Compute_Gazette_Issue_36_1986_Jun by Zetmoon

GEOS: A Look At An Exciting, New Commodore 64 Operating System

COMPUTE'S FOR COMMODORE

$3.00 June 1986

Issue 36, Vol. 4, No. 6 02220

$3.95 Canada

COMPUTER USERS

Power BASIC:

Help Screens

Easily create up to eight help screens for your BASIC or machine language programs using this handy utility for the Commodore 64 and 128.

SpeedScript-80

Convert SpeedScript into

an 80-column word

Solarpix

Set the solar system in motion, see the orbits of comets, and much more with this excellent simulation for the 64.

Switcheroo

Your fortune changes fast in this two-player strategy game for the 64.

processor with a

Commodore 128 and 80column monitor.

Also In This Issue: Guide To Commodore ser Groups, Part 2 Software Reviews

ew Products

FontMaker

6 0222

Design your own character sets and print them out with this versatile two-program package for the 64.

(No I.D. required for half-elves.)

When the Going Gets Tough, the Bard Goes Drinking*

arc magic, the Bard is ready

Zj nd the going is tough

to boogie. All he needs is

L i in Skara Brae town.

a band of loyal followers:

The evil wizard Mangar has cast an eternal winter spell. Monsters control the streets and dun geons beneath. Good citizens fear for their lives. What's worse,

a light-fingered rogue to find secret doors, a couple of fighters to bash heads, a con

jurer to create weird

allies, a magician for magic armor.

there's only one tavern left that serves wine.

Then it's off to com bat, as soon as the Bard

But the Bard knows no fear. With his [rusty

finishes one- more verse.

Now what's a word that

harp and a few rowdy minstrel songs he claims

4 classes of magic user, including wizard and sorceror. 85 new magic spells in all.

rhymes with "dead ogre?"

128 color monsters, many animated. All challenging.

Full-color scrolling dungeons. 16 levels, each better than the one before. 3-D city, too.

The Bard's Tale™ from

ELECTRONIC ARTS" Specs: 100% mrehkte language. 400K worth un I disks 64K RAM mmimutn. enhanced for LZ8K. Now jvailablc for Apple 11 family foi S44.9i, C-64 & 128 fnr *39 95. Tt> orden Vfail ymit icuili-r i»r call (fiOOl 24V4S25 jlnCjIif. c-iLl J800) 5(>2-lll2j far VISA or Ma&tetCnul orders Tn purcJtfK by mnil. lend cEecL or money fprdet m ElcCMDnic

Aril. I'O lk>s 106, Hjlf Moon BsyyCA 94104 Add $1 foi ItUUred shippinu Jind handling AIIhw 1-4 wnkl Tcir delivery The Bifd'i TUa !l worth the whIt A|'p!c i> .i iLuJruurt of Applr Conpiilfl Wtuniiv \\ \ refbUrtd ludfjuarV nf Sir-Tech Sc'fiw.ire. Inc Uliini:i j^ a rcKLiiereJ I r^KJfritjir b of Richard Ca"i"(i "Hie Ratd'» Tiilc and

EftfcrtoniC Atis ,<rr tttdemtrkl <>^ ElecirontC Arcs For \ copy nfciur cormpfeir cauk^ur miA duccT urdcr form, send £ W and a itflmpcd ir-lf-iddtc*^ed rnvetnrf W lil«rronic Am. Z7^^ Ciimpu^ Drivr. Sun MltCO CA

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Melodian will teach you to play, compose,

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erase

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A True Breakthrough In Music Education

Al last, a program thai makes il nol only easy but fun to learn music. The Melodian keyboard and software were designed by Harry Mendell

ScoreMastcr enables you to print out your music in standard music notation for other musicians to play, or for yourself.

who designs custom synthesizer electronics and software for professional

musicians such as Stavia Wonder and Eric Himy. an award winning concert pianist. The Melodian boasts many of Ihe professional features found only on more expensive equipment. These features include muliilrack recording, the ability to create cuslom instrument sounds and most importantly, ease of use, Start your lesson with RhythmMaster Software. With its built-in melronome. RhylhmMaster will display the treble and bass musical slaffs and a picture of a piano keyboard RhylhmMaster will then play a measure of music and you must Iry to play Ihc same measure back on Ihe Melo

dian keyboard. You're nol familiar with the keyboard or can't read music?

No problem. RhylhmMaster displays the noles you are lo play on the musical slaff and on Ihe keyboard piclured on the monitor. If you strike Ihe wrong key Ihe note on the musical staff lums red and shows" you which key you played wrong, making it ever so easy to correct what you played.

If you should hold a key loo long a turtle runs across the screen Inverse

ly if you should release a key too quickly a rabbit scurries by. If you don'l play il correclly RhylhmMaster knows il and repeals the measure for you lo play. Concert Master leaches you how to play jj pre-recorded songs from Bach to Rock. With ConcertMasler you can analyze music note by note, instrument by instrumenl and learn how a music composition is pul together. Then you can compose your own music and record it right on to your floppy disks.

There are nineteen different instrumenl sounds to choose from in over a seven oclave range giving you a wide choice of instrument lo suit

your musical taste and expression. You can also create your own instru ment sounds.

New York Times Says . . . Erik Sandberg-Diment of Ihe New York Times states "really useful and instructive item ... Tanya, our 10 year old beginner quickly caught the spirit of matching the dance of her fingers to the measured metronome."

"One piece of educational software that, unlike most of its kinfolk. ac tually delivers These software-hardware combinations offer a lot of enter tainment to the Commodore owner."

RUN Magazine Says . . . Tom Benford of RUN notes "Whenever a selection of products of the same genre is available, one among the bunch rises head and shoulders

above Ihe rest. Such is the case with Melodian ConcertMaster keyboard

and software The combined features of RhythmMaster and ConcertMaster give you a complete music tutorial."

AHOY! Magazine Says . . . Peggy Herrington of AHOY! said "The system is so easy to use that I didn'l need the documentation". "It's fun, challenging, and educational, and for playabilily and ease of use it is nothing short of spectacular."

Satisfaction Guaranteed When You Buy Direct By selling directly to you. we are able to give you the Melodian Keyboard

and Software at far lower prices than ever offered before. You take no

risk, It tin- Melodian keyboard or any of the programs don't pleas* you, for any reason whatsoever, sand it back within 60 days for a full refund!

and record music in just one evening!! ConcertMaster

Software cm-o. ConcertMaster leaches how a composition is put together, note by note, instalment by instrument. You learn to play 55 pre-recorded songs from Bach to Rock. Then you can compose your own songs and record them right onto your floppy disk.

ConcertMaster Teaches:

Scales. Bass lines. Familiar Beginner Songs such as "Jingle Bells", Easy classical songs such as "Bach Minuet" and Ravel's "Bolero".

Advanced classics like "A Midsummer's Night Dream" by Mendelssohn. Popular hits such as "Thriller"

Instruments Sounds

Organ. Trumpet, Flute, Clarinet. Piano. Hnrpsicord. Violin, Cello.

RhythmMaster Software rm-oi

$29-95

RhylhmMaster leaches a beginner ho* lo read music and play i! cor

rectly and in rhythm on the musical keyboard, RhylhmMasler will have you reading and playing musical noles in minutes with fun and excitement.

RhythmMaster Features:

Trumpet, organ, violin, and synthesizer instrument sounds. Built in

Bass, Banjo. Mandolin, Calliope, Concertina, Bagpipe. Synthesizer 1. Synthesizer 2. Clavier I, Clavier 22, which can be played over a

^octave range. Programmable sounds as well.

Recording Functions:

Three track sequencer (recorder) with overdubbing and multitimbral (different instrument sounds at the same time) effects. Each track can be set to one of seven different functions: " Monitort Lets you use a track to play music live, without recor ding it.

tempos.

" Record: Records a track as you play. • Playback: Lets you hear whatever has been recorded or load ed into the track. You may playback one track while recording another to build layers of instrument. • Mulct Turns a track off. This is useful when you want to listen to 01 record one or two tracks at a time. • S.iv.:: Stores a track to the disk. • Load: Loads a track from the disk. • Protect: Write protects a track.

RhythmMaster Requires:

Create New Instrument

metronome. Pause/Play control. Set-up menu for customizing RhythmMasler.

RhythmMaster Teaches:

How to read notes on the treble and bass musical staffs.the names of the noles. where the noles are on the keyboard how to play whole

notes, half notes, quarter notes, eighth noles and sixteenth notes in combinations, in both j/+ and t/4 time, How to play in different

A Commodore 64 or Commodore 126 with disk drive. Melodian Musical Keyboard kb-oi is required to study the reading and playing of musical noles.

Melodian Musical Keyboard kb-«.

Sounds

Choose from pulse, sawtooth, triangle and noise sound sources Con trol the sound envelope wilh altack. decay, sustain, and release limes. Ring Modulation and Syncronization effects Set Low pass, band pass, and high pass filler frequencies.

$99-95

ConcertMaster Requires:

4O Keys (A-CJ in professional gauge spring loaded lo give the feel and response of a real keyboard instrument Polyphonic.

A Commodore 64 or Commodore 12a wilh disk drive. Melodian Musical Keyboard kb-oi is required to study the reading and playing of musical noles.

Registers (with ConcerlMaster) Organ. Trumpet. Flute. Clarinet, Piano, Harpsicord. Violin. Cello.

Melodian ScoreMaster

Synthesizer 2. Clavier 1, Clavier 2. which can be played over a ?

With the ScoreMasler program your music can be printed out in

Bass. Banjo. Mandolin, Calliope. Concertino. Bagpipe. Synthesizer |, octave range. Programmable sounds as well.

Recording (with ConcerlMaster)

Three track sequencer (recorder) with overdubbing and multitimbral (different instrument sounds at the same time) effects

Interface

Built in interface for Commodore 6*. Commodore 128. plugs right in to joystick port no. 2 and user port.

Power Supply

Powered direct by the computer, no batteries and cords required.

Finish Table Model in white high-impact matenal. with carrying handle, pro

tective key cover, and built in music stand. Size 29 -i/s X o-9<!6 X 3-11/16. weighs 9 pounds.

music notation, which other musicians can read and play. Any music

recorded with Irre ConcertMaster program can be printed by ScoreMaster.

ScoreMaster Requires:

A Commodore 64 or Commodore 12a wilh disk drive and printer

compatible with the Commodore graphics mode such as the Commodore MPS 8OJ. 1515, and 1525.

Melodian ConcerlMaster program Headphones Stereo Cables...

ACCESSORIES

Demonstration Disk

Programmer's Tool Kit pt-01 Contains programs, and BASIC source listings for reading the Melo dian Musical Keyboard, and for reading and creating music files for Melodian ConcertMasler.

FOR CREDIT CARD ORDERS, CALL TOLL-FREE

1-800-327-4566

$12.95 $ 9-95 $ 9*95

RECORDINGS

Christmas Carols Tchaikowsky Nutcracker

$12.95 $12.95

Bach's Hits

$12.95

Classical Favorites

$12.95

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m LJ-S dollars, a* can 303-979-3777. For Canada and Memco. ado Ji 5 00 lor air mail Overseas

The new, fast way to learn, play and compos* music.

add $16.00 for surface mail, and 570 CO far air mail.

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Search For The Best High Quality Graphic Printer If you have been looking very long, you have

probably discovered thai there are just too many claims and counter claims in the primer market loday. There are printers that have some of Ihe features you wan!, but do not liave

others. Some features you probably don't care about, others are vitally important to you. We understand. In fact, not long ago, we were in

the same position. Deluged by claims and counter claims. Overburdened by rows and rows of specifications, we decided to separate all the facts — prove or disprove all the claims to our own satisfaction. So we bought

printers. We bought samples of all Ihe major brands and tested them.

from your keyboard. Do you sometimes want lo emphasize a word? It's easy, just use bold

(double strike) or use llalicstQ make the words stand out. Or, if you wish to be even more em phatic, underline Ihe words. You can combine many of these modes and styles lo make ihe variation almost endless. [Jo you want to ex

press something that you can'l do with words?

We wanted to find that printer wliich had all the features you could want and yet be sold di rectly to you at the lowest price. We didn't

printing when new, but quickly starts to fade. To keep the printers output looking consis tently dark, the ribbons must be changed quite often. We solve this problem by using a wide I'/i") ribbon carlridge that will print liiousands of pages before needing replace ment. (When you finally do wear utit your ribbon, replacement cost is only SI 1.00. Order #200!. /Also Locally Available.)

Use graphics with your text — even on ihe

same line. You have variable line spacing of 1 line per inch to infinity (no space at all) and 143 other software selectable settings in bet

ween. You can control line spacing on a dotby-dot basis.

Jur Objective Was Simple

want a "close-out special"

automatically, through easy commands right

If you've ever had a letter or

other document thai was just a few lines too

long to fit a page, you can see how handy this feature is. Simply reduce the line spacing

The Best Part When shopping for a printer with this quality and these features, you could expect to pay much more. No! now! We sell this fantastic

printer for only $219.95! Yon need nbsolulely nothing else lu start |>rintini> — just uild paper (single shed ur fuufultl trucior).

No Risk Offer

slightly and ... VO1LA! The letter now fits on

We give you a 2-week satisfaction guarantee. If you are not completely satisfied for any

one page.

of an obsolete

product that some manufacturer was dump

Q 95

ing, so we limited our search to only those new printers that had the latest proven technology. We wanted lo give our customers the best

For Commodore

reason we will promptly refund your pur chase. The warranty has now been extended to 2 years. The warranty repair policy is to repair or

replaee and

rcship to

the buyer

within 72 hours of receipt.

printer on the market today ai a low price.

The Bottom Line

The Results Are In

Be sure to specify the order ft for the correct

Our search is over. We have reduced the field to a single printer that meets all our goals (and

version printer designed for your computer.

more). The primer is our SP-1000 manufac

Commodore C-64

tured by a Division of Seiko, the world class manufacturer of many fine products from Japan.We ran this printer through our battery of tests and it came out shining. This printer

graphics interface &-cable built in. S219.95

C-128,

Order

#2200,

IBM-PC and compatibles. Order rtlOO, SU9.95 plus 8' shielded cable #1103. S26.00 Apple lie & Macintosh Order «300, S239.95 with cable.

can do it all. Standard draft printing at a re spectable 100 characters per second, and with a very readable 12 (horizontal) by 9 (vertical)

Standard Parallel with 36 pin Centronics con

character matrix. This is a full feature, bi directional, logic seeking, true descender

Standard Serial with RS-232 (DB-25) Con

nector, Order #2400, 5239.95 no cable.

printer.

nector, Order #2500, $239.95 no cable. We also have interfaces and cables for many

"NLQ" Mode One of our highest concerns was about prim quality and

readability. This primer has a

print mode termed Near Letter Quality print ing (NLQ mode). This is where we outshine all the competition. Hands down! The character

matrix in NLQ mode is a very dense 2-1 (horizontal) by 18 (vertical). This equates to 41,472 addressable dots per square inch. Now we're talking quality priming. It looks like it was done on a typewriter. You can even print graphics using the standard graphics symbols built into your computer. The results are the best we've ever seen. The only other printers currently available having resolution this high

sell for hundreds more.

Forms? Yes!

Your Letlerhead? Of Course! Do you print forms? No problem. This unit will do them all. Any form up to 10 inches wide. The tractors arc adjustable from 4 to 10 inches. Yes, you can also use single sheets. Plain typing paper, your letterhead, short memo forms, labels, anything you choose.

Any size to 10* in width. In fact this unit is so

advanced, it will load your paper automati cally. Multiple copies? Absolutely! Use forms (up to 3 thick). Do you want to use spread

sheets with many columns? Of course! Just go to condensed mode printing and print a full

13ft columns wide. Forget expensive wide-car

other computers not

listed. Call Customer

Service ai 805/987-2454 for details. .Shipping and insurance is SI0.00 — UPS within the continental USA. If you are in a hurry, UPS Blue (second day air), APO or I;PO is $22.00. Canada, Alaska, Mexico are S30.00 (air).

Other foreign

is S70.00 (air).

California residents add 6% tax. The above are cash prices — VISA and MC add 3*A to total. We ship the next business day on money orders, cashiers' checks, and charge cards. A

14-day clearing period is required

for checks. For information call 805/987-2454

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE

riage printers and changing lo wide carriage

1(800) 962-5800 USA 1-1800) 962-3600 CALIF.

Your computer can now print 40, 48. 68, 80,

paper. You can now do it .ill on a standard 8'/j" wide page, and you can do it quietly, it's

96, or 136 characters per line. You can print in ANY of scores of styles including double widih and reversed (white on black) styles.

impact dot matrix printer that we know of and is quieter than the average office background

Features Tha) Won't Quil

You not only have the standard Pica, Elite, Condensed and Ifalics, but also true Superscripts and Subscripts. Never again will you have to worry about how to print H,O or

X1. This fantastic machine will d"o it

only55dB. This is much quieter than any other

18-8 PST)

Dealer Inquiries Invltad or send order to:

noise level.

Consistent Print Quality Most printers have a ribbon carlridge or a

single spool ribbon which gives nice dark

1071-A Avenida Acaso Camarillo, CA 93010

June 1986

Vol. 4, No. 6

features GEOS: The Quiet Revolution Lee Noel, Jr. The Evolution of Commodore Graphics Kathy Yakal A Guide to Commodore User Groups, Part 2 Joan Rouleau

20 34 79

* * *

48 50 51

64 64 64

reviews The Bard's Tale

Lee Noel, Jr.

Ballyhoo Joan Rouleau Jet David Florance

46 48

Battle of Antietam George Miller Leader Board Gregg Keizer vbtalker Speech Synthesizer Todd Heimarck

64 64

games Star Dragon Predictor

Sean D. Wagle

John Krutch

Switcheroo

Kevin Mykytyn and Mark Tuttle

education/home applications Solarplx

Simon Edgeworth

Computing for Families: My Favorite Robots

Fred D'lgnazio

64/+4/16/V

64 90

64 *

66 68 69 75

128/64/+4/16/V 128/64 64 64

128/64

128

123/64/+4/1G/V

programming Hints & Tips: A Little More Speed MonoTones Samuel Ford Quick Key James Nakakihara 64 AutoBoot Maker flene Suarez Power BASIC: Help Screens Jaffer Siddiqui

SpeedScript-80 for the 128 Todd Heimarck BASIC Magic: Arrays in the Next Dimension Michael S. Tomczyk Machine Language for Beginners: More Math Richard Mansfield FontMaker

John Cawley, III

128/64/+4/16/V

departments The Editor's Notes Gazette Feedback News & Products

Robert C. Lock

...

Editors and Readers

Simple Answers to Common Questions Tom R. Halfhill Horizons: Thanks for the Memory Todd Heimarck

. 6

10 73 88 89

program listings COMPUTEI's Gazette Author's Guide

How to Type In COMPUTEI's Gazette Programs The Automatic Proofreader MLX

Advertiser's Index

95 96

* *

128/64/+4/16/V

12B

• -General, V=VIC-20, 64=Commodore 64, +4=Plus/4, 16=Commodore 16. 128=Commodore 12B

naht) mwmxi. ISSN 0737-3716.

COMWTTTI Publication!, I"- ii P«t of ABC Coniumo Migarinc*. Inr, Oni of Iht ABC PublllhlnR Compintn: ABC Publlihlng, Pmldtnt, Robert C. Burton; 1330 Artnuc al thp

America.; New Yori>, Nm Vcnk 10019

J|l\

You may recall that just last month (the May GAZETTE "Editor's Notes") we requested that you write in on a variety of topics. What we can't figure out is how your let ters have already begun to arriveâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;

by the dozens these first couple of days. As promised, here's a sam

Here's one of the most colorful

side showing the price of

responses, and we were pleased to discover it was from old friends

$250. We use it in lectures to

who had contributed a major fea ture article to the very first issue of COMPUTE!.

We are taking advantage of your

pling of the early arrivals. Under the heading of what's

promise to read what we...have done with computers since pur

happening to the VIC-20s, as well as how you're using your computer (VIC-20 or otherwise):

chasing a PET 2001 in 1978....

Yes, I have one, and I still use it, although admittedly somewhat irregularly, I use it because it is easier to program than the 64, plus the characters are large and easy for little children to use.

Columbus, Ohio I use my VIC-20 for Cub Scout records; educational programs for my eight children; and a few

We are retiring from leaching this year....

We've had several comput ers since 1978 when we ran the first course in BASIC for teach ers in our area. We forecast at that time that there would be 753 computers in the 13-school system by 1985. The estimate

proved a little conservative. There are over 800 in use. The computers we acquired for personal use include:

1. Two VIC-20S with Datassettes and monitor TVs.

games....

Clarksville, Tennessee

2. Two PETs (2001 and 4032) with dual disk drives and an

After five years of retirement

Epson MX-80 printer with an IEEE interface.

from an active life as an ac counting executive and CPA...I purchased a VIC-20 (in 1982) for the purpose of teaching my self to program. I needed the mental stimulation. I have not

been bored since then.... Athens, Alabama Thanks for asking! Your maga zine is the finest on the market and if a satisfied reader's opin ion can help it stay that way then I, for one, am pleased to contribute. I own a Commodore 64... this letter is being written on

it....I just refigured my home mortgage last week and I am setting up a program to do my restaurant inventory as well....

Holly Springs, North Carolina 6

COMPUTE'S Gazetta

Juno 1986

3. Commodore 64 with 1702 monitor, 1541 floppy, and an MPS-803 printer.

4. Timex/cassette and mono chrome monitor. 5. Pioneer MSX with a Hitachi 3V*-inch floppy drive, laser disk game, and graphics tablet.

show that computers may one day become premiums in cereal boxes. 3. Our remaining VIC-20 with a Datassette is reserved for a weather station to read the

current barometric pressure,

the outdoor temperature, wind velocity and direction, calculate the Delta T and Delta P, and prepare a weather forecast for 6-24

hours with an accuracy of about 85 percent. 4. The Pioneer is used in our research work for interactive video using a laser disk and computer with graphic over lays on the video. It's the only $400 computer we have ever seen capable of that function.

5. The 64/128 is brand-new.... We use the computer al most daily for word processing ....It is an even greater consider ation in our Gifted Children Programs at grades 4-6 and 10-12. Touch-typing fourth graders are turning in errorcorrected copy to us. Now that we are "retiring" we plan to produce interactive video programs as leaching ma terials using generic laser disks and computer programs.... Frankfort, New York

6. Commodore 64/128 with a 1702 monitor,

1571 floppy,

and Comrex printer. We have used the equip ment in the following ways: 1. One VIC-20 and the 64 (used in teaching at first) went to our grandchildren and daughter....

Again, thank you for your con

tinued contributions, and within the next few months we'll put to gether an article sharing in greater detail some of your input.

The Timex is in a Corn Flakes box, with an advertis

ing page pasted on the out

Editor In Chief

You know Temple of Apshal. The classic. Best-seller for over four years.

You may have friends trapped forever in its dark recesses.

Players have dropped from sight for weeks at a time, searching for the treasures of Apshai. Well now we've raised the stakes. Introducing the new Apshai Trilogy. The combined'wrath of the world famous Temple of Apshai速 Upper

The graphics and sounds are new. The

challenge of the dungeons is timeless. Are you ready for the most involving role-playing game ever designed? Tfcmple of Apshai is waiting. Silently lurking. Patiently waiting. For you. At

your nearest Epyx dealer. *mi II

MUM

ISM PC

(Mill)

hai THlogy

Reaches of Apshai速 and Curse of Ra速 All on a single disk. Twelve levels.

568 rooms to explore. More choices. More chances. Best of all, there's faster game play.

i Kiel Court, Sunnyvale, CA *損)H9

StrategyGamesfortheAction-GamePlayer

COMPUTE! PublicationsJnc.® OncoMhe ARC t'u

Publisher James A. Casella Founder/Editor in Chief Robert C. Lock Senior Editor Richard Mansfield Managing Editor Kathleen Martinets Executive Editor Selby Bareman Editor Lance Elko Assistant Editor Todd Heimarck

Production Director Tony Roberts Editors

Tom R. Halfhill, Editor, COMPUTE! Magazine; Stephen Levy, Editor, COMPUTE! Books Division; Gail Cowper, Production

Editor; Ottis R. Cowper, Technical Editor; Charles Brannon,

Sales Offices, Jules E. Thompson) Inc. 1290 Howard Avenue

Suite 303 Burlingame, CA 94010 Midwest

312-726-6047

Texas Pacific Northwest

713-731-2605 415-348-8222

Northern CA

415-348-8222

Southern CA New Mexico

213-378-8361 213-378-8361 213-378-8361

Colorado

303-595-9299

Arizona

<4ARfT ■".■- ' : Ttareiu of Ckiculitioas

COMPUTEI Publications, Inc., publishes

COMPUTEI

COMPUTEI Books

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Editorial Office:

324 West Wendover Ave., Suite 200, Greensboro, NC 27408

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Gregg Keizer, Ann Davies (Books); George Miller, (Technical); Philip Nelson (COMPUTE! Magazine); Kathy Yakal, Assistant

Customer Service: P.O. Box 5038, F.D.R. Station, New York, NY 10150

Program Editor

Features Editor; |oan Rouleau, Research/Copy Editor; Mark Tuttle, Submissions Reviewer Editorial Programmers Patrick Parrish (Supervisor), Tim Victor, Kevin Mykytyn Programming Assistants

David Florance, David Hensley Administrative Staff

Executive Assistant, Debi Nash; Julia Fleming, Iris Brooks, Mary Hunt, Sybil Agee

Telephone: (In NY) 212-887-8525; (In U.S.) Toll free 1-800-346-6767 Office Hours: 8:30 AM to 4:30 PM Monday-Friday President James A. Casella Vice President, Advertising Richard J. Marino

Subscription Orders COMPUTEI'S GAZETTE P.O. Box 10957, Des Moines, IA 50340

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Subscription Order Line

Director; Lee Noel, Assistant Editor, Art & Design; De Potter, Mechanical Art Supervisor; Terry Cash, Carole Dunton,

1-800-247-5470

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In IA 1-800-532-1272

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COMPUTE!'s GAZETTE Subscription Rates

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Customer Service

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The COMPUTEni gazette subscriber list is made available to carefully screened organizations with a product or service which may be of interest to our readers. If you prefer not to receive such mailings, please send an exact cony of your subscription label to: compute!"*

gazette, P.O. Box 10958," Des' Moines, IA 50950. Include a note in dicating your preference to receive only your subscription.

Authors of manuscripts warrant that all materials submitted to

Receptionist, Anita Armfield Warehouse Manager, John Williams

computes Gazette are original materials with full ownership rights resident in said authors. By submitting articles to computed gazette, authors acknowledge that such materials, upon accep

tance for publication, become the exclusive property of COMPUTEI Publications, Inc. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire

Data Processing Leon Stokes, Manager Promotion

Caroline Dark, Promotion Assistant Advertising Sales

Richard J. Marino, Vice President, Advertising Sales; Peter

Johnsmeyer, Director of Advertising Sales; Bernard J. Theobald,

will be returned if author provides a self-addressed, stamped en

velope, Where programs are included in an article submission, a tape or disk must accompany the submission. Printed listings are

Jr., Associate Advertising Director; Kathleen Hanion,

optional, but helpful. Articles should be furnished as typed copy

Sales Representatives Jerry Thompson Harry Blair

415-348-8222 919-275-9809

in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors are

Jonathan Just

212-315-1665

Production Coordinator

Address all advertising materials lo:

Kathleen Hanion, COMPUTED GAZETTE 324 West Wendover Ave., Suite 200, Greensboro, NC 27408

(upper and lowercase, please) with double spacing. Each article page should bear the title of the article, date, and name of the author. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc., assumes no liability for errors not necessarily those of COMPUTEI Publications, Inc. COMPUTEI

Publications assumes no responsibility for damages, delays, or fail

ure of shipment in connection with authors' offer to make tape or

disk copies nf programs published herein.

PET, CBM, V1C-20, Commodore 64, Plus/4, 16, and 128 are trade

marks of Commodore Business Machines, Inc., and/or Com

modore Electronics Limited. Other than as an independent supplier

Sales Offices Northeast Mid-Atlantic

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of quality information and services to owners and users of Com

modore products, COMPUTEI Publications, Inc., is in no way asso

ciated with Commodore Business Machines, Inc., or any of its subsidiaries.

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ate windows, program sound, and make disks

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This introduction to digital electronics and computer interfacing is the easy way to learn how computers interact with the outside world. Using a Commodore

64, 128, VIC, or any eight-bit Atari computer and Electronic Computer Projects, you'll be guided

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Editors and Readers

Do you have a question or a problem? Have you discovered something that could help other Commodore users? We want to hear from you. Write to Gazette Feedback, COMPUTED GA

necessarily mean such a program doesn't exist. Perhaps our readers can help. We'll

publish answers as we receive them.

cated to the standard start of BASIC. Now you can TSAVE to tape. Keep the other

version of the program in case there's a

ZETTE, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro,

Proofreader Load Problems

NC 27403. We regret that due to the

After using the new "Automatic Proof reader" on a 64,1 noticed that it sets the beginning of BASIC memory up one page to 2305. This causes problems

time. Remember, you can't TurboLoad a standard BASIC program from tape while Proofreader is running.

with programs that are 'Turbosaved" to tape at 2049. How can I get around

grams for the 64 always load at 2049 (a

this problem?

true). Any program that doesn't start at 2049 must be written in machine lan guage, so Auto File performs a SYS to the

volume of mail received, we cannot respond individually to programming questions.

Loading From Disk 1 purchased a disk drive less than a

James L. English

month ago. Everytime I try to load a

I have discovered a problem with the

program 1 either get a syntax error or it says PRESS PLAY ON TAPE. I can't

seem to figure out what the problem is. J. Sarli

If you type LOAD "PROCRAMNAME"

you should see the PRESS PLAY ON TAPE message. You haven't indicated

where the program is. In the absence of explicit instructions, your computer assumes you want to load the program

new "Automatic Proofreader." When I

load the Proofreader from "Auto File" (November 1985), then type in a pro gram and save it, the program will not

load correctly from "Auto File." The first line of the typed-in program says 43266 NEWCLOSE, which is wrong. But if the program is loaded without Auto File, it works fine. Is there a way to correct this?

John Kinary

from a tape drive, thus the prompt to press the play button.

To load from a disk drive, you must include the device number. A disk drive

fresh from the factory is always device 8.

Enter LOAD "PROCRAMNAME",8 to

load a BASIC program (the number S tells the computer to search for that program on the disk drive). You can then run the program.

Sometimes you'll need to follow a

slightly different format, especially if you

have cither commercial software or a ma chine language program. LOAD "PRO-

GRAMNAME",8,1 forces the program

to load into the same section of memory

from which il was saved. You often won't be able to run such a program. In some cases, the program loads and automatical ly runs by itself. Other times you may

have to type in SYS and a memory address where the program is located.

I am a new diabetic and diet is an im portant part of controlling blood sugar.

I would like to know if there are any programs for the 64 to assist in plan ning menus for a diabetic. Robert L. Cole

We don't know of any softxoare that ana

lyzes meals for diabetics, but that doesn't COMPUTE'S Gazelle

The Automatic Proofreader program is a machine language "wedge" that helps readers double check their typing when they're entering programs. It temporarily intercepts the characters typed, calculates

a checksum, and prints the checksum on tlie top line of the screen.

Like any other program, it must occu py some portion of memory. The free area at 679 was ruled out because it wasn't

large enough. Placing the routine in the cassette buffer interferes with tape access.

High memory locations such as 32768, 36864, or 49152 are often occupied by pro gramming utilities. By moving the beginning of BASIC up 256 bytes, from 2049 to 2305 (on the 64), several potential memory conflicts are

avoided. But no answer is perfect. Datassette users will not be able to load Turbo-

Saved programs into memory while Proofreader is resident. And disk drive us

ers will have problems using the menu

Nutrition Software

off and back on. Load and run TurboTape and reload the program; it will be relo

June 1986

program from Auto File. Here's the answer for users of TurboTape: When you're first typing in a pro

gram, don't use TurboTape at all. Save the

correction you need to make at a later

Auto File assumes thai BASIC pro safe assumption that's nearly always

address where the program loads. If you save a program with Proofreader active,

the disk file is marked for loading at 2305, which causes problems with Auto File. To correct it, turn off your 64 and turn it back

on. Type LDAD"programname",8 (not ,8,1) and the BASIC program will be relo

cated to the normal address of 2049. Now save back to disk. This resaved program will run correctly when loaded from Auto File.

The Earthquake Effect In your September 1985 issue, you pub lished a game called "Maze-Mania." One of the game options made the screen shake. I'd like to know how this was done. Danny Gardner

Here's a short program to give your 64 screen the jitters: 10

POKES3265,PEEK(53265)AND24fl

ORRNDO)*8:POKE53 270,PEEK(5 3Z70)ANU240OHRND(1)*8 20

GOTO

The lower three bits of location 53265 on the Commodore 64 (location

36864 on the VIC) control the horizontal fine scrolling of the screen. The value in these three bits represents the number of pixels right of the normal screen position. To scroll the screen from left to right seven pixels (almost a full character), use the following line: FOR A~0 TO 7: POKE 53265,PEEK (5326S) AND 248 OR A: NEXT

program to tape as you did before Turbo-

Noli? that the upper five bits of 53265

Tape. When you've finished the last line of

are preserved using the AND and OR statements. This is important since these

the program, perform a normal save. This version will have the address that's 256

bytes too high. Now turn your computer

other bits are used to control other fea tures of the video chip.

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Location 53270 {location 36865 on

it has a higher density. In other words, the weight depends on what you're storing in the container. In addition, you may or may not want to consider the additional

Commodore computers use a variation of

Where's The Rest Of The Memory?

weight of the container itself. The following short program, for all

switched, IIKE tHIS.

Cm writing a program which requires a

Commodore computers, asks you to input

lot of memory capacity. After reading an article about the 128,1 went right out and bought one (122,365 available bytes). When 1 turn it on, there it is right

the height, width, and length of a rectan gular container. It then calculates the vol ume in gallons, the weight of the liquid, and the total weight (container plus liquid).

handle the task of converting Commodore

the VIC) is used similarly to control the vertical fine scrolling of the screen.

on the screen, 122365. But when 1 try PRINT FRE(O), it says 58109. Is there

more memory available? What do I

D=.0360iCW=5.10:REM

have to do to access it?

Al Donahue

AND

INCH),

(LBS)

PRINT"{CLRlINPUT DTH,

DENSITY

(LBS/CUBIC

CONTAINER WT 20

Your letter stated that you previously

LENGTH

HEIGHT, OF

CONTAINE

(IN INCHES)"iINPUTH,W,L

owned a 64, which contains the FRE(0) function for finding out how much memo

30 40

ry remains. On the 64, the number inside parentheses is a dummy value, meaning

50 PRINT"{DOWNJVOLUME=-"V"GALS"

it doesn't matter which number you use. The 64's FRE function disregards the val ue in parentheses.

The 128 can address up to 16 banks of 64K each. BASIC programs occupy bank 0 and variables are stored in bank 1. The

character set is in bank 14, while ROMs and I/O chips use bank 15. The memory

in between is reserved for memory expan sion and programs on cartridge. Because of the way the 128 is split into different banks, BASIC 7.0 handles the FRE function a little differently. En tering PRINT FRE(0) tells you haw much memory is available in bank 0—58109 bytes for holding programs. But if you PRINT FRE(l), you'll see 64256, the num

ber of bytes reserved for variables in bank 1. Adding the two together gives i/oii 122,365, the total memory of the unexpanded 128.

Calculating Volume I've been trying to figure out a formula

that tells you how many gallons would fill a container if you input the length, width, and height. It would be nice to

also get the total weight of the contain er when it's full. Terry Moore

Multiply together the three measurements

length, width, and height, and (assuming they're all in inches) the result will be the volume of the container in cubic inches. A gallon is just another way of measuring

volume, so we need to know how cubic inches translate to gallons. According to an almanac we consulted, there are 231

cubic inches in a gallon. So to discover how many gallons fit into a container, multiply the three dimensions and divide that number by 231. Weight is not quite as simple. Con

sider a gallon of water and a gallon of mercury. Both are liquids and both have the same volume, but the mercury will

weigh much more than the water because 12

WATER

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

V=INT{W*L'H*10+.5)/10 WE=INT(V*D*10+.5)/10:V=INT(

V/231*10+.5)/10 :PRINT"UEIC;ilT

THE

LIQUID

="WE"LBS" PRINT"TOTAL WT (CONTAINER S, LIQUID ) = "W£+CW'LBSP1

In this program, the density (variable D) of the liquid and the container weight (CW) are defined in line 10. We've as sumed that the liquid is water and that the

container weighs 5.1 pounds. If the liquid in the container were something else, say gasoline, you'd need to substitute its den sity in line 10.

These same calculations can be ad justed for a cylinder by substituting the

folloii'ing two lines in the above program: 20

PRINT"|CLR}INPUT

DIAMETER OF CONTAINER (IN I SPACE JINCHES)":INPUTH,DI V=INT(_T*(Dl/2)i2*H*10+.5)/l

HEIGHT AND

In this variation, you input the

height and diameter of the cylindrical container. Type line 30 carefully; the first up-arrow is underlined, which means you should hold down the SHIFT key to get the pi (n) character. The second up-arrow should be unshifted (T).

Connecting A Printer I own two microcomputers: a Commo

dore 64 and a DEC Professional 350. I would like to use my DEC LA50 printer with both systems, but don't know how to connect it to the Commodore. It's a serial printer with an RS-232 port. I ex pect I will need to disconnect and re connect the printer each time 1 swap computers, unless you know of a meth od such that the printer remains con nected to both computers. Kathleen Dahly

To connect a non-Commodore printer to a 64 you need an interface, one that can translate Commodore ASCII characters to true ASCII. (ASCII is the standard way of

sending characters and other information between computers and peripherals.)

ASCII; if you were to send Commodore characters to a standard printer, the up percase and lowercase letters would be At the very least, the interface will ASCII to true ASCII. Many popular inter

faces also offer a variety of graphics and listing modes. Your best bet is a printer interface

that has an RS-232 plug on one end (for

the printer) and a six-pin plug for the

Commodore serial port on the other end. If you don't own a disk drive, the six-pin

plug would fit into your 64's serial port. If you do own a drive, you would plug the

interface cable into the serial port on the back of the disk drive. Some interfaces have an additional wire that draws power from the cassette port. A second option is to buy an interface that plugs into the 64's user port (other wise known as the RS-232 port). There are

a couple of problems with this type of in terface, however. Some commercial pro grams expect printers to be connected to

the serial port. With such a program, you couldn't use your printer when the inter face was plugged into the user port. Also, it's more difficult to send information to the RS-232 port than it is to print or list to the serial port. On the VIC and 64, open ing communications to the RS-232 port clears all variables—which means you have to open the RS-232 channel before you do anything else. In addition, you have to tell the computer how fast you want to send characters (the baud rate) and you may have to do your own transla tion to true ASCII. Finally, modems fit into the user port; if you had a printer in terface attached there, you couldn't use a printer and a modem at the same time.

If your printer has only one RS-232 port, you're correct about having to switch printer cables when you move to the other computer, unless you have a switchbox. We called a local Radio Shack store; they have a Printer Selecter Switch (catalog #26-1498, $119.95) that would allow you to connect two computers to a single

printer. It's likely that a similar switch would be available from other sources as well.

Additions To Sequential Files Lately I have been working with se quential files on my 64. I haven't been able to find any information on how to add data to the end of a file. Is it possi ble to append to a file? Steven Tuck

If you're using tape, the only way to add to a sequential file is to read the entire file into memory, make any necessary changes, and then write a new file to tape. Disk users have some other options.

String data may be read from a sequential

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SIMUL-ATION

•

SOFTWARE

130 Lakefront Drive* Hunt VHllay. MD 5103O (301)667-1151

disk file as follows (note that you have to DIMensiort the array AS if the file con

and one for the comma, a total of 13, just for two numbers to be POKEd into

tains more than ten items):

ing, crunching, or something like that?

10 OPEN i.a,2,"fikHiime,S,R" aoc-c+i 30 INPUTJfl, ASIC) 40 IF (64 AND ST) = 0 THEN 20 50 CLOSE ]

The program is almost done, but I'm

The syntax for the 128 is similar: 10 DOFEN#l,7i7rnflme" 20C C 30 INPUT#1, AS(C) 40 IF (64 AND ST>-0 THEN 20 50 DCLOSE#1

Once the file is in memory, the data may be changed or revised as desired.

Complete the operation by writing the file back onto the disk. 10 OPEN l,8,2,"fitename,S,W" 20FORX = 1TOC 30 PRINT#1, A$(X) 40 NEXT

50 CLOSE 1

Again, 128 users may use DOPEN and DCLOSE. The 128's BASIC 7.0 includes an AP PEND command for adding data to a se quential file. Everything printed to that

file is appended to the end of the file,

tacked on after the last entry. Use this line

to open the file for writing: APPENDm/Jilename"

Other Commodore computers can append to a file as well. Open the file using this line: OPEN \fil2l"fllenami,3lK" An A (for Append) is substituted where the W (for Write) would normally appear. Keep in mind that the data is just

pasted onto the end of the file and that the file to which you are appending must al ready exist on the disk. You can't create a brand new file with this line. And, unfor tunately, if you need to change or delete

data, you must first read the file into an

array in memory, make the correction, and

write it back to disk. There's one more command you might find helpful. If you have two se quential files on a disk, you can combine them with the DOS copy command. Use

this line:

OPEN 15,8,15, "CQ:tieivfi!c = 0:firstfile,

secondfiW

The two files will be combined (in the same order as they're listed) and copied to a new filename on the disk. The two origi nal files will remain on the disk.

Memory Management I'm writing a bulletin board program. I knew it was big. but I didn't think I

would run out of memory. The program loads fine, but gives an OUT OF MEM

ORY error in the line holding all the

DIM statements. 1 checked free memo ry with FRE and it returned the number 14

130, which is pretty low. Is there a way to retrieve more memory—renumber

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

June 1986

stuck until I can get more memory. Scott McLaughlin

When you create an array with DIM, your computer sets aside some memory for ex

clusive use by the array. So if the OUT OF MEMORY error happens on the line con

taining the DIM commands, it means there isn't enough memory available for the arrays you want to use. If you're using numeric arrays ami they hold whole numbers in the range -32768 to 32767, you can save a lot of memory by switching to integer arrays.

Floating point arrays need five bytes per element, while integer arrays need only two bytes for each variable. So DIM A(100), an array of 101 floating point numbers numbered 0-100, would take up approximately 505 bytes. But DIM A°/o(100) would need only about 202 bytes, a savings of more than 300 bytes. You could also reduce the size of the arrays. Could you get by with an array of

4000 elements instead of 5000? If you cut back, the arrays won't need as much memory.

If you can't use integers or smaller arrays—or don't want to—you'll have to crunch the program. Here are a few sug gestions that may help: • Eliminate all REMarks. The REM token uses one byte, and every character and space in the message uses a byte. • Remove all unnecessary spaces. IF A = 5 THEN 500 might be more readable than 1FA=5THEN500, but the extra spaces eat up memory,

• Where you can, combine more than one command on a line. Every line in a BASIC program requires five bytes for overhead (two for the line link, two for the line number, and a zero to mark the

end of a line). If you eliminate a line, you save five bytes. • Renumbering sometimes helps. Line numbers up to 63999 are allowed, and the number at the beginning of aline al ways takes up two bytes. But when a line contains something like GOTO 21000, the five characters "21000" take up one

byte each. If you renumbered, the line

might change to, say, GOTO 511 and you would sain1 a couple of bytes.

• If you have a machine language routine that's POKEd into memory from DATA

memory.

A Partial Reset I've installed a reset switch on my 64 and I'm wondering why, with some commercial games, it doesn't perform the normal reset. It just starts the game over and doesn't give me the usual cold start message.

D.J, Sadowski, Jr. When you turn on a 64, it goes through a startup sequence which sets up some im

portant memory locations. Among other things, your computer checks for an auto start cartridge. If the letters "CBM80" are in locations 32772-32776, the 64 allows the program in the cartridge to take over. The two bytes in 32768-32769 point to the

beginning of the machine language pro

gram which will begin running, and

3277O-3277I are the warm start vector (triggered by pressing RESTORE). Pressing the reset button you've built causes the 64 to go through the standard startup sequence, and if there's an auto start cartridge in place, the program in the

cartridge will begin running. Some disk-based programs load the characters "CBM80" into locations 32772-32776, to make the computer think a cartridge is installed. If you reset the 64

with such a program in place, it finds something that looks like a cartridge and transfers control to the program.

64 Cartridges On The 128 1 recently purchased a 128 and would like to know how I can run the Simons' BASIC cartridge if the computer starts in 128 mode. Could I harm the cartridge by starting in 128 mode? Any advice will be greatly appreciated. M.C. Carney

The 128, like the 64, checks for the pres ence of a cartridge when it's turned on.

One sequence of characters signals a car

tridge for the 64 (see the previous letter), another sequence marks a 128 cartridge. Simons' BASIC runs on the 64, so if you plug it into the 128 and turn on the system, your computer will automatically

go into 64 mode and run the program. You don't need to follow any special instruc

tions, just insert the cartridge and flip the power switch. The 128 is able to recognize autostart cartridges for the 64. If you have

other cartridge-based programs that don't

statements, you can save a lot of memory

automatically start, you'll have to either type GO64 or turn on the computer with

by creating an object file, a machine lan

the Commodore key held down.

guage program that you load directly

from disk instead of POKEing it into memory. Consider the line DATA

Learning New Commands

155,201, which would need five bytesfor the tine and the links, one for the DATA

Can you explain the INSTR, USR, PU-

token, six bytesfor the ASCII numbers

Scott Baum

DEF, 5YS, and WAIT commands?

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MAi ii I IS It a murLl-lHlureci enhancement

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p^cliflgv '•■' |he Commodore 12S tompucer In either the rutlvt I /n or C-64 tmuUiloiL mode.

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U MOtt on the 1541 rittk itflvr i>. ihr IK I dkk drkr In I 54 I mode. In *pe<'*l "wnrp drive" made, program lu.nh m^y be InireAud up id

700% l.nin. And "vtAtp" mode m-n be iLiw..iu,r-il oi dlienflAged " will, MACK 119 JiUo perform« program loitdi At "bunt" tpeed with (he 1ST I drive in IZS derive apefJilorMl mode.

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The INSTR function looks for a particular substring of characters contained in an other string. For instance, A=INSTR d$,"DOG"), looks for the word DOG within siring variable 1$, and sets the nu meric variable A to DOG's position. If IS

holds the characters "WALK THE DOC",

the above line would set A to 10, since the D in DOG is the tenth character in IS. If 15

did not contain the substring "DOG", A would he set to 0. This command is useful

for analyzing a user's input or for search

ing through large amounts of information. This function is available in BASIC 3.5 (Plus/4 and 16) and 7.0(128), but not in BASIC 2.0 (VIC and 64). Both SYS and USR (implemented on

all Commodore BASICs) tell the computer to begin executing a program written in

machine language (ML). SYS is to machine language what RUN is to BASIC. It's al ways followed by a number that corre sponds to the starting address of the ML routine (SYS 64738, for example). Al

though USR allows you to pass an input

value to the routine and lets the routine return a result, SYS is generally easier to use.

PUDEF(not available on the VIC or

64) changes the characters which are used

for formatting PRINT USING and PRINT* USING statements. By default, the filler character for padding out short numbers is a space, the separator between numbers is a comma, the decimal point is a period, and the currency symbol is set to a dollar sign. The keyword PUDEF is fol lowed by a four-character string contain ing the new values for each of these formatting characters. Note that the de

Adding Memory Changes The VIC

I started working on a program for a

VIC with no memory expansion and

way 1 can avoid rewriting the whole program?

Aaron Feeney

The additional 8K cai/ses three sections of VIC memory to change.

The memory location where BASIC programs start moves from 4096 to 4608. This shouldn't affect most BASIC pro

grams. If you're working with machine language, it would be a good idea to check the pointer at S2B-2C (decimal 43-44) to find out where BASIC starts. PEEKing this

pointer can tell you whether or not memo ry has been added. The two other changes may cause

some problems in a BASIC program. Screen memory moves from 7680 (unexpanded VIC) to 4096 when you add 8K or more. In addition, color memory moves

from 38400 (unexpanded) to 37888. You'll have to change all lines that POKE to screen or color memory. POKE 7682 would become POKE 4098, for example. One way to avoid making a lot of

changes is to define a variable for the start of screen memory and another for the start

of color memory. At the beginning of a program for the unexpanded VIC, put

fault symbols are still used in the format ting string in a PRINT USING statement.

SM = 7680:CM = 38400. Then, within the program use these variables for POKEs to the screen: POKE SM + 5,1: POKE CM+5,4, for example. To modify the pro gram for an expanded VIC, you would then change only that one line at the be

Symbol (Z) with PUDEF, you would still

CM=37888.

If you changed the dollar sign to a lira

put a dollar sign in the formatting state ment after PRINT USING. When the re

ginning of the program to SM = 4096:

sult was printed, the lira symbol would be

Multitasking?

substituted.

I'd like to know how to write a routine

The WAIT statement repeatedly tests one memory location until a certain con

which operates simultaneously with

dition is satisfied. On the VIC and 64,

WAIT 198,15 causes the computer to

pause until a key is pressed. The first number is a memory address, the second is a bit mask which is ANDcd with the value of the memory location. It determines which bits will be tested. A bit mask of IS clears the lop four bits, and tests only bits 0-3. As soon as any one of those four bits

changes from 0 to I,(he program will conUnite. If a third (optional) parameter is added, it is exclusive-ORed with the val

ue in memory before the bitwise AND is

performed. This has the effect of reversing

the polarity of certain bits. Instead of

waiting for a bit to change from 0 to 1, it waits for a I bit to change to a 0.

Of these commands, you rarely (if

ever) find USR and WAIT in a program be cause they have very specialized uses.

the execution of the BASIC program. For example, 1 have a game where the helicopter sound keeps on going even after the game has finished and the READY prompt has appeared. Hamil Ranu

Here's a short routine for the Commodore 64 that does exactly what you're talking about. Note that the whirring helicopter sound continues even after the program ends and the READY prompt reappears. You can LIST the program, change it and use BASIC as you normally would. To

change the pitch of the whir, POKE differ ent values into location 54273. To change its speed, POKE new values into location 54286. 10 20

FOR J=54272 TO S4296:POKE J ,0:NEXT:ADR=49152 DATA 120,169,13,141,20,3,16 9,192,141,21,3

COMPUTE'S Gazelia

June 1986

88,96,173,27,212,141,2

2,212,76,49,234,256 READ

OKE

later decided it would need the 8K ex pander. My father told me 1 would have to rewrite the program because memory locations are different, (s there some

DATA

BYT:IF

BYT<>256

THEN

ADR,BYT:ADR=ADR+1:GOTO

I SPACE]40

POKE

54286,200:POKE

iPOKE

POKE

54277,15:PQKE

01POKE

70 80

54287,0

54273,10

54278,24

54276,129

POKE 54290,16:POKE Is POKE 54296,15 + 32 SYS49152

54295,24

This example works by wedging a short machine language routine into the computer's hardware interrupt routine that normally works "in the background"

while other tasks are in progress. The main duties of the interrupt routine are to read the keyboard and update the comput er's internal timers. By changing the vec

tor that points to this routine, we can make the computer perform our short ML routine before proceeding with its normal tasks. As a result, the computer plays the helicopter sound automatically, changing it as many as 60 times every second, with out slowing other tasks significantly.

Though it seems like the computer is doing two things at once (making a heli copter sound while operating BASIC), its microprocessor can actually do only one thing a.t a time. By alternating very rapid

ly (60 times per second) between one task and another, it seems to perform both si multaneously, even though it is interrupt

ing (hence the term interrupt) the execution of BASIC each time it performs its housekeeping chores. Since the 64 isn't designed for multi

tasking, it's necessary to use tricks like this to achieve the illusion that two things are happening at once. Such tricks aren't necessary on a true multitasking system like the Amiga (or a mainframe computer)

although much the same process occurs. By switching back and forth between sev eral programs, the Amiga can give the il lusion of running all of them at once, even though it too has only one microprocessor. Of course, the Amiga was designed for multitasking from the ground up, and has a much faster microprocessor than the 64, as well as custom support chips that re lieve the burden on the main processor.

The 64's SID chip also has the inher ent ability to create sound continuously, without any expenditure of processing time. If you can still hear the sounds from the previous program, press RUN/STOPRESTORE, then type the following lines. Be sure to press RETURN at the end of

each line. FOR J-54272 TO 54296:POKE J,0:NEXT

POKE 54273,10:POKE 54277,15 POKE 54278,240:POKE 54276,33 POKE 54296,15

These commands create a continuous sound with voice I, the first of the 64's three tone generators. We've set voice 1's Attack/Decay /Sustain/Release (ADSR) envelope to make a continuous tone rather than fade out within a certain time period.

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The sound continues until you do some

thing to terminate it. Strictly speaking, this is a function of the SID chip, not an

,32,155,183,224 90

DATA

80,13 3,4,16 5,5,105,0,133,5, 100

still hear a faint sound in the background

110

DATA

169,0,133,2,169,4,133

,3, 162,24,160,39,177,4,145, 2, 136, 16,249

STOP-RESTORE. On some 64s you can

DATA

165,2,24,105,40,133,2

, 165,3,105,0,133,3,165,4,24 ,105,80,133

(this is caused by "crosstalk" or electronic

leakage in the sound circuits). RUN/

120

DATA

4,165,5,105,0,133,5,2

02,16,218,96

turns down the SID chip's volume, but tone generator still keeps working. To

the volume back up. The sound comes

back, loud and clear. The proper way to turn off a sound is to uugate the tone gen erator by setting the gate bit of its voice control register to 0. In this case you can ungate the voice by typing POKE 54276, 32.

er than the screen. I'd like to be able to scroll the screen around the map if that's possible. Colt Rymer

The program below (for the 64 only) uses the joystick to scroll through a large screen 80 columns wide and 50 rows

highâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;twice as wide and twice as high as the normal screen. This requires 4000

Yes, no, and yes. There are at least three ways to append one BASIC program to an other on the 128. But when you append, the second program must have higher line numbers than the first program, so it's not as flexible as a true merge utility. An easy

to know how you read the Plus/4's joy sticks in machine language.

