• Mr. SudhirOverview Gadh, AMSC country manager • Could Farm Perform Germanisher Lloyd Ind.engines-Wärtsilä Services • EInterview WEC 09 –Marseille, • Interview - Mr. Jayant Deo, MD &your CEOWind Indian • EBetter? CC with– internal combustion & Garrad Hassan • Amortize the Quickest with Sensor Tracking – Degerenergie Energy Exchange • IPhotovoltaic nterview - Systems Mr. V.Subramian, CEO & Gral. • Siemens - The future of coal-fired power plants • Grid Integration Capability of Modern Wind Turbines –GE Energy • Secretary Concentrated Power: India´s Bet for Being a Global Leader – Dr. Yogi Goswami, of Solar INWEA • Changing Face of Wind Power in India - Mr. against the backdrop of climate change Sunborne Energy Satyen Kanabar
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RNI.NO. MPBIL01443/12/1/2009-TC EDITOR IN CHIEF: EUGENIO PÉREZ DE LEMA eugenio@energetica-india.com EDITOR & CEO: ANAND GUPTA a.gupta@energetica-india.com CONSULTING EDITOR: P. K. PATNAIK DIRECTORS: GISELA BÜHL gisela.buehl@energetica-india.com ANIL GUPTA ANITA GUPTA
Editorial Department: NITI PARIKH parikhniti10@energetica-india.com ZOHA MAHDI zmahdi@energetica-india.com Commercial Department: GOURAV GARG gourav@energetica-india.com Contacts in Spain C/ Rosa de Lima, 1 bis. Edif.. Alba – Ofic. 104 28290 Las Matas (Madrid) – SPAIN Tel +34 902 364 699 Fax +34 916 308 595 International PR Director ANDREW CALLAWAY andrew@energetica-india.com Spain: ÁLVARO LÓPEZ alvaro@energetica-india.com Germany, Austria & Switzerland: ERHARDT EISENACHER Eisenacher Medien Tel. +49-228-2499860 Fax. +49-228-650076 info@eisenacher-medien.de North America: JANNA REID TEL +1 (314) 304-8332 usa@energetica21.com Publishing: ANAND GUPTA Printer: VIJAYSHRI PAPER PRODUCTS LTD., 34-C/2, LAXMIBAI NAGAR INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, INDORE - 452006. INDIA Layout and Design: DANIEL CONEJERO BERNARDO Contras-t The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the text and images contained therein are protected by copyright. If you would like to use an article from Energética India or our website www.energetica-india.com you may obtain the rights by calling Omni-Editions India Private Limited.
EDITORIAL Cuts in European PV Feed-in-Tariffs a Boost for India?
G
ermany, Italy and France have all announced recently that there are to be cuts to their respective PV solar feed in tariffs. Germany, clearly the leader in installed capacity in 2009, fears for the worst. After the announcement thoughts soon turned to what happened in Spain after September 2008 when the Spanish government slashed the feed in tariff, imposed a cap of 500MW and crippled the sector. Although the current proposals are far and away what were witnessed in Spain, the fears of losing jobs, decline in installations and the rise of emerging markets remains strong. So will this trend see India benefit? There is every reason to be optimistic about the solar market in India. The National Solar Mission which was signed by Prime Minister Singh on the 11th of January has provided India the platform for what is believed to become one the world’s biggest solar producers and consumers. By the year 2013 40% of domestic solar installation could come from manufacturing in India, a product of the first stage of the NSM where manufacturing equipment destined for India holds excellent import tax relief. Already a number of international companies are taking serious notice of the developments here with views to start manufacturing facilities or partnering with local providers and supplying much needed transfer of technology. A significant amount of Photovoltaic installations has been announced by various groups, consortiums and developers. CSP developers are also very active with leading Spanish company Abener Solar looking to advance their portfolio in the market a prime example. Wind power in India continues to grow at a rapid pace. GE Energy, GAMESA, Leitwind, Siemens (Wind) and American Super Conductor are notable for establishing manufacturing in India, to support the need for domestic installations. Mr. V Subramanian, Indian Wind Energy Association CEO & secretary general, said that India has huge potential for wind power generation. Informing about the figures, he disclosed that 1338 MW capacity was added in 2009. The growth in comparison to 2008 was 12.24 per cent. The major initiative announced by the Government is Generation Based Incentives (GBI) in addition to the fiscal incentive of accelerated depreciation that has been in force for a long time. As of now, either of the incentives can be availed of by investors. The GBI scheme that was announced as a demonstration scheme in June, 2008 was scaled up to 4000 MW to be commissioned by March 2012. The new scheme will encourage Independent power producing companies to plan and install large capacities since depreciation benefits may not be attractive to them. Thermal power derived by coal continues to be India´s major contributor to the energy mix. Moreover the recent denial by Australia to sell uranium to India on the grounds that they only sell to those countries, which have signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and have additional protocol with the International Atomic Energy Agency, could impair India´s advance to attain the target of 63000 MW by 2032. However, when Dr M R Srinivasan, former Chairman-Atomic Energy Commission & Secretary and member of Atomic Energy Commission was asked about this he said that although the denial was disappointing, India is in conversation with Russia, France and Kazakhstan and there would be no threat to India’s progress towards nuclear goals. The team at Energetica India is delighted to announce the new website www.energetica-india.com will be operational in early March. Up-to-date news items, important information from the India and international markets, articles, digital magazines, and event listings are all featured on the new site. Energy companies based in India are welcome to insert their company details for inclusion in the Indian Companies Energy Guide 2010/2011. For now we leave you with this, the first issue of Energetica India 2010 and look forward to receiving your comments. Andrew Callaway, PR Director Energetica India
VOLUME 7 | JAN/FEB 10
CONTENTS • • • • •
Editorial Events – Take advice Energy News Products Service guide
ANALYSIS • Financial institutions about National Solar Mission Plan
62-63
INSIDER THOUGHTS • Utilities update on the implementation of R-APDRP
54-57
INTERVIEW • “For AMSC, strength comes from technical know-how” Mr. Sudhir Gadh, AMSC country manager
20-23
AUTOMATION • Helping power generators improve efficiency and reduce emissions – Honeywell
64-66
EMISSION CERTIFICATION • Carbon neutrality – “I-Climate” certification – Nishant Goyal, Climate value advisory, Emergent Ventures India (EVI) HYDRO POWER • Present status of Hydro Power and capacity addition in ensuing five year plans Dr. D. G. Kadkade, Director, Jaiprakash Power Ventures Ltd.
•• EWEC Interview Mr. SudhirOverview Gadh, AMSC country manager • Could Farm Perform Better? Germanisher Lloyd Ind.engines-Wärtsilä Services 09 –Marseille, • Interview - Mr. Jayant Deo, MD &your CEOWind Indian • ECC with– internal combustion & Garrad Hassan •• Interview Photovoltaic- Systems Amortize the Quickest with Sensor Tracking – Degerenergie Energy Exchange Mr. V.Subramian, CEO & Gral. • Siemens - The future of coal-fired power plants • Grid Integration Capability of Modern Wind Turbines –GE Energy • Secretary Concentrated Power: India´s Bet for Being a Global Leader – Dr. Yogi Goswami, of Solar INWEA • Changing Face of Wind Power in India - Mr. against the backdrop of climate change Sunborne Energy Satyen Kanabar
COVER
ABENER Engineering and Construction for Sustainability Abener Energía, S.A. Phone (+34) 954 937 000 Spain Abener Engineering Private Limited Phone (+91) 226688 9600 India
3 6 8-18 69-71 73
68
58-60
SOLAR POWER • Photovoltaic systems amortize the quickest with sensor tracking – Degerenergie • Concentrated solar power: India´s bet for being a global leader Dr. Yogi Goswami, Chief technical advisor at Sunborne Energy
44-46
UTILITIES ¬ SOLUTIONS • An overview of dynamic electricity pricing – Deva Seetharam, Reji Pillai, Jayanta Basak & Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, IBM India research laboratory
51-53
WIND POWER • Could your wind farm perform better? – Mathias Steck, Germanisher Lloyd Ind. Services & Keir Harman, Garrad Hassan • Wind energie holds a very promising future in India Hemanth Nayak, Frost & Sullivan • Minimising risks for wind energy projects through project certification and life cycle monitoring – Alexander Heitmann , SGS Group Management Ltd. Ind. Services • Using modern interconnection technology to fulfil. The promise of renewable energy in India – Tony Siebert, Director of facts & D-Var Business, AMSC power Systems and Sudhir Gadh, Country Manager, AMSC India • Grid integration capability of modern wind turbines – Mahesh Morjaria, Mark cardinal & Rajni Burra, GE Energy • Challenges for Ipps in the wind energy generator (WEG) sector – Pramodh Panchanadam, Manager-bus, development, SPI Group • Insurance possibilities for wind energy sctor – Ajay Bimbhet, Managing Director, Royal Sundaram Alliance Insurance Co. Ltd.
48-50
38-39 34-37 26-29
30-31 40-43 32 24
TAKEADVICE METHANE TO MARKETS PARTNERSHIP EXPO Date: 2-5.03.2010 Place: New Delhi Organiser: FICCI Tel: +1 (202) 343 9683 E-mail: asg@methanetomarkets.org Web: www. methanetomarkets.org
PV EXPO International Photovoltaic Power Generation Expo Date: 3-5.03.2010 Place: Tokyo, Japan Organiser: Reed Exhibitions Japan Ltd Tel: +81-3-33498501 E-mail: info@reedexpo.co.jp Web: www.pvexpo.jp
ENERTECH & OCEANTECH Date: 2-6.03.2010 Place: Bombay Exhbition Centre, Mumbai Organiser: Chemtech Foundation, Jasubhai Group Tel: +91 22 40373737 E-mail: sales@jasubhai.com Web: chemtech-online.com
PV SOLAR INDIA EXPO Date: 4-6..03.2010 Place: Mumbai Organiser: Electronics Today Tel: +91 22 2673 0869 E-mail: sswarn@bom5.vsnl.net.in
RENEWTECH INDIA Date: 9-11.03.2010 Place: Pune Organiser: MCO- Winmark Serv. Tel: +91 22 2660 5550 E-mail: delegate@renewtechindia.com Web: www. renewtechindia.com
SOLAR ENERGY & TECHNOLOGIES FAIR Date: 11-14.03.2010 Place: Istanbul Expo Center- Turkey Organiser: Ihlas Fuar Hizmetleri Tel: +90-212-4542503 Fax: +90-212-4542506 E-mail: hakan.kurt@ihlasfuar.com Web: www.gunesenerji.com
SEMICON CHINA 2010 Date: 16 - 18 March 2010 Place: Shanghai, China Organiser: Shanghai Aiexpo Exhibition Service Co., Ltd. Tel: + 86 21 50495-688 Fax: + 86 21 50495-5788 Email: semichina@semi.org Web: www.semi.org
WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS Date: 18 - 20 March 2010 Place: Le Meridian, New Delhi Organiser: Raga Integrated Technology Management Serv. Tel: + 91 11 245 38318 Email: dranilgarg@wretc.in Web: www. wretc.in
NEW ENERGY HUSUM Date: 18-21.03.2010 Place: Husum, Germany Organiser: Messe Husum HWG mbH & Co. KG Tel: +49-4841-902-0 Fax: +49-4841-902-246 E-mail: info@messehusum.de Web: www.new-energy-husum.de
RUSSIA POWER Date: 22-24.03.2010 Place: Moscow, Russia Organiser: PennWell Corporation PennWell House Tel: +44-1992-656600 Fax: +44-1992-656700 E-mail: exhibitrussia@pennwell.com Web: www.russia-power.org
GLOBALCON Date: 24-25.03.2010 Place: Philadelphia, USA Organiser: Association of Energy Engineers Tel: +1-770-4475083 Fax: +1-770-4463969 E-mail: info@aeecenter.org Web: www.aeecenter.org
OIL, GAS & POWER ASIA Date: 27-29.03.2010 Place: Karachi, Pakistan Organiser: Ecommerce Gateway Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd. Tel: +92-21-111222444 Fax: +92-21-4536330 E-mail: info@ofpoasia.com Web: www.ogpoasia.com
POWER & ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ASIA Date: 27-29.03.2010 Place: Karachi, Pakistan Organiser: Ecommerce Gateway Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd. Tel: +92-21-111222444 E-mail: info@powerasia.com.pk Web: www.powerasia.com.pk/
ASIASOLAR PV EXPO Date: 30.03.2010 - 01.04.2010 Place: Shanghai, China (VR) Organiser: Shanghai Aiexpo Exhibition Service Co., Ltd. Tel: +86-21-65929965 Fax: +86-21-65282319 E-mail: expo@aiexpo.com.cn Web: www.asiasolarexpo.com
ALGAE BIOFUEL WORKSHOP Date: 12-13.04.2010 Place: New Delhi Organiser: Growdiesel Climate Care Council Tel: +91 11 65803335 E-mail: info@growdieselevents.com Web: www.growdieselevents.com
POWER-GEN INDIA Date: 21 - 23.04.2010 Place: Mumbai Organiser: Pennwell & Inter Ads. Exhibitions Pvt. Ltd. Tel: +91 124 452 4200 E-mail: avnish-seth@interadsindia.com Web: http://www.power-genindia.com/ index.html
EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION Date: 20 - 23.04.2010 Place: Warsaw, Poland Organiser: The European Wind Energy Association Tel: +32 2 400 1007 E-mail:info@ewec.info Web: http://www.ewec2010.info
GREEN ENERGY EXPO Date: 7 - 9.04.2010 Place: Korea Organiser: Daegu Exhibition & Convention Center - EXCO Tel: +82-53-6015000 E-mail: green@energyexpo.co.kr Web: www.energyexpo.co.kr
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energĂŠtica india
Energetica
News
Tognum Gains Firmer MTU Foothold in India The Tognum Group held a formal ceremony today in the Indian city of Pune to celebrate the opening of a new head office for their subsidiary, MTU India. “India’s economic growth is key to the strategic development of the Tognum Group’s Asian operations”, said Dr. Ulrich Dohle, CTO, at the opening ceremony. “This includes not only consolidating sales and after-sales operations, but setting up the very first engineering and research centre outside our German headquarters in Friedrichshafen.” MTU India’s new business unit will work in the field of engine development in Pune. Thus the Tognum Group is pursuing its global strategy
not only in production and purchasing operations, but in engine development too. The additional capacities needed for developing engines and propulsion systems in line with
future customer and emission requirements are being acquired cost-effectively in Pune. Over 100 illustrious guests from the world of business and government agencies were
welcomed to the inauguration ceremony by Satish Phadke, head of MTU India. The new site spans 3,660 square meters and besides office space includes a logistics center, training center and workshop. Employees moved into the offices and parts of the logistics center at the beginning of December 2009. The workshop and training center have been completed in January 2010. MTU India has other offices in New Delhi, Bangalore, Singrauli and Korba. The new facility at Pune will provide one stop service solution to its customers. Further expansion of the sales and service network to support business is already planned for 2010.
EU Nations Expect to Meet the EU’s Renewable Energy Target The EU will meet its 2020 20% renewable energy target - slightly exceeding it according to an analysis by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) of all 27 Member States’ national forecast documents. The EWEA analysis shows that EU member states are on course to achieve over 20% renewable energy by 2020, with 21 Member States meeting or exceeding their national targets. The top 21 are made up of 13 Member States who predict they will meet their target and eight who forecast they will exceed their target. Only six forecast they will
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not manage to reach their target through domestic action alone, although two of these say that with fresh national initiatives they can meet or exceed their targets. None of the six expect to be more than 1%-point below their target. Top achievers are Spain, which believes it will reach 22.7% renewables by 2020 - almost 3%-points above its 20% target. Next comes Germany which expects to be 0.7%-points above its 18% target. In addition Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia and Sweden will exceed their targets. The six who do not expect to meet their target are
Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and Malta, together with Bulgaria and Denmark –the two countries which state that with fresh national initiatives they could meet or exceed their targets. Bottom of the league is Italy which, in order to meet its target, foresees importing renewable energy from neighbouring non-EU countries (Albania, Croatia, Serbia and Tunisia). “Europe has witnessed a sea-change since the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive was agreed as in 2008 many countries were stating that their target would be difficult to meet – now the majority are forecasting that they will
meet or exceed their national target” said Justin Wilkes, Policy Director of EWEA. “The forecast documents give a clear signal to the European Commission of where they could facilitate implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive” said Wilkes. Christine Lins, Secretary General of the European Renewable Energy Council stated, “The clear majority of European Member States recognise the economic, environmental and social benefits of promoting a broad range of renewable energy technologies nationally, as reflected in their forecast documents”.
energética india
Energetica News
Gamesa and Bard Sign Mou Regarding Collaboration in the Offshore Wind Market GAMESA has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with BARD Holding GmbH for joint development and marketing of offshore wind turbines and services. The agreement envisages a significant investment by GAMESA for a minority stake in BARD and the creation of a joint venture to sell turnkey solutions and provide services in the offshore wind power market. The MoU may also enable GAMESA to develop
manufacturing facilities to produce BARD offshore wind turbines under licensing contracts. GAMESA and BARD have agreed on a negotiating period until the end of March to structure the collaboration. The potential collaboration is highly strategic for both parties. It responds to GAMESA’s plans to continue offering technological solutions to market demand, accelerating it’s entrance into a key technol-
ogy with major prospects for the future. The collaboration will further strengthen BARD’s international footprint in the offshore wind market, foster growth and could lead to relevant synergies. “Working together, GAMESA and BARD will become leading players in the world’s offshore wind power market, by combining BARD’s technology and leading position in the German market with GAMESA’s industrial, fi-
nancial and marketing muscle in the three markets that have most potential in the future, namely Europe, the USA and Asia,” said Jorge Calvet, Chairman of GAMESA. “BARD welcomes the strong interest from GAMESA and believes that the envisaged collaboration provides great opportunities for the future growth of both parties.” said Heiko Ross, Managing Director of BARD Holding GmbH in Emden.
Oerlikon Solar Expands into Spanish Market Oerlikon Solar, the world’s leading supplier of thin film silicon photovoltaic (PV) production equipment, today announced that Gadir Solar is using its amorphous thin film silicon PV technology at the solar fabrication plant located in the bay of Cadiz, Spain. Gadir Solar’s plant, one of the largest in Europe, began operation in October 2009. The company is ramping up in record time its annual production capacity of 40 MW, which is capable of producing about half a million PV panels per year. The amount of annually produced amorphous silicon PV panels will generate enough power for approximately 8,000 homes. “We choose Oerlikon Solar because of its well-established track record of ramping up new thin film solar factories on time and on budget as well as its strong commitment to improving on the scalability and cost benefits for the techenergética india
nology. We were, and continue to be, extremely impressed with their ability to meet our requirements and in Oerlikon Solar’s clear upgrade path to ensure our competitiveness in the market,” said David Naranjo Villalonga, CEO of Cadmos / Gadir Solar. “We are committed to providing the
most efficient solar solutions for the Mediterranean region. Introducing amorphous panels to our production plant means we can offer the highest standards of quality and reliability.” Technology innovation is driving down the cost and improving the performance
Dr. Michael Buscher Appointed as New CEO of Oerlikon The Board of Directors of Oerlikon Group has appointed Dr. Michael Buscher to take on the position as CEO of the company. It is expected that Dr. Buscher will join Oerlikon in May 2010. Mr. Hans Ziegler will continue in his role as Delegate of the Board until Dr. Buscher is free from his previous contract obligations. The nomination of Dr. Buscher results from a final selection of various well qualified candidates, which were identified in a thorough search process by the Board of Directors beginning immediately after the nomination of Mr. Ziegler as interim CEO.
of solar technologies. Solar PV is becoming a mass production technology, and like flat-screen TV’s, continued innovation and cost reductions is likely to occur over the next 5 to ten years. Oerlikon Solar customers are looking beyond the short-term supply market conditions, and are targeting the market for 2012 and beyond, when their micromorph® factories will be in full production at production costs that enable grid-parity level PPA prices. “This opens another important market for our leading thin film solar PV technology,” said Jürg Henz, CEO of Oerlikon Solar. “European countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain could claim about 80% of PV market share this year and we see tremendous opportunity in offering companies like Gadir Solar industrial proven mass production solutions for the thin film PV industry – the fastest-growing segment of PV. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Energetica News
RUV Systems Enters Indian Market In cooperation with OTB Solar from The Netherlands the RUV technology has entered the Indian market. Euro Multivision Ltd. is the first company in India to use the Resonance Ultrasonic Vibrations crack detection technology. It will part of the OTB Solar LINEX cell manufacturing line, for micro crack inspection of all incoming wafers in order to increase production yield and enhance product quality. Euro Multivision, which is currently active in the manufacturing of CDR and DVD, is embarking upon the PV Solar market with a 40MW cell manufacturing line, to be expanded to a 320MW capacity. The company is committed to provide solar energy solutions at lower prices and higher efficiency. Euro Multivision, with its head office located in Bombay, is part of The Euro Group. The parent group is engaged in the manufacturing and trading of various interior and exterior building materials, FMCG products, retail outlets, malls and others. After implementing RUV units in the USA, Europe and China, for RUV Systems India is the next logical step in the worldwide introduction.
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Sunpower Announces Agreement to Acquire Sunray SunPower Corp. (NASDAQ: SPWRA, SPWRB) announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire SunRay Renewable Energy, a leading European solar power plant developer with offices in Europe and the Middle East, including a principal project office in Rome. SunPower will acquire SunRay from its shareholders, which includes its management and Denham Capital. Upon closing the transaction, SunPower will acquire a project pipeline of solar photovoltaic (PV) projects totaling more than 1,200 megawatts (MW) in Italy, France, Israel, Spain, the United Kingdom and Greece. The pipeline consists of projects in various stages of development. SunRay’s power plant development and project finance team consists of approximately 70 employees. “SunRay has a proven track record of developing bankable solar power plants in a complex environment,” said Howard Wenger, president of SunPower’s utilities and power plants business group. “This acquisition is consistent with our long-term company strategy to develop a strong brand and complementary channels to market. SunRay’s exceptional team and pipeline will add to our significant internal investment in North American power plant development. It also complements our European engineering, procurement and construction business that serves a broad range of development partners.” “SunRay has developed an impressive pipeline of utility scale projects throughout Europe,” continued Wenger. “We congratulate SunRay on receiving the European Solar Deal of the Year award today from Project
Finance magazine for the largest solar PV power plant financed in 2009, the 24 MW Montalto power plant in Italy, which launched SunPower’s relationship with SunRay. This acquisition further demonstrates our confidence in the Italian market and regulatory environment, and will accelerate the growth of our European and Middle Eastern power plant business.” “Our experience working with SunPower on Montalto and several other power plants in Italy convinced us that SunRay will be joining the global solar technology, performance and quality leader for solar power plants,” said Yoram Amiga, CEO of SunRay Group. “Our combined experience globally will allow us to offer our customers reliable energy delivery at competitive prices. Denham has been a great partner, providing both capital and advice at an important stage in our company’s development. We are pleased to have worked with them.”“The SunRay Renewables team has proven itself unparalleled in its ability to develop, finance and construct world class solar projects,” said Scott Mackin, partner in Denham Capital. “The marriage of that team with the superior technology of SunPower will create a formidable platform of new, socially and environmentally responsible and highly efficient solar PV projects in many countries around the world. We are delighted to have supported the initial development of SunRay’s portfolio, including the initial phase of the award-winning Montalto project, the largest in Italy. This project was completed in partnership with SunPower, and we are confident that the two firms
will continue to expand on their success together.” “SunRay has a strong pipeline in Italy, with several power plants already permitted for delivery in 2010,” said Gian Maria Ferrero, vice president of SunPower’s Europe, Middle East and Africa utilities and power plants business unit. “Italy has demonstrated sustainable, strong growth in both rooftop and groundmounted solar systems, bringing new jobs to the market and private investment into new power resources without the need for major new transmission investment. The growth of the Italian market has validated our prior acquisition of Solar Solutions, now SunPower Italia. SunPower and SunRay will seek to build on our success throughout Southern Europe and into the Middle East and Africa as demand for new power resources increases.” The total consideration for the acquisition is approximately $277 million, including $235 million in cash and $42 million in a letter of credit and promissory notes. SunPower has sufficient cash to close the transaction and does not intend to raise equity capital to finance the acquisition. The company will provide specific financial guidance regarding the positive impacts of the transaction during its fourth quarter and fiscal year 2009 earnings conference call in March. The parties anticipate closing the transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions, in the first half of 2010. J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. is acting as exclusive financial advisor to SunPower with regard to this transaction and provided a fairness opinion regarding the acquisition to its board of directors. energética india
Energetica News
MTS Presents a New Website and Online Store
IBC Solar Collaborates with the Deutsche Energie-Agentur Gmbh (Dena) – The German Energy Agency And Prague Zoo The German photovoltaic specialist IBC SOLAR will equip Prague Zoo with a photovoltaic system as part of the German Energy Agency’s Solar Roofs Programme for Foreign Market Development. With the solar roof, the zoo will be able to produce environmentally friendly electricity, mostly for its own use. The zoo will be compensated with around 43 cent per kilowatt-hour (kWh) by the Czech “green bonus” law. The system, which has an output of around 17 kilowattpeak (kWp), should produce
Sensor specialist, MTS Sensor Technologie, presents an entirely new Internet site and a brand-new design of the Online Store. Go to www. mtssensor.com and www.temposonics-shop.de and discover numerous graphical enhancements, product highlights and new functionalities. On the completely revised Website, visitors can easily find information categorized by application groups. By clicking through the selected applications on the start page, visitors can gain direct entry to various Temposonics® position and level sensors’ information. In the login area, further information on the sensors, operating instructions or technical drawings are available. Using an interactive configurator, sensors can be generated individually and downloaded as 2D or 3D drawings in all popular formats. “In the protected area, our customers can access a energética india
wide choice of technical documents and files required for everyday tasks”, emphasizes technical marketing director Hanserdmann von Biedersee. As a new feature on the MTS Internet site, short video clips animate a large variety of magnetostrictive sensor applications. Information on product novelties, trade fair presence and tutorials are provided under “News”, where applicants, apprentices, or graduate students can also find detailed career pages. To contact MTS, please consult the restyled contact area. Just a single click, and you will find the contact data of branch offices and distributors worldwide. In the reorganized Online Store, customers can order all C-Series and EP2 sensors conveniently at the push of a button. A product configurator generates the required sensor and recommends appropriate accessories.
From left to right: Nicole Schneider (dena) Dusan Michelfeit (Prague Zoo), Gerhard Travnicek (IBC SOLAR), Miroslav Bobek (Prague Zoo) Petra Závisová (IBC SOLAR), Vít Kahle (Prague Zoo).
around 15,700 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy. The deal between the project partners IBC SOLAR AG, Prague Zoo and dena was signed on February 11th, 2010. The installation of the system is planned for the middle of April.
