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Regulation of Phytohormone Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Arabidopsis Following Treatment with Commercial Extract from the Marine Macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum

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An Erratum to this article was published on 15 December 2012

Abstract

Seaweeds and their extracts have been used for centuries in agriculture to improve plant growth and impart stress tolerance. There has been historical evidence that phytohormones present in seaweeds lead to these effects, but questions of this mode of action have always been raised. By quantifying phytohormones in seaweed extracts coupled with the use of phytohormone biosynthetic and insensitive mutants, we conclude that the phytohormone levels present within the extracts are insufficient to cause significant effects in plants when extracts are applied at recommended rates. However, components within seaweed extracts may modulate innate pathways for the biosynthesis of phytohormones in plants. Phytohormone profiles of plant tissue extracts were analyzed following root application of a commercial seaweed extract produced from Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) to in vitro-grown Arabidopsis plants. We found an increase in total concentration of cytokinins (CKs), in particular, of trans-zeatin-type CKs, 24 and 96 h after ANE application, with an increase in cis-zeatin-type CKs observed at 144 h. Concomitantly, increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA catabolite levels were observed whereas auxin levels were reduced. Additionally, the profile of transcripts revealed that CK biosynthetic genes were upregulated, whereas the CK catabolic genes were repressed at 24 and 96 h following ANE application. Not surprisingly, the transcripts of ABA biosynthetic genes were increased whereas the auxin biosynthetic genes were repressed. These corroborated findings are the first to help explain the underlying physiological benefits derived from the application of ANE to plants.

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Acknowledgments

The research team graciously acknowledges funding received from the National Research Council (NRC), Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP), and particularly Dr. D. Douglas without whom this collaborative work would not have been possible. We also thank V. Cekic and M. Lafond (Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council) for hormone-profiling sample preparation and Chaminda deSilva (Nova Scotia Agriculture College) for collection of mutant seeds. BP’s lab is supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, and Acadian Seaplants Limited.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agriculture College, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada

    Owen S. D. Wally

  2. Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada

    Alan T. Critchley & David Hiltz

  3. Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada

    James S. Craigie

  4. Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada

    Xiumei Han, L. Irina Zaharia & Suzanne R. Abrams

  5. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada

    Balakrishnan Prithiviraj

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  1. Owen S. D. Wally
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344_2012_9301_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 1: Root growth and development of abi4-1 and ipt1,3,5,7 mutants affected by ANE treatment. A Average length of primary roots in Col-0, abi4-1, and ipt1,3,5,7 seedlings 5 days after transfer to indicated media. The data represent the mean ± SE. B Number of lateral roots per centimeter of newly grown roots at all developmental stages (including lateral root primordial) in seedlings 5 days following transfer

344_2012_9301_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 2: Effect of ANE on root growth of ABA and CK mutants. Representative photos of 12-day-old seedlings of abi4-1, wild-type Col-0, or quadruple ipt1,3,5,7 mutant Arabidopsis 8 days after transfer to control (A) or ANE (B) (0.01 % w/v) and ½ MS solid media

344_2012_9301_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 3: Absolute IAA levels in ANE-treated plants. Endogenous IAA levels from two independent trials. Error bars represent mean ± SE

344_2012_9301_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 4: Expression of the key CK one-step activating genes LOG1,7 and LOG8 at indicated time points following ANE application. Data represent the mean ± SE

344_2012_9301_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 5: Expression of the key GA biosynthetic genes GA2ox2 and GA3ox1 at indicated time points following ANE application. Data represent the mean ± SE

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Wally, O.S.D., Critchley, A.T., Hiltz, D. et al. Regulation of Phytohormone Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Arabidopsis Following Treatment with Commercial Extract from the Marine Macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum . J Plant Growth Regul 32, 324–339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-012-9301-9

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