a) the equation of locus of Q, (b) the values of k. y Locus of P 4. The diagram on the right shows the locus of moving point P such that its distance from point R(1, 0) and line x = –1 are the S P (x, y) same. Find the equation of locus of moving point P. 0 R (1, 0) x x = –1 y CHAPTER 7 5. The diagram on the right shows the x-axis and y-axis which represent the floor and wall respectively. A pole, LK of length L (0, β) 9 m leaning against the wall touches the floor and wall at Wall P (x, y) points K(α, 0) and L(0, β) respectively. (a) Write the equation which relates α and β. (b) Given P(x, y) is a point on the pole such that the ratio K (α, 0) x LP : PK = 1 : 2. Both ends of the pole slide along the x-axis and y-axis. Find the equation of locus of point P. 0 Floor 6. A monkey is tied to one vertex of his cage which measures 1 1 m × 1 m with a rope. The length of the rope is 2 2 m. 2 –21m 1m 1m Sketch and explain the locus if the monkey moves anticlockwise around the cage with the rope taut. 205

Summary OF Chapter 7 Divisor of line segment Parallel lines and perpendicular lines ( )P(x, y) = n–x–m1–+–+–mn–x–2 , n–y–m1–+–+–mn–y–2 Lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 COORDINATE GEOMETRY are parallel if and only if m1= m2 Equation of locus Lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 are perpendicular if and only if m1m2 = –1 • Locus of moving point P(x, y) which Area of polygon distance is constant from fixed point A(x1, y1) is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 x1 x2 x3 ... xn x1 y1 y2 y3 ... yn y1 • Locus of moving point P(x, y) which Έ Έ= –21– distance from two fixed points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is always constant in the = –12– Έx1 y2 + x2 y3 +, ..., + xn y1 – x2 y1 – ratio m : n is y2 –, ..., – x1 ((–xx–––––xx–12))–22–++–(–(yy–––––yy–21)–)22 = –mn–22– x3 ynΈ CHAPTER 7 • Locus of moving point P(x, y) which distance from two fixed points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is the same is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = (x – x2)2 + (y – y2)2 WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Coordinate geometry has introduced the general form, gradient form, intercept form and other forms in expressing the equation of a straight line. What are the advantages of expressing the equation in these forms? Which form do you prefer to use? Why? 206

Coordinate Geometry MASTERY PRACTICE y B (7, k) 1. The diagram on the right shows a straight line AB. The midpoint of the line joining A(h, 1) and B(7, k) is M(2, 3). A (h, 1) M (2, 3) Find PL3 0 (a) the value of h and k, x (b) the gradient of the line, (c) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. 2. Given a straight line AB with points A(–2, 6) and B(8, – 4). y x Point P lies on AB such that AP : PB = 2 : 3. A (–2, 6) Find PL3 (a) the coordinates of point P, P (b) the equation of the straight line that is perpendicular to AB and passes through point P. 0 B (8, –4) 3. Given three points P(1, –1), Q(n, 2) and R(n2, n + 3). If points P, Q and R lie on the same straight line, find the possible values of n. PL3 4. Given two points R(–3, 4) and S(3, –1). Find the coordinates of point T that might be on the y-axis such that area of ΔRST is 13.5 unit2. PL3 5. Point P(x, y) moves such that its distance from point A(2, 0) is three times its distance from point B(– 4, 0). Find the equation of locus of point P. PL3 y 6. The diagram on the right shows the position of two birds, Bird B CHAPTER 7 A and B on the Cartesian plane. The coordinates of birds A and B are (–3, –1) and (6, 5) respectively. The two birds fly towards each other in a straight line with different velocities. 0 x The velocity of bird A is twice the velocity of bird B. Find the Bird A coordinates where the two birds meet. PL3 7. The diagram on the right shows an isosceles triangle ABC y D such that the coordinates of A are (2, 2), coordinates of B are (6, 2) and C is below the x-axis. PL3 A (2, 2) B (6, 2) x (a) Given the area of ΔABC is 10 unit2, find the coordinates of C. 0 (b) Line CB is extended to point D so that B is the midpoint E (11, k) of CD. Find the coordinates of D. C (c) A line is drawn from point D, parallel to AC, to point E(11, k) and C is joined to E. (i) Find the value of k. (ii) Show that CED is not a right-angled triangle. 207

8. In the diagram on the right, PQRS is a trapezium with y PQ parallel to SR and ∠PQR = 90°. The coordinates y = 2x – 5 R (11, 7) S y = —31 x of vertex R are (11, 7). The equation of PQ and PS are P Q y = 1 x and y = 2x – 5 respectively. Find PL4 0 3 x (a) the coordinates of P, (b) the equation of QR and SR, (c) the coordinates of Q and S, (d) the area of trapezium PQRS. area ΔPQR PSQR . Hence, show that area ΔPRS = 9. The coordinates of the vertices of ΔJKL are J(2, 1), y K(11, 5) and L(5, 9). Point P(h, k) is in the triangle L (5, 9) such that all the areas of ΔJKP, ΔKLP and ΔJLP are the same. PL5 P (h, k) K (11, 5) (a) Find the area of ΔJKL. (b) Express the area of ΔJKP and ΔKLP in terms of h and k. (c) Find the coordinates of P. J (2, 1) x (d) Find the equation of the line JP. 0 (e) If JP is extended to meet KL at Q, find (i) the coordinates of Q, (ii) the ratio of KQ : QL. 1 0. In the diagram on the right, POQ is the graph of y = ⎟2x⎢. y R is a point on OP such that OR = !w45 unit and O is the P SQ R y = |2x| origin. RS is perpendicular to OP and OR is parallel to TS. Find PL5 T (a) the coordinates of R, S and T, (b) the area of trapezium ORST. CHAPTER 7 Ox 11. P(h, 8) and Q(k, 2) are two points on the curve y = 8 . PL5 x (a) Find the value of h and k. (b) Find the equation of PQ. (c) Using coordinate geometry methods, find the equations of tangent to the curve that are parallel to PQ. 1 2. The diagram on the right shows a parallelogram ABCD y 5y – x = 33 C with the coordinates of A and B being (−8, 5) and (−2, 1) D x respectively. The equation of AD is 5y – x = 33. Line PB is perpendicular to line AD and AP : PD = 1 : 2. Find PL4 A (–8, 5) P (a) the equation of BP, (b) the coordinates of P, D and C, B (–2, 1) 0 (c) the area of parallelogram ABCD. 208

Coordinate Geometry 13. In the diagram on the right, AC and BD are the diameter of y the circle with centre E. Points A, C and D are (−1, −2), (7, 4) and (0, 5) respectively. PL5 D(0, 5) C(7, 4) (a) Find the coordinates of E and B. (b) What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? 0 E x A(–1, –2) B 14. Early of each month, a magazine publishing company sells x copies of magazines at RM6.00 per copy. The cost for one copy of magazine is RM2.00 and early every month, the company pays a fixed cost of RM400 for printing, storage and delivery. PL5 (a) Write the equation which relates profit, P, in RM, to the number of copies, x of magazines sold. (b) Draw a graph for the equation obtained. From the graph drawn, (i) find the profit gained if 500 copies of magazines are sold, (ii) calculate the number of copies of magazines sold if the profit gained is RM1 000. 1 5. The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(1, 2), B(6, 7) and C(7, 2). Draw triangle ABC and construct the perpendicular bisector of AB, BC and CA. Mark the intersection point as P. What can you say about the intersection point? Draw a circle with centre P and radius AP. What can you say about the circle? Repeat the same procedures for other triangles in order to verify your answer. PL6 Exploring MATHEMATICS 1. The equation y = mx where m is the gradient, defines a group of lines, that is one line for CHAPTER 7 every value of m. (a) Using dynamic geometry software, draw the graphs for the group of lines when its gradient is zero, m = 0, followed by positive gradient, that is m = 1 ,m= 1, 2 = –2 and m = 2 and m = 6, then negative gradient, that is m = –  1 , m = –1, m m = – 6. 2 (b) From the graphs obtained, what happens to the magnitude of gradient of the lines when the graphs get nearer to the vertical line? Can you draw a conclusion about each line in the group of lines? 2. The equation y = 2x + c defines a group of lines, that is a line for every value of c. (a) Using dynamic geometry software, draw the graph for the group of lines when c = – 6, c = –3, c = 0 and c = 6. (b) From the graph drawn, what can you conclude about every line of the group of lines? 209

8CHAPTER Vectors What will be learnt? Vectors Addition and Subtraction of Vectors Vectors in Cartesian Plane List of Learning Standards bit.ly/33rCukN KEY WwORDS CHAPTER 8 Vector Vektor Magnitude Magnitud Direction Arah Directed line Tembereng garis segment berarah Zero vector Vektor sifar Negative vector Vektor negatif Collinear Segaris The flight system in Malaysia connects people Resultant vector Vektor paduan to different destinations around the world. The Position vector Vektor kedudukan company extended flight routes to more than 1  000 Triangle law Hukum segi tiga destinations, involving around 150 countries. In your Parallelogram law Hukum segi empat selari opinion, what kind of information is needed for a Polygon law Hukum poligon pilot to make sure that the suitable route is selected for the intended destination? 210 8.1.1

Vectors Did you Know? For a quantity that involves magnitude and direction, vector is applied widely in the fields of mathematics and physics. Other than that, vector is also applied in daily life such as in navigations, computer science, geometry and topology fields. For further information: bit.ly/2MCJKUa SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER Knowledge of vector is important because of its application in the field of mathematics and physics. In the branch of mechanics, vector is used to represent quantity such as displacement, force, weight, velocity and momentum. Vector is also widely used in sailing and flight. CHAPTER 8 8.1.1 Scan this QR code to watch a video about Malaysia Airlines. bit.ly/2LazgOc 211

8.1 Vectors Comparing the differences and identifying vector and scalar In our daily lives, there are various quantities with magnitude and QR direction and quantities with magnitude but without direction. A quantity that has magnitude and direction is called a vector Additional information quantity, while a quantity with magnitude but no direction is about vector and scalar. called a scalar quantity. Observe the following situations carefully. Temperature of a liquid inside a bit.ly/2OCQiVm refrigerator is –12°C. A moving car on the road is heading Mind Challenge south with speed of 80 km h−1. List a few situations that Can you determine which situation involves a vector quantity and involve vector and scalar and a scalar quantity? How do you identify whether the quantity is a list a few situations that do vector quantity or a scalar quantity? not involve vector or scalar. The following table shows the examples of quantities with vector and scalar and quantities without both vector and scalar. CHAPTER 8 Vector Scalar Without vector BRAINSTORMING and scalar 50 N of force Auni's height is Scalar quantity is tensor applied to a box. 1.48 m. Pressure and at level zero while scalar tension vector is tensor at level one. Surf the Internet to Velocity of a car is The area of a tile is Conductivity of look for further information 90 km h–1 and is 120 cm2. metal regarding to tensor and heading east. discuss your findings. 212 8.1.1

Vectors Can you differentiate between distance and displacement, speed and velocity and also mass and weight? The following table shows the differences between those quantities. Scalar quantity Vector quantity Examples Finish 30 km Distance Displacement Total length of track that is The length of the shortest passed by a moving object. line segment between the starting point and the terminal point and involves 40 km 50 km the direction from a reference point. Start A car moves 40 km to the North and 30 km to the East. Distance = 40 km + 30 km = 70 km Displacement = 50 km Speed Velocity AB Rate of change of distance Rate of change of Haziq is moving from A to B against time. displacement against with the same speed and velocity, time. The value becomes which is 90 km h–1. After that he negative if the object is turns back from B to A with speed moving in the opposite of 90 km h–1 and velocity of direction. –90 km h–1. Mass Weight The mass of an astronaut when CHAPTER 8 he is on the moon is 120 kg with Amount of matter that an The pull of gravity on an weight of 200 N while the mass object contains. The value object. The value is not of the astronaut is 120 kg and does not change according constant and depends on weight is 1200 N when he is on to the location. the gravitational force of earth. the location. 8.1.1 213

Example 1 State whether each of the following quantities is a vector quantity or a scalar quantity. Justify your answer. (a) Mikail walks 1 km from home to the grocery store. (b) A car is moving at a speed of 90 km h–1 to the south. (c) The body temperature of Alicia hits 38°C. Solution (a) Scalar quantity because the quantity only consists of magnitude. (b) Vector quantity because the quantity consists of magnitude and direction. (c) Scalar quantity because the quantity only consists of magnitude. Self Practice 8.1 1. State whether each of the following quantities is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity. Justify your answer. (a) Liquid X with a density of 1.2 g cm−3. (b) A box weight 150 N is moved as high as 1 m from the floor. (c) The volume of a mineral water bottle is 1.5 l. (d) The duration of holiday for Suzie is 3 days and 2 nights. (e) A ball is given a horizontal impulse of 5.0 Ns. Representing the vector using directed line segment and vector notations and determining the magnitude and direction of vectors Vector can be represented using a line segment with an arrow or A→B or AB B better known as directional line segment. The arrow represents the A ~a or a CHAPTER 8 direction of the vector while the length of the line represents the magnitude of the vector. As an example, vector of a sailing boat moves 7 km to the east from point A to point B can be represented by the directional line segment as shown in the diagram on the right. Point A is the starting point and Point B is the terminal point. Vector can also be represented with the notation as below: A→B or AB or ∼a or a Magnitude of the vector can be written as: |A→B| or |AB| or ∼a or |a| 214 8.1.1 8.1.2

Vectors Zero vectors are vectors that consist of zero magnitude and the direction cannot be determined. Zero vectors can be represented as ∼0. Example: A race car is moving in the round-shaped track. The starting point and the terminal point of the moving car are the same. Thus, the vector for displacement of the race car is zero vectors. Two vectors are the same A→ifBb=otCh→Dve. ctors consist of same magnitude and direction, Example: Rakesh and Fauzi are riding bicycles at the same speed and in the same direction. The velocity vector, v, for both movements are the same. Thus, vRakesh = vFauzi. bAvuevct teioscrtmoorfoivvsienncegtgoiarntAi→tvhBeeaiofnptdhpeiossvwietecrittdotierrnceocatnsisoB→insA.tsV=oef–cttAho→erBBs.→aAmies magnitude a negative Example: Two trains, A and B move pass each other at two parallel railways at the same speed but different direction. The velocity of train A has a positive value while the velocity of train B has a negative value. Example 2 CHAPTER 8 D(ar)a wS→Ranrdeplraebseelntthsedfiospllloawceimngenvtecotfo1rs2. km to the east. (b) ∼p represents force of 7 N to the south. (c) r represents velocity of 70 m s−1 to the left. Solution (a) N (b) N (c) r p SR ~ 1 cm represents 20 m s–1 1 cm represents 6 km 1 cm represents 3.5 N 8.1.2 215

Example 3 The diagram on the right shows vector A→B that represents the B displacement of a particle from point A to point B. Find the magnitude and direction of the particle from point A. Solution A N A→B = !5w2 + 52 1 cm 1 cm = !w50 = 5!w2 Thus, the magnitude of A→B is 5!w2 cm and the direction of A→B is to the Northeast. Example 4 The diagram on the right shows a parallelogram, ABCD. The D RC prv(eaeos)ci pntSeot→scDrstPi vf,oeQrly,t.hRGe(aifbvno)edl lnoC→SwtJhai arnetgAt→hiSne =tmer∼a(imdc,)psA →oPoR→infJ=t∼a s,∼bo∼bfanoAdrB∼c,A→.B(JdC)= , ∼cJC→Q.DStaanted DA ~a S ~c J Q the A ~b P B Solution (a) S→D = ∼a   (b)  C→J = – ∼c   (c)  R→J = – ∼a   (d)  J→Q = ∼b Self Practice 8.2 1. B(ay) uX→sYingrespureitsaebnltess5caNleos,f draw and label the following vectors. force to the right. CHAPTER 8 (b) RS represents 40 km of displacement to the southwest. (c) ∼v represents velocity of 20 km h–1 to the west. (d) a represents momentum of 7 kg m s–1 to the left. 2. The diagram on the right shows vector∼f that represents the force K N applied on an object from J to K. Find the magnitude and the ~f direction of vector∼f. J 1 cm 1 cm 3. Two cars, A and B are moving away from town O. Car A moves to the north while car B hmoouvre, sgitvoetnhetheaatstO.→FAin=d 9th0ekdmistaanndceO→bBetw=ee7n5 the two cars after both cars travelled for one km. 216 8.1.2

Vectors 4. Find pairs of the same vectors in the diagram below. M NE F ~e C D ~d G A B ~a ~c ~b ~f L HK BC AD 5. The diagram on the right shows a regular hexagon ABCDEF. FE (a) (Sit)a tAe→Bth e s am e  ve cto r f(oiir) B→C       (iii) C→D (b) (Sit)a tAe→Fth e n eg ati ve ve ct(oiir)f oF→rE       (iii) E→D Making and verifying conjectures about the properties of scalar multiplication on vectors Observe the two following cases: Case 1 Observe vector ∼a, A→B and C→D in the ~a Idtiaisgrfaomunodnththaet CA→→leDBft=.= B 2 × ∼a or 2∼a, and A 3 × ∼a or 3∼a C D Given t1h0atun∼aits=a5ndunCi→tsD, th=u1s5 1 unit A→B = units. 1 unit Case 2 ~b Observe vector ∼b, E→F and G→H in the CHAPTER 8 E GH diagram on the E→leFft=. F It is found that 2 × (–∼b) or (–2)∼b, 1 unit ( )and G→H = 1 –  1 ∼b 1 unit 2 × (–∼b) or 2 GE→iFve=n t1h6atun∼bits=a8ndunGi→tsH, th=u4s units. 8.1.2 8.1.3 217

From case 1 and case 2, we can conclude that: Multiplication of scalar k with vector ∼a produces vector k∼a, with the conditions: (a) |k∼a| = k∼a. (b) k∼a is in the same direction with ∼a if k > 0. (c) k∼a is in the opposite direction with ∼a if k < 0. Example 5 Q L S ~c R State the following vectors in the diagram on the right in terms of ∼c. M P Solution R→S = 2∼c, P→Q = 3∼c, L→M = –2∼c Self Practice 8.3 Smart TIPS 1. State the following vectors in terms of ∼a. Multiplication of vector with scalar will also produce S vector quantity. For example, ~a Q ~x ~y F = ma. P R Force (vector) = mass (scalar) × acceleration (vector) Making and verifying conjectures about the parallel vectors CHAPTER 8 InQuirY 1 In groups Aim: To create and verify conjectures about the relation between two parallel vectors Instruction: 1. Consider the diagram on the right and answer the following B questions: D (a) Find the magnitude foofr|A→eaBc| h: |vC→eDc|.tor. A (b) Determine the ratio (c) Determine the gradient for straight line AB and CD. Are the straight A→liBneinAtBearmndoCfDC→pDa. rallel? (d) Express 2. ~aGiavnedn~bt?wDoipscaurassllealmvoencgtoyros,u~ar agnrodu~bp, what is the relation between C members. 218 8.1.3 8.1.4

Vectors From the results of Inquiry 1, we can conclude that if two vectors MATHEMATICS are parallel, then one vector is a product of scalar with another POCKET vector. Given three points, A, B and ∼a and ∼b are parallel if and only if ∼a = k∼b, where k C. The following are the is a constant conditions for the points, to be collinear. If ∼a and ∼b are two non-zero vectors and are not parallel, then (a) A→B = kB→C. h∼a = k∼b, thus h = k = 0. (b) AB parallel to BC. (c) B is common point. C B A Example 6 Given P→Q = ∼a, Q→R = ∼b, R→S = –2∼a and S→T = 4∼b. Which pairs of vectors are parallel? Solution Given that P→Q = ∼a and R→S = –4∼2b∼a, ,ththenenS→RT→S==4–Q→2RP→.QT.hTuhs,uQs→,RP→aQndanS→dTR→aSrearpearpaalrleall.lel. Given that Q→R = ∼b and S→T = Example 7 Mind Challenge Given P→Q = ∼u and Q→R = 5∼u, show that P, Q and R are collinear. Given that points X, Y and Z are collinear. Write the Solution relation between X→Y, X→Z and Y→Z. TGhivuesn, P→P→QQa=nd∼u and Q→R = 5∼u, then, Q→R = 5P→Q. Q→R are parallel. CHAPTER 8 Since Q is a common point, P, Q and R are collinear. Example 8 Gcoinvsetnantht,aftinndonth-zeevroalvueecotofrhs,a∼andankd. ∼b are not parallel and (h – 1)∼a = (k + 5)∼b, where h and k are Solution Gh i–ve1n=(h0 – 1) ∼aan=d (k + 5k)+∼b.5W=h0en ∼a and ∼b are not parallel and non-zero, then h = 1 k = −5 8.1.4 219

Self Practice 8.4 1. Given that A→B = 5∼a and P→Q = 20∼a, express A→B in terms of P→Q if A→B is parallel to P→Q. 2. Show that point L, M and N are collinear given that L→M = 6∼x and M→N = 18∼x. 3. Given that non-zero vector, ∼u and ∼v are not parallel find the value of m and n for each of the following. (a) (4m + 3)∼u = (n – 7)∼v (b) (m + n – 1)∼u – (m – 2n – 10)∼v = 0 4. tGerivmesnotfhaX→tYX→.Y and V→W are parallel vectors, X→Y = 6 units and V→W = 21 units, express V→W in P→Q = ∼a and Q→R 5. The points P, Q and R are collinear with parallel vectors. = (k – 2)∼a. Find the value of k if 6. P→Q = t12riP→anRg,lwe hPeRrSe,kQ→isTaacnodnR→stSanatr.e two Given P In the that PT : TS = 5 : 3, express S→R in terms of Q→T. QT RS Intensive Practice 8.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/35mhddR for the quiz 1. TD→hCe diagram on the right shows acmtr,awperzitieumA→BAiBnCteDr.mGsiovfen∼u.that A B = ∼u, AB = 6 cm and DC = 2 D ~u C CHAPTER 8 2. In the diagram on the right, AB and DC are parallel. Given that D C ((D→baC)) (I(F=ifii)in)A →31 dEA→BE→→AB=→ECBa6in∼ai.nndatteneDr→drmmCE→ssD=ooff=4∼b∼ac2.,m∼b,. express E A B 3. Given that A→B = 4∼x and A→C = 6∼x, show that A, B and C are collinear. 4. Vector ∼a and vector ∼b are non-zero and not parallel. Given that (h + k)∼a = (h – k + 1)∼b where h and k are constant. Find the value of h and k. 5. Given that P→Q = (k + 2) ∼x + 4∼y. If PQ is extended to point R with Q→R = h∼x + ∼y, express k in terms of h. 220 8.1.4

Vectors 8.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors Performing addition and subtraction of vectors to produce resultant vectors InQuirY 2 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To identify the resultant vector Instruction: 1. Observe the map on the right. 2. Dayang, Mia, Tan and Ranjit decided to meet at the mini market. 3. Sketch the paths that can be taken by them. Include the starting point and the terminal point together with the directions. 4. What can you say about the paths taken by them? From the results of Inquiry 2, it is found that the sketch of the Sketch of Ranjit's pathJalan SBBC7 path taken by them produced a displacement, which is a resultant vector. Resultant vector is the single vector that is produced from Resultant vector addition of a few vectors. Jalan Sungai Limau The following are a few cases that involve resultant vector. Case 1   Addition and subtraction of parallel vector A Addition of two parallel vector CHAPTER 8 + 5~a = 9~a 49∼a∼a+=5∼a4∼a= 9+∼a5∼a 4~a B Subtraction of two parallel vector 7~b 4~b = 3~b 73∼b∼b–=4∼b7∼b= 7–∼b4+∼b(– 4∼b) = 3∼b – If vector ∼a is parallel with vector ∼b, then ∼a – ∼b = ∼a + (–∼b). 8.2.1 221

