South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective

Václav Blažek

A purpose of the present study is an evaluation of various models of classification of the South branch of the Cushitic languages. The South Cushitic languages are studied in their narrow sense here, i.e. without Dahalo and Ma'a, although their probable cognates are registered.

FOLIA ORIENTALIA VOL. LVI — 2019 DOI 10.24425/for.2019.130704 Václav Blažek Masaryk University of Brno blazek@phil.muni.cz South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective Abstract A purpose of the present study is an evaluation of various models of classification of the South branch of the Cushitic languages. The South Cushitic languages are studied in their narrow sense here, i.e. without Dahalo and Ma’a, although their probable cognates are registered. Keywords South Cushitic, lexicostatistics, glottochronology, internal classification. First of all, let us summarize the geographic & demographic circumstances and history of the research in this field. In terms of numbers of speakers, the biggest language, Iraqw, is spoken in Northern Tanzania between the Lakes Eyasi and Manyara. In 1992 Maarten Mous estimated the number of the Iraqw people at 517,000. Ethnologue21 (2018) proposes 603,000 (2009). The first records of Iraqw and its closest relatives, Gorowa (113,000 – 2009), Alagwa (53,000 – 2009) and Burunge (28,000 – 2009), were published in the last decade of the 19th century (Baumann 1894). Meinhof (1906) recognized serious cognates between Burunge and Ma’a on the one hand and Somali on the other hand; most of them are still acceptable at the present time. In the appendix to Claus’ brief description of Qwadza (Claus 1910: ‘Wangomwia’) Meinhof convincingly demonstrated a relationship between Qwadza and Burunge. Greenberg’s (1963, 49) ‘South Cushitic’ consists of Iraqw & Gorowa, Burunge, Alagwa, plus Ma’a (‘Mbugu’) and Dahalo (‘Sanye’) from Kenya. The ethnic population of Dahalo was estimated at c. 2,400 in 2009, but already in 1992 the number of speakers was c. 400 and now may be totally extinct. In 1960’s Fleming and Ehret added another language from Tanzania, Asa (first described by Merker 1904) to South Cushitic. 42 Václav Blažek Its population was around 350 in 1999, the number of at least partial speakers was c. 100 already before 1992 (Ethnologue21 2018). Fleming and Ehret (Fleming 1969, 17; the figures after Ehret 1980, 15) expressed the genetic relations within South Cushitic as follows in Tree diagram 1: Tree diagram 1 84% 69–71% Alagwa Iraqw & Gorowa 35–42% 15–25% Burunge Asa 45% Qwadza Ma’a Dahalo In the later models of the South Cushitic classification projected in Tree diagram 2 Dahalo is excluded (Tosco 1989; Blažek & Tosco 1994; Blažek 1997, 173–174). The special status of Ma’a as a hybrid language with both Bantu and Cushitic features has acquired a new dimension thanks to M. Mous (1995, 2003) who recognized two strata in the Cushitic-like lexicon of Ma’a, namely (i) Iraqwoid; (ii) Oromoid. Consequently Mous rejects the role of Ma’a as an independent South Cushitic branch. Tree diagram 2 Asa 89% 29–37% 14–16% 70–75% Alagwa Burunge Iraqw Qwadza Ma’a 43 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective Kieβling and Mous offer their alternative classification, based especially on the phonologic and morphologic criteria (Kieβling 2002, 19; Kieβling & Mous 2003, 1–2), which is depicted in Tree diagram 3: Tree diagram 3 Southwest Rift Burunge West Rift Alagwa Northwest Rift Gorwaa Iraqw The present study operates exclusively with the lexicostatistical approach. Two 100-word lists were compiled, I & II. They consist of semantic units, chosen according to Swadesh and Bender. Wordlist I summarizes the core lexicon of Iraqw collected by the following authors (with total numbers of lexical units in brackets): Dempwolff 1916–17 (279), Whiteley 1958 (134), Fleming 1965 (105), plus some additions from 1969, Ehret 1980 (100-words-list, plus numerous examples in the text), Maghway 1995 (1,500), Mous, Qorro & Kiessling [MQK] 2002 (3,850). Wordlist II contains the core lexicons of Gorowa, Alagwa, Burunge, Asa, Qwadza. In both wordlists the column ‘etymology’ offers the etymological explanations either from Iraqw proper or on the basis of parallels from other South, East, Central and North (Beja) Cuhitic, occasionally also Omotic, NiloSaharan or Khoisan (Sandawe) languages are cited. The present results may be summarized in Table 1: Table 1 Gorowa Iraqw Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Alagwa Burunge 87/88 = 0.9886 81/97 = 0.8350 75.5/95 = 0.7947 77/89 = 0.8652 70/88 = 0.7954 Asa Qwadza 37/80.5 = 0.4596 32.5/79.5 = 0.4088 34/81.5 = 0.4172 30/77.5 = 0.3871 85.5/96 = 0.8906 34.5/81.5 = 0.4233 30/79.5 = 0.3774 35.5/81.5 = 0.4356 28/78.5 = 0.3569 30/74 = 0.4054 44 Václav Blažek Applying the standard cladistic procedure and chronological calibration developed by Sergei Starostin in his ‘recalibrated’ modification of glottochronology, it is possible to construct Tree diagram 4: Tree diagram 4 -2000 -1000 0 +1000 98.86% +1600 82.25% +470 -1610 43.39% Iraqw Gorowa Alagwa +840 89.06% 38.71% -1950 +2000 Burunge Asa Qwadza The figures are more or less coherent, with a single exception – the position of Burunge versus Iraqw & Gorowa, expressed by the percentage 79–80%, in comparison with the relation of Alagwa, the closest relative of Burunge according to present results, to the same Iraqw & Gorowa, expressed by the pecentage 83–87%. Applying the dialectometric method, combining the lexicostatistic, phonologic and morphologic approaches, Kieβling (2002, 431) has obtained figures, characterized by the same feature, i.e. a significantly lower score of Burunge vs. Iraqw & Gorowa in comparison with the score of Alagwa vs. Iraqw & Gorowa: Table 2 Iraqw Gorowa Alagwa Gorowa Alagwa Burunge 93.2% 66.6% 57.2% 68.0% 58.0% 77.2% One possible explanation is the influence of Burunge on Alagwa, called Burungisierung by Kieβling (2002, 480–82). It is a quite legitimate solution, which should be supported by Burunge borrowings in the Alagwa core lexicon. 