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li Turchi espostoni una lettera da lu
2. Sincero ragtaglio d.ellevittorie ottertuted'al hete lanni vontro
d'alle relationi, che porta la nave
inviata, can quattro ekJAnti caichi d''oro Re di Persia, confermato
d''un mercante,che ha dimoratu pef
Gran cena d,oro oland.ese,approd.atain Livomo per fnezo
al Prete lanni, con I'awiso dell'
moli anni nel Gran cairo. con la fedele risposta del Re di Persia
Re contro li Turchi, e di doddici
assedio d.i Babilonia. d.i icche spohlie ipottare d.al mederne
porpora' mand'ai al lannt Vmetia' 1648'
superbissimi cavalli. con fmi d''oro' e icoperti d'i
Accademia d'i Lincei, 173 A 13 (8)'
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L. Lettera scritta da Imch Solernan Re di Persia alla Maesta del Re ili Polonia. con und nova relatione
di vittorie, e d'aln'i acquisti di citta. e prede d'anilnali"
Turchi, e d.a Cosacchi contro i Tartarl
e prigioni fatti da Morlacchi. nel paese de
Venetia, 1648; and interprctatione della lettera scritta da Izach
Solernan Re di Persia aIIa Maesta di Giovanni III Re di Polonia. Accademia di Lincei, Rome, 173 A
10 (24).
2. Prete Ianni (Prester John)
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3. Letta
9P
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t 71
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,rotl-r^-" ,4s; *s
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MATTHEF'
RUDI
dJLi" JJ-l \
"Between Venice and. Surat: The Trade in Gold in Late Safavid lran", Modem
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Kingdom
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3. John Masson Smith, Jr. and Frances Plunkett, Gold Money in Mongol han, Ioumal of the social
and Economic History of the Orient 11 (1968), 275-BB.
6
4. Stephen Album. Coins and Coins and Coinage: I-ater Persian Coinage, Encyclopaedia lranica
(1993), 26-9.
J Jl)
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1 Maurice Lombard, Les bascs monetaires d'une suprematie economique, L'or musulman du VII
Ioumal of Turkish Studies 7 (1983), 137.
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r-.,1\i-
au XIe siecle. Annales E.S.C.Z (1947), 148-60; and Peter Spufford, Money and its Use in Medievt
Europe (Canbridge, 1988). 50-5, 60-1.
2. See Duarte Barbosa, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, ed. and trans. Mansel Longwoth Dames, 2 vol
(London, l9l8-21),
1:100-1; Tone Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pfues (1512-1515). ecl. an
trans. Ar|nanclo cortesao, 2 vols pag. as one (London,1944),
au tlebut tlu XVIe
43; Jean Aubin, Le rovaume tl'ormtr
siecle, Mate Luso Indicum 2 (7973), L75; Magalhaes Vitorino
descobilmeruos e a econornica mundi.al.4 vols (Lisbon, 2d ed.., 1981,-84), 1:232.
Godinho, O
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Hatttsahillioglu, 'lhe Role or International Monetary and Metal *.""i:lrlt,ltf,:,f""
Monetary History 1300-L750,in J.F. Richards(ed.),PrecionsMetalsin the Later Medievaland Early
Modem Worlds(Durham, NC, 1983),2a5-6.
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euatz
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3. Album, Coinsand Coninage,30.
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1. Artur Attman, The Bullion Flow betweenEurope and the East 1000-1750(Gotenburg, 1981),123.
2. Defnrar E. Morgan and. C.H. Coote (eds), Earty Voyagesand Travels to Russiaand.Persia, 2 vols
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4. Aflur Artnan, The Russianand Polish Marke* in Intemational.Trade 1500-1650 (Gotenburg,
1973),790;idem, Bullion Flow, 110.
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4. Ugo Ttrcci, Le emissioni ntonetariecli Venezia e i novimenti internazionalidell'oro' in in iderrt,
Mercanti,navi, nxonetenel Cinquesentoveneziano(Bologna, I98l)' 279.
5. GiacomoSoranzo
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5. Onr Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630-7720 (Princetc
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(Hertford, 7945), 42.
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6. ARA, VOC 1307, Gamron to Batavia,2'!-Dec. 1,675,fo1.638r.
1. Tucci, Emissiotti monetarie, 280.
2. Sanjay Subrahnanyam.
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The CaubridgeHistory of Iran volume6 pp.397-98.
(g)
2. Raphael du Mans, Estat de la Perseen 1660, ecl.Ch. Schefer(paris, 1890) 192.
3. Thornas Barker et a/, Isfahan, to East India comp., 14 June r62s, in w. Noel sainsbury (ecl).
Calendar of State Papers,Coloni.al Series,East Indies, China and.persia, 1625-1629 (London, 1g84;
repr. Vaduz, 1964), 212.