Case 2   Addition and subtraction of non-parallel vector BRAINSTORMING A Triangle Law Does addition of vectors follows commutative laws? Triangle law for addition of two non-parallel vectors is given Discuss. as A→B + B→C = A→C. B ~b C ~a ~a + b~ A This triangle law can be used for subtraction of two non-parallel vectors. (–~b) ~a – ~b ~a ~a ~a – ~b ~b B Parallelogram Law Tawpaoravlelcetloorgsr,a∼ama, nA→dB∼bainnditAi→aDte.dTfhruosm, the same point can be represented by two sides of parallelogram, A→C. the resultant vector of ∼a and ∼b is the diagonal of B C ~a ~a + ~b CHAPTER 8 A ~b D C Polygon Law A→B B→C C→D D→E A→E. Polygon law is given by + + + = ~a B ~b A C ~e c~ E ~d D 222 8.2.1

Example 9 Vectors R The diagram on the right shows a parallelogram PQRS. S Q ((ba)) G((E(iiiix)iii) vp) e rneQPP→→→stQRsRhaiiitnnnP→ttteeeQrrrmmm=sss2ooo∼afff PPP→→→QRS and →PPP→S→→QSSQ,.,= P + ∼b and 2∼b – ∼a, express P→R in terms of ∼a and ∼b. and and Solution (a) (i) P→Q = P→S + S→Q Triangle Law (b) P→R = P→S + P→Q (ii) P→R P→S + P→Q Parallelo gram Law = (iii) Q→R = Q→P + P→R Triangle l aw = 2∼b – ∼a + 2∼a + ∼b = –P→Q + P→R ∼a + 3∼b = = P→R – P→Q Example 10 The diagram on the right shows a pentagon ABCDE. Given that ED B→C A→E, E→D A→B , A→B A→E C→D = 1 = 1 = ∼a and = ∼b, express in b~ C 3 2 A ~a B terms of ∼a and ∼b. Solution C→D = C→B + B→A + A→E + E→D = –  1 ∼b – ∼a + ∼b + 1 ∼a 3 2 = 2 ∼b – 1 ∼a CHAPTER 8 3 2 Example 11 10 km h–1 5 km h–1 Hamzah rows his boat from point P across the river with velocity, ∼v, 5 km h−1 to the north. The river stream flows with P velocity, ∼a, 10 km h−1 to the east. The diagram on the right shows the sketch movement of the boat and the river stream. Calculate the new direction and velocity of the boat after affected by the river stream. 8.2.1 223

Solution Real velocity of the boat is ∼v + ∼a. a~ = 10 km h–1 ∼v + ∼a = !w52 + 102 = 11.18 km h−1 If θ is the angle formed by the north direction, v~ = 5 km h–1 v~ + a~ θ then, tan θ = 10 5 θ = 63.43° The boat is moving at the bearing 063.43° with the velocity of 11.18 km h−1. Self Practice 8.5 1. The diagram on the right shows vector ∼u and vector ∼v. u~ Draw and label the resultant vector for each of the following: ~v (a) 2∼u + ∼v (b) 12 ∼v + 2∼u (c) ∼u – 2∼v (d) 2∼u – 3 ∼v 2 2. Vector ∼p represents the velocity of 70 km h−1 to the south and vector ∼q represent the velocity of 80 km h−1 to the east. Find the direction and magnitude of the resultant vector, ∼p + ∼q. AB 3. Given that ABCD is a trapezium with 3AB = 2DC. Express the following in terms ((odbf))∼x BA→→aDCnd ∼y. ~x AB→→BC D y~ (a) C (c) CHAPTER 8 4. An airplane is flying to the north from airport P to airport Q for 1 200 km in 2 hours. The wind blows from west with the velocity of 160 km h−1. Find (a) the velocity of the plane without the influence of the wind, (b) the original direction of the plane. Solving problem involving vector The problem involving addition and subtraction of vector for parallel vectors and non-parallel vectors can be solved using triangle law, parallelogram law and polygon law. Example 12 Mathematics Application A B TO→hBe=po3s∼ait–io2n∼bvaenctdorO→fCor=thhr∼aee+to7y∼b,cwarhse, rAe,hBisanadcConasrteanO→t.AF=ind∼a + ∼b, the OC value of h where these toy car A, B and C is placed in a straight line. 224 8.2.1 8.21.21

Vectors Solution 1 . Understanding the problem ◆ Given O→A = ∼a + ∼b, O→B = 3∼a – 2∼b and O→C = h∼a + 7∼b. A→C = k A→B where k is a constant. ◆ Toy cars A, B and C are located on a straight line, thus ◆ Find the value of k and h. 2 . Planning strategy 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆◆ FWinridteA→tBhearnedlaA→tiConusbientgwtereiannAg→lCe l=awk.A→B. A→B = A–→OO→A++O→O→BB ◆ Find the value of k and h by comparing = tA→hCe c=oekfA→fiBci.ent in the relation = A–2–→∼ aOO∼a→A––+3+∼bO∼b→+OC→C3∼a – 2∼b = A→C = = 4 . Making a conclusion = – ∼a – ∼b + h∼a + 7∼b = (h –A→1C)∼a =+k6A→∼bB WA→Che=nkkA→=B–2, ((Chho––m11p))a∼∼aare++th66e∼∼bb c==oek(2f(f2ki∼a)c∼aie––n3t(∼b3o)kf)∼a∼b and ∼b, = (–2)(2∼a – 3∼b) h – 1 = 2k  and  6 = –3k W A→Che==n(–hh 4=–∼a –+36, ∼b 1)∼a + 6∼b h = 2k + 1 k = –2 = (–– 43∼a–+16)∼a∼b + 6∼b Substitute k = –2 into h = 2k + 1, = h = 2(–2) + 1 = –3 Self Practice 8.6 CHAPTER 8 and Z are four points with O→X = 4∼x – 2∼y, O→Y = k∼x – ∼y 1. GO→iZve=n6O∼x,+X5, ∼yY. If points X, Y and Z are collinear, find the value of k. and 2. The diagram on the right shows the plan of alleys of a residential area which 20~y D E forms a quadrilateral ABCD. There is a lamp post at position E, where BE : ED = 3 : 1. Alley AB and DC are parallel and DC = 4 AB. A (a) Express B→D and A→E in terms of ∼x and ∼y. 3 24~x (b) Show that the alley AE is parallel to alley BC. 8.2.2 BC 225

Intensive Practice 8.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2pWaGpX for the quiz 1. E(ax) prA→eCss the following vectors in(bt)e rQm→Rs o f ∼x and ∼y. (c) P→R CB Q R T ~y ~y ~x 2~x R D x~ A P P ~y Q 2. F(ao)r the~y following Qdiagrams, exp(bre) ss~xvectPor P→~yQ i n terms of ∼x an(cd)∼ y. y~ P ~x x~ P Q Q 3. In the diagram on the right, A→B = ∼a3.aEndxpA→reCss=B→4Q∼b.iGn itveermn sQoifs∼aa ~a point on AC where AQ : QC = 1 : AB and ∼b. 4~b C 4. Gh iavnednkthaarte∼pco=n2s∼taan+ts3.∼bF,i∼qnd=t4h∼ae v–a∼bluaenodf∼rh=anhd∼a k+i(fh∼r+=k3)∼p∼b where – 4∼q. 5. The diagram on the right shows the sketch of a river. The width RQ of the river is 40 m and the velocity of the downstream river flow CHAPTER 8 is 1.8 m s–1. Hamid wanted to row his boat from P across the 40 m 1.8 m s–1 river at R, but his boat was swept by the current flow and stopped P 70 m at Q in 12 seconds. Calculate the speed of Hamid's boat. 6. (TGahi)v eeFdniinatdhgartathmOe→Afoonl=lot∼ahwe, iO→rnigBghi=nt shows a triangle OAB. : OA = 3 : 4. B (i) B→A ∼bte,r5mBsX(ioi=f) ∼a3B→BaXnAda∼bn.d OY (iii) O→X (iv) B→Y O PX YA (b) Given that O→P = λO→X and B→P = μB→Y. Express O→P in terms of (i) λ, ∼a and ∼b, (ii) μ, ∼a and ∼b, (c) Hence, find the value of λ and μ. 226

Vectors 8.3 Vectors in Cartesian Plane Representing vectors and determining the magnitude of vectors in the Cartesian plane InQuirY 3 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To identify the resultant vector y Instruction: 1. Observe the map of Sabah that is drawn on a 12 KOTA BELUD Cartesian plane on the right. 10 TUARAN KUDAT 2. Observe the following situation carefully: KIMANIS KOTA MARUDU Arding wishes to explore a province in Sabah. Arding 8 PENAMPANG RANAU BELURAN is at a place located at coordinate (1, 3). Next, he 6 PAPAR moves 5 units parallel to x-axis and 4 units parallel to KENINGAU y-axis to a location in another province. He promises to KINABATANGAN meet his friend, Timan at the location. Timan moves at 4 TENOM ( )translation2 from his place to meet Arding. SILAM 6 2 PENSIANGAN KALABAKAN 3. Plot on the Cartesian plane, the movement and the 0 2468 x position of Arding and Timan. 4. What is the name of the province where they both meet? 5. Express the translation of the movement of Arding from the location of the first province to the location of the second province. 6. Find the distance, in units, between Arding's first location and Timan's first location with their meeting point. 7. Present the findings in front of the class and host a question and answer session with your friends. From the results of Inquiry 3, a vector can be expressed as the combination of parallel vector CHAPTER 8 and non-parallel vector. On the Cartesian plane, vector will be expressed as the combination of parallel vector with x-axis and y-axis. y Vector with magnitude 1 unit and parallel with x-axis is called ~j ( )vector∼i and is written as∼i =1 , ∼i  = 1. O ~i x 0 8.3.1 Vector with magnitude 1 unit and parallel with y-axis is called ( )vector∼j and is written as∼j =0 , ∼j = 1. 1 227

Observe the following diagram: y • The coordinates of point B is B(x, y). point O is O→B. • vector∼i and∼j, B • OT→hBecpaonsibteiown rvitetcetnorasofthpeocinotmBbirnelaattiiovneotof wO→hBicchanisbxe∼iw+riy∼tjt.en in the form of column vector, Magnitude of O→B = !xw2 + y2 • x . y ( ) O x • Example 13 Given EthxaptrpeossintthseAv(e1c, t2o)r,sBO→(–A ,4O,→5B),, CO→(C8,a–n3d),O→DD(–i7n,t–h e4)foarnmdsOofis the origin on a Cartesian plane. ( )(a) x (b) x∼i + y∼j y Solution ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )(a) O→A =1, O→B =– 4,O→C=8 , O→D = –7 2 5 –3 – 4 (b) O→A =∼i + 2∼j, O→B = – 4∼i + 5∼j, O→C = 8∼i – 3∼j, O→D = –7∼i – 4∼ j Example 14 The diagram on the right shows vector ∼a, ∼b, ∼c, ∼d and ∼e on a y Cartesian plane. ~a ~b ( )(a) Express each vector in the forms of x∼i + y∼j and CHAPTER 8 x . x y e~ c~ (b) Find the magnitude for every vector. d~ (c) Are vectors ∼b and ∼e parallel? Give your reason. Solution ( ) ( )(a) ∼a = 3∼i + 2∼j, ∼a =3 4 2   ,  ∼b = 4∼i – 2∼j, ∼b = –2 ( ) ( ),  ∼d = –3∼i, ∼d = ∼c = –3∼j, ∼c = 0 –3 –3 0 ( ) ∼e = – 4∼i + 3∼j, ∼e = – 4 3 228 8.3.1

Vectors (b) ∼a = !3w2 + 22  ,  ∼b = !w42 + (–2)2 = 3.606 units = 4.472 units ∼c = !w02 + (–3)2 ,  ∼d = !(w–3)2 + 02 = 3 units = 3 units ∼e = !w(– 4)2 + 32 = 5 units (c) Vectors ∼b and ∼e are not parallel because ∼b � k∼e or the gradient ∼b � gradient ∼e. Self Practice 8.7 1. The diagram below shows 6 points on a Cartesian plane. y F C –4 4 B x –8 –6 –2 A E D 6 8 10 12 14 –4 –2 O 2 Express O→A, O→F, B→C, F→A, D→E and D→O in the form of (a) x∼i + y∼j, (b) column vector. 2. Given that point A(−2 , 3), point B(5, 8) and O which is the origin on a Cartesian plan. ((ab)) CFianldcutlhaetepoA→sBiti.on vector of point B. 3. The diagram on the right shows 5 points, A, B, C, D and E on a grid. (a) Express the following vectors in the form of resultant vector A B o(if) vecA→tBor s∼i and∼j. (ii) B→A E CHAPTER 8 BA→→CC ((vivi)) DD→→CE DC (iii) (v) (b) State the pair of vectors that are parallel and explain your reason. (c) State the pair of vectors that are negative and give your reason. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4. Given that ∼p =3, –5 1 are representing the position vector of point P, Q and – 4 ∼q = –7 and ∼r = 5 R. (a) Write the vectors ∼p, ∼q and ∼r in the form of x∼i + y∼j. (b) State the coordinates of points P, Q and R. (c) Calculate the length of vector ∼p, ∼q and ∼r. 8.3.1 229

Describing and determining the unit vector in a direction of a vector Yy-oauxihsarveespleeacrtinveedlyt.hLate∼it'sanfidn∼dj are the unit vectors which are parallel to positive x-axis and out about the unit vector in the direction of vector that is not parallel to the x-axis or y-axis. InQuirY 4 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: To determine the unit vectors in the direction of a vector given Instruction: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link on the right. 2. Drag the slider x1 and y1 to view the changes of the unit bit.ly/2Is5lNN vector on Cartesian plane and the calculated unit vector. 3. Compare the unit vector with each of the changes in x1 and y1 values. 4. Discuss the formula used to find the unit vector in direction with a vector. From the results of Inquiry 4, unit vector in the direction of a vector MATHEMATICS can be found by dividing vector with the magnitude of the vector. POCKET In general: Unit vector is a vector in the direction of a vector If r = x∼i + y∼j, then vector unit in direction ∼r is with magnitude of 1 unit. ∼rˆ = ∼r = !x∼wxi2++yy∼j2 . ∼r Example 15 GO→iAv.eEnxpporienstsAth(4e,a3n)s,wfienrditnhtehuenfiotrvmesctoofr in the direction of vector Quick COUNT (a) component∼i and∼j, (b) column vector. Determine the magnitude of cvaelcctuolra4to∼ir.+ 3∼j using scientific CHAPTER 8 Solution 1. Press MENU 2. Press 1 (a) O→A = ∼a = 4∼i + 3∼j 3. Press SHIFT + ∼a = !4w2 + 32 4. Screen will show: = 5 units 4∼i + 3∼j. Pol ( 5 Unit vector in the component ∼i and∼j is ∼âa = 5. Press 4 SHIFT ) 3= (b) Unit vector in the form of column vector is 6. Screen will show: ( ) ∼âa = 1 4 Pol (4, 3) 5 3 r=5 ( )4 ( ) = 5 or 0.8 8.3.2 3 0.6 5 230

Vectors Example 16 Given that – 31 ∼i + k∼j is a unit vector, find the value of k. Solution !( )– 31 2 + k2 = 1 Magnitude of the unit vector is 1 ! 1 + k2 = 1 9 1 + k2 = 1 9 k2 = 8 9 k = ±0.9428 Self Practice 8.8 1. Calculate the magnitude for the following vectors. ( ) ( ) ( )(a) 3     (b) –– 74 0     (d) –12∼i – 5∼j     (e) 6i 2     (c) – 74 2. Find the unit vector in the direction of the following vectors. ( ) ( ) (c) 40 (d) ––185 (a) 3∼i + 2∼j (b) –∼i – 9∼j 3. Determine whether the following vectors are unit vectors. ( ) ( ) ( )(a) 0    (b) – 1!12w    (c) ––  00..86    (d) 275 ∼i + 2254∼j   (e) 23 ∼i + !3w7∼j –1 !w2 4. Find the value of k for the following unit vectors. CHAPTER 8 ( ) ( ) ( )(a) 0 (b) 0k (c) 1k k ( )(d) k (e) 0.5∼i + k∼j (f) k∼i + 8143∼j k 5. Given the unit vector in the direction of vector ∼u is u∼ˆ = p∼i!w7+38∼j, find the possible values of p. 6. Given u∼ˆ = (1 – k)∼i + h∼j, express h in terms of k. 8.3.2 231

Performing arithmetic operations on two or more vectors A   Addition of two or more vectors ( ) ( )Consider ∼a = aa12 and ∼b = bb21 . ~a + ~b ~b b2 ( ) ( ) ∼a + ∼b = aa21 + bb12 a2 + b2 ( ) = a1 + b1 ~a a2 b1 a2 + b2 aa11+ b1 Then, ∼a + ∼b = (a1∼i + a2∼j) + (b1 ∼i + b2∼j) Gupatsheepracroatmelpyonent~i and~j, then sum = (a1 + b1)∼i + (a2 + b2)∼j Example 17 Find the addition of the following vectors. ( ) ( ) ( )(a) ∼a = 4 , ∼b = 0 and ∼c = –1 (b) ∼v = 3∼i + 2∼j and w∼ = 4∼i – 5∼j 1 –3 6 Solution ( ) ( ) ( )(a) ∼a + ∼b + ∼c =4+0 + –1 (b) ∼v + w∼ = ((7∼33i∼i+–+34∼2j)∼∼ij)++((24∼–i –5)∼5j∼j) 1 –3 6 ( ) = = 3 = 4 B   Subtraction of two vectors The same method for the addition of vectors can be used in the operation of subtraction of two vectors. CHAPTER 8 Example 18 ( ) ( )Find ∼p – ∼q for the following pairs of vectors.74 (a) ∼p = –1 and ∼q = 1 (b) ∼p = 2∼i –∼j and ∼q = 3∼i + 5∼j Solution ( ) ( )(a) ∼p – ∼q =7 – 4 ( b) ∼p – ∼q = (–(2∼2i∼i–––36∼∼j)j)∼i –+((3–∼i1+–5∼5j))∼j –1 1 ( ) = = 7–4 = –1 – 1 ( ) = 3 –2 232 8.3.3

Vectors C   Multiplication of vector with scalar When a vector is multiplied with a scalar, both component ∼i and∼j are also multiplied with the scalar. Example 19 For each of the following vectors, find Smart TIPS ( )(a) –3∼s, given ∼s = – 4 , (b) 2∼r, given ∼r = 5∼i – 3∼j. Arithmetic operation 2 involving parallel vector is performed using the same Solution method as non-parallel vector. ( )(a) –3∼s = –3 – 4 (b) 2∼r = 21(0∼5i∼i––63∼∼jj) 2 = ( ) = 12 –6 D   Combination of arithmetic operation on vectors Combination of arithmetic operation applied on vectors need to follow the operation rules of mathematics. Multiplication with scalar need to be performed before addition and subtraction. Example 20 ( ) ( ) ( )Given∼p =6 , ∼q = – 4 7 , determine the vector 3∼p + ∼q – 2∼r. –3 5 and ∼r = 8 Solution ( ) ( ) ( )3∼p+∼q–2∼r= 3 6 + – 4 –2 7 –3 5 8 ( ) ( ) ( ) = 18 + – 4 – 14 CHAPTER 8 –9 5 16 ( ) = 0 –20 Self Practice 8.9 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. Given ∼a =–3, ∼b = 4 1 , find 5 –12 and ∼c = 8 (a) 2∼a – ∼b + ∼c (b) –3∼a + 2∼b – ∼c (c) 21 ∼b + ∼c – 3∼a (d) 41 ∼b – ∼a + 3∼c 2. Given ∼u = 3∼i + 6∼j, ∼v = –2∼i – 8∼j and w∼ = 3∼i – 4∼j, find (b) 3∼u + 2∼v – w∼ (c) 21 ∼v + w∼ – 3∼u (d) 41 ∼v – w∼ + 3∼u (a) ∼u – 2∼v + w∼ 8.3.3 233

Solving problems involving vectors By applying the knowledge learnt, problems involving vectors can be solved easily, especially the problem involving our daily lives. Example 21 Mathematics Application One particle is moving from point SA,(5w,i1th0)O→wSit=h tO→heAv+elto∼vc. iFtyinvdecthtoers(p3∼eie–d∼ja)nmd s−1. After t seconds leaving A, the particle is on point the position of the particle from O after 4 seconds. When will the particle reside on the right side of origin O? Solution 1 . Understanding the problem 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆ Original position vector, y O→A = ∼a = 5∼i + 10∼j = ( ) 5 . 10 m A(5, 10) 10 ~a t ~v ( )◆ Velocity vector, ∼v = 3∼i –∼j = S 3 . –1 ◆ Speed is the magnitude of velocity ~s O 5 m B 3t m vector. x M ◆ The particle is on the right side of O if icsozmeproo.nent∼j in the position vector Speed, ∼v = !3w2 + (–1)2 = !w10 m s–1 2 . Planning the strategy ( ) ( )After 4 seconds, ∼s = ∼a + 4∼v,53 ◆ Find ∼v to determine the speed. s= 10 + 4  –1 ◆ Find position of pO→aSrti=clOe→Aaf+tert∼v or ( ) =17 4 seconds using 6 ∼s = ∼a + ∼vt when t = 4. The particle is at point (17, 6). ◆ The particle is on the right side of O Position vector after t seconds, ( ) ( )∼s = CHAPTER 8 ( )when the y component in ∼s = x is 5 + t  3 y 10 –1 ( ) = zero. 5 + 3t 10 – t The position of the particle after t 4 . Making a conclusion seconds is ( )O→S =∼s = Distance AM = !w302 + 102 5 + 3t . 10 – t The particle is at the right side of = !w1 000 m origin O when Then, speed = !1w000 y = 0 10 10 – t = 0 = !w10 m s–1 t = 10 seconds 234 8.3.4

Vectors Self Practice 8.10 1. A toy car is at point A(−3, −2). The car is then moved with a constant velocity (2∼i – 3∼j) cm s−1. Find the position vector of the toy car after 2.5 seconds. ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. A, 30 while the position The position vector of boat 10 t hours after leaving the port O is t 15 boat B. Will the two vector of boat B is 50 +t 10 . Determine the velocity of boat A and 5 boats meet? Intensive Practice 8.3 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2MqRicw for the quiz ( ) ( ) 1. Two forces F1 = – 4 7 F2 3 and F2 = 5 are applied on an object as the F1 diagram on the right. (a) Find the resultant force. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force. 2. Gvailvueeno∼pf = (k – 3)∼i + 14∼j and ∼q = ∼i + (k – 8)∼j with k is a constant. If ∼p is parallel to ∼q, find the k. ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. Given ∼u = ∼b – ∼a and ∼v = ∼c – ∼b, with ∼a = 3 5 m If to ∼v, 1 , ∼b = –2 and ∼c = –6 . ∼u is parallel find the value of m. After that find ∼u : ∼v. 4. Given the triangle ABC with A→B = A→C B→R =B→C12,B→C. 2∼i –∼j and = 10∼i + 5∼j. R is a point on BC with (a) of B→C, Find (b) the unit vector in the direction (c) A→R. ( ) 5. A swimmer swims at a velocity ∼v = 2.4 . It is found that the stream flows at a velocity of CHAPTER 8 1.5 ( ) ∼a = 0.5 –2.1 . Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the swimmer. 6. Given ∼r = 2∼i – 5∼j and ∼s = m∼i – 3∼j, find the value of m if (a) ∼r + ∼s = 10, (b) ∼r parallel to ∼s, (c) (2∼r – ∼s) is parallel to the y-axis. ( ) 7. Given k is a unit vector, find the value of k. 1 !w2 ( ) 8. The length of vector ∼v is 5 units and the direction is opposite with vector 2 , find vector ∼v. –1 8.3.4 235

