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Feature Iran nuke deal: What it means for India Industry Analysis Smoothening the power generation Green Zone How does a cooling tower work
India’s gas-based power generation Status, challenges & road ahead
The Sunrisers Featuring the promising solar entrepreneurs
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editorial
A tribute to the ‘power’ man Former President APJ Abdul Kalam, the ‘missile man’ who came to be known as ‘People’s President’, died on 27th July after he collapsed delivering a lecture at the IIM, Shillong.
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A teacher till the very end, for whom life was not rocket science, inspired millions of people across the sections, amongst all age groups. Kalam was the true campaigner for power sector reforms in India. In 2012, citing the importance of energy security, Kalam ideated the concept of National Energy Commission (NEC). He had also dreamt of ‘energy independent’ India. Today, following his recommendations, the NITI Aayog, which replaced the erstwhile Planning Commission, suggested for setting up a National Energy Commission to coordinate efforts for implementing an upcoming overarching energy policy.
EDITORIAL Kshitija Kolhapure Shahzad Bagwan
Kalam, who pushed a Nuclear India, played a critical role to allay fears about the safety of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant. Today, despite all the oppositions, Kudankulam has emerged as a model nuclear power project started meeting the country’s energy need. Of course, the credit goes to Kalam.
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Apart from his fascination over nuclear energy, time and again, Kalam had advocated the need for optimising use of renewable energy India. He said that renewable sources of energy, including solar power and wind power, should be given priority.
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Born on 15th October 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu in a poor family, Kalam became the 11th President of India. While sharing his vision for poverty free India, he said, “To become developed, every home in India should be turned into a solar home.”
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EPR salutes the true patriot and statesman who will remain an inspiration for the people of this country. Please do send me your comments at editor@eprmagazine.com
Printed and published by Subhajit Roy on behalf of I-Tech Media Pvt Ltd. and printed at Print, Process Offset Printers, B-23, Royal Industrial Estate, 5-B, Wadala, Mumbai-400031 and published from I-Tech Media Pvt Ltd. 1, Gayatri, Karumari Amman, Chheda Nagar, Chembur (West), Mumbai - 400089. Editor: Subhajit Roy All rights reserved. While all efforts are made to ensure that the information published is correct, Electrical & Power Review holds no responsibility for any unlikely errors that might occur. The information on products and services / technology on offer is being provided for the reference of readers. However, readers are cautioned to make inquiries and take their decisions on purchase or investment after consulting experts on the subject. Electrical & Power Review holds no responsibility for any decision taken by readers on the basis of information provided herein. Tel.: +91-22-32682214/15, +91-9821667357
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Electrical & Power Review
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Cover Story
India’s gas-based power generation: status, challenges & road ahead Gas power is speeding up, but with implications arising for a reliable gas power supply
Feature
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Iran nuke deal: What it means for India An outline on how Iran’s nuclear deal will impact the Indian economy and India Inc.
Tech View
30
Earthing of low voltage electrical installations This article discusses earthing of low voltage electrical installations from the point of view of IEC 60364
Interview
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“Gas-based power sector awaits a reversal in fortunes” An interview with Deepesh Nanda, GE Region General Manager, PGP and PGS, GE South Asia
Guest Column
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Solar power: benefits & challenges An in-depth analysis on the use of solar energy and challenges therein
Case Study
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Achieving stable temperature signal surveillance in boiler room Danish CHP station achieved stable temperature signal surveillance in the boiler room even at 60 C with PR 3111 isolated TC converters
Green Zone
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Smoothening the power generation A closer look on how the lubricant industry promises to provide better quality of lubricants in the power sector
Tech View
28 6
How does a cooling tower works This article details upon the new developments and upgraded process of cooling tower. AUGUST 2015
Featuring the promising solar entrepreneurs
Power from rooftop
Industry Analysis
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The Sunrisers
40 08 14 44 48
A detail analysis on rooftop solar power sector in India
Power Update Open Forum Power Brand Trading Zone Electrical & Power Review
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POWER UPDATE Creation of intra state transmission system in 7 states gets cabinet nod The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister, has approved the creation of an intra state transmission system in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The ambitious project is estimated to cost ` 8,548.68 crore with central government contribution from National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) of ` 3,419.47 crore which is 40 per cent of the total estimated cost of project. The activities envisaged under the project includes establishment of 48 new grid sub-stations of different voltage levels with total transformation capacity around 17,100 mega volt ampere (MVA) by installing over 7,800 circuit kilometres (ckt-kms) of transmission lines in these seven states. The project is proposed to be completed within a period of three to five years. The cost on creating intra-state transmission system is proposed to be met through KfW loan (40 per cent of the total cost), NCEF grant (40 per cent of the total cost) and the remaining 20 per cent as state contribution. These states are rich in renewable resource potential and large capacity renewable power projects are planned there. “Creation of an intra state transmission system will facilitate evacuation of renewable power from generation stations to load centres,” the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy said.
CG to supply electrical motors to Lafarge Avantha Group Company CG has signed a global supply agreement with cement major Lafarge for electrical motors. This important agreement positions CG as one of the select few preferred global suppliers for Lafarge.
CG has been providing the cement industry with electric motors for various applications, including unique construction of slipring, twin drive slip-ring and double squirrel cage motors. CG’s low maintenance-energy efficient motors are specially designed for demanding applications such as in the cement industry, delivering high starting torque, low noise and vibration. They boost process reliability to enable manufacturing plants to increase their output, enhance product quality and reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Commenting on the agreement, Michel EDMONT, Senior Vice President - International Sourcing, Lafarge Cement said, “We are extremely pleased to have entered into this agreement and have CG as a preferred partner for Lafarge Motors. CG’s ability to provide flexible designs, high quality and cost effective solutions were key factors that Lafarge considered while making this decision”.
Megger India announces CSR Megger India that designs and manufactures portable electrical test equipment, announced to be part with CSR Act. In an aim to have sustainable future, the company is partnering with NGOs, CSOs, govt. training institutions and business associations to support initiatives and improve awareness on safe use of electrical and electronics tools appliances in youth and households. CSR is an imperative part of an organisation’s self regulated business model wherein its initiatives should benefit the society and its community and have a positive impact on the environment. Megger’s initiatives will spread awareness on electrical safety and its hazard, conservation of energy in better way and utilise resources potential to fullest, the company said.
Honeywell to help Freeport LNG expansion in southeast Texas Honeywell Process Solutions (HPS) has announced that its automation and security systems will help Freeport LNG Development, L.P. (Freeport LNG) expand its southeast Texas liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal into a world-class liquefaction and export operation. The expansion will give Freeport LNG 13.9 million tons a year of export capacity. Startup is expected in 2018. Freeport LNG’s is one of 10 new or expanded import or export LNG terminals that have been approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. HPS will be the integrated main automation contractor (I-MAC) for the expansion project.
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HPS will be responsible for designing, delivering and installing the automation, instrumentation, controls, and safety and security systems. The unified approach will be critical in helping the project meet operational and business readiness goals on day-one of startup. Specific key deliverables include a number of Honeywell’s innovative and patented technologies including LEAP, Honeywell’s lean project execution services, Experion PKS Orion with Distributed Systems Architecture (DSA), Experion Security Integrator, Fault Tolerant Ethernet (FTE), Universal process and safety I/O, virtualisation, advanced control, Safety Manager, Fire and gas systems, OneWireless
Network, Digital Video Manager (DVM), UniSim operator training simulator, advanced alarm management software, and PHD data historian.
Electrical & Power Review
POWER UPDATE New Freescale MCU brings smart metering capability into IoT network
MNRE rolls out roadmap to build Energy Security
Freescale Semiconductor has expanded its metering MCU solutions with the introduction of the Kinetis KM34Z256 MCU – a secure, singlechip metering solution for IoT edge nodes. The new Kinetis KM34Z256 MCU is designed for 1-, 2- and 3-phase electricity meters, and features a 75MHz ARM, Cortex, -M0+ core plus metering algorithm hardware arithmetic unit (MMAU). The solution supports 32/64 -bit integer multiply divide and square root operations and deliver a 135 per cent performance increase over a standard equivalent MCU, and a 35 per cent increase versus higher cost ARM Cortex-M4 MCUs.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, in association with YES BANK hosted an Investor Roundtable which was organised to bolster investments in the renewable energy sector and discuss - “Renewable Energy Sector in India - Galvanising Debt Flows”. The roundtable was attended by NS Vishwanathan, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India, K.K Jalan, Central Provident Fund Commissioner, Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO), Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and senior officials from PSU banks, public sector banks, mezzanine investors, public and private insurance companies. The event was a prelude to the upcoming RE-INVEST 2016 to be inaugurated by the Prime Minister.
A sophisticated analogue front end (AFE) enables high accuracy voltage and current measurement from four 24-bit Sigma-Delta analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) – each with its own low-noise programmable gain amplifier. Complementing these are a precision voltage reference with low gain drift of 6 ppm/C°, a dedicated hardware block for dynamic sensor phase shift compensation, and three analog comparators for frequency detection in metres that use Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms. The KM34Z256 MCU extends the flash memory range of the Kinetis M series up to 256 KB, providing ample room for billingrelated and application code. A key feature of all Kinetis M series MCUs is their ability to allow billing and application code to reside securely within a single MCU. This is achieved via the MCU’s on-chip memory protection unit, inter-peripheral crossbar, protected GPIO and DMA controller. Together, these technologies eliminate the need and costs of a separate MCU, while maintaining full compliance with WELMEC, OIML and other smart metering advisory guidelines.
The roundtable focused on laying the roadmap on actions on the outcomes of RE-INVEST 2015 and fulfilling the targeted 5x increase in RE capacity installations including installed capacity RE of 175 GW by 2022 The interactions centered on two broad topics; Debt Market – Accelerating Bond Flows for Renewable Energy and Innovating Financing Options by Banks. Some key recommendations proposed to the ministry and other regulators at the roundtable were easy ownership transfers in M&A transactions, relaxation in dividend distribution taxes and instituting Infrastructure Investment Trusts, which was recently cleared by SEBI to open up the renewable energy space to new category of yield investors. Investors observed that the development of Green Bonds Market in India is critical for tapping fixed income investments for the sector and identified that high hedging cost as one of the key constraint in raising low cost foreign debt.
Ghana invites Indian power companies for Powerelec Ghana 2016 A high-powered delegation led by Dr. Kwame Ampofo, Chairman, Energy Commission, Republic of Ghana visited India to invite Indian companies in power generation, transmission and distribution to participate in the massive expansion drive towards attaining selfsufficiency in five years. The delegation met the power industry leaders at the global launch of Powerelec Ghana 2016. The delegation also met Maharashtra’s Energy, New & Renewable Energy Minister, Chandrashekhar Bawankule. Hon. President of Ghana, Mr. John Manama has announced an ambitious programme of adding new power generation capacity of 3,665 MW over the next five years, thereby more
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than doubling the amount of existing capacity. Powerelec Ghana 2016, an Indo-Ghanian platform created by Fairact Exhibitions and Events LLP, Orange, Ghana and Verifair, Dubai is being hosted at Accra, Ghana in May 2016. Speaking at the occasion, Dr. Kwame Ampofo said, “We look forward to Indian players to assist Ghana in attaining self-sufficiency in power. Their experience within India will help them execute the projects at Ghana in a rapid and efficient manner.” Ghana has been recognised by the World Bank’s Doing Business Report of 2014 as the “Best Place for Doing Business in the ECOWAS Region.” Ghana is among the fastest growing economies of Africa and grew 7.4 per cent last year.
L- R Christopher Rockson, DR. Kwame Ampofo, Mr Premal Lokhandwala, Jeen Joshua and Sunil More
Chandrashekhar Bawankule appreciated Ghana’s desire to do business with Indian firms and reassured that it would be a mutually fruitful experience. Mr. Bawankule also explored avenues beyond power where Maharashtra can contribute to Ghana’s growth and looked forward to a successful conclusion of Powerelec Ghana 2016.
Electrical & Power Review
POWER UPDATE Solar power tariffs to reach grid parity by FY18: India Ratings Solar power is likely to become cheaper than or equivalent to conventional thermal energy prices over the next two to three years and reach INR4.0/kWh-INR4.5/kWh by FY18, says India Ratings and Research. This will be driven by a decline in capital costs (solar modules and other balance of plant), an increase in efficiency, a shift towards large solar photovoltaic projects leading to the economies of scale and lower return expectations by developers. According to International Renewable Energy Agency, solar photovoltaic prices have fallen nearly 80 per cent since 2008. Additionally, solar module efficiency has witnessed an annual increase of 3.5 per cent -4.5 per cent. The increasing size of projects to 10MW and above from 5MW earlier also leads to the economies of scale in component procurement and better absorption of fixed costs. Moreover, the return expectation of developers is likely to moderate as the market matures, leading to a reduction in overall tariffs. The recent solar bids conducted by MP Power Management Company Limited with per unit prices reaching as low as INR5.05/kWh are suggestive of the above trends. Globally in a recent bid, NV Energy, a Nevada utility, agreed to purchase 100MW solar power under a fixedprice 20-year power purchase agreement at 3.87cents/kWh (INR2.43/ kWh). The solar space has already seen a significant decline in tariffs. Solar tariffs declined to INR7.49/kWh-INR9.44/kWh in Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission phase I, Batch II during FY12 from INR10.95/ kWh-INR12.76/kWh during FY11. In phase II, Batch I, the concept of VGF was introduced and the tariffs declined to INR5.45/kWh. However, the current tariffs are even lower than those offered by
through VGF. The recent coal-based bids for the purchase of thermal power by Andhra Pradesh saw tariffs in the range of INR4.27/kWhINR4.98/kWh, only 1 per cent-14 per cent lower than the solar tariff of INR5.05/kWh bid recently in the MP Power Management Company power purchase tender.