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1550-1800(Gotenburg, 1983). 93_4.
2' A' Alpoyadzhyan,Istoriya armyarckoi emigt'atsii,quotecl
in V.A. Baiburtyan,Armyanskaya koloniya
Novoi Dzhul'fy v XVll veke:Rol,Novoi Dzhul'fy irano _ evropeiskikh
sgtaryakh(Erevan. 1969), 60.
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3. ARA' voc
1582,Ganron to Baravia,15 May 1696,fol 134;Voc 1562,Ganron to llatavia,25
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und der Literafiir. Abhandlung d.ergeistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichett
Akademie der Wissenschaften
Klasse7 (1956),301.
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Alekseia Mikhailoicha (Kiev, 1915), 159.
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3. Tavernier, Les six voYages,1:136'
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1994), and Micheal N. Pearson Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Ind.ian Experience 1500-1800 (Princeton,
7ee6).
3. ARA, VOC 1549, Gamron to Batavia, 24 Oct. 1694. fols 600v-1r.
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1. IOR, El53/64I7,Isfahanto Company,15 July 1697.
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2. Tavernier,Les six voyages,
3. See for exanple, ARA, VOC 1694,Isfaha1to Gamron, 8 June 1703 fol.?1, and ARA, voc 1763,
jl ; .--+ :r-r'
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3. Jean - Lottis Bacque - Grammont Les Ottomans,les Safavideset leur voisins (Istanbul, 1987),5
72.
4. Public Record Office (London), State Papers,11020 Aleppo to Smirna, 17 Feb. 1697,fcrl, 99v.
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1. ARA, VOC 1856, Isfahanto Gamron, 24 Feb' 1114, fol'675'
Year 1586: Lettera, Sacra
2. Horatio F. Browne, A Report on the condition of Persia in the
voc 1694, Isfahan to
catrolica Real Maesta, The EnglishHbtoical Review7 (7892):379. ARA
fol'IzS'
Ganrron, 23 Dec. 1703,fol'183; ibid' Gatttronto Batavia,29 Marcrr 1'104'
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4. Pierro della Valle, Viaggid.iPietto d.ellaVatle it pettegrino,2 vols (Brighton,
5. Sainsbury,Calenclarof StatePapers,211.
251.
6. Willian Foster (ed.) The EngtishFactorietin India 1637-1641(London, 7912)
7. ARA- VOC 1210, Invoice of gooclssent to Surat' 6 March 7655' fol' 822'
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1226,Gamron to Batavia,I March 1658,fol.800v;ibid, Surat to Batavia,27 Fr
1658,fo1.713.
2. ARA, yoc 1291' Gamron to Heren x\/il,
zl March 1673, fol.558; Voc
13047, Gamron
Batavia,24 May 1674, fol 437r; Chardin, Voyageg2:233-3.
3. ARA, voc
1694, Isfahan to Gamron, 23 Dec. 1703,fol.lS3; ibid Gantron to Batavia, 29 Mar
1704, to1.125.
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I
lesl
,tV
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Z. Ibid.,Zg.
3. See the chart in om Prakash, Precions Metal Flows, Coinage and Prices in Ildia
in the 17th anr
the Early 18 th century, in H, G. van cauwenberghe (ed.), Monqt, coins and, Commerce: Essaysit
2. Kristof Glamann, Dutch - Asiatic Trade, 1620-1740 (Copenhagen - The Hague, 1958), 69.
3. Miclrei Morineau,
I
r_r+: +-l qt.r^:q
c p \ 2 V .L r + : t- ,b ' c p \ 2 Y . / J i \ . f . - \ . f q J [ ; l i r e . r -
i.b-
1986). 195.
3 :t a.iil
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jy'i;:
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uK;:t';
1, Arthur Arasaratnam, Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast (New Delhi,
C.*t*
Incroyables gazettes et fabuleut
les gazetta hollandaises (XVIIe-XWle
metawc Let retours des tresors americaines d'apres
siecles) (Lottdon
- Paris, 1985), 304.
the Monetary History of Asia and Europe (Leuven, 1991), 63.
4. See IOR, ER/37/4258,22
cause by K.N.
4. ARA, VOC 1,493,Gamron to Batavia, 13 Oct. 1691, fols 281v-2v.
){-t ! -u" 2: J\1.-2- o3}> njf
Chaudhuri,
1 660-1760 (Canbridge,
5. ARA, VOC 1476, Van Leene, Isfahan, to Batavia, 12 Attg. 1690, fol 418r.
.J--i.rr r:el:rr
Jan. 1677, wfol.
