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Factors affecting long-term availability of medicinal plants in India

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Abstract

The majority of conventional medications and food supplements are created following the processing of medicinal plants. As majority of the medicinal plants are collected from the forests, the rise in the demand for herbal goods is placing significant strain on the forests while encouraging unsustainable wild harvesting of therapeutic plants. The current study's objective is to gain insight into current debates on the value chain of medicinal or therapeutic plants, role of various Indian acts, i.e., Forest Act, Forests Right Act, export, and other variables affecting the sustainable supply of herbs. A targeted literature search on online databases, scientific studies, and authentic texts was performed to understand the value chain, consumption, export, Indian laws, endangered species, and capacity building institutions, limitations, and future of medicinal plants. The World Flora Online database was used to verify the scientific names of the plants. Value chains for medicinal plants are wide and complex. There is need to weaken the role of middlemen and giving forest gatherers and farmers more negotiating leverage especially through artificial intelligence. The Ministry of AYUSH and National Medicinal Plants Board both play significant roles in India's medicinal plant sector. The different acts and rules pertaining to medicinal plants conservation, usage, transit, and trade should work in harmony and there is need for exclusive medicinal plants policy across India. Maintaining a balance between the protection of medical plant species and a sustainable supply of herbs to support the sector based on medicinal plants while empowering forest gatherers is urgently needed.

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Abbreviations

AICRP:

All India Coordinated Research Project

ATMA:

The Agricultural Technology Management Agency

BMCs:

Biodiversity Management Committees

BRs:

Biological resources

CAT:

Catchment area treatment

CDSCO:

Central Drugs Standard Control Organization

CFR:

Community forest resource

CIMAP:

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

CITES:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Flora

CR:

Critically endangered

CSIR:

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

DD:

Data deficient

DMAPR:

Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research

EN:

Endangered

FAO-UN:

Food and Agricultural Organization-United Nations

FRA:

The Forest Rights Act

GMP:

Good manufacturing practices

GOI:

Government of India

HS:

Harmonized system code

IPR:

Intellectual property rights

IUCN:

International Union for Conservation of Nature

JFMCs:

Joint Forest Management Committees

LC:

Least concern

LDCs:

Least developed countries

MAP:

Medicinal and aromatic plants

MAP& B:

Medicinal and aromatic plants and betel vine

MFP:

Minor forest produce

MIS:

Management information system

MoU:

A Memorandum of Understanding

NAM:

National Ayush Mission

NBA:

National Biodiversity Authority

NBPGR:

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

NCBI:

National center for Biotechnology Information

NHWP:

Nature, Health, Wealth, and Power

NMBP:

The National Medicinal Plants Board

NT:

Near threatened

NTFPs:

Non-timber forests produce

OTFDs:

Other traditional forest dwellers

SBR:

Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

SHGs:

Self-help groups

SMPB:

State Medicinal Plants Board

SSB:

State Biodiversity Boards

STs:

Schedule Tribes

USD:

United States Dollar

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Acknowledgements

Authors thank Dr. Arun Chandan, Regional Director, RCFC-North, NMPB, Ministry of Ayush, India for his inputs.

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  1. University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India

    Preet Amol Singh, Subhransu Dash, Abinash Choudhury & Neha Bajwa

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Every author has contributed significantly in writing this manuscript. Dr. Preet Amol Singh has conceptualized, designed, and written the original manuscript. Subhransu Dash has carried the literature search, made figures, and contributed in editing the manuscript. Abinash Choudhury carried the literature search, and contributed in data curation. Neha Bajwa contributed in designing, review, and editing the manuscript.

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Singh, P.A., Dash, S., Choudhury, A. et al. Factors affecting long-term availability of medicinal plants in India. J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol. 27, 145–173 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-023-00219-y

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