EXPAND
YOUR SOLAR BUSINESS IN INDIA WITH A RENOWNED INDIAN GROUP WHO IS CURRENTLY LOOKING FOR 1. Foreign Joint Venture Partner for setting up Manufacturing facility of Solar PV Modules in India. 2. Developer of Solar Power Plants, Rooftop Installations, System Integrator, etc... 3. Tie up for distribution with manufacturers of Solar Inverters, Charge Controllers, Junction Box, BOS in SPV Plant.
Interested organizations please email with company profiles to: response@energetica-india.com JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
11
Energetica News
DEG Finances Bhoruka Wind Park In India Reliable energy supply is a vital prerequisite for the economic growth in emerging markets and developing countries. Against the background of climate change, the utilisation of renewable energy is becoming more and more important. This is why DEG – Deutsche Investitionsund Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH together with the French development finance institution Proparco, grants a long-term loan to the amount of 15.3 million euros for a wind park of the Indian Bhoruka Power Corporation Ltd. (BPCL). Of this amount, DEG provides 8.3 million euros and Proparco 7 million euros. Another lender is the Indian Axis Bank, which will grant a loan in rupees to the equivalent of 4.3 million euros. Edelweiss Capital Limited, India, acted as the financial advisor and arranger for BPCL. Thanks to the financing, BPCL is going to set up a wind park with 17 turbines and a total capacity of around 26 MW in the Karnataka region in the south of India. Moreover, twelve kilometres of high-voltage power lines will be laid to connect the wind park to the mains supply. BPCL has been developing hydro and wind power projects since 1992. At present, the company runs twelve smaller hydropower stations and three wind parks with a capacity of about 100 MW. The current investment improves the power supply of an economic region of India, which is of importance in terms of both industry and agriculture and where the present demand for electricity exceeds the supply by 3,500 MW. With BPCL DEG supports an experienced enterprise 12
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in the field of renewable energy thereby making a contribution to climate protection. Furthermore, BPLC excels by high social responsibility and uses about five per cent of its annual profits for social projects. In rural areas, the company, for instance, finances schools for women and ophthalmic hospitals, which can thus offer medical treatment at
lower cost. With climate protection being an important focus of DEG business, it has already financed wind and hydropower stations in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In early 2009, DEG arranged the debt financing to the amount of 105 million US-dollars for the extension of Olkaria III, the first private geothermal power plant in Kenya. a+f Receives Further Major “Suncarrier“ Order (imagen af planta Italia) a+f GmbH has received recently a further major order for the construction of solar parks in southern Italy. This is a follow-up order from a German investor. The project has a total value of € 37.8 million. a+f thus continues its successful growth trend in Italy. This major order includes the delivery of innovative “SunCarrier”-systems, which will be built over an area of 31.5 hectares in Apulia (southern Italy). “Italy is considered to be the sunshine country with extremely high radiation levels. The compensations are therefore particularly attractive in southern Italy,“ says Thomas Petsch, head of management
of a+f GmbH, “due to the long lifetime and dependability of our SunCarrier, we achieve the highest possible reliability for our investors.“ Since its entry
into the solar technology, a+f has installed solar plants in Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, South Korea, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, India, China and Japan.
Announcing the World’s Largest Green Energy Project
Airvoice Green Energy Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India, announced the launch of one its most ambitious projects in the renewable energy sector. It proposes to set up 10,000 MW of Solar Power and 3,000 MW of wind power in the state of Karnataka. The proposed solar power plant, of Airvoice Green Energy Pvt Ltd., would be based on Photo Voltaic (PV) technology. 12 high potential districts in the state of Karnataka have been identified for the same. This would be the largest solar power plant in the world till date. Currently the largest solar PV power plan in the world has a capacity of only 60MW based out of Spain. Sanjay Kapoor, the CMD of Airvoice Group, indicated in the press conference held at Villa Medici, The Taj Mahal Hotel in New Delhi, “this project alone would meet around half of the ambitious target
of 20,000 MW as envisaged by the Jawaharlal National Solar Mission announced by the Honorable Prime Minister Sri Manmohan Singhji”. The Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL), the nodal agency of renewable energy projects, has given in principle approval. The entire project would be done in 5 phases. Airvoice would be setting up a first phase pilot of 100MW capacity. The work has already started and it is expected that the detailed project report (DPR) would be submitted within the next 90 days. Airvoice group has also identified 4 high potential districts where the wind farm would be set up. The first phase of the 3,000 MW wind farm project would be 200 MW and the work on the same has already started. It is expected that the DPR would be submitted in the next 4 months.
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Energetica News
First DEGERtrakers Installed at Tunis Airport DEGERenergie expands its activities into the African market. Some days ago the first three DEGERtraker 7000NT models were installed in front of Tunis airport. DEGERenergie is global market leader for solar tracking systems. The Centre International de Technologie de l´Environnement de Tunis, a center of competence run by the Tunisian environment ministry, was contracted with the installation at Tunis airport. The project was headed by Tunisian market leader Solar Energy Systems SES, who also operates two wind turbines at the same site. “We light up the main road in front of the airport using the power we generate from the photovoltaic modules and wind turbines,” explains SES project manager Selim Kanzari. “Of course, the installation is meant to generate power, but it is also a showcase project.
The lighting on the main airport road makes the benefits obvious.” There are a total of 120 photovoltaic modules from the Spanish manufacturer Isofotón installed on three DEGERtrakers; each module can produce 170 Watts at peak output. “We are very happy with the DEGERenergie systems,” says Selim Kanzari. “The quality is outstanding and the systems are exceptionally easy to install. Overall, these systems are definitely better than those of other manufacturers, which is why we’re relying on DEGERenergie technology in the future.” “SES is expecting a huge growth in the market thanks to the new supply legislation issued by the Tunisian government”, says Selim Kanzari. “I’m sure there will be plenty of new solar plants in Tunisia in the future. However, we
are also active in other African countries. For example, we are currently planning a large-scale project in South Libya.” “Tunisia, as well as the whole North African and Arabian region is currently undergoing a very promising development,” explains Peter Scherer, Vice President Sales at DEGERenergie. “We are glad that with Solar Energy Systems we have found such an outstanding and active partner as this company wants to implement many other projects over the next few years in North Africa.” According to Artur Deger, “By expanding our business to the African continent, we are emphasizing our leading role on the global market. Parallel to this we are currently establishing our own sales office and a production site in the USA as well as sales offices in Greece and Italy.”
Garrad Hassan Announces Service Suite for SmallScale Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Project Developers In response to the Department of Energy and Climate Change’s (DECC) new FeedIn-Tariff scheme for small-scale renewable projects in the UK, international renewable energy consultancy, Garrad Hassan, announces a specialist service suite for developers of smallscale wind and solar photovoltaic projects. The specially tailored offering includes: wind resource estimation, wind and solar project management support, equipment selection and grid connection. Paul Gardner at Garrad Hassan comments: “It is anticipated that the UK will have 750,000 sub-5 MW small-scale renewable energy projects, including wind and solar, by 2020. Of these, around energética india
25,000 are expected to be of sufficient size to justify projectspecific specialist consultancy services. In response to this, we have honed our existing services, for larger commercial projects, to offer the support required for a successful smallscale wind or solar project of up to 5MW; this will allow developers to maximise the benefits of the Feed-In-Tariff system which DECC aims to have in place in April this year.” Because of the nature of project size, small-scale wind developers will rely on published wind data when making site decisions, rather than the extensive on-site wind measurements conducted for larger projects. To reduce the uncer-
tainties inherent in reliance on published data, Garrad Hassan has developed special techniques and models, based on its years of experience, to factor in location specific information that includes local features and obstructions. Like any larger commercial project, small-scale wind and solar photovoltaic projects will require the sourcing of suppliers and equipment, contract negotiation, and grid connection, with all its relative processes and regulations. Garrad Hassan has significant experience, developed over the last 25 years and, as such, is better placed than anybody to assist developers of any size of project to negotiate through the project lifecycle
Siemens to Supply Power Plant Components to Turkey Siemens Energy has secured an order to supply key components for the Denizli combined cycle power plant in Turkey. The Greek company METKA is building the plant for the project company RWE & Turcas Güney Elektrik Üretim A.S., in which RWE holds a 70-percent stake and Turkas 30 percent. Start of commercial operation slated for 2012. The order volume is approximately EUR110 million. The new combined cycle power plant with its installed capacity of approximately 775 megawatts will be located on the outskirts of Denizli in west Anatolia, a region with strong economic growth. “It is anticipated that power demand in Turkey will more than double by 2020,” said Michael Suess, CEO of the Fossil Power Generation Division of Siemens Energy. “With this order we can further expand our position in this attractive power plant market, and at the same time make an important contribution toward ecofriendly power supply in the region,” added Suess. High-efficiency gas and steam turbines are part of Siemens’ Environmental Portfolio. In fiscal 2009, revenue from the Portfolio totaled about EUR23 billion, making Siemens the world’s largest supplier of ecofriendly technologies. In the same period, the company’s products and solutions enabled customers to reduce their CO2 emissions by 210 million tons. This amount equals the combined annual CO2 emissions of New York, Tokyo, London and Berlin. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Solar Industry Award for Innovation now Underway Along with the previously established fields of “Photovoltaics” and“Solar Thermal Technology”, the Intersolar Award 2010 will be presented for the first time in the category of “PV Production Technology”. And yet another new development awaits companies in the solar industry: In addition to exhibitors at Intersolar Europe in Munich, exhibitors at Intersolar North America in San Francisco are now entitled to enter for the first time. Prizes will be presented on June 9 as part of an official ceremony, with the deadline for submissions closing on April 16, 2010. As the world’s largest exhibition for the entire solar industry, Intersolar Europe is the most important platform for showcasing groundbreaking technologies and innovations in the fields of photovoltaics and solar thermal technology. This makes Intersolar Europe not only the hub of an international industry, but an indicator of the innovative strength within it. And so, the Intersolar AWARD will be presented for the third time in 2010 by the organizers of Intersolar Europe - Solar Promotion GmbH, Pforzheim and Freiburg Wirtschaft Touristik und
Messe GmbH & Co. KG (FWTM), in association with the German Solar Industry Association (BSWSolar). This year, with the support of the PV Group (an initiative of the international semiconductor association SEMI which specializes in photovoltaics) the category “PV Production Technology” is being introduced to expand the field of “Photovoltaics”. Together with the field of “Solar Thermal Technology”, an award category already featured in previous years, the Intersolar AWARD now acknowledges the entire spectrum of solar technology represented at Intersolar Europe and Intersolar North America. “The Intersolar AWARD has established itself as the international technology prize in the solar industry. With the expansion into the category of PV Production Technology, for the first time we are now offering all exhibitors an extensive platform to present their technological innovations, both within the industry and to the wider public,” says Markus Elsässer, CEO of Solar Promotion GmbH. Along with exhibitors at Intersolar Europe in Munich, exhibitors at Intersolar North
America in San Francisco are now entitled to enter for the first time. “By expanding the sphere of participants we want to do justice to the internationalization and growing interconnection of the industry and its technologies. Our aim is to continue to promote competition and to highlight the industry’s potential across the world,” explains Klaus W. Seilnacht, CEO of FWTM. The prize winners will be chosen in a multi-stage selection process. Firstly, a specialist panel will select the ten best entries in the categories Solar Thermal Technology, Photovoltaics and PV Production Technology. A jury of experts from research, science, industry and trade media will then award the winners in each of the three fields with the Intersolar AWARD 2010. The winners will be presented with their awards as part of an official ceremony during the course of the trade fair on June 9 at the Innovation Exchange in Hall C3. Given the enormous interest that Intersolar Europe attracts within the industry, the Intersolar AWARD promises a high level of interest for nominees and winners alike. “Together with the organizers of Intersolar Europe,
we not only want to acknowledge the innovative strength of the solar industry but also to create an incentive for companies to play an active part in shaping the future of lasting energy provision and to compete at an international level,” says Carsten Körnig, CEO of BSW-Solar. Evaluation Criteria Participation is open only to products, solutions and services being exhibited for the first time at Intersolar Europe or Intersolar North America in 2010, or to those showing significant development compared to previous trade fair exhibits. Submissions must have undergone industrial trials or already be in industrial use. Moreover, they must be classed as especially innovative with regard to their technology and efficiency. The jury will judge submissions based on the extent of their technological innovation, their benefit for industry, the environment and society and their economic viability. The deadline for submissions closes on April 16, 2010. Interested companies can register in the Exhibitor Service section of the Intersolar Europe website and subsequently gain access to the registration documents download area.
Gamesa Starts First Production Center in India Gamesa the spanish company specialised in sustainable energy technologies, mainly wind power, has launched its operations in India with the setting up of an Indian subsidiary, Gamesa Wind Turbines Pvt. Ltd. The installations of the company, which was inaugurated today by Jorge Calvet, Gamesa’s chairman, and Ramesh Kymal, the chairman & managing director of Gamesa Wind Turbines Pvt., is located in the Red Hills area next to the city of Chennai. The new instalations 14
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- to produce Gamesa G58-850 kW wind turbines- is equipped with an initial production capacity of 200 MW per year and will employ more than 100 people. The company has contracts in India and neighbouring countries for a total power output of 60 MW. The plant is equipped with the most advanced production management systems to reduce production timescales and costs, thereby ensuring the processes’ excellence and the highest quality standards. The industrial proc-
ess will be complemented with the ongoing development of local suppliers for the supply of components and materials. The new facility is the result of a strategic wager placed by Gamesa to establish itself industrially in markets having high-growth potential and to achieve greater production capacity at more competitive conditions. The new project reinforces too the presence of Gamesa in Asia, where they already operate in China with a production capacity of
1,000 MW per year. Speaking on the occasion, Jorge Calvet highlighted, “the strategic international reinforcement which the start-up of production in India represents, especially in Asia, and the firm wager the company has placed on this emerging area. It is undoubtedly a market having outstanding wind energy growth prospects where we are undertaking significant long-term commitments and where we hope to attain a progressively larger market share.” energética india
Energetica News
Siemens Will Invest More than Rs. 1,600 Crores in India over the Next Three Years A major part of this will be invested to set footprints in the renewable energy market and to expand presence in value priced products. “Our goal is to strengthen our position as the leading provider of green infrastructure solutions in India’s booming market,” said Mr. Peter Loescher, President and CEO of Siemens AG, in New Delhi during the Siemens Managing Board meeting in India in February 2010. Siemens will be investing Rs. 500 crores over the next three years to build high end technology wind turbines for the Indian market. The first of these turbines should ship in 2012. Also, Siemens will make India a major centre for value-priced products. It will establish six new
hubs in India, responsible for the design, development, production and sale of these products for India and for the world market. The goal is to generate total revenue of about Rs. 6,500 crores by fiscal 2020 with value priced products from India. Addressing the press, Mr. Loescher said, “The growth of India and other emerging countries is remarkable. These countries will prosper in 2010 and beyond. India has the people, the products, and the innovation power. And that’s why we’re expanding our presence here.” Speaking on the occasion, Dr. Armin Bruck, Managing Director, Siemens Ltd. said, “We are committed to expand our portfolio in the
country. I am particularly pleased that we are leveraging India’s competencies by establishing six hubs for value-priced products with responsibility for global markets. We are confident we will meet the expectations.” To support its growth plans, the company will also strengthen its workforce in the country from 17,000 to 25,000 by 2012. Four of the six new hubs will be Centres of Competence for the products such as ‘Low End Signaling System’, ‘Ring Main Units’, ‘Steam Turbine greater than 45MW’ and ‘Iron & Steel Making Equipment’. Siemens Ltd. will be responsible for manufacturing these products and supplying them to the world market. The other
two Centres of Competence in India will be ‘Wind Power Engineering’ and ‘EPC Execution for Full Turnkey Power Plants Solution’. Siemens Ltd. in which Siemens AG holds 55.18% of the capital is the flagship listed company of Siemens AG in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 19 legal entities, is a leading provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregating about Rs. 12,000 crore. It operates in the core business areas of Industry, Energy and Healthcare. It has nation-wide Sales and Service network, 19 manufacturing plants, a network of around 500 channel partners and employs about 16,800 people.
Waaree Partners with Intertek, Moving towards Greener Pastures Intertek (a leading international provider of quality and safety solutions) today announced that they have certified the Waaree Group’s high wattage photovoltaic (PV) module and panel manufacturing unit, making it the first ETL certified PV module by Intertek in India. The Waaree Group partnered with Intertek to launch their first quality certified PV module and panel manufacturing unit in the Indian market. The announcement was made at ELECRAMA an ongoing exhibition on Electrical and Electronics being held in Bombay Exhibition Centre. Speaking on the occasion Mr. Rajesh Saigal, Regional Director, Intertek Commercial & energética india
Electrical division said “It gives me immense pleasure and privilege to be associated with the Waaree Group which is pioneering in Modern PV Module Manufacturing in India. A greener world is the new dictum and thus conservation of renewable energy needs to be encouraged. Its good to see this industry picking up in India as the country is a noted player in PV modules and panel manufacturing units.” The Waaree Group, based in Mumbai, with multiple Manufacturing locations, and joint ventures with reputed international companies, is well established in the field of Process Control Instrumentation and Automation products and are leaders in the
Modern PV Module Manufacturing in India. “It’s a proud moment for the Waaree group to get certification from Intertek that makes them the first of its kind in the PV module and panel manufacturing unit in India. We assure our customers of a very high quality PV modules, produced with high efficiency cells and laminating materials procured from the most reputed companies in Europe and US.” Said Mr. Hitesh Doshi, Chairman, Waaree Energies Private Limited. He further stated “WEPL has concluded long-term solar cell supply contracts with Q-cells, Germany (world’s largest cell producer) and Gintech, Taiwan. We presently export our
modules to a number of countries in Europe and Asia. We also plan to increase our production capacity to 100MW in 2010.” Intertek Fast Facts • Fast, expert testing and certification for AC modules, Photovoltaic (PV) Modules • PV Power Units, Inverters • Intertek can certify products to UL, CSA, IEC and EN standards (CE mark for Europe) as well as other international regulatory requirements • Intertek is the only private laboratory authorized by Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement ‘Energy Labeling’ programs for consumer products. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Oil & Gas Production to Go Up By 11% & 53% In ‘09-10 over Previous Year : DGH Even though the government will not be able to award 34 unbid oil and gas blocks under 8th round of new exploration and licensing policy (NELP) to investors in remaining period of current fiscal, crude oil production is poised to go up by 11% and that of Natural gas by 53% over previous year in 2009-10. This was disclosed by Director General Hydrocarbons, Mr. S K Srivastava while delivering his Inaugural Address at ASSOCHAM organized 12th Energy Summit on Oil & Gas. In the ASSOCHAM Conference, Mr. Srivastava further disclosed that natural gas production will be doubled in next year when the gas from D-6 fields will be produced at it’s peak rate. “The oil production from the Barmer – sanchor basin in Rajasthan is expected to contribute about 18% of the country’s total oil production in near future. It is indeed commendable that a horizontal well in this field tested about 15,000 bbls/day of oil”, said Mr. Srivastava. He, however, regretted
that in 8th round of NELP, the Petroleum & Natural Gas Ministry could award only 36 oil and gas blocks out of identified 70 blocks for oil & gas exploration and production due to adversaries of global turmoil. “Unfortunately, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas will not be able to offer the unbid 34 blocks to prospective investors in current fiscal as it requires several inter-governmental approvals which take a good deal of time”, pointed out Mr. Srivastava. He remained noncommittal by what time the unbid blocks will be awarded for oil & gas production. The DGH, however, exuded confidence that after stagnant production over a decade, in the year 2009-10 crude oil production is likely to increase by 11% and natural gas production by 53% over previous year. The efforts of government are also being directed towards monetization of all the 114 discoveries by the year 2014-15. considering the increased pace of exploration and current exploration success rate, the DGH expect that there could
be even more new discoveries by the year 2015-16 which will require investment to an extent of US$ 25 billion. By that time, sedimentary areas under nomination regime will either to be converted in development areas or will come under NELP regime, he said. Besides conventional oil and gas, the Government of India is actively pursuing other fossil fuel alternatives such as Gas Hydrates, Coal Bed Methane and oil shale. The unconventional resource base is about 50 TCF for CBM and huge amount of gas hydrate. The DGH are in the select League of Nations pursuing hard to commercialize gas production from gas Hydrates. Oil share resources are currently under evaluation. Commercial production of CBM has already commenced in India since July 2008 with a current production rate of about 0.5 MMSCMD, pointed out Mr. Srivastava. Speaking on the occasion, Dr. D M Kale, Director General, ONGC Energy Centre said that his Corporation each year is spending Rs.10,000 crore to arrest 2% decline in crude oil
production and therefore suggested that the use of energy should be done in most prudent and judicious manner since India is energy starved country. According to Dr. Kale, growth has a limit and thus sources of nature for producing energy should be harnessed in nature friendly manner and should’nt be exploited in a cruel manner. In his welcome address, Mr. Rajkumar N Dhoot, Vice President ASSOCHAM demanded expeditious award of oil and gas blocs that remained unbid so that oil and gas production is not delayed and prospective investors get suitable reward on their investments in a calculated time period. Among others who spoke on the occasion include Mr. R K Sinha, Advisor (Production), Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Dr. K K Jajodia, Chairman ASSAM Company, Mr. Karunakaran Hari, General Manager, Cair Energy, Mr. K C Mehra, Sr. Managing Committee Member ASSOCHAM, it’s Secretary General, Mr. D S Rawat.
SMA Exceeds the 2009 Forecast with New Record Results and Takes Next Step towards Generational Change in Managing Board SMA Solar Technology AG (FWB: S92), world market leader for solar inverters, published its preliminary figures for fiscal 2009. With record sales of approx. 934 million Euro, the Company exceeded its sales forecast of between 850 and 900 million Euro (previous year: 682 million Euro). Group sales were driven primarily by the significantly higher demand in the second half year 16
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of 2009. The short-term increase in the produced inverter output from the first to the fourth quarter 2009 at a ratio of distinctly more than 1:4 (Q1: c. 243 MW, Q4: c. 1,415 MW) again provides proof of SMA’s high degree of flexibility. The EBIT of approx. 228 million Euro (previous year: 167 million Euro) is slightly above the earnings forecast (195 million
Euro to 225 million Euro). The EBIT margin of approx. 24.4 % will reach the level of the previous year (24.6 %). With these figures, 2009 is the most successful year in the Company’s history. SMA strengthened its market position again in fiscal 2009 and raised its worldwide market share to more than 40 % according to its own estimates (previous year: 38 %).
“Due to our technological leadership, our unique strategy of flexibility and our ongoing international expansion, we achieved excellent operating results. We were again able to prove our competitive strength in a market environment that is characterized by intense competition,” explains Günther Cramer, Chief Executive Officer of SMA Solar Technology AG. energética india
Energetica News IEMR, a First of its Kind Institute for Sustainable Development of Conventional and Renewable Energies Launched in Gurgaon Institute of Energy Management and Research (IEMR), launches its first state-of-theart Institute in Gurgaon set up by professionals. A brainchild and initiative of experts and industry leaders, IEMR has been created to meet the growing shortage of skilled and knowledgeable managers in the rapidly-evolving energy sector. To sustain its GDP growth rate at over 9%, India needs to add more power generation capacity in the next 10 years than it did in the past 60 years. Over USD 300 billion of investment is planned in the power sector over the next 5 years, which has become a preferred sector for investors. According to the Planning Commission there is an additional need for around 5 lakh skilled professionals by 2017 in the power sector alone. John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers, one of the world’s most renowned and successful venture capitalists “The Internet is a trilliondollar economy and energy is a 6-trillion dollar economy - it could be the largest economic opportunity of the 21st century.” Dr. B.S.K. Naidu, Chairman, IEMR commented, “Energy is a sunrise sector in India and globally. In India, it contributes
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to 8% of the country’s GDP and has a tremendous growth ahead, needing thousands of qualified managers. IEMR has been set up with the vision to be the leading management institute focused on the energy sector in Asia. IEMR will become a center of excellence for research and knowledge creation and provide world-class management candidates with a deep appreciation for sustainability and green development to serve as future leaders in India and globally.” Further Dr Naidu adds, “there is a tremendous need to educate the next generation of management and existing managers to prepare them for the green economy as energy saving and efficiency is going to be important in every sector.” IEMR offers a 2-year post graduate program in management and a 1-year executive post graduate program in management wherein the curriculum is a unique combination of general management education and energy-sector focused managerial knowledge. Candidates get a detailed overview of the critical aspects of the energy sector including green technologies and sustainable development. Further, they can choose one of four domain specializations in addition to
functional specializations. The domain specializations are (a) Power (b) Renewable Energy (c) Sustainability and Environmental Management and (d) Oil and Gas. Unlike traditional management programs offered at the leading business schools, IEMR’s programs and curricula are specifically designed by experienced professionals together with academics to be highly practical and to equip young managers with knowledge and skills that are needed to be productive and have impact immediately in their worklife post graduation. IEMR has the guidance and support of a distinguished advisory board comprising of top corporate leaders from companies such as Reliance Power, Tata Power, Jindal Steel and Power under the leadership of Mr. R.V. Shahi, former Power Secretary, Govt. of India. As an industry-oriented management institute, IEMR has already forged over 15 corporate partnerships with leading companies such as GMR (leading infrastructure developer), Wartsila (global leader decentralized energy), Andritz (global hydro power leader), NCC, Navayuga, SEW (all leading infrastructure companies) with more in the offing.
Power Grid Signs Pacts with 37 Power Projects Power Grid Corp of India signed pacts with 37 private project developers for evacuating power from their power plants on a long term basis. The projects include 1,000MW OP Jindal Super Thermal project and 600-MW Lanco project in Chhattisgarh, a 1,200MW project in Tamil Nadu, 300MW Simhapuri and 900-MW Meenakshi Energy projects in Andhra Pradesh and the Lanco-promoted Teesta-VI hydro project in Sikkim. “The selected projects were the most mature private projects that are on the horizon. Some are ready to be commissioned as early as in a year’s time while others will come up over the next 3-4 years,” an official said. Twenty-two project developers have furnished bank guarantees amounting to a total of 8.35 billion rupees, while rest of the developers are expected to submit them before March 31, the official added. Power Grid currently manages the national grid with interregional capacity of over 20,800 MW, which is proposed to be enhanced to 37,700 MW by 2012. “The signing of the agreements is a crucial step in ensuring that new power capacity is not bottled up due to lack of transmission capacity,” the official said.
