Abstract
Recent research showed that today an increasing number of adolescents have an active sex life in Hong Kong. However, the emerging needs of adolescents are not met, as today’s standard of sex education is both variable and inconsistent in Hong Kong. Other countries such as the USA, Britain, Germany, France, and the Netherlands have put much effort into introducing or expanding sex education in schools; these experiences will be critically presented and analyzed. Protective and risk factors are defined as factors that can both directly influence behavior and moderate the relationship between risk and behavior. Protective and risk factors will be presented in detail, highlighting those which can be addressed in the context of a school-based program. Finally, in light of the previous literature, a conceptual framework for a prevention program will be proposed.
The preparation for this work and the Project P.A.T.H.S. were financially supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharya, D. R., Bhattaria, R., Poobalan, A. S., van Teijlingen, E., & Chapman, G. N. (2010). Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in South Asia: A systematic review. Health Science Journal, 4(1), 3–14.
Anthony, D. (2011). The state of the world’s children 2011 – adolescence: An age of opportunity. New York: United Nations Publications.
Basen-Engquist, K., & Parcel, G. S. (1992). Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy: A model of adolescents’ HIV-related sexual risk behavior. Health Education Quarterly, 19(2), 263–277.
Borowsky, I. W., Hogan, M., & Ireland, M. (1997). Adolescent sexual aggression: Risk and protective factors. Pediatrics, 100, 1–8.
Boys’ & Girls’ Clubs Association of Hong Kong [BGCA]. (1996). A research report on family roles — youth sex attitudes and behaviour. Hong Kong: Boys’ & Girls’ Clubs Association of Hong Kong [BGCA].
Brotto, L. A., Chik, H. M., Ryder, A. G., Gorzalka, B. B., & Seal, B. N. (2005). Acculturation and sexual function in Asian women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(6), 613–626.
Buhi, E. R., & Goodson, P. (2007). Predictors of adolescent sexual behavior and intention: A theory-guided systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(1), 4–21.
Cao, C. S., Wang, Y. G., & Weng, R. J. (2000). Reproductive health investigation on 788 unmarried women. Chinese Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 15, 628–629.
Constantine, N. A., Jerman, P., & Huang, A. X. (2007). California parents’ preferences and beliefs regarding school‐based sex education policy. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(3), 167–175.
Curriculum Development Council. (1996). Guidelines on civic education in schools. Hong Kong: Curriculum Development Council, Education Department.
Curriculum Development Council. (1998). Sex education key learning areas guide and stages of learning expectations. Hong Kong: Curriculum Development Council, Education Bureau.
DiLorio, C., Dudley, W. N., Soet, J. E., & McCarty, F. (2004). Sexual possibility situations and sexual behaviors among young adolescents: The moderating role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(6), 11–20.
Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., Harris, W. A., Lowry, R., McManus, T., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Lim, C., & Wechsler, H. (2012). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries, 61(4), 1–162.
Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. (2012). Youth sexuality study 2011: Secondary school survey. (In Chinese) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from http://www.famplan.org.hk/fpahk/zh/press/press/20120619-press-chi.ppt
Fok, C. S. (2005). A study of the implementation of sex education in Hong Kong secondary schools. Sex Education, 5(3), 281–294.
Fok, S. C., & Tung, E. L. (2000). Reflection over the guidelines on sex education. In Y. C. Cheng, K. W. Chow, & K. T. Tsui (Eds.), School curriculum change and development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Institute of Education.
Gao, Y., Lu, Z. Z., Shi, R., Sun, X. Y., & Cai, Y. (2001). AIDS and sex education for young people in China. Reproductive Fertility Development, 13, 729–737.
Ho, W. C. (2006). Popular culture in mainland Chinese education. International Education Journal, 7(3), 348–363.
Hong Kong Family Planning Association. (1991). Youth sexuality study, in-school youth. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Family Planning Association.
Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups. (1995). Teenage pregnancy. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups.
Hu, X. G. (1996). The study of STDs among 429 unmarried adolescents. Chinese Journal of Prevention and Therapy of STDs/AIDS, 2, 206–207.
Ip, W. Y., Chau, J. P., Chang, A. M., & Lui, M. H. (2001). Knowledge of and attitudes toward sex among Chinese adolescents. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 23(2), 211–222.
Jessor, R., Van Den Bos, J., Vanderryn, J., Costa, F. M., & Turbin, M. S. (1995). Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: Moderator effects and developmental change. Developmental Psychopathology, 31, 923–933.
Kawahara, Y. (2000). Diverse strategies in classroom instruction: Sex education in secondary Japanese school. Japanese Studies, 20, 295–311.
Lam, M. P. (1997a). A study on the knowledge, attitude and behaviours of secondary pupils relating to sex. Hong Kong: The Education Department.
Lam, T. H. (1997b). A research report on youth, proceeding of seminar on youth sex. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Family Association.
Lammers, C., Ireland, J., Resnick, M., & Blum, R. (2000). Influences on adolescents’ decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: A survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(1), 42–48.
Lau, J., & Lee, S. S. (1993). Evaluation of AIDS educational programs for secondary schools in Hong Kong. Paper presented at Yokohama conference on AIDS. Yokohama, Japan
Lee, A., & Tsang, C. K. K. (2004). Youth risk behaviour in a Chinese population: A territory-wide youth risk behavioural surveillance in Hong Kong. Public Health, 118(2), 88–95.