Hartek Power commissions 3 solar substations of 38 MW Hartek Power, an EPC company based in Chandigarh having expertise in executing high-voltage turnkey substations and power infrastructure projects, has commissioned three substations on complete EPC basis for 38-MW solar power projects worth about ` 220 crore in Punjab and Chhattisgarh in the first quarter of financial year 2015-16. With the successful execution of these projects, Hartek Power has so far been able to commission substations for 130-MW solar power projects worth roughly ` 700 crore. Hartek Power has commissioned two of the three substations in Punjab, including a 66/11-KV substation for a 4-MW solar plant in Hoshiarpur for Aditya Medisales (Sun Pharma Group) and a 66/11-KV substation for a 4-MW solar project in Nabha awarded to Earth Solar. The company has also commissioned the second phase of a 132/11-KV substation for a 30MW solar project awarded to Azure Power in Chhattisgarh. Hartek Power is holding final-stage talks for executing substations for close to 200-MW solar projects in India in the current financial year. Last year, it had commissioned a substation for a 35 MW solar plant in Punjab for Azure Power. Hartek Power is operating projects in 17 states across the country. The company has also won substation orders worth ` 60 crore from various state electricity boards, which will be executed in the current financial year.
Russia’s Rosneft to buy 49% in Essar refinery
Rosneft Chairman of the Management Board Igor Sechin and Essar Group Founder Shashi Ruia signed a term sheet in this regard.
Further, the two companies signed a longterm contract for oil supplies for the purpose of refining at the Vadinar refinery. Rosneft will supply 100 million tonnes of crude oil over the next 10 years.
Pacific region,” Rosneft said issuing a statement. Commenting on the signing, Igor Sechin said, “The agreements are of a strategic nature. The performance of the terms of the signed documents will have a substantial impact on the scale of economical cooperation between Russia and India. The goods turnover between two countries will grow more than 50 per cent.”
The refining capacity of the Vadinar refinery is 20 million tonne per annum and the two parties intend to significantly increase the capacity 45 million tonne per annum by
“The perspective Rosneft participation in the refinery’s equity capital will allow Rosneft to obtain a share in one of the biggest refineries in India and the Asia-
“The principles laid down in the term sheet, will be reflected in final documents, which will be subject to corporate approval,” Rosneft said.
Russian state-owned Rosneft have announced a preliminary agreement with Shashi Ruia’s Essar Group to acquire up to 49 per cent of the Vadinar oil refinery in India.
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2020. The deal also includes a retail chain of 1,600 stations located in India, the parties plan to increase the total quantity of retail sites to 5,000 within the next 2 years.
Electrical & Power Review
OPEN FORUM Solar power capacity target raised 5 fold to 100 GW. Is it an achievable target? Achievable, but at a cost Finance is the most critical resource to achieve the given target. Proper funding and allocation of financial resources are absolute necessity. In addition, reducing project completion time, setting up proper infrastructure, special incentives for solar energy projects with support from state as well as central government, strategising and prioritising the sector, having adequate land bank, prompt and fast land allotment, widespread scaling up of both decentralised and centralised solar energy production, granting priority access for interconnection with the grid for solar energy, creating an innovative legal structure for incentives and taxation, separate capital subsidy over and above central subsidy on the project cost for grid tied, off grid and roof-top solar systems, single window clearance and fast track approval of solar power projects are needed. - Sunil Rathi, President-Sales, Vikram Solar Pvt. Ltd.
Evolving policies to make it achievable The policy landscape is still evolving. The 100 GW target has been divided as 60 GW under utility scale projects and 40 GW in rooftop segment. The business model for utility scale project is much evolved compared to rooftop projects in India. There are new approaches like inviting bids in dollars to attract foreign investors in bidding, cash rich PSUs are considering to invest in utility scale projects. We also see there is a lot of investment on the transmission infrastructure. Considering all these initiatives we think we will positively achieve the targets for the same. - Hitesh Doshi, Chairman & Managing Director, WAAREE Group
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Electrical & Power Review
OPEN FORUM
Difficult, but achievable This target however ambitious has its pros and cons. The pros are that it has revived the solar sector and sent vibes of rejuvenation among various stakeholders of the sector. It has opened gates for foreign investors. The cons are that the existing indigenous capacity of modules and other equipment for the solar sector are not sufficient for this target. The module manufacturers of India are finding it hard to match up with the JNNSM VGF demand of modules. However, keeping in mind the existing policies and tenders floated by the government and active participation by states, the target will be achieved within due time. - Ketan Mehta, Director, Rays Power Infra
Developments in technology will make it achievable India’s plan to get to 100 GW of solar capacity can definitely be achieved with the accelerated deployment of solar PVs in the country. With the continued support from the Indian government on deployments and the R&D efforts, technologies will continue to rapidly improve which means the prices are expected to drop 50 per cent by 2020. This means consumers get quicker returns on their investments. - R Chellappan, Managing Director, SWELECT Energy Systems Ltd.
Govt’s interest will make it achievable I believe the target is doable and I would not be surprised if this target is achieved by 2019. If we look at what has happened in the last 6 months, it seems very achievable. Various state governments have already tendered out over 6 GW installation capacities. Suddenly there is a lot of interest and immense opportunities emerging in the renewable sector. - Vineet Mittal, Vice Chairman, Welspun Renewables
Electrical & Power Review
august 2015
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Cover Story
Gas power is speeding up, but with implications arising for a reliable gas power supply
India’s gas-based power generation: status, challenges & road ahead Fossil fuels will continue to be the mainstay of the Indian power industry in the years to come and it is expected that coal and natural gas will continue to contribute more than 50 per cent in electricity generation mix by the year 2035. In addition to catering to base load demand, gas-based generation offers many advantages compared to a coal based and other conventional thermal power plants. It is clean, occupies lesser land area resulting in lesser R&R issues, and involves practically no environmental issues during operations. “Presently, the gas-based power projects are facing acute shortage of natural gas due to underproduction from the existing gas fields in India and high cost of imports. However, the government is taking positive steps to boost production of domestic supply by increasing the production and recovery from existing gas fields by engaging optimisation process and improved technologies and development of new fields,” says Satyajit Ganguly, Managing Director, ONGC Tripura Power Company Ltd. It is estimated that deploying the above methods imports can be cut down
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by 10 per cent by FY 2022 and 50 per cent by FY 2030. If the natural gas production can be ramped up as projected, the dependency on coal-based plants can be reduced to a considerable level and gas will be the choice of fuel for power generation in future. “The potential of gas-based power generation is very good in India because of the gas-based power plants are environment friendly and have higher efficiency,” states HP Gupta, Senior Vice President (Power Projects), ACB India. According to ratings agency ICRA, gasbased installed power generation capacity across the country stood at 27,123 MW as on March 31, 2015 including capacity which is ready to commission and stranded owing to non-availability of gas allocation. With deterioration in domestic gas availability since FY 2013 subsequent to discontinuation of gas supplies by RIL’s KG basin to power sector, all India PLF for gas-based power sector has come down sharply from 66.2 per cent in FY 2011 to 24.9 per cent in FY 2014 and further to 20.7 per cent in FY 2015. This is also because of the fact that off-takers
remain reluctant to allow availability and buy power using costlier alternate source of fuel which is R-LNG from the existing under-utilised projects. This in turn has led to a significantly high unmet demand for domestic gas from the power sector which is estimated at about 80 MMSCMD. With domestic gas currently at 5.05 USD/MMBTU (NCV basis, for the period of April till September 2015), cost of power generation is estimated at ` 4.6 per unit and hence, R-LNG with delivered cost of more than 7 USD/MMBTU does not remain competitive against the domestic gas. Taking a note of these factors, Girish Kadam, VP, Corporate
Till there is adequate gas availability ensured by government of India and DISCOMS, health and future of gas-based power plants is not very bright. H P Gupta, Sr. Vice President (Power Projects), ACB India
Electrical & Power Review
Cover Story
We do not expect any fresh investments in gas based power sector over the next 4-5 year period.
Girish Kadam, VP, Corp Sector Ratings, ICRA Ltd.
Sector Ratings, ICRA Ltd. said, “We do not expect any fresh investments in gas based power sector over the next 4-5 year period, given that an improvement in domestic gas availability continues to remain uncertain.” Business potential India is having huge gas-based power potential, but the sector looks illtreated. Speaking on the potential of gas-based power generation Mr Gupta remarks, “Due to the non availability of gas in the country the potential for gas-based power plant is very bleak. The government is also not giving much attention to make gas available from KG6 basin of Reliance.” North East region is rich in natural resources which are bottled up. There are several new discoveries for natural gas being made by public and private sector in north east region. “Equipped with the expertise of setting up gas based projects in inhospitable location, OTPC offers a unique advantage of setting up gas based power projects not only in NER but all across the country,” says Mr Ganguly.
Gas-based power projects are facing acute shortage of natural gas due to underproduction from the existing gas fields in India and high cost of imports.
Satyajit Ganguly, MD, ONGC Tripura Power Company Ltd.
Electrical & Power Review
Challenges With the purpose of allowing utilisation of stranded or under-utilised gas-based power projects based on R-LNG, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), Government of India (GoI) approved a scheme with subsidy support in March 2015 and subsequently, bidding has been concluded in May 2015 for selection of the gas-based capacity.
addition, Tripura is chiefly an agricultural state with few industries; therefore, sourcing of skilled manpower and raw material is largely done from outside the state which takes time and effort. Tripura also faces heavy rains during the monsoons and therefore, the company has to make special arrangements for working in rains so as to provide 24X7 power to all.
According to ICRA, about 8 GW of stranded gas-based capacity has won the bid for R-LNG quantum of 10 MMSCMD at bid subsidy level of ` 1.43 per unit while plant utilisation has been fixed at 35 per cent and net power purchase payable to the discom is set at ` 4.7 per unit for 2 year period (i.e. FY 2016 and FY 2017). “While this scheme for allowing utilisation of stranded gas based projects would help improve the energy availability especially in southern region which has been facing relatively higher level of energy shortages; the viability of this scheme would be critically dependent upon the prevailing R-LNG price and exchange rate,” states Mr Kadam. He adds, “At a delivered cost of $ 9.4 per MMBTU and exchange rate (` 63 per USD), the average under-recovery in cash cost of generation (CoG, including the principal repayment) would be ` 1 per kwh under the bid level of support.” However, if such projects were to avail financial relief by way of moratorium period on debt repayment during FY 2016 / 2017, the average under-recovery in CoG would remain minimal (` 0.2 per kwh). As a result, the current scheme would provide relief for gas-based projects only if it is accompanied with a moratorium on debt repayment. Thus, Mr Kadam opines, “Scheme for allowing utilisation based on R-LNG is an interim measure in our view and fundamentally, any sustainable improvement in domestic gas availability would be a positive and remains a key monitorable for the sector.”
Speaking on the challenges Mr Gupta says, “The major challenge faced by the power sector in general is non-availability of coal and gas. Also due to the very poor financial health of DISCOMS there is very restricted demand of power. States prefer to resort to power cuts than buy power from the open market to meet the shortages.”