Bob Harrison

Foresman and Company. It contains a wealth of information for Plus/4 and Commodore 16 programmers. Chapter six of this book has an in-depth explanation of

how to read the joysticks from ML Here's a brief summary. The single location $FF08 can read

both joysticks. To read joystick one, you first store the value $FA into SFF08. Store an SFD to read joystick two.

the lines into memory from the file. See the March 1986 issue for details. FAST mode leaves the 80-column screen alone, but blanks the 40-column screen to the border color. It's not possible to restore the 40-column screen while the 128 is running at double speed, although you can still PRINT to the screen, which is helpful if you need to track certain vari able values while you're in FAST mode. You won't see what's printed until you go

back to SLOW mode, of course. If you're doing a lot of FAST calcula tions in 40 columns, you can change the border color occasionally to remind the user that the computer is still working. It's

also a good idea to insert a TRAP state ment and then start off the error-handling routine with the SLOW command. Other wise, you won't necessarily know when an error has happened, because of the blank

memory locations, so the map fits nicely

Once a value has been stored in SFF08, the corresponding joystick value

into memory starting at 49152. Publishing

can be read from the same location. The

mode, so readers who regularly use the 80-column screen will wan! to enter the

create the large map by POKEing screen codes to locations 49152-53151 (remem ber, every eightieth byte is the beginning of a new row). The following line could be

following ML program reads the value of joystick one then, using a number output routine ($A45F), prints this value on the screen. After you have entered this rou tine, exit the monitor and type SYS 828. The value of joystick one is printed on the

used to clear the map:

screen.

an actual map would requite many DATA

statements, so we'll leave it up to you to

To read joystick two, change the

FOR A^49152 TO 53151:POKE A,32:

lines 80-120 contain the data for the machine language routine that updates the screen. Line 30 is the line that reads the data and POKEs it into memory. To use the routine, SYS 828 followed by a comma, the left column number (0-40), another comma, and the top row

(0-25). For example, SYS828.5.12 would

display columns 5-44 and rows 12-36. 10

POKE646,1:POKE5 3281,1iPRINT

REAI)X(A),Y(A):NEXTsDATA

0,0

,0,-1,0,1,0,0,-1,0,-I,-1,-1 ,1,0,0,1,0,1,-1,1,1 30 INT"!CLRjDATA

ERROR":STOP

J = 15-(PEEK(56321)A.ND15) :TX=

X+X{J):TY=Y+Y{J) 60

IFTX<0ORTX>40ORTY<0ORTY>25T HEN 50

X=TX:Y=TY:GOTO40

(30

DATA 32, 155, 103, 138, 24, 105, 0,13 3,4,169,192, 1.0 5,8,13 3,5

COMPUTEI's Gazol/a

number $FA to SFD in the first line of the ML code.

June 19B6

screen. The 128 always starts out in SLOW

FAST command when they first turn on

the computer. You'll notice a big improve ment in the speed of program listings and all calculations will double in speed. Finally, there are a couple of ways to clear part of the screen on the 128. If you position the cursor somewhere on the screen and press the ESC key (don't hold it

down) and then the commercial-at (@) key, every screen location past the cursor

033C

LDA

#$FA

033E

STA

$FF08

0341

LDA

SFF08

0344

TAX

is cleared. The ESCape character is CHR$(27), so within a program you would place the cursor in the appropriate loca

0345

LDA

#$00

tion and print ESC-@ as follows:

0347

JSR LDA

SA45F #S0D

CHARl,0,3,CHli$<27) + "@". If you're

JSR

SFFD2 S033C

to use the WINDOW command to parti tion off part of the screen. All printed

034A

034C 034F

JMP

Merge, FAST, And Windows

:FORA=0TO10

Have you heard anymore about the Plus/4 Programmer's Reference Guide and if it is available? Also, I would like

mer's Reference Guide for the Commo dore Plus/4, published by Scott,

I'm trying to program a maplhat is larg

James Thompson

column. You first create an ASCII program listing and then have the computer enter

Plus/4 joystick Reader

We hllVe recently received the Program

A Scrolling Map

there a similar line for the 128?

way to merge two 128 programs was de scribed in the recent March Hints & Tips

doesn't affect other SID settings. So the prove this, type POKE 54296, 15 to turn

great for preserving column titles. Is

202,20S1,240

example of multitasking. To terminate the sound, press RUN/

STOP- RESTORE (or typing SYS 64738)

0,240,16,165,4,24,105,

For 1 2fl 1 have a few questions about the 128. First, is there a short utility to merge or

append two programs on the 128? Sec ond, the FAST command gives the 128 a speed of 2 MHz, but in 40 columns it blanks the screen. Can you double the speed without the screen blank? Finally, the line FOR I=4TO23: POKE 781,1: SYS59903: NEXT would erase the bottom screen on my 64 and leave the first four lines intact. This was

using column headings, another option is

characters will remain within the win dow. If you add a comma and a 1 after the top and bottom coordinates, the newly created window will be cleared and every thing outside the window will remain

intact.

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This entirely new operating system for the 64â&#x20AC;&#x201D;similar in look and feel to the Macintosh environmentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;promises to greatly extend the 64's usefulness.

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

June 1986

QUIET RE\ÂŁ)LU Lee Noel, Jr., Assistant Editor

similar user interface that's easy

the graphics programs and the

word processors available for the Macintosh are a part of the GEOS system.

chines such as the ST, the Apple

to understand and to use. Pull down menus, command bars, icons (graphic symbols), and a mouse-driven cursor are all simi lar among the three 68000-based

Macintosh, and the Amiga. These

computers.

be by the time you read this. The

Even people who fear and distrust computers readily adapt to the logical pictorial environ ment pioneered by the Macintosh and now used by the Amiga and ST.

version we've been working with,

he headlong rush to per sonal computers based on

Motorola's powerful 68000 microprocessor has created revolutionary new ma

new micros come close to being desktop mainframes. Great speed,

flashy graphics, and the promise of superlative software give these computers tremendous advan

tages over their established eightbit rivals. But what of the millions of happy 64

owners? Software

for

the machine is abundant, and much of it is excellent. Is there

Happily for 64 owners, that type

thrive. Commodore attempted to

stop production of the machine

house, has developed GEOS, an

several times in 1985, only to be

entirely new operating system for the 64.

wealth of computing power? Clearly, many people don't think so, and the 64 continues to

forced back to the assembly lines by public demand. Loyalty to the computer is further borne out by

No longer are icons, win

good sales of the Commodore 128,

dows, and pull-down menus re served for the new computers.

the only computer offering up

GEOS, which stands for Graphic

graded capabilities and full com

Environment Operating System, implements all these features on the 64. At the same time, GEOS re-

patibility with the 64.

It's even possible to question whether the 64's technology is really outdated. After all, not

and from which the photos ac companying this article were tak en, is a near-final test edition.

Although a few aspects of GEOS still remain to be fully imple mented, it's probably safe to say

of environment will shortly be available for their machine. While the new technology has roared into the headlines, a quiet software revolution has been tak ing place. Berkeley Softworks, a Berkeley, California, software

any real reason to abandon this

Although at this writing GEOS isn't quite finished, it will

programs the 1541 disk drive,

that the new operating system and its initial applications have the potential to be among the

most important programs written for the 64 since the computer's built-in operating system was created. Not surprisingly, the moti

vating force behind GEOS, Brian Dougherty, president of Berkeley Softworks, had at one time hoped to write the original operating system for the 64. In 1982, Dou gherty, then a vice president at Imagic, was enthusiastic about the soon-to-be-released 64, and was negotiating with Commo

dore to write a disk-based operat ing system for it.

But those were heady days for the videogame industry, and it

every mainframe is a Cray super

making it five to seven times fast er and fully capable of playing a

computer, nor should it be. Tech

central part in this high-speed

focus away from its highly suc

nology, like every type of power, should be applied at a level appro

system. The overall effect is a

cessful games to an untried com

complete transformation. The 64

priate to its use. However, the Amiga, ST, and

doesn't quite turn into a Macin

puter system. Additionally, Commodore wasn't sure there

Macintosh offer more than power

puter than to an unmodified 64. In addition, applications similar to

and flexibility. They all contain a

tosh, but it's closer to that com

was difficult for Imagic to shift its

was going be much of a market for disk drives for the 64. Programs in ROM (Read Only Memory)

COMPUTERS Gn/olte

June 1906

COMPlflbUGH "Anyone

who wants to win MegaWars has to dominate entire planetary systems. And me."

seemed more likely to dominate, so

Dougherty had to put his plans on a back burner. Not too long afterwards, the videogame industry began a spec tacular collapse. Dougherty left

Imagic in September 1983, and started his own company, Berkeley

Softworks. Hard economic realities

dictated other projects then, but the idea for a new operating system continued to simmer, and the 64's 1541 disk drive became extremely popular.

Finally, after an inspiring visit

to the hurly-burly of the 1985 Sum mer Consumer Electronic Show,

Dougherty decided to return to the fray. The operating system was shifted to the forefront, and was in good shape by November. About

the same time, old friend Clive Smith, vice president of corporate planning and development for Commodore, called. Dougherty sent Smith a copy of the evolving

GEOS project. Duly impressed. Commodore offered encourage ment and a measure of support. At Winter CES in 1986, GEOS generat ed considerable and weli-deserved interest. (See "The Winter Con sumer Electronics Show" article in April's GAZETTE.)

But

background and history are

only a minor part of the GEOS

story. What is it, exactly, and what can it do for the 64?

'You Guessed It!'? It's just like a TV game show. Answer questionsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;win prizes. i

And I can play right here

in the living room!"

The GEOS software consists of a number of small satellite pro grams and

core

of four major

ones, all supplied on a single disk. The first of these, and the corner stone on which the GEOS structure rests, is Berkeley's new operating

system for the 64 and 1541. As pre viously mentioned, loading GEOS turns the 1541 into something of a speed-demon. About 25 seconds after booting GEOS, approximately 34K of programs have been pro cessed through the 1541. All subse quent disk operations in the GEOS environment take place at the same accelerated rate, including nonGEOS applications loaded through

the deskTop. For example, we load ed a version of SpeedScript through

GEOS in only 4 seconds instead of the usual 21 seconds.

Once GEOS is installed, the 64 I

user is in unusual, but not unfamil iar territory. Instead of a barren

screen into which BASIC com mands are typed, you see a graphic display representing the top of a desk. Since all GEOS screens oper ate in the 64's high-resolution

mode, the desk graphic is highly detailed. This is particularly notice able in the display of standard text,

since it's in 80-column format, a significant improvement over the

normal 64. This is close to being the optimum size of text for the 64: It's perfectly readable on an ordinary TV. Appropriately enough, this dis play is known as the GEOS deskTop. It's the second major program in the system, and it ties all the others together.

The GEOS desHbp: The dark blue Notepad represents files and programs with clear, hl-res icons.

Its largest element is the desk Top Notepad. Analogous to a large pad of paper, the Notepad shows

iconsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;distinctive picturesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;that indicate the type and number of files on the disk presently being used. If there are more files than will conveniently fit on one page,

GEOS automatically prepares more pages.

To see these other pages, a joy stick is used to move the screen

CompuServe You never know who you'll be up against

when you go online with CompuServe. To buy your CompuServe Subscription Kit, see your nearest computer dealer. Suggested retail price S3 9.95,

To request our free brochure or order direct,

pointer to the dog-eared corner of the notepad. Just clicking the fire

call or write: 800-848-8199

button while the pointer is in this

CompuServe*

location will cycle through all avail able pages. Most features of GEOS are accessed in this straightforward way: Joystick moves pointer to

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THE ADVANCED MUSIC SYSTEM

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■

NODES OF YESOD ACTION ADVENTURE

2 GAMES IN ONE PACK 2 GAMES IN ONE PACK 2 GAMES IN ONE PACK

symbol, then one or two clicks of the fire button activate the neces

sary function. There are no special

codes or syntax sequences to re member. Both the Amiga and 5T

have a similar desktop environ ment, bul their screen pointers are controlled by mouse, not joystick.

Since Commodore is only now in troducing a mouse for the 64, Berkeley has concentrated on the joystick. Special programming in GEOS compensates for some of the joystick's inherent shortcomings, and actually renders it superior to

the mouse for certain purposes. However, Berkeley does plan to add a mouse driver, a program for

Also on the GEOS desk display, at its very top, is the Command Bar. In exactly the same way that file icons are activated, the various op tions in the Command Bar can be

selected with the joystick fire but ton. As soon as one of these options is picked, a menu pops down, giv ing further subchoices in that cate gory. Some of these pull-down menus contain functions that are duplicates of those that can be per

formed with just icons. Other func tions are unique and must be accessed through the Command

Bar and pull-down menus. The system operates very

swiftly and smoothly, and even of fers some improvements over the Macintosh environment. The Mac's menus pop back up into the com mand bar the momenl the mouse button is released, so even a brief

"The Preference Manager": With lime, date, colors, and jot/stick response set to the user's taste, the new adjustments are about to be saved lo disk.

lapse in attention means a lost menu. GEOS menus are stable once activated, disappearing only when a selection has been made or the pointer moves outside the menu

boundaries, GEOS also dispenses with a particularly aggravating as

pect of some other systems. These present only a single page of file icons. When a large number of files

and icons are in use, the page must The copy feature has been selected In/ pulling the disk options menu down

from the Command Bar.

be resized to accommodate them. These elastic pages are quite im pressive graphically, but it can be

awfully hard to find files on them. GEOS' method of using as many pages as needed is not only more

accessible not only from the deskTop, but also from geoPaint and geoWrite. Foremost among these acces

sories is the "Preference Manager." Activated either by opening its icon

on the deskTop or by making a menu choice in another application,

this program provides a control panel for the GEOS user. Again, with just the joystick and pointer, screen graphics are altered. As the

convenient, it's much truer to the

idea of a real desktop. After all, few

of us have notebooks made out of

receiving input from a mouse, to

GEOS in the near future. Once you're on the correct page of the notepad, manipulating

files is as easy and instinctive as if they were really lying on a desk top. A single click of the fire button

will activate a file, turning its icon dark. A second click following closely will load the file, or with a little more delay, will produce a ghost version of the icon. The ghost

can be picked up and dragged

around by the pointer, enabling the

file to be moved, copied to another

disk, thrown into the trash, or print ed. Certain old-style 64 files can also be manipulated through the deskTop. 26

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

just one sheet of rubberized, highly expandable paper. To further extend computing power, the GEOS deskTop is also ca

pable of manipulating entire disks and a two-drive network.

The other programs on

the GEOS

disk not only operate in the same graphics-oriented manner as

the deskTop, but also have to be ac cessed from it. The two remaining

The "Calculator": A very useful accesso

major programs are geoPaint and

but also in geoPaint and geoWrite.

geoWrite, special applications that take advantage of the newly estab

lished GEOS environment. But before looking at these excellent art and word-processing programs, it's worth mentioning a number of the

smaller programs on the disk, since they are convenient helpmatesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;

June 1986

ry, available not only on the deskTop,

The Infinity flac holds the se

'■■..

Q: What is the Infinity Machi

and 128. Thii powe^Fcartridge now lot* you effortleisly Qi Sounds diflicull, A: tt't Simple-J^Fplug into your C64/128 and pro si a <".): How doas ■'

Ai All the t* ' that u-' doled

e and the Infinity Shield protects the player ;inn shot or crashing!

tivoting the cartridge enable) you loi- "Enter a game at any level you

loose". "Explore all the area) and level* of the game and find the ports of

tho gome you didn't know existed without being killed." Deactivating the

cartridge at any paint you choose enable! yau lo continue to play the gome totally normally.

The Infinity Machine il brought to you at S24.99 by Mosterlronic, producers of incredible value Commodore 64/128K software such as Slugger, 5-a-iid« Soccer and The Last VB all available al S9.99.

nic hot line for the secret of etern

301-695

Mastertronic International Inc., 7311 b Grove Road, Frederick, Maryland 21701

displays a window that shows only

display is changed, corresponding GEOS' characteristics. Here, it's

a small portion of the final docu ment, which will actually be print

possible to set the time and date. This should be done at the start of

inch, impossible to achieve in any

changes are being made in some of

ed with a resolution of 80 dots per

64 screen graphic. Eventually,

every session with CEOS, because

convenience of dated files, you'll

Berkeley will provide a driver pro gram for laser printing. At that point, output will approach typeset quality, a real quantum leap for the

wonder how you ever got along

64.

without them. Other changes that can be made from the "Preference

Both

chronological information is part of the data stored with every file you create. Once you've seen the

geoPaint and geoWrite are full-featured programs, offer

Manager" include adjusting back ground and text colors, redesigning

the shape of the screen pointer, and resetting joystick responsiveness to suit your personal tastes. Once set,

your preferences can be saved to the GEOS disk, a permanent part of the system until you decide to mod ify them again. In this way, each GEOS system will become a person

The geoP.iint drawing environment. Tool icons are at the left of the working area. The tool being used to draw the white rectangle displays precise mea surements at the bottom of the screen.

alized extension of the user. high-speed operating system for

operated by joystick or from the

the 64, the GEOS disk's two major

keyboard, and the multipaged "Notepad" in which fleeting

application programs give you

thoughts can be set down and rap

idly stored to disk. Naturally, there's "Alarm Clock," which you

bility. Both geoPaint and gcoWritc bear strong resemblance to some of the design and word-processing pro

can set to remind you when you've

grams available for the Macintosh.

spent too much time in the inviting

Also like the Macintosh, the quality of GEOS output is a function of printer resolution, rather than the fineness of the screen display. As a consequence, GEOS generally

GEOS environment. "Text Album" and "Photo Album" let you trans

fer chunks o( geoWrite text into gco-

Paint designs, and vice versa.

complete desktop publishing capa

About half of the other small programs are printer drivers en

abling you to print out your geoPaitil and geoWrite creations on just about any popular printer. The re mainder are text fonts used to put

GEOS is, at present, supplied

hardware. A well-thought-out

COMPUTED Gazallo

June 19B6

tions. The abilities to automatically

draw lines, make outlined and solid circles and rectangles, and paint nu merous patterns with different types of brush—including an air brush-like effect—are supported. So, too, are cut, copy, and paste fea tures for easily moving around

chunks of design work. There's also a magnified mode that permits pixel-by-pixel, close-up editing of design details. Naturally, undo, erase, and fill options haven't been

producing a printed document. In

tool allows accurate sizing in either pixels or inches. This latter option is essential for keeping control of

The disk is copy-protected, but

become standard in 64 art applica

geoPaint, an on-screen measuring

point.

customized for particular projects. As you've probably realized by now, in addition to a powerful,

The design program, geoPaint,

has many of the features that have

is the overall orientation toward

manual completes the package. Ini tial sales are to be by mail order, but dealer sales will come at a later

storage space and creating disks

cally, they're so well-designed that using them requires virtually no documentation. However, a brief look at some of their many features will provide a tantalizing insight

What's really special, though,

on just one disk and requires no

onto given disks, thus freeing up

would take a small book. Paradoxi

are available from the Command Bar.

ments and designs.

other disks. This method permits backups for safety, and also enables you to put only essential programs

Exploring either of them in detail

left out. All tools are selected by pointer from a strip of icons at the side of a display window. As usual, file-handling and other refinements

different styles of type into docu

Berkeley's protection allows the e!ements of GEOS to be copied onto

never before available on the 64.

into the power of GEOS.

Other support programs in

clude "Calculator," which can be

ing—in combination—capabilities

printed artwork. Another tool en geoPaint's pixel edit option enables the artist to magnify any section of a design for precise detail work. Note the small status window (lower right) which indi cates the working area's position in the document.

ables you to move the display win dow quickly to any point in a design, while a smaller window monitors the movement relative to

the entire document. MacPaint, a similar design program for the Mac intosh, handles documents in much

the same way. As an informal com parison between GEOS on the 64

and MacPaint on the Macintosh, a

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Call now for the name of your nearest dealer. Or to order directly by credit card, MC, AMEX of VISA call (616) 241-5510. Other software and books are available-Call and ask for your free catalog. Add $4.00 for shipping

per order. Foreign orders add $10.00 per book. Dealer inquires we!come-1400+ nationwide.

Also helpful is an option that allows you to look at a condensed

version of the entire document. Data compression is used to facilitate the storage and retrieval of graphics information, so a full page can be displayed in about 20 seconds. Another exceptional feature of geoPaint is its method of handling

text. When text is placed in a de sign, it is entered into an elasticbordered text box defined by the artist, who simply types the desired

message on the 64's keyboard. Word-wrap takes place automati The entire document is displayed on the right half of the screen. The design in

the working area appears as a small shape in the top left corner of the docu ment display.

cally within the box—-it's like hav ing a tiny word processor available

at any point in a design. Even after all intended text is typed into a giv en box, resizing of the box is possi ble. A couple of clicks on the fire button, and the same text appears in a completely different block. Again, word-wrap is automatic, so

geoWrite offers a wide choice of differ ent sizes and styles of text. Nole the

margins and tab set on the ruler at the top of the screen. This is half-width mode.

there are no problems with words full document from each was scanned by moving the display

window across the entire design with the appropriate tool. The Mac intosh system took about 50 sec

onds; GEOS, about 70. That's a pretty respectable performance

measured against a 68000-based computer, especially when you

consider that output from the sys tems is virtually identical in size

and appearance.

broken apart arbitrarily. The ad vantages for setting up columns of text should be obvious.

Some of the text fonts supplied on the GEOS disk are creative and unusual; others are classics. All of them can add an extra dimension to graphic design. It's more than help

ful to have a full typesetting service only an icon and a few pull-down menus away.

On the whole, geoPaint pro vides an excellent environment for

ished product will look like. As a re-

sult, the full-width mode is provided. Once an author finishes a piece, the usual procedure will be to

reformat the document into fullwidth. In this display, the page flips back and forth between the two sides of the document whenever the pointer reaches the side of the screen. This allows an exact pre view of the eventual printed docu ment, and it offers the opportunity

the creation and—just as impor tantly—printing out of reproduc ible artwork.

less impressive is geoWrite, the system's word processor. As always, by simple manipulation

of on-screen graphics, GEOS per forms magic. For example, the writer can set

tabs and margins, and actually see where they are. All the geoPaint text

fonts are available, too. Bold, italic,

underlined, and outlined type can appear simultaneously, and in dif A title is added to the design with the highly effective text tool.

ferent sizes. Two display modes are sup ported. The half-width mode oper

ates as you might expect—every word that's typed remains visible

on the screen. This is probably the way to enter text most efficiently.

On the other hand, because the document will print a full 80 col

umns wide, the screen image does not accurately depict what the finX

COMPUTE!1! Gazette

June 1986

The accessory "Notepad" is available at any time.

77,

128

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and

ARE Remarkably easy-to-use Interactive drawing pack

The complete compilar and development pack

age for accurate graphic do signs. New dimension ing fsaturei to crvit* •xact icalftd output to all major dot-matrix prlnten.

age. Speed up your pro. grams Sx to 35*. Many

options: flexible memory management; choice ol

compiling to machine code, compact p-code or

Enhanced v«r»ton allow! you to Input via keyboard

both. '126 version: 40 or 80 column monitor output and FAST-mode opera tion. '128 Compiler's ex

or high quality llghtpen.

Two graphic screens lor

COPYing from or* to the

othW.DRAW.LINE.BOX, CIRCLE, ARC, ELLIPSE

tensive SO-page pro grammer's (juide covers

available.

compiler directives and

options, Mo levels ol optimization, memory usage, I/O handling, 60 column hl-res graphics, faster,

higher precision math (unctions, speed and space saving tips, more. A great package that no software library should be wtthoijt. 128 Compiler 64 Compiler

+PRIPE.REDUOED.+

For

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With

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ARTPAKT

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OTHER TITLES AVAILABLE: Technical Analysis System Sophisticated charting and technical analysis system for

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Xper

XPER is the first "expert systefif for the C-128 and C-64. While ordinary data base systems are good for reproducing facts,

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P.O. Box 7219 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510 - Telex 709-101 - Phone (616) 241 -5510 Call now for the name of your nearest dealer. Or to order directly by credit card, MC, AMEX of VISA call (616) 241-5510. Other software and books are available-Call and ask for your free catalog. Add $4.00 for shipping

per order. Foreign orders add $12.00 per iiem. Dealer inquires welcome-1400+ nationwide.

to make any final changes. Text is entered into either kind of display from a cursor that can be positioned simply by moving the

Working together, and using the previously mentioned albums to transfer material, they are capable

pointer to the desired location and

material that the Macintosh has

clicking the joystick fire button. The text itself is then typed in directly from the keyboard, which also of fers access to features such as dele

been producing for some time. GEOS fonts are, in fact, publicdomain typefaces created for the Mac, says Dougherty. As a result, printed material from the two sys tems will often be indistin

tion and tabbing.

Excellent graphics-based ma nipulations are available in typical GEOS style. Any existing section of writing may be highlighted by in serting the text cursor at the begin

of creating the same high-quality

guishable.

Even

without GEOS, desktop

publishing has become ex

ning of the material and dragging it, with fire button depressed, to the

tremely popular for the 64.

end. All the highlighted text can

Shop and Springboard's Newsroom

Pro-

gTams such as Broderbund's Print have established high positions in

the applications software charts. The GEOS disk offers professional publishing capability at a remark ably low cost, and on the same computer that millions are already using.

GEOS, however, is not limited to desktop publishing. The system

is an open one. Software develop ers other than Berkeley can easily tap into it. Activision and Bank Street are reportedly converting ex isting programs to interface with GEOS. This process was designed to

The highlighted section of text is about

to be cut from the document with one of the edit functions available from geoWrite's Command Bar.

be an easy one, and Berkeley and Commodore hope it will attract many more third-party developers to the system. For those interested in writing new software, GEOS offers oppor tunities for both hackers and pro

fessional programmers. The 22K of

then be cut, copied, deleted, pasted, or replaced in a few simple steps. Since a document in geoWrite may consist of many pages, options

at the top of the screen enable the writer to flip through the pages one-by-one, home in on a particu

the new operating system includes the high-speed disk code, and fully supports the graphics-oriented user interface. By utilizing a series of jump tablesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;maps giving entry addresses for accessing important

GEOS featuresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;programmers can easily write software with all the speed and ease-of-use of GEOS it self. Berkeley expects to release a programmer's reference guide con

lar page, or get to the start or end of

taining the tables and other techni

text rapidly. All necessary file oper ations are also found in the com mand bar at the top of the display. Additionally, geoYtrite allows the writer to further enhance the appearance of the printed docu

cal information in June of this year.

ment by adjusting line spacing and

setting page breaks wherever they're wanted.

gt'oWritc Is a sophisticated and powerful partner for geoPttlnt. 32

COMPUTE!'s Gazsfie

Juno 1986

Every effort is being made to en

courage others to write for the sys tem. Berkeley and Commodore hope GEOS will catch on in a big way, es tablishing a uniform, standardized operating system for the 64. Also on the horizon, and of great importance for GEOS, is the expected announcement of signifi

cant RAM expansion for the 64. If

this does become available, many

GEOS-based applications could be resident in memory at any given time. Switching from one to anoth er would be virtually instanta

neous, thus increasing both the scope and flexibility of programs for the 64. The RAM expansion is supposed to be coming from Com modore, who is also expected to be gin offering some kind of concrete support for the fledgling GEOS sys tem. News on both fronts may have been announced by the time you read this.

Meanwhile, Berkeley and Dougherty plan to enhance GEOS continuously, and will keep regis

tered owners of the system notified of details. Already in the works for geoPaitlt are pattern-editing and full-color capabilities. (The system currently operates mostly in two colors, due to the strong emphasis on producing black and white printed output.) There is also talk of someday putting part of the system on cartridge, but the bulk will stay on disk, where it can readily be re

fined and improved. GEOS doesn't offer merely new life for the 64; it provides a means for you to acquire advanced com puting capability at low cost. Con-

sequently, the question of upgrading may be put off indefi nitely for many people. With GEOS,

Berkeley is blazing an alternative trail that, considering the 64's loyal following, is a pathway likely to be heavily traveled.

COMPUTED Gazette is look ing for utilities, games,

applications educational pro grams, and tutorial articles. If

you've created a program that you think other readers might enjoy or find useful, send it, on tape or disk to: Submissions Reviewer COMPUTE! Publications P.O. Box 5406

Greensboro, NC 27403

Please enclose an SASE if you

wish to have the materials returned.

Articles are reviewed within four weeks of submission.

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A few designersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;like those behind Epux Software's Suminer

Games IIâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;have

broken new ground in Commodore graphics.

Kathy Yakal, Assistant Features Editor

1Ihink back for a minute to the first

program you ever saw on a Commodore 64.

Chances are it was a game, if you've had a 64 for more than a couple of years. And chances are its graphics were either crude or nonexistent. In early 1984, publishers started

delivering software that contained some rather startling graphics. Here's why.

COMPUTED Gazefle

Juno 1986

The

EVOLU

Of Commodore Graphics \ m

■

W...

/'■-''//

-.._—

In the first year or so of the Commodore 64's life, hundreds of software programs were de veloped, very few of which showed any parlicularly impressive

visual effects. But don't blame the programmers. The success of the 64 in those days hinged on how much

software got out quickly. No soft ware, low hardware sales. Happily, it took only a few months before a multitude of programs were avail able, some good and some bad, but available. As the price of the ma chine dropped and more publishers

already done so. But consumer so phistication had grown. Home

fact that program designers had

computer owners were demanding better software: database programs with greater filing and search capa bilities; word processors that had

machine.

simple command structures, but

more power and flexibility; educa tional software that held a child's attention, yet actually taught some thing; and richer entertainment ex

periences. Better games required not only more complex design con

cepts, but also better graphics. Consumer demand was but

simply spent more time with the

any endeavor, the more you

practice, the better you get.

Though that's not the sole reason for the improvement in Commo dore 64 graphics—maybe not even

the most important one—it's cer tainly the most obvious. Bruce

Carver, president and founder of Access Software, attributes much of his company's present-day success

produced titles, hundreds of thou

one factor that triggered the next

to a steadily increasing knowledge

sands of people bought the 64. The survivors of the software

step in the evolution of Commo

of the machine.

dore graphics. Several forces collid

shakeout that began in 1984 and

ed in early 1984, resulting in games

continued into 1985 found them

in which superb color graphics sur

selves with a different kind of prob

prised and pleased their players.

"It's been an evolution of tech nology," says Carver. "Someone

does a game, and someone else looks at it and says, 1 can do it

evolutionary, not revolutionary,

better." Carver, a mechanical engineer,

and its impetus goes beyond the

1982, and started programming as a

lem. It was no longer necessary to

That seemingly sudden change was

rush products out so people would feel safe buying the machine, be cause about three million had

say many of the people involved,

bought a Commodore 64 early in COMPUTE'.^ Gazette

June 1986

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IK '39

hobby. In those days, little docu mentation was available beyond

the user manual, so designing a program was a learning process

that involved a lot of trial and error. Carver's first commercial at

Access Software president Bruce Carver learned a little more about programming graphics on the Commodore 64 on each new project. Here, you can see that pro

gression in these scenes from Neutral Zone, Beachhead, and Raid Over

lowed by a succession of popular

â&#x2013;

PRH

COURSE

BSD

Moscow. uinas

tempt, Sprite Master (a simple sprite editor), launched his company and encouraged him to push his pro gramming skills further. It was fol

HOtt

Leader Board is Carver's latest program, and his best graphically.

H 1PDUER

games, including Neutral Zone and

Beachhead, each a little better graphically than the previous one.

His most recent game. Leader Board, contains some of the best visual ef

fects his company has produced. Carver credits three years of prac tice and two programming tools for the lifelike graphics and animation in this golf simulation. (See review elsewhere in this issue.) The first tool, rotoscoping, is a technique similar to one used in the

that the sequence looks fluid when run, and you don't miss the frames

examples of the types of things that

in-between.

Finding that balance is diffi cult, says Carver, because not only

push the Commodore 64 to its tech nological limits while there is still demand for new software. "Valuewise, I still think it's the most bene

ory by using too many.

ficial machine, dollar for dollar, on the market today, although the

do you not want to use loo few, but also you don't want to waste mem The next step is to rewind the

tape and start from the beginning of

the sequence, bringing up each in

movie industry. In previous Access games where animation was neces

dividual image and shooting it with

sary, it was created in the same way

slide is projected on a glass plate with a grid on it, and then it's traced. Using Sprite Master, Carver translates that information into a sprite shape. Then it's just a matter of determining the timing rate. The second tool employed in

animators draw cartoons. Each

frame in succession is drawn just

slightly different from the preced

ing one, so that when the sequence

is run very fast, it looks like the characters are actually moving. Rotoscoping involves using a

video camera to film a sequence (in Leader Board, it was a golfer taking a swing). The sequence is then put up on a monitor and run through slow

ly, a single frame at a time. A series of frames is then chosen from shots that are close enough together so 3B

COMPUTE!1* Gazette

Juno 1986

a camera to produce slides. Each

developing Leader Board was simu

lation equations, a way of translat

ing 3-D perspective information into two-dimensional screen infor mation. (This technique is used

often in designing flight simula

tors.) Though neither of these techniques is new, they're good

program designers are doing to

Atari ST and Amiga are giving it a run," says Carver. "I think it's be ing pushed by a lot of programmers as hard as it can be pushed."

Fo further understand why Com1 modore 64 graphics improved

so rapidly, you have to go back to

the late 1970s at the Atari Corpora tion. Atari was selling millions of

videogame systems, and it em ployed some of the best designers in the business to develop new game cartridges for a demanding

market. Once home computers be came available and affordable in

the early 1980s, interest in the dedi cated game machines began to wane. Craig Nelson, now director of

TAP THE POWER of the Commodore 128 By the author of Machine Language for Beginners and Second Book of Machine Language wraa

Ito undnttnOatto giWe to 8502 mmSt™ tangusgo prcgrHmrrdng o»i lie CommcOore 1£8 IreuMs a a.-<«5U3»d. l*s»t»5«> fflO ccwnzid !cr w 1S8.

S COMMTCtt Wi PiiaictfiW

128 Machine Language for Beginners Richard Mansfield

One of the bestselling computer books ever has now been completely revised for the Commodore 128.

Most commercial software is written in machine language because it's far faster and more versatile than BASIC.

This new edition of Machine Language for Beginners is a step-by-step introduction to 8502 machine language programming on Commodore's 128 computer.

The book includes everything you need to learn to effectively program the 128: numerous programming examples, memory management tutorials; a complete description of the many Kernal routines and other new 128 features; numerous hints and programming techniques; and a dictionary of all major BASIC commands and their machine language equivalents. It also includes a high-speed, professional-quality, label-based assembler, optimized to take advantage of the speed and extra memory of the 128. 0-87455-033-5

$16.95 Like the other top-quality books from COMPUTE!, 128 Machine Language for Beginners brings you ready-to-use

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Order your copy of 128 Machine Language for Beginners and the LADS Disk today. Call toll free 1-800-346-6767 (in NY 1-212-887-8525} or mail your payment (plus $2.00 shipping per book or disk) to COMPUTE! Books, P.O. Box 5038, F.D.R. Station, New York, NY 10150.

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But some have succeeded. Nel

son credits the emergence of better Commodore graphics in great part to the presence of trained artists on those teams. "Programmers can program, but they can't necessarily draw," he says.

"And artists can

draw, but they can't necessarily program."

Epyx has enjoyed enormous success with Winter Games and Summer Games II,

thanks, hi part, to

the programs' superb color graphics.

Input by artists was key, ac cording to Nelson, partly due to the dearth of graphics tools available to programmers. "Some of the graph ics modes on the 64 are really strange, and they have no analogs

to the Atari or Apple, like the ability

product development at Epyx, was one of those Atari game designers who watched the old give way to the new. I,ike many of his co-

workers, he moved over to the Atari 800 in the early 80s. "The money used to be in VCS (Video

Computer System) games, and that's where most of the talent was concentrated," he says. "So if you want to look back at the old days,

there are a lot of reasons why Com modore graphics weren't up to par. One is, simply, not many of the pros were working on them."

Which leads to another point. Many games designed initially for the Atari 800, taking advantage of the 800's sound and graphics capa

bilities, were then translated into a Commodore 64 format. Naturally, in comparing the two versions, Atari usually excelled. The best

Commodore 64 games had to be designed on the machine itself, and that just wasn't being done very often. The period starting in late 1983, with a steadily increasing in

stalled base of 64s, saw more and more developers take an interest in original design on the 64.

writing a game involves coming up

with an original, entertaining con cept, having the skill to bring it to

fruition through good, efficient pro gramming, and also being a fairly respectable artist.

Of course, the team approach

has its problems. Anytime you try to get a group of people together to

In that same period, software

do a projectâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;defining goals and deadlines, assigning individual tasks, meeting along the way to

Much of the earliest Commodore

check progress, and completing the project satisfactorily and on sched

development teams started to form. 64 software was done by one indi

vidual, a Herculean task. It's almost impossible for one person to have

the multiple talents necessary to

create a good game. The process of 40

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

uleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;it can be a headache. Add to that the pressures on everyone in the home computer industry, and you can see why so many tried and

failed.

to change color of the character ba sis across the screen. That gave us a

lot of color capability that had not

been exploited. The Koala Pad [a digitizing tablet] was the first good

art tool thai exploited the nice bit map graphics mode."

Nelson acknowledges the de mand by game players for better

graphics as some motivation, but feels he and his staff create a lot of their own pressures. "We do it to ourselves," he says. "It's a horrible situation. We come out with some thing like Summer Games, and then we have to do something even better.

"There's a need, because of the general state of graphics, to do the

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The co-founders of Accolade Software believe that

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necessary to create and design an outstanding game.

really hard work. Before, it was suf

ficient to throw up a background screen and have a few sprites mov

ing around. Now, you have to do complicated software interrupt rou tines to reuse sprites and do fancy programming things to get objects moving around." That's the history of any given

machine. You work your very hard est to get the most out of it. And

Nelson thinks we're getting close with the Commodore 64.

"We very clearly have limita tions that are insurmountable." he says. "We can't go much farther

with Apple because of its slow pro cessor. Commodore has the same processor, but has some graphics

help that Apple doesn't have. We've pretty much used all of that up now. There are a few little niche areas that haven't really been ex

ploited all the way, but we're find ing it more and more difficult to come up with technical innovation." Digitizing is one technical in novation that could have some ef

fect on Commodore 64 games, but

Nelson and his co-workers have yet to use it in an actual game. "We just

haven't found the place where it's appropriate in a game yet," he says. 42

COMPUTE' s Gazette

June 1986

Law of the West and Psi-5 Trading Company illustrate that belief.

"With the new machines (the Com modore Amiga and Atari ST), you can afford to throw memory away. With the 64, we're scraping for ev erything we can get, and we just can't afford to blow away the kind of memory that digitizing implied. While it's an interesting thing, it's not appropriate yet."

All

of these elementsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;top de

signers moving over to the

Commodore 64 and doing original programming, input from artists,

greater familiarity with the ma chines, and better graphics toolsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; have triggered the evolution of Commodore 64 graphics from what we saw in 1983 to what we see to

day in 1986. Al Miller, a cofounder

of Activision and, more recently, Accolade Software, thinks demand

from the public and competition

from other companies have been the most important driving forces. Miller started designing 2K

games for Atari VCS cartridges in 1977. Then he moved to 8K. His

first game for Accolade, Law of the West, came in at 256K. That's 32 times bigger, but it wasn't 32 times more complex, he says. The extra

memory was allocated for graphics and music.

"I really don't think that de signers are learning that much more about the machines," says Miller. "It was the case in the VCS market because we were primarily employing tricks to get advanced graphics out of the cruder ma

chines. Computers that are avail able now are pretty straightforward in descriptions of how to generate sound and graphics." Today's best game designers have proven quite successful in

stretching the limits of Commodore 64 graphics over a period of three years. But the learning curve posed

for the next generation of game de signers may be a bit tougher. What state-of-the-art home en tertainment will be like five or ten years down the road is almost im

possible to predict. Laser technol ogy is shaking up the information storage and retrieval industry these days with the advent of equipment like CD-ROMs, and it's likely to have some effect on the kinds of games we'll see in the future. In the meantime, image-rich games on the

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The Bard's Tale To His Most August Majesty, Emperor

Huracor IV: Most Exalted One,

It is as we had feared. The threads of

a few tenor-swollen reports can note !'•

woven into a single cloth: The city of

Skara Brae lies under a grim, malignant cloud; and the town—once the brightest jewel of your realm—is in the hands of the loathesmne Manger. How Mangar came here, I do not know. But I have been into the city, and his wizardry and evil are ev erywhere present. Decay and darkness are

the order of the day, and death stalks the streets in a thousand different guises.

There are, however, wet a few stout hearts

within the walls.

It is with them that our hope lies. For it pleases Mangar to maintain a sem blance of normal life in the town. This may be his conceit, or it may be that he

needs commerce and the skills of these

good people to sustain him in some man ner. Regardless of Itis reasoning in this matter, it shall be his undoing. Here is my plan: A good number of taverns and tem

ples remain open. In addition to the places

of entertainment and worship, two outfit

ters have survived, and the venerable Ad venturer's Guild remains untouched.

crease our powers if we can but find them and satisfy their noble standards. I know,

too, that weapons and devices of sublime power still remain in the city. Many c\ them, 1 fear, have been secreted in the mazes and dungeons of the old town—

never the safest places to venture, and now doubly dangerous. In the darkness of

those cold chambers, perhaps the small magic of my songs will bring us some slight strength.

Still, there is no alternative. Shortly, I will return to the Adventurer's Guild—

there to join mi/ five companions and go into the streets and alleyways to pry at the chinks in Mangar's armor. Wish us well, and if we do not return, at least let our suffering pave the way for those who will follow. I have the jou to remain,.. Your obedient servant,

Tranhoff, Imperial Bard

You won't find the emperor—or Tranhoff—hut everything else—and

more—is in The Bard's Tale, a won

drous new adventure game from Elec tronic Arts. Two seemingly normal 5 1/4" disks can row transform your 64 into the world of Mangar and the blighted city, Skara Brae. In its general approach. The Bard's

I met in these places with some of the valiant souls whose heartfelt desire it is to overthrow Mangar. They are not great men of arms or wizardry. Many such were

venturers fights its way through foes

by stealth and cunning, we may be able to

ly, some elusive, mystic goal is

taken by Mangar or fled at his coming. But

creep unnoticed through the city, growing

ever stronger in force and knowledge, un

til at last we confront and destroy the vile usurper.

As we had conjectured, Skara Brae cannot be taken by a great force of war riors. There is power here to resist the

might of all our armies. Even in daylight the streets are patrolled by the Llndead,

Mangar has summoned them to join his hordes of men and monsters and sundry

evil wizards. At night, the situation wors ens—they say there are dragons, ogres,

and fierce things that were never alive.

Fighting will be inevitable and, against opponents such as these, would be

loomed to failure without the utmost care

in planning and strategy. 44

One essential element: Well-hidden within Skara Brae, a single stalwart Re view Board refuses to submit to Mangar. The high folk from the ten classes will in

COMPUTE!'! Gazette

Jura 1986

Tale is like any number of role-playing fantasy games. A band of intrepid ad both magical and mundane. Eventual

achieved. Cannons fire, music swells, and everybody goes home happy. The excellence of The Bard's Tale stems not from its departure from this basic idea, but rather from its depth of concept and brilliance of execution. The program apparently represents over 400K of machine language, and it cer tainly looks like every bit has been put

your party. Many of them are cleverly animated, and most are works of art.

Your reactions to what you see in

the display are transmitted through the keyboard, either in single keypresses or brief codes. Movement is also con trolled through the keyboard.

Beyond simple mechanics, the game unfolds to revea! level upon level

of thought and challenge. Overall strat

egy is much as indicated in Tranhoff's

letter: Find the Review Board, then le.irn and grow stronger, and eventual ly topple Mangar himself. Tranhoff is not the bard supplied on the character disk, but you could cre

ate him. An option exists for creating all or any of the members of your band. Attributes are assigned randomly, but you can repeat this stage until you're

satisfied with the strengths of a charac ter. You must be careful with the newly

born; they are terribly vulnerable in the streets and dungeons of Skara Brae.

Some have valuable characteristics not available to those already on the disk, Nurturing new characters may become

an important element of strategy at the

higher levels of play. Another fascinating area of game-

play is the use of magic. The Bard's Tale

offers an array of 85 powerful spells and a complex system of ranking spellcasters. As magic users rise through the

various levels and evolve into different classes, more of the spells become available to them. Optimizing spell use and employing it effectively in combat is intriguing and—eventually—re warding. Any Bards in your party pos

sess songs of magic, but no initial knowledge of their purposes. A few final points. Players must

explore Skara Brae's dark places to pro

gress satisfactorily. These are contained

on the second disk, the Dungeon Disk. Clues to find the first of them are pack aged with the game. After that, you're on your own. Good

luck

with

your

The game is a graphics adventure

searching, and don't come to depend too much on your equipment or party

parser. All player options are presented

ncarnations from disk. I'or this reason,

to good use.

rather than one based on text and a in the form of smoothly scrolling

menus that appear in a special message

window. Simultaneously, another win

members. He prepared to reclaim earlier t's a good idea to play with two characer disks, backing up any party member

whose powers increase dramatically.

dow displays graphics. These may be of

Working out a method of dealing

monsters, buildings, or members of

vith character disks is an area that may

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be somewhat confusing. There's noth

to tear yourself away from this master

ing wrong with the program, the docu

piece of a game.

mentation is not at its clearest here. Also on the topic of disk operations, the program's extremely clever design has reduced the need for swapping the two

disks to an absolute minimum. Players who've tangled with other games of this type will greatly appreciate this

feature. The Bard's Tale is a story of mystery

—Lee Noel, ]r

wonderful world where monsters lurk enter that world at your own peril. And the greatest danger is not Mangar—it's the likelihood that you'll never be able

last I've found the opportunity with

Ballyhoo, Infocom's richly evocative

Electronic Arts 2755 Campus Dr.

often exasperating, and very clever new text adventure.

San Malta, CA 94403 11 9.95

The game begins as the circus per formance ends. You are prowling around behind the big top, trying on

Ballyhoo

stray masks and peering into the prop

tent, when you overhear a conversation

and magic. It tells of a complex and

and great deeds wait to be done. You

tween acts and explore the shadowy world lurking beneath all the glitz. At

From up in the bleachers, the circus is all glitter and daring, a magical kaleido scope of improbable images. But watch ing the circus 1 always want to sneak backstage, to see the performers be

between the circus boss and a detective about the mysterious disappearance oi the circus boss's daughter. Neither the

boss nor the detective sounds terribly concerned or competent, so you val iantly resolve to find her on your own Thus begins your foray into the seamy

underworld of the circus. Once you become immersed in the

SAFEGUARD YOUR SOFTWARE BY /WAKING A BACKUP WITH

game, though, you may discover that your mission to find the abducted g becomes secondary to exploring the bi zarre and chimerical world around you.

Sympathetic as you are to the girl's plight, you can hardly pass up the op portunity to walk a tightrope, watch an

Version 3.3

impromptu clown act, play with the ex otic animals, or be hypnotized by Rimshaw the Incomparable. And often in pursuing these seemingly pointless di versions you can pick up some clues to the mystery.

But Ballyhoo, true to the Infocom tradition, is not for the impatient. Clues arc hidden under layers of rod herrings; some maneuvers have to be repeated

two or three times before they'll work,

while others are stubbornly refused; and each of the circus folk, from the

MODULES

tiny midget to the 827-pound Tina, is evasive when not downright cantan

kerous. Even the seasoned Infocom player is well-advised to draw a map, take copious notes, and leave no gorilla suit unturned.

While the game can frustrate— don't expect to complete it in a day—it

THE PROFESSIONAL WAY TO BACKUP

can also charm. Great care was taken to

evoke the atmosphere of the circus: You hear a calliope in the distance, you smell the musty elephant tent nearby, you feel the rough canvas of the tent as you sneak behind the big top. Many of the

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their humor. And often the responses to your commands are whimsical or ironic.

subscription available.

The parsing in Ballyhoo is surpris-

ngly flexible. You tan, for instance,

make commands such as "Take the apale. Polish it. Put it in the box." or 'Drop all except the mask and the cheese morsel." You can also ask ques tions of specific characters, or use inaluablc Infocom commands such as

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ttv=~ 3463 Stare street ■ Suite 154IA - Santa Barbara ■ CA 93105

of each location) and OOPS (which alows you to retype only the word you

yped incorrectly in the last sentence). As can be expected from Infocom, 46

COMPUTE'S Gazelta

June 1986

Great Software for T Tnder

And Free Diskettes, Too!

Now is your chance to build your software library at awry reasonable cost! Kor ONLY .$(>.!(!) you can tf« software for your Commodore or Apple computer, Choose from entertainment, home management or education titles.

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For the Commodore 64/128

For the Apple II+, lie, He

Entertainment Serial

Enti-rtolnmiTil Srrirn

C-l

v 38Hnmo "mi Business rani Kile

Memory Quchi

C-88HomB Expanse Manager

6-2 -Sky lighters C 3

G-4Q Home Finance Organizer I (1-41 Home Finance Organizer i

('-A

Atomic Challenger IVofesslanal Gambler

C 42 Home Inainic Manager C-l-'t Home Money Manager

I'5 The Survival lnstlnd

Arcade Action

c +>

C-8 A I'ACaLIPS NOW

Hit*. Pieces Bud Cluea

(' it

C II Board Game Challengers

C-l! Chess Champion

c. t3 Ciazy Comers C-I4 Galactic Empire Builder

C IDJusl Games (With BTwist!)

C-ltt Land, Sea & Air Adventures ('■17 Ma/i' Madness!

(' 1H IVjjOui (The Crlbbago Game) c l9StarTrek Evolution C-21 Open—

GiilfiiiK Royal Si. Georfto'a

C-22 Alien

C>23 Bulge—Battle fur Antwerp C 24Wizards the Prlncem

C-2B Ulysses & the Golden Fleece

C 2i>MisMim Asteroid

llrmu' "iT.iii.iiL

c So Prci Financial Organber C-61 Recipe Box

(' -\\ Wirdmaster Senior

C-3! Master Word C -i-i Personal Spreadshee I

C-52Tax Record Organizer

A.-15 Passport to London

Education Series

A- Hi Passport to Paris

C-B3 Number Builder G-54 Number Chaser

Home M.i11.11

C-,riS> Fancy Kaiv C (ill Marh Manor ('-'31 T\pmg Tutor

A 25 Disk Library

A-26 Electronic Calendar

A-27 Electronic Phone iio<pk A ZSRuniiyTrco A UOJWrltor, Word Processor

C<66 Gingerbread Mim C 67 Baby Animals C-flS iioppy the Curious Kangaroo

A ill Utility Master A-32Vital liiiiii Keeper A-33Typing Tutor

Kl> Kddio

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A-49Multiplication II

A-60Multiplication III A WDivision II

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A-5T The Three Bears

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Disk Drive $149.95 plus S<UM) rmriayc. liandllng

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return this order form along With your check, money order or VISA MiUilorOaril infor mal ion to: Flrstline Software, 7124 Shady Oak Bd,, Eden i'rairie, MN r>w.i4A.

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A 29 Personal Spreadsheet

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A-39 Beginning Counting

A-2] Nutrition Monitor A-22 Securities Portfolio

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A 51 Division i

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the packaging of Ballyhoo is splendid. The game comes with a circus ticket (or Annie Oakley, in circus lingo), a balloon,

in the details from the outline of the "WW1 Ace" scenario presented in

Flight Simulator II. Complete with dog fights, jet provides computer-controlled

and a superbly illustrated circus pro-

gram (or bible). Included in the booklet

radar tracking, heat-seeking missiles,

are a brief history of circuses, .1 colorful

and enemy aircraft thai maneuver with

description of each of the key Ballyhoo characters, and a glossary of circus jar

apparent intelligence. Take some target

practice in the Target Strike Game, in

gon (so that you too can toss around

which there are air-to-ground missiles,

terms like Annie Oakley, bible, lollke,

machine guns, and smart bombs. The enemy is land-based, and seeks you out

etc.). There are also several pages of

clearly written instructions, explana

relentlessly, turning your screen to a

tions, and tips. But don't be misled: The

streaming flash of red and yellow

mysteries of Ballyhoo are not easily un

esting comparison of the two.

raveled. Or, as the program has wryly told me more than once, "You'll have to do that yourself."

First, J?t is easier to fly—especially for novices. All you have to do to get airborne is throttle up with the + key, and pull back on the joystick. You have the opportunity to look back and see the airstrips disappear more quickly

—Jaan Rouleau Infocom, Inc. 55 Wheeler St.

