Imprint Standing Committee Director Tanya Zebrova - Russia Erwin Barboza-Molinas - Paraguay International Teams Elina Osi - Estonia Heber J. Reyes - Honduras Giorgia Soldà - Italy Ziagre Armel - Burkina Faso Gabriela Macedo - Brazil Kanchana Bali - Nepal Mohammad Thiab - Jordan Stafana Ciortea - Romania Wingman Cheung - Netherlands Javier Asfura - Honduras Alexandra Gedel - Hungary Chukwuemeka Haffner - Sierra Leone Eugenia Sanhueza - Chile Ashmeet Sachdev - India Natasha Bouran - Jordan Simina Ratiu - Romania
IFMSA The International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization representing associations of medical students worldwide. IFMSA was founded in 1951 and currently maintains 137 National Member Organizations from 127 countries across six continents, representing a network of 1.3 million medical students. IFMSA envisions a world in which medical students unite for global health and are equipped with the knowledge, skills and values to take on health leadership roles locally and globally, so to shape a sustainable and healthy future. IFMSA is recognized as a nongovernmental organization within the United Nations’ system and the World Health Organization; and works in collaboration with the World Medical Association.
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Contents 1
Introduction and Background
2
Current Situation in IFMSA Exchanges
2
Basics of VISA Application
4
Most Common Causes of Refusal
5
Special Requirements for Schengen Area
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Additional Tips and Advice
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Conclusion
10 References
1. Introduction and Background Every year, more than 15000 students from all across the world are given the opportunity to take part in the exchange program of the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA). Exchanges are a unique opportunity for medical students to be exposed to clinical medicine, preclinical sciences and research in a different socio-cultural context; this is possible thanks to the work of the IFMSA National Member Organizations (NMOs), which are responsible for the organisation of the exchange and also for facilitating the students’ arrival in the country. In some cases, countries’ immigration policies require people to obtain a document called ‘visa’ in order to transit across its borders, and students on exchange must abide by this rule too. Restrictions to enter their own territory are a natural part of what makes up a country, however these restrictions may often lead to visa issues and/or visa denial, preventing our students from going on exchange and benefiting from this opportunity. In many situations the tourist visa is easily issued, however, depending on historical, or even contemporary, international relations, many embassies may require very complicated documents and procedures to allow the student to enter the country. Visa restrictions are a very common phenomenon; a study conducted in 2010 showed that 66% of countries impose such restrictions. Their aim is to be a hurdle to “unwelcome visitors”, through the cost and hassle of applying for the visa and giving the embassies an option to deny them according to their evaluation. But those restrictions often end up also deterring welcome visitors, such as businessmen/women and tourists. This issue reduces bilateral flow of travelers by 52-63%, and its effect is bigger for developing countries (64%) than for developed countries (37%) (1), mainly because Individuals in developed countries find it easier to obtain a visa and are better able to pay for its direct and indirect costs (1). Visa-free travel is more common to visitors from neighbour countries or countries from the same region that are on friendly terms. A former colonial link between countries also increases bilateral travels. Democracies tend to impose fewer visa restrictions, while political violence in destination countries is normally a deterrent to travellers. In this context, we can assume that visa restrictions have a large negative effect on the flow of travelers between two countries. This is guided by the dilemma between facilitating the flow for economic and political benefits VS. limiting rights for security interest and preventing illegal immigration. This way, countries more concerned about security are likely to impose more restrictions in order to avoid situations such as: visitors turning into immigrants by staying illegally in the country instead of returning home; visitors overstaying the allowed period of stay; worry of infiltration by potential terrorists, drug traffickers and political activists. On the other hand, governments interested in strengthening sectors such as import/export, tourism, etc. are likely to impose fewer restrictions, since they need to allow easy access to foreign visitors in order to facilitate international exchange of goods and services. Some major tourist destinations have an incentive of not imposing many restrictions to remain attractive in the competitive market for tourism. (1) The following manual tries to provide the reader with an overview of the topic of visa issues and visa restrictions, and with some practical solutions on how to avoid common mistakes in the visa application procedures and minimize the risk of having the visa rejected. This will hopefully lead to an increased accessibility of our exchanges.