Lewis, J., & Knijn, T. (2002). The politics of sex education policy in England and Wales and the Netherlands since the 1980s. Journal of Social Policy, 31, 669–694.
Li, Z. P. (2000). Investigation on adolescent sex-related issues in Guangzhou. Chinese Journal of School Health, 21, 105.
Li, Y., Cottrell, R. R., Wagner, D. I., & Ban, M. (2004). Needs and preferences regarding sex education among Chinese college students: A preliminary study. International Family Planning Perspectives, 30(3), 128–133.
Lindberg, L. D., Santelli, J. S., & Singh, S. (2006). Changes in formal sex education: 1995–2002. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(4), 182–189.
Lohman, B. J., & Billings, A. (2008). Protective and risk factors associated with adolescent boys’ early sexual debut and risky sexual behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 723–735.
Lou, C. H., Peng, M. G., & Tu, X. W. (2002). Premarital contraceptive use and its influencing factors. Journal of Reproduction and Contraception, 22, 226–230.
Ng, M. L. (1998). School and public sexuality education in Hong Kong. Journal of Asian Sexology, 1, 32–35.
Ng, M. L., & Ma, J. L. C. (2001). Hong Kong. In R. T. Francoeur (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of sexuality (Vol. 4). New York: Continuum.
Resnick, M. D., Harris, L. J., & Blum, R. W. (1993). The impact of caring and connectedness on adolescent health and well-being. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 29(1), S3–S9.
Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., Tabor, J., Beuhring, T., Sieving, R. E., Shew, M., Ireland, M., Bearinger, L. H., & Udry, J. R. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823–832.
Ruan, F. F. (1991). Sex in China: Studies in sexology in Chinese culture. New York: Plenum.
Santelli, J., Ott, M. A., Lyon, M., Rogers, J., Summers, D., & Schleifer, R. (2006). Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of US policies and programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(1), 72–81.
Schaalma, H. P., Abraham, C., Gillmore, M. R., & Kok, G. (2004). Sex education as health promotion: What does it take? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(3), 259–269.
Shek, D. T. L., & Ma, H. K. (2006). Design of a positive youth development program in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18(3), 315–327.
Shek, D. T. L., Ma, H. K., & Merrick, J. (Eds.). (2007). Positive youth development: Development of a pioneering program in a Chinese context. London: Freund Publishing House.
To, S. M., Tam, H. L., & Chu, F. (2013). A qualitative study of the lived experiences of young Chinese females in condom use negotiations. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 18(4), 248–262.
Tsang, A. K. T. (1987). Sexuality: The Chinese and the Judeo-Christian traditions in Hong Kong. Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society, 19(20), 19–28.
Tu, W. M. (1985). Confucian thought: Selfhood as creative transformation. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Tu, X. W., Yuan, W., & Lou, C. H. (1998a). Women’s first premarital sexual behavior in Shanghai. China Public Health, 14, 637–639.
Tu, X., Lou, C., Tao, J., & Gao, E. (1998b). The status of premarital pregnancy and its influencing factors among the tested women in Shanghai. Medicine and Society, 11, 8–11.
Wang, B., Lou, C. H., & Shen, Y. (2002). Sexual behavior and contraceptive use among unmarried youths in suburban Shanghai. Journal of Reproduction and Contraception, 22, 99–106.
Wang, B., Hertog, S., Meier, A., Lou, C., & Gao, E. (2005). The potential of comprehensive sex education in China: Findings from suburban Shanghai. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31, 63–72.
Weaver, H., Smith, G., & Kippax, S. (2005). School‐based sex education policies and indicators of sexual health among young people: A comparison of the Netherlands, France, Australia and the United States. Sex Education, 5(2), 171–188.
Wong, V. (2000). A never-ending obsession with breasts. In V. Wong, W. Shiu, & H. Har (Eds.), From lives to critique. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Policy Viewers (In Chinese).
Wong, W., Lee, A., Tsang, K., & Lynn, H. (2006). The impact of AIDS/sex education by schools or family doctors on Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(1), 108–116.
Ying Ho, P. S., & Tsang, A. K. T. (2002). The things girls shouldn’t see: Relocating the penis in sex education in Hong Kong. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 2(1), 61–73.
Zhang, K., Li, D., Li, H., & Beck, E. J. (1999). Changing sexual attitudes and behaviors in China: Implications for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. AIDS Care, 11(5), 581–589.
Zhang, L., Li, X., Shah, I. H., Baldwin, W., & Stanton, B. (2007). Parent-adolescent sex communication in China. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Healthcare, 12(2), 138–147.
Zheng, Z., Zhou, Y., Zheng, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, D., Lou, C., & Zhao, S. (2001). Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among unmarried young women migrant workers in five cities in China. Reproductive Health Matters, 9(17), 118–127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Busiol, D., Leung, M.T.W., Lee, T.Y. (2015). Principles for the Construction of a School-Based Sex Education Program. In: Lee, T., Shek, D., Sun, R. (eds) Student Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. Quality of Life in Asia, vol 7. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-582-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-582-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-581-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-582-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)