5' ARA, VOC 1226, Gamron to Batavia, 1 March 1658, fol.800v. This is also presentecl as the mair
\ L y.r. g91-ra-:;.;,l\\
O_t 6'.tL-
e$
The Trading
World of Asia
and the Engtish East Indi.a Compan;
1978), 178.
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1. ARA, VOC L679, Isfahan to Gamron, l0 feb, 1703, fo1.247.
2. 't\e
1104 price is reconied in IOR, Gl36ll78, copy diary Isfahan, 29 June 1704, fol.Ill.
See also
3. ARA, VOC 1779,Isfahan to Gamron, 24 May 1708, fol 215.
4. ARA
VOC 1714, Gamron to Batavia, 20 Sept. 1.7O4,fol 29. For a similar situation in 1705, see
5. ARA,
llOC
1708, fo1.502.
1.763, Isfahan to Gamron, 2l
Jan. fiOa, fol.494; ibld' Isfahan to Ganron
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(Paris'
et la Mer de Chine 1,3e-20e sidcles. ec1. Denys Lombarcl autl Jean Aubin
t5-r- L; 'Jfl :3-:rl +t
the commercial organization
\
ani, Arrisans and Guild Life,216.
v XVII veke (Rol'novoi Dzhul'flV
Baiburtian, Armarckaia Koloniia NoVoi Dzhut'fy
(Erevan' 1969)''77'
ropbkikh politicheskillt i ekonomicheskikh zvaziat<h)
.A
to the social '
iraniens' Formation et
Economic lIistory of Persia (Berlin, 1982) Jean Calmard. "Les marchands
d'affaires asiatiques elarc
nrontee cl'un groupe cle pression 16e-19e sidcles", in Marchands et hommes
Merchants of wew Julfa, Isfahan: A study itr
pre-modern Asian Trade" (ph.D. dissertation, Oxford University, (1991); and "I'he Family Fimr in
): e$r"1.r" c;V 6V
- !:l' r
and. Guitd Life in the Later safavid Peiod': contributions
1937), 91-107; Edmuncl Herzig, "The Armenian
tt'F
(oLll;;o>tz)
4. Mehcli Keyvani, Axisaw
irano '
of the Julfa Amenians",
in Eadu
safavides, ed. Jean Calmard
Europe's silver: The
(Paris/Tehran. L993), 287-304; Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, The shan's silk for
(Atlanta, 1999);
(1530-1750)
India
and
Eurasian Tradc of the lulfun Armenians in Safavid Iran
,'Caravan Trade in Safavid Iran (first half of tlie 17th centur!)", in Encles Safavides,
Riidiger Klein,
Eurasian Trade'
ecl, calnrarrl, 305-18. See also Stephen Freclerick Dale, Indian Merchant and
1 600-1 750 (Cambridge, 1994).
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U- c-="-t, t a*l:
.IULJ- :; *rL;
c, .l a:sf ,p
ol}l t.11udli
oq t-;
r-b .\
llLt5.Y
'ryer, A New Account of Eas't India and Persia being
Nine Years' Travels 1672-1681 , 3 vol. (2d
t n c lon, 1909-15), vo 1 . 2 , 2 4 9 : a n d ,i n Ke r a m Ke vo n ia n , "M a r ch a m d s a r m6ni ens au X V IIe
, Cahiersdu Monde Russeet Sovi1tique16 (1975).233,
;f*-
€y)lj
el^,s-S S*
t I rtbt(rrtt ^S61a,..): *tt
fn. 116. See also the EIC report in
e+
+5c-l
--'f
{e ,fu,'s'/
rerrier, "The Agreement of the East India Commpany with the Armenian Nation 22ncl June
Revtte des Ende Anndninner. n. s., 7(1,970). 42'1-43 (437-32).
j a:-ltl ,52l,4 d1-^, *:- )
2!Ll 61"
, " T lre Arnrenian M e r c h a n t s " : a n d M cCa cle , T h e Sh a h ' s Silh ch .7 . in M a rchands et homes
1. Shushannik Khachilryan. "Typology of the Trading Companies Owneci by the Merchants of New
e s , 155-81.
2. Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, "Silk ancl Silver: The Trade and Organization of New .Iulfa at the End of
:S .; ,5tu
,-s
ozl;;r
,r:-!l
;3
F
t*".
Julfa" paper presenteci to the Second Conference of Iranian Studies, May 1998, Bethescla, MD.
the Seventeenth Century", Revue des Etudes Armeniennes 25 (1994-5),396.
Michel Aghassian and Keram Kevonian, "Le commerce armenien clans I'Onean Intlien atu
et 18e Siecle" in Marchandes et hommes d.'affaies. 155-81.
dis K. Sanjian, The Annenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominaton
3. McCabe, "Silk and Silver", 398.
;titut HistoriqLte de provence 6 (1929) 10.