Cambridge, MA 0211s

and .it a sharper angle than with Flight

$39.95

Simulator 11. You can select a landbased craft or take off from a carrier at sea. When flying the land-based craft, you pilot an P-16, a ship modeled after its versatile and powerful namesake. If the carrier-based option is selected, an

Jet For flight simulation fans, there's more

F-18 is used. The carrier-based takeoff requires more tries to master. General

fun on the hori/on./e(, subl.OGIC's lat

est addition to an ever-growing family

of flight software, is an upscale, friend lier version of Flight Simulator. There

are several points which draw an inter

ly, though, getting in the air is not difficult. fel offers some features for arcade fans. Designer Bruce Artwick has filled

should it make contact. Three-dimen sional graphics allow clear views of the enemy. (But fire before you see the

whites of their eyes.) If it appears that you're in danger of losing your plane,

don't worry: Jet includes a cockpit ejec

tion system. You can always bail out and parachute lo safety. A featured bonus with Jet is its compatibility with any of the Flight Simulator Scenery Disks. You can fly it to New York, San Francisco, Albuquer que, or Los Angeles, or anywhere in the charted world of flight simulators. Getting started might typically go

like this: Take JET out of the hanger and taxi out a bit to the runways. Press C to get a view from the control tower, and

then turn the craft until it faces the tow er. Hit the thmsters and take off right

by the tower—not something you'd want to try in real aviation. What you see is a great computer program doing

SUPERKIT//1541

what it does best—and letting you have

some fun,

—David Flo ranee siibLOCIC Corporation 713 Blgebrook Dr. Champaign, IL 67820 S.19.95

(Scenery Dtsfo, S19.95 cadi)

Battle of Antietam \

StNGLE.DUAl FILE COPLElt 1 him '■o'lrai DO& ifwtnl

endary exploits made the events of the

f-»t *(T *>- C*jr"-(-d*<« DOS (L>"f4l4-f

Civil War more real and personal than

SUPER DISK SURGEON

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the woods and fields of so many leg

3 5UP6P DOS fASr LOADERS "*iu.H'i n

FnI Pdltina uf i*H »n 1(1 Air Wu

Having grown up near several major Civil War battlefields, 1 developed an early interest in this special period of American history. Being able to explore

$29.95

HflFlii

tS IJl] [, U 0 t

the history 1 was taught in school. So when 1 saw the package for Bat

tle of Antietam, a recent release for the Commodore 64 from Strategic Simula tions, it was only a question of how many minutes it would take before I had the game up and running. 1 began by playing the basic game,

■101 taw air D»

suiii d • w«0

Unas rc7in

ORDtMS (H17j «j?flOJl ■ TECH (SUl IV 01W

COMPUTEfs Gazette

Juno 1986

suilable for beginners, before moving up to the more difficult and demanding intermediate and advanced levels. To begin each game, the forces are mar shalled in their historical positions, where they stood at sunrise on Septem ber 17, 1862. The Union force consists

CSM

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SNAPSHOT 64 SNAPSHOT 64 is a unique and exciting uuiity that virtually lakes a picture of your computer's memory. SNAPSHOT 64 then saves that 'snapshot1 to disk and automatically creates an auto-boot loader for the program

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of over 67,000 troops, while the Con

federacy has only about 35,000—close

you quite well for an encounter with a human opponent.

to half the size of the Union army. (Lee had mistakenly divided his force, send ing half to seize the Federal garrison at

The Battle ofAntietam is a must for anyone with even a mild interest in the

Harper's Ferry.) Although the North is

understand than many others of its

overwhelmingly superior in numbers, the South can overcome seemingly

hopeless odds, thanks to errors made by the Union command, which the pro

Civil War. The simulation is easier to kind. Included in the manual—which offers a thorough treatment of the bat

gram simulates rather effectively, and

tle—are organizational charts for both sides, and the complete order of battle. A colorful plastic laminated topo

by careful, tactical planning.

graphical map of the battlefield is in

Each turn, consisting of several phases of action as you command your

forces against the computer or a human opponent, advances the clock one hour. Many options are available, and much is to be considered as you command your troops. Should you press the at

cluded, and you'll find yourself referring to it often as you plan your strategy, looking to take advantage of the roads for troop movements and the hills for positioning your artillery. At the end of the game, occupation of sev eral key road intersections is worth bo

tack? Or maybe it would be best to

nus points, and you'll be using the map

allow the men a chance to catch [heir

to locate these crossroads, then dis

breath as fresh troops are brought up

patching your troops to seize control or

from the rear. Is now the right time to launch a counter-attack?

defend them.

The simulation is quite involved. I was surprised to discover that as 1 com manded my forces through the battle

tigue, resupply, disruption of troops, and so on, are used to determine the outcome of a clash. And each encounter is resolved down to the man. You'll sense a feeling of overwhelming de

hours of 6 a.m. to 5 p.m., I used as much (or more) time as the actual battle: Each time I played a complete battle, 1 spent at least 12 hours. Fortunately, a save option is included, and available often during the game. The computer is a for midable opponent, and will prepare

Many factors, including rate of fa

spair as the casuality rate climbs higher by the hour. Occasionally you'll feel yourself reeling from a report that a di vision lost somewhere in the smoke and noise of the battle has lost over a

hundred men in a brief moment. You may even receive reports of entire com

panies being eliminated. The value of SSI's Battle of Antie tam may ultimately be that you'll de cide to visit the library or even the battlefield to learn more about this bat tle's significance in one of the most im portant periods of American history. In

that light, it's more than just another game.

—George Miller

Strategic Simulations, Inc. 88i StlerUn Road Building A-200

Mountain Vkw. CA 94043 $49,95

Leader Board: The Pro Golf Simulator Golf can be a game of simple beauty, played on quiet mornings when the dew is still thick on the greens. Or it can

be one of the most frustrating experi ences, where clubs fly farther than the ball. Leader Board, from Access Soft ware, makers of the popular Beach-

Head and Beach-Head 11, can duplicate either definition of golf quite nicely. This golfing simulation for the Commo dore 64 will either make you grin as you sink that 45-foot putt, or make you howl with anger as you slice a dozen

balls into the water beside the fairway. This is a compliment, a high compli ment, on the game's realism. It's so

much like the real game that you're tempted to play from an electric golf cart.

Three levels of play—novice, ama teur, and professional—and four differ

ent 18-hole courses make Leader Board a game you can stick with instead of

discarding after a couple of afternoons. A driving range is also available—use it before you begin serious play, if only to sharpen your shooting skills.

Plug a joystick into port 2, load the game, and you're ready to start. Up to a

foursome can play Leader Board (each player takes his or her turn with the joystick). Enter players' names, choose the course, the number of holes you'll

play (up to the entire 72), and the game begins.

Leader Board puts every decision and move in your lap, from selecting the right club to hitting the ball at the right moment. Using the joystick, you

decide in which direction to hit, then swing away. Depending on the difficutly level, you may have to take the wind into consideration. A combination of pressing the fire button, holding it, then 50

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June 1986

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more expensive system. It will untangle your wires and unclutter your desk. And look at all it includes:

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fairway or green, and even balls which hit the flag. Sound effects add lo Leader

(One interesting note about this game's copy protection: The disk itself is not copy protected, so you can easily

want, even hook (make the ball curve

club meets the ball and the splash as the

make a backup copy. However, a piece

left) or slice (make it curve right) around Ihose doglegs. Once on the

ball hits water.

green, where you can use your putter,

Color-coded birdies, eagles, bogies, and

with the program, must be inserted into

you have to read the break, or how the

pars are put on the leader board shown at the end of each hole. You can see at a

Board to work.)

pressing again controls your backswing

and wrist snap, Bending the hall flying. You can swing as hard or soft as you

ball will curve, as well as the slope. Again, you control the amount of pow er you put into the swing. If you're on target, you'll hear a comforting Ihunk as the ball lands in the cup. All this makes Leader Board a game

worth playing. What makes it worth re membering, and playing again and again, is its graphics. This game is sim ply amazing—there's no other word for

it. With no disk access, the screen changes from scene to scene, showing your present perspective of the pin. Hit

Board, letting you hear the thock as the

Score is kept as in real-time golf.

glance the present position of each play

er, even while you're playing a hole. The only thing missing from Leader Board is sand traps. The only hazard is

water, which is all over the place. Is lands, peninsulas, and narrow necks of land are the only way to the green. One more thing I'd like to see in the game: You can't tell where the green actually starts since it's the same color (green) as the fairways.

of plastic with a very small resistor (often called a dangle), which comes the cassette port in order for Leader Tee up a ball, ask your imaginary

caddie for a club, and plant your feet firmly in the grass. Swing and watch it fly. Leader

Board is fun, a lot of fun, and as addict ing as the real game. Best of all, there are no green fees. —Gregg Keizer Access Software, Inc.

2561 South 1560 West Woods Crass, UT 84087

S39.95

the ball into the water and a small splash appears. Your golfer's swing

(each player's character wears different colored shirts and pants—only male figures for some reason) is something you have to watch to appreciate. It's so smooth that you could use it to improve

your real game. And when the ball leaves the tee, the golfer lifts his head to follow the ball! Shadows beneath the flying ball, balls which bounce as they land on the

Votalker Speech Synthesizer Over the years VotrflX has built a repu tation for producing high-quality speech synthesizers. One point in their

so even if you've never seen a Votrax-

favor is that they design their own

their speech chips.

speech chips; their engineers aren't lim ited to what's currently available, Votrax chips can be found in a variety of other companies' speech synthesizers.

Until recently, their products have been somewhat high-priced for the Commodore market. A year ago, 1 ex perimented briefly with a Votrax

brand speech synthesizer, you've prob

ably heard the sounds made by one of

COMPUTED Gazette

June 1986

synthesizer which, with the proper

You can access the SPEAK com

cable, would work with a Commodore

mand in both immediate and program

64, an Apple, an IBM, or several other computers. The suggested retail price

modes. The Votalker takes words or

was in the $300 range, more than what you would have paid for a 64 at that

phrases inside quotation marks, as well as numbers, string variables, and nu meric variables. Arrays are also accept

time. Votrax gave you Rolls-Royce quality at Rolls-Royce prices.

ed. SPEAK is as flexible as the BASIC

The recently released Votalker car tridge for the 64 is not only an excellent

Nine volume settings allow you to program a shout, a whisper, or some

speech synthesizer, it also costs less

than $100. It has the Votrax quality you'd expect, at an affordable price. To

put it simply, the Votalker is a great val ue. It has the standard features found

on other speech synthesizers—and more. It's compatible with both the 64 and the 128 (in 64 mode).

PRINT command.

thing in-between. Four pitches can be employed to modify the tone, very im portant when you want to emphasize a certain word or phrase: Do you like an

chovies? Do you like anchovies? Do you like anchovies7. The inflection of the Votrax voice,

like most other speech synthesizers, is

The Votalker fits into the expan sion port and, like most cartridges, allo

cates 8K of memory for its own use. Programming speech is simple. Type

SPEAK "HELLO. I AM A COMPUTER."

and it pronounces the words inside quotation marks. It's good at recogniz

ing our strange spelling conventions and translating them into properly spo

ken words. Once in a while it will make a mistake, which can be corrected by a creative misspelling. The word "don't"

best described as a monotone with a slightly Scandinavian accent. But judi cious variations of pitch and volume can make the voice sound much more natural. In addition, a knob on the side

of the cartridge can be adjusted to affect the rate of speech. Youcanspeakfastlike al:ederalExpressad, or. speak, very,

slowly. The knob controls the overall speed; if you want slight pauses inside a sentence, you can insert various punc

tuation marks (a comma is a short pause,

voice speed. They talk at ore rate, peri od. If you have to listen to more than a paragraph or two, the words start to drag. According to a Votrax representa tive, most blind people can understand extremely fast speech, faster than a sighted person could follow, possibly because blind persons aren't distracted

by visual cues. So reading through (or

listening to) a long document can be vastly speeded up with a simple turn of

the Votaiker's rate knob. Those of us

who can see a computer screen might consider a speech synthesizer a novelty (Listen, Mom, the- computer can talk!),

. But a computer that can't talk is pretty useless to a blind person. And a typical slow-talking speech synthesizer takes too long to read through even a short story. The adjustable rate is a valuable

feature of the Votalker, especially for sight-impaired computer users. There are several other options available. You can choose to have shift ed characters ignored (if you're in up percase-graphics mode) or pronounced

(if you're in upper/lowercase mode). In some cases, you might want punctua tion marks to be spoken-—the word "comma" instead of a .short pause.

sounds too much like "dawnt," for ex

while a period provides a longer pause).

Turning on verbatim mode gives you

ample, so you have to type "doant" to

Many speech synthesizers don't make any provision for controlling the

this choice. In character mode, every

get the proper pronunciation.

word is spelled out. You won't hear the

word "hello," you'll hear the letters HE-L-L-O. This can be very useful when you're double-checking a program you

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typed in from a magazine. These op tions can be joined with echo mode, where everything printed to the screen is also spoken by the Votalker. The Votalker speech chip is

phoneme-based rather than wordbased (for example, the word "hat" is made up of three phonemes: an H sound, a short A, and a final T), so an infinite number nf words can bo spo

ken. Some word-based speech synthe

FSD-1 5'/4" Disk Drive The FSD-1 Disk Drive is a versatile and efficient disk dnve built for the

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sizers have a limited number of words—usually around 200—that can be pronounced; if you ask for an alien word, they'll ignore it. Because it pro nounces individual sounds, the Votalker is more flexible than some other speech synthesizers. As a bonus. Votrax includes a disk containing Trivia Talker I, a trivia Q and A program written in BASIC. (An up graded version, Trivia Talker 11, which

offers clearer sound, is available sepa

rately for $39.95.) It vividly illustrates one of the many applications for speech in a computer program. Questions don't just print to the screen, they're also spoken. Shades of leopard}/. You can personalize the questions with the Editor program. You might write a question that asks "What is the most embarrassing thing that ever happened

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You Asked

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It . . . Here

umentation covers the necessary points

for programming the Votalker in BASIC, but barely hints at what's nec essary to write machine language pro grams that can speak. Some coverage of memory usage would have been nice.

It Is!!!

These quibbles don't detract from the overall quality of the Votalker. This

speech synthesizer does more than most others. The price is reasonable.

GRAPHICS and FONTS plus an 8K BUFFER for the ultimate In performance and speed. The XETEC Super Graphix Interface for Commodore Computers now offers a new high In technology with these leatures:

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June 1986

And you thought the 64 could display only eight sprites. This short machine language game puts

even hide one behind another. But

you can't have more than eight on the screen at any one time. But with a bit of fancy dancing in machine language (ML), you can make it seem that there are more than eight sprites. "Star Dragon," an arcade-style game for the 64, uses a short machine language rou

tine which temporarily moves all eight sprites to another location on the screen. Temporarily is the key

word here, for the ML routine, list ed as Program 1, "16," moves the sprites for only 1/60 second, then returns them to their original posi

tions. As you'll see later, it's easy to 54

COMPUTED Gszatta

June 1986

It's a two-step process to run

use this 16-sprite feature in your

Star Dragon. First LOAD"16",8, then type RUN and press RETURN. You'll be prompted to enter a start ing address. Enter 49152. After a

own games.

moment, 16 sprites will appear on

Head First

the screen. While they're on the screen, type LOAD"STAR",8,1, then press RETURN. Finally, when the message READY appears on the

16 on the screen. Or does it? Sprites, those movable object blocks you create through a series of POKEs, are one of the most daz zling game elements available for the Commodore 64. You can create sprites of any shape, color them, move them, make them collide,

save it to disk as STAR.

You need to type in and save two programs to play Star Dragon. First, enter Program 1â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a BASIC loader

which puts the 16-sprite routine in memoryâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and save it to disk. (See

instructions below if you're using tape.) Use 16 as its filename. Next, enter Program 2, the game itself. Since it's written entirely in ma chine language, you'll need "MLX," found elsewhere in this is sue, to type it in. After loading and running MLX, answer the prompts

for the starting and ending address es with: Stalling Address: C0F0

Ending Address: C79F

Use MLX to type in the Star

Dragon data from Program 2 and

screen, enter SYS 49392, press RE

TURN, and the game begins. If that seems too complicated, use Pro gram 3 to perform all these steps automatically. (When using Pro gram 3, you must omit the {CLR}

in line 100 of Program 1, as well as the PRINT"{CLR}": in line 290. Otherwise, the boot program will not work properly.) The procedure is a bit different if you're using tape. It's necessary to load the data for Program 2 before starting the 16-sprite ML routine because the sprite routine's raster interrupts will disrupt tape

loading. The easiest solution is to create a modified version of

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Program 1. When typing in that program, replace lines 100 and 290 with those shown below: 100

PRINT"lCLRi"tIF SA=O

THEM

1 SPACEJSA=49152:LOAD"STA

R",l,l

290 POKii5317a,255;POKE:53179,25 5:POKES3281,0:SYS

49392

Then use MLX to type in Program 2. When you've entered all the data, save it immediately following the modified Program 1 on tape. Now, to run Star Dragon you need only load and run the modified Pro gram 1,

The trail of star-like sprites, the Star Dragon, slithers and slides across the screen. The Dragon Gun

at the bottom of the screen is your only defense. Move the gun back and forth across the screen by pressing the +

key to move left and the — key to

move right. Hitting the CTRL'key fires the gun. (A fourth key, SHIFTLOCK, pauses the game for those

times when your fingers tire.) The object of the game is sim

ple: Hit the dragon's head, [f you hit anywhere else on the dragon, the shots just ricochet. Unfortu nately, these bouncing bullets de stroy your gun as well as the dragon. Don't let the dragon touch

the gun, either—its poisonous barbs will ruin your weapon. You have three guns at hand. Lose all three and the game's over. Scoring is straightforward. The

first and second dragons of each level are worth 20 points when eradicated. The third is worth 60 points. Star Dragon has ten levels, with a total of 30 dragons.

16 Candles, 16 Sprites The key to Star Dragon is what ap pears to be 16 sprites. Actually,

there aren't more than eight on the screen at any one time, but since

each group of eight is shifting every 1/60 second, a speed much too fast

for our eyes to follow, it seems like there are 16. It's something like a movie, which displays 24 still

frames a second. Each individual frame doesn't move, but put them together at that speed and the illu sion is movement. The machine language routine listed as Program 1 wedges itself into a new raster interrupt address.

It's entirely relocatable, and ad

vanced programmers may want to

(half the old value of 344).

use it in their own games. Just in

Another difference is that the collision registers (53180-53183) contain only the value for those col

clude lines 100-240 and 300-410 from Program 1 in your program, and you'll have 16 sprites to work with instead of 8.

lisions occurring at the moment the register location is checked, instead

their normal locations to addresses

of maintaining a value until read as is the case for the normal collision registers. Note that collisions be

53170-53247. Take a look at the ta

tween sprites 0-7 and sprites 8-15

ble below for the new register loca

cannot be detected. For example, if sprites 1, 5, 8, and 14 are all in the

The routine in Program 1 moves the sprite registers from

tions if you're programming with 16 sprites. You POKE values to

same position, then the collision

these new locations just as you do for locations 53248-53294 when

between sprites 1 and 5 can be de

using the normal eight sprites— with a few exceptions.

sprites 8 and 14. However, there is

One major difference is in the locations that control horizontal (x) position. In the normal eight-sprite system, visible horizontal positions range from 24-344. This requires a

tected, as can the collision between

no provision for recognizing the collision between sprites 1 and 14 or sprites 8 and 5.

The sprite data pointers (53232-53247) perform

nine-bit value for a horizontal posi tion—eight bits for each sprite in

the even-numbered locations 53248-53262, plus a bit for the highest bit of each sprite's position in location 53264. Those familiar with programming sprites know

that this causes a problem when

the eight-sprite system: They point

to the 64-byte block of memory that defines the sprite's shape. For ex ample, Program 1 loads these pointers with the value 11 (line 270), indicating that the sprite shape data is found at 11 * 64 =

704 (see line 260).

ever a sprite crosses the "seam"—

the point on the screen where the

horizontal position value changed from 255 to 256. The 16-sprite rou tine avoids this problem by divid ing the x-position by two. Thus, the sprite now disappears completely

off the right edge of the screen when the value POKEd into loca tions 53184-53199 exceeds 172

The only real drawback to using this ML routine is that the

sprites become partially transpar ent. However, this isn't noticeable

if the sprite is on a dark back ground, such as gray, blue, or black. Notice that Star Dragon uses a

black background.

See program listings on page 101.

Sprite Registers For 16-Sprite Routine Location

Location

Hex

Decimal

CFB2 CFB3 CFB4 CFB5 CTB6 CI-B7 Ci-BS

53170 53171

53172 53173 53174 53175

the same

function as locations 2040-2047 in

Function

Sprites 0-7 multicolor off/on bits Sprites 8-15 multicolor off/on bits

Sprites 0-7 x expansion bits Sprites 8-15 x expansion bils Sprites 0-7 y expansion bils Sprites 8-15 y expansion bits

CFB9

53176 53177

CFBA

53178

Sprites 8-15 sprite display priority Bits to activate sprites 0-7

Sprites 0-7 sprite display priority

CFBli

53179

Bits to activate sprites 8-15

CFBC

53 ISO

CFBD

Collisions between sprites 0-7

53181

Collisions between sprites B-15 Sprilcs 0-7 collision with background

CFBE

53182

CFBF CFCO-CFCF CFD0-CFDF

53183 53184-53199

Sprites 8-15 collision with background Sprites 0-15 y (verticil) position

CFF.O-CFEF

53200-53215 53216-53231

CFF0-CFFF

53232-53247

Sprites 0-15 x (horizontal) position Sprites 0-15 color registers Sprites 0-15 data pointers

Fly Faster ana Farther with COMPUTE!'s

40 More Great Flight Simulator Adventures This follow-up to the popular 40 Great Flight Simulator Adventures brings you 40 more exciting, suspenseful flight simulator scenarios to help you get the most enjoyment from your Flight Simulator or Flight Simu lator II software,

40 MORE GREAT FLIGHT SIMULATOR ADVENTURES

40 More Great Flight Simulator Adventures Charles Gulick

Microsoft's Flight Simulator IBM PCI and Subloglc's Flight Simulator It (Ap ple IIF Commodore 64, Atari! are two of the most popular software pack ages today. They put you in the pilot's seat, letting you experience the thrill of flight. Now, 40 More Great Flight Simulator Adventures, the sec ond such guide, brings you more dazzling flights drawn fronn both fact and fancy.

Now you can fly where no one has flown before, with the author as

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simulation—taking you through cities, over mountains, under bridges—as you explore America From the air. Complete parameters and instructions at each step make flight easier and more exciting than ever before.

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To order any COMPUTE! book, call toll free 800-346-6767 (in NY 212-887-8525). Or mail In the attached coupon with your payment. Include S2.00 shipping and handling per book.

Please send me

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Predictor John Krutch

How do your wits match up against your comput er's? You might be in for a surprise. A challeng ing machine language game for the 64, Plus/4, 16, and VIC-20. Children sometimes play a game called "Matching Pennies." The rules go like this: The first player covers a penny with his or her

hand. The second player has to guess which side of the coin the

first player picked, and place a pen ny showing heads or tails. If the two coins match, the second player guessed correctly and keeps both. If

the pennies are different, the first player wins both coins. The key to guessing correctly is

to find a pattern in the first person's choices. To win as the first player, you should either pick heads or tails randomly or look for a pattern in the second player's guesses.

"Predictor" is a variation on matching pennies. The play is sim

ple—there are only two possible

moves. Just choose to go left or

right—the computer will predict each move based on its assessment of your previous moves. The first one to reach 100 is the winner. Your job is to try to randomize your choices enough so that the com puter makes the wrong predictions.

Although you might think your computer is easy to beat, you're

likely to be surprised. The computer always plays the

part of the guesser; that is, it tries to match your choice of left or right. If it made this prediction randomly,

you'd give Predictor a 50/50 chance of being correct. But Predic tor doesn't play to tie, it plays to win. By analyzing your past moves

for patterns, it should have better than a 50 percent chance of being correct. You could call it a primitive

form of artificial intelligence. 58

COMPUTED Gazette

June 1986

Behavior Patterns "Predictor" saves the choices you

make, as well as the response {left or right) you give after any particu lar pattern of moves. The response you most likely chose in previous similar situations is the one that will be predicted for your move

The computer has a significant lead in this match, although it has just missed

guessing this player's move.

will be a screen message informing you to type a command to activate the game (for the 64, SYS 49152; for the Plus/4 and 16, SYS 15560; and for the VIC, LOAD "PREDICT. OBJ" ,8,1 and then SYS 6892). (Note to VIC users: When typing in the pro

any repeating pattern of moves; the program will very quickly notice

gram, be sure to have a disk in the drive. The program creates a separate machine language program that can be loaded and run with the commands above, because the VIC's memory is too small to store all the data neces sary for the program.) When you first begin the pro

the pattern and predict your

gram, you see two corridors, one

response.)

near the top of the screen, the other near the bottom. Your moves are recorded in the upper area; the low er one displays the computer's pre diction of your move.

when

that pattern reoccurs.

(You

can test this for yourself by entering

Predictor gets smarter after the

first dozen or so moves, as the com puter becomes aware of your choice patterns. If you play a fast game by

making random choices as fast as you can, you probably won't do very well—it's difficult to truly ran domize your pattern of choices like this. The best way to beat Predictor is to proceed slowly, thinking out your moves and attempting to de ceive the program.

You can make one of two

moves: left or right. To move left, press the left-arrow key—the far left key on the top row. To move right, press the DELete key— the far right key on the top row. (Note: Plus/4 and 16 users should use the ESCape and DELete keys for mov

But there's a catch. If you find

ing.) A square appears on the left or

yourself falling into a certain series of moves, you might recognize your own pattern. But breaking out of one pattern could easily put you into a new {just as recognizable)

right side of the screen when you make a choice. At the same time, a

pattern.

Getting Started There are three versions—separate programs—of Predictor; one ver sion for the 64, one for the Plus/4 and Commodore 16, and one for the VIC (with disk only). After typ ing in the program, save a copy. To

play, load and run the program. When it's through loading, there

square appears in the computer's

corridor to show its prediction. If the computer matches your move, a noise sounds and a point is award ed to the computer on the scoreboard at the left center of the screen. If the computer guesses wrong, a pleasant musical tone sounds, and your score will be in cremented by 1. The first to reach

100 points wins, after which you're prompted (Y/N) to play again.

You'll find your computer a canny opponent and a good prognosticator.

See program listings on page 104. W

COMPUTE! Books Supports

Commodore Computer Users COMPUTE Books is dedicated to bringing you top-quality, reliable, and understand

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Commodore 64, 128, VIC20, or a new 128 or Amiga COMPUTE! has the books you need to get the most from your computer,

Look over this collection ot bestselling computer titles and choose the ones you want lor your favorite Commodore

computer. To order any of these out standing Commodore titles, call toll-tree 1-800-346-6767 (in NY 212-265-8360).

COMPUTEI's Personal Accounting Manager for the Commodore 64 and 128 Roland A Frechette A complete small-business/home accounting system with 13 support routines, from income and expenses to property and investments.

$ 12.95

ISBN 0-87455-014-<?

The Amiga: Your First Computer Don McNeill Everything a beginner needs to know to get started

quickly with the Amiga, including setting up the sys

COMPUTEI's VIC-20 and Commodore

64 Tool Kit: Kernal Dan Heeb The invaluable reference guide to the Kernal routines on the Commodore 64 and VIC-20 for beginning to advanced programmers.

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Programming the Commodore 64: The Definitive Guide Raeto Collin West An encyclopedic, thorough reference guide which covers the Commodore 64 in its entirety. 609 pages

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tem, selecting software, and learning about the hardware.

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COMPUTEI's Commodore 64/128 Collection

COMPUTED V1C-20 Collection

Edited Some ol the best games, applications, and utilities

Edited

from COMPUTE! Publications lor the Commodore 64

More than 70 never-before-published articles.

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Commoaore VIC-20.

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Switcheroo Kevin Mykytyn and Mark Tuttle

Just when you think you've won the game, your opponent pulls a switch—and you've got to de vise a whole new plan. An exciting two-player strategy game for the 64. A joystick is required.

space in the direction you choose.

We're all familiar with games where players take turns placing

to the right will cause the row to be

pieces on a board or grid until

there's a winner. Tic-tac-toe is probably the most widely known game of this kind. "Switcheroo" falls into this category, but it adds a

few unique twists that make it quite challenging. The object of Switcheroo is

simple. You must get five of your pieces in a row—horizontally, ver tically, or diagonally—while block ing your opponent's attempts to do the same. That sounds easy, but getting it done is a serious exercise in strategy. At any point in the game, a player may shift the pieces of one row or column by one space, effectively changing the complex ion of the game.

joystick right, to the arrows icon, if you'd rather shift the pieces of a row or column. If you decide to place, push the joystick left. The square icon turns yellow or orange, depending on whose turn it is. Then push the fire

button to activate the circle icon. A tone sounds and the circle begins

blinking. With the joystick, move the circle to the square where you wish to move a piece. Press the fire button again to put it in that position.

plugged into port 2. Now the game begins. Player 1

controls the yellow pieces, while player 2 controls the orange ones. The screen displays a 25-square (5 X 5) grid with a circle in the center. Below the grid are two icons (sym

bols), a square and a four-directional arrow. Move your joystick left, to

the square icon, if you want to place a square on the board. Move the 60

COMPUTED Gazette

June 1986

If an illegal move is attempted (trying to place a piece on an occu

pied square, for example), the circle is returned to the center square of

the grid and you must start your turn over. This feature can come in

handy, however. If you decide you want to shift instead of place, you

can make an illegal move and start

As you become more experienced at Switcheroo, you'll develop some winning tactics. These hints should

help beginners. At the start of a game, placing is generally more valuable than shifting. After all, the goal is to position five in a row, and

copy. To play, load the game and

just one joystick, make sure it's

pieces outside that row or column is a ffected.

How To Win

Place Or Switch?

wish to use one or two joysticks. Press the 1 or 2 key. If you're using

yellow, orange, orange, yellow, and orange (YOOYO). None of the

your turn over.

After typing in the program, save a type RUN. You're first asked if you

Note that the last piece in a row or column wraps around to the first position. For example, if a row con sists of orange, orange, yellow, or ange, and yellow (OOYOY), a shift

you can't win the game unless

Both players have placed all their pieces. The only way to win now is with some fancy shifting.

If you wish to shift a row or column, first push the joystick right. The arrows icon turns yellow or orange. Press the fire button to activate the circle, then move to a

square in the column or row you wish to shift. Press the fire button

you've placed at least five pieces on the board. Also, if you shift a lot while your opponent places, you'll end up owning a distinct minority of the pieces.

Defensive play usually pays off. If you can block your opponent by placing (rather than shifting), so much the better. As the board fills up, shifting becomes more impor tant. It's rare that a game will be

down, left, or right—in the direc

won by placing. Usually, the victor will force a position where a shift

tion you want the row or column to

wins the game.

shift. Each piece is moved one

See program listing on page 103.

again. Finally, push the joystick up,

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Simon Edgeworth Set the solar system in motion with this series of astronomical simula tions for the 64. You

of Halley's and other comets, and look through a file of fasci nating facts about our

Whether you're new to stargazing or a veteran astronomer, this

easy-to-use demonstration of the planets and comets is fun to watch. The program is divided which simulates the movement of

once. The sun is stationary at the

center of the screen. Select the innermost and outermost planets

Earth and Moon, which shows how the phases of the moon are created by its orbit; Comets, which shows the path of Halley's and key properti

t.uVftiil â&#x2013; . (,,1-wi,-

September 19BS

lished regularly in the GAZETTE,

then type RUN. In the first part, Sun and Planets, you can watch

the planets around the sun; Sun,

planet and the sun and moon. 64

Type in "Solarpix" using the

"Automatic Proofreader," pub

you'd like to see, and a year from 1

to 2000. Press G to set them in mo tion, + to increase the speed, â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to Elapsed time is displayed in years on the right side of the screen.

Lunar Lore

Facts And Figures

The second menu selection, "Sun,

The last part of Solarpix provides

Earth, and Moon," shows how the moon's orbit around the earth causes its different phases. The earth is shown orbiting the sun,

some interesting facts about the so lar system. From the menu, you can select a planet, the sun, or the

while the moon orbits the earth.

moon, and view all the facts about it; or you can select a characteristic,

The distance between the earth and

such as mass or temperature, and

the moon has been magnified by 30 to make it visible. In the top right corner of the screen, the current ap pearance of the moon is illustrated. The elapsed time in days is dis played to the right. You can control the display using the G, S, +, and

compare the values for all the nine

- keys as in the first part. The moon takes 27.3 days to

orbit the earth. However, it's 29.6 days from one full moon to the next. If you watch the display care

fully, you can see why this is—the moon actually has to complete

slightly more than one orbit around

planets plus the sun and the moon. Because the distances from the planets to the sun are so hard to visualize, I've added "Drive Time," which shows the amount of time it

would take to drive from a given planet to the sun while traveling at 55 miles per hour. For the moon, the drive time is given for travel from the moon to the earth. Masses are given in units

equivalent to the weight of the earth because the values in tons are too large to comprehend (the earth

relative to the sun.

weighs about 6,588,000,000,000, 000,000,000 tons). Densities are

Because the moon's orbit is slightly tilted, the moon, earth, and

Saturn is less dense than water).

the earth to reach the same position

sun are normally never exactly aligned. On the rare occasions

when they arc, an eclipse occurs. If this happens at full moon, we see a

be on the same plane. For Pluto,

For the

amateur astronomer,

here are a few technical details. In Solarpix, all orbits are assumed to however, true elliptical motion is

what the orbits of comets look like.

simulated. The planet screen is ori

Planets and comets move in ellipti

ented with Pluto's aphelion on the

cal orbits, which look like flattened circles. The extent to which the cir

right, and the positions of the plan ets are calculated from their actual

cle is flattened is called its eccentric

positions on October 27, 19S4. All

ity, ranging from zero (circular) up

of the graphics screens show views

lo almost one. The eccentricities of

from ecliptic north. If you have any questions about Solarpix, you may write to

et with an eccentricity of one or

the author at: P.O. Box 26, West

more would leave the solar system.

Upton, MA 01587. Please enclose a self-addressed stamped envelope.

See program listing on page 108.

Notice that the speed of a plan et or comet varies as it moves

around its orbit. It moves slowest when it's furthest from the sun, and fastest when it's closest to the sun.

at 13 cps. ASCII character codes. 10, 12 or 15 characters per inch or proportional spacing. Line feed spacing o! 1/48" minimum. Friction feed. Takes 13" max imum paper widlh. Prints 12" wide. Fourpositton impression control. Produces original and four lightweight copies.

Approx. 21 lbs, 19Vi" x UW x 5". 110V AC.

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tion of the orbit of Halley's Comet,

opposite direction of the planets.

and lower case letters, numerals, symbols

Credrtcard cualumera Can

(almost zero) to Pluto (.25). A com

enter .96R. The R stands for reverse, because Halley's Comet orbits in the

interface (not included],

directional prinhng of fully lormed upper

starting with the closest. Moons list

Comets

the names and eccentricities of some comets: Faye (.56), Finlay (.70), Enke (.85). To see a simula

Commodore, with the addition of a printer

order of distance from their planet,

The third menu selection shows

.96 and press RETURN. Here are

puter systems including IBM, Apple and

Temperatures are average surface temperatures. Moons are listed in

compared with water (notice that

ed as "X" have not yet been named.

Enter a value between zero and

• Can be interfaced with virtually all com

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A Little More Speed

If you've discovered a clever time-

Note line 40, where the re

saving technique or ti brief but

served time-keeping variable

effective programming shortcut,

TIMES (abbreviated as TI$) is set to

send it to "Hints & Tips," c/o

zero. The related variable TI is

COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE. // we IISC it, we'll pay you $35.

dard way of timing the speed of a

checked in line 80. This is a stan section of a program; set the clock to zero immediately before the rou

Faster Variables

tine, and then when the routine has

Robert L Raymond

fy clock. {A "jiffy" is 1/60 second.) If the program added the two num bers only once, the times would be

finished, PRINT the value in the jif

As numeric variables are defined, their names and values are stored in memory just after the end of the

BASIC program (except on the 128, where variables are kept in a sepa rate section of memory). BASIC

methodically puts together a list of all variables that have been used so far. When a new variable occurs in a program, its label and value are added to the end of the list.

Whenever a BASIC program needs to use a variable for any pur pose, it must find that variable on the list. Starting at the beginning of

the list, BASIC moves forward through memory until it finds the variable it's looking for. Since the list is built as the program runs, the variables defined first are first on the list.

These first few variables are al ways the fastest to be executed in a

BASIC program. If you define a variable early in the program, it's near the beginning of the variable

list, and BASIC will find it quickly when it's needed later in the program.

The following two programs il

lustrate this principle:

too small to measure. By perform ing the addition 1000 times, we're

able to get a good average time. This first program takes about seven seconds to run on the 64—

VIC times will be somewhat faster, Plus/4 and 16 a little slower. A 128 in SLOW mode will be slower than

other Commodore computers, while in FAST mode it will be faster

than all of them. Now change lines 50-70: 50

FORA=1TOH!00

B=B-t-C

NEXTA

The program now runs in less than four seconds on the 64 (other computers will vary slightly, as

above). The two programs are almost exactly the same. What makes the second program faster? The three

variables in the loop are defined early in the program. They're the first three on the variable list. In the first example, the variables X, Y, and Z were 24th through 26th on the list. If you perform more tests, you'll find that the alphabetical or

der makes no difference. So if X, Y,

A=0;B=0:C=0:D=O:E=0;F=0:G=0 :H=0:I=0

and Z are defined first, they'll be the fastest variables. You could also

J=0:K=0:L=0:M=0:N=0:O=0:P=0

try other mathematical operations

:Q=0:R=0

£>=0:T=0 :U=0 :V=0 :W=Q :X=0:Y=0

40 50

TI$="000000" FORX=1TO1000

Y=Y+Z

70 80

NEXTX A1=TI:PRINTA1; "JIFFIES",Al/

:Z=0

COMPUTE'S Gazette

and so on—to find out how much

faster the early variables are.

June 1986

gram execution. But the next time

you have to sort a list of 500 items,

the time saved could be significant. Here's another idea for speed ing up a program: Try the two pro grams above without the index variable after NEXT. That is, change line 70 to a NEXT with no variable following. You'll discover

that programs run faster when you omit the variable after NEXT.

Faster Functions Luis Fernando Carballo

In mathematics, a function is a pro cedure that takes one or more num

bers as input and returns another

number as its output. Squaring a number is one example—insert the number 12 and the square-anumber function returns the an swer 144 (12 times itself). There are at least two ways to square a number and, as we'll see below, one is significantly faster. First type in this short program and run it: 10

ti?="000000"

FOKJ=1TO1000

30 40

A=53«53 NEXT

Al=.TI:PRItJTAlf " JIFFIES " ,A1 / 60:"SECONDS"

It's a fairly straightforward program which multiplies 53 by it self 1000 times. A 64 takes seven to eight seconds to finish the calcula tions. Now change line 30, so the program looks like this: 10

TIS="000000"

FORJ=1TO1000

clear: Your programs will run faster

A=53l2

if you arrange to put heavily used variables near the beginning of the

50 Al=Tl!PRINTAl;"JIFFIES",Al/

The lesson for programmers is

60;"SECONDS" 66

in line 60—multiplication, division,

list of variables in memory. This can be accomplished by putting "unnecessary" initialization state ments for those variables near the start of the program. In some cases, saving a few microseconds won't make a noticeable difference in pro

60;"SECONDS"

GEOS... The fastest, easiest, most powerful way to use your C64!

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quality graphic images using the 14 different graphic tools and shapes. Paint or fill in 32 different patterns. Zoom in for pixel editing or display a preview of the full page. Add titles or snappy captions in different fonts,

All your file handling is done on the GEOS deskTop. Load in any disk and view its contents as icons. If you like, sort the files alphabetically by

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geoWrite is an easy to use, graphics

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based word processor. Insert, copy,

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Want to edit a file? Copy or move it to another disk? Print or Delete It? Simply point at the Icon or filename

and then select a menu function. File access is also dramatically improved. Seconds after selecting

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GEOS is the beginning of a "whole new world" of products for the C64. Watch for new applications.

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This program performs the

same calculation, but uses the uparrow (exponentiation) operator.

One thousand times through the loop, figuring out 53 squared, takes a Commodore 64 nearly 55 sec onds, about seven times longer

than the other program. Squaring a

number is common in a variety of programs that handle statistics, use trigonometric functions (angles), or

MonoTones Samuel Ford

draw hi-res graphics. Clearly, it's

preferable to avoid the up-arrow in

favor of multiplying. Another factor

is that because of the way numbers are stored in memory, multiplica tion is slightly more accurate than exponentiation. It's not usually a

significant problem, but it's a sec ond reason not to use the up-arrow. When you've got a choice be tween two approaches to a prob

lem, it's not always a matter of personal preference. In this case,

multiplying a number by itself is so much faster than raising it to the second power that il would be al

most foolish to pick exponentiation. This is not to say that you should never use the up-arrow; raising a number to the 1/3 power is the best

way to find a cube root, for example. But if you need to square a number,

you'll save time if you simply multi ply the number by itself. You can speed up the above programs even more if you insert

variables into line 30. Try defining a variable B = 53 in line 5 and then change 30 to A = B*B or A = Br2. The programs will run a little faster because BASIC doesn't have to fig ure out that the characters "5" and "3" add up to the value 53. When B is predefined, BASIC can look up

the value in variable B and act di rectly on that number. <B

If you of the visual prised

have a monochrome monitor, the 16 colors Commodore 64 or 128 can be used to add excitement to any program. You'll be sur at how this clever technique livens up

your display. Each of the 16 colors available with a Commodore 64 or 128 is only a keypress away. But these colors are

in the same order, but given as CHR$ codes. If you print a few characters in each of the colors,

of value only to those with color

you'll find that some of the shades are the same. There seem to be eight distinct levels of light: six shades of green (or amber or gray) between pure white and pure black. Now for the surprise: Type in the program that accompanies this article. You'll see an effect that's

monitors. Those of us with black and white televisions or mono chrome monitors see no reds, blues,

or yellowsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;just greens or ambers or grays. We don't get hues, we get shades.

It seems that Commodore's de signers did not arrange the colors in

(Again, Commodore 12H owners

that I can recognize. As an example, type in this two-line program and

should add the statement BANK 15:

notice how the shades appear to be

What the program does is print a short message in a box at the cen ter of the screen, each time in a dif ferent color. But, since the colors are arranged in the "green-scale"

scattered. (Commodore

128 users

should add a BANK 15: statement at the beginning of line 10.) 10 I'OKE 5328D,0:E'OKE 53281,0

20 FOR A-0 TO lftPOKB 1024 + A, I6D:1'OKE 552% I A,A:NEXT

This is the Commodore-

assigned order of colors. There doesn't appear to be any signifi cance to the order. But, if you look

closely, you'll see that they can be rearranged, placed in order of in

COMPUTED GAZETTE TOLL FREE

Subscription Order Line

1-800-247-5470 In IA 1-800-532-1272

tensity. Let's try that. Here are a couple of DATA statements that define what we'll call the "green scale." 100 REM " DATA FOR COLOR 1'OKES

101 DATA 0,6,9,11,2,8,4,14,12,10,5,3,15,7, 13,1

110 REM " DATA FOR CHR3 COLORS

111 DATA 144,31,149,151,28,129,156, 154,152,150,30,159,155,158,153,5

The data in line 101 are the 16

colors arranged in order of intensi ty. The data in 111 are the 16 colors 68

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

impossible on a color monitor.

any particular orderâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;at least none

at the beginning of line 10.)

order, the message appears to give

off a smoothly pulsating glow. You could do the same kind of thing with the box itself, perhaps cycling

colors opposite the message. There are some fascinating possibilities with the application of this technique. For example: Using the data for the "green-scale" given as POKE codes, you could design a sprite that slowly flickers onto the screen, or have two sprites that col

lide, flash brightly, then fade. Since, when using the multicolor mode, all colors of a certain bit pair change color when the appropriate

color register is altered, you might make a hi-res picture with flicker ing candles and shimmering fires.

There are lots of possibilities that can give your monochrome moni tor a whole new look.

Sec program listing an page 102.

Quick Key lames Nakakihara

This handy Commodore 64 utility can dramatically reduce the time required to type in BASIC pro grams, including those from the GAZETTE. It adds automatic line numbering, single key entry of any BASIC keyword, and even a numeric keypad.

saved the program from MLX.)

SHIFT-Z within quotes produces

features, type SYS 49152 and press

Do you ever get tired (if all the typ ing required to enter a BASIC pro

the normal graphics character for

gram? If so, "Quick Key" may

that key combination.

provide welcome relief. By pressing

Quick Key also provides for

an alphabetic key along with either

printed for you in just one key

automatic line numbering and in cludes an added special feature to simplify the process of entering DATA statements. And a numeric

stroke. No more typing all five

keypad is provided for speedy nu

characters for PRINT; just type

merical data entry.

SHIFT or the Commodore key, you can have an entire BASIC keyword

initions to suit your personal needs.

But what if you need to type one of the special graphics charac ters produced by using the SHIFT

and Commodore keys? Quick Key is designed to avoid

that sort of

quotes. For example, if you activate Quick Key and type SHIFT-A,

quote (SHIFT-2),'SH!FT-Z, you should see: PR I NT" ♦

important BASIC memory locations

and prevent an OUT OF MEMORY error message.} To activate the new RETURN. You won't notice any im mediate changes, but now anytime

you correctly enter a Quick Key command, you'll get the message QUICK KEY OK!. Use the Quick Key commands as you would any other BASIC command in direct mode. However, the new com

Using The New Commands Quick Key adds the following new

guage entry program published

be preceded by a + sign:

regularly in GAZETTE. Be sure you have read and understood the di rections for using MLX before you begin to enter the data for Quick Key. When you run MLX, you will be asked for the starting and ending addresses of the Quick Key data. Starling address; C000

is disabled while typing within

ations. (This is necessary to reset

Since Quick Key is written entirely in machine language, it must be en tered with the "MIX1 machine lan

type the graphics characters as part of PRINT statements—and since

single-stroke keyword entry feature

RETURN before

Typing It In

The correct values are:

within PRINT statements—the

press

program.

conflict. Since you almost always

you rarely type BASIC keywords

NEW and

you attempt any other BASiC oper

mands cannot be used within a

SHIFT-A. It's as easy as using ?, but

has the added advantage of being compatible with the gazette's "Automatic Proofreader" program. If you'd prefer some combination other than SHIFT-A for PRINT, that's no problem. Quick Key makes it easy to change the key def

After the load is complete, type

+ AUTO increment D. Activates automatic line numbering. After you type in the first program line, the line numbers for all succeeding lines will be provided automatical ly. Each new line number is the sum of the previous line number

plus the specified increment value. The optional parameter D, if used, will cause the BASIC keyword

F.nding address: C2B4

Now you can begin

commands. Notice that each must

entering the

Quick Key data. When you're fin ished, be sure to save at least one copy.

When you're ready to use the new commands, load the Quick

Key routine with LOAD "QUICK KEY",8,1 for disk, or LOAD

"QUICK KEY",1,1 for tape. (In

The SHIFT-A outside quotes pro

place of QUICK KEY, substitute

duces the keyword PRINT, but the

whatever name you used when you

DATA to bo printed following the

line number. This is useful when entering a long series of DATA statements. When used in conjunc tion with the numeric keypad, this

feature can save you a lot of time if you have many numeric DATA lines to enter. For example, to have Quick Key increment by 10, just type: i AUTO 10 COMPUTED Gazelto

June 19S6

MM 1-800-468-9044

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Then type the first program line and press RETURN. Quick Key will provide the next line number—the first line number plus 10—followed

by a Space, !f you want the keyword

DATA to follow the line number,

use:

+ AUTO 10 D

To skip a range of lines, use either SHIFT-RETURN or the cur sor keys to get to an empty line,

then type the line with the next de

sired line number. Automatic line numbering will resume with the next line following the new line you just entered, [-'or example, if you're using an increment of 10 and have just typed line 590, but want the next line to be 1000 rather than 600, you should press SHIFT-RETURN when the 600 is provided and type in the desired line 1000. Automatic line numbering will then resume with line 1010.

To cancel automatic line num bering, use either SHIFT-RETURN or the cursor keys to get to an emp ty line, then enter +AUTO (with out parameters) and

press

RETURN. (SHIFT-RETURN ap pears to act like a regular RETURN,

but any data on the line will not be acted upon or entered by the computer.)

+ KEYC letter, token. Redefines a

Commodore key combination to print a particular BASIC keyword.

The table below shows the stan dard keyword definitions for all

you'd prefer to have SHIFT-P pro

duce PRINT, then enter the

other keyword you prefer-. The let

ly modify Quick Key's default val

+ KEYS l',153

ues for the keyword

To cancel the one-stroke key

word entry feature, enter + KEY alone and press RETURN. This does not destroy the key defini tions, but simply sets or clears a flag. To reenable easy keyword en try, again type +KEY with no pa

rameters, then press RETURN. Thus, the + KEY command func tions as a toggle, switching the key word entry feature off if it was previously on, or on if it was previ ously off.

+ NUM. Activates the numeric

keypad feature. The keypad is set up as shown in the accompanying figure. Most keys that are not part

of the numeric keypad are disabled to prevent typing mistakes.

How

ever, the comma, period, colon, mi

nus sign, INST/DEL, RETURN, and SHIFT keys remain active, as do all cursor control keys. The D can be used with the easy keyword entry feature (SH1FT-D prints DATA). To exit the numeric keypad and reactivate the full keyboard,

press the RUN/STOP key. Numeric Keypad Configuration

RUN/STOP

become:

EXIT

DEL

ter parameter should be one of the

corresponding to the desired BASIC

keyword, also found in the table at the end of this article. (The key word code, or token, is the one-byte value that BASIC uses internally to represent a keyword.) For example, to program the

Commodore-Z key combination to print POKE, type + KEYC Z,15!

and press RETURN.

+ KEYS letter, token. Redefines a SHIFT-lctter key combination to print a chosen BASIC keyword. The parameters are the same as for the

+ KEYC command. For example, if 72

COMPUTED Gazelle

June 1986

function.

there's some key definition that you particularly dislike, this will save you from having to use +KEYC or + KEYS to change it every time you use Quick Key. First, load and acti

vate Quick Key. then use +KEYC and +KEYS to set up the keyword

definitions you prefer. Save a copy of Ihe modified version by entering this line, followed by RETURN: POKE 43,0:POKE 44,192:1'OKE 45,181 :l>OKE46,19<i:SAVE:lf7f1'<i»»;1'",8

Tape users should change the ,8 in the SAVE command to ,1. Be sure to use some different name for this version; keep your original copy as

a backup. After the save is com plete, you'll need to turn your 64 off and back on to reset important BASIC pointers.

See program listing on page 107. BASIC Keyword Tokens

key also remains active so that it

alphabetic characters A-Z, and

token should be the code number

It's also possible to permanent

following:

Commodore-letter key combina tions. This command lets you

change any of these to whatever

tivate it.

One word of caution: If you're using the numeric keypad, be care

ful to avoid the keyboard lockup

bug (discussed in "Gazette Feed

back," September 1985) which plagues many older 64s. With the keypad active, there is no apparent escape method short of turning off

Default assignments: Key SHIFT

Token Commodore

153

AND

B C D E F

KND CLOSE DATA END FOR

187

REM

175 143

131

DIM

134

128

D1ZF

ISO

129

ASC

l'JH

GOTO

137

GOSUG

141

GET

161

RUN

139

INPUT

138 133

160

199

INT

IB!

INPUTo

132

RE5TOKE

\AU

LIST

155

136 147

MIDS

N O

NEXT OPEN

202 130

LET I-OAD LEN NEW

195

159

162 176

351 145

PEEK

194

PRINT*

152

135

RETURN

142 I-JH 164

POKE

Q R

ON READ

SPC{

166

5AVE

THEN

167

SYS

158

STEP

VAI.

197

VERIFY

RIGHTS

201

TAB(

Y Z

LOG CMD

163 1HH

LEFTS SIN COS

157

CI.R

169 149 200 191 190

156

the computer. Exercise extreme caution when deleting characters at

Not used but also available:

the bottom of the screen, especially

Keyword

after a scroll.

ABS CONT

182

ATN

193

154

EXP

isy

165

FRF

NOT SGN

168

FOS

164 165

180 144

5QK

STOP TAN

192

WAIT

146

+ OFF, Disables Quick Key and re stores the normal BASIC vectors.

As a safeguard, always turn Quick Key off before running any pro grams. When you need Quick Key

again, just enter SY5 49152 to reac

Token

Token Keyword

STKS USK

Token

186 196

183

RAM Expansion For 128 Commodore h.is Introduced two RAM expansion modules for the Commodore 128 that provide an additional 12HK or 512K of memory for data or program

storage. The Commodore 1700, with

128K of additional memory, and the Commodore 1750, with an extra 512K,

Infocom's Trinity, a new puzzle-oriented all-text adventure game for the Com modore 128 that combines fiction with history.

Suggested retail price is S39.95. Infocam, Inc., 125 CambridgePark Dr.,

tridge.

The 128's BASIC 7-0 contains key

Commodore 64/128 Assembler And Editor assembler and full-screen editor with

CP/M mode, the 128's operating sys

versions for the 64 and 128, both on the

save files at up to one megabyte per second. The Commodore 1700 sells for

$199, and the Commodore 1750 for

same disk. The source editor allows full use of all resident BASIC commands. The company states that the program

will assemble a 45K source file into a 7K machine language program in 16 sec onds. Rebel is RAM-based, with options to assemble to memory, disk, screen, or printer. Labels are supported and the

S299. Each module comes with a diag

symbol table can be printed after as

nostic test and demo disk. CommodOTt Business Machines, Computer Systems Division, 1200 Wilson

sembly. Source files can be linked. The 128 version in 80 columns provides an onscreen command sum

Dr., West Chester, PA 19380.

mary and split-screen editing. The 64

Circle Reader Service Number 236.

version features renumbering, page

flipping, and hexadecimal and ASCII conversions.

64 And 128 Mouse A two-button mouse controller for the

64 and 128 computers is now available from Commodore. The mouse, priced at $49, plugs into one of the joystick ports. You control the direction of the cursor on the screen by moving the mouse across any flat surface. The two

Suggested retail price is $29.95.

Nu-Age Software, 2311 28th St. N.,

Video Images

work with the popular Newsroom

Circle Reader Service Number 237.

newsletter-printing program from Springboard Software. Computereyes

is a slow-scan device that plugs into the I/O port and connects to any standard video source to provide black and white

Historical Fiction For The 128 You escape bomb-threatened London

through a mysterious door and find yourself on a magical journey that takes you from the Siberian tundra to a tropi cal island, from deep underground to the depths of outer space. Finally, you arrive in the New Mexico desert min utes before the world's first atomic ex

plosion, code-named Trinity. This is

Prelco has released new products for

the Commodore 64 and 128 which are based on the Dvorak keyboard layout.

DV Switcher \s s ROM kernal kit that al

lows you lo run Papi-rClip, SpeedScript, Multiptan, Superbase, and other pro

grams using the Dvorak keyboard. The kit includes a modified ROM kernal, a switch to select the new ROM or the Qwerty ROM, and key covers with both markings. The new ROM changes your keyboard from the standard Qwerty layout to the faster Dvorak layout. The $39,95 price does not include the hardware installation, which must be carried out by an electronic techni cian (installation voids remaining Com modore warranty).