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Dimensioning of Photovoltaic Plants Made Easy with Free Planning Software A new, free-of-charge software is now available from the Siemens Industry Automation Division for calculating the best possible configuration of photovoltaic (PV) plants. The program, Sinvert Select V2.2, can be downloaded from the Internet at www.siemens.com/sinvert-select. It enables the planner to evaluate in advance the cost-effectiveness of PV plants from 10 kW up to the megawatt range. A comparison of possible configurations shows the energy yield of the various plant arrangements. The software is available in German, English, French, Italian and Spanish, and has been specially designed for Sinvert PV
Adani Power Would Execute a 1,320Mw Power Project in Madhya Pradesh Adani Power has been awarded a letter of intent (LOI) by the Madhya Pradesh government for the development of a 1,320Mw power project at Chhindwara in the state, a company statement said. The project envisages an invest of an estimated Rs 5,280 crore. Generation of 1 Mw thermal power entails an investment of Rs 4 crore. At present, Adani Power along with its subsidiaries is developing 4,620 Mw project at Mundra in Gujarat, 3,300 Mw Tiroda project in Maharashtra, 1,320 Mw at Kawai in Rajasthan and 2,640 Mw at Dahej in Gujarat. With the addition of this project, the total power generation capacity of the company would exceed 13,000 Mw from the current 11,880 Mw. 18
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inverters. Sinvert Select V2.2 is used for dimensioning, analyzing and optimizing inverters for PV plants. On the basis of inputs, it automatically calculates the best possible inverter configuration from the Sinvert portfolio. These inputs do not just include factors such as location, line frequency, PV mod-
ule type and rated power, but also allow for installation conditions with the inclination and azimuth of the PV modules. The program computes the performance ratio for each variant, i.e. the ratio between target and useful yield, and the potential energy yield per annum. The planner can thus compare, analyze and optimize individual configurations according to these parameters. For instance, by varying individual parameters, such as the number of inverters, strings and modules per string,
or even cell temperatures and cable losses, the planner can directly analyze the effects. The program allows a flat rate for losses resulting from increases in module temperature at high insolation levels, reductions in yield at low insolation levels, and dirty modules. Calculations are based on extensive databases of information for more than 300 locations in 26 countries, with all common 4200 PV modules available worldwide and Sinvert inverters. The databases are regularly updated in the Internet. Sinvert Select V2.2 provides detailed reports for screen presentations, printing and archiving in PDF format.
Indian Utility JKSPDCL Selects IFS Applications Jammu and Kashmir State Power Development Corporation Limited (JKSPDCL) executes, completes, operates and maintains all power stations and power projects of the State of Jammu & Kashmir, India. The Corporation presently has 19 hydroelectric projects with installed capacity of 754.70MW located in various districts of J&K including 450MW BHEP, two units of which have been commissioned. The corporation is also pursuing the development of the Grid interactive solar PV power in the state in Leh(2.5MW), Kargil(2.5MW),Kathua(5MW) and Kashmir valley (5MW) as well as geothermal project in Pugah valley of Leh, Ladakh. JKSPDCL plans to automate various functions in an integrated manner to achieve operational efficiency. The corporation envisages an ambitious transition from manual
to completely integrated Enterprise Wide system. As an initial step, the corporation plans to convert the single entry system of accounts to a double entry system. Subsequently, the corporation intends to implement enterprise wide automated systems and adopt global best business practices in various functional areas including Purchase, Materials, Energy Sales, Project Management, Plant maintenance, Human Resources etc. This is envisaged to be deploying and adoption of a world-class ERP system with a successful track record in Power Utilities Globally and also in India. Cost effective and scalable, IFS Applications is used in large-scale, enterprise deployments and for best-of-breed functionality. World-class Utility and Telecom functionality, an agile application architecture, and a dedicated team of
experienced professionals have made IFS the choice of leading utilities. Dr Chandan Chowdhury, CEO – IFS India, said “Our offering to the automotive industry provides complete control of a business at a low cost of ownership and with superior technology. IFS has strong component-based functionality, and its track record and experience in Energy sector makes it a leader in this segment” Utility is a primary market for IFS. Some of the major utility customers of IFS across the globe include NHPC (India), Three Gorges (China), PKE (Poland), Belchatow Power Group (Poland), Statnett (Norway), Gullspang Energi AB (Sweden), Laziska Power plant (Poland), Ostroleka Electric Power Station Complex (Sweden), Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (India). energética india
INTERVIEW
Mr. Sudhir Gadh, AMSC Country Manager
“For AMSC, Strength Comes from Technical Know-How” Unveiling a string of technological developments in India, American Superconductor Corporation (AMSC) has been going from strength to strength in the country. With its expertise in wind turbine technology, the company has already licensed its proprietary wind turbine designs to two wind turbine manufacturers in India: Ghodawat Energy Limited and Inox Wind Limited. Both of these companies licensed AMSC Windtec™ turbine designs less than 24 months ago and have placed initial orders for AMSC’s wind turbine electrical components. Mr. Sudhir Gadh explained AMSC’s business and its launch of AMSC India in an interview with Energetica India. What is the experience of AMSC in India in one year of its operation? AMSC formed AMSC India in late 2009 to serve India’s rapidly growing wind energy and power grid markets with the com20
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pany’s wind turbine engineering, power electronics and superconductor-based solutions. AMSC’s first two wind turbine manufacturing customers in India are Ghodawat Energy Limited and Inox Wind
Limited. Under license agreements with AMSC’s wholly-owned AMSC Windtec subsidiary, AMSC is the exclusive power electronic system supplier for all Ghodawat and Inox wind turbines. Ghodawat, based in Pune-Kolhapur, signed a license agreement with AMSC Windtec for our proprietary 1.65 megawatt (MW) WT1650 doubly-fed induction wind turbine design. Inox Wind, part of Gujarat Flouro Chemicals, licensed AMSC Windtec’s proprietary 2 MW doubly-fed induction wind turbine design in May of 2009. Our Windtec division designs a variety of wind turbine systems from the ground up, and licenses these designs to third parties for an upfront fee and royalty energética india
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payments. AMSC established its Windtec subsidiary in 2007 when it acquired leading independent engineering firm Windtec GmbH which was founded in 1995 in Klagenfurt, Austria. Windtec currently has fourteen licensees in locations around the world. In addition to Ghodawat and Inox, our current customers include: Korea’s Hyundai Heavy Industries, Sinovel Wind, Shenyang Blower Works (Group) Co., Ltd., XJ Group, Dongfang and CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd (“CSR-ZELRI”) in China; Taiwanbased TECO Electric & Machinery Co., Ltd.; Model Energy in Turkey; AAER in Canada; Doosan in South Korea; and Wikov Wind in the Czech Republic. How is AMSC technology different from its competitors? The strength of our technology lies in four factors. First and foremost, we have the world’s premiere wind turbine engineering organization. Our Windtec division employs more than 150 engineers and researchers who are focused continuously on the development of advanced technologies for a very wide range of capabilities in wind turbine technology. Secondly, although we are a global company, we believe in acting locally. As such, we ensure that our licensees are able to depend on the indigenous supply chain. For example, when we ventured into China, we helped our Chinese wind turbine manufacturers procure most of the needed technologies from locally-based Chinese suppliers. Likewise, in India, we are supporting the local industry. From our licensees point of view, this offers a huge advantage both because 1) their costs come down considerably and 2) supplies and deliveries of products are easier and faster. The third advantage is the edge these technologies provide for our customers. As a supplier of high-quality wind turbine designs, we focus on whole factors of investment for our customers including the cost of a wind turbine, the amount of power that gets generated and lower requirements for maintenance. This makes the cost per MW of power generated from turbines designed by AMSC Windtec very attractive. We also provide new wind turbine manufactures with extensive customer support throughout their manufacturing energética india
India-based Ghodawat Energy Limited’s first 1.65 MW doubly fed induction wind turbine designed by AMSC’s wholly owned AMSC Windtec ™ subsidiary under a contract signed in April 2008. Courtesy of Ghodawat Energy Limited.
scale-up, which can enable them to enter the market in as little as twelve months. Lastly, our technology is not standardized universally for everywhere. For example, the 1.65 MW and 2 MW wind turbine designs we have licensed to our customers in China are different from the 1.65 MW and 2 MW designed we provide to customers in India or other parts of the world. We provide customized designs to suit the climatic, wind and power grid conditions as well as the operating needs of each specific country and/or region. So, as a result, we have a version specially suited for the very high temperatures in India as well as the very cold temperatures existing, for example, in Inner Mongolia. We also design various sizes of wind turbine blades to ca-
ter to the variable wind speeds existing in different regions. What inspired AMSC to foray into India? We see India as a very strong, evolving market for the wind industry as well as the overall power grid sector, which will have progressive needs for the best-in-class global technologies. India’s wind power market is the fifth in the world in terms of total installed wind power capacity. The country has been installing wind energy capacity at a rate of between 1.2 gigawatts (GW) and 1.7 GW per year. We anticipate this figure will continue to increase in the coming years. While India’s wind power market is still emerging and not as large for example JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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High temperature superconductor (HTS) wire is able to conduct 150 times the power of similar-sized copper wire. Courtesy of American Superconductor.
What is the difference between the onshore and offshore market? The offshore and onshore wind markets both have different sets of advantages. For instance, investment per MW may be higher in the case of offshore wind turbines, but due to higher wind speeds, the power generation capacity per MW for offshore turbines can also be higher. From a turbine size viewpoint, currently offshore wind power typically means higher turbine ratings of between 3 MW - 5 MW. We believe superconductors will be key to increasing these power ratings to 10 MW and higher going forward.
will include a direct drive superconductor generator. The SeaTitan will offer significant size, weight and cost advantages for the offshore wind power market. The largest wind turbine ratings currently top out at approximately 6 MW due in part to practical limitations of conventional technologies in terms of physical size and weight of the generators that must be transported over roads and supported on towers hundreds of feet in the air. Direct drive wind generator systems utilizing high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire instead of copper wire for the generator’s rotor will be much smaller, lighter and more efficient than conventional generators and gearboxes. The power density advantage of superconductors will enable these turbines to provide more power per tower dramatically reducing the costs associated with offshore wind. AMSC is also focused on building a knowledge base and alliances around the subsea structure technologies that are required for offshore wind farms.
Could you please elaborate about technology of 10 MW wind turbine expected to launch soon? AMSC has a long track record of success in the wind power industry and with superconductor rotating machines like motors and generators. We are now using combining these strengths to develop the 10 MW-class SeaTitan superconductor wind turbine. This would be the world’s biggest and most powerful wind turbine and
What would you like to see from India’s government? What we want India’s government to do is to work to develop an efficient grid. India should have stringent regulations in place about power quality feeding into the grid. Whether it is a wind farm, hydro or thermal power generation unit, only the right quality of power should be fed into the grid. The government should ensure that industry complies with these basic grid
as China’s, it is clearly a lucrative market that we believe will continue to grow. India’s offshore wind power market is also expected to develop in the coming years, representing another strong opportunity for AMSC Windtec’s higher power wind energy systems, including our 10+ MW SeaTitan™ superconductor wind turbine currently under development.
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codes. When a grid code is adhered to religiously, power generators will utilize better technologies, and the utility grid will be able to offer the right quality of power to its connecting consumers - whether industry, rurally-based users or households. Today, in the case of wind power generation, in most parts of India, the plant load factor is close to 15 %. This will increase to 25% to 30% once better generation technologies and stricter grid codes are introduced and their implementation is ensured. Additionally, as has been learned through the rapid growth of China’s wind power market, it is not enough to only support the growth of a country’s wind industry. Governments must also support build out the power grid infrastructure needed to reliably deliver wind generated electricity to the consumer. What are the projects in pipeline for AMSC? Presently, we are focusing on our two licensees in India and supporting them as they scale their operations and become leading wind turbine manufactures. Because we produce a wide range of proprietary designs for wind turbines, we can come into agreement with additional new licensees, as and when the market situation demands. In addition to wind turbine technologies, AMSC also produces a wind range of products for the power transmission and distribution sector. Our D-VAR® reactive compensation solution is used for interconnecting power generation points to the greater power grid. These generation points could be a wind farm, or any other source. Through our AMSC India division, we are currently working to introduce the D-VAR product in India. AMSC also has a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) offering for the industrial sector that will be launched in India very soon. In addition, AMSC will help introduce superconductor cable technology to the Indian market. These highcapacity, very low impedance cables utilize AMSC’s high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire and are able to transmit 10 times more power than traditional copperbased cables. We also see a significant market opportunity for superconductor cable solutions in India in years to come.
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Did you face any paucity of technocrats in India, while transferring technology? Not at all. There is no paucity of technocrats in India. Rather, we appreciate the technical capabilities of Indian technicians. While working with our Indian licensees, we came across many technicians who are at par with technicians around the globe. India’s engineers are highly professional, dedicated and technically sound. I am fully convinced that there is no dearth of technical manpower in India. In fact, I see the country as an evolving source of technical expertise in the global marketplace. What would be market share of AMSC five years down the line? What is AMSC’s market share in China? I can’t provide projections on that, but I can predict that AMSC’s wind turbine licensees will surely hold a large share of the wind market in the country within three to five years. In China, our licensees now account for nearly 40% of the market. In fact, one of our customers in China is making more turbines today than all of India’s wind turbine manufacturers combined. For us, India will be a very strategic market. We are also looking at our Indian licensees to export turbines to the global market. Our India licensees would not only be catering to India but also to global markets in North/South America, Europe, South Asian, Middle East and African countries. What are the sizes of the turbines manufactured by licensees in China? How different is Chinese experience in comparison to Indian experience? AMSC’s business in China has grown quite rapidly over the past several years and we now are generating more than half of our sales there. Our business in India is just starting today, but we see significant potential in the market. In fact, the market is quite similar China’s market several years ago. India’s wind turbine market is dominated by a couple large players and there is a need for more domestic manufacturers. Companies that have proven manufacturing experience can enter this market very quickly with AMSC’s assistance. We currently are working with customers in India with our 1.65 MW and 2 MW designs and expect to sign additional customers in time. energética india
Also, as is the case in China, we also see tremendous opportunities in India’s power grid sector. If this country is going to continue to grow its economy and be a significant global player, it must invest aggressively to update the power grid. And AMSC India is here to help. Could you throw light on smart grid technology that AMSC offers? AMSC produces a range of Smart Grid technologies. Our D-VAR solution provides voltage regulation and power factor correction, along with post-contingency assistance to stabilize voltage, relieve power grid congestion, improve electrical efficiency, and prevent blackouts in power grids. These reactive compensation systems interact with the grid on a real-time basis and are able to detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by dynamically injecting leading or lagging reactive power into the power grid. Our D-VAR systems are currently being utilized by more than 50 wind farms worldwide to meet local grid interconnection requirements. Another FACTS device is AMSC’s scalable static VAR compensator (SVC) system which can be used on the transmission grid as well the distribution system. High-voltage SVCs continuously enhance the performance of transmission lines improve efficiency, and prevent blackouts. Lower voltage SVC solutions improve the quality of electric
power and increase the operational efficiency of large industrial operations. AMSC’s superconductor technologies also have application to the Smart Grid. While most “Smart Grid” discussions tend to center on intelligent communications and metering technologies, the actual definition of the Smart Grid includes grid infrastructure. Superconductor cables can increase transmission efficiency and significantly enhance the flow of power under city streets. They automatically suppress dangerous power surges and create resilient, self healing power grids that can survive attacks and natural disasters and provide the infrastructure needed to support the Smart Grid. AMSC’s Secure Super Grid™ (SSG) technology is a system-level superconductor cable also highly applicable to the development of the Smart Grid. The SSG utilizes the company’s second generation HTS wire, known as 344 superconductors, and provides electric utilities with a means to simultaneously address rising electricity demands and increasing fault current levels. What is the percentage of the offshore market worldwide? The offshore wind market is currently only marginally tapped and expected to begin a period of exponential growth in the years ahead. Today, there is less than 2 GWs of offshore wind installed worldwide. We expect this market will grow to more 150 GW by 2030. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Insurance Possibilities for Wind Energy Sector MR. AJAY BIMBHET, MANAGING DIRECTOR, ROYAL SUNDARAM ALLIANCE INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. The post liberalization era -India has been witness to a determined push by the government to hasten the pace of industrialization and make India one of the most preferred destinations for investment. While the efforts of the government have been laudable, we cannot attain a rapid pace of economic growth if our basic infrastructure is not in place and the most important component of this would be an uninterrupted supply of power. Unfortunately, most parts of the country have been plagued by an energy shortfall which has been a source of increasing frustration among the industry.
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study by KPMG shows that India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world with an installed capacity of 152 GW as on 30 September 2009, which is about 4 percent of global power generation. The study further estimates the average per capita consumption of electricity in India to be 704 Kwh during 2008-09 which is fairly low when compared to that of some of the developed and emerging nations such US (~15,000 Kwh). China (~1,800 Kwh) and the world average at 2,300 Kwh. The prognosis is decidedly dismal and the electricity energy shortfall for India is estimated to remain at 34,250 MW by 2012 and we would require energy above 300,000 MW by 2020 in order to sustain our economic growth. In this context, renewable energy can play a crucial role in filling a part of the energy gap and we have seen many companies making a foray into this sector of late. Though fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy mix in the near future, there has to be a relentless effort to make renewable energy the major source of electricity generation for a brighter and cleaner planet. Although wind energy still accounts for less than one percent of the world’s electricity generation, it has been attracting a lot of investment and is one of the fastest growing energy systems in the world. There are numerous reasons for this such as the reduction in the cost of wind turbines, volatility in the prices of conventional energy forms and most importantly the pressure on the global community to gradually make non – carbon forms of energy a major source of power to mitigate the effects of climate change. The cost of wind energy is determined by the initial wind turbine installation costs, interest rate on the money invested and the 24
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amount of energy produced. Power production by wind turbines is contingent on various factors, chiefly the geographical and topographical conditions. Wind energy is an ideal renewable energy source, since it is an infinitely sustainable energy source and has a low gestation (erection) period. Wind farms are also compatible with agriculture since the wind turbines only cover about 2% of the land and the rest of the land can be used for farming or grazing. Moreover, although the initial wind energy costs are higher as compared to conventional electricity, improved technology has seen the costs of wind energy reducing drastically year on year whereas conventional electricity generation costs have been rising as the planet’s fossil fuels continue to deplete. In the initial years, the growth in the number of wind turbines and the gradual growth in the size of the individual turbine, which meant a higher financial value, was a precursor to a demand for more specialized covers with the recognition of the fact that a wind turbine is essentially a power plant and should be treated as such for insurance purposes. However, with the increase in the number of wind energy farms, the need for specialized insurance solutions specifically catering to this segment has been felt. Denmark is a pioneer in the Wind Energy industry having both onshore and offshore Wind Turbines. In Denmark, nearly 10% of the power production is contributed by wind turbines with a wind energy capacity installed per capita many times higher than in any other country. Therefore, Danish insurers are a repository of relevant risk data on wind turbines for a number of years. RSA, erstwhile Royal & Sun Alliance, with their presence in Denmark operating with CODAN –are one of the largest and most
trusted insurance providers for wind energy. Windmills are vulnerable to various risk exposures such as • Transit Damages due to the Over Dimensional nature of the equipment (Blades and towers) being handled. • Handling damages during installation • Erection and testing losses • Operational damage due to windstorms which could damage the rotor blades • Breakdown of gearboxes, generators. • Damages due to lightning • Third party liability due to blades getting dislodged and damaging public property as well as life • Loss of components due to theft during installation or operational stages • Damage to the turbines due to fire, arson or riot Royal Sundaram is a leading player in insuring Wind Turbine Generators and can design tailor-made solutions to cater to specific needs of the insured. An off-the-shelf seamless policy covering the following can be availed • Transit & Erection cover inclusive cover for hired machinery • Loss of Profits arising out of insurable loss during erection • All Risk cover at the Operational Stage and subsequent Loss of Profits, if any • Public Liability Risk Today, wind energy is one of the fastest growing methods of electricity generation, both in terms of efficiency and the size of the turbines. Very soon we expect to see turbines to the capacity of 20 MW and above. Royal Sundaram takes pleasure to be an active partner to this industry and in doing its bit to bring us a step closer to a clean energy future for our planet and gradually eliminate our dependence on fossil fuels. energética india
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Minimising Risks for Wind Energy Projects through Project Certification and Life Cycle Monitoring ALEXANDER HEITMANN.GLOBAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER.GLOBAL COMPETENCE CENTRE WIND ENERGY. SGS GROUP MANAGEMENT LTD. INDUSTRIAL SERVICES The growth of the wind power sector in outright terms has been accompanied by everlarger installed project capacities as well as steady increases in the rated power of new turbines. These overall tendencies have given rise to greater risk in the project development process. The focus of this paper will be some of the opportunities for minimising risk throughout the lifetime of a wind project such as certification, verification, testing and inspections. These measures – increasingly important for manufacturers and investors alike – must be carried out in a suitable and professional manner.
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he criteria for a successful project will be defined in a project’s Conceptual Phase. In order to ensure that these criteria are attained throughout the service life of the project, various types of reviews and verifications can be performed. For example, during the project’s development phase, design assessment and manufacturing surveys can be undertaken, as well as transportation and installation monitoring. During the operational phase (beginning with the commissioning of the turbine / wind farm) various types of inspections may be realised to ensure that the project fulfils the specified criteria for success. To safeguard investments and assure the quality of projects, owners, investors, insurance companies and developers are increasingly soliciting independent consultants to verify that the wind farm will perform successfully throughout its anticipated lifetime. A simple standardised set of criteria cannot be applied to all projects. Instead, focus must be placed not just on the local wind regime but also the location’s geotechnical conditions, infrastructure, climate and other environmental conditions, which results in a site-specific suitability approval. One of the main concerns of wind project investors is the risk of losing or producing less energy from the wind turbines than predicted. A variety of factors may 26
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result in wind turbine underperformance, from reduced technical availability due to corrective maintenance to an annual wind resource inferior to the predicted longterm average. The reliability of the structures is therefore essential in order to optimise the wind farm’s power production. Even a minor failure can cause unacceptable downtime and therefore loss of production and revenue. By undertaking Project Certification, a process of risk mitigation is undertaken whereby major hurdles encountered throughout project development can be prevented or at least mitigated, resulting in an overall reduced risk profile for the project. The purpose of Project Certification –also known at SGS as Life Cycle Monitoring– is to verify that a given wind energy project is suitable for the site-specific conditions. This paper will give an overview of the actual status of the IEC international certification scheme, followed by an updated and more practically oriented approach developed by SGS to minimise risks within a wind energy project.
Guideline for Certification The general objective of certification activities is to confirm that the certified product, project, system or service fulfils all requirements stipulated or outlined in applicable standards, guidelines, codes or individual regulations. For the wind industry, the focus of certification ranges from individual components (e.g. gearboxes, rotor blades, etc.) to the wind turbine as a whole as well as the wind project as a whole. This document covers the full range of certification from an individual component through the whole wind project. The international standard for the complete range of certification for the wind energy sector is the IEC WT01 [1]. The IEC committee is currently working on an update of IEC WT01, which dates back to 2001. The WT01 will thus be replaced by the IEC 61400-22 [2], which is expected to be released in the second quarter of 2010. The IEC WT01 is generally the basis for the majority of international certifications in the wind industry for Type Certification of wind turbines or Project Certification. Type Certification is a standardised and general certification of the turbine type with respect to aspects such as general structural integrity, personal safety and overall quality. In light of the ever increasing size of wind farms and more challenging locations, a type certificate does not cover every condition, the wind turbine will encounter throughout its service life, energética india
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Figure 1.