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2. Current situation in IFMSA Exchanges Each term NEOs and NOREs from different NMOs across the globe organize over 15,000 professional and research exchanges. In the last few years however, visa issues have become an increasingly time-consuming problem. Hundreds, if not thousands, of students each year struggle to get their visas on time or to have their visa approved in order to go on their exchanges. This forces exchange officers to deal with cancellations, substitutions and postponements, thus wasting time and energy that could have been invested in improving the quality of our exchanges instead. Solving visa issues early, or preventing them all together, would be beneficial for all parties involved, as it prevents additional stress for students and exchange officers, as well as can help the students financially as they would be able to book their plane tickets earlier and wouldn’t need to potentially re-apply for the visa (thus paying the costs of another application). From June 13th, 2017 to July 1st 2017, a survey was filled by 144 NEOs, NOREs and Presidents of NMOs that are SCOPE and/or SCORE active. According to the results of the survey, 66% of NMOs active in exchanges experienced at least one case of visa issues. The survey also showed that at least 90% of visa issues are solvable if you know how. The participants also helped create a database with visa requirements for students planning to go to/ from their country on an exchange, while also providing practical tips on how to successfully get the visa on time.
3. Basics of Visa Applications What is a visa? Essentially, a travel visa is a document that shows you are allowed to enter a specific country, for a specific length of time, to do a specific thing, such as tourism, study or work. (2) Visas typically include limits on the duration of the foreigner’s stay, territory within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits or an individual’s right to work in the country in question. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a country and thus are, in some countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country. In each instance, a visa is subject to entry permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry, and can be revoked at any time. (3)
How and when to apply? Students should contact the embassy at least 2-3 months before the desired travel period and be very persistent in checking the available appointment dates as almost all embassies offer available dates 3 to 8 weeks after contacting them and throughout this period you must check frequently if there are any new available dates as some applicants may cancel their appointments and then you can reserve an earlier more favorable date. (3)
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Common documents required by the Embassies
Valid Passport (During the duration of travel and up to 3 to 6 months after the period of travel)
Embassy application for the VISA
Certificate of birth
Photographs meeting the requirements of the embassy.
Health Insurance from a travel agency covering the period of travel
Round flight ticket (Primary reservation) within the period of the visa validity
Proof of accommodation
Invitation letter from the hosting NMO
*If the bank statement belongs to any of the parents, a translated birth certificate of them will be required.
Certificate of enrollment in your faculty
Bank statement revealing the last 6 months of transactions in your bank account
Required documents should be photocopied according to the needs of the embassy. N.B: All information provided by the manual are dynamic and subjected to change by each embassy according to its regulations at any time. (4)
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4. Most Common Causes of Refusal 1. Past or current criminal actions In such cases, the refusal might occur because the applicant is considered a threat to the public safety, internal security or public wealth of the desired country/area (i.e. terrorism, drug abuse, child abuse, addiction, and other serious crimes). 2. Falsified travel documents 3. Insufficient explanation for the purpose and circumstances of the planned stay For example: • Failing to present an employment and professional qualification that matchs with the presented financial situation • Inability to provide documents that support the purpose of travel and stay • Not applying for a visa period in conformity with the presented travel itinerary and exchange • Inability to offer unchanging declarations about the purpose of travel and stay 4. Damaged passport 5. Invalid Passport • Presenting a passport that expires less than 3 months after the return from the exchange • Presenting a passport that does not have at least two different blank visa pages • Presenting a Travel Document Booklet instead of a valid passport • Presenting a valid passport that is older than 10 years 6. Lack of proof for the travel itinerary • Applying at the wrong Embassy of the Schengen Area (not being able to determine the main destination of your visit in the Schengen Area) • Not having proof of booked accommodation for each destination and each night in the country • Not providing travel tickets for each destination if more than one 7. Invalid letter of invitation Further evidenced reason for a failed visa application is providing a formal letter of reference that is not authenticated by the author. Examples of such cases: • Lacking a formal letter that has an original letterhead with the address and contact details of the company or the author issuing it • Lacking a formal letter issued no later than 3 months from the application date • Missing the stamp and signature of the author on the formal letter 8. Insufficient means of subsistence In the case of full time students, this is related to the financial status of their provider: • Failing to offer financial statements no older than 1 month from the application date • Lacking a current account statement (presenting credit card statements in its place) • Missing enough funds in financial statements presented • Presenting a traveler’s cheque that does not have the candidate’s name 9. Unacceptable birth or marriage certificate (If requested) • Failing to offer a certificate endorsed by official authorities, i.e. Ministry Interior • Failing to offer a certificate translated to English by an authorized translator • Lacking a civil certificate (offering a religious document instead) • Not providing a certificate showing both parents of the child