4. "Dar
(Cambridge
t, 1965), 48-49; and C-D. Tekeian, "Marseille, la Provence et les Anneniens, Mernoires de
I
danistar-i karavasaraha-yi Isfahan", Vademecum of
Iong-distance nerchants,
British
Museum, Ms. Sloane 4094, facsimile and Gennan trans. in Heinz Gaube and E. Wirth, Der Bazar
von Isfahan (Wiesbaden, L97B), 261-85.
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1. G. Alishan,Atmanio - vaenetsianskie
2. RaynronclH. Kevorkian,"Le negoceintemational des Armeliens au XVII siecle",in Armenie enhe
. BachcliaDtz- McCabe, "Silk for Silver", 402
ed' E'
. Early Voyagesand, Travels to Russiaand.Parisa by Anthony lenkinson and other Englishmen,
Rijks Archief
Delnrar Morgan ancl c.H. Coote, 2 vols. (Lonclon, 1886). vol 2, 397', Alge11'een
Ganron to
(Dutch National Archives) The Hague (henceforthARA), voc 1152, Constant.
Batavia,ll March 1945,fols. B2r-83.
;. loR
Gl40l4' 1690'
8r'14715627,Edvards, Isfahan to London, 16 Oct. 1987, unfol See also
Gladnran,Gombroon ro London, 10 March 1691. fol.244;F,R15116067,7694,F/815015984'
*l
:;: i3.r3 a'(Glaclman),f "'# X u6'''\ e
315216289'
II Marclr 1695, unfol.; EBl5Ll6l3Z, Bragwin, Isfahan to London, 18 Dec' 695' ancl
Major, Tabriz to London. 14 Oct. 1696,unfol.
3. Kevorkian, Le negoceinternational des Arneniens.
Adik a-e.; V. Bayburdyanjl 16:')..- \\
or" s\-\ Jil.JiJa. ir.t\$ 1: G\J-\ &\;\ J; .:ttd:i+
J
.{A-\Vs.. (\\"VAdlr+-,Baghdasariyan
4. Bruce Masters, The Origir* of WestemEconomic Dominance in the Middle East:Metcantilism and
the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750(New York, 1988),63.
6;i,aYKa^"lrlrJ:jl$..r:!-r"
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Gaube and Wirth, Der Bamr von Isfahan,276-77.Seealso Jean - Bapt. Tavernier,Les six voyages
de monsieurJ-8. Tavemierm Turquie,en Perse,et aux Indcs,2 vols. (Utrecht,1772), vol.l, 467; and
l. Steensgaard
'*t
3aglrcliantz
- McCabe, The Shah'sSi//c,passim.
i. See Michel AghassionanclKeram Kevonian,"Le commerceamrenien"'L59'
Orient et Occident.Trois mille ans de civilisation,ed. Idem (Paris, 1996). 148.
url-; :S ., 'D
Jean Charclin,Vayagesdu chevalierChardin en Petse,et autreslieux de l'Orient, ed. L. Langles, 10
vols. and map (Paris,1810-11),vol 3, 380.
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is, 1931-34) vol. 2, 189.
/.K.Voskanian, ,,Les arm6niens a Moscou
tniniennes, ts. 9 (1972), 425.
dll
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1. Herzig, "The Armenian Merchants",165.
tJpr
rY t, t4:i
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2. Fryer
3. Fryer,A New Account'vol.2,258.
sidcle", Reuae des Erudes
tQ
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rt gi.Lt c^a-
Kerarn Kevonioan,"Marchandsarneniells",233. f'n. 716.
4. Jean - Baptiste Tavernier, Les six voyagesde Jean Baptiser Tavemier, vol 1, 46'7'
5. ARA, VOC 1373, Van den Heuvel, Ganron to Batavia' 19 April 1683, fol885r'
-\ tAq JL
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nires d'e Francois Martin Fondateur d.ePondichry (1665-1696),3 vols., etl. Alfred
1 ..-tr1, rr
ell
oL:";rl1- er3b
r6;e,Ui l;*.r" +i(0.-slau1.: Lil- dlr-tJ'.rjr^i-ty
:ement of the East India Coniparry with the Armenian Nation.
,r..rL-y*li
'.f-)
6lJ
i/. Ferrier, "The Armanians and the East India Company in Peisia in the Seventeenth and Early
I t e en th C ent uries " , E c o n o n t i cH i s t or yRe vie w,2 n d se r . 2 6 ( I9 7 3 ) ,3 8 - 6 2'
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ARA, VOC 1188,Daghregister
3. Terreiro
ed. Antonio Baiao
4. Antonio Tenreiro, ,,ltinerario,,in ltinerarios da Initia Porngat por ten'a,
(Coinrbra, 1923), lO.
l'46:;u- '0
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Abbas",
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6. Rudiser Klein "The Port
1' E' Zevakin. "Persidskii vopros v russko - evropeiskikhotnosheniiakhXVII veke',,Istoricheskie
ZapiskiB (1940),157.