According to Mr Ganguly, “OTPC has been able to prevail over most of the challenges. However, remoteness of the location continues to be a stumbling block. It impedes the logistics movement and procurement of any raw material.” In
Future roadmap Experts believe that the government needs to develop the gas sector by assuring supply of gas to companies to and encourage participation from companies. Also the stranded gas-based power projects need to be restarted and worked. “Even though gas-based power generation is plagued by scarcity of natural gas across the country, the fuel supply to OTPC’s gas-based plants is assured by the vast untapped gas reserves of Tripura,” says Mr Ganguly. Speaking about the company’s future plans he said, “We are working with public and private entities to locally utilise the bottled up gas for generation of electricity and transportation to the end consumer in North East region and mainland India.” He adds, “OTPC intends to replicate the model used for development of Palatana Power Project with active support from ONGC, Government of India, Tripura government and other stakeholders.” However Mr Gupta feels the future of gas-based power generation is not so bright. He says, “Till there is adequate gas availability ensured by Government of India and DISCOMS, health and future of gas-based power plants is not very bright.” august 2015
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FEATURE
Iran nuke deal: What it means for India An outline on how Iran’s nuclear deal will impact the Indian economy and India Inc. The landmark nuclear deal between Iran and major global powers - that will lead to lifting of sanctions on the country, in return for curbs on its nuclear programme – is expected to be ‘positive’ for India. EPR provides an outline on how Iran’s nuclear deal will impact the Indian economy and India Inc. Impact on economy The domestic crude oil production of India met only about 21 per cent of the domestic demand of crude oil in FY15 and lower crude oil prices would reduce the import and government’s subsidy bill. According to an investment information and credit rating agency ICRA Limited (ICRA), “Every one dollar decline in international crude oil price reduces the import bill by about ` 65 billion and the subsidy burden by ` 9 billion. A decline in crude oil prices would also positively impact the current account deficit and keep inflation under control.” Lowering of crude oil prices the likely outcome of the Iran nuclear deal will contribute positively to the India economy, across the oil and gas value chain barring domestic upstream players, says India Ratings and Research (Ind-Ra). Impact on Indian oil and gas companies With Iran being an important crude oil producer and exporter, India has had a long relationship with Iranian oil companies, with the relationship emanating in the form of crude oil imports, shipping of crude, equity stake in Indian refineries, participation in Iranian upstream ventures, export of CNG cylinders etc. The sanctions, therefore, negatively impacted a few companies in the sector. The following section analyses
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the impact on various sub segments of the domestic oil & gas industry. Benefits for refiners ICRA believes that a decline in crude oil prices is positive for Indian refiners as their working capital requirements would reduce due to lower crude oil and products prices and lower gross under recoveries. Besides, additional sourcing from Iran would also result in lower freight costs and insurance costs due to proximity with Iran as compared to South America and African crude sources thereby reducing the refinery gate prices of crude oil. Iran currently sells most of its crude exports to four Asian countries- China, India, Japan and South Korea. India which used to source over 10 per centof its crude requirements from Iran with Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd (MRPL) and Essar Oil Ltd (EOL) being the biggest importers, had reduced purchases to about 9 million tonnes per financial year, allowed under the sanctions. Post lifting of sanctions Indian refiners would be able to freely import from Iran. However Iranian crude was also attractive because of the sops that Iran was offering, which included a 3 month credit period for oil supplies, compared to 1 month which is the norm in the industry and concessional pricing of crude. This significantly buttressed the GRM of the concerned refineries besides aiding their liquidity position. The continuation of such sops would be critical in determining the economics of crude purchase from Iran with respect to competing crude sources. “Nevertheless with the leadership aiming to increase production as fast Electrical & Power Review
FEATURE as possible, crude could be attractively priced to regain lost market share in the initial few years, which will help GRM of the concerned Indian refiners,” ICRA observed. According to India Ratings, “Oil refiners will benefit by way of lower crude oil prices as imports from Iran will be more cost effective than imports from Africa, Latin America and Venezuela among others. This is because of the lower lead time and better credit terms (90 days) available from Iran than the 30-day credit period offered by others, thus improving the working capital cycle for refiners.” Once the ban lifts Indian refiners would also need to make payments to Iran for their past purchases. “Post February 2013 when the US blocked all payment channels, the Indian refiners have paid only 45 per cent of the crude import bill in rupees through UCO Bank. The Indian refiners currently owe Iran about US$ 6.5 billion for crude sourced since February 2013, when payments through Turkey’s Halkbank were stopped. Of this Essar Oil owes about $ 3.5 billion, MRPL $ 2.5 billion and Indian Oil Corporation $ 500 million,” ICRA data reveals. Because of the sanctions, the affected refineries had significant difficulties in getting insurance/reinsurance from global insurance companies, for covering crude oil inventory during transit, plant and machinery. These concerns could abate going forward thereby helping the affected refineries significantly
Negative impact for upstream companies Domestic public sector upstream players may benefit from a lower subsidy burden if the quantum of under-recovery and hence subsidy declines. However, India Ratings says, “The benefit of lower subsidy could be offset by lower realisations that public sector units would face because of a decline in crude prices.” Therefore, ICRA observed, decline in oil prices could be marginally negative for upstream companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Oil India Limited, Cairn India given that the realisations on crude oil sales would also decline, though the impact could be partially offset with no material under recoveries. Pipeline project to get a boost The lifting of sanction on Iran may revive the long-pending gas pipeline projects such as the Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline or the Iran-India deep sea pipeline. India Ratings envisages, “Successful execution of the pipeline could lead to a healthy supply of gas from Iran, which could be priced competitively given transportation costs through pipelines are far lower.” However, ICRA points out, “Diplomatic hurdles, security issues and economics of the project considering low spot gas price environment might remain deterrents to the pipeline projects.”
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Electrical & Power Review
august 2015
19
Interview
“Gas-based power sector awaits a reversal in fortunes” “As technology improves and shipping costs come down, gas-based generation is likely to find a greater presence in countries like India,” says Deepesh Nanda, GE Region General Manager, PGP and PGS, GE South Asia
At present, India’s gas-based capacity is around 24 GW. Out of this, close to 8 -9 GW has been in operation at partial load of about 30 per cent and the remaining 15 -16 GW has been lying idle due to lack of affordable gas. While speaking to EPR, Deepesh Nanda shares his views on India’s future in gasbased power generation. He also briefs on GE’s contribution in the gas-based power generation. Excerpts:
based power plants more viable than ever before. Globally, there has been a tremendous focus on the gas-based power generation. The global export capacity is set to rise by a third by 2018 with new supply additions from Australia and America. Moreover, as technology improves and shipping costs come down, gas-based generation is likely to find a greater presence in countries like India.
How do you look at the potential of gasbased power generation in India? Considering the current economic and growth momentum that India is experiencing, we can say that, the country has finally prepared itself to enhance its gas-based power generation capacity. This makes the market interesting in terms of investment and exploring new opportunities. At present, India’s gas-based capacity is around 24 GW, but out of this, close to 8-9 GW has been in operation at partial load of about 30 per cent and the remaining 15 -16 GW has been lying idle due to lack of affordable gas. The government’s recent policy announced in March this year for restarting the stranded gas-based power plants is a step in the right direction. I am confident that this will bring in renewed confidence into the sector.
What are the major roadblocks to India’s energy security and how can we overcome these? When it comes to major roadblocks, I think, India’s power sector needs several policy interventions and a holistic approach to solve the current power crisis within the country.
I also feel that, affordable gas pricing will further boost the segment. Also, with improvement in technology to refrigerate, transport and gasification, the cost is expected to come down making the gas-
Almost all 29 SEBs across Indian states going bankrupt, buying power from the manufacturing plants becomes a challenge. The SEBs, in turn, inflict load-shedding on their consumers. The states should explore ways to liquidate the existing regulatory assets in a time-bound manner. That is the key concern plaguing the discoms and the power sector at large over the years. The recent announcements to boost the renewable energy sector, and increasing domestic production of coal exemplify, Government of India’s efforts to improve the power situation. According to International Energy Agency (IEA) 2015 outlook, India would need an investment of $100 billion a Continued to 22
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g
Electrical & Power Review
Interview Deepesh Nanda, GE interview Continued from 20 f
year to boost its energy sector – development of power plants, refineries, grids and gas fields. Coming to the oil and gas sector, the policy makers are also targeting to reduce India’s crude oil import dependence from 77 per cent to 67 per cent by 2022. The petroleum ministry is poised to bring more clarity for auctioning oil and gas blocks in the next round of auctions, which includes allocation through open acreage model, reforming the financial sharing model, and implementing a uniform licensing policy. The government has also proposed to allow oil and gas companies to explore and develop shale gas and CBM in their existing blocks allocated to them under new NELP. Hopefully going ahead stringent reforms will further transform the sector. GE has invested $ 2 billion for developing the most efficient combined-cycle gas turbine, GE’s 9HA.01 and the 9HA.02. These technologically advanced products are capable to deliver lowest cost of electricity – brining a clear advantage for the end users. Another aspect is operational flexibility, which can be enjoyed by the consumers using the 9 HA turbine. Brief us on your company’s contribution in the gas-based power sector. GE offers the widest range of heavy-duty gas turbines ranging from 43 MW to 510 MW. We supply machines and services for utilities, independent power producers, and industrial application, from pure power generation to cogeneration and heating applications. In India, GE has partnered with Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) to manufacture the gas turbines based on GE’s technology at BHEL’s Hyderabad facility. We also have a joint venture, BHEL-GE Gas Turbine Services Private Limited, for servicing gas turbines in the India region. As for our installed base in the India region, we have an installed base of around 290 gas turbines. We not only offer gas turbines but also other services including long-term contractual services agreement, which offer critical performance guarantees for the life of the turbines or for the term of the PPA. This allows our customers to meet the contractual obligations for output, heat rate and availability etc. Another area of strong business interest is renovation and modernisation. GE has the capability to upgrade existing power plants and extend their life. This will not only bring back the rating of the power plant to the original nameplate rating but will do so at a significantly low cost. Our teams have executed some large projects in the renovation and modernisation space both in the private sector and the public sector. We have also been able to offer fuel flexibility for operating gas turbines. Additionally, we have capitalised on large business opportunities by designing combustion systems for gas turbines that can handle different types of fuels.
GE 9 HA gas turbine
most efficient combined-cycle gas turbine, GE’s 9HA.01 and 9HA.02. To validate the technology, we have invested in a full-speed full-load gas turbine validation test facility. The validation facility is the world’s largest and most powerful variable speed, variable load, non-grid connected gas turbine test facility. This facility conducts off-grid testing to validate the H-Technology gas turbines at and above full load conditions. Capable of replicating a grid environment at full capacity, the facility tests 50 and 60 Hz gas turbines by taking them well beyond normal power plant conditions. The idea is to ensure that the machine can withstand normal as well as abnormal conditions. One unit running for 200 hours in the test facility is more valuable than 500 units in the field running for a year. The 9HA.01 GT offers an output of 397 MW while the 9HA.02 offers an output of 510 MW. Combined cycle plants with 9HA turbines can achieve greater than 61 per cent efficiency. We have also invested significantly in our smaller-sized gas turbines – the 6F.01 gas turbine that offers an output of 51 MW on simple cycle and a combined cycle output of 75MW with greater than 55.7 per cent efficiency. Another key offering by GE is its software solutions. GE software harness the power of the Industrial Internet to achieve breakthroughs in performance. Through Asset Performance Management (APM) software, customers will be able to maximise the value of their existing power generation assets. APM for power assets brings improved reliability, reduced production costs for total fleet value, and optimised asset capabilities for enhanced fleet performance, uncovering business outcomes that impact the bottom line.
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Case Study
Achieving stable temperature signal surveillance in boiler room Danish CHP station achieved stable temperature signal surveillance in the boiler room even at 60 C with PR 3111 isolated TC converters “False alarms and false error messages from the boiler room surveillance system used to be a re-occurring problem especially during the summer,” says Jesper Holm Nielsen, electrician at Fyn Power Station, and continues, “Of course we had discussed how to solve it, but there didn’t seem to be a straight-forward solution… by chance, one of us ran into one of PR’s sales engineers at a trade show. We talked about it, and the PR representative suggested a solution that sounded worth the try.” The team at Fyn Power Station then agreed to do a PR TC converter test set-up together with PR.
Fyn Power Station generates electricity for the Nordic electricity market and supplies heat to more than 85,000 Danish households and industries, including horticultural greenhouses. Today the station is owned by Vattenfall, one of Europe’s largest electricity producers. System errors and false alarms The station used to get false system alarms and error messages from one of the boilers’ temperature surveillance systems. The problem occurred when the ambient temperature hit 60 C in the boiler room, which often happened in summer. Caption: The panel in the boiler room equipped with PR 3111 temperature converters
Test set-up delivered stable system monitoring The PR 3111 converters are designed to operate within a temperature range of (-) 25 C to (+) 70 C. To test their ability to solve the problem, twelve 3111TC converters were installed in the panel a cost-efficient solution that delivered stable system monitoring from day one. “We made a new set-up with twelve 3111 TC converters. Then we waited for false alarms to occur. No alarms, no error messages due to ambient temperature fluctuations. The system performed and still performs as expected also on very hot summer days,” Jesper Holm Nielsen said. About Fyn Power Station Since 1953, Fyn Power Station has supplied energy to the city of Odense and the rest of the island of Funen. Fyn Power Station has two active power plant units and three units based on waste. The units produce electricity for the Nordic energy grid as well as district heating for large parts of Funen. Fyn Power Station is certified according to the international environmental management standard ISO 14001.
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august 2015
Electrical & Power Review
Industry Analysis
SMOOTHENING THE POWER GENERATION generation, chemicals, automotive and other manufacturing, railways, marine, and metals are the leading end-use industries, together accounting for nearly 80 per cent of the industrial lubricant consumption.”