9. Vector ∼p = (m – 1)∼i + 2∼j is orthogonal with vector ∼q = 8∼i + n∼j. Express m in terms of n. 1 0. s(oSaafh)mip poesAhrMtftiitpmQelreNefit,stahspOth→ootiuQhprrtasN=Ot, tp5liweom0f∼shiteiet.p+inoo2nrtht0∼vejQ.escwetaoitrwhoavfseslchoaiclpmitMy, woisfitvOh→NMt=he=4∼vite(+l6o∼i4c∼j+itky8m∼jo)f.hFv–1Mi.nG=di6tv∼hieen+pt8oh∼jsaikttmipoonhsi–vt1ie.ocAntotvrtehoceftor (b) Show that ship M will cross ship N and find the time when this occurs. Summary OF Chapter 8 Unit vector in direction of Magnitude, • A→B = a~ vector of A→B ~r = ~xi + y~j is |~r | = ͱසxස2 ස+සyස2ස • Negative ~^r = xͱ~xiස2ස+ස+y~සjyස2 is –A→B or B→A ��a��o� • Zero vector, 0~ CHAPTER 8 v��t�� ��e��t��n r��r��e o��p��n�� VECTORS k~a is a vector that is parallel to ~a and the magnitude is k × | ~a |. •( )• x~i + y~jxwith • Addition of vectors y 2A→B + 3A→B = 5A→B Multiplication of vector: ( )~i = 1 and k × a~ = k~a • Subtraction of vectors 0 4~a – a~ = 3a~ ( )~j = 0 1 WRITE YOUR JOURNAL In pairs, find the differences between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity. Compare the methods used to perform arithmetic operations for both quantities. After that, find information from the internet regarding the application of vectors in your daily life. Write a report and discuss your findings. 236

Vectors MASTERY PRACTICE 1. The diagram on the right shows three vectors, ∼a, ∼b and ∼c Y that XXa→→rYZe not parallel. Express PL1 ∼b Z (a) in terms of ∼a and ∼b, ∼a ∼c (b) in terms of ∼b and ∼c. X 2. Given P→Q = 3k∼a – 4∼b and X→Y = 4∼a + 8∼b. If P→Q parallel to X→Y, find the value of k. PL2 3. Given ∼p = m∼i – n∼j is a unit vector in the direction of ∼p, express m in terms of n. PL2 4. Given ∼u = k∼i + h∼j and ∼v =∼i – 4∼j. If ∼u + ∼v = !wk2 + h2, express h in terms of k. PL2 Given A(3, 4), A→B = adnirdecB→tiCon=of–103A→C. F, ind (a) the unit vector in ( ) ( ) 5. 5 PL2 12 the (b) the coordinates C. 6. eTP→xhQpered=sias3∼giR→raSanmidnoPt→neRrtmh=es 2r∼ijg. hGtisvheonwR→sStr:iaS→nQgl=e PQR with R of∼i and∼j. PL3 2 : 3, S 2∼j P 3∼i Q 7. The diagram on the right shows a trapezium BCDE C wexipthreDs→sCB→=C∼uinantedrmE→Bs If E→D B→C, = ∼v. and ∼v. = 1 ~u of ∼u 2 D PL3 B CHAPTER 8 E ~v 8. TABheCdDiaEgFrawmitohncethnetrreigOh.tGshivoewnsF→aAre=g∼aulaanr dheF→xBag=on∼b,, PL3 ~a A B (a) e((siitxv)ap )ter etAB→s→hsBCethr eelafotilolonwshiinpgbientwte((eivriem))n sFFA→→→oODBf ∼aa nadndF→/Cor, ∼b, F ~b C (b) ((iviii)) AF→→DC O (c) determine whether A→C and F→D are parallel. E D 237

9. The position vector of city Aareisc–o1ll0i∼ine+ar10a∼nj dantdhepdoissittaionncevebcettowreoefncciittyyBAiasn1d0∼ici–ty1C1∼j.isTthweo position of city A, B and C times the distance between city A and city B. The distance between cities is measured in kilometer. FA→iBn,d PL4 (a) vector ((cb)) vtheectdoirstOa→nCc.e between city A and city B, 1 0. The diagram on the right shows a quadrilateral OABC. A M is the midpoint of AC and OM : OB = 2 : 3. Given 3~u + 2~v M B O→A = 3∼u + 2∼v, O→C = 9∼u + 2∼v and C→B = 3k∼v, where k 3k~v is constant, PL4 C ((ba)) ee(ixx)pp rreeAss→ssCOi →nBteirnmtseromf s∼uoafnd/o(ri∼iv), O→M O 9~u + 2~v (i) ∼u and ∼v, (ii) ∼u, ∼v and k. Hence, find the value of k. 11. The diagram on the right shows roads of a housing area that form Y a rectangle OABC. Building D is at OB road and building E is at B 3 D OA road. Given OD = 4 OB and OE : OA = 1 : 2. EA Building Y is at AB road which is extended with BY = 1 AB. C 2 OA road is represented by vector 4∼a while OC road is represented by vector 4∼c. PL5 (a) Express vector that represents the following road in t(ei)r mO→sBof ∼a an d ∼(ci.i)  O→D    (iii)  O→Y    (iv)  E→D O (b) Prove that building E, D and Y reside on the same straight line. CHAPTER 8 1 2. The diagram on the right shows the positions and directions of Arul Ben the boats which belong to Arul, Ben and Raju in a solar boat Raju competition. Arul’s and Ben’s boats move in the same direction of Starting line ( ) the stream. The velocity of the stream is given by w∼ = ∼i + 31∼j m s–1, while the velocity of Arul’s boat is ∼a = (3∼i +∼j) m s–1 and the velocity of Ben’s boat is ∼b = (6∼i + 2∼j) m s–1. PL5 (a) Calculate the resultant velocity of Arul’s boat and the resultant velocity of Ben’s boat. After that, find the difference between the speed of the two boats. (b) Raju’s boat is deviated from the path. Given that the ( )velocity of Raju’s boat is ∼r = 2∼i – 34∼j m s–1. Find the unit vector in the direction of the resultant velocity of the boat. 238

Vectors Exploring MATHEMATICS Madam Tan is a housewife who visits several locations every day. The diagram below shows itnheAdtiosptlhaecelomceantitovneschtoern∼bo,r∼cm,a∼ellaynvdism∼itst.hat represent the journey of Madam Tan from her house A ~c D ~b m~ ~e X Guide: B M m~ A : Madam Tan's house B : Market C : Mother’s house D : School M : Kindergarten X : Grocery store C ( )Write the vectors ∼b, ∼c, ∼e and m∼ in the forms of x and x∼i + y∼j. [1 side = 1 km]. y 1. After that, find the shortest distance from Madam Tan's house to every location according to the given displacement vector. 2. Madam Tan will tsheantdthheerressounlttaontthveecktionrdeA→rDga=rteA→nMbe+foMr→eDse=ndm∼in–g∼ehoebr edyasugthhetetrritaontghlee school. Observe law. State the other resultant vectors that obey the: (a) Triangle law, (b) Parallelogram law, (c) Polygon law 3. Copy and complete the table by filling up the resultant vectors that are represented by combinations of vectors through arithmetic operations of the vectors. Arithmetic Resultant Arithmetic Resultant Arithmetic Resultant CHAPTER 8 operation vector operation vector operation vector (a) m∼ – ∼e A→D (f) ∼c – ∼b (k) m∼ – ∼c – ∼b (b) m∼ – ∼b2 2 (c) ∼b – ∼c (d) ∼b2 (g) ∼c – ∼b (l) ∼b – ∼c (e) ∼c + ∼e + m∼ 2 2 (h) ∼c – 2m∼ (m) ∼b + ∼c – m∼ – ∼e (i) ∼b + ∼c – ∼b2 (n) ∼b + ∼c 2 (j) ∼b – 2m∼ (o) ∼c + ∼b – ∼c 239

CHAPTER Solution of 9 Triangles What will be learnt? Sine Rule Cosine Rule Area of a Triangle Application of Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area of a Triangle List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2pfbIgk KEY WwORDS CHAPBTAEBR99 Acute angle Sudut tirus Obtuse angle Sudut cakah Sine rule Petua sinus Cosine rule Petua kosinus Ambiguous case Kes berambiguiti Included angle Sudut kandung Non-included angle Sudut bukan kandung Three dimension Tiga matra 240 9.1.1

The architecture in the shape of triangles Solution of Triangles appears to be very unique in a building. This shape is also used to decorate the walls of Did you Know? building to portray attractive and modern images. We are captivated by the uniqueness Abu Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn of the triangular shapes of this architecture. Yahya Ibn Ismail Buzhani (940-997 M) was However, how can we determine the height a Persian astronomer and mathematician. of the architecture? What is the information Abu Wafa learnt trigonometry in Iraq in the needed to measure the area of each triangle? year of 959 and developed a few important theories especially in the field of geometry and trigonometry. For further information: bit.ly/2q4x80j SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER There are various fields which use triangles to solve problems. For example: Astronomy field uses the concept of triangle to measure the distance between stars. Geography field uses the solution of triangles to measure distance beween various places. Satellite field uses triangles in its navigation system. Scan the QR code CHAPTER 9 to watch the video in 9.1.1 Masbro village, Melaka. bit.ly/2VjgB3F 241

9.1 Sine Rule Making and verifying conjectures on the relationship between the ratio of length of sides of a triangle with the sine of the opposite angles In our daily lives, we often face situations involving triangles. For example, the solution to find the height of a kite. When it involves a non-right-angled triangle, Pythagoras Theorem is unsuitable to be used. There are other methods to find the solution of non-right-angled triangles. Let’s explore. 37° 62° 90 m INQUIRY 1 In pairs Aim: To make conjectures on the relationship between the ratios of length of sides of a triangle with the sine of the opposite angles. Instructions: 1. Copy or print the table below. 2. Complete the following table based on the given triangles. Triangle a b c sin A sin B sin C (a) Acute-angled triangle A 7.46 cm 78.93° 9.8 cm B 59.89° 41.18° C 11.12 cm (b) Obtuse-angled triangle A CHAPBTAEBR99 46.3° 10.785 cm 4.06 cm 20.2° B 113.5° 8.5 cm C 3. Discuss in pairs and state the conjecture on the relationship between the ratio of length of sides of a triangle with the sine of the opposite angles. 242 9.1.1

Solution of Triangles From the results of Inquiry 1, it is found that a A = b B = c C or sina A = sin B = sin C sin sin sin b c Is this conjecture valid for all types of acute-angled triangles and obtuse-angled triangles? Let’s explore. Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) is an acute-angled triangle and an obtuse-angled triangle respectively. CD is perpendicular to AB and it is represented by h. CC ahb ha b BD A D B cA Diagram (b) Obtuse-angled triangle Diagram (a) Acute-angled triangle Consider triangle BCD, QR h = sin B  The relationship between a the ratio of length of sides Then, h = a sin B … 1 of a triangle with the sine of the opposite angles by Consider triangle ACD, using GeoGebra software. h = sin A  bit.ly/2p1IUb2 b Then, h = b sin A … 2 1 = 2 , a sin B = b sin A a A = b B sin sin or sin A = sin B a b It is observed that for any acute-angled triangle and obtuse-angled triangle, the ratio of length of sides with the sine of the opposite angles are the same. This relationship is known as the sine rule. Sine rule Mind Challenge CHAPTER 9 For any triangle ABC, What do you get if the sine rule is used in right-angled a A = b B = c C or sina A = sin B = sin C triangles? sin sin sin b c 9.1.1 243

Example 1 QR Write the sine rule that relates the sides and angles of the Revision of solution of right-angled triangles. following triangles. (a) (b) H k F J d e jh bit.ly/2B0Crjo E D f K Solution Mind Challenge (a) d = e = f (b) h = j = k Discuss with your friends and sin D sin sin sin sin sin E F H J K prove that a A = c C sin sin Self Practice 9.1 1. Write the sine rule that relates the sides and angles of the following triangles. (a) R q P (b) K (c) P pr lm 6 cm 8 cm 120° 40° R Q M k L Q Solving triangles involving sine rule Solving a triangle means finding the measurements such as length of sides, size of angles, perimeter or area of the triangle. We can solve problems involving triangles by using sine rule. Example 2 Find the value of x in the following triangles. CHAPBTAEBR99 (a) R (b) Z x 14.3 cm x 80° Q 6.2 cm X 55.5° 48° 7.05 cm Y P 244 9.1.1 9.1.2

Solution of Triangles Solution (a) x = 14.3 (b) sin x = sin 55.5° sin 48° sin 80° 7.05 6.2 x = 14.3 × sin 48° sin x = sin 55.5° × 7.05 sin 80° 6.2 = 10.791 cm = 0.9371 x = 69.57° Example 3 FLASHBACK The diagram below shows the positions of Qistina’s house, In Geography, bearing Ron’s house and a post office. is used to indicate the direction of a certain place NN from a reference point. For example Post office N 30° A 98° 9.4 km Qistina’s house Q 12 km R Ron’s house O Calculate Bearing A from O in the above diagram is written as (a) the bearing of the post office from Qistina’s house, 030° or N30°E. (b) the bearing of the post office from Ron’s house, (c) the distance from Qistina’s house to the post office. Solution Smart TIPS Assume the positions of the post office, Qistina’s house and In order to solve a triangle by using the sine rule, the Ron’s house are represented by P, Q and R respectively. following conditions must sin Q be learnt: (a) sin 98° = 9.4 (a) Two angles and length 12 of one side, or sin Q = sin 98° × 9.4 (b) The lengths of two sides 12 = 0.7757 and a non-included ∠Q = 50.87° angle. Bearing P from Q = 90° – 50.87° = 39.13° CHAPTER 9 Thus,thebearingofthepostofficefromQistina’shouseis039.13°. (b) ∠R = 180° – ∠P – ∠Q = 180° – 98° – 50.87° Mind Challenge = 31.13° What is a non-included angle? Explain. Bearing P from R = 270° + 31.13° = 301.13° Thus, the bearing of the post office from Ron’s house is 301.13°. 9.1.2 245

(c) sin r = 12 r represents the distance from 31.13° sin 98° Qistina’s house to the post office r = 12 × sin 31.13° sin 98° = 6.265 Thus, the distance from Qistina’s house to the post office is 6.265 km. Self Practice 9.2 1. Determine the value of m in the following triangles. (a) M (b) N (c) 55° 6.7 cm 8 cm L 12.4 cm m 115°43° M L 78° 6.5 cm N L 40° mM N m 2. The diagram on the right shows a tower which is 7° X inclined by 7° from the vertical line. At a distance of 100 m from the side of the tower, the angle of elevation is 30.5°. Estimate the height, XY, in m, of the tower. 30.5° Y Determining the existence and solving triangles involving ambiguous cases The diagram below shows two triangles, ABC and AB1C with the MATHEMATICS lengths of two sides and a non-included angle given as follow: POCKET C Ambiguity means inexactness or the quality CHAPBTAEBR99 6 cm 4 cm of being open to more than 4 cm B one interpretation. A 30° B1 Based on the diagram above, it is observed that two different triangles can be constructed by using the given non-included angle and lengths of two sides. The two triangles can be constructed by using the same set of information given. This is known as ambiguous case. 246 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4

Solution of Triangles INQUIRY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To determine the conditions for the existence of ambiguous case Instructions: 1. Scan the QR code or visit the link given. bit.ly/33c6SiC 2. Given ∠BAC = 45°, length of side, c = 10 cm and h is the height of the triangle. 3. Drag the slider a to the left and to the right. Observe the changes that take place. 4. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions: (a) State your observations when (i) a < h (ii) a = h (iii) a > h (iv) a < c (v) a = c (vi) a > c (b) Does ambiguous case exist? 5. Each group appoints a representative to do the presentation in the class. 6. Students from other groups are encouraged to ask questions. 7. The teacher will summarise all the presentations. From the results of Inquiry 2, there are three conditions for the existence of triangles as shown in the following: No triangle exists Ba a<h One triangle exists ch Two triangles exist B a AC c B AC CHAPTER 9 c a=h ac B A C a=h c ah B AC ch a h<a<c A C h < a < c Ambiguous case exists if: (a) Given the lengths of two sides, a and c, and a non-included angle, ∠A which is acute. (b) The side which is opposite the non-included angle, a is shorter than the other side, c, but it is longer than the height, h, of the triangle. 9.1.3 9.1.4 247

Example 4 Determine whether ambiguous case exists for the following triangles. Explain your answer. (a) (b) R R 7 cm 4 cm 21 cm P 30° Q P 40° 17 80° Q cm Solution 7 cm R 4 cm (a) Yes, ambiguous case exists in triangle PQR because the non-included angle ∠QPR = 30° and the side RQ is shorter Q1 Q than the side PR but it is longer than the height of triangle. (b) Ambiguous case does not exist because the angles of the P 30° two sides are given. Example 5 In the triangle ABC, ∠BAC = 40°, AB = 20 cm and BC = 14 cm. Calculate the possible values of ∠C and ∠B. Solution 14 cm B Determine whether ambiguous case exists for triangle ABC. 20 cm h 14 cm Height, h = 20 sin 40° C = 12.856 cm 40° Since h < BC < AB, then ambiguous case exists. C1 Look at the sketch of the triangle ABC in the diagram on the right. A The two triangles that exist are ABC and ABC1. For triangle ABC, sin ∠C = sin 40° 20 14 CHAPBTAEBR99 sin ∠C = 20 sin 40° 14 = 0.9183 ∠C = 66.68° ∠C1 = 180° – 66.68° = 113.32° ∠B = 180° – 40° – 66.68° ∠B1 = 180° – 40° – 113.32° = 73.32° = 26.68° 248 9.1.3 9.1.4

Solution of Triangles Self Practice 9.3 1. For each of the following triangles, determine whether ambiguous case exists. (a) ΔABC; ∠B = 62.5°, BC = 14.5 cm and AC = 10 cm. (b) ΔPQR; ∠R = 28°, QR = 8.2 cm and PQ = 11.4 cm. 2. The diagram on the right shows an incomplete triangle PQR. 15.5 cm Q PQ = 15.5 cm and ∠QPR = 35°. P 35° R Given QR = 10.5 cm, (a) find the possible values of ∠QRP, (b) hence, find the possible lengths of PR. Solving problems related to triangles using the sine rule Example 6 Azyan and Christine stand straight in front of a flag Christine post as shown in the diagram. The elevation angle of top of the pole from Azyan is 36° whereas the elevation angle of top of the pole from Christine is 50°. Badrul is standing on the left side of the flag pole and the elevation angle of the top of the pole from him is the same as Christine. The distance between Azyan and Christine is 35 m. Find the distance between Azyan and Badrul if the height of three of them are the same. Azyan Badrul Solution Represent the positions of Azyan, Badrul, Christine and the top of the pole with A, B, C and D respectively. ∠ADC = 180° – 50° – 36° D = 94° ∠BDC = 180° – 50° – 50° = 80° DC = 35 A 36° 50° 50° sin 36° sin 94° B C DC = 35 × sin 36° 35 m sin 94° = 20.6227 m BC = 20.6227 CHAPTER 9 sin 80° sin 50° BC = 20.6227 × sin 80° sin 50° = 26.5120 m AB = 35 m – 26.5120 m = 8.488 m Then, the distance between Azyan and Badrul is 8.488 m. 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 249

Self Practice 9.4 Crop area Water tap Water 1. Encik Samad makes a plan for his vegetable sprinkler Crop area farm as shown in the diagram. Encik Samad Water wants to install two water sprinklers in the sprinkler middle of the farm. The water tap which controls the water sprinklers is installed at one Q R corner of the farm. The distance between the 80 m two water sprinklers is 6 m and the distance P between the water tap and the nearest water xm 100 m sprinkler is 5 m. The angle formed between the tap and both water sprinklers is 25°. Calculate the distance between the tap and the furthest water sprinkler. 2. A group of scouts organised an activity on crossing a river during a motivational camp. They tied a rope from tree P to tree Q and tree R on the other side of the river as shown in the diagram. The distance between tree Q and tree R is 80 m and a 50° angle is formed between tree Q and tree R at P. Find the value of x, the distance from tree P to tree Q. Intensive Practice 9.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/35oe3pQ for the quiz 1. The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABC such that A ∠B = 77°, ∠C = 39° and AC = 40.5 cm. Calculate the value of c 40.5 cm ∠A, a and c. 77° 39° C Ba 2. The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABD. Point C and B point E lie on the straight line AD. (a) Find the lengths of BE, CE and DE. 17 cm 10 cm (b) Calculate ∠EAB, ∠BCE, ∠BCD, ∠ABD and CHAPBTAEBR99∠CBD. 10 cm (c) Explain the ambiguous case in the diagram D C E 6 cm A on the right. 3. In the obtuse-angled triangle PQR, PR = 14 cm, QR = 6!w3 cm and ∠QPR = 40°. (a) State the obtuse angle and find the size of that angle. (b) Calculate the length of PQ. 250 9.1.51

4. The diagram on the right shows a square picture frame which Solution of Triangles is hung by Amira using two pieces of ropes. Amira finds that 48° the picture frame inclines towards the right. The angle formed between the longer rope and the frame is 48°. The lengths of the rope are 20 cm and 15 cm respectively. Calculate the perimeter of the frame. 5. The diagram on the right shows the position of Puan Puan Azizah’s Azizah’s house and the houses of her two children, Amir house and Anita. Another child, Aida wants to build her house such that all the three houses of the siblings are collinear 250 m and the distance from her house and Anita’s house to Puan Azizah’s house is the same. Find the distance Amir’s 120° between Anita’s house and Aida’s house. house Anita’s 150 m house 9.2 Cosine Rule Observe the diagrams below. Q 132° B 25 cm 12 cm A 35 m C 42 m 30 cm R P        How do you determine the length of AB and angle PQR? Can both triangles be solved by using the sine rule? When the lengths of two sides and an included angle or the lengths of three sides are given, the triangle cannot be solved by using the sine rule. The triangles with such conditions can be solved by using the cosine rule. Cosine rule C CHAPTER 9 For any triangle ABC, ba a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A Ac B b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C 9.2.1 251

Verifying the cosine rule Is the cosine rule true for all types of triangles? Let’s explore. Consider the triangle ABC in the diagram. By using the Pythagoras Theorem in the triangle ACD, b2 = h2 + (a – x)2 b2 = h2 + a2 – 2ax + x2  … 1 A Use the Pythagoras Theorem in the triangle ABD, ch b c2 = h2 + x2 B xD a–x h2 = c2 – x2 …2 C Substitute 2 into 1 . b2 = c2 – x2 + a2 – 2ax + x2 b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ax …3 In the triangle ABD, Mind Challenge cos B = x Can the cosine rule be c used on the right-angled x = c cos B triangles? Explain. Substitute x = c cos B into 3 . b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B This equation is one of the formulae of cosine rule. Try to verify the cosine rule for obtuse-angled triangle. Solving triangles involving the cosine rule Cosine rule can be used to find the length or unknown angle in a triangle when the lengths of two sides and an included angle or the lengths of three sides are given. Example 7 In the triangle ABC, AC = 21 cm, BC = 15 cm and ∠C = 35°. Find the length of AB. CHAPBTAEBR99 Solution A Sketch the triangle ABC. 21 cm By using the cosine rule, x x2 = 152 + 212 – 2(15)(21) kos 35° = 225 + 441 – 630 kos 35° 35° = 149.9342 B 15 cm C Then, x = !w149.9342 = 12.245 cm 252 9.2.1 9.2.2