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3. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des moskauischen Transitprivilegs fur clie Annelische
,:r5,t-alr;
Hanclelskompagnie
in Persien(1666-l6j6).
:5.r, o;io; ,r-l jl ,LJUI e;t"
RudolphP. Matthee.The PoliticalEconomyof SafavitlIran: Silk fbr Silver,1600-1730
(Cambriclge,
1999) 192-202.
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1. Tliomas Herbert
2. Thonras Herbert, Travels in Persia, 1627-7629, abritlgecl edition., ed. Sir WilliamFoster
New York,
3. Wornr
1929).29-30.
auf GrossJava,Beugala.
4. Johann - Gottlieb Ylornt, Indian - und persianischeReisen,oder: zehnjri.ge
, $
.,ir
s
..-t!.J,Jla)15c.:)\.L"
Und. in Gefolge Herm loann lusua Kolelar, hollandischen Abgesandtensan denSophi.in Persien
;''.1;r 1t53L- 'Ju)y f+' j JVs u'l4tt:''
geleiswe Kriegsdienste(Leipzig, I7 36), 258'59.
f. J.J. Struys, I)rie aanmerkelijke en seu rampspoedige Reysend.oor ltalim, Griekentandt, Liiflandt'
Moscovien Tartariien. Med'en, Persien, oost - Indiery lapan, ut verscheydenandereGewesBn
(Anrsterdanr,1976). 254-55.
i. Pere Frau
2. Schillinger
Caspar Schillin ger, Pusianische und Ostlndianische
5. Raplraeldu Mans, Estat ciela Perseen 1660,ed. Ch. Schefer(Paris,1890).193:Chardin,Voyages,
vol. 7, 442.
.r:-l o:r^;y !,.lle ;sl 6:19- ,9\-..:lyl- rl .9rlr-- a-1;'1U
Tavernier,Les si-rvoyages,vol. I,'734, as ca. 600.
Reise (Nuremberg, 7707),266'
6. Chardin,Vayages,
vol.2,388'
vol. 6, 133.Chardin,Vayages,
I' ARA, VOC 1215, Willensz., Gamron to Batavia, 30 March 1657' fol'863v'
.r:y r"ai 6*
i. Gaube anci Wirth. Der Bazar von Isfahan,268-69-
rlrr 'rgr;L,r'
iL:jlL;
7. Cornelis de Bruyr
t. ARA, VOC 1109, De Leeuw, aboard "Utrecht", to Batavia, 10 Aug' 1634' fol"72'
ra ,.3 > rA J *j \,;i < r-l ;r;;
3hrist's College, Cambridge, ms' Dd. 5.6, fol'406a. .
3. Tavenrier, Les six voyages,vol' 1' 470.
o-tS 6"5a- )yV
9. Ibid, P.670.
P
'V
8. Cornelis de Bruyn, Reizenover Moskovie,door Persieen Indie (Amsterciam,7714), 320.
9. Araket de Tabriz, Livre d'histoires, trans. M. I. Brosset,in Collectiotu d'historiensarmeniens,2
vol. 1,495.
vofs,(St. Petersburg,1,874-76),
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ARA, Coll, Geleynssende Jongh,283, Extract Daghregister
:5.; ,;\ 2AVJL oLI^g ,t gilt ,5t"
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V o C 1 2 1 5 , Wi l l e r r r s z . , G a nr r o n to H e r e n XVII,3 0 M a r ch 1 6 5 7 ,fo l .8 6 3 vo ;AC h r o n i cl e o fth e
CatmelitesinPerciaand'thePapalMissionoftheWllthandXWlthCenturies,2vols.,ecl.Clrick,
( L o n d o r r , 1 9 3 9 ) , v o l | , 3 6 4 - 6 7 ;Ve r e Ba sch M o r e e n ,Ir a n i a n l e w r y'sH o u r o fPe i l a n d H e r o i sm
of Mohammad Beg, Grand Vizier
(New York / Jerusalen, 1987); and Rudi Natthee, ''The Career
n'29'
of Shah 'Abbas II (t. 1642'1666)",Iranian Swdies24 (799D'
xvII der verenigde oostindische
Herm
aan
radm
en
2. Generale rnissiwen van gouvemeurs
(The Hague' L968)' 173'
Cornpagnie, ed. W' Ph. Coolhaas, vol' 3' 1655-16?4
Hbtorie und Geugraphie desgegen' wrtt.qeil
3. Charclin, v()yages, vol. 6, 134. See also The Salmon.
Snat in Petsien (Altona / Flensburg, 1739),262'
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ARA, VOC 7224..V'tlllensz., Gamron to Van Wijck, Isfahan, 21 July 1657. Fo1.390. ARA, VOC
ARA, VOC 1224,Willemsz.,Gamron to Van Wijek,
1226. Willemsz., Gamron to Batavia, 1 March l658. tb1.795.
ARA, VOC 13'73,Yan den Heuvel, Gamron to Batavia. 19 April 1683, fol.885r.