A closer look on how the lubricant industry promises to provide better quality of lubricants in the power sector For the constant supply of the energy, the power generation sector has to run 24/7 a day. Due to its continuous use, there is a tendency, when machines can slow down the speed. This is where lubricant plays an important role. Lubricants are oil or grease that reduces the friction between moving parts, by enhancing the speed and efficiency. It also reduces interruptions. Number of sectors require lubricants, but the level of consumption is more in power sector. Proper selection of lubricants as well as care for the lubricant systems is essential part of power plant programme. The lubricant industry has gone through changes for the past few years and it is expected to surge. To drive the market at a high level, proper lubrication management is must for the Indian Industry. To bring better output, the companies are focusing on research and development and investing more on the same. Lubricants for power generation In a world of increasing demand for energy and diminishing spare capacity
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in existing power grids, keeping industry moving is more challenging than ever before. As the need of power will increase, ultimately the need for lubricants for power sector will also increase. Regular consumption of lubricant by the power industry is increasing its market value. The market is expected to grow rapidly. Total Lubricants, SKF India, Castrol, Shell Lubricants, Gulf Oil, ExxonMobil India are some of the major players in lubricants industry. Imtiaz Ahmed, Asia Pacific Mobil SHC Brand Manager, ExxonMobil Lubricants Pvt. Ltd. says, “According to a study by Kline & Company, the overall lubricant consumption in India is projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.5 per cent over the next five years. The consumer segment is expected to grow the fastest at a projected 6.6 per cent per year, while the commercial and industrial lubricant segments will exhibit a moderate growth of 2.3 and 1.6 per cent per year, respectively. The study further states that Industrial lubricant is the largest market segment in India, accounting for over 54 per cent of the total market. Power
To drive the market smoothly, the lubricant companies need to bring high quality lubricants and lubricants practices is very essential. Backed by strong technology with superior products and technical services. Describing on the shell lubricant range, Akhil Jha, Vice President Technical, Shell Lubricants India states, “Shell’s specialised product portfolio helps reduce power-engine maintenance time with extended-life oils, improve efficiency to increase combined-cycle turbine output and increase the reliability of remote wind turbines which can further lead to substantial savings by improving equipment availability, extending oildrain intervals and improving engine cleanliness.” Utilisation of lubricants The key to any successful operation is productivity. Selection of the right oil helps equipment perform under the most demanding conditions and has a direct impact on the reliability and profitability of a power generation operation. Unplanned outages from lubrication failures result in costly downtime and possible equipment damage. Modern steam and gas turbines subject the turbine lubricant to even greater demands. Issues
We have a wide range of lubricants designed to meet the demanding needs of energy efficiency and superior reliability.
Akhil Jha, Vice President Technical, Shell Lubricants India
Electrical & Power Review
Industry Analysis
We take a holistic approach that goes beyond selling just products...
Imtiaz Ahmed, Asia Pacific Mobil SHC Brand Manager, ExxonMobil Lubricants
such as higher temperatures in bearings, reduction in residence times and varnish deposits have become critical concerns. ExxonMobil’s industrial lubricants are designed to help enhance equipment reliability and uptime. They are also engineered for the oil and gas exploration and production industries. Mr Ahmed shares, “ExxonMobil lubricants are expertly formulated to help reduce maintenance costs, extend oil drain intervals and deliver exceptional protection for key components, even under the extreme weather and load conditions common in many power-generating applications.” Complete utilisation of equipment, sometimes even beyond their useful life or deterioration of the equipment in standby conditions. The lubricants are required to perform or protect in both these conditions to keep the equipment always in running condition. Frequent relubrication for some of the equipments is really a challenge. In fact for critical applications like turbines, lubricant
Power plants are critical applications which essentially needs to be operate 24 x 7 and any disruption can have catastrophic implications. Ravi Chawla, Managing Director, Gulf Oil Lubricants India
Electrical & Power Review
change is not done for years together, sometimes even decade; only required top up is carried out at frequent intervals. According to Ravi Chawla, Managing Director of Gulf Oil Lubricants India Ltd, the stand-by systems can be useful during any problem. He says, “Power plants are critical applications which essentially needs to be operate 24 x 7 and any disruption can have catastrophic implications. Hence any downtime due to equipment maintenance issues is highly undesirable or next to impossible. In case of any maintenance, usually stand-by systems are kept available to avoid any kind of interruption.” lubricants and their application areas Gulf Oil in its portfolio has a range of products meeting the specific requirements. Some products intended for critical applications also carry key manufacturer approvals. They also have an array of products suitable for range of residual fuel and natural gas engines used in power generation. Shell Lubricants’ power product portfolio includes power engine oils, turbine oils, electrical oils, gear oils, heavy-duty diesel engine oils, hydraulic oils, and greases. ExxonMobil develops high-performance synthetic oils and greases for both mobile and plant equipment. Competitive scenario Competition is driving the companies to innovate high quality new products in the market. Day-by-day, research and developments have been done to offer best solutions to the clients. Innovation, product application and technical partnership are the heart of any company. The companies aims to help in finding practical solutions to the challenges faced by their customers by working closely with them. The companies strive to develop and provide next generation of lubricants that will deliver improved energy efficiency and better performance for customers without any compromise.
Mr Jha claims, “Shell remains the global market leader having achieved 13 per cent of total market share in 2014. To maintain this leading position Shell Lubricants rely on a large number of Shell Lube Experts.” Shell Lubricants employs 350 experts and product application specialists in more than 70 countries. “Shell Lubricants invests heavily in lubricant R&D which has allowed us to be ‘first to market’ with a number of lubricants innovations and value-added services. We have a patent portfolio with over 150 patent series for lubricants, oils and greases,” Mr Jha claims. Commenting on why their lubricants have edge over competition, Mr Ahmed says, “We take a holistic approach that goes beyond selling just products and offer our customers the opportunity to meet their diverse goals and needs including improving equipment performance, enhancing energy efficiency and, most importantly, maximising their productivity.” Future roadmap When asked about ExxonMobil’s future roadmap as far as Indian power sector is concerned, Mr Ahmed, says, “We have plans and strategies in place, which is working well in the current market scenario. The industry is responding positively to the technology that we bring in. We have introduced energy efficient lubricants range in the country, which has received extremely good response— whether it is plastic injection moulding machines, gear boxes, bearings or other high output hydraulic packs etc. As the power generation industry continues to develop in India and around the world, Mobil Industrial Lubricants will continue to support its customers in achieving their strongest productivity and cost savings objectives.” Mr Jha briefs, “We have a wide range of lubricants designed to meet the demanding needs of energy efficiency and superior reliability. This range includes the latest-technology synthetic products for Shell’s ultimate performance for all power plant machinery.” august 2015
27
Tech View
This article details upon the new developments and upgraded process of cooling tower.
How does a cooling tower work Cooling towers are a very important part of many industries. The primary task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat from cooling water with the help of atmospheric air by evaporative cooling. The make-up water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling. Cooling towers fall into two main categories: Natural draft and mechanical draft. Natural draft towers use very large concrete chimneys to introduce air through the media. Due to the large size of these towers, they are generally used for water flow rates above 45,000 cu.m. per hour. These types of towers are used only by utility power stations. Mechanical draft towers utilise large fans to force (in forced draft cooling tower) or suck air (in induced draft cooling tower) through circulated water. The water falls downward over fill surfaces, which help increase the contact time between the water and the air - this helps maximise heat transfer between the two.
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Cooling tower size is affected by the flow, range (hot water temperature minus cold water temperature), approach (cold water temperature minus wet bulb temperature) and wet bulb temperature. When three of these four quantities are held constant, tower size increases in the following manner: • • • •
Directly with the flow Directly with the range Inversely with the approach Inversely with the inlet wet bulb temperature.
Mechanical draft towers Mechanical draft towers are available in two airflow arrangements: induced draft cooling tower; and forced draft cooling tower. Accordingly to direction of air flow cooling tower are further classified as follows: • Counter flow induced draft. • Cross flow induced draft.
In the counter flow induced draft design, hot water enters at the top, while the air is introduced at the bottom and exits at the top. In cross flow induced draft towers, the water enters at the top and passes over the fill. The air, however, is introduced at the side either on one side (single-flow tower) or opposite sides (double-flow tower). An induced draft fan draws the air across the wetted fill
and expels it through the top of the structure. Mechanical draft towers are available in a large range of capacities. Normal capacities range from approximately 10 tonnes, 2.5 cu.m. per hour flow to several thousand tonnes and cu.m. per hour. Towers can be either factory built or field erected. Many towers are constructed so that they can be grouped together to achieve the desired capacity. Thus, many cooling towers are assemblies of two or more individual cooling towers or cells. Multiple-cell towers can be lineal, square, or round depending upon the shape of the individual cells and whether the air inlets are located on the sides or bottoms of the cells. Components of cooling tower The basic components of an evaporative tower are: Frame and casing, fill, cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles and fans. Frame and casing: Most towers have structural frames that support the exterior enclosures (casings), motors, fans, and other components. For some smaller designs, such as some glass fibre units, the casing may essentially be the frame. Electrical & Power Review
Tech View Fill: Most towers employ fills (made of plastic or wood) to facilitate heat transfer by maximising water and air contact. Fill can either be splash or film type. With splash fill, waterfalls over successive layers of horizontal splash bars, continuously breaking into smaller droplets, while also wetting the fill surface. Plastic splash fill promotes better heat transfer than the wood splash fill. Film fill consists of thin, closely spaced plastic surfaces over which the water spreads, forming a thin film in contact with the air. These surfaces may be flat, corrugated, honeycombed, or other patterns. The film type of fill is the more efficient and provides same heat transfer in a smaller volume than the splash fill. Cold water basin: The cold water basin, located at or near the bottom of the tower, receives the cooled water that flows down through the tower and fill. The basin usually has a sump or low point for the cold water discharge connection. Drift eliminators: These capture water droplets entrapped in the air stream that otherwise would be lost to the atmosphere. Air inlet: This is the point of entry for the air entering a tower. The inlet may take up an entire side of a tower–cross flow design– or be located low on the side or the bottom of counter flow designs. Louvers: Generally, cross-flow towers have inlet louvers. The purpose of louvers is to equalise air flow into the fill and retain the water within the tower. Many counter flow tower designs do not require louvers. Nozzles: These provide the water sprays to wet the fill. Uniform water distribution at the top of the fill is essential to achieve proper wetting of the entire fill surface. Nozzles can either be fixed in place and have either round or square spray patterns or can be part of a rotating assembly as found in some circular cross-section towers. Electrical & Power Review
Fans: Axial (propeller type) fans are used in towers. Depending upon their size, propeller fans can either be fixed or variable pitch. A fan having nonautomatic adjustable pitch blades permits the same fan to be used over a wide range of kW with the fan adjusted to deliver the desired air flow at the lowest power consumption. Automatic variable pitch blades can vary air flow in response to changing load conditions. Tower Materials In the early days of cooling tower manufacture, towers were constructed primarily of wood. Wooden components included the frame, casing, louvers, fill, and often the cold water basin. If the basin was not of wood, it likely was of concrete. Today, tower manufacturers fabricate towers and tower components from a variety of materials. Often several materials are used to enhance corrosion resistance, reduce maintenance, and promote reliability and long service life. Galvanised steel, various grades of stainless steel, glass fibre, and concrete are widely used in tower construction as well as aluminium and various types of plastics for some components. Wood towers are still available, but they have glass fibre rather than wood panels (casing) over the wood framework. The inlet air louvers may be glass fibre, the fill may be plastic, and the cold water basin may be steel. Larger towers sometimes are made of concrete. Many towers–casings and basins–are constructed of galvanised steel or, where a corrosive atmosphere is a problem, stainless steel. Sometimes a galvanised tower has a stainless steel basin. Glass fibre is also widely used for cooling tower casings and basins, giving long life and protection from the harmful effects of many chemicals. Plastics are widely used for fill, including PVC, polypropylene, and other polymers. Treated wood splash fill is still specified for wood towers, but plastic splash fill is also widely used when water conditions
mandate the use of splash fill. Film fill, because it offers greater heat transfer efficiency, is the fill of choice for applications where the circulating water is generally free of debris that could plug the fill passageways. Plastics also find wide use as nozzle materials. Many nozzles are being made of PVC, ABS, polypropylene, and glassfilled nylon. Aluminium, glass fibre, and hot-dipped galvanised steel are commonly used fan materials. Propeller fans are fabricated from galvanised, aluminium, or moulded glass fibre reinforced plastic. Performance assessment of cooling towers In operational performance assessment, the typical measurements and observations involved are: • Cooling tower design data and curves to be referred to as the basis • Intake air WBT and DBT at each cell at ground level using a whirling pyschrometer. Exhaust air WBT and DBT at each cell using a whirling psychrometer. • CW inlet temperature at risers or top of tower, using accurate mercury in glass or a digital thermometer. • CW outlet temperature at full bottom, using accurate mercury in glass or a digital thermometer. • Process data on heat exchangers, loads on line or power plant control room readings, as relevant. • CW flow measurements either direct or inferred from pump motor kW and pump head and flow characteristics. • CT fan motor amps, volts, kW and blade angle settings • TDS of cooling water. • Rated cycles of concentration at the site conditions. • Observations on nozzle flows, drift eliminators, condition of fills, splash bars, etc.. Authored by_ Yogesh Kumar Rathoree, Deputy Manager (Design), Paltech Cooling Towers & Equipments Ltd.
august 2015
29
Tech View
Earthing of low voltage electrical installations This article discusses earthing of low voltage electrical installations from the point of view of IEC 60364 electromagnetic disturbances. IEC 60364-5-51:2005: Electrical installation of buildings - selection and erection of electrical equipment -common rules. IEC 61140: 2001: Protection against electric shock - common aspects for installation and equipment. IEC 62305- 2010 (Ed. 2): All four parts.