DV Typer is a Dvorak typing tutor

and keyboard conversion program for

ROBOTICS!

for your Commodore 64 and 128

Commodore Business Machines,

Dr., West Chester, PA 19380.

Dvorak Keyboard Programs

Circle Reader Service Number 239.

features depending on the software used.

Computer Systems Division, 1200 Wilson

Circle Reader Service Number 240.

St. Petersburg. FL 33713.

Digital Vision has announced software that lets its Computereyes video acqui sition system for the Commodore 64

buttons let the user control a variety of

Digital Vision, Inc., U Oak St., Ste.

2. Needham, MA 02192.

Age Software, is a machine language

disk, the CP/M user is able to load and

from Springboard Software, 7808 55435.

The Rein?/ Assembler/Editor, from Nu-

rary storage of user files. With a RAM-

Software costs $15. The Newsroom pro gram is purchased separately (S49.95)

Circle Reader Service Number 238.

SWAP, that let programmers have easy access to the expansion memory. In

RAMdisks, or scratch disks, for tempo

for $349.95. Newsroom Compatibility

Creekridge Circle, Minneapolis, MN

words, such as FETCH, STASH, and

tem lets the expansion modules serve as

tereyes and a video camera, is available

Cambridge, MA 02UO.

each plug Into the 128's expansion port, similar to an application or game car

A complete system, including Compu

images. The complete package includes a disk, owner's manual, interface mod ule, and a one-year warranty.

The Newsroom Compatibility Soft

The

ROBO-TROLLER1"

from

robolics expo n maniocs lab

wilh wilh

005nion

feedback

AfiftE is a ccmp'ele

Controls up !o J maiois

sensors. Plug-compalible

MiUQn-BratUay's ROBOTIX1*

controt&d

Ratal

Arms. Votvcta,

which you enach sensors

Bu.to compuiBT-

Manipulators. 10

Eottwjro and uw*b gu'de

.ii low you (o program re poa' asro met -a ns at Develop

you' own programs and rotate eiperirnanls1 All RGBOTROLLER"' sets incJude inierface uniib a oplical leecback sensor assomoiias, soUware, cables, and users guide

ROBQTIX11- includes * motors and

all mechanical elements.

ROBO-TROLLEFtâ&#x201E;˘ and ROBOTlX" $89 95 {+ U P & H) American Ri>hcil St Kite trunks

J2ft MÂŤodi Sirrei, Wat I ham, MA 02154 (617)

H9J.0J2S

ware allows users to create their own images with Computereyes and use

them with Newsroom to compose and print newspapers, newsletters, and announcements.

Computereyes is priced at $129.95. COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

the Commodore 64 arid 128. The 128 version includes autoboot of DV Typer and use of the Paper Clip 128 word pro cessor with Dvorak. DV Typer retails for

$36.95.

Prelco, 14202 Galy St., Tusttn, CA 92680. Circle Reader Service Number 241.

128 Database Software

Bouncing Dog Software has released its first product for the Commodore 128, Data Master 128. This program allows you to develop multivolume data sets

of up to 26,000 records, search the files using a wildcard, create mailing labels, and generate reports. Help screens may

be activated from anywhere within the program without losing the data with

which you're working. Data Master 128 is priced at $29.95. Bouncing Dog Software, P.O. Box 6753, Minneapolis, MN 55406. Circle Reader Service Number 242.

Telecommunications Software

Electrosharp Telecommunications has released a new telecommunications software package for the Commodore 64. The program uses menus and help screens; supports ASCII, XMODEM,

and Punter protocols; has a 34K capture

buffer; converts BASIC listings inlo runnable programs and Commodore

ASCII to regular ASCII (and vice versa); has full-screen editing and 40/80 col umns; includes auto-dia! features;

works at 300 and 1200 bits per second; and the keyboard can be customized. The package is sent free of charge to anyone who sends a self-addressed, stamped disk mailer, if satisfied, users are asked to remit $25, which entitles

them to all future upgrades, technical assistance with telecommunications problems, and a telecommunications

guide ($5 postage and handling). Un satisfied users are requested to erase the disk. Electrosharp Telecommunications, P.O. Box 2831, Orcutt, CA 93455. Circle Reader Service Number 243.

New From SourceView

Source View Software has released sev eral new programs for the Commodore 64 and 128. Math Pop Quiz for the Com

modore 64 uses graphics, color, and sound to teach addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to children at various levels of ability. PC Home Checkbook for the 64 lets you keep record of checkbook transac tions, including deposits, checks writ ten, automatic teller activity, and bank charges. It is designed for home use and provides a statement for any time span

you specify. For the Commodore 64. PCSccure for the Commodore 128 is a datafile encryption program which uses a key-driven code to protect your

files from unauthorized users. It is writ

THE ENTIRE FAMILY

luprpmlpl. cic J Dlmilrti Id emit' 0' rlgmjuillfy IciT. contro Jlne jpHlng. (wilrol mMQIni jn>rt more '..■ |. i H.I. ' !.."■■■■

..'■!

mlomliabTe TO All p*mT«i hu[ pcnvtrulmnv driven hfm control mrmfccilng

SIMP LICIT*-HOMI SOFTWARE

COMPUTE'S Gazolta

Juno 1986

shipping Brown Bag Software, an inte grated word processor and database manager for the Commodore 64. {An

Apple II version is on the flip side of the disk.) The program lets you easily incor porate information from your databases into letters, reports, and other docu ments. Up to 20 of these merges can be done within any one document. Editing

features of the word processor include global search and replace, headers, trailers, footers, and deletion by charac ter, word, line, and paragraph. The data

base manager lets you create your own templates or use the ones provided. The suggested retail price is $59.95. Software Resource Group, Inc.,

Quiz is $19.95, $39.95 for PC Home

Circle Reader Service Number 247.

Checkbook, and $49.50 for PCSecure.

SourceView Software International, 835 Castro St., Martinez, CA 94553. Circle Reader Service Number 244.

Computer-Assisted Writing

Woodbury has added two new titles to the Playwriter Series for the Commo

dore 64. Castles & Creatures, for grades five and six, and Mystery!, for grades seven to twelve, help youngsters develop their writing skills and create a book. Each package includes a word-process ing disk, special computer paper, a

hardcover binding, and colored stickers for illustrating the book. Retail price for the package is

$39.95, and $9.95 for refill packs.

Math And Spelling Helpers

WORD PROCESSOR FOR

64 Word Processor/Database

Software Resource Group has begun

15100 El Camino Grande, Saratoga, CA 95070.

Circle Reader Service Number 245.

LINE ORIENTED

Circle Reader Service Number 246.

ten in machine language. Suggested retail price for Math Pop

Woodbury Software, 127 White Oak Ln., CN 1001, Old Bridge, NJ 08857.

A SIMPLE LOW COST

Spelling & Reading Primer have suggest ed retail prices of $39.95 each. EduWare Services, Inc., 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94107.

Eduware Services has released Com modore 64 versions of two of its educa tional software series. Algebra 1, 2, and 3 programs help students with first-

year high school algebra by using defi nitions, explanations of algebra rules, sample problems, and practice problems. Spelling & Reading Primer helps children from ages four to eight learn to read by watching pictures with words on the screen and playing a matching game. In the spelling part of the pro gram, youngsters can receive coaching on how to spell words or practice with out help. Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Algebra 3, and

Equation-Solving On The 64

Balance! is an interactive program that teaches students about solving equa tions. By working with graphically dis

played linear equations on a balance beam, students can literally see the equation-solving process, and better understand it. The program is aimed at beginning

algebra students, advanced students who want to review the basics, and par ents and teachers looking for more ef

fective ways of teaching basic math concepts.

Developed by the New York Insti

tute of Technology, the program strives to teach what an equation is and how it works, how and why an algorithm

functions, and other aspects of working with equations. Balance! is available for $49. HRM Software, 175 Tompkins Ape,, Pleasantville, NY 10570. Circle Reader Service Number 248.

COMPUTE'S GAZETTE TOLL FREE

Subscription Order Line

1-800-247-5470 In IA

1-800-532-1272

64 AutoBoot Maker Rene Suarez

Here's a Commodore 64 boot-making program with a twist: It's compatible with most commer cial accelerators for the 1541 disk drive. Unlike most other computers, the

Preparing An Autoboot

Commodore 64 does not automati

Type in 64 Autoboot Maker and save a copy, then run it. First it asks

cally boot (load and run) programs from disk. After loading a program,

you must type either a RUN or SY5 command to start it up. However, you've probably used commercial

software that automatically loads and runs when you enter a state

ment such as LOAD"BOOT",8,1. Wouldn't it be nice to run your own programs this way?

for the name of the target program

(the one you want the autoboot to load and run). Since Autoboot Maker looks for the program on

disk, insert the correct disk in the

themselves up by their own boot

memory address where the program

straps; hence the term. Since auto-

begins. If the target program is

boots require less typing, they're

BASIC, press RETURN without en

ideal for frequently used programs or programs intended for people

tering a number (BASiC programs always start in the same place). If the

who aren't familiar with the com

target program is machine language,

puter. The only catch is that auto-

enter the memory address where it

boots can be very tricky to write. And though there are programs

normally begins. The address may be entered in decimal or hexadecimal

that construct them for you, the re

(a hex number must begin with the $

sulting package may not be com

symbol).

patible with the popular accelerator programs for the 1541 disk drive.

Finally, you have the option of making the autoboot disable the

"64 Autoboot Maker" gives

RUN/STOP and RESTORE keys.

you the best of both worldsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;-an

(Warning; With these keys disabled,

autoboot that works with most ac celerated drives and normal drives,

the autobooted program without

toboot for any BASIC or machine language program, and even dis

able the RUN/STOP and RE STORE keys if you like.

loads into the same memory area as

the autoboot itself-â&#x20AC;&#x201D;locations $02A7-0303.)

Note that you must repeat the procedure to create the same auto boot file on another disk.

Sec program listing on page 100.

<ffi

be different from the original file program is named LASER, you could call the autoboot LASER/BOOT. At this point, you must enter the

the GAZETTE.) You can make an au

automatically loads and runs, (if it doesn't, one reason may be that it

Next, enter a name for the auto

name. For example, if the target

too. (Unfortunately, it won't work with the "TurboDisk" accelerator published in the July 1985 issue of

,1 after the 8. The target program

boot. Of course, this name should

toboot because everything is auto command. In effect, they pull

Replace filename with the name of your autoboot, and don't forget the

drive when you enter the filename.

Such programs are said to au matic after you enter the LOAD

"filename",8,l and press RETURN.

you may not be able to break out of turning off the computer.) Enter Y if

COMMODORE

Commline - 64 BBS 10 Message Bases

10 Discussion Boards Private E-Mail Xmodem File Transfer

Auto Validate Auto Message update

Supports Ihe 1660 Modem Allow) Weeks For Delivery $49.95 And Much Much More

Mastercard & Visa Accepted CALL

1-800-237-4120 ext. 55 (Florida residence coll)

1-800-282-4938 ext. 55

you want them disabled and N if you

don't. Once this is done, the disk drive spins for a short time and the status of the drive appears on the screen.

To test the newly created auto

boot package, simply type LOADCOMPUTE'S Gazatte

June 1986

IDI

Help Screens

latter Siddiqui

the page in memory. The 64 version

Here's an easy way to include up to eight help screens with your BASIC ami machine language programs. For the 64 and 128. A disk drive is required.

Many powerful programs include a

lot of commands and options, In some cases, it's difficult or impossi ble to remember them all. And pag ing through a magazine article or manual for the documentation can

color. After a help screen is saved, you can clear the screen and design the next one. Up to eight screens can be cre

ated following these steps. After the

eighth one is finished, a new pro gram—HELP.EXE—is created on your disk, and your help screens are saved into a file called HS. You

be awkward and inconvenient. "Help Screens" offers an elegant

may find that you need less than eight help screens. In the 64 ver sion, just press CONTROL-D after

sleps, you can create up to eight

completing your last screen. In the 128 version, press SHIFT-ENTER.

solution. By following a few simple help screens for a program. Begin by typing in and saving a

copy of the program. Although most of the program is written in machine language, you can save,

load, and run the program as if it were BASIC. The machine lan guage is stored in the form of

DATA statements. Program 1 is for the 64; Program 2 is for the 128. When you type RUN, the ma chine language routines are POKEd

into memory and the screen is cleared. When the flashing cursor returns, you're ready to begin creat

ing your help screens. Press the CLR key to erase the screen, then type in the information

you want displayed on the firsl help screen. (Do not press RETURN

while you're working on this screen. If this key is pressed, a SYN

TAX ERROR will result, and your screen will be destroyed.) Use the cursor keys to move the cursor to any position on the screen. Use the

cursor keys to move around the screen. Be careful to avoid scrolling the top line off of the screen.

When you've finished the help screen, press CTRL-I; (press F while

holding down the CTRL key). If you're using the 128 version, press the ENTER key on the numeric

keypad. Help Screens then stores 76

flashes the border color to signal that the page has been saved. The 128 version changes the border

COMPUTEIs GazBlte

Juno 19BG

It's a good idea to save your help screens on the same disk as the program they'll be used to support. For example, if you've created help

screens for a program named "Filea-way," insert the disk that con tains "l:ile-a-way" and run "Help

Screens". The "HELP.EXE" and "HS" files will then be on the same disk.

CTRL-cursor right to page forward, or CTRL-cursor up. In the 128 ver sion, use the up and down arrow

keys to page through the help screens. To exit the help screens, press CTRL-DEL (64 version), In the 128 version, press the HELP key again. When you return to the help screens, you'll see the most re cently viewed screen. Running certain machine lan guage programs—or pressing

RUN/STOP-RESTORE—will pre vent Help Screens from operating. If this happens, type SYS 679 (64 version) or SYS 5728 (128 version) to re-activate Help Screens.

See program listings on page 106. <m

LIMITED TIME

ITS HERE NOW

THE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION DATABASE -198S

In Action To use Help Screens, Commodore 64 users should enter LOAD "HELPER.EXE",8,1. Commodore 128 users should enter BLOAD "HELPER.EXE" then type SYS

Under$40 For Commodore 64 and 128K Fjrsi time offered at this price

5632.

Help Screens works with all BASIC programs and most machine language programs. Always load Help Screens (HELPER.EXE) first. After HELPER.EXE is loaded, it loads the HS file which contains your help screens. Enter NEW, then load the program for which you created the help screens. Your help screens are now available—and only a keypress away. If you're using a 64, press CTRL-H. If you're using a 128, press HELP. Page one

(the first one created) is displayed when you first access the help screens. Commodore 64 users can

flip through the pages by pressing

Powerful

Easy To Use

Menu Driven

$39.95

• * + *

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For Sample Send S3.00 (postage & handling) to: National Advancement Corporation 3001 Heohill Are. • BldgS, Suile tO8,'113

Cosia Mesa. CA 92626 • (714] 640-5988 also available at

S59.95 tor IBM PC, XT, AT IBM PC. XT. JT st mdemarts

SpeedScript-80 For The 128 Todd Heimarck, Assistant Editor

Now 128 owners with an 80-column monitor can run the popular SpeedScript word processor for the Commodore 64. Very little typing is required because the program patches into an existing copy of SpeedScript version 3.0 or higher.

Palch I Sterling Address:

2A4E

Ending Address:

2A5D

Patch 3 Starting Address:

315D

Ending Address:

31A4

Patch 4

Starting Address

Ending Address:

Without a doubt, the SpeedScript word processor is the most popular program ever published by COM

PUTE! Publications- Version 1, in cluding both a VIC and a 64 program, was printed in the Janu ary 1984 issue of CO^PUTEVs GA

ZETTE. The upgraded and improved version 2.0, with a help screen and custom characters, was included on the inaugural GAZETTE DISK in May of the same year. Version 2.1 can be found in COMPUTEI's Second Book of Commodore 64. Version 3.0 (with separate pro

3-14? 346C

That's the bad news. The good news is that, if you already have a

Palch 5

copy of SpeedScript for the 64, ver

Storting Address:

C00O

Ending Adufress;

C137

sion 3.0 or higher (from the March

1985 COMPUTE!, the SpeedScript

book, or the January 1986 COMPUTE!

DISK), you have to type in only a few hundred characters to upgrade to a full 80 columns. Compare that to (he roughly 7-8K you'd have to enter for a brand-new program. "SpeedScript-80" patches into

the main program to provide an 80-

column screen display. It must be run on a 128—in 64 mode—

grams for 64, VIC, Apple, and Atari) appeared over several

because it takes advantage of the 128's 80-column chip (yes, the 80-

months in our sister magazine COM PUTE! in the spring of 1985. The ma chine language source code for 3.1

64 mode). It won't run on standard 64s because they lack the 80-

column screen can be accessed in

After saving these five pro grams to disk, go back into

SPEEDSCRIPT: L "SPEEDSCRIPT",8,02801

SpeedScript will be loaded into the 1 28's memory at address $02801. Normally, SpeedScript loads at S0801, but that part of memory is not available for use by

was published separately in the

column chip.

SpeedScript books for Commodore, Atari, and Apple. Version 3.2 was included as a bonus on the January

Installing SpeedScript-80

the first four patches:

You'll need to begin with a working

L "PATCHES

1986 COMPUTEI DISK. Individual disks containing SpeedScript 2.0, 3,0, 3.1, and 3.2 are still available.

SpeedScript For The 128 The ideal 128 version would take full advantage of the machine's fea tures: 40- or 80-column output, ac

cess to the numeric keypad and other keys (perhaps an alternate character set toggled by the ALT

key), and two large text areas of about 60K each. As you may have guessed, this is not the full-featured 128 version.

128

mode—turn your computer off and then on. Enter the machine lan guage monitor with the command MONITOR (or press f8). Insert the disk containing SpeedScript Into your drive and type the following monitor load command, substitut ing the appropriate filename for

programs in 128 mode. Now load

version of SpeedScript 3. If you're not sure which version you own, look at the top (command) line. If there's no number, you have ver

sion 1 or 2. If it says 3.0, 3.1, or 3.2, you have the correct version.

Kirst, go into 64 mode by typ

ing GO 64. Load and run "MLX," the machine language entry pro

gram published elsewhere in this issue, and type in the following programs (save them as five sepa

L "I'ATCE12",8

L "PATCH3",8 L "PATCH4",8

The 80-column patches are in

serted into the program and you can now save the results: S ■TEMP",8,02801,04009

This is only a temporary file,

which you can scratch when you've finished creating SpeedScript-80. You're almost there. Now type X (to

eXit to BASIC) and enter GO 64.

rate files):

from 64 mode, type the following

Patch I

lines:

St,irtinS Address: Ending Address;

2H9E 2935

LOAD "PATCHS",8,1 NEW

COMPUTE.'s Gazelle

June 1986

LOAD "TEMP",B SYS 49152

2. Store a 0 in $D601, which is

Insert the disk on which you

sent to register 18 ($12), as we set up in step 1.

want to save SpeedScript-80 before

3. Store $13 in SD600. Register

entering SAVE "SPEEDSCRIPT80" ,8. This file is the new 80-column version of SpecdScript; the patches are no longer needed.

How To Run It

comes before the low byte, just the opposite of a typical 8502 machine

language address).

You have to follow specific instruc tions to load and run SpeedScript-80:

registers $12-$13 point to location

1. Turn on your 128 in 128

$0000. This is not $0000 in the

mode.

2. Type GO 64, press RE TURN, then answer Y to the ARE YOU SURE? question. The com puter will switch to 64 mode.

3. From 64 mode, LOAD

"SPEEDSCR1PT8O",8 and RUN.

4. Switch the display from 40

4. Store a 0 in $D601. Now,

128's memory map; it's a location

in the 8563's private memory. 5. Store $1F in $D600. Register

31 (SlF) will hold the character to be POKEd to screen memory. 6. Finally, store a 1, the screen

code of the letter we're putting in the top left corner, in $D601. From

to 80 columns.

If you hold down the Commo dore key to go straight into 64 mode when you turn on the machine,

dress in registers $12-$13.

SpeedScript-80 won't work correct

ly. Starting out in 128 mode forces

the computer to initialize the 80eolumn chip. Among other things,

the character set is loaded into 80-

column memory.

How It Works A Commodore 128 in 64 mode is not a perfect Commodore 64. It has some extra capabilities, like access

to the 80-column chip. The 8563 chip in the 128 pro

vides the 80-column screen in 128 mode and has two handles in 64 mode: You can PEEK and POKE lo

cations $D600 and $D601. Address

SD600 controls which internal 8563 register is PEEKed or POKEd, while

SD601 contains the value read from or written to the register.

The 8563 80-column chip has its own I6K of dedicated memory, and you can reach it only through

the two memory locations at $D600-SD601. Between the two control locations and the 16K of memory, though,

are 36 internal

8563 chip registers. To POKE the value 1 (we'll use the A character) to the first memory location for the 80-column screen (address $0000 in the 8563's 16K bank), you have to perform the following POKEs: l.Store$12in$D600. Register

18 ($12) holds the high byte of the address where we'll POKE. 78

19 ($13) holds the low byte of the address where we'll POKE (note that for the 8563 chip the high byte

COMPU7E>s Gazelle

June 1986

the 80-column screen memory ad For machine language pro grammers who want to try this, there's one more thing to keep in mind. After storing the register number in $D600, you have to wait

for the high bit ($80) of $D600 to be set before storing a value in $D601. This can be done with the BIT in struction followed by a BPL. When the high bit is turned on, you can store the appropriate value in SD601. Screen memory for the 80column screen starts at $0000, and it takes six POKEs to get a character there. SpecdScript is built to deal with a screen size of 40 x 25 charac ters, and a lot of time goes to updat ing the screen. Theoretically, the

80-culumn screen should take more time.

FAST-64 Mode You can make the 128 work twice

tage is cancelled out. Twice as

much screen memory slows things down, and twice the speed returns things to normal. From BASIC, you can go into FAST mode by typing POKE 53296,1. To go back to normal, POKE 53296,0. This works in both 64 mode and 128 mode (to be safe, issue a BANK 15 command before

you use this POKE on the 128). Of course, BASIC 7.0 has the FAST command, so the POKE isn't really necessary in 128 mode.

Slight Changes To The Command Set Three commands are no longer available when you run Speed

Script-80: CTRL-L (change letter color), CTRL-B (change back ground color), and CTRL-X (ex change two transposed characters). An RGB monitor is required to see 80 columns in color. And the rou tine to fill attribute memory (which

is something like color memory, but it also controls flashing and under

lining) would have required an ad ditional patch. The CTRL-X option was deleted because a small section

of memory was needed for one of the new 80-column subroutines. In addition, because there is more information on the screen, the disk directory command (CTRL-$) lists the filenames in two columns.

This means you can see up to 50 file names on a single screen. Unfortu nately, the way the screen wraps around puts half the number of

blocks per file on the right-hand edge of the screen. To fix this would have required another patch, which would have taken away one more SpeedScript command. Also, the characters have to be POKEd to 80column memory, so there's no easy

as fast as usual in 128 mode by typ ing FAST. The 40-column screen is

way to scroll the screen when you

disabled, but the computer's speed

you attempt to display a long direc

doubles from 1 MHz (1,000,000 in struction cycles per second) to 2 MHz (2,000,000 instruction cycles per second). Within 64 mode, you can ac cess the FAST mode by sacrificing the 40-column screen. Since we're POKEing the 80-column chip, this isn't a problem. The 8563 has twice

as much screen memory, so it should take twice as long to update the display. But if the computer works twice as fast, the disadvan

have more than 50 files on a disk. If tory, the extra characters go past screen memory into attribute mem

ory. Again, writing a screen scroll routine would have meant another patch.

Apart from these four changes, all SpecdScript commands remain the same. Documents created in 40column SpecdScript can be loaded, edited, and saved with Speed Script-80. And the printing and for matting commands are unchanged. See program listings on page 101. <Q>

A Guide To Commodore User Groups Part 2 Joan Rouleau NI-W MliXICO Plus/1 Orphanage, P.O. Boi 9201, Albuquerque, NM 87119

New Mexico Commodore User's Group, P.O Box

37127, AlbuquOnplB, NM 87176 The Northern New Mexico Commodore Users

The second half of the user group guide includes states N-W and countries outside the U.S. The U.S. groups are listed by state in order of ascending zip code. When writing to a user group for information, remember to include a self-addressed envelope with postage that is appropriate for the country to which you're writing.

Croup, 2725 Camiim Cimarron, Santa Fe, NM 8751) I Taos Area Commodore User's Group, P.O. Bos

3089, ftoj, NM 87571

Aviation and Computer Enthusiasts (ACE), 1220 Birch Dr., Las C races, NM 88001 The Southern New Mexico Commodore User's Croup. P.O, Bo* 4437, Uni. Park Brch, Las CniMft NM 881)01

Commodore Users Croup of Roswell (CUCOR). 304 E. Country Clurj Rd., Rccwcll, NM 88201

NEW YORK

NEBRASKA Pathfinder Commodore User Group, i'.O. Boi 683, Fremont. NE 68025

Pathfinders 61. 2133 Clarmar St.. Fremont. NE 68025

Greater Omaha Commodore User Croup, 2932 Leawood Dr., Omaha, NE 68123

Riverrity Commodore Club, -11)07 N 101st. Omaha, NE 68134

Lincoln Commodore User's Group. P.O. Bos 30665, Lincoln, NE 68503 Lincoln Commodore Users Group. P.O. Box

30655, Lincoln, NE 68503, atln: Secretary

Tri-County 64-User Group, 22 Jackson Village, Rutheiford, NJ 07070

Commodore Link Users Group, 308 Palisade Ave., Union City, NJ 07087 Commodore Crew User Croup (CCUC1, 304 Bom St., 5ecaucus, NJ 07094

Commodore Software Exchange, Bon 281, Pumpton Plains, NJ 07J44

lnfo-64 c/o Video Dynamics, Ltd.. 16 VV. Ridge-

wood Ave., Ridgewood, NJ 07450 Commodore User Group of Hiiisdalc (CUGOH),

23 Palm St., Hillsdaie, NJ 07642 Commodore 64 Beginners Group, 680 Leigh Terrace, Westwood, NJ 07675

L & L Commodore 64 User Group, One LongSlreOi

The Alliance Commodore Computer Club, 726

NJ Commodore 64/Compuler Users Croup, 11 Cheerful PL, Highland*, NJ 07732 Commodore User Group of Matawan New Jersey, 112 Old Bridge Rd., Mat.iw.in, Nj 07747

VV. 16th St., AllUnK NE 69301

NEVADA

S.O.G. Commodore User Croup, c/o IC Electron ics, 4011 W. Charleston Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 89102 Silver Stale Computer Users Group, I'.O. Box

81075, Las Vegas, NV 89180 89406

C.A.T.F.U.N., P.O. Box 2155, Fallon, NV 89406

Plus/4 Software Exchange User Croup, 493 Hoi Springs Rd. °3, Cjrson City, NV 8971)1

NEW HAMI'SHItti-. Commodore Help And Information Network

(CHAIN Gang). Jim Anderson, P.O. Box 438, Belmont, NH 03220 Morudnock Users Croup (MUGI for Commodore

Owners. 135 Liberty Ln., Keene, NH 03431 Developers of Interesting Software for the Commodore 64/128 IR1SCI, 34 Naves Rd., Hampton. NH 03842

64 Users, P.O. Box 878. Rochester, NH 03867-0009

NEW JERSEY Commodore 64 Users Group of America, 114 Lake Ave.. Clifton, NJ 07011

Commodorc-IBM-Apple Users Group, 5 Peach Tree Dr., Monlviilp, NJ 0704S

and St. Hughs school*. 619 W. 114ih St., NewYork NY 10025 New York Commodore Interest User Croup

INYC1C), 380 Kivcrsidi- Dr. 7Q. Hew York, NY 10025 HCHS C-f>4 User Croup, 71 E. 94lh St.. New Yoik. NV 10128 Metropolitan Life Insurance Users Group. P.O. Boi biB, New York, NY 10159 Commodore Computer Game Masters of the

Bronx & C.A.T. Productions, 4526 Monticcllo Ave,, Bron<, NY 10466

Mid-Nebraska Users of Commodore IMUC), 3220 W, 13, Apl, 9, Grand Island, NE 68802

I'lalle Valley Commodore Users Group (PVCUC), Box #283, MinsUre, NE 69356

New fork City VIC-20/C-6J User Croup (Citigroup). 436 £ 69th St.. New Voik. NY 1O021 Kids' Computer News User Group, St. Hilda's

Rd., Manatapan, N| 07726

Jersey Shore Commodore Users Group Inc., P.O. Box 441, Navesink, NJ 1)7752 Morris Area Commodore User Gioup, 12 Farview Ave., Randolph, N] 07869

South Jersey Commodore Users Group, P.O. Box 4205, Cherry Hill, NJ 03034

Rancocas Valley Commodore Users Group, P.O.

Bronx-64 Users Group, I'.O. Bin 47 Cornell Sta tion, Uranx, NY 10473 miWife Terminal Club, Box 555-R, Co-op Cily Statian, Bronx, NV 10475

Computer Literacy and Programming (CLAP), 7 Turtle Dr., Ossining. NV 10562 ESUG, 52 Underbill Rd., Ossining, NV 10562 I'risco's Users Croup, 41 Sunset Dr., Ossimng, NV 10562

Commodore User Group of Westcheslcr, P.O. B.m 1230, While Pbins, NY 106U2 Highland Tails Commodore Users Group, 8 Kno<

Kd, Highland Mit, NY 10928

Bos 505, Ml. Laurel, NJ 08054 RCA Commodore Users Group (RCACUC), 432

Commodore 64 User Group of Orange County,

Hemlock Ln., Mt. Holly, NJ 08060 Cumberland County Commodore Users Group. 1976 N. East Ave., Vineland. NJ O8360 Bordentown Area Commodore Users Group.

Hockland County CPU (C-64 Professional Users) Group. 98 West Central Ave., Spring Valley, NY 1U977 Commodore SIG, Computer Club oi Rockland, P.O. Box 233. Tallman, NY 10982 Great Neck Commodore User Croup. 30 Grace

P.O. Box 381, Bordentown, NJ O850S Plasma Physics Lab User Group. Princeton University, P.O. Boi 451, Princeton. NJ 08544 Commodore Computer Collection Club, 72 Pine

Dr., Roosevelt, NJ 08555

Southern Ocean County's User 54 Shining Way, Toms River, Southern Ocean County's User 54 Shining Way, Toms River,

Group (SOCUC1. N| 08753 Group ISOCUG), N] 08753

C-64 Easl Brunswick Useis' Group (CEBUG). 346 Ryders l.n.. East Brunswick, NJ 08B16 Commodore E. Brunswick Users Group

(CEBUG), 9 Kings Rd., E. Brunswick, Ni 0BH16 Somerset U6ers Group. 49 Marcy St.. Somerset. NJ 08873

Box 238, RD 1, Now Hampton, NY 10958

Ave.. Gieat Neck, NV 11021

Long Island VIC Enthusiasts. 17 Picadilly Rd.. Great Neck. NY 11023 Brooklyn Commodore User's Croup, 1735 E. 13lh St., Apt.7N, Brooklyn, NV 11229-1950 Academy of Aeronautics C-M Users Group, Air craft Technology Dept., Academy of Aero nautics, La Guardia Airport, Flushing, NY 11371

(membership limited to those attending aiademy) Commodore Craiy, 123-07 85 Ave., Kew Gardens, NY 11415

D-HUG, 78-23 9M Ave.. Woodhaven, NY 11421

COMPUTE!'! Gazelle

June 1986

Commodore Users Group d! Greater New York

L9D-25 Woodhull Aw.. Hollta, NY 11423

Sea-Glen Commodore User's Croup (SGCUG) For Kids Only, 67 Todd Dr. North. Gk-n Head, NY 11545

Bay Shore Users Group. Mowbny St. C.ife, 82 W,

Main Si., Bay Shore. NY 11706

Micro-Hut Users Croup, 62 li. Main St., ii.w Shore, NY 11706 H.N.Y. Commodme User Croup. 71 Head of Neck Rd.. Bellpart, NY 1171,1 Hrenlwood-Bayshore VIC/64 User Group. Tub.

Lib. 2nd Ave, & 4th St.. Brrntu-ood. NY 1171"

Bay Shore/Brightwaters Commodore 64 Users

Group. c/o Bay Shore/BrightwatiTs Public Library, 5 Souili Country Rd.. Briehtivaters. NY nriB"

1.IVICS Commodore UlBi Croup, 20 Spydau l.n., EW Sel.uiki'l, NY 11733 MI-64, 4 Euex PI.Ice. |ericho. NY 11753

Associated Commodore Enthusiasts (ACE), 94 Mallard Rd., Levlrtown, NV 1175ft

V1C-20 Commodore 64 User Croup. P.O. Box

2S0, Lmdenhurst, NY 11757

Club 64, 174 Maple Ave., P.itchogue, NY 11772

Rlveihead Commodore Club. 11)6') Ostnandet Avo., Rlverhead, NY 11901

Mohawk Valley Commodore User Croup, p.o, Box ,143, Trlbw Hill. NY 12177 Scheneciady Commoilnre Users Croup, "7 Cen ter St., Kear. Scotia, NY 12302

Hudson Valley Commodore Club, P.O. BOX 2190, Kingston, NY 12401 CM] Commodore Club/Computer Metropolis

243 Main St., New Pallz, NY 12561

Orange County Commodore Users Group (OCCUQ, P.O.Bm 515, Vails Gale, NY 12584 Tri-Slalc Comnmdure User Group (TSCUCI.

P.O. Box 70S, I*nrt iervis, NY 12771 Adirondack C-M Users Croup, P.O. If™ 9'1, Blur Mountain Lake, NY 12N12 I'lallsburgh Commodore Users Group, 61 1!. Main St., MurriBonvllle, NY 12963 Canastota Users of Commodore Computers (CUCCO). 220 Ltmb Aw.. ConastOU, NY 13032

Central New York Commodore Users Croup, B037 Morgan Kd., Liverpool, NY 13088 64 Club, P.O. Box 2394, Liverpool, NY 13089 Oswcgo Commodore User Group, (ill Culkin

HjII, State University College, Oawego, NY 13126 The Commodore Computer Club of Syracuse. P.O. Box 2232, SyrBCUH, NV 13230 Utica Commodore User Group. MIDI Slom Ave L'lica, NY 13501

Commodoie Users Group of Massena (COMA),

Star Tech Syittnu, 69 Main St., Manena NY 1.1662

Northern New York Commodore Home User

Group INORNY-CHUG1. PO. Box 226. Nor wood. NY 13668

North Country Commodore Club. 1607 1-ord St., Ogdensburg, NY 1366^

Chenango County Commodore Helpers & Users Group (CC-CHUCI. P.O. Bos487. Norwich, NV 13815 64 Soulhtowns User Group, 504 SonunervUle Rd., Tortawanda, NY 14150 Commodoie Buffalo User Croup ICOMBUGJ.

199 Dale Dr. Toiwwanda. NY 14150

North Buffalo Commodore Users' Group, 309

Commonwealth Ave,, Buffalo, NY 14216

The Niagara Falls Commodoie Club. 2405 Wil low Ave., NiJK.ua Falls, NY 14305

The Rainbow International C-64 Users' Group,

947 Harrison Ave., Niagara Rills. NY 14.105 Geneva Commodore Users Croup, 84 Pleasant St., Geneva, NY 14456 Commodore & VIC iEnlhuHiasis (CAVE1, P,O, Box 10, HoltOfflb, NY 1446'! Commodore Users G ro u p of K oc h i1 uI e r

icucoH), p.o. Box 23463, Roche*Ier, NY Uh'J2

Finger Lakes Area Komputcr Bxparta (FLAKES), R6 Wesi Uki- K<j., Hammondsport. NY 14840 Commodore Computer Users Group of Ithaca, 202 Bridge St., Ithaca, NY 14850

NORTH CAROLINA Triad C-61 Users Group, !'(). bTT, 10833. Greens boro, NC 274114

COMPUTEIS Giaeuo

Carolina Commodore Computer Club, P.O. liox

2664, Kaicigh, NC 27602-2664 Commodore Research Triangle User Group, 2213 Wlninger Dr.. Raleigh, NC 27603

Raleigh Area Commodore Enthusiasts, Presi

dent, 904 Davidson Si.. Raleigh. NC 27609-5547 Carolina Amiga Club. HOB Collcton Rd., Raleigh, NC 27610 VIC-20/C-64 User Group, Rt. 3, Box 351, Lincotntun, NC 28092

Salisbury Compute, l!i NC 281-14

Cleveland/Gaston Commodore User's Group

(CCCUG). Rt 2, Box 234-C. Shelby. NC 2S150 Commodore Users Group of Fayetteville

(CUGOF), P.O. Box 41601, Fayetteville. NC

Z8309 Wilmington Commodore Users Croup. 21(14 Wisi.Ti.t Dr., Wilmington, NC 28101 Wilmington C-128 Users Group, 409 R.L, Himeycuit Dr., Wilmington, NC 2S403

Down Bui Commodore Users Group, 117 Keith

Dr., Havelock, NC 28532 Greater Onslow Commodore User's Gioup, 127B Henderson Dr.. Jacksonville, NC 2S540

Unifour Commodore Users Group, P.O. Bo< 9324, Hickory, NC 2KMB-9324

Commodore bi User Croup, P.O. Dm 1635, Ban

ner Elk. NC 28604 Ashevillo-Huntombe User Group (A-HUC), P.O. Itox 1557M, Asheville, NC 28813

Western Cincinnati, 385'' Chatwood Cl., Cin cinnati, OH 4524S

Chillkothe Commodore User Group (CCUCI. 9

Ash Rd., Chllllcothfl, OH 45601

OKLAHOMA Commodore Users, I'.O 73044-1055

Box 1055. Guthrie, OK

Greater Oklahoma Commodore Club. 1401 N Rockwell, Oklahoma City, OK 73127 Greater Oklahoma Commodore Club. P.O. Box 96751. Oklahoma City. OK 73143

Commodore Users of Bartlesville. 1704 S. Osagc, Bartlesville. OK 74003

Tulsa Area Commodore Users Group. 7B04 N, 117lh F. Ave.. OwfUK), OK 74055 Stillwatcr Commodore Users Cioup, 3124 N. Lincoln, Still water, OK 74075

Muikogce Commodore Users Group. 309 S.

MeljjS, Fort Gihsun, OK 74434 Osage/Kay Commodore User's Group (OKCOM), 300 Woodburv Rd.. Ponca City, OK 74601

OREGON Amateur Radio Croup. I'.O. Box 626, Mul.ill.i, OK 97038

Muunt Hood Community College Commodore

Users Group. 2340 Hatitnv Ave., Tmuldale, OK

'17060

Astoria Commodore User Croup, Rl .1, Box 75, Astoria, OR 97103

NORTH DAKOTA Central Dakota Commodore Club, Bob MacLeod, 102 East Capitol A\e.. Bismarck, ND 5H501 Central Oh io Commodore Users Group, P.O. Box

18129, Colombfli, OH 4322B-O229

Commodore Club of Central Ohio (CCCQ), P O.

Box 292392, Columbus, OH 43229

Marion Ohio Commodore User Group (MOCUC), 775 WolflnEer Rd., Marion, OH 4 3302 Bowling Green State University UserGioup.519 Kidgc =1R, Bo^linj; Green, OH 43402 South Toledo Commodore Computer Club P O

Box 6086, Toledo, OH 4361-1 Commodore Computer Club of Toledo (CCCTI P.O. Box 89(W, Toledo, OH 43h23 Cummodore llammondsville Users Croup of

Ohio ICHUGO). P.O. Box 7. S.R. 213. 6M642, HammDndaviUe, OH 43930

Commodore Beavorion User Croup, 2001 NL Hyde, Hillaboro, OH 97124 Commodore Owners Resource Exchange (CORE) (For 64/12fi), I'.O. li™ 17580. Portland, OR 97317

Salcm C-64 Users Croup, 3795 Saxon Dr. 5., Sa le m, OH "7302 Albany-Corvallis Users Croup, SOD South 19th,

Philomath, OH 'J7370

Yamhill County Commodore Users Croup, 9273

Gopher Valley Rd , Sheridan, OK 97378

Lane County Commodore User's Group. P.O,

Box 11316, Eugene, OK 97440 Pacific Northwest Commodore U*er Group, P.O.

Box 2.iio, Roaeburg, Oi; 97470 Springfield Commodore User's Croup. 5324 B

5L,Springfield, OK 97478

United States Commodore Users Group, P.O.

Box 2310, Roseburg, on 97470

Basic Hits User Group. 5564 Wallace Blvd., N

Caveman Commodure Computer Club ICCCCI. 5S63 Lower River Hd.. Grants Pass, OR 97526

Northeast Ohio Commodoie User Group, P.O.

Klamath Commodore 64 Uier Group, P.O. Box 7654, Klamath Fails. OR 97602

Commodore Preference Users Connection (CPU Connection). P.O. Bm 42032. Brook Park, OH

Heaver County Area Commodore User's Group

Akron Ana Commodore User Group, Km. ii-201, HO W Bowery, Akron. OH 44308 Youngstown C-64 User's Group, 209 N. Pearl,

A-K 64 User Group. 1762 Fairmont St., New Ken

Rldgevllle. OH 44039

Box 718. Mentor, OH -14061-0015

44142

Columbian, OH 44408

OI28 Users Group, 416 Shields Rd., YounesKnvn, OH 44512

Akron Area Commodore Users Group, 4140

Eastiynn Ave. NW. Massillon, OH 44646

PENNSYLVANIA IBCACUGI. Secretary, 112 Spruce Dr., Menace, PA 15061

sington, PA 15068

South Pittsburgh Commodore Group, 24117 Pa Ave.. West Mifflin, PA 15122 United Users Incorporated ATTN:Commodore

Division. 1931 Rockledge St.. Pittsburgh, PA 15212

Commodore Users Group, 702 Park Ave. NW.

Greater Pittsburgh Commodore User Group

New Philadelphia, OH 44663 Akron Area Commodore Club (AACC),

1443

Pittsburgh Commodure Group. 2015 Garrick Dr.,

Ford and Commodore Together (FACT), P.O.

Belli? Commodore Users Croup, 5'12 Arbor l.n.,

Wendy St.sBS, Canton. OH -14701 Box 84f5, Canton, OH 44711

C.A.M. Area Users Croup, 334 Fairvievv SH, North Canton, OH 44720 Mid-Ohio Commodore User's Club, 21 Highland Dr,, Butler, OH 44822 Gallon Commodore User Group, 080 Bucvrus lid,. Gallon, OH 44833

Commodore EHe Hay Users Group (CEBUG), P.O, BOJi 1461, S.indusky, OH -l-lfl/O Cincinnati Commodoie Compulei Club, Box 450, Owensvllle, OH 45160 The Cincinnati Commodore Computer Connec tion, Slh Beecher St., Ctndnnall, OH 45206 UCOM-64, 340 Tangeman University Center, Mail location 136, University of Cincinnati. Cin cinnati, OH 45221

Southwestern Ohio Commodore Users Croup (SWOCUG). P.O. Box 46644, Cincinnati, OH 15246

June 198G

1, Box 349U, Salisbur\'.

WESTCOM 64 Commodore 64 Users Croup of

1560 On-hard View Dr., Pittsburgh. PA 15220

Pittsburgh, PA 15235

Pittsburgh, PA 1533ft Foundation for the Advancement of Computer Technology (FACT), Microcomputer Division,

1255 lirinkerton Rd., Greensburg, PA 15601 United States Commodore Users Croup, 1255

Brinkerion Rd.. Gtseniburg, PA 15601

Westmoreland Computer Users Club (Com

modore Section), P.O. Box 3051, Grueiisliurg, I'A 15601

Blltlei Commodore 64 User Group, P.O. Box 2408, Butler, PA l MM) I Castle Commndores Computer Club, R.D. "1, BoxaiOA, Edlnburg, PA 16116

North Coast Commodore Users Group Frie. P.O.

Box 6117, Erie, I'A 16512-6117 B.A.S.I.C., 515 E. 26th Ave.. Alloona, I'A 166014U36

Cen.l'.U.G. (or Commodore, RD «!, I(C «17. Howard. I'A 16H41

Capitol Are* Commodore Club, PO. Box J33,

Lemoyne, PA 17013

Blue Juniata Commodore Users-Group, 107 Washington Ave., Lewistown, FA 17044

Central Area Bulletin Board System? (CABBS1

User Group. 4205 Ridgeview Rd., Hamburg. 1'A 17112

While Rose Commodore Users Group, 160 I.in dm Ave,, Red Uon, PA 17356 Southern York County Commodore Users

Group. 2,13 W. Forrtti Ave., Shrewsbury. I'A 1 736 1

CUBBB Commodore Users Group, 5UU Dlllcr Ave,, New Holland, PA 17557

Wwl Branch Commodore Users Group, P.O. Box 995, Wllllarnaport, pa 17703 Ccn.P.U.G. for Commodore, Box 102. Sfllona, PA 17767

ABC Chips, Uhlgh Valley Medical Cenler. 3159

Mlddletewn Rd., Bethlehem, pa 1H017

Lehigh Valley Commodore User Group. 2228 liaker Di, AJIentown, PA 18102 Wyoming Valley Commodore Users Group, 14 Second Ave,. Kingston, PA 18704 Ingersol Rand Commodore Computer Users

Croup (IRCCUCI, 402 S. Keystone Ave., Sayre. PA 18H4O Kwing Commodore Users Croup (Trenton NJ).

528 Sugarttee Kd., Holland, i'A IM966 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Com

modore Users Group, 1712 Aidenn Lair Rd.,

Dresner, PA 19025 (Noltidptn to nil ftderal goutnwtni mplaytes and their famiiiesj

Fort Washington 64, 20-A Lumber lack Circle, Horsham, I'A 19044

LDwerbucks User Group, 251 Makefield Kd , Morrisvllle, PA 67, 19067

SUH-64 User's Group, P.O. Box 5420S, Philadel phia, PA 19105 Naval Air Development Center Commodore

Rock Hill Commodore User Group (RHCUG). 565 ScaWbark Circle. Kock Hill, SC 297.10 Beaufort Technical College User Group. Center

For Slaif And Curriculum Development. P.O. Box 12SS, Beaufort, SC 29902

SOUTH DAKOTA Sioux Falls User Group, 4201) S. Louise. Suite 304,

Sioux Fall), SD 57106 V1C-M User Club, 60B W. 5th, Pierre, SD 57501

Port 64 User Group, 929 I emnwn St., Rapid City, SD 577111

TENNESSEE Dungeons pnd Dragons User's Group. Rt 1, BOX 28A. Cumberland City, Erin, TN 37050

Clarksville Commodore Users Group, P.O. Bos 403, St. Bethleham. TN 37155

19403 national Headquarters). P.O. Box 337, [IHicBell, PA 19422

COMl'STARS, 3770 Worthlngton, Collcgevllle, I'A 19426

Upper Huxnionl CG4 Users, 120h Cowpath Rd., llatfield, PA 19440

P.C.U.C, C. lihoads, 1338 Lynn Dr., PottStOWfl, PA 19464

Worldwide Commodore User Groups —

Pottstown/lioyertoivn Area Chapfer, R.D. *1,

Washington Rd,. BechtelsvUle, PA 19505

Heading Commodore Users Group, 1020 Pear Si., Reading. PA 19601 Commodore Users of Berks (CUB). 2455 MeKinlev Ave,, West Lawn, PA 19609

RHODI; ISLAND Newport Computer Club (RD, P.O. Box

1439,

Newport, Rl 02840-0997

Hurrillville Commodore Users Group, 28 Cherry farm Rd., Harrisville. Rl 02859 Narragansett Commodore Users Group, EPA Environmental Research Lab, South Ferry Kd., NunganMft HI 02SS2 Commodore Connection, P.O. Box 929, Woon-

wicket, Rl 02893-0929

li.i. Commodore Users Group IR1CUG), 4 Mnwiy Ave., Johnston, Rl 02919

SOUTH CAROLINA Commodore Kids of America,

Rt.

tf. Box 2W.K

Sumler.SC 29150

Commodore Computer Club of Columbia. P.O. Box 2775, Ciyce/W. Columbia. SC 29171

Spartanburg Commodore Users Croup (SPARCUG), PO. Box 319. Spa run burg. SC 29304 Charleston Compulei Society, PO Box 5264. N. Charleston, SC 29406 B.I.B.S., 5PO 786, Charleston, SC 29424

vard, Lubbock, TX 79416

Abilene Cursor Control. P.O. Box 6261, Abilene. TX 7960B Commodore Users Group of Ward Cnunty, 2902 W. JUi Si., Monahiins, TX 79756 Commodore User's Group of Odessa ICUGO).

P.O. Box 12491, Odessa, TX 79768

Tl I'aso Commodore User Group (El'CUGI, 173h Dflart Mardn Dr., El PaSO, IX 79936

UTAH lioosevelt Are.! Commodore I ntliutiasts

(RACE), IICR Ru* 30. Neolfl, UT K4O5.1 Utallllisin Commodore Users Club, .173 ll.isl 65(1 North 97-3, Roosevelt, UT K40hh

[■ifth Dimension C-64 Users, 7095 W 96110 N,

(CASE!, P.O. B<n 110386, Nashville, TO 37211

Nashville Commodore User Group, P.O. Bo* 121282, Nashville, TN 37212 Commodore Computer Club, P.O. Bo* 96, Estill Springs, TN 37330

Fort Washington 64, 213 Holly Ave., 5. Plltsburg, TN 373HO

Rosewood Dr.. Hyrum. UT S4311'

Trementon, UT 84337 Wasatch Commodore Users Group (WACUG1. P.O Bo< 4028, Ogden, UT 8-14(12

Payson Area Commodore Users Group (1'AC). P.O. Box 525, S.ilcm. L'T S4O53

VI-It MO NT

Clioo Choo 64, SOS Valley Bridge Dr.. Chatta

Chjmplain Valley Cammcidnrc Users <.rnup. t<

Trl-Cities Commodore Club, Vickie Davis, e/o

Gmon Mcmntain Commodore Utpctji (iroup

nooga, TN 37415

Computer Comer, 114 SprIngbrookDr.,John*an

City, IN 37601 Greeneville Computer Home Users Group, Rl. 8,

Bo* 138-T, Greenuville, TN 37743

Metro Knoxville Commodore User Club, 7405 Oxmoor Rd., Rl. H20. Knoxvillc, TN 37931

Memphis Commodore Users Club, Dwlnhl Campbell, P.O. Box 34095, B.irtlelt, 'IN 38134 0095

Main Line Commodore Users Group (MLCUG),

Worldwide Commodore Users Group (Inter

Box

Cache Valley Commodore Users Group. 396 S.

Box Ihb, Sprlngjldd, TN 37172

Raleifih-Hartlelt Hackers CUB, |ames PairicL 3457 Gatewood Dr., Memphis, TN 38134 Old Hickory Commodore Users Group. 25 Coatl

town Chapter. 110 Miami Ave , Nonistown, PA

Users Group, P.O.

Commodore Association of the Southeast

Memphis Commodore Users Club. P.O. Bn\ 34095. Memphis. TN 3B134-U095

Worldwide Commodore User Groups—Norris-

Commodore

89TI, Amarillo, TX 79114-8971

Commodore Users of Tesas (CUT). 5509 Har

Springfield Commodore Computer Club, Rl. I,

User Club. 912 praaei Rd., Eidenhelm, I'A 1046 General Allen Ln., West Chester. PA 193(12

Trl-Stale

Cove. Jackson, TN 38305

TBXAS CnmmodDre Users Club, P.O. Do> 110«h7, Carrollton, TX 75011 Irving Commodore Users Club, P.O. Box 165034,

\\.\yi.ut, South Dudlngton, VT D54O1 (GMCUGh P.O. Uox 6UH7, Rutland, VT

VIRGINIA t'enlAT Commodore User Group, 1447 HSL

MWR, Km. 5E3, AFRec. Services, Pentagon, VA 20330

McLean C-64 Users Croup. 7426 Eldorado St.. McLean, VA 22012

WAC-6-1, 9206 Annhun! St.. Fairfax, VA 22031 Capitol Area Commodore Enthusiasts. 6512 Tru man Ln., FalU Church. VA 32043 Capitol Area Commodore Enthusiasts (CACI-I.

607 Abbotts Ln.. Falls Church. VA 22046 Washington Area Commodore User Group. P.O. Bq> 93. Mounl Vernon, VA Z2121 Dale City Commodore Users Group, Inc., P,O. Bm 2265, Dale City, VA 221930265

Arlington Victims (20/64), 5521 Harvey Ln.,

Irving TX 750 lo Sherman Commodore Useis Group ISCUG), B27

Alexandria, VA 22204 Ftanconla Commodore Users Group, 5924 Dove Dr.. Alexandria, VA 22310 Ereduricksburg Commodore Club, 313 William

Society of Computer Owners and P.E.T. Enthu

Shenandoah Valley Commodore Users Gruup,

W. Sean, Denison, TX 75020

siasts (SCOPE), P.O. Box 3095, Richardson, TX 7 50 S3

The Users, 209 AltaVista, Rockwall, TX 7S0B7 FED 64 Computer Club, 1100 Commerce St., Dal las, TX 75242

l.ongview Users Group, P.O. Box 92H4. Longview, TX 75608 Mid-Cities Commodore Club, P.O.

Bui

157H.