Istahan,27 Jluly7a57,tol392
In ARA. VOC 1332, Memorandum Bent to Casembroot, I June 1679. fol.919v.
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VOC 1406, Transl letter from VOC to Shah Sulayman, June 1684, fol 1281.
Charclin. Vayages,vol. 8, 508. See also Relacao clo novo caminho que fer por tefta e rnat'uindo de
India para Porugal, no ano de 1633 o Padre Manuel Godinho, ed. Augusto Reis Machaclo (Lisbon,
uJ1 '.-u:rS..r" 4*p't:f
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Menroire cle la province du Siwan, en forure cle Lettre adressee au Pere Fleuriau, in Lettres
edifiantes et curieuses ecrites des missiow etrangeres (Toulouse, new ed.,1810) vol. 4,27.
1. ARA, VOC 1747, fols. 96-9'7, 181-82. 449-5O. 475; VOC 1.163.fbls. 33. 42.171-80.191.2()6-01,
209. 460-61.484, VOC l7 1 9, fols. 111-13, 117-18, 127-28,729-30,732-34,139, | 44-46, I 5 7-52.
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a*i--"4*! t- Jtjt
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tntu^ 6tl f
India", in The Riseof Merchant Empira:
ng-clistance Tracle in the Early Modem Worl.d, 1350-1750, ec1.James D.Tracy (Cambritlge, 1990)'
t-99.
Jean de Thevenot, Suite dt voyagede Levant (Paris,1674),277.
2. A. Hanrilton,A New Account of the East Indies,2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1727). vol 1, 84.
15.t a;t j\: ot:aeg
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AdarD Olearius , Vermehrte newe Beschrei.bung der Muscowitischen und' PersischenRE'se an
I?Ltssischmzaar urtd Korig in Persi.engeschehen (Schleswig. 1956; tacsimile repr' 1971)' 5'59'
Dar tlanistarr-i karavansaraha.in Gaube ancl Wirth, Der Bazar uon Isfahan,276-7'l'280-83'
Charcliu, Voyages,vol 8,418.
t l y r o:j l j : u 5r d, -,1+ rs L
Les six voyages,vol 7, 470 Chardin,
q JL:. 6;t- .f
Voyage,vol. 4, 64; and De Bruyn, Reizen over Moskovie,
320-2L.
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ed. H. Dunlop (The
lague, 1930), 795-96, 208.
I Calendar of the Count Minutes of the East India Company 1635-1639, ed, E. B. Sainsbury'
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iRA, VOC 1135. Geleynssen de Jongh, Gamron to Batavia, Narch 30' 1641' fols. 647-68.
1. Pere de laMaze, descriptionof Shamakhi,in Archivum Romanum SocietatisIesu, Rone, (ARSD,
GAII. 97II., anctA. A. Rahnani, Azerbaidzhanu kantseXVI i XVII vekov (Bakt, 1981), 179.
2. A.I. Iukht. "Indiishiia koloniia v Astrakhani", VoprosyIstoii 3 (1957), 138, and Wolfgang Sartor,
"Die
Wolga als internationaler Handelsweg fur
persische Rohseide. Eitt
Beitrag zrw
HalclelsgeschichteRusslandsim 17. und 18 Jahrhundert" (Ph.D. disserta-tion,Free University of
Berlin, 1992), 232-36; antTA. I. Iukht, Torgovlias vostochnymistranami i vnunennii rynok Rossii
5''77.
(20-60-e gadyXVII ue&a)(Moscow, 1'994),'7
3. Keyvani,Artisans and Guild Life, ch. 8,215-43,
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i51-1652, ed A. Hotz, (Amsterclarn,1908) 105; ancl De Bnrytt, Reizen over Moskovie, 206,
;cordiug to the mid - lineteenth - century trav-elerBaron de Bode, the mules fonl Luristatt, and
en Dlore so those form Shushtarand Dizful, werw known al over Iran. See Baron C, de Bode'
'avelsin lurstan and Arabisan 2 vols. (London. 7845).vol.2,292.
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1. Chardin, Voyages,
vol. 8, 67-68.