Apart from electrical installations, earthing finds importance with electronic or instrumentation and IT due to the usage of VLSI ICs and their associated failures or problems. Because of its application related with safety, it is analysed in various International and National standards related to specific context. This article approaches earthing from the view point of IEC 60364-5-54-Ed 3.The scope of this standard is limited to earthing arrangement and protective conductors including protective bonding conductors of low voltage installations i.e. 1,000 V AC or 1,500 V DC in order to satisfy the safety of electrical installations with cross reference from below standards. IEC 60364-5-54 does not cover EMC which is covered by IEC 61000-5-2: EMC - installation and mitigation guidelines - earthing and cabling. IEC 60364-4-41: 2005: LV electrical installations - protection for safetyprotection against electric shock IEC 60364-4-44: 2007: LV electrical installations - protection for safetyprotection against voltage and
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Relevant acronyms T- Direct connection of a point with earth (T- Terra in Latin) I – Connection of a point with earth via high impedance (I- Isolated) N- Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation which is connected to earth. TN is further classified into TN- S (separate)/TN-C (combined) and TN-C-S (combined at source and separate at load). Earthing is intended to provide connection to earth which: • Is reliable and suitable for the protection of the installation. • Can carry earth fault I and protective conductor I to earth, without danger from thermal, thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical stresses and from electric shock arising from these I. • If relevant, is also suitable for functional requirement. • Suitable for the foreseeable external influences (IEC 60364-5-51) – e.g. mechanical stresses and corrosion. • Where I with HF are expected to flow (cl 444 of IEC 60364-4-44: 2007). • Protection against electric shock shall not be adversely affected by any foreseeable change of earth electrode resistance (example: corrosion, drying, freezing etc.) • Type, dimension and material of earth electrode shall be selected to withstand corrosion and to have adequate mechanical strength for
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• • • •
• •
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the intended life time. Main parameters for corrosion: Soil pH at the site, soil resistivity, soil moisture, stray and leakage AC and DC I, chemical contamination and proximity of dissimilar metals. Minimum thickness of protective coating is greater for vertical earth electrode because of greater exposure to mechanical stresses while being embedded than for horizontal earth electrode. Efficiency of earth electrode depends on its configuration and local soil conditions. Depending upon the value of earth resistance required one or more earth electrodes suitable for the soil conditions shall be selected. Types of earth electrodes Concrete embedded foundation earth electrode Soil embedded foundation earth electrode Metallic electrode embedded directly in soil- vertically or horizontally (eg. rods, wires, tapes, pipes, plates). Metal sheath of cables (according to local conditions) Other suitable underground metal work (eg. metal water pipes) according to local conditions. Welded metal reinforcement of concrete (except pre-stressed concrete) embedded in the earth.
Dos and Don’ts Earth electrode shall not be directly immersed in water of a stream, river, pond or lake. Earth electrode parts shall be connected together by exothermic welding, pressure connectors, clamps or other suitable mechanical connectors. The same is applicable for connection of earthing conductor to an earth electrode. Cross sectional area of earthing conductors shall be 6 Electrical & Power Review
Tech View Mode 1: TN-S/TN-S
Mode 2: TN-S/TN-S
output to Indoor Mains Installation PE DC-return (TN-S) Ring Conductor N PE PE N PE Input from Outdoor Mains Distributions (TN-S)
Main Earthing Terminal Network
Not: Mode 1 is obligatory if separation transformer is dedicated to the building and the TN-S System consequently originates at the transformer load side.
sq.mm. for Cu or 50 sq.mm. for steel. Where lightning protection system is connected to earth electrode, cross sectional area of earth conductor should be 16 sq.mm. for Cu and 50 sq.mm. for steel. Aluminium shall not be used as earthing conductor. Where more than one earthing terminal is provided, they shall be interconnected. It shall be possible to individually disconnect each earth conductor connected to the MET. Disconnection shall be possible only by means of a tool. A protective conductor not forming part of a cable shall be mechanically protected if installed in conduit/trunking. For equipotential bonding MET shall be provided and the following shall be connected to it. • • • •
Protective bonding conductors Earthing conductors Protective conductors Functional earthing conductors, if relevant.
Types of protective conductors One or more of the following: • Conductors in multi core cables • Insulated or bare conductors in a common enclosure with live conductors. • Fixed installed bare or insulated conductors. • Metallic cable sheath, cable screen, cable armour, wirebraid, concentric conductor, metallic conduit.
Joints in protective conductors shall be accessible for inspection and testing except for: • Compound-filled joints • Encapsulated joints • Joints in metal conduits, ducting and busbar trunking system
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output to Indoor Mains Installation (TN-S)
N
Mode 3: IT/IT or TT/TT output to Indoor Mains Installation (IT or TT)
PE DC-return Ring Conductor
N PE PE N
PE PE PEN
Input from Outdoor Mains Distributions (TN-S)
PE DC-return Ring Conductor
Main Earthing Terminal Network
• Joints forming part of equipment, complying with equipment standards • Joints made by welding or brazing • Joints made by compression tools.
Though, individual earth electrodes is commonly used, concrete embedded earth electrode has several advantages. Erection of concrete embedded foundation earth electrode Concrete used for building foundation has lower conductivity and large contact area with the soil. Bare metal electrodes completely embedded in concrete shall be used for earthing purposes except concrete isolated from soil by use of special thermal insulation for special applications. Due to superior chemical and physical effects, bare or hot dip G steel and other metals embedded in concrete to a depth of more than 5 cm are highly protected against corrosion, for the life time of the building. Wherever possible, the conductive effects of the reinforcement of the building should also be used. By having a concrete embedded foundation earth electrode during the erection of the building is an economical solution to obtain a long lasting (life time), good earth electrode because: • No need for additional excavation works. • The depth of erection is free from negative influences resulting from seasonal weather conditions. • It provides good contact with the soil • It extends over all of the building’s foundation surface and results in min. Earth electrode impedance which can be obtained with that surface. • It provides optimal earthing arrangement for LPS.
Input from Outdoor Mains Distributions (IT or TT)
Main Earthing Terminal Network
• From the beginning of the building construction, it can be sued as earth electrode for the electrical installation of the construction activities.
Besides the earthing, concrete embedded foundation earth provides good reference for main protective bonding. Other considerations for use of concrete embedded earth electrodes Metal reinforcement of the foundation of the building shall be used as an electrode which has strong connections. Prestressed reinforcement must not be used as an electrode. If welded grids made from wires of smaller diameter (min 5 mm) are used for reinforcement, it can be used as electrodes which should have atleast 4 connections between the terminal lug and grid. The wiring of the electrodes should not go over joints between different parts of larger foundations. At such places, suitable malleable connectors should be installed outside the concrete to provide electrical connections. Concrete embedded foundation earth electrode of single foundations (example large hall) should be connected to other parts of the concrete embedded foundation earth electrode by using suitable earth connectors. IEC 60364-5-53 does not talk about any specific value of earth resistance. The lower is always better but it depends on various parameters as mentioned above .Special emphasis should be given for bonding. Authored by__
K.V. Varadharajan, Director, LP Consultants International Pvt. Ltd. (LPCI), Chennai. LPCI is specialised in lightning protection, surge protection, earthing, risk assessment, signal integrity, EMI/EMC etc. based on IEC and National Standards.
Courtesy: LP Consultants International Pvt. Ltd. (LPCI), www.lpci.in
Electrical & Power Review
Guest Column
Solar power: benefits & challenges An in-depth analysis on the use of solar energy and challenges therein Assuming that 30 to 50 MW solar power could be realised from each square kilometre of land area, it is estimated that total solar energy potential of the country could be anywhere between 700,000 to 850,000 MW. Furthermore, within the overall solar potential, it is estimated that the potential of solar roof top systems itself should not be less than 100,000 to 130,000 MW approximately. The Indian government has launched eight missions as part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in specific areas of solar energy, enhanced energy efficiency, sustainable habitat, water, sustaining the Himalayan eco-system, green India, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge. As a part of this climate change initiative, Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was launched in 2010 to promote solar energy (to be operational till 2022). As against the above target of 20,000 MW by 2022 under JNNSM, the government has recently announced to achieve solar installations of 100,000 MW by 2022 with an expected breakup as: Benefits of solar energy • Conventional coal-based power plants lead to considerable greenhouse gas emissions. Solar PV power being sourced from the Sun does not add to such emissions. Hence any addition of solar energy indirectly helps in reduction of these emissions. • Grid power is not able to reach many places due to various factors such as:
n
n
n
n
Distance from generation or nearest substation Terrain or topography of the place Commercially unviable Transmission and distribution related technicalities.
Solar PV panel provides the solution and could be installed on the roof of any dwelling in the remotest place. It is not bound by these restrictions. • Solar PV power is very much affordable now and after 5 to 7 years the electricity available from the panels is almost free. • Solar PV power makes the consumer less dependent on the utility which may not be able to provide 24 x 7 power. Construction of solar parks
20,000 MW
Central Utility scale grid connected power projects
20,000 MW
State projects / private / others
20,000 MW
Grid connected roof top systems
40,000 MW
Total
1,00,000 MW
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• Quality of electrical power is better and uniform in the case of Solar PV panels as compared to electricity from utility • Solar PV panels being static equipment require least maintenance and is not much of a burden on the consumer or power producer.
Implementation challenges Grid balancing issue with intermittent solar power Solar Power is intermittent and is available during day time and sunny days. Thus, Grid stability will become a key factor with up to 50,000 to 60,000 MW of Grid connected Solar Power systems. Various options including Renewable Grid, Power Scheduling, and Banking are available. We need to accelerate our activities to explore such or other options to optimise Solar Power. Standardisation Need of the hour is to standardise specifications of complete equipment and components. This is more critical as solar power systems have to work for at least 25 years to back up the PPAs signed. Absence of correct standards may lead to proliferation of variety of solar panels and systems. Otherwise, developers or electricity providers will be forced to pass on such liabilities to the electricity consumer who is at the last end of power system. These additional costs may relate to: loss in generation of stated or expected electricity units; and replacement of equipment or components due to early breakdown. Indigenous solar cell, module manufacturing capacities Available production capacity in the country for manufacturing of solar cells is stagnating at around 1,200 – 1,300 MW. Manufacturing cost of indigenous cells is high due to various reasons including technological drawback, lower scales of operation, quality etc. Similarly, the module manufacturing / production capacity is hovering around 2,400 MW. The annual production capacity of an average module manufacturing unit is not more than 100 MW as against 500 MW globally. Conducive policies for manufacturing All new upcoming and mid-level entrepreneurs in solar sector need adequate support to sustain as this sector is yet to achieve the point of inflexion. Import duty exemptions or relaxations for critical manufacturing equipment (not available indigenously) will help. Also there is constant threat from abundantly available imported Solar Panels and components at comparable prices and acceptable quality. Augmentation of installation, O&M skills Solar power plants of up 100,000 MW would need huge number of skilled workers, supervisors and managers for good quality installation, operation and maintenance of systems. There is an urgent need to ramp up certified and accredited skill development Electrical & Power Review
Guest Column facilities to provide trained and qualified trainers, installers and workmen in related areas. Effective implementation of RPO regulations and REC mechanism Importance of effective implementation of these two key measures need not be further stressed. Mandatory implementation of RPOs needs a suitable compliance mechanism. Similarly, renewable generation obligations are also being looked into and it is expected that the issues faced in RPO will be taken care of while implementation of RGO. REC mechanism needs to be provided adequate support from institutions or else at least a relook to cover up possible gaps without any further delay. Support from discoms Most of the discoms give untimely or delayed payment to developers putting the financial conditions of solar projects in disarray. A grievance redressal mechanism may be considered to be put in place to keep solar projects in healthy condition. Discoms are reluctant to procure renewable power and shy away from fulfilling RPO, even sometimes not adhering to PPAs. A way forward could be to introduce RGO. Net metering and open access Necessary policies should be put in place in all states, uniform if possible, to permit open access to power from renewable energy sources. There should be uniformly more clarity on issues such as net metering, feed in tariff and gross metering in all the states in order to ramp up solar installations.
