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Genetic implications from textures, mineralogy, and geochemistry: the case of Zona Basal–a singular polymetallic occurrence in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

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Abstract

High-temperature conditions for ore deposition and anomalous abundances of base metals in orogenic gold deposits are frequently attributed to magmatic-hydrothermal fluids instead of metamorphic orogenic fluids. Zona Basal is a shear zone-related gold and base metals-rich mineral occurrence recently discovered in the northwestern portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero mining district in southeast Brazil. Mineralogical and geochemical characterization has revealed a two-stage mineralizing system. An Au-W-As stage is marked by a late- to post-tectonic arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite assemblage (crystallized from ca. 491 to 404 °C), associated with native gold and scheelite, which was formed during the transition from the peak of greenschist facies metamorphism to retrograde metamorphism. A following, clearly post-tectonic stage comprises a pyrrhotite-pyrite-sphalerite-chalcopyrite-galena-ullmannite ± meneghinite ± fahlore ± miargyrite ± pyrargyrite assemblage crystallized from ca. 400 to < 170 °C, corresponding to the Ag and base metals stage. Fahlores from the Zona Basal mineral occurrence have been found to be sufficiently enriched in Ag, due to the Ag–Cu cation-exchange reaction 13PbS (galena) + 10AgSbS2 (in galena) = 3Ag3SbS3 (pyrargyrite) + Ag(Cu)−1 (exchange in fahlore) + CuPb13Sb7S24 (meneghinite), to jump across the (Cu, Ag)10(Fe,Zn)2Sb4S13 miscibility gap. Two mechanisms may explain the abrupt chemical change between the two mineralization stages: (1) participation of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids of relatively low temperature (acting mostly as a chemical source for fluids) associated with a syn- to late tectonic granite intrusion; or (2) local re-concentration of base metals by unmixing of an early metamorphic orogenic fluid due to fluid immiscibility after the transition from ductile to brittle conditions, generating coexisting fluids with different salinities (i.e., extremely low and moderate salinity). The findings in this paper illustrate the importance of considering retrograde or cooling reactions and mineral re-equilibrium while addressing complex ore-formation.

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Notes

  1. The term “fahlore” throughout the text refers to “tetrahedrite group minerals”, which is the new name of the fahlore group approved by the Commission on New Minerals of the International Mineralogical Association (Biagioni et al. 2020).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jaguar Mining Inc., especially AJ Massucatto, WA Gasparotto, and MAS Pereira, for all support and financial assistance for this research. FEA Alves (Grant 140648/2019-4) acknowledges National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financial support. The authors thank Regional Centre for Innovation and Technological Development (CRTI) for electron probe microanalysis, Centre for Mineral Technology (CETEM) for SEM and XRD facilities, the Laboratory of Petrology (UERJ), and Laboratory of Sedimentary Geology (LAGESED—UFRJ) for the optical microscopy facilities. We also acknowledge Dr. RO Sack for valuable discussions, insights, and reading recommendations, and Dr. OFM Gomes from CETEM for assistance with MATLAB. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the critical reviews by two anonymous reviewers and the careful editorial handling by Dr. MS Ghiorso.

Funding

This research was funded by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Grant 140648/2019-4). Jaguar Mining Inc. supported this research by funding the field trips and geochemical analyses. Centre for Mineral Technology (CETEM) supported this work providing research facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia (PPGL), Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Felipe Emerson André Alves, Gabriel Machado da Silva, Gabriela Pereira Silva, Ana Clara Varca & Piero Azevedo Berquó de Sampaio

  2. Division for Technological Characterisation, Centre for Mineral Technology, CETEM, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Felipe Emerson André Alves & Reiner Neumann

  3. Departament of Geology, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Atlas Vasconcelos Corrêa Neto

  4. Departament of Applied Geology, Geology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Mariana Brando Soares

  5. Jaguar Mining Inc., Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Vitor Diniz Silveira

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  1. Felipe Emerson André Alves
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  2. Atlas Vasconcelos Corrêa Neto
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Correspondence to Felipe Emerson André Alves.

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Alves, F.E.A., Corrêa Neto, A.V., Brando Soares, M. et al. Genetic implications from textures, mineralogy, and geochemistry: the case of Zona Basal–a singular polymetallic occurrence in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 48 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01913-w

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