2. AbolghasenrDadvar, Iranians in Mughal Politiesand Society1606-1653(Delhi, 7999),335-48.
3. Dadvar, Irani.ansin Mughal Politics and Society,341.-45;ancl anjay Subrahmarryam,The Political
Economy of Commerce:SouthemIndia, 1500-1650(Cambridge,1990).322-27.
4. ARA, VOC 1178,Sarcerius,Ganron to Batavia16 Oct. 1649,fo1.630.
5. Tavenrier, Les six voyages,vol. 1, 120
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3. Algemeen Rijksarchief Utrecht, coll. Huydecoopet,622, Instruction Ketelaerfor
Keyvani, Artisans and Guild Life, 215-43.
in Mocha, 1 Agu. 1709,fo1.11.
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ARA, VOC 1153, Sarcerius, Basra to Gel. de Jong, Gamron, 25 Sept. 1645, fol.603v.
A,RA, VOC 1324, Memorandum Sarcerius to Berkhout, May 1655, fols.684-700.
ARA, VOC 1332, Menrandun
Bent to Casembroot, 1 June 1679, fol.919v.
"rl rri ;t
in Gaube and Wirth, Der Bazarvon Isfahan'264-65'
4. "Dar clanistan-ikarvansaraha",
1: rrLiLJu c5rLj- g"orb 'r'"r t)'-ljl 'A
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R.W Ferrier, "An English View of Persian Trade in 16l8",toumat of theEconomic
History of the Orient 19 (1976), 188.
6. H. von Poser
7. Quoted in Klein, "The Port City of Bandar Abbas", 36, fn.26.
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2. ARA, VOC 1798, Macare, Isfahan to Backer, Gamron, 15 May 1710, fol.46.
3. ARA, I/OC 1.332,Memorandun Bent to Casembroot, 1 June 1683, fol.919v.
4. ARA, VOC 129'7, Bent, Gamron ro Heren XVII,
16 J:uly 7675, fo1.1013.
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vol. 7, 410-418.
1. Chardin, Vctyages,
2. See M. R. Arunova and K. Z. Ashrafiyan, Gosudarstve Nadir - Shakha Afshara (Moscow, 1958),
40.
3. Olearius, Vennehrte newe Beschreibung, 674-75;Taverntet, Les six voyages,vol. 1-, 467; Fryer, A new
Account, vol. 3.
4. See also Eclurund Herzig, "The ArmenianMerchants", 257.
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Shireen Mahclavi, For Goct" Mammon, and Counfiy: A Nineteenth - Cenlury PersianMerchant Haj
Muhammad Hassan Amin al-Zarb. (1834-1898) (Boulder. 1'999), 82-83.
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1. Chardin, Voyages,vol. 4, 157-59.
3. Sir John Malcom, The Hbtory of Persia,2 vols. (London, 1815), vol. 2, 582.
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'#
Empire", Comparative srudies
1. K. Leonarcl, "Tlre Great Firm Theory of the Decline of the Mughal
state in History ancl
in society and History 2L (1979). 751-67; F. Perlin, "The Pre-colonial
Deccan from the Fifteeth
Epistemology: A Reconstruction of Societal Fomation in the west-ern
Classen aDd P' Skolnik (The
to the Early Nineteenth Century", in The Srudy of the State, ec1.H.
compagnie in Gujarat en
Hague, 1981), 2',15-302;H. W. van Santen, "De Verenigde oost Indische
19-25; Subrahmanyan, Tfte
Hindustan, 1620-1660" (Ph.D. Dissertation, univeisity of Leiden, 1982).
and c. A' Bayly, "Portfolio
Political Economy of commerce, 299-300; and sanjay Subrahnanyan
Markets and the State
in
Merchants,
Inclia",
Capitalists ancl the Political Economy of Early Modern
in Early Mttdem India. ed. Sanjay Subrahnarryan, (Dehli, 7990)' 242-65'
, , r - l;
jSt K j t la
ar cp\ lY'
J rLn4il
Relation d'un voyage de Perse faict par Ie R
predicateur capucin (Paris, 1631)' 250-53' 261.
P' Pacifique de Provins
\ Y,
aa) 1) oS >- l- - . l Ly. t "'lt S
F tSsSaS, nL- Jt<;r Lgrtr'r-t:S: -: -,L:i jl oLKrrl
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J
1. W.M. Morelaucl
2. W. M. Morelancl, From Akbar to Aurangzeb (London, 1923), pasitn
3. K.N. Chaudhurt
4. M. N. Pearson
5. A. das. Gupta
1660-17r
6. K. N. Chauclhuri, \'he Trading world. of Asia and the English east India Company
(Carnbridge, 1978), 150-51.
and the Indi:
7. See M. N. Pearsor, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat (Berkeley, 1974); "India
Pearson at
Ocean in the Sixteenth Century", in India and. the Indi.an Ocean, 1500'1800, ed. M. N.