Bedford, TX 76021

BiStone Users Club, P.O. Box 386. Mexia, TX 76667

Heart of Texas Commodore Home User Group

(HOT CHUG), 2100 M. New Kd.. Waco. TX 7i.71l)

Commodore Houston User Group (CHUG). P.O. Box 612. Tomball, TX 77375

The Woodlands Commodore Users Group, 3 Splitrock Rd., The Woodlands, TX 77380

Meadows User Group (MUC>, 11923 ScOIWdale, MoadOWS, TX 77477 Our Gang, 201 Stanford, Late JaekflOn, TX 77566 Commodore Brazos Users Group (C-bUG), P.O. Box 9622, College Station, TX 77840 Crossroads Commodore Users' Group, 417 Irm.i

Dr., Victoria, TX 77901

BilllnUI Interlace Languages Limited (KILL). P.O. Box 592, Adkin?, TX 78101

Interface Computer Club, 7532 Triple Oaks. San Antonio. TX 78263 Commodore Users of San Antonio, P O. Box 380732, San Antonio, TX 7S2S0 Corpus Christi Commodores, P.O. Boy 6541, Corpus Christi. TX 7R411

The Executive Touch IETK 522 Broadway, Myrtle

Commodore User Group of Austin, P.O. Box

Beach. SC 29577 COUCH. 10(3 Oak Park Dr., Mauldin, SC 29662

Top of Texas Commodore (TOTCOM1, Box 2851,

49138, Austin, TX 78765

St., Frederidaburg. VA 22401

at 3, Box 625. Front Royal, VA 22630 Commodore 64 Computer Users Group of Rich mond, PO. Box 9078, Richmond, VA 23225 The Richmond Area Commodore Enthusiasts

ITRACE1, 2920 Pinehursl Rd, Richmond, VA 23228

Peninsula Commodore Users Group, P.O. lion I., Hampton, VA 23666 NASA Commodore Users Group, 713 York IVar wick Dr., Vorktown, VA 23692 Commodore Users of Franklin, 1201 N, High St., Franklin, VA 23851

Commodore Users Group, Rt

2, Box 278B,

Boydtcm, VA 23917

Henry County Commodore Computer Club. Kt

9, Bo* 61, MarHruwHle, VA 24112 K.A.C.E, Commodore 64 Users Group, 4362 Blue bird Ln., Salem, VA 24153 Lyncliburg User Croup, Rt. 2, Box 1H0, Lynchfaurg, VA 245U1 Piedmont Users Group, 135 Boverly Rd, Dan ville, VA 24541 Central Virsinia User Group C-64, Rt 3 Box 451, Hurl, VA 24561 Commoilnre Hilltop User Group (CHUG), Rt. 3. Box 301 B. Cedar Bluff, VA 24609 Bit* &i Bytes, Box 625, KichlamK VA 24641

WASHINGTON

64 E/T, 117-1 S3 PI. SW, Bothell. WA 98012 Commodore Computing Exchange, 16821 FirM Ave. SE. Boihell. IVA 98012

Pacific Northwest Commodore Club. 17214 3rd Ave. SE. Bothcll, WA 9S012 While River Commodore 64 User's Group, 2649 Warner Ave. W. =69, Enumdaw. WA 9H022

IMmpa. TX 79066-2B51

COMPUTEFs Gazelle

June 1986

C64 Maple Valley Users Group. 25605 Si: 224ih St.. Maple Valley, wa 98038 Honeywell Commodore Users Club. Honeywell Inc. MSD. 5303 Shilshole Ave. NW. Seattle. WA 98107

NW Commodore User Group,

2565 Dexter N.

"203. Seattle. WA 98109 PSACi:, I S()[» Taylor Ave. N,. Seattle, WA 98109

U.W. Commodore User Cioup, P.O. Box 75009. Seattle, WA 98125 Anacnites User Croup, Jim Cook, 1010 5th St., Arucories, wa 98221

University Place Commodore Home Users Group (Ul'CHUG), 7836 Warren Dr. NW, Gig Harbor, WA 98265 C-64 Diversity, 4416-126ltl PI. NE, Marvsville,

WA 9S27Z

Coulee County Commodore Club, 501-1/2 Si,

Cloud St., LnCrOSSa, Wl 54603 Eau Claire Area CBM 64 User Group, Rl.5, Box 179A. Eau Claire. Wl 54?01 Chippewa Valley Commodore User's Group,

CO, Box 116, Chippewa Falls, Wl 54729

Clintonville Area Commodore 64s True User Support (CACTUS), 56 Pearl St., CJInlonville, Wl 54929 Pond du l.ac Area Commodore Users Club, 1504

Shi-llry Ct.. Norlh Fond du l.ac, Wl 549.15

WYOMING Central Wyoming User's Group, P.O. Box 1428.

Rlverton, wv 82501

OUTSIDE THE U.S.

Club 64, 6735 Tracyion Blvd. NW, Bremerton, WA 7SS Commodore 64 Users Croup. Mjkah Air

Forte Slation, Neah Bay. IVA 98357 Olympic Peninsula User Group IOPUG), 836

Weal Sixth St.. PWI Angeles. WA 9B362

Marstcken Commodore 64 User Croup. 714 Ryan Ave.. Sumner. WA 98390 World Wide User Group (Military Personnel

Only), P.O, Box 98682. Tacom*, WA 98-198

CUM Users Cioup. 803 Euclid Why, Centralia, WA 98331 Lnngview Commodore Users Group, 62b 26th Ave., Lungview, WA 98632

Noitli Forty Commodore User Croup, 2903 Flor

ida St.. Long view, WA 98632

Spokane Commodore User Group, 310 Ray

mond, Spokane, wa 99206

Spokane Commodore Users Group. I\O. Box

13201, Spokane, WA 99213-3201

Tri-Cities Commodore Computer Club (TC-3), 1926 Pine St., Rkhltnd, WA 99352

Blue Mountain Commodore Users, 550 S 2nd Ave., Walla Walla, WA 99362-3149

WEST VIRGINIA Hluefield U9er Croup 20/64 (BUG). P.O

Box

1190. Bluefield. WV 24701 OUTA SYNC. 203 Ughlner Ave., Lewfoburg, WV 2ITO1

Ceople Addicted to Computers Klub (PACK!, I"

Silo Sq.i Levvlaburg, WV 24901

The I2S Sociely, 17 Silo Square, LBwiabunj WV 24901 Kanawha Valley Commodore Computer Club,

P.O. Ben 252, Ounbar, WV 25064 Tri-State Commodore Users Croup, P.O. Box

2501, HunHngtOn, WV 25725-2501

Weil Virginia Statewide Users Group. Bm 511, KIKyih, WV 25859-0050 Thr bi Croup, BOX 205, Mabscolt, WV 25871-1)2115 C-64 S'rn^rimmers o( America. Kl. 1, Box 139A Meadow Bridge, WV 25976

Commodore Home User's Cioup (CHUG). 81

Lynwood Ave., Wheeling, WV 26003 Hkins Area Commodore Users Croup, P.O Box 2381, Elkins, WV 26241

The Commodore Group, 320 Dunkin Ave..

Bridgeport, wv 26330

Northern Wesl Virginia C-64 Club, 228 Gr.ind St., Morgan I own, WV 26505

WISCONSIN Coninmdore Hobbyist* Involved [n 1'ersiinal

Systems (CHIPS), P.O, Box 100b. WeM Bend, Wl53095

Milwaukee Area Commodore Enthusiasts

(MACE), P.O. Box 183, Grccndale, Wl 53139 Waukesha Area V1C-64 Enthusiasts (WAVE), P.O. Box 641, Waukesha, Wl 53186

Commodore Users of Systems, Software & Hard ware (CLSSHr, 4(125 2Kt St., Kacine, Wl 53405 Jancsville Area Commodoic Users Group, P.O.

Bin 185S. Jinesvllle. Wl 53547

Madison Area Commodore User Group, P O. tkix 1305, Madlion, Wl 53701-1305

Commudpie and VIC Enlhusiasts (CAVE). CO.

Box 33, Criviw. Wl 54114 Kewaunee Si Brown County Computer Club 1KB Triple Cl. Ri. 2. Kewaurtee, Wl 54216 COMM-E1AY64, P.O. Box 1152. Green Bay, Wl 54305

128D, Inghan 4S5O. Queensland, Australia Cairns Commodore User Group, Waller Kindt. P.O. Box 209. \T. Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia Soutbporl Commodore Computer Users Group (SCCUG1, Box 790. Southport, Queensland. Australia 4215 Commodore Computer Users Group (Totvns-

villi), I Paxtcin St., Townsville 4810, Australia VIC-Ul'S Computer Users Group, P.O. Box 1103.

BOQTHgOOn, Western Australia 6154 or P.O. Bos 178, Nfdland;., Western Australia 601)9

BELGIUM I 'Aiurr.il Club C-6J & '."iniii'.iiii'li"

UTOPIA. Army Education Center, APO NY 09035 AMhorn Hytes-A-Bii, General Delivery. Det 3, Kl

TFW [USAF). APO NY 09069-5000 Overseas Commodore User's Croup. SFC Carroll P. Daniels, P.O. Box R-72. APO MY 09102 Commodore User Group, Ronald S. Clement. APO San Francisco. CA 96213

Users Group. Gary Goenlher, Box 958 NSGA. Al'O NY 092-10-5363 (group mteU in Italy!

Associacao de Usuarios de Micro-computadores

Pessoiis. Pedro Paulo Rocha, eslr da Canoa 401. 22600 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil

CANADA Alberta Calgary Commodore Users Group, Lloyd E. Nor man, 14751 Deer Ridge Dr. SE. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2J 6A8

20/64 Users Group of Yokota. P.O. Bo» 2553, Al'O S.m Francisco, CA 96328 (group meels in

l.clhbridge Commodore C-64 Users Group. P.O. Box 825-246. MacDermotl Rd,, GulhurM, Al berta. Canada T0I. 0V0

Commodore Users Club of Yokosuka Japan.

Central Alberta Commodore 64 User Group ICACUG), Dale Butterworrh, Box 304,

DM3 Box 156 FPO Seattle, WA 90762 AtUI: D. ]■.

VLcklAnd faroup nwett, in fttpanl

Commodore Zama Users Group, c/o I.TC David Chinn, liQ USAR] 1G, APO San Francisco

96343-0054 igroup meets in lupin)

SEMBACH AB Commodore Users Group, James

Poucher, Box 2499, APO NY 0913" Stuttgart Local Users Croup. B CO, ID Ml Bn (Al£|. Ai'O NY 09359 (group mttll in IVrsf G mutiny)

Ztvtibiuecken Commodore Computer Club, Thomas A. Ricker. 200th TAMMC, P.O. Box 235. APO NY 09052 (group meets in IVfSI Germany! Eifel Commodore Users Group (BilburR/Spangdahlim/Pruem), MWR Di vision, APO NY 09132 group mrtIS in West

Gtrmany)

Baumholdcr Commodore Users Group, lim

S«nl*l, IIHC 2/6S Armfir Regiment. APO NY

(19034 (snup netto In West Gi'wuwy)

Mannheim Commodore Users Croup. John Pip kin, UHT Rest, llih ACR Box 101, APO NY 09146 fctQUP meets in West Germany) H.U.C. 64. Bo. 10, 61st M.F. Co., APO NY 09165

(group mem fn Hmmu, W?s! Germany) CIZZMO'S, e/O Wes Knapp, Box 3517, APO NY

(19009 Igroup metis in Weil Germany)

Commodore Computer Users Group Heidelberg.

Robert IL Jjcquoi. P.O. Box, Gen. Del., APO NY 09102. 06223-5614 Igroup meets In Wetl G

ARGENTINA Club USR[64| Cordoba, Calle Montevideo 281, Piso 5. Dpto "D". 5000-Cordoba, Republkj Ar^eiutna

AUSTRALIA Commodore Computer Users Group (Ql.l)l Inc., P.O. Box 274, SprinKivoi>d Q 1127. Brtlbane,

Atutnllfl Geelong Commodore Computer Club, c/o 15

Jocaranda Place, Belmont 3216. Geelong, AusEralia

The Griffith Computer Association, c/o Sec retary, P.O. Box 425, Griffith 2680. Australia

LismoreC-64 User Group, Jnhn Griinmond. Rich-

mnnd iiill Rd., Woilongbar, Via. Lismore. New

South Wales, Australia Australian Computer Education Association. [>O Box 194. Corinda 4075, Old Australia Ifedland Commodore Computer Group. Juhn Noblct. 10 Barker Court, Port Hedland 6721,

WeMern Australia Queensland Users Aiding Computer Kids (QUACK). |im Harford. 2 Jane Court. Nambour.

J560, Queensland, Australia

Class of H. c/o Robert Wheeler, 37 Kuran St., Chi'rmiside. Queensland 4012. Australia

Toreslburg, Alberta TOB 1NO Hinion Computer Club, K. Barilett, Box 2431, Ilinton, Alberta, Canada 10E 1C0 Medicine Hat Commodore Users Group, P.O. Box 764, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 7G7 Commodore User Croup Randy R. CoulU, Din 1584, Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada T0C 2A0

British Columbia Cassiar Commodore Club (CCC), P.O. Box 685. Casstar, British Columbia, Canada V0C 1E0 Kelowna Commodore Users Croup (KCUC), 195 Mars Rd.. Kelowna, British Columbia. Canada V1X IH3 International Commodore Users Group. 22559

liinch Ciea., Maple Ridge. Brilish Columbia,

Canada, V2X 7H5

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M.intfob.i Commodore Concepts Users Group (CCUG), Box 23SA, Stcinbach. Manitoba, Canada RQA 2A0 Mjniloba Users Croup {MUG). 34 HurnlmxHi Oi'sont, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2|-3A1

New Itrunswick Fundy C-64 Users Croup, P.O. Bo* 9, Rothesay. New Brunswick. Canada E0G 2W0

Ontario Barrie User Group. P.O. Box 1028, Barrie. Ontario, Canada L-1M 5E1 Brainpton User's Croup (BUG'64), PO. Bos 384,

Brampton, Ontario, Canada L6V 2L3 Shop-Taker Programming Guild, 25 Krontenac Ave., Brantlord, OntJno. Canada N3R SB7 PET Educator Group (P.E.C.), 101 Diinc.ui Mill Rd,, Suite G7, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada M3B 1Z3 TRACK 36 Users' Club, 491 Kenilworth Ave. North, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada LSH 4T6

London Commodore User Club ILCUC), 28

Bjrrel Cr., London, Oniario, Canada N6E 1T5

Midland Commodore Users Group, I'.O. Box 3rti,

Midland. Ontario, Canada User) Croup of Mt. Fores! (UGMF), 597 Oakview.

Cresent, Box 262, Mt. r'orest. Ontario. Canada NOG 2L0

The B5 Commodore Club. 3939 =6 Highway, Mt. Hope. Ontario. Canada LOR UV0

C64 North Bay Users Group, 790 Laurentian Ave.. North Bay, Oniario, Canada P1B 7V2

The CreatWhite North Computer Club, 35S

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Durham C64 Club, 1322 Naples Si., Oshaiva, On-

Inrlo, Canada L1K 1)6

COMPUTE's Gazette

June 1986

c/Q

TnmrliT, RO. Box 41, B-lOm Dnissds, Ed

ItKAZII.

Skagll Computer Usms Forum (SCUF), 29119 Mmiitii Dr.. Mounl Vermin. WA 98273

VICdore User's Group Beryl Bayliss, P.O. Box

Tuesday User Group (TUG), Box 17S7, Port Peny. On la rio, Canada LOB INO St. Calhiiines C-64 Junior Group, 32 Kilbourne Si., St. Caiharines. Ontario, Canada L2M 3E4 Niagara Commodore Users Croup, 15E Neilson

Ave., St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada L2M 5V9 Niagara Commodore Users Group. 12-44 Queenston St.. St. Catherines. Ontario, Canada L2R 2Y9 St. Thomas Users Computer Club (STUCC), 39 Oivaissa St., St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada N5P

1T1; or 30 Forest Ave., Si. Thomas, Oniario, Canada

Sarnia Commodore User Group, 1276 Giffel Rd., Samia, Ontario, Canada. N7S 3K7 Sault Commodore Computer Club. 560 Old Coulais Bay Rd.. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Can ada P6A 5KB Dlskmasler Club, 1326 Hastings Crescent, Sud-

bury, Ontario, CinicU P3A ZRJ

Anthrax Commodore Users Group, 2360 Wcsron Rd.. Suite 102, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9N 1Y9

Toronto PET Users Group Inc. (TPUG), 1912A

Avenue Rd., Suite 1, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5M 4A1

152, 25710 Kuantan, Pahang. Malaysia

BoudiiTville. Quebec, Canada Club Logl-Com. 745-76 Avenue, Grand'mere, Qurboc Canada C9T 2B7

Evalualion Club For The C-64, TRS-SO, And Ap ple II. 7145 Cannes "2, Montreal, Quebec, Can ada HIS 21*9

Club Commodore del Surede, P.O. Bo» 1272-A, Alberto Marin Hdez., Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

Commodore 64 User"! Group, APDO 86. Calle Zaragoza 414, Puerto Vallarta, lallsco. Mexico 48300

Club Herra'Tec C64, Alain Bojmal, Vicente Suarez 25. O6100. Mexico, D.F.

NEW ZEALAND East Coast Bays Commodore User Group, P.O. Box 35-034, Browns Bay, Auckland 10, New Zealand

New Zealand Commodore Users Group, Inc.. P.O. Box 5223, Welleqley Si., Auckland. New Zealand

Hokltlka Commodore Computer Users Group, 185 Scwell St., Hokilika, New Zealand Marlborough Commodore Users Group, 32 Rousehill St., Rcnwick Marlborough, New Zealand

Nelson Commodore User Group, Peter Archer,

NETHERI.AN1) ANTILLES Comiac-Software User Group 64/128. jarrod

Bernadina, Inaguaweg 12, Wiliemstad, Curacao.

Netherland Antilles Commodore 64 User Group, I.udwin Statie, Caracasbaaiweg "94. Curacao. Netherlands

C.U.G.S., 1635 Fleet St.. Regina. Saskatchewan. Canada S4N 5S2

The POKEfs Club, Box 75. St. Louis, Saskatch ewan, Canada SO] 2C0 Prince Albert Commodore Users Group, P.O. Box 246J. Prince Albert. Saskatchewan, Canada S6V 7G3

Saskatoon Commodore Users Group, c/o Vera

Lima 33, Peru

Society of Commodore Users Users of Metro Mi ni la, P. A. Wong. 29A Scout Loiano, Quezon City, Philippines

i*ui:rto rico South Commodore Users Group, c/o lelix Tanats, ]r., Campos "22, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00731

Carolina Computers Club, 16 St. 35-24, Villa Carolina. Puerto Rico 00630

SAUDI ARABIA Commodore League ol Riyadh. P.O. Box 17447,

Riyadh 11484, Saudi Arabia

SWF.DI-N Computer Club Sweden, Hans lin^lrom, P.O.

Box 7040, S-103 86 Stockholm, Sweden Worldwide Commodore 64 Genealogists, (ohann

H. Aadde, Dalkarrslcdcn 49, S-162 24 Vaellingby, Sweden

SWITZERLAND C-64 International User Group, Programm Ex change Service, P.O. Bo* 18, 5604 HendscWken, CH-Switzerland

Computer Anwendcr Club, Postfach 194. 8029 Zurich, Switzerland

WEST GERMANY

Antilles

Commodore Club, Wandcl M, |oh-Machem STK.

NORWAY

C128/64 User Group, Ferrari Rudi. Postfach 40 02 09, D 5000 Koeln -10, West Germany User Group, Ferrari Rudi, Posllach JO 02 09. D

Saturn Software User Group 64, |ason Shepherd, Prof. Kemkampweg 21'. Netherland Antilles

Saskatchewan

Lima Commodore Club, Monte Grande 109 =508.

I'HILLIPJNFS

MEXICO

P.O. Box B60, Nelson, New Zealand 54/79362

Club Commodore Champlatn. P.O. Bos 52Z,

Heinle, P.O. Bos

MALAYSIA Commodore Users Exchange (CUE), P.O. Box

Anthan s M Uier Group, lion 1Mb, tHUl Moiac,

8D, D-645 Hanau-7, (Vest Gennany

5000 Koeln 40, West Germany

UTOPIA, Dana Talley or Sonja l.udwick, Olgastr.

Norway

#146, 7900 Ulm. West Germany

PAKISTAN Commodore Computer User Club, Atln: Khalid

Khanani, P.O. Box 6121, Karachi-2, Pakistan

WEST IND1LS Caribbean Commodore Computer Club, Jim

Lynch, P.O. Box 318, St. ]ohns, Antigua. West

1944, Saskatoon, Saskatch

Indies

ewan. Canada S7K 3S5

OJt

Yukon 645 North of 60, P.O. oox 54JM, Whitenorse, vu-

kon, Canada VIA 5H4

COi.UMIilA Columbia 64 Group, C/O Rodrigo Chaves, P.O. Box 6713, Cali. Columbia, South America

DENMARK MIDTJVDSK Computer Klub (M.C.K.),

?gstrupvej 86, 8BO0 Viborg, Denmark

DOMINICAN Kril'UHLIC R.D.-C-M Users Group, David Braverman, (_cn-

Iro Ed. d< Bonao. Ave. lose Marti, Bonao, Dominican Republic

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shite, England, Nottingham 289467

FINLAND User's Club ot Fl 1, c/o Maui Pohtola, Tclctotkimuslaitoksen, Mikrotietokonekerho. Kiviaidankatu 2 F, 00210 Helsinki 21. Finland Commodore Micro Amiteurs, Matti Aarnio, Unnustajankj 2B7, SF-02940 ESPOO. Finland

1K1-LAND ClubM, S5 Upper Drumcondra Rd., Ireland Computer Club tordenons. Dr. Giuseppe Genovesl, Centro Cultural? A. Moro, via

Travorsagna 4, 33084 Cordenons (PN) Italy Institute of High Technology Users Group, Via Monti- Napoteone 9, 20121 Milano, Italy I.G.C.S., Salvalore Innalmi, via Pentone 5, 00173, Rome, Italy Commodore 64 Computer Users Group of Rome, c/o Pluchinotta Via di S. Agnese 22, 00198, Rome, Italy Software Computer Club, e/o Magliola Andrea,

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Arrays In The Next Dimension

Michael S. Tomczyk Let's pick up where we left off last month, with our discussion of ar rays.

Gll,l)

G(l,2)

Gil.3)

G(l,4)

G(l,5)

100

150

200

250

300

can

C(2,2)

C<2,3)

G(2,-I)

G(2,5)

-100

-150

-200

-250

-300

In BASIC programming, an

array is an efficient way to handle a

large number of items. An array is a group of items usually arranged as a table of numbers and words. Each item has its own code name and location In the table. Arrays are sometimes consid ered an advanced concept and ex cluded from many BASIC hand books. This is unfortunate because arrays are not that difficult to under stand and they're extremely useful

and important programming tools. So let's continue our discussion.

If you think of DATA as a list of information, then arrays are groups of information. It helps if you think of an array as a group, even if the ar ray contains only one item. You can

also think of an array as an arrange ment of boxes or containers, or as a table of rows and columns. Each box has a name like G(l), and it may be empty or contain one item of infor mation, as in this one-dimensional array:

This program sets up the table (type NEW, then enter and RUN

this example): 10 DATA 100,150,200,250,300,-100,-150, 200,

250, - 300

15 DIM G(2,5)

20 FOR X-I TO 5:READ G(1,X>:NEXT 30 FOR X-I TO 5:PRINT SPC(1)"G1"X; :NEXT:PRJNT

40 1:OR X

1 TO 5:PRINT C(1,X>;

:NEXT:PRINT

50 FOR X-l TO 5:READ G(2,XI:NEXT 60 FOR X-l TO 5:PRINT SPCfl)wG2" X;:NEXT:PR1NT 70 FOR X = 1 TO 5:PRL\T G(2,X);

:NEXT;PRINT

First, we put all ten numbers in a DATA list, and then DIMension

an array two columns deep by five rows wide, and READ and PRINT

the first five numbers as G(l,l), G{1,2), G(l,3), G(l,4), and G(l,5). Then we READ and PRINT the sec

ond five numbers as G(2,l), G(2,2),

G(2,3), G(2,4), and G(2,5).

C(l)

G(2)

G13)

C(4>

G(5)

The- SPC(1} statement inserts one space in front of the G numbers

100

150

200

250

300

so the positions line up. The PRINT

There's one row of five boxes,

or columns, in this array, numbered G(l) to G(5). The first box, G(l), contains the number 100, G(2) con tains the number 150, and so on. Here's a program you could use to fill up the boxes with the numbers shown, and display them. Type it in and RUN it: 10 DATA 100,150,200,250,300 30 FOR X 1 TO S:READ G(X):NEXT 30 rOR X 1 TO 5:I'RJNT SPC(1)"C" X;:NEXT

40 PRlNTiFOR X- I TO 5:PRINT G(X); :NEXT

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

statement at the end of lines 30, 40,

60, and 70 is needed because of the semicolon in the earlier PRINT statement in those lines. Each item in an array can be moved to another location, rede

fined, changed, used in a calcula

tion, or displayed individually, in subsets or in tables. For example, try adding these two lines to the previous program: SO PRINTrl'RINT C(U>"MULTII'L]ED

BY"G(2,1)"IS"G(1,1)'G(2,1) W G(1,1)-17:PRINT C(l,irC[2,l)

Line 80 shows how you can

You can also have two-dimen sional arrays which you might visu alize as rows and columns of boxes like this: to

June 1986

multiply numbers in an array using their row and column numbers. Line 50 redefines G(l,l) as 17 and multiplies it by G(2,l). Note that

the computer PRINTs only the re

sult of the calculation.

Array Notation Let's try some simple exercises so we can get used to working with ar ray notation, which is very similar

to working with numeric and string variables (covered in recent months in this column). A numeric array

contains numbers only. The name of the array is usually a letter of the alphabet like A, B, X, or N. The no tation for one item from the array

looks like this: A(3). The A is the name of the array, and the (3) rep resents item number 3. Try this example: 10 FOR X = l TO 10:A(X) = X:PRINT A(X):NEXT

This line uses a FOR-NEXT

loop to count from 1 to 10â&#x20AC;&#x201D;on each loop, the number from 1 to 10 is in serted where the X's are. On the

first loop, A(X) = X becomes A(l)= 1 which means position A(l)

in the array is defined as the num

ber 1. Next, the computer PRINTs A(X), which is A(l) the first time through the loopâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;which is the number 1. The NEXT statement tells the computer to go back and redefine X as 2, then 3, and on up to 10. So A(l) equals one, A(6) equals 6, A{10) equals 10. A string array contains string information like words, phrases, sentences, graphics symbols, and so on. The name of the array looks

like a string variable because it uses a dollar sign, like this: N$(4). The N$ is the name of the string array, and the (4) represents item number

4 in the array- Type NEW and press RETURN, then try this example:

10 PRINT CHRS(147rTYPE 10 LOAN

10 PRINT CHRSH47)

20 FOR X = l TO 1O;PR1NT"ENTER WORD OR PHRASE NUMBER"X:IN PUT N$tX):NEXT

30 PRINT CHRS(147):FOR X-l TO 10: FRINT'YOUR WORDS ARE: NS("X")"NSIX):NEXT

Line 10 clears the screen. Line 20 uses a FOR-NEXT loop like the

previous example. The numbers from 1 to 10 arc inserted wherever

you see an X, so "WORD NUM BER" X becomes WORD NUMBER 1, then 2, 3, and so on. The INPUT statement makes the computer dis

play a question mark and wait until

AMOUNTS & PRESS RETURN" 20 FOR A-l TO 10:INPUT N(A):NEXT 3D PRINT CTIRS(147):FOR B = l TO 10:PRINT"$"N(B)"TIMES 9% EQUALS"N(H)\09:NEXT

You can also let the user define the size of the array (which is L): 10 PRINT CHRS(147)"TYPE THE

NUMBER OF NAMES YOU WILL ENTER":INPUT L

20 DIM N$tL):PRINT CHRSU47) 30 FOR X-l TO L:PRINT"ENTER

array. The first item you type be comes N$(l), the second item be comes NS(2), and so on.

Line 30 clears the screen and uses another FOR-NEXT loop to cy cle through the ten words and dis play them next to their string array

names. Notice we went outside quotation marks to display the first X—because X is a variable and vari ables are always displayed outside quotes. We also displayed the sec

ond NS(X) completely outside quotes.

If you know how to define a vari able (like A = 14:PR1NT A),

then

you know how to define the ele

ments in an array—with a few variations.

First, you can use a FOR-NEXT

loop to put a series of consecutive

Using The DIM Statement So far, most of our arrays have in

the M$ array and the 12 sales num

cluded ten or fewer items—but you

bers are stored in the S array.

":FOR D-l TO X:PRINT NSlXliNEXT

may have noticed that in cases

Line 50 adds the sales figures

where the array had more than 11

for each month, stored in the 5(X)

items, and when we set up a two-

array, and stores the total in the

dimensional array, we used the

variable called SALES.

DIM (DIMension) statement. Your computer automatically sets up an array with the name you

give it—such as A(X) or N$(X)— when the array has 11 or fewer items, but if you want to put more than 11 items (numbered 0-10) in your array, you must use the DIM much space in memory to reserve for the array. The DIM statement

tells the computer to make room for an array. Type NEW, then try this example: 10 DIM SU2):DIM MSI12I 20 DATA JANUARY.FEBRUARY

"HEDRICK"

20 PRINT M$(I>" IS "MS(2)" IN DISGUISE."

"ENTER SALE5 FOR "MS<X>:1NPUT

S(X):NEXT 50 FOR X = l TO 12:SALES = SALES-SIX) :NEXT 60 PRINT:PR1NT"TOTAL SALES FOR THE YEAR WERE S"SALES

70 PR]NT:PRINT:'AVE:RAGE MONTH LY SALES FOR THE YEAR WERE $"SALES/12

(note in line 10 how we put a com ma in a DATA list—-enclose it in

ic array named S which will contain 12 numbers. The second is a string

quotes):

array called M$ which will contain

10 DATA ALAS,POOR,YOR1CK,"/M,

12 words. Remember, you need to use the DIM statement when you

SPC(1);:NEXT:PRINT

You can let the user INPUT ar ray elements, like this:

Kt/Vl! You can use a full word like SALES as a variable name to help you keep track of what's going on in yoUT

the first two letters, so SALES is inter preted by the computer as SA. You may get unexpected problems that are difficult to figure out if your program has two or more variables with the same first txvo letters. For example, you should not use both SATURDAY

ing two arrays. The first is a numer

KNEW ,H1M,WELL

month.

program, but the computer sees only

You can define an array by using DATA statements, like this

100 FOR Q -1 TO 8:READ YS(Q):NEXT 200 FOR Q-1TO3: PRINT YStQ);

by 12 to get the average sales per

AUGUST

NOVnMI!ER,DECEMHER JO FOR X 1 TO 12;READ M$(X):PRINT

10 MS(1>-"ZORICK":M$(2)-

Line 60 begins with a PRINT

statement which merely displays a blank line on the screen (used for positioning and spacing). Then we PRINT the message shown inside quotation marks, followed by the variable SALES. Line 70 is similar to line 60, ex cept here we divide the total SALES

,MARCH,A1'RIL,MAY,]UNE,JULY,

10 DIM Q(2SI:I:ORX-1 TO 25;Q{X)-X;

this:

quotation marks. The INPUT state ment displays a question mark and waits for one number to be typed in, which is defined as S(l) in the S array. Finally, the NEXT statement repeat the process—MS(2) and S(2), MS(3) and S(3)—until it reaches 12, which is the upper limit of the loop. At this point, the 12 months are safely tucked away in

40 PRINT CliRS(I47):THE NAMES ARE

30 DATA SEl'TEMItER.OCTOBER,

You can use the equal sign to define specific array elements, like

MS(1) in the MS array. Then the computer PRINTs the message in

tells the computer to go back and

numbers into an array, like this: PRINT Q(X):NEXT

MS array. On the first cycle, the computer READs JANUARY from the DATA list and defines it as

N$(X):NEXT

statement to tell the computer how

Putting Information Into Arrays

months from the DATA list into the

NAME NUMBEH"X;:INPUT

you type in a word or phrase (or

even a number), then defines what you typed as an item in the string

loop to READ the names of the

Line 10 begins by DIMension-

have more than 11 items in your array.

and SALES in the same program be

cause the computer sees both words us the same variable SA. An additional problem to avoid when

using long

variable names is accidentally in cluding a BASIC keyword within the name. For example, the variable name

SAND contains the BASIC keyword AND, which is not allowed—an error

message will result. There are many more nuances involved in using arrays. Next

DATA list with the names of the 12

month, we'll explore this topic fur ther and look at one of the best ap

months. Line 40 uses a FOR-NEXT

plications for arrays.

Lines 20 and 30 contain a

COMPUTED Gazette

W Juno 1986

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Tom R. Halfhill, Staff Editor

Each month, computers gazette tackles some questions commonly asked by Commodore users. If you have a question you'd like to see an swered here, send it to this column,

c/o COMPUTERS GAZETTE, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403.

•

I own a Commodore 128

and*would like to know how to ac

cess the 280 chip through BASIC

without using the CP/M software supplied with the system.

/»•

We've seen a novelty pro

gram that POKEs a short Z80 ma chine language program into memory, enables the Z80, runs the program, and returns to 128 mode. But without CP/M, you can't print to the screen or to a printer, you can't input from the keyboard, you can't access any peripherals. All you can do is move numbers in memory. So there's no practical way to access the 280 chip from 128

mode—but you really wouldn't want to, anyway. A central process

ing unit is pretty useless without an Operating system, and the Z8()'s op erating system is CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers). Without an operating system, a chip is like an automobile engine without a transmission or steering mechanism. If you want to access

the Z80, there are several good lan guages, including BASIC, available

on disk for CP/M.

The rationale behind the

need for separate ID numbers on disks escapes me. I believe it to be true, but don't understand why.

The bottom line of explanations given me is that if you change disks and both have the same ID, the drive thinks it has the same disk. But what is the drive com paring IDs against? I never save using an ID.

/\» Actually, there seems to be a I

COMPUTE''^ Gaiotte

June 1986

division of opinion on this, even among the Commodore users at

COMPUTE! Publications. Some people swear they've had disks ruined because of identical ID num bers, while others say they use the same ID number on every disk and have yet to lose a file.

in theory, at least, here's how identical ID numbers could cause a problem. When you first format a disk, the NEW command requires a

diskname and ID number:

which tells the drive which space is

free and which space is occupied. The drive reads this map into mem ory—memory within the disk drive

itself, not the computer. The drive refers to the map when new data is to be saved, Each time you add or delete information on the disk, the drive updates the map and writes it to the disk. If you swap two disks that hap pen to have the same ID number,

the drive may not be aware that you've inserted a different disk. It

BASIC 2.1):

OPEN 15fi,15,"NEW0;di$kname,id"

might continue to use the map from disk 1 when writing to disk 2. As a result, some existing information

:CLOSE 15

BASIC 7.0:

HEADER",/ijAmmr.>",/irf

Diskname can be any legal Commo dore filename up to 16 characters

on disk 2 may be overwritten or scrambled. If each disk has a differ ent ID number, this shouldn't hap

long, and id any two numbers, let

pen. To be safe, you can issue the

ters, or diameters. The NEW com

Initialize command (OPEN 15,8,15, "I0":CLOSE15) to force the drive to read the BAM. In actual practice, most Com modore users say they rarely, if

mand can be abbreviated to a single N. Examples: OPEN 15,8,15,"N0:BASICPROCS,T8" :CLOSE IS HEADER :'BASICPROCS",IT8

This would assign the diskname BAS1CPROGS and the ID number T8 to the disk. (Important: Use this command only on a blank

or scratch disk, because it irretriev ably erases any existing infor mation on

the disk.)

During the

formatting process, the ID is written to every sector on the disk.

Commodore disk drives use the ID numbers to determine when a

different disk has been inserted into the drive. You've never had to speci fy an ID number when saving a file because the drive checks it for you. It's important for the drive to know when a different disk has

been inserted because it must al ways keep track of available space on the current disk. When you save a

program or write to a

file,

the

drive has to know where the empty space is on the disk. Otherwise, it might overwrite existing data. Ev

ery disk contains a map, called a

block availability map (BAM),

ever, experience disk problems

which could be attributed to dupli cate ID numbers.

Is it possible to connect

Commodore 64 and VIC-20 com

patible joysticks to a Commodore

Plus/4 or 16? If so, what connec tions would I have to make?

A.•

Yes, it's possible, but you'd

have to rewire the joystick and find the correct plug connector to fit the Plus/4's and 16's joystick ports. This wouldn't be a difficult job for a technician or electronics hobbyist, but finding the right plug probably won't be easy.

We seem to remember seeing advertisements in European com puter magazines for converter

plugs that let you use a regular joy stick with a Plus/4 or 16, but can't recall who made them. Perhaps some of our European readers could suggest a source. vb

Thanks For The Memory

Todd Heimarck

Assistant Editor

We welcome Todd Heimarek as the

new "Horizons" columnist. Todd is the gazette's Assistant Editor.

Charles Brannon, author of the col

umn since October 1983, is writing a

new column, "AmigaVieiv," which

debuted in the May issue of our sister magazine, COMPUTE!. —Ed. Computer memory is like money. No matter how much you have,

you can find a way to spend it. Four years ago, 1 bought my first personal computer, a VIC-20 with an 8K expander and a Datas-

sette. This system was replaced first by a 64 and 1541, then by a 128 and 1571. The price of each computer, not counting peripherals or soft ware, was in the $250-300 range and yet each offered three times more usable memory for BASIC

programs, from 12K (expanded VIC) to 39K (64) to 120K (128).

Although each new machine

included new hardware and soft ware features, my primary reason

for upgrading was the extra memory. The mure memory you have, the more powerful your programs. When I've told friends that I

plan to buy the 512K expander for the 128 as soon as it's available, their first question is usually, "Why would you want that much memory?" Here are a few ideas. The 512K could hold 64 hi-res screens at

8,000 bytes each, so you could de sign 64 frames of full-screen anima tion. Or you could save 8192 sprite

shapes there—1024 shapes for each of the eight sprites.

By changing

shapes twice a second, you could produce an eight-minute cartoon. More serious applications

could include up to 512 help screens. Or a single-swap disk backup program. A 1571 disk holds 340K, all of which could be copied

to the expansion memory and then transferred to a new disk. A word processor could put roughly 50,000 words in the expander for a spelling checker. And CP/M recognizes the extra memory as disk M:—you can copy your favorite commands

the memory pack, for almost in stantaneous execution.

A Few Quirks Of The 128 And 1571 Two months ago, "Gazette Feed back" included a short program for setting up custom characters on the 128. The beginning of the program

performs a GRAPH IC1 followed by GRAPHIC0. The intention is not to set up a hi-res screen, but to move

the start of BASIC memory up by 9K, to reserve a portion of memory for the character set. i recently used this technique to create some custom characters.

Then, needing a sprite shape, I typed the SPRDEF command to en able the built-in sprite editor.

Upon returning to BASIC, the screen was completely blank and the keyboard seemed to be dis abled. The 128 wasn't completely locked up; pressing RUN-STOP/ RESTORE put things right again. A little experimentation

the ma

chine language monitor revealed the problem. Apparently, the sprite editor clears the entire hi-res graph ics area (where the custom charac ters were located). You can test this by drawing a simple shape on the hi-res screen and then going into the sprite editor. When you quit, try looking at the hi-res screen.

The next is a quirk of the 1571. If you go directly into 64 mode by

holding down the Commodore key when you turn on the 128, the 1571 will work as if it were a single-sided

sary with some commercial soft

ware, use "U0>M0" instead. Piles aren't written to the second side un

til the first side is full, so it often doesn't matter whether the 1571 is in mode 0 or mode 1.

Now, imagine that you're working on a program in 64 mode and the disk drive is acting like a 1541. The disk has been formatted with two sides, but it's mostly emp ty, so it makes no difference that the 1571 is accessing only one side. After scratching several files, you

validate the disk with OPEN 15,8, 15: PRINT#15, "V0" (the same as the COLLECT command in 128

mode). This isn't really necessary, but it shouldn't do any damage.

Validating makes the disk drive

read through the directory and pro tect any disk sector currently being used by a file, so existing files won't

be overwritten by new files. After scratching several programs, I'll often validate the disk, to be safe. Here's the problem: Validating

while the disk drive is in 1541 mode turns a double-sided disk into a sin gle-sided disk. Sending the "U0>Ml" command won't let you regain the second side. A flag in

byte 3 of track 18, sector 0 identifies double-sided disks. Since the vali date command writes a new Block Allocation Map (BAM) on that same

sector, it must write the single/ double flag at the same time. In oth er words, in 1541 mode, it acts just like you'd expect a 1541 to act, If this situation should happen to you, here's a program to turn

your disk back into a double-sider: 10

OPES'15.8. 11 :OF>EN2,B, 2 , " = "

PRINT* 15, "Ul";2;0;I(i:0

PRINT!15,"B-P";2;3

PRINTB2,Ci!RS|12a) ;

[=RINT«15, "U2";2;0;19:0

1541. You can convert it to a 1571

Pay close attention to the

by entering OPEN15,8,15, "U0>

punctuation—the commas and

Ml": CLOSE15. To force it into 1541 mode, which might be neces

semicolons should be typed just as they're listed, COMPUTES Gazelle

W June 1986

My Favorite Robots

Fred D'lgnazio

Associate Editor I'm writing a book inspired by The

Learning Company's bestselling game Robot Odyssey. The book is set nearly 30 years in the future in the year 2014, and is titled Escape From

Robotropolis (Blue Jay Books, Fall

1986). It's the story of teenager Homer Tierce's journey through an underground city inhabited by ro bot "Guardians" from another planet.

Writing this book has helped me speculate about how computers and robots might evolve over the next 30 years. One great danger 1 see is that they could become so easy to use that no one except the

experts will need to understand

how they work. As a result, we'll be placing major and minor decisions affecting our lives in the hands of "smart machines" which we do not

understand. One way in helping to avoid this fate is to begin to acquire a basic understanding of how these machines work by building com puter and robot kits.

Kits A decade ago, during the early days

of personal computing, there used to be a variety of computer kits on the market. But now, in the late 1980s, there is little demand for starter kits with 4K of memory when you can buy a 16K Radio Shack Color Computer for under

$70, already assembled. And far more powerful computers (like the 64 and

128) are not much more

expensive.

There are plenty of robot kits

on the market, mostly marketed as "construction set" toys for kids. I3i.it the problem with most of them is

that they have no computer inter face, no motors, and no sensorsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; three essential features of any real robot.

However, if you look hard 90

COMPUTE! s Gazelle

June 1966

enough, real computer-robot kits can be found. One of the best places to start is Capsela. The Capsela kits have four virtues: They're easy to

find (they're carried in Toys 'R Us stores nationwide), easy to assem

ble, versatile (allowing you to build many different kinds of machines),

and inexpensive, costing as little as $12 for a starter kit (with no motors or computers) and ranging up to the

computerized, motorized Capsela 2000 (S85) and Capsela 5000 ($120). The parts in a Capsela kit are

large and "friendly" looking, which makes them especially attractive as a beginner kit for a young child or a technophobic adult. Their varied and fantastic shapes are guaranteed to inspire any child's creativity and imagination. And, at the high end,

the Capsela 5000 lets you program your robots on a handheld, wireless remote unit from up to 20 feet. Your robot can have up to 17 functions and your program can have up to 94 commands.

Capsela is a wise choice be cause it features a family of ma chines all built from similar parts. This gives you a wider choice of kits and robots, and enables you to be come familiar with all the parts the

first time you build a kit. As a result, all succeeding kits become much easier to assemble. Once you and your children

have built a couple of Capsela ro bots, you'll be ready to tackle the Movit family of robots from OW1. Like Capsela, the Movits come in

all shapes and sizes and are inex pensive (as little as $25). Unfortu

nately, the Movit pieces are much smaller and less easy to manipu late, so they're better suited for old er children (ages eight and up). And the Movit kits are not as available as the Capsela kits. (You can order

them by direct mail and from popu lar hobbyist and computer stores and catalogs, including Heath/

Zenith and Fordham Radio.) At the top of the Movit line is the WAO (Wise Argent Orb) for

$100. You can assemble WAO from its 100 parts in two to three hoursâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;

with no soldering. Once it is assem bled you can program WAO with up to 27 commands on its onboard computer/keyboard or on a 64 or 128 using the WAO's RS-232 port

(and a $40 computer interface). WAO has a pen mechanism which can be programmed to draw Logolike graphics, including circles, stars, spirals, and letters. After you've adopted and as sembled an entire family of Movits, you'll be looking for a new chal

lenge. My recommendation is a Fischertechnik robotic computing kit

for the VIC-20, 64, or 128. The kit is relatively expensive ($200), but the price includes a power supply and

computer interface. A Fischertechnik kit is a lowcost way for an older child (ten and up) or a school group to iearn about

the basics of computers and robot ics. With the help of the excellent, clearly written manual you can build ten different robotic devices,

including a plotter, a machine tool, a sorting system, an automated Towers of Hanoi puzzle, a

solar

tracker, a robotic traffic light, and a

teachable assembly-line robot. The kit's parts are as finely made as in dustrial parts for a factory, yet they are relatively large, "friendly," and easy to manipulate. If you're looking for a local Cap sela dealer, call Jill Cooper of PlayJour Inc. at 212-243-5200. For more information about the Movits, talk to

June Morioka at 213-638-4732. To find the Fischertechnik ilcalcr closest to you, call Fischer America at 201227-9283.

More Math

Richard Mansfield Senior Editor Last month we explored how easy it is to add and subtract numbers in

machine language. Let's finish off this tour of arithmetic by looking at multiplication, division, and arith metic involving multi-byte numbers.

Multiplication is especially easy if one of your numbers is a power of two (two multiplied by it self any number of times: 2, 4, 8,16,

32, etc.). In these cases, you merely use the ASL instruction the appro priate number of times. ASL shifts left all eight bits in a byte so that the number two (00000010) becomes (00000100) the number four. Thus, ASL multi plies whatever's in the accumulator by two. To multiply by four, you would ASL:ASL twice. Here's how to multiply 5 X 16:

ber. Here's how to multiply 258 X

looks like this:

10:

.BYTE 6 0 0 1

100 LDA NUMBER:STA TEMP; PRE SERVE THE ORIGINAL NUMBER (2S8J

HO LDA NUMBER + 1:STA TEMP + 1 120 ASL NUMBER; MULTIPLY LOW 130 140 150 160 170

NUMBER

180 ADC NUMBER 190 STA NUMBER

This leaves the result, 80, in the accumulator.

To multiply by numbers which aren't powers of two, you can store the result in a temporary storage lo cation and combine multiplication with addition to get the result. To multiply 5X3, we'll need to resort to this method since neither five nor three is a power of two: 10 LDA #5 20 STA TEMP

30 ASL; MULTIPLY 5X2 40CLC

50 ADC TEMP; ADD THE RESULT, 10, TO THE 5 IN TEMP 60 STA TEMP 70RTS 100 .BYTE TEMP 0; THE TOTAL WILL APPEAR HERE

Multiplication involving larger numbers, numbers which fit into two-byte units, requires some addi tional programming. Essentially, we will be using the ASL technique

and, through a combination of ASL multiplication and any necessary

addition, we can multiply any num

the four bytes labeled LNUMBER below. 100 LOWER = SFB; FIRST SET UP

POINTERS TO OUR BYTE CHAINS 110 UPPER = $FD

120 LDA #<LNUMBER; PUT ADDRESS OF LOWER CHAIN INTO POINTER 130 STA LOWER 140 LDA #>LNUMBER ISO STA LOWER+1

160 LDA #<UNUMBER:STA UPPER: LDA #>UNUMBER:STA UPPER+ 1;

200LDATEMP+1

210 ADC NUMBER + 1 220 STA NUMBER + 1; NOW WE'VE GOT 257 X 5 IN NUMBER 230 ASL NUMBER; SO WE JUST MULTIPLY BY 2 240 ROL NUMBER + 1 250;

260 NUMBER .BYTE 2 1; THE RESULT WILL APPEAR HERE 270 TEMP .BYTE 0 0

Single-byte division follows

5 LDA #5 10 ASL:ASL:ASL:ASL

BYTE BY 2 ROL NUMBER + 1; ROLL ANY CARRY INTO HIGH BYTE ASL NUMBER; DO IT AGAIN ROL NUMBER + 1 CLC LDA TEMP; ADD ORIGINAL

When we finish adding them together, the result will appear in

UPPER CHAIN 170;

1B0 LDX #4; THE NUMBER OF BYTES IN OUR CHAIN 190 LDY #0 200 CLC 210 LOOP LDA (LOWER),Y 22D ADC (UPPER), Y 230 STA (LOWER),Y

240 INY 250 DEX 260 BNE LOOP:RTS

the same rules as single-byte multi plication, except you substitute LSR (Logical Shift Right) for ASL. So to divide 80 by 4, you would:

270; 280 LNUMBER .BYTE 3 0 10; 65S39

5 LDA #80

The result, 9 0 11, when trans lated into decimal, is 16842761. S

10 LSR;LSR

(RESULT IN THESE FOUR BYTES) 290 UNUMBER .BYTE 6 0 0 1; + 16777222

The result, 20, would be left in the accumulator.

Finally, to add or subtract multi-byte numbers, we loop through a chain of bytes holding our numbers and letting the carry flag take any overflow as we travel from less to more significant bytes. Let's say that we need to add 65539 +

16777222. Two bytes together

can hold a number up to 65535, so

65539 will require three bytes and will look like this: .BYTE 3 0 1

because the least significant byte is on the left (representing l's), then

the byte representing 256's, and fi nally the most significant byte (rep

ASSISTANT TECHNICAL EDITOR

COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. is seeking an Assistant Technical

Editor to join its staff. Position re quires extensive experience with microcomputers, knowledge of machine language. Experience or training in editing or writing skills necessary. Undergraduate degree preferred; experience in lieu of degree will be considered. Send resume and salary history in com

plete confidence to: Personnel Director COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.

resenting 65536's). So, .BYTE 0 0 2

P.O. Box 5406

would be the equivalent of 131072.

Greensboro, NC 27403

16777222 needs four bytes and looks COMPUTE'S Ganotm

Juna 1996

FontMaker John Cawley

Now you can easily design and print out your own characters. Up to nine custom character sets can be handled with this two-program package for the 64. A Commodore 1525, MPS-801, MPS803, or compatible printer is required. One benefit th.n owners of dotmatrix printers have over owners of daisyu'heel printers is that they can design and print their own charac ter fonts (type styles). The pro

To use Fontmaker, simply load it and type RUN. On the screen you'll see a square in which you can design characters. Below the design area is a full set of characters from

grams accompanying this article,

which you select one to edit. To the

"FontMaker" and "FontPrinter,"

right is a lisl of options. Begin by se

offer this ability and make it easy for the user. FontMaker lets you de

sign your own character sets, and FontPrinter allows you to print text

files—including specially-prepared

SpeedScript documents—on a Com modore 1525, 801, or 803 printer. Note that the- Commodore 1526 and MPS-802 printers are not com patible with the other Commodore models; FontPrinter (Program 2)

will not work with a 1526 or 802.

lecting a font to edit.

Fontmaker

provides for nine different custom

font sets, numbered 1-9. Font 0 is reserved for your printer's normal

character set, so that's always avail able as well. FontMaker always be gins with font 1 selected; press f6 to change to another font. FontMaker provides several

different methods of selecting which character in the font you wish to design. You can use the cur sor keys to move to the character

Creating Fonts FontMaker is written entirely in

you wish to edit. The character at the current cursor position in the

trol character—one with a character

code between 0 and 31 or between 128 and 159—you'll receive the message invalid character. You can not edit these characters. If FontPrinter receives a control character

from a text file, it does not attempt to locate its shape (control charac ters aren't printable, so they don't have shapes); it just sends the char acter code value straight to the printer. Thus, you can still use any special printer control characters

that fall within this range. There's one additional method

for selecting which character you wish to edit. Press f5 and you'll be prompted for a character to edit. You can either type a single charac ter and press RETURN, or you can type a slash followed by a character

code number. For example, if you type /65, you'll be able to edit the a character. As before, however, characters 0-31 and 128-159 can not be edited. Once you've selected a charac ter, the cursor appears in the design area. If the character you selected

character set display appears in

has been previously defined, its ex

quired. First, delete linos 550 and

black instead of light blue like the others. Press RETURN to select that character for editing; it will turn white to indicate that it's been se

character has not previously been

640-660, plus the OPEN

lected. Or just type the key corre

defined, the design area will be

sponding to the character you wish to edit. In this case, the color of character in the display will not

blank, and the cursor will appear as a dark line on the left border of the design area. Actually, a random

GOTO 330. For easiest use, you should store all fonts you design on

change; instead, you'll see a mes

pattern may appear for some unde

sage under the design area telling

a separate tape from the one you use for FontMaker and FontPrinter.

you which character is being edited.

fined characters because of leftover values in the area of memory used to store the font sets. !f vou wish to

BASIC and may be typed saved as usual. If you use drive instead of a disk, then ber of small modifications

in and a tape a num are re 15,8,15

statement in Sine 120. Then change

the 8 in lines 560 and 610 to a 1, and change line 630 to read simply

COMPUTE-s Gazelle

June 1986

If you type a nonprintable con

isting definition will be displayed in the design area, with a cursor in the upper left corner. If the specified

initialize the storage area to ensure

control keys to move about the de

that all characters start out unde fined, enter the following line in di rect mode before running FontMaker;

sign area. The cursor wraps around

FOR X -31488 TO 40703: POKE X,0: NEXT

Be patient; this initialization will take about 35 seconds. For a previously undefined

character, your first step should be to specify the width for your char

acter design. The standard size for characters on the 1525 and related printers is six dots wide by seven

dots high. Most character defini

tions actually use only the first five vertical columns, with the sixth (rightmost) column left blank for spacing between characters. Fontmaker offers greater flexibility by allowing you to define each charac ter individually to be any width be tween zero and eight dots. This is

useful, for example, in making the letters i and t thinner and the letters hi and w wider. Character height is fixed at seven dots; this is an un

changeable physical feature of the printer, which forms characters

using a vertical stack of seven wire "hammers" in its print head. Of course, you need not make your character design a full seven dots high—you might want to re

serve the bottom two rows for de scenders for lowercase letters like g,

p, q, and y. Press f3 to add a column of pixels (short for picture elements, the technical term for screen or

printer dots), or f4 to remove a col umn. Columns are always added left to right, and deleted right to left. Remember to add a blank col umn on the right side of your de

sign; otherwise, the characters will run together when printed.