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Procurement
Construction
Project Management Hilton Sahar International Airport Mumbai 21st & 22nd September 2015
Project finance Currently, each MW of solar installation needs ` 6 – 7 crore or $ 1 million excluding land cost. So, it can be easily calculated that $ 95 to 100 billion may be required to add another 95,000 MW solar installations to achieve the target of 100,000 MW by 2022. So, all financial measures such as projects financing, subsidy mechanism, viability gap funding and fixing of tariffs will need closer look to achieve the target. Safety Earthing, surge protection and lightning protection systems need to be provided in different sizes of solar PV installations as needed. Normally, these tend to get omitted at the moment. But as the installations increase this will become more essential. Focus on efficiency While we focus our attention on efficiency in solar PV cells, we tend to ignore other areas in the solar plant. It is anticipated that up to 2 per cent of energy losses take place in other electrical areas including inverters, cabling, and transformers. Typically, say, in a 240 W (peak) solar panel there may be around 50 nos. cable terminations which may account for up to 0.6 per cent of power loss on account of contact resistance in terminations. Authored by__ Virender Kumar Gupta Chief Manager – Renewables, International Copper Association India, Mumbai
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Green Zone
How the young entrepreneurs are going to grab the opportunities and overcome the challenges by making India a ‘solar hub’ India is on course to emerge as a solar hub. As a developing country and a young market, it has much to deliver and innovate in this sector. Due to the soaring popularity of the country’s huge potential and availability in the solar energy, many joint ventures and foreign investment are falling in line. Russia’s publicly traded oil company OAO Rosneft is all ready to explore Indian solar sector. The company is keen to set up a capacity ranging between 10,000 MW to 20,000 MW, at an investment of around ` 6 crore per MW. A 10,000 MW capacity will entail an investment of around ` 60,000 crore. Gamesa is also very keen to reenter in the solar sector in India. This is definitely a silver line on the clouds, which indicates that India is heading towards the right direction. Taking cues from the global experts, scores of Indian entrepreneurs are making a beeline to grab the opportunity in Indian solar sector. Young entrepreneurs such as Topsun Energy, Loop Solar, Mangaal Sustainable Solutions, BOOND and Hartek Power are trying to tap the abundant solar energy aggresively. There is also a helping hand from government, which is playing a pivotal role for the newcomers in solar sector and in support it has also revised solar power capacity by five-fold, which possibly can turn out as huge platform for the solar entrepreneurs. Many joint
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The Sunrisers ventures and collaborations are great opportunities for the young guns as they will exchange in-depth knowledge about the solar market globally, skills, technology, innovation etc, apart from it will also help grabbing the right opportunities and make most use of it. Let us understand what ‘solar entrepreneurs’ have to talk about the country’s leap towards becoming a solar hub. Venturing into solar Solar is of course one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. The market size is expected to double every year. However, the shortfall is that everyone wants to get into solar but as competition gets intense, not everyone can survive. This is true for every new field. In the last couple of years, even giants like BP and Siemens have failed. Loop Solar, formally registered as AlphaLoop Solar LLP, founded in 2014, aims to expand its network in most part of India and to nearby countries by end of this year. With its new entry, the company is running in the race to stress its presence. The company believes that it is essential to create market value to be survive and to have a unique position in the field. Tarun Khurana, Partner, Loop Solar shares his views on what made Loop Solar venture in this field by saying, “We thought that we were in a position to do that at the scale that we wanted to operate and were not afraid of intense competition to follow. This is
why entering into the industry was not a difficult decision for us.” BOOND is a social enterprise that works for affordable and clean source of energy. Taking advantage of India’s solar power potential and help reduce the limited access to energy is what made them venture into this business. Rustam Sengupta, CEO, BOOND explains, ”India has a very high solar power potential and is in an unique position to become a high producer as well as consumer of solar power. With the decrease in prices and advancement in technology, solar power can be the long term solution to India’s energy access problem.” Mangaal Sustainable Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is a social enterprise working in the renewable energy sector. Headquartered in Imphal, Manipur, Mangaal has been operating since January 2013. In Manipur, throughout the state, the power situation is very grim. Major parts of the state continue to face
We saw solar technology as a reliable alternative for those who don’t have reliable access to conventional energy sources.
Devakishor Soraisam, Managing Director, Mangaal Sustainable Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Electrical & Power Review
Green Zone
High CAPEX and working capital to establish certain minimum plant capacity is a challenge.
Devarshi Vaidya, Manager Marketing & Projects,Topsun Energy
severe power problems, where they get electricity for just a few hours each day, that too at very low voltage. Some villages in the rural areas continue to be off the grid and the many villages that are ‘connected’ doesn’t get good power supply. Due to these problems, many households still doesn’t have reliable light in their houses neither can they depend on this power supply for their livelihood activities. Realising the difficulties Mangaal Sustainable Solutions was set up to provide customised solutions to all those facing energy access issues, especially the underserved, to create a positive impact on their lives. Devakishor Soraisam, Managing Director, Mangaal Sustainable Solutions Pvt. Ltd, says, “We saw solar technology as a reliable alternative for those who don’t have reliable access to conventional energy sources.” ONergy is a social enterprise, providing end-to-end and customised solar solutions to underserved population by developing a strong distribution,
The revised target should serve as a motivation for entrepreneurs who want to venture into solar projects.
Hartek Singh, CMD, Hartek Power
Electrical & Power Review
service and financing support. In mid2009, ONergy was registered as a forprofit enterprise not only to develop an ecosystem for uptake of complete energy solutions for rural India but also address the gap within distribution system and financing for such products. SwitchON - ONergy has since then grown into a 100 strong member team of committed and passionate people, informed Shweta Maheshwari, Communications Head at ONergy. Having executed more than 100 substation projects in the past seven years, Hartek provide quality transmission and distribution solutions to solar power developers. The company believe that, solar power and other forms of renewable energy will lead to a sustainable and clean world. Hartek Singh, Chairman and Managing Director, Hartek Power Pvt. Ltd. says, “Hartek Power survives on this clean energy and has taken it upon itself to provide sustainable energy solutions for a cleaner and greener planet by foraying into the rooftop solar segment in a big way.” Emerging as a successful player There is a huge question whether revised solar power capacity target by 5-fold will prove to be the right platform to emerge as a successful entrepreneur? Some of the entrepreneurs thinks that, the revised solar power capacity is proving a good platform for young entrepreneurs and hopefully can be better in the future. The government’s targets are very ambitious and will result in a lot of growth for businesses. “To emerge as a player one has to understand, solar is a combination of infrastructure and consumer products. It is not like the online startups where businesses can grow 100 times with not too much capital injection. If entrepreneurs understand this and have a ability to continue raising capital from the market, solar provides the opportunity to more than double a company’s business year on year. That is not a bad deal,” explains Mr Khurana. Devarshi Vaidya, Manager Marketing and
Projects,Topsun Energy, thinks that they are successful for the last two decades being in the industry even at nurturing phase, undoubtedly can emerge as successful entrepreneur. Mr Singh is very optimistic on the government’s push to the solar industry and is very proactive on the solar front. He expresses his view by saying, “Though the target is an ambitious one, it is achievable if the industry works towards it concertedly. The revised target should serve as a motivation for entrepreneurs who want to venture into solar projects.” Some of the young entrepreneurs are not much convinced with the revised policy, since the policy focus has shifted to bigger solar power plants, grid connected solar solutions, etc. For those working in the off-grid space, have been suffering from policy uncertainty. The NABARD subsidy hasn’t been released for more than a year now, the subsidy has been scrapped abruptly. Some rumours suggest that subsidies might be revived, with some changes. The reason behind all these that is because, the off grid sector isn’t seen as a major contributor to this five-fold increase in target. Mr Soraisam, “The off-grid sector is bound to grow, more entrepreneurs will come up, with or without subsidy. What is slowing us down is the policy uncertainty because of which we are forced to rework at our business model frequently, which is very difficult.” Mr Sengupta also feels, ”We need to put a special focus on offgrid and rooftop more and also ensure easy access to low cost capital to help
The off-grid sector is bound to grow, more entrepreneurs will come up, with or without subsidy.
Rustam Sengupta, CEO, BOOND
august 2015
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Green Zone the industry really grow at a significant rate.” Facing the challenges Solar is still a push market in India and not a pull market. A young entrepreneur needs to have the right motivation and passion to work in difficult conditions and socially inclined to bring about change. Solar energy also has other opportunities of product development, setting up solar power projects, EPC work etc, but a lot of the business opportunities are capital intensive requiring large investments which is often a hindrance for young entrepreneurs. “Subsidy not being released on time; a standard ‘benchmark cost’ for the whole country while cost differs a lot for different regions; policy uncertainty for the off-grid renewable energy sector; lack of both enterprise and end user financing which is much needed in this sector are some of the major challenges that need to be focused,” says Mr Soraisam. Mr Singh finds that overall cost factor is no more a challenge, due to the favourable supply-demand equation which has brought down the cost drastically, thus making solar projects viable. But he says, the delays in land acquisition, approvals, transmission line clearances, commissioning and delivery of solar panels and inverters are some challenges that paralyse the growth of the young entrepreneurs. He also adds, “ I guess fast-track project execution and finalising reputed vendors and
ONergy is a social enterprise, providing end-to-end and customised solar solutions to underserved population.
Shweta Maheshwari, Communications Head, ONergy
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contractors for the project holds the key. Having closely worked with leading solar developers, we have learnt from experience that fast-track project execution is a part and parcel of any successful project. Apart from this, the operation and maintenance of solar power plants will pose a stiffer challenge in times to come. We need to gear up for it.” Mr Sengupta faces challenges in getting capital, especially for solar rooftops and off-grid projects. He says, banks are still hesitant to lend to the us or the end customers and hence this slows the growth. Another is lack of trained personnel on the job and this sector needs a lot of talent and skilled people as well. Currently there are not many recognized programs to train people for the solar industry. Mr Khurana thinks that the government should make a move in educating the people and bringing more awareness by saying, “For distributed solar, the biggest requirement for business growth is access to customers and access to finance. Solar is still a push market in India and not a pull market. There is a huge requirement for customer education. Given the benefits of solar for the country, this should be the government’s job. The regulations need to be adapted to distributed generation. Access to finance and cost of finance are the key impediments from the long term perspective. The government needs to address these challenges.” “High CAPEX and working capital to establish certain minimum plant capacity is a challenge. Short notice deliverables for MW scale requirements should also be overcomed,” says Mr Vaidya. Future roadmap All the young entrepreneurs in this sector are keen to adopt technology and solutions for the Indian market. And are also willing to explore market in depth. All this will help them create a niche for their business. Mr Vaidya aims to
Solar provides the opportunity to more than double a company’s business year on year.
Tarun Khurana, Partner, Loop Solar
increase plant capacity 50 MW by 2016 addition 25 MW. And bringing new technologies PERC cells adoption and glass to glass with bi-facial cell modules by 2016.” Loop Solar until now, developed solutions for international markets but are keen to innovate and create solutions specific to the Indian market. Mr Khurana says, “We hope to double our business every year for the next 5-7 years.” Mr Sengupta envisions, “We have huge plans for solar rooftop systems in the coming years as people are more aware about solar technology and the prices have come down. We are also optimistic that the government will be more supportive for entrepreneurs like myself and also adopt a clean energy agenda for energy access.” Mr Soraisam wants to expand their area of operation to other states of North East India in the next 2 years. For Hartek Power, rooftop solar will be their major thrust area in years to come. Conclusion As the saying goes, ‘without pain, the victory is tasteless’. Similarly challenges are the pain that entrepreneurs have to pass. With the given opportunity of joint ventures and exploring the global markets, the young entrepreneurs are very keen to innovate new technology and solutions for the Indian and international markets. Also, with this efforts, India will definitely emerge as a major solar hub. Electrical & Power Review
Green Zone
Power from rooftop India is gearing up for rapid development throughout the country in all possible sectors. With the government wanting to make India a manufacturing hub, the basic and fundamental need for this is availability of power which will encourage companies all over to set up in India. Currently, the country faces power crisis making it difficult to provide electricity for basic use to its citizens. The government is focusing on renewable energy to reduce dependency on traditional sources, by encouraging solar rooftop projects in the country. Surely, installing solar panels on ones roof may not solve the country’s energy problem, but will definitely reduce the pressure and dependency on traditional sources. Need for rooftop solar India is blessed with 300 clear sunny days, amounting to 3,000 hours of sunshine which is equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh. There is a need to utilise the available energy. The country is seeing a rise in number of rooftop solar installations, with the governments focus on generating energy through renewable sources. Speaking on the rooftop solar potential Ketan Mehta, Director, Rays Power Infra says, “Solar rooftop has huge potential in a country like India where there is already a dearth of power supply. This will not only reduce the dependency on traditional sources but will also help the government to provide electricity in various parts of the country where they are unable to supply power due to shortage of power supply.” India being a tropical country has huge untapped potential for rooftop solar as compared to European countries. “Solar rooftop can definitely reduce the dependency on traditional sources. Solar technology is silent, modular with no
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The government’s plan to install 100 GW by 2022 includes 40 GW of rooftop solar. Making an all new beginning in the rooftop solar sector, that was practiced very limitedly in the country.