nor all risks within a modern wind farm project. To ensure that all risks are covered, a Project Certification may be realised, a process which ensures that the site conditions and the turbine type match and that any on-site conditions outside those specified in the type certificate are acceptable. Type Certification The IEC WT01 defines Type Certification as the following: “The purpose of Type Certification is to confirm that the wind turbine type is designed, documented and manufactured in conformity with design assumptions, specific standards and other technical requirements”. This approach to certification covers a series production of wind turbines, throughout the design and production phases. This means the production of turbines and components is only evaluated energética india
on a spot-check basis and not continually. The figure 1 should give an overview about the mandatory and optional modules of Type Certification. Each of the above-mentioned modules includes a comprehensive evaluation scheme for the different aspects of turbine development and manufacturing and culminates in a conformity statement. These conformity statements are collected and analysed in the final evaluation report, which forms the basis for the type certificate. The type certificate itself will attest to the final and overall validity of the turbine type in conformity with the corresponding type Certification guideline. A type certificate is valid for up to five years and can be renewed via a re-certification at the end of the validity period. The certification body shall be informed of any deviating oper-
ating experiences and modifications on a regular basis. A valid type certificate for a specific turbine type gives the potential buyer of a wind turbine the assurance that the turbine has been designed according to internationally recognised standards and that all requirements of the relevant guideline are fulfilled. Within these guidelines a wide range of general conditions are taken into consideration so as to represent the vast majority of locations globally (e.g. IEC Class A, B or C wind zones). The intention of Type Certification is to design turbines for specific annual wind speed classes (from low to high wind speeds) and specific extreme wind speeds. Nevertheless, specific on-site conditions such as real annual wind speed, extreme wind speeds, horizontal and vertical wind shear, wake effects, soil conditions and influences from terrain, temperature and air parameters are only considered in a cursory manner. For stand-alone wind turbines and small wind farms this may be sufficient but as wind projects increase in size, the importance of a full project-specific verification covering all aspects of production, transportation and erection is being realised. Project Certification The IEC WT01 defines Project Certification as follows: “Project Certification shall confirm for a specific site that type-certified wind turbines and particular foundation JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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not only IEC WT01 requirements but also specific market needs in order to minimise risks during the realisation of large-scale on- and offshore wind farms.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
designs meet requirements governed by site-specific external conditions and are in conformity with applicable local codes and other requirements relevant to site”. The figure 2 describes the certification scheme for Project Certification according to IEC WT01. The site assessment covers all aspects of wind conditions for a given site. These conditions shall be measured and calculated by an accredited measuring institute and the results shall be compared to assumptions within the type certificate. Because of varying local requirements and soil conditions which are site specific, 28
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an individual calculation of foundation design is mandatory for each project. Within the Project Certification process, an independent parallel calculation of foundation design as well as a verification of the used standards shall be performed. The experiences of past project realisation has shown that Project Certification conducted in accordance with IEC WT01 is not sufficient to cover all the risks within project development, which is one reason why a working group has been founded to update the said guideline. In the meantime, SGS has developed a comprehensive scope of work which fulfils
SGS Approach for Project Certification / Life Cycle Monitoring The SGS approach to Project Certification is based on the concept of life cycle monitoring of wind farm projects. This Life Cycle Monitoring can be divided into seven steps (numbered 0 to 6). • Step 0. The earlier risks are detected the earlier prevention and/or countermeasures can be implemented. It is therefore recommended to initiate the Project Certification process in the conceptual phase of the project. Services such as Technical Consultancy and Tender Support can minimise risks related to both the budgeted costs and allocated timeline throughout the execution of the project. • Step I. The verification of the Design Basis entails an assessment of all environmental conditions related to the site (e.g. wind, temperatures, geotechnical and consequential load and design assumptions). • Step II. The verification of the detailed design includes the assessment of the combined load cases for the complete wind turbine, its tower, foundations, and electrical components as well as for the transformer station and the cables. • Step III. A significant part of the Project Certification is the Manufacturing Survey. To ensure quality during the production of components, regular inspection visits to the different manufacturers will be performed. These visits are preceded by a pre-production meeting to establish the Inspection and Test Plan. Specifically, the Manufacturing Survey includes welding, non-destructive testing (NDT) and material testing supervision, coating inspections, assembly checks as well as supervision of test runs of electrical and mechanical components. Additionally, if requested, quality management and/or ability audits can be performed in early phases to select qualified suppliers. • Step IV. To minimise risks during Transportation and Installation, transport verification and warranty surveys should be performed. The specific scope for this phase depends on the specific local energética india
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ELEMENT PHASE
A. Wind Turbine
B. Support Structure
C. Substation and Cables
0. Concept Development
Review of turbine suitability based on initial site conditions Review of wind measurements Energy yield calculation review
Review of Design Concept based on initial site conditions
Review of Design Concept based on initial site conditions
I. Design Basis
Site Conditions Codes, Standards and Requirements Design Installation and Commissioning Operations and Maintenance Site-specific Wind Turbine Approval
Site Conditions Codes, Standards and Requirements Design Installation and Commissioning Operations and Maintenance
Site Conditions Codes, Standards and Requirements Design Installation and Commissioning Operation and Maintenance Grid Connection
II. Design
Verification of Load and Response Verification of Wind Turbine Verification of Installation and Commissioning Procedures Verification of Operation and Maintenance
Verification of Load and Response Verification of Support Structure Verification of Installation and Commissioning Procedures Verification of Operation and Maintenance
Verification of Substation and Cables Verification of Electrical Systems Verification of Installation and Commissioning Procedures Verification of Operation and Maintenance
III. Manufacturing
Manufacturing Survey of Wind Turbine Manufacturing Survey of Electrical Components and Systems
Manufacturing Survey of Support Structure and Substation structure
IV. Installation
Warranty Survey
Warranty Survey
Warranty Survey
V. Commissioning
Commissioning
Commissioning
Commissioning
VI. In-Service
In-Service
In-Service
In-Service
transportation requirements, insurance of transportation and installation etc. • Step V. The Commissioning of the wind farm shall be surveyed by experts to confirm that it will function according to approved procedures; at this time a safe start-up and functional test of the wind turbines will be undertaken. After this step the project certificate will be issued which is valid for a limited time and shall be maintained. • Step VI. In addition to the project certificate attained after steps 0 to V, periodic In-Service Inspections should be conducted to maintain the Project Certificate. At the minimum, the Periodic Inspection of wind farms should include: • Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Analyses and Tests • Monitoring and Inspections of Wind Turbine Blades • Inspections of Structural and Electrical Systems • Inspection of Coating and Corrosion Protection Systems • Coating Failure Analyses and Investigations The aim of Project Certification is to ensure that the quality of the wind farm is maintained which will in turn ensure that the criteria for a successful project are also attained. It will be verified that the project complies with standards and project specifications and consists of the following verification phases: energética india
Step 0
Concept Development
Step I:
Verification of Design Basis
Step II:
Verification of Design
Step III:
Manufacturing Survey
Step IV:
Installation Survey
Step V:
Commissioning Survey
Step VI:
In-Service Inspections
With the exception of Phase 0, each phase will culminate with a Statement of Compliance; upon completion of Phases I to V, the SGS Project Certificate will be issued. The Project Certificate is valid at the time of commissioning of the wind farm. For the In-Service phase, the Project Certificate may be renewed based on the results of annual surveys and inspections. After a 5-year period, a more comprehensive “renewal survey” must be performed in order to extend the validity of the Project Certification for another 5 years. Project Certification covers the following elements: A) WIND TURBINE The wind turbine, as defined for a wind energy project, includes the rotor and nacelle assembly as well as the electrical installations and secondary structures (e.g. platforms) located inside the tower. B) SUPPORT STRUCTURE The support structure for a wind turbine is defined as the structure below the wind turbine yaw system at the nacelle, i.e. including the tower structure and the foundation. C) SUBSTATION AND CABLES The substation/transformer station and ca-
Manufacturing Survey of Support Structure and Substation structure Manufacturing Survey of Electrical Components and Systems
bles comprise the substation, if applicable, and its support structure including the cables between the substation, the wind turbines and the main grid. This differs slightly between onshore and offshore projects. The phases covering the various activities are depicted in the following table. The table indicates which activities are related to the different elements during the verification phases. Conclusion Due to the growth of the wind energy sector combined with increases in wind farm installed capacities and turbine rated power, the need for risk minimisation is becoming more and more acute for owners, investors, insurers and developers. To ensure reliability and safety within a project, an independent project certification or life cycle monitoring can be implemented. Doing so will increase the confidence in the investment and lead to a more reliable project which will be instrumental in achieving the criteria for a successful project and will heavily facilitate obtaining project financing.. References [1] IEC WT 01: “IEC System for Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind Turbines, Rules and Procedures”, 2001-04 [2] IEC 61400-22: Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind Turbines, Draft MT 22, April 2007 Alexander Heitmann Renewable Energy Global Business Development Manager Mobile: +49 (0) 172 437 08 38 eMail: alexander.heitmann@sgs.com
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Using Modern Interconnection Technology to Fulfill.The Promise of Renewable Energy in India TONY SIEBERT, DIRECTOR OF FACTS AND D-VAR BUSINESS, AMSC POWER SYSTEMS AND SUDHIR GADH, COUNTRY MANAGER, AMSC INDIA India currently has about 13.2 gigawatts (GW) of renewable generation on line, accounting for nearly 9% of India’s overall power generating capacity. Nearly 77% of this is in the form of wind energy while the installed base of solar energy is presently small. The Indian government has ambitious plans to boost the output of all forms of renewable energy - solar energy, wind energy, small hydro projects, waste-to-energy, biomass cogeneration systems and alternate fuel. As per the recently announced National Solar Mission, the country plans to expand solar power capacity from a virtually negligible base to 20 GW by 2020 and to 100 GW by 2030.
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ccording to a report issued by the Global Wind Energy Council’s (GWEC) in February 2010, India now ranks fifth in the world in terms of total installed wind power capacity. Wind energy capacity nearly doubled over the past few years to 10.9 GW by December 31, 2009. The Indian Wind Energy Association estimates that the country has 65,000 MW of wind power potential. The World Institute of Sustainable Energy-India (WISE) estimates that with larger turbines, greater land availability and expanded resource exploration, the wind energy potential could be as big as 100 GW. To specifically identify the most compelling wind locations, India has implemented an expansive wind resource assessment program consisting of wind monitoring, wind mapping and complex terrain projects. This program covered 1,050 wind monitoring and mapping stations across 25 states and helped to identify 216 commercially-viable sites for harnessing wind power. According to the GWEC and the Indian Wind Turbines Manufacturers Association (IWTMA), with proper incentives, wind energy can meet over 24 percent of India’s energy needs by 2030. Fulfilling India’s wind power goals has put a spotlight on utility grid interconnection for wind farms. Electric utilities around the world today are grappling with the challenge of dealing with variable voltage from wind farms vs. the constant voltage that stems from conventional energy 30
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currently deployed at more than 50 wind farms around the world for this purpose.
AMSC’s proprietary D-VAR® solution that provides a cost-effective way of stabilizing voltage levels by injecting dynamic reactive power (VARs) precisely where voltage problems occur. These solutions are currently deployed at more than 50 wind farms globally to meet local grid interconnection requirements. (Courtesy of American Superconductor).
sources like coal-fired plants. These variable voltage levels can result in interruptions in service and serious damage to costly transmission grid equipment. To meet local grid interconnection requirements adopted in many regions to protect the grid, wind farm developers have deployed flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices – known as static compensators (STATCOMS) – that provide the essential reactive power capability that is needed to regulate the voltage output of wind farms. These solutions facilitate quick, practical and economical interconnection of wind farms, even when grid interconnection requirements vary by region. American Superconductor’s (AMSC) D-VAR® STATCOM is the de facto standard for wind farm grid interconnection and is
D-VAR for Interconnection – A High-Tech Tour de Force for Renewables Unlike the dynamic voltage support provided by conventional power sources such as coal-fired plants, reactive power derived from wind farms sometimes cannot be provided dynamically or in continuously variable amounts. To protect the integrity and smooth operation of the transmission grid, a handful of countries around the world have adopted interconnection standards for new wind farms that require the wind farm to provide certain amounts of dynamic reactive compensation, similar to traditional generation. These countries include Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Spain and the U.K. Interconnection standards vary from country to country and among individual provinces or states, depending on local grid characteristics and utility-specific requirements. While India has general grid interconnection standards in place, it has yet to impose wind farm-specific standards and it does not currently require dynamic reactive compensation for renewable energy sites. India is, however, expected to impose more stringent grid interconnection requirements for wind installations in the future. In addition to the provision of dynamic reactive compensation, wind farms today must maintain low-voltage ride through energética india
WINDPOWER
(LVRT) capability – the ability of generators to remain stable and connected during normally cleared electrical faults on a transmission grid. Fault ride-through requirements are currently defined in many regions of the world where a large number of utility-scale wind farms are being installed. In some cases, these faults – often resulting from natural causes such as lightning strikes – can cause a substantial transient voltage depression across large areas. Other common interconnection requirements call for wind turbines to operate continuously up to a rated output within normal grid voltage ranges, maintain a constant voltage and remain connected during small voltage step changes. At larger wind farms, interconnection requires steady state voltage regulation, power factor correction and LVRT capability for the entire wind farm. The solution to the interconnection problem is a modular D-VAR reactive compensation system, pioneered by AMSC. A D-VAR system is an inverter-based reactive power compensation system, composed of rackable modules capable of producing capacitive and inductive VARs. As stated above, D-VARs are classified as Static Compensators, or “STATCOMs,” a member of the FACTS family of power electronic solutions for alternating current (AC) power grids. These devices provide the essential reactive power capability needed to regulate the voltage output of wind farms. D-VARs provide voltage regulation and power factor correction, along with post-contingency assistance to stabilize voltage, relieve power grid congestion, improve electrical efficiency, and prevent blackouts in power grids. These Smart Grid devices are able to detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by dynamically injecting leading or lagging reactive power into the power grid. The D-VAR system is sited right at the substation connecting wind farms to the grid, stabilizing the voltage that is fed into it. D-VAR provides the dynamic reactive power capability that allows wind farms to both stay on-line and meet the most stringent grid interconnection standards being adopted in regions and countries around the world. Unlike capacitor-based systems, this technology is not subject to the square of voltage de-rating factor at lower voltenergética india
A D-VAR installation at the Hallett Wind Farm located in South Australia with wind turbines in the background. When completed, Hallett will be one of Australia’s largest wind farms. (Courtesy of American Superconductor).
ages. However, AMSC’s D-VAR systems can still “soft-switch” external capacitors, thereby eliminating the voltage step changes experienced by a wind farm and a utility. To accommodate wind farms of any size, D-VAR systems are scalable, ranging from two megavolt ampere reactive (MVARs) to hundreds of MVARs. This scalability reduces the overall level of MVARs needed for some applications, further improving the economics of the wind farm. AMSC’s D-VAR technology has other proven applications in addition to wind farm voltage regulation and low-voltage ride. Examples of these diverse applications include mitigating localized voltage collapse problems; single-point, large-block transmission interconnection; increasing power transfer through stability-limited systems; reducing and retiring reliability mustrun generation for voltage support; voltage regulation on radial lines and in weak grids; and mitigating industrial voltage transients. Summary The favorable economics of renewables and new technology breakthroughs, are facilitating India’s goals. As a result, there is a nearly $1 billion renewable energy market in India alone, a market that is growing at a rate of about 15-20% per year. The market is being driven by the installation of modern high-powered wind turbines to replace old and lower capacity machines, the development of offshore wind farms, and the development of hybrid turbines. The success of any renewable energy project depends on the reliable interconnection of the new, clean generation source to the power grid. And, thus the critical inter-
connection requirement has put renewed focus on specific technology solutions for the Indian renewable power market. Given the rapid advance in world wind power markets, the unique characteristics of wind generation, and the trend toward larger wind parks, more projects will require dynamic reactive compensation –D-VAR– as a condition of interconnection. Ultimately, the heightened focus on interconnection requirements and standards is a win-win for all renewable market stakeholders, including and most importantly, electricity consumers. AMSC D-VAR solutions are being utilized by wind farms around the world to meet local interconnection requirements, and are highly applicable to India’s growing wind market as more and more wind power projects come online and require safe interconnection to the greater power grid. Field experience with these installations has demonstrated that these systems mitigate voltage sags or swells originating from the transmission grid, which in turn enhances the ability of the wind farm to stay on line and helps to prevent tripping of the turbine generators. This directly helps to maximize the wind farm’s power output, which leads to increased revenues. Capacitor-bank switching events are also minimized, thereby reducing switch maintenance costs. Finally, and most significantly, overall grid interconnection costs are minimized. For further information, contact: Tony Siebert, American Superconductor Corp., 15775 W. Schaefer Court New Berlin, WI 53151 Tel.: 262901-6037 Email: tsiebert@amsc.com. Sudhir Gadh, AMSC India, 701 Devika Tower, 6 Nehru Place, New Delhi, India – 110019 Tel.: +9111-41617069 / 26234422 Mobile: +91-9810019016 Email: sgadh@amsc.com.
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Challenges For Ipps In The Wind Energy Generator (WEG) Sector PRAMODH PANCHANADAM, MANAGER-BUS. DEVELOPMENT, SPI GROUP There are only a handful of Independent Power Producer’s (IPP) in India, having investments that are non-conventional and renewable in nature. Investments in Wind Energy Generators have been over the years driven by incentives and social policy rather than normative investment decisions especially in India. However, a strong and positive regulatory authority with investment driven policy is said to make things better for IPP.
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his has attracted companies such as Acciona, Green Infra Limited, etc, Roaring 40s to invest in the WEG segment. Nevertheless, there are still primary issues that need to be sorted for any major investment in the WEG Segment such as Land, evacuation facility and supply logistics on the one side and availability of certified proven technology of megawatt class locally on the other side. Globally at present, there are twenty OEM’s that can supply megawatt class machines located primarily in Europe, USA, India and China, of which six have CWET approval to operate megawatt class machines in India. Though, most of the major OEM’s have their manufacturing facility in India, they still have key components such as generator, gearbox sourced from Europe. For an IPP; these work as additional risk and cost on O&M that eat away the small margin gained in regularized O&M. A secure local supply line with trained staff shall help in a long way to reduce cost and directly help the primary consumer in reduced tariff. On the matters of project development activities, obtaining adequate land parcel of sufficient wind density, data about wind density, logistics on supply to site and establishment of evacuation facility are primary constraints in establishing a moderate size wind farm. Land At present, most of the primary identified wind sites have installed wind turbine generators. This necessitates moving to secondary wind sites that have lower wind potential but which can still be harnessed by using low speed high capacity wind turbines designed for lower wind class. However, data on wind 32
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density for these sites are not readily available nor for virgin sites across India. For those, that are available in public; the land is held by an OEM and Wind Project Development Facilitator consortium. This land is offered as a package with the OEM’s installation only. Potential land sites identified either through satellite data mapping or land being, by virtue close to a wind pass, are either blocked by similar consortium or have been rejected due lack of adequate spacing to put high capacity machines. Moreover, to get a single large parcel of land with wind potential is increasingly becoming difficult. Further, risk on virgin land acquisition is high with too many acts and regulations to adhere too for holding and disposing based on wind potential.
Evacuation facility At present, potential wind sites have most of their power evacuation saturated. Any new build up of capacity is immediately booked by OEM’s and their facilitators and the capacity saturated within a year. Moreover, some of the WTG’s installed; face, switch off due to inadequate evacuation arrangement during peak season. This is basically because allocation of evacuation arrangement is not based out of full WTG generation capacity but rather on average generation during non peak wind season. This arrangement is done to accommodate more WTG’s at one location, however, shall not be good for IPP model. Hence, any mega sized wind farm shall require building additional transmission network and substation for its power evacuation.
Supply Logistics Most of the OEM’s at present have scaled down their manufacturing capacities and at present go by order book execution. This means that the lead time for new orders have increased to four months and with some manufacturers providing timeline as high as one year for critical component procurement. An order based on short-time schedules shall attract a premium from some of the OEM’s. However, this time may not be enough to measure all quality parameters from the investor side. Further, higher capacity wind turbine generators shall attract inherent site logistics problems due to size of the critical equipment such as blade, tower and nacelle. Moreover, installation to commissioning of large machines involves mobilization of erection equipment such as crane; wherein, if a site is undulated then time of mobilization shall increase.
Regulatory WEG sector though has been in operation in India since the eighties is still considered nascent when compared to conventional technologies. Presently, the regulatory authorities are taking interest in understanding of the technology and its establishment constraints and are slowly coming up with defined tariff policy for the segment. However, more needs to be done in terms of operational regulations for “Failure Free” operations especially for non technical reasons. Further, in bringing concepts of scheduling and load shedding; leverages should be provided for wind pattern vagaries and machine operational de-rating. Additionally, adherence to energy definition and mandatory grid safety operational features coupled with mandatory reporting on generation to potential with feedback requirements shall help in better positioning the WEG sector among the generation industry. energética india
ANALYSIS
Wind Energy Holds A Very Promising Future In India HEMANTH NAYAK, INDUSTRY ANALYST, ENERGY AND POWER SYSTEMS, FROST & SULLIVAN The Indian power sector, which currently faces a critical energy demand supply gap, holds the key to sustainable economic growth.
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he 11th Five Year plan estimates an overall installed power generation capacity of 210 GW by 2012. About 62,000 MW of initially planned
78,000 MW of additional capacity is expected to be completed by the end of 2012. This shortfall has primarily been attributed to delays in upcoming thermal
power plants. Investments in coal-based power plants are expected to rise significantly due to increasing supply shortages, delay in negotiating natural gas deals, and slow progress in development of nuclear power plants. The Geopolitical Stability factor/ Need for energy security Rapid industrialization in Asian countries in the last decade has resulted in an increasing demand for conventional energy sources. Several developed nations like United States and European Union, and developing ones like China, India, Russia, and Brazil now have wide interests in acquiring the limited energy resources available in the energy surplus Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries. This increasing dependence on imported energy resources for economic growth, along with rising global economic competition, an economic race (which may subsequently cause an arms race) is expected to create a major geopolitical rift in Asia. Diversification of the energy mix and investment in cleaner technologies is considered the best possible alternative to reduce overdependence on depleting fossil fuels. With overdependence on conventional fuel sources like imported coal, crude oil and natural gas, the Indian economy is highly vulnerable to rising fuel prices and likely to be severely affected by supply disruptions. India has a very low penetration of renewable energy sources and also maintains very low level of energy security as compared to other developed nations. Immediate reforms in the power sector are much needed to ensure long-term economic sustainability by creating sufficient insulation levels from an impending global fuel crisis.
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ANALYSIS
The Indian power sector is highly dependent on coal for its immediate power requirement. Recently, coal-based generation has been receiving widespread criticism as the principal cause of green house gas emissions. State Support/ The role of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources With mounting international pressure on reduction of global warming and the need to shift to clearer technology, the Central Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources (MNRE) was also established exclusively for the development of renewable energy. The Ministry is concerned with perspective planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment decision, monitoring of the implementation of power projects, training and manpower development, and the administration and enactment of legislation with regard to thermal, hydro power generation, transmission and distribution. The Ministry of Power is responsible for the Administration of the Electricity Act 2003, the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and for any amendments to these Acts as may be necessary from time to time, in conformity with the Government’s policy objectives on renewable energy. The scope of MNRE activities cover • Promotion of renewable energy technologies • Creation of an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies • Creation of an environment conducive for their commercialization • Renewable energy resource assessment • Research and development The Indian Renewable Energy Sector Renewable energy in India currently constitutes only about 9 percent of the total power generation mix, which is very low as compared to some of developed countries like Germany, Denmark, and Spain that have as high 20 percent of the total power requirements generated from renewable sources. Several renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar power, small hydro, and biomass are available in abundance in energética india
India. However, wind energy is the most widely deployed form of renewable energy. The overall installed wind power capacity in India is expected to cross 11,500 MW by 2009 end. This is mainly because: 1. India has an estimated potential for about 48.5 GW of wind-based resources. Several initiatives have to be taken to harness wind power on a commercial basis. 2. Wind-based power projects have a lower capital cost as compared to other renewable sources such as solar power. 3. Cost of power generation through wind turbines is almost in parity with other conventional sources. 4. Wind energy is cleaner than other cheaper renewable sources such as biomass and small hydro plants, which require expensive technology and extensive environment clearances. 5. India has a well established network of globally competent wind turbines and component manufacturers. The Global Wind Energy Scenario Globally, wind power is considered to be the most promising renewable energy resource to develop next generation clean energy systems. The overall global installed wind power generation capacity stood at approximately 120 GW in 2008. The United States (25,170 MW), Germany (23,902 MW), and Spain (16,740 MW) were the top countries in terms of total installed wind power generation capacities in 2008, followed by China and India at 12,210 MW and 9,587 MW, respectively. However, in terms of annual wind power additions, China and the United States are the leading countries with estimated annual wind power capacity additions of 10,300 MW and 9,500 MW respectively in 2009. These capacity additions are phenomenal in comparison with other top countries like Germany, Spain, and India which barely managed about 1000-2000 MW of capacity additions in 2009. The capacity additions in other countries like Italy and the United Kingdom are not considered very significant either from the global wind power development perspective. With annual capacity addition of about 1700 MW in 2008, India is still considered to be a tiny contributor to the enormous global wind industry
Indian Wind Power Sector India currently ranks fifth in the world with an installed wind power capacity of about 10,890 MW (as of October 2009); about 1700-2000 MW of generation capacities could be added on an annual basis. India has in place an extensive wind resource assessment program, which includes wind monitoring and wind mapping and covers over 900 stations in 24 states with 193 wind monitoring stations in operation. Altogether 16 states are known to have a net wind power generation potential of about 48,500MW (CWET estimates). Wind in India is influenced by the strong south-west summer monsoon. During the period March to August, winds are uniformly strong over the entire Indian Peninsula. Wind speed from November to March is relatively weak, though higher winds are prevalent during a part of this period on the Tamil Nadu coastline. A notable feature of the Indian wind energy sector development has been the strong interest by private investors and developers in setting up of commercial wind power projects, which has resulted in a total cumulative generation capacity of about 10,890 MW. Most of the developments in wind energy took place in the southern and western states, which are blessed with a strong potential and have seen large scale reforms in policies for wind power development. However, wind energy related policies are not set uniformly across states, with each state having its own wind power related policies, leading to vast variations in wind power development. The Wind Energy Sector Analysis The Indian wind power sector projected high growth rates in 1995–2005. This was backed by several incentives by the Government to support investments in the private sector. However, in the last 4 years, growth in the total installed capacity has been stagnant. This resulted in India losing out to China in terms of total installed wind power capacity and annual wind power installations in 2008. With a severe decline of about 14 percent in 2007, the market has been projecting a stagnant growth rate of 10 percent in the last 2 years. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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ANALYSIS
Annual wind energy capacity additions are expected to remain at the current 17002000 MW over the next 2-3 years. Existing growth rates are expected to continue to remain constant (about 10 percent) in the near future. The entire sector is urgently in need of quick state intervention to infuse growth and make the market buoyant. Wind Energy Sector Benchmarking Comparison with China (high growth market) A macro level benchmarking with China, one of the worlds largest wind energy markets is sufficient to bring out several deficiencies in the Indian wind energy sector. The Chinese wind power sector has grown at an exponential rate (above 50 percent) from less than 1500 MW in 2006 to an estimated 22,500 MW in 2009. India, with about 1800 MW of wind capacity in 2006, has barely managed to grow to an estimated wind power generation capacity of 11,500 MW in 2009. Some of the key inferences are: 1. Feed-In Tariffs (FIT) in India are lower than those in China. This results in longer payback time for large-scale investors. The lack of a standard FIT structure across states hinders wind power development at the national level. 2. Major investors in China are utilities power companies and independent power producers (IPPs). This is mainly attributed to the ease of power sales to the state
Source: GWEC, Frost & Sullivan estimates.