Solution of Triangles Example 8 30 cm K Smart TIPS 35 cm 25 cm To find the angles, the The diagram on the right shows a triangle L JKL with the length of JK = 30 cm, formulae of cosine rule can KL = 25 cm and JL = 35 cm. Find the J value of ∠KJL. Solution be written as follow: • cos A = b2 + c2 – a2 2bc By using the cosine rule, 252 = 302 + 352 – 2(30)(35) cos ∠KJL a2 + c2 – b2 • cos B = 2ac cos ∠KJL = 302 + 352 – 252 • cos C = a2 + b2 – c2 2(30)(35) 2ab = 0.7143 ∠KJL = 44.41° Example 9 T R In the diagram on the right, QST and PSR are straight lines. Find the length of QR. Solution 10 cm By using the cosine rule, 9 cm 4 cm 92 = 62 + 62 – 2(6)(6) cos ∠PST S Q cos ∠PST = 62 + 62 – 92 6 cm 2(6)(6) P = – 0.1250 ∠PST = 97.18° QR2 = 42 + 102 – 2(4)(10) cos 97.18° = 125.999 QR = 11.225 cm Self Practice 9.5 1. Find the value of x in the following triangles. CHAPTER 9 (a) E 5 cm G (b) (c) 45° J Q 3 cm x 9 cm x 75 m x 12 cm 55°13ʹ L P 32° R 100 m F K 9.2.2 253

2. Find the value of θ in the following triangles. (a) E (b) (c) P J 10.8 cm 15.7 cm ␪ L 10 cm 20 cm 7 cm 9 cm ␪G 12 cm ␪ 14 cm K Q 6 cm R F 3. The diagram on the right shows a quadrilateral PQRS. Q 5 cm R Find the angle PQR. 8.7 cm 9 cm P 12.5 cm 42.3° S Solving problems involving the cosine rule Example 10 S 65 m R 75 m Mr. Sivaraja has a plot of land in the shape of 85 m 105 m Q trapezium PQRS as shown in the diagram on the P 65 m R right. He puts up a fence around the land.There is 75 m a tree at a distance of 50 m from the vertex Q. Q Mr. Sivaraja wants to divide the land into two parts by putting some additional fence from the vertex S to the tree. Calculate the length of fence put up by Mr. Sivaraja. Solution SQ = !w652 + 752 S 85 m = 99.2472 m 99.24722 = 852 + 1052 – 2(85)(105) cos ∠SPQ CHAPBTAEBR99 cos ∠SPQ = 852 + 1052 – 99.24722 2(85)(105) ∠SPQ = 61.93° ST 2 = 552 + 852 – 2(55)(85) cos 61.93° P 55 m T 50 m = 5850.3581 ST = 76.488 m The length of the additional fence is 76.488 m. 254 9.2.2 9.2.3

Solution of Triangles Self Practice 9.6 Board I Board II 1. Farid carried out archery training on a field. The 25 m 45 m diagram on the right shows two target boards which 38° have to be struck by arrows. The distance between Farid and board I and board II are 25 m and 45 m respectively. The standing position of the shooting is 38° between board I and board II. Calculate the distance between board I and board II. 2. Frank planted four iron rods in the ground and installed wires to D 5m C build clotheslines. The sketch of the clotheslines built by Frank is shown in the diagram on the right. The wire AB is parallel 10 m 8m to the wire DC. Calculate the total length of the wire used by Frank. A 10 m B 3. The diagram on the right shows the positions of the house of Johan four friends, Amin, Imran, Johan and Raden. During Hari Raya, Amin wants to visit all the three houses of his friends. Amin 8 km 9 km intends to pick up Imran and then send him back home before Imran 120° Amin he returns to his house. What is the total distance travelled by Amin for the whole journey? 9.5 km Raden Intensive Practice 9.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2VvtloA for the quiz 1. A card is in the shape of a parallelogram. Given the lengths of the diagonals of the card are 6 cm and 10 cm respectively. The acute angle between the diagonals are 62°. Calculate the lengths of sides of the card. 15 km CHAPTER 9 2. The diagram on the right shows the positions of three towns, J, K NK and L. Given the bearing of K from J is 020° and bearing of L L from J is 055°, find the distance between town K and town L. 9.2.3 20 km J 255

3. Bunga Raya ship left a port and sailed east for a distance of 28 km. Bunga Orkid ship left the same port and sailed for 49 km. If the final distance between the two ships is 36 km, find the angle between the routes of Bunga Raya ship and Bunga Orkid ship. 4. The diagram on the right shows a pond in the shape of triangle MNP. M 8m Gdeicvoernatceosstθhe=po45n,dMbPy = 8 m, PQ = 7 m and QN = 4 m. Encik Raja arranging stones around the pond. 7m Q 4m P ␪ Calculate the length of stones arranged by Encik Raja around N the pond. 9.3 Area of a Triangle Deriving the formula and determining the area of a triangle The diagram on the right shows the shape of a window of a building and it is in the shape of a triangle. What is the information required to calculate the area of the window in the diagram and what is the formula that you will use to determine the area of the window? You have learnt that the area of the triangle can be determined by using the following formula: C Height B A Base Area = 1 × base × height FLASHBACK 2 CHAPBTAEBR99 C The formula for the area of triangle can be used when a hb the length of base and height of triangle are given. How do you find the area of a triangle without knowing the B c A length of the base and the height? Let’s explore the method used to derive the formula for the area h = a sin B of a triangle. h = b sin A 256 9.3.1

Solution of Triangles INQUIRY 3 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: T o derive the formula for the area of a triangle Instructions: 1. Start this activity in pairs. 2. Observe the following shapes of triangles. B P Yz X c ha q h R y rh x A C p Z      Q Triangle III b      Triangle I Triangle II 3. Find the height of each of the triangles by using trigonometric ratios. 4. Then, copy and complete the following table based on the triangles above. Triangle Base Height Area I AC II III 5. Compare the formulae for the area of the three triangles and state the conclusion based on your findings. 6. Form a few groups. Then, each pair will share the results and conclusions in their respective group. From the results of Inquiry 3, if the lengths of two sides and an included angle are only given, the area of a triangle can be calculated by using the following formulae: B Area = 1 ab sin C QR c 2 a Methods to derive the = 1 ac sin B formulae for the area of a 2 triangle. CHAPTER 9 = 1 bc sin A 2 Ab C bit.ly/316kXNk 9.3.1 257

Example 11 Find the area of triangle JKL in the diagram on the right. Solution K 69° 4.4 cm Included angle = 69° 6 cm  Area J L = 1 (6)(4.4) sin 69° 2 = 12.323 cm2 Example 12 The area of triangle DEF is 50 cm2. Given DE = 8.6 cm, DF = 14.2 cm and ∠EDF = θ, find the value of θ. Solution E  1(8.6)(14.2) sin θ = 50 8.6 cm 2 50 61.06 sin θ = ␪ F D θ = 54.97° 14.2 cm Self Practice 9.7 1. Find the area of the following triangles. (a) (b) (c) CQ Z 16.2 cm 7 cm 10 cm B A 49° 125° R X 60° 35° Y 18.4 cm P 10 cm 2. In the diagram on the right, the area of triangle LMN is N 78.72 cm2. Find the length of LM. 17 cm CHAPBTAEBR99 L 20° M 3. The diagram on the right shows triangle BCD and triangle ABD. B Find the area of triangle ABD. 20 cm 10 cm 55° C A 24.18° D 4. Find the area of triangle XYZ, given x = 5.5 m, z = 7 m and ∠Y = 70°30ʹ. 258 9.3.1

Solution of Triangles Determining the area of a triangle using the Heron’s formula Consider the following triangle ABC: B 5 cm 10 cm A 11 cm C Mathematics Museum When only the lengths of each side are given, the area of the Hero of Alexandria also triangle can be determined by using the Heron’s formula. known as Heron is a Greek mathematician. Heron’s The solving steps are as follows: formula was named after him and had been written in a + b + c, his book entitled “Metrica”. 2 Calculate the semi perimeter, s = Step 1 such that a, b and c are the lengths of sides. Step 2 Substitute the values of s, a, b and c into the following formula: Area = !ws(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) Example 13 C QR 5.5 cm Find the area of the triangle below. Verification of Heron’s 12.3 cm formula. A bit.ly/2WrkvbM 9.6 cm B Solution s = 5.5 + 9.6 + 12.3 CHAPTER 9 2 = 13.7 Area = !13.7(13.7 – 5.5)(13.7 – 9.6)(13.7 – 12.3) = 25.39 cm2 9.3.2 259

Example 14 8m 8m A group of scouts planted three pieces of wood in a camping ground to build a fire pit. A rope of length 22 m is used to tie around those woods as shown in the diagram. The rope formed an isosceles triangle. The length of the rope at the side of equal length is 8 m. Calculate the area of the region for them to build the fire pit. Solution C 8m 8m AcB Alternative Method Given the perimeter of triangle = 22 m, a = 8 m, b = 8 m. 62 = 8 2 + 82 – 2(8)(8)cos∠ACB c = 22 – 8 – 8 ∠ACB = 44.05° =6m Area = 1 (8)(8) sin 44.05° 2 22 = 22.249 m2 s = 2 = 11 Area = !11(11 – 8)(11 – 8)(11 – 6) = 22.249 m2 Thus, the area of the region for building the fire pit is 22.249 m2. Self Practice 9.8 A 6.1 cm 5.4 cm 1. The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABC such that AB = 5.4 cm, AC = 6.1 cm and BC = 7.3 cm. Calculate the area, in cm2, of the triangle ABC. CHAPBTAEBR99 B 7.3 cm C 2. The diagram on the right shows two triangles, EFJ 5 cm J H and EGH. EFG and EJH are straight line. Calculate 9 cm the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. 6 cm E G F 3 cm 260 9.3.2

3. Mr. Sammy wants to paint the wall of his room. He draws Solution of Triangles a triangular shape on the wall and he will paint the triangle P with green paint. The shape of the triangle is as shown in the diagram on the right. The lengths of sides of the triangle are 2x 3x cm cm, 3x cm and 4x cm respectively. The area is !1w35 cm2. Find the value of x. 4x cm Solving problems involving areas of triangles R 2x cm Q Example 15 The diagram on the right shows the plan of a plot of agricultural A 60 m Q land in the shape of triangle ABC owned by Encik Munzir. The 50 m part APQ will be planted with chillies and the remaining part will be planted with cabbage. Given AP = 50 m, AQ = 60 m, 30 mP 140 m C AB = 80 m, AC = 130 m and BC = 140 m, find the area of land B which will be planted with cabbage. Solution Assume L1 as the area of triangle ABC and L2 as the area of triangle APQ. Heron’s formula to find L1. 80 + 130 + 140 s = 2 = 175 L1 = !175(175 – 80)(175 – 130)(175 – 140) = 5117.0670 m2 Use the formula, area = 1 bc sin A to find ∠BAC. 2 1 (80)(130) sin ∠BAC = 5117.0670 Alternative Method 2 802 + 1302 – 1402 sin ∠BAC = 5117.0670 cos A = 2(80)(130) 1 2 (80)(130) A = 79.75° ∠BAC = 79.75° Use the formula = 1 pq sin A to find L2. 2 CHAPTER 9 L2 = 1 (50)(60) sin 79.75° 2 = 1476.0610 m2 Thus, the area of land which will be planted with cabbage = L1 – L2 = 5117.0670 – 1476.0610 = 3641.006 m2 9.3.2 9.3.3 261

Self Practice 9.9 1. Mr. Khan won a tender to install carpet in an office. Calculate 18 m 11.5 m the area of carpet required to fill up the office space as shown in the diagram on the right. 16 m 2. The diagram on the right shows a decoration in the shape of 20.5 m pyramid. The decoration has a triangular base PQR. V Vertex V is vertically above vertex P. Given PQ = 4 cm, PV = 10 cm, VR = 15 cm and ∠VQR = 80°, calculate the P area of the inclined surface of the decoration. Q R Intensive Practice 9.3 Scan QR code or visit bit.ly/2ohScA1 for the quiz 1. The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABC. A Given the area of triangle ABC = 18 cm2 and sin θ = 2 , find 3 (a) the length of AC, (b) the area of triangle ABD. B 3 cm D 6 cm θC 2. A regular pentagon has sides of 5 cm each. Find the area of the regular pentagon. 3. Mei Ling wants to prepare a greeting card in the shape of a triangle. The area of the card is 30 cm2 and the lengths of two sides are 8 cm and 11 cm. Find the possible length of the third side. 4. The length of the sides of a triangle are 3x cm, (x – 1) cm and (3x + 1) cm. Given the perimeter of the triangle is 63 cm. Calculate the area, in cm2, of the triangle. 5. Pooja fenced up a plot of land in the shape as shown in the A diagram on the right. Given BD = 5 m, BC = 7 m, CD = 8 m and AE = 12 m. BDE and ADC are straight lines. Calculate BD 40° E the area of land fenced up by Pooja. CHAPBTAEBR99 C E 6. The diagram on the right shows a decoration rack in the shape of a triangle, EFG. Given FG = 15 cm, EG = 16 cm and EF = 17 cm, find the height of the rack. 262 FG 9.3.3

Solution of Triangles 9.4 Application of Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area of a Triangle Solving problems involving triangles Example 16 MATHEMATICS APPLICATION 30° 5.2 m 50° Mr. Tan wants to paint the roof of the garage. The diagram on the right is a sketch of the front view of the roof of the garage. He found out that the wood on one part of the roof is longer than the wood on the other part of the roof. (a) Calculate the length of wood on the longer part of the roof and the distance between both the walls of the garage. (b) What is the area of the front roof in the shape of triangle, in m2, which will be painted by Mr. Tan? Solution 1 . Understanding the problem 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆ Length of one side of the roof = 5.2 m. (a) A ◆ Two angles given 30° and 50°. ◆ Calculate the length of two sides and y m 5.2 m the area of triangle. C 30° 50° B By using sine rule, y 5.2 sin 50° = sin 30° y = sin5.320° × sin 50° = 7.967 m 2 . Planning a strategy Thus, the length of the other part of ◆ Draw the triangle ABC which the roof is 7.967 m. ∠BAC = 180° – 30° – 50° represents the front view of the roof = 100° of the garage. By using cosine rule, BC2 = 5 .22 + 7.9672 – 2(5.2)(7.967) ◆ Length of one side of the roof, AC = y is cos 100° calculated using sine rule. BC = 10.24 m ◆ Determine ∠BAC and hence calculate Thus, the distance between both walls BC using cosine rule. of the garage is 10.24 m. CHAPTER 9 ◆ Find the area of triangle ABC using the (b) Area of triangle ABC formula: 1 2 Area = 1 ab sin C = (5.2)(10.24) sin 50° 2 or Heron’s formula. = 20.40 m2 Thus, the triangular area which will be painted by Mr. Tan is 20.40 m2. 263 9.4.1

4 . Making a conclusion Using Heron’s formula, s = 5.2 + 7.967 + 10.24 = 11.7035 m 2 Area = !11.7035(11.7035 – 5.2)(11.7035 – 7.967)(11.7035 – 10.24) ≈ 20.40 m2 The value of AC, BC and the area calculated are valid. Example 17 DE F The diagram on the right shows a glass prism and the sketch of the prism. The cross section of the prism is an equilateral AC triangle sides of 6 cm and the height of the prism is 8 cm. B Calculate (a) the angle between BD and CD, (b) the area of BCD, (c) the angle between the plane BCD and the vertical plane BCEF. Solution (a) CD = !w62 + 82 D = 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm 62 = 102 + 102 – 2(10)(10) cos ∠BDC cos ∠BDC = 102 + 102 – 62 2(10)(10) ∠BDC = 34.92° B 6 cm C Thus, the angle between BD and CD is 34.92°. (b) Area of triangle BCD = 1 (10)(10) sin 34.92° 2 = 28.622 cm2 DE (c) Based on the diagram on the right, the angle between the FH plane BCD and vertical plane BCEF is ∠DGH. CHAPBTAEBR99 DH = !w62 – 32 = 5.1962 tan ∠DGH = 5.1962 AC 8 G ∠DGH = 33° B 264 9.4.1

Solution of Triangles Self Practice 9.10 1. In an examination hall, the tables of Daniel, Darvin and Cindy C 6.575 m are at positions A, B and C respectively. These three points form 10 m 4.027 m B a triangle as shown in the diagram on the right. The distance between Daniel’s table and Cindy’s table is 10 m, Daniel’s table and Darvin’s table is 4.027 m whereas Darvin’s table A and Cindy’s table is 6.575 m. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of the triangle formed is 180°. 2. The diagram on the right shows a children’s toy in the shape of A 5 cm O a cone and its upper portion is cut off. The surfaces in the shape 16 cm of circles, centre O and centre P are horizontal and the OP axis is vertical. There is a straight line that joins A to C. Given B 10 cmP OA = 5 cm, PB = 10 cm, OP = 16 cm and ∠BPC = 90°, 90° calculate C (a) the length of AC, (b) the area of plane ABC. 3. The positions of two towns, A and B, are shown in the y Cartesian plane in the diagram on the right. Find the angle between the position vector of town A and town B relative to A(–4, 3) the origin O. Hence, find the area of the region in the shape of the triangle OAB. B(1, 1) Ox Intensive Practice 9.4 Scan QR code or visit bit.ly/2IG2l0m for the quiz 1. The diagram on the right shows the front view of a doll 6 cm S R house built by Melly. The coloured part is the veranda roof T 10 cm of the doll house. PTS and PQR are straight lines. 5 cm (a) Calculate the area of the roof QRST. (b) Point U lies on PR such that SU = SR, P 4 cm Q calculate ∠SUP. 2. The diagram on the right shows the position of an oil rig, a WN tanker and a helicopter. The bearing of the helicopter from the tanker is 40°. Given the distance between the helicopter CHAPTER 9 and the tanker is 13 km whereas the distance between the WNES helicopter and the oil rig is 10 km. Calculate the distance, in km, between the tanker and the oil rig. ES 13 km 040° 9.4.1 10 km 265

3. The diagram on the right shows a gift box in the shape of a cuboid. Q R (a) Calculate the area of the plane ACQ. B (b) Hence, state another plane which has the same area as P S 6 cm the plane ACQ. C A 8 cm 4 cm D 4. A ship sailed for 20 km to Port Bentara at the bearing of 120° from Port Astaka. Then, the ship sailed for 30 km to Port Cindai at the bearing of 225° from Port Bentara. Calculate the distance and the bearing of Port Cindai from Port Astaka. 5. The elevation angle of the peak of a mountain from Arman is 20°. Then, Arman walks horizontally towards the mountain that is 800 m away and the elevation angle becomes 45°. Estimate the height of the mountain from the level of Arman’s position. Summary OF Chapter 9 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES c��d��i��s Sine rule Area of triangle • Given two angles and ��g �d��i��s length of one side �� ��v��v Cosine rule c� • Given lengths of two sides and a non-included c��d��i��s Given two sides and angle an included angle –s–ina––A– = –s–inb––B– = –s–in–c–C–f��m��a� f��m��a� f��m��a� Ambiguous case f��m��a�• Given lengths of two sides Given lengths of and an included angle three sides CHAPBTAEBR99 • Given lengths of three sides L = –21– ab sin C L = –12– ac sin B a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A L = –12– bc sin A b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C Heron’s formula Solve problems L = ͱසsස(sසස–සaස)ස(sසස–සbස)ස(සsස–සcස)ස involving triangle where s = –a–+––2b––+–c– 266

Solution of Triangles WRITE YOUR JOURNAL 1. Draw a flow chart which shows the steps used in choosing the suitable rules to find (a) length of sides or size of angles of a triangle, (b) the area of a triangle. 2. Surf the internet to get (a) the examples of usage of sine rule, cosine rule and the formula of the area of triangles in our daily lives, (b) the area of the Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle, India Golden Triangle and Bermuda Triangle. MASTERY PRACTICE 1. (a) Given ∠ABC = 50°, ∠BAC = 72° and c = 5.8 cm, calculate the length of a and b. PL1 (b) Given the sides of triangle PQR are p = 8.28 cm, q = 6.56 cm and r = 3.63 cm, find ∠P, ∠Q and ∠R. PL2 2. Find the value of x in each of the following diagrams. PL3 (a) (b) P X 3 cm 6 cm 9 cm 14 cm S x cm Q 55°13ʹ 31°52ʹ Z 77° R Y x cm 3. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle ABC. A Point D lies on AB. Calculate PL3 (a) the length of AC, 7 cm (b) the area of triangle ADC. D 10 cm 3 cm C B 4. Given triangle XYZ such that ∠X = 42.2°, x = 10 cm and z = 13.4 cm. PL4 CHAPTER 9 (a) Sketch two possible shapes of the triangle. (b) Hence, find the possible values of ∠Z. (c) Calculate the area of triangle XYZ for the obtuse angle of ∠Z. 5. The diagram on the right shows five points, A, B, C, D A 10 cm E and E which forms quadrilaterals. BCD is a straight line, 9 cm D ∠ACB is obtuse and the area of triangle ADE B is 20 cm2. Calculate PL4 5 cm (a) the length of AD, 30° (b) ∠DAE. C 6 cm 267

6. In the diagram on the right, PQR is an equilateral triangle with sides T Q of 6 cm and lies on a horizontal plane. Point T is 4 cm vertically 6 cm above the midpoint of PQ. Calculate PL5 P (a) the angle formed by TR and triangle PQR, 6 cm R (b) the area of plane TPR. 7. A group of girl scouts took part in a camping. They set up three B tents with the positions as shown in the diagram on the right. 8m The positions of the three tents formed a triangle ABC. PL5 (a) Calculate the obtuse angle ACB. 7m (b) Draw and label another triangle other than triangle ABC A 50° C which shows the possible position of tent C such that the distance AB and AC and ∠ABC remain unchanged. (c) Tent C has to be relocated to other position but the distance between tent A and tent B and angle BAC formed between the tents remain unchanged. Calculate the distance AC such that only one triangle can be formed. 8. The diagram on the right shows a glass block in the shape of a A V pyramid VABC. The base of the block is an isosceles triangle and C AB = AC = 5.2 cm. V is the vertex of the block such that BV = CV = 3 cm. The angle between the inclined plane VBC and B the base ABC is 50°. Calculate PL5 (a) ∠BAC, given the base area is 8.69 cm2, (b) the length of AV, given the angle between the line AV and the base is 25°, (c) the surface area of VAB of the glass block. 9. Rashid drove a boat westwards. He noticed a lighthouse at a distance of 25 km away at the bearing of 235°. PL5 (a) Sketch a diagram to illustrate the above situation. (b) What is the distance travelled by the boat if its distance from the lighthouse is 16 km? (c) Rashid continued to drive the boat until his distance from the lighthouse is 16 km again. (i) Calculate the distance between the first position and the second position of the boat. (ii) What is the bearing of the lighthouse from the boat when the boat is at the second position? 10. The diagram on the right shows the positions of four petrol stations, J, K, L and M in a district. Given the distance JK = 40 km, KL = 80 km, LM = 65 km and ∠JKL = 44°. PL5 CHAPBTAEBR99 (a) Calculate M 65 km J (i) the distance JL, (ii) ∠JML, 40 km (iii) the area of KLM. (b) Without doing calculations, determine the petrol station which is the furthest from petrol station K. K 80 km L Explain. (c) If a car travels along the road KL, calculate the shortest distance of the car from petrol station M. 268