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Not providing a certificate that matches with the names of the parties presented on the submitted passports • 10. Invalid travel insurance • Failing to provide travel insurance cover in the anticipated stay • Lacking travel insurance that covers the return of the candidate to home country • Failing to provide travel insurance whose policy is valid all over the area that will be visited 11. Lacking proof of accommodation An additional factor that might lead to your visa being refused is not being able to properly demonstrate you have a place to stay during your travel abroad. Such cases include: • Not being able to present an evidence of a hotel reservation. • Failing to provide the invitation letter from the host. 12. Unfavorable visa situation Further evidenced reasons for a failed visa application is previous history with other visas. Such cases include: • HIstory of failing to respect visa limitations (i.e. Overstay in the country, failing to follow the presented travel itinerary). • Holding a passport with an active visa. 13. Late application 14. Applying for the wrong type of visa (5)
5. Special requirements for Schengen Area Who needs a Schengen visa? The citizens of the non-Schengen member countries are required to have a mandatory Schengen Visa in order to enter the Schengen Zone. There are exceptions to this rule, for some countries that are outside of the Schengen Agreement yet do not need a visa to enter the Schengen Zone. The list of the countries that need a visa to enter the Schengen Area can be found here.
Visa Application Requirements In order to travel to one or more of the Schengen Zone countries, one needs to apply for a Schengen visa at the designated embassy/consulate. There are, however, certain shared requirements to every embassy/consulate that have to be met in order to apply. In cases where the applicant will be travelling to one and only one Schengen country, the applicant has to apply at the appropriate embassy/consulate of that country. If the applicant is planning to visit two or more Schengen countries, it is highly recommended to apply for visa in the embassy/consulate of the country you will be residing in for most of the travelling days, referred to as the main destination. In case there is no main destination but just a random visit to several Schengen countries, the applicant has to apply for visa in the embassy/consulate of the first Schengen country he/she will
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enter according to the itinerary. (6) A unified exemplar of the requested documents with the additional information is described below: 1. The Visa Application form must be fully completed and signed in the corresponding blanks. 2. One photo is to be attached; the photo must have a passport format, full-face capture, and a light background. The photo must be recently taken. 3. The passport as well as all the copies of your previous visas, valid for at least 3 months prior to your departure is required. The passport must have at least two blank pages. 4. Round trip reservation or itinerary with dates and flight numbers specifying entry and exit from the Schengen area. 5. Travel health insurance is to be secured, covering any medical emergency with hospital care and travel back to one’s native country due to medical motives. This health insurance policy has to cover expenses up to 30,000 euros, the sum depending on the residing days, and it also has to be valid in all Schengen countries. The health insurance must be purchased before picking up the visa. 6. Proof of accommodation for the whole duration of the intended stay in the Schengen area (in case of IFMSA exchanges, an Invitation Letter) 7. Proof of sufficient means of subsistence during the intended stay in the Schengen area. Varies from country to country.
Types of Schengen Visa Regarding the nature/purpose of the travel, there are several types of a Schengen visa issued by the designated embassy/consulate. 1. Uniform Schengen Visas (USV) The Uniform Schengen Visa stands for a permit of one of the Schengen Area Member Countries to transit or reside in the desired territory for a certain period of time up to the maximum of 90 days every six month period starting from the date of entry. According to the purpose of traveling the Uniform Schengen Visa applies to all of the three categories, “A”, “B” and “C”. 2. Limited territorial validity visas (LTV) This type of visa allows you to travel only in the Schengen State that has issued the visa or in some other cases, in certain Schengen States specifically mentioned when applying for visa. Apart from these Schengen countries, this specific visa is invalid to any other Schengen country not specified previously. 3. National Visas The national visa of “D” category is granted to individuals who will be studying, working or permanently residing in one of the Schengen countries. The national visa can be of a single entry, granted for the people who need to reside in the Schengen country for a certain period of time, or for one reason after which they shall return to their country. Read more information about Schengen Visa Types!