The only caution with varying letter width is that the printer still

assumes that each character is only six dots wide. That is, the printer as sumes that a line consists of 80 six-

dot characters (for a total of 480 dots). If you use too many seven- or

eight-dot-wide characters, there is the possibility that the line will overflow and run over onto the next line. For a few wide characters,

this isn't likely to happen, but if you have several, you should temporar ily redefine the margins on your

word processor, or include a few characters of zero width on that line in order to fool the printer. You can use the normal cursor

at all design area boundaries. Press

the/I character in font 1, pressing f6 and then 4 to switch to font 4, then pressing RETURN to store the defi

ing CLR/HOME returns the cursor

nition in the A character position in

to the upper left corner; 5HIFTCLR/HOME clears the design area, turning all pixels off (the defined

in font 4 until you switched to an

width remains unchanged). To turn

that font 4. (You would then remain

other font.) You can even use the f5 and f6 keys together to copy one

on a dot, press fl (or any key other than space, RETURN, SHIFT-RE TURN, and the other function

character in one font to a different character in a different font.

keys). An asterisk will appear to in

characters you want, you must save

dicate that the pixel is on and the cursor will move one position to the right, wrapping around at the right edge of the design area. To clear (turn off) a dot that was previously

the font sets to tape or disk for FontPrinter to use. Press f8 to save a font set; you'll be prompted for a file

on, press f2 or the space bar. The

sets for additions or further editing.

asterisk will disappear and the cur

Pressing f7 activates the load fea ture. Keep in mind that f7 and f8 al ways load and save all nine fonts in

sor will move one position to the right.

After you've designed all the

name. Fontmaker also allows you

to reload previously created font

When you've finished design ing a character, press RETURN to

the set—FontMaker does not pro

save the new version of the charac

of individual fonts. There are a couple of other

ter into the currently selected font.

vide for selective loading or saving

The design area will clear and the cursor will return to the character set. The character pattern on the screen will not change. Remember,

cautions. If you press f7 or f8 acci

FontMaker is for designing custom

that some value be entered. If you press one of these accidentally, you can negate the effect of the mistake by simply entering the value of the currently selected character or font. If the program should stop because of an error, just clear the screen and run the program again—the font

printer characters, not custom

screen characters. If you wish to cancel a design without saving any changes you may have made, press

SHIFT-RETURN. This also clears the design area and returns the cur sor to the character set display, but

without affecting the previous defi

dentally, you can undo your mis

take by pressing RETURN alone. However, f5 and ffi both require

will be intact. However, if an error

nition for the character you were

occurs during a save, you must type

editing.

GOTO 620, then press RUN/ STOP, type RUN, and press RE TURN. The font set in the process of being saved should slill be intact.

You can also use the f5 and f6 keys while designing a character.

While the cursor is in the design area, (5 changes the character posi

tion at which the design will be stored without affecting the charac ter pattern currently being edited.

This allows you to copy designs be tween character positions within a font, and can be a useful shortcut. For example, you can define and store a design for the h character, then select h again, turn off the ex tra dots at the top, then press f5, the N key, and RETURN to store a de sign for u without having to redraw

it from scratch. You can change font sets with

out affecting the character being edited by pressing f6. This allows you to copy characters between

font sets. For example, you could copy the definition of the A charac

ter from font 1 to font 4 by selecting

One final note: You don't have

to design a shape for every charac ter in every font—all the printer's normal characters still remain

available for your use—but you must design a new shape for every character you actually use in every

font you use. For example, suppose you want to use font 6 as italics and you design an italic shape for every uppercase letter in that font except L When you try to print HELLO

using font 6, all that will appear at the printer is HEO. This caution also applies to the space and shifted-space characters (codes 32 and 160, respectively). These two are easy to overlook because they don't appear in the character set display on the FontMaker screen. Because FontPrinter assumes COMPUTE! s Gazette

June 1986

zero width for all undefined charac ters, all the words you print in the custom fonts will run together if you don't have space defined. How

do you define a space? Select the space character hy pressing the space bar, or by pressing f5 and en tering the code for space, /32. Use

f3 to open up the desired number of empty columns for the space, then press RETURN to store the defi nition.

Printing Fonts Program 2, FontPrinter, is written entirely in machine language. To

SpeedScript, press SHIFT-CTRL-P. When you're prompted for screen, disk, or printer, enter D for disk and respond with a filename. This ver sion of the text file can now be printed with FontPrinter. Note that

SpeedScript will not print text files to cassette, so you'll have to use

some alternate method to create an ASCII file on tape (such as the pro

Be careful not to omit the semicolon (;) at the end of each PRINT state ment. For tape, change line 20 to:

grams below).

20 INPUT FS:OPEN 1,1,1,F$

Once FontPrinter has been giv en the name of the text file, it will begin printing in font 0, the print er's normal character set. Font-

type RUN and press RETURN.

Printer interprets a CHR$(0) in your text as a signal to change fonts.

machine language editor program,

The character sent immediately after the CHR$(0) must be a num ber between 0 and 9 (character codes 48-57). FontPrinter will then change to the previously defined

to the prompts with: Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 09C8

font indicated. For example, if font

After entering all the data, be sure to save at least one copy. To

load FontPrinter, type LOAD "file name",^ and press RETURN. If you're using tape, change the ,8 to

,1. After the file entered with MLX is loaded, tape users should enter the following line: POKE2136,1:POKE2176,1:POKE2178,1

and press RETURN. Then resave

this modified version of FontPrinter

2 of your character set is italics and you'd like to print a word in italics, you would redefine a character to

be treated as CHR$(0) somewhere in your document. Just before you type the phrase to be italicized, you would type a CHRS(O) followed by a character 2. Then type the phrase, and FontPrinter will italicize it. To switch from italics to another font, type a CHR$(0) followed by the ample, CHR$(0) followed by 0 to

MLX.

You can change fonts in SpeedScript using a definable printkey.

for the filename of a font set. This will be one of the font sets you de signed and saved using FontMaker. Enter your choice and press RE TURN, then wait while the selected

font is loaded into memory. When you see the prompt Source:, reply with the name of the previously created text file you wish to print. FontPrinter requires that the text in files it prints be stored as Commodore ASCII characters. Thus a special step is necessary if you want to print files generated using COMPUTF.l's SpeedScript word processor (and several others, in

cluding WordPro and Paperclip),

COMPUTEIs GazoffD

June 1986

key. Since it's not normally possible to type a character equivalent to

CHR$(0) from the keyboard, the £ key is programmed to send the CHR$(0) you need to change fonts (although it still appears on the screen as £). For example, to indi cate a switch to font 4 you would

simply type £ followed by 4.

See program listings on page 110.

COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE TOLL FREE

Subscription Order Line 1-800-247-5470 In IA

left of the CLR/HOME key), then respond to the Press format key: message by pressing the 0 key, fol lowed by an equal sign (=) and a 0.

1-800-532-1272

This will appear on the screen as a

STATE-OF-THE-ART MAGNETIC MEDIA

reverse-video 0, followed by =0.

5".." DISKETTES

After this, CTRL-£ 0 will be treated

• Wlin Hub Rlngi

• Wilie Piolect Tabi ■ Envelope!

as CHR$(0). To switch to font 2, you would include in your text

CTRL-E 0 followed by 2. Remem ber that, once you switch to a font, all text will be printed in that font until you switch to a different font. If you don't have a copy of

SpeedScript or some other word

such as the following will allow you

these instructions: After entering or loading the desired text using

file on disk or tape as well as being displayed on the screen. To end en try and close the file, press the @

For example, type CTRL-E (the Brit

text as screen codes rather than as

file for use with FontPrinter, follow

the file is opened and anything you type from then on is written to the

ish pound character £ is just to the

These word processors store the

create an ASCII-format SpeedScript

You'll be asked for a name for the text file. After you enter the name,

return to the printer's normal font.

processor that can store text as character codes, a simple program

Commodore character codes. To

To use this program, simply

number of the desired font—for ex

to use with your Datassette instead of the original version entered with When FontPrinter has finished loading, type RUN. You'll be asked

CHRS(O)

60 PRINT AS;:PRINT#1,AS;:GOTO 30

type it in, you must use the "MLX"

found elsewhere in this issue. After loading and running MLX, respond

10 PRINT CHRS(14)"FILENAME"; 20 INPUT FS:OPEN 1,8,6,FS + ",S,W" 30 GET A$:IF AS-="" THEN 30 40 IF AS = "@" THEN PRINT#1:CLOSE 1:END 50 IF A$ = "£" THEN PRINT AS;:A5 =

to create an ASCII file directly on

disk or tape {although not with the

ease of a word processor, since there is no provision for editing the text you enter):

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COMPUTE'S GAZETTE

Author Guide

Here arc some suggestions which serve to improve the speed and accuracy of publication for prospective

authors. COMPUTED GAZETTE is primarily interested in new and timely articles on the Commodore 128, 64,

Plus/4, 16, and VIC-20. We are much more concerned with the content of an article than with its style, but articles should as be clear and well-explained as possible.

The guidelines below will permit your good ideas and programs to be more easily edited and published: 1. The upper left corner of the first page should contain your name, address, telephone number, and the date of submission. 2. The following information should appear in the upper right corner of the first page. If your article is

specifically directed to one model of computer, please state the model name. In addition, please indicate the memory requirements of programs. 3. The underlined title of the article should start about 2/3 of the way down the first page.

4. Following pages should be typed normally, except that in the upper right comer there should be an abbreviation of the title, your last name, and the page number. For example: Memory Map/Smith/2. 5. All lines within the text of the article must be double- or triple-spaced. A one-inch margin should be left at the right, left, top, and bottom of each page. No words should be divided at the ends of lines. And please do not justify. Leave the lines ragged. 6. Standard typing or computer paper should be used (no erasable, onionskin, or other thin paper) and typing should be on one side of the paper only (upper- and lowercase).

7. Sheets should be attached together with a paper clip. Staples should not be used. 8. If you are submitting more than one article, send each one in a separate mailer with its own tape or disk.

9. Short programs (under 20 lines) can easily be

included within the text. Longer programs should be separate listings. !i is essential thai we have a copy of the program, recorded twice, on a tape or disk. If your article was written with a word processor, we also appreciate a copy of the text file on the tape or disk. Please use high-quality 10 or 30 minute tapes with the program recorded on both sides. The tape or disk should be labeled with the author's name and the title of the article. Tapes are fairly sturdy, but disks need

supply stores).

1*0. A good general rule is to spell out the numbers

zero through ten in your article and write higher numbers as numerals (1024). The exceptions to this are: Figure 5, Table 3, TAB(4), etc. Within ordinary text, however, the zero through ten should appear as words, not numbers. Also, symbols and abbreviations

should not be used within text: use "and" (not &), "reference" (not ref.), "through" (not thru). 11. For greater clarity, use all capitals when refer ring to keys (RETURN, CTRL, SHIFT), BASIC words {LIST, RND, GOTO), and the language BASIC. Head lines and subheads should, however, be initial caps only, and emphasized words are not capitalized. If you wish to emphasize, underline the word and it will be italicized during typesetting.

12. Articles can be of any lengthâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;from a singleline routine to a multi-issue series. The average article is about four to eight double-spaced, typed pages. 13. If you want to include photographs, they should be either 5X7 black and white glossies or color slides.

14. We do not consider articles which are submit ted simultaneously to other publishers. If you wish to send an article to another magazine for consideration, please do not submit it to us.

15. COMPUTED GAZETTE pays between $70 and $800 for published articles. In general, the rate reflects

the length and quality of the article. Payment is made upon acceptance. Following submission {Editorial Department, COMPUTED GAZETTE, P.O. Box 5406,

Greensboro, NC 27403) it will take from two to four weeks for us to reply. If your work is accepted, you will be notified by a letter which will include a con

tract for you to sign and return. Rejected manuscripts are relumed to authors who enclose a self-addressed, stumped envelope. 16. If your article is accepted and you have since

made improvements to the program, please submit an entirely new tape or disk and a new copy of the article reflecting the update. We cannot easily make revisions to programs and articles. It is necessary that you send the revised version as if it were a new submission entirely, but be sure to indicate that your submission

is a revised version by writing, "Revision" on the envelope and the article. 17. COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE does not accept unsolicited product reviews. If you are interested in serving on

to be enclosed within plastic or cardboard mailers

our panel of reviewers, contact our Features Editor for

(available at photography, stationery, or computer

details. COMPUTED Gazette

June 1986

How To Type In COMPUTEI's GAZETTE Programs Each month, COMPUTE!'* gazette

Special Characters

publishes programs for the Com modore 128, 64, Plus/4, 16, and V1C-20. Each program is clearly marked by title and version. Be sure

Most of the programs listed in each issue contain special control charac ters. To facilitate typing in any pro grams from the GAZETTE, use the

to type in the correct version for

your machine. All 64 programs run on the 128 in 64 mode. Be sure to read the instructions in the corre sponding article. This can save lime

and eliminate any questions which might arise after you begin typing. We frequently publish two programs designed to make typing easier: The Automatic Proofreader, and MLX, designed for entering

machine language programs.

When entering a BASIC pro

gram, be especially careful with

DATA statements as they are ex tremely sensitive to errors. A mistyped number in a DATA state ment can cause your machine to

"lock up" (you'll have no control over the computer). If this happens, the only recourse is to turn your computer off then back on, erasing whatever was in memory. So be

sure to sai'e a copy of your program

before you run it. If your computer

crashes, you can always reload the

The most common type of con

The Quote Mode

means to press the cursor down

Although you can move the cursor around the screen with the CRSR keys, often a programmer will want

as words within braces: [DOWN]

key; [5 SPACES; means to press

to move the cursor under program

the space bar five times.

To indicate that a key should

see strange characters on your screen, but that's to be expected. If

you're in quote mode. This mode

you find a number followed by an

can be confusing if you mistype a character and cursor left to change it. You'll see a reverse video charac

the character is underlined. For ex

ample, A means hold down the SHIFT key and press A. You may

underlined key enclosed in braces

(for example, [8 Aj), type the key as many times as indicated (in our example, enter eight SHIITed A's).

If a key is enclosed in special

brackets,

3, hold down the

Commodore key (at the lower left corner of the keyboard) and press the indicated character.

Rarely, you'll see a single letter

When You Read:

SHIFTS

CIR.'HOMfi

control. This is seen in examples

such as [LEFT[ and JHOMEf in the program listings. The only way the computer can tell the difference between direct and programmed cursor control is the quote mode. Once you press the quote key,

be shifted {hold down the SHUT key while pressing another key),

When You Read: {CLR|

press CTRL-A.

trol characters in our listings appear

of the alphabet enclosed in braces.

Sue:

key while typing the letter in braces. Tor example, [A} means to

following listing conventions.

program and look for the error.

Press:

This can be entered on the Com modore 64 by pressing the CTRL

Press:

ter (a graphics symbol for cursor

left). In this case, you can use the DELete key to back up and edit the

line. Type another quote and you're out of quote mode. If things really get confusing, you can exit quote mode simply by pressing RETURN.

Then just cursor up to the mistyped line and fix it.

See:

Press:

See:

{PUR]

[HOMEj

|UP|

.SHIFT'

1BLU]

t CM?1

{DOIVN1 {LEFT!

SHIFT

[

. _

fYEL) 1

— OUR—!

{RIGHT!

—CRSR —

i in Commodore £4 Only

I Fl I

p , -.

COMMODORE' , 1 :

{

p , n

COMMODORE

{HVS!

CTRL

i F3 }

COMMODORE

(OFF]

CTRl

! R

c 4 q

COMMODORE)

-I

1DLKI

CTRL

i F5 !

jWHT)

CTRL

I F6 I

{RED)

CTRL

{ *7 1

!CVN|

( 1KI

{ FB 1

p t

COMPUTEfs Gtitotto

June 1986

s a

C0MM0IX1H1

COMMODORE

_ O

COMMODORE. , 7

„ a " a

COMMODORE

6 1 L—-'

Philip I. Nelson, Assistant Editor "Thf Automatic Proofreader" helps you lypc in program listings for the 128, 64, Plus/4, 16, and VIC-20 and prevents nearly every kind of typing mistake.

Type in the Proofreader exactly as listed. Since the program can't check it

self, type carefully to avoid mistakes. Don't omit any lines, even if they con

tain unfamiliar commands. After finish ing, save a copy or two on disk or tape before running it. This is important be cause the Proofreader erases the BASIC portion of itself when you run it, leav ing only the machine language portion in memory.

Next, type RUN and press RE TURN, After announcing which com puter it's running on, the Proofreader

displays the message "Proofreader Active". Now you're ready to type in a BASIC program.

Every time you finish typing a line and press RETURN, the Proofreader displays a two-letter checksum in the upper-left corner of the screen. Com pare this result with the two-letter checksum printed to the left of the line in the program listing. If the letters match, it's almost certain the line was

typed correctly. If the letters don't match, check for your mistake and cor rect the line. The Proofreader ignores spaces not enclosed in quotes, so you can omit or

add spaces between keywords and still see a matching checksum.

However,

since spaces inside quotes are almost al ways significant, the Proofreader pays attention to them. For example, 10 PRINT'THIS IS BASIC" will generate a different checksum than 10

PRINT'THIS 1SBA

SIC".

A common typing error is transpo

sition—typing two successive charac

ters in the wrong order, like PIRNT instead of PRINT or 64378 instead of 64738. The Proofreader is sensitive to

the position of each character within the line and thus catches transposition errors.

The Proofreader does not accept

keyword abbreviations (for example, ? instead of PRINT). If you prefer to use abbreviations, you can stilt check the line by LISTing it after typing it in,

moving the cursor back to the line, and

pressing RETURN. 1-ISTing the line substitutes the full keyword for the ab breviation and allows the Proofreader to work properly. The same technique

works for rechecking programs you've already typed in. If you're using the Proofreader on

the Commodore 128, Plus/4, or 16, do not perform any GRAPHIC commands while the Proofreader is active. When

you perform a command like GRAPH IC 1, the the start cluding memory

computer moves everything at of BASIC program space—in the Proofreader—to another area, causing the Proofreader

to crash, The same thing happens if you run any program ivith a GRAPHIC command while the Proofreader is in memory.

Though the Proofreader doesn't interfere with other BASIC operations, it's a good idea to disable it before run ning another program. However, the Proofreader is purposely difficult to dis lodge: It's not affected by tape or disk operations, or by pressing RUN/ STOP- RESTORE. The simplest way to

disable it is to turn the computer off then on. A gentler method is to SYS to the computer's built-in reset routine

(SYS 65341 for the 128, 64738 for the 64, 65526 for the Plus/4 and 16, and 64802 for the VIC). These reset routines

erase any program in memory, so be sure to save the program you're typing

in before entering the SYS command. If you own a Commodore 64, you may already have wondered whether the Proofreader works with other pro gramming utilities like "MetaBASIC."

The answer is generally yes, if you're using a 64 and activate the Proofreader

after installing the other utility. For ex ample,

first load and activate Meta

BASIC, then load and run the Proofreader. When using the Proofreader with

another utility, you should disable both programs before running a BASIC pro gram. While the Proofreader seems un

affected by most utilities, there's no

way to promise that it will work with any and every combination of utilities you might want to use. The more utili ties activated, the more fragile the sys tem becomes.

The New Automatic Proofreader h256*PEEK{773)

:LO=43:HI=44

"AUTOMATIC

",-:IF

TOR

PROOKREAUE

VEC=423G4

"c-fi-i"

IV VSC=51i556 C-20"

THEN

[spacl-:)print

£F

VEC=35158 TilKN

LR:PRINT

TIIMN "VI

GRAPLIC

"PLUS/4

10"

IF VEC=17165 THEN LO=-I5:HI = 46:GRA[>UIC CLR: PRINT" 128"

SA=[PEEK|LO)+25fi*PEE:K(Hi )) + 6:ADR=SA

FOR E

J=0

1C>6:KEAI}

UYT:POK

Ar>R,raYT:ADH"ADK+l:CilK = CI!i;

+BYT1NEXT

C!IK<>20570

ERROR*

CHECK

THEN

1'RlfJT

TYPING

DATA

STATEMENTS":END 90

FOR J=l

5:HEAD

RF,LK,HPl

RS-SA+RF:HB=INT(RS/25tj) :1-B"= RS-(256*HH) 100

CHK=CilK+R£'+LF+ilF:POKE

110

CHKO22054

•ERROR*

REWAD

tSl'ACEjCHECK

THEN

PHI NT

PROGRAM

FINAL

SA + 1,

AMI)

LINE"iEN

120 1311

POKE SA+149,PEEK(772);POKE SA+15O,PEEK(773) IF VEC=17165 THEN POKE SA+1.4,22iP0KE

SA-H8,23:TOKKSA*

29 , 2 24 : POKESAH 3<>, 224 140

PRINT CHt!$( 147) ;QIKS( 17 ); " PROOFRKADER ACTIVE" J.SYS SA

150

POKE HI,PEEK(HI)+liPOKE (I' EEK(LO) + 256*PEEK( HI))-l, OtN

1G0

DATA 120,169,73,141,4,3,10 9,3, 141,5,3 170 DATA 88,96,165,20,1.33,167, 1(55,2: ,133,168, 169 Ifif)

DATA

0,14],0,255,162,31,IS

I,199,157,227,3 191! DATA 202,16,24(3,169, 19,32, 210,255,169,13,3? 201) DATA 210,255,160,0,132,101! ,132,176,136,230,180

210 220

DATA

200,1S5,0,2,240,46,20

DA'l'A

165,176, 73, 255,131, 17

1,34,208,6,72

G, 104,72,201, 32.2DH

230 2-10

DATA 7,165,176,238,3,104,3 08,226,104,166,Ifin DATA

24, 165, 167,121,(1,2,1 J

3,167,165, 163, 10!i

250

DATA 0,133,168,202.,20B,239 ,240,202,165,1G7,69

260

DATA

168,72,41,15,1(39,105,

211 ,3,32,210,255

270

DATA

104,74,74,74,74,168,J

f!5,211 ,3,32,210 200 UATA 255,162,31 ,183, 227, ), 149,199,202,16,248

290 DATA 169,146,32,210,255,76 ,86,137,65,66,67

300

DATA 68,69,70,71,72,74,75, 77,ft0.81,82,83,38

310

DATA

13,2,7,167,31,32,151,

116,117,151,129,t2O,1G7,1J6 ,137

„

COMPUTED Gazette

Junn 1986

MLX

Machine Language Editor For The Commodore 64

"MLX" is a labor-saving utility that will help you entcf machine lan guage program listings without error. MLX is required to enter all Commo dore 64 machine language programs published in COMPUTE!'* gazette. This version of MLX was first pub lished in the January 1986 issue; it cannot be used to enter MLX pro grams published prior to that date, nor can earlier versions of MLX be

used to enter the listings in this issue. Type in and save a copy of MLX. You'll need it for all future machine language programs in COMPUTE?'* GAZETTE, as

well as machine language (ML) pro grams in our companion magazine, COMPUTE!, and COMPUTE! books.

When you're ready to enter an ML pro gram, load and run MLX, It asks you for a starling and ending address. These addresses appear in the article accom

panying the MLX-fonnat program list ing you're typing. If you're unfamiliar

with ML, the addresses (and all other values you enter in MLX) may appear strange. Instead of the usual decimal numbers you're accustomed to, these numbers are in hexadecimal—a base 16

numbering system commonly used by Ml. programmers. Hexadecimal—hex

for short—includes the numerals 0-9 and the letters A-F. But even if you know nothing about ML or hex, you

played. You can get back to the menu RETURN.

match, you'll hear a pleasant beep, the data, is added to the workspace area, and the prompt for the next line of data

Entering A Listing

appears (unless the line just entered was the last line of the listing—in

from most options by pressing

To begin entering data, press E. You'll be asked for the address at which you

which case you'll automatically ad

wish to begin. (If you pressed E by mis

detects a typing error, you'll hear a low

take, you can return to the command menu by pressing RETURN.) When you begin typing a listing, enter the

buzz and see an error message. Then

a long listing in several sessions, you

1NST/DEL key now works as an alter

should enter the address where you left off typing at the end of the previous

native cursor-left key.) You cannot

session. In any case, make sure the ad

dress you enter corresponds to the ad dress of a line in the MLX listing. Otherwise, you'll be unable to enter the

data correctly. After you enter the address, you'll see that address appear as a prompt with a nonblinking cursor. Now you're

ready to enter data. To help prevent

find where you left off typing if you ■en ter the listing in several sessions. Choose this option if you're starting to enter a new listing. If you're continuing

a listing that's partially typed from a previous session there's no point in

clearing the workspace, since the data you load in will fill the area with what ever values were in workspace memory at the time of the last Save. At this point, MLX presents a menu of commands: Enter data Display data Load data Save file Quit

Press the corresponding key to select a menu option. These commands are

available only while the menu is dis 98

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

rightmost character, you'll reenter the line. To make corrections in a mistyped line, compare the line on the screen with the one printed in the listing, then move the cursor to the mistake and type the correct key. During editing, RE TURN is active; pressing it tells MLX to recheck the line. You can press the CLR/HOME key to clear the entire line

habits. MLX listings consist of nine col

you want to get to a line number prompt to use RETURN to get back to

umns of two-digit numbers—eight bytes of data and a checksum. You do not type spaces between the columns; the new

MLX automatically inserts these for you. Nor do you press RETURN after

typing the last number in a line; MLX automatically enters and checks the line after you type the last digit. The only keys needed for data entry are 0-9

keys produces a warning buzz.

with zeros, which will make it easier to

move left beyond the first character in the line, if you try (o move beyond the

typing mistakes, only a few keys are ac tive, so you may have to unlearn some

and A-F. Pressing most of the other

workspace area fills the reserved area

MLX redisplays the line for editing.

To edit a line, move the cursor left and right using the cursor keys. (The

ending addresses, MLX offers the op you enter with MLX is kept in a special reserved area of memory; clearing this

vance to the Save option). But if MLX

starting address here. If you're typing in

should have no trouble using MLX. After you enter the starting and

tion o( clearing the workspace. The data

Ottis Cowper

Technical Editor

To correct typing mistakes before finishing a line, use the 1NST/DEL key to delete the character to the left of the cursor, (The cursor-left key also de

letes.) If you mess up a line badly, press CLR/HOME to start the line over. The RETURN' key is also active, but only before any data is typed on a line. Press ing RETURN at this point returns you to the command menu. After you type a character, MLX disables RETURN until the cursor returns to the start of a line. Remember, you can press CLR/HOME

to quickly get to a line number prompt.

Beep Or Buzz?

if you want to start from scratch, or if

the menu.

Other MLX Functions The Display data option lets you review your work. When you select D, you'll be asked for a starting address. (As with the other menu options, pressing RE TURN at this point takes you back to the command menu.) Make sure the ad dress corresponds to a line from the list* ing. You can pause the scrolling display by pressing the space bar. (MLX finish es printing the current line before halt ing.) To resume scrolling, press the space bar again. The display continues to scroll until the ending address is reached, then the menu reappears. To

break out of the display and return to the menu before the ending address is reached, press RETURN. A quick way

to check your typing is to compare the reverse video checksums on the screen

with the data in the rightmost column of the printed listing. If the values match, you can be sure the line is en tered correctly.

After you type the last digit in a line, MLX calculates a checksum from the line number and the first eight columns

The Save and Load menu options are straightforward. First, MLX asks for

of data, then compares it with the value

at this prompt without entering any

in the ninth column. The formula (found in lines 370-390 of the MLX program) catches almost every conceiv

able typing error, including the trans position of numbers. If the values

a filename. (Again, pressing RETURN thing returns you to the command menu.) Next, MLX asks you to press

either T or D for tape or disk. If you no tice the disk drive starting and stopping several times during a load or save.

don't panic; this behavior is normal be cause MLX opens and reads from or writes to the file instead of using (he

with a command such as LOAD "jiltnante",H,l for disk or LOAD "file-

H WORKSPACE [Y/N]g43" ; A

name", I,] for tape, then started with a

PG 210 PRINT" £2 DOWN) IBLUiWORK

usual LOAD and SAVE commands, For

SYS to a particular memory address.

added to the filename (line 750), so (his

mon starting address for such programs

should 110/ be included when entering the name. (This also precludes the use

is 49152, which corresponds to MLX address OHIO.) In any case, you should

of @ for Save-with-Replace, so remem

always refer to the article which accom

disk, the drive prefix 0: is automatically

panies the ML listing for information on

ent name.) MLX .saves the entire work space area from the starting to ending

loading and running the program. By the time you finish typing in the

address, so the save or load may take longer than you might expect if you've entered only a small amount of data

data for a long ML program, you'll have several hours invested in the project.

tially completed listing, make sure to note the address where you stopped typing so you'll know where to resume entry when you reload. MLX reports any errors detected during the save or load. (Tape users should bear in mind that the Commo dore 64 is never able to .detect errors when saving to tape.) MLX also has

ING...";:FORI=BS TO BS +

Wj RINT"DONE"

EA-SA+7:POKE

220

230

first using it to enter any significant amount of data. (Incidentally, MLX is included every monlh on the GAZETTE disk.) Make sure all the menu options work as they should. Enter fragments of

the program starting at several different addresses, then use the Display option to verify that the data has been entered

I,0:NEXT:P

PRINTTAB(10)"{2 DOWN] [BLKHRVS] MLX COMMAND [ SPACE ]HENU [DOWtl) \4% " t PRINT TS"tRVS}E(Off]NTE R

DATA"

PRINT TS"[RVS]D[OFF)1SP LAY

DATA"iPRINT TS"

(RvS)UOFF]OAD DATA" 240 PRINT T5"£RVS]StOFF}AVE

PILE"iPRINT TS"[RVS}Q

Don't take chances—use our "Auto

matic Proofreader" to type in MLX, and then test your copy thoroughly before

I,EFT$(A$,1)<>"Y"TH

EN2 20

(On the Commodore 64, the most com

ber to give each version saved a differ

from a long listing. When saving a par

S:IF

iOt'F]UIT[2 DOWNiiBLK}" JH

250

260

270

GET AS;IF AS=NS THEN250 A=0:FOR 1=1 TO 5:IF AS= MIDS("EDLSQ",I,1)THEN A =1:1=5 HEXTiON

A GOTO420,610,6

90,700,280:GOSUB106O:GO

TO250

EJ 280 PRINT"[RVS} QUIT ":INPU T"{DOWNU42ARE VOU SURE [Y/N]";AS:IF LEFTS(AS, 1)<>"Y"THEN220

three special load error messages: INCORRECT STARTING ADDRESS,

correctly. And be sure to test the Save and Load options several times to en

290

POKE

300

IN5=NSiAD=0:INPUTINS:IF

which means the file you're trying to

sure that you can recall your work from

load does not have the starting address you specified when you ran MLX;

disk or tape. Don't let a simple typing

KF 3L0

LOAD ENDED AT address, which means the file you're trying to load

hard work.

ends

before

the ending address you

specified when you started MLX; and TRUNCATED AT ENDING ADDRESS, which means the file you're trying to load extends beyond the ending ad dress you originally specified. If you get one of these messages and feel certain that you've loaded the right file, exit

error in MLX cost you several nights of

refer to "How To Type In COMPUTED GAZETTE Programs" elsewhere in this

The Quit menu option has the ob

110

120

RUN/STOP key is disabled, Q lets you exit the program without turning off the computer. (Of course, RUN/STOPRESTORE also gets you out.) You'll be asked for verification; press Y to exit to BASIC, or any other key to return to the menu. After quitting, you can type RUN again and reenter MLX without losing your data, as long as you don't use the clear workspace option.

POKE 56,50:CLR:DIM INS, I,J,A,B,AS,BS,A(7),NS C4=48:C6*16:C7=7:Z2=2:Z 4 = 254 .-Z5=255 sZfi=*256:Z7 = 127

vious effect—it stops MLX and enters

BASIC at a READY prompt. Since the

130

FA=PEEK(45)+Z6*PEEK(46)

:BS=PEEK(55)+Z6*PEEK(56 ):HS="01234567O9ABCDEfc'"

ES=CHRS(L3) iLS = " [LEFT]11

:SS = " "jDS=CHRS(20):ZS= CHRS(B)iTS="(13 RIGHT)" CO

140

SD=54272:FOR

+23:POKE

FC 150

R$(8):POKE E

FR 170

The instructions for loading the fin

340

CH 350

JB 180

{REOHlWS]

190

EDITOR

ADD

P TMEN18

BE 370

ADDRKSSE43";iGOSUB

300:EA=AD:GOSL)B1030:IF

(SPACfijF THEN190 INPUT"{3 DOWNHBLKJCLEA

B>15

THEN

AD=

NEXT:RETURN

B=1NT(A/C6):PRINT MID?( HS,B+l,l);:B=A-H>C6:PRI NT MIDS(HS,B+l,1);;RETU

CK=INT(AD/Z6):CK=AD-Z4* CK+Z5*(CK>Z7):GOTO390

PX 380 CK=CK*Z2+Z5*(CK>Z7)+A JC 390 CK=CK+ZS*(CK>25):RETURN

QS 400 PRINT"[DOWN)STARTING AT E43";iGOSUB300:IF INS<> NS THEN GOSUB1030:1F F

[SPACE}THEN400

410

HD 420

RETURN

PRINT"(RVS}

ENTER DATA

(SPACEj":GOSUB400:IF IN JK 430 SK 440

450

470

FK 486 MP 490

KC 500

S=NS THEN220 O1>EN3,3 :PRINT POKE198,0:GOSUB36O:IF PRINT

INSiPKINT"

RIGHT]";

FOR 1^0 TO 24 STEP 3:BS »SS:FOR J=l TO 2:IF F T

HEN

BS=MIDS(INS,I+J,1)

GET

AS:IF Aj=NS

PRINT"[RVSi"BSLS,-:IF I< 24THEN PRINT'MOFF]"; THEN470

IF(A?>"/"ANDAS*"i")OR(A S>"6"ANDAS<"G")THEt4540 IF A5=RS

AND((I=0)AND(J

= 1)OR F)T!IEN PRINT BS ; :

Ja2iNEXT:I=24:GOTO550 IF AS="lHOMEj"

PRINT'MbLK)[2 SPACESlSN

DING

KR 200

2:AS=MID

=AD-A*ZG:GOSUB350:PRINT

HA 460

SPACESjCOMPUTEl'S LANGUAGE

8<0

[UP1I5

SPACES}"SPC(2a)M

D:GOSUB1040lIF

(RED)[RVSl

[3 DOWN}" [>RINT1PI.BLK)STARTING

THEN

{12 SPACES}[0LUI" PRINT"I 3 DOWNJ (3

J=l

HR 360 A="INT(AD/Z6) :GOSU1J350:A

53280,15:POK

SPACES} |8 <il SPACES}"SPC(2Gf" SPACESJ(OFFJfBLU)

CHINE

their MLX starting address.) Others must be reloaded to specific addresses

53281,15

160 PRINT TS" \2 {2 [2

A=0tFOR

0iA=-l:J=2

PRINT"(CLRl"CHH3(142)CH

When you've finished typing all the data for an ML program and saved your work, you're ready to see the results.

"filename" for tape, and then RUN. (Such programs usually have 0801 as

I«<SD

I,0;NEXT;POKE

[SPACE)SD+24,15:POKE 78

LOAD "filename",S for disk or LOAD

320

8,52

The Finished Product

ished product vary from program to program. Some ML programs are de signed to be loaded and run like BASIC programs, so all you need to type is

issue. 100

BS=IN: :GOSUB3 20:

JA 330

For instructions on entering this listing,

and rerun MLX, being carefu! to enter the correct ending address.

LEN(INS)"4THENRETURN

!(B?,J,1):B=ASC(AS)-C4+ (AS>"g")"C7:A=A*C6+B

MLX

SD+24,0:END

THEN PRI

BS:J=2:NEXT:I = 24:NE>:

T:F=0tGOTO440

MX 51fl IF(AS="[RIGHT}")AHDF TH Gi;

520

ENPRINT IF

B$LS;:GOTO540

A5<JLS

AND

AS<>DS

({I=O>AND(J=1))THEN COMPUTE! s Gazelle

GOS

June 1986

UB196O:GOTO470

530 AS=LS+S?+L; iJ=2-J:IB' J

540

550

THEN

{SPACE}!.?;:l=I-3

PRINT A?;:NEXT J:PKINT I SPACE}S?; NEXT I:PRINTiPRINT"[UPj

(5 RIGHT)11; :INPUT?3,IN5

:IF

KH 830

OKE BS-t-I,ASC(A5 + 2?) :IF

K25

570

THEN GQSUB380:A(1

HEXTiIF

AOCK

THEN GOStJ

iU060:PRINT"([i[,K) {RVSj fSPACIilBRRORs REENTER L INK E43":i''=l:GOTO440

NEXT:IF

refer to "How To Type In

INPUTil5,A,AS:IF A THEN

COMPUTERS GAZETTE Programs/'

CLOSE1:CLOSE15:GOSUB10

60:PRINT"(RVS}ERROR: GQ

S70 S80

[SPACElDISPLAY DATA

OSUB400tIK

1NS=NS

920

GOSU!J360:B=BS+AD-SA:FOR

JF 9 30

940

640

NEXT: P RI NT " 1 RVS }P1; : A=CK

650

F=1:AD=AD+S:IF

:GOSUi3350:PRINT

ENPR1NT"(DOWN)fBLU)**

ND OF DATA "":GOTO220 GET AS:IF AS=RS THEN GO

670

680

6 90

IF A5=SS

THEN

F=F+1:GOS

UB1O80

ONFGOTO6 30,G60,630

PRINT"[DOWK}(RVS) (SPACIi)DATA

700

PRINT"{DOWNl(RVS)

LOAD

713

730

GET

AS:IF

A?="T"T»EN

INT"TtDOWN)":GOTO8fl0 HQ HH

740 750

AS<>"D"T!1EN730

PRlNT"D{DaWN!":OPEN15,8 0:"+ItJS: IK

760

770

9l!0

990

FOR

1 =0

800

G0SUB98 STARTIN

(";:GOSUB360:

PRINT"LOAD ENDED

"ft

END

1010

AH=INT(A/256) :A!,=A-(AH

ADDRESS"!RETURN

94,AH FF

1020

AH=INT(B/256):AL=B-(AH *256):POKK174,AL:POKE1 75,AH:RETURN

1030

1040

1050

l,0,8,IN5+M,P,R":G

130

140

LEFTS(LOCS,1)="S"

GOSUB

:GOT0

MG PX

150

OSUBBG0:IF

THEN220

COMPUTEI's Gnzotto

Juno 1986

160 760iGOTO

160

LOC=VAL(LOC?)

INPUT "KILL RUHSTOP/RES TORE (Y/N)";RNS 170 RNS=LEFTS(RNS,1) 180 IF NOT (RNS="Y" OR RN$" "N") THEN 160 160

FE BB

190

210

PRINT«B,CIIRS( 167)CHRS(0 2);

200

OPEN OPEN

15,8,15,"I" 8,8,8, "0:"+ONS+",P

,W"

220

PRINT#8,CHR?(LEN(PNS));

230

PRINTSS.PNS;

240

2 50

FOR

260

READ

270

PRINT#B,CHRS(CODE)f

280

290

RNS = "N" C=l

TilliN

380

CODE C

DATA 120(9

SPACES):

REM

SEI

300

DATA

169,052(5

REM

310

LDA

DATA

141,020,003

(SPACE)STA

320

REM

$0314

DATA 169,134{5 SPACES): REM

PM 330

SPACES}:

8 52

LDA

DATA

#134

141,024,003

REM

340

[SPACEJSTA S031B DATA 169,23415 SPACES):

350

DATA

360

{SPACEJSTA DATA 088{9

REM

LDA

»2 34

141,025,003

50319 SPACES):

REM

CLI

3 70 380

GOTO

390

420

430

DATA 169,002(5 SPACES}:

440

GOSUB1060:PRINT"[RVS] (SPACEjlNVALID ADDRESS [ DOWN) i BLK J " : t'=l: RETU POKE

SD+5,31:POKE

SD+6

SD,240:POKE

FOR

S=l

100 :NKXT:GO

POKE

SD+5,8:POKE

SD+6,

SU.OsPOKE

SDt

1,90:POKE SD+4,17 1090

PRO

READ

240:POKE

BOOT

INPUT "LOCATION TO JUMP AFTER LOAD";L0CS IF LOCS="" THEN BASIC=1

FOR S=l TO 100:NEXT!PO KE SIJ+4,0:POKE SD,0:PO KE

SD+1,0: RETU RN

FOR

C=l

:NEXT

FOR

•170

480

490

DATA

500

510

160,255{5

SPACES}:

#255

032,186,255

iREM

173,167,002

iREM

$S2A7

DATA DATA REM

SPACES}:

SFFLJA

REM

162,008{5

LDY

DATA

LDX

DATA

CODE

LDA

DATA

REM

BA 460

17:READ

PRINT*8,CHR5(CODEJ;

REM

SR 4 50

C=l

REM

TO109O 1080

4t)0 PB 410

[SPACK)SD+l,4iPOKE SU+

SAVE:

"NAME

390

AD>EA

4,33

GOSU Bl 060 ;P RIST " f DOWN )

INPUT

BP GC

,208:POKE

11)70

110

IF(AD>511 AMD AIX40960 )OH{AD>49151 AND Ai)<53 24B)THEN GOSIIB1080iF=0

RN 1060

PROGRAM

AD<5A

:RETURN

THEN

1050

GH 820 GET#l,A$,J5SlAL>=ASC(AS + Z 100

LOAD:

•256):POKE193,AL:POKE1

NEXTiCLOSEllCLOSE15:GOT

OPEN

PRINTNINCORRECT

ING R.X

BiPRINT#l,CII

DURING

MA 810

**";GOT

PRINT"TRUNCATED

0940 GS

COMPLETED

1000

HEN800 7 90

GOSUB1080:PRINT"(BLIJ}**

DStRETURN

RS(PEEK{BS+I));;IF ST T FC

THKN970

AD = SA+AI):GOSUl!3 60: PRINT

AH=INT(SA/2 56):AL=SA-(A ;CHR5(AH);

780

63S62:IF

PRINT")":RETURN

OP THEN810

OPEN 1,8,8,INS+",P,W":G OSUB860:IF A THEH220

**":GOT

0,990,1000:GOTO220 PP

K'2 56):PRINT»1,CHRS(AL) PE

COMPLETED

[DOWNJi-lpiOH

(RVS}TlOFF)APE OR { RVS ) DiOFFitSK: 643";

SAVE

(RVSjERKOR DURING

SAVE

[SPACE}FILE ":OP=0 INS=N?:INPUT"(DOWN!FILE NAMt:&43";INS:IF INS=NS iSPACEJTHEN220 PR 720 F=0:PRINT"(DOWN}(BLKi RX

63591

GWSUB1080:PRINTP1£BLU)**

G ADDRESS

":OP=1:GOTO

GOTO950:SY

970

710

0220

S1JU10BU:GOTO220

63338

A=BS:B=3S+(EA-SA)+1:GOS

LOAD

"NAME

120

{SPACEJSTO64

960

INPUT

0220 POKE147,0:SYS

Eh) :AD=A-A[):GOTO93G

100

{SPACEjTO LOAD";PNS

A=SA:B=EA+I;GOSU£U010:P

LJB1013:ON

I=BTO B+7:A=PEEK(I):G0S

AD>EA

A=PEEK(831)+2S6*PEEK(93

OKE780,3:SYS

F=l i

GOTO970

":G

THI0N2

UB350 jGOSUil380:PRINT

SVS 63466:IF<P£KK(7B3)A MD1)THEN GOSUQ1060:PRIN

30):IF ADOSA THEN

910

Listings.

GRAM";BNS

2)-l:F«F-2*(A<EA)~3*(A>

620 print"{lx}wn) (blu)press: (rvsJspaceIoff) to pau SE, 1RVSjRETURNtOffJ TO

KC 660

PQKEl83,PEEK(FA+2):POKE lfi7,PEI!K(FA+3 ) :POKE188, PEEK(FA+4):IFOP=0THEN92

1)OWN}":GOTO70O

which appears before the Program

RETURN

QA 610 PRINT"{CLR)(DOWN)[RVK)

630

F=0:GOTQ440

BEFORE TYPING . . . Before typing in programs, please

860

LOS E3:PRINT"{DOWN)(BLU) ** ENi) OF ENTRY **[BI,K}

590 AD=AD+0:IF AD>EA THEH

F=3

T"[DOWN)[RVSJ FILE NOT (SPACE)FOUND ":GOTO690 900 AD=PEEK(B29)+256*PEEK(8

600

THEN

CLOSE1 :CL0SE15 :ON AliS ( F >0)+l GOTO960,970

390

580 00SUB1080:B=BS+AD-SA:FO R 1=0 TO 7:POKE B+I,A(I

ST<>64

B50

I!J

Article on page 75.

F=2 :AD»l!laFl

QC 560 FOR 1=1 TO 25 STEP3:B5= MID?(INS,I):GOSUB320:IF

/3)-A

Autoboot Maker

(SPACBjST AND(I<>B)THEN

IHS=N5 THEN CLOSE3:

GOTO220

Z?):IF AD <>SA THEN F=1:GOTOB50 FOR 1=0 TO ii :GET# 1, AS :P

162,16815 LDX

160,00215 LDY

SPACES):

$SA8

SPACES):

SIS02

DATA 032,189,255 SR SFFBD

DATA

169,000(5

:REM

SPACES):

REM

520

LDA

MH 530 DATA REM MX

540

#500

DATA 032,213,255 SR SFFD5

169,13115

LDA

DATA TA

:REM

SPACES):

141,002,003

;REM

SO302

REM LDA D164 560 DATA 141,003,003 TA S0303

57G

: REM

DATA 134,045(5 SPACES): REM

STX

28BE: A9

28C6: 85

2SCE: 01

1 ' C C

f-a

1 r

PC! r <o

1 3

28DE: 50

28 E6: C9

28 7.Y.: 4F

28 F6: 03

28FE: F5

2906: FC

290E: 03

2916: E0

291E: FB

2926; 20

292K: 20

zovvi :

* 131

XI! 550 DATA 169,164(5 SPACES!: SP

2BB6: A9

S2D

132,046(5 SPACES}:

580

DATA

590

REM STY S2E IF BASIC=l THEN GOSUB

600

Ll=INT(LOC/256):L2=L0C-

Patch 2

610

(Ll*256) PRINT#8,CHRS(76)CIIHS(L2

2A4E: A9

2A56: 09

620

)CI!RS(L1) ; IF RNS="Y"

THEN

B1J=58 + L

630

THEN

QU=41+L

THEN

BU = BU + 1

BL+1:PRINT#8

60:GOTO

620

RN$="N"

EN(PNS)-H GE

640

650

IF 13ASIC = 1 1 BL=88-BU

660

FOR

C=l

,CHRS(0);:NEXT C KP

670

G80 B=679+LF.N(PNS)+1

PRINT#B,CHRS(139)CHRS(2 27);

700

710

CLOSES

AS AJ QE KF

720 GET*15,AS:S=ST 730 PRINT AS; 740 IF S=0 THEN 720 753 END 760 L=LEN(LOCSJ

KP ED

780

FOR

790

800

IS=MI»S(LOCS,C,1) IF I$<="9" THEN IS=ETRS

(VAL(IS))

810

IF I$=>"A" THEN (ASC(IS)-55)

820

LOC=LOC+VAL(IS)*16TS

830

315D: A9

0(1

3165: 96

IS=STRS

140

I<A

150

LS=LEFT?(VS,1)

317D: D0

160

IFASC(LS)>64THEN

3185: 0F

318D: 20

170

IFASC(LS)<65T!IEN

3195: 60 319D: EB

344D: 96

119

3455: 00

345D: D0

40 90

C020

C028

C030

,0:NEXT:FORT=0TO63:POKE

C038

704+T,255:NEXT

'IA

C068

C070

81)

940

DATA

SR OG

950

DATA MP

SI)

960

033,096,166

: REM

SA660 076,174,167

: REM

SA7AE

C07B COBO

C08B

C090

1)9

C09B

LS&

C0A0

5D 81)

C0A8

C0BO

C0B8

C0C0

C0CB ;A9

OF.

All

06 07

911

C0D0

RETURN

SpeedScript-80 See instructions in article on page

77 before typing in. Patch 1 289E:4C 28A6i4B

116 A9

08 IF

OE 00 8D 00

l>6 1)6

U0 68

"7 ZC

B0 9A

28AES00

i)6

1)6

250

£79

POKE789,SA/256:POKESA+1 09,PEEK(648)+3:POKE5 32 7

C018

STA

240

C010

REM

DATA 133,123(5 SPACESJ:

POKE5 3 26 5.27:POKE56 3 33,

930

PROGRAM

< <

SPACESJ:

WEDGE

t?08

230

RASTER

SPACES]:

REM TO

LDA

220

REM

DATA IG9,«U0!5 SPACES!!

SA+T,B:

C060

900

B=HN*16+LN:POKE NEXT

C058

DATA 169,008(5

210

920

B5 Rl

LN=ASC

(RS)-46

lFASC(RS)<65THEN

200

LN=ASC

C050

890

IFASC{RS)>64TliEN

C008

BE A5

S7A

180 190

C000

HN=ASC

127:POKE788,((SA/256J-I NT(SA/256))*256

STA

4C EF

Li El

CODE

HN=ASC

(L?)-55

(RSJ-55 FC

344 5: A9

STAR

(LS)-48 PS

Patch 4

FORT=0TO149:READVS

fifl

CB E0

READ

DATA

THA

PRINT#8,CHRS(C0DE);

PUT

ADDR

880

0fl

REM TING

REM

130

LOWER

C040

DATA 133,122(5

120

ADDRESS

C048

910

SI1

N 53021":RUN PRINT"WAIT..."

JA 870

IFSA>53020THENPRINT"INP

RETURN

lie

#500

DOWN}STAR

ADDRi;SS";SA

S40

INPUT"iCLR}12 TING

850

LDA

100

REM

Program 1: 16 Sprites

316 D: 00

Listings.

3175: A9

Bl F7

C=l

refer to "How To Type In COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE Programs," which appears before the Program

Patch 5

FOR

Before typing in program?, please

Hi!

JC 860

BEFORE TYPING . . .

Patch 3

346 5

770 C=l

Article an page 54.

690 Ll=INT(B/256):L2=B-(L1* 256) l>RINT#8,CiiRS(L2)CHRS(Ll

Star Dragon

C0D8

C0E0 :1E C0EB :1E

1)9

111

C0F0 :8D

Oil

C0F8 :99

4 5

C100 :B9

C108 :F7

CM 10 : 14

C118 :B1)

C120 :06

1)2

C12EI :A9

9fl

C130 t AS

110

(1(1

4,129 RF.M >>>>> RITES

260

DISPLAY

<<<<<<

FORT=5 3170TO53 247:POKET

270

FORT=0TO15:POKE53 2 3 2+T,

280

POKE53216+T,1+RND(0)'8:

11 POKI':5 3184+T,140-T*8:POK E53200+T,60+T"1O:NEXT CE

290

300

POKE53178,255;POKE53179

,2 55:POKE53281,0(PRINT" |CLR)":END REM X

310

>»>>

DATA

SPRITES

<<<<<

DATA A5,FD,29,01,AA,49, 01,A8,BD,B2,CF,8D,1C,D0

320

DATA

BD,B4,CF,8D,1D,D0,

BD,B6,CF,8D,17,D0,BD,BB EG

330

DATA

CF,8D,1B,D0,BD,BA,

CF,8D,15,D0,AD,1E,D0,99

340

DATA

BC,CF,AD,1F,D0,99,

BE,CF,A9,01,8D,19,D0,A5

JF 350 SO

360

DATA

FD,29,01,0A,0A,0A,

AA,A0,00,B4,FE,A9,O1,85 DATA

FC,BD,C0,CF,0A,99,

00,D0,90,06,A5,TC,0 5,FE B!l

370

DATA

85,FE,BD,D0,CF,99,

O1,D0,8A,84,FF,29,07,A8

380

DATA

BD,E0,CF,99,27,00,

BD,F0,CF,99,F8,07,A4,FF KO

390

DATA

1B,26,FC,EB,C8,C8,

CO,lfl,D0,CD,A5,FE,8D,10 xt:

400

DATA D0,AD,1F,D0,E6,FD, A9,0O,BD, 12, D0, AD, 01), DC

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 1986

101

410

DATA

29,0

0,03.4C,31,

C34B:54 C350:B0

C5F0 :C1

C5F8 :F5

C3 58:BD

C600 :A5

Program 2: Star Dragon—Main

C360:C0

ceoa :CB

Program

C36e:CC

CG10 :20

C3 70:AE

C61B :20

C378:53 C380:40

C6 20 :DE

IF C3

C6 28 :20

C388t00

C630 :D0

C390:9D

C6 3B :2B

C398:C6

C640 :85

C3A0:4A 4A

C64B :FB

EA, 4C, BC, FE

See inunctions

54 before ry ""J

111

article

Oil

1)1

C0F0:4C

C0F8:F0

C100:00

C108;00

C110:3C

C118:03 C3

Ji0

C120IFF

C128:FF

C130:1E

C138:00

C140T00

C148:00

C150:FC 00

30 01

C158:00

C160J00

C1GB:7B

C170:7C

C178i38

C180i93

01)

C188:20

C190:53

C198:30

C1A0:3A

C1A8:20

CIBO:20

C1D8:20

C1C0:20

C1C8:20

C1D0:41

C1D8:00

C1E0:20

C1E8:2A

C1F0:34

C1F8:3E

C200:A2

C20Bi44

C210I88

C218:B0

91)

C2 20:2C

A9 40

C2 28:AE

C230:40

C238:50

C240:30

C2 48:A5

C2 5O:DO

C258t65

C260;85

C268:AE

C270:00

C278:84

01 B0

C280:B5

C288:D0

C290tl0

C3AB:A8

C650 :AA

C3B0:B9

C65B :E0

C3B8:I8

C660 :97

C3C0:AF

C668 :9D

C3C8:AE

C670 :BD

91)

C3D0:AE

IJD

C678 :EB

C3DB:40

C680 :4A

C3E0:11

C683 :9D

C3EB:65

C690 :B6

C3F0:CB

C698 :8F

C3F8:40

C6A0 :FE

C400:CF -CF C408:C0 0E

C6Aa :A9

C6B0 :D0

C410:D0

C41B:BC

C420:85

C6C8 :C8 C6D0 :DF

C6D8 :3B

C6E0 :O0

C6E8 :A9

Bl)

C438iA9

C440:80

C448:9D 40 C450:FE 00 C45B:D5 60

38 9D

C700 :BD

C4G0:5B

A2 C0

C46B:13D

C470:85

C478:BD C480:C0

00 CF

01 C5

D0 B0

43 B0

C4B8:69

C490:CF

C6F0 ;9D

F.8

C6F8 :F1

0F D4 BD

BD A9 04

18 F5 D4

C70S :A9

A9 05 81

A9 06 00

0F D4 A9

IB 93 99

C710 :30

Kll

C7ia :F6

BD 2D

C720 :4C

C7 28 :D2

C730 :15

C7 38 :20

C498:14

1)0

C740 :D0

C4A0:26

C748 :8D

C4A8:85

C750 :B9

C4il0:9D

C7 58 ;0F

C4 B8 : D0 C4C0:'JB

BE 60

A6 EG

40 60

E8 D0

21'

C760 :U7

C4CB:97

C768 . 12

C7 70 :CB

C4D0:CD

C7 78 :E0

!\D

I1A

C4D8:9D

BL'

C780 :9F

C4E0:CF

C73a :9F

C4E8:AD

C4F8:86

A2 02

00 AS

Bl A6

85 E0

28 97

C4F0:DE

C790 :D0

C798 :O0

C500:8E

C508;CC

C510:29

C518:40

C5 20:E0

,0: P RI NT' fCLBtl 2

C528:CF

TAB(9) "E7SIBVSI

C530:86

C538:8E

C540:AE

110

7F B0

C2AB:A0 C2B0IA0

C548:FF

D3 DF

C5 50:FF

90 B4

C9 A0

C2B8:BD

C5 58:B5

C2C0I00

C5G0:4C

C568:AD

C2C8:DA 90

C570:C0

C5 7B:10

C2D8:DD C2 C2E0:B9 00 C2E8:20 CF

C5B0:BD

CE B9

05 01

C5B8:08

25 05

C2F0:B1

C590:CG

81) 01

1)4

C2F81B0

F.F.