Source: GWEC, Frost & Sullivan estimates.
grid. 3. The average Plant Load Factor (PLF) in India is low on account of a large amount of individual investors who are focused on availing tax benefits. Better machine uptimes and revenue from sale of power are secondary to these investors. This negatively impacts the very need of wind energy as an alternative to conventional power sources. 4. Investments in larger turbines along with better operational and maintenance procedures ensure better efficiency of wind
farms in China. 5. No efforts are currently being undertaken towards assessment of offshore wind energy in India. The entire sector remains largely unexplored. On the other hand, developed countries like Italy and France, which were late entrants into the wind energy sectors, have successfully managed above 20 percent growth in annual installed capacities. Comparison with FranCe (high growth / emerging market in europe) The total installed wind power generation capacity in India grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 20 percent from about 4,400 MW to 11,500 MW for the period 2005-2009. In the same time frame, wind installations in France grew at a CAGR of over 40 percent to reach an estimated 4,500 MW in 2009 from less than 800 MW in 2005. High growth rates of about 10 percent in wind energy sector in a nuclear power friendly country like France are attributed to a series of successive reforms in the renewable energy sector since 2005. Comparison between the wind energy sectors in India and France brings forth the following: FIT was established in France at Rs. 4.5/ kWH in 2002 for a maximum wind farm size of 12 MW and over a period of 10 years. The regulation was modified in 2005, to include all plant sizes in designated wind zones. India, on the other hand, has diverse FIT, which are allocated state-wise instead of being categorized based on productivity across various wind power zones. With the development of larger grid connected projects, the average turbine rating in France has increased from 1.2 MW (2002) to 1.9 MW (2009). The overall average turbine rating in India continues to remain in the sub-MW category. France has set an offshore wind energy target of 6 GW by 2020. India currently does not have any targets for offshore wind power. Key Challenges The growth in the Indian wind power industry has slowed down in the last few years due to some basic constraints such as outdated policies, bureaucracy, and infrastructure. Some of the key restraints for development are:
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ANALYSIS
COMPARISON OF WIND ENERGY SECTOR (CHINA VS. INDIA) CHINA
INDIA
Cumulative Installed Capacity- 2009 (Estimated)
22,500 MW
11,500 MW
Annual Capacity Addition -2009 (Estimated)
11,000 MW
1,900 MW
Growth Rates
60-75%
8-10%
Gross Potential
Above 150 GW
45,000 – 60,000 MW
Offshore Projects
100 MW
None
No of Suppliers
> 30
12-15
Prominent Suppliers
Goldwind, Shanghai Electric, Acciona, Gamesa, Vestas, GE Energy
Suzlon, Enercon, Vestas, RRB Energy
Turbine Manufacturing Capacity
225 kW to 3 MW
225 kW to 2.1 MW
Average Turbine Rating
1.5 - 2 MW
600-800 kW
Average PLF
> 20%
12-15%
Feed- In Tariffs
Rs 3.75-4.50 / kWh across 4 categorized wind zones
Rs 2.5-3.5/ kWh scattered across various states
Key investors
Power utilities and Large independent power producers (IPPs)
Small private farms, tax benefit and individual investors
WIND ENERGY SECTOR
INDUSTRY
ATTRACTIVENESS
Source: Frost & Sullivan
1. Variations in wind power generation incentives across states 2. Wind resource data mapped by CWET is outdated and currently potential has not been scientifically ratified. CWET now has plans to come out with a new wind resource map with better scientific basis. 3. Land acquisition related concerns and public resistance. Large IPP investors are facing issues related to availability of potential land closer to power demand centers, resulting in need of highly efficient grid systems. 4. Lack of grid accessibility to potential wind sites for power evacuation. 5. Low level of connectivity and poor status of roads to wind power generation zones. 6. Non-availability of good logistic support for transportation of turbines. Few vendors offer project logistic support infrastructure like heavy duty lift cranes, crawlers, trailers, and trucks for blade and tower transport, etc. 7. High level of bureaucracy in negotiating power purchase agreements with state controlled power distribution companies. Future Prospects Wind power, being the most feasible renewable energy source as compared to alternative sources of renewable sources like solar photovoltaics, biomass, etc., is considered the best option for meeting renewable energy targets and improving the Indian power demand supply scenario on the whole. energĂŠtica india
Wind power has witnessed large scale technological advances in turbine design through extensive research and development in the last decade. Unfortunately it still continues to be plagued with challenges related to economical feasibility of power generation in comparison with cheaper conventional alternatives like coal and hydel power. Wind power generation in India is currently not promoted by state-related subsidies, making it unviable for large scale projects. Wind power capacity additions in India have slowed down in the last few years following a successful period of high and consistent growth rates in the previous decade. This has largely been attributed to shortsightedness on the part of the various state governments, energy development bodies, and wind power related associations in realizing the need for completely deregulating the sector. The challenges related to availability of project infrastructure, land availability concerns, and applications of outdated turbine technology are also key restraints to growth of wind energy. There has been no major breakthrough in offshore wind power potential assessment in India. The wind power industry on the whole is not keen on developing offshore wind power till the policies for offshore generation are more favorable and the total onshore potential has been completely exploited and exhausted. Potential for offshore is also considered limited as offshore turbines are large (usually above 3MW) and present several engineering challenges like
building foundation piers and laying of under sea power cables. Only Vestas Wind, Siemens, GE Wind, and REpower Systems AG globally possess the technological expertise for offshore projects, and amongst these, only Vestas currently has experience with Indian markets. Siemens, with its plan to invest about Rs. 500 Crore into the Indian market, is expected to change the status quo to a large extent. Conclusion Wind energy holds a very promising future in the overall development of the Indian power sector. India now needs large scale investment to sustain high growth rates in wind power capacity additions. A large amount of this financing has to be done by private (both domestic and international) investors. This is possible only if wind power generation related incentives are modified and made at par with those in the United States and Europe to make wind power economically feasible. Offshore wind power in India is still a distant dream desperately in need of favorable policies to attract potential investors and which is still considered a risky venture. Large scale developments in overall wind power are currently in progress at different stages. These need to be consolidated and controlled at an overall level to ensure that wind power development projects are upgraded to match international standards to make them competitive enough to match the high growth rates projected by the United States, China, and France. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Could your Wind Farm Perform Better? How Asset Monitoring and Improvement Can Optimise Your ROI MATHIAS STECK, DEPT. MANAGER RENEWABLE ENERGY ASIA, GERMANISCHER LLOYD INDUSTRIAL SERVICES AND KEIR HARMAN, PRINCIPAL ENGINEER, GARRAD HASSAN A carefully designed wind farm should normally be able to meet the expected generation levels or even exceed them. The figures arrived at for generation estimates would take into account most of the factors associated with variability of winds, grid availability, machine availability and other factors that affect the generation directly. Nevertheless, to maintain an optimal performance of the wind farm over the lifetime it is essential to monitor the asset adequately so that underperformance losses can be detected and dispelled.
Fig. 1: Comparing Actual Energy Yield to the Expected Yield
Figure 1 shows the budgeted long term gross energy yield (green columns) against the expected gross energy yield (purple line) for the particular period and the actual energy yield (orange line). In this example the expected gross energy yield, or baseline, has been calculated based on operational wind data; it shows the gross energy yield that can be expected if the wind farm performs faultlessly. Although nothing can be done to mitigate the difference between the budgeted and expected gross energy yield, one can do a great deal to minimise the difference between the actual energy yield and the expected gross energy yield - the first big step is to understand them both! Reported in regular intervals (e.g. monthly), asset intelligence allows you to update the long-term budgeted energy yield of a project and, therefore, to reduce the uncertainty during project refinancing. 38
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Fig. 2: Identifying and quantifying losses
Figure 2 (showing a different example) goes into more detail and quantifies the losses. The blue part of the column shows the energy delivered to the grid; the purple, orange and green parts show the share of underperformance, availability and electrical losses. The light blue line shows the revenue losses. Based on this information, combined with expert interpretation of SCADA data and fault logs, cross-checks with maintenance and service reports, and ongoing dialogue with the operations technicians, the root causes of underperformance can be determined and will, therefore, enable faults to be diagnosed and fixed. The key issue to be addressed here is that, while it’s common sense to minimise turbine downtime, the fact that a turbine is available does not necessarily mean that it is performing well! De-rating, controller malfunction, wind vane misalignment, anemometer defects, accretion on blades,
wrong blade setting angle, and many other hidden problems, can significantly decrease the efficiency of a turbine. A modern onshore turbine can be expected to be available for as much as 97% of the time but the key question is ‘How efficient is the turbine during the time that it is operating?’ Figure 3 illustrates turbine performance through time lapse animation. This method provides an overview of an operating wind farm over a whole month with the power level, operating state and turbine orientation shown schematically... Where a malfunction is suspected, tracking average power curves, based on the nacelle anemometers, over several months confirms changes in relative operating efficiency and allows production loss estimation. The nature of a change in shape of the power curve will indicate the type of malfunction. energética india
WINDPOWER
Figure 3: Screenshot from a wind farm schematic time lapse animation.
Figure 4: Turbine Underperformance due to De-Rating.
Modern turbines offer more flexible power control with variable speed and active pitch controlled by complex algorithms. This allows a turbine to remain registered as 100% available while operating at reduced efficiency as a result of either operator changenergética india
es or automatically, in order to manage structural loads. Resulting changes in operating efficiency are only effectively detected using trend analyses. Figure 4 demonstrates a power curve of a turbine which has been periodically de-rat-
ed (by mistake or due to lack of knowledge) by service technicians and not set back to normal operation in time. If this fault had remained undetected, revenue loss would have accumulated. Analyses that assess faults using parameters such as blade pitch angle, rotor speed and yaw angle often highlight the cause of underperformance. Aspects of the control system that commonly cause degraded performance include yaw system misalignment, pitch mechanism malfunction, sensor error (temperature, vibration) and incorrect parameter settings. Once identified, faults can usually be rectified by a simple repair or recalibration. India’s installed power now exceeds 10000 MW but future plans must address the need to improve the performance of existing assets. Today’s discerning investors are far more sensitive to the fact that their own wind farms would do much better if continuous performance monitoring; indeed, there are multiple Indian wind farms, in moderate wind regimes, that, by utilising performance optimisation, have performed consistently better or, at the very least, maintained uniform levels over the past ten years. The economic benefit of optimising operating efficiency can be illustrated by the following investment case: a 50MW wind farm in Northern Europe with a capacity factor of 30%, and a capital cost of €72M has a typical debt-equity leverage of 75%. Mean annual revenue from energy sales will be around €10M. This means that, if 2% of revenue were clawed back through detailed monitoring and optimisation, a 7% (almost €200k) increase in annual equity distribution would be gained; in turn, this would increase the ROI from 13% to 14%. The costs of the monitoring and subsequent repairs would be a fraction of this potential increase in project value. While manufacturers provide the necessary O&M under a long-term contract there will naturally be only high level (senior management) intervention from the owners of the wind turbines. This inhibits any serious broader studies on the potential for performance improvement in India. A manufacturer’s focus is on increasing turbine availability but, to have real impact, they need to take on the responsibility of ensuring that expected generation targets are met. The Indian market must step back and take a fresh look in order to avoid being shackled by existing practice. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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Grid Integration Capability of Modern Wind Turbines MAHESH MORJARIA, MARK CARDINAL & RAJNI BURRA, GE ENERGY Wind generation is inherently different than other types of conventional generation since the energy supply, the wind, is uncontrollably variable. Historically, wind generation was not required to participate in voltage or frequency regulation and was allowed to produce real power that varied with wind. With increasing wind penetration, such uncontrolled real power output variations can have an impact on the grid including voltage variations; frequency variations; and increased regulation or ramping requirements on non-wind generation output to maintain the balance of generation and load. These issues become particularly significant in weak grids, those with relatively low short circuit current levels and low spinning reserve margins [1].
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o address these challenges, the grid requirements for the wind industry are rapidly changing to include ones similar to those imposed on types of conventional generation equipment. Most wind power plants are now required to assist the grid in maintaining or regulating system voltage and frequency. In addition, wind plants are also required to provide power regulation like a conventional power plant in terms of curtailment and ramp rate controls. Further the plants are required to be tolerant of common grid faults. We discuss these requirements and capability that has been developed to address them. Grid-Friendly Wind Plant Modern wind turbines are now available with advanced control features that enable a collection of wind turbines to function as a single “grid friendly” power generation source. For example the GE’s WindCONTROL™ system is a wind plant supervisory controller that is specifically designed to coordinate the collective real and reactive power to address utility and regulatory requirements pertaining to voltage regulation, governor droop control (powerfrequency control), power ramping, and power limiting during contingency conditions [2]. It utilizes a hierarchical scheme 40
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MODERN WIND TURBINES ARE NOW AVAILABLE WITH ADVANCED CONTROL FEATURES THAT ENABLE A COLLECTION OF WIND TURBINES TO FUNCTION AS A SINGLE “GRID FRIENDLY” POWER GENERATION SOURCE to control individual wind turbines in order to regulate the net real and reactive power interchange of a wind plant with the grid. It also enables the wind plant to regulate voltage of the grid, to provide frequency response, and to minimize rates of power change. And unlike other approaches such as use of static VAR compensator to address similar needs, it does not require additional equipment, complexity and/or significant cost to the system. Wind Plant Real and Reactive Power Regulation GE’s WindCONTROL system takes advantage of the ability of individual GE wind turbines to rapidly and independently adjust their active and reactive power production. This wind plant control system, which is usually located at the power plant’s substation, measures conditions on the power grid (e.g., system voltage and frequency), receives set points and other commands
from either the grid operator (ISO) or the wind plant operator (e.g., real and reactive power output), monitors the status of individual wind turbines within the plant, and issues commands to them. The plant level control system utilizes various closed loop regulators to achieve the various functions that are described in the next few sections along with other grid features. A. Active Power curtAilment The WindCONTROL system utilizes a real power regulator to limit the active or real power component of the wind plant. This function is particularly useful when the power produced by the plant needs to be curtailed due to typical grid operating constraint such as during low system load or transmission conditions. Typically a userdefined set point determines the operating point or power reference for the regulator. Since the active power generation of a wind plant depends upon the wind speed, this function is used to limit the active power when the available wind power exceeds the desired operating point. Figure 1 illustrates an example from an operating wind plant whose output is limited for certain user-defined duration to 20MW (actual power line) while it is capable of producing much more (available power line). As the wind conditions are constantly energética india
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changing, a unique limiting technique is used to maximize energy capture of the plant while under curtailment. This is in contrast with other non-optimized approaches, which rely on starting and stopping individual turbines to achieve the curtailment limit or do not have the tight closed-loop integration between the plant level controls and individual turbine controls.
GE’S WINDCONTROL SYSTEM TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THE ABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL GE WIND TURBINES TO RAPIDLY AND INDEPENDENTLY ADJUST THEIR ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER PRODUCTION the wind plant is constrained to that possible with the prevailing wind. This underutilization of the plant output may not be desirable except during certain conditions such as high wind and light power system load condition when this capability is likely to be valuable and economical.
Then the curtailment is released, and the plant is allowed to ramp up at a controlled rate of 5% per minute (3MW/Min or 50kW/sec). One ramp rate setting for the test site was set at 5%/min (3MW/min) averaged and measured over a one minute interval, and the other was set at 3.3%/ min (2MW/min) and averaged and measured over a 10 minute interval (20MW per ten minutes).
Figure 1. Active Power Management.
B. Governor Frequency resPonse A set of functions that are available with GE’s WindCONTROL system is closely akin to governor control for thermal and hydro generation that respond to significant deviation in grid frequency. In case of high frequency events; the system decreases power by altering the power reference of the power regulator to a pre-configured power vs frequency schedule. The test result shown in Figure 2 were obtained from a North American (60 Hz) wind plant with 40 operating 1.5 MW turbines with a combined rating of 60 MW and 19.7 MVAR. It illustrates the power response of the wind plant due to a grid over-frequency event. Such events can be stressful to power components and can present a reliability problem. The controller settings correspond to 4% droop curve and 0.02 Hz dead band. When the frequency is increased (under test conditions) at 0.25 Hz/s from 60.0 Hz to 61.2 Hz, the plant power drops rapidly at 2.4MW/s reducing by 50% within 4.8 s. Once the over-frequency condition is removed the plant output is unconstrained and rapidly rises to the level determined by the wind speed. The control can also respond to underfrequency events. However, to increase the output of the plant in response to an under-frequency condition, some of the active production must be kept in reserve since the maximum power production of energética india
Figure 3. Wind Plant Power Ramp Limited Start/ Stop Response.
Figure 2. Power Response of Plant to Over Frequency Condition.
c. rAmP rAte control resPonse Another function in WindCONTROL regulates or limits the rate of change in power during situations where wind conditions could suddenly cause the power of the wind plant to increase rapidly and potentially impact grid operation. The limiter is able to track and limit to two simultaneous ramp rates that are measured and averaged over two different time frames to address potential grid operating constraints for short-term (in minutes) system regulation capability as well as slightly longer time scale (in 10s of minutes) related to load following. Figure 3 demonstrates the power ramp limiter maintaining a specified rate of change in power output. Initially, the wind power plant is curtailed to 4MW.
A UNIQUE LIMITING TECHNIQUE IS USED TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY CAPTURE OF THE PLANT AT THE SAME TIME AS ENFORCING AN OVERALL POWER RAMP LIMIT FOR THE SYSTEM
A unique limiting technique is used to maximize energy capture of the plant at the same time as enforcing an overall power ramp limit for the system. The ramp limiter does not impose a rate of change on any single power-producing turbine until the plant power rate of change approaches the specified limit. This technique enables each turbine to respond to local changes in wind conditions and allows each turbine to ramp its power independent of the other turbines. Only when the entire response of the collective plant approaches the ramp limit will the control enforce a ramp limit for the plant. For example, the 20MW/10min ramp limit is not enforced due to wind conditions that prevented the output from increasing more than 18MW. Starting and stopping a large wind power plant can be disruptive to other generation equipment in a utility system especially when the wind is such that the plant is near its rated value. To address this concern a Startup/Shutdown Sequencer is also integrated into the controls. It works in conjunction with the power ramp rate limiter to startup and shutdown the plant with defined power ramp rates. The control sequences all turbines on or off at a specified rate, and simultaneously regulates the power ramp while the turbines JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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are in transition. D. controlleD inertiAl resPonse Another area of grid concern is sudden loss of a large generating plant, which result in transient depression of grid frequency. Typically in the first few seconds following such a loss, the frequency dynamics of the system are dominated by the inertial response of the conventional synchronous generators. They contribute some of their stored energy to the grid reducing the initial rate of frequency decline allowing slower governor actions to stabilize grid frequency. Most modern wind turbines do not exhibit this desired inertial effect. However, GE has addressed this shortcoming by introducing WindINERTIA™ feature that temporarily increase the power output of the wind turbine in the range of 5% to 10% of the rated power during the initial critical period. This advanced control feature utilizes the energy stored in the rotor to provide a temporary increase in power for large under frequency events. Field test results of the feature are shown in Figure 4, which shows the average increase in power for various wind speeds on a single wind turbine. Below rated wind speed (< 14m/s) the results clearly demonstrate the initial inertial response and recovery (when the rotor kinetic energy is restored). Above rated wind speed, the inertial response is sustained by extracting additional power from the available wind.
Figure 4. Field demonstration of GE WindINERTIA™ response.
e. voltAGe/vAr reGulAtion To achieve acceptable voltage regulation, especially in systems with relatively low short circuit ratios, i.e. where the wind plant is large compared to the electrical stiffness of the host grid, the wind plant 42
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Figure 5. Demonstration of voltage regulation performance during variable output conditions.
ANOTHER AREA OF GRID CONCERN IS SUDDEN LOSS OF A LARGE GENERATING PLANT, WHICH RESULT IN TRANSIENT DEPRESSION OF GRID FREQUENCY. TYPICALLY IN THE FIRST FEW SECONDS FOLLOWING SUCH A LOSS, THE FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF THE SYSTEM ARE DOMINATED BY THE INERTIAL RESPONSE OF THE CONVENTIONAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS must actively support voltage/VAR control. By using the inherent VAR capabilities integrated into each GE wind turbine and precisely controlling the turbine’s VAR output to maintain voltage at the point of interconnection, the WindCONTROL plant regulator achieves the necessary voltage/ VAR control. It senses AC system conditions and instructs the individual turbines within a plant to adjust their local control objectives to meet system needs. It uses a
THE GE WINDCONTROL SYSTEM CAN ALSO CONTROL VARS AT A POINT OF INTERCONNECTION A DISTANCE AWAY FROM THE WIND PLANT AND COORDINATE ADDITIONAL CAPACITOR/ REACTOR BANKS
tight closed loop control of utility system voltages. This hierarchical control scheme minimizes voltage flicker, improves system stability, reduces the risk of voltage collapse, and minimizes the impact of system disruptions. This provides two major benefits. First, the impact of active power fluctuations from wind variation on the grid voltages is minimized. Second, the fast and precise voltage control effectively strengthens the grid, improving the overall power system’s resilience to large disruptions. Figure 5 shows the response of a wind plant (108 GE 1.5 MW wind turbine generators on a 230kV utility transmission line) to sixty minutes of highly variable wind. Line drop compensating algorithms are used to synthesize the voltage at the point of interconnection (POI), which is approximately 75 km from the wind plant’s substation. The short circuit capacity at the remote POI is very low (~4). The red traces and blue traces in the upper chart show the wind plant voltage and the point of interconnect system voltage with the WindCONTROL feature. The voltage flicker index, Pst, is less than 0.02 for this high stress condition – well within industry expectations demonstrating excellent system performance in spite of the challenges of a very weak grid. F. reActive Power control The GE WindCONTROL system can also control VARs at a point of interconnecenergética india
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as the real power delivered to the bus. The wind turbine remains in service during the fault, and power recovers to the pre-disturbance level in under 200 msec.
Figure 7. Demonstration of 1.5 MW ZVRT capability (power and voltage).
tion a distance away from the wind plant and coordinate additional capacitor/reactor banks. Equipped with the new GE WindFREE™ feature, the GE wind turbine generator can even provide reactive power when the wind turbines are not generating active power as illustrated in Figure 6. Initially, the real power output of a single wind turbine is zero, while the reactive power is about 1,100 kVAr. Then the wind picks up at ~ 500 seconds and the real power increases, while the reactive power remains constant. This feature is particularly useful to provide effective grid reinforcement for projects that are physically remote with electrically weak connections to the grid and projects with heavy and variable loads. It eliminates the need for additional dynamic reactive devices such as synchronous condenser, SVC or STATCOM.
Figure 6. Demonstration of WindFREE response.
G. FAult tolerAnce Low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability became a common requirement for energética india
THE VARIABILITY OF WIND POWER AND THE TENDENCY FOR WIND PLANTS TO BE LOCATED IN RELATIVELY WEAK ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS MAKES TIGHT VOLTAGE AND POWER REGULATION CRITICAL wind plant interconnection due to both increasing plant sizes and greater wind generation penetration to maintain system reliability [3-5]. Zero voltage ride-through (ZVRT) requirements are now standard in much of the world. As an example, some ZVRT standards require wind plants to remain in-service during normally cleared system faults with 0 pu voltage at the point of interconnection for up to 9 cycles. The GE WindRIDE-THRU™ features meet these fault tolerance requirements. In Figure 7 shows the test result of a 200 msec, 3-phase fault-to-ground that was applied to the medium voltage bus of an operating 1.5 MW wind turbine generator. It shows one of the voltages as well
THE GE WINDFREE™ FEATURE EXTENDS REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE REGULATION TO ZERO-POWER OPERATIONS AND THEREBY GREATLY ENHANCES THIS VALUABLE SYSTEM SERVICE
Conclusions The variability of wind power and the tendency for wind plants to be located in relatively weak electrical systems makes tight voltage and power regulation critical. The real and reactive power control capability of GE WindCONTROL™ discussed above illustrate that wind plants equipped with state of the art capability can provide excellent voltage performance even for weak systems. Additional capabilities include under & over frequency response, and up & down power ramp rate limits that addresses many of the key grid requirements. The GE WindFREE™ feature extends reactive power and voltage regulation to zero-power operations and thereby greatly enhances this valuable system service — providing performance benefits not possible with conventional generation while reducing or eliminating requirements for other grid reinforcement equipment. Fault tolerance in the form of low & zero voltage ride-through has been widely identified as critical to system reliability. This capability allows wind plants to remain in-service for normally cleared faults and support the grid at such critical times. These grid-friendly features that are now available in modern wind turbines make it easier to integrate wind plants into the existing power grid and achieve higher penetration levels of wind generation even in a weak grid system.
References [1] Miller, N W., Clark, Kara, Cardinal, M. E. and Delmerico, R. W., “Grid Friendly Wind Plant Controls: GE WindCONTROL™ - Functionality and Field Tests”, MIPRO 09, May, 2009 Opatija, Croatia. [2] Cardinal, M. E. & Miller, N W., “Grid Friendly Wind Plant Controls: GE WindCONTROL™ - Field Test Results”; Proceedings Wind Power 2006, Pittsburg, PA [3] Appendix G. Interconnection Requirements For a Wind Generating Plant”, FERC, http://www. ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/gi/wind/ appendix-G-lgia.doc [4] “PRC-024-WECC-1-CR Low Voltage Ride Through”,WECC, http://www.wecc.biz/Standards/ Development/WECC-60/default.aspx [5] Erlich, W., Winter, A, Dittrich, “Advanced Grid Requirements for the Integration of Wind Turbines into the German Transmission System”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006
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INTERVIEW
Dr. Yogi Goswami, Chief Technical Advisor at SunBorne Energy
Concentrated Solar Power: India’s Bet for Being a Global Leader Mr. Goswami you have over 30 years of experience as a scientist studying and teaching Solar Thermal Energy. Can you give us a brief view into the mechanism of CSP? To start with, in all sorts of thermal power plants be it coal, nuclear or gas based there is a source of heat, and that heat heats up water at high pressure to become super heated steam which in turn runs the turbine, which runs the generator producing electricity. It goes in at high temperature and steam comes out at
low temperature but does remain steam though most of the energy has been taken out of it. Then it is condensed to liquid water which requires rejection of heat in some heat sink or condenser towers. The condensed water is then pumped back to high pressure which goes to the boiler again making it a cycle called the thermodynamic cycle. In a solar thermal plant the same cycle is employed except the boiler part. In place of a conventional boilder we have a solar field, which has concentrating solar collectors.
What are the basic types of solar collectors? There are 3 kind’s viz., the parabolic trough, the parabolic dish and the central receiver tower. To give you a brief idea of the parabolic trough which is widely used there are long parabolic mirrors that con-
CSP/CST Technology – A Solar Solution for India
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ndia, the world’s second-most populous country and the second-fastest growing economy, is fast becoming the largest consumer of energy. But, with soaring oil prices, and rising oil imports bill, our energy consumption will threaten both our environment and our energy security. The government is looking to alternative, renewable sources to secure our energy future. Seeking solar solace On January 11, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, “a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge”. According to the government, the mission “will also constitute a major contribution by
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India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change”. India is home to one of the most abundant solar resources in the world, with 2.97 million square kilometers of tropical and subtropical land and an average of 250-300 clear sunny days a year. India has the solar potential for over 5000 trillion KWh of energy. It is not surprising, then, that solar power offers significant potential to meet a large share of the country’s energy needs. If the Solar-Mission targets are reached, we could dwarf current solar leaders like Germany, Spain, Japan, and the United States and become a global industry leader. Although India still is not among the world’s Top 10 solar energy generators, at the current pace of 20 per cent annual growth, India could emerge as the fourth largest
market for solar energy after Germany, Japan and China. Harnessing the sun There are two ways of turning solar energy into electricity. This can be direct as with photovoltaic (PV), or
indirect as with solar thermal systems or concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun’s energy is focused to boil water which then drives a steam turbine to generate power. The National Solar Mission
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centrate sun rays on to the focal line where there is a tube through which a fluid is flowing. That fluid is usually synthetic oil which gets heated to about 400 degrees C and then you transfer that heat to water which becomes steam. One can only transfer the heat at a lower temperature so we make the steam at 390 degrees C so there is not much loss of heat as we have learnt to make heat exchangers very well. All of it is made in India except the concentrating solar collector. The trough solarfield can be made to any size; it depends on how much power has to be produced. In light of the thermodynamic cycle for CSP plant, can you explain the usage of water as this shall be an important area of concern especially in water scarce states like Rajasthan and Gujarat? There is a thermodynamic cycle called the Rankine Cycle where water is boiled to create high pressure/ temperature steam which runs the turbine and then what comes out of the turbine is condensed to
has set ambitious targets -- 1,100 MW grid solar power, 7 million sq mt solar collectors and 200 MW grid solar applications in the first phase by 2013; 20,000 MW grid solar power, 20 million sqmt solar collectors and 2,000 MW grid solar applications by the year 2022. Among ways to harness clean, green and sustainable solar energy, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), also known as solar thermal, is ideal for large-scale power plants. A wide range of concentrating technologies exist, including the Parabolic Trough, Dish Stirling, Concentrating Linear Fresnel Reflector, Solar chimney and solar power tower. Each concentration method is capable of producing high temperatures and correspondingly high thermodynamic efficiencies, but they vary in the way that they track the Sun and focus light. Due to new innovations in the technology, concentrating solar thermal is becoming more and more cost-effective.