Econotny
Ashin Gupta (Calcutta, 1987), 79; iclem, "Mercharts ancl Siates", in the Political
Gupta, frdir
Merchant Empires, ecl. James D. Tracy (Cambriclge, 1997), 4l-716; ancl Ashin tlrs
Merchants and. the Decline of sut'at c. 1700-1750 (wiesbaclen, 1979; repr' Delhi, 1994)'
2. Pacifique de Provins
3. Pacifiqtre tie Provils,
a5.:;1.:r--+ i ,-,1
c:*L*
,-@,r-.;\.!-
8. K. Leonarcl
9. F. Perliu
10. H.W. van Santen
11. Sanjay SubrahmanYam
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15 Feb' 1716' ti
1 ARA, VOC 1862, Rochus Hollaer and Adriaen van Biesum,Gamron toBatavia.
2. Khwajah Grigor Lusikeuts
3. ARA, VOC 1430, Van clen Heuvel, Isfahan to lleren XVII, 13 Oct' 1685, fol.
1517v; and VOC 1430, Van den Heuvel, Isfahan to Heren XVII, 31 jan. 1686, fo1.1498v.
4. ARA, VOC 1?98, Oets, Isfahan to Gamror, 15 May L71"o,fol.46; idem inVOC L768, fol.9l6.
o t ) , i :-i
:5 .., .+ l
rr tartl tO,_t l t-- .O
J-i ;l
Keyvani, Artisans and Guild Life. ...
a-?)-e:-,1:b rf
6:4
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d I sj-- ,-/y. tQ ,-5-o c;:L;La ix:"-a .:-5,-1..:.i[.-2r c-uJ,i.r" ?-f )l
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C-P
\.ulorr-(
je
255t.
2. W. M. Floor,,'The
Merchants (Tujjar) in Qajar lran",Zeischrifi
der Deutschen Morgen Landisch
Geselkchaft 126 (1976), 101-13s (111).
3. H. Dunlop, Bronnen, Diary Jan Strridt, 741.
:S.1 ^:-r"r;r-l ,r 1)Jal 6
McCabe, The Shah's Silk for Europe's Silver, 141-70'
\ Y \ (\.o.K'u:)\t))
AP
6YP .s,asL.\-i
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1. Hieronimo
Lippomano,
RoyalMajesty)",
6tac'*^ir*
y :-ha, la;i ;.12..," ..:-l JS*i rd;ErJ ? st il
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Jlait
ij->Qi
lau);3) o-,Q; a'.6 ;L'S
a sua cattolica
Real
Majesta
(Letter
English Historical Review 7 (1892), 316'
2. ARA, VOC 1215, Van Wijck, Gamron to Batavia, 11 Dec. 1655' fol'809v-10'
3. ARA, VOC 1848, Backer Jacobsz, Gamron to Batavia, 13 April 1715, foL228(N'
6Lo)15
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tai
^-ft
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-*i'':bt<'
to
his
Catholic
Heren XVII' 29 April 1665' fol'507r'
1. ARA, VOC l245,Van Wijck, Gamron to
Q":l r:
ol'ut,i--o
l:---il:
.r!-L-;l
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LS)M o)J)
:5.) ,r-lL a;:tr :ttlJj+
Malcolrn, The Historyof Persia,ttol' 2' 582-83'
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3. Panruk,A MonetaryHistoty of the OttomanEmpire, 135-39'
4. Sahillioglu,"The Role of InternationalMonetary and Metal Movemwnts",285.
5. Panruk,A MonetaryHistory, L35-39.
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A ccount . 2: 35 0 .
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Coins and Cun'ency, 7I3, 164.
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Album, Stephan.A Chechlistof Islamic Coins. 2nd edn. Santa Rosa, 1998.
"Iranian Silver DenominationalNames,907-129511501-1878,
part I",
Pricelist52 (1981): 20.
Broome, Michael.A HandbookList of Islamic Coins.London: Seaby,1985.
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Bruyn, Cornelis rle. Reizen over Moscovie, over Peni€en Indie". Amsterdam:
.r.t43li;*;6rus1AJU, JJ, qvdi oi+-l tl.€,yJ<r',rti-ta -h tWl ,
Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. Merchants, Copmpanies and Commerce on the
Coromandel.Coasl. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,1986.
Altman, Artur. The Rttssianand Polish Markets in Internati.onalTrade1500-1650.
Gothenburg:Kungl, Vetenskapsoch VittershetsSamhallet,1.973.
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Goeree, 2rl erl., 1714;Engl. trans.Traiels into Muscovy,Persi.aand Parts of the
East Indies.London: Printed for J. Warcus,1759.
Calcy,Earle R. Analysisof AncientMetals.New York: MacMillan, 1964.
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