Solution of Triangles 11. Mary coloured the three triangles, ABC, ACD and CED E such that ACE and BCD are straight lines. Given B 5 cm C 6.5 cm ∠DCE = 50.05° and ∠CED is obtuse. PL6 D (a) Calculate 7 cm (i) ∠CED, (ii) the length of AB, 9 cm (iii) the area of triangle AED. (b) The straight line AB is extended to point Bʹ such A that CBʹ = CB. On the same diagram, draw and colour the triangle BCBʹ. 1 2. In the diagram on the right, WYZ is a straight line. X 12 cm Given sin ∠XYW = 1110. PL6 (a) Find sin ∠YXZ. W Y 4 cm Z (b) Calculate the area of triangle XYZ. Hence, find the length of XW. (c) State two situations so that the ambiguous case exists in the triangle on the right. Exploring MATHEMATICS You are given a roll of wire of 100 metres length. You have to fence up a A region in the shape of an isosceles triangle. The diagram on the right cb shows the sketch of the triangular region. Ba C (a) Complete the following table to find the possible lengths of sides, a, b and c, of the triangle that can be formed by using the wire. abc Area of triangle 2 49 49 4 48 48 (b) By using suitable formulae and technology, calculate the area of each triangle. CHAPTER 9 (c) Hence, predict the maximum area which can be fenced up and state the shape of the triangle. 269

CHAPTER Index Numbers 10 What will be learnt? Index Numbers Composite Index List of Learning Standards bit.ly/2q4n8El KEY WwORDS Index number Nombor indeks Price index Indeks harga Quantity at Kuantiti pada base time masa asas Quantity at Kuantiti pada specific time masa tertentu Composite index Indeks gubahan Weightage Pemberat CHAPTER 10 270 10.1.1

Index Numbers Did you Know? In the year 1764, Giovanni Rinaldo Carli (1720-1795) who was an Italian economist calculated the price ratios of three goods from the year 1500 to 1750. The average of the price ratios of the three goods represented the measures of change that had happened in the period of 250 years. His idea has resulted in the extended usage of index number till today. For further information: bit.ly/33ngFCU SIGNIFIOCFATNHCISE CHAPTER In general, index number is used to measure all types of quantitative changes in the field of industries, agricultures, trades and services. Besides these, index number also plays an important role in measuring the magnitude of the economy such as income, job opportunity, export, import, price and others. Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures Scan this QR code CHAPTER 10 the changes in the prices of goods and to watch a video on services that represent the average Consumer Price Index purchasing pattern of a group of people (CPI) in Malaysia. over a period of time. CPI is also used to calculate the inflation rate and cost of bit.ly/2PvIIMt living. Beside food and drinks, what are other goods and services that can be 271 bought by Malaysian households? 10.1.1

10.1 Index Numbers I paid RM748 for the same smart Defining and describing index numbers phone this year. I paid RM680 for this smart phone last year. Based on the conversation above, what conclusion can be made Mathematics Museum regarding the prices of the smart phones in this year and last year? If you are able to state an increase of 10% in the prices, then you The earliest recorded have made a relation regarding the index number. calculation of index number was in 1750. In general, index number is a statistical measure to measure the change of a variable of a particular year as compared to another year which is considered to be the base year. The base usually has the value of 100 and index number is 100 times the ratio with the base. The variables can consist of value of currency, price, product, earning, quantity, job opportunity and others. There are varieties of index numbers with different calculations. For example: Consumer price index Death index of road accidents a Market price at the I= ∑vehicles × 10 000 IHP = current year × 100 a = total death at the current year Market price at base year ∑vehicles = total number of registered vehicles till the current year Air quality index CHAPTER 10 I= Ihigh – Ilow (C – Clow) + Ihigh Body mass index Chigh – Clow I = Air quality index BMI = Height Weight (kg) (cm) × 100 C = Concentration of pollutants (cm) × Height 272 10.1.1 10.1.2

Index Numbers InQuirY 1 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To determine the percentage change and relate with index numbers Instruction: 1. Work in 5 groups. 2. Look at the graphical info below regarding the data of total foreign workers according to the sectors in Malaysia in the years 2013 and 2016. 649 388 Data of the 253 194 268 Agriculture Plantation foreign workers 2016 174 2013 in Malaysia 432 according to Construction Manufacture Services 269 the sectors in the years 2016 and 2013 (in nearest thousand) 434 752 [Source: Malaysia Open Source] 3. Every group is required to pick only one sector to analyse. 4. In groups, answer the following questions: (a) Determine the percentage change in the data for the year 2016 compared to that of the year 2013 for each sector and interpret the percentage change obtained. (b) List down the causes for the changes to take place. (c) State two implications of the entry of foreign workers to our country. (d) List down suggestions to overcome the negative effects of entry of the foreign workers in this country. 5. Present your work in a creative way in front of the class. 6. Carry out a question and answer session with the members of other groups. From the results of Inquiry 1, with the year 2013 as the base year, the index number is the percentage change of the data of the foreign workers in Malaysia in the year 2016 compared to the year 2013. Percentage change in data of foreign workers in construction sector = 388 × 100% 434 = 89.4% CHAPTER 10 The above percentage can also be written in index number, I: I = 388 × 100 434 I = 89.4 10.1.1 10.1.2 273

In general, the formula for index number can be written as: MATHEMATICS POCKET I = Q1 × 100 Q0 Price index or quantity is the ratio in percentage, with Q0 = Price/Quantity at the base year without writing the Q1 = Price/Quantity at a particular year percentage symbol. Example 1 Smart TIPS The price of an X-branded watch in the year 2017 and 2018 The value of index number was RM500 and RM550 respectively. Calculate the index more than 100 means there number of the price of the watch in the year 2018 based on the will be an increase when year 2017. Interpret the index number obtained. compared to the base year whereas index number Solution smaller than 100 means there will be a decrease or Let Q0 = Price in the year 2017 reduction when compared to Q1 = Price in the year 2018 the base year. Index number, I = Q1 × 100 Q0 550 = 500 × 100 = 110 Thus, there is an increase of 10% in the price from the year 2017 to the year 2018. Example 2 Mind Challenge In the year 2017, the number of sports governing bodies registered Can the value of index with the Sports Commissioner Office is 893. Given that the index number be 100? If so, when number of the registration of sports governing bodies of the year will this arise? 2017 based on the year 2010 is 156.39, calculate the number of sports governing bodies registered in the year 2010. 10.1.1 10.1.2 Solution Let Q0 = The number of registration in the year 2010 Q1 = The number of registration in the year 2017 I = Q1 × 100 Q0 893 CHAPTER 10 156.39 = Q0 × 100 Q0 = 571 Thus, the number of sports governing bodies registered in the year 2010 is 571. 274

Example 3 Index Numbers The price index of a bicycle in the year 2018 based on the year QR 2010 and 2015 was 176 and 110 respectively. Find the price index of the bicycle in the year 2015 based on the year 2010. Scan this QR code for other methods to solve Solution problems involving index numbers. IQQQQ1=22220000÷1111QQ5880 222××00:11 1105 00×00QQ122==0001101105 17=061 1  1706…… 1 Alternative Method 2 bit.ly/2Ntoh02 I2018/2015 = I2018/2010 × 100 I2015/2010 176 110 = I2015/2010 × 100 I2015/2010 = 176 × 100 110 = 160 = 176 × 100 110 = 160 Self Practice 10.1 1. Malaysia Automotive Association (MAA) reported that the total number of registered commercial vehicles in the year 2015 was 75 376 whereas the total registered number commercial vehicles in the year 2017 was 61 956. Calculate the index for the number of registered commercial vehicles in the year 2017 based on the year 2015 and interpret it. 2. The average monthly expenditure of a Malaysian household in the year 2014 was RM3 578. In the year 2017, average monthly expenditure of a Malaysian household was RM4 033. Find the average index for the monthly expenditure of a Malaysian household in the year 2017 based on the year 2014 and interpret your findings. 3. The total production of oil palm in Malaysia in the year 2013 was 720 440 105 metric tonnes. Given the index of the total production of oil palm in the year 2016 based on the year 2013 was 90.23, find the total production of oil palm in the year 2016. 4. The table below shows the price indices for a particular type of drink. Year 2013 Year 2019 Year 2019 Smart TIPS (2011 = 100) (2011 = 100) (2013 = 100) The year 2013 (2011 = 100) means price index in the 150 225 p year 2013 is based on the year 2011. Find the value of p. 5. The production index of industrial sugar in the year 2011 and 2012 based on the year 2010 CHAPTER 10 was 101.4 and 95.8 respectively. Calculate the index production of industrial sugar in the year 2012 based on the year 2011. 10.1.1 10.1.2 275

Problem solving involving index numbers Example 4 Mathematics Application According to the statistics from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the total number of visitors who visited Taman Negara Pahang, Sungai Relau in the year 2016 was 17 721. If National Park Corporation targeted a 10% increase in the number of visitors for the year 2018, calculate the expected number of visitors in the year 2020 if the rate of increment of the visitors from the year 2018 to the year 2020 is the same as the rate of increment of the visitors from the year 2016 to the year 2018. Solution 1 . Understanding the problem 3 . Implementing the strategy ◆ Number of visitors in the year 2016 The number of visitors in the year 2018 was 17 721. Q2018 I2018/2016 = Q2016 × 100 ◆ The increment of 10 percent from the year 2016 to the year 2018. 110 = Q2018 × 100 17 721 ◆ The increment of 10 percent from the Q2018 = 19 493 year 2018 to the year 2020. The number of visitors in the year 2020 ◆ Find the number of visitors in the year Q2020 2020. I2020/2018 = Q2018 × 100 2 . Planning the Strategy 110 = Q2020 × 100 19 493 ◆ Find the number of visitors in the Q2020 = 21 442 year 2018 by using the index number formula. Thus, the expected number of visitors in the year 2020 is 21 442. ◆ By using the number of visitors in the year 2018, the number of visitors in the year 2020 is calculated using the index number formula. 4 . Making a conclusion ◆ The index number in the year 2020 is based on the year 2018, 21 442 × 100 ≈ 110 19 493 CHAPTER 10 ◆ The index number in the year 2018 is based on the year 2016, 19 493 × 100 ≈ 110 17 721 276 10.1.3

Index Numbers InQuirY 2 In groups 21st Century Learning Aim: To study the usage of index number Instruction: 1. Read the newspaper extract below carefully. The alarming rate of accidents among people BANGI: National Institute of Occupational Safety “This increase is particularly worrying as we and Health (NIOSH) expressed their concerns over celebrated our 61st Independence Day, we are only the alarming rate of accidents among people in the independent or free from colonial shackles, but country from 66 618 cases in the year 2016 to 69 980 still not independent from the aspect of attitude cases in the year 2017. especially on the road,” he said in the media The chairman of NIOSH, Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye conference after officiating celebration of the 61st said, according to the statistics released by Social Independence Day 2018 at NIOSH headquarters. Security Organisation (SOCSO), as many as 33 319 cases were recorded in 2017 involving accidents Translated from Berita Harian which occurred when travelling to or returning from (Source: https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/ workplaces, the increase was as much as 6.4% from nasional/2018/08/468225/kadar-kemalangan-di- 31 314 cases of accidents recorded in the year 2016. kalangan-rakyat-membimbangkan) On the other hand, the rate of occupational hazards increased as much as 3.84% from 35 304 cases in the year 2016 to 36 661 cases in the year 2017. 2. Carry out a brainstorming session among group members and answer the following questions: (a) Make a conjecture regarding the occupational hazard index in the year 2017 compared to the year 2016. (b) What are the effects if the rate of occupational hazards continue to increase? (c) What are the causes of the increase of occupational hazards in our country? (d) Suggest ways to reduce the rate of occupational hazards in our country. 3. Prepare a graphical folio to answer the above questions. 4. Display your group result to the class. Self Practice 10.2 1. The table shows the price index of groceries in the year 2015 and 2020 based on the year 2010. Item Price index in the year 2015 2020 Groceries 125 140 Find the price index of these groceries in the year 2020 based on the year 2015. CHAPTER 10 2. The premium insurance payment of a company in the year 2016 increased as much as 5 percent compared to the year 2011. In the year 2018, the premium increased again as much as 10 percent compared to 2011. Find the premium insurance index in the year 2018 compared to the year 2016. 10.1.3 277

Intensive Practice 10.1 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2IxHTyD for the quiz 1. In January 2017, the average temperature in town P was 25.3°C whereas the average temperature in February 2017 was 27.4°C. Find the average temperature index in February with January as the base time and interpret the index number obtained. 2. Given the price index of a certain item in the year 2016 based on the year 2015 was 130 and the price index in the year 2016 based on the year 2012 was 120. Find the price index of this item in the year 2015 based on the year 2012 and interpret it. 3. The table below shows the prices and the price indices of three ingredients P, Q and R which are used in preparing a type of biscuit. Material Cost (RM/kg) Price index in the year 2019 based on the year 2015 Year 2015 Year 2019 Px 0.40 80 Q 2.00 y 140 R 0.80 1.00 z Find the values of x, y and z. 4. The table below shows the retail prices of a chicken in January for the year 2015 until 2018. Year Price (RM/kg) Price index 2015 5.80 p 2016 7.65 q 2017 7.80 r 2018 7.30 s Using the year 2015 as the base year, find the value of p, q, r and s. 5. The diagram below shows the price index for a type of food in 2015 and 2018 based on the year 2010. Item Price index Year 2015 Year 2018 CHAPTER 10 Food 110 118 Find the price index of the food in the year 2018 based on the year 2015. 278

Index Numbers 10.2 Composite Index Determining and interpreting composite index InQuirY 3 In pairs 21st Century Learning Aim: Determine composite index Instruction: 1. The table below shows the price indices and percentages of four ingredients used in preparing semperit in the year 2019 based on the year 2018. Ingredient Price index Percentage (%) Margarine 120 30 Sugar 127 15 Wheat flour 108 50 Egg 107 5 2. Calculate the average price index for all the four ingredients and make a conclusion about the average value. 3. What is the role played by the value of percentages in the calculation of the average price index? If the percentages of these four ingredients are the same, what can you interpret about the average price index? 4. Present your findings in front of the class and carry out a question and answer session with other pairs. From Inquiry 3, the average price index is obtained as follow: Average price index = (120 × 30) + (127 × 15) + (108 × 50) + (107 × 5) 100 = 114.4 The average price index indicates that there is an increase in the price of the raw ingredients in the year 2019 compared to the year 2018. The value of the percentages represents the importance of the usage of the raw materials in the preparation of semperit. The value of this average price index is known as the composite price index (I) which means the combination of a few indices as a statistical measure for overseeing the market or sector performance from time to time involving the importance of each item. The importance is known as the weightage (w). The value of weightage can be in the form of numbers, ratios, percentage, readings on the bar chart or pie chart and others. If I1, I2, I3, ..., In are the price indices for n items respectively with weightages w1, w2, w3, ..., wn, then the composite index can be calculated using the following formula: I = (I1w1 + I2w2 + I3w3 +… + Inwn) CHAPTER 10 w1 + w2 + w3 +… + wn wIi=th∑I∑iIw=iwiiindex numbers and wi = weightages 10.2.1 279

Example 5 MATHEMATICS POCKET Price index of one kilogram of three types of fruits sold in a stall in the year 2018 based on the year 2010 was 175, 120 and 160 Composite index without respectively. Find the composite index of these fruits in the year weightage given is 2018 based on the year 2010. calculated by assuming the value of the weightages Solution are the same for each index number. Composite index, I = ∑Iiwi the weightage ∑wi for each type Mind Challenge 175(1) + 120(1) + 160(1) of fruits is 1 I = 3 What is the difference between composite index = 151.67 with and without weightages given? Explain the importance of weightage in the calculation of composite index. Example 6 The table below shows the expenditure of utility index of a factory in the year 2017 based on the year 2011. The pie chart shows the percentages of the usage in a month. Utility Expenditure index Fuel Electric Water 135 25% 58% Electricity 140 Fuel 125 Water 17% Find the composite index of the expenditure of utility in the year 2017 based on the year 2011. Solution Composite index, I = ∑Iiwi ∑wi = 135(17) + 140(58) + 125(25) 17 + 58 + 25 13 540 CHAPTER 10 = 100 = 135.4 280 10.2.1

Index Numbers Self Practice 10.3 1. The price index of the traditional kuih such as nekbat, nagasari and serabai in the year 2020 based on the year 2015 is 105, 112 and 98 respectively. Find the composite index for the three types of traditional kuih in the year 2020 based on the year 2015 and interpret the value obtained. 2. The bar chart shows the credit points of three subjects Weightage in a college. Given the student entry index following 3 the subjects Chemistry, Economics and Science in the year 2019 based on the year 2015 was 136, m and 108 2 respectively. Find the value of m if the composite index for the three subjects in the year 2019 based on the year 1 2015 was 120. 0 Chemistry Economy Science Subject Solving problem involving index numbers and composite numbers The concepts of index numbers and composite numbers studied this far are used widely in various fields for recognising and monitoring the trend in prices, production, job opportunities, inflation and others. Example 7 The table below shows the cost price of three main materials in making non-rusting steel by a company. Material Price in the year 2010 Price in the year 2018 Percentage (RM per metric tons) (RM per metric tons) (%) Iron Chromium 2 025 3 424 72 Nickel 8 431 9 512 18 62 235 50 916 10 (a) Calculate the price index for iron, chromium and nickel in the year 2018 based on the year 2010. (b) Calculate the composite index for the cost of the production of the non-rusting steel in the year 2018 based on the year 2010. Interpret your findings. (c) Determine the cost of production of the non-rusting steel in the year 2018 if the cost in the year 2010 was RM65 million. Solution (a) IIron = Q2018 × 100 IChromium = Q2018 × 100 INickel = Q2018 × 100 Q2010 Q2010 Q2010 3 424 9 512 50 916 = 2 025 × 100 = 8 431 × 100 = 62 235 × 100 CHAPTER 10 = 169.09 = 112.82 = 81.81 Thus, the price index for iron, chromium and nickel in the year 2018 based on the year 2010 was 169.09, 112.82 and 81.8 respectively. 10.2.1 10.2.2 281

(b) Construct a table to determine ∑wi and ∑Iiwi. Material Ii wi Iiwi Iron 169.09 72 12 174.48 112.82 18 2 030.76 Chromium 81.81 10 Nickel ∑wi = 100 818.10 ∑Iiwi = 15 023.34 I = ∑wIiwi i 15 023.34 = 100 = 150.23 There was an increase of 50.23% in the production cost of the non-rusting steel in the year 2018 based on the year 2010. BRAINSTORMING (c) I = Q2018 × 100 Did the decreasing price of Q2010 the nickel in 2018 affect the total production cost 150.23 = Q2018 × 100 of the production of the 65 non-rusting steel? Discuss. Q2018 = 97.65 Thus, the production cost of the non-rusting steel in the year 2018 was RM97.65 million. Self Practice 10.4 1. The table below shows the price of four materials, A, B, C and D used in making roof tiles in the year 2016 and 2010. Material Cost (RM) Weightage (%) A 2010 2016 10 B 1.40 2.10 20 C 1.50 1.56 40 D 1.60 1.92 30 4.50 5.58 CHAPTER 10 (a) Calculate the price index for each material in the year 2016 based on the year 2010. (b) Calculate the composite index for all the materials in the year 2016 based on the year 2010. Interpret your findings. (c) Determine the price of the roof tile in the year 2010 if the price was RM2.65 in the year 2016. 282 10.2.2

Index Numbers 2. The table below shows the price of five materials used in making a souvenir in the year 2013 and 2019. Material Price in the Price in the Price index Weightage year 2013 year 2019 (2013 = 100) (%) (RM) (RM) P 5.00 6.00 120 8 Q 20.00 23.00 a 12 R 8.00 12.00 b 20 S 16.00 18.00 c 27 T 10.00 13.00 130 d (a) Calculate the value of a, b, c and d. (b) Calculate the composite index for the souvenir in the year 2019 based on the year 2013. Interpret your findings. (c) Determine the price of the souvenir in the year 2019 if the price in the year 2013 was RM35. (d) Calculate the price index of the souvenir in the year 2021 if the total cost of the materials used is expected to increase by 10% in the year 2021. Intensive Practice 10.2 Scan the QR code or visit bit.ly/2Ox3nPM for the quiz 1. The admission of students in a school according to the Science stream and the Arts stream follows the ratio 60 : 40. Given that the admission index of students according to the Science stream and the Arts stream in the year 2019 based on the year 2015 was 120 and 130 respectively. Find the composite index for the admission of students in the school in the year based on the year 2019 and 2015. 2. Myra Company has three small subsidiaries in three districts in Selangor. The table below shows the change in productivity and the number of workers in the three subsidiaries in the year based on the year 2018 and 2010. District Change in productivity from the Number of year 2010 to 2018 workers Kuala Langat Increased 10% 3 Gombak No change 2 Shah Alam Decreased 20% 5 Find the composite index for the productivity of the three subsidiaries. Give your opinion regarding the productivity of Myra Company based on the value you have obtained. 3. The subject evaluation in a college follows the Paper 1, Paper 2 and Course Work format. The CHAPTER 10 allocation for Course Work is 20% of the total marks of the subject whereas the marks for Paper 1 and Paper 2 is 80% of the total marks and both of the papers are important in the calculation of the final marks. Kalaivathy obtains 85, 72 and 68 marks for Paper 1, Paper 2 and Course Work respectively. Calculate the final marks obtained by Kalaivathy in the subject. 10.2.2 283

4. The table below shows the price index and change in the price indices for four main materials in the production of a facial wash. Material Price index in the Change in the price B A year 2021 based on index from the year 40% 10% A 2021 to the year 2023 B the year 2019 C D C No change 30% 20% D 150 Reduced by 10% 140 No change m Increased by 20% 115 (a) Find the value of m if the composite index in the production of facial wash in the year 2021 based on the year 2019 is 133. (b) Calculate the composite index in the production of the facial wash in the year 2023 based on the year 2019. (c) Calculate the production cost of the facial wash in the year 2023 if the cost corresponds to the year 2019 is RM19.50. Summary OF Chapter 10 u��d Without weightage �� i� i�� �o��e� Composite index With weightage f� i��o��e� INDEX Index number NUMBERS �m��a m��a f�� Q1 �� �� �� ��e��i� ∑ Iiwi , Q0 I= ∑wi I= ϫ100 wi = weightage CHAPTER 10 WRITE YOUR JOURNAL Based on your comprehension throughout this chapter, what do you understand about index number? In your opinion, what is the best way to determine the most suitable base year in calculating the index number of goods or services? What is weightage? What are the factors that affect the relative importance of an item? 284

Index Numbers MASTERY PRACTICE 1. The table below shows the price per kg of four types of goods, A, B, C, and D, in the year 2017 and 2019, price index in the year 2019 was based on the year 2017 and their weightages respectively. PL3 Good Price in the Price in the Price index in the Weightage year 2017 year 2019 year 2019 A (RM/kg) (RM/kg) 4 B (2017 = 100) 1 C 2.00 2.20 2 D z 3 0.80 y 125 1.10 1.10 100 x 1.20 120 (a) Find the value of x, y and z. (b) Calculate the composite index of the goods in the year 2019 based on the year 2017. 2. The table below shows the price index of two materials A and B used in production of a type of household decorations. PL3 Material Price index in the year 2018 Price index in the year 2020 based on the year 2016 based on the year 2016 A B 110 m n 110 Given the price of material B increased by 22% in the year 2018 from the year 2016. The price of material A in the year 2016 was RM5.00 and the year 2020, RM6.05. Find the value of m and n. 3. The table below shows the information related to four materials, A, B, C and D used in making a toy. The percentage of usage of material B is not shown. PL4 Material Change in price index from the Percentage usage (%) year 2015 to the year 2018 50 A B Reduced by 10% 10 C 10 D Increased 60% Increased 20% Increased 40% The production cost of the toy was RM41 650 in the year 2018. CHAPTER 10 (a) If the cost of material C in the year 2015 was RM7.60, find the cost in the year 2018. (b) Calculate the corresponding production cost in the year 2015. (c) The production cost is expected to increase by 60% from the year 2018 to the year 2020. Calculate the percentage change in the production cost from the year 2015 to the year 2020. 285