moving parts which makes it a perfect solution for rooftop installation. Adoption by residential consumer is a key indicator of a matured solar market,” feels Hitesh Doshi, Chairman and Managing Director, WAAREE Group. Traditional grid connected power source suffers from transmission losses and also last mile connectivity problems. Solar rooftops can solve these problems as it generates power at the place of consumption and also sends excess power generated to the grid. Vineet Mittal, Vice Chairman, Welspun Renewables says, “Rooftop solar is one of the most efficient and cost-effective source of reducing dependency on traditional sources of energy. It reduces consumer’s dependence on grid power and importantly, on diesel, the cost of which is only going to increase.” Rooftops have two-fold advantage for commercial establishments. One, maximum power generation happens during the peak usage hours. Two, solar power tariff is close to that of commercial power and is expected to decrease further. Rooftop will help add to solar capacity while minimising land use. “Rooftop solar systems have high leverage over commercial consumers as their business depends on a continuous and economic power source,” states R Chellappan, Managing Director, SWELECT Energy Systems Limited. As a corporate, industrial, commercial or residential consumer, they can generate green power by utilising existing architecture like canopy parking lot, slope or flat roof and wide terrace. Offerings for rooftop solar projects Surely, with large solar power projects being commissioned solar companies are looking at delivering all possible solutions/
products to consumers. Every company is looking to capture the opportunities existing in the solar sector. Rooftop solar projects seem to be quiet popular with companies providing EPC solutions for these projects. Waaree Energies is a solar EPC company and they undertake turnkey projects. Solar rooftop projects are usually available as on-grid and off-grid, they provide both options. The company has also commissioned solar-DG hybrid projects which are preferred by industrial consumers with DG sets. They have also appointed channel partners across India which enables them to reach out to remote locations for installations. On the other hand Welspun Renewables, are very optimistic about the future of rooftop solar. From building large scale ground mounted projects, the company has successfully constructed three rooftop projects in record time. Through cumulative 795 KW capacities, they are reducing the carbon footprint by helping to generate an estimated 1,174,000 kWh of clean energy annually. The prestigious projects have been set up to meet captive power needs of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Rooftop solar is one of the most efficient and cost-effective source of reducing dependency on traditional sources of energy.
Vineet Mittal, Vice Chairman, Welspun Renewables
Electrical & Power Review
Green Zone Kanpur – 192kWp, Ansal University – 100kWp and Medanta Medicity Hospital – 500kWp. The 100 kWp Ansal university project, developed by Ansal Colonisers will help nearly 2,000 users by supplying clean energy. Approximately 1,000 faculty members and students at IIT Kanpur, through the 192 kWp plant will be using solar energy to teach and carry out their experiments. The largest among the three projects, The Medanta Medicity project is built over two extended parking lots that can house over 300 cars at a time.
Solar technology is silent, modular with no moving parts which makes it a perfect solution for rooftop installation.
Hitesh Doshi, Chairman & Managing Director, WAAREE Group
Rays Power Infra primarily focuses on EPC of rooftop installations for 100 KW and above. Their primarily target include health institutions, educational institutions, government buildings, industries, etc. They also have expertise in RESCO model wherein the company installs the solar power plant with their own funding and provide power to the rooftop owner. The rooftop owner gets the benefit of reliable solar power which is supplied to them at a reduced price as compared to grid electricity. SWELECT offers a complete range of PV modules; solar power solutions ranging from simple standalone systems with power storage, rooftop systems with net metering, grid connected systems as well as MW scale SPV farms. In line with the Indian government’s latest make in India campaign, SWELECT offers modules, inverters and mounting structure, all in one package. This helps investors to buy everything under one roof and enjoy possible tax savings (for complete project inputs) as well as quality assurance.
Challenges in rooftop solar projects The government’s new renewable energy policy has set a 100 GW solar capacity target of which 40 GW is through rooftop solar. Solar rooftop project implementation has been a major challenge for solar companies. With absence of clear cut and uniform policies for all states solar companies are having a tough time. Commenting on the challenges involved in rooftop solar Mr Mittal comments, “There has to be more clarity around the policies for rooftop solar. The absence of subsidies has made generation very expensive. Since storage and leakage are some of the biggest hurdles in power, development of battery technology is going to be crucial.” He further adds, “The approach of consumers also needs to change. It is now imperative that we see clean energy as an urgent need to mitigate carbon emissions and attain environmental and health sustainability.” Consumers must be educated about the advantages to attain energy efficiency
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Vol 3 Issue 9 • Pages 52 • July 1, 2015 • `100/- • www.eprmagazine.com
IndIa's
THERMO METER Featuring top 10 coal based thermal power plants in India by capacity (MW) and by actual power generation
Feature How to reduce emissions in coalbased power plants Industry analysIs India: An emerging power in nuclear Smart metering technology evolving in India
An I-Tech Media Publication
Electrical & Power Review
august 2015
Green Zone Automation to make operation of small hydro plants smoother
41
Green Zone
The key challenge is the reluctance of the various state discoms to acknowledge power from solar rooftop.
Ketan Mehta, Director, Rays Power Infra
and that many state governments are buying surplus power. The government should help by providing incentives for schemes, so that more people feel encouraged to adopt it. We must look at the long-term profits, rather than short term gains. “Capex requirement is a challenge for these projects, even with government subsidies. Customers look for cheaper source of finance so that they can achieve break even in 3 year timeframe,” says Mr Doshi. He further adds, “Power storage is another challenge because the batteries are very costly and those who have evening peak demands can’t match their supply demand situation. Net metering application needs to be streamlined so that it becomes more popular.” When asked about the challenges in rooftop solar Mr Mehta opines, “The key challenge is the reluctance of the various state discoms to acknowledge power from solar rooftop. Various state governments have come up with net
Rooftop solar systems have high leverage over commercial consumers as their business depends on a continuous and economic power source R Chellappan, Managing Director, SWELECT Energy Systems
42
august 2015
metering policy but those policies are still not air tight which leaves huge implementation hurdles. This can be reduced by urging the discoms to accept rooftop solar power and providing a single window clearance for net metering policy in every state.” The major challenge with solar rooftop projects is a lack of awareness. Mr Chellappan says, “There needs to be an understanding of how much power is consumed by the users and how it correlates with the solar system installed and the power that is produced. Consumers are not clear about the subsidies due to lack of clarity from government as the situation is yes/no always.” There is no FIT (Feed in Tariff) like in several other countries. He further states, “While exporting power (net metering) to grid in solar rooftop projects, state wise policy also varies for different consumers, like in some states power export (Net metering) is approved for residential consumers and not for industrial consumers but in some states for both residential and industrial consumers are available.” These types of policies have to be part of the state’s campaign to spread awareness on renewable energy. Loans should also be readily available for renewable energy products. Contributing to India’s mission of 100 GW by 2022 The government’s mission to install 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022 has been very encouraging. Understanding the need for electricity, the government has set 40 GW of solar power capacity to be generated by rooftop solar projects targeting the residential/commercial sectors as well. Speaking about the company’s contribution to 100 GW mission Mr Doshi says, “Currently we have the largest module manufacturing capacity of 500 MW in India at Surat, Gujarat. We have an experience of more than 215 MW of EPC experience and more than 150 MW of projects under construction in India and Japan. We would manufacture 2
GW of modules and commission 4 GW of projects by 2022.” The governments focus on renewable sector has encouraged companies to invest in the sector and companies from small to large scale have started commissioning various projects across the country. Rays Power Infra having a portfolio of 100 MW has commissioned projects with 170 MW down the pipeline. “We are also working as an independent power producer in a big way. We share the enthusiasm of the government for promoting green energy and are very keen to participate in all government tenders to provide a brighter future for coming generations. Our primary target is to make India self dependent in terms of energy requirements and to reduce the carbon footprint of India,” says Mr Mehta. SWELECT has installed over 1,700 roof top installations and plans to continue the trend in the upcoming years. As a part of the initiatives towards achieving this goal, the government has also approved net metering technology (i.e., exporting power back to the grid) in more than 20 states, with accelerated depreciation benefits. “With the future forecast of increase in PV module demand, we increased production capacity of PV Module in our manufacturing company (HHV Solar Technologies Limited) from 40 MW to 100 MW,” says Mr Chellappan. With emphasis on solar rooftop by the government it will help reduce dependency on other sources of energy and also help us achieve the set target. “We are very confident and excited to see solar power becoming the next big contributor in India’s energy future,” states Mr Mittal. Welspun Renewables has made a green commitment of 11 GW capacity additions. The 11,001 MW capacities will be developed as 8,660 MW of solar and 2,341 MW of wind power projects. Towards this goal, in next few years Welspun Renewables will be setting up 5 GW capacities, and of this 1 GW will be commissioned well within this financial year. Electrical & Power Review
India's Largest Exhibition and Conference for the Solar Industry Bombay Exhibition Centre, Hall 1 Mumbai Intersolar India is your gateway to one of the most promising solar markets in the world! Network with over 9,500 potential business contacts from the Indian solar industry Stay up to date with the latest trends and technological developments Boost your brand visibility with an established B2B event
with special exhibition
Power Brand
Innovative choice of cooling solutions National Cooling Towers, an ISO 9001:2008 certified company, pays great attention to detail, using superior quality materials and submitting the produced machines and equipment to numerous checks and inspections. In this way, it is succeeding in combining reliability, high technology and simplicity of use with zero maintenance. The company has a symbolic presence across the globe as its supplies of cooling towers have touched nearly 30,000 and chilling plants 2,000.
Incepted in 1990, National Cooling Towers has emerged as a recognised firm engaged in designing manufacturing and erection of an exclusive range of reliable, tailor-made water cooling towers (FRP induced draft counter flow, timber induced draft cross and counter flow, RCC induced draft cross and counter flow) plus air blast coolers and air and water chilling plants. Owing to its state-of-the-art manufacturing unit comprising latest machinery, National Cooling Towers is able to fabricate high-quality cooling towers, air blast coolers and chilling plants as per CE standards. The company undertakes site supervision, erection, testing and commissioning. Its experience and qualified sales and service staff work in partnership with clients to provide technical advice and field service support.
Moreover, its expert professionals endeavour to offer an innovative range of designs as per the market trends to lend optimal satisfaction to the clients. National Cooling Towers seeks to provide customers with a complete and innovative choice of cooling solutions for the plastics, power, geothermal, refining, petrochemical, chemical, pulp and paper, steel or metals and all process industries. Contact National Cooling Towers 24 & 26, Amrapali Indl. Estate, Ram Mandir Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai - 400104 Tele: +91-22-26765010/11/12 Fax: +91-22-26765013 Email: rajguru.nct@gmail.com www.nationalcoolingtowers.com, www.nationalcoolingtower.com
Intelligent power factor controller Elmeasure has introduced an innovative product called iPFC. It helps in controlling the power factor thereby avoiding the penalty imposed by the electricity supply company. It also saves cost, increases internal electrical system capacity and improves voltage drop at the point of use. This leads to an efficient electrical system.
This ensures the perfect controlling of power factor in unbalanced load conditions. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rightly called intelligent as it increases the life of the correction capacitor, by controlling based on the capacitor bank switching history.
Unlike in conventional controllers, Elmeasureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power factor controller senses three phase voltage and current.
For more details visit www.elmeasure.com or email marketing@elmeasure.com
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august 2015
The company claims that the newly launched product is not just a PF controller but also a true multifunction meter. It has V, A, Hz, W, VAR, and Wh parameters in addition to PF. Hence this product is truly power packed. It also has RS485 communication option. This product can be used in all incomers as a PF controller and also as a multifunction meter.
Electrical & Power Review
Power Brand
Explosion-proof HVAC system for oil & gas refineries ATEX-compliant HVAC system is especially suitable for oil and gas refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants Intertec has developed an ATEX-compliant HVAC system that provides all-in-one climate control and personnel safety solution for walk-in style process analytical instrumentation shelters. It is customisable and scalable to suit a broad range of applications, and can be supplied fully integrated within the shelter or as an external standalone unit. Designed specifically for hazardous area applications, the system delivers a steady flow of conditioned and filtered clean air to the shelter, maintaining it slightly above atmospheric pressure to prevent the ingress of dust or gas. It is especially suitable for oil and gas refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants that operate in extremely hot or cold climates, or where atmospheric contaminants pose safety, health or corrosion issues with conventional throughflow air conditioning systems. To help ensure measurement accuracy, sensitive equipment such as process analysers and sample conditioning systems needs to be maintained at a constant temperature. This is usually achieved by using a thermally regulated shelter. And to avoid long sample transport tubes, which can affect accuracy and delay response times, the equipment is often located as close to the process as possible. These factors can necessarily involve housing operating personnel and equipment in a potentially hazardous area of the plant, demanding that adequate safety precautions are taken. The prime requirement is that the shelter
Intertec’s new explosion-proof HVAC system is an all-in-one design that handles ventilating, heating, cooling, dehumidifying, air filtering, purging and pressurisation of shelters in hazardous areas.