Schengen Visa Fee When applying for a Schengen visa there is a non-refundable mandatory visa fee every applicant must pay. The visa costs vary depending on the type of visa and age of the applicant as well as some other criteria. You can find these fees by consulting the embassy’s website or by contacting the em-
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bassy/consulate directly. Keep in mind: all the information can be changed at any moment and is specific to each country! You need to double-check everything before starting the Schengen-visa application process!
6. Additional Tips and Advice The following tips and advice are based on the results of the 2017 survey on visa issues, the outcomes of various IFMSA Small Working Groups on visa issues (7) (8) (9) (10) as well as the experience of the authors of this manual:
How to use an Invitation Letter : The Invitation Letter (IL) is a document that is provided by the hosting NMO in order to prove to all concerned authorities that the student will be entering the hosting country to participate in a legitimate exchange program. It contains information about the exchange student (name, nationality, date of birth, passport information…), information about the exchange (hospital, department, dates) and finally information about the hosting NEO/NORE and how the embassy/consulate can contact them. The Invitation Letter can be provided in an electronic version (either generated automatically on the database when the Card of Acceptance (CA) is sent or provided via email by the hosting NEO/ NORE), but can also be a hard copy document that the NEO/NORE stamps and provides upon request from the sending NEO/NORE. Hard copy Invitation Letter must be requested before the March Meeting and will be exchanged during the March Meeting, so make sure to follow up on deadlines to request hard copy Invitation Letters from different NMOs in this period! The most common language for the Invitation Letter is English although some NEOs/NOREs do require and/or provide it in the hosting NMO’s language. For Students: • •
• • •
Remember that you are NOT ALLOWED to use the information on the Invitation Letter to contact the NEO/NORE. You can use the Invitation Letter as proof of lodging and boarding during your stay and as proof of the purpose for your travel. Many student also use it to apply for funds and financial help from their universities. Ask your LEO/LORE if the placement mentioned on the Invitation Letter is final or not, but always remember that you should wait for your CA before booking your tickets. Make sure to get informed about the visa requirements of the countries you are applying for and the type of Invitation Letter and/or other documents you might need to get your Visa. The student must bring the Invitation Letter with him/her to the host country and should be ready to show the document to the authorities at the airport as a proof of his/her lodging/boarding if needed
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For NEOs/NOREs: How to fill an Invitation Letter : All the information needed should be filled automatically with the information from the database. 1. The date should be the same as the one stated in the Card of Acceptance (CA). 2. The name of the NMO (acronym and the complete name) should be copied directly from the official name of the sending NEO/NORE’s NMO. Example: AECS (Associació d’Estudiants de Ciències de la Salut) 3. Period of the exchange: should be the period of the exchange stated in the Card of Acceptance (CA). 4. All of the personal information about the student should be copied directly from the Passport Copy available in the Card of Documents. 5. All of the information related to the students’ exchange (duration, hospital, project/department…) should be copied automatically from the CA 6. All of the NEO/NORE contact information should be copied from the NEO/NORE personal information. He/She will upload his/her stamp and signature if the invitation letter is in electronic format, or print then stamp and sign it if it’s a hard copy. Remember : • Proofread all the Invitation Letters you provide. A small mistake can mean a refused visa for the student. • Make sure to put valid contact information. An email and phone number where a potential embassy/ consulate will be able to reach you. • If you are the sending NMO, make sure to request Invitation Letters from other NEOs/NOREs well in advance and be as specific and precise as possible regarding the type of Invitation Letter you need and the information it needs to include.
General Tips • • • • •
Apply for and book an appointment at the embassy as early as possible. Prepare yourself if you have to do an interview with the Embassy, bring all the necessary documents, and answer clearly and truthfully all the questions you are asked. Prepare all your required documents. Make sure your passport is valid also after the exchange is over (normally for 3 to 6 months after your departure, depending on the country). Always double check the documents and the visa application before you submit them.
For students: • Apply for visa as early as possible. • Always check that you have all the documents needed before you apply for a visa. If you need any additional documents, let the NEO/NOREs know immediately well in advance of submitting the application. You cannot expect them to get you a document in just one or two days. • Always make sure you are applying for the right type of visa. • Always make sure you have written everything correctly in your application form. • Make sure you apply for a visa for the same dates as stated in the Invitation Letter provided to
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• •
you. Attend the Pre Departure Training and/or Pre Exchange Training for more information related to the visa requirements specific to your country. If possible: check the visa requirements for the country you wish to apply for before you apply for an exchange to make sure that it is possible for you go on an exchange there. Each country has their own website where you can find this information.