45 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective Wordlist I: Iraqw English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway adawa 1. all1 all2 2. ashes1 MQK hlemɛro (F) hlemero da’ara (F) daʕara etymology ?ECu: Som aad very, much (ECHL 62) sleémeeroo KM 261: *sliima cf. Ir sleemee also daʕraa, pl. daʕradu’ daʕara KM 78: *daʕaraa; cf. ECu *darʕ- id. (EC 16; SCF 21) tumúq hot ash ashes2 3. bark qafi (F) 4. belly guraʕa (D) gura’ (F) 5. big1 ur (D) ur (F) qafi qafi, pl. qafoo peel, membrane, outer skin qafi, pl. qafoo KM 228: *qafiya, pl. *qafoo; SC 368; SCF 21: CCu *qaf- id. gûra, pl. gûr’e stomach gura gura’, pl. gur’ee gura’, pl. gur’ee KM 122: *gura’a; SC 239; ECu *gur’- udder (ECB 86); CCu: Awngi guriaŋχɛ navel (Wedekind) ur, pl. uren ur ur, pl. uren KM 309-10: *’ur, big, old, cf. *’uraw grow many up, become adult; SC 295: Ma’a uda far; ?ECu: Bj wod- grow (ECHL 62) big2 tsîrʕi, pl. tsîrʕo tsirʕi pl. dirén big, wide KM 96: *dir; SC 188: Da ɗar- increase tsirʕi, pl. tsirʕoo KM 299: *tsiraʕa SC 226; ECu: Or c ̣irrii, HEC 27: *c ̣iiḍa- id. 6. bird ṣir’o (F) 7. bite kyɛ (D) kiḥ- (F) kiḥ- kiiḥ kiiḥ KM 175: *kiḥ; SC 252: Da k’aḥ- 8. black buγ, buʕ (D) boäʕ, bŏʕə, pl. bäʕ bor’ (F) boʕa booʕ booʕ, pl. boʕ(ayen) KM 74: *booʕ, pl. *boʕ; SC 388 46 Václav Blažek English Dempwolff Fleming 9. blood1 ts’ẹri (D) ṣɛre (F) Whiteley Ehret tséere, pl. tsere tséer’du Maghway tseeree, pl. tseer(e)du’ făra (D) fara (F) fâ̂ra, pl. fâdu 11. breast1 isam (F) breast2 dăʕeo Brust (D) burn3 fara fara, pl. fadu’ isaŋ id. isama udder dá’ʕêwa chest KM 295: *tseedee; SC 199: Da ts’íraara’e red a’o- (F) fara, pl. fadu(’) KM 104-05: *fara, pl. *fararu; SC 150: Ma’a ifwára id.; cf. ECu: Som feeḍ, Jiddu feer, Boni fée(r)ḍ rib (Sm 81) isaangw, sg. iseemi KM 166: *’isangw, pl. *’iseemi vs. *’isa’amu nipples; cf. pKhoe *sam female breast SC 283: Ma’a i’asemu; ?CCu: Aw əšew heart; ?Beja ésse belly (Re) daʕawa, pl. KM 78: *daʕaba; daʕeewee ECu: ?Som ḍab lap, chest Af ḍabʕe armpit; Beja daba chest, breast daʕ- 12. burn1 burn2 tseeree, pl. tseerdu etymology fooya blood2 10. bone MQK oh- daaʕ KM 77-78: *daʕ; SC 345; ECu: Afar diyyi carbon, Ya daai firestick; Beja di’ɛ́ brand ’oh catch fire oh KM 221 *’ooh; SC 294; ECu: OrW adj. o’’aa-, Macha hoaa, Bor owwaa warm, hot hamiis haamiis burn for fuel from Ir v. haam be hot, warm (KM 130) 47 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English 13. claw Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret fuʕgono (D) fúqûno, fuqno foqeni (F) pl. fúqéeni fingernail hûnki, pl. hunki hûnkay 14. cloud1 Maghway fuqnoo, pl. fuqeeni’ MQK fuq(u)noo, pl. fuqeeni huu(n)ki, pl. huunki, pl. huu(n)káy huunkáy etymology KM 110: *fuqunoo; cf. *faanqu hoof & *fuunqaaru pair of hooves (KM 104, 110; SC 152); maybe also ECu: Rd góffan, Arb kunúf, El kúnuf claw, Ds kònòf hoof cf. Da winku < Sw wingu id. cloud2 (tlafi rain cloud) KM 274: *tlafiya, pl. *tlafoo; SC 214 cloud3 tlaŋgu (F) tlangi fog tlaangí, pl. tlaangú fog, mist KM 278: *tlaangwiya, col. *tlaangwa; SC 217: Qw tlungato sky; cf. Sand tl’ung’gu cloud, tl’wang’ rain tsaʔ 15. cold1 cold2 ṣaqwa (F) v. tsa’ adj. tsaaqwa v. tsaqut KM 286: *tsa’ adj. cool, *tsa’aw v. become cool; SC 176: Qw tsa’u- id.; Ma’a sa’a cold, wind KM 292: *tsaaqwa; SC 173; cf. also Bu caqomo; Da t’ókkoome id. (SC 176) n. xuumpaa cold3 16. come1 daqaw go (F) come2 tsa’ χawe! (D) xaw xaw daqaw KM 88: *daqaw go; SC 189: Da ɗakwbe going; ECu *daḳ- go (ECB 51) xaw KM 320: *xaw; SC 256: ?Ma’a -hwá’a return 48 Václav Blažek English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway 17. die1 Bu kwalẽ’! id. (D) ?ECu: Sam *káálèì! id. (Sm 87) hardaharrive KM 82: *dah SC 164; Beja da enter gwaa gwaa’ KM 123: *gwaa’; SC 263: cf. Asa gawa death; Ma’a -ga die ECu: Som go’, Ba gue qaatl qaatl (of many) KM 232: *qatl ?ECu: Som qaḍid die out or EC 49: *qal- v. slaughter see’aay seeaay, pl. seeaawee KM 251: *soo’ay; SC 350 wah KM 313: *wah, dur. *waham SC 313: Ma’a -waha; SCF 24: HECu *wa’water (HECu 164) < ECu *waʕ- (ECB 186) hard- (F) gwa (D) agwa’ (F) gwa die2 18. dog1 se’áí (D) se’ai (F) 19. drink1 wʌha- (F) drink2 seʔay wah- gawa (F) SCF 23: Ma’a go- suck adj. kaahaar KM 169: adj. *kahar, from v. *kah; SC 242: Ma’a v. -kahí dry ECu: Du *kaḥ- be dry (Eh 128) dry2 agee(ngw) dry season KM 51: *’ageengw ECu: Som engeg-, Bo aneg-, Rd angagv. dry (ECB 169) dry3 v. qoro’oot SC 366, 388 KM 172: *karaḥ cf. ECu: Som qaraḥ dry (DSI) 20. dry1 akat, kah(F) etymology qwaláng! come3 come4 MQK kat adj. kaahaar 49 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English 21. ear Dempwolff Fleming i’a (D) e’a (F) 22. earth1 ḥape (F) earth2 Whiteley Ehret Maghway MQK ’ii’a, pl. ’i’a iia, pl. ia’ etymology î’a, pl. î’a’ eʔi ḥâpe, pl. ḥâpu ḥape Go yáamu country yamu under, below, floor yaamu land, yaamu, pl. yaamee ground, country KM 329: *yaamu; SC 315: Qw hamuko under; Da jem- stay in a place ʕayim ʕaay, dur. ʕayiim ʕaay, dur. ʕaayiim KM 50: *ʕag, dur. *ʕagim; SC 275: Da ʕag- id.; cf. Qw agoto; Ma’a ki’agú; Da ʕàga food; EC 17: *ʕa/i/ug- drink qanḥi, pl. qanḥaa SC 253, KM 229-30: *qanaḥaa/*qana’iya; Ma’a ikokóha; Da ʕógohi; ECu *’ukaaḥ-; Beja kuhii ḥapee, pl. ḥapu KM 156: *’ii’a; SC 289: ?Asa yothear; Da ’eet̠ it̠ - id.; ECu: SaAf *’ayti ear KM 149: *ḥapee 23. eat aiim (D) ʕa-im-/a’ai(F) 24. egg qʌnḥi (F) qânḥi, pl. qanḥi qânḥa qanḥi, pl. qanḥaa 25. eye ila (D) ila (F) îla, pl. îla’ ’ila, pl. ’ila’ ila KM 158: *’ila, pl. ’ilaa; SC 293: Ma’a i’ilá; Da ’ìla; ECu *’il- (ECB 104); CCu *’əl-; Beja liilii n. diʕi, pl. diʕaay KM 99: *duʕiya; SC 165: Asa da’ara heavy; Da d̠eʕʕem- be fat; ECu: Ya -dee’ɛu’ fat n. dî’ʕi, n. diʕi pl. dî’ʕay 26. fat1 adj. ʕatlar fat2 fat3 ila n. waḥna (F) n. diʕi, pl. diʕaay adj. ʕatlaar KM 62: adj. *ʕatlar, from *ʕatl be mature, fully grown; SC 275 v. waḥaar n. waḥni fat flesh adj. waḥaar Al v. waḥar (M), n. waḥani, Bu waḥana animal fat (KM 314) 50 Václav Blažek English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley 27. feather hai (F) Ehret Maghway MQK etymology hayi hayi, pl. hayoo hayi, pl. hayoo SC 381: Al hayi, Bu haaya id.; Asa haya feathering of arrow 28. fire as̰ a, ěs̰ e (D) ahla (F) ahla ’asla, pl. ’asloo asla, pl. asloo KM 61: *’asla; SC 297: Ma’a mwáhla; ?ECu: Ba elen id., HECu *eeliin- sun; CCu *aläl- burn (Eh 81) 29. fish siyyo (F) simo siimoo, pl. siyó siiy-ó, pl. -odu, sgt. -omoo < Mbugwe siyé < Bantu *túí (KM 251) 30a. fly1 n. ba’armo (D) pl. ba’ár, sg. ba’ár baar(a)moo flies, bees fly2 n. mitsáy fire flies fly3 n. sluwáx horsefly ʕaqmit- 30b. fly1 v. fly2 v. 31. foot / leg yâ’e, pl. yâ’a leg yaʔe yaa’ee, pl. ya’a’ foot, leg 32. (be) full1 (be) full2 KM *masaasakwamo small black ant cf. Bu mạsasók (D) ʕakuut jump ʕakuut, dur. KM 52: *ʕakuut ʕakwmiit tlemu- (F) (h)iya’e (D) ya’a (F) KM 67: pl. *ba’ara, sgt. *ba’ariya; SC 147: Qw pa’aliko flying termite; Da pl. p’aara termite tlaw KM 280: *tlaw; cf. ECu: Or ḍaab- erect; SC 216 yaaee, pl. ya’a’ foot, leg KM 328: *yaa’ee; SC 384 v. ʕif haṣ-mu (F) adj. hats adj. haats v. haats KM 134: v. *hats SC 381: Qw hatsumo much; ECu: Du *h/xuc ̣- full 51 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English 33. give1 Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley hanisa (F) Ehret Maghway hanis-, haniis Go haris- give2 34. go / walk1 MQK etymology hariis (arch.) & haniis KM 129-30: *hadis; SC 305 qaw KM 232: *qaw aw KM 63: *’aw go to fetch go / walk2 kaw- go to kaw go to KM 174: kaw go to; ECu: Som kooy-, Ba ko(i), Or kooti, Ko xoyi come (ECHL 110) go / walk3 tlau (F) tlaw- tlawwake up, go KM 