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august 2015
and any associated equipment such as air conditioners must to be explosion-proof. The entire housing of Intertec’s new HVAC system is constructed from the GRP (glass reinforced polyester) triple-layer composite material. This comprises inner and outer layers of GRP enclosing a thermally insulating core; the wall thickness and core properties can be varied to suit the application and operating environment. The GRP is the same electrically conductive variant that Intertec uses for its explosionproof analyser shelters. It fully complies with the antistatic requirements of the DIN/EN/IEC 60079-0 safety standards for equipment intended for use in explosive atmospheres. The new HVAC system can be fully integrated within the analyser shelter, or installed as a standalone unit against its external wall. The option of internal installation has major advantages: it saves space and cost, reduces energy consumption by eliminating the thermally inefficient air duct of conventional standalone units, and facilitates configurations that are simply not possible with external systems. The system is also fully scaleable to suit the application requirements and intended operating environment, with heating and cooling capacities from 6 kW upwards. The first systems that Intertec is building are designed primarily for ventilation and cooling purposes, to maintain analyser
Intertec’s new explosion-proof HVAC system can be fully integrated within an analyser shelter to save space, cost and energy, paving the way for a new generation of high performance shelters.
shelters located in a relatively warm climate at a constant temperature 24/7, by compensating for differences between daytime and night-time temperatures, and for seasonal variations throughout the year. Occupying just 4.4 cubic metres of space, they provide an 8 kW cooling capacity and a 5 kW heating capacity, and accommodate an ambient (external) temperature range of minus 20 to 55 C. All non-explosion-proof switches and control devices in the HVAC system are contained within flameproof (Ex d) protective housings, and all electrical junction boxes are enhanced safety (Ex e) types. Every internal electrical circuit carries an IP65 protection rating. The explosionproof refrigeration unit comprises a powerful hermetically-sealed compressor, an air cooled condenser with an axial fan, and a refrigerant collector. The refrigerant is CFC-free non-flammable R134a. The system has a low acoustic noise level and is fitted with an automatic maintenance-free condensate drain as standard. The air supply for the HVAC system can be derived locally – the input port is fitted with a high efficiency particulate filter. Alternatively, if the shelter is sited in a hazardous area, the air can be ducted in from a fan and filter unit located outside the immediate area, via a stack. Spent air, together with transported heat from the shelter and waste heat from the compressor unit, is exhausted direct to atmosphere.
Intertec’s ATEXcompliant HVAC system provides a customisable and fully scaleable climate control solution that can be mounted inside or outside the analyser shelter.
Electrical & Power Review
GUEST COLUMN
ADVERTISERS INDEX Apar Industries Ltd...................................................... 33
Megger (India) Pvt. Ltd.............................................. IBC
Bonfiglioli Transmissions Pvt. Ltd............................... BC
National Cooling Towers............................................ IFC
Electrotherm India Ltd................................................. 25
OBO Bettermann India Pvt. Ltd..................................... 7
Eastern Powers & Systems Pvt Ltd............................. 23
Power Finance Corporation Ltd................................... 13
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd........................................... 11
Red Lion Controls........................................................ 19
Infineon Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.............................. 5
Sivananda Electronics................................................. 31
K Lite Industries........................................................... 39
Toshniwal Brothers (HYD) Pvt. Ltd................................ 9
Mahindra Susten........................................................... 3
Vashi Electricals Pvt. Ltd............................................. 21
Polar lighting poles for city beautification with service door, locking arrangement and safety chain. The galvanised pole is coated with epoxy zinc phosphate primer and finished using environmentally stable polyurethane based paint. The pole is supplied with necessary foundation hardware for normal soil condition.
K-LITE surface mounted polar lighting pole, integrated with LED lighting module is an exclusive choice of designers for city beautification lighting blended with architectural appeal. It is designed for a complete range of contemporary designs with single arm, double arm, L-arm, Electrical & Power Review
V-Arm, square arm and parallel arm. The pole is engineered to meet the adverse conditions and the pole sections are duly welded using special grooving techniques and high end MIG/ TIG welding process. The control box is integral and built-in
The polar lighting pole lighting arms are integrated with the LED modular lighting system, which is environmental friendly under green lighting category. The LED lighting offers more lumens with lesser power consumption. The luminaire is IP 68 protected and the various models were evaluated by an extensive research and understanding of illumination requirements for urban spaces. Choice of drivers for LED takes into consideration the harmonic distortion level (not exceeding 10 per cent) power factor greater than 0.9 and surge protection. The LED modules are individually rated 42 watts. The control gear tray is prewired with terminal connectors, MCB and loop-in loop-out arrangement and located in the control box, integral with the pole. august 2015
47
Trade Zone
t o h s ap
n S t rke
Ma
IEX & PXIL Price and Volume Day Ahead Market-June’15 Delivery day
"IEX Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)"
"PXIL Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)"
"IEX MCV (MWh)"
"PXIL MCV (MWh)"
Delivery day
"IEX Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)"
"PXIL Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)"
"IEX MCV (MWh)"
"PXIL MCV (MWh)"
1-Jun-15
2.62
2.30
100,791
995
16-Jun-15
2.63
3.02
75,030
1,174
2-Jun-15
2.21
2.50
85,102
1,073
17-Jun-15
2.65
3.24
81,076
666
3-Jun-15
2.29
2.02
92,370
910
18-Jun-15
2.90
3.45
83,092
709
4-Jun-15
2.60
2.02
101,034
919
19-Jun-15
3.12
3.50
87,010
771
5-Jun-15
2.64
2.86
91,455
847
20-Jun-15
3.00
3.13
86,048
656
6-Jun-15
2.94
2.44
83,951
1,492
21-Jun-15
2.48
3.04
72,391
430
7-Jun-15
2.55
2.96
86,587
840
22-Jun-15
2.34
3.22
71,013
501
8-Jun-15
2.98
3.27
94,790
528
23-Jun-15
2.06
2.65
70,364
541
9-Jun-15
2.91
3.35
96,265
528
24-Jun-15
2.21
2.93
72,480
663
10-Jun-15
2.82
3.39
82,823
1,462
25-Jun-15
2.00
2.99
72,123
458
11-Jun-15
3.05
3.32
90,248
1,015
26-Jun-15
2.19
3.07
76,509
459
12-Jun-15
3.09
3.49
93,083
997
27-Jun-15
2.37
2.97
73,339
1,022
13-Jun-15
2.77
3.23
87,513
1,112
28-Jun-15
1.92
3.04
63,179
559
14-Jun-15
2.30
3.15
68,494
1,167
29-Jun-15
2.33
2.95
64,437
459
15-Jun-15
2.37
3.13
73,994
1,064
30-Jun-15
2.58
3.29
70,857
308
IEX & PXIL Price & Volume in Day Ahead Market-June'15 IEX MCV (MWh)
120,000
PXIL MCV (MWh)
IEX Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)
IEX & PXIL Price & Volume in Day Ahead Market-May'15
100,000
IEX MCV (MWh)
PXIL MCV (MWh)
IEX Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)
PXIL Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)
3.50 4.00
3.00
2.50
60,000
2.00
40,000
1.50
40,000
MCP (Rs/kWh)
80,000 60,000
1.00
20,000
0.50
0 1-Jun-15 0 1-May-15
4-Jun-15 4-May-15
7-Jun-15 7-May-15
10-Jun-15
13-Jun-15
19-Jun-15
22-Jun-15
25-Jun-15
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
28-Jun-15 0.00
10-May-15 13-May-15 16-May-15 19-May-15 22-May-15 25-May-15 28-May-15 31-May-15
Average Daily MCV : IEX- 81,582 MWH | PXI- 811 MWh Average Daily MCV : IEX- 93,245 MWH | PXI- 812 MWh
august 2015
16-Jun-15
2.00
MCP (Rs/kWh)
2.50
3.00
20,000
48
4.00
3.50
80,000 100,000 Cleared Volume (MWh)
Cleared Volume (MWh)
120,000
PXIL Avg MCP (Rs./kWh)
|
|
Average Daily MCP : IEX- 2.56 kWH | PXI- 3.00 kWh
Average Daily MCP : IEX- 2.62 kWH | PXI- 2.37 kWh
Source: IEX
Electrical & Power Review
Trade Zone
Mar
ket
Snap
shot
IEX Non-solar REC Trade Details
Cleared Price (Rs/ REC)
IEX Non Solar REC Trade Details
177,960
1,500
100 10,000
Jan'15
393,081
6,720,193
393,081
1,500
Feb'15
345,184
6,025,638
345,184
1,500
10
Mar'15
279,205
5,311,670
279,205
1,500
1
5,321,693
38,481
1,500
5,814,861
211,533
1,500
June'15
128,180
7,976,449
128,180
1,500
128,180 7,976,449 7,976,449 128,180
38,481 5,321,693 5,321,693 38,481
4,946,763
93,100
4,946,763 93,100
4,766,941
1100 July'14
Aug'14
Sep'14
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
Apr'15
May'15
June'15
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
Apr'15
May'15
June'15
1,645,873
38,481 211,533
1,200 1,600 800 1,200 400 800
10 1,000
1,466,946
Apr'15 May'15
1,600
Cleared Price (Rs/REC) Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
5,313,974
128,180
177,960
128,180
Dec'14
211,533 211,533 5,814,861 5,814,861 211,533 211,533
1,000 100,000
38,481
10,000 1,000,000
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
38,481
1,500 1,500
Cleared Volume
279,205 279,205 5,311,670 5,311,670 279,205 279,205
36,411 93,100
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
345,184 345,184 6,025,638 6,025,638 345,184 345,184
4,766,941 4,946,763
393,081 393,081 6,720,193 6,720,193 393,081 393,081
36,411 93,100
177,960 177,960 5,313,974 5,313,974 177,960 177,960
Oct'14 Nov'14
93,100
100,000 10,000,000
93,100
1,500
4,766,941 36,411
8,994
Sale Bid
36,411
4,342,307
Cleared Volume
IEX Non Solar REC Trade Details
Buy Bid 36,411
8,994
Sale Bid
36,411
Sep'14
1,000,000
4,342,307
1,50010,000,000
4,342,307 8,994
15,736
8,994
3,949,016
8,994
15,736
8,994
Aug'14
3,949,016
1,500
3,949,016 15,736
13,609
15,736
4,241,244
15,736
13,609
15,736
July'14
4,241,244
Buy Bid
4,241,244 13,609
Cleared Volume
13,609
Sale Bid
13,609
Buy Bid
13,609
Month
0 400
0 July'14
Aug'14
Sep'14
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
IEX Solar REC Trade Details
Month
Buy Bid
Sale Bid
Cleared Volume
Cleared Price (Rs/ REC)
July'14
498
179,581
498
9,300
Aug'14
367
150,091
367
10,000,000 9,300 1,000,000
Mar'15
39,385
1,013,725
39,385
3,500
6,721
980,521
6,721
3,500
May'15
80,867
1,466,946
80,867
3,500
June'15
22,682
1,645,873
22,682
3,500
Electrical & Power Review
Aug'14
Sep'14
Oct'14
Nov'14
Sep'14
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
9,000
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
Apr'15
May'15
3,000 June'15
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
0
1 July'14
Aug'14
Dec'14
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
Apr'15
May'15
June'15
august 2015
49
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
22,682
22,682
80,867
1,645,873
12,000
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
July'14
12,000
6,000
1100 10
22,682
22,682
80,867
1,466,946
980,521 6,721
980,521
6,721 6,721
39,385
39,385
6,721
1,013,725
39,385
39,385
26,726
30,650
987,764 26,726 26,726
80,867
1,013,725
987,764
688,581
26,726
498
498
30,650 688,581
3,500
30,650
26,726
30,650
987,764
235,972
26,726
366
Feb'15
366 235,972
1,000 10
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
366
3,500
Cleared Price (Rs/REC)
Cleared Volume
366
30,650
241,063
688,581
241,063
30,650
245
Jan'15
245
10,000 100
Sale Bid
245
9,300
Cleared Volume
IEX Solar REC Trade Details
245
366
187,483
235,972
187,483
366
232
Dec'14
232
100,000 1,000
232
9,300
232
245
161,260
241,063
161,260
245
10,000
264
Nov'14
10,000,000 100,000
264
9,300 1,000,000
264
232
264
187,483
Apr'15
150,091
232
367 150,091
Oct'14
367
9,300
367
264
367
179,581
161,260
498179,581
264
498
Sep'14
Buy Bid
Sale Bid
80,867
IEX Solar REC Trade Details Buy Bid
18 x 27cm
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