For NEO/NOREs: • Provide the incomings with the Invitation Letter as early as possible. Make sure to include all the information that the sending NEO/NORE requested • Contact the embassy before the student applies for a visa (if there is a known problem or history of difficulties acquiring visas). • Ask for guidelines from the ministry/embassies, and if possible; inform them about our exchanges and ask for their cooperation. You can also create a good relationship with them by sending them regular updates about your NMO. You can for example, create an Outgoings Report where you compile information about students who have gone on exchanges and came back without issues. It can also include scanned certificates. • If you, as the sending NEO/NORE, are ever in doubt about anything regarding the visa application, always contact the hosting NEO/NORE immediately. • List as much information as possible about applying for visa in the Exchange Conditions (EC). • Incoming and outgoing NEOs/NOREs must cooperate to manage visa problems together. • The hosting NEO/NORE has to be available for contact during the period of visa applications for their incoming students. • Make sure that the student has all the required documents needed to obtain a visa before sending the AF – make the students check the visa requirements for the country they are applying for. • Handover about visa issues: - Write down your problems and how you solved them - Be specific to each country you have contracts with - Example: the database Invitation Letter is not sufficient, they need hard copies, etc. • Be familiar with the visa requirements for each country you want to sign contracts with before you sign at the August Meeting.
Conclusion This document is meant to help students and exchange officers deal with what has become an increasingly common and time-consuming problem. IFMSA exchanges have long been an opportunity for medical students and future health professional to transcend cultural, financial and physical barriers and we hope that this document will help more of them access our exchanges all over the world.
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References 1. Eric Neumayer (2010) Visa Restrictions and Bilateral Travel, The Professional Geographer, 62:2, 171-181, DOI: 10.1080/00330121003600835 2. How To Get A Visa: A Beginner’s Guide To Travel Documents , Huffpost, 12/03/2013 07:37 am ET Updated Jan 23, 2014 https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/03/how-to-get-avisa_n_4373745.html 3. Travel visa Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa 4. IFMSA-EGYPT Manual on visa issues (2016/2017) 5. 12 Common Reasons Why Schengen Visa Applications Get Rejected, https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/common-reasons-visa-applications-get-rejected/ 6. Schengen Visa Information www.schengenvisainfo.com 7. Outcomes of the SWG on visa problems; MM14 (Coordinators : Christopher Shäfer and Elena Beyantseva) 8. Outcomes of the SWG on visa issues AM15 (Coordinators : Tommaso Pomerani, Gligor Mastilovic, Patryk Ryniak) 9. Outcomes of the SWG on visa issues due to a migration crisis NEO NORE weekend (Coordinator : Gligor Mastilovic) 10. Outcomes of the SWG on visa issues, MM17. (Coordinator : Basma Lahmer)
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Collaborators This manual is a result of a collaborative work of health students around the world, working under the umbrella of the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA) and its National Member Organizations (NMOs). Basma Lahmer (project lead), IFMSA Morocco, Mohammed V Souissi University, Morocco Timea Konyova, SloMSA Slovakia, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Slovakia Lara de Souza Moreno, Brazil DENEM, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brazil Abdelrahman Adly, IFMSA Egypt, Ain Shams University, Egypt Iris Martine Blom, IFMSA NL, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Karan Sanjay Parikh, MSAI India, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, India Tatiana Zebrova, HCCM Russia, Samara State Medical University, Russian Federation Gosia Gaworczyk, IFMSA Poland, Medical University of Lodz, Poland Mohamed Hakim, IFMSA Egypt, Zagazig University, Egypt Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, IFMSA Spain, University of Cantabria, Spain Åshild Nordbotten, NMSA Norway, University of Tromsø, Norway Omar Alaa ElNaggar, IFMSA Egypt, Alexandria University, Egypt Dana Shubat, SMSA Syria, Damascus University, Syria
Big Thanks to Rodrigo Enrique Roa (SCOPE Director 16/17), Mauro Camacho (SCORE Director 16/17), Tommaso Pomerani (SCOPE Director 17/18) Kate Wang (SCORE Director 17/18) and the SCORE and SCOPE international teams for their valuable input and assistance.