280: *tlaw SC 359; see fly hi’iit go / walk5 35. good1 ḥooḥoo ḥoḥo ho̠ (D) ḥoe-ma (F) (i)qon good2 good3 ḥoo’, pl. ḥo’ KM 154: *ḥoo’; SC 302: Ma’a -ha good qoón cf. Ir v. qoom fit, be alike, equal Al qoma’itis- match (SC 292-93; KM 234) qantsar KM *qaantsar vs. *qaantsa something wet or moist; SC 250; ECu: Som qanjiḍ halbreifer Zustand (Re; Me 262) se’eengw, sgt. se’eemi SC 350; KM 247: sgt. *se’eemi, col. *se’eengw ṣu (F) 36. green qansar (F) 37. hair1 sẹ’e̠ a (D) Haupthaar se’eum (F) hair2 hi’iit KM 136: *hi’it take a step, walk qantsar qantsar se’emi bori body hair se’eemi, pl. se’eengw boori beard KM 75: *boora on the chin ECu: Som baar hairs of the camel’s hump; Beja băr camel-hair 52 Václav Blažek English 38. hand1 hand2 Dempwolff Fleming daua (D) dawa (F) Whiteley dâwa, pl. dawa dâba arm ṣaai (F) 39. head săgă (D) sɛgɛ (F) 40. hear Ehret Maghway dawa, pl. daba’ tsaʕay palm of hand sâga, pl. sâge MQK etymology dawa, pl. dabee KM 79: *daba; SC 162: Da d̠aβa id.; ECu *zaab- handle (ECZ 139); Beja dábi handle (Re) tsaʕay, pl. tsaʕi’i palm of hand, sole of foot KM 287: *tsaʕay SC 173; Qw tse’uko fingernail cf. Sand ts’waʔa claw, nail (Kagaya) saga saga, pl. sagee saga, pl. sagee KM 243: *saga; SC 350; ECu: Or sagoo back of head; CCu: Awngi seg higher part (Eh 141) χmis (D) axas- (F) axas ’axaas axaas, dur. axmiis KM 64: caus. *’axasSC 288 41. heart mona (F) muna muuná, pl. mun(aaw)ee muuná, pl. KM 210: *muuná; muunaawee SC 159: Da mùna id.; ECu: Sam *minḍiqar intestines (Sm 91); Beja mána bowels, intestine, viscera (Rp) 42. horn χărmo (D) xarmo (F) xaraŋ xarmo, pl. xareemi’ xaarmoo, pl. xaareemi KM 318: *xadamu / *xadaangw; SC 256: Ma’a luharemú / -xaremú id. 43. I aní (D) ani (F) an aníng KM 56: *’ana; SC 283: Ma’a ání; Da ’ányi; ECu *’an-i/-u; CCu *’an-; Beja ane id. 44. kill1 ugas (D) qasa (F) gas- gaas KM 114: *gaas; SC 263: ?Ma -ga’a (cf. -ga die) ECu: *-gši (ECB 167) gaas 53 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway MQK ḥaamiis kill2 etymology from Ir v. ḥaam go far away, get lost (KM 147) slarʕaas kill, slarʕaas kill, extinguish extinguish, silence kill3 KM 301: *tsuʕ; SC 177: Da t’uuʕ- id. tsuʕ- kill animal kill4 45. knee guruṅgura (D) guruŋgura (F) gurungura gurungura, pl. gurungeeri KM 122: *guruguunda cf. Hadza gurunguri; SC 239: Al gurunguda, Da gilli id. 46. know xuu- (F) xuw- xuu’ xuuʔ KM 323: *xu’; SC 333: Al, Bu xuw- 47. leaf loʕo (F) loʕi looʕi, pl. looʕoo looʕi, pl. looʕoo KM 196: sgt. *looʕiya, pl. *looʕóo; SC 206: Da luʕproduce offspring 48. kʕăt (D) lie (down) qat- qaat lie down, sleep 49. liver da’ẹ (D) de’e (F) dá’âye, pl. dá’âydu da’aye 50. (be) long ka-ts̰ ir (D) tler (F) tleer, pl. tlet tler 51. louse itir-mo, pl. itna (F) itirmo, pl. itna KM 231: *qaat; SC 368 da’ayee, pl. KM 79: *da’ayee; daeedu SC 345 tleer tleer, pl. tlet KM 281: *tleed, pl. *tledd; SC 216: Ma’a -hlerú grow up; ECu: *ḍeer- (LEC 109) it(i)naa lice KM 167: coll. *’itaa, sgt. *’itinoo/*’itidimo; SC 290: Da ’it̠ t̠ óni, pl. ’ìtta; ECu: Ya intɔni caterpillar; CCu*intlouse; Beja taat id. 54 Václav Blažek English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway etymology ʕawa, pl. ʕawaá & ʕawang 52. man1 gitla SC 364 ḥawata man, husband ḥawaata male, husband KM *ḥawata; SC 299, 386: Da ḥaajo yaaríit KM 329: *yaariir fu’naay KM *fu’unay / *fu’umay < Or fooni slaḥaangw KM 256: *slaḥaangw, pl. *slaḥeeri; SC 212: Al hlehe = hleeḥee (M), Bu hleheŋ = sleḥeŋ (K); Ma’a mhlíhe; ECu *leʕ/h- (EC 21) man2 man3 MQK hawăta Mann (D) ḥáwâta husband 53. many yare-ma (F) yarir 54. meat fu’unay (D) fu’unai (F) fuʔuni 55. moon s̰ ăhao (D) tl/hlahaŋ(w) (F) hlâhaŋw, pl. hláhéeri fu’ni, pl. fu’naay hlahaŋ 56. t̰ /s̰ oma (D) mountain1 tloma (F) tlôma, pl. tloma tlôm’i hill tlooma, pl. tlomu’ tlooma KM 283: *tlooma; ?NOm: Maji ṭumu id. (Bd) 57. mouth ăfa (D) afa (F) afa, pl. afe afa ’afa, pl. ’afee afa, pl. afee KM 48: *’afa, pl. oa’i SC 281: Da ’áfo id. ECu *’af- (ECB 23); CCu *’äf-; Beja yaf ûma, pl. ûme uma ’uma, pl. ’umee uma, pl. um(ʔ)ee KM *’uma; SC 377; Me 333: Bu ū́măgŏ̠ k What is your name? + ECB 139: *magʕname ’isa, pl. ’isoo isa, pl. isoo KM 166: *’isa; SC 283 58. name uma (F) 59. neck isaχ (D) isa (F) isa 60. new abɛn (F) ʕaben ʕaben KM 46: *ʕab, pl. *ʕaban < *ʕababan; SC 376 55 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Dempwolff Fleming Go amsi 61. night1 night2 Whiteley χwera (D) xwera (F) Ehret Maghway amsi xwéera, xwera pl. xwéer’du xweeraa, pl. xweer(a)du’ duṅga (D) duŋga’ (F) dûnga, pl. dúngáwe 63a. no 63b. not amsi’ KM 55: *’amasi SC 297: Ma’a ama id. Beja amas night, late evening xweeraa, pl. xweerdu KM 326: *xwayraa; ? < ENil *-kuari(TLM 401) dunga duungaʔ, pl. duungiʔi hla’ay (SC 209) aasla’áy ma- (F) 63c. not 64. one wăk (D) wak (F) 65. person1 (homo) he̠ (D) he man (F) person2 person3 etymology axweesoo from v. *axwees (8–10 p.m.) to talk (KM 64–65) night3 62. nose MQK ẹmẹt, imẹt people (D) wak MK 310-11: *uruunga, pl. *uruunga’i; SC 192; ?ECu *ur- smell (ECB 184; Me 333) ma+V Ki 382; KM 205: *maw leave; SC 323: ECu *ma’ (EC 52) -ká Ki 382 wak KM 314: *wak SC 312: Ma’a wé one cf. SC 311: Da wátte other : wáttukwe one KM 135-36: *heedi, pl. *hida; SC 307, 386: *hed> Ma’a mu-he hee he hee hee mu (pl. of hee) mu (pl. of he) muu (pl. of hee) mu KM 209: pl. *muu (pl. of hee) people, persons; SC 160: Ma’a m-mú person, va-mú people; cf. ECu: El mó id., Arb mó(h) id., man ’eemée people eemeét people SC 294–95: Ir imi people, Al imi crowd 56 Václav Blažek English 66. rain1 n. Dempwolff Fleming t̰ uai (D) tluway (F) Whiteley tlûway Ehret tluway Maghway tluwaay MQK tluuw(ay) dom’i rainy season rain2 n. daʕat KM 284-85: *tlubay n. vs. *tlub- v. SC 217: Da v. luβ-; ECu *c ̣ub- dip in (EC 30) KM 97: *doomu; SC 220 daaʕaat KM 78: *daaʕat, from *daʕ burn; SC 345 dararʕaat reddish dararʕaat from Ir v. daraaʕ to roast over the open fire loohi. pl. lohu’ loohi, pl. lohu KM 195: *looh- v. migrate; SC 206: Da lée id.; Qw lohis- move house road2 irwa, pl. -du Ki 508; ECu: Ge ora id.; NOm: Gonga *wor- id. road3 duuruuxmo from Ir v. duurux drag 67. red1 da’ăt (D) daʕat (F) etymology daʕat red2 68. road1 lohi (F) lôhi, pl. lô(u)hu lohi deʕar (F) deʕarmo deeʕaar(a) mo pl. deeʕár pl. deeʕár KM 90-91: col. *deeʕaaru, sgt. *deeʕaarimo; SC 189: Da ɗááʕero neck 70. round1 (har)wer-mu (F) harwergo round harweer go around harweer encircle SC 337: ECu: Som wareerbe giddy 69. root round2 gumbalala be round3 gwangwaraa’aat KM 126: *gwangwaraa’at be round ḥasaangw, sgt. ḥasiitoʔo KM 150: *ḥasaangw; SC 381; ECu: Som ḥaš powder ?Di huss earth SC 335: Beja haš sand (Bd), haaš earth (Ro) 71. sand ḥasam (F) hasaŋ 57 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway say2 say3 o- (F) say4 χoesan (D) see2 74. seed(s)1 ar- (F) oo’ KM 219: *’oo’; SC 319: Ma’a -yo; Da joom- ar- ’ar ar KM 58: *’ar; ECu: Du *’ar- know; CC: Bilin ar- find; Beja