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liquid water and is pressurized to a high pressure with a pump and is boiled again. Now the water of which am talking of in the Rankine cycle (employed in CSP plants) is very much retained in the cycle. To condense water one has to transfer heat to the atmosphere and that is why we see large power plants near lakes because they are transferring the heat into the lakes. In other cases where you see the hyperbolic towers, the water is being evaporated to reduce the temperature so the steam is condensed at the lowest temperature possible, so what we are evaporating is lost and that needs to be replaced. This is where the use of water comes in. At present the plants which SunBorne will build shall use that water but eventually our plan is to develop dry cooling which is devoid of water usage. It will reduce efficiency but shall reduce the dependence on water which will ease the setting up of these plants in areas facing water scarcity. At the moment the technology which we will be putting in here will be the one
Proven, tried and suited CSP has an established track record of more than two decades across the world, especially the parabolic trough design. Tough, dependable and proven, parabolic troughs have established an enviable track record. For Parabolic Trough solar systems, parabolic curved, trough shaped reflectors focus the sun’s energy onto a receiver pipe running at the focus of the reflector. The concentrated energy heats a heat-transfer fluid, usually oil, flowing through the pipe. This fluid is then used to generate steam, which
which has maximum amount of operating experience and efficiency. So the technology of parabolic troughs has an experience of 25 years and is well proven, thus there is no risk in bringing it here and once it is here we can do innovations in it where we will increase the efficiency and reduce the cost and replace the water cooling with air cooling or wet cooling with the dry cooling. The National Solar Mission’s target of 1000 MW by 2013 encompasses 60% of solar thermal power and 40% from Solar PV; here comes a question that why such a chunk for solar thermal when PV clearly has a major market share? Thermal power has the largest market share of power generation anywhere in the world. That is for CSP as well. No doubt that the PV market holds a bigger share in the global solar arena but that is only for the roof top PV panels, etc and when you are talking of power plants there
powers a turbine to generate electricity. The collectors are aligned on an east-west axis and the trough is rotated to follow the sun to maximize the energy input to the receiver tube. Integrated natural gas hybridisation and thermal storage have allowed the plants to provide firm power even during non-solar and cloudy periods. An additional advantage of this CSP system is the ability to integrate with combined cycle plants with natural gas or biogas, and the ability to store energy using thermal storage. These measures improve utilization and power dispatch ability, a key element for quality grid connected power. Approximately 354MW of parabolic trough power plants are operational in the Mojave Desert in the US, since 1989. An additional 64MW power plant has been operating since 2007 in Nevada, USA, and several others are becoming operational in Spain, making
parabolic-trough plants the most mature solar technology for largescale plants. Advantage India India’s power needs are ever-increasing. Large-scale solar plants can help meet these needs without destroying our environment or threatening our energy security. CSP technologies, and specifically parabolic-trough plants, are ideally suited to large-scale deployments. As our local demand, spurred by the National Solar Mission, takes off, many of the global suppliers will shift manufacturing to India to meet this local demand. Combined with India’s traditional strengths in thermal power plants, the designs and costs will undergo rapid innovation – innovations that the rest of the world will want. This would mean the birth of a whole new global industry in India, one which can become a strong export sector as well.
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is not a single PV power plant in the world operating at 50-100 MW. One can have PV power plants operating at that level too but there are certain problems which need to be addressed, out of which one is to have effective storage to take care of the transients. There can be storage and batteries for PV but at the level of 50-100 MW batteries become too expensive attracting less investment. Whereas in CSP you can have thermal storage which takes care of your transients. In CSP, there is a provision of back up fuel while in PV the sunlight is directly converted to electricity so there is no fuel involved. In CSP the backup fuel takes care of the transients, and that’s why the debate is moot as you are comparing grid connected or utility scale CSP power with PV capacity of rooftop and building integrated and applications like those. Nevertheless, both PV and CSP technology have their place, the difference comes in when we are talking of smaller power units where PV makes much more sense and for large power production it is CSP, especially for India.
should look at the kilo watt hours coming out from Solar input be it from which ever technology and just decide upon the tariff. But this current tariff differentiation is a mistake that could cost India in the future. Because if they don’t bring the CSP tariffs at par with the PV then the investors keen on investing here shall lose interest and might not turn back.
Why India specifically? India has been mentioned as 80% of equipments needed for large CSP power plants are already being made here and the remaining 20% i.e. the mirrors and the receiver tubes can also be manufactured here given the market experiences sustained growth. So that means 100% of a CSP plant can be made in India in a short while as the costs are already cut for the power block side and one can start cutting costs in the solar cost side making it grid competitive and this is where India has the potential of being the world leader; it can be an OEM base and in the future one will see American cos. vying to set up power plants sourcing their equipments from India.
As we see SunBorne wishes to set up stand alone solar thermal plants and perhaps the govt. wishes to have hybrid ones? In CSP you can make hybrid plants too. However, we will start by building stand alone solar plants and when there is transience we can use a back up fuel or storage so that the utility doesn’t see transience in power, making it an advantage for the electrical utility. But with our 3rd or 4th plant we will start integrating them with conventional fossil fuel plants.
Do you think the current tariff rates by CERC and the launching of the National Solar Mission will give a good head start to solar thermal in India? The solar mission’s policy is technology agonstic. The government’s objective is to have more solar power as it is evidently good for the environment and at the same time reduces the gap between demand and supply. But the govt. should not pick winners and losers in technology. They 46
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Can a brief insight be provided into the economics of a CSP Plant? CSP Plant economics is same as that of PV i.e. Rs. 17 cr./MW and the plant load factor is from 17 to 19 %, If certain flaws are corrected then the govt. can come up with the right tariffs but in my opinion even if that can’t be then they should just focus on solar radiation going in and electricity coming out and decide the tariff irrespective of the technology. They should ask cos. that there won’t be transients and they will have power as needed; in the meantime they can bring it to grid parity. This is what the government’s requirement should be rather than stating capital costs.
When are we expected to see the 1st CSP plant of India? Well I am expecting SunBorne to break ground in 4 months but at the same time if CERC insists on giving low tariff to CSP then I doubt if investors would still like to invest in India. The message we want to get across is that the govt. should encourage those technologies that give this country the chance to become a global leader but even if they don’t do that then there should be no discrimination among technologies. There should be same tariff for all solar technologies and the govt. should not worry about the capital cost.
You have also talked of integrating CSP with other industries like sugar, paper etc. CSP can be integrated with any industry that produces heat and power for other applications. One only needs design in this segment of integration, so it’s just a matter of engineering design. Any other emerging market you plan to have a footprint in? Our vision is to start building solar thermal plants in India where we will keep reducing the cost and shall keep integrating new technology to it so that within 5-7 years we can attain grid parity. At that point SunBorne shall become a global company eventually making India an OEM base. So the Indian company shall be the global supplier of the technology. Gradually the Indian wing shall also embark on EPC, rendering its services worldwide. What is the current status of equipment manufacturing for CSP plants? They are being produced in Germany, US, and Spain as well. But there can be manufacturing utilities in India too. China is lagging behind on the CSP front as they are focusing on PV to be a bigger exporter than Japan. Once SunBorne is the market leader in India then going global will be an easy task. We would like to bring in new thermodynamic cycles and thermal energy storage which will shall be novel and about 1/3rd the cost of the conventional energy storage. So when all this will be added up our cost would be so low that when a power plant will be built in USA they would be asking SunBorne to supply the equipments. SunBorne’s financial backbone is? SunBorne Energy is backed by General Catalyst Partners and Khosla Ventures. Both are prominent US-based equity funds with assets of over US$1bn each. They have been the leaders in investing in clean technology companies and building companies in India. SunBorne is open to investments from financial houses within India as well and is negotiating with some of them too. The same goes for equity investment though we have the capability to have all of it from the outside. energética india
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Solar Power: Photovoltaic Systems Amortize the Quickest with Sensor Tracking Fixed Systems Produce the Most Expensive Solar Power DEGERENERGIE Solar systems that track the sun using the patented DEGERconecter sensor module bring the quickest return on investment. They generate the highest yields worldwide and offer the best cost-benefit ratio; a fact emphasized by DEGERenergie.
P
hotovoltaic systems that automatically align themselves to the brightest point in the sky generate considerably higher yields than fixed systems. This is an undisputed fact not only in the solar power industry. But not every tracking system is the same. An increasing number of solar park operators are finding this out by working with different technologies and comparing yields to make the 48
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right investment decisions for their future projects. The latest calculations from the German company DEGERenergie indicate, “that fixed systems in any environment are definitely the more expensive option to produce solar power,” explains Artur Deger, CEO of DEGERenergie. This statement is based on many years of experience and yield comparisons in collaboration
with many of his company’s customers in a wide range of different regions across the globe. Amortization time reduced by 20 to 30 percent Consequently solar park operators who want to achieve a particular energy yield with fixed systems invest 20 to 30 percent more than when they use tracking systems energética india
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from DEGERenergie. This takes into account all preliminary costs, modules, converters, sub-structures and foundations, as well as system costs and ongoing costs. And this applies irrespective of the location, the performance output of the solar modules used, the module prices and the buyback prices. “Return on investment is from the time that the system has amortized. This point is achieved 20 to 30 percent earlier when you use our systems,” says Artur Deger. Of course, the company draws on more than its own calculations to support these statements. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Fraunhofer ISE) has, for example, found that dual axis tracking systems that work on the basis of astronomical data achieve up to 27 percent more yield than fixed solar modules. The German sensor controlled systems work much more accurately and effectively than astronomical tracking systems due to the sensor controller. These systems have generated proven surplus yields of up to 46 compared to fixed systems. “This is compared with 10 to15 percent extra expenditure,” explains Artur Deger. “It’s a clear choice for investors.” All costs accounted for This global market leader has included all costs incurred during the construction of a solar park in its calculations: module costs, converter costs, costs for sub-structures and foundations, system-related costs, ongoing costs and any other extras. An output of 1 GWh, i.e. one million kilowatt hours of power per year, was set as the target. Calculations were then made on this basis while using different environmental conditions: • - A location in southern Europe/location in central Europe • - Single axis/dual axis tracking systems/ fixed systems • - Different module prices (per Wp between EURO 3.20 and EURO 1.00) • - Different module output capacities (165 Wp/215 Wp/240 Wp) The results are worth knowing: 1. The region where the systems are used has no influence on the cost-benefit calculation. Irrespective of the region of use (central or southern Europe): the investments energética india
required to achieve the target energy yield of 1 GWh per year are up to 31 percent higher with fixed systems than when using sensor controlled tracking systems. 2. Sensor controlled tracking does better with higher performance modules. The investment sum for plants with fixed systems, when using higher performance modules (240 Wp) and a module price of EURO 3.20 per Wp, is 31 percent higher than with dual axis tracking systems from DEGERenergie. Modules with an average performance capacity (215 Wp) show a difference of 29 percent. For modules with 165 Wp, there is a 20 percent extra investment involved for fixed systems. 3. Module prices hardly have any effect on the cost-benefit calculation. Even if module prices drop to one Euro per Wp or lower, DEGERenergie systems are on balance still much more economical than fixed systems: The extra investment for fixed systems when using higher performance modules (240 Wp) and an assumed module price of EURO 3.20
Euro per Wp is about 31 percent higher. With a module price of one Euro, there is still a 24 percent extra investment in fixed systems to achieve identical results. Patented intelligent control module Responsible for this efficiency is the patented DEGERconector control module. This very heart of the intelligent control was awarded the Inventor’s Prize of the German state of Baden-Württemberg in 2001. The DEGERconecter continually measures intensity and angle of the incident light rays and aligns the plant with its solar modules accordingly. At the same time, it takes into account not only the radiation of the sun but also (for example) light that is reflected off snow, water or light rock, or diffuse radiation that penetrates through the clouds. The sensor control module works with reference values supplied by two sensor cells. The values are evaluated by the integrated logic module. A differential amplifier changes the characteristic logarithmic JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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need for a central control or for networking the park with data cables. This has a considerable effect on the economic efficiency of a solar park: the control module always independently direct each system in the entire park to an optimum position, even under differing and rapidly changing cloud conditions, for example. Every system therefore achieves the greatest possible energy yield. Quick response times ensure that even gaps in the clouds can be very efficiently utilized. Another advantage: only one system is affected if there is any kind of controller failure; the remaining park systems continue to operate perfectly normally.
curve of strong sunlight into a linear curve when there are low currents, such as those occurring in diffuse light. This means the systems still supply a relatively high yield even when sunlight is weak. The logic module assumes a much higher value for the linear curve than for the logarithmic curve. This leads to a significant increase in the readjustment precision when brightness is decreasing. The differential voltage is additionally charged with a load which sets the shutdown threshold to up to about 30 watts per square meter, allowing 50
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it to work right up to nightfall. A third sensor cell on the back of the control module ensures that the plant is automatically redirected towards sunrise in the morning. In order to prevent both drives from running simultaneously in the case of dual axis systems, the system has been designed so that the east-west drive is prioritized over the elevation. Each dual axis tracking system from DEGERenergie is equipped with two sensor control modules. Thanks to automatic tracking of every single system, there is no
More than 46 percent extra yield The fact that, on balance, sensor controlled tracking systems are more economical for solar park operators and investors is naturally due to their much higher yield. This means that Spanish solar park operator Picanda Solar achieves an extra yield of more than 46 percent with the German technology compared to fixed systems. Picanda Solar operates photovoltaic systems of different sizes, with different types of technology in Spain. This company has been calculating the yields of its individual systems for years now as a basis for comparing system yields. With remarkable results: Solar modules that are installed in a fixed position on the roof of an industrial building produce an energy yield of 1,500 kWh/kWp; the identical modules, once fitted with DEGERtrakers, type 5000NT, achieve 2,200 kWh/kWp at the same location. Other operators see similar figures. This German manufacturer now has data from seven Spanish solar parks which have compared the energy yield of different systems for a minimum of one year. They all report extra yields with the German systems of more than 40 percent. Artur Deger: “Before we jump to the wrong conclusions, I must just say that these kinds of high surplus yields when compared to fixed systems can’t be achieved with astronomically controlled systems or other types of tracking system. As far as we know, tracking systems fitted with the patented DEGERconecter control module generate the highest yields worldwide.” energética india
UTILITIES&SOLUTIONS
An Overview of Dynamic Electricity Pricing DEVA SEETHARAM, REJI PILLAI, JAYANTA BASAK AND SHIVKUMAR KALYANARAMAN, IBM INDIA RESEARCH LABORATORY The demand for electrical power is not constant. There are certain times of the day where the demand levels are much higher than rest of the time. For instance, as shown in Figure 1 - Residential Energy Demand Pattern (Image Source – Energy Priorities [1]).1, residential demand is much higher in the morning (around 8 AM), when a large number of people leave for work and in the evening (around 7 pm), when those workers return home. (Obviously, these demand patterns depend on the consumer segments and market areas.)
W
hen the peak demand exceed the available generation capacity, the utility companies either resort to load-shedding or buy1 additional power from other utilities through wholesale electricity markets such as Indian Energy Exchange [2] and New York Independent System Operator [3] etc. These markets clear energy at spot prices using mechanisms such as Availability Based Tariff (ABT) [4] and Locational Based Marginal Pricing (LBMP). These spot prices fluctuate a lot and can be much higher when the demand is high than when the demand is low. For example, based on the current grid frequency (indicates the current grid load), the ABT prices can vary between Rs. 0 to Rs. 5.70 per KWh of energy [4]. The utilities can’t pass on these rate fluctuations to customers because non-commercial customers are protected by flat-rate electric tariffs. When the market rate for electricity rises above the approved retail rate, utilities are caught in the middle, which can be financially disastrous [1]. To alleviate this peak demand problem, utility companies are trying to shift the loads from peak load periods to offpeak periods so that the peak loads of users will be distributed through out the day instead of concurring at peak hours. This can be illustrated as shown in Figure 2 - Coinciding Peak Loads.2 and Figure 3 Shifted Peak Loads.3. In this article, we describe several dynamic pricing schemes including a selforganizing energy-pricing scheme, a new concept we have developed. 1 It is important to note that since massive quantities of electrical energy cannot be stored efficiently for long periods, utilities can’t use energy generated during off-peak periods to meet peak demands.
energética india
Demand Response Demand Response (DR) can be defined as changes in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized [6].
cally, through control units) initiate actions such as automatically dimming/turning off lights, recharging batteries, reducing airconditioning, and so on. To motivate consumers to change their consumption patterns, utility companies are proposing various differential pricing schemes so that consumption in off-peak periods would be encouraged through lower rates and consumption in peak periods will be discouraged through higher rates.
Figure 1 - Residential Energy Demand Pattern (Image Source – Energy Priorities [1]).
DR systems are becoming possible primarily because of the availability of networked smart meters [7] with bidirectional communication capabilities. Utilities, through the smart meters, send control signals such as increasing/decreasing prices to consumers. Based on these signals, consumers can (manually or automati-
Figure 2 - Coinciding Peak Loads.
Figure 3 - Shifted Peak Loads.
Differential Pricing Schemes Researchers have proposed several differential-pricing schemes [8]: • Time of Use Pricing (TOU) • Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) • Real Time Pricing (RTP) • Peak Load Reduction Credits (PLRC) Time of Use Pricing (ToU) In TOU scheme, electricity prices are set for a specific time period on an advance or forward basis, typically not changing more often than twice a year, based on the utility’s cost of generating and/or purchasing such electricity at the wholesale level for the benefit of the consumer. Prices paid JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
51
UTILITIES&SOLUTIONS
for energy consumed during these periods shall be pre-established and known to consumers in advance of such consumption, allowing them to vary their demand and usage in response to such prices and manage their energy costs by shifting usage to a lower cost period or reducing their consumption overall. Since the scheme is not that “dynamic”, the TOU pricing variations will reflect very little of the true variations in the wholesale energy markets. Despite its shortcomings, this scheme is fairly easy to implement. In fact, it doesn’t even require the smart meter infrastructure. Given its simplicity, this scheme has been used extensively. For instance, Puget Sound Energy (PSE) found the scheme to be effective in altering customer behavior. As PSE hoped, customers shifted their loads according to the price incentives. The average residential customer shifted 13-kilowatt hours out of peak periods and into off-peak periods. That four percent shift might not seem like much, but it translates to about 25,000 kilowatts of reduced peak demand [1]. criTical Peak Pricing (cPP) In this scheme, time-of-use prices are in effect except for certain peak load times, when prices may reflect the costs of generating and/or purchasing electricity at the wholesale level and as a result the prices can be unusually high for a limited number of hours. CPP scheme is the natural evolution of demand charges when more sophisticated metering is available. Charges increase at critical system peaks rather than at the individual customer’s demand peak, which is much more consistent with the true costs of consumption. CPP still has two economic weaknesses, though they may actually be strengths in terms of customer acceptance. First, the prices are limited and levels are preset for the critical peak periods, therefore they can’t be calibrated to move with the actual prices in the wholesale market. Second, the number of critical peak hours that can be called in a year is limited [9]. real Time Pricing (rTP) In this scheme, electricity prices are set for a specific time period on an advanced or forward basis, reflecting the utility’s cost 52
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
of generating and/or purchasing electricity at the wholesale level, and may change as often as hourly. RTP does not mean that customers must buy all of their power at the real-time price. Purchasing some power through a long-term contract would allow customers to stabilize their overall bill while still facing the real-time price for incremental consumption, Unsurprisingly, RTP can closely follow the variations in wholesale energy prices. However, implementing RTP has a few issues [9]: Customer pricing risk - many customers balk at RTP because they fear that they could find themselves paying astronomical prices for their consumption during any given hour. Distributional impacts – one of the major concerns with RTP is that it is not clear who will be the winners and who will be the losers in adopting such a timevarying price scheme. We believe, as we explain below, a carefully designed RTP can address these issues. self-organizing energy Pricing (seP) Many of the proposed RTP schemes require the meters (at customer premises) to connect to the utility systems to get the current price. Such a centralized approach is inefficient because it requires huge communication and computation resources. For instance, if there were one million meters that get real time price once every 15 minutes, the total amount of data transferred per day would be 96 GB (assuming each packet is about 1 KB with communication overheads) per day. Moreover, centralized systems also suffer from single points of failures. Given the disadvantages of centralized systems, we propose a self-organizing real-time energy-pricing scheme that is based on Frequency Sensing Meters (FSM). FSMs are nothing but a smart meter equipped with a simple inexpensive frequency sensing circuitry. The frequency sensor is used to measure the grid frequency. The grid frequency is inversely proportional to the current load on the grid. (This relationship is the basis of ABT pricing as well [4].) Of course, provisions must be built in the scheme for not charging the
customers due to failure of generating companies, transmission companies or distribution utility itself (owing to un-planned unit outages or other technical faults) that can result in demand-supply imbalances leading to lower system frequencies. SEP scheme works as follows: • Once every sampling period (say 15 minutes or 1 hour), the FSM measures the frequency of the grid. • The FSM uses the sensed frequency to map it to the price on the Frequency-vsKWH-rate curve specified by the utility. This curve can be different for different customer segments; and vary according to seasons. • The unit energy rate for that customer is computed as a function of sensed frequency and consumption history. • Now, the current energy charges can be computed as product of the current unit rate and the consumption during the last sampling period. The benefits of this pricing scheme are: • If majority of the customers are price sensitive, this scheme can reduce the energy consumption by adjusting the unit rates. It is important to note that the scheme can also encourage consumption by reducing rates when the demand is low. • It can support multiple unit rates for multiple customer segments. • Since it includes consumption history (assigned weights decreasing with time) in determining the unit rate, customers who were consuming heavily will be charged more than the ones who were not. This probably will lead to fair rates. • By setting the function parameters to the appropriate values, any factor (history or current frequency) can be emphasized or de-emphasized. • Scheme is resilient as functions in a decentralized fashion. Given these benefits, this pricing scheme can address the aforementioned issues with RTP. We are currently running simulation studies on the effectiveness of SEP. Discussions At the wholesale level, the electric power utilities around the world have invariably abandoned average cost pricing. Howenergética india
ever, at the retail level only the largest industrial and commercial customers have been fully afforded the opportunity to take advantage of dynamic rates. The development of lower cost Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and digital communications is making the transition to dynamic pricing for a broader range of customers more feasible. Newell and Faruqui [10] present the wholesale market benefits that could be expected if all retail customers were provided dynamic price signals, similar to those price signals now available to participants in New York’s wholesale electricity markets. The benefits predicted by them for New York State are: Demand Reduction: Dynamic pricing could result in system peak demand reductions in the range of 10 to 14 percent, from a projected value of 34,000 megawatts (MW). Cost Reduction: Total resource costs decrease by a range of $143 million to $509 million per year, or 3 percent to 6 percent. Market-based customer costs decrease by $171 million to $579 million per year, or 2 to 5 percent (excluding AMI deployment costs), depending on capacity price levels and whether in-home display devices are deployed and create a conservation effect. Social Welfare Improvement: Social welfare is the measure of overall prosperity of society. It is the sum of the “consumer surplus,” the value consumers derive in excess of the price paid; and the “producer surplus,” suppliers’ profits. Their study found that dynamic pricing could improve consumer surplus by $162 million to $572 million per year and could improve total social surplus by $141 million to $403 million per year. Given these benefits and the imminent widespread availability of smart meter infrastructure, the dynamic energy pricing will become more widely used in the future. References 1. Denis Du Bois. Time of Use Electricity Billing: How Puget Sound Energy Reduced Peak Power Demands. http://energypriorities. com/entries/2006/02/pse_tou_amr_case.php. 2. Indian Energy Exchange. http://www.iexindia.com/ 3. New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). http://www. nyiso.com. 4. Bhanu Bhushan. ABC of ABT. http://www.nldc.in/docs/abc_abt. pdf. 5. NYISO. Locational Based Marginal Pricing (LBMP). http://www. nyiso.com/public/services/market_training/online_resources/on_ line_lbmp_2006_part_one.htm. 6. US Department of Energy. Report to the Congress - Benefits of demand response in electricity markets and recommendations for achieving them. http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/ congress_1252d.pdf. 7. European Smart Metering Industry Group (ESMIG). A Guide to Smart Metering, Empowering people for a better environment. 2009. 8. US Energy Policy Act of 2005. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ PLAW-109publ58/content-detail.html. 9. S. Borenstein, M. Jaske, and A. Rosenfeld. Dynamic Pricing, Advanced Metering, and Demand Response in Electricity Markets. October 2002. University of California Energy Institute. 10. S. Newell and A. Faruqui. Dynamic Pricing: Potential Wholesale Market Benefits in New York State. NYISO report.
energética india
INSIDERTHOUGHTS
Utilities Update on the Implementation of R-APDRP With the Govt. of India proposing to continue the restructured R-APDRP (The Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme) during the 11th plan; Energetica India comes with an insight into the status quo of IT reforms in various Indian utilities.
R-APDRP’s Role in Distribution Sector Reform MR. PUNEET MUNJAL, GENERAL MANAGER (CS & P) AND MR. MITHUN CHAKRABORTY, MANAGER, (CS & P), NORTH DELHI POWER LTD.