4. The rubber production in Malaysia is 1.126 million tonnes in 2005, x million tonnes in 2010 and 0.722 million tonnes in 2015. Calculate PL3 (a) the index number for the rubber production in the year 2015 based on the year 2005, (b) the value of x, given that the index number for rubber production in the year 2010 based on the year 2005 is 83, (c) the index for the rubber production in the year 2020 based on the year 2005 if the index for rubber production in the year 2020 based on the year 2010 is 105. 5. The table below shows the price for an item in 2000 and 2015. PL4 Year Price 2000 RM8 2015 RM10 (a) If the rate of price increase from 2015 to 2020 is twice the rate of price increase from 2000 to 2015, determine the price of that item in 2020. (b) Calculate the price index in the year 2020 based on the year 2000. 6. The table below shows the price index and weightage for four types of materials in the year 2020 based on the year 2019. PL4 Materials Price index Weightage P 107 2 Q 118 x R 94 1 S 105 2x (a) The composite index for the materials in the year 2020 based on the year 2019 is 108. Determine the value of x. (b) The price index for material P rises by 20% and the price index for material S drops by 10% in 2020 until 2021. The price index for other materials do not change. Determine the composite index for the materials in the year 2021 based on the year 2019. 7. The table below shows the sales index for an encyclopedia in 2015 and 2017 with the year 2000 as the base year. PL4 Year 2015 2017 Sales index 109 145 Determine the sales index for the encyclopedia in the year 2017 based on the year 2015. 8. The table below shows the price index for three cameras. PL4 Year 2013 2019 2019 (2011 = 100) (2011 = 100) (2013 = 100) Camera 231 p CHAPTER 10 J 165 156 120 Kq r 170 L 150 Determine the value of p, q and r. 286

Index Numbers 9. The following shows the number of visitors who visited Pulau Langkawi in 2010 and 2017. PL5 2010 2.45 million 2017 3.68 million (a) Determine the number of visitors in 2020 if the rate of increase for the number of visitors in 2017 to 2020 is twice the rate of increase from 2010 to 2017. (b) Calculate the index for number of visitors in the year 2020 based on the year 2017. State your interpretation based on the index number obtained. 1 0. The table below shows the price and weightage for three materials P, Q and R in the year 2018 based on the year 2016. PL4 Material PQR Price index 80 130 140 Weightage x y z Given the composite index for material P and Q in the year 2018 based on the year 2016 is 120 whereas the composite index for materials P and R is 125. Determine the ratio x : y : z. 11. The price index for a safety helmet in the year 2014 based on the year 2010 was 80 and the price index in the year 2018 based on the year 2014 was 110. Given the price for the safety helmet in the year 2018 was RM166. PL5 (a) Calculate the price of the safety helmet in 2010 and 2014. (b) Determine the percentage of decrease in price for safety helmets in 2010 compared to its price in 2018. 1 2. The price for service charge in an agency in 2018 was RM1.50. If the price increased by 15% in 2019, calculate PL5 (a) the price index for service charge in 2019 with 2018 as the base year, (b) the price for the service charge in 2020 if the rate of price increase in 2019 to 2020 is the same as the rate of price increase for 2018 to 2019. Exploring MATHEMATICS 1. Prepare a monthly expenditure of your family according to each of the following categories for the span of 3 months. (a) Food and beverages (d) Transportation (b) Clothing and shoes (e) Medication (c) Water and electricity bills (f) Education 2. Explain the weightage based on the relative money spent by your family. 3. Determine the composite index for expenditures on the 2nd and 3rd month based on the 1st CHAPTER 10 month. What conclusion can you make based on the composite index value obtained? 4. Explain ways to spend wisely. 5. Discuss in groups and make an interesting graphic folio. 287

Open the complete answer file in the QR Code on page vii to get the full solutions Chapter 1  FUNCTIONS Self Practice 1.3 Self Practice 1.1 ( ) 1. (a) 1 2 1. (a) Function because every object has only one g(–5) = 2, g(–2) = 1, g = –9 image even though element 7 has no object. (b) b = – 21 , b = 3 (b) Function because every object has only one image even though element 4 has two objects. 2. (a) k = 4 (b) k = 3 (c) Not a function because object r has two (c) k = 3 images, 8 and 10. ( ) 3. (a) f(–2) = 11, f – 12 2. (a) Function (b) Not a function = 5 (b) 1 , 1 2 (c) Function 1 (d) x < – 21 , x > 2 1 (c) 2 < x < 1 3. (a) h:x→ x , x ≠ 0 (b) h : x → |x| 4. 2, 6 (c) h : x → x3 5. (a) m = – 4, c = 15 Self Practice 1.2 (b) 7 (c) 3 1. (a) Domain = {–2, –1, 0, 2, 4} Intensive Practice 1.1 Codomain = {1, 3, 4, 5} Range = {1, 3, 4, 5} 1. (a) and (c) because every object has only one (b) Domain = {j, k, l, m} image. Codomain = {2, 3, 6, 7, 10} 2. (a) Not a function (b) Not a function Range = {3, 7} (c) Function (c) Domain of f is –3  x  5 3. (a) Function because every object has only one Codomain of f is 2  f(x)  6 image. Range of f is 2  f(x)  6 (b) Domain = {–7, –6, 6, 7} Range = {36, 49} 2. (a) f(x) (c) f : x → x2 4. (a) t = 6 (b) 0  f(x)  6 f(x) = |x + 1| (c) 0  x  4 5 5. (a) (i) 80 meter (ii) 72 meter Range of f is 0  f(x)  5. 1 4x (iii) 45 meter (b) 3 seconds –2 –1 0 (b) f(x) Self Practice 1.4 8 1. (a) f(x) = 3x (b) gf(x) = 2x – 7 f(x) = |4 – 2x| Range of f is 0  f(x)  8. 2. (a) fg : x → 9 – 3x, gf : x → 3 – 3x f 2 : x → 9x, g2 : x → x 4 (b) fg : x → 4 + 2x2, gf : x → 4x2 + 16x + 16 4x f 2 : x → 4x + 12, g2 : x → x4 6 6 –2 0 2 (c) fg : x → x + 4, x ≠ 0, gf : x → x + 4, x ≠ – 4 (c) f(x) f 2 : x → x + 8, g2 : x → x 1 9 fg : x → 6x––51x, x ≠ 1, gf : x → – (d) x 6, x ≠ 6 5 f(x)=|2x – 5| Range of f is 0  f(x)  9. f 2 : x → x – 10, g2 : x → x – 1x, x ≠ 2 2 – 3 3. fg(x) = 3x2 + 22, gf(x) = 9x2 + 24x + 22 (a) x = 1, x = 2 (b) x = 0, x = –4 –2 0 5–2 4 x 4. a = –2, b = 9 or a = 2, b = –3 5. h = –k 288

Self Practice 1.5 2. (a) h = 3, k = –1 (b) 5 3. a = 2, b = 3 6 ( )(b) gf – 51 = 9 4. (a) h = 2, k = −3 1. (a) fg(3) = 4 (b) x = 2, x = –2 ( )(c) 1 (d) x = 1 − 3x2 + 18x − 19, f 2(4) = 3, g2 2 = –1 (b) gf(x) = (x – 3)2 x ≠ 3 (d) f 2(–1) = 5, g2(–1) = – 12 5. (a) a = 3, b = 1 (b) f 4(x) = 81x + 40 6. (a) A(x) = x2, V(A) = 10A 2. (a) x = 2 7. (a) g(x) = 2x2 – 3x – 13 (c) x = 2 (b) g(x) = x2 – 12x + 40 (c) g(x) = 14 – x Self Practice 1.6 x – 1 (b) f (x) → 1. (a) g : x → 2x2 – 4x + 10 8. (a) g : x → 3 9x2 – 3x + 4 (b) g : x → x + 2 9. (a) p = 2, q = –1 (b) f 4(x) = 16x – 15 2. (a) g : x → x2 – 4x (b) g : x → 2x – 3 2 (c) f n(x) = 2nx + 1 – 2n x 10. CN(t) = 15 000 + 800 000t – 40 000t2 3. (a) g:x→ , x ≠ 0 (b) x = 24 (b) gf(2) = –3 4. (a) f (x) = 3x – 7 Self Practice 1.8 Self Practice 1.7 1. (a) f(4) = –5 (b) f –1(–1) = 6 x – 12 (c) f –1(2) = –2 (d) f –1(–5) = 4 + 1. (a) f 2(x) = 2x 1, x ≠ 2. (a) g(12) = – 12 (b) g–1(4) = 3 4 f 3(x) = x 1, x ≠ – 31 (c) h(–1) = 3 (d) h–1(9) = 1 3x + x – 14 f 4(x) = + 1, x ≠ Self Practice 1.9 4x 1. (a) Has an inverse x – 210 (b) Does not have an inverse (b) f 20(x) = 20x + 1, x ≠ (c) Does not have an inverse (d) Has an inverse f 23(x) = x 1, x ≠ – 213 (e) Does not have an inverse 23x + (f) Does not have an inverse 2. (a) f 2(x) = x (g) Has an inverse 1 f 3(x) = x , x ≠ 0 2. (a) Inverse function (b) Inverse function f 4(x) = x (c) Not an inverse function (b) f 40(2) = 2 (d) Not an inverse function 1 f 43(2) = 2 3. f(x) 3. (a) Ar(t) = 16 πt6 (b) 113 7 π m2 8 9 9 v 4. (a) (i) v(t) = 200 + 100t (ii) h = πr2 f (iii) hv(t) = 2+ t 2 4π 1 (b) 1.75 cm f −1 8x −1 0 −11 2 5. (a) r(t) = 3t The domain of function f –1 is –1  x  8 and the (b) Ar(t) is the area of water ripple, in cm2, as function of time, t in seconds range is –1  f –1(x)  2. 4. (a) y (c) 8100 π cm2 7h Intensive Practice 1.2 1. (a) fg(x) = x – 11, x ≠ –1 3 h−1 x + 2x – 1, −2 0 3 7x gf(x) = 2x x ≠ 0 −2 1 (b) The domain of function h–1 is –2  x  7 ( )(b) fg(2) = 3 (c) x = 2 gf – 21 = 2 ( ) 5. (a) Pʹ 1 , –2 (b) Qʹ(–3, 1) 2 1 (c) Rʹ(5, 4) (d) Sʹ(–8, – 6) (c) x= 3 289

6. (a) y (b) a = 1, b = 4 8. (a) V = –43πr3 (b) 0.49 cm f r y = f −1(x) Bʹ(10, 3) 0 Aʹ(2, −1) x Self Practice 1.10 f –1 1. (a) f –1 : x → x + 5 (b) f –1 : x → 3 , x ≠ 0 Mastery Practice 2 x 4 + x, f –1 : x → x6–x5, x ≠ 5 1. (a) (i) 1 (ii) 6, 8, 9 (c) f –1 : x → x x ≠ 0 (d) (b) Yes because every object only has one image. (e) f –1 : x → 8xx–+19, x ≠ 1 (f) f –1 : x → 2xx––32, x ≠ 1 (c) Domain = {2, 6, 7, 8, 9} Codomain = {1, 4, 5} Range = {1, 4} 2. (a) f –1(4) = 1 (b) x = – 32 , x = 1 2. (a) m = 35 (b) h : x → x2 − 1 3 3. Function but not a one-to-one function. – 25 , 1 3. a = b = 8 4. (a) y 4 f (x) = Խx − 3Խ 4. (a) f : x → x – 7 (b) f : x → 2 – 5x 6 (c) f : x → x3–x3, x ≠ 3 5. (a) k = 2 ( )(b) −10 3 7x g 1 = –6 The range of function f is 0  f(x)  4. 2 (b) 1  x  5 Intensive Practice 1.3 (c) y y = 2x−3 4 f (x) 1. (a) f (2) = 5 (b) g(5) = 8 = Խx − 3Խ (c) gf (2) = 8 (d) f –1(5) = 2 (e) g–1(8) = 5 (f) f –1g–1(8) = 2 −10 3 7x 2. (a) Yes (b) Yes −3 (c) No x = 2 3. (a) y 5. (a) h = 7, k = 6 (b) 43 6. m = 3, c = –13 (2, 4) f −1 The domain of function 7. (a) (i) f –1(x) = x + 2 (ii) g(x) = 2x + 5 f (4, 2) f –1 is 0  x  2. 3 (b) x = –8 8. (a) k = 1 (b) m = 2, n = 1 (c) f 2(x) = x (d) f –1(2) = 3 0 x 9. (a) (i)   Continuous functions   (ii) – 4  f(x)  4 (b) y (b) Does not have an inverse function 1 4 10. (a) Condition x  0. (b) f –1(x) = x, f –1(x) = x4 f 11. A graph does not have to cross the line y = x if the The domain of function graph of a function and its inverse intersect. Both of 2 f –1 is 0  x  4. f −1 these graphs might intersect at another line. 0 2 4x 1 2. (a) (i) f –1(x) = 8+ 51x, x ≠ 1 (c) y (4, 8) x– –3 – 24x, (ii) f –1(x) = x – x ≠ 2 (b) f = f−1 if a = −d 1 3. (a) (i) (ii) f (8, 4) The domain of function f −1 f –1 is 0  x  8. 3 y=x f –1 The range of f is 0 x 2 ( 0, 2 ) –1  f(x)  3 and the domain of f –1 is 4. (a) h = 5 (b) f –1(3) = 14 1f –1  x  3. (c) m = –9 3x – 2, ( 2, 0 ) 5. (a) h(x) = x x ≠ 0 (b) x = 2 –1 0 13 6. x = –5, x = 2 –1 7. (a) f –1(x) = 220 – 2170x (b) 173.4 (b) Range of f = domain of f –1 and domain of f = range of f –1. 290

(i) Yes (c) r = −2 or r = 1 (ii) Yes, any points of (b, a) on the graph of f –1 16 are the reflection points of (a, b) on the 6. m = 12; 2, 6 7. 2 and 4; k = 8 graph of f at the line y = x. 8. −12, 12 2!1w00 – p 14. (a) C = 25 + 600 9. h = 2, k = −5 (b) RM600.64 1 0. c = 64 – 9d2 4 15. 14 11. (a) x  − 12 or x  1 Θ Ιh(x) = 2π –41–0x– 0.5 (c) – 4 < x < 4 (b) 1  x  4 12 (b) m = −20, n = 6 10 1 2. (a) m = −1, n = 12 1 3. a = 3, b = −10 Θ Ι8 g(x) = 2π –x–1+–0–4– 0.5 Θ Ι6 f(x) = 2π –1x–0– 0.5 Self Practice 2.4 4 1. (a) 12; two different real roots (b) 0; two equal real roots 2 (c) –104; no real roots (d) 109; two different real roots –5 0 5 10 15 (e) 0; two equal real roots (f) 49; two different real roots The period of pendulum T depends on the length of Self Practice 2.5 the pendulum, l. If the length increases, the period of oscillation of the pendulum also increases. Chapter 2  QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 1. (a) p = – 43 or p = 3 (b) p > – 43 Self Practice 2.1 (c) p< 3 4 1. (a) –5.606, 1.606 (b) −1.193, 4.193 2. k < –2 or k > 6, k = –2 or k = 6 (c) −7.243, 1.243 (d) 0.634, 2.366 3. (a) h = −4, k = −12 (b) c < –16 (e) 0.134, 1.866 (f) −0.712, 4.212 (b) −1.366, 0.366 4. k = 5 h 2. (a) −1.317, 5.317 (d) −0.425, 1.175 4 (c) 0.131, 2.535 (f) 0.275, 2.725 5. 5 : 4 (e) −0.449, 4.449 (b) 8 cm × 5 cm Intensive Practice 2.2 3. (a) 8 cm, 6 cm 4. 3 1. (a) Two equal real roots (b) Two different real roots Self Practice 2.2 (c) No real roots 1. (a) x – 8x + 12 = 0 (b) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 2. (a) k = −4 or k = 8 (b) k = − 81 (c) x2 + 11x + 28 = 0 (d) 5x2 + 24x – 5 = 0 (b) x2 – 10x – 45 = 0 3. (a) r < −3 or r > 5 (b) r< 1 2. p = 2, q = −9 (d) 15x2 – 10x – 3 = 0 4 3. (a) 5x2 – 30x + 31 = 0 (b) 2x2 – 5x – 1 = 0 4 (b) p < − 214 (d) 2x2 + 29x + 2 = 0 4. (a) p< 5 (c) 5x2 – 14 = 0 4. (a) x2 – 5x – 2 = 0 5. (a) k = − 35 or k = 5 (b) x = –3 2 (c) 4x2 – 29x + 1 = 0 6. m = 2n – 4 5. 8x2 + 36x – 27 = 0 7. (a) b = 8, c = 12 (b) –6, –2 Self Practice 2.3 1. (a) –2 < x < 2 (b) 2 < x < 8 8. (a) Tc1h=e 4eq, uc2at=io5n does not have two real roots (c) –2  x  6 (d) x  –1 or x  3 (b) (e) –3 < x < 1 2 (f) 3 < x < 4 Self Practice 2.6 2. x  –2 or x  8 1. (a) (i) The width of the graph decreases, Intensive Practice 2.1 y-intercept does not change. y 1. 0.059, 5.607 6 y = –x2 + x + 6 2. (a) x2 – 12x + 11 = 0 (b) 12, 11 3. (a) 19x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (b) 7x2 + 160x + 175 = 0 (c) x2 + 12x + 13 = 0 4. k = −14 –2 0 x 5. (a) r = 1 (b) r = −3 3 291

(ii) The width of the graph increases, Self Practice 2.8 y-intercept does not change. 1. a = 2, p = 1, q = 5 y 2. (a) f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 3) 6 y = –x2 + x + 6 (b) f(x) = – 4x2 + 4x + 8, f(x) = – 4(x + 1)(x – 2) (c) f(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 16, x f(x) = 2(x + 4)(x – 2) –2 0 3 3. The vertex is (–4, –5), f(x) = – 12 x2 – 4x – 13 (b) The vertex is on the left side of y-axis. All points are changed except for y-intercept. The shape of the graph does not change. 4. (a) a = −1, h = 2, k = 16 (b) f(x) = –x2 – 4x + 12 y f(x) = – (x + 6)(x – 2) 6 y = –x2 + x + 6 ( ) 5. (a) x–1 2 – 25 f(x) = 2 4 (b) f(x) = – (x + 1)2 + 5 ( )(c) 1 2 49 f(x) = –2 x+ 4 + 8 –2 0 x 3 ( )(d) 1 2 28 3 3 (c) The graph moves 8 units downwards. The shape f(x) = 3 x– – of the graph does not change. (e) f(x) = – (x – 2)2 + 16 y (f) f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 – 18 6 y = –x2 + x + 6 Self Practice 2.9 –2 0 x 1. (a) The maximum point is (2, 4) and the equation of –2 3 the axis of symmetry is x = 2. (b) (i) When a changes from –3 to –10, the width of the graph decreases. The axis of symmetry x = 2 and the maximum value 4 does not change. y 4 f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4 Self Practice 2.7 1. (a) The quadratic function has two x x equal real roots. The graph is a parabola that passes through the 02 maximum point and touches the x-axis at a point. (ii) When h changes from 2 to 5, the graph (b) The quadratic function has with the same shape moves horizontally two different real roots. 3 units to the right. The equation of the The graph is a parabola that axis of symmetry becomes x = 5 and the passed through the minimum maximum value does not change which is point and intersects the x-axis x 4. at two points. y (c) The quadratic function f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4 does not have real roots. The graph is a parabola that 4 passes through the minimum point and above the x-axis. 02 5 x 2. (a) −1, 2 (b) 1, 5 x (b) q > – 130 (iii) When k changes from 4 to –2, the graph 3. (a) q < 7 with the same shape moves vertically 6 units downwards. The maximum value 4. (a) r < – 23 (b) r > 43 becomes –2 and the axis of symmetry does not change. 292

y (d) y f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4 (2, 2) 4 01 3 x f (x) = −2 (x −1)(x − 3) 02 x −6 –2 (e) y ( − 4, 1) 0 x −5 −3 2. (a) h = 3, k = −3, p = 3 (b) x = 5 (c) −1 f (x) = − (x + 3) (x + 5) 3. (a) The graph moves 6 units to the right and the −15 width of the graph increases. The equation of (f) y the axis of symmetry becomes x = 6 and the minimum value does not change, which is 0. f (x) = 2 (x + 1)(x − 3) (b) The graph moves 1 unit to the right and 5 units −1 0 3 x upwards and the width of the graph decreases. The equation of the axis of symmetry becomes x = 1 and the minimum value becomes 5. (c) The graph moves 1 unit to the left and 4 units −6 downwards and the width of the graph increases. The equation of the axis of symmetry becomes (1, − 8) x = –1 and the minimum value becomes −4. (g) y Self Practice 2.10 (2, 9) 1. (a) y f (x) = −x 2 + 4x + 5 5 f (x) = (x −1)2 − 4 −1 0 5 x y −1 0 3 x (h) −3 (1, – 4) (b) y f (x) = 2x 2+3x − 2 −2 0 1_ x f (x) = 2 (x + 2)2 − 2 ( ) 2 6 −2 – _3 , – 3 _1 4 8 −3 −1 0 x (i) y ( −2, −2) (2, 16) (c) y 12 f (x) = −x 2 + 4 x + 12 (2, 9) 5 −2 0 x Self Practice 2.11 f (x) = 9 − (x − 2)2 6 (b) 0.8 second 1. (a) 4 m (d) 0 < t < 2 −1 0 x (c) 7.2 m (b) 31.62 m 5 (b) 50 meter 2. (a) 15 m 3. 4 m, 1 m 4. (a) 200 m 293

Intensive Practice 2.3 Mastery Practice 1. (a) k = −1 or k = 4 (b) k > – 73 1. −0.816, 3.066 2. 5 (b) 4 2. (a) x2 – 8x + 13 = 0 (b) 8, 13 3. (a) (x + 3)2 – 9 + n (c) Two real and different roots (c) y 3. (a) k = −8, 4 (b) k < −8, k > 4 (c) k  –8, k  4 4. (a) p = 2 (b) p = −1 5. h : k = 7 : 6 ; x = 1 6. x < 2 or x > 5, 0  x  7; 0  x < 2 or 5 < x  7 7. (a) 3, 7 (b) p = −5, q = −12 f (x) = (x + 3)2 − 5 − 3 4 (c) x = 5 (d) 3 < x < 7 0 x 8. (a) b = −8, c = 12 (b) (4, −4) (c) 2 < x < 6 (d) 4 −5 9. 9 km/h 4. −6 < r < −2, r = –6 or r = –2 10. 67.229 units 5. (a) The width of the graph decreases. The axis of symmetry and the minimum value do not 11. (a) 20 units (b) 20 units 1 2. (a) y = – 118 (x – 3)2 + 2.5 change. (b) The graph with the same shape moves horizontally 3 units to the right. The equation (b) 9.708 m of the axis of symmetry becomes x = 4 and the minimum value does not change, which is 2. (c) The graph with the same shape moves vertically Chapter 3  Systems of Equations 3 units upwards. The minimum value becomes 5 Self Practice 3.1 and the axis of symmetry does no change, which 1. 3x + 2y + z = 750 is x = 1. 2. (a) Yes, because all three equations have three 6. (a) h(t) variables, m, n and p where the power of the 18 t = 3 variables is 1. The equation has zero n value. (b) No, because there are equations with have the 03 t variable of power of 2. (b) r(t) (c) Yes, because all three equations have three variables, a, b and c where the power of the 36 variables is 1. t=3 Self Practice 3.2 1. (a) x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 (b) x = −1, y = 2, z = 3 2. (a) x = −1, y = 3, z = −1 – 238, 16 (b) x = y = 8, z = 3 Self Practice 3.3 03 t 1. P = RM8 000, Q = RM2 000, R = RM14 500 2. Carnations = 80, roses = 50, daisies = 70 (c) The graph of function h(t) with the value of 3. Pens = 3, pencils = 5, notebooks = 8 a = 2 is wider than the graph of r(t) with the value of a = 4. Therefore, the bird that is represented Intensive Practice 3.1 by the function r(t) moves at the highest position, which is 36 m above the water level compared to 1. (a) x + y + z = 180, x – 20 = y + z, x – 10 = 3z; 100°, 50°, 30° the bird that is represented by the function h(t) (b) x + y + z = 19, 2x + y + z = 22 with 18 m above the water level. 7. p = 3, q = 7 x + 2y + z = 25; 3, 6, 10 2. (a) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 (b) x = 3, y = 2, z = 1 8. (a) b = −1     (b)  c > 2     (c)  c = 4 8 – 454, 9. (a) 4 seconds (b) 64 m (c) x = 5, y = −3, z = 1 (d) x= 5 , y = z = –6 10. (a) (i) α (ii) β (e) x = −1, y = 3, z = 1 (f) No solution o(αifi+2it)h βe−igαsraβthp ehxa-ncdoo–rdαiβnaitsetho(efivtyh)- einαmte+2arxcβeimptuomf tphoeint 3. Butters = 500, chocolates = 750, (b) coconuts = 900 4. Small = 9, medium = 6, large = 3 5. Chickens = 20, rabbits = 10, ducks = 20 graph. 294