iraay know (Eh 87); NOm *’ar- know dahaasiingw dahasiingw KM *dahas v. plant < v. *dah move into waraari, pl. waraangw waraari, pl. KM 315: sgt. *waraari, waraangw col. *waraangw (pumpkin) seed(s) ĝa’ao (D) dahasi-ŋ (F) iv̠it (D) iutanaŋ (F) iwit- kahari (D) kahari (F) kahari 77. sleep1 v. sleep2 v. gu’ut- guu’ iwiit SC 289; KM 157: *’ibiit fala, pl. faloo KM 104: *fala; SC 150 kahari, pl. kadu KM 169: *kahariya, from adj. *kahar dry guu’ KM 120: *gu’; SC 239: Da giit̠ - id.; ECu: Si goṭ- id. qata (F) 78. small1 nina (D) nina (F) small2 KM 169: *kaah speak Bu kaah (K) ’oo’ 76. skin1 skin2 kaah o- seed(s)2 75. sit1 etymology ilaawaats 72. say1 73. see1 MQK → lie niina, pl. niinakw nina niina adj. niina, pl. niinakw KM 217: *niinaw; SC 292: Ma’a m’inyí; ECu: El ninina, Ds niní; Ya -ni’in v. nassut Ir naasú a pinch of 58 Václav Blažek English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway 79. smoke1 n. smoke2 n. γui (D) qui (F) qu’i 80. stand1 siḥtano (F) 81. star ṣeṣeʕ (F) 82. stone1 t̰ a’á, pl. ts̰ a’e (D); cf. t̰ a’ano Gestein (D) tlaʕanu (F) quu’i seḥit- tsátsée’ʕi, tsatse’i pl. tsátsâ’o tlá’ʕâno, pl. tlâ’ʕe tsatseeʕi, pl. tsatseʕ tlaʕano MQK etymology tsaangw KM 287: *tsaa’aas shine on, give light; cf. Ir tseeʕamá sunshine < *tseeʕamá (KM 295) quui id., fog KM 235: *quu’ emit smoke; SC 254; ECu n. *qayʕ- smoke (ECHL 79) siḥiit KM 249: *siḥ-it-, cf. Ir v. siiḥ- erect, make stand; ECu: Di soh-aḍ- stand pl. tsatsaʕ & tsitsíʕ KM 300: *tsitsaʕiya, pl. *tsitsaʕu SC 226-27: cf. Al tsa’as- give light to (better *tseeʕamá sunshine; KM 295), Qw sa’- burn tlaaʕano, pl. tlaaʕ-ee, -ay, cf. tlaaʕa rock KM 273: *tlaaʕa; SC 359; ECu: Som ḍuʕun ~ ḍuḥun flintstone (Re; see Me 333); ?Beja ḍa’ horn tsingár ?CCu: Bilin dängwəra, small sharp Khamir dəgwəra stone stones (Re) stone2 83. sun1 sun2 lo’a (D) lo’a (F) sun3 tse’ăma (D) tséé’âma tseʔama laantá laantá KM 191: *lala’itu SC 203: Bu letu; ECu: Mashile latta, Ko letta, Di lašš loo’aa sun, day, God looaa KM 191: *lala’oo; SC 203: Ir lala’a God, Al lele’a sun; ?ECu: Sa lelleʕ day, Af loʕo daytime tseeʕamá tseeʕamá KM 295: *tseeʕamá sunshine, cf. KM 296: midday sun *tsiʕ get burnt 59 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley 84. swim1 warḥɛma (F) Ehret Maghway MQK waraḥem- etymology SC 346: pref. *wa- & *daḥ-, cf. Al (redupl.) daraḥasu fish; SC 325: cf. ECu *zak(ECZ 140) swim2 tumbiim KM 273: *tumbim 85. tail ḥaiso (F) ḥáyîso, ḥayso pl. ḥáyîse ḥaysoo, pl. aysee KM 151: sg. *ḥaysoo, pl. *ḥaysa’i/*ḥaysasu SC 379: Al, Bu ḥayiso 86. that1 -ga (F) qá kuqa qá’ Wh 59–60; Mo 90 that2 da kuda dá’ Wh 59–60; Mo 90 that3 sing síng Wh 59–60; Mo 90 m. wi ntr. ka f. ti m. -(w) í/-kwí ntr. -ká f. -rí/-tí Mo 90 SC 311, 296, 289: Al wi m. Bu ki / ti m. / f. Da ’uukwa / ’iiṯa m. ku / f. ki m. kuúng f. kiíng KM 180, 175: m. *kuu, f. *kii; SC 243, 245–46: Da ku/ki; ECu obj. *ku /*ki; cf. ECu: Ds kúúni, Ar ké, El kesé; Ya ’aáçuk thou < *’a-ki-ku; CCu acc. *kwət; Beja bar-uuk thou KM 302: *tsufiraangw pl. tsufireeri; SC 196 87. this -wi// -ri/-ti (F) 88. thou m. wí/ kwí ntr. ká f. rí/tí ku(ṅ) (D) m. kuṅ f. kiṅ (F) 89. tongue1 ts’efirako (D) tsífîraŋw, tsifraŋ ṣifraŋ (F) pl. tsifíréeri tsifraangw, pl. tsifreeri’ tsifraangw 90. tooth1 se̱ heno (D) siḥno (F) 91. tree1 χano, pl. χa’i (D) xatlno (F) síḥîno, pl. síḥîna seḥno siḥnoo, pl. siḥna’ siḥinoo, pl. KM 249: *siḥinoo siḥnaʔ SC 180: xá’âno, pl. xáa’i xaʔano xa’noo, pl. xaa’i’ xa’(a)no, pl. xaai KM 320: *xa’inoo, pl. *xa’i; SC 256: Ma’a mhatú / mxatú 60 Václav Blažek English 92. two1 Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley ts’ăr (D) ṣar (F) Ehret Maghway tsar 93. warm1 axunai (F) adj. ’axwan warm2 MQK etymology tsár, cf. tsadiit be two KM 288: *tsada; SC 229, 386 adj. axwan v. hames- v. hamees- v. haam (of water) KM 130–31: *haam be hot, *hamée heat; SC 299 94. water ma’ái (D) ma’ai (F) ma#ay ma’ay KM 197: *ma’ay; SC 156: Ma’a ma’í; Da mà’a 95. we ata (incl.) (D) atɛn (F) aten atén we, us KM 62: *’atén, perhaps from *’aten-na? *ye with us cf. Da ’àṯṯa (SC 282); ECu *ʔatin- ye (EC 11) 96. what1 amila (F) amila milá KM 200: *mala; SC 158: Al mi; Qw homi; Ma’a mina; Da máka (SC 155); ECu: Or W, Bor maal, Macha, Harar maali < ECu *maʔ- what (ECB 146) umás what2 97. white awăk (D) awak (F) ʕawakw ʕawáak, pl. KM 47: *ʕabaakw, ʕawak derived from *ʕab new?; SC 376 98. who a-he-ma (F) ahema heemá SC 153: he person, cf. amaga how many : ga thing; Ma’a -hamá which 99. woman1 ameni (D) amɛni (F) ameni ʕameeni cf. aama wife KM 54: *’aama mother; SC 282; cf. ECu: Ds mìnnì woman; Bj ammána women, Si ama woman (ECB 140, 25) ámêni, pl. ámêna, cf. áama old woman 61 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Dempwolff Fleming Whiteley Ehret Maghway MQK KM 270: *tigay; SC 283: ?Da ’áṯika buffalo cow; Beja tak, pl. tika man, takat woman (Re) woman2 sirraraʕaat, ?HECu 339: Kb šiirit pl. sirʕaaten black and white; ?CCu *sär- red 100. yellow1 yellow2 ṣe’at (F) *101. grass gịe’o (D) *102. snake deišimo & dáyšâmo, daisimo (D) pl. dâyše *103. thin1 tsee’at tse’at gitsemi (SC 235) tseeʕaat, pl. SC 355: Qw tsa’attseeʕaten white gitsiimi, pl. gitsoo v. nehuut tăm (D) tam (F) tám adj. naʕar- adj. naaʕ *105. wet *106. ye gitsoo KM 117: *gitsoo, sgt. *gitsiimi dayšimo, pl. dayšee KM 90: *daysu; SC 225; cf. NS: Koman: Koma dàašó’, Twampa tašá’ id. (Bd) v. nehuut become thin Beja nehaw become thin, weak (Eh 108) v. kangaʕuut thin2 *104. three etymology m. kuṅga (F) f. kiṅga (F) tám KM 267: *tami; SC 290: Da ’íṯṯaanṯóóni third day after tomorrow v. naaʕ KM 213: *naʕ cf. naaʕari SC 352; wet land ECu: ?Arb ňoor mud along river kuungá’ KM 183: *kuungaa’i; SC 247: Ma’a kúné id. Da kuná your; ECB 173: *kun- / kinyour; Beja baraakna ye (Re) 62 Václav Blažek Wordlist II: Other South Cushitic languages English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology 1. all1 all2 slehéem sloome (sliiima / slaama wholeness) gong all3 KM 261: *sliima cf. Ir sleemee also SC 236: Ir gaŋ very much; Da gààna big wataka all4 2. ashes1 - daʕaraa cf. “1” - KM 78: *daʕaraa; cf. ECu *darʕ- id. (EC 16; SCF 21) ashes2 ashes3 3. bark1 qafi ʕura ʕura wurato KM *ʕura; SC 387: Ma’a i’ora qafaa’i / qafari qafira - KM 228: *qafiya, pl. *qafoo; SC 368; SCF 21: CCu *qaf- id. pa’uko bark2 4. belly1 belly2 gura’ gura’a gura’a - SC 143: Da pák’o KM 122: *gura’a; SC 239; ECu *gur’- udder (ECB 86); CCu: Awngi guriaŋχɛ navel (Wedekind) a’iye SC 387 63 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 5. big1 ’ur big2 6. bird1 tsirʕi (‘ur in negations) da(a)adir didir jira tsiraʕi ciraʕa šira’a bird2 7. bite1 kiḥ kiḥ kiḥ 8. black1 booʕ booʕ KM 309-10: *’ur, cf. *’uraw grow up, become adult; SC 295: Ma’a uda far; ?ECu: Bj wodgrow (ECHL 62) dire KM 96: *dir; SC 188: Da ɗar- increase KM 299: *tsiraʕa SC 226; ECu: Or c ̣irrii, HEC 27: *c ̣iiḍa- id. desito SC 386 ?k’a- KM 175: *kiḥ; SC 252: Da k’aḥ- KM 74: *booʕ, pl. *boʕ; SC 388 -biasa black3 tseeree tseeree SC 388 booʕ black2 9. blood1 (?ulungayo wide) jalas- bite2 etymology -abesu SC 388 tulut- SC 170: Da tíílali shadow ceedee KM 295: *tseedee; SC 199: Da ts’íraara’e red blood2 blood3 10. bone fara fara fara sa’aka sa’uko SC 179, 386: Ma’a sakó / saxó farit fala’ato KM 104–05: *fara, pl. *fararu SC 150: Ma’a ifwára id.; cf. ECu: Som feeḍ, Jiddu feer, Boni fée(r)ḍ rib (Sm 81) 64 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 11. breast1 ’isaang ’isaamó breast2 (daʕawi chest) isank burn2 KM 166: *’isangw, pl. *’iseemi vs. *’isa’amu nipples; cf. pKhoe *sam female breast SC 283: Ma’a i’asemu; ?CCu: Aw əšew heart; ?Beja ésse belly (Re) ’isa’amu (daʕabi chest) KM 78: *daʕaba; ECu: ?Som ḍab lap, Afar ḍabʕe armpit Beja daba chest, breast nya’ati breast3 12. burn1 (trans.) daʕ daʕ daʕ ’ooh ’oh ’ooh da’- SC 232, 387 KM 77–78: *daʕ; SC 345; ECu: Afar diyyi carbon, Ya daai fire-stick; Beja di’ɛ́ brand KM 221 *’ooh; SC 294; ECu: OrW adj. o’’aa-, Macha hoaa, Bor owwaa warm, hot from Ir v. haam be hot, warm (KM 130) burn3 burn4 etymology sa’- (tr.) sa’im(intr.) SC 388 65 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 13. claw1 fuqnó claw2 KM 110: *fuqunoo; cf. *faanqu hoof & *fuunqaaru pair of hooves (KM 104, 110; SC 152); maybe also ECu: Rd góffan, Arb kunúf, El kúnuf claw, Ds kònòf hoof tsarafu carafu KM 292: *tsarafu; SC 329: CCu: Awngi tsεfir senget claw3 SC 387 tse’uko (tsa’amuko hand) claw4 tlafi cloud3 (tlangú fog, (tloonga tlangwi misty fog) cloud) cloud4 SC 173; KM 287: *tsaʕay > IrGo tsaʕay Al daba-tsaʕay Bu daba-caʕay palm of hand; cf. Sandawe ts’waʔa claw, nail (Kagaya) cf. Da winku < Sw wingu id. 14. cloud1 cloud2 tlafi etymology tlaafimo KM 274: *tlafiya, pl. *tlafoo; SC 214 tlongiya, pl. tloonga tlungawa buʕurita KM 278: *tlaangwiya, col. *tlaangwa; SC 217: Qw tlungato sky; cf. Sand tl’ung’gu cloud, tl’wang’ rain SC 387 66 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 15. cold1 cold2 (tsa’uw become cool) tsaaqwa tsa’u (ca’u wind, cool breeze) tsaaqwa caaqwa šo’ok etymology KM 286: *tsa’ adj. cool, *tsa’aw v. become cool; SC 176: Ma’a sa’a cold, wind KM 292: *tsaaqwa; SC 173; cf. also Bu caqomo; Da t’ókkoome id. (SC 176) cold3 16. come1 daqaw come2 xaw KM 88: *daqaw go : Bj ḍaḳab- arrive; SC 189: Da ɗakwbe going; ECu *daḳ- go (ECB 51) xaw xaw KM 320: *xaw; SC 256: ?Ma’a -hwá’a return Bu kwalẽ’! id. (D) ?ECu: Sam *káálèì! id. (Sm 87) come3 come4 17. die1 die2 (dah enter) (dah arrive) (dah arrive) dah- dah- KM 82: *dah SC 164; Beja da enter gwaa’ gwaa’ gwaa’ ga- gwa’- KM 123: *gwaa’; SC 263: cf. Asa gawa death; Ma’a -ga die ECu: Som go’, Ba gue (qatl be finished) (qatlis finish completely) KM 232: *qatl ?ECu: Som qaḍid die out or EC 49: *qal- v. slaughter 67 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 18. dog1 soo’ay (sa’aku wild dog) gwiḥira dog2 gweḥera SC 385-86: < Chaga ka’uko dog4 19. drink1 wah (wah {cattle only}; waha drinking) waham (wah {cattle only}; waha drinking) SCF 23: Ma’a gosuck kitaḥ drink3 kitaḥ KM 178: *kitaḥ wat- drink4 dry2 SC 385-86: < Sand kaka KM 313: *wah, dur. *waham SC 313: Ma’a -waha; SCF 24: HECu *wa’- water (HECu 164) < ECu *waʕ- (ECB 186) drink2 20. dry1 KM 251: *soo’ay; SC 350 KM 127–29: *gwiḥira, from *gwiḥ to bark > Bu guḥ id. kite dog3 etymology kaahar v. kah kahar v. kah v. kah (’ageengw dry season) (’egee dry season) (’ageeng dry season) wat- SC 383: with *wah KM 169: adj. *kahar, from v. *kah; SC 242: Ma’a v. -kahí dry ECu: Du *kaḥ- be dry (Eh 128) KM 51: *’ageengw ECu: Som engeg-, Bo aneg-, Rd angagv. dry (ECB 169) 68 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] dry3 karaḥadi karaḥ be karaḥ be dry dry & hard & hard dry4 xala’ -rakaš ’ii’a 22. earth1 ḥapee earth2 yaamu SC 366, 388 KM 172: *karaḥ cf. ECu: Som qaraḥ dry (DSI) SC 388: Ma’a -hala’e dry5 21. ear kalahayi etymology ?yatara SC 388 ’ee’a ’ee’a ?wato ḥapee ḥapee KM 149: *ḥapee yaamu yaamu KM 329: *yaamu; SC 315: Qw hamuko under; Da jem- stay in a place hajat earth3 earth4 KM 156: *’ii’a; SC 289: ?Asa yothear; Da ’eet̠ it̠ - id.; ECu: SaAf *’ayti ear cf. sand sa’amuko SC 387 23. eat ʕag ʕag ʕag ’agim- ag- KM 50: *ʕag, dur. *ʕagim; SC 275: Da ʕagid.; cf. Qw agoto; Ma’a ki’agú; Da ʕàga food; EC 17: *ʕa/i/ugdrink 24. egg qan’i qana’i qana’iya - ?kaketo SC 253, KM 229–30: *qanaḥaa/*qana’iya; Ma’a ikokóha; Da ʕógohi; ECu *’ukaaḥ-; Beja kuhii 69 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 25. eye ’ila ’ila ’ila 26. fat1 diʕi duʕi duʕiya ’ilat ilito KM 62: adj. *ʕatlar, from *ʕatl be mature, fully grown; SC 275 waḥana fat3 waḥana ̣ hayi haayi haaya fire2 fire3 (haya feathering of arrow) SC 298: Ma’a mweré ahlito SC 285: Da áɬi - KM 134–35: *haaya, pl. *hayaa; SC 381 se’emuk feather2 28. fire1 Al v. waḥar (M), n. waḥani, Bu waḥana animal fat (KM 314) ’ore’ek fat4 27. feather1 KM 158: *’ila, pl. ’ilaa; SC 293: Ma’a i’ilá; Da ’ìla; ECu *’il- (ECB 104); CCu *’əl-; Beja liilii KM 99: *duʕiya; SC 165: Asa da’ara heavy; Da d̠eʕʕem- be fat; ECu: Ya -dee’ɛu’ fat fat2 fat5 etymology ’asla ’asla SC 386 ’asla KM 61: *’asla; SC 297: Ma’a mwáhla; ?ECu: Ba elen id., HECu *eeliin- sun; CCu *aläl- burn (Eh 81) yogot SC 318: Da ’èèga; cf. Ir ’akwesi, Go ’akesi hearth-stone (KM 52) ECu *’eeg(ECHL 62) xa’o SC 387; cf. tree 70 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 29. fish1 siyó < Mbugwe siyé < Bantu *túí (KM 251) fish2 samaaki fish3 daraḥasu samaaki SC 386 singiri fish4 fish5 30a. fly1 n. ba’ár etymology ba’ara ba’ara SC 385–86: < Maasai tsumayi SC 194, 386 - KM 67: pl. *ba’ara, sgt. *ba’ariya; SC 147: Qw pa’aliko flying termite; Da pl. p’aara termite KM *masaasakwamo small black ant cf. Bu mạsasók (D) fly2 n. fly3 n. (tikaʕi tsetse fly) fly4 n. (tikaʕiya tsetse fly) šike’e SC 169; KM 271: *tikaʕiya 30b. fly1 v. ʕakuut fly2 v. tlaw fly3 v. KM 52: *ʕakuut tlaw tlaw tso’ot jo’od fly4 v. KM 280: *tlaw; cf. ECu: Or ḍaaberect; SC 216 SC 215 tlaʕas- fly, jump fly5 v. 31. foot / leg KM 301: *tso’ot; SC 353 ji’it- fly, jump yaa’ee yaa’ee yaa’ee ye’e tsal- SC 388 ya’o KM 328: *yaa’ee; SC 384 71 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology 32. (be) full1 (be) full2 hats v. hats v. hac- v. 33. give1 hariis haris hadis KM 129–30: *hadis; SC 305 qaw KM 232: *qaw give2 (qaw graze) haš v. - SC 388 nge give! give3 KM 134: v. *hats SC 381: Qw hatsumo much; ECu: Du *h/xuc ̣full give4 ahem- SC 388: cf. Da hee’-? give5 lo’- SC 388 34. ’aw go to go / walk1 fetch ’aw go to fetch ’aw go to fetch KM 63: *’aw go to fetch go / walk2 kaw go to kaw go to KM 174: kaw go to; ECu: Som kooy-, Ba ko(i), Or kooti, Ko xoyi come (ECHL 110) tlag- go / walk3 ha’ut go / walk4 SC 388: cf. Da haʕ- come go / walk5 hi’iit KM 136: *hi’it; ?ECu: Arb ’i’it-, El iit- walk xots go / walk6 xoc KM 323: *xots nde go! go / walk7 35. good1 ḥo’ SC 359 ḥo’ ḥo’ SC 388 KM 154: *ḥoo’; SC 302: Ma’a -ha good 72 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology cf. Ir v. qoom fit, be alike, equal Al qoma’itismatch (SC 292-93; KM 234) good2 good3 boʕot good4 SC 388 -’ila good5 36. green1 qaantsaar qaantsar qaancar green3 se’eengw se’emuk hair, feathers hair2 quubu hair3 qandza KM *qaantsar vs. *qaantsa something wet or moist; SC 250; ECu: Som qanjiḍ halbreifer Zustand (Re; Me 262) SC 354, 388 tsalam- SC 354, 388 sa’amayo body & limb hair SC 350; KM 247: sgt. *se’eemi, col. *se’eengw (boora goat’s beard) KM 75: *boora ECu: Som baar hairs of the camel’s hump; Beja băr camelhair quubu KM 235: *quubu tsatamuko hair4 38. hand1 SC 284–85, 388 -jareta green2 37. hair1 a’ela dawa daba daba SC 386 KM 79: *daba; SC 162: Da d̠aβa id.; ECu *zaab- handle (ECZ 139); Beja dábi handle (Re) 73 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] hand2 (tsaʕay (dabatsaʕay (daba-caʕay palm of hand palm of palm of hand) or foot) hand) KM 287: *tsaʕay SC 173; Qw tse’uko fingernail cf. Sand ts’waʔa claw, nail (Kagaya) mongok hand3 etymology SC 160: ?Da miggi mudza’ikuto SC 387 hand4 39. head saga saga saga sogok 40. hear1 ’axaas ’axas ’axas has- KM 64: caus. *’axasSC 288 (’iitiimis listen to) (’ititis listen to) yot- SC 388: Da ’eetitid. KM 167: *’ititis hear2 hear3 sagiko KM 243: *saga; SC 350; ECu: Or sagoo back of head; CCu: Aw seg higher part (Eh 141) kekem- SC 388: Ma’a -ko id.? 41. heart muuná muuna muuna monok munako KM 210: *muuná; SC 159: Da mùna id.; ECu: Sam *minḍiqar intestines (Sm 91); Beja mána bowels, intestine, viscera (Rp) 42. horn xarmó xarimoo xadaang hadonk xalinko KM 318: *xadamu / *xadaangw; SC 256: Ma’a luharemú / -xaremú id. 74 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology 43. I ’aning ’ana ’ana (-ana my) - KM 56: *’ana; SC 283: Ma’a ání; Da ’ányi; ECu *’an-i/-u; CCu *’an-; Beja ane id. 44. kill1 gaas gaas gaas gas ga’is KM 114: *gaas; SC 263: ?Ma -ga’a (cf. -ga die) ECu: *-gši (ECB 167) from Ir v. ḥaam go far away, get lost < *ḥaam (KM 147) kill2 kill3 kill4 45. knee tsuuʕ tsuʕ guruungura’ guruguunda guruguunda 46. know1 xu’ xu’ cuʕ KM 301: *tsuʕ; SC 177: Da t’uuʕid. ŋuluet xu’ KM 323: *xu’; SC 333: Al, Bu xuwšah- know2 know3 47. leaf1 leaf2 kungulu’iya KM 122: *guruguunda cf. Hadza gurunguri; SC 239: Al gurunguda, Da gilli id. looʕi looʕi looʕiya debiya SC 388 balat- SC 135, 388: Da bar- - KM 196: sgt. *looʕiya, pl. *looʕóo; SC 206: Da luʕproduce offspring SC 190: Da ɗéβere greens 75 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 48. qaat lie (down) 49. liver1 da’ayee qaat qaat ’at- da’ayee da’ayee ?dowo k’at- 50. tleer (be) long1 tleer tleed SC 386 ba’ati long3 51. louse1 ’itnó ’itinoo ’itinoo SC 387 KM 281: *tleed, pl. *tledd; SC 216: Ma’a – hlerú grow up; ECu: *ḍeer(LEC 109) -jada long2 KM 231: *qaat; SC 368 KM 79: *da’ayee; SC 345 dangalayito liver2 etymology pl. ’ita KM 167: coll. *’itaa, sgt. *’itinoo/*’itidimo; SC 290: Da ’it̠ t̠óni, pl. ’ìtta; ECu: Ya intɔni caterpillar; CCu*intlouse; Beja taat id. daliko louse2 SC 386 SC 386 52. man1 man2 man3 ḥawaata ḥawata ḥawata hatuk walatuko man4 53. many KM *ḥawata; SC 299, 386: Da ḥaajo yaariir SC 386 KM 329: *yaariir naʕ SC 386 waʕa SC 386: wa’a -ša’i SC 229, 386: cf. Ma’a -ša very (much) 76 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] hatsumo much 54. meat1 fu’unay fu’umay fu’umay meat3 55. moon sleḥeengw 56. tlooma mountain1 mountain2 (daanda back) sleḥee (tlooma temple) daanda sleḥeeng lehek SC 349, 386 hlahayiko KM 256: *slaḥaangw, pl. *slaḥeeri; SC 212: Ma’a mhlíhe; ECu *leʕ/h- (EC 21) (daanda back) KM 86: *daanda; SC 329; cf. ECu: Or randa slope or Sand dzàndzà middle back de’ok mountain5 ’afa taxelato KM 283: *tlooma; ?NOm: Maji ṭumu id. (Bd) mountain4 57. mouth ’afa SC 386; cf. eat (tlooma temple) ’oong, pl. omeri mountain3 KM 134: v. *hats SC 381; ECu: Du *h/xuc ̣full KM *fu’unay / *fu’umay < Or fooni ’aga meat2 etymology ’afa ’afok onko, pl. óom (Claus) SC 276: Da aŋilá up, above (du’ama hill) cf. stone (SC 221, 359) lingiyo SC 387: Ma’a longori afuko KM 48: *’afa, pl. a’i SC 281: Da ’áfo id. ECu *’af- (ECB 23); CCu *’äf-; Beja yaf o 77 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 58. name1 ’uma ’uma ’uma ’imok name2 59. neck1 ’isa ’isa ’isa ʕab ʕab ʕab neck2 60. new1 isat ’amasi KM *’uma; SC 377; Me 333: Bu ū́măgŏ̠ k What is your name? + ECB 139: *magʕname solongayo SC 387 isito KM 166: *’isa; SC 283 mirut SC 387 ’amba KM 46: *ʕab, pl. *ʕaban < *ʕababan; SC 376 new2 61. night1 ’amsi ’amasi ko’of- SC 388 (amasiya tomorrow) KM 55: *’amasi SC 297: Ma’a ama id. Beja amas night, late evening (xwayróo work done in the evening) night2 KM 326: *xwayraa; ? < ENil *-kuari(TLM 401) from Ir v. axwees to talk night3 SC 387 eramesa night4 night5 62. nose etymology duunga’ ’uruungi ’uruunga iringa baliko KM *baloo day (24 hours); SC 134: Qw balitiko day before yesterday / after tomorrow ?ningwato MK 310–11: *uruunga, pl. *uruunga’i SC 192 ?ECu *ur- smell (ECB 184; Me 333) 78 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 63a. no - - - 63b. not imper. ma+V maarée+V maw+V 63c. not V-káng 63d. not 64. one1 wak - SC 323: ECu *ma’ (EC 52) (Ki 382) V-basl V-basli wak (wak other) cf. Ir -wasl without < *basli (KM 72) (?wataka all) KM 314: *wak SC 312: Ma’a wé one cf. SC 311: Da wátte other : wáttukwe one kinde (also alone; man) SC 244, 364 leyiing one2 one3 be’a one4 65. person1 (homo) hee person2 muu person3 etymology hiru/hiiru heedi ’iduk SC 136: Ma’a bí only cf. AlBu *bi’itee other (KM 74) hilako KM 135-36: (pl. me’iko) *heedi, pl. *hida; SC 307, 386: *hed> Ma’a mu-he KM 209: pl. *muu people, persons; SC 160: Ma’a m-mú person, va-mú people; cf. ECu: El mó id., Arb mó(h) id., man (imi crowd) SC 294–95 79 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 66. rain1 n. tluway rain2 n. (doomu period of rains) tlubay tlubay rain3 n. v. tlub- KM 97: *doomu; SC 220 mijok SC 387 hubuko daaʕaat daaʕat KM 284-85: *tlubay n. vs. *tlub- v. SC 217: Da v. luβ-; ?ECu *c ̣ub- dip in (EC 30) (do’omok year) rain4 n. 67. red1 etymology daaʕad SC 387 KM 78: *daaʕat, from *daʕ burn; SC 345 from Ir v. daraaʕ to roast over the open fire red2 red3 -huma SC 388 red4 -dili’i SC 346: Qw delesyellow; Ir delo day dimayi- red5 KM 195: *looh- v. migrate; SC 206: Da lée id.; Qw lohis- move house 68. road1 road2 ’urwaa Ki 508; ECu: Ge ora id.; NOm: Gonga *wor- id. from Ir v. duurux drag road3 road4 road5 road6 SC 325: ECu: Or diima, Saho duma id. (’amoo where) ’amoo ’amoo KM 56: *’amoo šimut SC 387 k’ilayko SC 387 80 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 69. root1 root2 deeʕaarmó pl. deeʕár deeʕaarimo (gamuungw bottom) (gamaa trunk of tree) dala’uko 70. round1 - be round3 round4 71. sand1 - - - ?giringirit gwangwaraa’ad - - ḥasaangw KM 90-91: col. *deeʕaaru, sgt. *deeʕaarimo; SC 