C59B:A0

C300:CF

C5A0:EB

C5A8:9F

C310:60

C5B0:4C

B0 BE

10 9D

C30B:CF

C318:4C

C5B8:CF

C320:00

C5C0:18

C3 28;C9

C5C8:00

C5D0:8D

C3 30iCC

C338iCB B5 C3401BD C0

C5D8:3F

Afi

C5E0:90

15 38

AD A5

C5E8:F5 BD

COMPUTE'S Gazette

C428:20

C29B:DD

102

C4 30:CC

C2A0;C9

C2D0:FF

CGBa :BB C6C0 :00

June 1986

Program 3: Star Dragon Booter EP

108

POKE

DRAGON KC

110

120

130

53281

532B0,2 :POKE

DOWN]" BOOTING

£43":

STAR

PRINT' LOAD " CURS(34) " 0: 16" CHR$(34)" , B" :PRINT t4 DOWNiRUN" PRINT' 12 DOWN ! 118

RIGHTI49152

PRINT' 13 DOWN ILOAE "CHR 5(3 4 ) ' H-STAH iirH RS< 14) 8,1 " - p dtmt" ( a. S SPACE i dctTCO

140

PRINT1 1 71

150

FOR

, 13

1=0

nnww 1 sv?

„

IIP 1 "

A1'

4 :POKE t

in.

631 + 1 5

KAt /VlUiiu miles Article on page 68 RF

POKE532B0, 0:POKE53281, 0: CSI 15) :FORA=0TO15: RE ADB: CS(A)=CilKS(B) :NEXT DIM

20 AS=" THIS

REAL ,Y

GLO

WING!DOWN}[19 LEFT]DEMON SH 30 ap 40

AS="[HOME]£11 t8

cf 50 printspc(6)"-"spc(26)"-"

: PRINTSPC ( 6) "-"SPC ( 26 ) ll-

XB 60 GG

200

FORA=15TO1STEP-1:PRINTCS

KC 90

(A)AS:NEXT:GOTO70 DATA 144,31,149,151,28,1

Switcheroo Article on page 60. BEFORE TYPING . . . Before typing in programs, please COMPUTERS GAZFTTE Programs,"

500

510

210

IF0=3THEHFORZA=lTO5iX=Z A:Y=ZAlGOSUB60:NEXTiRET

GOSUB60

520

GOSUB40:IFFR=0THENGOSUB

53 0

60:GOTO390 IF(JY+OJ=3ANDX=0X)OR(JY >0J=12ANDY=OY)THENGOSUB

FORZA=1T05:X=ZA:Y=6-ZA:

220

230

POKE53269,0:GOSUB110:TY =23:TX=4jGOSUB270

240

PRINT"[RVS|[BLU) PRESS {SPACEjFIRE BUTTON TO P

GOSUB80iNEXT:RETURN

LAY

550

560

IFPEEK( 56320) O111ANDPE

260

EK(56321)O239THEN2 50 CLR:GOTO280

270

POKE783,0:POKE781,TY:PO

XT:AR(X,1)=T:GOTO590

570

580

POKE54277,24:POKE54284,2

PRINT"{HOME)";:DIM CL(2

290

5),AR(5,5)iPC(0)=7.PC(l )=8iPL»liF2=PEEK(828) MX!1)=0:MX(2)=0:MX(4)=-

,25 :POKE54287,5:GOSUB640 30 40

GOTO280 JY»15-[PEEK(56320+PL*F2) AND15)iFR=PEEK(56 3 20+PL* F2)AND16:IFFR=0THENJY=0

MC JF

50 60

RETURN WAIT56320+PL*F2,16,0:RET

300

310

F0RA=lT05:F0RB=lTO5:AR( A,B)=14:NEXTB,A:OJ=0

A$="0j4 YlPlDOWNj

LEFT]|nIl4 SPACES]

SPACES]§N3{DOWN]

UP)"

16 LEFTJLB4 pi@":BS-"

TX=X*6-1:TY=Y*4-3:GOSUB2

iGOSIIB80:NEXT:GOSUB610: GOTO3 70

"ASiRETURN 90

POKE54276,16:POKE54283,1

, 17 100

FORA=1TO300:NEXT:POKE54

276,0:POKE54283,0:RETUR N

110

:GOSUB80:NEXT:GOSUB610:

120

130

150

:NEXTiPOKE2023,160:POKE

340

350

160

PRINT'MRVSJ (39

ETURN

640

POKE53 281,1:POKE532B0,6

:P RINT"ICLR I "; :AS = "06 Y3

PlDOWN][3 LEFTJEH3 IN?

650

1T05:P RINT"IRVS J"S : NEXTX:FORI=1TO2 5!CL(I)

360

370

POKE53250,126:POKE53251 ,228:POKE53252,223:POKE 53253,228 GOSUB130iPOKE5324B,173: POKE5 3 249,129:POKE5 3 269

660

380

PL=-(PL=0)iPOKE54273,16

390

C1=PC(PL) :C2 = 3:GOSUB70:

*2TPL:POKE54280,19*2TPL

400

L=l :GOSUB70

670

PRINT"!RVS}I 39 t HOME J"

SPACES]

MF 680

PRINT"lHOME}14

D0WNJE7B

"!F0HI=lTO5sPRINTSPC(12 )fiF0RZ=1T05iPRINT"

690

IRVSJ-ASBS;iNEXT PRINT"[2 DOWNj":NEXT:PR

INT"(HOME]111 DOWN!"SPC (18)" IRVSHYELi^AS"

{DOWN j g13";:GOSUB90

XR 700

PRINTAS;:GOSUB90:PRINT"

111 UPHYELPAS :GOSUB90 IPRINTSPC(15)M El 1iRVS|" AS; EB

710

GOSUB90:PRINT"[7

DOWN]

LEFT|(YEL|"AS;:GOSUB

90iPRINT"|HOMEj18

410 ):FL=2iGOSUB70

POKEM,160jPOKEM+542 7 2,6 :NEXT:POKE202 3,160:POKE

POKE53264,0:GOSUB40:IFJ

,129:FORA"100TO2O0:POKE

SPACES]":M=106

56295,6

FORI=»0TO23:PRINT"iRVS]

[BLUJ139

=1:NEXT

LEFTiLBP3f":B?

UP I"

3+(40M)

SPACES)

Y=4THENC1=PC{PL):C2~3:F

DOWNj

YP=129

KQ 720 GOSUB90:PRINT"|3 DOWNj" SPC(15)"IYELI{RVSj"AS;: GOSUB90:PRINT"lU UP}

FORB=1T05:X=X*AR(B,A) iN

POKE53249,0:POKE53264,( XPAND2 56)/256:POKE53 24B

HA 730

EXTiIFX=3 5ORX=40THENGOS

,XPAND2 55:POKE5 32 49,YP

X=0:NEXT:Q=2iFORA=lTO5:

QQ CA

420 IFFR=16THEN400 430 GOSUB90:GOSUB60:XP=17 3:

440

450

XP-MX(JY)*{T>76AN1)T<270

B=A:X=X+AR(A,B):NEXT:IF

) tT=YP+MY(JY) RK

460

YP=YP-MY(JY)*(T>64ANDTt 194):IFFR=16THEN440

470

GOSUB90:C=PC(PL):GOSUB6 0:X=INT((XP-26)/48)iY=I NT((YP-321/32)

X=0:O=4:FORA=1TO5:B=6-A

:X=X+AR(A,B}:NEXT;IFX=3 5ORX=40THENGOSUB190

170

IFQTTHEN230

180

RETURN

480

190

QT-1:AS="|OFF||DOWN)

490

IFFL=2THEN510

IFAR(X,Y)<>14THENGOSUB1

GOSUB90:PRINTSPC(6)"

{DOWN]lYEL]"AS:GOSUB90:

TX-25iTY=6:GOSUB270:FOR

GOSUB40:T=XP+MX(JY)lXP=

X=0iNEXT:Q°3iFORA^lTO5: X=*3 5ORX=40THENGOSUB190

POKE53287,15iFORA=224TO 226iPOKE1816+A,AiNEXT:R

56295,6

POKE54290,128:POKE54290

UB190 AJ

630

= "[2

UB190 140

iPOKEA.B:NEXT:POKES3276 ,3:POKE53285,0

TD0WNH3

53249,129

EXT JIFX=35ORX=40THENGOS GF

F0RA=14336TO14527:READB

POKEM,160iPOKEM+54272,6

FL=1:POKE53248,173:POKE

Q.T=0:X=0:Q=1:FORA=1TO5: FORB=1TO5:X=X+AR(A,B)jN

0J=JY:0X=X:OY=Y:RETURN

330

50STEP50:POKE54 2 7 3,B:GO

54 294 , A: NEXT I RETU RN

610

EF 6 20

POKE54280,19:FORB=50TO1 SUB90:NEXT:RETURN

FORA=1TO5:X=A:C=AR(X,Y)

FORI=0TO23:PRINT"[RVS| {BLUJ139 SPACES] ":M=106 3+(40*I)

6:1>OKE5427 6,17 :POKE5428 3 EF

600

320

70 : POKE646 , C i PRI NTlp I RVS J XQ

FORA=1TO5:Y=A:C=AR(X,A)

POKE53288,C1:POKE53289,C

2:RETURH

590

GOTO370

URN PB

5,Y)=T:GOTO600 T=AR(5,Y):FORA=5TO2STEP

-liAR(A,Y)=AR(A-l,Y):NE

48:MX(8)=48:MY(1)=-32:M

4:POKE54295,20:POKE54291

FA CJ

T=AR(1,Y):FORA=1TO4IAR( A,Y)=AR(A+1,Y):NEXT:AR(

XT:AR(1,Y)=T:GOTO600

280

FORA=54272TO54295:POKEA,

0:NEXT:POKE54 296,47:POKE 54273,16:POKE54280,19

T=AR(X,5):FORA=5TO2STEP

-1iAR(X,A)^AR(X,A-l):NE

T=AR(X,1):FORA=1TO4:AR( X,A)=AR{X,A+1):NEXT:AR( X,5)=T:GOTO590

AGAIH"

250

120IGOTO390 ONJYGOTO550,560,520,570 ,520,520,520,580:GOT052

MX AX

540

URN

OJ=0:AR(X,Y)=CiGOSUB80: GOTO370

refer to "How To Type In which appears before the Program Listings.

IFQ=2THENF0RZB=lTO5:Y=A :X=ZB;GOSUHB0:NEXTiRETU

29,156,154,152,150,30,15

9,155,158,153,5

20:GOTO390 GG

SPACESj":IFQ=lTHENFO

80:NEXTiRETURN

FORA=1TO15:PRINTCS(A)AS:

LEFT}

RZB=1TO5:X=A:Y=ZB:GOSUB

PRINTSPC(6)"J***********

DOWN)

RIGHT)"+AS

print"IclrHblu] 110 down]"spc(6)"u******

RIGHTH2 SPACESI

SDOWNJ(2

STRATION"

I-1TO5

XX 740

PRINT"

DOWN]14

LEFT]

B;iNEXT:GOSUB110iPRINT" (HOME]{2 DOWN)"SPC{10)"

lRVS][8LU]S

W I

T C H E

R O O" CF

750

GOSUB620:TY=21:TX=16:GO

SUB270iPRINT"[BI,U]l IRVSJ OR LOFF]212 DOWN) COMPUTED Gazette

June 1986

103

[7 LEFTjlRVSjJOYSTICKS

60,16,162,12,32 DATA 240,255,169,13,160

iHOMEJ"

760 GETMTS:IFMTS<>"1"ANDMTS

<>"2"THEN760 POKE828,VAL(MTS)-1:RETU

KE 190

DATA

,201,25,240,12,201 DATA 39,20B,242,169,0,1

770

DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,

,195,32,30,171,165

220

DATA

230

44,2,233,10,157 DATA 233,5,202,16,239,1

KS 240

73,233,5,201,49 DATA 240,1,96,24,160,16

0,170,170,160,170,170 DATA 164,170,170,164,17 0,170,164,170,170,164 840 DATA 170,170,164,170,17 0,164,170,170,164,170 850 DATA 170,164,170,170,16

CH MF

ER S60

4,170,170,164,170,170 DATA 164,170,170,164,17

870

0,170,164,170,170,164 DATA 170,170,164,170,17

880

890

900

0,164,170,170,164,170 DATA 170,164,21,85,B4,0 ,0,0,0,0,32,0,0,112,0 DATA 0,248,0,1,252,0,0, 112,0,0,112,0,0,112,0

DATA 16,0,64,48,0,96,12 6,3,240,254,3,248,126

910

DATA

3,240,48,0,96,16,0

,64,0,112,0,0,112,0,0 FS

920

DATA

11 2 ,0 ,1, 252 , 0, 0 , 2-t

8,0,0,112,0,0,32,0,0

MP DH

270 280

SG QE RK GH BC KF

X+A:NEXT

IPX <> 916 1 2 THENP HI NT " EKKO

320

DATA

,157,216,157,197 DATA 216,202,16,247,96,1

128,127,128,127,120

DATA 157,32,219,202,16,2 47,96,162,2,157 100 DATA 29,219,157,69,219,

110

DATA

120

DATA

130

DATA

140

DATA

150

160

DATA

170

390

DATA

14,162,3,32,240,25

5,169,154,160,194

400

DATA

32,30,171,24,160,1

410

421)

DATA

255,169,169,160,19

DATA 14,162,19,32,240,2 55,169,182,160,194 DATA 32,30,171,24,160,1 4, 162,20,32,240 DATA 255,169,195,160,19 4,32,30,171,24,16a DATA 0,162,11,32,240,25 5,169,209,160,194

DATA

700

32,175,192,76,207,

193,18,30,32,160 JC

710

DATA

80,76,65,89,69,82,

39,83,160,160 GS

720

DATA

0,160,160,160,160,

77,79,R6,69,160 730

DATA

160,160,160,0,160,

67,79,77,80,85 DATA

740

84,69,82,39,93,160

,0, 160,80,82 HP

DATA

750

69,68,73,67,84,73,

79,78,160,146 760

DATA

0,18,80,76,65,89,6

9,82, 160,160 MD

DATA

770

146,160,48,48,48,0

,18,67,79,77 780

DATA

790

,3 2,48,48,48 DATA 0,209,76,65,89,69,

80,85,84,69,82,146

800

DATA 78,83,45,45,0,195, 79,77,80,85

810

DATA

82,32,87,73

84,69,82,32,87,73,

78,83,45,45

820

DATA

0,193,78,79,84,72,

69,82,32,71 XA

8 30

DATA

65,77,69,32,40,18,

217,146,47,19

840

DATA

206,146,41,63,0

Program 2: Predictor—Plus/4 and 16 Version FA

PRINT"lCLRjLOADINC!

470

480

DATA 255,169,224,160,19 4,32,30,171,162,25 DATA 169,0,157,0,212,20 2,208,250,169,15

DATA 141,24,212,169,79, 141,1 ,212,169,22

30 PRINT"ICLRjTYPE

490

500

DATA

540

DATA

550

DATA

560

DATA

160,16,162,11,32,2

I-M

570

40,255,169,239,160 DATA 194,32,311,171,24,1

5130

55,142,20,192,76

85,201,57,240,3,76

,222,193,141,20

7,193,5,202,16

DATA

32,45,192,169,2,32

lSPACEtDATA.":STOP

15S6010FFJ

lRVS)SYS

ACTIVATE."

:END DATA

76,207,61,127,128,1

27,128,127,129,127

DATA

128,127,128,127,128

,127, 128,127,128,1) DC

DATA

0,162,2,157,120,8,1

57,160,8,202

DATA

16,247,96,162,2,157

,157,8,157,197

AR 80

DATA

8,202,16,247,96,1.63

,2,157,248,10

DATA

157,32,11,202,16,24

7,96,162,2,157

100

110

240,27,32,69,192,1

69,0,32,33,192

PQKEI,A:X=X-t-A:NEXT:IFX<>

B8190THENPRINT"ERROR

173,19,192,41,15,1

41,19,192,192,0 DATA

192,174,19,192,222

,3,192,14,19,192

49,240,1,96,24

= 15560TO163!1O:REA

222,193,205,20,192

,240,237,201,0,240

5,129,141,4,212

141,5,212,174,L9,1

92,189,3,192,48

530

June 1986

169,2,32,33,192,16

DATA 32,30,171,24,160,0 ,162,12,32,240

COMPUTE'S Gazelle

DATA

9,6, 32,57,192

GA 460

,141,4,212,96

239,173,193,5,201,

690

4,32,30,171,24,160

DATA 201,64 , 20!), 8,162 , 2

DATA

4, 162,4,32,240

520

58,144,2,233,10,15

DATA 80,192,169,0,32,21 , 192,32,45,192

380

3,5,117,139,201

680

157,29,7,157,160,4

32,57,192,169,2,32

,157,197,4,157 DATA 32,7,157,69,7,202,

DATA 5,160,0,76,222,193 ,160,1 ,165,197

96,162,2,24,189,19

DATA

DATA 32,45,192,32,91,19 2,76,207,193,32

DATA

510

169,0,141,4,212,16

DATA 240,27,32,69,192,1 69,0,32,21,192

670

370

360

202,16,247,96,169

104

208,241,169,99,162

0,141,4,212,169,33

650

350

62,2,157,248,218 XJ

162,0,157,0,216,15

192,41,15,73,1,141

,33,192,169,6

DATA 192,32,45,192,32,5 7, 192,169,160,162 DATA 2,157,120,4,157,15 7,4,157,248,6

340

, 157,160,216,202

16,247,96,162,2,157

DATA

AF 660

,127,128,127,128,0

0,162,2,157,120,216

DATA 169,100,162,40,157 ,199,4,157,71,7 DATA 202,208,247,169,0, 32,21,192,32,33

333

450

127,128,127,128,127

DATA 19,192,254,3,192,1 4,19, 192,173, 19 ,19,192,192,1

630

JH 640

DATA 40,157,79,4,157,20 7,6,202,208,247

76,221,192,127,128,

133,140,169,1,133,

310

44(1

41)

DATA

208,141,33,208,133

7,0,217,157,0 DATA 218,157,0,219,232,

TO ACTIVATK."

:KND

DATA

300

4J0

491521OF1-') DATA

290

R IN DATA."18TOP EP 30 PRINT"K'LK|TYPE iRVSfSYS

192,169,147,32, 2 1 tJ

,255,169,14,32,210 DATA 255,169,128,141,LI

16,229,24,160

DATA

253,133.141.169,5

Program 1: Predictor—64

DATA 255,169,253,160,L9 4,32,30,171,76,134

,251,133,252,133,139

Bfi

ISPACEiML. . . ":KORI = 49152

5,117,251,201,58,1

32,175,192,76,207,

193,141,20,192,174

5,2,169,0,141,32

Article on page 58.

T049 956:READA:POKEI, A: X=

360

10 I'HINT'MCLR) IWHTjLOADING

250

Predictor

210

,162,11,32,240

£]S

Version

80,192,169,0,32,33

, 192,32,57,192

DATA

PA 830

DATA

620

170,164,42,170,164,42

4,0,168,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,

2,76,207,193,32

Mil

HP 800

820

600

DATA 0,104,76,221,192,1 62,2,24,189,233

DATA 144,10,170,144,42,

DATA 32,57,192,32,91,19

DATA 169,2,32,21,192,16 9,6,32,45,192

790

610

590

610

,21,192,169,6 CG

780

DATA 170,164,42,170,164 ,42,170,164,10,170,144 DATA 10,170,144,2,170,6

200

197,201,64,240,250

41,145,2,133,198

0,169,0,2,170,64,10,170

180

DATA 29,11,157,69,11,20 2,16,247,96,160 DATA 23,141,17,255,17.1, 18,255,41,252,9

130

DATA

130

DATA

140

DATA

150

160

170

180

DATA

190

200

210

540

DATA

550

DATA

62,160,1,173,246,7

,201,64,208,8

60,240,236,201,0,2

40,85,201,52,240 560

DATA

3,76,181,62,141,22

76,33,61, 162,2 DATA 24,109,193,13,117,

5 70

159,201,58,144,2

580

590

DATA

600

,32,245,60,169 DATA 2,32,221,60,169,6,

610

DATA

62(1

,49,61,169,0 DATA 32,233,60,32,1,61,

630

DATA

640

DATA

DATA DATA

DATA

L3,201,49,240,1,96

11,32,240,255,169,

199,160,63,32,136 DATA

144,24,160,16,162,

12,32,240,255,169

EH 220

DATA

230

DATA

229,160,63,32,136,

240

250

DATA 241,169,0,141,71,5 , 133,239,162,128 DATA 108,0,3,104,76,207

260

,61,162,2,24 DATA 189,233,13,117,3,2

270

01,58,144,2,233 DATA 10,157,233,13,202,

U'l, 173,246,7,201

64,240,249,201,25,

240,16,201,39,208

16,239,173,233,13

GM 280

DATA

AD 250

DATA

201,49,240,1,96,24

300

DATA

76,115,61,169,147,

310

DATA

32,210,255,169,0,1

320

DATA

330

DATA

340

DATA

350

360

370

DATA 160,100,162,40,157 ,199,12,157,71,15

380

DATA

390

400

410

,160,16,162,11

12 , 24fJ, 255 , If.1), 213

,160,63,32,136,144 32,210,255,169,14 41,71,5,141,21

255,141,25,255,133

,3,133,4,133,159

162,0,157,0,8,157,

0,9, 157,a

10,157,13,11,232,20

a,241,169,99,162 DATA

40,157,79,12,157,2

07,14,202,208,247

202,208,247,169,0,

32,221,60,32,233 DATA

DATA DATA

15,141,219,60,192, 61,169,0,32,233,60

72,61,76,166,62,32

169,2,32,221 60,169,6,32,245,60

,32, 161,61,76 166,62,141,220,60,

174,219,60,254,203 Mil

6 50

660

670

DATA 60,14,219,60,173,2 19,60,41,15,73 DATA 1 ,141, 2 I1) , 60 ,1 92 ,1 ,240,27,32,13 DATA

61,169,0,32,221,60

,32,1,61,169 RD

680

DATA

2,32,233,60,169,6,

32,245,60,32 KM

690

DATA

700

DATA

72,61,76,166,62,32

,49,61,169,0 32,221,60,32,245,6

0,169,2,32,233 FJ MA

710

DATA

7 20

2, 161,61,76 DATA 166,62,18,30,32,16

60,169,6,32,1,61,3

0,80,76,65,89 Mil

730

DATA

740

0,0, 160,160,160 DATA 160,77,79,86,69,16

69,82,39,83,160,16

0,160,160, 160,0

BX QF

750

760

EP 60

PRINT"& IRVS)SYS6S92 [OFt'J TO RUN. ")NEW

CQ 70

DATA

770

DATA

84,73,79,78,160,14

6,0,18,80,76

780

DATA

65,89,69,82,160,16

,1I OFF}1';

DATA

790

DATA

4B,0,18,67,79,77,8

0,S5,B4,69 QS

800

DATA

82,146,32,48,48,48

DATA

810

DATA

89,69,82,32,07,73,

100

110

120

S2C

DATA

0,195,79,77,80,85,

84,69,82,32

32,15,157,69,15,20 83G

430

2, 16,229,24,160 DATA 14,162,3,32,240,25

5,169,114,160,63

840

440

450

DATA

460

DATA

470

DATA

480

DATA

490

DATA

500

510

DATA

,32,136,144,174,219

X+A:PRINT*2,CUHS(A); iNEX

520

DATA

T:CL0SE2

DATA 87,73,70,83,45,45, 0, 193,78,79

130

DATA

84,72,69,82,32,71,

SS0

140

DATA

40,18,217,146,47,1

,32,136,144,24,160

150

32,136,144,24,160,

14,162,20,32,240 255,169,155,160,63

,32,136,144,24,160 0,162,11,32,240,25

5,169,169,160,63 32,136,144,24,160,

Program 3: Program Generator

OBJECT MX

160

170

60,189,203,60,48,5

FILL."

HI=26:LO=236;OPEN2,8,2,"

,CHR$|LO)CilRS|liI ) ; QP

FORI=6B92TO7679:READA:X=

DATA

225,141,12,144,162

DATA

253,136,208,250,16

DATA

12,144,96,169,225,

DATA

27,162,2,24,189,22

9,30,117,139,201 FA

180

DATA

58,144,2,233,10,15

7,229,30,202,16 EG

190

DATA

239,173,229,30,201

,49,240,1,96,24 FF

200

DATA

160,0,162,14,32,24

0,255,169,202,160

210

DATA 29,3?,30,203,24,16 0,0,162,15,32

220

DATA

240 , 25r., 169 , 232 ,16

0,29,32,30,203,165 XQ

230

DATA

197,201,64,240,250

,201,11,240,12,201

240

DATA

28,208,242,169,0,1

41 ,145,2,133,198 RS

250

DATA

0,104,76,211,27,16

2,2,24,189,251 260

DATA

30,117,251,201,58,

144,2,233,10,157 270

DATA

251.30,202.16.239,

173,251,30,201,49 HK

280

DATA

240,1,96,24,160,0,

162,14,32,240 BP

290

DATA

255,169,216,160,29

,32,30,203,76,124

300

DATA 27,169,147,32,210, 255,169,14,32,210

310

DATA

I3H

320

5,2,169,8,141, 15 DATA 144,169,0,133,251,

330

DATA 140,169,1,133,253, 133,141,169,5,162

340

DATA

255,169,128,141,14

133,252,133,139,133

0,157,0,150,157,0,

151,232,208,247

350

DATA

169,99,162,22,157,

21,30,157,139,31 HJ

360

DATA

I!X

370

0,162,22,157,87,30 DATA 15 7,205,31,202,208 ,247,169,0,32,1

3H0

DATA

390

27,32,37,27 DATA 169,160,162,2,157, 44,30,157,63,30

QC 400

DATA

202,208,247,169,10

27,32,13,27,32,25,

157,162,31,157,181

,31,157,66,30,157 AQ

410

DATA

85,30,157,184,31,1

57,203,31 ,202,16

PREDICT.0BJ,P,W":PRINT#2

0,162,12,32,240

255,169,184,160,63

PRIHT'MCI.Rj IB!,U!CREATING

181,151,157,203,15

141,10,144,76,54

for V!C Version

DATA

9,0,141,10,144,141

14,162,19,32,240,2

55, 169,142,160,63

157,184,151,202,16

,255,160,64,202,208

8,206,146,41,63,0

255,169,129,160,63

DATA

1,202,16,247,96,169

65,77,69,32

32,136,144,24,160,

DATA 16,247,96,162,2,15 7,63,150,157,05 DATA 150,202,16,247,96, 162,2,157,162,151 ,247,96,162,2,157

78,83,45,45 MQ

0,162,2,157,44,150,

157,66,150,202

,0,208,76,65

128,127,128,127,128

,127,128,127,128,0

0,146,160,48,48 BP

76,211,27,127,128,1

27,128,127,128,127

83,160,0,160,80,82

DATA

PRINT"ICLRlTYPE:":PRIHT" !RVK}LOAD |RVS|"C11RS(34) "PREDICT.0DJ"CHRS(34)" , 8

DATA

420

14,162,4,32,240

AD 50

DATA

IFX<>81314THENPRINT"ERRO R IN DATA."iSTOP

DATA 160,67,79,77,80,85 ,84,69,82,39 ,69,68,73,67

157,29,15,157,160,

12,157, 197,12,157

DATA

32,1,61,32

2,157,120,12,157,1

57,12,157,248,14

222,203,60,14,219,

0,240,27,32,13

60,32,245,60,32,1,

61, 169, 160,162

DATA

60,173,219,60,41

133,160,169,1,133,

5,133, 161,169,5

DATA

0,60,174,219,60

169,66,141,14,255,

233,10,157,193,13,

,76,181,62,205,220

DATA

162,255,142,220,60

9,2, 141,18,255

,24,160,16,162

DATA

173,18,255,41,252,

202,16,239,173,193

530

If.,141,17,255,96, 1

69,23,141,17,255

64,162,255,202, 208

,253,136,20B,250,169

All

,160,0,76,181

3,141,18,255,169,2

,141,14,255,160

420

DATA

229,24,160,5,162,2

,32,240,255,169

430

DATA

117,160,29,32,30,2

03,24,160,5,162 COMPUTE'S Gaiotto

June 1986

105

XM 440

DATA 3,32,240,255,169,1 32,160,29,32,3D

HQ 450

DATA

460

470

9,32,240,255,169 DATA 145,160,29,32,30,2 03,24,160,5,163 DATA 20,32,240,255,169,

480

158,160,29,32,30 DATA 203,24,160,0,162,1 0,32,240,255,169

490

500

DATA

Power BASIC: Help Screens Article on page 76.

203,169,15,141,14,

,104,141 RC

290

300

310

320

BEFORE TYPING . . . Before typing in programs, please

refer to "How To Type In

330

COMPUTED GAZETTE Programs,"

360

76,185,28,160

530

Listings.

370

380

550

,0,27,240,237 DATA 201,7,240,85,201,8 ,240,3,76,185

560

DATA

28,141,0,27,174,25

570

5,26,222,239,26 DATA 14,255,26,173,255,

580

DATA

26,192,0,240,27,32

590

DATA

32,13,27,32,25,27,

26,41,15,141,255

600

610

Program 1: Help Screens—64 Version DJ

S,A:NEXT:FORS=-820TO1016 : RF.ADA: POKES, A: NEXT

POKES,A:NEXT:PRINT"|CLR} (WHTJPROGRAM ACTIVATED" 30 PRIKT"CTRL/Fl2 SPACESiSC

DATA

L/DU

27,169,6,32,37,27,

DATA

32,37,27,169,2,32,

1,27,169,6

630

DATA

32,25,27,32,165,27

Gil

640

,76,170,28,141 DATA 0,27,174,255,26,25

650

DATA

26,173,255,26,41,1

5,73,1, 141,255 660

DATA

EB 670

DATA

26,192,1,240,27,32

,49,27,169,0

32,1,27,32,37,27,1

69,2,32,13

PR 60 AX

700

DATA 32,25,27,169,2,32, 13,27,169,6

710

DATA

720

730

32,37,27,32,165,27

,76,170,2B,18 DATA 30,160,160,89,76,6 5,89,69,82,39 DATA 83,160,160,0,160,1 60,160,160,77,79

740

DATA

36,69,160,160,160,

160,0,160,67,79

750

DATA

77,80,85,84,69,82,

39,83,160,0 KX

760

DATA

160,80,82,69,68,73

,67,84,73,79

770

DATA

780

,76,65,39,69 DATA 82,160,160,146,160 ,43,48,48,0,18

IX)

790

DATA

800

69,82,146,32 DATA 48,48,48,0,208,76, 65,89,69,32

78,160,146,0,18,30

67,79,77,80,85,84,

810

DATA 32,87,73,78,83,45, 45,0,195,79

320

DATA

330

DATA

840

77,80,85,84,69,82,

32,87,73,78

DATA

82,32,71,65,77,69,

32,40,18,217

106

COMPUTE'S Gazette

June 19H6

DATA

141,213,2,238,245,3 223,3,160,2,169,214

GM 80

,32 DATA 1,2

160,3,88,169,131,14

DATA

3,169,164,141,3,3,7

100

DATA

116,164,76,0,0,173

,141 110

DATA

2,201,4,208,246,16

5,197 120

DATA

201,29,208,240,160

,234,169

33,16 DATA 201,128,176,246,16 9,240,144 DATA 242,17 3,24,208,41, 15,13 DATA 246,3,141,24,208,9

DATA

Mlt

400

3,213,232 DATA 203,241,96,169,1,1 62,8

410

420

DATA

430

55,169 DATA 0,76,213,255,0,128 ,72,83

450

460

470

480

490

209,192,32,197,192

500

DATA 0,133,95,169,4,133

510

DATA

,96 169,232,133,90,169

,7,133

520

DATA

530

,88,173 DATA 245,192,133,89,32,

141,24,3,173,2,221

550

91,173,244,192,133

191,163 DATA 238,32,208,162,0,3 2, 179 DATA

238,232,208,250,20

6,32,208

,9 3,141,2,221,173,21

560

,208,72,76 52,3,169,0,141,21,

DATA

173,231,192,201,8,

240,10 HK

570

DATA

169,17,160,192,32,

201,192

208,169,197

DATA

170

DATA 4,208,246,165,197, 201,18 DATA 240,71,201,21,208,

,8B,169

140

DATA 76,49,234,173,141,

236,32

DATA

DATA 88,169,193,141,24,

2,201

540

160

169,17,160,192,32,

3,96

247,160,3,32,189,2

201,192

49,32,160,3,88,169

DATA

157,254,217,157,25

DATA 16B,32,186,255,169 ,2,162

QB 440 DATA

DATA ,193

150

0,157,0,216,157,25

390

130

Eli

DATA 5,216

141,0,221,173,32,2

580

08,72

DATA 76,14,192,32,197,1 92,88 DATA 169,167,141,2,3,13

130

DATA ,76

173,134,2,32,205,3

590

190

DATA

79,3,24,32,168,3,3

600

KM 200

2 DATA

3,253 DATA 169,2,141,3,3,133, 254

193,3,76,89,3,56,7

610

DATA

210

DATA

76,3,238,32,208,16

0D 620

DATA 160,192,32,189,255

201,64,203,247,238

630

DATA

16,255 DATA 32,222,192,169,2,1

5,197

220

DATA

, 162,250

,32,208 fiF

230

DATA

17 3,141,2,201,4,20

640

240

6,246 DATA 165,197,201,2,240,

650

DATA

7,240,223,201,0,20

260

DATA

660

270

DATA

169,63,141,2,221,1

670

280

DATA

133,253,169,160,13

141,0,221,169,21,1 208,104,141,32,203

DATA

1,41,254,133,1,169

,253 QE

680

DATA

690

,216,255 DATA 169,71,141,24,3,16

41 ,24 Kli

160,192,32,189,255

3,2 54,16 5

69,199

DATA

,169,0

8,232 MH

160,3,169,253,32,2

62,242

217,201

QA 250

32,222,192,169,10,

162,232

83,45,45,0,193,78,

79,84,72,69

3,141,212,2,173,21,

DATA

9,0,32,1,27

173,245,3,208,18,17

,32

32,81,27,76 DATA 170,28,32,73,27,16

690

DATA

FM 680 DATA 27 ,169 ', 6 , 32 , 25 , 27 , AA

SPACESjDONE WITH S

3,20

4,239,26, 14,255

FINISHED":PRINT"CTR

CREENS":SYS49152:NEW RC

9,0,32,13,27

620

FORS=49152TO49397:READA:

REEN

32,81,27,76

FORS=679T0766:READA:POKE

169,2,32, 1

170,28,32,73,27,16

176,10,105,16,208,

6, 162

,49,27,169,0

DATA

350

520

140,21,3,96,173,24

Rfl

XI)

540

DATA

340 DATA 128,141,246,3,96,2

144,174,255,26,139 DATA 239,26,48,5,160,0,

76,211,2,120,141,2

DATA

DATA 1,165,197,201,61,2 0H,8,162,255,142 DATA 0,27,76,185,28,205

DATA 160,3,169,71,141,2

4,3 DATA 0,3

2,169

510

which appears before the Program

DATA 21,208,160,2,169,2 14,32

6,3

17 2,160,29,32,30,2

DATA 11,32,240,255,169, 137,160,29,32,30

146,4 7,18,206,146,

41,63,0

03,24,160,0,162

DATA

203,24,160,5,162,1

RR 850

162,255,160,191,32

700

9,131 DATA 141,2,3,169,164,14

1,3

710

DATA

3,165,1,9,1,133,1

720

DATA

96,169,49,160,234,

730

DATA

DF 740

DATA

208,157

5656

DATA

760

DATA

6016

5696

,169,1 DATA162,8,160,0,32,186

6024

DATA123,201,220,208,23

6032

5,169,0,141 DATA0,255,141,7,213,17

6040

3,6,213 DATA41,252,141,6,213,9

162,8,160,1,76,136

5712

2,189,255 DATA169.0,162,0,160,19

5720

2,32,213 DATA255,169,192,133,58

5728

DATA173,60,3,141,131,2

232,159

,32,129,175

Program 2: Help Screens—128 Version

2,173,61

FOR

"'LOADING

1=3072

DATA" 3249:READ

|SPACE|A:POKK I.AlNEXT FOR 1=5632 TO 6045:READ ISPACEJA:POKE I,A:NEXT BSAVE "HELPER.EXE",P5632 P6046

"INSTALLING

HELP

CREEN

MAKER":S¥S3072

END DATA173,60,3,141,33,12 ,173,61

30fi0

DATA3,141,34,12,169,28

308S

DATA3,169,12,141,61,3,

3096

DATA141,76,12,96,192,7

,141,60 169,192 6,240,3

KA BD QD SF

3104

DATA76,255,255,224,1,2 40,79,224 3112 DATA0,208,245,173,41,1 0, 164,236 3120 DATA145,224,169,4,141, 73, 12,162 3128 DATA0,120,173,6,213,9, 3,141

13,160,0 DATA177,122,145,124,16

46,69,88,69,72,83,

3072

PA 6008

9,13,145,122

,213,169

2 DATA

2,141,0 DATA255,169,22,141,7,2

DATA1,102,0,32,104,255

780

6000

5688

192,238,231,192,96

5704

DATA3,76,103,22,169,11

DATA6,213,41,252,141,6

5992

5680

0,72,69,76,80,69,2

DATA

JH 40

DATA216,104,141,25,3,1 04,141,24

217, 104,133

245,192,24,105,4,1

770

5984

5672

,255,169 DATA2,162,I19,160,22,3

,255

DATA141,44,10,104,133,

20,3,140,21,3,96,1

,169,1

238,22,22 DATA238,25,22,173,22,2 2,201,224 DATA20B,234,169,0,141,

5976

0,255,173

750

DATA0,224,232,208,247,

5664

41,245

DATA0,255,162,0,1B9,0,

120,141

5648

5736

DATA3,141,132,22,169,1

5744

26,141,60 DATA3,169,22,141,61,3,

5752

DATAB3,3,0,216,0,240,2

DATA200,208,245,230,12

3,230,125,165

Quick Key See instructions in article on page 69 before typing in.

96,7 2 01,132

5760

5768

DATA240,3,76,255,255,1 69,118,141 DATA60,3,120,173,24,3, 72,169

5776

DATA51,141,24,3,173,25

5784

DATA169,255,141,25,3,1 65,216,72

5792

DATA169,0,133,216,165,

5S00

5808

DATA121,22,141,44,10,1

5816

73,21,208 DATA72,169,0,141,21,20 8,173,33

,3,72

217,72,169 DATA4,133,217,173,44,1 0,72, 173

SX HF

5824

DATA208,72,169,0,141,3

5832

3,208,173 DATA2,221,9,3,141,2,22

5840

1, 173 DATA0,221,72,41,252,9,

BEFORE TYPING . . . Before typing in programs, please refer to "How To Type In COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE Programs,"

which appears before Ihe Program Listings.

C000:7fi

CO08:A2

C010:BD

LID

213

C018;C2

C020:04

E3 A5

C0 28i60

C030:l)0

C038:8D

C040:F0

Cll

C048:3F

C050:FQ

i;a

fc]0

I'6

C058:0D

C06l!:C0

7D C2 85 F5

C068:D0

3136

DATA6,213,169,127,141,

C070:85

3144

5848

DATA0,221,173,6,213,72

0,255,189 DATA0,4,157,0,192,232,

C07S:C°

1)1!

1)0

208,247

,41,63

C0B0:02

3152

5856

DATA9,67,141,6,213,32,

C083:80

108,23

C090:CA

119

DATAB0,165,212,201,88, 208,250,165

C09S:FA

C0A0:07

■SB

DATA212,201,64,240,24,

C0A8:29

F.8

201,83,240

C0Ii0iCf>

C0B8:EB

81)

C0C0:C2

C2 7B

C0C8:84

C0D0:00

C0D8:KU

C0E0:F8

C0ES:67

1)8

C0F0:BD

BD 76

C0F8:AD

A0 45

C100:3C

C108:E6

C110:86

P.2

C118:00

DATA238,73,12,23B,76,1 2, 173,73

XE MD

3160

DATA12,201,Q,208,234,1

316E!

69,0,141 DATA0,255,173,6,213,41 ,252,141

3176

DATA6,213,88,238,32,20 8,173,76

3184

DATA12,201,224,240,1,9 6, 169,1

QM SH CM

3192 3200 3208

3216

3224

3232

DATA162,0,32,104,255,1 69,0,162 DATA8,168,32,186,255,1 69,4,162 DATA174,160,12,32,189, 255,169,0 DATA133,253,169,192,13 3,254,169,253 DATA162,255,160,223,32 ,216,255,120

3240

3248 5632

5864 5872

5880

DATA7,201,84,208,242,1 69,240,44

5888

DATA169,16,24,109,44,1

5896

0,41,127 DATA141,44,10,16,220,1 65,212,201

5904

DATAf!3,2t!8,250,120, 169

5912

DATA213,173,6,213,9,3,

5920

,22,141,7 141 ,6

5928

5936

5944

5952

5960

3,6,213

5640

DATA9,3,141,6,213,169, 79,141

DATA198,123,198,125,17

7,124,145,122 DATA200,208,249,165,12 3,201,216,208 DATA239,169,0,141,0,25 5,141,7 DATA213,104,141,6,213, 104,141,0

DATA72.83 DATA169,0,141,0,255,17

DATA213,169,112,141,0,

255,160,0

DATA12,141,61,3,88,96, 4B,58

DATA173,33,12,141,60,3 ,173,34

0,141

5968

DATA221,104,141,33,208 ,104,141,21

C12O:2E C2

C130:L'2

i:h

C133ID0

0D IF 54

0140:96

ilD

C143:i!E

81)

C150:SC

C158:20

C128:E8

C160:05

C168:00

DATA2O8,173,44,10,141,

C17t!:90

121,22,104

C173:C2

COMPUTEis Gazelle

June 19B6

107

C1S0IB7

SA AE B4 E0 Cl AE

C188:4C

C1901A2

7C C2

C19B:C1

C1A(1:20

7C C2 7D C2

F3 20 90 IB

ClAfl:19

BFJ

C1B0SC9 Cln8r20

ClC0iA9

C1CR.-4C C1D0:C2

C1E0:A2

BD 7E C2

HO [ifl

Bll

A2 BD

91) Cl

[XI

C2 C2

ClFOiAD

HIS

ClFf1:A2 C200108

1S8

91)

(31

i!A

0208120

130

134

C210 jA 9

C21B:K3

C220:55

111

C22S:20

4F 4B

C238:D9

■tl

C233i4F

0(3

CF 95

C240:41

16 1C

19 27

II)

C248:22

00 LF

C25O:O7

C25Qil4

C260I2P

311 08

21)

C268:112

C270:2<J

CC 15

C278:A0

C28B:BB

<in

C290:91

C298iBC

C2A0s8D

8A 85

C2A3:ii0

C2ROsCH

0(3

Solarpix Article on page 64.

,0iNEXT

PX SJ

170 FORL=1T010:REAIM,K:POKE 180

FORJ=0TO7:READK:POKEBP+ J,K:NEXT

190

FORJ = 0TO7:READH(J) iNEXT

200

FORJ=0TO10:READFS(J),US

210

L=0:li=10:IFJ>4THi-:NL = l ;H

220

BEFORE TYPING . . .

which appears before the Program

250 260

FORJ=0TO10:REA11N$(J) IFJ<4ORJ=10THEN2RO

270

FORK=1TOZ{J,10)!READM$(

J,K)iHEXT CE

260

290

NEXT:FORJ=1T09:READR:R(

J)=R/360:NEXT FORN=0TO255:M=N*2*J_/256 300 S(N)=SIK(M):C(N)=COS(M)

310

320

330

340 350

360

830

PRINT"EARTH":PR1HTTAB(3

FORJ=32TO36:K=74-J POKE251,J:POKK252,2:POK

840

E=.25:T=SY-EY:FL=1

850

POKE254,2:SYS49175;NEXT

FORJ=0TO7:POKEV+39+J,H( POKEV+23,O:POKEV+29,0:P

GOSUB550:POKEV+39,7:POK

370

380 390

PRINT1'{CLR}'1;SYSLC,4,14 PRINT"S0LAKPIX":PRINT:P

JB 950

TS=STRS(INT((T+EY)*10)/

430

IFKS<>"Q"THEN420

440

POKE56576,PEEK(5G576]OR

960

450

3 POKE64B.4:POKE792,71:GO

SYSLC,9,3O:PRINTT5SPSSP 5

970

GOSUB590;IFKS="2"THEN63

SUB550

QJ HK

980 990

1000

T=T+M:GOTO860

1010

POKEV+32,14:POKEV+33,0

SM 1020

PRINT"[CI.R}"T5(2) :PRIN

460

PRINT1'{CLR!":POKE56,16O

470

480

POKE19O,0 GETKS :lFKS = ""THEtJ48l3

490

K-VAL(K?)(RETURN

500

SYSI.C, 18,31 :PRINT"G=GO"

510

PRINTTAB(31)"S=STOP" PRINTTAB(31)"+=FASTER"

570

SYSI,C,23,30:PRINTXS

580

SYSLC,2,0:RETURN

590

GETK5 :IFKS = "S"TllENt'L=l

PH 600 QJ 610 XR 620 JA

630

640 650

110

T5(2) = KES+"SUN,EAHTH [SPACE}MOON"+RX$

660

IFKS="-"THENM=M/2

:POKE646,14

TTAB(31)"M00N" AQ

1030

PRINTrrA8(3D"PHASE1':GO

1040

SUB500 SYSLC.24,1:PRINT"(EART H-MOON

DISTANCE

IED

30)";

MAGNIF

1050

SYSLC,7,31sPRINT"EARTH

EQ GP

1060 1070

PRINTTAB(31)"DAY" E=84:D=E*SAtF=D*30/390

1080

M=0.3/365.25:T=0:H=13.

POKEV+32,11:POKEV+33,0:

1090

POKEV+39,14:POKEV+40,1

GOSUi!550:PRINT"lCLR)1'TS

1100

PRIKT"f73PLEASE SELECT I SPACE)PLANETS (MAX5)"

POKEV-H2,141 :POKEV + 13,

1110

POKEVtl4,24:POKEV+15,8

PRI!JT:FORJ = 1T09:PRINTJ;

1120

POKEV+21,195:FL=1

A=T-INT(T) :Ii=T*H:B=B-I

3685 2 147 0

670

PRINT:PRINT'INNER

PLANE

1130

130

TS(4)=RES+"FACTS"+RXS

140

FORJ=49152TO49240:READK

680

GOSUD470:IFKS="Z"THEN36

1140

1150

NT(B)

150

FORJ=34816TO35I99:RKADK

690

L=K:IF1.<1THEN68O

iPOKEJ.KiNEXT

700

PRINTNS(L):PRINT"OUTER

160

fORJ=3552HT035775:POKEJ JunB 1986

IFFLTHEN970 IFKS="+"ANDH<MLTHENM=M* 2

120 TS(3)=RE?+"C0METS"+RXS

COMPUTE1:* Gazelfe

10)

:G=F/SA

RETURN

NS(J):NEXT

:POKEJ,KiNEXT

108

RD PQ

,X(J) POKEV+2*K+1,Y{J):K=K+l!

( 1 ) :GOSUB570 HG

ER 940

POKEV+J,0:NEXTiRETllRN

POKE646.7

S"+RX?

MQ 920 Y(J) = I.NT(149+Y(J}*F(J))

GOSUB470:ONKGOTO630,101

PLANET

FK 900 Y(J) = (i;*E-l)'S(A)/Z XE 910 X(J)=INT(131+X(J)*E(J))

420

2:EY=1984.82

£.

Z=1+E*C(A):X(J)=E+(E+C(

A))/Z

TO910

410

POKEV+21,0:FORJ=0TO15

RES=CHRS(18):HXS=CHRS(14

FJ=9THEN890

:NEXT

550 560

6) 100 TS(1 ) = RES + "SUN

FORJ=LTOH:A=T/P(J) + R(J) A=INT((A-IMT(A)) + 256) :I

JC 930 K=l:F0RJ = LTO!I:P0KEV+2*K

400

KC 90

POKEV,130:POKEV+1,148:P

roRJ=lTO4:PKINTTAB(8)J; TS(J):PRINT NEXTiPRINTTABO)1^ QUIT

KIT"

1)BYEAR"

AD 880 X(J)=C(A):Y(J)=-S(A)iGO

RI1JT

PRIKTTAB(30)X?:RETURN

Bll 860 BD B70

POKh^+32,3:PQKEV+33,3:P OKE646.6

LC,7,31

0KEV+21.X

MB 890

EV+40,3 HK

:KEXT

:NEXT

OKEV+16,128

FORJ=LTOH:P0KE646,H[K)

RF 810 PRINTTAB(31)NS(J):K=K+1 POKE646,14:GOSUB500:SYS

J)INEXT BH

K=l

AF 800

820

E253.K

0O0THEN630

790 PRINT"(CI,RJ (YEI,J"TS<l)l

540

D(H)

"SPC(14)"PLEASE WAIT" S1'S=CHKS(32) :XS=SPS + "Z=E

FORJ

FORJ=1T09:D(J)=2(J,5)

POKE53280,3:POKE532B1,3:

DOWN][BLU]

750

P(J)=Z(J,6):NEXT

"DE":SA=1.1

FORJ = lTOH-L+l;X=X+2lJ:N EXT

240

PRINTTA8(31)"-=S1,OWER"

RA 70 PRIIJTMCLRHa

PRINTNSOl) jPRINT:X = 1

230

530

PP=2*T:P5IO)="AC":PStl)=

Mi! 740

CB 60

EN 710

520

730

H=K:IFH<L0RH>90RH-L>4TH

E(J)=F(J)*SA:NEXT:M=P(L )/50iML-H*9 SR 770 INPUT"STARTING YEAR (120O0)";KS FC 780 SY=VAL(KS):IFSY<1ORSY>2

FORK=LTOH:READZ(K,J):NE XT:NEXT

GOSUB470:;FKS="S"THEN36 0

RR 760

POKE56,132iCLR POKE792,193:POKE648,132 POKE56576, (PEEK(56576 JAN D252JOR1 DIMS(255),C(255),MS(9,U

720

XA 10 FG 20 RC 30 40

:CLR:END

Listings.