Self Practice 3.4 ( ) 2. 6 , 3 and (3, −3) 5 5 1. (a) x = 19, y = 31 and x = 2, y = −3 1 x = – 37 , y = 2 3. h = −2, k = 2 ; x = 1, y = −4 (b) 3 and x = −4, y = 1 4. x = 5, y = 7 (c) x = 3.5811, y = −0.5811 and 5. 35.8519 cm3 or 36 cm3 x = 0.4189, y = 2.5811 (d) x = 7, y = −4 and x = – 134, y = 3 ( ) 6. (−1, 0) and – 2197, 4 29 ( ) 7. (−1, –2) and 8 5 (e) x = 143, y = 5 and x = 7 , y = 1 3 , 3 8 2 2 (f) x = 3, y = 1 and x = −3, y = 7 2. (a) y MASTERY PRACTICE 30 1. (a) x + 2y + 3z = 120, 2x + 3y + 2z = 110 25 x + 4y + 2z = 180 (b) x + y + z = 30, 10x + 20y + 50z = 2 060, 20 x −3y – 2z = 25 15 2. (a) x = −2, y = 1, z = 3 (b) x = −1, y = 2, z = − 4 10 3. x = 15, y = 110, z = 55 5 – 17 , 2 4. h = 2; x = y = 7 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–50 1 2 3 4 5 x –10 5. RM 13 166.67, RM 6 666.67, RM166.66 –15 6. 8 m, 15 m and 17 m –20 7. Yes, the line crossed the curve at another point, –25 5 9 which is x = 2 , y = 2 (– 4.3, –1.7) and (4.0, 2.5) 8. 48 cm2 (b) y 9. 4.5 m, 5.5 m 2 1 6 10. x = 3 , y = 12 and x = 3 , y = 24 5 11. Diameter = 7 m, radius = 7 m; Diameter = 28 m, 2 9 4 14 9 3 radius = m 2 Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 x Self Practice 4.1 –1 12 34 –2 1. (a) 55x (b) 715 – 713 (c) 9a(9–5 + 92) (d) c7d 8 (e) x6 y11 (f) 4x9y35 –3 (g) 27x2 y (h) p10q3 –4 –5 (i) p7q20 (j) x751y05 (–1.2, –3.2) and (2.9, 0.9) 5y6 a4b2 Self Practice 3.5 (k) x10 (l) 6 1. 8 cm, 9 cm 2. (a) 2 18 2. x = 8 cm, y = 6 cm or x = 6 cm, y = 4 cm 1 (b) 4a 5 Intensive Practice 3.2 a6 3 3 1 1 a3 a4 (c) (d) a + – 17 a20 1. (a) x = 5, y = 3 and x = −6, y = – 32 Self Practice 4.2 (b) k = 3.7322, p = 1.5774 and k = 0.2678, p = 0.4226 1. (a) x = –11 (b) x = –2 (c) x = –3 (b) 3.4868 cm 2. (a) 10 cm 295

Intensive Practice 4.1 Self Practice 4.7 1. (a) y3z2 (b) xz3 1. (a) 2!5w (b) 7!2w x y 5 2 !w10 (c) 4x12 y16 (d) e5 f 4 (c) 5 (d) 1 4 (e) 7y9 (f) x3y5 !w3 (f) 15 + 3!5w+205!w2 !1w0 x5 78 (e) 6 + 1 + 2 2. x = 7 16 + !3w 3. x = 4 (g) 23 4. m = 1 (h) 65 + 16!w2 – 11!w3 5. – 21 → −2 → – 23 → 3 → 2 → 3 → −1 → −3 → −3 46 10 (i) 45!3w– 33!w5 – 20!3w 6. (a) 5 904 900 (b) 5 minutes 55 7. 79 570 057 8. RM51 874.85 Self Practice 4.8 Self Practice 4.3 1. !3w9 cm 1. (a) 2363 (b) 33139 2. (a) 17 cm2 (b) !6w6 cm 2 3. 13 + 4!w3 (c) 311353 (d) 132317 5 4. (a) x = –2 (b) 8 2. (a) Surd because it is a non-recurring decimal. (b) Surd because it is a non-recurring decimal. 1 (c) Not surd because it is a recurring decimal. (c) 4 (d) Surd because it is a non-recurring decimal. Intensive Practice 4.2 Self Practice 4.4 1. (a) !w6 (b) !w15 1. (a) !5w5 (b) !7w0 !(c) (c) !w9 (d) !3w0 3 (d) !6w 2 !(e) 8 2. (a) 2!6w (b) 9!2w 3 (f) !w6 3. ((ac)) 83!!1w2w0 ((bd)) 543!!w1w41 (g) !w4 (h) !w10 Self Practice 4.5 (c) 11!1w3 (d) 8!w5 1. !w260 = 2!6w5, (!1w6 !3w6)2 = 576, (e) 9!w3 – 6!w2 (f) 3!2w+ 3!3w 24!!8ww4 = 2!w2, !w75 = 5, 30!w27 = 15 (g) 105!w3 (h) 24!3w0 !3w 6!w3 (i) –!3w (j) 3!7w+ 49 (!w81)2 = 81 (k) 7!5w– 25 (l) 114 + 24!7w 2. (a) 2!3w (b) 3!3w (m) –154 – 20!w7 (n) 146 – 50!5w (c) 2!w7 (d) 4!2w (e) 3!w5 (f) 4!3w (o) 4 (p) 1 (g) 3!6w (h) 6!w3 (q) !2w 3 (r) 6 4. (a) 5!w5 + 7!w3 – 7!w7 Self Practice 4.6 (b) 3!5w + 5!w3 + 18!w2 1. (a) 8!5w (b) 12!w5 (c) 13!5w + 21!3w – 14!w7 (c) 2!w7 (d) –12 (e) 4!w5 + 25 (f) 3!w7 – 35 (d) 11!5w + 17!3w – 7!7w + 36!w2 (g) 87 + 35!3w (h) 20!w7 – 154 2!5w (i) –133 5. (a) 5 (b) 3 + !w5 (b) Similar surds 2. (a) Not similar surds (d) Not similar surds (c) – (1 + !w5 ) (d) !3w + !w2 (c) Similar surds 3 2 (e) Similar surds + 7!w5 –5 + !w21 (e) 17 4 (f) 2 6. (a) –1 (b) 3!7w5−!2w 296

(c) 12 + !w3 5. 3 years 13 6. 5.543 km 7. (2!w5 – !w2 ) cm + 5!w2 + 7!w2 Intensive Practice 4.3 1 7 7 2 8. (a) (b) cm2 1. 2loxg+51y=–03, log775 = 2.219 2. Self Practice 4.9 3. 2 1. (((aca))) ll1oo0gg435=8121150==0403 0 (b) 1lloo0gg−264 128 = 7 4. 4 2. (d) 216 = 3 3 (b) = 0.0001 6. 2p – m – 1 ( ) 7. log2 (c) 27 = 128 (d) 43 = 64 2+ 1 3. (a) 0.9542 (b) 1.9956 x 8. y = 2x (c) –0.2375 (d) 6 1 (e) 4 (f) 4 2 (g) 5 9. (3 + x – y) 4. (a) x = 32 (b) x = 512 10. (a) 10−12 Watt (b) 31 : 25 (c) 140 decibels (c) x = 256 11. (a) 2 500 000 (b) 3 729 561 5. (a) 138.7714 (b) 24.6774 (c) 5568.0099 (d) 0.0004052 (c) Year of 2095 (f) 0.000027829 (e) –0.0027064 Self Practice 4.14 Self Practice 4.10 1. 3 weeks and 2 days 2. (a) 32 amp 1. (a) 0.115 (b) 1.712 (b) (i) 8 amp (ii) 2 amp (c) 2.366 (d) –0.712 (b) 2 (c) 3 seconds 2. (a) 3 (c) 2 Intensive Practice 4.4 Self Practice 4.11 1. (a) RM1 538.62 (b) 2.1156 years 2. (a) 50 gram (b) 13219.2810 years 1. (a) log2 xy2 ( )(b) logb x 3. (b) 6.93 hours y3 (c) log2 xy3 ( )(d) log4 16!wx MASTERY PRACTICE y3 2. ((ea)) l1o+g3qm 3n2 1. x = 0.4194 2. n = 2 (b) 2p + q !w35 + !w21 1 2 (c) 2  (p + q) 3. Self Practice 4.12 4. t = 0 8 1. (a) 2.8137 (b) 0.1550 5. 12 + 8!w2 (c) 1.7959 (d) –0.1475 6. (a) 59.05°C (b) 2.12 seconds 2. (a) 2.7833 (b) 2.6309 (c) 1.9820 7. 9 years 3 2 3. (a) 2 (b) 32t 8. 2s + t t 2 + t (d) 2 –t 2t 9. x = 5 , y = 2 (c) t 2 10. 21.85 years 2a + 3b (b) a –32b 4. (a) 2 Chapter 5  Progressions (c) 3+b Self Practice 5.1 a+b 1. (a) 14, add 14 to the previous terms. Self Practice 4.13 (b) 3!w3 , add 3!w3 to the previous terms. (c) (p – q), add (p – q) to the previous terms. 1. (a) 1.677 (b) 2.399 (d) loga23, add loga23 to the previous terms. (c) 1.011 (b) −0.712 (d) 18.866 2. (a) Arithmetic progression 2. (a) 653803.075 (f) 6.389, –8.389 (b) Not an arithmetic progression (c) 1.982 (c) Not an arithmetic progression (e) 1.792 (d) Arithmetic progression 3. 2 years 4. 11 years 297

3. (a) 10 7. Company B, RM2 400 Self Practice 5.5 5 9 13 1. (a) Geometric progression 8 (b) Geometric progression (b) p (c) Not a geometric progression 2. (a) 1 32 28 2p 4 2 2 1 –p 3p 7p 2 (b) 11 12p 1 6 12 1 3 24 (c) 17x 11 12x 6 12 7x 9x 11x 111 12 24 48 x 5x 3. x = 3 4. Arithmetic progression. The first three terms: 1, 4, 16 ; r = 4 Self Practice 5.6 Self Practice 5.2 1. 243 → 3 → 7 → 4 → 1 → 625 → 0.01 4 5 768 12 2. 23rd bounce 1. –23 → –12 → –3 → –0.4 → 25 → –14 2. (a) 37 years (b) RM1 500 Self Practice 5.7 Self Practice 5.3 1. (a) 81.9 (b) p[pp222––11] (c) 3 587 226.5 1. (a) 1 000 (b) 165 3 2. Horizontal 5 2. 4 3. (b) 1 365 (a) 72 (b) 28 700 (c) 300 Self Practice 5.8 Vertical (d) 22 1. (a) 2 250 (b) RM30 000 (c) 31 570 (c) 2 240 (d) 53 (e) 30 100 3. 451 units Self Practice 5.9 4. (a) 14 panels, the remaining wood pieces are 4 (b) White, 27 wood pieces 1. (a) 400 cm (b) 8 m 2. (a) The sequences of the perimeter: πj, πj(1.4), Self Practice 5.4 πj(1.4)2, … 1. (a) 21 days (b) 20 books (b) 24.28 m 2. (a) 2 cm (b) 2 cm Intensive Practice 5.2 Intensive Practice 5.1 1. (a) n = 8, Sn = 1 640 (b) n = 7, Sn = log x−127 1. (a) An arithmetic progression (c) n = 9, Sn = 161 (d) n = 7, Sn = 56614 (b) Not an arithmetic progression 2. (a) 12 (b) −9 2. 9 3. (a) – 12 , 3 3. (a) 12 (b) 14 (b) 512 4. (a) 425 (b) 4n[3n – 13] 4. (a) r= 1 , a = 144 cm2 (b) 71.72 cm2 (c) 1 225 2 5. (a) −3 (b) 29 (c) 85 5. (a) 1 (b) 351 cm 3 6. (a) −1 (b) – 223 1 6. r = 2 , T2 = 7.25 kg 298

MASTERY PRACTICE Self Practice 6.2 1. (a) 13 (b) −18 1. y 2. 3 30 Graph of y against x 3. (a) 4 cm3 1 (b) 324 cm3 2 4. (a) a = 120, r = (b) 240 25 (b) 572 chairs 5. (a) 56 chairs 20 6. (a) Savings of RM30 000 can be obtained. (b) The savings does not reach RM30 000. 15 7. (a) 3 (b) RM5 460 10 Chapter 6  Linear Law 5 Self Practice 6.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 x 2. L(cm) 1. The graph of linear relation is Diagram 1(b). The graph in Diagram 1(a) represents a non-linear Graph of L against m relation because the shape of the graph obtained is a curve while the graph in Diagram 1(b) represents a 4 linear relation because a straight line is obtained. 3 2. (a) Y 2 50 Graph of Y against X 1 45 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 m(g) 40 Self Practice 6.3 35 1. t = 2196x + 1 50 2. (a) y 30 25 40 Graph of y against x 20 35 15 30 25 10 20 5 15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X 10 (b) Y 5 1.8 Graph of Y against X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x 1.6 1.4 (b) y-intercept = 12.5, gradient = 0.375 1.2 (c) y = 0.375x + 12.5 1.0 0.8 Self Practice 6.4 0.6 0.4 1. (a) y 0.2 30 Graph of y against x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 X The graph (b) which is a straight line is a graph 25 of linear relation. 20 15 10 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x 299

(b) (i) y-intercept = 4.0 3. (a) log10 y (ii) y = 22 3 Graph of log10 y against log10 (x + 1) (iii) Gradient = 2 0.9 (iv) x = 7.4 0.8 3 (c) y= 2 x + 4; y = 46 0.7 Intensive Practice 6.1 0.6 1. (a) 0.5 Graph of y y 0.4 against x 8 0.3 0.2 6 0.1 4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 log10 (x + 1) 2 (b) (i) m = 1 –4 –2 0 2 x (ii) 0.15 –2 (iii) 1.512 (c) (i) 4.9442 (ii) 0.0619 4. (a) xy –4 (b) y2 Graph of y2 against –1x 45 Graph of xy against x2 7 40 6 35 5 30 4 25 3 20 2 15 1 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 x1– 5 The graph (a) is a non-linear graph while graph 0 x2 (b) is a linear graph. The shape of graph (a) is a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 curve while the shape of graph (b) is a straight 2. line. (b) (i) m = 33 37 Y (ii) 7.5 Graph of Y against X (iii) 10 (iv) 5.2 120 (c) x = 10.18 Self Practice 6.5 100 y 1 x2 x2 80 1. (a) Y = , X = , m = −q, c = p 60 (b) Y= y , X = x, m = h, c = 1 x (c) Y = yx2, X = x2, m = q, c = p 40 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X Y = 5110X + 518 5 300

2. (a) –y1 (b) –xy–2 Graph of y1– againstͱසx 5.0 Graph of –xy–2 against x 4.5 2.5 4.0 3.5 2 3.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1 1.0 0.5 0.5 ͱසx 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 –0.5 –1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 x (c) a = 1.504 b = 0.5 3. ((ba)) lologg1100yy= b log10a + x log10a (b) (i) q = −0.75 (ii) p = 31 16 1.8 Graph of log10 y against x 5 1.6 (iii) y = 7 Intensive Practice 6.2 1. Non- Gradient, Y-intercept, 1.4 linear m c Linear Y-axis X-axis 1.2 (a) y = 5x2 y = 5 y 1 1.0 + 3x x2 x2 x 3 5 3 0.8 + x 0.6 (b) y = p!wx y!wx = y!wx x p q 0.4 q px + q + !xw 0.2 (c) y = axb lbloolggo11g00ay10x+= log10 y log10 x 0 12345 x (c) a = 2.0106 b log10a b = 0.5275 Self Practice 6.6 (d) x = mxy x = xx m n + ny y mx + n y 1. (a) log10y (e) ypx = q +–lologlog10g1y010pq=x log10 y x –log10 p log10q 2.0 Graph of log10y against x 1.5 1.0 (f) y(b – x) x = – ax 0.5 = ax y x x – 1a b 0 246 8 10 12 14 16 x + b y a a (b) (i) p = 2.51189 (ii) q = 1.25893 (c) y = 7.94328 2. (a) y = ax + b x2 301

2. (a) y Graph of y against xy (c) N = 1.3416 (d) 20 workers 22 4. (a) log10L 20 18 16 Graph of log10L against –T1– 14 16 12 14 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 6 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 –T1– 4 (b) (i) A = 1.585 × 108 2 (ii) b = 0.1258 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 xy (c) 221.7°C (b) a = –150.314868 5. (a) –1v– b = –6.77094 (c) Gradient = 0.0066899, Y-intercept = 0.0452991 0.10 Graph of –1v– against –1u– 0.09 Intensive Practice 6.3 0.08 1. (a) p = 10 (b) p = 20 0.07 2. (a) t2 0.06 220 Graph of t2 against p 0.05 200 0.04 180 0.03 0.02 160 0.01 140 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 –u1– 120 (b) (i) v = 1–01–0uu (ii) 10 100 80 MASTERY PRACTICE 60 1. (a) yx2 = 3x3 + 4, y = 3 + 4 x x3 40 y y q x2 x3 x 20 (b) = px + q, = p + 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 p (c) xy = p + q x2, y = p + q p x x2 p (b) t = 15.5 2. ((((feda)))) lllyxoooggg=111000pyyyx===+llxooq2gg lo1100gpp10++k (!−xxwl−lo(obg1g)1)10 0lpokpg=10–k0.25, q = 5.25 (c) k = 2 3. (a) N2H 140 Graph of N2H against H 120 3. p = 100, q = 100 100 4. k = –1, h = 2 3 80 5. (a) log2 y 60 Qʹ(3, 5) 40 20   Pʹ(1, 2), Qʹ(3, 5) 0 20 40 60 80 100 H Pʹ(1, 2) 0 x (b) a = 2.425 b = 12 (b) a = 1.414, b = 2.828 302

6. (a) y = 8x + 3 11. (a) xy x2 (b) y = 0.8850 16 Graph of xy against x 7. m 14 Graph of m against V 12 10 3 2 8 6 1 4 V 2 0 1 234 0 123456 x 8. (a) y Graph of y against x (b) (i) p = 4 (ii) q = 6 35 (iii) y = 2.8571 30 (c) x = 0.0625 25 20 CHAPTER 7  COORDINATE GEOMETRY 15 Self Practice 7.1 10 1. (a) Point P divides line segment AB in the ratio 1 : 2. Point Q divides line segment AB in the ratio 1 : 1. 5 Point R divides line segment AB in the ratio 60 x 11 : 1. 0 10 20 30 40 50 (b) A S 3 25 (b) y= 8 x + 2 B 9. (a) T°C Graph of T against t 2. (a) m = 2, n = 5 (b) P divides rope AB in the ratio 2 : 5. (c) P(6, 0) 40 30 Self Practice 7.2 20 1. (a) P(−3, 4) (b) P(−2, 1) 10 (c) P(3, −1) 2. p = −2t 6 8 10 t(s) 3. (a) C(4,4) (b) D(2,1) 0 2 4 4. (a) 1 : 2, k = −2 (b) 1 : 1, k = 5 (b) 30.0 (ii) 32.5°C (c) 1 : 4, k = 7 (d) 2 : 3, k = 2 (c) (i) 28°C Graph of log10 y against x Self Practice 7.3 (iii) 5 s 1 0. (a) log10 y 1. (28, 32) 2. (−1, 4), (2, 3) 1.0 3. (a) 2 : 1 0.9 (b) 5 units 0.8 Intensive Practice 7.1 0.7 1. R(6, 4) 2. (a) Q(11, −2) 0.6 3. h = 7, k = 1 ( )(b) 125, 3 4. e = 10f 2 0.5 5. (a) U(5, −4) 0.4 (c) 3 : 1 ( )(b) 3 6. (a) 1 : 3 2 0.3 8,− ( ) 7. 127, 4 0.2 (d) 5 units (b) –1 0.1 0 1234 5 6 7 8 9x (b) (i) s = 1.90546 (ii) t = 1.20226 (iii) x = 4 303

Self Practice 7.4 (c) E(7, −4) (d) 27 units2 1. (a) Parallel (b) Parallel Intensive Practice 7.3 (d) Perpendicular (c) Perpendicular (b) 2 1. (a) D(−2, 10), E(−1, 4) (b) 50 units2 1 (b) 6 2. (a) – 6 2. (a) h = −2, k = −1 (b) 20 units2 3. (a) 0 3. (a) 3 (b) Point A, B and C are calinear. 4. 8 4. 47 1 units2 Self Practice 7.5 2 5. 5, 37 6. 1, 5 1. 3y – 2x = 20 7. (a) 20 (b) 14, 26 2. (a) (5, 5) (b) 3.606 units 8. (a) k = 7 Intensive Practice 7.2 (b) (i) H(3, 11) (ii) 1 : 2 9. (a) m = 2 (b) 17 units2 10. (a) 1.1402 km (b) 0.645 km2 1. (a) Parallel (b) Perpendicular 2. 3 Self Practice 7.10 3. (a) 3y + 2x = 23 (b) 2y – 3x = 11 1. (a) x2 + y2 – 9 = 0 S(1, 7) 4. (a) –9 (b) 17 (b) x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 4 = 0 (c) x2 + y2 + 8x – 10y + 32 = 0 5. h = −2 (d) x2 + y2 + 2x + 12y + 28 = 0 6. (a) 2y + x = 10, y = 2x (b) C(2, 4), 4.472 units 7. (a) AB is 3y – x = 5 2. x2 + y2 + 4x − 2y − 20 = 0 3. (a) x2 + y2 + 8x = 0 DE is y + 3x = 15 (b) 4x2 + 4y2 + 29x + 5y + 26 = 0 (b) E(4,3), B(7,4) 8. (a) AB is parallel to CD, AB is perpendicular to AD, (c) 5x2 + 5y2 + 36x − 56y + 164 = 0 (d) x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y + 21 = 0 CD is perpendicular to AD. 4. 5x2 + 5y2 + 50x − 6y − 118 = 0 (b) 2y = x + 9 (c) y + 2x −22 = 0 5. x2 + y2 + 12x = 0 6. 15x2 + 15y2 + 4x − 4 = 0 9. (a) (i) 3y + 2x = 19 (ii) B(8, 1) 7. (a) x + 2y – 3 = 0 (b) 5x – 9y + 7 = 0 (b) (i) D(2, 5) 11. 2y + x = 17 (c) 8x + 10y – 87 = 0 Self Practice 7.6 Self Practice 7.11 1. (a) 24 units2 (b) 12 units2 1. x2 + y2 − 6x − 8y + 9 = 0 (c) (7, 3), (12, 8) 2. (a) x − y – 4 = 0 1 units2 (b) 1, 21 ( )(c) 282 (d) –7, 3 Intensive Practice 7.4 5 2. (5, 0), – 3 , 0 1. (a) 3x2 + 3y2 + 12x − 68y + 364 = 0 4. p = 1 ( )(b) 0, 26 , (0, 14) 5. (a) –3, 131 3 2. x2 + y2 −8x − 10y + 16 = 0 3. (a) x2 + y2 − 12x − 10y + 36 = 0 (c) –5, 7 (b) 2, 10 Self Practice 7.7 4. y2 = 4x 1. (a) 52 units2 (b) 88 1 units2 5. (a) a2 + b2 = 81 (b) 4x2 + y2 = 36 2 6. (c) 19 units2 1 2 1–2m A 1 m D –21 m 2. k = −4 2 P 1m S Self Practice 7.8 (d) 27 units2 B CR 1 –12m 1. 46 1 units2 Q 2 2. 30 units2 The locus consists of curves of a quadrant of 3 circles: (i) AofP2Q12thmat is a quadrant with centre A and radius Self Practice 7.9 1. (a) C(7, 8), M(2, 4) (b) 1 : 4 (ii) oBfQ1R12thmat is a quadrant with centre B and radius 2. (a) k = 2 (b) P(3,2) 3. (a) 13 1 units2 (b) k = 1 (iii) CRS that is a quadrant with centre C and radius 2 1 m of 2 304