189: Da ɗááʕero neck KM 113: *gama/u gama root3 etymology mogengera SC 386 - SC 337: ECu: Som wareerbe giddy KM 126: v. *gwangwaraa’at - col. ḥasoo (K) hajat (sgt. ḥasiya barren ground) balani- SC 321: ECu: Som buur- make round hasinko KM 150: *ḥasaangw; SC 381; ECu: Som ḥaš powder ?Di huss earth SC 335: Beja haš sand (Bd), haaš earth (Ro) sand2 tipa s., clay (tipa clay) KM 271: *tipa covering with earth sand3 seeḥináy KM 247: AlBu *seeḥináy; cf. ECu: Ts šumáḥ-to (Hy) seeḥinay 72. say1 say2 (kaah speak) KM 169: *kaah speak Bu kaah (K) 81 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] say3 ’oo’ ’oo’ ’oo’ gimbus- gimbus- om- etymology KM 219: *’oo’; SC 318: Ma’a -yo; Da joom- say4 say5 say6 73. see1 ’ar ’ar ’ar cf. KM 116: *giimba speech, language SC 237, 388: Ma’a gimbé coversation šah- SC 388 ’adam- KM 58: *’ar; ECu: Du *’arknow; CC: Bilin ar- find; Beja iraay know (Eh 87); NOm *’ar- know see2 see3 74. seed(s)1 - seed(s)2 (waraangw col. waraari sgt. pumpkin seed(s)) seed(s)3 75. sit1 sit2 ’iwiit dahasi - gal- SC 235: Ma’a -galí try - KM *dahas v. plant < v. *dah move into KM 315: sgt. *waraari, col. *waraangw (pumpkin) seed(s) pisakari, col. pisakaroo pisagaroo, col. pisagariya KM 225: *pisakariya, col. pisakaroo; SC 161 ’ibiit ’ibiid SC 289; KM 157: *’ibiit ’amim- - SC 388 82 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 76. skin1 skin2 (fala hide, prepared skin) fala fala (fulo hide) KM 104: *fala; SC 150 kaahari (dried) skin ka(h)ari / kaahari (kaariya sheep´s hide) - KM 169: *kahariya, from adj. *kahar dry tseno skin3 77. sleep1 v. etymology gu’ gu’ gu’ SC 386 KM 120: *gu’; SC 239: Da giit̠ - id.; ECu: Si goṭ- id. sleep2 v. ra’- sleep3 v. sleep4 v. 78. small1 niinaw niina SC 388 tsum- SC 388 -nanana KM 217: *niinaw; SC 292: Ma’a m’inyí; ECu: El ninina, Ds niní; Ya -ni’in Ir naasú a pinch of small2 cokoʕ small3 ’ara small4 79. smoke1 n. smoke2 n. smoke3 n. smoke4 n. smoke5 n. SC 386: coko SC 386 KM 287: *tsaa’aas shine on, give light; cf. Ir tseeʕamá sunshine < *tseeʕamá (KM 295) (tseeʕamá sunshine) quu’i quu’u KM 235: *quu’ emit smoke; SC 254; ECu n. *qayʕsmoke (ECHL 79) ’eḥa SC 387 to’usayok SC 387 selemuko SC 387 83 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 80. stand1 siḥiit - qarit stand2 qadid 81. star1 tsatseeʕi titsaʕi ticaʕu 82. stone1 tlaaʕa tlaaʕa tlaaʕa ?sasa’amo ?de’ok KM 300: *tsitsaʕiya, pl. *tsitsaʕu SC 226-27: cf. Al tsa’as- give light to (better *tseeʕamá sunshine; KM 295), Qw sa’- burn SC 368, 387 tlayiko KM 273: *tlaaʕa; SC 359; ECu: Som ḍuʕun ~ ḍuḥun flintstone (Re; see Me 333); ?Beja ḍa’ horn ?CCu: Bilin dängwəra, Khamir dəgwəra stone (Re) stone2 83. sun1/2 sun2 SC 388 ’alalaya star2 KM 249: *siḥ-it-, cf. Ir v. siiḥ- erect, make stand; ECu: Di soh-aḍstand KM 227: *qad-it, from *qad be erect; SC 388 hut- stand3 etymology loo’aa / lele’aa / lala’aa lala’aa leetu KM 191: *lala’itu SC 203: Bu letu; ECu: Mashile latta, Ko letta, Di lašš ?leetu < sglt. *lala’itu KM 191: *lala’oo; SC 203: Ir lala’a God, Al lele’a sun; ?ECu: Sa lelleʕ day, Af loʕo daytime 84 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology cf. v. Ir tsiiʕ highest temperature < *tsiʕ be scorched, get burnt (KM 296) sun3 ’ajet (’ajota day) sun4 aso SC 284: Ma’a i’azé id., ma’azé day SC 346: pref. *wa& *daḥ-, cf. Al (redupl.) daraḥasu fish; SC 325: cf. ECu *zak- (ECZ 140) 84. swim1 tuumbiim tumbucimM - - - KM 273: *tuumbim (without Al) 85. tail ḥaysoo ḥaysoo hesa hayisowa KM 151: sg. *ḥaysoo, pl. *ḥaysa’i/*ḥaysasu SC 379: Al, Bu ḥayiso 86. that1 - qó - - Wh 59–60; Z 509 swim2 ka’a / ta’a hika’a m. / hata’a f. 86. that4 87. this1 this2 ḥaysoo - m. wí f. tí m. kí f. tí hee / he ha / hi hing m./ hang f. Wh 59–60; K 89 SC 296, 289: Ma’a ka - - Wh 59-60; SC 311, 296, 289: Da ’uukwa / ’iiṯa KM 135: *hee; from *heedi person 85 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 88. thou kúung m. kíing f. kuu m. kii f. ’ugu m. ’igi f. -ku thy 89. tongue1 tsifraangw tsufiraa cufaraang šeferank 90. tooth1 siḥnó (ʕaantlinó molar tooth) KM 249: *siḥinoo; SC 180 (ʕaantlimoo ʕaatlimo molar tooth) KM 58: *ʕaantlimo / *ʕaantlinoo liga xa’anó xa’imoo kašiŋ two3 tsár njad SC 292: Ma’a i’ike KM 320: *xa’inoo, pl. *xa’i; SC 256: Ma’a mhatú / mxatú tree3 two2 ihlikuko xa’imo tree2 92. two1 SC 274: Ma’a lu’ánda Da ʕééna siḥinoo tooth3 91. tree1 KM 180, 175: m. *kuu, f. *kii; SC 243, 245–46: Da ku/ki; ECu obj. *ku /*ki; cf. ECu: Ds kúúni, Ar ké, El kesé; Ya ’aáçuk thou < *’a-ki-ku; CCu acc. *kwət; Beja bar-uuk thou KM 302: *tsufiraangw pl. tsufireeri; SC 196 ondalimo tongue2 tooth2 -ku thy etymology cada SC 386 tsa’unko SC 386 (sa’aleko twins) KM 288: *tsada; SC 229, 386 hlam SC 208: ?Da lííma mbaéa Claus 1910; cf. AlBu *bi’itee other (KM 74) SC 136: Ma’a bí only 86 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] etymology 93. warm1 warm2 - 94. water ma’ay 95. we1 ’atén what2 v. haam - - KM 130-31: *haam be hot, *hamée heat; SC 299 ma’ay ma’ay ma’a ma’aya KM 197: *ma’ay; SC 156: Ma’a ma’í; Da mà’a KM 62: *’atén, perhaps from *’aten-na? *ye with us cf. Da ’àṯṯa (SC 282); ECu *ʔatin- ye (EC 11) haandaa’ we2 96. what1 v. haam daandiray -(V)ne our - melee mala ?homi KM 132: *haanta/i perhaps related to Ma’a níne we, kanu our; Da n(y)ányi, bound -ni (SC 184, 284); ECu: Bj naanu; Ya niíni’ we KM 200: *mala; SC 158: Al mi; Qw homi; Ma’a mina; Da máka (SC 155); ECu: Or W, Bor maal, Macha, Harar maali < ECu *maʔ- what (ECB 146) 87 South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] 97. white1 ʕawaak ʕabaakw ʕabaakw ’abaka white2 98. who1 - who2/1 - etymology -abakwe KM 47: *ʕabaakw, derived from *ʕab new?; SC 376 tsa’ati SC 388 - SC 153: Ir he person, cf. amaga how many : ga thing; Ma’a -hamá which miya miyaa KM 208: *miyaa; SC 158 99. woman1 (’aamaa old woman) (’aama aunt) (ama (’ama mother) (’ama’eto older girl, mother) ’amama grandmother) KM 54: *’aama mother; SC 282; cf. ECu: Ds mìnnì woman; Bj ammána women, Si ama woman (ECB 140, 25) women2 tiyay tikay tigay KM 270: *tigay; SC 283: ?Da ’áṯika buffalo cow; Beja tak, pl. tika man, takat woman (Re) woman3 haree haree hadee KM 129: *hadee; SC 300: Ma’a hará calf mayito woman4 SC 386 wadzo woman5 100. yellow1 yellow2 SC 386 ?HECu 339: Kb šiirit black and white; ?CCu *sär- red - - - (tsa’ati white) SC 355 88 Václav Blažek English Gorowa Alagwa Burunge Asa Qwadza d. source [KM] [KM] [KM] [SC] [SC] qaantsar yellow3 yellow4 qaancar KM 230: *qaantsar green, blue, yellow ya’ada’adi SC 388 (-dili’i red) yellow5 *101. grass deles- gitsoo, sgt. gitsiimi *102. snake deesu deesu KM 90: *daysu; SC 225; cf. NS: Koman: Koma dàašó’, Twampa tašá’ id. (Bd) Beja nehaw become thin, weak (Eh 108) tám *105. wet naaʕ *106. ye1 ye2 SC 346: Ir delo day KM 117: *gitsoo, sgt. *gitsiimi *103. thin1 *104. three1 etymology tam tami naʕ tami KM 267: *tami; SC 290: Da ’íṯṯaanṯóóni third day after