710

(J)

0,1280,1460

Before typing in programs, please refer to "How To Type In COMPUTED GAZETTE Programs,"

C=INT(12*(B-A)+.5-7) IFC<0THENC=C+12:GOTO11 50

1160

A=A*PP:B=B*PP

1170

X=1NT(142.5+COS(A)*D)

1180

1190

GA 1203 MD

1210

Z=INT{Y+1-SIN(B)*G) POKEV,X:POKEV+■1,Y:POKE V+2.W

1220

POKEV+3,Z:POKEBP+7,3 2+ C

1230

SYSLC,9,30:PRINTINT(T*

1240

GOSUB590:IFKS="Z"THEN3

365.25) 60

1250

1260

1270

IFFLTHEN1240

= M*2 T=T+M:GOTO1130 12B0 POKEV+32,5:POKEV+33,0: POKE646.5

1290

GOSUH55O:PRINT"lCL.RJ"R ESTS(3) :GOSPJB570

1300

1310

,0,15,255

)TAB(28)U$(J)

Y=INT(148.5-SIN(A)'E) W=INT(X+l+COStB)»F)

INPI'T"ECCENTRICITY(0-0 .96)";KS E=VAL(KS) :IFK$="Z"THEN 360

IFE<0OIU:> .96ORLEN(K?) =

1650

NEXT:IFK<10T11EN168B

QB 2080

DATA 0,15,255,0,15,255

1660

PRINT"DIST.FROM EARTH" TAB(19)"243000 MILES"

2090

,0,15,255 DATA 0,15,255,0,15,254

1670

2100

DATA

2110

,0,15,24(5 DATA 0,15,240,0,15,192

U-D/7]

2120

DATA

2130

2140 2150

1680

1690 FORJ=1TOZ(K,10):C=INT(

1710

PRINTMS(K,J):NEXT:GOTO

1720

POKEV+32,3:POKEV+33,11

1730

:POKE646,3 PRINT"[CLR)"RE$FS(K)RX

$TAB(19)US(K)

2160

DATA 0,255,255,0,255,2

1740

2170

DATA 0,127,252,0,127,2

2180

DATA

2190

,0,15,0,0 DATA 0,31,0,0,255,192, 3,255,240

1770

SYSLC,5,0:FORJ=LTOH

1760

PRINTN$(J)TAB(18)Z(J.K ):NEXT

GOSUB570:GOSUS470:GOTO

PRINT"lCLR)"REST?(3) :G

1350

OSUB570 PRINT"ECCENTRICITY="E:

1360

IFETHENPRINTMACCEl,ERAT

1370

ING" M=0 .01 :T=0 :F=65'SA:G=6

[)A

IIC

5*FL OK

1380

POKEV,106(POKEV-H,148i

1390

POKEV+21(3 A=(T-INT(T))*PP:Z=l-t-E*

1400

COS(A) X=E+(E+COS(A))/Z:Y=(E*

B-l)*SIN(A)/2

1410

X=INT(107+X*f):Y=rNT(l

1420

49+Y*G) J = INT(A/J_):P0KEV+2,X)P

0KEV+3.Y

1430

1460

1780

1790

1800

1810

1450

T=T+M:GOTO139Q

1460

BATA

192,166,251,76,24

0,255,32 DATA 253,174,32,158,17 3,32,170 DATA 177,96,162,6,6,25 1 ,38

1820

DATA

252,6,253,38,254,

1R30

DATA

1840

160,2 DATA 177,251,162,8,106

245,169,21,133,2,

DATA

202,208,250,192,1

1860

DATA

152,73,2,168,165,

1870

DATA

1880

DATA

1B9B

DATA

1470

POKE646.3 PRIKT1P{C-[,R]"RESTS(4)"

1920

DATA

1480

! SPACE ) MENU " ; SYSLC, -1, 0 GOSU1)570:SYSLC,4,0

1930

0,0,14,0,0,14,0,0

1490

PRINT" S SUN"lFR2NT"

DATA ,7

1940

DATA

0,0,7,0,0,7,0,0,7

1500

FORJ=1TO9:PRINTJ;NS(J)

1950

DATA

0,0,7,0,0,14,0,0,

1510

:NEXT SYSLC,4,0:FORJ=0TO10

1960

DATA

1520

IFKS="S"THENK=0:GOTO15 90

1550

IFKS="M"THENK=10:GOTO1 590

1560

IFK>0AN»K<10THEN1590

1570

K»ASC{K$)-65!IFK<0ORK>

RG FM

1580 1590

GOTO1720

O,4B

1600

1610

1970

19B0

1620

DATA

1990

3,240 DATA 0,1,248,0,1,252,0

"FROM PE

1630

1640

PLANET

#"K

SUN"

2250

DATA

3,255,240,0,255,1

92,0,31,0,0 KQ

2260

DATA

0,255,0,3,255,192

,15,255,240 PB

2270

DATA

31,2 55,243,63,255

,252,63,255,252

XR 2280

DATA

127,255,254,127,2

55,254,255,255,255 DATA 255,255,255,255,2 55,255,255,255,255 DATA 255,255,255,127,2 55,254,127,255,254 DATA

63,255,252,63,255

,252,31,255,248 RR

2320

DATA

15,255,240,3,255,

192,0,255,0,0 CK

2330

DATA

0,112,3,248,6,248

,9,248,12,112 BR

2340

DATA 64,192,67,192

2350

DATA

128,224,131,224,1

0,0,254,0,0,254,0

2360

DATA

46,4 5,4 5,45,45,45

,44 ,37

2370

DATA

7,3,4,14,8,6,7,12

2380

DATA

DIAMETER,MILES

2390

DATA

864000,3100,7700,

7926

2400

DATA 4200,68000,71000, 32000

GA 2410 GJ 2420

DATA 31000,1500,2160 DATA MASS,(EARTH=1)

2430

DATA

332830,0.055,0.81

2440

5,1 DATA

0.107,318,95.2,14

2000

DATA

2010

DATA

,0,255

CM 2450

DATA

17.2,0.01,0.012

2020

DATA

SA SD

2460 2470

DATA DATA

DENSITY,(WATER=1) 1.4,5.4,5.2,5.5,3

2030

DATA

2480

DATA

,8,255 0,0,255,0,0,255,0 0,0,255,0,0,254,0

,0,254

2040

DATA

2050

DATA

2060

DATA

2070

DATA

.9,1.3

0,1,252,0,1,252,0

,1,248

2490

0,15,0,0,15,192,0

,15,240

0,15,254,0,15,254

DATA

ROTATION

PERIOD,E

ARTHDAYS

2500

0,15,248,0,15,252

,0,15,252

0.7,1.2,1.7,1.4,3

0,3,240,0,7,192,0

,15,0,0

PRINT:FOIHJ = 0TOiI

PRIMTK${J)TAB[18)Z(K,J

0,15,0,0,7,192,0,

,1,252

H=4:IFK=0ORK=10THi:NPRI

H=10iPRINT"

0,0,40,0,0,192,0,

15,0,0

PRINT"(CLR]"RESN?(K)RX

NT:GOTO1630

0,0,28,0,0,28,0,0

,56

DATA

31,255,255,15,255

34,224

POKEV-t-32,3:POKEV + 33,ll

0,0,56,0,0,28,0,0

,28

10THEN1530

:POKE646,3

2240

2310

0,15,0,0,0,192,0,

1540

,254,15,255,254 DATA 7,255,252,7,255,2 52,3,255,248

DATA

2300

1910

31,255,255,31,255

2230

230,251,2 30,253,2

02,208,249

DATA

,255,31,255,255

2,168,136,16,223,

POKEV*32,3:POKEV+33,6:

1530

2220

2290

198,2,208,208,96

hi'

162,3

15,255,254,15,255

,2 54,31,255,255

253,192,1,240,4,1

52,73

DATA

PRINTTA8(20)CHR?(J+65) " "FS(J) :Nt;XT GOSUB47O!lFK5="Z"THES3

DATA

2210

255,145

1900

MOON "

,240,4

DATA 3,255,248,7,255,2 52,7,255,252

,38,255 1850

0,63,240,0,31,192

HA 2200

202,208

32,13,192,132,251

,32,13

IFE>0.1THENSYSLC,2,27:

DATA

0,255,255,0,255,2

52,0,127,248

1750

1770

DATA

54,0,255,254

KD RQ

DATA 0,127,248,0,127,2 52,0,127,252 DATA 0,255,2 54,0,255,2 54,0,255,255 55,0,255,255

1340

GETKS:ifKS="Z"THEN1280

,63,240

L=0:H=10:1FK>4THENL=1: H=9

1440

L=13+J-C"7:SYSLC,L,C*1

0,15,0,0,31,192,0

FL=1:IFRIGHTS(KS,D = "I'

,0,15,0,0

1700

1330

PRINTP?(J)

0,15,252,0,15,252

SYSLC,2,27

,0,15,254

PRINT:IFK<')ORK = 10THEN1 770

1320

"THENFL--1

0THEN1280

PRINTFS(9)TAI!(19)"6 NTHS"

DATA

25,58.9,243,1,1.0

3,0 .404

2510

DATA

0.444,0.67,0.77,6

.39,27.3 COMPUTE} s Gazelle

June 1986

109

KK 2520 DATA TEMPERATURE,FAHRE NHEIT

2530 DATA

10000,620,900,72,

FontMaker

RS RG

-10,-240

See instructions in article on page

BM 2540

DATA -300,-340,-370,-4

00,-10 DATA DISTANCE

92 before typing in.

2550

l-'HOM SUN

.MILL.MILES

SP BK

2560

DATA

36,67.2,92.9,142,

100

110

POKE

2570

483 DATA 987,1783,2795,367 0

120

2580

2590 DATA 0.241,0.615,1,1.8

DATA LENGTH

OF YEAR,EA

RTHYEARS 8,11.86

PR 2600

DATA

2610

DATA ORBIT

2620

DATA

2630

29 .46,64,164,248

SPEED,MPH

107000,78000,6600

0,54000

DATA

29000,22000,15000

,12000,10000 XG

2640

DATA AXIS

AJ FD

2650 2660

DATA DATA

2670 DATA DRI VET I ME ( 5SMPH) ,

TILT,DEGREES

0,179,23.5,25,3.1 26 .7,97.9,2B .8,0

YEARS

JA 2680

DATA. 75,139,193,295,10 02

2690 DATA 1840,3698,5797,76 12

2700

2710 DATA 0,0,1,2,16,17,5,3

2720 DATA SUN,MERCURY,VENUS

DATA MOONS,,1

,EARTH,MARS,PHOBOS,DEI MOS

Program 1: FontMaker

2730

DATA JUPITER,METIS,ADR

FR 2750

LEDA,HIMALtA,LYSI

THE-A, ELARA, ANANKE, CARM E,E>ASIPHAE,SINOPE

DATA

SATURN,ATLAS,X,X,

JANUS,KPIMETHEUS,MIMAS

13B

STO

2760

140

150

DATA CALVPSO,DIONE.X,R ETUS,PHOEBE

2770

DATA

URANUS,MIRANDA.AR

IEL,UMBRIEL,TITAN1A,OB ERON

2730 DATA NEPTUNE,TRITON,HE

160

FOR X=0 TO

2790 DATA 198,255,351,285,2 49,180,204,227,173

25:T(X,1)=65

(28,1)=0:T(29,1)=122

FOR X=0

29:T(X,2)=X+

170

Iii(S = " £HOME)(21

\?H

190

POKE

180 GGS="(39

DOWN}"

SPACES}"

53280,6:PRINT CURS

£ SPACE]FOR FQNTPRINTER" QE 200 GOSUB 1710:PRINT"(DOWN] (5 SPACES}12345678":PRI NT"(4 SPACES)EA|"***"

*iSi{6 SPACESlFl PIXEL TspaceJon" PC 210 PRINT"(3 SPACESjl{B SPACKS]-[6 SPACES)F2 PIXEL OFF17 PS 220 PRINT"(3 SPACESi2z {8 SPACES]-[6 SPACES}F3

COMPUTE!'* GAZETTE Programs,"

which appears before the Program Listings.

230

[8 ME

240

250

SPACES}-(6 SPACES}F4

DELETE

COLUMN"

|8 SPACES}-1' PKINT"{3 5PACES)5CHOICE"

260

PKINT"£3 SPACES)6£B SPACES)-[6 SPACES}F6

270

PRINT"[3 SPACES)7-

NEW

FONT

NUMBER"

FONT

SET"

DX 280 PRINT"{4 SPACES)EZj**** ""jjXj[6 SPACESjFB SAV KE 290 AS

300

FONT

NOPQRSTUVWXYZti]!"

t>RINT"li

GET "9"

B?>

fT=ASC(US)-4U:G0S[IH

171

520

320

330

SPACES}ABCDEFG

540

SS="":INPUT

POKE

55296+40-Y1+X1,0:G

OSUB

1680

340

GET 0

350

POKE

360

IF A5<>"[RIGHT}" THEN 3

550 OPEN

370

380

Xl=Xl+liGOTO

390

400

XI>32

THEN

420

THE.\

X1=X1-1:GOTO

1 I IF

iiii

560

DM 570

580

590

Yl=Yl+liGOTO

440

RA 45«

Yl>18

THEN

AS<>"fUP)"

THEN

640

LOAD SS,B,1

IF AS<>"(F!i}" THEN

PEEK{46):POKE 44,123sPOKE

600

670

GOSUB 1680:PRINT"(WHT]S AVE AS(BLK)"; POKE 2,PEEK(45):POKE 3, 43,0:POKE 45,0:POKE

£SPACE}46,159

SS="":INPUT

S?[Sf"LEFT5

(5?,16):IF SS^""

THEN 6

610

SAVE

6 20

POKE 43,1:POKE

SS,8 44,8:POK

E 45,PEEK(2}:POKE EK(3)

46,PE

630

INPUT#15,A, ES,i!S,BS:IF

640

GOSUB

£SPACE}A-0 THEN 330

1690:PRINT"DISK

RROR:"A;ES 650

GET

AS:IF AS = ""

TliEN

660

GOSUB

680

OPEN

1690:GOTO

330

IF AS<>"lF5}" THEN 780 3,3:CMD

3:G0SUB

690

PRINT"(WHT}C1IOICE: (BLK}";:INPUT AS

700

PRINT#3:CL0SE

MD 710 720

IF LEN(A$)=1 THEN A=ASC (AS):GOTO740 IF LEFTS(AS,1)<>"/" THE N

A=0:GOTO

740

KQ 730 A=VAL(RIGHTSiAS,I.EN(AS) AA

-D)

740 X2=5:Y2=7:GOSUB 1600:IF SC=1 THEN L420 750 POKE 55296+40*Yl+Xl,0

760

GET

770

0 GOSUB

780

IF AS=CHRS(13)

A$:IF

AS=""

THEN

169U;GOT0

350

THEN

POK

55296+40*Yl+Xl,liGOTO B20

790

A=ASC(AS+CHR3(0)):GOSUB SC=0

HOICE:{BLK) PX DJ

B10 820

TilEN

750

169l):PRINT"|WHT}C

"AS

X2=5:Y2=7:GOTO X2=5:Y2=7:GOTO

1420 1410

LEFTS ( Hli? , Y2 + 1 )TA

B(X2)" iRVSH 73";

H40 850

860

POKE

870

IF AS<>"(RIGHT!" THEN 9

Xl = 3fl

880

IF WD=0

330

890

X2>3+WD

830

THEN

Yl=16 330

THEN48B

POKE 55296+40*Y2+X2,0 GET ASiIF AS="" THEN 85 0

Xl=3 330

IF ASo"{DOWN}"

JB 430

1,8,8,SS+",P,R":IN

QP AC

AS ""{LEFT}" Xl<5

PUT* 1 5 , A, E? , 11? , B? t CLOSE

KM 830

55296+40*Yl+Xl,14

THEN

1600: IF

THEN

SS:S5=LEFTS

(SS,16) lIF SS = P1"

HA 800 GOSUD

X1=4:Y1=17

A?:IF AS = ""

570

OAD FILE[BLKj";

PRINT"l4 SPACES}1"+CHRS

90 IF

330

IF AS<>"[F7}" THEN

456789:;<=>"

FONT?"

E 310

WHICH

B?lIF B5<"1" TilEN 500

EA 530 GOSUB 1680:PRINT"{WHT}J±

SET"

PRINT"l2 DOWN] [4 SPACESlABCDEFGIIIJKLM

HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVMXYZ?

Juno I98S

{8 SPACES}-[6 SPACES}F7 LOAD

1680 : PRINT" {WilT }S TO

[8 Sl'ACES)-(6 SPACKS)F5 KEYBOARD

GOSUB WITCH

0:GOTO

CR 670

PRINT"l3 SPACESJ4-

KR 410

COMPUTED Gazetto

510

PRINT"[3 SPACES}3~

110

COLUMN"

(34)+"IS%&'()*+,-./0123

Before typing in programs, please refer to "How To Type In

500

( 8 ) Cll RS (14 ) " (CLR) (DOWN J £73(7 SPACES)FONTMAKER

BEFORE TYPING . . .

T(26,l)331iT(27,1)=32:T

1 I NEXT

REI I), X , PLUTO, CHARON , MO

29;T(X,0)=33

+X1NEXT

HEA,TITAN,HYPERION,IAP EK

FOR X=0 TO

IF Yl'18 THEN Yl=20 Y1=Y1-1:GOTO 330

DX 480 IF A$o"lFlj)" THEN 520 AM 490

+XlNEXT

,ENCELADUS,TETHYS,TELE

DIM T{29,2),R(7,7):OPEN 15,8,15

10,EUROPA,GANYMEDE,CAL LISTO

THEN 630

56,123:CLR:XX=1:FT

ADD

ASTREA,AMALTHEA,THEBE,

JB 2740 DATA

XX=1

460 470

55296+40*Y2+X2,14

THEN

850

THEM X2=5:G0

RB 900

X2=X2+1:PRINT"(RIGHT)";

IF AS<>"{LEFT}"

910

:G0TO

840

THEN

920

X2<6THENX2=4+WD:GOTO

930 X2=X2-1:PRINT"{LEFT]",-:

BQ 940

IF Y2H2

THEN

Y2=6:PRIN

T"{7 UP)"; HK 960 Y2=Y2+1 :PRINT"ilX>WN}"; : GOTO

Qli 970 FB 980

1000

840

IF A$<>"[UP]" THEN11300 IF Y2<8 THEN Y2=14:PRIN

TO B40 IFAS=CHRS/{13)

THEN

157

1010

IF ASOCHRS ( 141 }

THEN

1030 FOR K=0

iDOWN)

1060

330

1040 IF AS<>"[CLR]" 1050

THEN

GO FF

1410

1130 PRINT"

1470

1400 1490

B90

SB 1140 IF A$<>"{?3)" THEN 119 IF WD<B THEN WD=WD+1:R (WD-1,7)=128 FOR K=7 TO 13:P0KE 553 00+40*K+WD,14:NEXT

WD=1

THEN

R(R,I)

IF AS<>'1[F4)11

THEN

1200 IF WD=0 THEN 830 1210 FOR K=7 TO 13:POKE5530

1220

R(WD-1,7)=0:WD=WD-1:IF X2>WD+4 THEN X2=WD+4

1230

GOTO

0+40*K+WD,6:NEXT

PRINT"

830

IF A? <> "[!■■£,)"

08 39

0841

3A 00

0849

0851

liD

0959

ISA

0861 :C1

0869 :A9

0871 :BB

0879 :60

0831 :A0

0889 :B0

0991 ■ 04 0899 :20

08A1 I4C

08A9 :60

08B1 :FF

0SB9 :FF

08C1 :A0

09C9 :60

08D1 :02

08D9 :F0

08E1 105

08E9 :AE

08 Fl :65

08F9 :00

0901 :D0

0909 :60

0911 :04

0919 :FF

0921 :B9

0929 :A9

D7 01

0931 ■F0

0939 :8E

0941 :BD

THEN

128

1690:PRINT"{WUT]

[DOWN}(LEFT)";

1450

930

X2=4 7 s FOR

1 =0

0959-A8

0961 :B9

0969 :C9

0971 :A9

[7 DOWN][RVS][BLU]"TAB

0979 :B0

(5); FOR R=0

0981 :39

0989 :F1

0991 :B1

0999 iBl

0A 18

09 Al :0D

3A 64

09 A9 :6D

09B1 :FF

09B9 :08

09C1 :00

1570

GOSUB

1580

1690:SS=TT+FT*10

1590

poke

ss+r,k:print"

{downHleft} [down] [left} [down][left]

[downHleft]

1600

UP}";sNEXT:GO

TO 330 BO 1.1 IF A>255

1610

167

IF A=255

THEN

TT=8"94+

30464:RETURN

PQ OX RR

1620 1630 1640

IF A>127 THEN 1650 IF A<32 THEN 1670 TT=8*(A-32)+304G4:Rf-:TU

QD ME

1650 1660

IF A<160 THEN 1670 TT=B*(A AND 127 OR64|+

1670

GOSUB

GR 1690 PRINT

THEN

30464:RETURN

1690:PHINT"(BLK] CHARACTER":SC

=0:RETURN

1690

3:G0SUB

[down)

[down][LEFT]

[D0WN]{7

138

7:K=K+R(R,I):NEX

-INVALID

THEN

7:K=0:FOR

FONT?" OR B?

830

24:PRINT"[HOME]

3,3:CMD

R<8 THEN

1260

AS<>"[F5]"

PRINT1"

FT=ASC(BS)-4B:G0SUB 17 10:GOSUB 1690:GOTO 830

THEN

RR<12

1270

B?<"1"

TO WHICH

ES:IF

0949 :4C

GET

OPEN

0951 :A9

1260

1290

0831

R(R,7)=0:PRINT"iRIGHT]

[SPACE}T0 6 R(RR,I)=0:PRINT"[BLU] ( SPACE} (DOWN) (LEFT)1'; :

1250 GOSUIi

1280

NEXTiR(R,7)=128:PRINT"

THEN

NEXT:WD=R:GOTO

124

XP HK

>"9"

{DOWN ][ LEFT]11; :G0T0 14

[left}

SWITCH

2il

1560

890

830

THEN

1240

1550

(LEFT)";:R(X2-5

,Y2-7)=0:GOTO

{7 UP]11;

1190

[RIGHT}[7 UP]";

0829

THEN

1460

1540

GOTO

8 THEN 1520 FOR 1=0 TO 6:R(R,1)=RR

1180

RR=PEEK(SS+R):IF

IF R=0 THEN FOR RR=R TO

1450

1520 1530

1690

BH PM

1170

810

1420 SS=TT+FT*1024 1430 IF AS=CHRS(13)

{5)"IRVS}"LEFTS(GGS,WD )

WD=R:G0TO

6:PRINT

IF AS<>"[F2)" AND A$<> CHRS(32) THEN 1140 U20 IF WD=0 THEN 850

1160

TT=8*T(X1-4,Y1-17)+3O4

1510

110 IF WD THEN X2=S Y2=7:GOTO 850

PRINT1'" [LEFT}"; :R(X2-5

1=0

CG PS

1150

THEN

TAB

FOR

IF ASt>"il!OME}" THEN 1

IP WD=0

R=R+1:IF

KR 1080

1110

1390

1500

LEFTS(HHS,8);

FOR R=0 TO 7:R(R,I)=0: NEXT:NEXT:GOTO 830

AS:IF AS = ""

0921

1070

1090 1100

GET

AND

{LEFT} (DOWN)(LEFT} (DOWN) [7 UP}"; :tJEXT:GO

0819

830

,Y2-7)=2i(Y2-7):GOTO

i DOWN}I LEFT 1 [DOWN] (LEFT) (DOWN![LEFT}

5529

GOSUB 1690:PRINT LEFTS (HH$,Y2+1)TAB(X2)" {RVSi";:GOTO 870 13B0 IP AS="tF7j" OR A?=" {F8}" THEN 830

QR 1400

7:PRINT"

[DOWN}[LEFT)

POKE

PS 1440 PRINT"iHOME)(7 DOWN) (RVS)E78"TAB£5);tR^fl

■■LEFTS(i!HS,8)TAB(5) ;

1360

SUB

(SPACE]l040 JK 1020 GOSUB 1690:PRINT"{BLU] RC

JX PP

T"{7 DOWN)"; HK 990 Y2=Y2-1:PR1NT"(UP)" i:GO FF

THEN

PA 1370

IF A3<>"(DOWN}" THEN 97

950

IF SC=1

360

GOTO 840 0

1350

6+40*Yl+Xl,l4:GOTO

830

1700

1710

690

HHSGGS:GOTO

1700

"[OFF]"LEFTS(HHS

,16)GGS

PRINT"{UP} [4 RIGHT)11;: RETURN

PRINT"[HOME][3

DOWN}"T

KR 1300

PRINT "{WHTjCHOICJE: [BLK]";iINPUT AS

1310

PRINT#3:CLOSE

1320

1330

C(A$):GOTO 1340 A=VAL(RIGHT$(AS,LEN(AS

Program 2: FontPrinter

)-D)

OBBltBB

1340 GOSUB 16001POKE 40«Y2+X2,0

0809:3B

081110!) C6

L£N(A$)=1

AU(12)"i73CURRENT

FONT

:"FT:RETURN

THEN A=AS

55296+

All programs listed in this magazine are

available on the GAZETTE Disk.

See elsewhere in this issue

for details.

COMPUTE'S Gdzeire

JUne 1986

111

Sensational Prices! . . . On Our Most Popular Items!

THE 690 DISKETTE!

Aro you paying too much lor diskettes? Try our flral quality, prime, 614* diskollos (no reiocts. no seconds)

at these fantastic sale prices anfl save, save, SAVE!

Disks are packaged in bones of 50; each bot contains

5 shrink-wrapped 10-packs lhat include diskettes in sleaves, labels, and wrile-protecl tabs.

Each diskette is certified to be 100°* error Iree and comes wilh a lifetime warranty (il you have a problem, we'll replace the diskette). All diskettes include hub rein forcement rings and wnle-protect notch. All diskettes aie double density and work in either single or double density Orrves

S34.50-69C ea.l

DS, DD Diskettes. Bos of 50 \ 32403

BMC

EPSON

Wo can oiler you some ol Iho lowest prices in Iho country on the mosl popular priniors, mon

itors find Interlaces. Our normnl pncos am already low, bul to make suro you got iho besl deal

you car, we will also moel mosl compolllive prices in ihis publication wtien pfacod on an equal basis IFIomember—wo don't charge tor use ol your credit card, impose excessive shipping tees, or use any other hidden ottras lo boost the price you pay Due Id ike rapid change in prices in

the computer industry, we can only meet prices a; Ihe time you place your order, ivo cannot adjust prices on items ordered or shipped on an earlier date.) Another plus lor charge card customers — your charge card is billed si time ol sMipment only for the items shipped — no early billing. no long wail tor the merchandise you alreafly paid lor

COMMODORE C-128 Campuier T571 Disk Drive

SCALL 5CALL SCALL SCALL

1902 Monitor 1670 Modem

ES. DD Diskettes, Bo* ol 50 32391

LOWEST PRICES IN U.S.A.!

EPSON FX-B6

ICALL ICALL

FX-286

$44.50-89= ea.l

* THE BEST PRICES* * THE BEST SERVICE* WHY SHOP ANYWHERE ELSE?

POWER and PROTECTION FOR YOUR C-64!

Pom'r Pak is a replacement power supply (1.5 amp| for the Commodore 64. but that's nol all! Pow'r Pak also supplies two additional surge protected outlets (120V) for monitor, disk drive, or other peripherals.

On/off switch. Fuse protection. Sturdy all-metal casaing is ventilated for heal dissipation. Full 1 year

■■

warranty.

34910

$49.95

CARTRIDGE EXPANDER Plus S22.95 FAST LOAD OFFER! Slop wearing cm! your computer by f>nrli«4 carl ridge swappi Tne Navarone canndge e«pnncior failure* Jciririfltju Wots nny cartridge, or tny "off" position n no cartridge <s \o Qe used

Rasei tne computer inuBpandenUyoi 1Mb power switch Cartridge slots a*e vertical lor easy access — no blind lumbimg behind me compuier

33237

34kH Cartridge Expander

S22.95

(Sun nninil £3995)

Fast Load Only

with purchase of cartridge expander!

Questions? Call 219/259-7051

Inlocom

SCALL SCALL

Smna Trmoworks

SCALL

Random House Ac!ivision, and many morel

CGMMODOHE-READY PRINTER

flO-colijiTin dot-malnx punter mcfudes direct plug meatte(HQ Other i rrterfic* needed), 50 tps. trjclof

ONLY O7Q9SI V ■ 57 ■

feed, prtnis upperilOAer case numerals. *ymt»oK i.1! ■;":' ■. 1 ; •■ ., '., Epsoci

Sug Retail $14995

40733

Supply limited1 Older now1

S79.95

■

• $149.95*

40728

SI49.95

Monitor CaWe {required) Ytorks mrh CM. Ctfaimcomoosriemode) and many others

37424

DUST COVER and "EVERYTHING BOOK"

The Right Interface For All Your Printing Needs!!

SPECIAL OFFER

Homo CompuTsrs/" for S295 (no &*trn shipping Lind handling charges) Covo« u anlislalJC, Tfansiucont fl-oauye vinyl sown to our treacling slanunrdfi wilh reinforced seams. Di^covoi [lie snvngs ana easy shipping avattable \iom

TENEX Computer Express!

31627

3SJG-1

$2.95

C-64 Dgst Cover and Coi.llou |G1Q}

ird \nC ?0 (n

mis niQlt [Lflrfarinince grapfiici li nieiiKe Inm 09 to<

S39-95

33565

Duller pfcwid« fupe: t\ol\l !ll Prints Jll Commodore tnaraciers wa conneclors included From Cardcn Lireiime

SCALL

34484 :■

. .i,.i ■■■ -

less than S20.00

S2O.O0-S39.99 S40.00-S74.99 S75.00-S149.99

3150.00-S299.99 530O S up

S3.75 4.75 5.75 6.75 7.75 fl.75

-!■

,",'.;.■.i11.

.-»:

3caj"flr ,irtp«i[We il-jj i*nchc^ and i"\ 10" rCtUKi in tj'ifcu lilflpmn gu.i'.inly

SCALL

C-12S Ousl Cover and Cntjilog {G1Q'

SHIPPING CHARGES ORDER AMOUNTCHARGE Ad G1Q

"' a sound r/TbnGsfmen: for your Commodore" HUN Qec 35

■

Got (o know us by oidormg This groat dust covci tot your C-W o> C-13B and our caialog, "Tfiti Evo^yinmg Book for triaC64 nnd C-128

We gladly accept mail orders!

P.O. Box 657B South Bend, IN 46660

FAMOUS NAME SOFTWARE Epy« Biotlo rOunfl

in a monitor 0' utis size. Controls include volume, brightness. conVBSl, co or lint and sJtajoness The aairaniy is Lnmatctied one year on pans and aiior. r>\o years on lie picture tube1 From Samsung Supply Limited! Order Tocay'

£24.95

$22.95

Supor-G

SCALL SCALL

The black matrix picture luba on this 14" coiriflosite color monitor pro vides impress ve color over the cnine specu urn1 rich backs, vivid colors and Ijnl'iant wttiles "tie built-in audio speaker provides the best sound nCvc Heard

sides tree for othor cartridges'

Fas' Load Cartridge

S'MORE

OUR BEST MONITOR VALUE EVER!

The cartridge e-pander is a groaT compnmon for tie Epyx Fast Load carriage —you can keep it pofmananlly InstaJEed plus have two 04216

STAR MICRONICS 8O-10 SG-1DC CARDCO Q-Wu Interlace

NO EXTRA FEE FOR CHARGES WE VERIFY CHARGE CARD

ADORISSIS,

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-348-2778

THE COMMODORE CONNECTION Qcommodore 64

System

AMIGA 1000 CPU, 512K,

• CB1541 Disk Drive • CB1802 Color Monitor

Pacman Centipede

»4"

Defender Dig Dug

*4W *4M

Galaxian

....»4M

Robotron BATTERIES INCLUDED

*4«

Paperclip 64/128 Paperclip/Spell Pak Spell Pak

»29« MS™ «29«

The Consultant

«37»»

HomePak

«29"

BRODERBUND The Print Shop Graphics Library 1,2,3 ea

»29" M4«

The Music Shop

»29"

Bank Street Writer

»39»»

MODEMS

Anchor Volksmodem

Anchor 6470 (64/128)

300/1200 Baud CBM 1660 (C-64)

CBM 1670 (C-128)

• CB1571 Disk Drive • NAP8562 RGB/Composite

$189900

$77900

Monitor

Professional Software Fleet Systems II C128/64

SOFTWARE

Fleet Systems III C128 Trivia FBver

CARDCO

Freeze Frame S'more Basic

$29™ $44"

COMMODORE

Jane-inlegraied

*38"

DATA SOFT Moon Shuttle Pooyan

"5"

$13900 S59" S17900

DRIVES

CBM1541

$19900

CBM1571

$24900

MSD-1

$21900

MSD-2 S45900 INDUS-GT (64/128)....*1990<>/

PFS File SPRINGBOARD The News Room

Clip Arts Clip Arts II

»37™

Jet Simulator C64

»37«

SPINNAKER

Omniwriter

Benji Space Rescue HES Games/Olympics Graphics Basic

EPSON Homewriter 10

OKIDATA Okimate 10 STAR SL10C PANASONIC 1080 C.ITOH 7500 AP

'3" »3"

«89« *159<"» *199« »219o<>

*199» *169«>

INTERFACES

CAROCO G-WHIZ CARDCO Super G Digital Devices U-Prlnt C

Orange Micro Grappler CD PPI Printer Interlace

"48" '32" »44"

•aBBB ...»34M

Xetec 8K Micro R & D

»89" *59»»

ACCESSORIES

Comp Gua'd Protector Curtis SP2 Protector . Curlis Satety Strip

«22" «27"

Flight Simulator II

HIS

COMREX CR-220

*59™ M9"

sublogh;

O'Ritey's Mine

PRINTERS

85999

• CB128 Computer

31/2 External Floppy, Amiga RGB Monitor

»4"

Donkey Kong

System INCLUDES:

Includes:

INCLUDES: • CB64 Computer

Qcommodore 1 28

\/Amiga System

*14M •ageu M9"

Rhymes & Riddles

*9«

All Cocor Caves Bubble Burst

*7« »9«

Snooper Trooper's #1

*9"

MONITORS

COLOR Taxan 220 NEC 1225

Your Choice S-f 7900

MONOCHROME

NEC 1205 Amber.,$79"

DISKETTES

MAXELL MD1

*11<»>

NASHUA SS/DD

S900

ELEPHANT SS/DD

sgoo

GENERIC DS/DD w/Rip'n File 10 Disk Holder AMARAY

S12"

Disk Tubs

CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-233-8950 477 East Third Street. Dept. A406, Wiiliamsport, PA 17701

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-221-4283 PjniMii

POLICY! Add 3% (WinniUTi J7 00] srupolrig Aid hanakng Larger yiipmenisnu1!1 require aJdiiionalciurges Personjl inQ coinpa^y checkr. require 3weekis loc^u Foi lasiflf [Jchvery

^_y.^yj

Oelcctrve soirwaie will Lie replaced wilh The «ma item aa\y. Haidware will Db repaired c< repJaced al our discneiioo withm the Ifre lerm^ and rimirs tfi The mariLfactu/er's wacranly. We

Inm^i-f^l

y« your crfdrt card or senfl casfufr's check a Qanh money orfler. Pennsylvania residenrs add 6*j tales la'. AB prices are sublecl lo chanoe and aH Hems are ^ub|«l m availaljirHy

, 71

' *J

t***sc

ânnoT rjuiranr&e conpgiibfliiy Al âles are rinil and returned sliiDiiiefil^ die ûb|et[ lo a rp^rccking fee

1-800-26B-3974

1-80D-268-4559 Olher Province*

CANADIAN ORDERS All pMCBt Viuwn JkF ICX J S A OlOP^S

1-41G-828-0B66

Tolei:0B-21S960 Ounivin Drive.

EXTEND YOUR GRAPHICS REACH ... with penware products by Inkwell Systems the light pen system (or Commodore

an indispensable addition to your

users who want easy Computer Aided Design with professional rssults. Whether drawing schematics or practicing your artistic talents. FLEXIDRAW 5.0

Inkwell graphics system, gives you character generation ability at the touch of your FLEXI DRAW light pen. Choose Irom the 33 built in letter styles or create with your own 3ymbol

will give you over 65 graphic features including

two full screens. 16 colors, sprite animation, end library ol technical symbols. The FLEXIDRAW

and pattern libraries. Flexllont will Copy, Paste,

Flip, Rotate, Print, and Edit saved or loadsd symbols. At S29.95 (Sugg, retail), Flexitont is an

system: quality light pan, disk, and manual.SI49 95

Flexidraw Is endorsed by the U.S. Commodore

inexpensive necessity lor creation of anything

Users Group.

from official documents and newsflyers to per sonal letters and formal Invitations.

Ihe lon9 awaited integration

a varie'y of C||P aft and artistic

program for avid graphic artists and CAD users,

renditions from Roxidraw users and protessional artlsls. Trie Gallena will

will not only convert other popular graphics packages to Flonldraw and back, but also glvos

^ provide you with diskette

you the ability to croate your own self-running

ibranes ol large and small drawings Irom lantasy Images lo real-lite recreations. Ideal lor use in newsllyers, stationery, invita tions and poster work, the Graphics

slide shows In high resolution. Hi-res to Hi-res. Hi-res to Flexidraw, Multicolor to Multicolor

the Graphics Integrator is also compatiDln with Word Processing programs with

Galleria can be used with Flexidraw

external file capability for integration

or many other graphics packages when used

of text and pictures. ($29.95)

with the

Graphics

Integrator. Available this

winter lor $2995

See your local dealer or contact:

Inkwell

Inkwell Systems • P.O. Box 85152 MB 290 • San Diego, CA 92133

or call (619) 268-8792

Systems FACTORY AUTHORIZED

COMMODORE REPAIR CENTER

Shipping and Handling 14 00. Canadian and Foreign S& CO

NOW GET TRUE DESCENDERS FOR 801, 1525, 803, GP-100,

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HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

IN ILLINOIS |3!2| 879-2888

39.95*

1541 Repair

79.95*

only 29.95" Power Supplies . 34.95 Commodore Parts . CALL • Includes parts, labor & UPS return ship ping. Air Freight add SI0.00

Diagnosis fee of S25.00 (or any unit al tered or witn no delects. CALL BEFORE SHIPPING

VISA, MASTER or MONEY ORDER

SERIAL NUMBERS REQUIRED 24-48 HRS TURN AROUND (Subject lo Parts Availability]

TEKTONICS PLUS, INC. 150 HOUSTON ST

SAMPLE

ARTS

ACTUAL SIZE

gypsy

featuring: True descender*

1541 Alignment

STE. 308

BATAVIA, IL 60510

CLIP AND SAVE

GRAPHICS

From the Deicender ROM People

1-800-772-7289 C64Rcp:iir ,.<„...„„.

C-64

A planting alternative. Uniform character formation

No change In graphic capability No chBnge In software compatibmty No change In printer operation North American standard font

NowdoyourLetlerheads.Srgns. Hole Pads, etc., In Hires. We furnish the graphics and Instructions,

disk for $17.95 THEME GRAPHICS DISK Logo FlHln's

Restaurant

Military

Religious

Baseball

General Sub;.

$10.95 GRAPHICS DISK AND MORE! 120 Graphics. 60 Card Verses, Hints,

Aids. Examples and Free Graphics

Complete instruction*

Making Ibol.

Easy Installation

$14.95

No soldering

$39.95 Cdn On'

HMpdanii odd

S29.95 U.S. 7%

Ch#qjf, Montr Ordir ,

hbt

P'ov

Solti

To.

V no or

MoirrrCo'd

WILANTA ARTS

I"»I*W

6943 Darrlsdale Dr. Mlsslssauga Ont.

CLIP ART PLUS DISK Disk full ol Clip Art and Hires Pictures

$19.95 AM SJ 00 tor p.ntnoe B. hAftOhig Cllhl Peaidonu add B1

sales la

SEND C "tCH OH H O TO

L5N 2H5

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4102 E. 7trt ST.,

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LONG BEACH, CA. 90804 Phone (213) 434-15BO

Software Discounters Open Saturday of America PA Orders—1-800-223-7784

Customer Service 412-361-5291 BankSI.WiileMD) CALL FOA

Pownr Pi an $4

SuperC 123

PRICES

Supe' Pascal 128 ACCESS Beacn HeacSiDj .

Leader BoarfUDj

(25

Macn5|R) Mach iS8r,Rr ACTIUISION Aller Ego MalrlDr Borrowed Tune (□)

S!3

fast Tracks Slfil CarComsi. KH (D| Garry Kuchen's

GamemakauO]

333 S33 J19 121

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119

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119

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SIMON & SCHUSTEfl

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139

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MICROLEAQUE Ba4ej|3Bll tO} Gen^raJ Mpn^rj^r^D,

$2&

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m #2. or*3 .. PS Papei R&dU

$16 E». SU

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Kamp*(jruppe|O]

S37

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S37

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525 i2i

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125 .

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COMPUTEI's Gazette

June 1986

408-M5-757S

Orders:

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282-4528

Classified

SOFTWARE C64 SpeedScript 3.0-3.2 Update

iirusMf - SS 3X •nMACtl See Gattttf. F«

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COMMODORE: TRY BEFORE YOU BUY. T<ip 25 best-soiling games, utilitks, new releases. Visa, MasterCard. Free brochure. Rent-A-Disk. 9l)rt 4th Ave., Huntingion, VVV 2570] (304) 522-16H5 Free membership in SW club. Top British Cbi programs. Member's discount1 Introduct. oiftr. roeniburship, BJtalog !r reviews (no strings.)

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100 PR1NTSIIOP'" GRAPHICS FOR THE C64 Vehicles-Animals-Characters t much more.

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QUANTUM LEAP: Box 2445, La |olla, CA 92038 Casino M, Ihc greatest poker & slols - $16. Full-featured Critic, C64 wont processor - $15. Disk Magazine 1 & 11, 104 prfims/disk - SB i-a.

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for C64 and C12S computers' Wnle for info. Madd Programmer Software, H31 32nd Ave.. ScattlL-. WA 98122 (206) 324-6980 EASY MONEY - PLAY BLACKJACK. Winning system & I1J GAME on Ch4 Disk ■ $14.95. CA add sales tax. Guaranteed. Casino

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128 MONITOR EXTENSION - add missing lunciions - WALK ■ iind/alter abi/ind addresses

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PROGRAM YOUR DREAMSI Control themes using C64/128. Based on techniques developed

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DOS 4.4 35/39 THK AUTO-DUAL MODE 1S41 DOS Upgrade. "32 Blks/r-Format/Dev Toggle/

De-Ratchet/Bu! Clear/Save. Add 68 blks per disk! 2-EPROMS + Disk. S34.95, HaiDnve Associates, POB 14603. Louisville, KY 41)214 MATH WRITER provides a fast, easy way to write programs that solve complex

math problems. For C64. S24.95 + S2.00 S/H. Free Brochure. HARTEK. Suite 106,

12322 Poway Rd., Poway, CA 120M Solva those AC&DC math problems now.

Disk or Tape for C64, Plus/4, 16 and IBM - Check - Electro-Math, POB 5906 - MO S19.95 Sherman Oaks, CA 91413. $19.95 PLAY VIDEO POKER on your C64. Just like ttia

popular gambling game in Las Vagas Casino9. Disk, now only S12.95 (NV Res. add 75C sales tax) Send check or m.o. to: nil) SOFTWARE, POB 80815, Las Vegas, NV B9180

Wizard, pob 6464. Mobile, Al. 36660

Continued on next page.

LOTTO PICKER. Improve your chances for those

Million Dollar Jackpots! Picks LOTTO, WIN-4 and Dally Numbers. All USA tc CAN. games incl. Expandable! IBM/C64/TI99 $29.95. Order

Now! l-BUO-341-1950 cut. 71. Mail Orders: Ridge. 170 ilway, =201C, NY, NY 10038. dialog.

COMPUTEl's Gazette Classified is a low-cost way to tell over 275,000

VIDEO TITLE MAKER and colorful, eye

microcomputer owners about your product or service.

catching in-store business advertising messages and special effects generator,

Rule!; (33 hi Dm, minimum uf few Imr- Any or .ill of ilic Flnl lirw v-i i" etptul iMttn -it m> thji^r AJJ S15 fii*r lltn' [in bDldfu* woriiv isr i50 lor Ihi' ciiuii' .\A HI in Kfl<SfnHni' liny nunitur o+ inln.)

124.95 (C64 Disk]: MlCioAdl, 145 East Norman Dr., Palatine. 11. 60U67

FREE SOFTWARE lor C64, C128, IBM, & CFM. For info send large stamped (39c) return

envelope lo: PUBLIC DOMAIN USERS GROUP, TO Bos I442-A2, Orange Park. FL 32067

T&rmt: Prepayment is reqalivdi t'lii'k'k. mtrni'v otdtt, Am^rkjn Expivn, Visa, i>i MatlvrCtro i> icnpted. M.iki-

choiti M¥«ble ic COMPUTE! PuhHwlloni. Form: .\it-i .ire lubject to publlahfr*! Approvil ind must be eluipr typed op loalbsy prinu^l One lln* eqiuli -lu K'ttcis snJ ^ûi-es betuven words, riea4^ underlLmi ivords to W *\-\ m boldface. General Information: AiIvitiim'I> uîne post ulliu1 k>i numhi'rs in their jJ- muî supplv p.'rmineni addrc« jnd

tdjphoiw numbers. Ordi-r- will nol lv acknowledged. Ad will jppiMr in nr.1 available liiilr liter meipl

Closing: 10lh oi the thiid month preceding COVVT diTe^et. lune issue ^hn-s Mjrch lOrh). Send uider 3nd r.miiuii.e lo Harry Bl.nr, CljisilieJ MUlHir, COMI'UTEVs Ca/.lt.'. P.O. Bu> 540S, Gnenjboro, NC 27J03. To pl.u.' .in Jd bjphOTlft "11 ll.irry Bljir al I'll1)) Z75-1S09. Nollce: COMPUTE! Publn.itKmv v.innoi bQ revponllbk Ii>r Gfferscf dilml of IdveniHrs, but will .mcmpi to KnMn

nut mlileadlng or qunUonible enpy.

Classified

"■ C64 PROFESSIONAL TEXT EDITOR "• Easy In use full-si-n-rn editor ante*

Soq. Data Tiles or AfMmblei Source, Only $24.50 fur tap! lit disk. Wilts for frw ipeodflcatlon iheet. NAC Microware, I'OB Urea, CA 92621

"THE ULTIMATE f.4 DISK MENU" Autoload/run Baslc-ML prgs. INSTANTLY restore menu - even during another prog.

Reader Service Number/Advertiser

102 Abacus Software

USTMAKBK (C64) CREATE 3-BLBMENT LISTS. SIMPLE & IAST - EDIT ■ HUNT • SORT. CATALOGS DISK HRECTOR1ES ■ THEN

EDITS. ON-SCREEN EDITING OJ( 15

RLCORDS AT TIME MULH-ELEMBNT & RECORD-COLUMNAR REPORTS (HUNDREDS 01 RECORDS ON SINGLE PACE) S34.H0 CHUCKS ONLY TO: R. FHNBBRG, i'O BOX

15474, PHILA, PA 11149. NO REFUNDS.

Tin: COMPLETE DISK OF POLISH humor Tnrifir for parties. R Raled. C64/12S. Si»nd 59.95 ch or ITLO. to'. SStS Enterprises, Ki. 5, Box 179j. Kau Clair. Wl 547Q3

HARDWARE COMMODORE 1520 PRINTER/HOTTER. $N5 00. Pislpaid via UPS Factory Warranty. Fre

103 Abacus Software 31 104 Abby's Discount Software ... 119

105 106 107 108

Access Software, Inc 15 Acorn of Indiana, Inc 116 Aier Products 120 American Robot & Electronics 128 Aprotek

Remarked Basic & Ml. on disk iv/does, Send $12

1<>: Colony SW, I'OB 4712, Humwillr, AL3SS13

Page

4 125 124

Aprotek 109 Artificial Intelligence

110 Basic Computer Systems

... 124

111 Basix

112 Berkeley Softworks 113 Blackship Computer Supply

114 Brady Communications Company, Inc

67 . 120

Brantford Educational

Services 115 Cardinal Software 116 Central Point Software

123 120 83

Cheatsheet Products, Inc. . . .121

Cheatsheet Products. Inc. ... 125 117 Clinical Interviews 124 C.O.M.B. Direct Marketing Corp

User's Manas] disk included. Thomas

S.iv.i^e. PO Boi 75. rk-thpage. NY 117H

11B Commline-64

Compl instr Included, Send null # & S25.95 FIX 5703 E Southilde, Uulsvllle, KY 40214

Commodore 119 Compumed 120 CompuServe

BC 125 22-23

COMMODORE 64 tc VIC/20 USERS: THE ADMIRAL is hen.'! Smart cable will connect any

121 Computability 86-87 122 Computer Centers of America 117

IntBTfacQ conversion is self-conuiuii'd. No bulky adapter*] no fush! Plug In and print! 6-pin DIN to 36-pin Centronics

123 Computer Mail Order 124 Computer PALS 125Cosmi Covox Inc

113 118 19 122

126 Crown Custom Covers 127 CSM Software Inc

121 49

128 Digital Solutions, Inc

IBC

Diversions Inc 129 DB Software 130 DJ Software 131 Eledronic Arts

126 50 124 IFC

132 Electronic OnB 133 Emerald Components

124

152S/BO1 TRUE DESCENDERS Naw Char let, No flEfeCI tin other fcitt. Perm lulwre di£.

Centronics printer ^o your Commodore.

connector, shielded. 4 ft. coiled. 24 n,

Molded. Cold-pljtrd pins. UL 24M li««i. Send check for $69,95 or UPS COD + s/h to: F. Lawrence Corp., 53 Valley Rd., Northport, NY H7ftS. Custom cimipiiter

cables available. Write/call 516-754-2556 evenings. Cables Guaranteed.

MISCELLANEOUS FREEI SHOP AT HOME nv modem! FANTASV PLAZA I-81B-84D-8D66 (MODEM) MEET NEW FRIENDS HY MODEM! MODEM PARTY LINE 1-81M-S42-3322 (MODEM)

US!; BOTH SIDES OF DISKS WITHOUT

CUTTING NOTCHES. Ideal wrile protection,

liasy, no solder kit. Send S6.95 + 5<K p/h to:

TDE, POD I4H2, Windsor. CA 95492-14N2 OM CAH - C64 DIAGNOSTIC HOOK-UP via AI.Di. terminal in molt '80Vi and newer CM cars. Computer controlled

pammeten flro available for car

trouble-shooting or Blndy. Hardware

and software available. Free Brochure. Executive Electronics, Inc. 938 Main St. Yarmouth port. MA 02675

12B

COMPUTE'S Gazotta

June 1986

International 134 135 136 137

EPYX Federal Hill Software Firebird Licensees Inc. Firstline Software, Inc Halix Institute

52 7 122 .. . 24-25 47 118

138 Inkwell Systems

114

Intelligent Software i39Ketek

122 51

140 Kyan Software

123

141 Lyco Computer 36-37 142 Mastertronic International Inc. .27 143 Melodian Systems, Inc 2-3

Reader Service Number/Advertiser

Page

144 Michaelsoft

118

145 Micro Computer Services ...118 146 Micrologic, Inc

123

147 Micro Prose Simulation

Software

148 Micro-Ware Distributing, Inc.

149 National Advancement Corporation 150 151 152 153

.126

Precision Data Products .... 128 Prism Software 48 Protecto 61-63 R. J. Brachman Associates, Inc 126

154 RJL Enterprises 155 RJ Softshop 156 Schnedler Systems

116 114 121

Second Source Engineering .121

157 Signal Computer Products .. .53 Simplicity-Home Software ...128 156 Software Discounters of America

115

159 Solutions Unlimited Sportsware 160 Star Micronics 161 Strategic Simulations, Inc

125 126 41 11

162 subLOGIC 1 Teutonics Pius, Inc 114 163 Tenex Computer Express .. .112 164 Triad Computer 86 165 Tussey Computer Products 70-71 Ufland Software Inc 116 166 Uitrabyte 86

167 Unitech 168 White House Computer 169 Wilanta Arts 170Xeteclnc

120 .... 116 114 53

Classified Ads 127-128 Commodore Books from COMPUTE! 59 COMPUTED Gazette Disk Subscription

COMPUTED Gazette Subscription COMPUTE'S First Book of Commodore 128 & Electronic

Computer Projects

COMPUTED Kids and the ST & Kids and the 128 40 Great Flight Simulator Adventures 40 More Great Flight Simulator

Adventures 128 Machine Language for Beginners

9 45 55

57 39

Solutions! Paperback -rnfer128 rdProce

PW 128/64 Dicnonor

MAILORDERS: CRYSTAL COMPUTER INC. tn Michigan 1.517-224.7667

Ou'sid" Michigan 1-800-3J5-73I6

3d houci a day, 7 dayi u *eaV

Never

a Bad Disk! Commencing

r64 Spread Stoat

December 1985,

Digital Solution's

software will feature Polaroid Premium

Your Commodore 128 or 64

Diskettes with the

exclusive Data Rescue1"" service,

You want the very best software you can find for your Commodore 128 or 64, right?

Ifyour disk label has 'Polaroid'on it, Data Rescue™

You want integrated software — word processing,

is available to you. Should anything happen

database ana spreadsheet applications — at a sensible price. But, you also want iop-of-the-line features. Well, our Paperback 128/64 software goes one better.

to your diskette,

Polaroid will help recover your data — free of charge. To utilize this service,: toll free 1-800-241-44( in the continentqUp.S.A.

With Paperback 128 or 64, you'll find all the feotures you con imagine... ond then some. And Paperback 128/64 is so easy to use, you won't even need the reference guide. On-screen and in memory instructions will have you up and running in less than 30 minutes, even if you've never used a computer before.

The price? It's as low as you'd expect for a line of software called 'Paperback'. Suggested Retail Price for the 64 Software is S39.95 (U.S.} and $49.95 (U.S.) for handling. (Available to registered owners from Digital Solutions Inc. only.)

Paperback Writer 128 or 64, Paperback Planner 128 or 64 and Paperback Filer 128 or 64 ... Solutions at sensible prices from Digital Solutions Inc. International & Distributor enquiries to:

Serious software that's simple to use.

"' Digital Solutions

Paperback Writer 128 and 64 are now available in French,

P.O. Box 345, Station A Willow dale, Ontario

Conodo M2N 5S9 1-416-331.3225

All you need to do this

graph a spreadsheet

fix an engine

wrile a novel

paint a picture

compose a song

...::;

ir banting

learn to fly

organize a data base

When it comes to personal computers, you want the smartest, at a price that makes sense. The new Commodore 128™ system has a powerful 128K memory, expandable by 512K. An 80-column display and 64,128 and CP/M® modes for easy access to thousands of edu

cational, business and home programs. And a keyboard, with built-in numeric keypad, that

operates with little effort.

Or if the Commodore 128 is more machine

than you had in mind, you can pick, up the forecast sales

(•L*

w II*. HtUVtorfLiWIlHUi

Commodore 64? the Commodore 64 is

our lower- priced model geared to more fundamental, basic needs. Discover personal computers that do more for you. At prices you've been wailing for. From the company i that sells more oersonal computers

■ than IBMS or Apple?

rodennan; o' lrodemrarv uf

apmjr* or

s CornniMOfpft* lie r

l Research, i e Computer i

COMMODORE 128 AND 64' PERSONAL COMPUTERS ' in-t11r>r,i^i

\,ttj

A Higher Intelligence

■...'.■.■.■.■■.,.■

!ellastory