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istribution of Power is the final and most crucial link in the power sector’s value chain. Economic viability of this segment has major ramifications on the viability of the entire sector. High Distribution Losses (averaging around 30-35% nationally) coupled with low metering levels, poor recoveries and political influence in tariffs fixation, etc., have plagued the sector for long. Consequently, the State owned distribution utilities have generally not been able to undertake corresponding investments in network and other infrastructure augmentation, which manifests in the high losses, poor reliability and inadequate service delivery. Realizing the urgent need for reforms in the Distribution Sector, with primary focus being on reduction of AT&C Losses, the Ministry of Power (MoP), Government of India introduced the Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) in 2001 which aimed at providing financing to the State Utilities for implementing the Program in designated circles. The main objectives of the APDRP were improving financial viability of the State Electricity Boards, reduction of AT&C losses to 15% in five years in 54
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
urban and high density areas, improving customer satisfaction and increasing reliability and quality of supply. The Program provided for concessional funding for schemes under APDRP with 50% of the capital cost being funded by the Government by way of non-refundable Capital Grant (25%) and long tenor loans (25%). In case of schemes implemented in the North East, 100% financing was made available by way of Grant (50%) and loans (50%). The scheme also provided attractive incentives for achieving pre-identified targets. However, the performance of the State owned Utilities which were the beneficiaries of the program was well below expectations during the Tenth Plan; the programme led to an insignificant reduction in overall AT&C losses from 38.86% in 2001-02 to 34.54% in 2005-06. This can be attributed mainly to two reasons viz. absence of proper baseline data against
which improvement could be measured and non linkage of disbursement of funds for sustained performance. Learning from the shortcomings of the earlier program, the MoP has restructured the Program (Restructured APDRP) which has been introduced from August 2008. The focus of the programme is stage – wise disbursement of financing and conversion of debt into non refundable grant contingent upon actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained loss reduction. The R-APDRP is in Two Parts: Part A focuses on preparation of base line data for a project area (towns and cities with population of more than 30,000; 10,000 in case of special category states) covering Consumer Indexing, GIS Mapping, Metering of DTs and feeders with facilities for automatic data logging, IT applications for meter reading, billing, collection, energy accounting and auditing; Part B focuses on renovation, modernization and strengthening of distribution network. An outlay of Rs. 10,000 Cr. for Part A and Rs. 40,000 Cr. for Part B has been planned under R-APDRP which shall be made available to State Utilities as Loan and/or Grant depending upon demonstrated achievement of milestones/targets. For instance,
Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. (MVVNL) and R-APDRP MR. PARTHA SARTHI SEN SHARMA, MANAGING DIRECTOR, MADHYANCHAL VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD.
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VVNL was formed in July 2003 as a subsidiary of UPPCL for power distribution across 17 districts in central part of UP & is serv-
ing its 23, 55,898 consumers having connected load of 3516 MW and the annual turnover of Rs. 1400 Crores (approx). MVVNL has a vision to have an inteenergética india
INSIDERTHOUGHTS
100% financing under Part A shall be provided by the Government, initially as a loan which shall be converted to grant only on establishment of required base line data and independent verification by Third Party within a stipulated timeframe. For Part B, Govt. funding shall be restricted to 25% of project cost which again shall be initially disbursed as loan with 50% of the same being converted into Grant in five equal tranches on sustaining 15% AT&C losses over 5 years, again verified by Third Party. The 15% Loss Levels under the R-APDRP are expected to be reached by end of FY 12.Presently, around 1400 Towns and Cities across India have been sanctioned a little less than Rs. 5,000 Cr. out of which around Rs. 1,200 Cr. have already been disbursed. Majority of the State Utilities are still in the Part A implementation stage. Tangible benefits of the R-APDRP by way of effective loss reduction shall be seen only over the next few years after implementation of Part B of the programme. Further, to successfully reap benefits expected out of R-APDRP scheme, utilities would require building adequate capacity in their manpower to manage the automation and IT infrastructure being embedded as part of running a distribution business. Additionally, effective change management procedures shall need to be institutionalized to disseminate changes in business processes introduced due to R-APDRP. While the R-APDRP is undoubtedly a very significant initiative of the Government of India to accelerate operational efficiencies of Distribution Utilities by providing the much needed focus on IT interventions and the requisite investment, private utilities
have been presently kept out of the ambit of the Program thereby depriving them the benefit of cheaper financing by way of Grants which would have resulted in lower investment servicing costs and consequently lower tariffs for their consumers . The present scheme provides for a relook at this
policy (of excluding Pvt. Utilities from this scheme) at the end of two years of its implementation (August 2010). The scheme needs to be suitably amended to include such private utilities so that the benefits offered can be extended to consumers of such utilities also.
grated and unified solution which envisages to carry out the entire work in MVVNL through a single vendor. Under R-APDRP 43 towns are covered having 211 Sub Division Offices & 491 no. of other offices. MVVNL has selected M/s HCL Technologies as its IT Implementing agency for Part-A. M/s Infosys is Project Management consultant for Part A. The complete cost of Part A is of Rs 230 Crores as sanctioned by MOP. The following activities will be carried out by HCL Technologies:
• Setting up of IT infrastructure for collection of baseline energy and revenue data of the identified towns and setting up of customer care center therein. • Establishment of data center at Lucknow, customer care centers at Lucknow. Set up the LAN and WAN (VPN/ MPLS). Installation of PCs, Servers, and associated hardware Creation of necessary IT infrastructure. • Carrying out the necessary DGPS survey and creation of GIS based customer in-
dexing and asset database/Mapping • Meter data acquisition system for Substations, DTs and select consumers in the towns for the purpose of centralized meter data logging. In the mean time MVVNL as a parallel activity has started DPR preparation for 43 towns for Part B. M/s Medhaj Techno Concept Pvt. Ltd has been selected as the consultant for Part B. Finalised 34 DPRs have been submitted to MVVNL, which are being scrutinised and very soon will be submitted to PFC for sanction.
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NPDL’s SCADA Centre.
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
55
INSIDERTHOUGHTS
Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (UGVCL) and R-APDRP MR. A. K. VERMA, MANAGING DIRECTOR, UTTAR GUJARAT VIJ COMPANY LTD.
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fficient, adequate and quality supply of power at affordable cost is the heart of power sector reforms in India. Generation reforms and capacity addition have to be synchronized with efficient distribution mechanism to deliver the results of reforms to the consumers.
Distribution reforms got impetus under Distribution Reforms, Upgrades and Management (DRUM) project and Accelerated Power Distribution & Reforms Programme (APDRP). Gujarat took a lead and unbundled its Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) into seven companies. Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited (UGVCL) is one of them distributing power to about 2.5 million consumers in 43 town and 4600 villages of the State. UGVCL is predominantly a rural power utility
A Snapshot of R-APDRP from the View Point of an IT Consultant ABHISHEK MISHRA, CONSULTANT, VAYAM TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
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lectricity is the backbone for development of any country. Indian Power Utilities are working to meet objectives of providing sufficient, reliable and quality power to their consumers under jurisdiction but the same is not achieved in most part of country due to high AT&C losses. Government of India (Ministry of Power) has launched Restructure Accelerated Power and Development Program (R-APDRP) to bring down AT&C losses upto a certain minimum level of 15%. This scheme has been considered for Urban areas–towns and cities with population of more than 30,000. In case of special category states viz. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir etc, towns with population more than 10,000 are also considered. The overall scheme is divided into two parts: • Part A: To bring IT enabled System 56
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
• Part B: For Augmentation / Strengthening etc. of electrical network system To execute the scheme, MoP has designated PFC as Nodal Agency. Under the Part A, MoP / PFC has envisaged to establish baseline data and IT applications like Meter Data Acquisition, MBC, GIS, MIS, Energy Audit, New Connection, Disconnection, Customer Care Services,
and caters its 55-60 percent energy to the agriculture sector. At the same time it has the responsibility to support fast industrial and urban growth taking place around Ahmedabad and other specified zones of SEZ, SIR and DMIC. UGVCL went for computerization of its business processes and adopted a back to back ERP solution called e-Urja in 2006. It is maintaining HT to LT ratio of about 1.2, strengthened its MBC activities to achieve a distribution loss level of 14.31% during 2008-09 despite being a suboptimal monsoon year. However to sustain its efforts as well as improve the inefficiency of lacking regions under R-APDRP part-A, UGVCL went for 20 projects covering 5, 03,000 consumers, 528 feeders and 36 subdivisions. Major activities include consumer
etc. for better and timely services to their consumers. For scheme implementation, centralized approach has been considered where all applications are deployed in a centralized Data Centre (DC) with provision of Disaster Recovery Centre (DRC) in different seismic zones to prevent data loss during any disaster. All applications are integrated in SOA enabled architecture via Enterprise Service Bus / Portal. DRC is the exact replica of DC in Active-Passive Mode. IVRS enabled Centralized Customer Care Centre handles consumer requests / queries / problems, etc. All Offices are connected to the DC / DRC over MPLS VPN Cloud with a provision of primary and secondary linkages, wherever required. Proper Training and Change Management is also a part of the scheme. After the implementation, Facility Management Services (FMS) for a period of five years has been provisioned. Some states viz. Gujarat, West Bengal, Karnataka etc. have already floated tenders and appointed ITIA for project implementation whereas some states viz. Haryana etc. are in the process of following suit. Successful and timely implementation of this scheme will be helpful for converting loans into grants for a respective utility, enhancing customer-satisfaction, and reducing AT&C losses among others. energética india
INSIDERTHOUGHTS
indexing, GIS mapping, asset mapping of the entire distribution network, automatic metering (AMR) & automatic data logging for all distribution transformers and feeders and SCADA / DMS system for Ahmedabad. IT applications for meter reading, billing & collection, energy accounting, MIS, redressing of consumer complaint and customer care centers have also been provided. Ring fencing is completed. Base Line data for April- Sept’09 is already submitted. Site selection for CCC, resource usage plan and module wise team of UGVCL are in place. M/S Zensar Technologies and M/S Tata Consultancy Services are helping us as IT consultant and IT Implementation Agency respectively UGVCL has all offices connected by lease lines. All offices are using web-
based software for consumer monitoring, AT&C loss calculation, centralized complaint management, and computerized Billing. Majority of the software are designed and developed within UGVCL. Good IT infrastructure exists for more than three years. This has created very good computer literacy among all staff. UGVCL also has been implementing GIS as well as DAS on large scale. Familiar-
Tripura State Electricity Corporation Ltd. (TSECL) and R-APDRP MR. DEBBARMA MAHANANDA, ASST. GENERAL MANAGER, TRIPURA STATE ELECTRICITY CORPORATION LTD.
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ndia is sweeping through Power Sector Reforms since enactment of IE Act – 2003. As a result changes are taking place in power sector. TSECL is no exception to it. The 10th Plan APDRP, a reform initiative of GOI, partially took part in the change of our distribution sector. But, it could not bring the AT&C losses at desired level in most of the towns. Non-availability of adequate and authentic utility information/ data was one of the important weaknesses of APDRP during 10th Plan. Thus, need of R-APDRP in 11th Plan period has been emphasized for TSECL. With successful implementation of Part – A, we expect a qualitative improvement in our distribution business process. Apart from the above, flow of energy from up-steam i.e. distribution and substaenergética india
tion feeder level, DT level and high end consumer level is expected to be available at realistic value. With the above level of energy information, energy audit and ac-
ity with issues and internal know how for various implementation processes are its key strengths. Thus UGVCL is better poised to jump to new IT environment being created by R-APDRP. System strengthening projects for R-APDRP part-B are under preparation. UGVCL intends to includes conductor renovation, underground cabling, HVDS, load balancing of transformers, 66/11 KV sub-stations & augmentation of existing ones, feeder bifurcations, RMU, DO fuses, capacitor banks etc. In order to develop a robust network to sustain load growth, maintain quality supply and keep distribution losses under control. UGVCL looks forward to a liberal conditionality to extend the benefit of RAPDRP to rural areas to treat its some of the higher loss pockets.
counting for withdrawal at project area can be achieved. But energy at down most stream at delivery point are i.e. at consumer end shall remain at the hands of human interface. System has to rely and accept the data fed by the energy meter reader. Draining out of energy at consumer premises is a common practice in distribution sector of the country. Therefore, unless energy delivered at consumer end is captured with AMR through IT, the real and true benefit of reform in distribution may not take place.
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
57
HYDROPOWER
Present Status Of Hydro Power and Capacity Addition in Ensuing Five Year Plans DR D. G. KADKADE, DIRECTOR, JAIPRAKASH POWER VENTURES LTD Electricity is one of the main requirements for development of a nation. Power produced by use of water resources is a clean power wherein there is no environmental pollution, there is no escalation in cost and there is no fluctuation in frequency of power generation supplied to the grid.
1. ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY OF POWER (MW) AS ON 31 DEC 2009 SL. NO.
REGION
1
Northern
THERMAL
Nuclear
COAL
GAS
DSL
TOTAL
20062.50
3563.26
12.99
23638.75
1180.00
HYDRO
R.E.S.@
TOTAL
(Renewable)
(MNRE)
13310.75
2240.31
40369.81
2
Western
27015.50
8143.81
17.48
35176.79
1840.00
7447.50
4563.18
49027.47
3
Southern
17822.50
4392.78
939.32
23154.60
1100.00
11107.03
7880.76
43242.39
4
Eastern
16645.38
190.00
17.20
16852.58
0.00
3904.12
334.91
21091.61
5
N. Eastern
60.00
766.00
142.74
968.74
0.00
1116.00
200.08
2284.82
6
Islands
0.00
0.00
70.02
70.02
0.00
0.00
6.11
76.13
7
All India
81605.88
17055.85
1199.75
99861.48
4120.00
36885.40
15225.35
156092.23
Captive Generating capacity connected to the Grid (MW) =
I
schemes. We continue to allow the water to flow to sea. A recent example in this regard is splitting of Kol Dam scheme in the State of Uttarkhand into three parts to avoid submergence of present Devprayag town on Alaknanda river and requiring an 18 km of hill road to be constructed in the submergence area. This scheme as planned earlier provided for construction of a dam of +200 m height with a 900 MW power house. This has been broken in three structures thereby loosing storage of water of 2.6 billion M3, which will now flow into the sea through Ganges.
n the last few decades, because of problems faced in Resettlement and Rehabilitation of population displaced from submergence area, India has switched on to generation of hydro power by making them run-of-the-river schemes wherein limited submergence is involved. However, in the long run, this is not a right thing to do because unless you store water, you cannot release it when required for human consumption, industrial consumption or irrigation. There are very few schemes executed in the recent past which have been constructed as storage
2. POWER SUPPLY POSITION AS ON 31 DEC 2009 - REQUIREMENT, DEMAND & DEFICIT Deficit %
Peak Demand (MW)
Deficit %
19,997
-9.2
33,210
-13.1
22,846
-16.0
37,158
-17.4
17,729
-5.9
27,094
-4.4
Eastern
6,935
-5.5
11,981
-6.8
Northern Eastern
790
-7.2
1,678
-14.5
All India
68,297
-10.2
111,121
-11.8
S.No
Region
1
Northern
2
Western
3
Southern
4 5
Energy (MU) Requirement
3. CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (AS ON 31.12.2009)- REQUIREMENT, DEMAND & DEFICIT Hydro
Thermal
Nuclear
Total
MW
15627
59693
3380
78700
%age
19.9
75.8
4.3
100
58
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
19509.00
Most of the professionals have now realized that it is absolutely necessary to construct hydro power with adequate storage of water. Once we construct hydro-power projects as R.R. schemes, we loose possibilities of water storages. This needs to be looked into. Though the Ministry of Water Resources is aware of the problem, because of R.R problems this issue is not getting the required attention and priority. At present no storage scheme is under execution. The present shortage of power, both of peaking as well as base load, is close to 10%. This figure varies yearly, hence not elaborated. Installed capacity of the electricity as on 31 December 2009 regionwise is given in table 1. Prosperity and growth of any country is primarily dependent on availability of affordable power. As of now we have heavy deficit and very low per capita consumption of power, whose details are given in table 2. Power capacity addition target during 11th Five Year Plan and project-wise hydro power capacity addition during 11th Plan are given below. This will give an idea as to what we need to achieve for growth energĂŠtica india
HYDROPOWER
4. HYDRO-POWER PROJECTS UNDER EXECUTION DURING 11TH PLAN(AS ON 31.12.2009) Sl. Name of Project No. A. Projects as per 11th Plan Programme. Central Sector.
Unit No.
State/ Implem. Agency
Capacity (MW)
Likely Commissioning
1
Parbati St. II 4x200= 800 MW
U-1 to U-4
Himachal Pradesh/ NHPC
800
12th Plan
2
Chamera-III 3x77= 231 MW
U-1 to U-3
Himachal Pradesh/ NHPC
231
2010-11
3
Parabati-III 4x130= 520 MW
U-1 to U-4
Himachal Pradesh/ NHPC
520
2010-11
4
Kol Dam 4x200= 800 MW
U-1 to U-4
Himachal Pradesh/ NTPC
800
2011-12
5
Rampur 6x68.67= 412 MW
U-1 to U-6
Himachal Pradesh/ SJVNL
412
12th Plan
6
Uri-II 4x60= 240 MW
U-1 to U-4
Jammu & Kashmir/ NHPC
240
2010-11
7
Sewa – II 3x40= 120 MW
U-1 to U-3
Jammu & Kashmir/ NHPC
120
Jan-10, Feb-10, 10-Mar
8
Chutak 4x11=44 MW
U-1 to U-4
Jammu & Kashmir/ NHPC
44
2011-12
9
Nimoo Bazgo 3x15=45 MW
U-1 to U-3
Jammu & Kashmir/ NHPC
45
2011-12
10
Koteshwar 4x100= 400 MW
U-1 to U-4
Uttaranchal/ THDC
400
2010-11
11
Loharinagpala 4x150=600 MW
U-1 to U-4
Uttaranchal/ NTPC
600
12th Plan
12
Tapovan Vishnugad 4x130=520 MW
U-1 to U-4
Uttaranchal/ NTPC
520
12th Plan
13
Teesta Low Dam-III 4x33= 132 MW
U-1 to U-4
West Bengal/ NHPC
132
2010-11
14
Teesta Low Dam-IV 4x40= 160 MW
U-1 to U-4
West Bengal/ NHPC
160
2011-12
15
Subansiri Lower 8x250= 2000 MW
U-1 to U-8
Arunachal Pradesh/ NHPC
2000
12th Plan
16
Kameng 4x150= 600 MW
U-1 to U-4
Arunachal Pradesh/ NEEPCO
600
12th Plan
Sub-total (Central):
7624 100
12th Plan
110
12th Plan
117
2010-11
State Sector 17
Uhl-III 3x33.33= 100 MW
U-1 to U-3
18
Swara Kuddu 3x36.6= 110 MW
U-1 to U-3
19
Priyadarshni Jurala 6x39= 234 MW
U-4 to U-6
Himachal Pradesh/ Beas Valley Power Corp. Ltd. (BVPC) Himachal Pradesh/ Pabbar Valley Corp. (PVC) Andhra Pradesh/ APGENCO
20
Nagarujana Sagar TR 2x25= 50 MW
U-1 & U-2
Andhra Pradesh/ APGENCO
50
2010-11
21
Lower Jurala 6x40= 240 MW
U-1 to U-6
Andhra Pradesh/ APGENCO
240
2011-13 (120 MW in 12th Plan)
22
Pulichintala 4x30= 120 MW
U-1 to U-4
Andhra Pradesh/ APGENCO
120
2011-12
23
Kuttiyadi Addl. Ext. 2x50= 100 MW
U-1 & U-2
Kerala/ KSEB
100
Mar-10 *
24
Pallivasal 3x20= 60 MW
U-1 to U-3
Kerala/ KSEB
60
12th Plan
25
Bhawani Barrage II 2x15= 30 MW
U-1 & U-2
Tamil Nadu/ TNEB
30
2011-12
26
Bhawani Barrage III 2x15= 30 MW
U-1 & U-2
Tamil Nadu/ TNEB
30
2011-12
27
Myntdu
28
New Umtru
2x42= 84 MW 2x20= 40 MW
U-1&
U-2
Meghalaya/
MeSEB
84
2010-11
U-1&
U-2
Meghalaya/
MeSEB
40
2011-12
Sub-total (State):
1081
Private Sector 29
Allain Duhangan
30
Karcham Wangtoo
31
Budhil
32
Malana-II
33
Sorang
2x96= 192 MW
U-1 &
U-2
Himachal Pradesh/
ADHPL
192
4x250= 1000 MW
U-1 to
U-4
Himachal Pradesh/
JPKPL
1000
2011-12
U-1 &
U-2
Himachal Pradesh/
LANCO
70
2010-11
U-1 &
U-2
Everest PC
100
2010-11
U-1 &
U-2
Himachal Sorang Power
100
2011-12
330
2011-12
2x35= 70 MW 2x50= 100 MW 2x50= 100 MW
Himachal Pradesh/ Himachal Pradesh/
2010-11
Corporation Ltd. 34
Shrinagar
35
Maheshwar
4x82.5= 330 MW
36
Chujachen
37
Teesta-III
U-1 to
U-4
U-1 to
U-10
2x49.5= 99 MW
U-1&
U-2
6x200= 1200 MW
U-1 to
U-6
10x40= 400 MW
Uttarakhand/
M/s GVK Industries
Madhya Pradesh/
400
2011-12
99
2010-11
Sikkim/ Teesta Urja Ltd.
1200 **
2011-12
Sub-total (Private):
3491
Sikkim/
SMHPCL Gati
Total ‘A’ (11th Plan):
12196
A-1 Additional Unit likely to commission in 11th Plan 28a
Myntdu
1x42= 42 MW
U-1
Meghalaya/
MeSEB
42
2010-11
B. Projects likely to give benefits beyond 11th Plan. Central Sector. 38
Kishanganga
39
Pare
3x110= 330 MW
2x55= 110 MW
U-1 to
U-3
U-1 to
U-2
Jammu & Kashmir/ Arunachal Pradesh/
NHPC
330
2016-17
NEEPCO
110
12th Plan
HPPCL
65
12th Plan
40
12th Plan
State Sector 40
Kashang-I
41
Thottiyar
65 MW
Himachal Pradesh/
40 MW
KSEB
Kerala/
Private Sector 42 43 44
Tidong-I
100 MW
Phata Byung Teesta-VI
Himachal Pradesh/
76 MW
4x125= 500 MW
U-1 to
U-4
3x40= 120 MW
U-1 to
U-3
45
Rangit-IV
46
Jorethang Loop
M/s Nuziveedu Seeds
Uttarakhand/
2x48= 96 MW
Sikkim/ Sikkim/ Sikkim/
M/s Lanco
60
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
12th Plan
76
12th Plan
LANCO
500
12th Plan
Jal Power corp. Ltd.
120
12th Plan
96
12th Plan
M/s DANS Energy
Total ‘B’ (Beyond 11th Plan):
of GDP of 8%, which is a necessity of the country (table 3). It would be seen from the above tables that we need a political will to streamline and expedite: • Land acquisitions required for project
100
implementation • R.R. requirement of projects • Environment clearances of state and central governments • Availability of access roads and basic infrastructure
1437
• Making construction power available. Bibliography Discussion paper of PHD Chamber for conference of state power secretaries on ‘Northern India common economy initiative” held on 22 July 2008 at New Delhi (updated as on 31.12.09).
energética india
ANALYSIS
Financial Institutions about National Solar Mission Plan After the launch of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission many companies are looking to India. However, myriad obstacles remain, specially the lack of finance options can be a huge problem to the development of solar power projects. Energetica India gives a short insight on how some financial institutions will proceed to support the solar market development.
Role if IFC in Achieving Targets of Solar Mission ANITA MARANGOLY GEORGE AND PUNEET RUSTAGI
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n the past few years, the World Bank Group’s investments in alternative energy have increased significantly, a response to the heightened focus on climate change, and a reflection of its development impact mandate, which includes an on-going commitment to improving the quality of life for people in the developing world by helping the millions who still lack access to electricity, and by enabling reliable electricity for businesses to produce their goods and services. Within this broad scope, IFC, the private sector investment arm of the World Bank Group, is prioritizing investments to support the growth of the solar market in emerging market countries. IFC’s strategy is to invest across the value chain, from raw materials through cell & module manufacturing and balance of system components to solar farms and distributed solar installations. IFC is also open to investments in early stage companies to support new technologies and to address bottle-neck challenges such as energy storage. As part of its goal of focusing on climate- change-related projects, over the next few years, IFC plans to invest close to US$150 million each year in the global solar sector supporting private-sector companies from manufacturing through to solar farm development. In the recent few years, IFC has supported firms such as Russia’s Nitol, India’s Moser Baer and China’s ENN Solar. IFC is also supporting solar farm projects in developing countries, such as CEPALCO in the Philippines, and pilot projects in India and elsewhere. It has also mobilized “Global Environmental Facility” (GEF) funds for 62
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
India as part of its ongoing “Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative” (PVMTI) program which has already committed >USD10M to local firms including SELCO India, SREI, Shri Shakti, and Shell Solar India. India has been an important participant in the solar industry for many years, primarily through domestic manufacture of solar PV cells and modules for export and domestic use including firms like:
Tata-BP Solar, CEL and more recently Moser Baer PV. Cumulative installed solar capacity was only 110 MW in 2009 although the market is poised for rapid growth with the installation of the first utility-scale solar PV power plants commissioned in Punjab (2 MW) and West Bengal (2 MW). As a result of the recently announced National Solar Mission, India’s solar industry will be dramatically enlarged and is expected to shift to a lead-
ADB: A Strong Backing for India’s National Solar Mission DON PURKA, SENIOR INVESTMENT OFFICER (INFRASTRUCTURE), PRIVATE SECTOR OPERATIONS DEPT., ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
A
sian Development Bank has a wide array of operations which can be bifurcated into two main categories; the first one being Sovereign operations (i.e. the public sector) and the second one are Non-sovereign & private sector operations. The sovereign operations’ wing of ADB is also responsible for aiding the renewable sector in through energy efficiency programs with SEBs (for ex. MP, Assam), credit lines for IREDA & other financial institutions (for ex. REC, IIFCL) and development of Run-of River hydro projects in Himachal, J&K and Uttarkhand. As for the private sector play-
ers in the same arena ADB has financed wind power generation projects in Maharashtra and Gujarat. It has supported supercritical boiler technology for Mundra UMPP, approbated funds for clean energy private equity and facilitated equity financing for joint ventures in the renewable sector. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has been no exception, for which ADB has proposed the preparation of FI credit line for pilot solar projects under the Public Private Partnership structure, technical assistance to MNRE on development of PPA structure, standard form PPAs, eligibility criteria of 1000 MW of grid-connected
energética india
ANALYSIS
ing position globally. Industry analysts now expect India to emerge as one of the key global growth markets over the next decade. IFC is well-positioned to participate in providing support to implementation of India’s national solar mission by virtue of: (i) our prior experience in financing India’s power sector; (ii) our proven track record of funding solar projects both in India and other countries; (iii) our ability to provide longer-term financing than is normally available in the local banking or capital markets and (iv) our ability to access innovative financing sources such as the GEF and “Clean Technology Fund” (CTF). To help the Government of India meet the costs of the necessary incentives for the feed-in tariffs as well as demonstration projects featuring newer CSP technologies GoI can also draw upon resources from multilateral sources such as the World Bank, “International Development Association” (IDA), GEF and CTF, the latter to which more than USD 5 billion has already been pledged and for which India is eligible.
projects and capacity building at commercial banks for technical due diligence. In view of ADB, financing the initiative of National Solar Mission is not critical as proper risk mitigation shall leverage commercial debt and investment. Some key objectives to be kept in mind for doing so like examining structural and bankability issues and try to reduce credit and payment risks, also required is a scanning of technical and regulatory risks. The finance cost can’t be ignored for ex. 87% of total costs of a CSP project over a life of 25 years is an upfront capital expenditure and has to be addressed. Demo and pilot projects are a necessity with equal regard to promotion of sponsors building projects at an optimal scale for ex. 100-150 MW for CSP and 30-35 MW for PV. ADB is also working with Clinton Climate Initiative and Teri to develop 3000 MW “solar park”. This concept envisages the state nodal agency to identify, acquire and pre-permit land for private
energética india
How Japanese Companies See the Indian Solar Market Post National Solar Mission MR. JOICHI KIMURA, CHIEF REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AT NEW DELHI REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE
I
t is a g l o bally ack n o w l edged fact that Japanese solar power systems technology is cutting-edge and the country had been the world’s largest producer and user of solar power. Japanese solar panel makers are least affected by global meltdown due to capability to manufacture cells less expensively and have better technology. Many
sector investment, promotion of building solar projects at scale while sharing common infrastructure, water and grid connections. To make the lenders and investors agree on a framework for long term financing and addressing fundamental costs & financial hurdles. The National Solar Mission has ADB playing a major advisory and financial role in the form of structuring issues to facilitate bankability with MNRE, MOP, MOF and NTPC. ADM shall put it private sector financing wing to aid anchor solar projects and leverage clean energy capital from donors to firstly, partially guarantee risks that neither the banks nor the govt. are able to take and secondly to consider limited capital grants between cost of solar generation and the average grid cost in order to promote scaling up of technology. All these strategies shall lower the levelized cost of solar projects and put India on the fast track making it a manufacturing and technology hub.
Japanese solar firms are in fact expanding. The country’s four biggest—Sharp, Kyocera, Sanyo and Mitsubishi Electric are investing billions of dollars to double their production, at least, over the next three years. They expect an increase in demand owing to growing subsidies for renewable energy in USA, China and now in India. The Indian solar market was at a very nascent stage, but the set up of National Solar Mission, strong government commitment to the sector, geographical location and sheer demand would drive growth and has made India an attractive market for global players to invest. Japanese companies perceive Indian solar market as most suitable for investments due to market size and return on investments. Although Japanese companies face stiff competition from other global players in terms of prices of its products, they have cutting edge technology, expertise of installing large sized (more than 5 KW) solar power systems and past track of successfully running solar projects for more than 20 years. Further, Japanese government is strongly supporting further development and refinement of photovoltaic technology to compliment its mission to achieve 25% emission reduction from 1990’s level. Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) being governmental bank of Japan plays an imperative role in supporting environmental projects. JBIC is willing to support the Indian companies importing Japanese solar technology or partnering with Japanese companies to set up model solar power projects through its various financing facilities and schemes. JBIC believes DMIC would be an ideal platform to support model renewable projects. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
63
AUTOMATION
Helping Power Generators Improve Efficiency and Reduce Emissions HONEYWELL Electricity is an integral part of industrial operation and any interruption in electricity supply causes economic loss due to reduced production, increased waste, and plant uptime. Release of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx), particulates and mercury, along with an increased threat of global warming from greenhouse gases (GHG), are now critical concerns.
I
n addition, regions with rapidly expanding economies and industrial infrastructure have an accompanying need for power and fuel. The great hurdle is to provide sufficient power to developing industries, while reducing the environmental impact. 64
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Challenges facing power producers Promoting reliable operations, implementing new technologies to reduce emissions, reducing maintenance costs, and achieving the lowest operating costs possible are the realities for industrial power generators.
Many processing and manufacturing plants rely upon on-site power generation to supply their energy needs. They must deal with escalating production cost of power and steam (which accounts for 5-15% of plant operating costs), increasing the need to improve steam balance energĂŠtica india
AUTOMATION
and load allocation and reduce emissions to meet GHG regulations. Other challenges include reduction of NOx emissions. NOx is a by-product of combustion—the hotter the flame temperature used in the combustion process, the more NOx is produced. When combined with volatile organic compounds in hot stagnant weather, NOx emissions can lead to smog, or ground-level ozone pollution, which can cause respiratory problems in humans. Throughout the industrial sector, revenues are acutely sensitive to plant performance. Even a small inefficiency in operating equipment can have a negative financial impact. But in the current business climate, industrial facility owners and operators must weigh the benefits of a costly plant upgrade, such as a boiler retrofit, against the benefits of performance improvements. What industrial power generators need is a flexible, modular solution addressing industry efficiency and optimization trends, as well as stringent environmental standards and “green energy” requirements. Advanced solutions optimize performance There are a number of relatively fixed factors affecting overall plant operation and requiring effective optimization measures. These include boiler design, cooling water conditions, burner type, design steam conditions, and environmental controls that capture and remove pollutants. Leading plant automation technology suppliers, such as Honeywell have responded to the challenges by developing innovative control, monitoring and optimization solutions that help power producers meet their commitments to customers, shareholders and the environment. An integrated, modular suite of Advanced Energy Solution applications bring advanced control and optimization into electricity generation, as well as process steam and heat production (See Fig. 1). Advanced Energy Solutions integrates functions ranging from combustion control and steam pressure control, to plant monitoring, plant performance optimization and tie-line control. energética india
Fig. 1. With Honeywell’s approach, an integrated, modular suite of Advanced Energy Solutions applications bring advanced control and optimization into industrial power generation, as well as process steam and heat production.
To ensure maximum optimization benefits, Honeywell integrates its advanced energy solutions with the customer’s existing DCS architecture, including field instruments, SCADA, plant historians and other advanced control functions.
also helps to reduce emissions to stipulated regulatory levels. Users are able to minimize heat loss in flue gas, reduce their fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint, and reduce fouling/slagging/local hot spots.
AdvAnced combustion control (Acc) is used to improve the thermal efficiency of individual boilers and reduce emissions from industrial power generating facilities. Plant owners seek to minimize excess air and reduce NOx levels, and at the same time, maintain acceptable carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Advanced Combustion Control tightly coordinates control of furnace fuel-air ratio and optimizes multi-variable rate control. A combustion optimizer continuously evaluates measurement of flue gas components, observes given ranges, and calculates optimal air-fuel ratio. The patented algorithm contained in the combustion coordinator is used to coordinate combustion air and fuel, including different dynamics for each channel, and maintain an effective ratio in the furnace. This improves combustion stability and reduces variations in flue gas emissions. The Advanced Combustion Control solution not only saves on fuel for the same amount of generated energy, but
mAster Pressure control (mPc). An effective steam pressure control solution safeguards the full generation capacity of industrial power facilities. This is accomplished with Master Pressure Control, which employs multi-variable predictive control algorithms to stabilize steam pressure and prevent boiler and turbine outages. This type of control allows full use of predictions on steam consumption and ensures optimal response in transients. Master Pressure Control guarantees continuous balance between produced and consumed steam. It controls total heat input into boilers, as well as total steam flow into each header. In addition, Master Pressure Control stabilizes steam pressure via “calm process control,” which extends asset life by minimizing wear and tear on equipment. PlAnt PerformAnce oPtimizer (PPo) can also enable improved plant reliability and increased generation efficiency. A Plant JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
65
AUTOMATION
Performance Optimizer, which performs economic load allocation for boilers (ELAB), optimizes the utilization of steam for electricity generation and process or heating needs. This tool expands boiler house efficiency and flexibility by distributing total heat input amongst boilers and maintaining the widest effective steam production range—minimizing steam production costs. Load allocation is based on boiler cost curves, individual boiler limits, and specific operational restrictions. The economic load allocation (ELA) function provides a pressure control mode for backpressure turbines, utilizing multivariable predictive control to maintain total steam flow by process steam demand. It also ensures adequate space for optimization in turbine loading. Thus, users can maximize power generation efficiency while maintaining output steam flows and parameters determined by steam consumers. Economic load allocation also includes a generation control mode (ELA-T) intended for condensing turbines. This mode allows precise control of the total generation set point in response to output steam demand, and as a result, minimizes steam consumption while maintaining total generated power and output steam flows and parameters. PlAnt PerformAnce monitoring (PPm). Industrial power generators can reduce downtime and increase production through implementation of Plant Performance Monitoring. This solution improves decision-making by monitoring all Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Knowledge of KPIs allows plant personnel to address problems before they occur, and ensures 100 percent availability of assets. Simultaneously, it validates potential opportunities for performance improvements. Honeywell’s Plant Performance Monitoring solution includes an entire suite of thermodynamic and heat balance calculations based on ASME PTC codes. Evaluations typically include: emissions; boiler mass and thermal balance; turbine mass and thermal balance; steam cycle; and boiler, turbine, condenser, cooling/tower, gas/steam air heater, and feed water heater efficiency. The Plant Performance Monitor serves 66
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
as a robust operations surveillance tool for plant managers, enabling quick identification of efficiency weaknesses and supporting immediate measures to bring KPIs back on track. It provides continuous emissions and cycle chemistry monitoring, as well as offline analysis. Likewise, the tool enhances operations management by expediting the decision process for shortterm production scheduling. Users realize additional value from process history data through computational output and automatic archiving of operational KPIs. tie-line control provides real-time optimization of power generation, and helps industrial operations to reduce the overall cost of power. This solution monitors power generation, external contractual commitments and internal consumption, and helps to predict the cumulative power supply required and consumption within a given period of time. It also optimizes the generation trajectory to meet the user’s external power quota. Significant results impact the bottom line Industrial power producers implementing advanced energy solutions in generating
operations see significant results impacting their bottom line performance. Benefits range from increased boiler effectiveness and turbine operation range, and improved combustion processes, steam production and load allocation, to lower energy, operational and maintenance costs. These improvements can all be achieved while keeping NOx and SOx emissions within regulatory limits and stabilizing CO emissions under constraints to reduce greenhouse effects. Power plants utilizing advanced energy solutions can enhance DCS effectiveness and performance for the entire plant. Even more impressive, control system improvements can be achieved by implementing software rather than executing a major hardware refurbishment at the plant. This approach also enables power plants to improve the efficiency of the power plant. Operators can increase process efficiency by developing a closed-loop advanced control strategy to optimize combustion performance and environmental compliance. In addition, the advanced energy solution methodology assists plants in evaluating process results and developing techniques for effectively monitoring KPIs, which, in turn, helps keep track of both condition and performance monitoring. Diagnostic tests can be run from outside the plant, saving time and money on analysis of trouble spots. Power producers implementing advanced energy solutions in generating operations see significant results impacting their bottom line performance Conclusion As demonstrated at industrial power generation facilities worldwide, today’s advanced energy solutions, as deployed by Honeywell Process Solutions, provide a low-cost, high return alternative to expensive boiler retrofits for improving operational efficiency as well as reducing emissions. Advanced Energy Solutions applications are designed to meet specific requirements of the industrial power generator, enabling operation of the plant with maximum process efficiency and operational profit under the constraints imposed by technology and environmental regulations. energética india
EMISSIONCERTIFICATION
Carbon Neutrality – “i-Climate” Certification NISHANT GOYAL ,CLIMATE VALUE ADVISORY (CVA) ,EMERGENT VENTURES INDIA (EVI) Last few decades have seen increased global temperatures and as a result increased climate related catastrophes. It is an established conclusion that the earth has been warming causing significant change in climate. In the business-as-usual scenario, the world will continue to warm in the centuries ahead, with significant impacts on sea levels and weather patterns, and consequences for human health, ecosystems, and the economy.
T
here would be significant impact on businesses in the form of new regulatory and stakeholder pressure. Avoiding the most severe impacts will require substantial reductions in emissions of the greenhouse gases that are contributing to climate change. Going Carbon Neutral is a way to reduce the impact associated with the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions created during the business or production cycle. Carbon neutrality is a voluntary market mechanism to encourage the reduction of emissions. Given that climate change is a worldwide phenomenon, the concept of carbon neutrality is based on the principle that an investment to reduce emissions somewhere else – even in another country – has the same climate benefit as if it were made locally. When releasing GHG emissions into the atmosphere, a company can effectively neutralize their global warming impact by purchasing carbon offsets. Offsets are emissions reductions achieved by projects elsewhere. By purchasing these reductions, the company’s emissions levels and their net climate impact are reduced. Many of the world’s leading companies are taking steps to voluntarily reach carbon neutrality by reducing their own direct and indirect emissions and offsetting their remaining emissions. Companies like HSBC bank, Google, Barclays UK, BSI and many other have already achieved the Carbon Neutral status. Many others like Yahoo, Marks & Spencer, Walmart etc. have shown interest in going carbon neutral. The main drivers towards carbon neutrality are one of these elements: • Future ready: By voluntarily measuring and assigning costs to carbon emissions, a company can prepare for a future car68
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER09
bon-constrained economy in which GHG emissions are regulated and/or taxed. • Brand enhancement: Demonstrating Climate Leadership can create strong brand presence, increased customer loyalty and appeal to new clients. It can provide a competitive edge over competitors. • OppOrtunity identiFicatiOn: Going carbon neutral can help in identifying and pursuing cost-effective emissions reduction and savings opportunities. • StakehOlder SatiSFactiOn: It is an effective way to demonstrate to stakeholders the company’s commitment and responsibility towards addressing global concerns. Achieving Carbon neutrality is a threestep process which starts with measuring emissions, generally called Carbon Footprinting. The GHG Protocol, formed by the World Resource Institute (WRI), is the world’s most used standard to determine a company or individual’s net GHG emissions. GHG protocol recommends use of different scopes to determine which emissions to cover in the carbon footprint. As a good practice, individuals, communities and organizations should measure emissions from the production of electricity, heat and steam and owned transport (Scope 1) and emissions from consumption of electricity, heat and steam (Scope 2). Measurement of travel and other emissions (Scope 3) ought also to be achievable. For products, a lifecycle approach should be taken. In all cases, use of the term carbon neutral should be clearly related to the emissions included in the initial carbon footprint. The second step in achieving carbon neutrality is Reducing Emissions which should start as quickly as possible. The company should identify emission reductions opportunities within its boundary. These
opportunities generally result from initiatives like energy-efficiency, use of cleaner technologies, behavioral changes, purchase of green power etc. Implementing these opportunities generally result in cost-savings and hence make complete business sense. The last step is Offsetting Residual Emissions. One should consider carefully what type of offsets to buy. Offsets purchased should represent genuine, additional emissions reductions elsewhere. Information on the types of offsets bought over what time period, and the projects generating them, should be sought before actually buying them. Emergent Ventures India (EVI), India’s leading strategic climate change management advisory firm, is a pioneer in offering Carbon Neutrality services in India to organizations, individuals and events. EVI has developed a carbon-neutral certification called “i-Climate” certificate. The “i-Climate” certificate is issued to the low carbon or carbon neutral initiatives which have shown their responsibility towards climate change mitigation and have reduced or neutralized their GHG emissions. The certificate is a quantitative benchmark for companies to illustrate the reduced global warming impact of their products and services. EVI has advised multiple national and international companies to reduce or neutralize their GHG emissions and get i-Climate certificate. Some of the events made carbon neutral by EVI include the Wipro Mandala 2008 – first carbon neutral event by an Indian company, Austrade Seminar Series (Sydney, 2009), TiE Entrpreneurial Summit, FHRAI convention in Shanghai, Renewable Energy Expo India Expo 2008 & 2009, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Organization (TGO, the first carbon neutral event in Thailand) and many others. energética india
PRODUCTS
eNavigator - High Profile Power Analyser Elecon Measurements has developed “eNavigator”, a product that would help in conserving energy. Categorized as high profile Multifunction meter, eNavigator is used for measuring the amount of power consumed and for keeping a tight check on power wastage. With the help of eNavigator, one can even combine all the meters together in a centralized location and check data in real time. True to its name, this navigator has four 4 different keys and digits to display the digital converted data for smooth and easy navigation. The features of this product include: • 4 keys in the Front Panel. • Displays energy, power, basic and options (like minimum and maximum demand, etc.
• A built-in memory for data storage up to 40 days. • The 6 digits contain the value of parameters. In Power, Basic & Options, the first 4 digits correspond to Value and the last 2 digits correspond to the parameter name. • 4 rows with 6 digits display the parameter name. All these attributes enhance user value in analyzing electrical signals without any break. Generally, for any industry, electrical measurement is different from process measurement (temperature, pressure, etc), whereas in the eNavigator, these electrical and process parameters can be clubbed together and both these parameters can be read in real time and can be
integrated to a common network (PC). eNavigator comes with a multiple communication port so that the process parameter network can access the instrument simultaneously while the electrical parameter network is accessed. Since the power of the TI processor is high, we can even measure individual harmonics to the tune of 15th level. eNavigator can reduce
power cost and therefore enable elimination of power wastage. By connecting such instruments to different symmetrical loads (Motors, Transformers, etc.), one can compare the efficiency of the power and rectify it if required, thereby increasing efficiency of the equipments. This device is quite userfriendly. It has four parameters that can be displayed at the same time and can measure electrical and process parameters. It also has a controlling application with features like digital output/relay that can be programmed for any threshold for parameters like voltage, current, frequency, kilo watt (KW), power factor (PF). This device has generated good response in the market.
Carlisle Industrial Brake & Friction Launches Noisefree Linings for Wind Turbine Yaw Applications Recently Carlisle launched the innovative NoiseFree range of brake linings that have been specifically developed to meet the demanding requirements of wind turbine yaw braking applications. NoiseFree linings are manufactured from a proprietary (non-asbestos) material at our ISO9001 friction plant, where the friction material is co-moulded directly onto the backing plate to provide excellent shear strength and in-service integrity. This unique construction process ensures that the NoiseFree range of linings outperform any other organic lining available, enabling our customers to increase time between their service intervals and maximize the revenue generated from their wind turbines. NoiseFree linings are available in a range of many different shapes, dimensions and thicknesses to fit all commonly used wind turbine calipers. energética india
Key features of NoiseFree linings include: • Organic (non-asbestos) material
• Noise free performance in yaw application • Co-moulded lining for increased shear performance • Large brake lining area for reduced operating temperatures • Hardwearing material for reduced wear
• Grooved and tapered linings for improved performance and lifetime • -400C to 700C operational range • Thrust plate compatible for faster lining replacement • Available in Carlisle and OEM lining patterns
ebrit Digital Panel Meters Another innovative product from the basket of HPL, Three Phase Power Meter is accuracy packed in technology. Its unique feature include kW, kVA, kVAr on a same meter Site selectable, Accuracy Maintained through out the range, Universal auxiliary supply: 80 to 300V AC/DC, Push Button based site programming of CT ratio, Coloured indication for R, Y & B phases, Bright 4 Digit 11mm LED display, Auto
adjustable decimal point, Auto scroll facility & Scroll Lock facility provided, Password protected programming, amongst others. CT-2EMGPlus, a Multi Function Dual Source Meter HPL has launched the energy metering solutions of two sources in one meter. Some of the feature of HPL Socomec’s CT-2EMGPlus, a multi function
dual source meter include it measures over 45 Parameters including Voltage, Current, Frequency, kW, kVA; kVAr, PF, Active Energy for Mains, Generator and Total, MD in kW and kVA for Mains and generator separately with date and time, run hours & power on hours, last 6 months history parameters for kWh and MD through communication, last 10 event logging for Mains / Generator switching, amongst others. JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
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PRODUCTS
New Developments from Resenergie The use of solar thermal energy in manufacturing and industrial processes has been largely ignored due to the cheap and seemingly infinite energy supply from fossil fuels. However, with fossil fuels prices on the rise, growing concerns about global warming, and in many instances dependence on foreign sources for oil, the industrial sector, which in OECD countries accounts for almost 35% of the total energy use, has started to embrace the idea of replacing energy from fossil fuels with energy from renewable sources. The most significant potential for solar thermal energy is in the food, textile and chemical industries, with many processes (washing, pasteurizing, sterilizing, bleaching, dyeing, distilling) requiring low to medium (50-200ºC) temperatures. To be able to provide heat at
a reasonable price in the 90200ºC Resenergie has developed a new medium temperature collector, which achieves a concentration factor of 6, way beyond the concentration factor of 2 routinely obtained with concentrating flat plate and evacuated tube collectors, typically used for these temperature ranges. It also achieves a further improvement over other designs such as small parabolic through collectors able to operate in the 150-200ºC range. It can be mounted on a fixed position that only needs to be altered once every six months, eliminating the need for expensive tracking mechanisms.
This new medium temperature collector is currently being thoroughly tested in a pre-industrial installation in a water-plant treatment, where a total of 74 collectors provide the required heating for a sludge drying system, and will be ready to be enter full commercial production in the second quarter of 2010. Concurrently with an increased penetration of solar thermal solutions in industries appears a need to control, balance and monitor the flow of thermal energy. To provide an accurate way of monitoring and steering the whole energy storage system Resenergie has developed an intelligent remote monitoring system that has been endorsed by the European Commission’s Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign as an Official Partner.
This monitorization system continuously logs and analyses the variables of the system (temperature, flow, pump status, etc.) adjusting the withdrawal and storage of energy according to the season and the historic and predicted energy needs It also emits alerts in case of malfunction and allows the owner of the installation to actuate over it (change pump speeds, open or close valves) via internet, facilitating the management of installations in remote locations and eliminating the need to visit the installation to alter working parameters.
PV*SOL 4.0 Launched by Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware PV*SOL 4.0 can reproduce any shape of roof for PV system design Version 4.0 of PV*SOL, the programme for the design and simulation of photovoltaic systems from Valentin Software, has now been launched with a modern new look and a completely redesigned Roof Parameters dialogue. This feature makes it easy to produce complex models of any type of roof with restricted areas and automatic module coverage. A further new feature is the calculation of European energy suppliers’ unbalanced load specifications. PV*SOL 4.0 users can reproduce any kind of roof type by simply entering the required coordinates. A number of standard 70
JANUARY/FEBRUARY10
settings are included, such as rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular roof shapes. Restricted areas can be reproduced, including circular forms, and these are then taken into account when the PV modules are automatically positioned on the roof. It is possible to set a number of different PV installation areas on the roof and reposition them. This means that flat roof systems can now be simulated with the modules facing in a different direction to the roof. The standard setting is for the modules to face south. Objects that have been entered once
can be copied and restricted or installation areas can be easily positioned. It is possible to position objects in relation to the roof edges and the distances to the edges are adjusted accordingly. Popup menus make it easy to select and size the different objects with a click.
PV*SOL 4.0 offers an additional feature to take account of energy suppliers’ specifications in countries with unbalanced load regulations. PV*SOL’s module and inverter databases contain more than 4000 modules and 1000 inverters. The internet update facility can automatically check whether additional module or inverter files are available for download free of charge. Users can select between five languages in the programme: English, German, French, Italian and Spanish and the user manual is now available in all five languages. energética india
EIRecru
PRODUCTS
Solarfun Announces Introduction of ‘ECLIPSE’ with Reduced LID Solarfun Power Holdings Co., Ltd. (“Solarfun” or “the Company”) (Nasdaq: SOLF), a vertically integrated manufacturer of silicon ingots and photovoltaic “PV” cells and modules in China, announced the introduction of “ECLIPSE,” a new line of PV cells and modules with reduced light induced degradation (LID). The largest percentage of degradation of PV modules occurs during the first day of sun exposure. “ECLIPSE” reduces the impurity concentration in cells, therefore
reducing the relative LID to about 1% from 2% to 3%, or less than 2W compared to about 4W to 5W for a 180W module equipped with
standard cells. This results in an increase in electricity generation of about 1% to 2% more power over a one-, five-, 10-, and 25- year period when compared with standard modules. Peter Xie, President of Solarfun, commented, “We have devoted considerable resources and management attention to develop and produce differentiated products. We are proud to introduce this innovation in our new ‘ECLIPSE’ line with reduced LID. The advance is made
possible by our vertically integrated manufacturing model and ability to control the quality of raw materials throughout the production process. By adjusting chemical properties in both the ingot-making and cell-processing phases of manufacturing, we have achieved a low concentration of impurity while still maintaining high yields. We remain committed to our strategy of continually enhancing our technology to produce differentiated and more efficient products for our customers.”
Your company needs the best people! Recruit professionals in Renewable and Conventional Energy with your employment opportunities in Energética India. Our publication reaches over 60,000 contacts in the power generation industry and will be published in:
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TOPICS WIND ENERGY -
TOPICS SOLAR ENERGY
Fittings, Expansion Tanks…
Heat Transfer Fluid
Storage Tanks
Software Control
Insurance
Financing
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Air Conditioning &Cooling
Collectors
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Stand Alone Systems
Solar Thermal, Absorbers&Coatings
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Wafers, Modules, Cells…
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Mounting Systems
Cables, Connectors, Junction Boxes…
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Measurement & Control Technology
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Insurance
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Maintenance &Repairs
Construction /Erection
Generators, Transformers, Converters
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Engineering Services For Power Plants, Operation & Maintenance
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12 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER
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Indians Companies Energy Guide 2010/2001
Indians Companies Energy Guide 2010/2001
INDIAN COMPANIES ENERGY GUIDE 2010/2011
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Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Other Renewables
11 SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER
Solar Photovoltaics
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10 JULY/AUGUST
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Hybrid Plants (Solar & Gas), (Solar & Diesel), Hrsg,Heat Exchangers And Boilers
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TOPICS CONVENTIONAL ENERGIES
Energy India (Mumbai), Entech India (Mumbai)
Indians Companies Energy Guide 2010/2001
DIREC (New Delhi), Power India (Mumbai)
India Electricity (New Delhi)
Husum New Energy, Expo Solar(Korea)
Pv+Solar India (Mumbai), Elecrama (Mumbai), Oceantex (Mumbai), Renewtech India (Pune)
Power Plant Optimization , Emission Control, Engines And Turbines
Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Other Renewables
07 JANUARY/FEBRUARY
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Energy Efficiency
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Fuel Cell & Hydrogen
Hydro Power (Large & Small)
Geothermal
Waste To Energy
Wave And Tidal Energy
Biomass & Biofuel
OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGIES
Indians Companies Energy Guide 2010/2011
Husum 2010, Eu Pvsec 2010 (Valencia)
Intersolar Usa (San Francisco), Power Gen Europe (Amsterdam)
China Epower (Shanghai), Snec Pv Shanghai, EWEC (Warsaw), Intersolar Europe (Munich)
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ADVERTISERS INDEX ABENER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover DEGERENERGIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 DIREC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 DOW CORNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 EWC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FLABEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 GERMAN PAVILLION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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CORRECTION In the last issue of Energetica India the following errors were committed in the article “Harnessing Ocean Renewable Energy Sources” page 66-68. - Page 66 - “ Strong wind variation within 30 degree to 60 degree latitudues…..” - Page 67 - Largest sea water cooling project has been planned for Honolulu, Hawaii, US that will utilize 7º C deep seawater from depth of about 530 m via a CWP. - The figure on desalination plant in India , it should be Figure 3 and for the figure ( with mission caption) it should be Figure 2 and Figure caption should be “ Open Hydro Tidal Current Unit at the Halifax Harbour, just prior to installation at Bay of Fundy, Canada by Nova Scotia Power Inc.”
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