Algeria (Le Souk) Argentina (IFMSAArgentina) Armenia (AMSP) Aruba (IFMSA-Aruba) Australia (AMSA) Austria (AMSA) Azerbaijan (AzerMDS) Bangladesh (BMSS) Belgium (BeMSA) Bolivia (IFMSA-Bolivia) Bosnia & Herzegovina (BoHeMSA) Bosnia & Herzegovina – Republic of Srpska (SaMSIC) Brazil (DENEM) Brazil (IFMSA-Brazil) Bulgaria (AMSB) Burkina Faso (AEM) Burundi (ABEM) Cameroon (CAMSA) Canada (CFMS) Canada – Québec (IFMSA-Québec) Catalonia - Spain (AECS) Chile (IFMSA-Chile) China (IFMSA-China) China – Hong Kong (AMSAHK) Colombia (ASCEMCOL) Costa Rica (ACEM) Croatia (CroMSIC) Cyprus (CyMSA) Czech Republic (IFMSACZ) Democratic Republic of the Congo (MSA-DRC) Denmark (IMCC) Dominican Republic (ODEM) Ecuador (AEMPPI) Egypt (IFMSA-Egypt)
El Salvador (IFMSA-El Salvador) Estonia (EstMSA) Ethiopia (EMSA) Finland (FiMSIC) France (ANEMF) Gambia (UniGaMSA) Georgia (GMSA) Germany (bvmd) Ghana (FGMSA) Greece (HelMSIC) Grenada (IFMSAGrenada) Guatemala (IFMSAGuatemala) Guinea (AEM) Guyana (GuMSA) Haiti (AHEM) Honduras (IFMSAHonduras) Hungary (HuMSIRC) Iceland (IMSA) India (MSAI) Indonesia (CIMSA-ISMKI) Iran (IMSA) Iraq (IFMSA-Iraq) Iraq – Kurdistan (IFMSAKurdistan) Ireland (AMSI) Israel (FIMS) Italy (SISM) Jamaica (JAMSA) Japan (IFMSA-Japan) Jordan (IFMSA-Jo) Kazakhstan (KazMSA) Kenya (MSAKE) Korea (KMSA) Kosovo - Serbia (KOMS) Kuwait (KuMSA) Latvia (LaMSA) Lebanon (LeMSIC) Libya (LMSA)
Lithuania (LiMSA) Luxembourg (ALEM) Malawi (UMMSA) Malaysia (SMMAMS) Mali (APS) Malta (MMSA) Mexico (AMMEF) Montenegro (MoMSIC) Morocco (IFMSAMorocco) Nepal (NMSS) The Netherlands (IFMSA NL) Nicaragua (IFMSANicaragua) Nigeria (NiMSA) Norway (NMSA) Oman (MedSCo) Pakistan (IFMSA-Pakistan) Palestine (IFMSA-Palestine) Panama (IFMSA-Panama) Paraguay (IFMSAParaguay) Peru (IFMSA-Peru) Peru (APEMH) Philippines (AMSAPhilippines) Poland (IFMSA-Poland) Portugal (ANEM) Qatar (QMSA) Republic of Moldova (ASRM) Romania (FASMR) Russian Federation (HCCM) Russian Federation – Republic of Tatarstan (TaMSA) Rwanda (MEDSAR) Saint Lucia (IFMSA-Saint Lucia) Senegal (FNESS) Serbia (IFMSA-Serbia)
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medical students worldwide
Sierra Leone (SLEMSA) Singapore (AMSASingapore) Slovakia (SloMSA) Slovenia (SloMSIC) South Africa (SAMSA) Spain (IFMSA-Spain) Sudan (MedSIN) Sweden (IFMSA-Sweden) Switzerland (swimsa) Syrian Arab Republic (SMSA) Taiwan - China (FMS) Tajikistan (TJMSA) Thailand (IFMSA-Thailand) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MMSA) Tanzania (TaMSA) Togo (AEMP) Trinidad and Tobago (TTMSA) Tunisia (Associa-Med) Turkey (TurkMSIC) Turkey – Northern Cyprus (MSANC) Uganda (FUMSA) Ukraine (UMSA) United Arab Emirates (EMSS) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (SfGH) United States of America (AMSA-USA) Uruguay (IFMSAUruguay) Uzbekistan (Phenomenon) Venezuela (FEVESOCEM) Yemen (NAMS) Zambia (ZaMSA) Zimbabwe (ZIMSA)