Abstract
The Brazilian semiarid region faces the challenge of guaranteeing water security for rural communities, especially with the COVID-19 outbreak. The chapter presents how small-scale water system initiatives like the 1 million Cisterns Program and the Freshwater Program contribute to the access to water, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. The methodology consisted in a thorough document analysis. These programs adopted a posture of coexistence with the drought and included rural populations as protagonists in the planning, installation and monitoring processes of the systems. Their continuity depends on the government’s willingness. Although they ease regional structural problems, they do not solve them.
References
Agência Nacional de Águas (Brasil) (2019) Plano Nacional de Segurança Hídrica, Agência Nacional de Águas. Brasília, ANA. Available at: https://arquivos.ana.gov.br/pnsh/pnsh.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2021
Agência Nacional de Águas (Brasil) (2020) Conjuntura dos recursos hídricos no Brasil 2020: informe anual. Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico. Brasília, ANA. Available online: http://conjuntura.ana.gov.br
Arsky I d C (2020) Os efeitos do Programa Cisternas no acesso à água no semiárido. Desenvolv Meio Ambiente 55:408–432. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v55i0.73378. Edição especial – Sociedade e ambiente no Semiárido: controvérsias e abordagens
Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro (ASA) (2021) Quem somos. Available at https://www.asabrasil.org.br/sobre-nos/historia#como-surgimos
Barde JA (2017) What determines access to piped water in rural areas? Evidence from small-scale supply systems in rural Brazil. World Dev 95:88–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.012
Benevenuto R, Azevedo ICC, Caulfield B (2019) Assessing the spatial burden in health care accessibility of low-income families in Rural Northeast Brazil. J Transp Health 14:100595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100595
Bernstein S (2017) The United Nations and the governance of sustainable development goals. In: Norichika K, Biermann F (eds) Governing through goals: sustainable development goals as governance innovation. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 213–240
Brandão EAF, Santos TdR, Rist S (2020) Connecting public policies for family farmers and women’s empowerment: the case of the Brazilian semiarid. Sustainability 12:5961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155961
Brauch HG, Spring UO, Grin J, Mesjasz C, Kameri-Mbote P, Behera NC, Chourou B, Krummenacher H, Facing Global Environmental Change (2009) Environmental, human, energy, food, health and water security concepts. Springer, Heidelberg
Brown C, Neves-Silva P, Heller L (2016) The human right to water and sanitation: a new perspective for public policies. Cien Saude Colet 21(3):661–670. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015213.20142015
Campos JNB (2015) Paradigms and public policies on drought in Northeast Brazil: a historical perspective. Environ Manag 55:1052–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0444-x
Cavalcante L, Mesquita P, Rodrigues-Filho S (2020) 2nd water cisterns: social technologies promoting adaptive capacity to Brazilian family farmers. Desenvolvimento Meio Ambiente 55:433–450. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v55i0.73389
Cetrulo TB, Marques RC, Malheiros TF, Cetrulo NM (2020) Monitoring inequality in water access: challenges for the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Sci Total Environ 727:138746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138746
Cook C, Bakker K (2012) Water security: debating an emerging paradigm. Glob Environ Chang 22(1):94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.011
Cunha LH (2020) Desigualdades nos padrões de acesso à água e limites da cidadania hídrica em comunidades rurais do semiárido. Desenvolv Meio Ambiente 55:99–116. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v55i0.73371. Edição especial – Sociedade e ambiente no Semiárido: controvérsias e abordagens
da Silva LE (2015) O Impacto de Cisternas Rurais Sobre a Saúde Infantil: Uma Avaliação do Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas, 2000–2010. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Damasceno NP, Khan AS, Lima PVPS (2018) Desempenho da saúde pública no semiárido brasileiro. Rev Ibero Am Ciências Ambientais 9(5):171–187. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2179-6858.2018.005.0016
de Azevêdo AC (2017) Autonomia x dependência: políticas de água no Semiárido e desenvolvimento regional. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Available online: https://eg.uc.pt/handle/10316/80897. Accessed 14 June 2021
de Carvalho JRS, Luz J, Santos SM (2018) A PVC-pipe device as a sanitary barrier for improving rainwater quality for drinking purposes in the Brazilian semiarid region. J Water Health 16(3):391–402. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.208
De Lira Azevêdo E, Alves RRN, Dias TLP, Molozzi J (2017) How do people gain access to water resources in the Brazilian semiarid (Caatinga) in times of climate change? Environ Monit Assess 189(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6087-z
Dean AJ, Fielding KS, Lindsay J, Fiona J, Newton HR (2016) How social capital influences community support for alternative water sources. Sustain Cities Soc 27:457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.016. ISSN 2210-6707
Embrapa (2021) Inclusão produtiva no seu município. Cisternas e outras tecnologias sociais de acesso à água. Shapefiles. Available online: http://mapas.cnpm.embrapa.br/mds/?layers=1. Accessed 3 June 2021
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) (2015) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Cisternas garantem água para o Semiárido. Available online: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-noticias/-/noticia/2436610/cisternas-garantem-agua-para-o-semiarido. Accessed 14 July 2021
Farto CD, Da Silva TC (2020) Variações da qualidade da água de chuva e de açudes armazenada em cisternas em municípios do semiárido do estado da Paraíba. Engenharia Sanitaria Ambiental [online] 25(6):859–871. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-4152202020180151. Accessed 9 June 2021