tomorrow KM 213: *naʕ SC 352; ECu: ?Arb ňoor mud kuungá’ KM 183: *kuungaa’i; SC 247: Ma’a kúné id. Da kuná your; ECB 173: *kun- / *kin- your; Beja baraakna ye (Re) (-húng your) huunguraa’ ’uunkuray Ki 290, KM 144–45: *huunku(-ra) South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective 89 Abbreviations AA Afroasiatic, Af Afar (Parker & Hayward 1985), Al Alagwa, Arb Arbore (Hayward 1984), Aw Awngi (Hetzron 1978), Ba Bayso (Hayward 1979a / Haberland & Lamberti 1988), Bd Bender 1971, Bj Burji (Sasse 1982), Bo Boni (Heine 1982), Bor Borana (Stroomer 1995), Bu Burunge, C Central, col. collective, Cu Cushitic, d. dominant, D Dempwolff, Da Dahalo (Ehret 1980 / Tosco 1991), Di Dirayta (Black 1974), Ds Dasanech (Sasse 1974), Du Dullay (Amborn, Minker & Sasse 1980), dur. durative, E East, EC East Cushitic (Sasse 1979), ECB East Cushitic (Sasse 1982), ECHL (Haberland & Lamberti 1988), Eh Ehret 1987, El Elmolo (Heine 1980), F Fleming 1971, Ge Gedeo (Hudson 1989), Gg Gollango (AMS), Go Gorowa, Hd Hadiyya (Hudson 1989), HECu Highland East Cushitic (Hudson 1989), Hy Hayward, Ir Iraqw, Ji Jiddu (Heine 1978 / Banti & Ibraw 1996), K Kiessling (1994), Kb Kambatta (Hudson 1989), Ki Kiessling (2002), KM Kiessling & Mous (2003), Ko Konso (Black), LEC Lowland East Cushitic (Black 1974), lw. loanword, M Mous (1990), Me Meihof (1906), miss. missing, MK Mous & Kiessling, Mo Mous (1992), N North, Nil Nilotic, Om Omotic, Or Oromo (see Bor), OrW Oromo of Wellega (Gragg 1982), Qw Qwadza, Rd Rendille (Pillinger & Galboran 1999), Re Reinisch (1890, 1895, 1902), Ro Roper (1928), S South, Sa Saho (Welmers 1952), Sand Sandawe (Kagaya 1993), SC South Cushitic data of Ehret (1980), SCF South Cushitic data of Fleming (1969), sgt. singulative, Si Sidamo (Hudson 1989), Sm Sam (Heine 1978), Som Somali, Sw Swahili, TLM Teso-LotukaMasai (Vossen 1982), Ts Tsamay (Amborn, Minker & Sasse 1980; Hayward 1989), Wh Whiteley (1958), Ya Yaaku (Heine 1976), Z Zaborski (1984–86). Statistics of loanwords and missing items Iraqw: lw.:## 14 cloud, 29 fish, 54 meat; miss.: ## 0. Σ 3. Gorowa: lw.: ## 11 breast, 29 fish, 54 meat; miss.: ## 70 round, 74 seed, 86 that, 8 this, 93 warm, 96 what, 98 who, 100 yellow. Σ 11. Alagwa: lw.: ## 11 breast, 54 meat. Σ 2. Burunge: lw.: ## 11 breast, 29 fish, 54 meat; miss.: # 84 swim. Σ 4. Asa: lw.: 11 breast, 18 dog, 29 fish; miss.: 3 bark, 4 belly, 24 egg, 43/2 I, 63 not, 70 round, 74 seed, 76 skin, 84 swim, 86 that, 87 this, 93 warm, 95 we, 96 what, 98 who, 100 yellow. Σ 17,5. Qwadza: lw.: ## 14 cloud, 18 dog; miss.: 1 all, 2 ashes, 27 feather, 30 fly n., 32 full, 43 I, 47 leaf, 63 not, 74 seed, 75 sit, 80 stand, 84 swim, 86 that, 87 this, 93 warm, 95/2 we, 98 who. Σ 18,5. Statistics of cognates Iraqw + Gorowa: 87/88 = 0.9886 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97. Iraqw + Alagwa: 81/97 = 0.8350 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 29, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63/2, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, ?70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95/2, 96, 97, 98/2. 90 Václav Blažek Iraqw + Burunge: 75.5/95 = 0.7947 // 80.5/95 = 0.8474 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, *13, 15, 16, 17, *18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, *56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63/2, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, *79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, *90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95/2, 96, 97, 98/2. Iraqw + Asa: 37/80.5 = 0.4596 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19/2, ?21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43/2, 44, 45, 48, ?49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 71, 73, ?82, 85, 88/2, 94, 95/2, 96/2, 97. Iraqw + Qwadza: 32.5/79.5 = 0.4088 5, ?7, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19/2, 20, ?21, 23, ?24, 25, 31, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 57, 59, ?62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, ?81, 82, 85, 88/2, 94, 95/2, 96/2, 97. Gorowa + Alagwa: 77/89 = 0.8652 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63/2, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95/2, 97, 99. Gorowa + Burunge: 70/88 = 0.7954 // 75/88 = 0.8522 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, *13, 14, 15, 16, 17, *18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, *56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63/2, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, *79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, *90, 91, 92, 94, 95/2, 97, 99. Gorowa + Asa: 34/81.5 = 0.4172 6, 10, 12, 15, 17, ?19, ?21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43/2, 44, 45, 48, 49/2, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 71, 73, ?82, 85, 88/2, 89, 94, 97. Gorowa + Qwadza: 30/77.5 = 0.3871 ?7, 10, 17, ?21, 23, ?24, 25, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 57, 59, ?62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 78, ?81, 82, 85, 88/2, 94, 95/2, 96/2, 97. Alagwa + Burunge: 85.5/96 = 0.8906 // 87.5/96 = 0.9114 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, ?70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, *79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, *90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100. Alagwa + Asa: 34.5/81.5 = 0.4233 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 17, ?21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43/2, 44, 45, 48, ?49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 73, ?82, 85, 88/2, 89, 94, 97. Alagwa + Qwadza: 30/79.5 = 0.3774 5, ?7, 1017, 20, ?21, 23, ?24, 25, 31, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 57, 59, ?62, 65, 66, 69, 72, 78, ?81, 82, 85, 88/2, 94, 95/2, 96/2, 97. Burunge + Asa: 35.5/81.5 = 0.4356 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 17, ?21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43/2, 44, 45, 48, ?49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 71, 73, ?82, 85, 88/2, 89, 94, 97. Burunge + Qwadza: 28/78.5 = 0.3569 5, ?7, 10, 17, ?19, 20, ?21, 23, ?24, 25, 31, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 55, 56, 57, ?62, 65, 66, 71, 72, ?81, 82, 85, 88/2, 94, 96/2, 97. Asa + Qwadza: 30/74 = 0.4054 5, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 20, ?21, 23, 25, 31, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 57, 59, ?62, 65, 71, ?82, 83, 95, 88/2, 90, 94, 97. South Cushitic classification in lexicostatistic perspective 91 References AMS = Amborn, Minker & Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1980. Dullay. Berlin: Reimer. Banti, Giorgio & Ibraaw, Saalim Aliyow. 1996. Jiddu: An extended basic word list. Rome: Ms. Baumann, Oscar. 1894. 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