MASTERY PRACTICE (c) Scalar quantity because the quantity only consists of magnitude. 1. (a) h = −3, k = 5 (b) 2 (c) 2y + 5x = 16 5 (d) Scalar quantity because the quantity only consists of magnitude. 2. (a) P(2, 2) (b) y = x 1 (e) Vector quantity because the quantity consists of 2 magnitude and direction. 3. , 1 4. (0, 6), (0, −3) Self Practice 8.2 5. 2x2 + 2y2 + 19x + 35 = 0 6. (3, 3) 1. (a) X 5N 7. (a) C(4, −3) (b) D(8, 7) Y 1 1 cm represents 1N (c) (i) k= – 2 8. (a) P(3, 1) (b) N S (b) QR: y + 3x = 40  SR: 3y – x = 10 (c) Q(12, 4), S(5, 5) (d) 25 units2 9. (a) 30 units2 4 cm 9k − 4h – 1, RS y = x2− 1 (b) 37 – 3k −2h (c) P(6, 5) 1 cm represents 10 km (d) (e) (i) Q(8, 7) (ii) 1 : 1 R ∼v ( ) ( ) 10. (c) N (a) R(−3, 6), S  0, 15 , T  185, 15 2 4 4 cm (b) 18392 units2 1 cm represents 5 km h–1 11. (a) h = 1, k = 4 (b) y + 2x = 10 (d) 3.5 cm (c) y = −2x + 8, y = −2x − 8 a 1 2. (a) y + 5x + 9 = 0 (b) P(–3, 6), D(7, 8), C(13, 4) 1 cm represents 2 kg m s–1 (c) 78 units2 2. !w20 N, 026.57° 1 3. (a) E(3, 1) (b) Square 345... M1 ((→ab1)N)7 .1=((((5iiiiii))C→ii k))D m,DABE→→→→E→DAFCF = K→L, G→H = A→B((ii,ii))a = FCd→→,EBc = f, b = e B(6, –3) 14. (a) P = 4x – 400 (b) P 2000 Self Practice 8.3 1600 1500 1000 1. P→Q R→S 500 = 1 ~a, ~x = – 3 ~a, y = – 7 ~a, = 5 ~a 2 2 4 4 100 200 300350400 500 x 0 Self Practice 8.4 − 500 1. A→B P→Q = 1 (i) RM1 600 4 1 5. y (ii) 350 copies 3 3. (a) m=– 4 , n = 7 (b) m = 4, n = –3 4. V→W B(6, 7) = 7 X→Y 2 5. k = 4 6. →SR 8 Q→T A (1, 2) P C(7, 2) = – 5 x 0 Intensive Practice 8.1 Chapter 8  VECTORS 12.. A((→baB)) =(1i32)~u cmE→C = Self Practice 8.1 2~a (ii) B→E = 6~b 1. (a) Scalar quantity because the quantity only consists 4. h = – 1 , k = 1 of magnitude. 2 2 5. k = 4h – 2 (b) Vector quantity because the quantity consists of magnitude and direction. 305

Self Practice 8.5 (c) |~p | = 5 units |~q| = 8.602 units | ~r| = 5.099 units Self Practice 8.8 1. (a) (b) 2 u∼+∼v 1_ ∼v + 2 ∼u 1. (a) 3.606 units (b) 8.062 units 2 (d) 13 units (c) (d) (c) 4 units 7 (e) 6 units ∼u − 2∼v 2∼u − 3_ ∼v 2. (a) 3~i!w1+32~j (b) –~i!w8–29~j 2 2. 131.19°, 106.30 km h−1 2 (c) ~iU nit vector ((db)) U–8n~ii1t–7v1e5c~jtor 3. (a) 3 ~y (b) –~x + ~y 3. (a) (c) 1 ~y – ~x (d) – 2 ~y – ~x (c) Unit vector (d) Not a unit vector 3 3 4. (a) ±1 (b) ±1 4. (a) 578.27 km h–1 (b) 345.07° (c) 0 (d) ± 1 Self Practice 8.6 !w2 1. k= 30 (e) ±0.866 (f) ±0.988 2. (a) 7B→D 5. p = ±3 A→E = –24~x + 20~y, = 6~x + 15~y 6. h = ±!w2kww−wwk2 Intensive Practice 8.2 Self Practice 8.9 1. (a) ~y + ~x21 ~y (b) –~y + ~x ( ) 1. (a) –9 ( )(b) 16 (c) ~x + 30 –47 ( ) ( )(c) 2. ((–6aca~.4)) 7+3–m~b~~xy + ~y2~ x (4b. ) ~yh –= 2–~x10, k = 23 12 (d) 176 3. + –13 5. 2. ((ac)) 1–07~~ii + 2168~~jj ((bd)) 25~i.5~+i +6~j20~j – s–1 Self Practice 8.10 6. (a) (i) –~b + ~a (ii) 53 (–~b + a~) (iii) 52 b~ 3 3 ( ) 1. 2 + 5 a~ (iv) –b~ + 4 a~ −9.5 ( ) ( ) 2. Boat A = 30 10 (b) (i) 2 l~b + 3 la~ (ii) (1 – µ)~b + 3 µa~ 15 , Boat B = 10 5 5 4 5 2 The two boat will not meet. 6 3 (c) l= , µ = Intensive Practice 8.3 Self Practice 8.7 ( ) 1. (a) 3 (b) 8.544 N 8 OF→→AA = 12~0i22~i++,2O~2→j~,jF,O→D=→FE=–0=8–18,~4i~B,→i,BC→DC→=O==––111–~00j~i,+F→~jA, 1. (a) O→A = 2. k = 10 or 1 233, = = 10 , 3. m= B→C |~u| : |~v| = 9 : 16 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )(b) 2 4. A→R = 8~i + 6~j (b) 4~i +5 3~j ( ) ( ) D→E = 14 , D→O = 0 (a) = 6~i + 2~j 0 –1 (c) ( ) 23.. (( ((aabc)))) O(((AB→→→iivAB)iB)i ) aa =nnABAd→→→dBCC85DD→→E===E ,,4–3b~~~biiiee+c––ca~aj54u ~~ujjss eethth(ebeyy)((( aiivhriv8ei)a)) .v i6ne0tBDA2t→→→hhABCeueno==s=ipat–4pms2~~4ioi~eis+ig–t~ejr~jadient. 5. 2.96 km h−1, 101.69° 6 5 6. (a) 4, −8 (b) (c) 4 1 !w2 7. ± !2w or ± 2 direction. 8. –2!5w~i + !w5~j 4 – n 4. (a) ~~p~qr ===~3i–~i+5~–i5~–4j~ j7 ~j ( b) PR((31,, –5 )4), Q(–5, –7), 9. m = 4 10. (a) (50 – 45th)~io+ur(s20 + 4t)~j (b) After 306

MASTERY PRACTICE Intensive Practice 9.1 1. (a) ~a + ~b (b) a~ – ~c 1. ∠A = 64°, a = 37.359 cm, c = 26.158 cm 2. 2 3. m = !w1w−wwnw2 2. (a) BE = 8 cm, CE = 6 cm, DE = 15 cm –  3 (b) ∠EAB = 53.13°, ∠BCE = 53.13°, 4. h = 2k + 17 ( c) ∠∠TrCBiaCBnDDgle==B12D52.6C0.68a7°n°d, ∠ABD = 81.20°, 8 triangle BDA have 5. (a) 15!~iw3w+0w69~j (b) C(18, 13) same angle and two sides with same length. 3. (a) ∠PQR = 120° (b) 5.529 cm 6. R→S 2 7. B→C = 2(u~ – ~v) 4. 61.62 cm = 5 (3~i – 2~j) 5. 138.58 m 8. ((ab)) ((A(→viiBi))i )= –2221(a~b~Fb~→+–C–3 ~ba~~a ) (c) (((iviivPi))) a rabb2~~ll(e––b~l 2a~–a~2~a) Self Practice 9.5 1. (a) 3.576 cm (b) 18.661 cm (c) 53.891 m (b) 35.26° ( ) 9. (a) 20 (b) 29 km 2. (a) 51.38° –21 (c) 99.06° ( )(c) 30 3. 69.93° –32 Self Practice 9.6 10. (a) (i) 69uu~~ + 3~v ((iiii)) 96~u~u + (22~v 1. 29.614 m 2. 41.832 m + 3. 48.046 km (b) (i) + 3k)~v Intensive Practice 9.2 k = 1 3 1. 4.071 cm, 6.475 cm 2. 11.555 km 11. (a) ((ii)ii ) 44~aa~ + 64~~cc ((iiiv)) a~3~a++3~c3~c 3. 46.50° 4. 23.974 m + Self Practice 9.7 4 12. (a) The resultant velocity of Arul’s boat is 4~i + 3 ~j 1. (a) 112.482 cm2 (b) 28.670 cm2 (c) 75.206 cm2 The resultant velocity of Ben’s boat is 7~i + 7 ~j 3 2. 27.078 cm The difference of the speed is 3.163 m s–1 3. 51.237 cm2 3~i –~j 4. 18.146 m2 (b) !w1w0w Self Practice 9.8 Chapter 9  Solution of triangles 1. 16.142 cm2 2. 17.69 cm2 3. 2 Self Practice 9.1 Self Practice 9.9 1. (a) p = q = r 1. 251.716 m2 2. 66.169 cm2 sin sin Q sin P R Intensive Practice 9.3 k l m (b) sin K = sin L = sin M 1. (a) 6 cm (b) 6 cm2 2. 43.012 cm2 (c) 6 = sin 8 3. 7.501 cm or 17.713 cm sin 40° 120° 4. 107.977 cm2 5. 89.233 cm2 Self Practice 9.2 6. 14.664 cm 1. (a) 5.611 cm (b) 52.29° Self Practice 9.10 (c) 9.331 cm 2. (a) 19.519 cm (b) 115.865 cm2 2. 55.344 m 3. 98.13°, 3.5 units2 Self Practice 9.3 1. (a) Ambiguous case exists. Intensive Practice 9.4 (b) Ambiguous case does not exist. 1. (a) 40.20 cm2 (b) 125.63° 2. (a) 57.86° or 122.14° 2. 9.266 km (b) Plane DBR (b) 7.112 cm or 18.283 cm 3. (a) 31.241 cm2 4. 31.455 km, 187.11° 307 Self Practice 9.4 5. 457.803 m 1. 10.147 m 2. 41.224 m

MASTERY PRACTICE 3. 650 053 107 metric tonnes 4. 150 1. (a) a = 6.504 cm, b = 5.239 cm 5. 94.48 (b) ∠P = 105.03°, ∠Q = 49.92°, ∠R = 25.05° 2. (a) 6.756 cm (b) 7.287 cm Self Practice 10.2 (b) 33.387 cm2 3. (a) 13.82 cm 1. 112 2. 104.76 Y 4. (a) Y Intensive Practice 10.1 13.4 cm 10 cm 13.4 cm 1. I = 108.3 10 cm The average temperature in town P increased by 42.2˚ Z1    X 42.2˚Z1 8.3% in February 2017 compared to January 2017. X 2. I = 92.31 (b) 64.17°, 115.83° (c) 25.066 cm2 The price of a certain item decreased by 7.69% in the 5. (a) 5.903 cm (b) 42.66° 6. (a) 37.59° (b) 14.309 cm2 year 2015 compared to the year 2012. 7. (a) 118.9° (b) 3. x = 0.5, y = 2.80, z = 125 B 4. p = 100, q = 131.90, r = 134.48 (c) 5.142 m s = 125.86 5. 107.27 AC C1 Self Practice 10.3 (b) 3.875 cm 1. 105 2. 114 Self Practice 10.4 8. (a) 40° (b) 13.38 km (c) 5.763 cm2 9. (a) 1. ((ab)) I1A2=1 150 , IB = 104, IC = 120, ID = 124 N B There was a 21% increase in the price of all goods in the year 2016 compared to the year 235˚ 2010. 25 (c) RM2.19 R 2. (a) a = 115, b = 150, c = 112.5, d = 33 (c) (i) 14.20 km (ii) 153.36° (b) 126.68 (c) RM44.34 (ii) 58.76° (d) 110 10. (a) (i) 58.277 km (c) 63.395 km (iii) 2535.79 km2 (ii) 6.943 cm (b) Petrol station M Intensive Practice 10.2 11. (a) (i) 124.35° 1. (a) 124 2. 93 (iii) 26.368 cm2 3. 76.4 (b) 132 (b) BЈ E 4. (a) 130 BC 6.5 cm (c) RM25.74 7 cm MASTERY PRACTICE 9 cm D 1. (a) x = 1.00, y = 1.00, z = 110 A (b) 112.5 2. m = 121, n = 122 12. (a) 1303 (b) 17.762 cm2, 8.881 cm 3. (a) RM9.12 (b) 35 000 (c) Triangle ZXY ʹ such that XZ is the same, (c) 90.4% (b) 0.935 million tonnes 4. (a) 64.12 XY ʹ= XY, ∠XZY ʹ = ∠XZY (c) 87.15 Triangle ZXY ʹ such that XZ is the same, ZY ʹ = ZY, ∠ZXY ʹ = ∠ZXY 5. (a) RM 15 (b) 187.5 6. (a) 4 (b) 105.25 7. (a) 133.03 Chapter 10  INDEX NUMBERS 8. p = 140, q = 130, r = 255 Self Practice 10.1 9. (a) 6.14 million (b) 166.85 1. I = 82.20 The number of visitors in the year 2020 The number of registered commercial vehicles increases by 66.85% compared to the year 2017. 10. x : y : z = 1 : 4 : 3 decreased by 17.80% in the year 2017 compared to 11. (a) P2014 = RM150.91, P2010 = RM188.64 the year 2015. 2. I = 112.72 (b) 12% The average monthly expenditure of a household 12. (a) 115 (b) RM198.38 increased by 12.72% in the year 2017 compared to the year 2014. 308

Ambiguous case (Kes berambiguiti); Having Horizontal line test (Ujian garis mengufuk); more than one solution in a triangle. A horizontal line that is used to identify if a function is a one-to-one function. Base (Asas); If a is a number and is written in index form, for example an, then a is the Included angle (Sudut kandung); Angle base. between two given sides of a shape. Base year (Tahun asas); A year that is chosen Index (Indeks) If a is a number, n is a positive as a starting point for the calculation of integer and an, then n is the index. a series of index numbers, usually a year that has normal characteristics. Index number (Nombor indeks); A number that expresses the relative change of a Codomain (Kodomain); A set, of which part quantity with respect to time. of it is mapped from a domain set. Inverse function (Fungsi songsang); A Common difference (Beza sepunya); A function that maps every image in the constant that is added to the previous term function to its object. to form an arithmetic progression. Line of best fit (Garis lurus penyuaian Common ratio (Nisbah sepunya); A constant terbaik); The best straight line that is that is multiplied to the previous term to drawn from points that do not form a form a geometric sequence. perfect straight line. Composite function (Fungsi Gubahan); Line segment (Tembereng garis); A part of a Function of another function. line that connects two end points. Conjecture (Konjektur); A prediction that Linear equation (Persamaan linear); An is not proven but seems true. If there is equation that satisfies y = mx + c and sufficient proof, the prediction becomes a forms a straight line. theorem or a formula. Linear equation in three variables Continuous function (Fungsi selanjar); A (Persamaan linear dalam tiga pemboleh function with points on a graph that are ubah); An equation in the form of connected with a line or curve in a certain ax + by + cz = d, where a, b and c are interval. constants and non-zero. Discrete function (Fungsi Diskret); A Locus (Lokus); A point that moves with a path function with points on a graph, which that is traced by those points according to points are not connected with a line or certain conditions. curve. Logarithms (Logaritma); The logarithm of Domain (Domain); Set of elements that are a positive number N to a positive base mapped to another set by a relation. a is the index for a, i.e., if N = ax, then loga N = x. Function (Fungsi); A special relation in which every object in the domain Nonlinear equation (Persamaan tak linear); corresponds to exactly one element of the An equation whose highest power of a range. variable is more than one. Heron formula (Rumus Heron); A formula One to one function (Fungsi satu dengan that is used to determine the area of a satu); A relation whereby each object has triangle when the length of all sides are only one image. known. 309

Parallel line (Garis selari); Two or more mapped by the objects in the domain. lines with the same gradient. Root (Punca); The value of an unknown Parallel vector (Vektor selari); Two vectors which satisfies an equation. are parallel if one vector is a scalar Simultanenous equation (Persamaan multiple of another vector. serentak); Two or more equations that Perpendicular line (Garis serenjang); Two contain common variables. lines that intersect at 90 degrees. Tangent (Tangen); A straight line that touches a curve at a point without crossing over. Plane (Satah); A flat surface that consists Term (Sebutan); Numbers that form a of a horizontal plane, vertical plane and numerical sequence or progression. curved plane. Terminal point (Titik terminal); The endpoint on a line segment that represents a vector. Power (Kuasa); If a is a number and n is a Unit vector (Vektor unit); A vector with positive integer, then an is a number and is magnitude of one unit at a certain called a power of n. direction. Variable (Pemboleh ubah); A quantity whose Price index (Indeks harga); A statistical value is unknown and not fixed. measurement that is used to show price Vector magnitude (Magnitud vektor); The changes in a certain time. length or size of a vector. Vector quantity (Kuantiti vektor); A quantity Progression (Janjang); A sequence of that has magnitude and direction. numbers that is formed by adding or Vertex (Verteks); The minimum or maximum multiplying a constant to the previous point of a parabola. term (except the first term). Vertical line test (Ujian garis mencancang); A vertical line that is used to determine Quadratic function (Fungsi kuadratik); A whether the relation of a graph is a function in the form of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, function. where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0. Weightage (Pemberat); A constant assigned to a single item, indicative of the item’s Quadratic inequality (Ketaksamaan relative importance. kuadratik); An inequality with one Zero vector (Vektor sifar); A vector that has quadratic expression with a variable on zero magnitude and undefined direction. the left and zero on the other side. Quadratic equation (Persamaan kuadratik); An equation in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0. Resultant vector (Vektor paduan); A single vector that is formed from a combination of two or more vectors. Range (Julat); Subset of the codomain that contains all the images which have been 310

Chow W. K. (2013). Discovering Mathematics (2nd ed.). Singapore: Star Publishing Pte Ltd. Greenwood, D., Robertson, D., Woolley, S., Goodman, J. & Vaughan, J. (2017). Essential Mathematics for the Australian Curriculum Year 10. Australia: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, E. J. & Brunsting, J. R. (2010). Styles and Strategies for Teaching Middle School Mathematics. USA: Corwin Press. Ho, S. T. & Khor, N. H. (2001). New Additional Mathematics. Singapore: SNP Panpac Pte Ltd. Istilah Matematik untuk Sekolah-sekolah Malaysia (2003). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Yeo, J., Keng, S. T., Cheng, Y. L & Chow, I. (2013). New Syllabus Additional Mathematics (9th ed.). Singapore: Shinglee Pte Ltd. Rondie, P. L., Kemp, E., Buchanan, L., Fensom, J. & Stevens, J. (2012). Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Mathematics Standard Level Course Companion. UK: Oxford University Press. Lim, L. N. (2007). GCE O Level Additional Mathematics Key Points Exam Guide. Singapore: Redpost Publications Pte Ltd. Sullivan, M. (1996). Algebra & Trigonometry (4th ed.). USA: Prentice Hall, Inc. Allen, R. G. D. (1975). Index Numbers in Economic Theory and Practice. USA: Transaction Publishers. O’Neill, R., Ralph, J. & Smith, P. A. (2017). Inflation: History and Measurement. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Barret, R. (2008). NCEA Level 2 Mathematics Year 12. New Zealand: ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd. Pemberton, S. (2016). Cambridge IGSCE and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook. UK: Cambridge University Press. Afriat, S. N. (2014). The Index Number Problem: Construction Theorems. UK: Oxford University Press. Zaini Musa, Abdul Rahim Mohd Idris & Tee, H. T. (2011). Matematik Tambahan Tingkatan 4. Shah Alam: Cerdik Publications Sdn. Bhd. 311

Algebra  13, 27, 90, 115 Line segment  176, 181, 183, 206 Linear equation  70, 72, 73, 75, 78 Arithmetic progressions  128, 129, 130, 133, Magnitude  212, 214, 224, 227, 230 134 Mapping  2, 13, 21, 22, 31 Mass  2, 123, 213, 218 Axis of symmetry  50, 54, 56, 57, 58 Minimum point  49, 50, 54, 58, 63 Notation  2, 3, 14, 31 Cartesian plane  178, 182, 184, 190, 192, Object  3, 9, 15, 30 204, 207 Perpendicular line  184, 206 Plane  71, 72, 73 Common difference  128, 129, 130, 133, Pythagoras Theorem  242, 252 134, 135 Quadratic  36, 38, 41, 45 Relation  2, 5, 20, 117, 125 Composite  15, 17, 23, 30, 279, 280, 283, Scalar quantity  212, 213, 214 284, 287 Sequence  128, 129, 130, 135, 140, 143 Sine rule  242, 244, 252, 263, 266 Constant  37, 46, 54, 56, 57, 63, 64, 128, 140 Squares  37, 45, 55 Statistics  272, 277, 279 Cosine rule  252, 254, 263 Straight line  154, 156, 159, 160, 162, 170 Substitution method  73, 76, 80, 85 Discriminant  45, 46, 51, 52, 60, 65 Variable  2, 27, 28, 70, 72, 79, 80 Vector  212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, Elimination method  73, 75, 78, 80, 81, 85 225, 227 Factorisation method  80 Velocity  212, 213, 215, 223, 234 Vertex  54, 55, 57, 60 Formula  37, 45, 55, 67, 94, 106, 109, 120, Weightage  279, 280, 284, 287 122 Function  3, 4, 9, 12, 20, 24, 27, 109, 111 Gradient  154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 166, 184, 186, 188, 206, 209 Graph  43, 49, 50, 109, 111 Image  3, 9, 15, 30 Index  90, 109, 110, 274, 276, 277, 279 Intersection point  36, 37, 57, 60, 72, 82, 87 Inverse  20, 24, 27, 30 Laws of logarithms  119, 109, 113 Line of best fit  156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 168, 170, 173 312

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