Ferreira RS, Veiga HP, dos Santos RGB, Saia A, Rodrigues SC, Bezerra AdM, Hermes LC, Moura A, Cunha LH (2017) Empowering Brazilian Northeast rural communities to desalinated drinking water access: Program Água Doce, The International Desalination Association World Congress, São Paulo, Brazil REF: IDA17WC-58375_Ferreira
Global Water Patnership (GWP) (2000) Towards water security: a framework for action. GWP, London
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2010) IBGE, ‘Censo 2010’ Brasília
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas (IBGE) (2017) Mapa do semiárido’ 1:12000000. Available at: https://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/estrutura_territorial/semiarido_brasileiro/Situacao_23nov2017/mapa_Semiarido_2017_11_23.pdf
Joint Monitoring Program (2014) Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 update. WHO/UNICEF, Geneva/New York
Kahil MT, Dinar A, Albiac J (2016) Cooperative water management and ecosystem protection under scarcity and drought in arid and semiarid regions. Water Resour Econ 13:60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2015.10.001
Li Y, Westlund H, Liu Y (2019) Why some rural areas decline while some others not: an overview of rural evolution in the world. J Rural Stud 68:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.003
Linton J (2012) The human right to what? Water, rights, humans, and the relation things. In: Sultana F, Loftus A (eds) The right to water: politics, governance and social struggles. Earthscan, New York, pp 45–60
Machado TTV, Dias JT, da Silva TC (2017) Evolução e avaliação das políticas públicas para a atenuação dos efeitos da seca no semiárido brasileiro. Gaia Scientia, [S. l.] 11(2). https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2017v11n2.31831
Machado TTV et al (2021) Avaliação da qualidade de águas de chuva armazenadas em cisternas de placas e de polietileno em um município do semiárido do estado da Paraíba. Engenharia Sanitaria Ambiental [online] 26(1):151–158. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220180003. Acessado 9 Junho 2021
Mapunda DW, Chen SS, Yu C (2018) The role of informal small-scale water supply system in resolving drinking water shortages in peri-urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Appl Geogr 92:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.02.001
Meeks R (2018) Property rights and water access: evidence from land titling in rural Peru. World Dev 102:345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.011
Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional (2019) Boletim informativo Ministério da Cidadania n°28, novembro. Programa Cisternas
Moraes LRS (2014) Análise situacional do déficit em saneamento básico, Brasília, Ministério das Cidades, Secretaria Nacional de Saneamento Ambiental
Moura P, da Glória Motta Garcia M, Brilha J (2021) Guidelines for management of geoheritage: an approach in the Sertão Central, Brazilian Northeastern Semiarid. Geoheritage 13:42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00566-8
Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, World Health Organization (2015) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water. 2015 Update and MDG assessment [Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation]. WHO/UNICEF/UM, New York, p 90
Rickert B, Barrenberg E, Schmoll O (2016) Taking policy action to improve small-scale water supply and sanitation systems tools and good practices from the pan-European region. WHO, Kopenhagen
Saia A (2018) O acordo de gestão do programa água doce: importância da gestão compartilhada dos bens comuns para o desenvolvimento local. Monography, Escola Nacional de Administração Pública, Brasília
Santana VL, Arsky IC, Soares CCS (2011) Democratização do acesso à água e desenvolvimento local: a experiência do Programa Cisternas no semiárido brasileiro. In: Anais do I Circuito de Debates Acadêmicos. Brasília, CODE, IPEA
Schweitzer RW, Mihelcic JR (2012) Assessing sustainability of community management of rural water systems in the developing world’. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 2(1):20–30. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.056
Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM) (2021) Sistema de Informações de Águas Subterrâneas – SIAGAS. Available online: http://siagasweb.cprm.gov.br/layout. Accessed 11 June 2021
Silva AR, Borja PC (2017) Uso de cisternas para abastecimento humano por meio da captação de água da chuva: a experiência do Brasil nos últimos anos. Revista AIDIS 10(3):270–284
Soares Júnior DA, Fátima Andrade Leitão MR (2017) Desenvolvimento local: o Programa Um Milhão de Cisternas (P1MC) em Tupanatinga, PE. Interações 18(1):75–87. https://doi.org/10.20435/1984-042X-2017-v.18-n.1(06)
United Nations (2002) Economic and Social Council. General Comment N. 15. Twenty-ninth session’ Geneva, 11–29, November. Agenda item 3
United Nations (UN) (2010) A/RES/64/292: the human right to water and sanitation: resolution. Adopted by the General Assembly
United Nations (UN) (2021) Summary Progress Update 2021: SDG 6 – water and sanitation for all, Geneva, UN-Water Technical Advisory Unit. Available online: https://www.unwater.org/publications/summary-progress-update-2021-sdg-6-water-and-sanitation-for-all/. Accessed 14 July 2021
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, World Health Organization (2019) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017. Special focus on inequalities [Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation]. WHO/UNICEF/UM, New York, p 71
Whittington D, Davis J, Prokopy L, Komives K, Thorsten R, Lukacs H, Bakalian A, Wakeman W (2009) How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water supply systems doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru, and Ghana. Water Policy 11:696–718. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.310
World Health Organization (2003) Domestic water quantity, service level and health. World Health Organization, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Silva, J.I.A.O., Villar, P.C., Granziera, M.L.M. (2023). Alternative Systems for Water Security in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. In: Leal Filho, W., Aguilar-Rivera, N., Borsari, B., R. B. de Brito, P., Andrade Guerra, B. (eds) SDGs in the Americas and Caribbean Region. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91188-1_108-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91188-1_108-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91188-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-91188-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences