CAMBRIDGE English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Vocabulary reference and practice with answers Third Edition CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107600942 © Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Reprinted 2013 Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.A. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1107-60094-2 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate with answers and CD-ROM ISBN 978-1107-63878-5 Test Your English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermedia te Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Contents Thanks and acknowledgements lntroduction How to use the CD-ROM 5 6 8 Effective vocabulary learning D Learning vocabulary fi Organising a ~ocabulry 10 notebook 12 li Using your dictionary li Guessing and explaining meaning 14 16 Topics li Countries, nationalities and languages li The weather D Describing people: appearance li Describing people: character IJ Idioms describing people IIiJ Relationships m m 22 24 26 28 30 Everyday minor problems 32 Global problems 34 ID Education m m m 20 At home m m 18 36 work 38 Business 40 Sport 42 Art and literature 44 IEJ Theatre and cinema mi) Music m m IDJ Travel m m m m m m m m m Holidays 70 Science and technology 72 Computers 74 Communications and the Internet 76 The press and the media 78 Politics and public institutions 80 Crime 82 Money 84 Describing objects 86 Feelings and actions m m m llJ m m m m Belief and opinion 88 Pleasant and unpleasant feelings 90 Like, dislike and desire 92 Speaking 94 The six senses 96 What your body does 98 Praising and criticising 100 Emotions and moods 102 GEJ Commenting on problematic situations cm Number, quantity, degree and intensity 106 46 miJ Numbers and shapes 108 48 mJ Time 110 m Distances and dimensions 50 Physical geography 52 li) Obligation, need, possibility and fłJ Environmental problems 54 fłJ Towns 56 m m m m m 104 Basic concepts Food fD The natura! world 68 58 Clothes 60 Health and medicine 62 Medicine and technology 64 Health and lifestyle 66 112 pro ba bili ty 114 Sound and light 116 Possession and giving 118 Movement and speed 120 Texture, brightness, weight and density · 122 m m m mi) Success, failure and difficulty English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 124 3 Connecting and linking words m lmJ m 126 Condition 128 Cause, reason, purpose and result m 130 m Cif) Concession and contrast lilJ Addition m Counting people and things 132 134 Referring words liJB Discourse markers in spoken English Im Linking words in writing 136 138 140 m Everyday expressions 142 mi) Talking and communicating 144 Word formation Im) Suffixes 146 EiJ Prefixes 148 m Roots fiJ Abstract nouns fiJ Compound adjectives m 152 154 fil Comp~nd prepos1t1on nouns 2: verb + 158 Binomials 160 Abbreviations and acronyms 162 expressions 164 Uncountable nouns 172 EIJ Words that only occur in the plural 174 Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings 176 Making uncountable nouns countable Em Collective nouns m Containers and contents 178 180 182 Phrasal verbs and verb-based expressions m Expressions with do and make Im) Expressions with bring and take liiiJ Expressions with get m m m 150 Compound nouns 1: noun + noun 156 m m m Mułti-word m Time: c?nnecting words and express1ons 184 186 188 Expressions with set and put 190 Expressions with come and go 192 Expressions with other common verbs 194 Varieties and styles m m m Formal and informal words 1 196 Formal and informal words 2 198 m Similes 200 Proverbs 202 m Headline English miJ The language of signs and notices 204 mm US English 206 208 Words and pronunciation m Words commonly mispronounced 166 EiiJ Onomatopoeic words m 4 Homophones and homographs English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 168 170 Answer key Phonemic symbols Index 210 258 259 Thanks and acknowledgements Many people have contributed to making this book what it is. Above all, we would like to thank our editors at Cambridge University Press, especially Emily Hird, Tracy Griffin and Tom Allen, whose expert guidance steered us and our manuscript through the whole process from start to finish. They set the deadlines that motivated us to get the book clone, provided feedback on drafts and chased us when we lagged behind. We are also grateful to the students and staff at various institutions who assisted in reviewing and piloting the material in different parts of the world: Hayden Berry, Rachel Connabeer, Garan Holcombe, Alex Latimer, Glennis Pye and Wayne Rimmer. Equally, we thank the many other teachers and users of previous editions of the book who have, over the last 15 years, given us invaluable feedback and constructive criticism which we have tried to take into account in this third edition. Alison Silver, as usual, proved to be the most expert and professional of editors when the typescript passed into her hands and made many useful comments and suggestions that have improved the book. We are also grateful to the corpus managers at CUP for providing us with the ever-growing Cambridge International Corpus, without which our vocabulary research would have been considerably impoverished. Andy George and the production team at CUP led the book with utmost efficiency through its final stages, and we thank them too. What shortcomings that may remain must be laid entirely at our door. Michael McCarthy Felicity O'Dell This product is in!ormed by the English Vocabulary Profile, built as part of English Profile, a collaborative programme designed to enhance the learning, teaching and assessment of English worldwide. lts main funding partners are Cambridge University Press and Cambridge ESOL and its aim is to create a 'profile' for English linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). English Profile outcomes, such as the English Vocabulary Profile, will provide detailed information about the language that learners can be expected to demonstrate at each CEFlevel, offering a elear benchmark for learners' proficiency. For mare in!ormation, please visit www.englishprofile.org The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs and materił: Key: l = left, c =centre, r = right, t = top, b = bottom Alamy /©bobhdeering for p. 30(1), /©Lourens Smak for p. 32(tcr), /©Travelshots.com for p. 32(br), /©Jeff Morgan 08 for p. 34(cl), /©Nigel Cattlin for p. 34(cr), /©catnap for p. 86(br), /© Jack Sullivan for p. 168(c); Corbis /©Photolibrary for p. 21(r), /©Nation Wong/Corbis Yellow for p. 168(1); Getty lmages /©Serge Krouglikoff/Digital Vision for p. 20(br), /©Howard Kingsnorth/Photographer's Choice for p. 32(tl), /©Mike Kemp for p. 32(tcl), /©Garry Gay/ Photographer's Choice for p. 34(1), /©Tom PfeifferNolcanoDiscovery/Photographer's Choice for p. 34(r), /©EIGHTFISH/The Image Bank for p. 54, /©Paul Richer/Workbook Stock for p. 70(t); iStockphoto /©amriphoto for p. 63(tl), /©Elena Elisseeva for p. 63(bl); Photolibrary.com /© Ruth Tomlinson/Robert Harding Travel for p. 57, /©Gavin H ellier/Robert Harding Travel for p. 70(b), /©David Marsden/Fresh Food lmages for p. 168(r); Shutterstock /©Ammit for p.17, /©CoolR for p. 20(tr), /© B747 for p. 21(1), /©V. J. Matthew for p. 30(r), /©lvancovlad for p. 32(bl), /©Andrei Nekrassov for p. 56, /©Joel Blit for p. 63(tc), /© Oleksiy Mark for p. 63(tr), /©Roma Koshel for p. 74, I© kropicl for p. 80(t), /©Ramzi Hachicho for p. 86(tr), /© Hank Frentz for p. 86(bl), /©Paul Matthew Photography for p. 134, /©Monkey Business lmages for p. 152; Thinkstock /©iStockphoto for p. 20(tl), /©iStockphoto for p. 20(cl), /©H emera for p. 20(bl), /©iStockphoto for p. 21(cl), /©H emera for p. 21(cr), /©iStockphoto for p. 30(cl), /©iStockphoto for p. 30(cr), /©Photos.com for p. 32(tr), /©iStockphoto for p. 63(bc), /©BananaStock for p. 63(br), /©iStockphoto for p. 76, /©iStockphoto for p. 80(b), /©Hemera for p. 86(tl) /©Jupiter Images for p 184 (tl & br). Picture research by Suzanne Williams Proofreading by Marcus Fletcher Illustrations by Kate Charlesworth, Amanda MacPhail and Vicky Woodgate We have been unable to trace the copyright holder(s) of the artwork on pages 25, 44, 97, 135, 171, 174, 182, 200 and 208 and would welcome any information enabling us to do so. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 5 I ntrod uction To the student This book has been written to help you learn new vocabulary. You already know a large number of English words, but to express yourself more fully and in amore sophisticated way at the upper-intermediate level, you will ideally need about 4,000 words, so increasing your vocabulary is very important for your genrał progress in English. In this book, there are over 2,500 new words and phrases for you to learn. You will find them on the left-hand page of each unit. Every new word or phrase is used in a sentence, or in a conversation, or is in a table, or has a picture with it, or has some explanation of what it means. On the right-hand page there are exercises and other activities to help you practise using the words and to help you to remember them. The book has been written so that you can use it yourself, without a teacher. You can do the units in any order you like, but we believe it is a good idea if you do Units 1 to 4 first, as they will help you to work with the rest of the book in the best possible way. The Answer key at the end of the book is for you to check your answers to the exercises after you do them. The Answer key sometimes has more than one answer. This is because often there is not just one correct way of saying something. Where you are asked to talk about yourself, in the Over to you exercises, we do not generally provide answers, since this is your opportunity to work completely indeptły and in a very personal way, so everyone's answers will be very different. The Index at the end of the book has all the important words and phrases from the lefthand pages. The Index also tells you how to pronounce words. There is a table of phonemic symbols to help you understand the pronunciation on page 258. You should also have a dictionary with you when you use the book. You can use a paper dictionary or an electronic one, or you can go to Cambridge Dictionaries Online at http:// dictionary.cambridge.org/. Access to a dictionary is useful because sometimes you may want to check the meaning of something, or find a word in your own language to help you remember the English word. Sometimes, you will also need a dictionary for the exercises; we tell you when this is so. To learn a lot of vocabulary, you have to do two things: Study each unit of the book carefully and do all the exercises. Check your answers in the Answer key. Repeat the units after a month, and then again after three months, and see how much you have learnt and how much you have forgotten. Repeating work is very important. One way of doing this is to use the accompanying book Test Your English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate. This has a test for each unit, practising all the vocabulary of that unit. 2 Develop ways of your own to study and learn new words and phrases which are not in this book. For example, every time you see or hear an interesting phrase, write it in a notebook, and write who said it or wrote it, and in what situation, as well as what it means. Making notes of the situations words are used in will help you to remember them and to use them at the right moment. We hope you like this book. When you have finished it, you can go to the next book in the series, English Vocabulary in Use Advanced, and along with that, to the more specialised tiłes: English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and English Collocations in Use, all of which are available at upper-intermediate and advanced levels. There are also separate books of tests available, where you can test yourself on what you have learnt from the books in the series. Find out more at http://www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate To the teacher This book can be used in class or as a self-study book. lt is intended to take learners from a lower-intermediate level of vocabulary to an upper-intermediate level. The vocabulary has been chosen for its usefulness in everyday situations, and we consulted the Cambridge International Corpus, a written and spoken corpus of present-day English, including a huge learner corpus, to help us decide on the words and phrases to be included for students at B2 (CEFR) level. The new vocabulary (on average 25-30 items per unit) is presented with illustrations and explanations on the left-hand page, and there are exercises and activities on the right-hand page. There is an Answer key and an Index with pronunciation for all the target vocabulary. The Answer key at the end of the book is for students to check their answers to the exercises after they do them. The book focuses not just on single words, but on useful phrases and collocations, and the vocabulary is illustrated in natura! contexts. The book is organised around everyday topics, but also has units devoted to basie concepts such as time, number and movement, linking words, word formation, multi-word expressions, pronunciation and varieties and style, as well as a set of initial units concerned with ways of learning vocabulary. Typical errors are indicated where appropriate, based on information from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, and the most typical meanings and uses are focused on for each item. The units in the book can be used in any order you like, but we would advise doing the initial units (Units 1 to 4) first, as these lay the foundations for the rest of the book. The right-hand pages offer a variety of different types of activities, with some traditional ones such as gap-filling, but also more open-ended ones and personalised activities which enable learners to talk about their own lives. Although the activities and exercises are designed for self-study, they can easily be adapted for pairwork, groupwork or whole-class activities in the usual way. The Answer key sometimes gives alternative answers to the exercises. This is because often there is not just one correct way of saying something. Where students are asked to talk about themselves, in the Over to you exercises, we do not generally provide answers, since these exercises give learners the opportunity to work completely independently and in a very personal way, so everyone's answers will be very different. When the learners have worked through a group of units, it is a good idea to repeat some of the work (for example, the exercises) and to expand on the meaning and use of key words and phrases by extra discussion in class, and find other examples of the key items in other texts and situations. This can be clone at intervals of one to three months after first working on a unit. This is important, since it is usually the case that learners need five to seven exposures to a word or phrase before they can really begin to know it, and no single book can do enough to ensure that words are always learnt first time. Test Your English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate and the CD-ROM will help teachers to gain extra practice with the vocabulary presented in this book. When your students have finished all the units in this book, they will be ready to move on to the higher level books in this series: English Vocabulary in Use Advanced, and the upperintermediate and advanced levels of English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and English Collocations in Use, by the same authors as this book. They can also test themselves on the knowledge they have gained from this and the other books in the series by using the separate books of tests that accompany the series. Find more resources for teachers at http://www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse We hope you enjoy using the book. Michael McCarthy Felicity O'Dell English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 7 How to use the English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate CD-ROM to learn vocabulary Your copy of English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate comes with a CD-ROM. You can use the CD-ROM to improve your English vocabulary. These two pages answer some common questions about the CD-ROM. What is on the CD-ROM? The CD-ROM contains • • • • • two practice activities for each unit of the book (200 in total) a test maker a record and play-back function a dictionary function a reference section. When should I use the CD-ROM? You can use the CD-ROM before or after you do a unit in the book. This section will give you some suggestions. Using the CD-ROM before you look at a unit in the book The CD-ROM can help you discover how much vocabulary you already know about a topie. Try this: • Choose a topie from the Exercises menu, for example Time in the Basic concepts section. • Complete the two exercises. After each exercise, click Check your answers to see how many questions you got right. Make a note of any words you found difficult. • Now go to the relevant unit of the book. Study the notes on the left-hand page. Try to find the words you didn't know from the CD-ROM. Complete the exercises on the right-hand page. • Finally, return to the CD-ROM. Look at the My progress section. Can you improve your score this time? Complete the two exercises again for the same unit. Using the CD-ROM after you look at a unit in the book The CD-ROM can help you to remember words you learnt from the book. This kind of revision is very important if you want to remember vocabulary. Try this: • When you complete a unit from the book, write the <late at the top of the page. • One week later, go to the CD-ROM and do the two exercises from that unit. How much vocabulary can you remember? Make a note of any words you found difficult or couldn't remember. • Go back to the unit in the book and look for the words you didn't know. Study the words again. • Finally, return to the CD-ROM and complete the two exercises again. Did you remember those difficult words? 8 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate The CD-ROM can also help you test yourself. You can even personalise the tests to cover the topics that you want to practise. Try this: • When you finish a group of units in the book (for example, the nine units in the Feelings and actions section), go to the CD-ROM and make a test on the vocabulary from those units. The CD-ROM will create five test questions from each of those units. For an extra challenge, use the time limit function. If your score is low, look at the units again. Then create a new test and try to improve your score. • Alternatively, create a test when you have completed the whole book. Choose units at random or concentrate on units that you found difficult. Can the CD-ROM help me with my pronunciation? Yes, it can. The CD-ROM has a record and play-back function which you can use to practise your pronunciation. Try this: • When you have completed an exercise on the CD-ROM, click the green arrow to hear a model pronunciation of the words or sentences. • Then click the red Record your voice button at the bortom of the screen. Practise saying the word or sentence. • Now click the green Play your voice arrow at the bottom of the screen. Does your pronunciation sound correct? Listen to the model pronunciation again to check. • Record your voice again if necessary. „•••• „ ••, . ,, „ •. o What's in the reference section? H ere you will find a really useful wordlist, with all the key words from the book. You can hear the American English and British English pronunciation of every word and phrase. You can also make notes on this page. All the left-hand book pages are available to help you with the exercises. What else can the CD-ROM do? The CD-ROM also has a dictionary function. You can use it to look up any words that you don't know. You will need an internet connection for this. Also, you can click on any word in the CD-ROM and it will look up the word in the online dictionary. You can also check your progress at any time using the Progress section. This will help you to see which exercises you have completed. lt can also show you areas where you need more practice. In those cases, study the unit again. Remember you can print out tests, exercises and the answers. We hope you enjoy using the English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate CD-ROM. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 9 Study unit 1 Learning vocabulary A What do you need to learn? Did you know that there are over half a million words in English but that the average native speaker only uses about 5,000 in everyday speech? You already know many of those 5,000 words. This book will help you to learn many of those that you do not yet know and it will help you to use them appropriately and accurately. B What does knowing a new word mean? It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know: – – – – which words it is usually used with; its grammatical characteristics; how it is pronounced; whether it is formal, informal or neutral. So when you learn a word you should make sure that you: • Learn new words in phrases not in isolation. • Notice how words commonly go together. These are called collocations and include: adjectives + nouns, e.g. rich vocabulary, classical music, common sense; verbs + nouns, e.g. to express an opinion, to take sides; nouns in phrases, e.g. in touch with, a train set, a sense of humour; words + prepositions, e.g. at a loss for words, in particular. • Notice special grammatical characteristics of new words. For example, note irregular verbs, e.g. undertake, undertook, undertaken; uncountable nouns, e.g. luggage; or nouns that are only used in the plural, e.g. scissors. • Notice any special pronunciation problems with new words. • Check if the word is particularly formal or informal in character, in other words if it has a particular register. How can you help yourself to memorise words? T A E lungs heart G You can group words in any way you like – topic, grammatical feature, word root, and so on. The unit titles in this book might give you some ideas. C N Research suggests that some students find it easier to learn words if they (a) learn them in groups and (b) make use of pictures. R C L liver stomach E kidney intestines Pictures can help you to remember the meaning. For example: D How can you help yourself learn more words? This book will help you to learn vocabulary in a systematic way. However, you can also help yourself to learn more words and expressions by reading and listening to as much English as possible. Here are some ideas about things you can read or listen to: comics TV (satellite/ cable/subtitled) fiction magazines radio, e.g. BBC World Service tweets 10 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate recipes newspapers cinema podcasts DVDs songs academic or professional literature reference material (dictionaries, encyclopedias) YouTube conversations with native speakers sports reports audio books poetry blogs Exercises 1.1 Here are some aspects of grammar to be aware of when learning new vocabulary. Give two examples of words that reflect this aspect of grammar. a noun only used in the plural ..%:(~ . ?fr'i .............. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . 2 an uncountable noun .. „ ... „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „. „ „ . „. „ 3 an irregular verb „ „ . „„ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „„ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „. 4 a noun with an irregular plural „ „ „. „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „. „ „. „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ 1.2 What aspect of pronunciation should you notice about the following words? 1 subtle +he I.i is silen+ (no+ pronounled) 3 chemistry 6 photograph I photographer I 2 catastrophe 5 a record I to record 4 answer photographic 1.3 Read the text. Use words from the box to complete each 'collocations fork'. English has a remarkable range of words. Thanks to periods of contact with foreign languages and its readiness to coin new words out of old elements, English has a particularly large vocabulary. For example, as well as kingly (from Anglo-Saxon) we find royal (from French) and regal (from Latin). There are many such sets of words, which make it possible to express subtle shades of meaning. ran~e a remarkable likeness 2 to coin 4 a subtle 3 a royal lOinddenle coincidence difference shade family suggestion likeness a term palace welcome a phrase new words 1.4 Write I by the words that are informal and F by those that are formal. 1 guys „ J „ . 2 a rmnor „ „ „ „ 3 Awesome! 1 .5 4 to alight (from a bus) 5 to feel gutted „ „ „ „ 6 a felon „ „ „ „ „„„. • „„„ „ 7 to bug someone 8 to zone out „ „ „ „ „„.„. A student learnt each of these sets of words as a group. What is the unifying factor for each group? Can you add one more word to each group? 1 king, queen, prince, princess r~l - duke 2 sunshade, shady, shadow, shade, to shadow, shadowy 3 articulate, communicate, convey, express, put across 4 noun, verb, adjective, adverb 5 subtle, comb, lamb, crumb, debt, plumber 1.6 Draw a picture to help you remember each of the following vocabulary items. 1 circleoc ..... \ \,.) 1.7 171 2 to coin new words 3 screwdriver 4 to drip Study unit 2 Organising a vocabulary notebook A Organising words by meaning Try dividing your notebook into different broad sections, with sections for words for feelings, words to describe places, words for movement, words for thinking, etc. Charts and tables of various kinds can help you organise your vocabulary. Here is an example for words connected with music: Instruments guitar cello piano B Types of music Verbs Related words classical (not classic) folk (not folkloric) world play strum (a guitar) perform practice (n) practise (vb) track release (an album) Building networks of meaning A network diagram is useful. It can grow in whatever direction you want it to. password sign up unfriend somebody identity theft security social networks THE WEB surfing link pop-up (verbs) download post email spam junk mail homepage C upload forward Collocations and fixed phrases It is important to know how a word combines with other words (its collocations). Always record the common collocations of a word as you meet them, e.g. win (prize, award, medal) earn (money, a high salary) gain (time, an advantage) Where a word is often used in a fixed phrase, always record the whole phrase, e.g. in a hurry out of touch to and fro now and again D Synonyms and antonyms When you find a synonym (same meaning) or an antonym (opposite meaning) of a word you already have in your book, enter it next to that word with a few notes, e.g. urban ≠ rural stop = cease (cease is very formal) E Organising by word class Make a note of the word class of a new word (whether it is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.). Record words from the same word family together, e.g. produce (verb or noun) product (noun) productive (adjective) F Stress Record where the stress falls on a multi-syllable word, especially if the stress changes between word classes, e.g. produce (verb) produce (noun) productive (adjective) Language help Note any typical errors you make or which your teacher has mentioned. 12 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 2.1 Organise the words into the topics below. Use a dictionary if necessary. stress hang out with sb exhaustion podcast overwork tabloid upload a video burnt out blogosphere journalist snowed under with work casual acquaintance blog be close to sb count on sb be under pressure I words topie working too much I too hard stress friendship media 2.2 Here is a list of words a learner of English made in a vocabulary notebook in class. Organise them in a more efficient way, using the chart. rush oversleep latecomer out of breath heavy sleeper exhausted nouns la+uomer 2.3 I verbs alarm clock set a clock deep sleep fast asleep in a hurry breathless nightmare dash yawn I adjectives I collocations I fixed phrases Change the sentences using a synonym (S) or antonym (A) of the words in bold using words from the box. glOO spicy deprive sb of sth shot dissatisfied chilly 1 I was pleased ...~\ai:l ...................... to hear you'd passed your exam. (S) 2 I got some excellent photos ................................ of the Grand Canyon on my trip to the US. (S) 3 She was happy ................................ with the conditions they offered her in the new job. (A) 4 The prisoners were supplied with ................................ food and medical care. (A) 5 6 2.4 I don't like rnild ................................ curries. (A) lt's a cold ................................ day today. (S) Fili in the missing word forms. Then mark the word stress for each item. noun I ve rb perfection perfect information inform I adjective perfect I person perfectionist politics econom1cs ~· ,,. Give two adjectives. 2.5 1-----· Study unit 3 Using your dictionary A What a good dictionary tells you: the basics A good learners’ dictionary (in book form or online) can tell you about: • Pronunciation: this may mean learning some symbols which are different from the letters of the English alphabet. ʧ θ th in thick ð th in then ch in church ʃ sh in she ʤ j in jam ʒ s in pleasure ŋ ng in ring æ a in bad ɒ o in top ɔ o in form u in put ə a in about ʌ ʊ u in up in bird  • Word stress: often shown by a mark before the syllable to be stressed or by underlining or bold type, e.g. /əd'venʧə/, /westən/, complicated. • Usage: how a word is used and any special grammatical pattern that goes with it, e.g. suggest + clause (not an infinitive) – I suggest you ring her right away. (NOT I suggest you to ring her right away.) B Additional information • Synonyms (words of similar meaning) and antonyms (opposites), e.g. mislay and misplace (synonyms), friend ≠ enemy/foe (antonyms). • Collocations (how words go together), e.g. the adjective firm is often used in these collocations: firm commitment, firm grip, firm believer. • Whether a verb is transitive or intransitive: catch is transitive and must have an object, e.g. He caught the ball and threw it back to me; laugh is intransitive and does not need an object, e.g. She laughed when I told her the news. • Whether a word is used for people and/or things. hurtful /ˈhɜːt.fəl/adjective In this entry for the adjective hurtful in the Cambridge Advanced Learners’ Dictionary online, causing emotional pain: That was a very hurtful remark! How can you be we can see that hurtful can be used about what so hurtful? someone says or about someone: • Word class (often as abbreviations n noun, adj adjective, etc.), and whether a noun is countable or uncountable. ncountable • Information about how words are related to one another through meaning. The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online allows you to see a visual display of the networks of meaning for a word, as in this display for the adjective fascinating. The Visual Thesaurus shows related adjectives. enthralling entrancing enchanting captivating bewitching fascinating absorbing engrossing 14 riveting gripping English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate The adjectives are grouped according to meaning. This can be very useful when you are writing. If you want to vary your use of adjectives, you can look up the related adjectives to see which one(s) most closely express(es) the meaning you need. Exercises 3.1 Pronunciation. What English words are these? 1 /edju'ke1J;}n/ ...e. d !ł ~ P.il r> n. . . . . . . 2 /'pa:sp::>:t/ ................................ 3.2 Underline the stressed syllable of these words. Check your answers in your dictionary. umque 2 elegant 3.3 5 /rd'v13;}n/ ............................... . 6 /'brno;}/ ............................... . 3 /'li:mIJ/ ............................... . 4 /'bbdti/ ................................ 5 record {verb) 6 thermometer 3 urgently 4 eyebrow 7 extract {noun) 8 lifestyle Look at the grammar patterns which the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary gives for these words and then correct the sentences that follow. supply /s;} 1plaII li>- verb [TJ to provide something that is wanted or needed , often in large quantities and over a long period of time: Electrical power is supplied by underground cab/es. O Three people have been arrestedfor supplying arms to the terrorists. O The company has supplied the royalfamily (= provided them with something they need)for years. O At the beginning of term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to read. Brazil supplies coffee at many countries ...B. r. o~ l_ ..?. ~ P. l~. S. ..l.O.ffe.e..JO...TY1 . o ~ .. ~O.n+ri . S: .................................... The officer supplied each soldier a map . ............................................................................................................................ 2 deny /d1 naII verb [TJ NOT TR U E l to say that something is not true: H e will not confirm or deny the allegations. O [+ that J Neil denies that he broke the window, but J'm sure he did. O [+ -ing verbJ Neil denies breaking the window. 1 The Minister denied to have received any money from the oil company. (two answers) 3.4 Put a tick (v"') if these adjectives can be used about a person, or a thing (which could be an event, an object, a fact, an idea, etc.) or both. Use your dictionary if necessary. I person sad I thing v"' I I person I thing da mp lucky awkward con tent compulsory 3.5 A typical dictionary abbreviation for a noun is (n) and for an adjective (adj) . What do you think these abbreviations mean? . (pron) ........................ (conj) ........................ {prep) ........................ @ ....................... . (adv) ...~ d .~rk noun [C] ........................ verb [TJ ........................ noun [UJ ........................ verb [I or TJ ............................... . 3.6 Study unit 4 Guessing and explaining meaning A Working out meaning from context There are a number of clues you can use to help you understand the meaning of an unfamiliar word. The context in which the word is used • Visual clues: for example, a picture in a book or film footage in a TV news broadcast. • Your own background knowledge about a situation: for example, if you already know that there has just been an earthquake in a big city, then you will find it easy to understand the word ‘earthquake’ when you hear a news broadcast about it. • The words around the unfamiliar word: for example, ‘Suzanna picked one tall yellow gladiolus to put in her new vase.’ Even if you have never seen or heard the word ‘gladiolus’, it is clear from the context that it is a type of flower. • Grammatical clues: for example, it is clear that ‘superstitious’ must be an adjective in the sentence ‘Alejandro is very superstitious and would never walk under a ladder’, or that ‘gingerly’ is an adverb in ‘Clare tiptoed gingerly down the stairs, trying to avoid all the broken glass.’ Similarity to other words you already know in English A large number of words in English are made up of combinations of other words. You may never have seen the word ‘headscarf’, for example, but it is easy to work out that it is a scarf worn on the head. Units 73–75 will help you improve your skills in understanding how English uses everyday words to build up new concepts. Structure A prefix or suffix may give you a clue: for example, Units 69–71 focus on different aspects of word formation in English and should help you use those clues to make sense of unfamiliar words. Similarity to a word you know in your own (or some other) language If your first language is of Latin or of Germanic origin, you will come across many words in English that resemble words in your own language. However, English has taken many words from many other languages too. So make use of any other languages you know. But remember that some words are false friends – they sound as if they mean the same but in fact they have a different meaning. For example, gift in English means a present but in German Gift means poison. B Explaining unknown words The following expressions are useful when you are trying to explain what a word or expression means: It’s probably something (a bit) like (a chair) … It’s got to be something you use for (painting pictures / cleaning the kitchen floor) … It’s a kind of (bird / musical instrument / building) … I think it must / could mean … 16 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 4. 1 Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined words mean. A tortoise is a shelled reptile famed for its slowness and longevity. The Giant Tortoise of the Galapagos may attain over 1.5 metres in length and have a lifespan of more than 150 years. Smaller tortoises from Southern Europe and North Africa make popular pets. They need to be tended carefully in cool climates and must have a warm place in which they can hibernate. Which of the underlined words can you guess from the context or using any other du es? First make a guess and then check your guesses in the Answer key. 4.2 Use the context to work out what the underlined words mean. Explain them using one or other of the expressions in B on the opposite page. 2 3 4 5 6 4.3 Above the trees at the edge of the meadow, a buzzard hangs for a moment on the wind before soaring towards the hills. 1 +hlnk a liu.z.z.ard irtls+ lie a klnd C>t lńrd. According to some sources, the water vole is one of the most rapidly declining creatures in Britain and a new survey is now being carried out to determine how serious the threat of extinction really is. Using a large chisel Jack managed to knock down the old garden wall. Sarah carried in a delicious chicken and noodle soup in a large tureen and we enjoyed several bowłs each. We often used to walk up to the cliff top where we would clamber over the farmer's gate and go right to the edge where the view was better. Some people get really rattx when they haven't had enough sleep. Use your knowledge of other basie English words to help you work out the meanings of the underlined words and expressions. Rewrite them using simpler words or explanations for the underlined words and phrases. lt says on the can that this drink is sugar-free. „. +his drink d<>esn'+ lC>n+aln su.9ar. 2 I find Mo a very warm-hearted person. 3 I've been up to my eyes in work ever since I got back from holiday. 4 We walked down a tree-lined street towards the station. 5 The little boys were fascinated by the cement-mixer. 6 More and mare shops now have their own special store cards and offer you a discount if you use one of them. 4.4 Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to suggest what these phrases mean. 1 to redirect an envelope +<> 2 uncontrollable anger pre-dinner drinks 4 bi-monthly report 3 send I++<> a dlfferen+ address 5 my ex-boss 6 anti-tourist feelings 7 to disconnect the telephone 8 undelivered łetrs 5 A Countries, nationalities and languages Using ‘the’ Most names of countries are used without ‘the’, but some countries and other names have ‘the’ before them, e.g. the United States / the US(A), the United Kingdom / the UK, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates / the UAE, the European Union / the EU, the Commonwealth. B Adjectives referring to people, countries and languages With -ish: British Irish Flemish Polish Danish Turkish Spanish With -(i)an: Canadian Brazilian Latvian Korean Russian Australian With -ese: Japanese Chinese Vietnamese Portuguese Maltese Taiwanese With -i: Israeli Iraqi Kuwaiti Pakistani Yemeni Bangladeshi With -ic: Icelandic Arabic Slavonic Some adjectives are worth learning separately, e.g. Swiss, Thai, Greek, Dutch, Cypriot. C Nationalities Some nationalities and cultural identities have nouns for referring to people, e.g. a Finn, a Swede, a Turk, a Spaniard, a Dane, a Briton, an Arab, a Pole. For most nationalities we can use the adjective as a noun, e.g. a German, an Italian, a Belgian, a Catalan, a Greek, an African, a European. Some need woman/man/person added to them (you can’t say ‘a Dutch’), so if in doubt, use them, e.g. a Dutch man, a French woman, an Irish person, an Icelandic man. D World regions The Arctic Scandinavia Asia North America Central America Europe The Mediterranean North Africa The Caribbean South America The Middle East The Far East East Asia The Pacific The Atlantic The Indian Ocean Southern Africa Australia The Antarctic Antarctica E Regional groups and ethnic groups People belong to ethnic groups and regional groups such as African-Caribbean, Asian, Latin American, North African, Scandinavian, Southern African, European, Arabic. These can be used as countable nouns or as adjectives. Europeans often find Asian cultures to be very different from their own. Arabic culture spreads across a vast region of North Africa and the Middle East. People speak dialects as well as languages. Everyone has a native language or first language (sometimes called mother tongue); many have second and third languages. Some people are expert in more than one language and are bilingual or multilingual. People who only know one language are monolingual. 18 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 5.1 Put each of the countries into the correct column depending on which adjectives are used to refer to the people or language of that country. Irelaru:l Turkey 5.2 Iceland Arabia China Thailand ~ lsrael Switzerland Brazil the Netherlands Korea Denmark Pakistan Match the countries with their world regions. Sweden 2 Cambodia 3 Nicaragua 4 Tunisia 5 Saudi Arabia 6 Botswana ITJ O O O O O a the Middle East b Southern Africa c Scandinavia d East Asia e Central America f North Africa 5.3 Correct the mistakes in these newspaper headlines. 2 Soccer sensation! England team captain to marry a Frenłl! 4 5.4 Police arrest Danish on smuggling charge 5 BRITAIN'S HAVE HIGHEST TAX RATE IN EUROPE 3 MALTISH PRIME MINISTER VISITS WASHINGTON lraqian delegation meets Pakistanian President Farnous nam es. Can you name a famo us ... Argentinian sportsman or woman? Vle90 Morlltlono 5 ltalian opera singer? 6 Irish rock-music band? 7 American golfer? 2 Spanish actor? 3 South African political leader? 4 Australian singer? I am ................................ . (nationality) 2 My first language is 3 I speak 4 My ethnic/regional group is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ „. „„ „ „„„„„„ „„ „„„„„ (number) language(s) fluently, so I am „„ „ „„„„ „ „„„„„ „„ „ • „„„„ „ „ „ „„„„„„„„„ • 5 I have visited these countries: „ „ „ „ „ „ . .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ •• • • „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ • 6 I would like to travel to 7 One language I would like to learn is 8 l've never been to these two countries: „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „. „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . • „.„.„„„„ .„.„„„„„ „„ • · „ „ „. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . and „„„.„„.„„.„„.„„ . „„ .• English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 19 6 A The weather Cold weather In Northern Europe, daytime1 temperatures are often quite mild, even in late2 autumn. The days are often misty3, foggy and damp4. Soon, winter arrives, with frost5, icy roads and severe6 weather, including heavy snow. As people expect the weather to be bad, they try and keep warm so they don’t freeze! Freezing weather may continue in the far north until May or even June, when the ground starts to thaw /θɔ/7 and the ice melts8 again. 1 during the day 2 towards the end of a period of time 3 with clouds of small drops of water in the air, making it difficult to see things in the 4 distance slightly wet, and not pleasant or comfortable 5 thin, white layer of ice on surfaces when the weather is very cold 6 extremely bad 7 change from hard, frozen state to softer state 8 change from solid to liquid under heat B Warm/hot weather In a tropical1 climate, the weather is often stifling2, muggy3 and humid4. In other hot climates, there may be boiling5 hot days, and heatwaves6 may be common. 1 very hot, as in countries near the Equator 2 hot, uncomfortable, you can hardly breathe 3 very warm and a little damp 4 hot and damp, makes you sweat a lot 5 extremely hot 6 very hot, dry period C Wet weather This wet weather scale gets stronger from left to right. shower (noun) → heavy rain → pour down (verb) / downpour (noun) → torrential rain → flood (noun and verb) This rain won’t last long; it’s only a shower. [short period of rain] There was quite heavy rain during the night. / It rained heavily during the night. It was absolutely pouring down yesterday. / There was a real downpour. In Malaysia there is usually torrential rain most days, and the roads sometimes get flooded. / There are sometimes floods on the roads. shower heavy pour The sky’s a bit overcast; I think it’s rain down going to rain. [very cloudy] We had a drought /draʊt/ last summer. It didn’t rain for six weeks. D torrential rain flood Wind There was a gentle breeze on the beach, just enough to cool us. There was a very strong/high wind and my umbrella blew away. There was a gale that day, so we didn’t go sailing. [very high wind] People stayed indoors because there was a hurricane on the way. [extremely high, dangerous wind] Common mistake The noun weather is uncountable. We say: We had bad weather that day. (NOT We had a bad weather.) 20 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 6.1 Answer the questions about the words in A opposite. 1 Which adjective could you use to describe something that is wet, but not very wet? d~mp 2 Which adjective would you use before 'summer' to refer to the end part of it? 3 Which verb means the temperature has gone up and there is no longer frost or ice? 4 Which word can be used to describe something that happens in the day? 5 What happens to ice cream on a very hot day? 6 If you see a thin, white covering on everything on a cold day, what is it? 7 If you can't see things in the distance, what is the weather probably like? 8 Which two adjectives could you use to describe a wind that blows very hard? 9 Which adjective can you use to describe very bad weather? 6.2 What types of weather do these pictures suggest? 1 ...rn.k~NL 6.3 ....... . 2 ............................... . 3 ................................ 4 ............................... . Rewrite the words in bold using words from B opposite. I think it would be interesting to live in a het ..łrn~(L ............ climate. However, I don't like weather that is hot and <lamp and makes you sweat ................................. I even dislike the days that are slightly warm and <lamp ................................ which we get in the UK. Some people love extremely................................ hot days, and I don't mind very hot, dry periods ............................... . occasionally, but when it's hot and uncomfortable and you can hardly breathe ................................ , it's just impossible. Maybe I should stay at home and forget about moving to a hot climate! 6.4 What kinds of weather do you think caused the following to happen? Write a sentence which could go before each of these. Use words from the opposite page . ...1.00..~.r . P.tif\ln3, „ ............................. „ We bad to use the air-conditioning every afternoon. 2 .................................................................................... The sweat was pouring out of us. 3 .................................................................................... It just cooled us nicely on the hot beach. 4 .................................................................................... Cars were sliding everywhere out of control. 5 .................................................................................... The postman bad to use a boat to get around. 6 .................................................................................... You couldn't really see the trees in the distance. 7 8 9 1O 6.5 .................................................................................... The earth became rock hard and a lot of plants died. .................................................................................... It blew the newspaper right out of my hands. .................................................................................... My hair and clothes got soaking wet. .................................................................................... It looked as if it would rain at any minute. Ove,r ło ':jou This chart shows anyone who wants to visit the West of lreland what weather they can expect at different times of the year. Make a similar chart for your count ry or home region. lf possib le, compare your chart with someone else. Dec- M ar Apri l-J une Ju ly-Aug Sept-N ov coldest months; usually wet; heavy rain; snow on high ground generally cool, often wet and windy but getting warmer warmest months; sunny, with showers; cool sea breezes often mild, becoming cold; damp, misty and foggy, often overcast English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 21 7 A Describing people: appearance Hair, face, skin and complexion /kəmplekʃən/ She’s got straight hair She’s got long, wavy hair and she’s thin-faced / and she’s round-faced / she’s got a thin face. she’s got a round face. She’s got curly hair He’s got a crew-cut. and is dark-skinned / she’s got dark skin. He’s bald /bɔld/ and He’s got a beard and moustache /mʊstɑʃ/ has freckles. and has a chubby face. He’s got receding hair and a few wrinkles /rɪŋkəlz/. He used to have black hair but now it’s gone grey, almost white. What sort of person would you find attractive? Blonde, fair, dark or ginger-haired / red-haired. She has such beautiful auburn hair. /ɔbən/ [red-brown] Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin. Some people like getting a tan in summer. [exposing their skin to the sun so that it goes brown] B Height and build a rather plump or stout person a slim person / a skinny person [positive] [rather negative] an obese couple /əbis/ [negative, very fat] Fat may sound impolite. Instead we often say a bit overweight. If someone is broad and solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles can be well-built or muscular. If someone is terribly thin and refuses to eat, they may be anorexic /ænəreksɪk/. If someone has a nice figure, they have an attractive shape. [generally said about women] C General appearance She’s a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed; her husband is quite the opposite, very scruffy and untidy-looking / messy-looking. Chloe looked stunning in her red dress. [very attractive] He’s very good-looking, but his friend’s rather unattractive. [opp attractive] Her eyes are her best feature. [the most attractive part of her face] Do you think beautiful women are always Language help attracted to handsome men? I don’t. I think The suffix -ish is useful for describing people personality matters most. (see Unit 8). She’s tallish. He has brownish hair. First impressions are always important. He must be thirtyish / in his thirties. [your first reaction to someone] 22 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 7 .1 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete these sentences. I wish I could get a ..J~l) ........................ like yours but my skin just goes red in the sun. 2 My cousin used to have a lovely ................................ but she's put on weight in all the wrong places 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 .2 since she stopped taking much exercise. Thomas's eyes are his best ................................ - they're so large and sparkly and such a deep brown. Tessa's in her thirties but she stili has the same lovely fresh ................................ as her young daughter has. Staff at the bank were told to dress smardy for work so they would always create a good ................................ on customers. I'd call her ................................ rather than ginger-haired - her hair's dark brown with just a tinge of red init. George says that the ................................ round his eyes just show that he has srniled a lot in his life. Even in jeans Alina manages to look ................................ . Carla looks beautiful in old clothes and without any make-up but when she's dressed up for an evening out she's absolutely ............:................... . Answer these remarks with the opposite description. A: I thought you said he was the short, chubby one. B: No, M , M, Mł a+ al\, he's +he +all, +hin-faled one. 2 A: Was that his brother, the dark-skinned, wavy-haired one? B: No, completely the opposite, his brother's ... A: She's always quite welł-drs, so I've heard. B: What! Who told you that? Every time I see her, she's ... 4 A: So Charlene's that rather plump, fair-haired woman, is she? B: No, you're looking at the wrong one. Charlene's ... 5 A: So, tell us about the new boss; good-looking? B: No, I'm afraid not; rather ... 6 A: I don't know why, but I expected the tour guide to be fiftyish or rather plump. B: No, aprentły she's only ... 3 7 .3 WANTED! MISSING! Complete the gaps in these police posters with your own ideas. WANTED FOR M URDER ~ ~ u !(1 Ian Prowse White, height 6ft, Sandra King White, height 5ft 4, ........ ... ........... .... .-faced, .......... ............. .... hair, .... ....................... build, ....................... .... -faced .. ....... ..... ............. hair, ........................... skin 7.4 Wanted for Armed Robbery Ove,r ło Wanted Missing I\ lf [JJ Louise Fox Age 7, Asian appearance, ............... ........... -faced, ........ ..... ..... ........... hair li dead ~ ~ ~ ~ ) or alive I'. I Jack 'Dagger' Flagstone White, height 6ft, ......... .................. , with .............. and ........ ...... ; ........................... build . 11ou Write one sentence to describe each of these people, giving info rmation about their hair and face, their height and build and general appearance: 1 you yourself 2 you r best fr iend 3 a neighbour 4 your idea! of a handsome man/ a beautiful woman Now, in the same way, describe somebody very famous and give same extra clues about them, e.g. He's/She's a pop star I politician. Can a partner guess who you are describing? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 23 8 A B Describing people: character Intellectual ability ability intelligent bright clever sharp shrewd able gifted talented brainy (colloquial) lacking ability stupid foolish half-witted simple silly brainless daft dumb dim (the last four are predominantly colloquial words) clever, in a negative way, using brains to trick or deceive cunning crafty sly Attitudes towards life Amal is pessimistic while Nia is optimistic – he always expects the worst to happen while she looks on the bright side. It is strange that one of the twins is so extroverted while the other is so introverted – Ben loves being the focus of attention while Bill prefers to be alone with his thoughts. I feel very tense (or wound up / stressed out**) after a very busy day at work but, after a hot bath and a nice cup of tea, I’ll soon feel relaxed. Jane is very sensible – she’d never do anything stupid. In other words, she’s very practical and down-to-earth. Roberto is very sensitive – he gets very upset (or worked-up, more colloquial), if he feels people are criticising him. C Attitude towards other people Enjoying others’ company: sociable gregarious* Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome argumentative Taking pleasure in others’ pain: cruel sadistic Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going even-tempered laid-back** Not polite to others: impolite rude ill-mannered discourteous* Telling the truth to others: honest trustworthy reliable sincere Unhappy if others have what one does not have oneself: jealous envious D One person’s meat is another person’s poison Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The words in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column except that they have negative rather than positive connotations. positive associations negative associations determined thrifty economical self-assured confident unconventional original frank direct open broad-minded enquiring* generous innocent ambitious assertive obstinate stubborn pig-headed stingy mean tight-fisted miserly* self-important arrogant full of oneself** eccentric odd peculiar weird** blunt abrupt brusque curt unprincipled permissive inquisitive nosy** extravagant naive pushy** aggressive bossy** *These words are much more common in written than in spoken English. **These words are much more common in spoken than in written English. 24 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 8.1 Match the words on the left with their opposites on the right. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8.2 rn o o o o o clever extroverted rude cruel generous unsociable Cormen's ver~ 5 Nico's quite bossy. 6 I find Dave self-important. 7 Don't you think James is nosy? 8 Rachel is very original. stin9~. Pair the words that have sirnilar meanings. kolnless sil~ brainless brusque crafty cunnmg 8.4 introverted tight-fisted courteous greganous kind-hearted half-witted Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people in these sentences? Reword each sentence to give the opposite irnpression (negative rather than positive or vice versa). 1 Carmen's very thrifty. Ukes 2 Molly's usually frank. 3 Liz is quite broad-minded. 4 Sam can be aggressive. 8.3 a b c d e f curt direct down-to-earth frank gifted honest im po lite miserly rude sensible sillf talented ten se tight-fisted trustworthy wound up Magazines often publish questionnaires which are supposed to analyse aspects of your character. Look at the words below and match thern to the corresponding question. pessimistic extravagant argumentative assertive sensitive inquisitive sociable reliabl@ If you arrange to meet at 7 pm, do you arrive at 7 pm? relloli\e 2 Look at the picture. Do you think 'my glass is half empty'? 3 Do you find it easy to tell your boss 4 5 if you feel he or she has treated you badly? Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up? Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason? Do you frequently disagree with what other people say? Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you? Do you prefer to be in the company of other people? 6 7 8 8.5 What questions like those in 8.4 could you ask to find out if a person is the following? 1 thrifty "'Do ~ 2 blunt 3 sensible 8.6 Ov~r ło keep old plues of s+rin9 In lOSe .fu~ 4 intelligent 5 even-tempered ml9h+ lC>me In o.seful? 6 original 7 obstinate 8 stressed out ':fOlł Choose two people who are important in your life. Then pick three different adj ectives to describe each of these peop le. Explain why you chose these adject ives to describe that person. EXAMPLE Sociab/e - My brother is sociable because he loves being with other peop le. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 25 9 A Idioms describing people Positive and negative qualities positive She has a heart of gold. [very kind, generous] He’s as good as gold. [helpful, well-behaved; used generally for children] negative She’s as hard as nails. [no sympathy for others] He’s a nasty piece of work. [unpleasant] Note also: Her heart’s in the right place. [is a good and kind person even though they do not always seem so] He’s such an awkward customer. [difficult person to deal with] She’s a pain in the neck. Nobody likes her. [nuisance, difficult] He gets on everyone’s nerves. [irritates everybody] B Idioms based on ‘head’ You can learn idioms by associating them with a key word or words. Two of the idioms in A, for example, are based on gold and two on heart. Here is a set of idioms describing people based on the word head. to have your head screwed on [be sensible, informal] a head for heights [not suffer from vertigo] a head like a sieve [bad memory] a good head for figures [be good at maths] your head in the clouds [unaware of reality] to be head and shoulders above someone [much better than] to bury your head in the sand [refuse to think about a difficult situation in the hope you won’t have to deal with it] to keep your head [stay calm in a difficult situation] C How people relate to the social norm She’s a bit of an odd-ball. [peculiar, strange] He’s really over the top. [very exaggerated in behaviour] He’s (gone) round the bend, if you ask me. [absolutely crazy/mad] My politics are very middle-of-the-road. [very normal; no radical ideas; neither left- nor right-wing] D Who’s who in the class? Idioms for ‘people in the classroom’ Sam’s teacher’s pet. [teacher’s favourite] Mary’s top of the class. Charles is a real know-all. [thinks he knows everything] Ali’s a bit of a big-head. [has a high opinion of him/herself] Anna’s a lazy-bones. The last three idioms are used of people outside the classroom situation too. 26 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 9.1 Try to complete these idioms from memory if possible. 2 3 4 5 6 9.2 What do we call ... 2 3 4 5 9.3 She do es a lot of voluntary work; she has a heart ... ...~f · - ~\d •.... „ ... . .. . ................ ••....... .. •.... . ....................••........•..... Don't expect any sympathy from the boss; she's as hard . .. ................................................................................... I'm sure Ahmed will help you; he's as good ................................................................................................................... Although Florian sometimes seems a bit bad-tempered his heart is .............................................................. I don't think you'll like him; he's a nasty .. . ...................................................................................................................... . I try to avoid having much to do with Peter. He's rather an . . ............................................................................ . . . . person w ho k nows everyth"mg .... ;i ~ ..k an irntatmg ..1:\Ołl .... :::-!Ili.. ........... the person who is the teacher's favourite? ............................... . someone who thinks they are the best and says so? ............................... . the one who gets the best marks? ............................... . a person who is very lazy? ................................ Complete the sentences using an idiom from B. I'd better write it in my notebook. I have .. . ...~ ..b(li<\h~ . -~ - (IV.~ ................................................................................ . Ask Martha to check those sums. She has ..................................................................................................................... . Don't ask me to go up that tower. I'm afraid I don't ... ........................................................................................... . She's very sensible and knows what she's doing. She .............................................................................................. . He's quite out of touch with reality. He really .. ............................................................................................................ The problem won't go a way so there's no point ........................................................................................................ . 7 Max is top of the class, ................................................................................................................................ everyone else. 8 Even when others around him are panicking Raul always ................................................................................. . 2 3 4 5 6 9.4 Which part of the body might a difficult person (a) get on (b) be a pain in? 9.5 Which idioms do you think these pictures represent? ...~1: .. t?M:1~l 9.6 Ove,r ło .................. 2 ........................................ . 3 ......................................... 4 ........................................ . 1;1ou Choose five idioms from this unit that you could use to describe people that you know. Tell a partner about those peop le. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 27 10 A Relationships Types of relationship ANITA: PAMELA: ANITA: PAMELA: ANITA: PAMELA: ANITA: PAMELA: Are you and Holly best friends? She’s a good friend – she’s not my best friend. But she’s more than just a casual acquaintance1, right? Oh, yes. We were housemates2 at university. Really? So how did you first meet her? I met her through my ex3, Andy. She wasn’t in a steady4 relationship with anyone at the time, and she was looking for someone to share a room. Uh-huh. Is that Andy who’s now Julia’s partner5? Yeah, that’s the one. They’re not just partners, they’re married and they’re colleagues too. They’re saving to buy a house now, so Andy’s living with his parents-in-law6 at the moment. 1 2 a person you have met but you don’t know well mate [friend; infml] is used in compound nouns to describe a person you share something with, e.g. classmate, roommate, workmate, flatmate, housemate. Workmate is common in non-professional or informal contexts; colleague is common among professional people, and sounds more formal. 3 ex- can be used without (informally) or with another word: ex-girlfriend, ex-husband, etc. 4 fixed and not changing suddenly 5 partner is used for someone you live with but are not married to, or for a business relationship where you share the ownership or running of a company 6 his wife’s parents (his mother-in-law and father-in-law) B Internet relationships MyBook Home Profile Friends Inbox If you join a social network, you acquire friends (people you share personal information with). You can choose to accept a new friend and then you can interact with them by exchanging messages or posting comments on their page, or, if you want to finish the relationship, you can unfriend/defriend that person. In email and mobile phone address books, you list your contacts. C Liking and not liking someone core verb like respect attract be attracted to positive (stronger) love adore idolise look up to admire fancy (infml) negative dislike can’t stand loathe /ləʊð/ look down on despise leave someone cold She doesn’t just like Ben, she idolises him. I can’t stand him. I really fancy Leila, but her friend just leaves me cold / doesn’t do anything for me. D Phrases and idioms for relationships and dating Jane and I get on well (with each other). [have a good relationship] Adrian and Orla don’t see eye to eye. [often argue/disagree] I’ve fallen out with my parents again. [had arguments] Stephen is having an affair with his boss. [a sexual relationship, usually secret] Let’s try and make it up. [be friends again after a row/quarrel] He’s dating a Spanish girl. They’ve been seeing each other for a couple of months. [meeting and spending time together] They met at a party and got together soon after. [started a romantic relationship] Common mistake We say: People make friends. (NOT get friends or find friends) It’s often difficult to make new friends when you move to another city. (NOT It’s often difficult to get friends ...) 28 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 10.1 Use words with the suffix -mate to rewrite these sentences. 1 This is Jack. He and I share a flat. '!his Is Jalk.1-le and l are flołma+es. 2 Mick was the person I shared a room with at university. 3 We were in the same class together in 1998, weren't we? 4 She's not really a friend; she's just someone I work with. 5 Freda is always arguing with the people she shares a house with. 10.2 How many sentences can you write about the relationships between the people in the pictures, using words from the opposite page? EXAMPLE Jr>hn and Lr>rna are lbllea9lleS. 1 5 6 S "~1eP A~ ~1 - ~R€ ~1toNSHIP 1> U'-~ ~ ~ 0(° \i. t1,~ 'i ~ · C1A11(6 ;!' Alef" e.ĄCti 01H€R 1łtR<'E 1'w6S 1RIS' ~li«. ; '10tJ'r 1(1'1'.>W !olOi D1HER WEL.L.. 10.3 What do you think the relationships between the people below would be? Use the verbs, phrases and idioms opposite. 1 a teenage music fan: (a) parents he/she might likeldislike his/her parents (b) pop star (c) strict teacher (d) mate 2 a personal assistant: (a) another personal assistant (b) the boss (c) a very attractive workmate 3 a 45-year-old: (a) teenagers (b) ex-husband/wife who was cruel 10.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be mare than one mistake. Julia and Matt don\ ,~ eye to eye. 2 I fell up with my parents last night. lt wasn't m y fault. 3 We had a quarrel but now we've made it well. Do you think Josh and Nuala are making an affair? I do. I see very well with all my colleagues at work. Jo's attractive, but her mate just makes me cold completł y . M argaret seems to find it difficult to get friends among her classmates. 8 I met my boyfriend at a party and we became together soon after. 9 I accepted her as a friend on a social network site but later I disfriended her. 4 5 6 7 10.5 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. is a good friend of mine. „„.„ ...... „ .. „„ ......„ ..... „ ....... is just a casual acquaintance. Someone I look up to is ............................................. . A famous person I loathe is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ .. Someone I once fancied was „„„„„.„„„„„„„ ... „„„„„„„„ . . Someone I adore is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ .. „ „ „.• „„„.„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„. is my ex-„.„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ . . I would never look down on „„„„„.„.„„.„.„„„„.„„.„„„ .. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 29 11 A At home Types of houses/places people live in detached house: not joined to any other house semi-detached house / semi- (infml): joined to one other house self-contained flat: does not share facilities with any other terraced house: joined to several houses to form a row cottage: a small house in the country or in a village bungalow: a house with only one storey (no upstairs) studio flat: a small apartment for one or two people, usually with one large room for sleeping and living in, a bathroom and sometimes a separate kitchen villa: a large house with big gardens or a rented house in a holiday resort / tourist area B Places in the home You probably already know the names of most rooms and locations in a typical home. Here are some less common ones and what they are for. master/main bedroom: the largest, most important bedroom utility room: usually just for washing machine, freezer, etc. shed: small building separated from the house usually for storing garden tools attic/loft: space in the roof of a house used for storing things; it can also be converted into an extra living space with stairs leading up to it (attic/loft conversion) cellar: room below ground level, no windows, used for storing things basement: room below ground level, with windows, for living/working studio: a room in which a painter or photographer works landing: flat area at the top of a staircase hall/hallway: open area as you come into a house porch: covered area before an entrance door terrace or patio: paved area between house and garden for sitting and eating, etc. drive: a short road leading from the street to the house or garage; you can drive/park on it C Small objects in the home Some everyday objects are often difficult to name. phone charger remote (control) chopping board dustpan and brush 30 peeler toilet roll corkscrew (coat) hanger grater English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate ironing board /aɪənɪŋ bɔd/ table mat power point Common mistake You do housework, do the ironing, do the hoovering, do the washingup. (NOT make housework) Exercises 11 . 1 Where in a typ ical house would you look for the following things? 4 a hanger 7 a power point 1 garden tools in +he shell 11.2 2 a toilet roll 5 the remote 8 a porch 3 table mats 6 an ironing board 9 a grater 1 O old empty boxes Label the places in the house. 1 ................................ 2 ............................... . 3 „„ .... „„.„„„ ............. 11.3 4 ............................... . 5 ................................ Fill the gaps with a suitable word. 1 Years ago I had a darkroom in the „ ~.1l!r 2 3 4 5 6 „ ... „............ where I developed films. lt was perfect because there were no windows down there. I'll prepare the potatoes and then you can do the cooking. Where's the ................................ ? Put a ...........„..... „„„ ........ under the tea pot in case you mark that table. lt's an antique. Let's open this bottle. Do you know where the ................................ is? We keep our skis up in the ................................. They're out of the way up there. You'll find the garden chairs in the ................................ at the bottom of the garden. Bring them up and we'll have a drink on the ........ and watch the sunset. The light switch for the stairs is on the just by your bedroom door. Grandma's moved to a ................................ now she can't manage the stairs any more at her age. Leave your car in the „... „„ ....................... , just in front of the garage. lt'll be safe there. „ ...................... 7 8 9 „ . .... . ... .... .. . .. . .... . .... . . 11.4 Answer these questions about everyday ob jects. 1 How can you make very small pieces of cheese to sprinkle on a dish? the o 9 rlłe r . 2 What might you fetch if someone dropped a saucer and it broke into small pieces on the floor? 3 What do you need if your phone battery is flat? 4 How can you switch off the TV without leaving your chair? 5 How can you cut vegetables without marking the kitchen work surface? 6 What might you offer a visitor if they want to take off their jacket? 11.5 Ov~r ło ':jou Answer t hese questions about yourself and, if possible, ask someone else too. Is your house detached? What sort is it if not? 2 Wou ld you like to live in a studio fiat? Why (not)? 3 Which of these household jobs do you most enjoy and which do you least enjoy - doing the wash ing - up I the washing I the ironing I the garden ing I the hoovering I the dusting the cooking? I English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 31 12 A Everyday minor problems Things that go wrong in houses and flats Oh no! The bathroom’s flooded. Did you forget to turn the tap off? This pipe’s leaking. He kicked the football too hard and it smashed a window. This pot is cracked. I’m sorry, your cup’s chipped. Let me get you another one. The batteries in this torch have run out / are dead. I’ll have to get some more. I burnt the pie – it’s completely ruined! I’m so sorry! The lights aren’t working – there’s been a power cut. The door handle’s come off / fallen off. The washing machine broke down the other day. I’ll have to do the laundry by hand. I’m sorry, the biscuits were at the bottom of my bag and they got crushed by the potatoes! My computer keeps crashing today! B Everyday minor injuries She twisted her ankle coming down the stairs. I bumped/banged my head against the cupboard door and got a bruise. [/bruz/ dark area on your skin where you have hurt yourself] Sharon tripped and fell down and grazed her knee this morning. [if you trip you almost fall down because you hit your foot against something; if you graze something, it becomes red with broken skin, but no blood] C Other everyday minor problems I’ve mislaid my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? [put it somewhere and can’t find it] She spilt some coffee on the carpet. I hope it doesn’t leave a stain. [permanent mark] The sink is blocked. Have you been throwing tea leaves in there again? [the water will not run away] I’m afraid I’ve dented your car. I’m really sorry. I’ll pay for the repairs. [bent the metal a little bit by hitting something] My mouse has stopped working; it could be a software problem. I’ve locked myself out. Can I use your phone to ring my wife? The car won’t start. I hope it’s nothing serious. Perhaps the battery’s flat. The kitchen clock’s slow/fast/stopped. What time d’you make it? Language help Words often belong to more than one word class. In this unit, the following words can be used as verbs or as countable nouns: flood crack chip bump bang bruise graze dent stain lock Always make a special note of any word that belongs to more than one word class. 32 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 12.1 What do you think happened to make these people do/say what they did? 1 We had to send for a plumber. M")e a pipe lllOS \eoklt19. 2 I had to call out a !ocal mechanic. 3 Our neighbours !et us use their washing machine. 4 Don't worry, the handle often does that - 1'11 fix: it back on. 5 Luckily, that was all it was; the skin was broken a bit, but there was no blood. 6 What type of batteries does it take? 1'11 get some for you. 7 I don't know where you've put them. Try the bedside table. 8 I left it in the oven too long. lt's all black on the top now! 9 I lost all my work - I know I should have saved it more often! 12.2 Odd one out. Which of the three words is the odd one out in each case? 1 spili, flood, chip chip - łhe ołher ł1lO ln~o\e \lqulds 2 stain, graze, bruise 3 run out, bump, flat 4 leak, smash, chip 5 leak, dent, flood 12.3 Here is a matrix with the names of things and things that can go wrong with them. Put a tick (v') for things that typically go together. I car I vase I elbo w I clock banged ruined cracked broken down dented stopped I pri n ter I si n k J a mea l v' błocked Write five sentences using combinations of words where you wrote a tick. EXAMPLE 1hls c.\o,k has słoped - perhaps Ił needs Miil łia+ers. 12.4 Complete these sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page. lllOS a ~r GUł. 1 We had to use candles because ... łher 2 I didn't look where I was going as I walked through the low doorway and ... The wind blew the door shut and I realised I'd ... 3 4 I would ring her but I'm afraid l've .. . 5 I can't take a photo, my camera's .. . I tried to run over the rocks but I .. . sat on my bag of crisps and they ... 6 7 I acidentlły 12.5 Ov~r ło ':fOU W hat wou ld you do if ... you mislaid your credit card? 4 your mobile phone stopped working? 2 you noticed your guest's glass was chipped? 5 you bruised your forehead? 3 one of your coat buttons ca me off? 6 your watch was slow? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 33 13 A Global problems Disasters/tragedies flood earthquake [the earth moves/trembles] [too much rain] drought /draʊt/ [no rain] volcano /vɒlkeɪnəʊ/ [hot liquid rock and gases pour from a mountain] famine /fæmɪn/ [no food] landslide [rocks and earth moving suddenly down a slope] epidemic [disease affecting large numbers of people] explosion (e.g. a bomb) major accident / incident (e.g. a plane crash) Language help hurricane / tornado /tɔneɪdəʊ/ typhoon / tropical storm [violent wind / Injure /ɪndʒə/ is used about people. Damage storm] war / civil war [civil war is war /dæmɪdʒ/ is used about things. between people of the same country] 200 people were injured. Many buildings were damaged. Disasters not caused by human beings can be called natural disasters. Verbs connected with these words A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead. The flu epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country. Millions are starving as a result of the famine. A big earthquake shook the city at noon today. The area is suffering its worst drought for many years. Civil war has broken out in the north of the country. A tornado swept through the islands yesterday. B Words for people involved in disasters/tragedies The explosion resulted in 300 casualties. /kæʒjuəltiz/ [dead and injured people] The real victims of civil war are children left without parents. [those who suffer the results] There were only three survivors /səvaɪvəz/. All the other passengers were reported dead. [people who live through a disaster] Thousands of refugees /refjυdʒiz/ have crossed the border looking for food and shelter. During the battle, the dead and wounded /wundɪd/ were flown out in helicopters. [wounded: injured in a battle / by a weapon] C Headlines Here are some headlines from newspapers all connected with diseases and epidemics. Explanations are given. 34 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 13.1 What type of disaster from the list in A opposite are these sentences about? Why? 1 The lava flow destroyed three villages. 'JokaM la~ Is the ho+ llquld rolk from the mo.nłal 2 The aftershock struck at 3.35 pm local time. 3 People had boarded up shops and houses during the day before, and stayed indoors. 4 Gunfire could be heard all over the town. 5 Witnesses said they saw a fireball fall out of the sky. 6 People had to stay in the upper floors and sometimes on the roofs of their homes. 7 The earth is cracked and vegetation has dried up. 8 They quite often happen in this area of the mountains and it can take some time for the roads to be cleared, especially if trees have been brought down too. 13.2 Complete the missing items in this word-class table, using a dictionary if necessary. Where the space is shaded, you do not need to write anything. surv1vor m1ure starve erupt 13.3 In these headlines, say whether the situation seems to be getting worse or better, or whether a disaster has happened or has been avoidedlprevented. 3 Poison gas cloud spreads 2 POLICE DEFUSE TERRORIST BOMB 4 5 OILSLICK RECEDES Experts warn of AIDS time bomb 6 All survive jumbo emergency landing Flood warnings not heeded in time 13.4 Fill the gaps with a suitable word from B opposite. Try to work from memory. 1 Another 50 people died today, all ...v!d!m?................ of the famine . 2 The government agreed to allow 3,000 ................................ to enter the country. 3 It was the worst road accident the country has ever seen, with over 120 ................................ . 4 A: Were there any ................................ when the ship sank? B: I'm afraid not. 5 The ................................ and ................................ were left lying on the battlefield; it was a disgrace. 13.5 Which diseases are these? Try to do this from memory. One that can be caused by a mosquito bite. malaria 2 One you can get by drinking infected water. 3 One you can get from an animal bite. 4 One caused by a virus which destroys the body's immune system. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 35 14 A Education Stages in a person’s education (UK system) The youngest children start their education in a crèche /kreʃ/, where they mostly play but also do some early learning activities. After that, they may go to a nursery school. Between the ages of five and 11, children attend primary school, where they learn the basics of reading, writing, arithmetic, etc. For most children, secondary education begins when they enter a comprehensive school or a more traditional grammar school (to which they gain admission by sitting an exam). The famous UK public schools are in fact private, fee-paying schools. Between the ages of 11 and 18, young people take a wide range of subjects in arts, sciences and technical areas. From 16 to 18 they may study at a sixth form college, after which they can go on to further/higher education at a university or college (e.g. a teacher-training college) and study academic subjects, at the end of which they receive a degree or diploma. B Exams and qualifications You take/do/sit an exam or resit1 an exam. If you pass and do well, you get a high grade; if you fail, you don’t get the minimum grade. If you skip2 classes/lectures, you’ll probably do badly in the exam. Some schools, colleges and universities have continuous assessment with marks (e.g. 65%) or grades (e.g. A, B+) for essays and projects3 during the term. If you pass the university exams, you graduate4 / become a graduate5. There is usually a graduation ceremony, which parents and friends can attend. You can then apply for a post-graduate course, such as a Master’s degree or PhD, where you specialise in a particular field6 and write a dissertation/thesis. 1 take it again if you did badly first time 2 miss deliberately; infml 3 pieces of planned work 4 finished over a period of time /grædʒυeɪt/ get a degree 5 note the pronunciation change: 6 /'grædʒυət/ area of study C Types of classes in higher education lecture D seminar workshop tutorial Technology With an LMS1, students can work online and do more distance2 learning or blended3 learning. Teachers can monitor4 students’ activities and progress5, students can choose courses and/or modules6, submit7 work, write blogs, wikis and leave voice messages. 1 Learning Management System: computer system that controls all aspects of teaching and learning without attending classes, e.g. from home 3 using a mix of classroom and online learning 4 check regularly 5 note: progress is uncountable 6 individual elements or parts of a course 7 send/give their work to the teacher 2 E Talking about education: titles and common questions A professor is a senior university academic who is a well-known specialist in his/her subject. University and college teachers are usually called lecturers or tutors. What’s the school-leaving age? It’s 16 in a lot of countries. At what age does compulsory education begin? [which Common mistake you must do, by law] We say: pass an exam, e.g. I passed Do students get grants for further education? [money to all my exams and graduated in 2010. pay for fees, accommodation, etc.] (NOT I succeeded at/in all my exams.) 36 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 14. 1 Fill the gap s in this life story of a British woman. Nelly first went to her local 1.. p.drm.t"J ..... school at the age of five. In those days, there were very few 2 ........................ schools for children younger than five and hardly any 3 ........................ for smaller children. When she was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed an exam and so gained 4 ........................ to her local 5 ........................ school. Nowadays her own children don't do that exam, since most children go to a 6 ........................ school, though a few children from very rich families go to famous 7 ........................ schools. She left school at 16 and did not go on to 8 ........................ education. She would like to take up her education again more seriously, if she could get a 9 ........................ from the government to pay her fees . Her ambition is to go to a l O ........................ - ........................ ........................ and become a schoolteacher. 14.2 Rewrite the words in bold in this conversation using words from B opposite. ALMUT: JOE: ALMUT: JOE: A LMUT: JOE: ALMUT: JOE: 14.3 l've got one more exam tomorrow. I hope I get the minimu m grade .. p.!~? ............. . I'm worried. Really? What makes you think you won't get a high grade ........................ ? Well, l've missed ........................ a couple of classes this term. Hm. What happens if you get below the minimum grade ........................ ? I won't be able to get my degree ........................ . Are you allowed to take the exam again ........................ ? Yes. I shouldn't worry really. I got good grades in my tests I took during the year ........................ and I got an A+ for my extended piece of work ........................ on local bistory. I think you're worrying for no reason. I bet you'll be a person with a degree ....................... . by the end of this year and thinking of doing a higher-level ........................ course. l'll come to the special event when you graduate ........................ and cheer for you! Read the remarks and then write the correct names below. Harry: Alice: Will: Lorna: 'There were about 200 students there last week.' 'It's very intensive because there are just two of us.' 'We imagine we're a famous person, then we have to act our parts in groups. ' 'Because there are 15 of us, the discussion can be a bit chaotic sometimes.' Who is talking abo ut . . . 1 a workshop? ...'!':-0.\L...... 2 a serninar? ................ 3 a tutorial? ................ 4 a lecture? ............... . 14.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 She's a professor at a primary school. +e~ c her 2 The school-ending age is 16 in many countries. 3 l'm glad you succeeded at your exam. 4 She has to sit on an exam tomorrow to work as a childminder. 5 Is school compulsive till 16 in your country? 6 I have to take three more models to complete the course. 7 l've made a lot of progresses in my English recently. 8 Thanks to the LMS, teachers can mentor their students' activities. 14.5 What do we call ... ? Learning you can do at home, without going to class? 1...4 .i~+ ~ r\ ~ .~lm:i i .n~ ........... Learning that mixes classes and online work? 2 .................................... ............ The long piece of work you write when you do a PhD? 3 ................................................ Most university-level teachers? 4 ................................................ or ................................................ 14.6 Ove.r ło 1:1ou Make a chart in English for the education system in your country. Is it the same as the UK or are there differences? Compare with someone else if possible. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 37 15 A Work Jobs in a workplace director [member of the board of a company] executive /iDZ'zekjʊtiv/ [important person who makes big decisions] administrator [person who runs the office day-to-day] skilled worker [trained to do specific tasks, e.g. building a computer] unskilled worker [doing a job that needs no training] receptionist [visitors must check in with them] public relations officer [gives information about the company to the media] union representative [looks after the staff’s interests] researcher [investigates and develops new products] supervisor [makes sure workers are doing their job properly] Common mistakes The best way of getting to work (NOT job) depends on where you live. Wish me luck in my new job (NOT work). Job refers to a particular role or position. Jack’s got a new job as a researcher. Work refers to activities that you do. Jack’s work is very demanding. B Trades and professions civil servant designer [person who works for a government department putting policies into action] scientist physiotherapist /fiziəυθerəpist/ [person who treats muscle injury by rubbing and moving injured areas] PROFESSIONS [jobs that require considerable training and/or qualifications] economist [expert in financial matters] electrician firefighter childminder [person looking after others’ children in her own home while their parents are at work] C TRADES [skilled manual jobs requiring on-the-job and other training] judge [person who takes decisions in legal cases] lecturer [university teacher] ambassador [chief diplomat or person representing his/her government abroad] banker carpenter [person skilled at making things with wood] plumber [person who works with the supply and connection of water pipes] Collocations of words connected with work It’s not easy to get/find work round these parts. I’ve been offered work / a job in Paris. What d’you do for a living? I’m in publishing/banking, etc. It’s hard to make a living as a freelance writer. [earn enough money to live comfortably] She’s not prepared to take on that job. [suggests ‘having personal responsibility’] hours of work to do shiftwork or to work shifts [nights one week, days the next week] to be on flexi-time [flexible working hours] to work nine-to-five [regular day work] not working to go/be on strike [industrial dispute] to get the sack [thrown out of your job] to be fired (more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used in direct speech: ‘You’re fired!’) to be made redundant [thrown out, no longer needed] to be laid off (more informal than ‘made redundant’) to be on / take maternity (woman) or paternity (man) leave [before/after the birth of a baby] to be on / take sick leave [illness] to take early retirement [retire at 55] other useful expressions 38 to be a workaholic [love work too much] to be promoted [get a higher to apply for a job [fill in forms, etc.] position] English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 15.1 Which of the job titles in A opposite would best describe the following? 1 2 3 4 5 6 15.2 The person who represents the workers' interests in disputes with the management in a factory. unlon repsn+al~ A person who has a high position in a company and whose job it is to make important decisions. An important person in a company who sits on the board. A worker whose job requires no special training, for example, an office cleaner. A person generally in charge of the day-to-day organisation of a company/department. A person whose job it is to keep an eye on the day-to-day work of other workers. Choose job or work to complete these sentences. 1 I'll pay for the plumbing .. !l».d..................... when it's finished. 2 I'd like to apply for a ................................ in your office. 3 You should delegate more ................................ to your personal assistant. 4 Let's stop for a coffee on our way home from ................................ . 5 A ................................ in a museum wouldn't be as tiring as one in a restaurant. 15.3 Using the expressions in C opposite, say what you think has happened I is happening. I'm not working now; the baby's due in three weeks. 0he's 2 He's enjoying life on a pension, although he's only 58 . 3 One week it's six-to-two, the next it's nights. 4 They've made her General Manager as from next month! 5 I was late so often, I lost my job. 6 I get in at nine o'clock and go home at five. 7 Your trouble is you are obsessed with work! C>tl ma+ernl~ \ea~. 15.4 Which jobs do these people have? Would you call the following a trade, a profession or an unskilled job? ..~r?:lh.+ - ~ . prnf~P.?t\ . 4 ·································································· 15.5 Fili in the collocations. rd love to 1 ..9~ ........ +lh ~- ~ ·- · · · · · · · · 2 .................................................................. 3 i 5 .................................................................. 6 ·································································· · bm · iourna · l.ism, b ut it · ,s not easy w1t· h out qua l"fi · s·mee a JO i cat10ns. 3 I have to earn a ................................ somehow, I'll have to get ........................ „ ... „. wherever I can find it. l've been 4 ................................ some part-time work editing a new book, but I'm not sure I want 5 . to ................................ it ................................ . 2 15.6 ·· „_ English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 39 16 A Business Starting a business Jim Archer had an idea for a business. He had a computer but it was never just right for all his personal needs, so he went to his bank manager and put forward1 a business plan2 to sell custom-built3 computers on the Internet. He launched4 his business a year later, offering an individual service making desktop and laptop computers, and two years later rolled out5 an expanded6 range, including tablets and other hand-held devices. His firm7 now manufactures8 around 200 machines a year and delivers to 26 countries around the world. Jim said, ‘It’s all about personal service and customer care9. This was our priority10 from the start. We didn’t really do any proper market research11 and we weren’t sure if such machines would sell, especially during a recession12. But I felt there were enough potential13 customers to make it worth the risk14. I was right. Soon, designers, scientists, academics and other professional people were requesting personalised machines and our order books15 were full.’ Going forward16, Archer plans to expand the business further, and a new range of machines will launch next year. 1 offered for people to consider 2 a plan of how the business will operate 3 specially made for a particular person or thing 4 started, perhaps with a special event to mark the beginning 5 make a new product available for the first time 6 made bigger 7 company 8 produces goods in large numbers, usually in a factory 9 looking after the customer’s needs 10 something very important which must be dealt with first 11 (uncountable) finding out beforehand what people want or need 12 period of low economic activity and bad conditions for business 13 possible when the conditions are right 14 possibility of something bad happening 15 the list of orders waiting to be completed 16 going into the future Language help In business English, some verbs which usually need an object can often be used with an object or with the real object acting as the subject. real object as subject We sold 200 instruments last year. We didn’t know if the instruments would sell. They are launching a new range. The new range launches next year. They are rolling out a new range. The new range will roll out next year. Common business English phrases and collocations The CEO1 of a big corporation2 gave us these tips for success in business: • Do business in the markets you know best before trying to enter new ones. • It may be difficult to access new markets3. Build contacts; that’s the secret. • You may not make a profit immediately. Be patient. • You will probably face stiff competition4, so make sure your product is the best. • Get regular feedback5 from your employees and customers. They know best. Fact Sheet B with object 1 Chief Executive Officer 2 a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organisation 3 reach and do business with new groups of customers or parts of the world where something 4 might be sold (uncountable) other companies trying hard to be more successful than you 5 (uncountable) information/opinions about what people think of a product or service Common mistakes Profit is countable. Business can be countable or uncountable. We made a profit last year. Their profits have grown every year. (NOT Their profit has grown) We hope to do more business in Asia next year. (uncountable = the activity) New businesses are launched on the Internet every day. (countable = enterprises/companies) 40 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 16.1 Fill the gaps in the questions with words from A opposite, then complete the answers. What did Jim Archer put .. far.Wllr.4 ............. to his bank manager? He presented a „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2 What is special about the computers his „„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„. makes? They are „.„„„„.„.„„„.„„„„„ 3 When did he „„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„. his business? A „„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„. „„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„ .. 4 What did he „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ out two years later? An .„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„ „.„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„ of computers. 5 How many computers does his firm „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ naw? About „.„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„ a „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. 6 What was Jim Archer's „„.„„„.„„„„„„„.„„. from the start? Personal service and .„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. 7 Why didn't he do any „„„„„„ ..„.„.. „„„„„. research? He fełt there were enough „.„„.„„.„„.„„.„„„.„ customers. 8 Why was he not sure if the machines would „„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„? There was a .„.„„„.„„.„.„„„.„„„ at the time. 9 Was it all worth the „„„„.„„„.„.„„„.„„„? Yes. His firm's „„„„.„„.„„„.„.„ ... „.. „„.„„.„.„„.„„.„„.„. were soon full. 10 „„„„„„.„„„„.„„„.„. forward, what are his plans? He's planning a new range of computers, which will „.„„„„„.„„„„.„„.„„ next year. If possible, practise asking and answering the questions with someone else. 16.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words and phrases from A and B opposite. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16.3 The new service will be available for the first time over the whole country next year. rC>I\ C>tJ.+ The business didn't make money in its first year. There are a lot of possible customers for this product. Their list of orders waiting to be completed was full last month. It is sometimes difficult to get inro new markets if you don't have contacts. We should pay attention to the opinions and reactions our clients post on our website. Customer care is a most important issue for aur company. We need to make our business bigger in Latin America. It's important to create relationships with local people before you enter a new country. Correct the mistakes in these sentences. prC>ti+s 11Jere In the clothing industry, profit ·.vas down in 2009 but rose again in 2011. The new range of products will launch itself next month. We hope it will be sold! The firm specialises in customer-built laptops for business travelłs. Bringing forward, we expect to increase our sales in Ja pan and China. It's important to get a feedback from our clients. We're facing competitions from American firms. 7 We hope to do more businesses in North Africa in the future. 8 She's the COE of a huge corporation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 16.4 Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make typical collocations. Then write a sentence using each one. -Eust:omer order market eustom EXAMPLE C.o.s+C>mer lQre shC>o.\d lie Q riC>~p 16.5 Ove,r ło stiff in Qł'\~ built competition research eare books kind C>t lio.siness. ':fOU lf you could start a business, what would it be? What would you need to do to make it a success? Write a paragraph outlining your ideas. Use words and phrases from this unit lf possible, compare your ideas with someone else. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 41 17 A Sport Some sports whose names you may not know hang-gliding snowboarding B (ten-pin) bowling scuba diving fencing showjumping snooker/pool/ billiards /bɪljədz/ windsurfing motor racing archery Equipment – what you hold in your hand golf – club squash/tennis/badminton – racket darts – dart archery – bow cricket / table tennis / baseball – bat ice hockey / field hockey – stick snooker/pool/billiards – cue canoeing – paddle rowing – oar fishing – rod/line C Athletics discus (throw) javelin /'jævlɪn/ high jump long jump gymnastics pole vault She’s a great sprinter. [fast over short distances] He’s a great long-distance runner. (e.g. 5,000 metres) He’s doing a marathon next month. D Competition in sport She set a new Olympic record last year. He holds the record for the 100 metres breaststroke. England qualified for the World Cup but got knocked out in the third round. [achieved the necessary standard but lost at the third stage and were then excluded from the competition] Our team made it to / reached the semi-final but then we were beaten. [won every stage of the competition except the last but one, and so did not enter the final match/event] Most sports are very competitive these days. [involve a strong desire to win and be better than other people] She felt proud as she held the trophy in her hands. [cup or other object that shows she has won] Players who disagree with the referee set a bad example to the spectators and to their fans. [people who are present at a sporting event to watch it] E People who do particular sports -er can be used for many sports, e.g. footballer, swimmer, etc. Player is often necessary, e.g. tennis player, squash player. Some names must be learnt separately, e.g. canoeist, mountaineer, jockey, archer (NOT archerer), gymnast. Common mistake In British English, the noun sport is used in the plural when it describes another noun (e.g. equipment, facilities, club). The shop sells sports equipment. (NOT sport equipment) However, you will hear the singular sport used before another noun in American English. 42 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 17 .1 Which of the sports opposite are these people probably talking about? The ball doesn't roll in a straight line on the ground. You have to aim away from the centre of the pins ....<±1m . -:fl . ri ).k P.!l:in~ ...... Provided it's not too windy at the top of the hill, there's no problem ................................ . lt is incredibly noisy, fast and dangerous, but it's really exciting to watch ................................ . The horse has to get over a series of jumps without knocking the posts off................................. lt's all a matter of balance. But sometimes you can't help falling in the water................................. You need a good eye and concentration, especially to hit the centre of the board ................................ . The different ball colours are worth different numbers of points ................................ . lt's a fantastic feeling when the snow flies up inro the air around you . ............................... . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 17 .2 N ame a piece of equipment necessary to do these sports a part from the item given. 1 golf: ball, .. fl!!k............... 2 archery: arrow, ........................ 3 tennis: ball, ........................ 17 .3 4 field hockey: ball, ........................ 5 baseball: ball, ..... „................. 6 darts: dartboard, ....... „............... 7 canoeing: canoe, ........................ 8 snooker: balls, ........................ 9 rowing: boat, ....................... . Fill the gaps with suitable words. 1 She's a .!Pr>1-:~(łtlfL runner. She won a medal last year for the 1,500 metres. She's won a lot of ................................ in the last five years and has them all in a glass cabinet at her house. 2 Were many new records ................................ at the last Olympics? 3 He's doing a ................................ next week - running 42 kilometres! That's 26 rniles! 4 Who ................................ the world record for the 1,000 metres these days? Is it a Russian? 5 His national team failed to ................................ for the World Cup so he's supporting Brazil instead. 6 Last year, our team ........................... the final for the first time in 1 O years but we lost. (two answers) 7 My team got ................................ in the second ................................ of the competition. We were very disappointed it happened at such an early stage. 8 All Olympic sports are highly ................................ ; everyone has one ambition - to win gold. 9 Thousands of ................................ protested loudly at the decision of the ................................ to give their team captain a red card. 1O The world 's best ................................ can run 1 OO metres in less than 1 O seconds. „ . .. . .. . . . . „ ..... . ....... „ .... . .. 17.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake. g~mnas+ 1 She was a champion:gymnastic when she was a teenager. 2 Are you a good tenniser? We're trying to get a loca! team together. 3 My brother is an expert canoist. He's won medals. 4 5 6 7 8 My father is a good golfist. He's also an expert mountainer. Is there a shop near here that sells sport equipment? I need a fishing rocie. l'd love to be a good archerer, but my eyesight isn't very good. Are you a sprinter or a long-distant runner? My favourite Olympic sports are fence and the height jump. 17.5 Which sport ... ? 1 covers a long distance in one jump? lbng jump 2 throws a heavy disc a long way? 3 throws a pole with a sharp point? 17.6 0Vt.r ło ':fOtc Make a list of (a) sports you have dane and (b) sports you would like to do. What equipment did you need I would you need for each one? Write sentences about why you liked or disliked the ones you've dane. lf possible, compare your list with someone else's. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 43 18 A Art and literature Art and the arts novels short stories drama theatre biographies PERFORMING ARTS LITERATURE poetry FINE ART(S) sculpture painting dance cinema ballet opera, concerts: classical/rock/ country and western architecture ceramics (making pots, bowls, etc.) The arts (plural) covers everything in the network. Art (singular, uncountable) usually means fine art, but can also refer to technique and creativity. Have you read the arts page in the paper today? [that part of the newspaper that deals with all the things in the network] She’s a great art lover. [loves painting and sculpture] Shakespeare was skilled in the art of poetry. [creative ability] Ask Sarah to help you decorate your room – she’s very artistic. [shows skill and imagination in creating things] A work of art (plural = works of art) is an object made by a skilled artist – typically a painting, drawing or statue. The phrase arts and crafts is used to refer to the skills of making objects such as decorations, jewellery and furniture by hand. B Types of art and artists This is a sculptor – he’s creating a statue – his type of art is called sculpture. This is a potter – she’s throwing a pot – her type of art is called pottery. Tim is an architect – he’s designing a building – his type of art is called architecture. An abstract painting involves shapes and colours rather than images of real people or things. A portrait is a painting of a person. A landscape is a painting of a scene in the countryside. A still life is a painting of a set of objects that do not move, usually fruit or flowers. An original painting is one produced by the painter him/herself rather than a copy or reproduction. C Literature Jacquie O’Donnell is one of the country’s most popular novelists1. She has written a series2 of romantic novels all with a historical setting3. These have all been bestsellers4 although the critics5 complain that her plots6 are predictable and her characters7 are not very realistic. Her cousin, Pamela Smith, is a more literary8 writer and her books tend to get better reviews9 although they do not sell so well. Both writers have a novel which will be ready for publication10 later this year; they will also be available to download as e-books11. We have received advance copies of both novels and it is interesting to compare the opening passage12 from Smith’s latest book with an extract13 from the first chapter of O’Donnell’s. 1 people who write long stories about imaginary people and events (remember a novel is typically at least 150 pages long; anything shorter is a short story) 2 set of books featuring the same characters 3 background for a story or film 4 very popular books that sell in large numbers 5 people whose job it is to give their opinion of something, typically books, films or music 6 stories 7 people in a book or film 8 serious rather than popular 9 what the critics write 10 making something available in a printed form 11 electronic book 12 short piece of text 13 part of a book chosen to be used in an article or for discussion 44 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 18.1 Which branch of the arts do you think these people are talking about? 1 He's created some beautiful vases but I'm not SO keen on his other pieces. rot+e~ 2 It doesn't have to rhyme to be good. 3 Oils to me don't have the delicacy of watercolours. 4 Her design for the new city hall won an award. 5 The first chapter was boring but it got better later. 18.2 What type of painting is each of these? ............ . 1 .. ~dr.+ 2 ···········-········-········· 3 ............................... . 4 ................................ 18.3 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence. 1 A sculpture /~is someone who makes statues. 2 The Dutch artist Rembrandt was a master of art I the art of portrait painting. 3 On Saturdays there's a market in the city square where they sell all sorts of art I arts and craft I crafts. 4 Which would you rather be good at - art I the art or music I the music? 5 I saw some interesting abstract works of art I work of arts at the City Gallery. 18.4 Find the missing words to complete the crossword. A cross 2 The ................................ have generally been very positive about Kelly's latest novel. 3 Do you like this picture ? It's only a ................................. I could never afford an original. 5 The author began his talk by reading a short ................................ from his latest book. 6 I usually prefer to read books with a modern ................................ rather than ones about some unfamiliar period. 8 l've loved all the books in this detective ................................ . I hope they'll publish another one soon. 9 Max is, of course, hoping that his first novel will become a ................................ . 1O H ave you read any ................................ of the novel we've got to read for our English class? IO Down Maria's first novel is due for ................................ this surnmer. 2 You know from the first page that the two main ................................ in the novel are going to fall in love with each other. 4 The novel has a very interesting ................................ with some unexpected twists in it. 7 Paul's short story is going to be published in the country's leading ................................ magazine. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 45 19 A Theatre and cinema At the theatre We went to see a new production of Hamlet last night. The sets1 were incredibly realistic and the costumes2 were wonderful. It was a good cast3 and I thought the direction4 was excellent. Anthony Cartwright gave a marvellous performance5. It got rave reviews6 in the papers today. 1 scenery, buildings, furniture on the stage or in a 2 studio clothes the actors wear on stage 3 all the actors in the performance 4 the way the director had organised the performance 5 6 + note these typical collocations 6 got very enthusiastic comments Dance usually refers to modern artistic dance forms; ballet /bæleɪ/ usually has a more traditional feel, unless we say modern ballet. A comedian is a person who entertains people by telling jokes. They may have a show of their own or they may feature in a show with lots of different entertainers. [people whose job it is to entertain others] The people who watch a show are the audience. Viewer is only used about someone watching a TV programme. Language help When we refer to a performing art in general, we can leave out the definite article, e.g. Are you interested in (the) cinema/ballet/opera/theatre? But: Would you like to come to the cinema/ballet/ opera/theatre with us next week? [particular performance] B At the cinema ANNA: BETH: ANNA: BETH: ANNA: BETH: Our local cinema’s showing Titanic again next week. Do you fancy going to see it? Yes, that’d be great. I love that scene1 at the prow of the ship. An ocean liner is such a romantic place for a film to be set2. Yes, and I think the film really captures3 how terrifying the wreck must have been. That’s right. The script4 was based on a lot of research into what actually happened. And the dialogue5’s particularly good, I think. Do you know who the director6 was? James Cameron, I think. He wrote the screenplay7 too. And the score8 is by James Horner. That really adds to the atmosphere. 1 part of a play or film where the action happens in one place 2 take place in 3 represents very accurately 4 the words of a play or film 5 conversation written for a book, play or film 6 7 person in charge of making a play or film text for a film including instructions for actors and 8 camera operators music for a film C Other words connected with events in the arts The Opera Society are doing a performance of Don Giovanni. The National Theatre has a very large and versatile stage. [area above ground level where actors perform] What’s on at the cinema/theatre, etc. next week? (note the two prepositions) Sometimes they use our school hall as a venue for concerts – it’s a little small but is otherwise quite good. There was an actor on TV last night promoting an interesting new play he’s appearing in at The Globe. [providing publicity for; noun = promotion][acting; noun = appearance] 46 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 19.1 Fill the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets. I thought all the cast gave an excellent ..p.~rfn!) .... in the play last night. (perform) particularly funny. (comedy) I don't find that ... but this one did. (direct) lt's unusual for a film to have two l've seen for a long time. (entertain) Paolo Tomassi is one of the best of a Shakespeare play l've ever seen. (produce) It was one of the best My favourite actor makes only a brief in the film. (appear) 2 3 4 5 6 „ . ....... . .. .... .... . „ . . . . . „„„„„„.„„„„„„.„„„ „„„.„„„„„„.„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„. „„ „ „„„„„.„„„„„„„. 19.2 Definite article or not? Fili the gap with the if necessary. ballet. 1 The government doesn't give enough money to „. ~ .„ 2 She's got a diploma in „ „ „ „ . „ „. „ . „ „ „ „. „ „ „ dance from the Performing Arts Academy. 3 I've got some tickets for „„„„„„„.„„„„„. „„ „ opera. Interested? 4 Shall we go to . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ cinema this evening? There are several good things on. 5 I much prefer „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. „ „ „ „ „ . theatre to „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . ballet, don't you? 19.3 Choose the correct word from the box to fili each gap in this online review. There are some extra words in the box which you do not need. .audienEe rev1ews ca st scenes critics entertainers costumes performances productions screenplay script sets stage venue words liiiii! Review ~ l:t@I• Home News So9n Book tickets Contact us Last night actors at the Central Theatre put on a new play by Martha Collins. I spoke to severa! other members of the 1 audienle and they all loved it. They commented • They were impressed by the afterwards on the quality of her 2 3 the actors wore. They also found the 4 original and visually interesting. Most importantly of all, the 5 was felt to be first class, with particularly strong 6 from the two leading actors. There were also positive comments on the 7 , which has been recently refurbished and has a large revolving 8 . The people I spoke to all hope that the 9 in the national press will write rave 10_ _ _ _ __ about the show. 19.4 Ask questions for which these remarks would be suitable answers. pl~ a SUlleSS? 1 Yes, it got rave reviews. W;s łhe 2 No, I'm not really a concert-goer, but thanks anyway. 3 Oh, romantic comedies, I think. 4 The cast were all good, but the direction was weak. 5 A new Hungarian film; fancy going to see it? 19.5 OV~r ło tjOll Choose a film and answer these questions about it. • Who do you think gives the best performance in it? • Who's the director? • Where was it set? • What is your favourite scene in it? • What's the score like? • Are there any particularly memorable lines in the dialogue? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 47 20 A Music Downloading and managing your music Downloading music as MP31 files is easy. • You can download a whole album or individual tracks2. • You can save your favourite albums and tracks in playlists so you can find them easily on your music player. • You can sync3 (or, more formal, synchronise) the music files on your computer with your phone or MP3 player. • You can also stream4 music from the Internet or from your computer to other rooms in your home if you have the right equipment. 1 a popular type of audio file – you can listen to the files on an MP3 player 2 one song or piece of music from an album 3 have exactly the same files and data on more than one device 4 play music in real time from one source to another B A typical rock band She’s lead singer in a rock band. One of her brothers plays lead guitar and her other brother is a keyboard player, so it’s a real family band. drums What would you rather play in a band, drums or bass? I could never be a drummer but I think I could become a fairly good bass guitarist. C Types of music keyboard My family all have different tastes singer bass /beɪs/ guitar in music. My sister Nicky loves classical music, my uncle Jed’s a folk fan and my father loves jazz. I like R&B1 and hip-hop2. I even compose a bit of rap3 myself! My older brother is into4 The Beatles and other 60s music5. My mother loves film soundtracks6 but I just find them uninteresting. One type of music I can’t stand is the canned music7 you get in supermarkets and airports – it drives me crazy! 1 Rhythm and Blues, originally a black American form of blues music with a strong rhythm a style of popular music where the words are spoken rather than sung 3 the words spoken in hip-hop music (can also be a verb) 4 interested in and enthusiastic about 5 music from the 1960s 6 music from a film or TV show 7 artificial or recorded music played in the background 2 D Collocations for musical activities She plays the guitar but she doesn’t read music. She plays by ear. She’s got a good ear*. She can pick out* a tune on almost any instrument. She’s a very talented musician. You can make music in lots of ways. You don’t need to be a trained musician to enjoy music to the full. * informal Common mistakes We say: classical music. (NOT classic) She loves classical music. (NOT classic music) Music is uncountable. They played fantastic music for an hour. (NOT fantastic musics) 48 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 20. 1 Fill the gaps in the conversation. HENRY: ANNA: 20.2 l've been listening to some songs from the new ..~lk\.!m ................... by the Hoods. lt's great. I downloaded them to my ................................ player and my phone, so l've got them in both places. I just got six ................................ , not the whole thing. Oh, right. I download music files but then forget to ................................ them with my phone, so I don't have them when I travel! But I can ................................ them from the computer in my study to the audio system in the living room, so I do get to listen to them. l've made some good ................................ with my favourite tracks. In a typical rock band ... . 1 ... who usually sings the songs? ..+h~ l~d ..?.Jr\~ ........................... 2 ... who keeps the rhythm using two sticks? .............................................................. . 3 ... who plays the lowest musical notes? .............................................................. . 4 ... who plays an electric piano or organ? .............................................................. . 5 ... who plays the highest notes on the guitar? .. „ ... „ ...... • ........ „ • ...................... •. ......... ••• 20.3 Read the comments and then answer the questions. Roy: Diana: Greg: Kim: Alison: Tony: 'I must be the only person who actually likes the music in supermarkets.' 'I love the old original tracks by groups like The Beatles and the Rolling Stones.' 'I love the film and I'm going to buy the music from it. I often buy film music.' 'I listen to the traditional songs of my country and try to learn them.' 'I just love the way they can speak the words so fast - it's so clever.' 'l've always loved the blues and I like music with a strong rhythm.' 1 Who likes soundtracks? ...qrnB··················· 2 Who likes hip-hop? ................................ 3 Who likes 60s music? ............................... . 4 Who is a folk music fan? ................................ 5 Who likes R&B? ................................ 6 Who likes canned music? ............................... . 20.4 Complete the missing words in this advertisement. You are sometimes given the first letter(s). Do you have a good eor for music? Do you play a musical instrument _ _ _ _ _ ear? Can you p out a tune on an instrument you've never played before? We are looking for volunteers to take part in an experiment to investigate musician and you people's natural musical abilities. You don 't need to be a tr don't need to be able to r music. lf you just music at home or with friends for fun, whatever kinds of m you are i , whether it's cl music, j , pop, we want to hear from you . We believe there musicians out there and we want to learn 111ore abc;iut how you are many ta do it. _ _.._, CONTACT US ON 01255 75614478 OR GO TO NATURALMUSICEXP.ORG. 20.5 Ove,r ło tjou W rite answers that are t rue for you. Can you rernember the name of the first album you ever bought? Who was it by? 2 How often do you down load tracks or whole albums? Whi ch do you prefer to do? 3 Which kinds of music mentioned on the opposite page do you particul arly li ke/disli ke? 4 Can you play any musica l instrume nts and how we ll do yo u play them? 5 What instrument and what kind of music wou ld you like to be abl e to play wel l and wh y? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 49 21 A Food Talking about flavours and tastes – adjectives and some opposites (≠) hot, spicy (e.g. curry) ≠ mild bland [very little flavour; rather negative] salty [a lot of salt] sugary [a lot of sugar] sickly [too much sugar] savoury /seivəri/ [pleasant, slightly salty or with herbs] sour [sharp, often unpleasant taste, like a lemon, and not sweet] bitter [with an unpleasantly sharp taste] tasty [has a good taste/flavour] ≠ tasteless [no flavour at all] moreish [having a pleasant taste, so you want to eat more] I love spicy food, especially curries – the hotter the better! My sister prefers mild curries. Those cakes are too sugary for me. They have a sickly taste. They had some delicious savoury snacks at the party. They were very moreish. The breakfast buffet was very poor quality: the coffee tasted bitter and the fruit juice was sour. The food on the plane was bland and tasteless – it was like eating cardboard! B Appearance, presentation and quality of food This meat is overcooked/overdone / undercooked/underdone. I’m afraid this mango is a bit unripe. They’re not really in season at the moment. [not ready to eat; opp = ripe] [being produced and ready and available] This butter has gone off. I think we should throw it out. [not good to eat because it is too old] I don’t feel like anything heavy. I just want something light; a salad would be fine. British cooking can be very stodgy. /stɒdʒi/ [heavy, hard to digest] Julia will only buy organic fruit and vegetables. [grown without artificial chemicals] We should try to have a balanced diet, without too much or too little of any particular thing. A diet of junk food can cause long-term health problems. [food that is unhealthy but easy and quick to eat] Processed food in general is not good for you. [that has been treated with chemicals to preserve it or give it extra colour or taste] C Eating out At most good restaurants, you usually have to book a table / make a reservation beforehand. If something happens, or you are ill, you may need to cancel the booking/reservation. In the UK a meal in a restaurant is typically three courses: a starter1, a main course, then a dessert. You can often order side dishes2. Some restaurants may have a set menu [a selection of dishes at a fixed price], or you can order individual dishes (called ordering à-la-carte). Restaurants often have specials3 advertised on a board. They often cater for vegetarians, non-meat-eaters4 and vegans5. 1 3 5 D (uncountable) knives, forks or spoons small square of paper or cloth used when you eat to protect your clothes light snack / appetiser 2 a smaller dish alongside the main course (e.g. an extra vegetable) dishes only available on that day 4 people who don’t eat meat but who are not vegetarians people who don’t eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese or leather Eating at home host:1 Right, there’s more soup. Who wants seconds2? guest: Oh, yes, please. It was absolutely delicious. host: There’s bread here. Just help yourself3. guest: Thanks. host: Be sure to keep a bit of room for some pudding4. Can I re-fill your glass? guest: Ah, yes, thank you. host: Say when. guest: When! That’s fine. Thanks. 50 1 2 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 1 the person who has invited the guests a second serving of something 3 serve yourself 4 desserts are often called pudding (uncountable), a sweet (countable) or afters (plural) at home 2 Exercises 21.1 Which taste and flavour words opposite could you use to describe the following? a strong Indian curry s~ I ho+ a pizza with cheese and herbs 3 sea water 1 2 21.2 4 an unripe apple 5 a cup of tea with five spoonfuls of sugar 6 extremely strong black coffee with no sugar Using words from B opposite, what could you say to the person/people with you in a restaurant if ... 1 you bad ordered a mild curry but got the opposite? 'fhls c.ur~ Is +oo ho+ I +oo s~ for me. 2 the fish you ordered had obviously been cooked too much I tao long? you ordered melon and it was very hard? your dish seemed to have no flavours at all? there was too much salt in your soup? someone at your table recommended a big steak but you just wanted a salad? the dish you ordered was very heavy and difficult to digest? a piece of chicken you ordered bad not been cooked enough? you wonder if the vegetables have been grown without artificial chemicals? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21.3 Read the comments and then complete the sentences with words and phrases from the opposite page. Chris: 'I bad to call the waiter to bring me a knife and fork.' Chris needed ..f~+J.er! ............... . 2 Emma: 'If you want a dish not on the menu there's usually a blackboard with other dishes.' The restaurant usually has same ................................ . 3 Oscar: 'The peanuts were free and I just couldn't stop eating them.' Oscar thought the peanuts were ................................ . 4 Tina: 'I needed one because I didn't want to spill food on my new dress.' Tina needed .JP~!Yle) 5 Jordi: 'I'm not a vegetarian; I just don't eat meat. 'Jordi is a ................................ . 6 Alan: 'I didn't like the set menu. I ordered individual dishes.' Alan ordered ................................ . 7 Elaine: 'It's a big student restaurant. You don't need to phone beforehand.' Elaine said you don't need to ................................................ I ................................................. (two answers) 8 Krishnan: 'With my main course I ordered an extra bowl of chips and same mushrooms.' Krishnan ordered a couple of ................................ . 9 Jackie: 'Everybody bad colds so we phoned the restaurant and said we weren't coming.' Jackie and her friends cancelled ................................ I ................................. (two answers) 10 Hannah: 'I bad same prawns before the main course.' Hannah bad ................................ . 21 .4 If you were the host at a dinner party, what could you say to your guests if ... ................. ? 1 you offered them another serving of something? Who ..~ . 1:\±P .. P.8~f?!)d 2 you wanted them to serve themselves? Please ................................................ . you started to re-fill their glass? ................................................ . What could the guest say when you had poured enough? ................................................ ! 4 you offered them something sweet after the main course? Would you like ................................................ I ................................................ I ................................................ I ................................................ ? (four possible answers) 3 21.5 ov~r ło ':fOll Write sentences th at are t ru e for you. Which words from A and B opposite could you use to describe the food of your country or culture? Give same examples of dishes. Which fruit or vegetables are in season at different times of the year? 2 Describe your favourite dish, what is in it, how it is prepared, what flavours it has, etc. 3 How often do you eat junk food or processed food? Why? Do you have a balanced diet? In what ways? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 51 22 A Physical geography Geographical features You have to be careful about the use of ‘the’ with geographical features. use with ‘the’? example countries no France countries which are in a plural form yes the USA, the Philippines individual mountains no Mount Everest mountains in the Bernese Oberland yes the Jungfrau /jυŋfraυ/ mountain chains yes the Himalayas /hɪməleɪjəz/ islands no Sicily groups of islands yes the West Indies rivers yes the Volga oceans yes the Pacific seas yes the Mediterranean /medɪtə'reɪniən/ gulfs, bays and straits yes the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of Biscay, the Strait of Malacca lakes no Lake Erie currents yes the Gulf Stream Language help Although most countries do not take ‘the’, they do need the definite article when they are followed by a phrase limiting the meaning, e.g. the Japan of today, the France we know from paintings, the South America of the past. B Geographical features in Iceland Iceland An island republic in the North Atlantic. The landscape consists largely of barren plains1 and mountains, with large ice fields particularly in the south west. The island has active volcanoes2 and is known for its thermal3 springs and geysers4. With less than 1% of the land suitable for growing crops5, the nation’s economy is based on fishing, and fish products account for 80% of the exports. Area: 103,000 km2. Population: 318,000. Capital: Reykjavik. cape cliff bay peninsula flat land where little grows 2 volcanoes that still erupt hot 4 hole in the ground that sends out hot water and steam 5 food that is grown gulf 1 3 C waterfall The sea, rivers and mountains Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach Words connected with rivers: valley, gorge [valley with very steep sides], stream [small river] Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier [river of ice] 52 source English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate tributary mouth delta estuary Exercises 22.1 Find words on the opposite page that match the definitions. a movement of water in a particular direction ..wr.nm.+. .............. 2 the wide part of a river at its mouth ................................ 3 the top of a mountain (two words) ................................ 4 the place where a river starts ............................... . 5 the land along the edge of a sea or lake ................................ 6 a narrow stretch of sea between two areas of land ................................ 7 a long piece of land sticking out into the sea or a lake ................................ 8 a long narrow high part of a mountain ............................... . 22.2 In the paragraph below all the instances of the have been omitted. Insert them wherever they are necessary. +he River Arna C L/I~ Brazil is /\ fifth largest country in world . In north, densely forested basin of River Amazon covers half country. In east, country I is washed by Atlantic. Highest mountain chain m South America, Andes, does not !ie m Brazil. Brazil's most famous city is Rio de Janeiro, former capital. Today capital of Brazil 22.3 22.4 22.5 . Brasilia "' Rio t0aneiro lS Brasilia. Can you answer the following genrał knowledge geography quiz? · the highest mountam · m · Afnca · 1... „. •A~ ~ ou t:\+ · ro 1 What is ....k'I' J . ! rn~.tlj! ............... 2 What is the longest river in Europe? ............................................... . 3 Where is the highest waterfall in the world? ............................................... . 4 Name another country, apart from Iceland, which has geysers and hot Springs . ............................... . 5 What is a delta and which famous river has one? ............................................... . 6 Where are the Straits of Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope? ............................................... . .... Find 17 more words for geographical features. vertically but not diagonally. p w A T E G L A c I o I V G E R s V o L G L c E A E A A c K D N p p E E D E E R L p L A I T M E K o A F V s D „ ...... . .... . . Words go either horizontally or A L p c y s E R c A N o u L I p R E N s R o s E E G u L N s L A T B A y M u p G R E F R LJ s H o R E A F y s l Give two nouns from the opposite page to go with the adjectives below. Try not to repeat any of the nouns you choose. 1 sandy .. k ~.fh .. ................................ 2 steep ................................ ................................ 3 shallow ................................ ................................ 22.6 Brazil OV~r ło 4 rocky ................................................................ 5 turbulent ................................................................ 6 dangerous ............................................................... . ':fOLC Drawa map of a country or area that interests you . Write t he Eng lish names of its ma in geographica l features on it. Write a paragraph about the geography of the area. Then, if possible, tell a partner about the area . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 53 23 A Environmental problems The problems and their causes Home About us News Videos Contact A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalisation1 continues, local issues become international ones, so today there are few places in the world that do not suffer from environmental problems. Some of the major problems now affecting the world are acid rain2, air pollution3, global warming4, hazardous5 waste, ozone depletion6, smog7, water pollution, overpopulation, and rainforest destruction8. People are also worried about the greenhouse effect, where an increase in the smog amount of carbon dioxide [CO2] and other gases9 in the Earth’s atmosphere10 causes a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth. This global warming is leading to the thawing of the polar ice caps11 and all this is causing concern about climate change. Both human behaviour and climate change have led to many animal and plant species12 becoming endangered13 or even extinct14. 1 2 increasing business, cultural and other contacts between countries rain which contains harmful chemicals as a result of burning substances such as oil and coal [acid = a type of liquid that reacts 3 chemically with other materials, sometimes dissolving them] damage caused to the air by harmful 4 5 substances or waste rise in the world’s temperature dangerous 6 reduction in the ozone layer [layer of air above the Earth containing ozone which prevents harmful ultraviolet light from the sun from reaching Earth] 7 air pollution found in cities caused by a mixture of smoke, gases and chemicals (the word has been formed from smoke + fog) 8 destroying (cutting down) forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rain 9 substance in a form that is neither solid nor liquid 10 the mixture of gases around the Earth 11 ice covering the areas at the North and South Poles 12 13 types very few in number, at risk of becoming extinct 14 not existing any longer Language help The prefix over- means too much. Overfishing means that people have fished so much that it is having a serious effect on fish populations. Overpopulated means there are so many people living in an area that life is difficult there. B Dealing with the problems Worldwide efforts are being made to improve the situation. Green parties and green or ecological policies are mainly concerned with protecting the environment. Conservation organisations are developing nature reserves where plants and animals are protected. Farmers increasingly produce organic food, which avoids the use of harmful chemicals. More companies try to behave in a way that is environmentally friendly or ecologically sound. Societies attempt to dispose of waste in a more responsible way, by, for example, recycling as much as possible. People aim to reduce their carbon footprint by using cars less so that they cut down on their use of fossil fuels, for example. C Word families noun verb adjective adverb globalisation globalise global globally environmental environmentally environment, environmentalist 54 pollution, pollutant pollute polluting destruction destroy destructive disposal dispose disposable reduction reduce reduced English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate destructively Exercises 23.1 Answer each question, using a word or expression from the box. acid rain carbon dioxide endangered species ~ global warming globalisation hazardous waste ozone layer polar ice caps destruction of rainforests water pollution smog liuame ex+lrd. What happened to dinosaurs about 65 million years ago? 1h~ 2 What is the name for a special layer in the Earth's atmosphere which helps protect our planet? 3 What word can be used to describe the increasing contact between countries that has a major impact on life today? What causes problems because it is difficult to dispose of safely? What have scientists shown to be melting worryingly fast at the North and South Poles? What does the chemical symbol C0 2 represent? What has been happening in the Amazon area and in other tropical areas like Indonesia and Malaysia? 8 What problem is a type of air pollution? 9 What can cause harm to plant or other life when it falls on the land or sea? 1O What is the Siberian tiger an example of? 11 What has caused much plant and anima! life in rivers in industrial areas to die out? 12 What is the term for the phenomenon describing the rise in the Earth's average temperature? 4 5 6 7 23.2 Match words to form compound nouns. 2 3 4 5 23.3 acid car bon climate foss il green fu el .. !1~4 change party footprint ram . H.ir:\ ......................... „ .. greenhouse nature orgamc ozone 10 was te 6 7 8 9 disposal ............................................... . reserve depletion effect food Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence. 1 An ..~.t:\Vlrf>)mił!$L .. is a person who does what they can to help protect the environment. 2 ................................ items like plastic cups and paper plates are labour-saving but have a harmful effect on the environment. 3 The government says it is aiming for a significant ................................ in this country's use of fossil fuels over the next ten years. 4 The company plans to ................................ part of a nature reserve in order to build its new warehouses. 5 Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an air ................................ . 6 The melting of the polar ice caps will have a ................................ impact on the environment. 7 Staff can ................................ of all recyclable items in these green bins. 8 Air pollution may ................................ the lives of people with respiratory illnesses. 9 This company is proud of its ................................ friendly policies. 23.4 Ovu ło ':fOU Answer th ese question s. Which of the environmental problems in A exist in your country? 2 Do you think climate change is having any impact in your country? 3 How much support do green parties have in your country? 4 What cou ld power cars instead of petrol or diese l? 5 Suggest three things people can do to reduce the ir carbon footprint. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 55 24 A Towns Describing a city The words city and town are sometimes used interchangeably but a city is generally large with a wider range of facilities. This is a description of Cork, one of Ireland’s main cities. Which words or phrases might be useful for describing your own or another town? Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed with a population of about 119,500 it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island created by two channels of the River Lee, with many of the suburbs within walking distance of the centre. The buses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way traffic system is extremely complicated. In the hilly area of the city is the famous Shandon Steeple, the bell-tower of St Anne’s Church, built on the site of a church destroyed when the city was besieged by the English in 1690. Back across the River Lee lies the city’s cathedral, an imposing 19th-century building in the French Gothic style. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who enjoy the lively atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The town has good sports and arts facilities. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit. It regularly puts on adventurous exhibitions by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the picturesque harbour. There are other residential areas on the outskirts. B Facilities Sports: swimming pool sports centre golf course tennis courts football pitch skating rink Culture: theatre opera house concert hall radio station art gallery Education: school college university library adult education centre museum Catering, accommodation and night-life: restaurant take-away hotel B&B (bed and breakfast) youth hostel club Transport: bus service taxi rank car hire car park parking meters Other: health centre law courts registry office citizens’ advice bureau job centre department store chemist’s garden centre police station Town/City Hall estate agent housing estate industrial estate C D Problems in cities problem effect cause traffic jams traffic very slow, commuters get very stressed too much traffic especially in the rush hour slums housing in a bad condition poverty – people don’t have money to spend on housing vandalism pointless destruction of property poverty, lack of hope overcrowding difficult living conditions too many people living in one place pollution deterioration in health traffic and industrial Adjectives to describe a city picturesque [very pretty and attractive], historic, spacious [with plenty of space], elegant, magnificent, lively, deserted [no one on the streets, e.g. at night], bustling [with lots of movement], packed [very crowded], filthy [very dirty], run-down [in a very bad condition] Common mistake There are a lot of open spaces in the centre of London. (NOT There are a lot of open places in …) 56 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 24.1 Check that you understand the text about Cork by answering the following questions. 1 Where is Cork? Cbrh Is In .fhe SbU.fh bt .fhe f4epuli\lc. bt lre\ond. 2 Where is the shopping and business centre of Cork? 3 What is Cork's traffic system like? What is special about the site of St Anne's Church? In what style is the architecture of Cork Cathedra!? Can you buy souvenirs at the markets? Why is the Crawford Gallery worth visiting? 8 Where do Cork people live? 4 5 6 7 24.2 Fill in the gaps in this description of a town. Use words from the text about Cork. Cambridge has the 1 ...?.P~knd ................ oldest university in England (after Oxford). lt has a 2 ................................ of around 108,900, many of whom are students. The main tourist 3 ................................ of the town lies in the city centre, around the university colleges. A number of the old university buildings are built on the 4 ................................ of farmer monasteries or convents. Most of the mare picturesque colleges 5 ................................ the River Cam. Most of the main hotels in the town are within walking 6 ................................ of the centre. The town centre has a lively fruit and vegetable 7 ................................ and it 8 ................................ to be very crowded on Saturdays. The Fitzwilliam Museum is well 9 ................................ visiting as is an art gallery called Kettle's Yard which regularly puts on quite varied 10 ................................ by a range of artists. The town also has plenty of sports 11 ................................ catering for both young and old. An interesting new Science Park has been built on the 12 ................................ of the town, about two kilometres from the city centre. 24.3 Look at the list of facilities listed in B. Think of a town and tick all those facilities which the town has. 24.4 Suggest three words which would collocate well with the nouns below. The words do not have to be on the left-hand page. ....... I - ~.lIK ....... I ..f~\ .............. I museum 1 ..h.1 . ?~(f 2 ........................ /„.„„.„„.„„.„.„. / „„„„„„.„.„.„„. /centre 3 ........................ ! ........................ ! ........................ /college 24.5 5 ........................ / ........................ / ....... „„ ........... „/club 6 „.„.„.„.„.„.„.„. /„.„„ ................. / ........................ /agency Which of the facilities in B might you go to in order to: 4 get married? 5 buy a house? 6 see an exhibition? 1 dance? o duli 2 play tennis? 3 find a taxi? 24.6 4 ........................ I ........................ I „....„.„„ ........ „. I court 7 borrow a book? 8 buy a meal to eat at home? 9 do an evening class? What are the problems in C for these suggested solutions? 1 They should provide good-quality state housing. slums 2 There should be stricter laws about traffic emissions. 3 They should restrict the number of people living in any one area. 4 People who destroy public property should be made to do community service. 5 We need a much better public transport system. 24.7 r.m........... Write a descript1on of the town where you live or another town you know well, using as much of t he . . . . . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate . 57 I • 25 A The natural world Birds and animals horns mane beak whiskers wing tail fur eggs nest hoof feather claws paw B Flowers and trees leaves petals pollen branch bud thorn leaf twig roots stem C branch bark trunk bough Specific animals frog owl shark whale fox snail crab bat worm pigeon peacock deer (singular and plural) seal Here are the English names of some creatures that you may not know. D Some verbs and collocations for talking about processes in nature Our apple tree flowers / blossoms in April. Let’s pick some flowers. These birds lay their eggs on the ground. Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey. Some verbs can be intransitive (no object) or transitive (with an object): These flowers grow very quickly. We grew some tomatoes in our garden last year. These animals breed in the spring. My neighbour breeds Burmese cats and sells them. Common mistake Remember, we pick flowers / fruit; we don’t say pick up. We picked some flowers and put them in a vase. (NOT picked up) We pick something up when it has fallen from its normal position or someone drops it. A woman dropped her purse so I picked it up and gave it back to her. 58 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 25.1 Answer the questions about the animals and plants on the opposite page. 1 Where does a bird lay its eggs? ..i . ~ ..~ ..t'!~.?L ........ . 2 What do bees help to move from one flower to another as they collect nectar to make honey? ............................... . 3 What do we call the hairs that stick out from a cat's face? ............................... . 4 Which part of a flower usually has the brightest colour(s)? ............................... . 5 What do we call a horse's foot? ............................... . 25.2 Put these words into two groups: 'animal words' or 'plant words' . .mftfH} petal oak willow fox worm thorn horn bark stem daw owl iiliiHEih·H·•--•i!ii!U.iili- r~ ~· 25.3 ~ - Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using words from the opposite page. A tree's ..rf:! P. t~ .................. go a long way underground. 2 A cat can sharpen its ................................ against the ................................ of a tree. 3 Most fruit trees ................................ in spring. Plants will not ................................ unless they get enough water and light. Flowers last longer in a vase if you crush the end of their ................................ . A flower that is just about to open is called a ................................ . Take care not to prick yourself. That plant has sharp ................................ . 8 If we pick up those ................................ , we can use them to start the fi.re . 9 ................................ use a kind of radar to find their way around. 1 O ................................ move very, very slowly. 4 5 6 7 25.4 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 A large bough fell 2 We picked up 3 The scientists grew 4 The peacock opened 5 A frog jumped 6 We picked 25.5 Ul] O O O O O a b c d e some herbs to put on our pizza. its feathers. It was beautiful. into the stream and swam away. from the tree during the storm. some apples that had dropped from the tree. f a new type of tomato that was very big. Answer the questions. 1 Which moves fastest and which moves slowest: a worm, a snail, or a deer? .. ~ ..~e.r:, 2 Which is the odd one out: a seal, a whale, or a crab? ............................... . ..~ . ?. ~ a.1 ............... 3 Which of these animals has paws: a frog, a bat, a cat, a pigeon? ............................... . 4 Which is correct? The bird lay I laid I lied three eggs ................................ . 5 Which is correct: (a), (b), or both? (a) He breeds horses. (b) Rabbits breed very quickly. ................ 6 Which is a bird: a bat, a pigeon or both? ................................ 25.6 • English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 59 26 A Clothes Some items of clothing At this level you probably already know most of the everyday words for clothes. Here are some items of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar. cardigan/ hoody collar belt button cuff buckle pyjamas hood zip sleeve hem badge laces heel bikini sole bra helmet slippers Language help Most items of clothing covering the legs are plural words only. If you wish to count them, you need to say, e.g. Six pairs of trousers/shorts/tights/jeans/underpants or Jamie’s football shorts are too small for him now. I need to get him a new pair. B Verbs associated with clothing Can I try on these grey shoes in the window? I love dressing up for parties as I normally wear jeans. The skirt is too tight and too short – it needs letting out and letting down. The dress is too loose and too long – it needs taking in and taking up. He changed out of his weekend clothes into his uniform. Red usually doesn’t suit people with ginger hair. Her black bag matches her shoes. Those shoes don’t fit my son any more. He’s grown out of them. C Adjectives for describing people’s clothing How things fit: baggy [loose] close-fitting [tight] Style: long-sleeved sleeveless V-neck round-neck Materials: denim [jeans are usually made of this] woollen [made of wool] suede [a kind of leather that isn’t shiny] The patterns on materials: pinstriped D spotted plain striped checked flowery tartan Other words and expressions useful for talking about clothing Anna always looks very elegant even when she’s dressed casually. [in a casual or informal way] I don’t think it’s worth spending money on designer sunglasses. [made by a famous or fashionable designer] Does your country have a special national costume? Alessandra’s put her top on inside out – I can see the label! The burglars wore masks and hoods as a disguise in the hope that no one would be able to recognise them on CCTV. 60 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 26.1 Which words illustrated in A opposite fit best in the following sentences? l've eaten too much - I'll have to loosen my ..!1ęH„ .................... . 2 I must get my black shoes repaired. One ................................ is broken and both the ............................... . have holes in them. 3 Do up your ................................ or you'll fall over. 4 lt's not very warm today. You should wear a ................................ over your shirt. 5 Put your ................................ on - this floor is very cold. 6 l've almost finished making my dress for the party but l've still got to take up the ................................ and sew on some ................................ . 7 lt's starting to rain - why don't you put your ................................ up so you don't get wet. 8 Come on, children. lt's time for bed. Go and put your ................................ on. 9 You must wear a ................................ when you ride a motorbike. 1O Maya went on holiday last week. She packed her beach towel but forgot her ............................... . so she couldn't go swimming. 26.2 Complete these sentences with any appropriate word. Use pair where it is necessary. 1 Josh badly needs to buy a new .. f~r.ję_t:\?„ . 2 Blue .............................................. are a kind of international uniform for young people. 3 lt's too cold for ................................................. Put your trousers on. 4 Dad needs some new underpants. Can you buy him three ............................................... today? 5 l've got a hole in my tights. I'll have to change into a new ................................................ . 26.3 Write two items of clothing that collocate with these adjectives. 1 close-fitting .J~p . .j~ . o!' . ? . ..... 4 woollen ................................. 2 baggy ............................ .............. 3 checked ..................................... 5 suede ....................................... 6 denim ..................................... 26.4 Which words and expressions from D do these pictures illustrate? ......, N atasha always looks ..dę.g~!'ł„ 2 Japanese ............................... . 3 ................................ ·1 4 ········································ 26.5 5 His shirt is ................................ Put the right verb, match, suit or fit, into each of these sentences. 1 The blue dress ..fik.......................... her perfctły now she's had it taken in. 2 The blue of her dress ................................ the blue of her eyes. 3 That blue dress ................................ the girl with the blonde hair. 4 I can lend you a pair of slippers if you like. I think these ones should ................................ . 26.6 - English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 61 27 A Health and medicine What are your symptoms? rash bruise lump spots a black eye All these noun phrases can be used with the verb have (got). I’ve got … … a sore throat / a temperature [a higher temperature than normal] / high/low blood pressure / chest pains / backache / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / a bruise on my leg (e.g. after playing football) / a black eye (e.g. after being hit in the eye) / a lump on my arm / indigestion (after eating too fast) / sickness and diarrhoea /daiəˈriə/ [an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to go to the toilet frequently] / sunburn / a virus. Verbs: My back is aching. I shouldn’t have lifted all those heavy boxes. My leg is itching – I think I’ve been bitten by an insect. [you want to scratch it all the time] My hands are trembling after the shock of falling down. [shaking slightly] I had a headache and started shivering. I knew it was the flu. [shake because you are cold] My foot hurts from where I knocked it against the table. I had a cold and it took me two weeks to get over it. [to get better; more formal = to recover from it] Adjectives: I feel sick / breathless / dizzy. [my head is spinning] I am depressed / exhausted / stressed. I think I’ve picked up a bug somewhere. [infml = caught a virus or infection] Other expressions: I’ve lost my appetite / voice. I’ve broken my wrist / sprained my ankle / dislocated my shoulder. She died of a heart attack. He contracted AIDS. [infml = ‘got’] My uncle suffered a stroke. [sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body; infml = ‘had’] B What does the doctor prescribe? Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night. We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist. You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Amazon. I’m afraid you’re going to need an operation. You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends. I’m going to give you some tablets – take one in the morning and one at night. Common mistake A surgeon operates on a patient. They decided to operate on her and remove the tumour. (NOT They decided to operate her.) 62 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 27.1 What problems from A opposite might result if someone ... ? 1 eats too fast ...i . t!di.~P . łi~tL ..... . 2 kicks someone's leg while playing football ................................ 3 hits someone in the eye ............................... . 4 eats bad, rotten food ............................... . 5 lies too long in the hot sun ................................ 6 runs much too fast to catch a bus ................................ 27. 2 Read the remarks and ans w er the questions. Archie: Dalma: Seth: Zoe: 'I must have picked up a bug when I was travelling.' 'My hand is covered in little red spots from where I touched that strange plant.' 'It's an unpleasant pain. I hope I haven't got an ear infection.' 'The doctor said there's a risk I might suffer from heart disease if it continues.' Write the people's nam es. Who has ... ? 1 a rash? ..J?.11lmL. 2 earache? ................... 27 .3 3 a virus? ................... 4 high blood pressure? .................. . Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right. 1 My shoulder is itching. [fJ] 2 My head hurts. D D D D D 3 I'm shivering. 4 I'm trembling. 5 I'm really stressed and exhausted. 6 I'm depressed. a b c d e I've been working too much. I feel so cold. I think I need to see a psychiatrist. I can't stop scratching it. I banged it as I walked through the low doorway. f I feel very nervous and scared. 27.4 Match the pictures with the sentences. A B c D E F --~ They put a bandage on my ankle. D D 2 I had to have some injections. 3 My arm was in plaster for weeks. 4 I had to take two teaspoonfuls every night. 5 They operated me immediately. 6 I have to take two tablets every night at bedtirne. D D D One of the sentences above contains a mistake. Correct it. 27.5 Answer the questions. 1 Which is correct? My aunt died (a) with (b) of a heart attack. 2 What is amore formal way of saying these? (a) He got AIDS in 2001. (b) She had a stroke. 3 What is an informal way of saying this? I had an infection but I recovered from it. 27.6 am.-English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 63 I~ 28 A Medicine and technology A history of health technology Ancient Egypt The earliest crutches were in use. Middle Ages Spectacles1, probably invented by Arab scientists, were used to correct vision2. 1500–1600 The first wheelchairs were developed. 1800–1900 1804: the first general anaesthetic3 was used in an operation in Japan. 1896: X-rays4 were first used in medicine. 1960–1970 The first contact lenses5 were manufactured6. 1 a more formal word for glasses 2 the ability to see 3 something used to make you unconscious when you have an operation, so that you do not feel any pain 4 a type of radiation that makes possible photographs of hidden objects such as bones and organs in the body 5 a small piece of transparent plastic which is worn on the surface of your eye to improve your sight 6 made in large numbers, usually in a factory B The present day Medical technology has made rapid1 advances2 in recent decades3. Nowadays, a vast4 range of devices5 is available: people with hearing difficulties wear sophisticated6 hearing aids7; people with heart problems wear tiny pacemakers8. Artificial9 hips10 and knees are common, and are highly11 efficient. Eyesight problems can be corrected by laser surgery12. 1 very fast 2 improvements or developments 3 a period of 10 years 4 very wide 5 object or machine made for a particular purpose 6 clever in a complicated way and able to do complicated tasks 7 a small device put inside someone’s ear to help them hear better 8 a small device put inside someone’s chest to help their heart beat correctly 9 not natural, a copy made by humans 10 the joint which connects the leg to the upper part of the body 11 very (more formal) 12 medical operations using powerful narrow beams of light C The future A recent TV documentary predicted the following developments in medical technology. • Scanners which can identify health problems at an early stage1 will become more and more sophisticated. • Diagnosing2 illnesses from a distance. Patients will sit at their home computers, describe their symptoms and send information automatically to their doctor (for example, their blood pressure3 or body temperature) using instruments such as thermometers connected to their computer. • Computers and huge databases will provide doctors with more and more information and the tools4 to treat diseases. • Keyhole surgery5 will become more common. It will not be necessary to cut open a person’s body to operate on them. 1 during the first period of development 2 name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it 3 measure of the strength at which the blood flows through the body 4 something that helps you do something 5 medical operations in which a very small hole is made in a person’s body to reach the organ or tissue inside 64 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 28.1 Look at A opposite and answer the questions about medical technology. 1 What did Arab scientists probably invent? ...~\.?P 2 3 4 5 28.2 ............................................... (two answers, one more forma!) What began to be used in 1896 to enable doctors to take photographs of the inside of people's bodies? ............................................... . How <lid the ancient Egyptians help disabled people to walk? ............................................... . What alternative to glasses became popular in the 1960s and 1970s? ................................................ How could disabled people move around as early as 1500 to 1600? ............................................... . Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite. Medical scanners are made .. .mąrnf ~ . ~Ji:\rn . cl .. at this factory. 2 Glasses were invented to correct problems ................................ with eyesight ................................ . 3 Technology for medicine ................................................................ has made very fast progress ................................................................ in the last ten years ................................ . 4 There is a now a large number of things ................................................................ of ................................ that make life better for people with medical problems. 5 Copies of natural ................................ hips are very ................................ efficient. 28.3 Using words from the opposite page, say what each object is for. o de~k for people 11.ll+h heorlti dlHkul+les 4 / 2 3 5 6 28.4 Complete the missing words. You are given the first letter(s). A preposition is missing in sentence 3. Add it. · · diseases at an early s................................ in the future using Doctors will be able to i4~r+.lf8 sophisticated sc................................ . 2 Doctors will be able to d................................ a patient's illness from a distance. Patients will send information a................................ to their doctor. 3 K ............................... s................................ means doctors no longer need to open a patient's body when they operate them. 4 Information on large computer d................................ will help doctors t. ............................... diseases and give them new t... ............................. to cure illnesses. 28.5 Ove,r ło ':jotc Have you used or experienced any of the examp les of medical technology mentioned in th is unit? How? When? Write true sentences. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 65 29 A Health and lifestyle Diet Some types of food are considered to be good for our health. Others can cause long-term1 health problems if they are consumed2 in large quantities. Here are some examples. healthy ... not so healthy ... oily fish (e.g. salmon) sugary foods (e.g. fizzy3 drinks) fruit and nuts4 food with a high fat or high salt content5 6 wholemeal bread processed7 food 1 lasting a long time into the future 2 eaten (fml) 3 with a lot of bubbles 4 dry fruits of some trees with a hard shell 5 amount that is in the food 6 containing all the grain, with nothing taken out 7 treated with chemicals to preserve the food or to add taste or colour A website recently listed a range of superfoods – foods that may prevent diseases and improve mental1 as well as physical2 health. The list included: • Blueberries: may improve short-term3 memory and slow4 the ageing process5. • Apples: a good source6 of vitamin C; they can also lower7 cholesterol. • Spinach: high in vitamin A; it can boost8 the immune system. • Vegetable juice (especially tomato): can reduce the risk9 of heart disease. 1 of the mind 2 of the body 3 lasting a short time 4 make it happen more slowly 5 the changes to our body and mind by which we grow old 6 the place it comes from 7 reduce/take the level 8 down improve or increase 9 make less likely that it will happen B Lifestyle Read the magazine extracts about lifestyle issues. Note the use of the adjective and noun forms of the same word. There has been a sharp rise1 in the number of children who are obese2. Child obesity is now a major3 problem. Children often take too little exercise. Keeping fit need not be difficult. You can maintain5 a good level of fitness with a simple routine of daily exercise. Start exercising now! People often do not realise how stressful their jobs are. Stress can cause high blood pressure, increased risk of heart attacks and depression4. Bad habits can cause serious harm6 to the body. Alcohol and tobacco are particularly harmful if consumed in large quantities over a long period. 1 an increase that is sudden and quick 2 extremely fat 3 very big and serious when someone is extremely unhappy and anxious for a long period 5 keep (fml) 4 a mental illness 6 injury or damage Language help The nouns food and fruit can be both uncountable and countable. When we refer to food and fruit in general we use the uncountable form (e.g. That restaurant serves good food / I love fruit). The plural forms, foods/fruits, are used to refer to individual types or examples of food (e.g. fatty foods, citrus fruits). We always use fish in the singular. 66 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 29.1 Rewrite the words in bold using words from A opposite. ..q!-lrdi:J .~? ............... , it may be dangerous. 1 If people eat these foods in big amounts .JPr~ 2 Certain foods are thought ................................ by scientists to have a positive effect on ................................................ our bodies. Foods with a lot of fat in them ................................................ may cause health problems. 4 Some foods may cause ................................ health problems that last long into the future. 3 29.2 Match the adjectives and nouns to make five collocations to fill the gaps in the sentences below. processed 1 ................................................ WhblemeQ\ PreQd · usua 11y cons1·dered to be h ea lt h y because it· contams · t h e comp lete gram, · is with nothing taken out. 2 ................................................ may taste good when you're very thirsty, but they often have a high sugar content. 3 Types of ................................................ include salmon. 4 ................................................ often contain artificial colours to make them look more attractive. 5 Some foods can be good for our ................................................ as well as our bodies. 29.3 Verb-noun collocations. Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 Certain foods can slow [{j] 2 Same foods can boost D D D 3 Same foods can lower 4 Other foods can reduce 29.4 cholesterol. the risk of heart disease. the immune system. the ageing process. Can you remember which positive effect each of these foods may have? Choose your answers from 29.3 (a-d). 1 spinach 29.5 a b c d UJ 2 vegetable juice D 3 apples D 4 blueberries D Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one. Blueberries can improve short-tffiw. memory. łerm 2 Many fruits are a good sauce of vitamin C and provide mayor health benefits. 3 Oily fishes should form part of a healthy diet. 4 Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you're hungry, fruits or nuts? 5 A: There's a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese foods. 6 There has been a sharp raise in the number of people suffering from depresion. 29.6 Complete the two versions of each sentence. Use related word forms, as in the example. 1 Tobacco and alcohol can cause a lot of .. b!lr.m. ................... I can be .. b!lr.m.f!!I... ........... to our health. 2 Children who are ................................ I who suffer from ................................ need to exercise more. 3 Her job is very ................................ I causes her a lot of ................................ and is very tiring. 4 How can we keep ................................ I maintain a good level of ................................? The answer is to get regular ................................ I to ................................ regularly. Ove,r ło tjotc List the foods that you eat most regularly. How many are (a) healthy (b) not so healthy? Do you consume any superfoods? Why? Why not? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 67 30 A B Travel Here is some basic vocabulary for different kinds of travel transport kinds of vehicle parts of vehicle people working with it associated words road car, bus, coach, tram, van, lorry boot, steering wheel driver, motorist, mechanic, chauffeur petrol station, break down, breakdown service rail high-speed train, express sleeping car, buffet, coach ticket collector, conductor platform, seat reservation sea liner, ferry, yacht deck, bridge, gangway captain, steward(ess) port, cabin, cruise air aircraft, jumbo jet, helicopter cockpit, wings, aisle /aɪjəl/ ground staff, cabin crew, air traffic controller duty-free shop, terminal, runway, security Journey, trip, travel, voyage A trip is usually shorter than a journey. We had a long journey by coach from the north to the south of the country. We usually say business trip (NOT business journey). We took a trip / went on a trip to the beach last weekend. (Go on a trip suggests an organised short excursion, whereas take a trip or have a trip could be something you do yourselves in your own car.) Travel is a general word. It is an uncountable noun and a verb. Travel broadens the mind. How did you travel round Australia? We hitch-hiked. Voyage means a long journey usually by sea, though this use is quite formal. It is often used in other contexts with discovery. Learning English is a voyage of discovery! C Collocations and expressions connected with travel Elena: ‘My flight from New York to Tokyo was severely delayed1 because of bad weather, then later it was cancelled and I was stuck2 at the airport. The airline put me up3 in a hotel overnight, and they put me on standby4 for the early morning flight the next day. Luckily, I managed to get a seat and the flight left on time5 at 10.00 am. When we finally got to Tokyo, the weather was bad and we had a bumpy landing6. Luckily, I don’t get airsick7 but I had terrible jetlag8 for days afterwards.’ 1 4 delayed for a very long time 2 unable to move from 3 paid for me to stay promised me a 5 6 seat if one became available punctually we landed in a way that was not smooth 7 feel sick because of the movement of the plane; more formal = suffer from airsickness 8 feeling of tiredness caused by moving quickly from one time zone to another Pieter: ‘I’d always wanted to sail across the Mediterranean, though I was worried I might get seasick. Anyway, I volunteered to work as a crew member on board a yacht and it was an amazing experience. Everything ran very smoothly, even when the sea was rough1 and I never suffered from seasickness2.’ 1 opp = a calm sea 2 less formal = I never got seasick Common mistakes We don’t say ‘a travel’. Travel is an uncountable noun. After we left the airport, we had a long journey by car. (NOT we had a long travel) Remember, we say on time, not in time when we mean ‘punctually’. The train arrived on time and I picked her up at the station. (NOT The train arrived in time) 68 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 30.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. The customs officer stopped the car 2 The car broke down 3 The 4 The 5 The 6 The 30.2 air traffic controllers went on strike buffet was closed ferry was full liner was very modern ~ D D D D D a b c d e f and they couldn't get a cabin. and they had nothing to eat. and they had a wonderful cruise. and the driver had to open the boot. and a mechanic carne to help them. and their flight was cancelled. Sort the words according to the type of transport. One of the words fits in two places. Which is it? jumbo jet port express .steering ·.vheel coach helicopter gangway runway tram wing chauffeur platform ground staff van cockpit lorry liner deck 30.3 Choose the best word flight, journey, trip, travel or voyage to fit these gaps. 1 I would love to .Jr~Pl ................ round the world in a balloon. 2 The liner Titanic sank on its very first ................................ . 3 How long does the ................................ from New York to Rio take? 4 She says her bobbies are reading, golf and ................................ . 5 When they were in Cairo they took a ................................ to see the Pyramids. 6 Getting from London to the north of Scotland involves a long overnight train ................................ . 30.4 Read these travel blogs and fill the gaps with words from the opposite page. MiQJ ~ .7 o Erik's blog (24 June) The flight from Huascal to Puerto Amlugo was se!'r~ delayed (six hours!). I was at the airport (and hoped that the airline would worried l'd get s p me u in a nice hotel ©) but anyway the flight wasn't c and we finally took off. The weather was awful, so the flight was b and I got a (very unpleasant!). But the c _ _ __ _ c were very friendly and helpful, which made me feel better. The I was not so bad and soon we were at the t collecting our baggage. I slept well last night - I think l've got over the · I had after my 12-hour flight from Europe. M:gj I} ~ +1 o Mona's blog (5 Juty) I didn't have a reservation for the Eurostar train from Paris to London, but they put me on on a later train. lt was a good joumey, everything s and I got as ran s and it arrived time. In London, I enquired if there was a s c on the train to Scotland so I could travel ovemight. The altemative was a hotel and the e m train at 6.30 am (too early for me!). When I get to Scotland I want to go to some of the islands. I hope the sea is c . I hate r seas - I always get s ! 30.5 Ove,r ło ':fOtc Give an swers t hat are true for you, and reasons. How often do you travel by train? Have you ever been on a high -speed train? 2 Which do you prefer on a piane, a w indow or an aisle seat? Why? Do you usually visit t he duty- free shop? What do you look for? What do you do before going through security? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 69 31 A Holidays Places to stay and types of holiday campsite: a place where you can pitch a tent or park a caravan self-catering flat: a flat which you rent; you cook for yourself guesthouse: accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services youth hostel: cheap accommodation, mainly for young people, with, perhaps, ten or more people sleeping in bunk beds in one room package holiday: a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food (even occasionally excursions) in advance cruise: a holiday spent touring (or cruising) on a boat, stopping off to go sightseeing at different ports an adventure holiday: a holiday involving unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activities – suitable for adventurous people an overseas holiday: a holiday spent in another country B Holiday postcards 1 go somewhere 2 different far from other places 3 with lots of bends, not at all 4 straight all around 5 very frightening 1 one that will always be remembered (a memorable holiday is a strong collocation) 2 extremely interesting 3 grand, making an impact 4 charming 5 hard to get to 6 unusually good C Holiday brochures These are often written in quite exaggerated language. Here are some typical adjectives with nouns that they collocate with. breathtaking views / scenery / pistes (ski slopes) [breathtaking (like stunning) suggests that something is so magnificent that it takes your breath away] exclusive access / club / shops [only the most special people can use the facilities] exhilarating feeling / ride / walk [makes you feel excited and full of energy] exotic beauty / charm / location [unusual and more exciting than one’s everyday reality] glamorous surroundings / film star / hotel [especially exciting and attractive] luxurious cruise ship / accommodation / lifestyle [provides great comfort] picturesque streets / villages / cottage [very pretty; attractive to look at – as pretty as a picture] unspoilt charm / village / woodland [still in a beautiful and natural state] unique opportunity / charm / facilities [so special it does not exist anywhere else] 70 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 31.1 Complete this table. Use a dictionary to help you, if necessary. adjective \ noun \ verb fascinating delightful exhilarating glam o ro us luxurious 31 .2 Fili in the gaps in this postcard with appropriate adjectives from the opposite page. f-li, 1 Am ho.vin:J o. wonder-ful ho\ido.".l her-e. The ł.own her-e is ver-".l old o.nd quił.e tAsdnAfin9 . The :iuide6ook_ so.".ls il is r-emo.r-k_o.6\e for- i ł. s 2cho.r-rn o.nd il is ..-t:iht. ! l t. is su..-..-ounded 6".l rno.:ifceł wiounł.s o.nd ".lesłr-do l went for- o.n 3 cliwi6. Even ł.hou:i ił. isn't. ł.o expensive, ł.he 4 hole\ is quił.e o.nd the view fr-owi """.l 60.\con".l is 5_ _ __ _ \Jish ".lou Love, -P 31.3 wer-e her-e ! Complete these sentences with a word from the opposite page. 1 At the youth hostel Anya insisted on sleeping in the top .. k~1: 2 As soon as we got to the campsite we ................................ our tent. 3 .................... . Visitors to our hotel have ................................ access to our own private beach. 4 When I was a child, we spent all our holidays with my grandparents and I bad my first „„„„„„„„„„„„ ..„„„ trip when I was 17. 5 I'd love to hire a boat and spend a month „„„„„„„„„ „ „„„„„„ round the Mediterranean, wouldn't you? 6 I wouldn't recommend that hotel. lt's extremely .... „ .........„„ ............. ; it's seven miles to the nearest beach and ten miles to the town. 7 Our trip to South Africa was undoubtedly the most „„„„„„ „ .„„.„ .......... holiday l've ever bad. 8 A narrow „„„„ „„„ „„„„„ „ „„„ road led up the mountain to the cottage we'd rented. 31.4 Which of the adjectives from C could describe each of these? a club which only a select group of members can go to „.~J:U . d!\P.iV~ „ f . 1~ „ 2 a hotel with very expensive facilities and very attentive staff „ ...„. „„.„„.„ .„ .„„„„ 3 a village with very pretty buildings and lots of flowers .. „„.„ „ .„ ... „ ......„ ...„ 4 a view from the top of a mountain over a magnificent landscape ....„. „ ...... „„ ...... „ .„ .. 5 the opportunity to go on a once-in-a-lifetime holiday ......................... „ ... „ 6 a walk along a windswept beach ............ „ .... . ........ „ .. . 31.5 Ovt..r ło 11ou Answer these questions. Write sentences. Which of the holiday places and types of holiday in A have you or your friends exper ienced? 2 Which would you prefer and why - a holiday in the centre of a historie city or one in a remote village with spectacu lar surrounding countryside? 3 What's the most 111e111orable holiday you've ever had? 4 Which wou ld you say is the most impressive city you've visited? 5 What would you say is the most fascinat ing place you've been to? 6 Have you ever had a holiday experience you'd describe as terrifyin g? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 71 32 A Science and technology New sciences You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics, botany and zoology. But what about these more recently established fields? field definition / applications genetic engineering Works with genetic material (DNA) of living things to alter1 features2. GM foods (genetically modified foods) are grown in some parts of the world. ergonomics Studies the design of physical working spaces and how people interact3 with them. molecular biology The study of the structure4 and function5 of the molecules6 associated7 with living things. voice technology Technology which enables8 machines to interpret9 speech, e.g. voice-to-text software. stem cell research The study of the use of human cells10 to treat diseases and injury and to repair the body. cloning The creation11 of exact copies of plants or animals with the same genes as the original plants or animals. hydroponics The science of growing plants without using soil12. 1 change, usually slightly 2 typical qualities or important parts 3 communicate with or react to the way that parts of a system are organised 5 purpose 6 the basic chemical units / groups of atoms 7 connected in our mind 8 makes possible 9 decide the intended meaning of 10 smallest basic part of a plant or animal 11 making something new that did not exist before 12 the top layer of the earth’s surface, in which plants grow 4 B Everyday technology smartphone tablet C 3D TV satnav/GPS [satellite high-definition navigation / Global (HD) camcorder Positioning System] digital photo frame Verbs used in science and technology Note the collocations in bold. He experimented with different materials before utilising1 the most suitable one. The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing. When she pulled the large lever2, the wheel began to rotate3. The zoologist dissected4 the animal and extracted5 its organs. When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other. After analysing the problem, she concluded that there was a flaw6 in the theory. Insert7 the disk into the DVD drive to install8 the software. 1 use (fml technical/scientific) 2 bar or handle that moves in order to control something (e.g. a machine) 3 turn (fml technical/scientific) 4 cut open (usually a dead body or plant) to study its parts 5 took out (fml technical/scientific) 6 fault, mistake or weakness 7 put in (fml technical/ scientific) 8 make it ready to use 72 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 32.1 Fill the gaps with words from A. Then say what branch of science each person is probably talking about. 1 We grow the plants in liquids, without using SP.U„.„„„.„ ...... „........ Science: ..Mrnp.Pr.1.lJ,?........ 2 The software i................................ your speech and e................................ you to tum it into text. 3 4 5 6 7 8 Science: ............................................... . We're interested in workplaces and how people i................................ with their working environment. Science: ............................................... . People are often worried. They feel that the c................................ of an exact copy of an anima! is not morally right. Science: ............................................... . We study how human c................................ can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they are injured. Science: ............................................... . My work is concerned with the s................................ and f... ............................. of the organie molecules a ................................ with living organisms. Science: ............................................... . Many people refuse to eat g................................ m. ............................... foods. They consider GM foods to be unnatural. Science: ............................................... . By manipulating DNA, we can a................................ hereditary f... ............................. . Science: ................................................ 32.2 What item do you think each person needs from B? 'I keep losing my way and I'm not good at reading maps.' Needs: .. ~ ..?.~tnL ............ 2 'My phone is so old I can't take any videos with it.' Needs: ............................... . 3 'I'd love to be able to look at my photos any time I want to.' Needs: ................................ 4 'My old camcorder doesn't produce really sharp movies.' Needs: ................................ 5 'lt was a fantastic film. I didn't mind wearing the special glasses. It was so realistic. I'd love to be able to do that at home.' Needs: ............................... . 6 'I want something like a laptop with a touch screen that I can watch films on or read e-books.' Needs: ............................... . 32.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 These chemicals 2 If you pull 3 4 5 6 7 8 The zoologist extracted When you press They experimented I believe there is a flaw They had to dissect A red light started [Il D D D D D D D a b c d e that button, it turns the printer on. to flash after a few seconds. react with each other. in the theory. that lever, it starts the machine. f the anima! to see why it died. g the organs from the animal. h with different liquids. 32.4 Use technical/scientific words from C instead of the words in bold. 1 The wheel began to .fił ..r.<:>.h.k ................ very quickly. 2 Put in ................................ the disk to get the software ready to work ................................................................ . 3 We can put these chemicals together ................................................................ . 4 You should use ................................ the strongest materił. 5 We looked into ................................ the problem and decided ................................ that it was a computer virus. English Vocabufary in Use Upper-intermediate 73 33 A Computers Hardware [computer equipment or machinery] personal computer / PC / desktop computer: a computer that fits on a desk, used by individuals at work or at home laptop (computer): a lightweight portable computer that usually fits in a briefcase tablet: a portable personal computer operated by a touch screen hard disk: a device [piece of equipment] inside a computer that stores large amounts of information disk drive: a device that allows information to be read from a disk or stored scanner: device for transferring pictures and texts into a computer memory stick: a small device that lets you carry computer data anywhere conveniently; you can then plug the stick into any machine. RAM (random access memory / memory): the memory available on a computer to store and use information temporarily; can be measured in gigabytes (micro)chip: a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations network: when a number of computers, for example, in one office, are connected together (or networked) so that they can share information B Software [computer programs that you install] An application is a piece of software designed for a specific purpose. This is often shortened to app. You can get mobile phone apps for all sorts of things these days. word-processing: writing and storing printed text on a computer spreadsheet (program): a program, or the grid you create with it, to perform mathematical operations database: a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be easily looked at or changed (computer) graphics: pictures, images, and symbols that you can form on a computer virus: hidden instructions in a program designed to destroy information display: what you see on the screen of an electronic device A computer shows a range of icons on its display. You put the cursor on the one you want to use and click on it to open it. C Some computing verbs You probably store a lot of important information on your computer. So, it’s sensible to back up all your files on a regular basis. Then it’ll be less of a problem if you delete something accidentally or if your computer crashes. A particularly useful feature of most applications is the one that allows you to undo what you have just done – just click on Undo and it’s quick and easy to correct anything that you have keyed in by mistake. After a few years you may want to upgrade your computer as they are always developing machines which are faster and more powerful. If you don’t do this you may not be able to run all the software you need. You can usually just download upgrades to your computer’s operating system or to your applications from company websites. 74 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 33.1 Match the words in the box to the pictures below. laptop cursor desktop computer spreadsheet tablet icon memory stick -S€ftftfl@F- microchip 4 6 8 7 5 9 33.2 Fili in the blanks with appropriate words from the opposite page. .............. when you want to send a handwritten document to It's so easy to use a ..~(.-_NHr someone by email. lt's just like using a photocopier. 2 l've lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a ................................ . on aeroplanes and work on 3 I'm always impressed by people who carry their them during the flight. 4 l've got such a lot of photos, music and videos stored on my computer that my is almost full. the people just look 5 That computer game you gave me has got amazing so realistic! 6 One of my most important tasks at work is to keep the ... up to <late so that customers' contact details are always accurate. 7 If you put the ....... in the middle of a paragraph of text and double click, you select the whole paragraph. 8 I downloaded a fantastic ....... the other day - it tells me where the nearest cash machine is to wherever I am in the world. 9 programs make it very easy to write text and to format it. 1O It's miraculous how much data can be stored on that tiny little computer .... inside your mobile phone. „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ .. . „ . „ „ . „ .... . „ ......... . . „ .. . .... ... „ .... „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ . . „ „ . „ . „ . - „ .... .. „ ... „ . „ ... „ .... .. „ ..... „ ... „ .. . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ ....... „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ .. „ •. „ ....•.... .. „ . . .. . . . ...••. 33.3 Answer the questions using a verb from C opposite. 1 What do you do when you want to add new information to, for example, a database? Yo11 k~ I+ lti. 2 If you don't want to lose computer data, what must you do? 3 If you notice you've repeated a paragraph in an essay, what can you do? 4 You want to open your spreadsheet program, so what should you do? 5 If your computer is old and working very slowly, what might you consider doing? 6 If you accidentally delete some text you've just been working on, what can you do? 7 What can you do to immediately get hold of music or a film from an internet store? 8 If you buy new software when you have an old operating system, what may you find? 33.4 Ov~r ło '10'-' Answer t hese questio ns. Do you use a desktop, a laptop or a tablet? 4 How often do you back up your data? 2 How much RAM do you have? 5 Has your computer ever crashed? 3 Which applications do you use most frequently? 6 Have you ever accidentally deleted anything? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 75 34 A Communications and the Internet The Internet The Internet / the net is a network connecting millions of computer users worldwide. The World Wide Web / the Web is a huge portion of the Internet containing linked documents, called pages. If you have a broadband connection then your access to the Internet should be fast. Many cafés and other public places now offer people a wi-fi /waɪfaɪ/ connection to the Internet – this means that you can access the Internet through a wireless network, i.e. without needing a cable of any kind. When you browse, you look for information on the Internet. The software that helps you do this can be called a browser (e.g. Internet Explorer® or Firefox®). You use a search engine to help you locate what you want. Google® is one of the best known search engines and people now talk about googling someone or something. You can easily spend a lot of time surfing the net / the Web. [navigating around the Internet, sometimes aimlessly] A website is a document on the Web giving information about a particular subject, person or institution. The introductory page is called the home page. From this there are links to other pages. Good websites are easy to navigate or find your way around. One option on many websites is an FAQ page. This stands for ‘frequently asked questions’, a list of common questions and helpful answers. You can bookmark websites that you log on1 to frequently. If a website gets a lot of hits, that means that it has been visited by a lot of people. Sometimes you need to subscribe to a site, which means you become a member of it. This may involve having a special username and choosing a password. You will only be able to log in2 to the site if you enter this information correctly. 1 B opp = log off 2 opp = log out Online communication Home Links News Help You can communicate with others by email. With an email you can include an attachment. You can attach a photo, for example. You can also send someone an e-card. A server is a powerful central computer from which other computers get information. If your (ISP) internet service provider’s server is down [not functioning], you may not be able to send emails. You can use your computer to Skype friends and family – the software allows you to make phone calls using your computer and the Internet, and you can see which people on your contact list are online at the same time. If you each have a webcam, you can see each other as you talk. Many modern online programs can be called interactive, i.e. they allow users to become involved in the exchange of information. For example, social networking sites like Facebook are a popular way for people to keep in touch with their friends. A wiki is a website which allows users to add, delete and edit its contents. Wikipedia is perhaps the world’s largest wiki. Blogs are also interactive as they are a kind of online diary that readers can add comments to. Many people are involved in online gaming, playing with people who they have never met. Often these games make use of virtual reality. [a set of images and sounds produced by a computer, which represent a place or a situation that the gamer can take part in] 76 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 34.1 Which word from the box matches each definition? attachment bookmark password search engine browser server -tontact list navigate internet service provider email addresses, phone numbers, etc. for the people you know ..f r? T.lf~d ..\!$.L .... 2 something that you send with an email ................................ 3 an individual combination of letters and digits that you use to log in to a website ................................ 4 a way of accessing a favourite website quickly ............................... . 5 software that allows you to surf the web ............................... . 6 a company that enables you to use the web ................................ 7 software that helps you to locate the websites that you need ............................... . 8 a large computer that holds information that can be accessed by smaller computers ............................... . 9 to find your way around a website or between websites ............................... . 34.2 Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence. 1 WWW stands for World Wide .. ~!? ....................... . 2 I read that journalist's ................................ every day - he's always got something interesting to say and often readers add some very interesting comments. 3 I couldn't ................................ the Internet last night. The server must have been ................................ . 4 It's wonderful being able to ................................ my cousins who live in Australia - I love seeing them as well as talking to them. 5 l've decided to ................................ to my favourite newspaper's website. It doesn't cost much and it has lots of interesting stuff there. 6 I like this website because it has lots of very useful ................................ to all sorts of other sites that interest me. 7 My brother loves online gaming, particularly ................................ reality games. 8 An ................................ website is one which allows users to add comments to it or edit its content in some way. 34.3 Are these statements true or false? If they are not true, correct them. Google® is the name of a browser. hlse - q oo5le Is +he name C>t a searc.h en5lne. 2 FAQ stands for Fast Answers to Questions. 3 If a cafe says that it has wi-fi access, you can get online with your laptop there. 4 A wiki is a kind of computer device. 5 When you want to use some websites you may be asked to enter a password. 6 If you send someone an e-card they will receive it in the post. 7 When you want to stop using the net, you log on. 8 A website's home page is the one where you will find key information about the site and links to its other pages. 34.4 Ove,r ło ~ou An swer t hese qu esti ons about yourse lf. What do you mainly use the Internet for? 4 How often do you use socia l networking sites? 2 What is your search engine of choice? 5 Do you write a blog or read anyone else's blog? 3 Which websites have you bookmarked? 6 Do you enjoy online gaming? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 77 35 A The press and the media Radio and television Read these extracts from TV listings. 4.00 pm 5.00 pm 5.30 pm 6.00 pm 6.30 pm 7.00 Diana: talk show1 with Diana Cosby; today’s guest, Rona Fredale 2 8.00 Cartoons : crazy fun for kids of all ages 3 9.00 Golden Chance: game show with Bob Langley News and weather forecast 10.00 Didbury Street: the nation’s favourite soap4 pm pm pm pm 10.30 pm Documentary: Are we killing our kids? Investigating5 the junk food industry The Happy Couple: sitcom6 about a pair of newly-weds Roundup: sports programme with all the day’s top action – tonight: rugby final The Day in Politics: current affairs7 programme. Presenter8: James Hill Wikdal: detective drama set in Norway. Episode9 3: A second body is found 1 usually has a host and famous people who answer questions about themselves 2 film where the characters are drawn rather than real 3 show where people compete to win prizes 4 short for soap opera – a series of TV/radio programmes about the lives of a particular group of characters, continuing over a long period and broadcast (several times) every week 5 trying to find out the facts/truth about something 6 funny TV/radio show where the same characters appear in a different story each 7 week news about political events happening now 8 person who introduces the show 9 one of the parts into which a story is divided B Other expressions connected with TV and radio The (mass) media refers to TV, radio, newspapers and the Internet, i.e. means of communication which reach very large numbers of people. Subtitles enable people to read what the characters are saying (maybe in translation). If a film is dubbed, you hear the speech in your own language. To receive a lot of TV channels, you may need a satellite dish on the roof or wall of your house. Many channels depend on (TV) commercials Language help to make money. You may be able to stream The noun means (a way of doing something), radio and TV broadcasts from the Internet. always ends in s, even in the singular. The Internet A lot of radio and TV stations offer free is an important means of communication. podcasts which you can download. C Newspapers A popular or tabloid newspaper usually focuses on1 sensation2 rather than real news, whereas a quality newspaper is usually more interested in serious news. A tabloid often has stories about celebrities, sport, scandals3 and crime, while a quality paper focuses more on serious journalism4 with in-depth5 articles. To read newspapers on the Internet, you may have to subscribe / pay a subscription6. 1 emphasises / pays attention to 2 very exciting or interesting events 3 events which shock people in a moral way 4 the work of collecting, writing and publishing or broadcasting news and articles 5 done carefully and in great detail, explaining the reasons for events 6 pay a sum of money regularly (e.g. once a year) D Verbs connected with the media The BBC World Service broadcasts throughout the world. [transmits TV/radio programmes] They’re televising the opening of Parliament tomorrow. (or, less formal: showing) The film was shot / made on location in Australia. [filmed in a real place, not in a studio] The series is set in London in the 1980s. [place/time where the drama happens] Within minutes of the event, people were tweeting about it. [posting very short messages on the Internet] Common mistake Remember that the noun news is uncountable and takes a singular verb. I have some news for you. (NOT I have a news.) The news is on TV at 7 pm. (NOT The news are on TV.) 78 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises What sort of TV programmes from A opposite are these people talking about? 35.1 1 'lt investigated how the banks had wasted billions of euros in bad loans.' dC>lUmen+ar~ 2 'Walt Disney made a lot of them. Mickey Mouse was probably his most famous.' 3 'The Minister of Education was on it, discussing the new schools policy.' 4 'lt's so funny, especially when the old uncle appears. We can't stop laughing.' 5 'My mum watches it every day. She knows all the characters as if they were real.' 6 'We wanted to find out if it was going to rain tomorrow.' 7 'They always solve the murder in the end, but it's very exciting.' 8 'He interviewed that young star who just won an Oscar, oh, what's her name? ' 9 'The prize is f500,000 this week. That's a lot of money!' 10 'They showed a repeat of the Manchester United versus Valencia match.' Fill the gaps with words from B opposite. 35.2 ............ or to have the film d................................ ? I downloaded a great p ................................ about bees. I listened to it on my MP3 player in bed last night. I hate it when c................................ interrupt a good film . I usually go and make a cup of tea while they're on. We've got a new s................................ d................................ on our roof. We can r................................ hundreds of channels now. l'd like a job in them. ............................... , perhaps in TV or radio. A lot of people use social networking sites as their main m. ............................... of communication with their friends. lt's often possible to download b................................ from the Internet or to watch them again, so you don't need to watch them on the day they were transmitted. With a fast broadband connection, you can s................................ TV shows directly from the Internet. 1 Which do you prefer if a film is in a foreign language, to read ..?.\!PJH~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sort these words into two categories: 'tabloid' and 'quality' newspaper. 35.3 .ęelbrity R@ws complex political debate scandals in-depth reviews of books competitions and prizes sensational crimes long articles huge headlines t abloid 35.4 \ quality Rewrite the words in bold using verbs from the opposite page. ...... the food industry and emphasised ................................ school meals. The programme was filmed ................................ I ................................ in Northern Finland. (two answers) CNN sends ................................ news programmes around the world. They're showing ................................ the cup final next week. (give a mare forma! verb) The drama takes place ................................ in Paris in the 1880s. Do you ever send those short messages over the Internet ................................ about news events? 1 The documentary looked into .!tw~:łi+d 2 3 4 5 6 35.5 Ove,r ło 11ou Which types of med ia do you use most? Give your reasons. lf possib le, com pare your answers with someone else's. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 79 36 A Politics and public institutions Types of government republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually, a president (e.g. USA, France) monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen (e.g. UK, Sweden) federation: a union of political units (e.g. provinces) under a central government (e.g. USA) democracy: government of, by and for the people dictatorship: system of government run by a dictator independence: freedom from outside control; self-governing B Presidential and parliamentary government (US and UK) United States Presidential government: The powers of the President and the legislature (Congress) are separate. These branches of government are elected1 separately. The President is elected for a four-year term and can appoint2 or nominate high officials in government, including cabinet members (who advise) and federal judges. The President leads a major party, usually, but not always, the majority party3 in Congress. Congress consists of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. United Kingdom Parliamentary government: The government consists of a legislature4 (Parliament) and a Cabinet of Ministers5 from the majority party/parties in Parliament. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister selects high officials and heads6 the Cabinet. Parliament consists of two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. MPs are members of parliament elected from each constituency7 to the House of Commons. 1 chosen by vote 2 decide who to give positions of authority to 3 political party which won the most votes 4 group of people who make new laws 5 group of most important ministers 6 is the 7 leader of geographical voting area C Parliamentary elections During a general election each constituency has to choose which politician it wants as its representative. Usually there are several candidates to choose from. These candidates are all standing (or running) for Parliament. They present the policies, i.e. their party’s plans. On polling day every adult goes to the polling station and casts a vote by marking a cross on their ballot paper. The candidate who gets the majority of votes wins the seat. If the vote is very close, the constituency may be referred to as a marginal seat. Language help Here are some word families relating to words on this page. 80 verb person noun abstract noun rule ruler rule govern governor government preside (often followed by over) president presidency represent representative representation elect elector; electorate (group of people) election English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 36.1 Circle the correct word from the choices offered. or her constituency. 1 A member of parliament governs I rules /~his 2 India gained republic I independence I democracy from the UK in 1948. 3 On electing I voting I polling day electors cast their votes. 4 She's running I sitting I walking for Parliament in the next election. 5 His father was voted I stood I elected MP for Cambridge City. 6 What is your country's economic politics I policy I politician? 7 The USA is a legislature I federation I congress of 50 states. 8 Although modern monarchs are said to rule I govern I preside over their countries they have little real power. 36.2 Look at this text about politics in the UK. Fill in the missing words. Parliament in the UK consists of two 1 .. ~h.Pmrn .. „.„ .... : the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The country is divided into 2 ................................ , each of which elects a(n) 3 ............................... . to represent it in the House of Commons. The ruling party in the Commons is the one which gains a 4 ................................ of seats. The main figure in that party is called the 5 ................................ • The Commons is elected for a maximum period of five years although the Prime Minister may call a general 6................................ at any time within that period. 36.3 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 The President appointed his uncle 2 The Prime Minister presides 3 In last year's election I voted 4 Lee says he would never want to stand 5 Put a cross beside the name you want 6 I haven't decided yet how to cast 7 I'm not keen on the candidate who won 8 We had five candidates to choose 36.4 ~ o o o o o o over a Cabinet of Ministers. on the ballot paper. as a judge. from in our constituency. the seat in our constituency. f for the Green Party candidate. g for political office. h my vote. a b c d e Find a word from the Language help section to match each definition. the person with the highest political position in a republic +he Preslderi+ 2 someone who speaks or does something officially, on behalf of a group of people 3 the leader of a country, e.g. a monarch or dictator 4 the period of office of the person with the highest political position in a republic 5 system used for controlling a country 6 the group of people who are entitled to vote 7 to act officially for a group of people 36.5 Ove,r ło t:fotc Write a parag ra ph about th e political system in your country. Make sure your para gra ph dea ls with all the foll owing aspects of the topie appro priate to your cou ntry: kind of government, e.g. a republ ic or a monarchy office governme nt lea der chambers or houses elections terms of English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 81 37 A Crime Crimes and criminals crime definition criminal verb murder killing someone murderer murder shoplifting stealing something from a shop shoplifter shoplift burglary stealing something from someone’s home burglar burgle smuggling taking something illegally into another country smuggler smuggle kidnapping taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other favours, etc. kidnapper kidnap terrorism violent action for political purposes terrorist (terrorise) All the verbs in the table above are regular. Note that the verb terrorise is mainly used in a general way, meaning to make others very frightened, rather than just relating to the crime. Language help I’ve been robbed. Someone’s stolen my bike! Note the difference between the verbs steal and rob. The object of the verb steal is the thing which is taken away, e.g. They stole my wallet, whereas the object of the verb rob is the person or place from which things are stolen, e.g. I was robbed last night. A masked man robbed the bank. The crime is robbery. Steal is irregular: steal, stole, stolen. The crime is theft – there is no equivalent noun formed from steal. Rob (and steal to a lesser extent) are often used in contexts not related to the law, e.g. Two last-minute goals robbed our team of victory. B Verbs connected with crime Note that some of these verbs are followed by specific prepositions. Bill committed a crime when he robbed a bank. Someone witnessed the crime and told the police. The police arrested him and charged him with bank robbery. They also accused his twin brother, Ben, of being his accomplice1. The case came to court2 and they were tried3. The trial did not last very long. Bill and Ben both pleaded not guilty4 in court. Their lawyer did her best to defend them but the prosecuting lawyer produced a very strong case against them. After brief deliberations5, the jury passed verdict on them. They decided that Bill was guilty and he was convicted of 6 robbery but Ben was innocent7. The judge acquitted Ben of any involvement in the robbery but sentenced Bill to three years in prison/jail. He also had to pay a large fine. Bill served two years in prison but was released from prison a year early. He got time off for good behaviour. 1 someone who helps someone commit a crime 2 place where a judge makes legal decisions put through a legal process to decide whether they did the crime or not 4 said they did not commit the crime 5 discussions 6 decide officially in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime 7 did not commit a crime 3 C Nouns connected with crime offence: an illegal act; it is committed by an offender trial: the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated, or tried case: a crime that is being investigated i.e. is under investigation evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence, i.e. the punishment jury: group of citizens (12 in the UK, and, usually, the US) who decide on the verdict: i.e. whether the accused is guilty or not victim: a person who suffers as the result of a crime suspect: a person who is suspected of committing an offence 82 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 37 .1 Put the correct form of either rob or steal in the sentences below. ................. the post office. They ................................ f2,000. 1 Last night an armed gang .. r.~kd 2 My handbag ................................ at the theatre yesterday. 3 Every year large numbers of banks ................................ . 4 Jane ................................ of the opportunity to stand for president. 37 .2 Which crime is each person accused of? 1 Zoe stole a chocolate bar from a shop . ..h . ~ . ~ ..1.?... ~ . (@?~4 ..~.f?hp\(:H1, ·· 2 Harry took a film star's son and said she could only have bim back if she paid a large sum of money........ „ ........ . ...... „ ... „ . „ „ . „ ...... „ . „ ... „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ .... . 3 Ophelia shot her husband in the heart. „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „. „ „ „ . . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ 4 Pete tried to take a large amount of cigarettes into his country without paying the due tax. 5 Tom broke into someone's house and stole a TV and a computer. 37.3 Fill the gaps in the paragraph below with one of the verbs from B opposite. One of the two accused men 1 .. ~.? ..(.~Nk±d„ .. at yesterday's trial. Ałthoug his lawyer bim very well, he was still found guiłty by the jury. The judge 3 bim to two years in prison. He'll probably 4 ... after 18 months. The other accused man was luckier. He 5 .................. and left the courtroom smiling broadly. 2 „ ..... „ „ .. „ . . . . ... . . .. „ .... „ ........ „ ... „ ... „ „ ....... . „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ ....... „ „ ........ „ .. 37.4 A preposition is missing in each of these sentences. Add it. +e 1 The judge sentenced the accused "'ten years in prison. 2 Many prisoners end up getting time for good behaviour. 3 The police have charged the driver of the red sports car speeding. 4 The two girls are suspected taking sweets from the shop without paying. 5 Sam was found guilty today but the judge will decide his sentence tomorrow. 6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty the accused. 37.5 Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets. 1 The judge gave the accused six months in prison as punishment. (sentenced) 'fhe ju.d~e sen+enled +he allil.Sed +e slx men+hs In prisen. 2 The police think Bert is guiłty but they cannot show this to be true. (proof) 3 In court the accused said he did not commit the crime. (pleaded) 4 The murder case is still being looked into by the police. (investigation) 5 Anyone suffering because of a crime. can join this support group. (victim) 6 The detective thought the jealous lover killed the woman. (suspected) 7 The bank robbers are curentły being tried at a court in London. (trial) 8 Nathan is hoping to be !et out of prison soon. (released) 37.6 Ovu- ło 11ou Answer t hese questio ns. 2 3 4 5 6 Which do you think are the two most important crimes in A? Which, in your opinion, are the two least important crimes in A? Would you like to serve on a jury? Why (not)? What do you think should be the punishment for shoplifting? How effective do you think fines are as punishment? How effective do you think prison is as punishment? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 83 38 A Money Personal finance These advertisements about personal finance appeared on a student noticeboard. £ £ Newbank – Your Bank Need a good current account1 with the best interest rates2 and a guaranteed overdraft facility3? Pop into our campus branch today. Too many credit cards? Combine4 all your cards and debts5 into one convenient payment6. Discuss your credit limit7 with us today. Call 67742319. $£C Short of cash? Need a loan? Need to raise money for that roundthe-world trip? For a loan with competitive8 interest rates for students, ring 081456379. Too soon to think about a mortgage9? No. Act now! For mortgages with low deposits10 and special student plans for repayments11. Call 056987623. 1 account you use for most everyday business 2 percentage which the bank pays you based on how much you have in your account 3 permission to have a negative amount of money in your account 4 join together to make one 5 money you owe someone 6 the act of paying something 7 the maximum amount of money you may spend on your card 8 as good or better than other banks 9 a loan used usually to buy a house 10 money you pay before buying something to show you really 11 want to buy it payments to reduce the amount you owe B Bank accounts and services Read the conversation between Ricky and a bank adviser at Ricky’s local branch. ADVISER: RICKY: ADVISER: RICKY: ADVISER: RICKY: ADVISER: RICKY: So, your salary is paid into your current account and you have a steady income1. What about outgoings2? Do you foresee any major expenses3? I have some monthly outgoings, not many, and they’re mostly direct debits4, so they’re paid automatically. I do need to change my car soon. So I’ll have to finance5 that somehow. OK. We can have a look at that later. You don’t have a savings account6 with us? No. We could open one for you and transfer7 money regularly from your current account. We can look at that later, too. You’ve never been overdrawn8, which is very good. Your account is in credit9. I try not to be in the red10 and I know you charge interest11 on overdrafts. Good. And you use online banking, do you? Yes. I only ever come here nowadays to get cash from the cash machine. 1 money coming in regularly, in a way that does not change much 2 money you pay each month, e.g. rent, cost of running a car, etc. 3 money you spend on things 4 money taken automatically from your account, e.g. to pay bills, a mortgage, etc.; the bank debits (verb) your account for the necessary sums of money 5 find the money needed to pay for it 6 account where you put money you do not immediately need 7 move from one account to another 8 had a negative amount of money in your 9 account has a positive amount of money in it 10 infml have a negative amount of money in your 11 account make you pay a percentage of the amount C Public finance The government collects money through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on money people get from people who have died. Customs (or excise) duty is paid on goods imported from other countries; airports usually have duty-free shops. VAT (value added tax) is a tax paid on most goods and services. Companies pay corporation tax on their profits. 84 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 38.1 Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right. 2 3 4 5 6 38.2 interest mortgage overdraft savings account current account direct debit 0 O D O D D a an account for money you don't need immediately b payment taken automatically from an account c an account for day-to-day use d a loan to buy a house or flat e money that is charged on a loan f an account with a negative sum of money in it Use words from A opposite to complete the sentences. 1 Nigel owes his brother 5,000 euros and he borrowed 10,000 euros to buy a car. Nigel has d~.H? ...... „ . „ .......... „. totalling 15,000 euros. 2 Misha spent 6,000 euros on her credit card; the bank said she'd spent 1,000 euros too much. Herc................................ l... ............................. was 5,000 euros. 3 Newbank offers interest rates on loans that are similar to the rates other banks offer and are sometimes better. Newbank's rates are c................................ . 4 Before she bought her new car, Alice paid f500 to the dealer. She paid a d ............................... . 'I of f500. 5 If a customer needs more money than is in their account, they can get permission to go on using the account. The bank offers an 0 ................................ f... ............................. . 6 Harry sold his car, got a part-time job and offered to clean people's windows. He was trying to r................................ money to f... ............................. his trip to Africa. 7 You only need one credit card. You can c................................ all the sums you owe into one p ................................ . 8 If you want to buy a house, the bank offers loans where you can pay the money back over 30 years. The bank offers m ............................... with r................................ over 30 years. 38.3 What do we call ... the tax you pay on imported goods? Lu.s+oms I exdse du.~ 2 a shop at an airport where you don't pay tax? 3 a tax which is added to most goods and services? 4 a tax on money paid if someone dies? 5 the tax that companies pay on their profits? 6 the tax that the government takes out of your salary? 38.4 Answer the questions. Give reasons for your answers. 1 If you were overdrawn, would you be in a good situation or a bad one? .ft vad si+u.a+lori ~li. wou.ld ha~e ane9a+i~ amou.ri+ of mori~ lt\ ~ur varik QllOU.t\+. 2 Why might a person open a savings account as well as a current account? 3 Joel's account is in the red. Why is his bank manager unhappy? 4 Why might someone transfer money from a savings account to a current account? 5 Why is online banking easier than visiting your branch? 6 Why are cash machines so convenient? Are there any risks in using them? 7 Zara's account is in credit. Is she probably happy or unhappy? 8 Bob doesn't have a steady income and his outgoings are very high. Do you think he feels secure or insecure? 9 If your bank debited your account for 500 euros, would you feel you bad more or less money as a result? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 85 39 A Describing objects Some pairs of opposite adjectives Cotton is a natural material and nylon is artificial. Red and yellow are vivid colours while grey is a sombre colour. a bizarre chair a conventional You can see through a transparent material but you can’t chair see through an opaque material. A machine that has no problems at all is perfect while one that doesn’t work properly is faulty. Something that is hard and doesn’t move or bend easily is stiff while something that bends easily is flexible. A material that can be easily spoilt by, for example, washing, can be called delicate while something that is hard to spoil can be called tough. A material like glass that can be easily broken can be called fragile while something that does not break easily a plain frame a decorative frame can be called strong or sturdy. I prefer strong coffee to weak coffee – I can’t stand coffee that has too much water or milk in it. I like to be able to really taste my coffee! The painting is not a genuine Picasso – it’s a fake. B Adjectives and nouns adjective noun example meaning decent decency I’d like to get a table that’s a decent size so we can have ten people to a meal. good entire entirety Between them they ate the entire cake! whole characteristic character, characteristic Big windows are characteristic of houses built in the early 1900s. typical precise precision We need to take precise measurements before we decide which fridge to get. exact severe severity It’s a severe building – all concrete and straight lines. very serious solid solidity The table is made of solid oak. hard all through trivial trivia, triviality He doesn’t write serious novels, just trivial romances. insignificant The only verbs that can be formed from adjectives in the above table are characterise, solidify and trivialise. C Phrases typical of speech Did you see that great big cat run across the grass? [very big] This photo isn’t half as interesting as that one. [is much less] Jessie’s car is nowhere near as powerful as mine. [much less] Tamara makes an unusually strong cup of coffee. It’s a reasonably good piece of sculpture. [fairly good] It’s a pretty thick book. [fairly thick] 86 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 39.1 Answer these questions relating to the adjectives in A opposite. .................. . 1 Which is artificial - silk or lycra? .J8~n 2 Which is more delicate when it comes to washing - silk or cotton? ................................ 3 Would you say a watch that looks like a snake has a conventional or a bizarre design? .................... . 4 How could you describe car brakes that are not working properly? ............................... . 5 Which would cost more - a genuine Monet or a fake? ............................... . 6 Which of these materials is more fragile - china or wood? ............................... . 7 Which is more flexible - metal or rubber? ................................ 39.2 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence. B. .......... . 1 Jana's clothes are never frivolous - they're always rather .. A delicate B severe C prec1se D bizarre 2 This painting is ................ of the works of Rembrandt. A characteristic 39.3 D plain 4 Do have the ................ to put on a new shirt, not that one with the hole. A decency B severity C vividness D characteristic 5 Writing a good job application is not a ................ matter. A solid B conventional C trivia! D transparent 6 Making beautiful jewellery requires a high degree of ................ . A entirety B precision C character D triviality Choose words from the box to complete the dialogue. NINA: MARK: NINA: MARK: NINA: nowhere half unusually pretty I love this room, Mark. Those 1 .. 3n~L ................ big windows are wonderful, and the views from them are 2................................ amazing too. Th ank s. Andl' m sure it . .isn ' t 3................................ as expens1ve . h t imagme. . . . as you mig I only pay 1,000 euros a month. Wow! That's 4............................ near as much as I pay. And my flat's very noisy too . lt seems 5............................ quiet here - you don't seem to hear too much noise from the street. No, it's not too bad. And l've certainly got 6................................ quiet neighbours. I never hear a sound from their flat. Lucky you! I wish I could say the same about mine. Some words in this unit can be used to talk about abstract ideas as well as objects. Use your knowledge of these words to answer the questions. 2 3 4 5 39.5 C entire D solid reasonably 39.4 B solid 3 l'd like to buy the ................ salami, please, not just a small piece of it. A precise B trivia! C entire If someone gives you a genuine smile, do they feel friendly or not particularly friendly towards you? 'fh~ fee\ frie nd \~. Do you think a transparent argument is one that is easy or difficult to follow? If a writer describes something vividly, is their writing effective? If a person behaves in a stiff way, are they more likely to be relaxed or tense? If the teacher says your work is 'solid', are you likely to be pleased or not? Ove.r ło ':fOtc Answe r these questions a bout you rself. Do you prefer decorative or plain picture frames? 2 What would your perfect car be like? 3 What do you think about artificial flowers? 4 Do you enjoy talking about trivial things? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 87 40 A Belief and opinion Verbs connected with beliefs and opinions You probably already know think and believe; here are some more verbs. I’m convinced we’ve met before. [very strong feeling that you’re right] I’ve always held that compulsory education is a waste of time. [used for very firm beliefs; fml; maintain could be used here] She maintains that we’re related, but I’m not convinced. [insist on believing, often against the evidence; fml; hold could not be used here] I feel she shouldn’t be forced to do the job. [strong personal opinion] I reckon they’ll get married soon. [usually an opinion about what is likely to happen / to be true; infml] I doubt /daʊt/ we’ll ever see total world peace. [don’t believe] I suspect a lot of people never even think about pollution when they’re driving their own car. [have a strong feeling about something negative; fairly formal] B Phrases for expressing opinion We haven’t made any progress, in my view / in my opinion. (fairly formal) She’s made a big mistake, to my mind. (fairly informal) If you ask me, he ought to change his job. (infml) Note how point of view is used in English: From a teacher’s point of view, the new examinations are a disaster. [how teachers see things, or are affected] Common mistakes Notice the prepositions in these phrases: In my opinion/view but to my mind and from my point of view. (NOT in my mind or in my point of view) C Prepositions used with belief and opinion words Do you believe in life after death? What are your views on divorce? What do you think of the new boss? Are you for or against long prison sentences? (neutral/infml) I’m in favour of (opp opposed to; fml) long prison sentences. I have my doubts about this plan. D Beliefs, ideologies, philosophies, convictions If you would rather organise this word tree differently or can add more examples, do so; it will probably help you to remember the words better. beliefs ideologies left-/right-wing socialist E conservative philosophies intellectual Darwinist personal vegetarian convictions religious Muslim moral pacifist Adjectives for describing beliefs and opinions These are in sets which have similar, but not exactly the same, meaning: fanatical / obsessive eccentric / odd / weird conservative / traditional middle-of-theroad / moderate dedicated / committed firm / strong radical / extreme Peter is a fanatical supporter of the Green Party. Grandpa has rather eccentric views. Maria is a moderate liberal. Rosie is a committed Christian. Emma is a firm believer in free speech. Tom is a radical Marxist. 88 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 40.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right and add an appropriate preposition. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. I have strong views .Jm.......... 2 Many people believe ................ D I was in favour ................ What does she think ................ This is absurd, ................ He's quite wrong, ................ Well, that's just silly, ................ 8 I have my doubts ................ 9 Is Alex likely to be opposed D D D D D D [I] D 3 4 5 6 7 40.2 a b c d e my opm10n. the proposed changes. marnage. the plans for the new airport? life after death. f how honest he is. g our point of view. h the new teacher? my mind. Use adjectives from E which fit the phrases describing the beliefs and views of these people. ........... belief) 1 A person who insists that the earth is flat. (an ..l( . ~-rd1 2 A person who believes absolutely in the power of love to solve world problems. (a ................................ believer in the power of love) 3 A socialist neither on the left or the right of the party. (a ................................ socialist) 4 A vegetarian who refuses even to be in the same room as people who love meat. (an ................................ vegetarian) 5 Someone who is always suspicious of change. (a rather ................................ view of the world) 6 Someone who is in favour of making everyone wear blue clothes on Tuesdays. (a rather ................................ point of view) 40.3 Rewrite these sentences using a form of the verb in brackets. . ~(!l : ? .. l(~f-d!. . ! ..~ . ~.l?1J, ................ . 1 My mum's sure Nina's expecting a baby. (reckon) .. M8..l'fflrn..r . ~ - b.~n 2 l've always suspected that ghosts don't really exist. (doubt) .............................................................................. . My view has always been that people should rely on themselves more. (hold ) ................................... . 3 4 Claudia is convinced that the teacher has been unfair to her. (maintain) ................................................. . 5 I had a very strong feeling that I had been in that room before. (convince) ...............„ . .. . .. . .... . ..... „ „ „ „ . 6 In his view, we should have tried again. (feel) ..... „ ... „ .. . . .... . . . .. . .... „ ...... „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. ..... „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ . „ „ „ . . . . . . . 40.4 Ove,r ło ':fOL.c Are you „. ? Consider how many of these words apply to you, and explain why. Some ideas for situations are given in the box to help you decide. Write sentences about yourself. mor~ EXAMPLE l l l+~ on don'++hlnk Jm o+her people. ~mor&,+ vwuse 1 wouldn'+ +r~ a moralist left- wing an intel lectual a ra di cal th in ker dedi cated food preferences politics a t rad itio nali st learning English sport +o lmpose m~ a philoso ph er ~lews ~vou+ rell9lous or o+her midd le- of- the-road life and existence work religion English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 89 41 A Pleasant and unpleasant feelings Happiness and unhappiness You feel ... content(ed) when you are satisfied with what you have. Content is not used before a noun. You can say ‘She is content/contented’ but only ‘a contented person’. He’s very content with his life. He’s always been a contented person. grateful when someone has done something thoughtful for you. Note: You feel thankful if something bad that could have happened did not happen. I’m really grateful to you for helping me with my project. delighted when something has happened that gives you great pleasure, when you hear news of someone’s good fortune, for instance. I was delighted to hear you’re getting married! miserable when everything seems wrong in your life. I felt miserable all day yesterday – maybe it was just the grey, cold weather. discontented when your life is not giving you satisfaction. She’s very discontented with her job and is going to look for a new one. fed up / sick and tired when you have had enough of something disagreeable. I’m fed up with Amanda’s rudeness, and sick (and tired) of her bad behaviour. depressed when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an illness in some severe cases. I felt depressed after having ten job interviews and not getting a job. confused when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas. I feel so confused – last week she said she loved me passionately, this week she said we were just good friends. B Excitement, upset, anger and anxiety ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ I felt inspired after the concert. I’ve decided to take piano lessons. [stimulated to do something positive or creative] The argument I had with Gloria the other night really upset me. [made me feel unhappy] ’ I was quite enthusiastic about my tennis lessons at first, but the teacher isn’t very good and now I just feel frustrated. ’ [enthusiastic: had very positive feelings] [frustrated: a feeling of being unable to do something you really want to do] ‘ She was so thrilled when she got a job with a TV company. She’s always wanted to work in the media. ’ [feeling when something extremely exciting and pleasing happens] ‘ I was so nervous before the exam, and then I felt anxious before the results came out, but I passed with a high grade. ’ [nervous: feeling nervous is a bit like feeling excited but it is a negative feeling] [anxious: when you are afraid and uncertain about the future] ‘ ’ I was furious with the waiter. The service was slow and he spilt coffee over my shirt. [extremely angry] Language help Really can be used with all the adjectives on this page. Absolutely goes only with the words describing extreme states, i.e. delighted, fed up, sick and tired, thrilled, furious. With these words quite means absolutely, but with the other less extreme words, quite means rather. 90 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 41.1 Read the remarks and then answer the questions. Philip: Katie: Pilar: Trevor: Agnes: Sarah: Carlos: Stefan: 'I'm just not feeling very happy today. Everything seems to have gone wrong.' 'I like my life and I have nothing to complain about.' 'I felt so good that nothing bad had happened. It could have been a disaster.' 'l've had enough of all the arguments and the bad atmosphere at work.' 'I felt very happy when I heard she had an interview for the job.' 'It was very kind of you to look after my cat when I was away. Thank you.' 'l've been so unhappy for a long time. l've been seeing a psychiatrist.' 'I just don't understand. Was that his wife or his daughter?' I name Who feels ... 1 fed up with something? 41.2 I Who feels ... I name 5 miserable? 'fre~o 2 depressed? 6 thankful? 3 content? 7 confused? 4 grateful? 8 delighted? Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite. .............. to become a zoologist. I always get a feeling of negative excitement ................................ just before an exam. I was extremely angry ................................ when they refused to give me my money back. I was very excited and pleased ................................ to see my old school friend again after so long. The news about Rory's illness really made me feel unhappy ................................ . At first, I was full of positive feelings ................................ about the course, but it's just not very good. 1 After watching the nature programme, I felt stimulated ..iJ)_?.pr~ 2 3 4 5 6 41.3 Sort the adjectives into positive and negative feelings. contented &ick and tired anx10us thrilled confused I negative positive skk 41.4 frustrated ~nd +!red Fill the gaps using the adjectives in 41.3. Choose an appropriate adverb (absolutely, quite or a bit) to go in front of the adjective. Sometimes, both are possible. 1 I was feeling {quite I absolutely) .. $H~ 2 3 4 5 6 41.5 .. ~tl\i?. ..................................... because she had not phoned to say she had arrived safely. I am (quite I absolutely) ............................................................... of her selfish behaviour. l've had enough! lt's all so complicated. I feel (a bit I quite) ............................................................... . Can you help me? I was (absolutely I a bit) .......................................................„ ...... when I heard the wonderful news! lt made me feel {quite I a bit) ............................................................... that I still couldn't play any songs after six weeks of guitar lessons. You always seem so (absolutely I quite) ............................................................... with life. How lucky you are! Ove,r ło tjott Choose six adjectives from this unit which describe feelings you have had recently and write sentences about when and why you felt that way. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 91 I~ 42 A Like, dislike and desire Words and expressions relating to liking To: Subject: Anna Stankova My news Dear Anna, Good to hear from you after so many years. Fancy you being married! I’m not married but I’ve got a boyfriend called Tom. I must tell you about him. We’ve known each other for three years. I quite liked him when we first met, but I didn’t really fancy him in any big way. I did like being with him – he fascinated me with his stories of his travels around the world and something mysterious about his past attracted me. What’s more, we were both keen on sailing. Little by little I fell in love with him. His sense of humour appealed to me and I was captivated by his smiling eyes. Now, three years later, I can’t see why I didn’t fall for him the moment we met. He’s a very caring person, fond of animals and small children. He’s always affectionate and loving towards me and passionate both about me and about the things he believes in and the people he cares for. I hope we’ll always be as devoted to each other as we are now. Do write again soon and tell me all about your life! Love, Amy B Words and expressions relating to disliking Loathe, detest, despise, cannot stand and cannot bear are all stronger ways of saying ‘dislike’ and they are all followed by a noun or an -ing form. I loathe / detest / despise / can’t stand / can’t bear bad-mannered people. I can’t bear listening to her stupid stories. Repel, revolt, appal and disgust are strong words used to describe the negative effect which something has on a person. His films disgust me. I was revolted by the way he spoke. We were appalled by the conditions in the refugee camp. His behaviour repels everyone. C Words and expressions relating to desiring Desire is either a formal verb to express a sexual wish for someone or a formal word for wish. He desired her the moment he saw her. I have a strong desire to see the Himalayas before I die. Look forward to means think about something in the future with pleasant anticipation. It is followed by a noun or an -ing form. The opposite is dread, which is rather strong. I’m looking forward to going to Fiji but I’m dreading the long flight. Long for means to wish for something very much. Yearn for is a more poetic way of saying long for. After this long, cold winter, I’m longing for spring. He will never stop yearning for his country although he knows he can never return. 92 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 42.1 Complete the sentences with words from A opposite and add the missing prepositions. Jeremy and Lily are very dę.v~M! .................... .ł!'?„ each other. Mrs Williams is very L„.„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„ „„„„„„„„ her son-in-law. Are you k „„„„„„„.„„„.„„„.„ .„„„.„„„„ rugby? There's a big match on TV to night. Spending a whole day with my cousins doesn't a„„„„.„„„.„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„ me. We just looked at each other and we L„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. „.„.„„„„„ love immediately. She's so beautiful. I L„„„„.„„„„„„„.„„ .„„„„„„„. her the moment I saw her. Our grandmother was always very a.„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„ „„„„„.„„. us when we were little and hugged us every time she saw us. 8 She's very p„„„„„„„.„„.„„„.„„. „„„„„.„„. wildlife and c„„„.„„.„.„„.„.„„.„„ „„„„„„„„ sick animals in the local animal rescue centre. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 42.2 Rewrite the sentences, changing the meaning as little as possible. Use the word in brackets. 1 I'm fond of him. (quite like) „J.9~!klihtr 2 I strongly dislike jazz. (stand) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„.„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„ 3 Do you think Jim is attractive? (fancy) „„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„„.„„„„„„„„„ 4 She likes rowing and golf. (keen) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 5 I loathe very salty food. (bear) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„. 6 His art attracts me. (appeal) „„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. 7 I find Gina very interesting. (fascinate) „„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 8 She has totally charmed him. (captivate) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 9 I'm dreading the exam. (look) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„„..„„„.„„„„„„„. 42.3 In each pair of sentences which person probably feels more strongly, a or b? · 1 a He's devoted to his sister. 2 a I dislike his poetry. 3 a She's yeaming to see him. 4 a I'm not really looking forward to the exam. 42.4 He's very fond of his sister. „!!.. „ I loathe his poetry. „„„„ She's longing to see him. „„„„ I'm absoluteły dreading the exam. „„„„ Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake in the sentc~ 42.5 b b b b olled 1 I was ~ealo by the terrible conditions in the prison. They were simply inhuman. 2 I can't bare selfish people. I dispose anyone who never considers others. 3 Her manner repealed me at first and I wouldn't stand being in the same room as her, but now I've begun to like her more. 4 I fełt a strong desire of finding out what had happened to my old school friends. 5 Are you looking forward to start your new job? 6 I fełt absolutely disgusting by his unkind remarks about Sylvia. Ove,r ło tjou Answer the questions in any way that is true for you. What characteristics in people do you most detest? 2 Would you describe yourself as a caring person? In what ways do you show it? 3 Are there any issues you are passionate about? Why? Why not? 4 Do you know anyone who fascinates you? Why? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 93 43 A Speaking Reporting verbs We can use these verbs to report people’s speech and how they speak (including how loudly and what their mood is). verb loudness most likely mood whisper very soft telling someone a secret* murmur soft romantic or complaining mumble soft (and unclear) nervous or insecure mutter soft irritated shout loud angry or excited scream loud (usually without words) frightened or excited shriek loud (and shrill) frightened or amused stutter, stammer neutral nervous or excited** *People also whisper in places where it would be impolite to speak loudly. **Stuttering and stammering may also be the result of a speech impediment. ‘I’m sick of this. I’m going home,’ he muttered. Suddenly, someone shouted ‘Help!’ She whispered that she was not happy with the way the meeting was going. B Describing feelings These verbs indicate the speaker’s feelings or intentions. (sb = somebody, sth = something) C verb patterns feeling boast to sb about sth proud of oneself insist on sth determined object to + -ing unhappy with a situation threaten to do sth argue groan verb patterns feeling complain to sb about sth displeased maintain that confident confess to + -ing repentant aggressive urge sb to do sth encouraging with sb about sth not in agreement beg sb to do sth desperate that despair, pain grumble about sth displeased Adverbs related to speech To indicate someone’s feelings, you can use a speaking verb plus an adverb. For example, ‘He said anxiously.’ ‘She spoke angrily.’ This is common in written style. If somebody feels angry: angrily furiously bitterly If somebody feels unhappy: gloomily miserably sadly If somebody feels happy: happily cheerfully gladly hopefully If somebody feels worried: anxiously nervously desperately Other useful adverbs: excitedly, impatiently, reluctantly, shyly. Language help Most of the verbs in B above can also be used with a that clause. She boasted that she had scored 20 goals in one season. He threatened (that) he would call the police. 94 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 43.1 Choose a verb from A opposite to fit the meaning of the sentences. 'Oh, noooooooooo!!!!!!' she ..?.Wę~m .cl/ .Phri .ę b.ęd ........... in absolute terror. 2 'Don't look now, but Gary has just arrived,' she ................................ in my ear. 3 'Joey! Come here at once!!' his mother ................................ . 4 'I d-d-d-did it,' he ................................ . 5 'I'm sick of this meeting. I'm going home,' he ................................ . 6 'Oh, that's so, so funny!' she ................................ with laughter. 7 'There's a spider!!!' she ................................ . 8 'Stop ................................ ! I can't hear what you're saying,' she said. 9 'I think we should leave now. lt's late,' he ................................ quietly. 43.2 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 He always maintained 2 He groaned 3 They threatened 4 She complained 5 He begged me 6 She insisted 43.3 ~ D D D D a b c d e to cancel my parking permit. not to leave, but I had to. on using recycled pa per for everything. that he could read people's minds. that he needed a doctor immediately. f about the noise coming from above. Add a reporting verb and one of the adverbs from the box to each sentence. Where possible, use reporting verbs from A. angrily 1 Milly: 2 Andrew: 3 Petra: 4 Leo: 5 Lily: 6 Ray: 7 Gary: 8 Anna: bitterly impatiently happily hopefully anxiously sadly excitedly 'You must pay attention!' Mil~ shoułed ongri\~. 'I feel much better today, thank you.' 'Oh wow! l've just won a prize in a competition! ' 'I will never forgive them for what they did.' 'This is our last day together. 1'11 miss you.' 'I'm very worried. She said she would phone us.' 'Oh, come on! Do hurry up! Let's go! Now!' 'We may be lucky and the rain might stop.' 43.4 Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets. 1 Don't exaggerate your talents to your friends. They'll stop liking you. (boast) ..:P.~nl . v . ~.?łv\IJtf!r:+kn< .. ~!r.find? •............................................................................................................................. 2 I'm not happy with having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat. (object) ...................................................... . 3 Stop being discontented with your job all the time. (grumble) ............................................................................. . 4 He talked about refusing to pay and calling the połice . (threaten) ................................................................... . 5 She asked if we would help her. (beg) .................................................................................................................................... . 6 He admitted that he had broken the window. (confess) (two answers) ......................................................... . 43.5 Answer the questions. 1 Which adverbs describe positive (P) feelings and which describe negative (N) feelings? gloomily (N) miserably ( ) cheerfully ( ) desperately ( ) gladly ( ) 2 Which prepositions usually follow: (a) object, (b) insist, (c) complain? 3 Which adverb means that someone does not want to do something? 4 What is the missing preposition? 'Let's be friends. I don't want to argue ................ you.' 5 How might someone speak at a job interview if they were not very confident? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 95 44 A The six senses The five senses The five senses are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. What is sometimes referred to as a ‘sixth sense’ (or extrasensory perception) is a power to be aware of things independently of the five physical senses – a kind of supernatural sense. The five verbs referring to the senses are modified by an adjective rather than an adverb. He looks dreadful. The trip sounds marvellous. The cake tastes good. It felt strange. The soup smelt delicious. B Sight Yesterday I glanced out of the window and noticed a policeman observing a house opposite through binoculars. I thought I glimpsed a man inside the house. Then I saw that there was a man peering into the window of the same house. I gazed at them wondering what they were doing. Suddenly the policeman stopped staring through his binoculars. He went to arrest the other man as he started to climb into the house through a window. I realised that I had witnessed a crime. C Hearing Scale of loudness: noiseless D silent quiet noisy loud deafening Taste sweet (honey) salty (crisps) bitter (strong coffee) sour (vinegar) spicy (Indian food) If you say something tastes hot it may mean spicy rather than not cold. If a curry, say, is not particularly hot, then it is mild. Food can be tasty, but tasteful refers to furnishings, architecture or a style of dressing or behaviour. The opposite of both is tasteless. E Touch She poked me in the ribs with her elbow to wake me up. He stroked the cat and patted the dog. She tapped him on the shoulder. He grasped my hand and we ran. She grabbed her MP3 player and ran to the bus stop. The thief snatched her handbag and disappeared into the crowd. Press the button. Please handle the goods with great care. F Smell Here are some adjectives to describe smells: Very unpleasant: stinking foul-smelling putrid musty [smelling unpleasantly old and slightly damp] pungent [smelling very strong, often unpleasantly so] Pleasant: fragrant aromatic sweet-smelling perfumed/scented G Sixth sense Different phenomena which a person with a sixth sense may experience: telepathy [experiencing someone else’s feelings even though you are apart] premonition [knowing something is going to happen before it occurs] intuition [instinctive understanding] déjà vu [an inexplicable feeling that you have already been somewhere or experienced something before] 96 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 44. 1 Which of the verbs in the text in B opposite suggests looking in the following ways . as a crime or accident occurs? .. ~fo&. closely, finding it hard to make things out? ................................ 3 in a scientific kind of way?................................ 4 quickly? ................................ 5 2 44.2 fixedly? ................................ 6 at something but getting only a brief view?................................ Are the following best described as sweet, salty, bitter, sour, spicy or hot? 1 strong, unsweetened coffee 3 chilli powder ................................ .. kiH~r. . .... . 4 lime ................................ 2 chocolate cake ............................... . 44.3 5 Indian cooking ............................... . 6 sea water ................................ Which of the adjectives in F best describes for you the smell of the following? „~ 1 herbs in a kitchen ..1rn.mlł\~ 2 old socks ................................ • 3 out-of-date eggs ................................ 4 roses ................................ · '-? "· I \I 5 6 7 8 a a a a shed full of goats ................................ beauty salon ................................ loft used for storage ................................ skunk ................................ 44.4 Replace the underlined words with a more precise verb from the opposite page. . <l ........... „.... 1 I touched the dog a few times . .. p. . ~H 2 He knocked lightly on the door. ................................ 6 He touched the cat affectionately. ..... 3 She took my hand firmly. ................................ 7 The robber took the money and ran. 4 She }21!! her face very close up to the window .... so she could see better..................... 8 She picked up, carried and put down the 5 Take care you don't hit anyone in the eye boxes carefully................................ . with your umbrella . ............................... . „„ . „ . „„.„„.„ . „ . . . . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ ... „ . •••. „ . „ 44.5 Make a sentence about the situations using any of these verbs - look, sound, taste, touch, smell - plus an adjective. 1 You see a film about the Rocky Mountains. "f~ \oble. mo9t1ifket1+. 2 You come downstairs in the morning and smell fresh coffee. 3 4 5 6 7 8 A friend has just had her hair cut. You hear the latest number one song. A friend, an excellent cook, tries a new soup recipe. A friend asks how you feel today. A little boy asks you to listen to his first attempts at the piano. You see a friend of yours with a very worried look on her face. 44.6 Write sentences using each of the nine verbs in bold in B in ways that illustrate their specific meanings as clearly as possible. EXAMPLE Louro hoped her lioss llll>Uldt1'+ M+ke her 9l•t1dt19 o+ her lłc.h 44.7 Ove,r ło Mer~ f ell.l mil'lll+es. tjou Answer these questions about yourself. 2 3 4 5 6 What's your fa vourite sme ll? Do you prefer a hot curry or a mild curry? What materials do you like the fee l of? Do you be lieve that some people have a sixth sense? Have you ever had a feel ing of deja vu? Have you ever had a telepathic experie nce? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 97 45 A What your body does Verbs connected with the mouth and breathing yawn: Why are you yawning? Are you feeling sleepy? sneeze: Dust often makes me sneeze. snore: She snored in her chair with her mouth wide open. cough: It was so smoky in the room that he couldn’t stop coughing. sigh: She sighed with relief when she heard the plane had landed safely. be out of breath: I ran for the bus and now I’m out of breath! take a deep breath: He took a deep breath and jumped into the water. hold your breath: How long can you hold your breath underwater? B Verbs connected with eating chew: My granny used to say you should chew every mouthful ten times. rumble: It’s embarrassing if your stomach rumbles during an interview. swallow: Take a drink of water to help you swallow the pills. suck: In an aeroplane, if you suck a sweet, it can stop your ears popping. lick: The cat licked the bowl clean. bite: Don’t bite that hard sweet – you’ll damage your teeth. C Verbs connected with the eyes and face wink: He winked at me across the room to try to make me laugh. frown: Why are you frowning? What’s the problem? grin: She was so delighted with the present that she grinned from ear to ear. blink: She blinked several times to try and get the dust out of her eye. blush: He blushed with embarrassment when she smiled at him. D Verbs connected with the whole body wink frown grin perspire/sweat /swet/: When it’s hot, you sweat/ perspire. (perspire is more formal) shiver: Look at him! He’s so cold that he’s shivering! tremble: My hands tremble when I’ve been drinking too much coffee. shake: She laughed so much that her whole body shook. sweat shiver Language help All the verbs on this page (except shake and bite) are regular verbs; almost all the words have an identical noun form: to yawn → a yawn, to cough → a cough /kɒf/ etc. (except to breathe /brið/ and to perspire; their nouns are breath /breθ/ and perspiration). 98 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 45.1 Which of the words on the opposite page do these pictures illustrate? 1 .kl!~ 45.2 „ „ „. 2 .„„.„„„.„.„„„.„„.„„ 3 „„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„.„„ 5 . „ „ . „ „.„ „. „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ Complete the sentences with verbs from A opposite. 1 I could see she was extremely cold because she was .. ~V.r!1)8-„ 2 I sensed that he was feeling sad because he „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 3 She couldn't sleep all night because her husband was 4 5 6 7 8 45.3 4 „„„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„.„ .......... • • „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „.„ „ „ „ „ . • The fumes from all the cars and lorries were horrible and made me „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ I knew I had caught a cold because I started „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ • The doctor exarnined my chest and asked me to take „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ • Put your head underwater and see how many seconds you can „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ We started running fast and soon we were both „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ •• •. „ . • The Trubble family are at a restaurant and things are not going well. Fili the gaps with verbs from B opposite. MRS TRUBBLE: KEVIN: MR TRUBBLE: MRS TRUBBLE: MR TRUBBLE: ~ .l(n8-„ What slow service! Kevin, Where's our food? My stornach is 1 „rnm stop making that horrible noise with your drink! People are looking at us. lt's my straw. lt's broken and I can't 2„ „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ through it properly. Ouch! I just 3„ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ an olive and l've broken my tooth on the stone! Look! Mm. So ... where's the Stone? Oh dear. I think I 4. „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ .„. it! 45.4 Find the word to match these definitions. Draw the eyebrows together to express displeasure or puzzlement. „f.r.P.!1!1:1.„„„„„„„„ . . 2 Crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so you can swallow it. „„„„.„.„„.„.„„„.„„. 3 Your body makes small, quick movements because you are laughing so much. „„„.„„.„„.„„.„„„„„ 4 Shut and open both eyes quickly. „„.„. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ 5 Deliberately shut and open one eye. „ „ .. „ „ .... „ ...... „ „ „ .. „ 6 Use your tongue to take in food (e.g. on an ice-cream cone) . .„ „.„.„„. „ „. „ . „ „ „ „ „ 45.5 Circle the correct word to complete the sentences. shivering. 1 We worked hard in the hot sun. Soon we were trembling /~ 2 He seemed very amused. He was trembling I blushing I grinning. 3 She sucked I licked I bit the stamp and stuck it on the envelope. 4 I always find it difficult to swallow I suck I chew medicines. 5 lt was so funny! I was just trembling I shaking I shivering with laughter! 6 The poor little animal was shivering I trembling I grinning with fear. 7 lt was so hot and hurnid. Soon my shirt was soaked with perspire I perspiration I perspitation. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 99 46 A Praising and criticising Praising You praise someone for something. The teacher praised the children for their hard work. Highly praised is a common collocation. William’s acting in this film has been highly praised. She plays the guitar brilliantly, just like her father. [very skilfully] He’s a really first-rate / top-notch administrator, the very best. When it comes to grammar, she’s really on the ball. [quick to understand] Ben has a way with foreign students. The other teachers envy him. [good at establishing good relations / motivating them, etc.] Emma really has green fingers; look at those flowers! [good at gardening] Let him do the talking; he’s got the gift of the gab. [good at talking] Mary is head and shoulders above the rest of the girls at maths. / She’s miles better than the other girls at maths. (usually used of people) When it comes to technology, Japan is streets ahead of most other countries. (can be used of people or things) As far as sport is concerned, Sam is among the best in his class. [one of the best; can also say among the worst / most interesting, etc.] That meal was just out of this world. [outstanding/superb; usually used of things] B Criticising The verb criticise can mean: to say that someone or something is bad, e.g. Petra’s parents are always criticising her appearance. Notice that it can also be used to mean: give an opinion or judgement about a book or film, e.g. I belong to a writer’s group – we read and criticise each other’s work. critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/ adjective NOT PLEASED 1 saying that someone or something is bad or wrong: a critical report c The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory. adjective IMPORTANT 2 of the greatest importance to the way things might happen: The President’s support is critical (to this project). c a critical decision adjective GIVING OPINIONS 3 giving opinions or judgements on books, plays, films, etc.: She has written a major critical appraisal/study of Saul Bellow’s novels. c His last film won/received critical acclaim (= was praised by film critics). adjective SERIOUS 4 extremely serious or dangerous: Both drivers are critical / in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the 120 mph crash. The adverb critically can relate to any of these four meanings of critical although the following are the most frequent uses: critically important (meaning 2), critically acclaimed (meaning 3), critically ill (meaning 4) Note these idiomatic synonyms of the verb to criticise (with its meaning of saying something is bad): You shouldn’t run down your own country when you’re abroad. Why do you always have to pick holes in everything I say? Here are some criticisms of people. I think Antonio’s being totally absurd. [ridiculous] You are undoubtedly at fault / to blame and you should apologise. [you are in the wrong] She thinks she’s the cat’s whiskers /wɪskəz/ / the bee’s knees. [thinks she’s wonderful] When it comes to time-keeping, he’s the world’s worst. [no one is worse] Jack is so rude. He really takes the biscuit. [is a striking example of some negative quality] Jo wants to have her cake and eat it! [wants everything with no contribution from her side] 100 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 46.1 Which expressions from the opposite page might these pictures help you to remember? ~ 46.2 L ..h~ . e. ..1?.l!..r...l _ ah~ .... ..~t14 . e..aU1 ............ 2 .. .......................... . 3 ............................ 4 ···········-··············-·· 5 .............................. . Using the word in brackets and an expression from A opposite, rewrite the sentence without changing the meaning. 1 The hotel we were staying in was absolutely superb. (world) 1he ho+el !Ile lllere s+~ln9 In llllls ou.+ of +his lllt>r\d. 2 Giovanni is a long way above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums. (shoulders) 3 Maria is very good with young children - they always love her. (way) 4 You're a long way ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I'm impressed. {streets) 5 Hassan is great at chess. (brilliantly) 6 Agata is a very fluent and confident speaker. {gab) 46.3 Which of the expressions in 46.1 is most suitable for completing each sentence if you want to: say someone's behaviour is extremely annoying? What Jack said .HP-l8J~ . ~?Jhe ..P.!? . ~ . l!HL .... 2 say that someone is quick to understand? Tanya is usually .................................................................................... . 3 say someone has a very high opinion of themselves? Rajiv thinks ..................................................................... 4 praise someone's gardening skills? Marek ........................................................................................................................... . 5 comment on someone who wants to buy a new car but keep all their savings too? Unfortunately, you ............................................................................................................................................................................... . 46.4 Answer these questions. If someone is critically injured, is their injury minor or serious? l+'s serlou.s. 2 If your teacher asks you to write a review criticising a film you've recently seen, does she want you only to write about its negative aspects? If a father is critical of his son's behaviour, does he approve or disapprove of it? 4 If someone says that it is 'critically important' that you complete a piece of work by a specific deadline, how flexible is that deadline? 5 If several people are said to be in a critical condition after an accident, are doctors worried or not particularly worried about them? 3 46.5 Write the opposite meaning to these sentences using expressions from the opposite page. 1 He's a third-rate athlete. He's a flrs+-ra+e I +op-nt>łlh a+hle+e. 2 I don't understand why Penny has such a low opinion of herself. 3 When it comes to sport, Andrey is among the best in his school. 4 Greta was not responsible for the error in the accounting figures. 5 He is no good at talking to people at all. 6 Mick doesn't get on with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants something clone. 7 He often says how wonderful his school _IB. 8 She always praises everything I say. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 101 47 Emotions and moods In this unit we focus on fixed expressions describing various emotions. You may not need to use them often yourself, but you need to understand them when you read or hear them. A Positive feelings, moods and states Mary seems to be on cloud nine these days. [extremely pleased/happy] Everyone seemed to be in high spirits. [lively, enjoying things] She seems to be keeping her chin up. [happy despite bad things] Jo’s as happy as the day is long. [extremely content] B Negative feelings, moods and states He had a long face. [looked depressed/sad] She certainly looked down in the dumps. [looked depressed/sad] Gerry is in a bad mood. [a bad mood/temper] Martin was like a bear with a sore head. [extremely irritable] (See Unit 96.) Alice threw a wobbly the other day. [became extremely angry and upset] C Physical feelings and states I’m feeling done in. [exhausted] You’re looking a bit under the weather. [not very well / ill] She looked, and felt, on top form. [in good physical condition] I suddenly felt my head was spinning. [unable to balance, feel as if you will fall over] I was almost at death’s door last week! [very sick/ill] Old Nora’s as fit as a fiddle. [very fit indeed] D Fear/fright She was scared stiff. [very scared] She frightened the life out of him. [frightened him a lot] We were all shaking in our boots/shoes. [trembling with fear] The poor lad was scared out of his wits. [very scared indeed] I jumped out of my skin when I heard the bang. [gave a big jump] E Other expressions for actions and feelings Capricorn (21.12–19.1) Don’t get carried away 1 by promises that won’t be kept. Keep a cool head 2 and take everything as it comes 3. On the work front, things are looking up 4. 1 5 Taurus (21.4–20.5) If someone says something that makes you swell with pride 5 and feel on top of the world 6, enjoy the moment! get too excited 2 stay calm 3 deal calmly with events as they happen 4 improving feel proud / very pleased because of something good that you did 6 very happy indeed Language help There is often an element of exaggeration in expressions. They make quite strong comments on the situation and often lighten the tone of what you are saying. So use them only in informal situations. 102 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 47.1 Match the sen ten ce beginnings on the left with the endings on the right to make fixed expressions. 1 Sally was on 2 Michaela was in 3 Anna kept 4 Lilian was as 5 Kathy was like 6 Sharon threw !Il o o o o o a her chin up. b a bear with a sore head. c cloud nine. d a bad mood. e a wobbly. f happy as the day is long. 47.2 Complete the fixed expressions from A and B opposite. ' ·+..?......... . 1 Has something good happened? You all seem in high .. P.p.!D. 2 What's the matter? You've got a long ............................................................... . 3 As long as he has his car to work on, he's as happy ............................................................... . 4 It's been an awful day! No wonder everyone is in a 5 Has something bad happened? You look down „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . • . . „ „ „ „ .• . • „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . •• „ „ „ „ „ . •• „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ .•• 47.3 • • Read the comments and then answer the questions. Mark: 'I've never felt so terrified in my life.' Lidia: 'I was just not feeling very well yesterday.' as if I couldn't keep my balance and was about to fall.' Andrea: 'I fełt Krishnan: 'l've been feeling really well recently.' Lars: 'I was very ill indeed last week.' Karen: 'l've gone to the gym every day this month and I can feel the resułt.' comment 1 Who was feeling under the weather? I name Udi o 2 Who is probably as fit as a fiddle? 3 Who was scared out of their wits? 4 Who was at death's door? 5 Whose head was spinning? 6 Who is feeling on top form? 47.4 U se fixed expressions to rewrite the w ords in bold. 1 I gave a sudden jump when he fired the gun ..j~mp.4J?t„PfXbiL 2 I think you should not panie and just be patient. „ .. „„..... „ .. „ „ .. „ . „ .„.„. „ . „ . „ „ . . . „ ..... . .. .. „ .„.„ .. . ... „ 3 He scared me very much when he carne in wearing that ghost mask! 4 Everyone was trembling with fear when they saw the door open all by itself. . 5 I was very scared before I did the bungee jump, but it was OK. 6 She felt very proud indeed as her daughter received the gold medal. 7 I think I got too excited by the idea of joining a rock band. lt's actually very hard work! „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„.„„„„. „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ... . „ .. .. .. . . „ . . .. . . . „ .. . .... . „ .„ .... „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „„ . .„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. 8 I try to just deal with events in a calm way as they happen. 47.5 Ove,r ło „„.„.„„„„.„ „ „„„„„„„ „ „ „„ „„„„ „„ „ „„ „ ':fOtc Write sentences about yourself. 1 Describe a situation or event which would make you feel on top of the world. 2 Do you feel t hat things are looking up fo r you personally in general or not? 3 Which of the expressions in C opposite best describe(s) your state at the moment? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 103 48 A Commenting on problematic situations Types of problems and difficulties There are many words for different types of difficulties. Chaos is a state of total confusion, where there is no order at all. A disaster is an event which causes great harm or damage. If you are facing a dilemma or are in a dilemma you are in a situation where you have to make a difficult decision between two things. The earthquake was a dreadful disaster for the country. The transport system was in chaos for some time afterwards. The government were faced with a dilemma: start reconstruction work at once or wait until the likelihood of aftershocks had passed. to be in a fix = be in a difficult situation to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is hard to get out of to be in a muddle = be confused / mixed up The word challenge puts a positive slant on a problem situation in that it focuses on the fact that it needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person’s ability. B Specific difficulties You can be badly affected1 by all sorts of things, from those that are mildly irritating2 to the intensely annoying3. 1 things can have a negative impact on you 2 slightly annoying 3 extremely annoying Your plans may be disrupted. [prevented from continuing as intended] Negotiations or a building may collapse. [fail because of a lack of support] You can be deprived of something you value. [have something taken away from you] Someone’s heart can be broken. [made extremely sad] Your life may lack something that you would like. [not have (enough of) something] The nouns related to the words in this section are effect, irritant or irritation, annoyance, disruption, collapse, deprivation, heartbreak and lack. C Idioms about dealing with problems and difficulties to take a back seat [not to do anything; let others act instead] ≠ to take the bull by the horns [act positively to face and attack the problem] to stir things up [do/say things that make the situation worse] ≠ to pour oil on troubled waters [do/say things that calm the situation down] I can’t face (the thought of) clearing up all this mess today. [don’t want to deal with] I didn’t know what to do but I thought it would be best just to lay my cards on the table. [be very open, state exactly what my position is] This has to be done by next week; we must get our act together before it’s too late. [organise ourselves to respond; infml] We need a proper investigation to get to the bottom of things. [find the true explanation for the state of affairs] It’s quite difficult to get people to sit up and take notice. [make them pay attention] I’m trying to get a grasp of what’s happening; it’s not easy. [find out / understand] D Idioms relating to changes in problem situations The tide has turned for us; better days are ahead. We can see the light at the end of the tunnel at last. [see that a difficult situation may be ending soon] I’m afraid we’ve just come to a dead end with our plans. I think I’ve reached a turning point in my career. The government and the unions have buried the hatchet for the time being. [made peace / stopped fighting each other] All that trouble last year was just swept under the carpet in the end. [ignored / deliberately forgotten, without solving it] 104 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 48.1 Choose the best word from A opposite to complete these sentences. 2 3 4 5 6 48.2 Can you help Grandpa fili out that form? lt's so long and complicated that he's getting in a bit of a ..@.Ml.!!. ................ . The manager tołd his staff that he didn't want to hear the word 'problems', but rather they should talk about ................................ . After the earthquake, city transport was in ................................ . I wonder if you could help me out - I'm in a bit of a tight ................................ . Should I take the job in New York or the one in Sydney? lt's quite a ................................ . The floods are the worst natura! ................................ the country has experienced this century. Match the sentence beginnings with the words on the right and add a preposition to complete the sentence. Ben decided he would immediately lay his cards ... r?I'.... ...... The best thing to do is just to take the bull ................ Fortunately we can now see the light at the end ................ It'lł take ages before we can get to the bottom ................ It's asking for trouble to sweep things ................ 6 You can always rely on Naomi to pour oil ................ 7 At the moment my research seems to have come................ 8 Claire has now reached a turning point ................ 1 2 3 4 5 48.3 ~ D D D D D D D a b c d e f g h troubled waters. her life. the table. a dead end. the horns. things. the tunnel. the carpet. Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets. 1 The snow caused serious disruption to trains in the region. (disrupted) 'fra!ns In +he re,!en lllere serl~ d!srllp+ed li~ +he snblll. 2 I don't want to drive home in all this traffic. (face) 3 Karen doesn't seem to have much confidence. (lacking) 4 nfortuaeły,U the project doesn't seem to be getting anywhere at the moment. (<lead) 5 Sleep deprivation can cause heałt and other problems. (deprived) 6 Paula was profoundly affected by her meeting with Angus. (effect) 48.4 Choose suitable idioms from C and D to fi.Il the gaps. Selim's business has been going through hard times but he feels at last .fh~+l4 ..h~J!lr.t" . 4 .............. No, please, don't say anything: you'll only ............................................................... . lt's been a long, hard struggle, but I think finally we can ............................................................... . The police are trying their best to ............................................................... , but it's stili a real mystery at the moment. 5 You've been messing around achieving nothing for too long; it's time you 1 2 3 4 . ............................................................... ! 6 At last I've managed to get him to ............................................................... ; he's paid no attention at all to US SO far. 7 I found it hard to understand thermodynamics at first but I'm beginning to ............................................................... itnow. 8 I think 1'11 just ............................................................... and !et everyone else get on with sorting matters out. 9 I wish you and John wouldn't argue so much. Can't you ............................................................... once and for all? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 105 I ~ 49 A Number, quantity, degree and intensity Number and quantity Number is used for countable nouns (e.g. a large number of students), amount for uncountable nouns (e.g. a large amount of money). Some adjectives for expressing number and quantity: smaller minute/maɪnjut/ tiny bigger average significant considerable excessive substantial vast enormous Even minute amounts of toxic material can be dangerous. (fml) Add just a tiny amount of chilli pepper, or else it may get too hot. Were there many people at the airport? Oh, about average, I’d say. (fairly informal) A considerable number of people failed to get tickets. (fml) A significant number of students have dropped out of university in the last year. [noticeably large] Substantial amounts of money have been wasted on this project. (fml) There is an excessive amount of sugar in many soft drinks. [too much; rather formal] A vast / An enormous quantity of sand was blown on to the road during the storm. B Informal and colloquial words for number/quantity I’ve got dozens of nails in my tool box. [a dozen is 12; dozens of means many; especially used for countables] Scores of people were injured when the gas tank exploded. [a score is 20 or about 20; scores of means a large number of; usually formal] There’s heaps/bags/loads of time yet, slow down! (usually with singular there is, not there are; countable or uncountable; infml) There was absolutely tons of food at the party – far too much. (again, note singular there was; especially used for things, not so often used for abstract nouns) There are tons of apples on this tree this year – last year there were hardly any. (Note: The verb here is plural because of ‘apples’, but singular in the example before with ‘food’ – number depends on the noun following, not on tons/lots/loads.) Just a drop of milk for me, please. [tiny amount of any liquid] C Degree and intensity: collocations with utter(ly), total(ly), wholly Utter(ly), total(ly) and wholly mean complete(ly). Utter combines with ‘strong’ nouns like nonsense, contempt, silence, confusion, chaos and despair. There was utter chaos during the transport strike. Utterly combines with adjectives such as ridiculous, confused and impossible. I was utterly confused by the instruction manual that came with my camcorder! Total combines most often with disbelief and ban, e.g. She looked at him in total disbelief. The government introduced a total ban on smoking in public places. Totally combines most often with different, unexpected, unsuitable and wrong, e.g. The two brothers have totally different personalities. Wholly combines most often with dependent, inadequate and unacceptable, e.g. The success of the project was wholly dependent on the weather. 106 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 49.1 Complete the sentences with words from A opposite. 1 It takes a c~ _ l}?. . 1 . a~r . H~ ......... amount of time to learn to ski well. 2 A s................................ quantity of food is thrown away every day by supermarkets. It's a scandal. (two possible answers) 3 The scientists found only a m ............................... amount of the chemical in the food and said it was safe to eat. 4 We ate an e................................ amount of food at dinner last night! (two possible answers) 5 V. ............................... amounts of money are wasted by government departments every year. 6 The number of students registering for aur courses is about a................................ for the autumn semester. 7 A t. ............................... amount of water had gat into the keyboard and it stopped working. 8 Last year we didn't really notice an increase in prices, but this year the increase has been S................................• 49.2 Use words from A to fill the gaps. More than one answer may be possible. Even a .Ji~/mt:'!l . k .. amount of sand can damage a camera. 2 l've had an absolutely ................................ amount of work lately. I'm exhausted! 3 Oh, you've given me a ................................ amount of food here! I mustn't eat tao much. 4 It takes a ................................ amount of money to start a business. 5 An ................................ amount of fat in your diet is dangerous. 49.3 Circle the most suitable answer. More than one may be correct. Bags of people carne on to the streets to hear his speech. 1 Tons /~ 2 We've gat loads I scores I dozens of time. The train doesn't leave till 2.30. 3 There was I were tons of food left over after the dinner party. 4 l've gat heap I loads I dozens of CDs that I never play any more. 5 There was I were dozens of people waiting outside the building. 49.4 Using intensifiers from C, write what you could say in the following situations. 1 You thought someone's views were completely ridiculous . .. f:!(~/r.J1l . ~rn ..\l.H~rd4i@ 2 You read two novels by the same author which were completely different. . \l.? , ..... 3 You thought someone's behaviour was completely unacceptable. 4 You thought a particular way of working produced chaos. 5 You listened to someone's story and <lid not believe a word of it. 6 You think there should be a complete ban on using mobile phones in cinemas. 49.5 Ovt..r ło ':fOU Writ e sentences th at are true for you usi ng thes e collocations: who lly de pende nt utte rly confused tota lly unexpected utte r no nse nse English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 107 50 A Numbers and shapes Pronunciation of numbers Notice how we say the following: 28% twenty-eight per cent 12/3 one and two thirds 42 four squared 10.3 ten point three 10m × 12m ten metres by twelve metres 9 /5 four fifths /13 nine thirteenths / nine over thirteen 3 7 seven cubed 84 eight to the power of four 32°C or F thirty-two degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit 4 Decimal fractions are separated by a dot and not a comma in English and this is pronounced point. Note how commas are used to separate each set of three numbers in long numbers: 1,623,457 = one million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand, four hundred and fifty-seven. Telephone numbers are usually said like this: 01223 20675 = oh one double two three, two oh six, seven five. Language help When saying a long number, you pronounce each set of up to three digits separately with rising intonation, until the last set, where the intonation falls at the end to make it clear that the number is complete. B Two-dimensional shapes circle rectangle pentagon triangle octagon square oval The corresponding adjectives are: circular, pentagonal, rectangular, triangular, square, octagonal, oval. A rectangle has four right angles. A pentagon has five sides. A circle is cut in half by its diameter. Its two halves can be called semi-circles. The radius of a circle is the distance from its centre to the circumference. C Three-dimensional shapes sphere cube pyramid spiral The corresponding adjectives are: spherical, cubic, pyramidal, spiral. The two halves of a sphere can be called hemispheres. D Arithmetic + addition 2x + 3y – z = 3z/4x 6 × 7 = 42 108 – subtraction × multiplication ÷ division Two x plus three y minus z equals three z divided by four x or three z over four x Six times / multiplied by seven is forty-two or six sevens are forty-two English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 50.1 Write the following in words rather than in figures or symbols. 1 62.3 % of adults have false teeth. 01x+r+wt> pt>ln.f .fhree per len+ l>t ~dul.fs ... 2 According to a UN study, 2% of the world's population owns over 1/i of all household wealth. 3 0°C = 32°F 4 1/2 + 3/4 X 42 = 20 5 This article says that 7,556,981 people are currently living in London. 50.2 How good at maths are you? Try this numbers quiz. Write the answers in words rather than figures. What is seven times nine? slx~-.fhre 2 Name two shapes that have four right angles. 3 Subtract 41from93. What is three fifths of twenty? How many sides has an octagon? What is one third of ninety-nine? What is three squared? 8 What is four cubed? 4 5 6 7 50.3 Complete this table. shape with four sides of equal length and four right angles round shape shape with three sides shape with eight sides shaped a bit like an egg three-dimensional round shape three-dimensional square shape 50.4 Correct the mistakes in how the numbers are said in these sentences. 1 3 2 = 9 Three square equals nine. 1"hree squ~red equ~ls nlne. 2 46.6 % Oxygen accounts for forty-six comma six per cent of the earth's crust. 3 7 x 9 = 63 Seven nine are sixty-three. 4 18° C The temperature today is eighteen points Celsius. 5 3m x 6m My bedroom is three multiplied by six metres. 6 69 What is six at the power of nine? 7 11 / 16 Eleven sixteens of the students passed the exam. 2 8 / 3 x 5 3 = 83 1/ 3 Two third times five cubes is eighty-three and three third. 50.5 Draw the following shapes. 1 A circle with its diameter indicated. 2 A right-angled triangle with two equal sides of about two centimetres in length. Draw a small circle at the centre of the triangle and then draw lines from the centre of the circle to each of the angles of the triangle. 3 A rectangle with diagonal lines joining opposite angles. 4 An octagon with equal sides. Draw an oval in the middle of the octagon. 5 A cube of roughly 3cm by 3cm by 3cm. di~me+r drde English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 109 51 A Time Periods of time – words and typical contexts the Ice Age the Stone Age the Middle Ages the computer age [major historical/geological periods] After the war, a new era of stability began. [long period, perhaps several decades] A spell of hot weather. He’s had a couple of spells in hospital in the last two or three years. [indefinite but short] The city went through several stages of development to become what it is today. [period of development or particular time in a process] Most teenagers go through a phase of being lazy. [a period which is part of a longer period; phase can also mean the same as stage] B Useful expressions with time During the 1980s I lived in Barcelona for a time. (vague, indefinite) The doctor says you should stay in bed for the time being. [for now, not specific] She can get a bit bad-tempered at times. [occasionally / now and then] By the time we get home this pizza will be cold! (Note: followed by present tense, not future with will) I’m not in regular contact with her; I just send her an email from time to time. [sometimes but not often] One at a time, please! I can’t deal with you all together. We arrived just in time to hear the Prime Minister’s speech. [at the right time / with enough time to do something] Our plane was on time and she was waiting for us at the airport. [punctual / neither early nor late] I’ve told you time and time again not to ring me at the office! [many times; very emphatic and usually in negative contexts] The city has changed a great deal over the course of time / over the course of the last two centuries. (used about long periods of time) C Verbs associated with time passing 2002 → 2012 Ten years had elapsed since they last saw each other. (normally used in the perfect or past, without adverbs; fml) Time seems to fly as you get older. [pass very quickly] This DVD lasts/runs for three hours. The meeting went on / dragged on for two hours. (suggests longer than expected or desired; drag on is stronger) D Adjectives describing duration (how long something lasts) There was a momentary loss of electrical power and the data was lost. [very brief] I just got a fleeting glimpse of the President as his car drove past. [very short and quick] Venice has a timeless beauty. Common mistakes Don’t confuse in time and on time. In time means with enough time to do something or at the right time. On time means punctual, neither early nor late. We got there just in time for dinner. I expect she will be late – the trains are never on time. 110 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 51.1 Fill the gaps with age, era, period, spell, phase or stage. 2 3 4 5 6 51.2 The Minister said that before the new law carne into force there would be a .. p.~r!a ................. of six months when people could hand in firearms without being prosecuted. The last two decades of the twentieth century will be seen by historians as the beginning of the computer ................................ . The new university will be built in three ................................ , beginning with the opening of the science faculty in 2015. These factories mark the beginning of a new ................................ of industrial development for the country. My son went through a ................................ of refusing to eat vegetables when he was about nine or ten. We had a very cold ................................ in February. All the water pipes froze up. Complete the sentences. 1 .. O.~r ................... the ..~P.tL ............. of a century, from 1900 to 2000, the population grew steadily. 2 The lecture ................................ I ................................ for almost three hours and everyone was totally bored. (two answers) 3 The archaeologists discovered some tools which dated from the Stone ................................ . 4 Time seems to ................................ when you're enjoying yourself. 5 A period of seven years ................................ between the two earthquakes. 6 Shakespeare's plays have a ................................ quality - they never grow old. 7 It was just a ................................ visit. She only stayed for about ten minutes. 8 There was a ................................ pause as the official considered her answer. Then she said she would try to help us. 51.3 Which phrases from B could you use in the following situations? Write exactly what you might say. To a child who leaves the fridge door open despite being told off often. l'~e f r!d~e +e>ld ~u +!me and +!me dC>C>r e>pen! a~!n M+ +e> lea~ ' +he 2 To someone you're happy to see who arrives just as you are serving tea/coffee. 3 On a birthday card you expect will arrive 4 5 6 7 8 51.4 at someone's address just after you arrive in New York. A large group of people want to talk to you but you'd prefer to see them individually. Ask someone to use an old computer while the new one is being repaired. Tell someone you'll do your best to arrive punctually at a meeting. Explain to someone that the weather can be very hot in your city occasionally. Tell someone you enjoy a game of tennis sometimes but not often. Ove.r ło tjou Your country/culture may have names for important periods of its history (for example, British people often refer to the years 1840- 1900 as the 'Victoria n era/period' because the monarch at the time was Queen Victoria). Make a list in English of important historical periods from your culture. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 111 I . 52 A Distances and dimensions Broad and wide and tall and high Wide is more common than broad, e.g. It’s a very wide road/garden/room. Make a note of typical collocations for broad as you meet them, e.g. Economics is a very broad subject. We came to a broad expanse of grassland. [big area] Note the word order for dimensions, e.g. The room’s five metres long and four wide. Don’t forget that tall is for people but can be used for things such as buildings and trees when they are high and thin in some way. Otherwise, use high for things. She’s very tall for a five-year-old. Her office is in that tall building in the square. There are some high mountains in the North. B Deep ≠ shallow The deep and shallow ends of a swimming pool. C Derived words, phrases and compounds long Let’s measure the length /leŋθ/ of this rope. I swam 20 lengths (of the swimming pool). I’ve lengthened her skirt for her. [opp = shorten, see below] Getting a visa can be a lengthy process. (usually refers to time; rather negative) Tony has got a job as a long-distance lorry driver. short The new road will shorten our journey by ten minutes. There’s a shortcut to the station. [quick way] wide Let’s measure the width /wɪdθ/ of the room. They’re widening the road. broad I want to broaden my experience. (usually more abstract contexts) She’s very broad-minded and tolerant of others. [willing to accept other people’s behaviour and beliefs; opp = narrow-minded] I admire the breadth of his knowledge. (usually more abstract concepts) high The height /haɪt/ of the wall is two metres. The fog heightened the feeling of mystery. (usually used only for feelings and emotions) low You can lower the microphone if it’s too high. [opp = raise] far He loves travelling to faraway places. [a long way away = distant] distant What’s the distance from Helsinki to St Petersburg? [= How far is it …?] deep The depth of the river here is about three metres. His death so soon after hers deepened our sadness. (often with feelings) D Other verbs for dimensions and for changing them Our garden stretches all the way to the river, so we have plenty of room to extend the house if we want to. The cities are spreading and the countryside is shrinking. [getting bigger; getting smaller] The business expanded considerably in the last decade. [grew in size; opp = contract] 112 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 52.1 Complete B's replies using a suitable form of the dimension/distance words opposite and any other necessary words. 2 3 4 5 6 52.2 A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: These trousers I've bought are too long. Well, why don't you get .Jh~m . ?.b~r+n . dL ........................ . He's a big boy, isn't he? 1.90 metres! Yes, he's ................................................................ . Why are we going across the field? Just to get there a bit quicker; it's ................................................................ . We'll have to measure how high the room is. That's not necessary; we already know the ................................................................ . The traffic seems to move far quicker on this road since I was last here. Yes, well, they ................................................................ . Why do they have music on TV news programmes? Ir seems totally unnecessary! Well, I think they want to create a feeling of drama, and the music is supposed to ................................................................ . Give opposites for: 1 a length of the pool a lllidth of +he pool 4 a !ocal call 5 deep water 6 nearby places 2 to shorten 3 a very broad range of goods 52.3 7 narrow-minded 8 raise your hand Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 The city's spread a lot; 2 3 4 5 6 lt takes ten weeks; We extended the house You can choose; Your experience is too narrow; The forest stretches 1IJ D D D D D a b c d e for miles along the river. you should broaden it. it's much bigger now. there's a wide range. it's a lengthy business. f to give us more room. 52.4 Use the verbs in the box to fill the gaps . .spreaG- expand extend stretch shrink contract 1 I'll .?pr~d ................ the rug out on the grass so we can both sit on it. 2 The steel industry ................................ when the economy was strong, but now it has ............................... . and only employs 8,000 people. 3 This sweater of mine has ................................ in the wash! 4 Our land ................................ as far as those trees there. 5 The arts centre has recently ................................ its opening hours. 52.5 Fill in the prepositions. If you are unsure, try looking up the word distance in a dictionary. 1 The car was parked .. ?.± .......... a distance ................ about 150 metres from the scene of the robbery. 2 I saw you ................ the distance yesterday but didn't call out as you were with someone. 3 She's a great shot. She can hit an empty can ................ a distance of about 100 feet. 4 What's the total distance ................ here ................ Paris? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 113 53 A Obligation, need, possibility and probability Obligation 12 34 56 7 You will be liable /laɪəbəl/ for any damage when you rent a car. [obliged to pay; fml/legalistic] The company is obliged to give a refund if the tour is cancelled. The bank robbers forced him at gunpoint to open the safe. We had no choice/alternative but to sell our house; we owed the bank £100,000. The death sentence is mandatory /mændətrɪ/ for drug-smuggling in some countries. [automatic; there is no alternative] Was sport compulsory/obligatory at your school? No, it was optional. [you can choose] I am exempt from paying income tax as I’m a student. [free from obligation] B Need This plant is in need of water. (more formal than ‘needs/wants’) There’s a need for more discussion on the matter. [we feel a need; fml] There is a shortage of teachers. [there are not enough] She could not concentrate through lack of sleep. [she had none or not enough; fml] A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the countryside and have no public transport. [something you must have] You just can’t do without one. [survive or live without] What are the requirements for a Master’s course in English? [things you must do or need] C Possibilities I’ve been given an opportunity to work in Bonn. [a real chance] Is there any chance/possibility you’ll be free next week? (chance is less formal than possibility) A rise in oil prices is inevitable as oil supplies run out across the world. [is certain to happen] It is doubtful whether the economy will improve next year. [it may not improve] It is probable that the next government will change the tax laws. Many scientists believe that climate change is no longer just a possibility but is now an absolute certainty. [will certainly happen] Common mistake The correct preposition after the noun need is for, not of. There is a need for more qualified teachers. (NOT There is a need of ...) 114 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 53.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 2 3 4 5 6 53.2 The club closed down People could not beat their homes Most people cannot do There is a real need There is a list of requirements The whole house is in need ~ D D D D D a b c d e of repairs and redecoration. for university entry on the website. because of the oil shortage. for better day care for young children. through lack of interest. f without a mobile phone these days. Continue the sentences using obligation words and phrases from A opposite with the words in brackets. . ęMr?Hl.~dJf ..(.\~ - ę ..4~n •........................... (close down) You don't have to buy the travel insurance; it's ............................................................................................................... (extra charge) You can borrow the camcorder, but you will .................................................................................................................... (for any damage to it) We'll have to sell the house. I'm afraid we have .............................................................................................................. (otherwise, bankrupt) He didn't want to give them the money, but they had guns; they ...................................................................... . (hand it over) No, he couldn't choose to pay a fine; a prison sentence is ...................................................................................... . (for dangerous driving) I didn't want to do maths, but I had to. lt's ........................................................................................................................ (in all secondary schools) If you're unemployed, you're ........................................................................................................................... (paying tax ) 1 They were losing f 10 rnillion a year, so the company .. !\lll.?...fi:n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 53.3 Answer the questions. +b p~ 1 If a fee or charge is mandatory, do you have to pay it or can you choose? Ybu ha~e If an event is inevitable, how certain is it that it will happen? 20 % , 50 % or 100%? If a car is exempt from tax, how much tax do you have to pay for it? If an exam is optional, are you obliged to take it? If you are liable for something, is it yours or someone else's responsibility? I+. 2 3 4 5 53.4 Rewrite the words in bold using expressions from the opposite page. 1 Most people consider that a mobile phone is not a luxury but something you absolutely must have. an alisblu+e nuesi~ I sbme+hlt191>u lan'+ db 11.ll+hbu+ I have been given a chance to work with a team of zoologists in East Africa. Is there any chance that you will be free to join us at 4 pm tomorrow? lt's not at all sure whether there will be any change in the situation in the near future. It's not just a possibility that food prices will go up, it's absolutely certain to happen. She will probably arrive tomorrow. 2 3 4 5 6 53.5 Ov~r ło ':fOLł Name something which „. 1 you think is inevitab le. 2 there is a need for in your country. 3 was compulsory when you were at school. 4 you personally are in need of right now. 5 you own that you couldn't do without. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate I IS I ~ 54 Sound and light A General words to describe sound I could hear the sound of voices/music coming from the next room. (neutral) The noise of the traffic here is pretty bad. [loud, unpleasant sounds] The children are making a terrible racket upstairs. Could you go and tell them to be quiet? [very loud, unbearable noise, often of human activity; infml] Sound and noise can both be countable or uncountable. When they are of short duration or refer to different sounds/noises, they are countable. When they mean a lot of continual or continuous sounds, they are uncountable. I heard some strange sounds/noises in the night. (countable) I wish the children wouldn’t make so much noise when I’m working. (uncountable) The sound of the sea is very relaxing. (uncountable) B Sound words and things that typically make them All the words in this section can be used as nouns or verbs. I could hear the rain pattering on the roof. We heard the patter of a little child’s feet. C verb/noun example(s) of what makes the sound bang chime clang clatter crash hiss hum rattle ring roar /rɔ/ rumble rustle /rʌsəl/ screech thud a door closing in the wind, a balloon bursting a big public clock on a building sounding the hour a big bell ringing, a hollow metal object being struck a metal pan falling onto a concrete floor a big, solid, heavy object falling onto a hard floor gas/steam escaping through a small hole an electrical appliance when switched on, e.g. computer, freezer small stones in a tin being shaken a small bell, a telephone ringing noise of heavy traffic, noise of a huge waterfall distant noise of thunder, noise of traffic far away opening a paper/plastic bag, dry leaves underfoot a car’s tyres when the brakes are suddenly applied a heavy object falling onto a carpeted floor Darkness Here are some adjectives for dark conditions. (For adjectives describing brightness, see Unit 57.) These brown walls are a bit gloomy. We should paint them white. This torch is getting a bit dim. I think it needs new batteries. It was a sombre /sɒmbə/ room with dark, heavy curtains. [serious, imposing] D Types of light Note these collocations. A torch gives out a beam of light. A diamond ring sparkles. A camera gives a flash of light. Stars twinkle. A candle flame flickers in the breeze. White-hot coal on a fire glows. The sun shines and gives out rays of light. A gold object glitters. Language help Many of the words relating to darkness and light can be used about people’s expressions too. Light suggests happiness and darkness suggests unhappiness. Kate’s face was glowing with pleasure. Dan looks very gloomy. Has he had some bad news? 116 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 54.1 Choose sound, noise(s) or racket to fili the gaps. You may use the words more than once. I could sit and listen to the .. ?.!'.l!-\!}A .................. of the river all day. 2 There was a terrible ................................ outside the pub last night; it was a fight involving about six people. 3 My car's making some strange ................................. I'll have to have it checked. 4 Gosh! What an awful ................................ ! I think you should take up a different instrument; the violin's just not for you! 5 I can't sleep if there's ................................ of any kind, so I use ear-plugs. 54.2 Using the table in B opposite, what sound do you think each of these might make? A bottle of sparkling water being opened. hiss minerał 2 A box of saucepans being dropped down an iron staircase. 3 A mouse moving among dead grass and leaves. 4 A child falling over on a wooden floor. 5 A starting gun for a sporting event. 6 A train passing at high speed a few feet away from you. 7 A slow train passing, heard through the walls of a house. 8 A car coming to a halt very suddenly. 54.3 Choose the best word from the box to complete each sentence. Put it in the correct form. I chime clang hum patter Hłft-k. ring I ........... ..... the cups on the table. I woke up when a small earth tremor .nHl~4 2 I can hear my mobile ................................ - I think it must be at the bottom of my bag. 3 It's cosy indoors with the rain ................................ on the windows. 4 We live in the country but can still always hear a ................................ of traffic from the road across the fields. 5 I couldn't sleep last night and heard the clock on the town hall ................................ every hour. 6 Joe ................................ the metal gate behind him as he left the garden. 54.4 Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense. 1 I saw a beam of light coming towards me. [l] 2 The jewels sparkled in the sunlight. D 3 The candle began to flicker uncertainly. 4 The first rays of the sun shone into the room. D D 5 She always wears rather sombre clothes. D 6 We could see a dim shape in the fog. D a Then it died, leaving us in complete darkness. b lt was a police officer holding a flashlamp. c But blacks and greys do suit her. d I'd never seen sucha beautiful bracelet. e As we got nearer we realised it was a bush. f lt was clearly time to get up. 54.5 Which do you think is the correct meaning of the underlined words in these sentences? 1 Her eyes were shining as she told me her news. a looked full of happiness b looked angry 2 Jessica glowed all through her pregnancy. a looked rather worried 3 She beamed at him. a smiled b looked pale c looked afraid D c looked very happy D b shouted c attacked 4 He has a twinkle in his eyes. a a grain of sand [!] D b a sign of humour/enjoyment c a sign of anger English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 11 7 55 A Possession and giving Possession All his possessions were destroyed in the terrible fire. [everything he owned] Don’t leave any of your belongings here; we’ve had a few thefts recently. [smaller things, e.g. bag, camera, coat; always plural] Estate in the singular can mean a big area of private land and the buildings on it, or all of someone’s wealth upon death. They live on a housing estate / an estate. [area containing a large number of houses or apartments built close together at the same time] She owns a huge estate in Scotland. [land, etc.] After his death, his estate was calculated at 10 million euros. [all his wealth] Property (uncountable) is used in a general sense for houses, land, etc. He’s only 14; he’s too young to own property. A property (countable) is a building (e.g. house, office block) or land. She owns some valuable properties in the town centre. B Words for people connected with ownership The proprietor /prəpraɪətə/ of this restaurant is a friend of mine. (used for shops, businesses, etc.; fml; owner is less formal) The landlord/landlady has put the rent up. [owner of rented property] Do you own this house? No, we’re just tenants. [we rent it] He inherited a big house in the country when his parents died. [became the owner after someone’s death] C Giving The river provides the village with water / provides water for the village. (or supplies) Jakes Ltd supplies our school with paper and other items. (often for ‘selling’ contexts) It gives me pleasure to present you with this gift from us all. His parents supported him while he was at college but now he’s independent. The school restaurant caters for 500 people every day. [looks after the needs of] That uncle of mine that died left £3,000 to an animal shelter. When she died she donated all her books to the library. (for large gifts to institutions) I’m running a marathon next week for a cancer charity. Will you sponsor me? [give money if I complete the race] D Would you like to contribute/donate something to the children’s hospital fund? You’ve been allocated room 24. Here’s your key. Phrasal verbs connected with giving When I left the job I had to hand over the keys to my office to the new person. I didn’t really want to let go of my bike but I had no money so I had to sell it. The people from the charity handed out / gave out stickers for everyone to wear. [distributed] I had a banjo once, but I gave it away. [gave it free to someone] This vase has been handed down from generation to generation in my family. 118 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 55. 1 Complete the missing words from A opposite. He became a multi-millionaire and bought a huge e?.t?.k .................. in the country. „ 2 Some of the p ................................ in this street have sold for mare than five million euros this year. 3 I left some of my b. ............................... in the changing room at the gym and they were stolen. 4 On his death, Mr Carson's e................................ was valued at :f400,000. 5 She sold all her p................................ and travelled around the world for a year. 6 lt's often difficult for young couples to buy p ................................ and they have to rent a place instead. 55.2 The verbs in the middle column have been jumbled. Put them in the right sentences. 1 A millionaire 2 The director was 3 My mother's cousin 4 A farmer nearby 5 When I retired they 6 The restaurant 7 My parents 8 The oldest son . .. . ... inherited .. 4 . (> . !l~fo4 supported ................................ .Gonatoo catered ................................ left ................................ allocated ................................ presented ................................ supplied ................................ his entire library to the school. the best parking place. me :f5,000 in her will. us with logs for the fue. me with a camcorder. for vegetarians. me when I was out of work. the old house when his father died. „ . „ . „ „ „ . .. . .. . „ „ . „ . „ „ . 55.3 What questions using words from B and C opposite do you think were asked to get these answers? ..~ . 1, .. ±hę, . fl!n~.r/pid ..(>.f .J b.\~ ..rn~ł.1!4? . ti± ? ..... . No, I'm not the owner. I just work here as a waiter. 1 .. ł:.rn 2 ···············································································································? Yes, he became the owner when his aunt died. lt's a massive house. 3 ............................................................................................................... ? OK, I'll give you one euro for every kilometre you run. 4 ···············································································································? Yes, that's right. I pay rent every month. 5 ··············································································································· ? Actually, l've already given something. Sorry. 6 ···············································································································? No, I'm sorry, we don't. You have to buy your own pens and exercise books. 55.4 The rise and fall of Mr Fatcatt - a sad story. Fill the gaps with suitable words from the opposite page. Horace Fatcatt began his career by buying old he was one of the big gest private 2 1 pre>periies in the city when prices were low. Soon in the city, with around 1,000 3_ _ _ __ __ renting houses and flats from him. He was also the 4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ of many shops and businesses. He became very rich and bought himself a huge 5 in Scotland, but then there was an economic crisis and he had to sell all his 6_ __ _ __ _ and 7_ _ __ _ _ _ - everything. He was left with just a few personal 8 55.5 Ov~r -ło and finally died penni less. tjolł Thi nk of somethi ng that ... 2 3 4 5 you would hand over to a mugger if threatened. has been handed down in your family. you have given away at same time in your life. is often given out in classrooms. you value and would not want to let go of. English Vocabu/ary in Use Upper-intermediate 119 56 A Movement and speed Particular types of movement Move is the basic verb for all movement, but don’t forget it also means ‘to move to a new house/flat’, e.g. We’ve moved. Do you want our new address? Cars, lorries, etc. travel/drive along roads. Trains travel along rails. Boats/ships sail on rivers / across the sea. Rivers/streams flow/run through towns/villages. Things often have particular verbs associated with their types of movement. You should learn these as typical collocations when you meet them, and record them with a phrase or sentence, for example: The car swerved /swɜvd/ to avoid a dog which had run into the road. [moved suddenly to the side] White clouds drifted across the sky. [moved slowly] The flag fluttered in the wind. [moved gently from side to side] The leaves stirred /stɜd/ in the light breeze. [moved slightly] The trees swayed back and forth as the wind grew stronger. [moved slowly from side to side] B Verbs to describe fast and slow movement The traffic was crawling along because of the roadworks. [moving very slowly] Stop dawdling! /dɔdlɪŋ/ We’ll be late! [moving more slowly than is necessary] Suddenly a car came round the bend and tore along the road at high speed. Seconds later, a police car shot past after it. Everyone was hurrying/rushing to get their shopping done before closing time. The train was just creeping along at about 20 miles per hour. I knew we’d be late. [moving very slowly] The donkey was plodding along the road. [plodding suggests heavy, often tired, movement] C Nouns to describe speed and their typical contexts speed is a general word used for vehicles, developments, changes, etc., e.g. We were travelling at high speed. rate is often used in statistical contexts; the rate of increase/decrease, e.g. The birth rate is going down. pace shows how you experience something as happening fast or slow, e.g. The lesson was going at a very slow pace. velocity /vəlɒsɪti/ is used in technical/scientific contexts, e.g. The velocity of a moving object. Common mistake We say at a speed/rate/pace. (NOT in or with a speed/rate/pace) The train was travelling at a speed of 120 kph. (NOT The train was travelling with a speed of 120 kph.) 120 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 56.1 56.2 Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense. 1 That tree was swaying back and forth lfJ a It sails at <lawn. in the wind. 2 The cruise liner is leaving tomorrow. 3 A cat ran out in front of the car. D D 4 The most famous river in France is D b lt flows through the capital city. c lt was moving so much I thought it would break altogether. d It was travelling at 160 kph at the time. the Seine. 5 A train carne off the rails yesterday. D e I had to swerve hard and nearly ended up in the river. What other things do you think could be described by each verb apart from the contexts given opposite? Use a dictionary, if necessary. sway: a tree, .. ~ . ~mP!') ..d.?.t:\(,(b&..~ . m~Pblt\3 ..~b ..?..P.h!p..fo..?..rn\\3b.. ~.?, . ~mP!') . ~!':lb·P . 4.r\!') . b ........................... . 2 crawl: traffic, ............................................................................................................................................................................................ . 3 shoot: a car, ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 flutter: a flag, ............................................................................................................................................................................................ . 5 drift: a cloud, ............................................................................................................................................................................................. . 56.3 Fill the gaps with speed, rate, pace or velocity. Use the guidelines opposite to help you. 1 The .nk .................... of decline in this species is alarming. 2 I just couldn't stand the ................................ of life in the city, so I moved to a small village. The teacher asked the students to calculate the ................................ of a series of objects dropped from a specific height. 4 A: What ................................ were you doing at the time? B: Oh, about 60 kph, I'd say. 5 The company is showing an impressive ................................ of growth. 3 56.4 Correct the error in each sentence. Pier~ 1 down the stairs making as little noise as possible. 2 We were making progress but only in a very slow pace. The baby stired but didn't wake up. 3 4 The old man swerved a little but didn't fall over. 5 Trains can travel with a much faster speed than buses. 56.5 Use a dictionary to make notes to help you learn the difference between these near synonyms. Make notes under the headings usage and grammar, as in the example. I usage I grammar e.9. tas+ lor I tas+ +raln - refers +o speed fast od jedhe and od~er - 'she dro~e tas+· quick rapid swift 56.6 OV~r ło tjOll In what situations might you ... 1 tear out of the house? 2 deliberately dawdle? 3 plod along at a stea dy pace? 4 not even dare to stir? 5 shoot past somebody's office/room? 6 creep aro un d t he ho use? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 12 1 57 A Texture, brightness, weight and density Texture – how something feels when you touch it adjective typical examples smooth /smuð/ polished silky sleek slippery furry /fɜri/ rough /rʌf/ coarse /kɔs/ jagged /dʒæDZɪd/ prickly the paper in this book varnished wood; a shiny metal surface silk itself; fine, expensive tights or stockings a highly polished new car a fish just out of the water a thick sheepskin rug new, unwashed denim jeans; bark of a tree sand sharp, irregular edges of broken glass or metal a thistle; a cactus; thorns on a rose Your hair has a silky feel. This cotton is very smooth to the touch. The table had a beautiful polished surface. /sɜfɪs/ The ground was rough underfoot. B Brightness a shady corner of the garden shiny leather shoes carnival costumes full of vivid colours a dazzling light You wear such dull colours – why don’t you start wearing bright colours for a change? The light’s too dim to read in here. We need another lamp. I wear sunglasses when I drive because of the glare of the sun. C Density and weight A solid ≠ hollow object. She has thick ≠ thin/fine hair. An area with dense ≠ sparse vegetation. Your bag’s as light as a feather! Have you brought enough? Your bag’s as heavy as lead! What’s in it? Bricks? This suitcase is very bulky/cumbersome. /kʌmbəsəm/ [difficult, big and heavy] 122 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 57.1 Which adjectives from A opposite could describe the texture of these things? 1 The !atest model of a smartphone ... ~kę . P.r~m P. th ............ . 2 Heavy, stone-ground wholemeal flour................................................ . 3 A wet bar of soap . ................................................ 4 The branches of a rose bush ................................................. 5 A grave! pathway................................................. 6 The inside of a pair of sheepskin gloves . ............................................... . 7 The edge of a piece of broken, rusty metal. ................................................ 8 The surface of a mirror................................................ . 9 A silk scarf................................................. 1 O An empty sack . ............................................... . 57 .2 Rewrite the sentences. Look at the words in bold and follow the instructions in brackets. felt metallic. (change to noun} .. 1.b~ ..m~±ęr!P.lb . ~ - -~ - - md~\lk.foę, 1 The materił 2 The cloth was rough when you touched it. (change to noun} ........... . 3 We sat in a part of the garden where there was shade. (change to adjective} 4 Suddenly there was a light which dazzled everyone. (change to adjective) 5 The ground was very wet under our feet. {change to adverb} 6 My suitcase weighs very little. {use feather) .............................................................................. . 57.3 Match the sen ten ce beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 1 We walked through the jungle vegetation, 2 We found it inside an old tree, 3 We loved the new cołur, 4 We examined the desert vegetation, 5 We tried to drill inro the rock, 6 We couldn't lift the box, 57.4 l:ru D D O O O a b c d e which was hollow. which was absołutely solid. which was as heavy as lead. which was very vivid. which was very dense. f which was very sparse. What could you do if ... 1 your reading lamp was rather dim? .. 31!J.P. ..~d3htLP.!')1 ......................................... 2 you were fed up with the duli colour of the walls in your room? 3 you found the glare of the sun uncomfortable? ............................................................................... 4 you wanted yo ur shoes to be shiny? .............................................................................. . 5 your rucksack was too bulky ·or cumbersome? .............................................................................. . 57.5 Ove,r ło ':fOll Look roun d your own home and fi nd someth ing sleek to the touch . 2 someth ing rough underfoot. „ . 4 someth ing furry. 5 som ething smooth. 3 something with a pol ish ed surface. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 123 58 A Success, failure and difficulty Succeeding We succeeded in persuading a lot of people to join our protest. (in + -ing) I managed to contact him just before he left his office. I don’t think I can manage the whole walk. I think I’ll turn back. (manage, but not succeed; may have a direct object in this meaning) We’ve achieved /ətʃivd/ / accomplished /ək mplɪʃt/ a great deal in the last year. (both are used with quantity phrases such as ‘a lot’ and ‘a little’; accomplish is rather formal) The company has achieved all its goals/aims/targets for this year. (achieve is more common than accomplish with nouns expressing goals and ambitions) Do you think his plan will come off? [succeed; infml] Here is a matrix for some typical collocations with ‘succeeding’ verbs: reach an ambition a dream an agreement an obligation a target a compromise B attain secure 9 realise fulfil achieve 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Failing and difficulty Plans and projects sometimes go wrong / backfire. [don’t go as intended] Companies, clubs and societies often fold / go under through lack of success. [close down; go under is informal] A plan or project may falter /fɒltə/, even if it finally succeeds. [have ups and downs] All your plans and hard work / efforts may come to nothing. I have great difficulty (in) getting up in the morning. I find it difficult to remember the names of everybody in the class. (hard can also be used here; it is more informal) It’s hard/difficult to hear what she’s saying. I often have trouble starting the car on cold mornings. (more informal) We’ve had a lot of bother with the neighbours lately. (very informal) Can you cope with three more students? They’ve just arrived. [deal successfully with a difficult situation] I’ve got no money, my girlfriend’s left me; I need help; I can’t cope any more. C Word formation verb noun adjective adverb succeed accomplish achieve attain fulfil harden success accomplishment achievement attainment fulfilment hardness successful accomplished achievable attainable fulfilling hard successfully – – – – hard Common mistakes Izzy had great difficulty finding somewhere to live in London. (NOT difficulties) Paul had considerable success with his first novel. (NOT successes) 124 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 58.1 Choose a suitable verb to fill the gaps. If the exact word in the sentence is not in the vertical colunm of the matrix on the opposite page, look for something that is close in meaning. More than one verb is often possible. ............... a no-strike agreement with the union. The management have ..rn~hd 2 Now I've ................................ all my family responsibilities, I can retire and travel the world. 3 The school building fund has failed to ................................ its target of f250,000. I never thought I would ................................ my ambition, but now I have. Very few people ................................ all their hopes and dreams in life. We hope the two sides ................................ a compromise and avoid war. I'm afraid that litłe plan of mine didn't ................................ off. 4 5 6 7 58.2 Fili in the missing word forms where they exist. I noun verb I adjective realisa+i<>n realise difficulty target fai! trouble 58.3 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. i+ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I fi.ud ~ery difficult to understand English idioms. She succeeded to rise to the top of her profession. Do you ever have any trouble to use this photocopier? I always seem to. l've accomplished to work quite hard this last month. I'm amazed that you can cope all the work they give you. Did you have many difficulties finding the book in the library? Unfortuaeły, it seems as if all John's plans have come at nothing. I'm afraid I haven't had any successes in contacting Lara today. 58.4 In w hat sorts of situations would you hear the following remarks? hear i+ tr<>m a paren+ lllhC> is findin9 1 We'll have to get an au pair. I just can't cope. Y<>ll i>J()l.l\d pr<>lia~ i+ łC> diftilul+ +<> lC>mliine i>J()rk and f ami~ life. 2 I can't believe it, f5,000. The company folded and now l've got nothing to show for it! 3 It went under, I'm afraid, and he's bankrupt now. 4 You can't manage all that. Let me help you. 5 Yes, her plan carne off even though the odds were really against her. 58.5 Ove,r ło ':fOLC What would happen I Wh at would you do if ... a plan backfired? 2 a club had only two members left out of 50? 3 a student faltered in one exam out of six, but did well in all the rest? Wh at would you do if ... 4 you were having a lot of bother with your car? 5 you started a small business but it carne to nothing? 6 you couldn't cope with your English stud ies? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 125 59 A Time: connecting words and expressions One thing before another I had written to her prior to meeting the committee. (formal/written style) It was nice to be in Venice. Previously I’d only been to Rome. (fairly formal, more informal would be Before that, I …) I was in the office from 2.30. I was out earlier on. [before then; fairly informal] The street is now called Treetop Avenue. Formerly it was Hedge Lane. (fairly formal, typically written; used when something has changed its name, state, etc.) Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime / Meanwhile, relax and have a drink. [between now and the time of the meal] B Things happening at the same time She was entering (at) the very time / the very moment I was leaving. (these two are stronger and more precise than as or just as) The two events happened simultaneously. [started and ended at exactly the same time] During the war, she lived in Dublin. Throughout the war, food was rationed. Language help During does not specify how long within a period of time. Throughout means from the beginning to the end of a period of time. C One thing after another Read this personal statement by someone hoping to work for an international corporation in China. The words in bold are rather formal. Following1 my first visit to Beijing, I read several books about China and subsequently2 decided to take a six-month course in Mandarin Chinese. I revisited China on several occasions thereafter3 and now feel that I have a good knowledge of the country and its culture. 1 after 2 at some time after that 3 after finishing the course Note also immediate (adjective), e.g. The government removed the price regulations and the immediate result was a 10% price rise. [which happened at once] D Time when The moment / The minute I saw his face I knew I’d met him before. I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg. I met Paula at Mark’s wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man. (more formal) E Non-specific time expressions We can discuss the budget now. At a later stage we can discuss the detailed arrangements. At some point we will have to replace our computers, but we’re OK for the moment. [at an unspecified time in the future] 126 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 59.1 Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a lot, and then do the exercise. Mon -Paris - da".l 5 - -POW1pidou Centre lhen lhealre. 12 Tue 13 Wed 14 13een awo.'1 fo da".ls ! 'Paris 0 1(, bul rniss h0W1e. Lefl -Paris 10 arn. 1-\u:ie pile of ernails wo.ilin:i! Manchester, lhen Glas:i0w. Mel Manuela al Nick_'s. Up earl".l. Said :ioodb".le lo Nick_ and lefl. Saw bad accidenl on rnolorwo.'1. Fri 16 Answered all the ernails , lhen fell Sat I could wo.lch TV! 17 Lols of ph0ne calls - Sandra, Jo".lce Sun and Dave all in a r0w! La)".l da".l! 13ook_ lick_els for Dublin 2-4lh 18 Notes A Fill the gaps with time expressions from A and B opposite. You are given the first letter. P.d (:lr ........................ to going to Manchester, Laura was in Paris. 2 Her next trip after Glasgow is to Dublin on the 24th. 1... ............................ t. ............................... m ............................... , she can relax at home. 3 She was away for a week. 5................................ , she bad lots of emails to deal with. 4 She was in Glasgow on the 15th. E. ............................... 0 ................................ , she had been in Manchester. 5 She went to the theatre in Paris on Monday. P................................ t. ............................... that, she had been to the Pompidou Centre. 6 F ................................ her visit to Nick, she saw a bad accident on the motorway. 7 On Sunday, she had a lot of phone calls d................................ the day. 8 The m ............................... she put the phone down it rang again. This time it was Dave. 59.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words or phrases from opposite. 1 2 3 4 59.3 I emailed James and got a reply straight away . ..~n ..(m~ cl! .1 :1 ~ ..r~pl ....................... I will contact you at a time I can't specify to arrange to get together to discuss things . ..................... . The two committees were meeting at exactly the same time yesterday.......................................................... . I was living in Budapest when I was offered the job in Paris . .............................................................. . Read the comments and then answer the questions. Gunilla: Hugh: Kim: Liba: Josep: 'I was in Oslo throughout the summer. Josep visited me during that time.' 'I was in Athens for a week, then in Ro me for two weeks thereafter.' 'At the very time I was in Rome, Hugh was in Rome.' 'I was in Athens in October, but I didn't see Hugh on that occasion.' 'I visited Hamburg; at a later stage I went to Berlin.' 1 Which two people were in the same place at the same time? ..k.!.m.. ~ nd ..H1,~h 2 Did Liba see Hugh when she was in Athens? Yes/No ............................... . ... 3 Did Gunilla spend part of the summer or all summer in Oslo? ............................... . 4 Where did Josep go first - Berlin or Hamburg? ............................... . 5 How many weeks in total did Hugh spend in Athens and Rome? ............................... . 6 Did Josep spend the whole summer in Oslo or probably just part of it? ............................... . 59.4 The moment I wake up, I ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Throughout my chi ld hood I ..................................................................................................................................................... . 3 l'm do in g vocabu lary right now. Earlier on, I was ........................................................................................................ . 4 Prior to going on holiday, I alwa ys ...................................................................................................................................... . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 127 60 A Condition Words connecting sentence parts In addition to if, there are several other words and phrases for expressing condition. 1 You can’t come in unless you have a ticket. [… if you do not have a ticket] 2 You can borrow the bike on condition that you return it by five o’clock. 3 In case of fire, dial 112. [When there is …; usually seen on notices; you can also say in the event of] 4 You can stay, as/so long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa. (as long as is less formal than so long as and less formal and not so strong as on condition that) 5 Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. (providing (that) or provided (that) can also be used in examples 2 and 4; they are less formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and more restricting than as/so long as) Language help Don’t confuse in case of with in case. Take your umbrella in case it rains means ‘It isn’t raining but it might rain.’ B Supposing ... and What if ... Note the use of supposing and what if (both usually found in spoken language) for possible situations in the future. What if is more direct. MICK: ALICE: C Paul’s coming tomorrow. He’ll help us. Supposing / What if he doesn’t turn up – what shall we do then? Conditions with -ever The -ever suffix means ‘it does not matter which …’. The stress is normally on ever. What’s the best way to travel in your country? Best reply: However you decide to travel in this country, it’ll cost you a lot of money. For example, you’ll end up paying at least 70 euros, whichever means of transport you take from the airport to the city centre – train or bus. Public transport is expensive wherever you go here. Whoever wins the next election should try to lower fares. These sentences can also be expressed using no matter. Note the stress. No matter how you decide to travel in this country, it will cost you a lot of money. No matter who wins the next election, they should try to lower fares. Common mistake With the condition phrases in A, B and C the present tense is used in the conditional clause. Take a jacket in case it gets cold later on. (NOT Take a jacket in case it will get cold later on.) D Some nouns which express condition Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks can begin. (rather formal) A good standard of English is a prerequisite /prirekwizit/ for studying at a British university. [absolutely necessary; very formal] What are the entry requirements /rəkwaiəmənts/ for doing a diploma in Management at your college? [official conditions; rather formal] I would not move to London under any circumstances. (fairly formal) 128 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 60.1 Fill the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from A and B opposite. friend of yours. You can come to the party .. ~? .. !P.f) . ~l!P .......................... you don't bring that ghastły 2 ............................................... emergency in the machine room, sound the alarm and notify the supervisor at once. 3 ............................................... I hear from you, I'll assume you are coming. 4 A person may take the driving test again .............................................. they have not already taken a test within the previous 14 days. 5 ............................................... I lent you my car, would that help? 60.2 Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice versa. 1 Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers. NC> rrrnHer lllhere she 9oes, she alllllllf> +akes +ha+ do9 C>t hers. 2 If anyone rings, I don't want to speak to them, no matter who it is. 3 No matter what I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing. 4 It'll probably have meat in it, whichever dish you choose. They don't cater for vegetarians here. 5 No matter how I do it, that recipe never seems to work. 6 However hard you try, you'll never be able to do it all on your own. 60.3 The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page. EXAMPLE 1 You ian ha~e helme+, ~u a passen9er on a mo+or!ilke pr<>~lde ian'+ ride <>n a m<>+<>r!ilke. +h~ lllear a helme+. I Uiless ~U lllear a 3 - ---i 5 4 60.4 Ove,r ło 11ou Wh at would your a nswe rs be to t hese qu estions? 1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future? 2 Linder what circumstances would you move from where yo u're living at the moment? 3 What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country? 4 On what condition would you lend a friend you r house/fiat? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 129 61 A Cause, reason, purpose and result Cause and reason You probably know how to use words like because, since and as to refer to the cause of or reason for something. Here are some other ways to express cause and reason: The collision was due to the icy conditions. The collision was caused by ice on the road. The cause of the collision was ice on the road. The heavy rain caused the river to flood. Owing to the icy conditions, the two cars collided. Language help If you use owing to with a clause, you must follow it with the fact that. In this example, the clause is underlined. Owing to the fact that the conditions were icy, the two cars collided. (NOT Owing to the conditions were icy, …) Here are some other ‘cause’ words and typical contexts. They are all rather formal, and more suitable for written use. The rise in prices sparked (off) a lot of political protest. (often used for very strong, perhaps violent, reactions to events) The President’s statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. (slightly less strong than spark (off)) The new law has brought about / led to great changes in education. (often used for political/ social change) This problem stems from the inflation of recent years. (explaining the direct origins of events and states) The court case arose from / out of allegations made in a newspaper. (the allegations started the process that led to the court case) B Reasons for and purposes of doing things Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. or The reason (why) she didn’t go with us was that … (less formal) The following sentences are all fairly formal, and more frequent in written English: I wonder what his motives were in sending that email? (purpose) I wonder what prompted her to send that letter? (reason/cause) She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. (purpose) I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences. (sounds a bit more indirect than with the aim of) He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. (reason) The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment. C Results Most of these expressions are fairly formal, and more frequent in written English: He did no work. As a result / As a consequence / Consequently, he failed his exams. The result/consequence of all these changes is that no one is happy any more. The examples with consequence/consequently sound more formal than result. His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. (verb + in) The events had an outcome that no one could have predicted. [result of a process or events, or of meetings, discussions, etc.] The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again. (less formal than outcome) When the election results were announced, chaos ensued. (very formal) 130 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 61.1 Make two sentences into one using the 'reason and purpose' words in brackets. Look at B opposite if you aren't sure. 1 There was a controversial decision. She wrote to the local newspaper to protest. (prompt) 1he 'on+r~esial dedsion promp+ed her +o 1.lriłe +o +he lo,al nell.lspaper +o pro+es+. 2 I didn't contact you. I'd lost your phone number. (reason) 3 I will not sign. This contract is illegal. (grounds) 4 The government passed a new law. It was in order to control prices. (aim) 5 She sent everyone flowers. I wonder why? (motives) 6 The salary was high. She applied for the job. (prompt) 61 .2 Make full sentences using 'cause and reason' words from A opposite. 1 closure of 20 mines ~ strikes in coal industry 1he dosure of Z.O mines sparked (off) s+rikes in +he 'oal indus+r~. 2 3 4 5 6 7 61.3 The announcement of higher taxes ~ a strong attack from the opposition The new Act of Parliament ~ great changes in industry The failure of the electrical system ~ the train crash A violent storm ~ the wali collapsed Food shortages ~ serious riots in several cities The food shortages ~ bad economic policies Fill in the missing prepositions. 1 My reasons ..for ...................„ .. not joining the club are personal. 2 The purpose ................................ this pedal is to control the speed. 3 I carne here ................................ the aim ................................ resolving our dispute. 4 His stupidity has resulted ................................ everyone having to do more work. 5 All this arose ................................ one small mistake we made. 6 It was clone ................................ a view ................................ lowering inflation. 7 That press article has given rise ................................ a lot of criticism. 61.4 Use the pictures to describe the causes and results of events in different ways. 2 ... everyone got a refund. 3 ... the customers got angry. 4 ... we had to walk home. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 131 62 A Concession and contrast Verbs of concession Concession means accepting one part of an idea or fact, but putting another, more important argument or fact against it. It can be expressed with a conjunction, e.g. Although they were poor, they were independent, or an adverb, e.g. He is a bit stupid. He’s very kind, nevertheless, or through verbs like those in the table below. B example paraphrase and comments I acknowledge/accept that he has worked hard but it isn’t enough. I admit I was wrong, but I still think we were right to doubt her. I concede that you are right about the goal, but not the method. I agree but … (accept is less formal than acknowledge) I accept I’m guilty of what I’m accused of. You have won this point in our argument. (rather formal, used in debates/arguments) Adverbs and other phrases showing contrast These examples are fairly informal: OK, you’re sorry. That’s all well and good / That’s all very well, but how are you going to pay us back? You shouldn’t seem so surprised. After all, I did warn you. It’s all very well saying you love dogs, but who will take it for walks if we do get one? He is boring, and he is rather cold and unfriendly, but, for all that, he is your uncle and we should invite him. These examples are more formal: Admittedly, she put a lot of effort in, but it was all We’re not almost there at all. wasted. Quite the opposite; we’ve got I thought she didn’t like me. In fact, the reverse was true. five miles to go yet. In Europe they use metric measurements. In contrast, the USA still uses many non-metric measurements. It’s not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain later, so take the umbrella. C Collocating phrases for contrast When it comes to politics, Jamie and Isabel are poles apart. There’s a world of difference between being a friend and a lover. There’s a great divide between city residents and people who live in the country. A yawning gap divides the rich and poor in many countries. There’s a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions. Language help On the other hand means ‘that is true and this is also true if we look at it from a different viewpoint’, e.g. Life in the country is nice and quiet. On the other hand, you have to go a long way to get to the shops. On the contrary is a rather formal expression which means ‘that is not true, the opposite is true’, e.g. A: You must be pleased with your exam results. B: On the contrary, I thought they would be much better. 132 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 62.1 Rewrite these sentences using the most likely verb from A opposite (there is usually more than one possibility). 1 I know that you weren't solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility. +o lilame lio.+ ~o. mo.s+ +ake sC>me responil~ J allep+ +ha+ ~o. 1>Jeren'+ sole~ 2 OK, OK, I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy. 3 The company is prepared to accept that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liability. 4 She didn't deny that we had clone all we could, but she was stili not content. 62.2 Complete the sentences with phrases from B opposite. ..~.\ ..~r ..~J.1 .......................... , but what about the dining room? 1 OK, you've cleaned the kitchen, Jh~±: 2 No need to panie ................................................................ , it doesn't start till six. 3 She's bossy and sly, but ............................................................... , she is a friend. 4 ............................................................... saying you'll pay me back soon; when is what I want to know! 5 I know you've been very busy preparing for the school concert . ............................................................... , but yo u stili mustn't neglect your homework. 62.3 Use the word in brackets in an appropriate collocation to make comments on these statements. Some people believe in nuclear weapons, some in world disarmament. (divide) 1here's a 5rea+ dMde lie+P.leen +hose whl> lieliMe in l'lll.dear P.leapC>ns, and +hC>se who lie~ disarmamen+. in lllC>rld 2 She says one thing. She does quite the opposite. (discrepancy) 3 Toby believes in saving as much as possible. Catalina prefers to spend all the money they earn. (poles) 4 Being a student's one thing; being a teacher's quite another. (world) 5 People in the north of the country have a totally different standard of living from those in the south. (gap) 62.4 Write a beginning for these sentences. .J ..~rkd.MJ 1 . .. P.d?!l~t\c ..cl~d , ..................... The reverse was true; she was short, with fair hair. 2 ............................................................................................... On the other hand, it does have a big garden, so I think we should rent it. 3 ............................................................................................... On the contrary, the number of cars on the road is increasing yearly. 4 ............................................................................................... In contrast, in Britain you drive on the left. 5 ............................................................................................... Quite the opposite; I feel quite full. I had a huge breakfast. 62.5 Choose between on the other hand and on the contrary and explain what the speaker means. 1 l'm not worried; .. P.r:iJh~ ..~n±r. .............. , I feel quite calm. 2 lt's expensive, but ................................................ , we do need it. l+'s M+ +ro.e +ha+ J'm lll(>rried. 3 In some ways l'd like to change my job, but ................................................ , I'd miss all my colleagues. 4 I don't think he's lazy; ................................................ , he puts in a great deal of effort. 5 She doesn't speak Japanese well; ................................................ , she only knows a couple of phrases. 6 This hotel looks very attractive; ................................................ , it's more expensive than the first one we looked at. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 133 63 A Addition Expressions for linking sentences/clauses sentence/clause 1 and sentence/clause 2 For this job you need a degree. In addition, Additionally, you need at least two years’ experience. Camcorders are becoming easier to use. Furthermore, Moreover, What’s more*, they are becoming cheaper. Children should respect their parents. Equally, Likewise, they should respect their teachers. We’ll have all the stress of going to court and giving evidence. On top of (all) that**, we’ll have to pay the lawyers’ bills. * furthermore and moreover are normally interchangeable, and are both rather formal; what’s more is informal; what is more is rather formal. ** emphatic: used mostly in informal spoken English. You can also use plus, e.g. To keep fit you need a good diet plus (you need) regular exercise. (normally used to connect noun phrases, but can connect clauses in informal speech) B Expressions at the end of sentences/clauses They sell chairs, tables, beds, and so on / etc. /etsetrə/. (and so on is more informal than etc.) It’ll go to the committee, then to the board, then to another committee, and so on and so forth. [suggests a long continuation; infml] He was a good sportsman and an excellent musician into the bargain / to boot. [emphasises the combination of items; infml] C Expressions that begin, or come in the middle of, sentences/clauses Further to my telephone call to you yesterday, I am now writing to … (formal opening for a letter or email) In addition to winning the gold medal, she also broke the world record. In addition to his BA in History, he has a PhD in Sociology. (fairly formal) Alongside her full-time job as a dentist, she does voluntary conservation work at weekends. I have to go to the bank today, as well as getting my hair cut. Besides / Apart from having a salary, he also has a private income. Apart from her many other hobbies, she restores old racing cars. Jo Evans was there, along with / together with a few other people who I didn’t know. Language help The words and expressions in C are followed by nouns, noun phrases, or a verb plus -ing, e.g. As well as speaking Japanese, she also speaks French. (NOT As well as she speaks Japanese, she also speaks French.) 134 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 63.1 Fill in the gaps in this email with suitable adding words and phrases. Try to do it without looking at the opposite page. •To: • Subject: Sally Coldstream My application Dear Mrs Coldstream, my letter of 16 March , I should like to give you more information concerning my hr+her ło qualifications and experience. 2 holding a Diploma in Catering, I also have an Advanced Certificate in Hotel Management. The course covered the usual areas: finance, front _ _ _ services, publicity, space allocation 3 • I also wish to point out that •_ _ holding these qualifications, I have now been working in the hotel trade for five years. 5 , my experience prior to that was also connected with tourism and hospitality. I hope you will give my application due consideration. Yours sincerely, Gemma Weaver 1 63.2 Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets at the end. Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers too. (equally ) ~kolr loliour iol'\ exhous+ +he liod~ ~er qukl~. quol~ eJ(isl~ s+ud~ ro~dl redule men+ol pooiers. iot1 2 My cousin turned up and some schoolmates of his carne with him. (along with) 3 He owns a big chemical factory and he runs a massive oil business in the USA. (as well as) 4 l'm their scientific adviser and act as a consultant to the Managing Director. (addition ) 5 Ir was raining and getting dark. We also had very little petrol left in the tank. (top) 6 He's a very good singer. He has a degree in music. (more) 63.3 Correct the mistakes in the use of addition words and phrases in these sentences. lielt15 2 3 4 5 6 7 I work part-time as well as J--affi a student, so I have a busy life. Besides to have a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with. Alongside I have many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training. In addition has a degree, she also has a diploma. Likewise my father won't agree, my mother's sure to find something to object to. To boot she's a good footballer, she's a good athlete. He said he'd have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and SO forth SO on. 63.4 What adding words/phrases can you associate with these pictures? I I 1 to ..P.P.i:?L ................... 2 into the „„„„„„„„„„„ . . „ . . 3 in „ .. „ .. „ . . . „ „ „ ..... „ „ . . . . 4 on . „ „ . .... „ „ . . .•. .... „ .. . . . . . 63.5 Rewrite this text using alternatives to 'and' and the words in bold and as many expressions from the opposite page as possible. plus To become a successful athlete you will need to be fit arui you will need to train hard every day. And you will need a very special type of determination and stamina. And you will need support from friends and family, financial support and other things. And a good coach will help a great deal, motivating you and setting goals for you. And with all those other things you will need that indefinable thing: talent. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 135 64 A Referring words Text-referring words Text-referring words take their meaning from the surrounding text. For example, this sentence in isolation does not mean much: We decided to look at the problem again and try to find a solution. What problem? The words problem and solution help organise the argument of the text, but they do not tell us the topic of the text. They refer to something somewhere else. Here are some examples. The word in bold refers to the underlined words. Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day. Should taxes be raised or lowered? This was the biggest issue in the election. [topic causing great argument and controversy] Whether the war could have been avoided is a question that interests historians. Let’s discuss crime. That’s always an interesting topic. [subject to argue about or discuss, e.g. in a debate or in an essay] Punishment is only one aspect of crime. [part of the topic] B Problem-solution words Text-referring words are often used with ‘problem-solution’ types of text, where a problem is presented and ways of solving it are discussed. In the following example, the words in bold concern a problem or a solution. Try to learn these words as a family. The situation in our cities with regard to traffic is going from bad to worse. Congestion is a daily feature of urban life. The problem is now beginning to affect our national economies. Unless a new approach is found to control traffic, we will never find a solution to the dilemma. In the dialogue below, two politicians are arguing. Note how the words in bold refer to parts of the argument. A: Your claim that we’re doing nothing to invest in industry is false. We invested £10 billion last year. You’ve ignored this fact. B: But the investment has all gone to service industries. The real point is that we need to invest in our manufacturing industries. A: That argument is out-of-date in a modern technological society. Our position has always been that we should encourage technology. B: But that view won’t help to reduce unemployment. The following problem-solution words are grouped in families associated with the underlined key words. The prepositions normally used with them are given in brackets. situation: state of affairs, position (with regard to) problem: difficulty (more formal), crisis, matter response (to): reaction (to), attitude (to), approach (to) solution: answer (to), resolution (to), key (to), way out (of ) evaluation (of the solution): assessment, judgment Economically, the government is in a critical position. This state of affairs is partly a result of the financial difficulties currently being experienced globally. Our government’s initial response to the 136 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate situation was to impose higher taxes. This approach has not proved to be the solution to the problem. Economists’ current assessment is that this may in fact be making matters worse. Exercises 64. 1 Match the sentences on the left with a suitable label on the right. 1 The earth is in orbit around the sun. 2 lt has proved to be most efficient. 3 People are essentially good. 4 l've run out of cash. 5 World poverty and overpopulation. 6 They should get married, to my mind. 64.2 0 D D D D D a b c d e problem evaluation fact belief view f issue Fill the gaps with an appropriate word to refer to the underlined parts of the sentences. nowadays. 1 So you were talking about animal rights? That's quite a big ..!~ . ?~ ~.„ 2 We are running out of funds . How do you propose we should deal with the ..... •• „ • • • • • •••• • • • • ? 3 Is there life on other planets? This is a .. nobody has yet been able to answer. 4 (teacher to the class) You can write your essay on 'My best holiday ever' . If you don't like that ................................ , 1'11 give you another one. 5 She thinks we should all fly around in tiny little helicopters. This ... to the traffic problem in cities is rather new and unusual. I wonder if it is viable? „ „ . „ ••• „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ • • „ „ „ „ . „ „ • • • „ „ „ •• • „ „ . „ . „„„„ . „„„„.„„„„ 64.3 These newspaper headlines have been separated from their texts. Put each one with a suitable text. a NEW APPROACH TO CANCER TREATMENT b NEW ARGUMENT OVER ECONOMIC RECESSION c SCIENTIST REJECTS d PRIME MINISTER SETS OUT e SOLUTION TO AGE-OLD MYSTERY IN KENYA f SITUATION IN SAHEL VIEWS ON EUROPEAN UNION WORSENING DAI LY 3 2 she said if the world community failed to respond, thousands of children could die[] CLAIMS OVER FAST FOOD tests were being carried out to see if the new drug really did work O there was no proof at all that such things were harmful, and in O 5 also said that he believed that most people had a similar vision of O 64.4 Ov~r ło this was true and said instead that the evidence pointed to O t:fou What aspect of your work/studies do you find most interesting? 2 Have you ever faced a dilemma? What was it? What was your response to the situation? 3 Can you think of an argument in favour of single-sex schools and an argument against? What are your own views on this issue? 4 What would you say is the mai n problem facing your country at the moment? Can you suggest a solution to this problem? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 137 65 A Discourse markers in spoken English What are discourse markers? Discourse markers are expressions which organise, comment on or in some way frame what we are saying. An example is well. A: So you live in Boston? B: Well, near Boston. Well here shows that the speaker is aware he/she is changing the direction of the conversation in some way (not giving the expected ‘yes’ answer). Another example is how teachers use words like Right and OK to organise what is happening in a classroom: Right/OK, let’s have a look at exercise 3. B Organising a conversation Here are some common expressions which organise the different stages of a conversation. Now, what shall we do next? So, would you like to come to the table now, please? Good, I’ll ring you on Thursday, then. Well then, what was it you want to talk about? Now then, I want you to look at this picture. (said by someone in control of the conversation, e.g. a teacher) Fine/Great, let’s meet again next week, then, shall we? (often used to close conversations) So, where was I? I was telling you about my aunt … (often used after an interruption or to come back to the main topic or story) C Modifying and commenting on what you say In these mini-dialogues, the expressions in bold modify or comment on what is being said. D A: It’s cold, isn’t it? B: Yeah. A: Mind you, it’s November, so it’s not surprising. (an afterthought, used like however) A: What’s her number? B: Let me see, I have it here somewhere … (a hesitation – gaining time) A: It’s quite a problem … B: Listen/Look, why don’t you let me sort it out? (introducing a suggestion / an important point) A: Would you? Thanks a lot. A: And he said he was go– B: Well, that’s typical! A: Hang on / Hold on! Let me tell you what he said! (preventing an interruption) Other useful discourse markers I can’t do that. You see, I’m not the boss here. (explaining) He was, you know, sort of … just standing there. (hesitation) He was wearing this, kind of / like, cowboy hat. (not sure of the best way to say something) So that’s what we have to do. Anyway, I’ll ring you tomorrow. (the speaker thinks the topic can change or the conversation can now close) It rained all day yesterday. Still / On the other hand, we can’t complain, it was fine all last week. (contrasts two ideas or points) We shouldn’t be too hard on him. I mean, he’s only a child. (making clear what you mean) In informal spoken language, people often use the letters of the alphabet (usually no more than a, b and c), to list points they want to make. STELLA: ADAM: Why aren’t you going this evening? Well, a I haven’t got any money, and b it’s too far anyway. It is often difficult to hear these expressions when they are used in rapid speech, but when you are in a position to listen in a relaxed way to someone speaking English (for example, if you are not the person being spoken to, or you are listening to informal speech on radio or TV or in a film), it is easier to concentrate on listening for discourse markers. 138 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 65. 1 Underline all the discourse markers in this monologue. 'WelL where shall I start? It was last summer and we were just sitting in the garden, sort of doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and ... you see, we have this, kind of, long wall at the end of the garden, and it's „. like „. a motorway for cats. That big fat black one you saw, well, that one considers it has a right of way over our vegetable patch, so „ . where was I? I was looking at that wall, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a sudden there was this new cat I'd never seen before. lt wasn't an ordinary cat at all „. I mean, you'll never believe what it was ... ' 65.2 Here are some short dialogues where there areno discourse markers, which would be unusual in real informal conversation. Use markers from the list to fill the gaps. You can use the markers more than once, and more than one answer may be possible. good I mean hang on well let me see A: Are you a football fan? B: ___ w'~IL _ , I like it but I wouldn't say I was a fan. A: 1'11 take care of these. B: That's everything. A: , see you next week. B: . That was a very useful meeting. 2 A: lt was last Monday. I was coming home from work. I saw this funny old man approaching me. I stopped him ... B: I bet it was Jim Dibble! A: ! Let me tell you what happened first. 3 4 right still listen anyway you know 5 A: He's looking exhausted. B: Really? A: , look at his eyes - he looks so tired. 6 A: What do you mean, 'cold'? B: , she's not friendly, very distant. Last week I gave her a jolly smile and she scowled at me. A: , what do you expect? l've seen the way you smile at people, it puts them off. 7 A: Money isn't the most important thing in life. B: , you can't live without it! A: I suppose that's true. A: Which number is yours? 8 B: ... it's that one there, yes, that one. A: What are we going to do? B: , l've got an idea. Why don't we ask James to help? He's a lawyer. 65.3 Which discourse marker fits best into the sentences? Rewrite the sentences with the markers included. on the other hand a, b, c, etc. great look no w A~wlJ 1 Yes, there is a lot of work to do. /\ I must rush now, I'll call you tomorrow. 2 There are two reasons why I think he's wrong. People don't act like that, and Paul would certainly never act like that. 3 I want you to pay attention, everyone. 4 He loses his temper very quickly. He's got a great sense of humour. 5 You seem a bit sad today. Let me buy lunch for you to cheer you up. 6 A: So I'll pick you up at 6.30. B: See you then. 65.4 OV~r .f-o ':fOLC Choose three expressions that appeal to you from this unit and try to use them in your spoken English. Be ca reful not to overuse them! English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 139 66 A Linking words in writing Organising a formal text First / Firstly / First of all, we must consider … Next, it is important to remember that … Secondly and thirdly are also used with first/firstly for lists. Finally/Lastly, we should recall that … (coming to the final point on a list) Turning to the question of foreign policy, … (changing to a new topic) Leaving aside the question of pollution, there are also other reasons … (the writer will not deal with that question here) In parenthesis, let us not forget that … (making a point that is a side issue, not part of the main argument) In summary / To sum up, we may state that … (listing / summing up the main points) In sum, the economic issues are at the centre of this debate … (listing / summing up the main points: much more formal) In conclusion / To conclude, I should like to point out that … (finishing the text) Common mistake Lastly is used when making a final point, e.g. Lastly, let us consider what the future holds. (NOT At last let us consider …) At last means finally after a long time, e.g. At last I’ve finished my essay – what a relief! B Linking words for explaining, exemplifying, rephrasing, etc. To learn new words properly a lot of recycling is needed; in other words / that is to say, you have to study the same words over and over again. (that is to say is much more formal) Some English words are hard to pronounce, for example / for instance, ‘eighth’. It might be possible, say, to include the parents in the discussion. (similar to for example; note the commas before and after; say is also common in spoken English) The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. [the explanation will be short and not comprehensive] She is, so to speak / as it were, living in a world of her own. (makes what you are saying sound less definite/precise; as it were is more formal) C Referring backwards and forwards in the text The following points will be covered in this essay: … (used to introduce a list) It was stated above/earlier that the history of the USA is … [earlier in the text] See page 238 for more information. [go to page 238] Many writers have claimed this (see below). [examples will be given later in the text] A full list is given overleaf. [turn the page and you will find the list] For further details/discussion, see Chapter 4. [more discussion/details] May I refer you to page 3 of my last letter to you? [May I ask you to look at / read; fml] With reference to your email of 12th March, … (often used at the beginning of a letter or email to link it with an earlier text; fml) 140 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 66.1 Match the linking words on the left with the appropriate function on the right. 1 Leaving aside ... 2 In parenthesis, ... 3 T urning to .. . 4 In conclusion, ... 5 With reference to ... 6 See above ... 66.2 w D D D D D a change the topie b read something earlier in the text c this will not be discussed d this document is about another one e to finish off f as an aside I as a secondary issue Fill the gaps with typical linking words or phrases used in writing. The first letter of each phrase/word is given. firs+I~ , il is irnporla.nl lo undersla.nd wh':l people cornrnil crirnes, z.i_ _ _ _ _ _ , wha.l a.re lhe rnolives which rna.k_e people do lhin5s lhe':l wou\d never nOrrna.1\':l do? ' F , a. ':loun5 rna.n slea.ls clolhes f rorn a. shop - does he do il beca.use il is a.n excilin5 .-isk_? 4 N , il is essenlia.I lo consider whelher punishrnenl rna.k_es a.n':l difference, or is il jusl, 5 a. , a. kjnd of reven5e? "L , haw ca.n we help vidirns of crirne? 71 , how ca.n we 5el lo lhe rools of lhe problern, ra.lher lha.n jusl a.Ha.ckjn5 lhe s':lrnplorns? 1 66.3 Which linking word or phrase(s) ... 1 is based on the verb 'to say'? -~ ..Cf.'lea~_n9JOr ..e.X.a.f.'IP.le.'.L................... . 2 is based on the verb 'to follow'? .............................................................................. . 3 contain the word/syllable 'sum'? (three answers) .............................................................................. . 4 is a form of the word 'far'? .............................................................................. . 5 contains something you find on trees? .............................................................................. . 66.4 Write a short letter to the Editor of a newspaper about a report in the paper the previous week that a local hospital is going to close. You think the hospital should not close because: • • • • • The 200 The lt is It is nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away. people work at the hospital; they will lose their jobs. hospital makes an important contribution to the local economy. the only hospital in the region with a special cancer unit. being closed for political reasons, not genuine economic ones. Try to include as many as possible of these linking words and phrases: with reference to firstły, secondly, thirdly, etc. leaving aside the following to sum up that is to say finally Dear Editor, Yours sincerły, English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 141 67 A Everyday expressions Conversation-building expressions Everyday conversations are full of expressions that are not necessarily difficult to understand but which have a fixed form which does not change. You have to learn these as whole expressions. The expressions are often hard to find in dictionaries. These are some common expressions that help to modify or organise what we are saying. There are many more expressions like these. (See also Unit 65.) expression meaning/function As I was saying, I haven’t seen her for years. takes the conversation back to an earlier point As I/you say, we’ll have to get there early to get a seat. repeats and confirms something someone has already said Talking of skiing, whatever happened to Paul Jakes? starting a new topic, but linking it to the present one If you ask me, she’s heading for trouble. if you want my opinion (even if no one has asked for it) B That reminds me, I haven’t rung Georgie yet. something in the conversation reminds you of something important Come to think of it, did he give me his number after all? I think he may have forgotten. something in the conversation makes you realise there may be a problem/query about something Key words Some everyday expressions can be grouped around key words. This and that, for example, occur in several expressions: This is it. [this is an important point] THIS/THAT That’s it. [that’s the last thing, we’ve finished] C We talked about this and that / this, that and the other. [various unimportant matters] So, that’s that, then. [that is agreed, settled, finalised] Common expressions for modifying statements If the worst comes to the worst, we’ll have to cancel the holiday. [if the situation gets very bad indeed] If all else fails, we could text them. [if nothing else succeeds] What with one thing and another, I haven’t had time to reply to her email. [because of a lot of different circumstances] When it comes to restaurants, this town’s not that good. [in the matter of restaurants] As far as I’m concerned, we can eat any time. [as far as it affects me / from my point of view] As luck would have it, she was in when we called. [by chance] 142 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 67 .1 Complete the fixed expressions in these sentences, without looking at the opposite page, if possible. .JpJh!D.k.Pf..iL................................ , I don't remember giving her the key. I'd better ring her and check, just in case. If you ............................................................... , the economy's going to get much worse before it gets any better, but that's just my opinion. A: The nursery closes down during the school holidays. B: .............................................................. . holidays, have you got any plans for next year? A: It's going to be expensive. B: Yes, it'll be fun, and a great opportunity, but as ............................................................... , it will be expensive. That ............................................................... , I have a message for you from Sheena. I almost forgot it! As ............................................................... , before the telephone interrupted us, we plan to extend the house next spring. 1 Come 2 3 4 5 6 67 .2 Which of the expressions with thislthat opposite would be most suitable for the second parts of these mini-dialogu es? A: What were you and Bella tałking about? . +1 .+.b.i.?.,.Jn!\+.. !!D.4Jhę,. P.łh~r . .. ........ .. . 2 A: How many more? B: No more, actually, ............................................................... . 3 A: Here comes the big announcement we've been waiting for. B: Yes, ............................................................... . 4 A: OK, I'll take our decisions to the committee. B: Right so, ............................................................... , then. Thanks. B: o h, ..+hi.?. ..~nd ..+.h~ 67 .3 Complete this network of everyday expressions with now in a similar way to the this/ that network opposite. Use a dictionary if necessary. 2 (every) now and _ __ __ / now and _ _ __ _ [occasionally] 3 _ _ _ __ and now I ~N=C>l±hen! _(attract attention because you're - - ---NOW - - -- - _ _ _ _ _ now [immediately] going to say something] 4 _ _ _ _ _ now [a few moments ago] 67.4 Use the expressions with now to rewrite the words in bold. Do you want me to do it straight away, or can it wait? ..h ę,rn .. !!D.d..D.~!rl8hf ..t)~ ........... . 2 So, everybody, listen carefully. I have news for you . ............................................... . 3 A: Have you seen Jason? B: Yes, I saw him a few minutes ago - he's in his office. 4 I bump into her in town occasionally, but not that often . ............................................... . 67 .5 Which expressions in this unit contain the following key words? .. !+.~rnPJ .. .. .... .... ...... .... .... . 4 worst .............................................................................. . 1 comes .. w'.h~D 2 luck ............................................................................... 3 fails ............................................................................... 5 concerned .............................................................................. . 6 thing .............................................................................. . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 143 68 A Talking and communicating Idioms connected with communication problems Friday So, see you then. I really like you as a friend. Yes. They’re talking at cross-purposes. [talking about different things without realising it] Can … He’s got the wrong end of the stick. [not understood something in the correct way] … and that means … … but if not, it could be … Er … … notwithstanding any other proviso not stated … … and another thing … Why … She can’t get a word in edgeways . [doesn’t get a chance to speak because others are talking so much] B Wow! She’s in love with me! Monday He can’t make head or tail of what she’s saying. [cannot understand at all] Good talk, bad talk The boss always talks down to us. [talks as if we were inferior] My workmates are always talking behind my back. [saying negative things about me when I’m not there] It was just small talk, nothing more, I promise. [purely social talk, nothing serious] Let’s sit somewhere else; they always talk shop over lunch, and it bores me rigid. [talk about work] Hey! Your new friend’s become a real talking point among the staff! Did you know? [subject that everyone wants to talk about] It’s gone too far this time. I shall have to give him a talking to. [reproach/scold him / tell him off] C Talk in discussions, meetings, etc. 1 2 3 Who’s going to start the ball rolling? To put it in a nutshell, this is a waste of time. Alex is so long-winded. Sophie always 7 talks rubbish. I hope they get to the point soon. 4 I want to speak my mind today. 5 I hope we wrap up the discussion by 12.30. 1 I hope Will speaks; he always talks sense. start the discussion 2 say it in few words 3 come to the important part of the matter say exactly what I think 5 finish the discussion 6 says intelligent, reasonable things 7 says stupid things 8 says things in a long, indirect way 4 144 8 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 6 Exercises 68.1 Look at these dialogues and comment on them. PAUL: EMMA: 2 JO: MEENA: JO: MEENA: JO: 3 VOLODYA: GINA: VOLODYA: 4 DAN: KIM: 5 ALI: JUAN: 68.2 f98 for a meal! That's outrageous! Not the meal, you idiot! The room! Emma and Paul seem to be .ł!i lk !f'l . ~ . !1±.~rf?:-lp ........................ . So that's what I'm going to do, take it all away. What about And if they don't like it they can just go and do what they like. If she Not that I have to consult them, anyway, I'm in charge round here. lt seems that Meena can't get ............................................................................... . I got very upset when you said I was childish. I didn't! I just said you seemed to get on very well with the children. Honestly. Oh, I see. Oh, sorry. lt seems that Volodya got the ............................................................................... . So, area-wise the down-matching sales profile commitment would seem to be high-staked on double-par. Eh? Could you say that again? You've got me there. It seems that Kim can't ............................................................................... what Dan is saying. I don't expect someone with your intelligence to understand this document. Oh. Ali seems to be talking ................................ to Juan. What idioms opposite do these drawings represent? }, .. ~r . ~p ..!p.±h~ ............... discussion 2 talk ........................................ 3 start ....................................... . ---- . 4 get to I come to ........................................ 5 to put ....................................... . 68.3 6 get hold of ....................................... . Fili the gaps to complete the sentences. She is very direct and always 5 p. ~!ik?. ................. her mind. 2 He gets bored quickly with small ................................ and always wants to get down to serious matters. 3 The boss gave me a real ................................ to after that stupid mistake I made. 4 You're behind the times! Darren's girlfriend was last week's ................................ point. 5 Paula's uncle is so long-................................ - it takes him ten minutes to make a point that anyone else could make in 30 seconds. 6 It was sucha relief when James got up to speak - at last someone was talking ............................. . 7 I hate going out with my boyfriend and his work colleagues - they spend all evening talking ................................ . 8 You should tell him what you think to his face rather than talking behind his ................................ . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 145 L 69 A Suffixes Common noun suffixes -er /ə/ is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, painter, worker, shopper, teacher. You can use -er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns. Sometimes the -er suffix is written as -or (it is still pronounced /ə/). It is worth making a special list of these words as you meet them, e.g. actor, donor [person who donates something], operator, sailor, supervisor [person whose job is to make sure that other people do their jobs correctly, safely, etc.]. -er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil sharpener, bottle opener, grater, projector, stapler, coat hanger. -er and -ee (pronounced /i/) can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does something’ (-er) and ‘person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/ employee /emplɔɪji/, sender, addressee, payee (e.g. of a sum of money). -tion/-sion/-ion are used to form nouns from verbs, e.g. complication, pollution, reduction, alteration, donation, promotion, admission, action. -ist [a person] and -ism [an activity or ideology] are used for people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), e.g. Marxist, typist, physicist, terrorist, Buddhism, journalism. -ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist. -ness is used to make nouns from adjectives, e.g. goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness. Note what happens to adjectives that end in -y. B Adjective suffixes -able/-ible /əbl/ with verbs means ‘can be done’, e.g. drinkable washable readable forgivable edible [can be eaten] C flexible [can be bent] Verbs -ise (or -ize, which is more common in American English) forms verbs from adjectives, e.g. modernise [make modern], commercialise, industrialise, computerise. D Other suffixes that can help you recognise the word class -ment: (nouns) excitement, enjoyment, replacement [the act of putting sb or sth in the place of sb or sth else] -ity: (nouns) flexibility [ability to change easily according to the situation], productivity, scarcity -hood: (abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood, motherhood, brotherhood -ship: (abstract nouns especially status) friendship, partnership, membership -ive: (adjectives) active, passive (in language, the passive is when the receiver of an action becomes the subject, e.g. The bank was robbed), productive [producing a positive large amount of something] -al: (adjectives) brutal, legal [related to or which follows the law], (nouns) refusal, arrival -ous: (adjectives) delicious, outrageous [shocking and morally unacceptable], furious [very angry] -ful: (adjectives) hopeful, useful, forgetful -less: (adjectives) useless, harmless [which cannot hurt or damage anyone or anything], homeless -ify: (verbs) beautify, purify, terrify [cause someone to be extremely afraid] The informal suffix -ish can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less precise, e.g. She’s thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about eightish. Language help Adding a suffix can sometimes change the stress in a word. Be sure to check in a dictionary. Examples: flexible → flexibility productive → productivity piano → pianist 146 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises These pictures show objects ending in -erl-or. Can you name them? 1 ..~+p.kr .. ...... 2 ............................... . 3 ................................ 4 ................................ 5 ................................ 69.2 Do these words mean a thing or a person, or can they mean both? Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 a cooker Jh!I).~· · ...... 3 a ticket holder ....................... 5 a cleaner ........................ 7 a drinker ....................... . 2 a grater ......................... 4 an MP3 player ....................... 6 a smoker ....................... 8 an advisor ....................... 69.3 Use the -erl-or, -ee and -ist suffixes to make the names of the following. If you need to use a dictionary, try looking up the words in bold. 6 A person who plays jazz on the piano. a Jm. ~anls+ 2 A thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. 7 3 A person who plays classical violin. 8 4 A person who takes professional photographs. 5 A person who acts in amateur theatre. 9 A person to whom a sum of money is paid. A machine for washing dishes . A person who donates their organs upon their death. A person to whom a letter is addressed. 69.4 Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using a suffix from the opposite page and making any spelling changes needed. . cnmes . . tor B!~L. ' li\ ........... . . M ost o f h.is cnmes 1 M ost o f h is can be f org1ven. are ......... 2 The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes. The Club refuses ................................ to anyone not wearing shoes. 3 Her only fault is that she is lazy. Her only fault is ....................... 4 This firm has produced a lot recently. This firm has been very ................................ recently. 5 I found the book very easy and pleasant to read. I found the book very ................................ 6 I have lovely memories of when I was a child. I have lovely memories of my ................................ . 7 You can't wash that jacket. That jacket isn't ................................ . 8 The most important thing in life is having friends . The most important thing in life is ................................ . „ . • •• „ • • 69.5 Complete the table with the different parts of speech. Do not fill the shaded boxes. noun I ve rb eat I adj ective edlłi\ fury beautiful scarce refuse modern forget act 69.6 Ove.r .f-o t:fou List six jobs you would like to have. How tnany different suffixes are there in yo ur li st? Do any of the job natnes not have a suffix (e.g . pilot, fi ltn star)? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 147 70 A Prefixes Negative prefixes on adjectives Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative or an opposite meaning. For example, fair/unfair, experienced/inexperienced and similar/dissimilar are opposites. Other examples are ‘unnatural’, ‘inedible’, ‘disorganised’. Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite. in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, e.g. immature, impatient, immoral, impossible, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with ‘r’, e.g. irregular, irresponsible, irreplaceable, and il- before a word beginning with ‘l’, e.g. illegal, illegible, illiterate. Language help The prefix in- (and its variations) does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income. B Negative prefixes on verbs The prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs, e.g. tie/untie, appear/ disappear. These prefixes are used to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discourage, dislike, disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip. C Other common prefixes Some words with prefixes use a hyphen. Check in a dictionary if you’re not sure. 148 prefix meaning examples anti against anti-war auto of or by oneself autograph bi two/twice bicycle bilateral ex former ex-wife ex-smoker ex out of extract exhale micro small microbiology mis badly/wrongly misunderstand mono one/single monolingual multi many multinational over too much overdo post after post-war pre before preconceived pro in favour of pro-government pro-revolutionary pseudo false pseudo-scientific pseudo-intellectual re again/back rewrite semi half semi-circular sub under subway under not enough underworked English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate antisocial antibiotic antiseptic auto-pilot autobiography biannual bilingual ex-boss excommunicate microchip microscopic mistranslate monologue monogamous multimedia overtired pre-war regain multi-purpose oversleep postgraduate overeat post-impressionist pre-judge rearrange repay replace semi-final semi-detached submarine microwave mislead subdivision underused undercooked renew Exercises 70.1 Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions? 1 .Jmf~!r. ............... means not being fair or right 2 ................................ means impossible to eat. 3 ................................ means unable to read or write. 4 ................................ means not being well organised. 5 ................................ means not having much sense of responsibility. 6 ................................ means unable to be replaced. 70.2 Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form. . ~Jif . & ....... after a blood test. (qualify) 1 The runner was .. d . l?q! 2 Children (and adults) love ................................ parcels at Christmas time. (wrap) 3 I almost always find that I ................................ with his opinion. (agree) I'm sure he's lying but it's going to be hard to ................................ his story. (prove) After a brief speech the President ................................ the new statue. (veil) It took the removal men an hour ................................ our things from the van. (load) His phone was ................................ because he didn't pay his last bill. (connect) 8 H elena ................................ the letter and began to read it. (fold) 4 5 6 7 70.3 Answer the following questions with words from the table opposite. . ~ ......... . 1 What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast? ..mkr.~v 2 How can you describe a cream, for example, that helps prevent infection? ............................... . 3 What kind of company has branches in many countries? ............................... . 4 How are aeroplanes often flown for easy stretches of a flight ? on ............................... . 5 What is a student who is studying for a second degree ? ................................ 6 What word means ' underground railway' in the US and 'underground passage' in the UK? ............................... . 70.4 Write the opposites of the words underlined. Not all the words you need are on the opposite page. Use a dictionary to help you. He's a very honest man ... d.l?h~nt .......... 2 I'm sure she's discreet . ................................ 3 I always find him very sensitive . ............................... . 4 It's a convincing argument. 5 That's a very relevant point . ............................... . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ ... . 6 She's always obedient ................................. 70.5 7 She's employed .. „ •. „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ 8 He's very efficient . ................................ 9 1O 11 12 The door is locked ................................ . He seems grateful for our help. I'm sure she's loyal to the firm. He's a tolerant person ................................ . „ „ „ .... ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ ... „ . „ . „ „ .... „ ... Using the table opposite, construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words. 1 He's in favour of the American approach. He's pro--A-merkan. 2 The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly. 3 Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little. 4 Dan says that economics is not really a science even if it claims to be one. 5 She's still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband. 6 H e made a mistake in the calculation and had to do it again. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 149 71 A Roots Verbs based on Latin words Many words in English are formed from Latin roots. These words are often considered fairly formal in English. Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with some of the English verbs derived from them. DUC, DUCT lead She was educated at a very small private school. [went to school] He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. [led] Japan produces a lot of electronic equipment. [makes] PONE, POSE place, put The meeting has been postponed until next week. [put off to a later date] The President was deposed by his own son. [put out of office] The government have imposed a sizeable tax increase. [put into force] Beethoven composed some beautiful pieces of music. [created, put together] She deposited some money in her bank account. [placed, put in] PORT carry, take How are you going to transport your things to the States? [send across] Britain imports cotton and exports wool. [buys in] [sells out] Our opinions are supported by a considerable amount of research. [held up / backed] Foreigners who commit crimes are usually deported. [taken/sent away to another country] PRESS press, push She was impressed by his presentation. [filled with admiration and respect] This weather depresses me. [fills me with miserable feelings] She always expresses herself very articulately. [puts her thoughts into words] SPECT see, look You should respect your parents / the laws of a country. [look up to] The police officer inspected the mysterious package. [looked into / examined] Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for gold. [look for / search] VERT turn I tried the new make of coffee but I soon reverted to my old favourite brand. [went back] Can you convert this MP3 file to MP4? [change from one form to another] The police diverted the traffic because there was a demonstration. [sent it a different way] B Nouns based on Latin words The examples above are of verbs only. Note that for all the verbs listed, there is usually at least one noun, sometimes a different one for a person and an idea. Here are some examples. 150 verb person noun abstract noun inspect inspector inspection advertise advertiser advertisement deport deportee deportation introduce introducer introduction oppress oppressor oppression compose composer composition English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 71.1 Complete the table with other forms of some of the wor ds presented in B opposite. Use a dictionary if necessary. Do not fill the shaded boxes. I person noun verb I abstract noun convert prod u ce conduct impress support compress 71.2 Fill the gaps in the sentences below using words based on the root given in brackets at the end of the sentence. 1 The bad news ..d~.rn4 .......... everyone. (PRESS) 2 He was ................................ from the USA for not having a visa. (PORT) 3 The magazine seems to have nothing init but ................................ for cosmetics. (VERT) The new manager ................................ a lot of new rules on the staff when she took over. (POSE) The tax ................................ wrote to tell me I owed a lot of money. (SPECT) Because of the flood, the traffic was ................................ and we had to drive a long way. (VERT) Thank you for ................................ me to Dino last week. (DUC) 8 T chaikovsky ................................ some wonderful ballet music. (POSE) 9 Grey, wet weather always ................................ me. I love the sun. (PRESS) 1O I think we should ................................ our tennis game till tomorrow. It's going to rain. (PONE) 4 5 6 7 71.3 Can you work out the meanings of the underlined words in the sentences below? To help you, here are the meanings of the main Latin prefixes: intro: within, inward de: down, from o, ob: against ex: out in, im: in, into sub: under re: again, back trans: across She's a very introspective person and her husband's also a quiet, thoughtful person. łnt1ks o!iou+her Ollll'I +hóu9h+s ot1d feellt19s lt1s+eod of +olklt19 o!iou+ +hem +o o+hers pri~a+el 2 He always seems to oppose everything I suggest. Why can't he agree sometimes? 3 I don't think it's healthy to repress one's emotions too much. You should just behave naturally. 4 Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way it's formed. Otherwise, use a dictionary. 5 The documentary exposed corruption in high places. Now everyone knows the truth. 6 She just thought he looked so funny. She tried hard to suppress a laugh but couldn't. 71 .4 Below are some words based on Latin roots and their two-part verb equivalents. Match each word with its synonym. Which in each pair is more formal? support .. b~J.a ..~f ................ postpone ................................ oppose ................................ inspect ................................ deposit ................................ divert ................................ I put off 71.5 Ove,r ło look at -hold ttp tum away go against put down ':fOU Choose any four words from A opposite based on the roots given . Write sentences using them which are true for you . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 15 1 72 A Abstract nouns What are abstract nouns? An abstract noun represents an idea, experience or quality rather than an object that you can touch. For example, advice, happiness, intention and (in)justice are abstract nouns but pen, bed and trousers are not. B Suffixes in abstract nouns Certain suffixes (see Unit 69) are used frequently in abstract nouns. The most common are -ment, -ion, -ness and -ity. The suffix -ion sometimes becomes -tion, -sion, -ation or -ition. -ment, and -ion are usually used to make verbs into abstract nouns. The suffixes -ness and -ity are added to adjectives. Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes. achievement adjustment amazement disagreement improvement investment replacement retirement C affection collection combination expectation frustration limitation recession reduction carelessness consciousness eagerness friendliness kindness laziness politeness weakness activity authority creativity curiosity generosity hostility popularity sensitivity Less common suffixes forming abstract nouns -ship, -dom, -th and -hood The suffixes -ship and -hood are usually added to other nouns to form abstract nouns. The suffix -th is added to an adjective to form an abstract noun and -dom can combine with either a noun or an adjective. Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes. boredom freedom kingdom martyrdom stardom wisdom breadth depth length strength warmth width adulthood brotherhood childhood motherhood neighbourhood (wo)manhood Home About us Pictures Contact When he left school, Rolf trained as an electrician with a large company. There were two other boys in a similar position and he enjoyed their companionship. They developed such a good relationship that, once they’d completed their apprenticeship, they decided to go into partnership together. Now they have set up a business under joint ownership. They have taken out membership of the Association of Electricians and are beginning to attract a great deal of work. D Abstract nouns with no suffix anger faith luck sense 152 belief fear principle sight calm humour rage speed chance idea reason thought English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Common mistake The definite article is not normally used before an abstract noun, e.g. Love is blind. (NOT The love is blind.) I can resist everything except temptation. (NOT I can resist everything except the temptation.) Exercises 72.1 What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives? . l.\di~V . 1 friendly .fx:!~ 2 amazed ................................ 3 frustrating ................................ 4 kind ................................ 5 hostile ................................ 72.2 11 popular ............................... . 12 weak ............................... . 8 generous ................................ 13 wise ............................... . 9 polite ................................ 1O happy ................................ 3 belief ................................ 4 relationship ... „ . „ „ „ . . .......... „ „ „ „ 5 strength ................................ 9 production ............................... . 6 bo redom ................................ 7 activity ................................ 8 sight .. „. . .... . .. . . . .. . .... . .. . .. . . . 1O ownership ................................ 11 expectation .. „ „ „ . „ ........ „ ... „ „ „ .. 12 adjustment ...„ „ „ •• . „.„.„ ... „ „ „ „ . Find a synonym with the suffix in brackets for each of the following nouns. Use a thesaurus if necessary. 1 animosity (-ity} ..~?.H\i . .. . 2 astonishment (-ment} ................................ 1O vision (no suffix) ................................ 3 inquisitiveness (-ity} ................................ 11 liberty (-dom) ............................... . fraternity (-hood) ................................ possibility (no suffix) ......„........................ substitution (-ment} ................................ farne (-dom) ................................ 8 decrease (-tion) ............................... . 12 fury (no suffix) ............................... . 4 5 6 7 72.4 14 reasonable ............................... . 15 wide ................................ Which verbs are related to these abstract nouns? Use a dictionary if necessary. . .... 1 collection .. ~lL 2 recession ................................ 72.3 6 strong ................................ 7 angry ................................ 9 community (-hood) ................................ 13 wealth (-ity} ............................... . 14 maternity (-hood) ................................ 15 possession (-ship) ............................... . Complete each of the quotations with one of the words in the box. \ imitation ad vice injustice king dom darkness 1 '.Jmił l:łif?~ ............ is the sincerest form of flattery.' 2 'Do not ask ............................„ . . of the ignorant.' 3 'Better to suffer ................................ than to commit it.' 4 'Better to light a candle than to curse the 5 'It's easy to govern a .............................. „ but difficult to rule one's family.' 72.5 freedom .............................................................................................................................................................................................. . 2 love ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 life ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ . 4 curiosity ............................................................................................................................................................................................ . 5 imagination ..................................................................................................................................................................................... . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 153 73 A Compound adjectives Form and meaning A compound adjective has two parts. It is usually written with a hyphen, e.g. well-dressed, never-ending, sky-blue. Its meaning is usually clear from the combined words. The second part of the adjective is often a present participle (ending in -ing) or past participle (ending in -ed, except for irregular verbs). Language help Some compound adjectives use a hyphen before a noun but not after a verb (e.g. a well-dressed man but He is always well dressed). B Personal appearance A number of compound adjectives describe personal appearance. Here is a rather far-fetched description of a person starting from the head down. [hard to believe] Tom was a curly-haired, suntanned, blue-eyed, rosy-cheeked, thin-lipped, broad-shouldered, left-handed, long-legged young man, wearing an open-necked shirt, brand-new, tight-fitting jeans and open-toed sandals. Photo: Tom C Personality and character Other compound adjectives describe a person’s character. Melissa was absent-minded [forgetful], easy-going [relaxed], good-tempered [cheerful], warm-hearted [kind] and quick-witted [quick-thinking/sharp], if perhaps a little big-headed [proud of herself], two-faced [not sincere], self-centred [always thinking about herself instead of others] and stuck-up [thinks she’s better than other people (colloquial)] at times. D Prepositions and particles Another special group of compound adjectives has a preposition or particle in its second part. The workers’ declaration of an all-out strike forced management to improve conditions. [total] Once there were fields here but now it’s a totally built-up area. That student’s parents are very well-off but they don’t give him much money and he is always complaining of being hard-up. [rich] [poor] I love these shoes and, although they’re worn-out, I can’t throw them away. This area was once prosperous but it now looks very run-down. [in a very bad condition] E Collocations Here are some other compound adjectives with typical noun collocations. air-conditioned rooms bullet-proof windows on the President’s car business-class ticket cut-price goods in the sales duty-free items handmade furniture interest-free credit last-minute revision for an exam long-distance lorry driver long-standing relationship off-peak train travel [at a time which is less busy] part-time job so-called expert sugar-free diet time-consuming writing of reports top-secret information world-famous film star F Changing compound adjectives You can vary the compound adjectives listed by changing one part of the adjective. For example, curly-haired, long-haired, red-haired and wavy-haired; first-hand (knowledge), first-class (ticket) and first-born (child). 154 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 73.1 What compound adjectives fro m the opposite page can describe .. . 1 a problem that never ends? a(n) ...l'~V l!. r. : ~ ncl(g. ................... problem 2 a shirt whose neck is open and which fits tightly? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ shirt 3 a girl who has long legs and brown eyes? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ girl 4 very new sandals that have open toes? ................................................ , ................................................ sandals 5 a boy who dresses well and is brown from the sun? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ boy 6 a person who is very relaxed and kind? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ person 7 a boy who has cudy hair and is sharp? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ boy 8 a story that is difficult to believe? a(n) ................................................ story 73.2 Fili the gaps with the words from the b ox to form new compound adjectives. Use a dictionary if necessary. tight -hltte- man broad brown bullet fi.re wa ter loose green hand sugar second narrow business right home absent du ty left . P. 1 ~ ~ ...................... . ................................ -eyed 7 ................................ 4 ............................... . ................................ -minded ................................ -fitting 8 ................................ 2 ................................ ................................ -proof 3 ................................ ................................ -class 73.3 ................................ -handed 5 ................................ ................................ -made 6 ·········-··-······-········· ................................ -free Complete the sentences using compound adj ectives from D and E opp osite. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 It was an old, run - . d~n ...................... hotel that needed modernising. N one of the rooms were air-................................ and the so-................................ restaurant was just a coffee bar. Our room had an old, ................................-out carpet that was dirty. It's a very ................................-up coast, with hotels and villas everywhere. We managed to get a ................................-minute booking for a Mediterranean cruise. Off-................................ train travel is much cheaper than travelling at busy times, but long-................................ travel by train can sometimes be more expensive than flying. The route of the President's drive to Parliament was ................................ secret and he was driven in a bullet-................................ limousine. The workers went on ................................-out strike over a long-................................ pay dispute and the airport was closed for three days. She used to be quite well-................................ but she lost a lot of money and now she has a ................................-up look about her. She got a part-................................ job to help pay the bills. She has to have a sugar-................................ diet but it's very time-................................ trying to make sure everything she buys has no sugar in it. Ove,r ło i:foa Which of the adjectives from this unit cou ld you use to describe yourse lf or your fr iends or 111e111bers of your fami ly? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 155 I ~ 74 A Compound nouns 1: noun + noun What are compound nouns? A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g. car park, human being [person], science fiction [fiction based on some kind of scientific fantasy]. A number of compound nouns are related to phrasal verbs and these are dealt with in Unit 75. B How are compound nouns written? If you understand both parts of the compound noun, the meaning will usually be clear. Compound nouns are usually written as two words, e.g. tin opener [an opener for tins], bank account [an account in a bank], pedestrian crossing [a place for people to cross a road], but sometimes they are written with a hyphen instead of a space between the words, e.g. selfcontrol [control over your own emotions and reactions]. Sometimes they may be written as one word, e.g. earring, trademark [the symbol of a product], babysitter [someone who stays with a baby/child while parents are out]. Note that there are no strict rules about which compound words should be written in which way. There is a lot of variation even between dictionaries. C Stress in compound nouns Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the second part. In the common compound nouns below, the word which contains the main stress is underlined. D alarm clock contact lens mineral water voice mail blood donor credit card package holiday windscreen burglar alarm heart attack steering wheel windscreen wiper bus stop light bulb tea bag youth hostel Grammar of compound nouns Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the plural. The examples given in C are all countable compound nouns. Here are some examples of common uncountable compound nouns. air traffic control computer technology food poisoning junk food birth control cotton wool hay fever [allergy to pollen] mail order blood pressure data processing income tax pocket money Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the singular. arms race [two or more countries competing to have the most powerful military] climate change death penalty generation gap labour force sound barrier welfare state Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the plural. 156 grass roots kitchen scissors race relations sunglasses headphones luxury goods roadworks traffic lights English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 74.1 Complete these bubble networks with any appropriate expressions from the opposite page. Add extra bubbles if you need them. 74.2 Here are some compound expressions you have looked at in this unit. Explain what the significance of the nouns used in the compound is. windscreen .ft. sc.reen +ha+ protel+s a dri~e from +he lllind. burglar alarm 5 climate change food poisoning 6 kitchen scissors generation gap 7 luxury goods 1 2 3 4 74.3 social issues health money 8 pocket money 9 welfare state 1O voice mail What are they talking about? In each case the answer is a compound noun opposite. 1 I had it taken at the doctor's this morning and he said it was a little high for my age. li\ood pressure 2 It's happening through natural causes and also through man-made pollution. 3 She always has terrible sneezing fits in the early summer. 4 I can't understand why they spend so much on devising ways of killing people. 5 They say that working there is much more stressful than being a pilot. 6 The worst time was when one fell out at the theatre and I spent the interval searching around on the floor. I can't see a thing without them. 7 I don't think it should ever be used whatever the crime. 8 It's much easier not to have to make your own travel arrangements. 9 It's not difficult to access mine on my mobile. 1 O You really shouldn't cross the road at any other place. 11 I didn't like the eco ones at first because they're so slow to get going. 12 I had it very badly once when I ate some chicken that wasn't properly cooked. 74.4 In some cases more than one compound noun can be formed from one particular element. For example, blood pressure and blood donor; air traffic control, birth control and self-control. Complete the following compound nouns using nouns from the box. bite łl:fri. 1 junk .. m~J. 74.5 country fast inheritance level pot rat ties w ord ........... . 2 sound ....................... . 4 tea ....................... . 5 mother ........................ 3 blood ....................... . 6 ........................ tax 7 ........................ -processmg 8 ........................ crossing 9 ........................ food 10 ........................ race Now make up some sentences like those in exercise 74.3 relating to the new compound nouns you made in exercise 74.4. EXAMPLE 1 l 5et a ridlc.u\oos amoont of -llis +hroo5h fYlJ \etłr liox e~r dllj. (junk mail) English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 157 75 A Compound nouns 2: verb + preposition Compound nouns based on phrasal verbs An example of a compound noun based on a phrasal verb is a takeover [when one company takes control of another] from to take over. In sections B to E you will see these types of nouns in context. The meaning of the compound noun is given in brackets. To form the plural, ‘s’ is added to the end, e.g. workouts [exercise sessions, e.g. at the gym]. B Journalism Nouns based on phrasal verbs often have an informal feel to them and they are particularly common in newspaper reporting. In response to the pay offer, there was a walkout at the factory. [strike] There is going to be a crackdown on public spending. [action to stop/reduce] An enquiry into the recent breakout from the local prison has recommended measures to tighten security there. [escape] Last month saw a tremendous shake-up in personnel. [change] Last week we reported on the break-up of the mayor’s marriage. [collapse] C The economy The takeover of one of our leading hotel chains has just been announced. [purchase by another company] We’re trying to find some new outlets for our products. [places to sell] Take your things to the check-out to pay for them. [cash desk] Cutbacks will be essential until the recession is over. [reductions] Our profit was £1,000 on a turnover of £10,000. [money passing through a company] D Aspects of modern life What the computer produces depends on the input. [information that is put in] Output has increased thanks to new technology. [production] We have a rather rapid staff turnover. [change] Just after leaving school he went through a stage of being a dropout. [person who rejects society] The consequences of fallout from the explosion at the nuclear reactor were felt for many years. [radioactive dust in the atmosphere] I can easily get you a printout of the latest figures. [paper on which computer information has been printed] A breakthrough has been made in AIDS research. [important discovery] E General The following words can be used in more general circumstances. Many of the problems were caused by a breakdown in communications. [failure] The outlook for tomorrow is good – sunny in most places. [prospect] There are drawbacks as well as advantages to every situation. [negative aspects] The outcome of the meeting was not very satisfactory. [conclusion] TV companies always welcome feedback from viewers. [comments] It was clear from the outset that the set-up would cause problems. [start; situation] We parked in a lay-by on the bypass. [parking space at the side of a road; road avoiding the centre of a town] The outbreak of war took many people by surprise. [start of something unpleasant] 158 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 75. 1 Which of the w or ds on the opposite page would be most likely to follow the adjectives given below? 1 radioactive ..f~IJL . . .. . . . . . . . 5 final ................................ 2 nervous ................................ 3 computer 4 annual ..... 75.2 „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. • . „ „ ... „„ . . „„ „ „„„„ „ „„„„„ „ „ ...... . „ . . ... „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „• • „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . ... „ „ Match the compound nouns on the left with the synonyms on the right. ~ breakdown 2 break-up 3 cutback 4 drawback 5 feedback 6 outcome 7 output 8 outset 9 walkout 75.3 6 sales 7 positive 8 city a result b beginning c production d strike e failure f disadvantage g collapse h comments i reduction D D D D D D D D Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word from the opposite page. AKC make +akeMer bid for FEDCO 5 Two prisoners escape injail 6 2 3 Transport union Prime Minister announces cabinet Football star injured in pre-game 7 4 threatens - - - - - 8 Fiu Police plan on vandalism _ _ _ _ _ staff at supermarket announce strike in Ireland 75.4 Here are some compound nouns based on phrasal verbs. Guess the meaning of the underlined word from its context. Show how it relates to its verb. 1 Because of the accident there was a three-mile tailback along the motorway. queue of +raHk G+ +lllls Plllk from a ~ełld o+ +he head of +he queue) 2 Police are warning of an increased number of break-ins in this area. 3 The papers are claiming the Prime Minister organised a cover-up. 4 Unfortunately, our plans have suffered a setback. 5 I'm sorry I'm late. There was a terrible hold-up on the bridge. 6 The robbers made their getaway in a stolen car. 7 There was a surprisingly large turnout at the concert. 8 I love having a !ie-in on Sundays. 9 The lecturer distributed handouts before she started speaking. 1O I'm giving my office a major elear-out this week. 75.5 These words are made up of the same parts but they have very different meanings. Explain the meaning of each of the words. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 outlook I look-out tJa1/óól< means pr<>sped. lllhereas a lór>li-oot Is a person 11.ia+chin8 ou+ for an eMTYlJ or dan8er. 2 set-up I upset 3 outlet I let-out 4 outłay I layout English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 159 76 A Binomials What are binomials? Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually ‘and’). The order of the words is normally fixed. For example: odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let’s get the main things packed – we can do the odds and ends later. (NOT ends and odds) give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and take to be successful. You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern, which may be a repetition of the same first sound or a rhyme. Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [an important part of / belong to] The boss was ranting and raving /reɪvɪŋ/ at us. [shouting / very angry] The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin. [is ruined / has decayed] He’s so prim and proper at work. [rather formal and fussy] The hotel was a bit rough and ready. [poor standard or quality] She has to wine and dine important clients. [entertain / take out to restaurants] They stole my wallet. I was left high and dry, with no money. [in a very difficult situation] B Pairs of near synonyms At other times, the clue is that the words are near synonyms. You can pick and choose – it’s up to you. [have a wide choice] My English is progressing in/by leaps and bounds. [big jumps] It’s nice to have some peace and quiet now that the children have left. [a peaceful/calm situation] The doctor recommended some rest and recreation / R and R. [relaxation] First and foremost, you must work hard. [first and most importantly] C Binomials composed of grammar words Many grammar words combine to form binomials. There are cafés here and there along the sea front. [scattered round / in different places] We’ve had meetings on and off / off and on. [occasionally] I’ve been running back and forth / to and fro all day. [to and from somewhere] She’s better now, and out and about again. [going out] She ran up and down the street. [in both directions] D Language help Your language probably has many binomials. Check that the ones which look similar in English have the same word order as your language. These three are very neutral binomials and can be used in formal or informal situations. Try translating them. I have an old black and white photograph of my grandparents. Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please! She ran back and forth. Binomials linked by words other than and You’ve got your sweater on back to front. [the wrong way] He won’t help her – she’ll have to sink or swim. [survive or fail] Slowly but surely, I realised the boat was sinking. [gradually] Sooner or later, you’ll learn your lesson. [sometime in the future] She didn’t want to be just friends – it had to be all or nothing. Well, I’m sorry, that’s all I can offer you – take it or leave it. It’s about the same distance as from here to Dublin, give or take a few miles. [perhaps a mile or two more, or a mile or two less] 160 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 76.1 Here is a list of words that can combine to form binomials. Use similarities in sound to join them with and. Look at A opposite to check that you have the right word order and meaning. Use the binomials to fili the gaps in the sentences which follow. prtfB. dine high parcel rack part ready propei:- ...p.dm ..~r.i!l . f.n? p. . ą rum rave rough dry rant w me ........... 1 The receptionist is always so terribly ..p.dm .................... and ..p. r ~ ~r. .............. ; the whole atmosphere always seems so very formal. I was left ................................ and ................................ , with no one to help me. The room's a bit ................................ and ................................ but you're welcome to stay as long as you like. She was in a bad temper and was ................................ and ................................ at everybody. My hosts ................................ and ................................ me at the best restaurants. That old house in the country has gone to ................................ and ................................ ; nobody looks after it now. Working hard and being very disciplined is ................................ and ................................ of training to be a top athłe. 2 3 4 5 6 7 76.2 Use binomials from Band C to rewrite the words in bold. Your new sentences will often sound more informal than the original ones. 1 I'm hoping to get some time without noise or interruption at the cottage I've rented. - ~ - ~ ..?.Nl.qt:1.i.d................. 2 Most importantly of all, I want to get a good, steady job . ............................................... . 3 I've bumped into Karen occasionally but I don't meet her regularly. ................................................ 4 H er violin playing seems to be progressing very rapidly ................................................. 5 I've been running from one place to another and back again all morning . ................................................ 6 The doctor said I needed a few weeks of relaxation without activity . ................................................ 7 We'll have to stay in a cheap hotel. We can't afford to choose what we'd like best. 8 There are some nice hotels in different places along the coast . ............................................... . 9 Mrs James was ill for a while, but now she's going out and doing things again. 1O Jim's office is on the next floor to mine, so we have to go from one floor to another all day. ............................................... . 76.3 Some of the binomials in these sentences are in the right order and some are wrong. Correct the wrong ones. 1 I spent a long time going forth and back between different offices to get my visa. wn~9: !ill(.k ond for+h 2 You look very tired and stressed. You need some rest and recreation. 3 I love those old white and black Hollywood fi.lms from the 1940s. 4 Later or sooner you will learn that he is not a true friend of yours. 5 Gentlemen and ladies, would you like to take your seats now, please? 6 Slowly but surely my English got better and soon I felt fairly fluent. 76.4 These binomials do not have and in the middle. What do they have? Check the opposite page if you are not sure. sooner .. f?L. ....... ł a t e r 2 all ............... nothing 3 back ............... front 4 sink ............... swim 5 slowly ............... surely 6 give ............... take English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 161 77 A Abbreviations and acronyms Abbreviations pronounced as individual letters Most abbreviations are pronounced as individual letters. BBC ID GM WHO DNA CIA British Broadcasting Corporation Identity (an identity card or passport) genetically modified World Health Organisation deoxyribonucleic acid (chemical at centre of living cells) Central Intelligence Agency (US government agency collecting information about other countries) Military Intelligence 6 (UK equivalent of CIA) frequently asked questions also known as I owe you automated teller machine (cash machine usually outside bank) as soon as possible (it is occasionally pronounced as a word /eɪsæp/) MI6 FAQ AKA IOU ATM ASAP Language help When these abbreviations are stressed words in the sentence, the stress falls on the last letter, e.g. She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC. B Abbreviations pronounced as words Abbreviations pronounced as individual words are called acronyms. NATO /neɪtəυ/ PIN /pɪn/ SAD AWOL /eɪwɒl/ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Personal Identity Number (e.g. for a bank or credit card) seasonal affective disorder (lacking energy and enthusiasm in winter in latitudes where there is little sunlight at that time) absent without leave [permission; usually used in military contexts] Some acronyms have become so normal as words that people do not think of them as abbreviations any longer, and so they are not written in capital letters. laser C radar scuba sonar Clippings Some words are often used in an abbreviated form in informal situations. We say, for example, kilo instead of kilogram or gig for gigabyte. Other examples include: air con (air conditioning) satnav (satellite navigation system) uni (university) mobile (mobile phone) or (US) cell (cellphone) carbs (carbohydrates) sci-fi (science fiction) high-tech (high-technology) D Abbreviations in texts and instant messaging Text messages (or txt msgs) and instant messaging often use abbreviations. Some common ones are: BTW LOL BRB CUL8R FYI AFAIK AFK IMHO 162 by the way laugh(ing) out loud / lots of love be right back see you later for your information as far as I know away from keyboard (with instant messaging) in my humble/honest opinion (with instant messaging) English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 77.1 Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. 0 Wherever I am in the world I listen to the news on the 2 Most websites have a page dealing with 3 Maggie took some money out of my wallet and left me an 4 What kind of people we are depends on our 5 They won't !et you into the club without any 6 You won't be a ble to use the ATM if you've forgotten your 7 I don't know where John can be - he's gone 8 I always feel lethargic in December - I think I suffer from 77.2 a ID. b PIN. c BBC. D D D D D D d SAD. e FAQs. f AWOL. g DNA. h IOU. D Find abbreviations from A, B or C opposite to fit these categories. Find two that relate to measurement. ..h!\P...„. ........... ..3!3................ . 2 Find four that relate to food and health. 3 Find 4 Find 5 Find 6 Find 77 .3 ........................ ....................... . ........................ ........................ ....................... . three that relate to money. ........................ one that relates to sport. three that are political organisations. ........................ ........................ ........................ two that relate to equipment using sound or radio waves. ........................ ....................... . Fili each gap with an appropriate abbreviation or acronym. 1 Please could you buy me a ..h!!P.„„.„ ... „ ... „„.„„ of apples? 2 Geoff Barclay ............................ James Stubbs has been charged with burglary. „ .. 3 The surgeons used „„.„.„„„.„„.„„. „„„. technology to carry out the operation. 4 M y sister works in a very „„„„„„„„ .. „„„„„„„ office using all the most up-to-date hardware and software. 5 Bats cannot see and use a kind of .. „ .„„.„ ... „„.„„„ .. „„ to find their way around. 6 When you're driving it's much easier to use a .„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„„.„. rather than a road atlas. 77.4 Write out these text messages in full. 1:05AM BTW MAY B LB 2NITE ortłl-;:" ! IMHO U R WRONG 4:35PM "" GOING 2 DEPT MTG NOW.CU LBR Glmił 77.5 Ove,r ło ':jotc What's the nearest uni to the place where you live? 2 Have you ever tried scuba diving? 3 Would you be happy to eat GM food? 4 Do you know anyone who has SAD? 5 What is the ma in source of carbs in your diet? 6 How common is air con in your country? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 163 78 A Multi-word expressions Learning and remembering multi-word expressions Fixed expressions, also known as idioms, often have meanings that are not clear or obvious. For example, the expression to feel under the weather, which means ‘to feel unwell’, is typical. The words do not tell us what it means, but the context usually helps. Think of multi-word expressions as units, just like single words; always record the whole expression in your notebook, along with information on grammar and collocation, e.g. This tin opener has seen better days. [it is rather old and broken down; usually of things, always perfect tense form] Multi-word expressions of this type are often rather informal and include a personal comment on the situation. They are sometimes humorous or ironic. As with any informal words, be careful how you use them. Never use them just to sound ‘fluent’ or ‘good at English’. In a formal situation with a person you do not know, don’t say: ‘How do you do, Mrs Watson? Do take the weight off your feet.’ [sit down] Instead say: ‘Do sit down’ or ‘Have a seat.’ B Organising multi-word expressions Multi-word expressions can be grouped in a variety of ways. It is probably best to use whichever way you find most useful to help you remember them. Grouping by grammar get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick [misunderstand] pull a fast one [trick/deceive somebody] verb + object poke your nose in(to) [interfere] be over the moon [extremely happy/elated] feel down in the dumps [depressed/low] verb + prepositional phrase be in the red [have a negative bank balance] Grouping by meaning, e.g. expressions describing people’s character/intellect He’s as daft as a brush. [very stupid/silly] She takes the biscuit. /bɪskɪt/ [is the extreme / the worst of all] They’re a pain in the neck. [a nuisance / a difficult person] Little Sam’s as good as gold. [behaves very well – usually used about children] Grouping by a verb or other key word, e.g. expressions with make Why do you have to make a meal out of everything? [exaggerate the importance of everything] I think we should make a move. It’s gone ten o’clock. [go/leave] Most politicians are on the make. I don’t trust any of them. [wanting money/power for oneself] I’m afraid I’m making heavy weather of my essay. [making slow and difficult progress] C Grammar of multi-word expressions It is important when using these expressions to know just how flexible their grammar is. Some are more fixed than others. For instance, barking up the wrong tree [be mistaken] is always used in continuous, not simple form, e.g. I think you’re barking up the wrong tree. (NOT I think you bark up the wrong tree.) A good dictionary may help, but it is best to observe the grammar in real examples. Note how Units 88–93 group expressions in different ways. For more information on multi-word expressions, see English Idioms in Use by Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell. 164 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 78.1 Complete the expressions from A and B opposite. ............................ . 1 When I passed all my exams, I felt over ..:lh.~ .. m~n 2 This printer isn't working again! lt's a pain ................................................ . 3 lt's almost midnight! I' d better be making ................................................ . 4 I spent too much money last month and now I'm in ................................................ . 5 lt's time to change my laptop. It's fi.ve years old and has seen ................................................ . 6 She is the absolute limit! She really takes ................................................ . 7 Oh deai; Matthew completely misunderstood me. He always seems to get ................................................ . 8 I'm sorry. I do some really stupid things. You must think I'm as daft ................................................ . 9 I wonder what's wrong with Ursula? She looks down ................................................ . 1 O I don't trust politicians. Most of them are just on the ................................................ . 78.2 Which expressions from the opposite page do these pictures remind you of? .. k~r ..~.@P ..... . 3 ................................ I I 2 ............................... . 78.3 4 ............................... . Which is correct, (a) or (h)? Check with A and B opposite. 1 Sit down and (a) get (b) take the weight off your feet . .. k..................... . 2 Why does she always have to (a) poke (b) peek her nose into other people's affairs? .......................... 3 I was feeling (a) under (b) below the weather, so I didn't go to work . .......................... 4 Zoe pulled a (a) quick (b) fast one and didn't pay for her share of the meal. ......................... . 5 All right, all right! You don't have to (a) cook (b) make a meal out of it! ......................... . 6 He's really making (a) heavy (b) bad weather of what should be a simple task . ........ :................ . 78.4 Without using a dictionary, try to work out the meaning of the underlined expressions from the context. 1 It's midnight. It's time to hit the sack. gC> +t> vet.I 2 This is just kid's stuff. I want something more diffi.cult and challenging! 3 I feel fit as a fi.ddle ever since I started going regularly to the gym. 4 I can't understand why he's giving me the cold shoulder. He's usually so friendly. 5 I haven't seen Simone for ages. We only get together once in a blue moon. 6 I think l've got the hang of this photo-editing program now, though it was complicated at first. 78.5 OV~r ło tjotc Try a grouping exercise with six expressions from the opposite page, using any of the methods suggested in B. Which type of grouping works best for the expressions you chose? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 165 79 A Words commonly mispronounced Vowels You can hear how all the words in this unit are pronounced on the CD-ROM. The phonetic transcription is provided for some of the words below. Check you understand the symbols, which are used by most good dictionaries (see page 258). To master English pronunciation it is helpful to learn the 22 phonetic symbols for English vowel sounds. These are important because the vowel letters can be pronounced in many different ways: a i u ie ei B cat/ct/ about /ə/ wander /ɒ/ last /a/ alive /aɪ/ give /ɪ/ put /ʊ/ cut / ʌ / cupid /ju/ fiend /i/ friend /e/ science /aɪə/ rein /eɪ/ receive /i/ reinforce /iɪ/ late /eɪ/ e o ea ou oo met /e/ sorry /ɒ/ head /e/ our /aʊ/ cool /u/ meter /i/ /ə/ go /əʊ/ love /ʌ/ to /u/ team /i/ react /iæ/ route /u/ would /ʊ/ cook /ʊ/ coopt /əʊɒ/ Silent letters The letters below in bold are silent in the examples: p b b l h t k psychic /saɪkɪk/ psychiatry pneumatic receipt pseudonym psychology comb /kəʊm/ dumb numb tomb climb womb lamb doubt /daut/ subtle debt debtor could /kʊd/ should calm half talk palm walk salmon chalk honour /ɒnə/ honourable honest hour hourly heir heiress whistle /wisəl/ castle listen fasten soften Christmas knee /ni/ knife know knob knowledge knot knit Language help r card /kad/ park farm burn work The letter ‘r’ is not silent in some storm tart varieties of English, for example (unless followed by a vowel) mother /mʌðə/ sister American, Irish, Scottish. teacher water C Changing stress Some two-syllable words in English have the same form for the noun and the verb. The stress is on the first syllable of the word when it is a noun and the second syllable when it is a verb, e.g. Wool is a major Scottish export. Scotland exports a lot of wool. Here are some other words like this. conduct conflict contest decrease suspect record desert import increase insult transfer reject permit present progress protest transport upset Multi-syllable words in English tend to put their main stress on the third syllable from the end, e.g. photograph, telephone, arithmetic. As a result, as a long word adds suffixes its word stress does not stay on the same syllable, e.g. photographer, telephony, arithmetical. Note that, although this rule is useful, it does have plenty of exceptions. Common mistakes These words are often mispronounced. apostrophe /əpɒstrəfi/ recipe /resipi/ ought /ɔt/ 166 catastrophe /kətstrəfi/ vegetables /vedȢtəblz/ muscle /m səl/ English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate cupboard /k bəd/ sword /sɔd/ interesting /intrəstiŋ/ Exercises 79. 1 Underline all the silent letters in the following sentences. 1 They sang a psalm to honour the memory of the world-famous psychologist as she was laid to rest in the family tomb. 2 The psychiatrist was knifed in the knee as she was walking home. 3 He should have whistled as he fastened his sword to his belt. 4 You could have left me half the Christmas cake on Wednesday. 79.2 Which word is the odd one out in each of these groups? 5 doubt, could, shout worry, sorry, lorry lOr~ 2 sword, cord, word 6 cough,rough, tough 7 land, wand, sand 8 soot, root, foot come, some, dome 4 head, plead, tread 3 79.3 What word could a poet use to rhyme with each of the words below? Use your dictionary to check the pronunciation. 1 enough ..~f:i. ................. . 2 plough ................................ 3 through ............................... . 4 cough ............................... . 5 though ............................... . 79.4 Circle or highlight the stressed syllable in each of the underlined words. fee to transfer the player to their team. 1 They paid a f 1 milon~er 2 Although they suspected severa! people were pardy involved, the police decided to concentrate 3 4 5 6 7 8 79.5 on Jo as the main suspect. There are conflicting views as to the cause of the conflict. All this upset over the wedding has really upset them. The cost of living has increased while there has been a decrease in wages. A work permit permits you to work for a period of six months. I wish I could record a hit record! Despite the disgraceful conduct of the audience, James went on conducting the orchestra. Write out the words below using the norma! English alphabet. 3 /'hrel)btJi:f/ 4 /'kem1k<ll/ 1 IIDAs<ll/ !Y'tlsde 2 /k<l'trestrdfil 5 /'sAt<ll/ 6 /r;:i' si:t/ 7 /hait/ 8 /'res1pi/ 79.6 Underline the stressed syllable in each of the words below. 1 photograph photQgraphy photQgrapher 2 zoology zoologist zoological 3 arithmetic 4 psychology 5 psychiatry photographically arithmetical arithmetician psychologist psychological psychiatrie psychiatrist 79. 7 Find words on the opposite page to match each definition. Say them aloud. 1 cooking instructions rec.lpe 2 between warm and cold 3 an old weapon 4 a punctuation mark 5 the opposite of descend 6 a sea that isn't rough English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 167 80 A Onomatopoeic words What are onomatopoeic words? Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious examples are verbs for the noises which animals make. cows moo B cats meow and purr lions roar bees buzz small birds tweet Letters, sounds and their associations Certain combinations of sounds have particular associations in English. • gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. She was groaning with pain. [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair] Everyone was grumbling about the quality of the food. [complain in a bad-tempered way] Don’t be so grumpy! [bad-tempered] The teacher growled angrily at the boys. [make a deep, threatening sound, like an angry dog] • cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. Click on ‘log in’ to enter the website. [make a short sharp sound] There was a loud clang as the metal bar hit the stone floor. [make a loud ringing noise] Horses go clip-clop on the road. • sp- at the beginning of a word can suggest water or other liquids or powders, e.g. She splashed water over her face to wake herself up. [cause a liquid to fly about in drops] The meat was horrible and she spat it out. [send liquid or food out from the mouth] I never use hair sprays. [to spray = send liquid through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or some instrument] He sprinkled sugar on his breakfast cereal and ate it quickly. [scatter small drops] Water was spurting out of the broken pipe. [come out in a sudden burst] • wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of air, e.g. He whistled and the horse ran towards him. [a high-pitched noise made by forcing air or steam through a small opening] Suddenly a large insect whizzed over my head and scared me. [make the sound of something rushing through air] Old Mr Banks wheezed as he climbed the stairs. [breathe noisily especially with a whistling sound in the chest] • -ash at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g. smash [break violently into small pieces] dash [move fast or violently] crash [suddenly strike violently and noisily] bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure] mash [make soft or pulpy by beating or crushing] gash [a long deep cut or wound] a smashed window 168 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate a car crash sausages and mashed potato Exercises 80.1 Match the verbs and the animals which make the sound. Some of the verbs are not given on the opposite page. 1 cat 2 hen 3 sheep snake dog bee small bird lion 4 5 6 7 8 80.2 o o D D D D D a roar b growl c buzz d purr e tweet f hiss g cluck h bleat Look at B opposite and insert the missing letters. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 80.3 [fJ] The plant looked very dry, so I ...?.p.rayed some water on the leaves. Old Mrs Jenks had bronchitis and was ........eezing all the time. I heard the sound of a horse ........ip-........ opping along the road. Brightly coloured insects ........izzed around our heads as we walked through the jungle. Stop ....... umbling about everything and try to enjoy yourself! She d. .......ed out of the door and ran down the street. After the accident, oil ........ urted from the pipe and polluted the river. As I was carrying my computer to my new office, I b. .......ed it against the door and damaged it. Fill the gaps with words from the opposite page. 1 The cat was ..m~ 2 3 4 5 6 80.4 .t! 3 .............. because it wanted food. After it had eaten, it ................................ with contentment and fell asleep. ................................ on the 'capy' symbol, then you can copy the text to a new file. Everyone ................................ in despair when they heard the bad news. The car had ................................ into a wall and was badly damaged, but luckily no one was hurt. Do you like your potatoes fried or shall I ................................ them for you? The boy had a ................................ on his knee and blood was pouring from it. Answer the questions. 1 What things do people normally sprinkle on food? .. ~gL . ?.~H .. ~w.r . ?.pi~ . ? „ ~r ..... 2 Which would make a clang if it hit a hard surface, a piece of wood or a piece of metal? 3 If someone growls at you, are they probably happy or angry with you? 4 Can you whistle? If so, when would you do it? ............................................................... 5 What things make you grlllilpy? ............................................................... 6 What rnight you do if you put some food into your mouth and it tasted very bad? 80.5 Mlil1s;;1+u1e4;1+11fii"IMl"lii4""'*411Uih- English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 169 81 A Homophones and homographs Homophones and homographs Homophones are words with different meanings which are pronounced in the same way but are spelt differently, e.g. row as in ‘at the end of the row’ and roe [fish eggs]. Homographs are words which are written in the same way but have different meanings and may be pronounced differently. Compare row in ‘we had a row /raʊ/ about who should pay for the tickets’ [argument] and ‘he sat at the end of the row’/rəʊ/ [line of seats]. B C Homophones air/heir mail/male raise/rays tea/tee aloud/allowed meat/meet read/reed there/their/they’re break/brake mown/moan rein/rain/reign through/threw fare/fair our/hour right/rite/write tire/tyre faze/phase pair/pear/pare sale/sail toe/tow flu/flew pale/pail scene/seen waist/waste grate/great pane/pain sight/site wait/weight groan/grown peal/peel so/sew weak/week hoarse/horse place/plaice sole/soul weather/whether its/it’s practise/practice some/sum whine/wine lays/laze pray/prey steak/stake would/wood Homographs with differing pronunciations Check the pronunciation of the words in bold on the CD-ROM. I live in the north of England. /lɪv/ My favourite rock group is singing live on TV tonight. /laiv/ I read in bed each night. /rid/ I read War and Peace last year. /red/ The lead singer in the group is great. /lid/ Lead pipes are dangerous. /led/ [metal, chemical element] The wind blew the tree down. /wind/ Wind the rope round this tree. /waind/ She wound the string round the parcel and tied it up. /waʊnd/ He suffered a terrible wound in the war. /wund/ This book is called English Vocabulary in Use. /jus/ You must know how to use words as well as their meaning. /juz/ They lived in a large old house. /haʊs/ The buildings house a library and two concert halls as well as a theatre. /haʊz/ The sow has five piglets. /saʊ/ [female pig] The farmers sow the seeds in the spring. /səʊ/ [plant seeds] Bathing the baby at night may help her to fall asleep. /baθiŋ/ (on a sign at a beach) No bathing. /beiðiŋ/ Common mistake I don’t know whether to go or not. (NOT I don’t know weather to go or not.) 170 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 81. 1 Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets. Choose the matching word. 1 The girl I live .j!~ .... with knows a good pub with live .. H~ ....................... music. (five I give) 2 The main house ................................ houses ................................ a colłetin of rare stamps. (mouse I browse) 3 lt's no use ................................. I can't use ................................ this gadget. (snooze I juice) 4 You sow ................................ the seeds while I feed the sow ................................ . (cow I go) 5 The violinist in the bow ................................ tie made a bow ................................. (now I so) 6 He's the lead ................................ singer in the group 'Lead ................................ pi ping'. (head I deed) 7 What a row ................................ from the last house in the row ................................ ! (plough I though) 8 Does he stili suffer from his war wound ................................ ? (found I tuned) 9 I wound ................................ the rope around the tree to strengthen it against the gale. (round I spooned) 1O lt's hard to wind ................................ in the sails in this wind ................................. (find I tinned) „ . . . . .... .... ..... 81.2 Write the word given in phonemic script in the correct spelling for the context. must do some more exercise or 1'11 never lose /wert/. 11Jel9h+ 1 I realły 2 Watching TV game shows is such a /we1st/ of time. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 81.3 There's a hole in the / s~ul/ of my shoe. He broke a /pem/ of glass in the kitchen window. The eldest son of the monarch is the J e~ / to the throne. You are not / ~'laud/ to talk during the test. Look at that lovely yacht with the red /se11/. He's going Jeru:/ a rather difcułt !ferzl at the moment. Don't throw away that orange /pi:l/. I need it for a recipe. Write one sentence using both of the words which correspond to the phonemic script. /pe11/ 0he Pll.IS qul+e pale aHer +he exer+lbn bt lar~t19 / 7 /sa1t/ / ' pr~kt1s / 8 /preI/ /grert/ 9 / h~:s / /wam/ 1O /re1zl /bre1k/ SUlh a hea~ pall bt Pl/.l+er. 2 / 'weó~ 3 4 5 6 81.4 Homophones and homographs are at the root of many jokes in English. Match the first part of each of these children's jokes with the second part and then explain the play on words involved in each. 1 What do you get if you cross a sheep and a kangaroo? Cf] a Let's play draughts. 1hls plllf> btl +lllC> meat1lt19s bt jumper - a Slllea+er and a persbn br anima\ +ha+ jumps. 81.5 2 What did the south wind say to the north wind? 3 Why did the man take his pencil to bed? 4 Why is bistory the sweetest lesson? O O O 5 What's the best birthday present? O b A drum takes a lot of beating. c A woolly jumper. d He wanted to draw the curtains. e Because it's full of dates. Choose pairs of words from B opposite to describe the pictures below. 2 ............................... . 3 ................................ 4 ............................... . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 171 82 A Uncountable nouns What are uncountable nouns? Countable nouns can be used with a/an and made plural (e.g. a hat, two hats). Uncountable nouns are not normally used with a(n) or the plural, e.g. information (NOT an information or some informations). You can learn uncountable nouns in groups associated with the same subject or area. Here are some useful headings. B Travel luggage baggage (more accommodation money currency common than luggage in AmE) C The word food is usually uncountable, and so are many food names. Other uncountable food words can be added to this list. D rice soup transport Language help Food sugar flour information spaghetti butter bread Travel is an uncountable noun, e.g. Travel broadens the mind. If you want to refer to an individual occasion of travel, use journey or trip, e.g. It was a very long journey. (NOT a very long travel) She was away on a business trip for three days. (NOT a business travel) Abstract uncountable nouns and nouns for activities She gave me some advice on how to study for the exam. I picked up some interesting knowledge on that course. She’s made a lot of progress in a very short time. She has done some research on marine life. They’ve done a lot of work on the project. The teacher always gives us homework at the weekend. Do you have any experience of working with children? Wealth does not guarantee happiness, but neither does poverty. [state of being rich] [state of being poor] E Material and resources For making clothes, furniture, etc.: cloth (e.g. silk) leather For energy: coal For buildings: stone brick plastic General: equipment software F oil Other common uncountable nouns I have some news for you: Henry is getting married. What lovely weather! Let’s go for a walk. Common mistakes Although you may have learnt these words and their meanings before, it is very easy to continue making mistakes with them. We say: What terrible weather! I have some news for you. We bought some new furniture. (NOT What a terrible weather! I have a news for you. We bought some new furnitures.) See Unit 85 for ways of making uncountable nouns countable. 172 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 82.1 Complete each sentence in two ways using the nouns in brackets. ..~d(.! ..?.~mJip<L .... about applying for university courses. (advice I tip ) 1 He gave me ..C'i?~m) 2 I'm sorry, I can't come. I have ............................................................... to do. (job I homework) 3 She's doing .............................................................. teenage slang in English for her university project. (research into I study of) 4 You'll need .............................................................. if you want to make a Chinese meal. (rice I noodle) 5 I have .............................................................. for you: you're going to meet the President next week! (news I surprise) 6 They make ............................................................. for the furniture industry in this factory. (textile I cloth) 82.2 List these words under the headings in the table: uncountables and countables. Then pair up the words which have related meanings. recommendation memey- bread case information trip work baggage fact loaf job ad vice tra vel e6ffi i.-1L uncountables 82.3 : -" ~ -ł Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one. Sb!Yle We had such a terrible weather that we left the campsite and found ani<1ccommodation in town mstead. 2 In the south of England, most houses are made of stones, but in the north, bricks are more common. 3 I love antique furnitures, but I would need an advice from a specialist before I bought any. My knowledges in that area are very poor. 4 Her researches are definitely making great progresses these days. She has clone a lot of original works recently. 5 What equipments do you need to go skiing? If you can give me any informations, I would be grateful. 6 Oil exports have produced a great deal of wealths for the country. 7 Package holidays often include transports from the airport to your accommodations. 8 I don't have any experiences of working in education, but I would like to do some voluntary works in a school. 9 A poverty is the biggest problem in many countries. 1O I bought a new software that shows you the kind of weathers every country has each month of the year. 82.4 Can you add more items to the lists in C and E opposite? Fod:. J?.li . v~ .. ~.U „ ?.~l L mOk „ h.~ . tl~ ................................................................................................................................................................... . For making clothes, furniture , etc.: ............................................................................................................................................... For buildings: ............................................................................................................................................................................................... . For energy: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 82.5 -----· English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 173 83 A Words that only occur in the plural Tools, instruments, pieces of equipment pliers scissors binoculars B C scales earphones handcuffs shears headphones tongs tweezers glasses/spectacles goggles Things we wear clothes pyjamas leggings dungarees knickers/pants underpants/pants shorts trousers jeans tights overalls braces (swimming) trunks Other useful words When I move to London, I’ll have to find lodgings. (e.g. a room in a flat) When will the goods be delivered? [articles/items] The architect inspected the foundations before declaring that the premises were safe. [under the building] [the building itself] The military authorities have established their headquarters in the old Town Hall. The acoustics in the new opera house are near perfect. [quality of the sound] The contents /kɒntents/ of the house were sold after her death. Looks are less important than personality in a partner. As you come to the outskirts of the village, there are traffic lights. Turn left there. [the beginning or end of the village] The stairs are a bit dangerous – be careful. The proceeds of the concert are going to the children’s fund. [money from selling tickets] A terrorist has escaped from prison. Her whereabouts are unknown. [where she is] D Words with plural form but used mostly with singular verbs Names of some games: billiards dominoes draughts darts bowls Names of subjects/activities: physics economics classics gymnastics cards athletics Common mistakes Some words look plural, or may be thought of as plural, but are not, e.g. news, spaghetti (an Italian plural form), series, means. The news is good. (NOT The news are good.) The spaghetti was delicious. (NOT The spaghetti were delicious.) There was a series of programmes on TV about Japan. Is there a cheap means of transport I could use to get there? 174 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 83.1 Make a list of subjects you studied at school or elsewhere. How many of the words are plural? Use a dictionary if necessary. 83.2 Which things listed on the opposite page can be used to: 1 cut a hedge? she~r 5 protect your clothes if you're repairing a car? 2 help you to read small print? 6 look at distant objects? 7 get a nail out of a piece of wood? 8 keep a prisoner's hands together? 3 cut paper? 4 hold your trousers up? 83.3 Name the items on the clothes line and tick the words that are only used in the plural. " .·, '.' 6 1 „~.b? 2 ........................ 3 ........................ 4 ........................ 5 ........................ 6 ........................ 7 ....................... . 83.4 Fill the gaps with an appropriate plural-form noun. 1 (to a child) Come on! Get your .. f.ljPm~ . ?. .......................... „ .. on! lt's time to go to bed. 2 The „ .... „ ....... „ ..................... „.„ ..... of the rock concert are going to two charities. 3 The ............„„ .... „ ............ „ ........ „ .. in the new concert hall are superb. I've never heard such elear sound. 4 The escaped prisoner is tall, dark and has a beard. His ................... „„ ..... „„„ ............. are unknown. 5 You must use .................................... „„„.„ ... or .... „ ........................ „ ................ if you want to listen to your MP3 player on a train. 6 The ................................................ have forbidden the import of all foreign ............................................... . 83.5 Odd one out. In each group, one of the nouns is always used in the plural. Which one? sock, trouser, slipper - +rousers 2 billiard, squash, tennis 3 4 knife, scissor, razor tracksuit, costume, dungaree 83.6 In this silly story, change the singular nouns to plural where appropriate. Change the verbs where necessary. I decided that if I wanted to be a pop star l' d have to leave home and get łeagfi lt1d9ln9s in London . I finally got a room, but it was on the outskirt of the city. The owner didn't live on the premise, so I could make as much noise as I liked . The acoustic in the bathroom was fantastic, so I practised there. I made so much noise I al most shook the foundation ! I went to the headquarter of the Musicians' Union, but a guy there said I just didn't have the right looks to be famous . Oh well, never mind! English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 175 84 A Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings Countable and uncountable nouns When we use a countable noun we are thinking of specific things that can be counted (e.g. two glasses). When we use an uncountable noun we are thinking of stuff or material or the idea of a thing in general (e.g. this door is made of glass). stuff/materials things glass cloth a glass / glasses fish a fish work a work Ha m le t a cloth Hamle t Be careful – there’s broken glass on the road. I need a cloth to wipe the table. We had fish for dinner. Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous works. Here are some more nouns that can be used in both ways with different meanings. B countable uncountable There’s a black hair in my soup; it must be yours! She has beautiful red hair. Did you buy a paper this morning? [a newspaper] The printer has run out of paper. The different peoples of Asia were represented at the festival. [races / national groups] I love meeting people from different countries. [individuals] Can I borrow your iron? My shirt is a bit creased. [instrument] People used to think ships made of iron would sink. [metal] I had some interesting experiences during my trip to Latin America. [things that happened to me] She has little work experience. [knowledge or skill obtained from doing something] The city has a yearly arts festival. [music, theatre, etc.] He studied arts not sciences at uni. [subjects such as languages or history; always plural and without the] Have you been to the modern art museum? It’s wonderful. [usually refers to painting, drawing and sculpture] I’ve seen that film three times. [occasions] We had some good times at university. [experiences] Time passes very slowly if you have a boring job. [clock time, calendar time] Food The names of food items often have a different meaning depending on whether they are used as countable or uncountable nouns (see fish above). 176 coffee/tea a coffee and two teas potato just two potatoes, please! Would you like some chocolate? Would you like a chocolate? salt and pepper a pepper a hot dog with onion an onion English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 84.1 Would you normally expect to find these things in most people's houses, flats, garages or gardens? In which room or place? Answer for both meanings (countable and uncountable). Yes, moŚ+ peop\e ha~e somelllhere. Mos+ peop\e don '+ norma\~ of Iron (e.9. a fr~ln9 pan) In +he klłhen. 1 an iron I iron an Iron +o Iron +helr dołhes keep Iron c+he meła\) ; +h~ ml9h+ keep I+ In +he klkhen a+ home, liu+ +h~ ml9h+ ha~e łhln9s made 2 a cloth I cloth 3 a fish I fish 4 5 6 7 84.2 glass I a glass a wood I wood pepper I a pepper paper I a paper Which question would you ask? Could I have!borrow a ... ? or Could I have/borrow some ... ? c"'~ 1 cake 2 iron ~ J h„, "'""'"ko?® 3?tfS , peppe; I 5 pape< 6 rube 7 gla" ~ ~ O 4 chocolate 84.3 Complete the answers using the word in brackets. Use a(n) or the if the meaning is countable. . :- .. j\~J.!lp1dL, .... „ .. . ........... . 1 Oh dear! l've spilt water on the floor! (cloth) Never mind. Here's ..u.l~Jb 2 How <lid you get that puncture in your car tyre? (glass) I drove ......................................................................... 3 (child) Daddy, what are car tyres made of? {rubber) They're made .................................................................. . 4 5 6 7 84.4 Have you worked in a prirnary school before? (experience) No, I don't ....................................................... . I wonder who won the genrał election in Sweden? {paper) We could buy ................................................ . (child) Mum, what's the Mona Lisa? (work) lt's .............................................................................................................. What's your favourite ice-cream flavour? (chocolate) My favourite ................................................................. . What is the difference between (a) and (b) in each pair? Check in a dictionary if you're not sure. a b a 2 a b a 3 a b a 4 a b a She was always a great !over of the arts. Are you an art lover? Arts here means Jhe..aJl::e.,..!Y_tl?.1~, ..e.fl.'. ................ b Art here means ............................................................ . (road sign) PLANT AND HEAVY MACHINERY CROSSING l've bought you a house plant. b A plant here means ................................................... Plant here means ....................................................... There was a lot of damage to the car as a result of the accident. The film star won $500,000 in damages because the story in the newspaper was untrue. Damage here means ................................................... b Damages here means .................................................. . l've had some bad tirnes at the dentist's! How many tirnes have you been to the dentist's this year? b Times here means .................................................. . Times here means ................................................... English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 177 85 A Making uncountable nouns countable Bit and piece You can make many uncountable nouns singular and countable by adding a piece of or a (little) bit of. Similarly, you can make such nouns plural with pieces of or bits of. Bit is less formal than piece and they are not always interchangeable. Bit can be used with all types of nouns. Piece tends to be used more with uncountable nouns. Bit suggests a smaller amount than piece. How many pieces of luggage have you got with you? The police collected bits of information from different sources. Chopin wrote some wonderful pieces of music. Before you go to England I should give you two bits of advice … He spends all his money buying new bits of computer equipment. Common mistake We say: What an attractive piece of furniture! (NOT What an attractive furniture!) B Words that go with specific uncountable nouns Weather rain sun lightning wind Today’s weather will be variable. In the north there are likely to be heavy showers (of rain). The sunny spell (of weather) that we have had this last week will continue in much of the south although there may be occasional rumbles of thunder and flashes of lightning in some areas with some quite loud claps of thunder in one or two areas. These will be followed by a few spots of rain but gusts of wind should soon blow them away and the sunshine will then return. See Unit 6 for more weather words. Groceries ‘I need a loaf of bread, a couple of slices of ham, two bars of chocolate, a tube of toothpaste, two cartons of milk and three bars of soap.’ (slice can also be used with toast, bread, meat and cheese) Nature Look at the ladybird on that blade of grass! What’s happened? Look at that cloud of smoke hanging over the town! We could see little puffs of smoke coming out of the volcano. Let’s go out and get a breath of fresh air. Put another lump of coal on the fire, please. (lump can also be used with sugar) Other words I had an amazing stroke of luck this morning. I’ve never seen him do a stroke of work. (only in negative sentences, more emphatic than a bit of work) I’ve never seen him in such a fit of temper before. The donkey is the basic means of transport on the island. Tights must be the most useful article/item of clothing ever invented. There was an interesting item of news about France on TV last night. C A state of Nouns used with a state of are usually abstract and include chaos, tension, confusion, health, disorder, uncertainty, poverty, agitation, disrepair and flux [continuous change], e.g. The transport system is in a state of chaos. 178 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 85.1 Match the words on the left with the words they collocate with on the right. a stroke a shower an articłe a lump a flash a blade an item 8 a rumbie 2 3 4 5 6 7 85.2 [@ D D D D D D D of a lightning b co al c grass d news e ram f cłothing g thunder h luck Change the uncountable nouns to countable nouns in the following sentences by using piece, bit or one of the more specific words from B. Could you buy me some bread, please? Gould ~u łiu~ me a loaf of liread, 2 My mother gave me some advice that I have always remembered. 3 Suddenly the wind almost blew him off his feet. 4 We had some terribly windy weather last winter. please? 5 Would you like some more toast? 6 He never does any work at all in the house. 7 Let's go to the park - I need some fresh air. 8 I can give you some important information about that. 9 We could see smoke hovering over the city from a long way away. 1 O I need to get some furniture for my fiat. 85.3 Use words from C opposite to fit the clues for the puzzle below. 2 3 4 5 6 The reforms mean that the country's education system is in a state of ................................ at the moment but hopefully things will soon setł down. We are stili in a state of ................................ as to who has won the ełction. The country's infrastructure is in a state of ................................ after the earthquake. it was in a We fell in love with the house ałthoug dreadful state of ................................ . My granny wouldn't be in sucha bad state of ................................ now if she hadn't smoked all her life. Ałthoug this is supposed to be an affluent society, many people are stili living in a state of ................................ . 3 85.4 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 179 86 A Collective nouns People Collective nouns are used to describe a group of the same people or things. a group of people (smaller number) B a crowd of people (large number) a gang of thieves (rather negative) Words associated with certain animals A flock of sheep or birds, e.g. geese/pigeons; a herd of cows, deer, goats; a shoal of fish (or any particular fish, e.g. a shoal of herring/mackerel – note the use of singular here); a swarm /swɔm/ of insects (typically flying ones, e.g. a swarm of bees/gnats). A pack of … can be used for dogs, hyenas, wolves, etc. as well as for (playing) cards. C People involved in the same job/activity These nouns are used with singular or plural verbs, depending on your point of view. A team of experts/reporters/scientists/rescue workers was/were at the scene of the disaster. The crew was/were saved when the ship sank. [workers on a ship/ambulance/plane] The company is/are rehearsing a new production. [group of actors] The cast is/are all amateurs. [actors in a film or theatre production] The public has/have a right to know the truth. [the people as a whole] The staff are on strike. (normally used with a plural verb; general word for groups who share a place of work, e.g. teachers in a school, people in an office) D Physical features of landscapes In the picture we can see a row of cottages near a clump of trees with a range of hills in the background. Out on the lake there is a small group of islands. E Things in general a pair of birds sitting on a branch [two of anything that are the same] a couple of strawberries [vague way of saying two, not necessarily exactly the same] a pile/heap of papers (or clothes, dishes, toys, etc.) a bunch of flowers (or grapes, bananas, etc.) a stack of chairs (or tables, boxes, logs, etc.) a set of tools (or pots and pans, dishes, etc.) 180 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 86. 1 Fill each gap with a suitable collective noun. There are ..?.~rm' .............. of mosquitoes in the forests in Scandinavia in the summer. 2 As we looked into the water, we saw a ................................ of brightly coloured fish. 3 There was a ................................ of youths on the corner; they didn't look very friendly. 4 There's a ................................ of cards on the bookshelf. Will you fetch them for me, please? 5 A ................................ of biologists is studying marine life in this area. 6 Look at that ................................ of birds on that tree. Bath of them have beautiful markings. I wonder what they are? 7 Could you put a ................................ of spoons of sugar in this coffee for me, please? It's very bitter. Yes, just two, that's fine. Thanks. 86.2 In each case, one of the examples is wrong. Which one? Put a line through it. Company is often used for actors I .swimme1'S I opera singers. 2 Cast is often used for people in a play I a book I a film. 3 Crew is often used for the staff of an ambulance I a plane I a hospital. 4 Pack is often used for cats I dogs I wolves. 5 Flock is often used for sheep I pigeons I pigs. 6 Herd is often used for cows I fish I goats. 86.3 Match the collective nouns on the left with the words on the right. a clump of [Il O O O O O 2 a range of 3 a gang of 4 a swarm of 5 a row of 6 a heap of 7 a herd of 8 a bunch of O O a b c d e f g h houses flies fir trees deer grapes mountains criminals bed linen 86.4 Rewrite these sentences using collective nouns. Don't forget to change the verb to singular or plural where necessary. 1 There are some tables on top of one another in the next room . ..1.b~rn ..\?.. ~.* - ~.b . ~f. . JąP.\~ .? ..\n..fh~ ..!l~ . ~J . rC!m, ... 2 There are a large number of people waiting outside. 3 The people who work there are very well paid ..................................... 4 A large number of sheep had escaped from a field. 5 She gave me six identical glasses ... 6 She gave me five or six beautiful roses .............................................................................................................................. „ „ . .•••••• „ . ..... ••• „ . „ ... „ . ...• „ .... .. . . „ „ . .. ... . ... „ „ „ ... „ „ „ .... . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ••••• • „ ••• „ . „ •• • „ •. . ••• „ •• • „ . .• „ ... ...... . . . . „ ..... „ „ „ „ „ „ • . •••••• „ „ •••••• • •••••••••.••• • •••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••• „ ..•••••••• • „ ....•• • • „ „ „ ... . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . •.•• .. „ „ „ . •• •• „ „ „ „ ••• • •• . • . • . • •••• •••••.•• • • • ••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••• • „ ••••••• 86.5 Some collective nouns are associated with words about using language. Underline any you can see in this text, check their meanings in a dictionary and make a note of them in your vocabulary notebook. THE JOURNALISTS raised a host of difficult questions about the actions of the police du ring the demonstration. There had been a barrage of complaints about police violence. The Chief of Police replied that he was not prepared to listen to a string ofwild accusations without any evidence. In the end, he just gave a series of short answers that left everyone dissatisfied. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 181 87 Containers and contents A bag barrel can carton pack B basket case (e.g. for glasses) packet bowl bottle pan crate pot box glass sack jar tin bucket jug tub /tʌb/ mug tube /tʃub/ More information about these containers container usually made of typical contents bag cloth, paper, plastic sweets, shopping, mail barrel wood and metal wine, beer basket wicker, metal shopping, clothes, waste paper bottle glass, plastic milk, lemonade, wine bowl china, glass, wood fruit, soup, sugar box cardboard, wood matches, tools, toys, chocolates bucket metal, plastic sand, water can tin cola, beer carton card milk, juice, 20 packets of cigarettes case leather, wood, cardboard jewellery, spectacles, wine* crate wood, plastic bottles glass glass milk, water, wine jar glass, pottery jam, honey, olives, instant coffee jug pottery milk, cream, water mug pottery tea, coffee, cocoa pack card cards, six cans of cola/beer packet card, paper cigarettes, tea, biscuits, cereal pan metal food that is being cooked pot plastic, metal, pottery yoghurt, plant, paint sack cloth, plastic coal, rubbish tin tin tomatoes, sardines, fruit tub wood, plastic, card flowers, rainwater, ice cream tube soft metal, plastic toothpaste, paint, ointment * A case of wine is usually a cardboard box of wine, containing 12 bottles. Half a case is six bottles. 182 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 87 .1 Complete the blanks in the shopping list without looking at the opposite page. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a Me two four a a a a large a six of toothpaste of milk of cola of condensed milk of chocolate biscuits ofyoghurt of matches ofhoney of cń s p s -r---. 87 .2 Try the following quiz about the words on the opposite page. 1 Which two of the containers listed would you be most likely to find holding flowers in a garden? ..?.f~t .. !!..M......................... 2 Which three are you most likely to find in a cellar ? ................................................ 3 Which five of these would you be most likely to see in the drinks section of a large supermarket ? ................................................ 4 Which five would you be most likely to see on the breakfast table? ............................................... . 5 Which two containers might a postman carry the post in and which is bigger? 6 Which two are often used fo r carrying shopping? ............................................... . 87 .3 Name the containers and their contents. r I KIDNE\' ~§ l ..?.jr~f .. p.~ro+ .......... 2 ........................ 3 ........................ 4 ........................ 5 ........................ J 6 ....................... . . k!H.~r & li!!! 7 ....................... . ~ L.=:_J 8 ....................... . ~ Washing Up ~ 9 ........................ liquid 10 ........................ 11 ........................ 12 ....................... . 87.4 Think of other words which are often used with the following containers. . ~ •. !\l{~dp. . ~p . ą , ..\!n~ . n ........................ basket 5 ............................................................................... jug 1 .. ?b.~p1: 2 ............................................................................... box 3 ............................................................................... bottle 4 ............................................................................... bag 6 ............................................................................... glass 7 ............................................................................... pot English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 183 88 A B Expressions with do and make Phrasal verbs with do and make phrasal verb meaning example do without manage without We’ll have to do without a holiday this year as money is so short. do away with abolish, get rid of It should be our ambition to do away with poverty in the world. make for move in the direction of Let’s make for the city centre and look for a restaurant there. make of think (opinion) What do you make of the new software? make off leave hurriedly He made off as soon as he heard their car turn into the drive. make up for compensate for The superb food at the hotel made up for the uncomfortable rooms. Meanings of phrasal verbs Some phrasal verbs have a number of different meanings, e.g. do up can mean not only ‘fasten’ but also ‘renovate’ and ‘put into a bundle’. Similarly, make out can mean ‘claim’, ‘manage to see’ and ‘understand’; make up can mean ‘compose’ or ‘invent’; it can also mean ‘constitute’ or ‘form’, ‘put cosmetics on’, ‘prepare by mixing together various ingredients’ and ‘make something more numerous or complete’. C Collocations with do and make There are a lot of other common collocations based on do and make. Note that most combinations referring to activities, work or duty use do whereas those which lead to an end product (e.g. tea, a cake, a noise, a toy boat, a profit) use make. You do: your homework / the housework / some gardening / exercise / the washing-up / your best / the shopping / the cooking / business with … , and so on. You make: a cup of tea / arrangements / an agreement / a suggestion / a decision / war / an attempt / a phone call / the best of … / an effort / an excuse / a mistake / a profit / a loss / love / the most of / a noise / a good or bad impression / a success of … / allowances for …1 / a gesture / a face / fun of … / a fuss of …2 / a go (a success) of … , and so on. 1 consider someone’s situation and not judge them harshly 2 give someone a lot of attention and treat them well Common mistake We say: When I do my homework, I try not to make too many mistakes. (NOT When I make my homework, I try not to do too many mistakes.) 184 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 88. 1 Here are some different ways in which do up, make up and make out can be used. What is the meaning of the phrasal verb in each case? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 88.2 .~ ..i.f<ą . ~ . lf.?! ..~ . n ..1,.?~H ..... Take this prescription to the chemist and she'll make it up for you ...p.rn~ Can you make out the little white house on the mountain side? .............................................................. . A human being is made up of many, often conflicting, desires ............................................................... . If you do up the newspapers, I'll put them in the recycling box ............................................................... . I just can't make Joe out. He's so strange ............................................................... . Let's advertise the talk and hope we make up the numbers a bit . ............................................................... He made out that he had never loved anyone else. She believed him . ............................................... . We're planning to do up our bathroom at the weekend. lt's looking rather old and dull. Add the necessary prepositions or particles to complete this story. Last weekend we decided to start doing 1 up our bedroom. We agreed that we could do 2 the old fireplace in the corner. As we began to remove it from the in a bund le behind a loose brick. wall we found some old photographs done 3 At first we could not make 4 what they were but we wiped them clean and realised they were all of the same young man. We spent an enjoyable evening ma king _ _ _ _ stories to explain why the pictures had been hidden. 88.3 In each sentence below, there is an error with choice of particle. Correct the mistakes. :4 with my old laptop and buy a new one. lt's too old and too slow. 1 I'm going to do 2 This weekend we are planning to make to the seaside. 3 Vast amounts of money do not always make of happiness. 4 Your shoelaces are untied. Do them in or you'll trip over. 5 They like to make away that they are very important people. 6 Thieves robbed the bank and made out with fl,000,000. 88.4 Complete the following sentences using an appropriate expression from C. 1 Pacifist posters in the 1960s used to say 'MAKE LOVE NOT .. Wł.\ . K ................... !' 2 lt doesn't matter if you pass the exam or not, as long as you do ............................... . 3 Companies that once made a huge ................................ are now going bankrupt. I don't like doing ................................ but someone has to clean, wash, iron and cook! You must make ................................ the fact that he's only seven years old. Dressing smardy for an interview helps you to make ................................ . Her company does a lot of ................................ in East Asia selling educational software. 8 Do you do much ................................ ? Yes, I go to the gym three times a week. 4 5 6 7 88.5 Ove,r ło ':fOLC Which of these things do you think you could do without and why? mobile phone cap/hat N set sung lasses How often do you do the shopping, the cook ing , the washing-up? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 185 89 A Expressions with bring and take Phrasal verbs with bring Each example is a typical spoken sentence and a more formal equivalent is provided in brackets. My father’s parents brought him up in the country because they thought that country life was better for children. [raised] Don’t give up. I’m sure you’ll bring it off in the end. [succeed] Cold winds always bring on her cough. [cause to start] The strike brought about a change of government. [cause to happen] Ford Motors are bringing out an interesting new model in the spring. [introducing] I hope they don’t bring back capital punishment. [re-introduce] They promised to bring down taxes but they have actually raised them. [lower] Inflation will probably bring down the government. [destroy, remove from power] Keep trying to persuade him and you’ll bring him round to your point of view. [persuade] B Phrasal verbs with take Doesn’t he take after his father! They even sound the same. [resemble] I wish I could take back what I said to her. [withdraw] It’s hard to take in his lectures – he speaks in such an abstract way. [absorb, understand] She was completely taken in by him and agreed to give him all her money. [deceived] Sales have really taken off now – we should make a good profit this year. [started to improve] The plane took off two hours late. [left the ground] She’s very good at taking off her teacher – she sounds just like her. [imitating] We’ll have to take on more staff if we’re to take on more work. [employ] [accept] Nelson is going to take over as manager in July. [start doing a job] She took to him at once and they soon became close friends. [formed an immediate liking for] When did you take up golf? [start (a hobby)] C Common expressions with bring and take The new regulations will be brought into force in May. [become law] His research brought some very interesting facts to light. [revealed] Matters were brought to a head when Pat was sacked. [reached a point where changes had to be made] It’s better that everything should be brought into the open. [made public] His new girlfriend has really brought out the best in him. [been good for him] Don’t let him take advantage of you. [unfairly use superiority] After 20 years of marriage he takes her for granted. [doesn’t appreciate her qualities] I took it for granted you’d come – you always do. [assumed] She immediately took control of the situation. [started organising] His unkind words took my breath away. [surprised] The story takes place in Mexico. [happens] Leaving his job before he’s found a new one is taking a risk. [doing something risky] It’s impossible to take such a silly suggestion seriously. [consider as serious] Don’t forget to take travel costs into account in the budget. [consider] He doesn’t seem to take pride in his work. [draw satisfaction from] You must take the opportunity to visit the castle while you’re here. [use the chance] 186 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 89.1 Complete these sentences with the appropriate preposition or particie. 1 The school reforms which plan to bring .. lmJ ...................... a more traditional style of exams for children are generally unpopular. 2 The bumpy journey brought ................................ labour and the baby was bom on the bus. 3 I think the strikes will bring ................................ some changes in management. 4 If anyone can bring it ................................, he can. 5 He won't agree to it for me but she can always bring him ................................ . 6 She brought ................................ six children all on her own. 89.2 89.3 Complete the bubble network below with phrasal verbs based on take. to over up out on staff off Reword these sentences using expressions from C opposite. 1 The story of the film happens in Casablanca during the war. ..~f.Jb !lm.M . ~? ..p.Jw~!f') ..(;.~ . ?P\t"!~ . 41:r!~ ..+h~ ..lfl!lr,................ . ..1.b~ ..?:ł.<>rB 2 Today's newspaper has revealed some fascinating information about the President. 3 The situation reached crisis point when the union called for a strike. You need to consider the historical context of the novel in your essay. The view from the top of the hill was astonishing. He capitalised on her weakness at the time and she gave it to him. If you're going to succeed in business you must be prepared to not always do the safe thing. You shouldn't assume that anyone or anything will always be the same. 4 5 6 7 8 89.4 Make a bubble network like the one in 89.2, based on phrasal verbs with bring. ' hildren up BRING 89.5 Which of the expressions in C mean the opposite of: 1 to keep quiet +<> kin9 in+<> +he <>pen 2 to laugh at 89.6 Ove.r ło 3 to be as expected 4 to drop an old law 5 to be careless about 6 to be subordinate to tjou An swer th e questio ns using on e of the phrasal verbs in A or B opposite. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Where were you brought up? 1 was v<>rn and Vr<>u9h+up in 0 ,<>+land. lf you had time to take up a new sport or other leisure activity, what would it be? Who do you take after rnore - your mother or your father? What new law has bee n brought into force recently in your count ry? What kind of teacher do you find brings out the best in yo u? What changes would you like your country's current government to bring about? Can you t hink of someone who you've irnrnediately taken to? 8 Have you ever taken on too much work? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 187 90 A Expressions with get Meanings of get Get is used frequently in spoken English. It has the following basic meanings: • receive, obtain or buy something, e.g. Please get me a newspaper when you’re in town. I got a text from John today. She got top marks in her exam. • change position – move or be moved, e.g. How are you getting home tonight? • change state – become or make, e.g. She’s ill but she’s getting better. B Specific meanings of get Get also has many other more specific meanings. It’s my turn to get dinner tonight. [prepare a meal] I don’t get it. Why did he speak like that? [understand] His behaviour really gets me at times. [annoy] I saw Andy’s new girlfriend at the party but I didn’t get to speak to her. [manage] Once we got to know each other, we became great friends. [become acquainted] The phone’s ringing and there’s someone at the door! You get the phone and I’ll get the door. [answer, respond to] C D Phrasal verbs based on get phrasal verb meaning example get across successfully communicate an idea It was difficult to get my point of view across to the committee. get at reach, find I hope the enquiry will get at the truth. get behind with fail to do something by a certain time I’ve got terribly behind with my work. get down depress This weather is getting me down. get down to begin to give some serious attention to It’s time you got down to some work. get into be successful with an application (e.g. to a college/school) She did well in her exams and got into university. get on manage However will we get on without you? get on advance, develop Jo is getting on very well at school. get out of avoid a responsibility I’ll try to get out of my next lesson. get over recover from She’s getting over a bad attack of flu. get round spread The news soon got round the village. get round to do something you’ve intended to do for a long time I need to buy a new desk but I can’t get round to it. I’m so busy. get through come to a successful end I’m glad she got through all her exams! get through use up all of He got through his month’s salary in just one weekend. get up to to do (especially something bad) They’re very quiet. I wonder what they’re getting up to? Other expressions based on get You seem to have got out of bed on the wrong side today. [be in a bad mood] The meeting got off to a good/bad start with JR’s speech. [started well/badly] I’m organising a little get-together. I hope you can come. [informal meeting/party] When they broke up he got rid of everything of hers. [threw away / destroyed] I’m going to get my own back on her somehow. [take my revenge] 188 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 90.1 l Replace the underlined get expressions with another way of expressing the same idea. Note that by doing this you are changing the text from being very informal to being slightly more formal. relet(e I don't often g§ interesting junk mail. However, an unusual item carne this morning. lt was headed 'Are things getting you down? Do you feel you'll just never getto do all those things you dream of?' And it went on, 'lf so, W this great new book today: Manage Your World by Simon Triksta. lt will teach you how to get over those daily upsets, and will ensure that you W the contentment in your work that you long for and that you fulfil your dreams. Send €25 today to W Manage Your World and your key to success within ten days.' Maybe I should Wit! 90.2 Fill the gaps in the sentences below in the most appropriate way. Although they bad only told their parents about their engagement, the news soon got ..r.<i.!-ln4................... the village. 2 She must have made a good irnpression last week because she has got ................................ to the second round of interviews for the job. I have an essay to write but l'm finding it hard to get ................................ it. 4 l've been meaning to redecorate my room for ages but I just can't get ................................ it. 5 What have you been getting ................................ since we last met? 6 Surely you haven't got ................................ all the biscuits already? 7 The new political party was finding it difficult to get its message ................................ to the public. 8 I was ill last semester and I got seriously ................................ with my studies. If this continues, I probably won't get ................................ university this year. 9 We're having a get-................................ on Friday to celebrate Jan's birthday. Would you like to come? 1O His progress on the guitar was slow at first, but he's getting ................................ well now. 3 90.3 Match the situations on the left with the appropriate responses on the right. 2 3 4 5 90.4 Someone has been very irnpolite to one of your friends. Someone is about to throw something a way. Someone is being negative about everything you suggest. Someone has clone something very cruel to you. Someone says they can't help with the clearing up after a party. Ove,r ło a You always try to get out of things! D D D D b You wait! l'll get my own back on you one day! c Don't get rid of that yet! d You got out of bed on the wrong side this morning! e Your rudeness really gets me! ':fOtt Com plete t he fo llowing sentences in a way that is tru e fo r you. 1 I would hate to get rid of ... 2 My ... got off to a bad start because .. . 3 I find it very hard to get down to ... 4 5 I wish I could get out of .. . ... is really getting me down. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 189 91 A Expressions with set and put Phrasal verbs based on set Since his daughter’s birth, Robert had been setting aside1 money for her wedding. Now he and his wife were setting off2 to meet Carl, her new fiancé. Carl was a mountaineer who had set out3 several times to climb Mount Everest but had had to turn back because bad weather had set off4 avalanches. Now he was trying to set up5 a sports equipment business. Robert didn’t altogether like the sound of Carl but he was doing his best to set aside6 his negative feelings. 1 5 B reserving establish 2 6 3 beginning a journey begun something with a particular aim in mind ignore (not think about) 4 caused Phrasal verbs with put Note: It would not normally be natural to use all of these expressions together. Sarah put her own name forward1 for election to the staff committee. Ten other people had also put in2 proposal forms but Sarah was elected because she is very good at putting her ideas across3. She also has a talent for putting her opponents down4. At the first meeting she was largely silent though occasionally she would put in5 a remark. At the next meeting she was more involved. She supported the proposal that central heating should be put in6 in the staff canteen and agreed to help put together7 some new flat-pack furniture for the canteen. She also voted for the local school being allowed to use the staff club to put on8 a play. She insisted that the play would not put staff out9 at all provided that the school put all their props away10 after each performance. She said that she would put up11 relatives coming from other towns to watch the play. She argued that the committee should put off12 making their decision about putting up13 staff club membership subscriptions until they had found out how staff felt about this. She agreed to put up14 posters encouraging all staff to come to the next committee meeting. Later that evening Sarah made her mother laugh as she imitated other committee members – she’s good at putting on15 all sorts of accents. ‘The chairperson really put me off16 with his constant sniffing,’ she said, ‘and I don’t know how they put up with17 the secretary’s rudeness.’ 1 proposed installed 12 postpone 6 C 2 7 submitted assemble 13 raising 3 4 communicating making someone look small 5 say something 9 present inconvenience 10 tidied 11 give accommodation to 14 15 display pretending to have 16 distracted 17 tolerate 8 Expressions with set and put He has set his heart/sights on becoming a ballet dancer. [longs to become] I’ve set myself a target of losing five kilos by the end of the year. [am aiming to lose] They sat up till the small hours setting/putting the world to rights. [discussing important problems] Did someone set fire to the house deliberately? [put a match to] The prisoner will be set free tomorrow. [released] Di had never set foot in Italy before. [been to] The Egyptian runner has set a new world record. [established an achievement record] Teachers have to try to set a good example for young people. [be a good example] to put your foot down: to be firm about something to put pressure on someone: to try to force someone to do something to put your mind to: to direct all your thoughts towards to put two and two together: to draw an obvious conclusion to put an end / a stop to something: to cause something to stop to put someone’s back up: to irritate someone a put-up job: something arranged to give a false impression 190 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 91.1 Put the following sentences into slightly more formal English by replacing the phrasal verbs with their formal equivalents. 2 3 4 5 91.2 They have recently set up a committee on teenage smoking. 'fh~ ha~e ruen+I~ es+alllished a c.ommi++ee on +eena9e smokin9. We try to set aside some money for our holiday every week. Set aside all your negative feelings and listen with an open mind. If we hadn't set off so late, we would have arrived on time. The government's unpopular proposals set off a wave of protests. Write three nouns which could follow each of the verbs. Remember that their meanings might be different depending on the noun which follows. 1 put in .. .m~/? ..~k.miJ!n ..~f.rL .............. . 2 put forward .............................................................. . 3 put off .............................................................. . 4 put across .............................................................. . 5 put up ... 6 put on ... 7 put away 8 put up with .............................................................. . „ „ „ „ ........................... .. . ....... . ..... ... .....• „ „ „ „ .. ... .• . . „ „ .. . .. .......... . .......... •. . . .. ... . . . • „ „ ... . .... „ „ „ „ ... ....•. . .... . . . . ......................... 91 .3 Write responses to the following statements or questions using any appropriate phrasal verb from A or B opposite. 1 He's always so rude. l lllOuldn'+ pu+ up llli+h i+ if l lllere ~u. 2 This room is in a terrible mess. 3 What time do we have to leave for the airport tomorrow? 4 5 6 7 8 91.4 Any chance of a bed on your floor this weekend? Why have you suddenly lost interest in the project? What is Geoff planning to do when he gets his business degree? How should we publicise our play? l've taken all the bits for my new desk out of the pack but now I don't know where to start. Using the expressions in C opposite, reword the following sentences without changing their meaning. They have promised to liberate the hostages at noon. 'fh~ ha~e promised +o se+ +he hos+a9es free a+ noon. 2 He's bound to draw the obvious conclusion if you keep on behaving like that. 3 Her aim is to become Prime Minister. 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 I find her terribly irritating. If you try to make her change her mind it'll make her even more determined. Please concentrate on the problem in hand. She is determined to get a seat in Parliament. She threw petrol on the rubbish and put a match to it. lt's time the teacher tołd the children to stop making so much noise. The man has officially eaten more burgers in one hour than anyone else. This is the first time l've ever been to the southern hemisphere. We spent most of our evenings discussing the problems of the world rather than studying. You really should be firm with him or there'll be trouble later. If the teacher doesn't behave properly, the children certainly won't. His goal is to run the Athens marathon next year. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 191 I,.. 92 A Expressions with come and go Phrasal verbs based on come Did the meeting you were planning ever come off? [take place] When do the exam results come out? [be published, made public] I must tell you about an important point which came up at the meeting. [was raised] Please come round and see me sometime. [pay an informal visit] Nothing can come between him and football. [separate, be a barrier between] I came across a lovely old vase in that junk shop. [found by chance] How did you come by that bruise / that car? [receive, obtain] Computer prices have come down recently. [decreased] Lizzie came up with a really good idea to raise money for charity. [thought of / suggested a plan or solution to a problem] B Collocations with come to and come into Come to often refers to the idea of ‘arriving at’. Come into often refers to the idea of starting or acquiring. come to + collocations an agreement a conclusion a standstill [stop] an end C examples a decision to terms with [acknowledge and accept psychologically] The two sides have at last come to an agreement. Traffic came to a standstill because of the snow. The war finally came to an end in 2005. come into + collocations examples contact (with) a fortune [receive when someone dies] operation [start working] sight/view He came into a fortune when his uncle died. The new motorway will come into operation next March. After two hours at sea, the island came into sight/view. existence fashion Phrasal verbs based on go Some of these have a number of different meanings. go on: What is going on next door? [happening] They went on working despite the noise. [continued] As the weeks went on, things improved. [passed] You go on, we’ll catch you up later. [go in advance] He’s always going on at me about my untidy hair. [criticising, complaining] go through: I wouldn’t like to go through that again. [experience, endure] Let’s go through the plans once more. [check] Unfortunately, the business deal we were hoping for did not go through in the end. [was not completed or approved] go for: He really went for her when she dared to criticise him. [attack] Which course have you decided to go for? [choose] Those shoes don’t go with that dress. [suit, match] D Other expressions based on go I hope they’ll make a go of the business but they are taking a big risk. [make a success of] He’s been on the go all day and he’s exhausted. [very busy, on the move] It goes without saying that we’ll support you. [clear without being said] Your work is good, as far as it goes. [but is limited or insufficient] The story goes that they were once very close friends. [It is said that … / It seems that …] They went to great lengths to keep it a secret. [took a lot of trouble] The business has gone bankrupt. [not got enough money to pay debts] 192 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Let me have a go. Exercises 92.1 Which meanings do these underlined verbs have? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 92.2 I He went on composing music till his eighties. lOl"l+ittied She was so suspicious that she used to go through his pockets every night. The dog went for the postman. We had planned a meeting but it never carne off. I carne across a photo of my grandmother the other day. I look just like her. I wish you'd stop going on at me! I was sure he'd go for a holiday in Greece rather than stay at home. Does this top go with these trousers? Nobody has come up with a solution to the problem so far. Choose one of the expressions in B to complete each of the sentences. 1 I found it really hard to make up my mind but in the end I carne ..J~ 2 When his grandmother dies, he'll come ................................................ ..~ ..d~.i?!n •................... 3 After four years of fighting, the civil war finally carne ............................................... . 4 5 6 7 8 Halfway up the steep hill, the bus carne ................................................ They say that long skirts are coming ................................................ again. The telephone first carne ................................................ over 100 years ago. I found it very difficult to come ................................................ my failure. As we drove round the corner the house carne ............................................... . 92.3 Replace the underlined expressions with one of the expressions in D. 1 I don't need to say that we wish you all the best in the future. 2 They took a lot of trouble to avoid meeting each other. 1+ 9oes Pol!+hou+ Sllljll"l9 3 I've been extremely busy all day and I'm longing for a shower now and to relax. 4 I do hope he will be successful in his new business. 5 Everyone says that they were together that night. 6 The film is good up to a point but it doesn't tackle the problem deeply enough. 92.4 Match questions on the left with the responses on the right. 1 Why don't you and Jeff go on? 2 How did he come by so much money? 3 Did the plan go through? 4 What's the worst pain you've ever gone through? 5 Why did that factory close down? 6 When should I come round to your place? 7 What's going on over there? [D O O O O O O a b c d e Any time after eight. The firm went bankrupt. We'll catch you up. A rich aunt of his died. No, people voted against it. f It looks like a demonstration. g When I broke my wrist. 92.5 I hope I make a go of ................................................................................................................................................................. . 2 My exam results will come out .............................................................................................................................................. . 3 My ... shoes go with my ............................................................................................................................................................. . 4 I never want to go through ........................................................................................................................................... aga in. 5 As my English course goes on, ................................................................................................................................................ . 6 lt's not easy to come to terms with ..................................................................................................................................... . 7 l've come to the conclusion that learning English ....................................................................................................... . 8 I carne across a new English word recently. lt was ....................................................................................................... . English Vocabu/ary in Use Upper-intermediate 193 93 A Expressions with other common verbs Look I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience. (at end of formal letter) The police are looking into the matter. [investigating] They need to look at all the evidence before reaching a decision. [examine] She looks down on anyone she thinks is inferior to her. [despises; opp look up to = admire] It’s hard to be positive but do try to look on the bright side. [be optimistic] B See Sue tries to see about/to arrangements for the conference at least a year ahead. [deal with] We all went to see Jana off at the airport. [accompany someone who is leaving] It didn’t take Paul long to see through her. [understand she was trying to deceive] That can’t be Hamid. He’s in Paris this week. I must be seeing things. [imagining it] C Run I ran into an old friend yesterday – I had no idea she was in town. [met by chance] Her patience has run out and she has told him she won’t help him any more. [come to an end] We've run out of milk. [there is none left] Let’s run over the plans again to make sure we’ve thought of everything. [quickly go through] Things may be hard now but it’ll be worth it in the long run. [in the distant future] The trains have stopped running because of the avalanche. [travelling] D Turn Everyone was very surprised when she turned down the promotion and explained that she was leaving the company. [rejected] Naoko turned up last night. I haven’t seen her for years! [appeared] I’m going to turn over a new leaf this year and answer all my letters the day I get them! [start doing something in a better way] The fire bell turned out to be a false alarm. [was discovered] E Let He has been let down so many times in the past – I hope he won’t be disappointed again. Don’t let go of the rope or she’ll fall and hurt herself. The accused was let off with a fine. [received a small punishment for a crime] When she let it slip that she had been given a pay rise, the other workers were very angry. [say something, sometimes without meaning to] F Break No one likes people who break their promises. [don’t do what they say they’ll do] The speaker broke off in the middle of a sentence. [suddenly stopped talking] I’m dreading breaking the news to him. He’s going to be very upset. [telling someone something] When he left her, he broke her heart. [made her very sad] The sprinter broke the record for the 100 metres. [ran faster than anyone had run before] 194 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 93.1 Use the expressions on the opposite page to help you fili in the gaps in the text below. Use one word only in each gap. Let's run 1 Mer the plans for tomorrow's disco just once more. First, I must see 2 the food arrangements while you make sure that none of • I the people who've said they'll help are going to break their 3 don't imagine that many people will tum 4 until later but Beata and Roshan said they'll come early and I'm sure they won't let us 5_ _ _ __ 93.2 Rewrite the following sentences. Use an expression containing the word in brackets in an appropriate form. 1 Eva is always optirnistic. (look) i:.~a allllOljS looks on +he 2 I met Julio by chance at the station yesterday. (run) liri9h+ side. Nadia didn't tidy her room yesterday even though she said she would. (break) 3 4 I thought I was hallucinating when I saw a monkey in the garden. (see) 5 The police didn't charge the boy, only giving him a warning. {let) 6 Stupidly, I mentioned that Sabrina was planning to move abroad. {let) 7 An enormous crowd carne to hear the President speak. (tum) 8 My aunt despises people who don't have a good job. (look) 9 Greg has prornised to improve his behaviour. (turn) 1O Nathalie has always admired her older cousin. (look) 93.3 Complete the sentences in an appropriate way. 1 I look forward .. +.o..h~.r!1:gfn ..~.\Jlk ...................... . 2 It can be hard to see through someone's lies if they ............................................................................... 3 Halfway up the mountain he let go .............................................................................. . 4 It'll be better in the long run if you ............................................................................... 5 He felt terribly let down when .............................................................................. . 6 She didn't turn up .............................................................................. . 7 l'm afraid we've run out ............................................................................... 8 In my last year at schoł I decided to look into ............................................................................... 9 I agreed to see about .............................................................................. . 1O lt's your turn .............................................................................. . 93.4 OV~r ło t:{Oa Have you ever turned down an offer or invitation that you later regretted? 2 lf you were about to buy a house, w hat sort of things wou ld you want to look at first? 3 Have you ever done sornething because you felt it rnight be useful in the long run? 4 What - if anything - stops public transport frorn runn ing in your country? 5 Do yo u t hink it is possib le for sorneone's heart to be broken? 6 Have you eve r reso lved to t um over a new leaf? In what way(s)? 7 Do you have any part icu lar jobs that you rnust see to today? lf so, what? 8 Has your home ever been broken into? What happened? 9 Can you think of sornething that has happened to you recently that turned out very diffe rent ly frorn how you had expected? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 195 94 A Formal and informal words 1 What is formality? Formality is all about your relationship with the person you’re speaking or writing to. If you use formal language, it may be because you wish to show respect, politeness, or to put yourself at a distance (for example, ‘official’ language, or academic language). Informal language can show friendliness, equality or a feeling of closeness and solidarity with someone. You should never use informal language just to sound fluent or clever. B Scales of formality Some groups of words can be put on a scale from formal to neutral to informal. C formal neutral informal offspring abode / residence goodbye go amiss children house / flat / home bye-bye go wrong kids place bye / cheerio go pear-shaped Words of Latin and Greek origin Many longer words that come from Latin and Greek are quite formal. Here are some with their neutral and/or informal equivalents, which are often shorter words. I’ll go and email Kieran immediately. [neutral equivalent: at once; informal equivalent: right away] The researchers utilise the most modern equipment. [neutral equivalent: use] This problem frequently occurs with older software. [neutral equivalent: often happens] The study established a link between stress and ill-health. [neutral equivalent: showed/proved] This book provides us with a picture of ordinary life in the Middle Ages. [neutral equivalent: gives] The government attempted to reduce unemployment by supporting new businesses. [neutral equivalent: tried] Physicists seek answers to fundamental questions about the universe. [neutral equivalents: search for / look for; basic] D Formal phrases Many phrases are typical of formal contexts such as academic or official language. What should the government do in terms of1 helping young people? Students, in particular2, need support to complete their studies, on account of3 the high fees and living costs they have to meet. Should students be given financial support on the basis of4 their family circumstances? And how should the government act in relation to5 youth unemployment? The definitions give less formal or neutral equivalents. 1 E as regards, about 2 especially 3 because of 4 according to 5 as regards, about, in connection with Formality in notices, instructions, etc. You will often see rather formal words in signs, notices and directions. Make sure you know the meaning of the words used so that you could tell someone what the notice says using less formal words. THIS STAIRWAY IS CLOSED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. 196 LIFT DO NOT ADDRESS CAPACITY SIX ALIGHT WHILE THE DRIVER PERSONS THE BUS UNLESS THE OR MAX BUS IS IS IN MOTION. STATIONARY. 500 KILOS DO NOT English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Articles We regret deposited we no must be paid longer accept for in cheques. advance. Tickets must be purchased before boarding the train. Exercises 94. 1 Make the underlined words neutral, using words from B opposite. . „. .• 1 She had no offspring and left all her money to her nieee . .. ~bi.ldn„ 2 The plan went pear-shaped and they abandoned the idea ................................. 3 His abode was a small, rather old building on the edge of town ................................ . 4 Cheerio for now. I'll call you again tomorrow at 9.30 ................................. 5 Where are the kids? Are they in the garden? ................................ 94.2 Make the underlined words more formal, using words from C opposite. ....... . 1 The link between smoking and lung cancer was shown decades ago ... ~.?tPld!b 2 Anyone looking for employment in the film industry faces a tough time ................................ . 3 Social scientists often use officia! statistics in their research. „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . 4 How often does the temperature fall to below zero? . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ 5 If there is a fire, sound the fire alarm right away. Do not 1!:)'. to put the fire out .. „ . „ „„ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . . 6 Poverty is a basie issue in the world today....„ .... .... „ .„ ...... . . „.„. 7 This problem happens when the computer's hard drive becomes full. „ . „ ..... „ .. „ . . „ ... „ . .. „ . . 8 The doctor gave the patient a new drug that had not been fully tested. „ . . . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ 94.3 Complete the sentences with words from the opposite page. 1 · It would be wrong to make a decision 2 3 4 5 94.4 „ PIL . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the basis „P.f.. „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . incomplete information. The Internet can be a dangerous place. Children, in „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ , need to be protected. What do we need „ . . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ terms „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . equipment to do this experiment? Severa! questions arose during the discussion ... „ . „ „ . „ .... „ „ „ . „ .. . „. relation „ „ „ .. . „ . „ „ .. . „ . „ . . . „ „ . the economy. He had to cancel his lecture on .„ „ .... .. ..... . .. . .... . ....... of illness. Find words on the opposite page for the following. 1 the opposite of stationary .!tl„rnP+i~ „. 2 the opposite of to board ...„ ... „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ .. „ „ 3 a) to be sorry „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ .. b) to buy .. „ „ „ „ . . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . c) to speak to ..„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . d) get on „ „ ........ „ „ „ „ . „ . . . „ „ .. 4 a formal word for people „ „ „ „ .... . . „ ...... . ... „ „ „ 5 a formal word for stairs ... „ ... „ ..... „ .„ . .... „ . . .. . 94.5 If you look up an informal word in a monolingual dictionary, you will often find a neutral equivalent as part of the definition or explanation. For example, the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary of English entry for kid says: 'informal: a child or young person'. Use a dictionary to find neutral or more formal words for these: 1 kip „ ~k.p „ .. „ „ „ „ „ . a pal „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . • „ „ „ „ .. „ 3 a mate ................................ 2 94.6 Ove,r ło 4 swot „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 yucky ta! ........................ „...... 6 brainy ............................... . 8 5 iffy ............................... . i:fotc How do you mark whether a word is forma l or informa l in yo ur vocabu lary notebook? lf possib le, compare your way with someone else's. See also Unit 95 for other formal and informa l words and expressions. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 197 95 A Formal and informal words 2 Monosyllabic informal words Colloquial and informal versions of words are often short and monosyllabic (consist of one syllable). The cops have arrived. [police] The house has two loos. [toilets] It cost me ten quid. [pounds] I’ll help you peel the spuds. [potatoes] My bike’s been stolen. [bicycle] I always go by tube. [word used for the London Underground] His dad spent ten years in the nick. [prison] I’ll get a cab from the station. [taxi] B Clippings Shortening a word tends to make it less formal, though these forms are acceptable in a wide range of contexts. I’ll meet you in the lab(oratory). What’s on telly tonight? [television] Have you seen that mag(azine)? We should put an ad(vertisement) / an advert(isement) in the (news)paper. Can I use your mobile (phone)? I need to (tele)phone my brother. There’s milk in the fridge. [refrigerator] Her sister’s a vet(erinary surgeon). Would you like to be a celeb(rity)? [famous person] C Slang Slang is extremely colloquial language. Slang helps to make speech vivid, colourful and interesting but it can easily be used inappropriately. Slang is mainly used in speech but it is also often found in the popular press and in literature. Slang changes very quickly, so some words go out of fashion, but you may meet them in novels and films. Some slang expressions may cause offence to some people. Here are some examples you may hear or read. Expressions for money: bread dosh readies Expressions for food and drinks: nosh grub cuppa [cup of tea] People obsessed with computers or other equipment: nerd anorak Jobs: quack (doctor) the old bill / the bill (the police) squaddie (soldier of a low rank) Language help If you are interested in slang, you can find more examples in films or in the tabloid press but it is probably safest to keep it in your passive rather than your active vocabulary. 198 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 95.1 Make this conversation more informal by changing some of the words. Refer to the opposite page if necessary. Annie, can you lend me ten fJOunds? 9uld What for? JIM: l've got to go and see my parents, and my bicycle's not working, so l'll have to get a taxi. ANNIE: Can't you telephone them and say you can't come? JIM: Well, I could, but my mobile phone's not working, and I want to go because they always have lots of food, and the refrigerator at our flat is empty, as usual. ANNIE: Can't you go by underground? Anyway, you're in luck, I've got some money, so here you are. JIM: ANNIE: 95.2 Replace the underlined words with more formal equivalents. 1 The train was full of squaddies going home for the weekend. „?.~Wer .„ „ 2 l've got a bad stornach ache - I think I'll make an appointment with the quack .. „.„„„.„„„.„„ ...„„„. 3 He spent two years in the nick for stealing cars . ............................... . 4 The cops arrived shortly after the accident. .................. „ .. „ ....... . 5 There'll be plenty of nosh at the party so we don't need to eat beforehand . ............................... . 6 He's quite a celeb in the world of poetry. ............................... . 7 I'm dying for a cuppa. I haven't had one since breakfast. ................. 8 I'd love to get a motorbike but I just don't have the readies ................................ . „ ...... .. . . . . . 95.3 Replace the informal words in these sentences with more formal words. ~der+lsmt1 (formal email) I should like to enquire about the cost of .acls-Rn your website. (exam essay) The Internet and telly are probably the biggest influences on young people today. (recipe in a cookery book) N ext, slice the spuds and place them on top of the meat. (exam essay) Papers face stiff competition these days from TV and internet news. (formal university publicity) The Faculty offers courses in vet science. Lab facilities are available 24 hours a day. 2 3 4 5 95.4 Another way of making colloquial words is by using short forms ending in -y or -ie. Can you work out the meanings of the following underlined words? .......... Let's have brekkie before we leave tomorrow... P.reMo~+ 2 It's a nice day. Let's have a barbie and eat in the garden. D'you want a biccy with your coffee? ............„„.„ ...„„.„.„ 4 Jenny turned up at the party with her new hubby. 3 5 Oh, let me see your holiday piccies! ... Is that you in the big straw hat? ............................... . He's a brickie. 95.5 OV~r ło ':fOU Which English words do you know that are very informal or are slang? Where did you read or hear them? lf possible, com pa re with a friend or classmate. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 199 96 A Similes As ... as As … as similes are easy to understand. If you see the phrase as dead as a doornail, you don’t need to know what a doornail is, simply that the whole phrase means ‘totally dead’. But remember fixed similes are usually informal/colloquial and often humorous. Those marked * are negative and could offend. Use all these expressions with care and keep them generally as part of your receptive vocabulary. Creating a picture in your mind can often help you remember the simile: as blind as a bat* as thin as a rake* as strong as an ox as quiet as a mouse Some can be remembered as pairs of opposites. as heavy as lead /led/ ≠ as light as a feather as drunk as a lord* ≠ as sober as a judge as black as night ≠ as white as snow (particularly used in fairy tales) Some can be remembered by sound patterns. as good as gold (this is used about children’s behaviour) as cool as a cucumber as busy as a bee Some other useful as … as phrases. The bed was as hard as iron and I couldn’t sleep. I’ll give this plant some water. The soil’s dry as a bone. He’s as mad as a hatter*. He crossed the Atlantic in a bathtub. She told the teacher, as bold as brass, that his lessons were boring. You’ll have to speak slowly and clearly – he’s as deaf as a post*. Don’t worry. Using the computer’s as easy as falling off a log. She knew the answer as quick as a flash. The Princess’s skin was as white as snow. [beautifully white] When he saw it, his face went as white as a sheet. [pale with fear/horror] When I told him, his face The fish was bad and I was as sick as a dog. [vomiting] She ran off with my money – I felt as sick as a parrot. [bad feeling went as red as a beetroot. of disappointment/frustration] Language help You can usually make a simile using as … as can be, e.g. I need a drink, I’m as thirsty as can be. B Like My plan worked like a dream and the problem was soon solved. [worked very smoothly and well] Be careful the boss doesn’t see you – she has eyes like a hawk. [sees everything] No wonder he’s fat. He eats like a horse and drinks like a fish*. Did you sleep well? Yes, thanks, like a log. Sorry, I forgot to ring him again. I’ve got a mind/head like a sieve! [be very forgetful] The boss is like a bear with a sore head today. [in a very bad temper] She goes around like a bull in a china shop*. [behaving in a very clumsy, insensitive way] Criticising the government in his presence is like a red rag to a bull. [certain to make him very angry] 200 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 96.1 Complete the as ... as similes. 1 2 3 4 5 96.2 ................ - you wouldn't believe the crazy things she does. Rosie is as mad as a .. h~Hx:. You're not eating enough - you're as thin as a ................................ . He never says a thing - he's as quiet as a ................................ . You'll have to shout - she's as deaf as a ................................ . I'm afraid I can't read this small print - I'm as blind as a ................................ without my glasses. Different similes contain the same word. Fill the gap with the appropriate words. 1 I feel great now. I .. ?.\~pł .................. like a log. 2 No! It's as easy as ................................ off a log. 3 After eating that bad cheese I was as sick as a ................................ . 4 I knew she had deceived me. I felt as sick as a ................................ 5 The old man's hair was as white as ................................ . 6 Her face suddenly went as white as a ................................ . 96.3 Match the simile beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. There are two that are not on the opposite page. Try and guess them. qui ck 2 red as 3 flat 4 fresh 5 strong 96.4 [I] a daisy o o o o b ox as a(n) c flash d beetroot e pancake Simile word puzzle. Fill in the answers, as in the example. A cross 1 bold 3 mad 6 white 7 fresh 9 dry 10 quiet Down blind 2 light 3 iron 4 falling off a log 5 cool 8 cold 2 4i::. 5 A 60 y 7 9 10 96.5 What can you say about ... a person who sees everything and never misses a thing? l-le/0he's 8e+ ~s llke a halllk. 2 a plan or course of action that works very well? 3 someone who eats and drinks a great deal? 4 someone with a very bad memory? 5 someone who has been very active and busy all day? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 201 97 A B Proverbs Advice and warnings proverb paraphrase Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. Don’t anticipate the future too much. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Don’t invest all your efforts or attention in just one thing. Never judge a book by its cover. Don’t judge people/things by their outward appearance. Never look a gift-horse in the mouth. Never refuse good fortune when it is there in front of you. Take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves. Take care of small sums of money and they will become large sums. We’ll cross that bridge when we come to it. We’ll deal with that problem when it actually happens. Key elements Proverbs can be grouped by key elements, for example, animals and birds. When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [people will take advantage of someone else’s absence to behave more freely] You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. [you can try to persuade someone, but you can’t force them] One swallow doesn’t make a summer. [one positive sign does not mean that all will be well; a swallow is a bird that returns to Britain in late spring] C Visualising As with learning all vocabulary, visualising an element of it often helps. There’s no smoke without fire. / Where there’s smoke, there’s fire. [rumours are usually based on some degree of truth] People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. [don’t criticise others’ faults if you suffer from them yourself] Too many cooks spoil the broth /brɒθ/. [too many people interfering is a bad way of doing things; broth = a kind of soup] Many hands make light work. [a lot of people helping makes a job easier] Language help Speakers tend to use proverbs to comment on a situation, often at the end of a true story someone has told, or in response to some event. 202 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 97 .1 Find proverbs on the opposite page that you could use in these situations. 1 Someone says they have just been offered a free two-week holiday, but are hesitating whether to take up the offer. 1-lMer l<><>k o 9IH-h<>rse In +he m<>U+h. 2 Someone thanks you and your friends for helping to load heavy boxes inro a van. 3 Someone says they can't be bothered applying to different universities and will just apply to one. 4 Three different people have made different arrangements for the same meeting, and so everyone comes at different times and the result is total confusion. 5 Someone is worried a bout a journey you are making with them and keeps saying things like 'What'll happen if the plane is delayed?', 'What'll we do if our luggage gets lost?' 97 .2 Answer these questions about the proverbs on the opposite page. Give an explanation for your answer. . Which proverb has a similar 1 Another common proverb is All that glitters is not gołd meaning? 1-le~r jud9e o liMk li~ i+s l~er. 'fh~ li<>+h llll.lrn 09olns+ +rus+lt19 hC>lll s<>me+hlt19 IMks. 2 Which proverb has an opposite meaning to Many hands make light work? 3 Another common proverb is Absence makes the heart grow fonder. Which proverb has an opposite meaning? 4 Which two proverbs warn against anticipating the future? 5 Another common proverb is A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Which proverb has a similar meaning? 97 .3 People often refer to proverbs by only saying half of them and leaving the rest for the listener to 'fili in'. Complete the proverbs in these dialogues. A: B: A: 2 A: B: A: 3 A: B: A: 4 A: B: A: Joel's always criticising people who are selfish, yet he's terribly selfish himself. Yes, well, people who live in glass houses ... ..~hl4.1:'J±r ..~.f<>ti . ?, ............................. . Exactł y. The people in the office have been playing computer games all day since the boss fell iii. Well, you know what they say: when the cat's a way .................................................................................. Right, and they're curentł y doing that. I didn't believe those rumours about Nick and Gill, but aprentł y they are seeing each other. You shouldn't be so nał v e, you know what they say, where there's smoke ... .............................................................................. . Mm, I suppose you're right. Amazing, he's made a fortune from just one little shop! Well, I think it's a case of take care of the pennies ................................................................................. . Sure, he's always been very careful with his money. 9 7 .4 What proverbs do these pictures make you think of? !>.1 . ~ ..?.~l rn?.b . ~ ..~ ..?.~rm:n1, Ove,r ło ..<l~!?.1'ł .. ......... 2 ......................................... . 4 ·········································· 11ou Try t ranslating same proverbs wo rd for word from your language into English . Then, if you can, ask a native speaker if they can tel l you an English proverb w ith the same or a similar meaning . English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 203 98 The language of signs and notices Signs and notices in English often use words and expressions that are rarely seen in other contexts. Look at the signs and notices below with their ‘translations’ into more everyday English. 1 6 Young people under 18 years old can only come in if they are with an adult. Get off here for Buckingham Palace. 2 7 People who walk on this private land will be taken to court. 3 12 8 4 Buy a ticket and put it in a place where it can easily be seen. There is no way out at the other end of this road for cars. You can be taken to court and made to pay £100 for dropping rubbish. 14 You may not enter without permission or if you do not work here. 10 You can buy lunch here now. Start going more slowly now. 13 9 5 What is in this packet is officially considered bad for your health. You are not allowed to feed the animals. Please don’t use mobile phones in the theatre/hall. 204 11 Cyclists should get off their bikes here. 15 Please put the things you are going to buy / have bought here. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Only people with special cards giving them permission are allowed to fish here. Exercises 98.1 Where would you expect to see each of the notices on the opposite page? EXAMPLE 1 98.2 a !ius Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 98.3 C>l'I IT] to prosecute a penalty a purchase a trespasser to refrain to alight from to prohibit an auditorium to dismount ammor a vehicle g h j k a young person under the age of 18 to get off a bicycle or a horse to bring a lega! case against not to do something to forbid something a means of transport a punishment something which has been or is to be bought to get off a means of public transport a large place where an audience sits someone who goes on private land without permission Where might you see each of these notices? Explain what they mean. SHOPLIFTERS WILL BE PROSECUTED lt1 a sh<>p: pe<>ple wh<> s+eal will !ie Met1 +<> i<>ur+ 2 English spoken here 3 [ NOTHING TO DECLARE ) 4 98.4 a b c d e f D D D D D D D D D D Clearance sale starts today 5 Admission to ticket holders only •I 9 ( No vocancies ] 7 8 Fiat to let ) 10 Dogs must be carried 11 Priority seats fo r the elderly, disabled and pregnant Cycles for hire or sale What notice would a cafe-owner or a shop-owner put up if they wanted to: 1 indicate that their cafe was now open for breakfast? ..B. r.ea . ~f?±!'Je_(S . ?.er~4 .. „ ...... „ ....... . 2 !et people know that the staff can speak Spanish? ............................................................................... 3 prohibit people under 18 from entering unless they are with an adult? 4 ask customers not to enter the kitchen or the work area? .............................................................................. . 5 announce that they w ill take people who steal anything to court? 6 ask people połite 98.5 Ove,r ło y not to handle the food or goods? ....... „ „ .„ . . .. . . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ ......... „ „ ..... . .. . .... . .... . .. . .. . 11ou Look at the notices in your own language that you see around you every day. How would they be expressed in English? Try to find out, if they are not included in this unit. Also, look out fo r any signs in Eng lish in non-Eng lish - speaking countries. Why do you think they are in English? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 205 99 A Headline English The grammar of headlines Newspaper headlines try to catch the reader’s eye by using as few words as possible. • Grammar words like articles or auxiliary verbs are often left out, e.g. EARLY CUT FORECAST IN INTEREST RATES. • A present simple form of the verb is used, e.g. MAYOR OPENS HOSPITAL. • The infinitive is used to express the fact that something is going to happen in the future, e.g. PRESIDENT TO VISIT FLOOD AREAS. B Short dramatic words Newspapers usually prefer words that are shorter and sound more dramatic than ordinary English words. The words marked * can be used either as nouns or verbs. newspaper word meaning newspaper word meaning aid* help key (adj) essential, vital axe* cut, remove link* connection back (verb) support move* step towards a desired end bar* exclude, forbid ordeal (noun) painful experience bid* attempt oust (verb) push out, remove blast* explosion plea (noun) request blaze* fire pledge* promise boost* incentive, encourage ploy (noun) clever activity boss*, head* manager, director poll* election, public opinion survey clash* dispute probe* investigation curb* restraint, limit quit (verb) leave, resign cut* reduction riddle (noun) mystery drama tense situation strife (noun) conflict drive* campaign, effort talks (noun) discussions gems (noun) jewels threat danger go-ahead approval vow* promise hit (verb) affect badly wed (verb) marry Newspaper headlines often use abbreviations, e.g. PM for Prime Minister, MP for Member of Parliament. (See Unit 77 for more abbreviations.) C Jokes in headlines Some newspapers also enjoy making jokes in their headlines. They do this by playing with words or punning, e.g. a wet open-air operatic concert was described as: TORRENTIAL RAIN IN MOST ARIAS An announcement that a woman working at the Mars chocolate company had got an interesting new job was: WOMAN FROM MARS TO BE FIRST BRITON IN SPACE Note: the word ‘Briton’ is almost exclusively found in newspapers. 206 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Exercises 99.1 Match the headlines on the left with the appropriate topie on the right. ---PMiAciCS- _, l1l j MP SPY DRAMA I o 2 ~ r-~'" ~-> I ~'- 3 - - - -- ------- -~ 4 - 5 ~ r-~_,. ) ~ Star weds O L~ I a marriage of famous actress b royal jewels in mystery c person who saw crime in danger d proposal to end war o _ __..,._.....___ 1 SPACE PROBE FAILS e satellite is not launched f politician sells secrets to enemy \ I ~- 99.2 ~ Explain what the following headlines mean in ordinary English. 2 ~ SHOPBLAZE5DEAD fi~e ~ 3 ( GO-AHEAD FOR WATERCURBS people died in • fire in • shop. Womanquits after job ordeal 5~6 7 SPENDING HABITS Bid to oust PM , 1'-~_,. Princess vows to back family ~ 99.3 The words marked ~- in the table opposite can be either nouns or verbs. Note that the meaning given is sometimes in the form of a noun. In the headlines below you have examples of words from the table used as verbs. Look at the underlined verbs and explain what they mean. You may need to use more than one word. 1 PM TO CURB SPENDING limit 2 BOOK LINKS MIS WITH KGB 3 CHANCELLOR CUTS INTEREST RATES 4 BOMB BLASTS CENTRAL LONDON 5 PM PLEDGES BACKING FOR EUROPE 6 PRESIDENT HEADS PEACE MOVES 99.4 Explain the joke in these headlines. 1 3 SURGICAL CUTS r-~_./ DRAMATICPAWS Number of surgeons at hospital to be reduced. A newversion of the musical Cats opens. -/he heodline is • p l •~ on +.io me•nin9s of cq/s (reduL+ions; ~+he sur9eon's knife). 2 ,.~-_'\ 4 HAMMER HIT HARD Businessman Joe Hammer badly affected by the recent economic downturn. HOTHEIR Prince gives speech about climate change. ~-._> 99.5 Mortgages cut as bank rates fall again 4 Teenage f.4m fraud riddle 2 PRICE CURBS BOOST NEW TENNIS CLASH 5 EXPORTS 6 Royal family quits WOMEN BARRED FROMJOBS English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 207 100 A US English English in the USA English in the USA differs from British English. Pronunciation is the most striking difference but there are also differences in vocabulary and spelling as well as some differences in grammar. Americans say the fall, while British English speakers say autumn; American speakers say on the weekend; British English prefers at the weekend. Yet, generally, British and American speakers have little difficulty in understanding each other. B American English spelling American English spelling is usually simpler. For example, British English words ending in -our and -re end in -or and -er in American English, e.g. colour/color, centre/center. Words ending in -ise in British English end in -ize in US English (realise/realize). There are differences in individual words too, e.g. British jewellery is jewelry in American English. C US words and their British equivalents Travel and on the street In the home American English British English American English British English gas(oline) truck baggage sidewalk crosswalk line vacation parking lot trunk (of car) hood (of car) freeway/interstate one-way trip round trip railway car subway petrol lorry luggage* pavement zebra crossing queue holiday car park boot bonnet motorway single return railway carriage underground garbage, trash elevator eraser apartment closet yard drapes flashlight French fries Scotch tape cookie candy bathroom, rest room** diaper pantyhose rubbish lift rubber flat wardrobe garden curtains torch chips Sellotape biscuit sweets toilet, WC nappy tights * baggage is also common in British English, especially in the context of air travel ** wash room is commonly used in Canada Language help American and British pronunciations are often different. You can hear the British and American pronunciation of words on the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at Cambridge Dictionaries Online. D Different meanings Here are some words and phrases which could cause confusion when used by Brits and Americans talking together because they mean something different in each ‘language’. undershirt (AmE) vest (BrE) underpants (AmE/BrE) pants (BrE) check (AmE) bill (BrE) vest (AmE) waistcoat (BrE) the second floor (BrE) the second floor (AmE) the first floor (BrE) the ground floor (BrE) the ground floor/the first floor (AmE) pants (AmE) trousers (BrE) bill (AmE) 208 (bank)note (BrE) wash the dishes (AmE/BrE) wash up (BrE) English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate wash up (AmE) wash your hands (BrE) Exercises 1OO.1 If you saw words spelt in the following way, would you expect the writer in each case to be British or American? Why? 1 favor .. AJ!l~dfa.t'er4?i 2 centre „„„„„ „ „„„„„„ „ „„„ 100.2 ..'.::b.r..L 3 hospitalized „„ „ „„„ „„ „„„ „„ „„. 5 colour „„„„ „ .„„„„„„„„„„. 4 a movie theater 6 jewelry .„„.„„.„„.„„„ „. „„ „ . What are (a) the American and (b) the British words for the following things? El 5 100.3 „ „„„ „ „„„„. „ „„„„. „ D 2 „ .„.„„„.„„ .„„.„ „ „.„ 3 „„ „.„ „. „ „ „„„„.„„.„ 4 „„„„.„„.„„„.„„„„„. 6 7 „ .„.„„.„ „ .„.„„.„„.„. 8 „„.„„„. „„.„ „ „ .„„„„ „ „.„.„„„.„. „„„. „.„ „ Translate the following into British English. 1 We went there in the fall. 2 Pass me the cookies. mwent there In the ou+umn. 3 It's in the closet. 4 Open the drapes. 5 We've run out of gas. 100.4 „„„„„„ ..„„„„ ..„„„„ 6 Our bags are in the trunk. 7 One-way or round trip? 8 Let's take the subway. 9 We've been working in the yard. 1O I hate waiting in line. Can you avoid some of the most common confusions arising between British and American speakers? Try the following quiz. 1 Where would you take (a) an American visitor or (b) a British visitor who said they wanted to wash up - the kitchen or the bathroom? (a) .P!i1hrn~ .„ „ (b) .k!ł~ht'„ „ „ .„ .„ 2 You have just come into an unknown office błock. If (a) an American or (b) a Brit says that the office you need is on the second floor, how many flights of stairs do you need to climb? (a) „„„„„ „ „ „„ „„„„„ „„ (b) „„ „ .„ „„„.„.„„.„„„„ 3 If (a) an American or (b) a Brit asks for a bill, is he or she more likely to be in a bank or a cafe? (a) „ „.„„„ „.„„ „ „.„„„. „ (b) .„ „. „.„„„.„„.„„.„„„ 4 Would a man wear a vest under or over his shirt (a) if he is British or (b) if he is from the USA? (a) „„„„ „ „.„„ „„.„„„„„ (b) „„.„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„. 100.5 Complete the sentences in two ways, an American way and a British way. 1 We can park the car in the „p.ądfo5!~łl . f!1Lp.ąr~„ „ .„ .„ behind the station. 2 I've written the wrong number here. Can I borrow your „ „ „ „„ „.„ „ „ „ „„.„.„.„.„.„.„ „„ „ .„ „ „„.„ „ I'll correct it. 3 All that food is no good any more - we'd better throw it in the .„.„„„ „ .„ „ „„.„„ „ „. „.„.„.„.„. „ .„.„.„.„.„ . 4 We can take the .„„.„.„„.„.„.„ „. „ „„„ „ „ „ „. „„„ „ „ .„„„„„ up to the fifth floor. 5 Don't cross here - it's dangerous. There's a „„„„„.„„„ „„„.„„ „. „.„ „„„ „.„„ „. „„.„ .„ further down the street. 6 The car wouldn't start so we opened the „„ „„ „.„„„ „„„„„ „ „ „ „„.„ „ „„.„„„„„„„ „ to see if we could fi.od what was wrong. 100.6 Ov~r ło ':fOlł lf you were going on holiday/vacation to the US, which of the words listed opposite do you think it would be most important for you to know? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 209 Answer key Unit 1 1. 1 Possible answers: trousers, clothes, rights 3 teach, read, write, p ut 2 furniture, information, advice, luggage 1.2 4 tooth, foot, mouse, goose 2 the fi n a ł e is pronounced as a syllable the eh is pronounced like a k rather than like the eh in ehureh 4 the w is silent (not pronounced) 5 the stress is on the first syllable in the noun and the second syllable in the verb 6 the stress is on the first syllable in photograph, the second in photographer and the third in photographie 3 1.3 2 to coin a phrase, new words, a term 3 a royal farnily, pa ł ace , welcome e suggestion, shade, difference 4 a s ubtł 1.4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.5 I (it can mean men or it can be used to address a group of people which includes both men and women) F (it means a person who is legally under-age) I (it means Wonderful! I Amazing!) F (it means to get off a bus) I (it means very upset) F (it means someone who has committed a serious crime) I (it means to annoy or disturb someone) I (it means to lose concentration) 2 words in the shade word family - lampshade, eye shadow 3 synonyms of express - state, say 4 parts of speech - preposition, conjunction 5 words with a silent b - dumb, limb 1.6 screwdriver d p 2 to coin new words 3 screwdriver 4 to drip Unit 2 2.1 21 O topie I words working too much I too hard stress exhaustion overwork burnt out snowed under with work be under pressure friendship media hang out with sb casual acq uaintance count on sb be close to sb tabloid podcast upload a video blogosphere journalist blog English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 2.2 nouns ! vrrbs rush latecomer adjrctives collocations f 1 xecł breathless set a clock out of breath exhausted deep sleep in a hurry alarm clock oversleep nightmare dash fast asleep yawn heavy sleeper 2.3 2 shots 3 dissatisfied 2.4 nou11 verb adjective person perfection perfect J,Krfect perfectionist information inform informative 122litics political poli.lli;_ian economics ernnom1se economic/ecoQQmical economist 4 deprived of 5 spicy (or hot) phrascs 6 chilly 2.5 Possible ways to organise your vocabułry include relating new words to your own personal experience (e.g. if you learn new colour words, what things do you have in those colours a purple sweater, an orange mug?). You can also divide your notebook (whether paper or digital) into topie areas (e.g. words to do with food, with travel, etc.). You could keep a digital notebook on your computer or mobile device; lists or words you type in can then be sorted alphabetically or searched very quickly. Unit 3 3.1 2 passport 3 leaning 3.2 2 degant 4 mbrow 5 regml (verb) 3 !.gentły 3.3 4 liberty 5 revision 6 thermometer 7 ~trac (noun) 6 brother 8 lifestyle 1 The officer supplied each soldier with a map. 2 The Minister denied having received any money from the oil company. I The Minister denied that he/she had received any money from the oil company. 3.4 I 3.5 t:,, I da mp lucky awkward coment ł . person ! thing I sad ../ (pron) pronoun person , th111g compulsory (conj) conjunction (prep) preposition @United Kingdom or British English usage noun [C] countable noun verb [T] transitive noun [U] uncountable noun verb [I or T] verb which can be transitive or intransitive verb Unit 4 4.1 The picture is a good clue to help you understand tortoise. You may recognise the word shell your knowledge of long and life together in shelled (as in egg shell, for example). Simlarły, with the context should enable you to work out what longevity and lifespan mean. The whole context of the sentence shouł d help you to work out the meaning of attain and tended. Some of the underlined words may be similar to words in your own language, which can be another useful way of working out the meaning of a word you have not seen before. The meanings of the underlined words are provided here for you to check your answers. shelled: with a shell or hard protective cover reptile: kind of anima] that lays eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood warm English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intermediate li I (e.g. crocodiles, snakes) famed: well-known (famous) łongevity: living a long life attain: reach lifespan: time frorn birth to death tended: cared for hibernate: go into a slep-łik state throughout the winter (as some 4.2 anirłs and insects do) Possible answers: (These answers all give correct information in more detail than you needed to provide in your own answers.) a mouse perhaps. 2 A vole must be a kind of small animal, something łike 3 A chisel could be a kind of tool that can be used for chipping away at sornething or for breaking it. I think it's probably something that could be used by sculptors but that bigger ones might also be used for destroying structures. a bit łike a pot, used for soup. 4 A tureen must be a kind of very large bowł, 5 To clamber probably means something like climbing with difficulty. 6 Ratty rnust be a bit like bad-tempered. 4.3 Possible answers: 2 I find Mo a very kind person. 3 l've been terribly busy with work ever since I got back from holiday. both sides of it towards the station. 4 We walked down a street with trees ałong 5 The Little boys were fascinated by the machine used for mixing cement. 6 More and more shops now have their own special credit cards chat can onły be used in one specific chain of shops and offer you a discount if you use one of them. 4.4 2 anger that can't be controlled 3 drinks before dinner 4 a report that comes out either twice every month or every two months (both rneanings of bi-monthly exist) 5 the person who used to be my boss (and no longer is) 6 feelings that are hostile to tourists 7 to break the telephone connection (e.g. by unplugging it frorn the wall or by doing something at the telephone exchange so that calls can no longer be made, possibly because a bill has not been paid) 8 letters that have not been delivered to che people they were addressed to Unit 5 5.1 -(1)an I Arabian• Latvian Brazilian Korean -ie I Icelandic Arabic* -i sh Irish Turkish I -i Israeli Pakistani I -ese Chinese Vietnamese I (oth er) Thai Swiss Dutch Arab* Danish „ Arabian is used to refer to the Arabian Peninsula and to Saudi Arabian(s). Arab can also be used as an adjective in expressions such as the Arab world, A rab states, Arab countries. 4 f 5 a 6 b 2 5.3 2 Britons have highest tax rate in Europe 3 Maltese Prime Minister visits Washington 212 d 3 e 5.2 Engt;sh Vocabulary in Use Upper.;ntennediote 4 Police arrest Dane on smuggling charge 5 lraqi delegation meets Pakistani President 5.4 Possible answers: 2 Penelope Cruz 3 Nelson Mandela 4 Kylie Minogue 5 Luciano Pavarotti 6 U2 7 Tiger Woods Unit 6 6.1 6 frost 7 misty 4 daytime 2 late 3 thaw 5 lt melts 8 strong, high 9 severe 6.2 2 flood(s) 6.3 I think it would be interesting to live in a tropical climate. Ho wever, I don't like humid weather. I even dislike the muggy days which we get in the UK. Some people love boiling hot days, and I don't mind heatwaves ocasinlły, but when it's stifłng, it's just impossible. Maybe I should stay at home and forget about mo ving to a ho t climate! 3 heavy/torrential rain 4 drought 6.4 Possible sentences: 2 lt I The weather was very humid. 3 There was a gentle breeze (blowing). 4 The roads were icy. I There was ice on the roads. 5 There was a flood . I There were floods everywhere. 6 lt I The weather was very rnisty (or foggy). 7 We had a drought (or heatwave) last year. 8 lt was a very windy day. I There was a gale. 9 There was heavy/torrential rain. / There was a (heavy) downpour. 1 O The sky was very overcast. Unit 7 7.1 2 figure 3 feature 4 complexion 5 impression 6 a ubum 7 wrinkles 8 elegant I smart I stunning I wełl-drs 9 stunning 7 .2 Suggested answers: the fair, bałd one I straight-/curly-haired one. scruffy and untidy-looking/messy-looking. that slim, dark-haired woman over there. unattractive, in fact. (You could also say hdshe was 'rather plain' or 'rather ordinary', if you felt they were neither attractive nor unattractive. 'Ugly' is a very strong word, and could be offensive.) 6 in her twenties and quite slim. 2 3 4 5 7 .3 Suggested answers: łan Prowse: thin-faced, dark, cudy haii:, fair skin Sandra King: dark, wavy hair, stocky build, round-faced Louise Fox: thin-faced, long, dark hair Jack 'Dagger' Flagsto ne: bald, with beard and m o ustache; rnuscular build Unit 8 8.1 Opposites: 2 a 8.2 3 c 4 e 5 b 6 d 4 dislikes 2 likes 3 likes Possible opposite impressions: 2 Molly's usually brusque/blunt. 3 Liz is quite unprincipled. 4 Sam can be assertive. 5 Nico's quite assertive. 5 dislikes 6 dislikes 7 dislikes 8 likes 6 I find Dave self-assured. 1 Don't you think James is enquiring? 8 Rachel is pecułiar. English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediate 213 8.3 brusque - curt crafty - cunning direct - frank down-to-earth - sensible gifted - talented honest - trustworthy impolite - rude miserly - tight-fisted tense - wound up 8.4 2 pessimistic 3 assertive 1 4 inquisitive 5 extravagant 6 argumentative 7 sensitive 8 sociable 8.5 Possible questions: 2 blunt - If a friend asks you if you like her awful new dress, woułd you say 'No'? 3 sensible - If you won a lot of money, would you put it in the bank rather than spend it on a lux ury you have always wanted? 4 intelligent- Can you give the next letter in this sequence S, M, T, W, T, F? (lf you are not sure of the answer, think of the days of the week.) 5 even-tempered - If someone spills soup on some new clothes of yours, do you just sigh and say 'That's life'? 6 original - Do you never wear blue jeans? 7 obstinate - Do you become even more determined to do something if people try to persuade you not to do it? 8 stressed out - Do you find it hard to sleep at night because problems are going round in your head? Unit 9 9.1 2 ... as nails 3 ... as go łd 9.2 2 the teacher's pet 3 a big-head 9.3 2 ... a good head for figures. 4 ... in the right place 5 ... piece of work 6 ... awkward customer 4 top of the class 5 a lazy-bones (or you could say this person is bone-idle) j ... have a head for heights 4 ... has her head screwed on. 5 ... has his head in the cło ud s . 6 ... burying your head in the sand. 7 ... head and shoulders above ... 8 . .. keeps his head. 9.4 a your nerves (a łw ays with possessive, my, our, John's, ecc.) b the neck (always used with the) 9.5 2 rniddle-of-the-road 3 over the top 4 round the bend Unit 1 O 10.1 2 Mick was my roommate at university I Mick and I were roommates . .. 3 We were cłas s mates in 1998, weren't we? 4 She's not really a friend; she's just a workmate/colleague. 5 Freda is always arguing with her housemates. 10.2 Possible answers: 1 (also possible) john/Loma is Lorna's/John's colleague. 2 Ron Park and Joe Nash are partners. Ron/Joe is Joe's/Ron's partner. 214 English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote 3 Antonia and Riita are roommates. Antonia/Riita is Riita's/Antonia's roommate. 4 Jim is Lara's ex-husband. Lara is Jim's ex-wife. Jim/Lara is Lara's/Jim's ex. 5 Nick and Claire are in a steady relationship. Nick and Claire see each ocher regularly. Nick and Claire goc together a year ago. 6 Erik and Nancy are casual acquaintances. Erik is not a friend of N ancy's; he's just a casual acquaintance. 10.3 Possible answers: A teenage music fan might like/dislike his/her parents, idolise a pop star, possibly loathe or can't stand a strict teacher, or possibly look up to him/her, and probably be good friends with a mate. 2 A personal assistant and anocher personal assistant could be colleagues who get on well, or who don 'c see eye co eye. They might look up co the boss, or perhaps chey can'c stand or despise himlher. They might be attracted by or fancy a very attractive workmace. 3 A 45-year-old may be someone who can't stand teenagers or likes/dislikes them, and who looks down on, despises or loathes an ex-husband/wife who was cruel. 10.4 2 I felł out wich my parents Last night. lt wasn't my fault. 3 We had a quarrel but now we've made it up. 4 Do you think Josh and Nuala are having an affair? I do. 5 I get on very well with all my colleagues at work. me cold completely. 6 Jo's attractive, but her mace just łeavs 7 Margaret seems to find it difficult to make friends among her classmates. 8 I met my boyfriend at a party and we got together soon after. 9 I accepted her as a friend on a social network site but later I defriended/unfriended her. Unit 11 in the shed or garage 11 . 1 2 in the toilet or bathroom 3 in a cupboard or a drawer - or on the table of course, if they are in use 4 in a wardrobe 5 in the living room (often down the side of the sofa!) 6 in the kitchen or utiły room łl y in every room 7 usa 8 in front of one of the entrance doors (front or back) 9 in the kitchen, probably in a drawer or cupboard 1O in che atic/łof or in the cellar or in the shed 11 .2 1 ati 11 .3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 c/łoft 2 landing 3 hall 4 utility room 5 cellar peeler (table) mat corkscrew loft (attic is also possible) shed/garage, terrace/patio (or bakony if not on the ground floor; or verandah, if it is covered ) landing bungalow 9 drive (or driveway) 11 .4 Suggested answers: 2 A duscpan and brush (perhaps followed by a vacuum cleaner) 3 A (phone) cha rger 4 Use che remote (control) English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 215 5 Use a chopping board 6 A (coat)hanger Unit 12 12.1 Suggested answers: The person's car broke down I would not start. Someone's washing machine broke down. The handle carne off I fell off something. (for example, a door/drawer) Perhaps someone tripped and/or fell and grazed their knee/leg/hand/armlhead. The batteries are dead I have run out, for example, in a radio or a camera. Perhaps someone has mislaid their glasses/books/papers/false teeth. Someone has bumt something they were cooking. Someone's computer has crashed. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12.2 2 stain - the other two are types of minor 4 leak - the other two are types of damage to solid objects IO)Ury 3 bump - the other two can be used a bout 5 dent - the other two invołe liquids batteries 12.3 Suggested answers: car banged ruined cracked broken down dented stopped va se elbow clo('k : printer I sink a meal ,/ ./ ,/ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ błocked Example sentences: I banged my elbow and now l've got a bruise. The meal was ruined - she'd put far too much salt in the pie. This vase is cracked. Her car has broken down. She's going to be delayed. My printer has broken down again because it's got a paper jam I can't fix. A minibus reversed into me and dented the car. My clock has stopped. The battery has probably run out. The sink is blocked again. Shall we call a plumber? 1 2 .4 Possible answers: 2 I didn't look where I was going as I walked through the low doorway and banged/bumped my head. out. 3 The wind blew the door shut and I realised I'd locked m ysełf 4 I would ring her but I'm afraid l've mislaid her number. She wrote it down for me. 5 I can't take a phoco, my camera's broken down I stopped working. 6 I tried to run over the rocks but I tripped and fell and bruised/grazed my leg I twisted my ankle. 7 I accidentally sat on my bag of crisps and they all got crushed. Unit 13 13.1 2 Earthquake - an aftershock is a trembling movement of the earth that can happen after an earthquake. Note how disasters of various kinds can strike, e.g. The hurricane struck the coas tłin e at noon. 216 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote 3 Hurricane I typhoon I tornado I ttopical storm I violent storm I wind - if you board up your house you cover the windows and doors with wooden boards to protect them. 4 War or a battle of some kind - gunfire refers to the sound of guns being used. 5 Probały a plane crash - people who witness such accidents or incidents often describe the explosion as a fireball or hall of fire. 6 Probably a flood - if your house is flooded, the natural thing to do is to go to the upper floor(s) or the roof to escape the water. 1 Drought - if the plants and trees are dried up, they are probably dying because they have no water, and since the earth is cracked [hard, with a pattern of deep lines over it], it suggests it is very dry. 8 Probały landslides - these happen in mountain areas, they can carry trees and other vegetation with them and one of the problems they can cause is making roads impassable untił they can be cleared. 13.2 vnb explode noun : thing or idea explosion noun: person surv1ve survival surv1vor miure starve m1ury (the injured) starvation (the starving) erupt eruption 13.3 1 getting worse (spreads means gets bigger I covers a wider area) 2 a disaster was avoided (the bomb was defused- made safe) 3 getting better (the oi ł is receding - going away &om where it was heading, for example, towards a beach) 4 getting worse (a time bomb is something tha t is set to explode at some definite time in the future) 5 disaster avoided (an emergency landing is a landing when the pilot has to land the piane immediately - perhaps he/she has no proper control over the piane, e.g. if there is an electrical fault) 6 disaster has occurred I is occurring (if you heed a warning, you take note, and do something; here the warning was ignored) 13 .4 2 refugees 13.5 2 cholera or typhoid 3 casualties 3 rabies 4 survivors 5 dead, wounded 4 AIDS Unit 14 14. 1 2 nursery 3 creches 4 admission 14.2 ALMITT: JOE: ALMITT: JOE: ALMITT: JOE: ALMITT: JOE: 5 grammar 6 comprehensive 7 public 8 further I higher 9 grant 1O teacher-training college l've got one more exam tomorrow. I hope I pass. l'm worried. Really? What makes you think you won't do well? Well, l've skipped a couple of classes this term. H m. What happens if you fail? I won't be able to graduate. Are you allowed to resit the exam? Yes. I shoułdn't worry really. 1 got good grades in my continuous assessmeot and I got an A+ for my project on !ocal bistory. I think you're worrying for no reason. I bet you'll be a graduate by the end of this year and thinking of doing a post-graduate course (or Master's degree or a PhD). I'll come to the graduation ceremony and cheer for you! English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate 217 14.3 2 Lorna 3 Alice 4 Harry 14.4 2 The school-leaving age is 16 in many countries. 3 I'm glad you passed your exam. 4 She has ro sit an exam tomorrow to work as a child-minder. 5 Is school compulsory till 16 in your country? 6 I have to take three more modules to complete the course. 7 I've made a lot of progress in my English recently. 8 Thanks to the LMS, teachers can monitor their students' activities. 14.5 2 blended learning 3 a thesis (or dissertation) 4 lecturers or tutors Unit 15 4 unskilled worker 5 administrator 15.1 2 executive 3 director 15.2 2 job 15.3 Suggested answers: 3 work 4 work 6 supervisor 5 job He's taken early retirement. This is a person who works shifts I does shiftwork. (You can aJso say ... is a shiftworker.) She's been promoted. I got the sack (or I was fired or I was dismissed - more formal). 6 He/She works nine-to-five I He/She has a nine-to-five job. 7 You're a workaholic. 2 3 4 5 1 5.4 15.5 2 judge - profession 3 plumber - trade 2 living 3 work 4 electrician - trade 6 carpenter - trade 5 lecturer - profession 4 offered 5 take it on Unit 16 16.1 What did Jim Archer put forward to his bank manager? He presented a business plan. 2 What is special about the computers his firm makes? They are custom-built (or custom-made/designed). 3 When did he lauoch his business? A year later. 4 What did he roll out two years later? An expanded range of computers. 5 How many computers does his fum manufacture now? About 200 a year. 6 What was Jim Archer's priority from the start? Personal service and customer care. 7 Why didn't he do any market research? He felt there were enough potentia) customers. 8 Why was he not sure if the machines would sell? There was a recession at the time. 9 Was it all worth the risk? Yes. His firm's order books were soon full. 1O Going forward, what are his plans? He's planning a new range of computers, which will lauoch next year. 16.2 2 The business didn't make a profit in its first year. 3 There are a lot of potential customers for this product. 4 Their order books were full last month. 5 lt is sometimes difcułt to access new markets if you don't have concacts. 6 We should pay attention to the feedback our dients post on our website. 218 English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote 1 7 Customer care is a priority for our company. 8 We need to expand our business in Latin America. 9 It's important to build contacts before you enter a new country. 1 6.3 The new range of products will launch next month. We hope it will sell! The fum specialises in custom-built laptops for business tra v ełlrs. Going forward, we expect to increase our sales in j apan and China. lt's important to get feedback from our clients. We're facing competition from American firms. We hope to do more business in North Africa in the future. 8 She's the CEO of a huge corporation. 2 3 4 5 6 7 16.4 Possible sentences: 2 The order books were half-empty, so the company had to close down. 3 Market research showed that potentia) customers wanted a wider range of softwa re. 4 Custom-built cars are much more expensive chan ordinary ones. 5 The fum faced stiff competition from Chinese companies. Unit 17 17 .1 2 hang-gliding 4 showjumping 5 windsurfing 3 motor racing 17.2 2 bow 1 7 .3 1 long-distance, trophies 3 racket 4 stick 2 set 3 marathon 4 holds 1 7 .4 5 bat 6 darts 7 snooker I billiards 6 dart 7 paddle 5 qualify 6 made it to I reached 7 knocked out, round 8 snowboarding 8 cue 9 oar 9 spectators, referee 10 sprinters 8 competitive 2 Are you a good tennis player? We're trying to get a }ocal team together. 3 M y brother is an expert canoeist. He's won medals. 4 My father is a good golfer. He's also an expert mountaineer. 5 Is there a shop near here that sells sports equipment? I need a fishing rod. 6 I'd love to be a good archer, but my eyesight isn't very good. 7 Are you a sprinter or a long-distance runner? 8 My favourite Olympic sports are fencing and the high jump. 17 .5 2 discus (throw) 1 8.1 2 poetry 3 painting 4 architeccure 5 literature, a novel - though it could be any piece of writing divided into chapters, e.g. an academic textbook 3 javelin Unit 18 18.2 2 stiJI life 3 abstract 4 landscape 18.3 2 The Dutch artist Rembrandt was a master of the art of portrait painting. 3 On Saturdays there's a market in the city square where they sell all sorts of arts and crafts. 4 Which would you rather be good at - art or music? 5 I saw some interesting abstract works of art at the City Gallery. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 219 18.4 I 2' r ł 3 r e p I 4 'ł Il se l( s e 6 b ł ł e s r •o 'r ' • ' ł r ł s e ł (> ł e e e ł ' e r fi s fi fi (> r 9 ł ' l 7 e Il b I d (> ł r 85 r (> e s ' n p s al ~ Unit 19 3 directors 19.1 2 comedian 19.2 4 enten ainers 5 productions 6 appearance 2 She's got a diploma in dance from the Performing Arts Academy. 3 l've got some tickets for the opera. Interested ? 4 Shall we go to the cinema this evening? There are several good things on. 5 I much prefer (the) theatre to (the) ballet, don't you? 19.3 2 script 3 costumes 4 sets 5 cast 6 performances 7 venue 8 stage 9 critics 10 reviews 19.4 Possible questions: 2 Would you like a ticket for the Beethoven concert tonight? 3 What kind of films do you like best? 4 Was it a good production? 5 What are they showing at the Ans Cinema at the moment? I What's on at the cinema? Unit 20 20. 1 Henry: MP3, tracks Anna: sync, stream, playlists 20.2 2 the drurruner 3 the bass (player) (if it is obvious that you are talking about a band, you don't need to say bass player) 4 the keyboard player 5 the lead guitar I the lead guitarist 20.3 2 Alison 20.4 Do you have a good ear for music? Do you play a musical instrument by ear? Can you pick out a t une on an instrument you've never played before? We are looking for volunteers to take part in an experiment to investigate people's natura! musical abilities. You don't need to be a trained musician and you don't need to be able to read music. If you just make music at home or with friends for fun, whatever kinds of music you are into, whether it's classicaJ 220 3 Diana 4 Kim 5 Tony English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate 6 Roy music, jazz, pop, we want to hear from you. We believe there are many talented musicians out there and we want to leam more about how you do it. Unit 21 21.1 2 savoury 3 salty 21 .2 Suggested answers: 4 sour 5 sugary I siekły 6 bitter 2 The fish is overcooked I overdone. 3 This melon is unripe I isn't ripe. 4 This dish is very bland I tasteless. 5 The soup is too salty. 6 I just want something light./ I don't want anything (too) heavy. 7 This dish is very stodgy. 8 The chicken is undercooked I underdone. 9 Are the vegetables organie? 21.3 2 The restaurant usually has some specials. 3 Oscar thought the peanuts were moreish. 4 Tina needed a napkin. 5 Jordi is a non-meat-eater. Alan ordered a-la-carte. Ełaine said you don't need to book a table I make a reservation. Krishnan ordered a couple of side dishes. Jackie and her friends cancelled the booking I the reservation. 1O Hannah bad a starter. 6 7 8 9 21.4 2 Please help yourselves. 3 Say when. When! 4 Would you like some dessert I a sweet I same pudding I some afters? Unit 22 22 .1 2 3 4 5 22.2 Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. In the north, the densely forested basin of the River Amazon covers half the country. In the east, the country is washed by the Atlantic. The highest mountain chain in South America, the Andes, does not lie in Brazil. Brazil's most farnous city is Rio de Janeiro, the former capital. Today the capital of Brazil is Brasilia. 22.3 estuary peak, summie source shore (NB coast is only where the land meets sea, not a lake) 6 strait 7 peninsula 8 ridge 2 the Volga 3 Venezuela (the Angel Falls) 4 New Zealand 5 A delta is at the mouth of a river where the river divides and tlows into the sea in a number of different channels. The Nile, Danube, Mississippi, Ganges and Mekon all have deltas. 6 The Straits of Gibraltar are at the western entrance to the Mediterranean and the Cape of Good Hope is at the southern tip of Africa. 22.4 Horizontal words: glacier, geyser, vokano, sea, gulf, plain, bay Vertical w ords: gorge, delta, island, cape, peak, lake, current, peninsula, crops, shore English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate 221 22.5 1 sandy beach I shore 2 steep gorge I cliff 4 rocky coast I mountain 5 turbulent river I sea 6 dangerous volcano I current 3 shallow stream I bay Unit 23 23.1 23.2 2 the ozone layer 3 globalisation 4 hazardous waste 5 the polar ice caps 6 carbon dioxide 7 destruction of the rainforests 8 smog 9 acid rain 2 carbon footprint 5 green party 6 greenhouse effect 7 nature reserve 3 climate change 4 fossil fuel 2 3 .3 2 Disposable 3 reduction 6 global 7 dispose 4 destroy 5 pollutant 10 an endangered species 11 water pollution 12 global warming 8 organie food 9 ozone depletion 1O waste disposal 8 endanger 9 environmentally Unit 24 24.1 Suggested answers: 2 lt lies on an island between two channels of the River Lee. 3 lt has a very complex one-way traffic system. Moreovei; its buses are extremely crowded. 4 St Anne's Church was built on a site where another church stood previously. That church was destroyed during a siege of the city. 5 In the French Gothic style. for tourists. 6 Probably not as they do not cater specifalły 7 The Crawford Gałlery is worth visiting because it regularly puts on interesting exhibitions of modem art. 8 Weil-off people live in fashionable residential areas overlooking the harbour, while others live in suburbs on the edge of the city. 24.2 24.3 2 3 4 5 poułatin area site overłk 6 7 8 9 distance market tends worth 1O exhibitions 11 facilities 12 outskirts Possible answers (for Cambridge): All the items should be ticked except for skating rink and opera house. 24.4 Possible answers: 2 leisure, shopping, city centre 3 art, music, community college 4 basketball, squash, royal court 5 night, tennis, social club 6 employment, accommodation, press agency 24.5 2 tennis court I sports centre 3 taxi rank 4 registry office 24.6 2 połlutin 3 overcrowding 222 5 estate agent 6 art gallery 7 library 4 vandalism 5 traffic jams English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 8 take-away 9 adult education centre I college 24. 7 Possible answers (for Cambridge}: The most picturesque parts of Cambridge are beside the river. Cambridge is one of England's most historie towns. The town could hardly be called spacious as most of its streets are very narrow. Some of the eighteenth-century buildings are particularly elegant. The most magnificent building in the town, in my opinion, is the Pepys Library. Cambridge is very lively at night because so many young people live there. When the university is on vacation the town can suddenly seem quite deserted. The market is particularly bustling on Saturdays. The shopping centre always seems to be packed with people. We are lucky in that nowhere in the town is filthy; everywhere is quite d ean. Some of the suburbs have become quite run-down in recent years. Unit 25 2 5. 1 2 pollen 2 5.2 anima[ words: mane, fox, worm, horn, claw, owi plant words: petal, oak, wiłlo, thorn, bark, stem 25.3 2 daws, bark 3 blossom/flower 4 grow 25.4 2 e 25.5 2 a crab because it has a shell (it is a shełlfi) 3 whiskers 4 petals 5 hoof 8 twigs (or perhaps branches) 9 Bats 10 Snaiłs 5 stems 6 bud 7 thorns 4b 3 f 6 a 5 c 3 a cat 4 laid 5 both 6 a pigeon Unit 26 2 6. 1 2 heel, soles 3 laces 4 cardigan I hoody 5 slippers 6 hem, buttons 7 hood 3 shorts 26.2 2 jeans 26.3 Possible answers: 4 pairs 2 baggy trousers, T-shirt 3 checked shirt, trousers 4 woollen scarf, socks 8 pyjamas 9 helmet 10 bikini 5 pair (of tights) 5 suede shoes, bag 6 denim skirt, jacket 26.4 2 Japanese national costume 3 designer sunglasses 26.5 2 matches 27 .1 Possible answers: 4 a mask 5 His shirt is inside out. 4 fit 3 suits Unit 27 2 a bruise 3 a black eye 4 sickness and/or diarrhoea 27 .2 2 Seth 27 .3 2 e 3 Archie 3 b 4 f 5 sunburn 6 possibly a pain in their side, or they might feel breathless 4 Zoe 5 a 6 c English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 223 c 3 A 40 5 B 6 F lncorrect sentence: They operated me immediately. Correct form: They operated on me immediately. 27.4 2 27.5 1 b b She suffered a stroke. 2 a He contracted aids in 2001. 3 I picked up a bug but I got over it. Unit 28 2 8. 1 1 glasses, spectacles 2 X-rays (or X-ray machines) 4 contact lenses 5 in a wheelchair 3 they invented/used crutches 2 8.2 2 3 4 5 Glasses were invented to correct difficulties with vision. Medical technology has made rapid advances in the last decade. There is a now a vast range of devices that make life better for people with Artificial hips are highly efficient. medicał problems. 2 8.3 Suggested answers: 2 3 4 5 6 28.4 to help disabled people to move around to help a disabled or injured person to walk to measure someone's temperature to help someone see better to enable a doctor to see inside someone's body 1 Doctors will be able to identify diseases at an early stage in the future using sophisticated scanners. 2 Doctors will be able to diagnose a patient's illness from a distance. Patients will send information automatically to their doctor. 3 Keyhole surgery means doctors no longer need to open a patient's body when they operate on* them. (*missing preposition) 4 Information on large computer databases will help doctors treat diseases and give them new tools to cure illnesses. Unit 29 2 9. 1 2 Certain foods are considered by scientists to be good for our bodies. 3 Foods with a high fat content may cause health problems. 4 Some foocls may cause long-term health problems. 2 9 .2 2 Fizzy drinks 3 oily fish 29.3 2 c 3 a 4 b 29.4 2 b 3 a 4d 29.5 2 3 4 5 6 Many fruits are a good source of vitamin C and provide major health benefits. Oily fish should form part of a healthy diet. Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you're hungry, fruit or nuts? A: There's a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese food. There has been a sharp rise in the number of people suffering from depression. 29.6 2 Children who are obese I who suffer from obesity need to exercise more. 4 Processed foods 5 mental health 3 Her job is very stressful I causes her a lot of stress and is very tiring. 4 How can we keep fit I maintain a good level of fitness? The answer is to get regular exercise I to exercise regularly. 224 English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote Unit 30 30.1 30.2 2 e 3f 4b 5a road 6c rai I express coach platform steering wheel coach tram chauffeur van lorry air JUmbo jet helicopter ru n way Wl ng ground Staff cockpit [ sea port gangway liner deck Coach can refer to a type of bus or the individual carriages on a train. 30.3 2 voyage 3 flight 4 travel 5 trip 6 journey 30.4 The flight from Huascal to Amlugo was severely delayed (six hours!). I was worried I'd get stuck at the airport (and hoped that the airline woułd put me up in a nice hotel ©) but anyway the flight wasn't cancelled and we finally took off. The weather was awful, so the flight was bumpy and I got airsick (very unpleasant!). But the cabin crew were very friendly and helpful, which made me feel better. The landing was not so bad and soon we were at the terminal collecting our baggage. I slept well last night - I think I've gat over the jetlag I had after my 12-hour flight from Europe. I didn't have a reservation for the Eurostar train from Paris to London, but they put me on standby and I got a seat on a later train. It was a good journey, everything ran smoothly and it arrived oo time. In London, I enquired if there was a sleeping car on the train to Scotland so I could travel overnight. The alternative was a hotel and the early moming train at 6.30 am (too early for me!). When I getto Scotland I want to go to some of the islands. I hope the sea is calm. I hate rough seas - I always get seasick! Unit 31 31.1 adjective fascinating delightful exhiłartng glamorous luxurious 31.2 2 unspoilt I picturesque 31 .3 2 pitched 3 exdusive 4 overseas 5 cruising 31 .4 2 a luxurious hotel no u n verb fascination fascinate de light delight exhilaration glamour exhilarate glamorise luxury luxuriate 3 exhilarating 4 luxurious 5 breathtaking I stunning 6 inconvenient 7 memorable 8 winding 3 a picturesque village 4 a breathtaking/stunning view 5 a unique opportunity 6 an exhilarating walk English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate 225 Unit 32 3 2. 1 2 The software interprets your speech and enables you to tum it into text. Science: voice technology 3 We're interested in workplaces and how people interact with their working environment. Science: ergonomics 4 People are often worried. They fee! that the creation of an exact copy of an anima[ is not right. Science: cloning morałly 5 We study how human cells can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they are injured. Science: stem cell research 6 My work is concerned with the structure and function of the organie molecules associated with living organisms. Science: molecular biology 7 Many people refuse to eat genetically modified foods. They consider GM foods to be unnatural. Science: genetic engineering 8 By manipulating DNA, we can alter hereditary features. Science: genetic engineering 32.2 2 a smartphone 3 a digital photo frame 4 a high-definition (HD) camcorder 5 a 3DTV 6 a tablet 32.3 2 e 3 2 .4 2 Insert the disk to install the software. 3 We can combine these chemicals. 4 You should utilise the strongest materił. 5 We analysed the problem and concluded that it was a computer virus. 3 g 4 a 5 h 6 d 7 f 8 b Unit 33 33.1 2 spreadsheet 3 laptop 4 microchip 33.2 2 virus 3 laptops 4 hard disk 5 memory stick 6 desktop computer 7 icon 5 graphics 6 database 7 cursor 8 cursor 9 tablet 8 app( lication) 9 Word-processing 1 O (micro)chip 33.3 Suggested answers: 2 Back it up. 3 Delete the repeated paragraph. 4 C lick on the icon for that program. 5 Upgrading the computer. 6 You can undo what you just did. 7 You can download it. 8 That the new software won't run I That you can't run the new software. Unit 34 34. 1 2 attachment 3 password 4 bookmark 34.2 2 3 4 5 226 blog access, down Skype subscribe 5 browser 6 internet service provider I ISP 7 search engine 6 links 7 virtual 8 interactive English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote 8 server 9 navigate 34.3 2 False - it stands for Frequently Asked Questions. 6 False - they will get it by email. 7 False - you log off. 3 True 4 False - it is a type of website. 8 True 5 True Unit 35 35.1 3 5.2 5 soap (opera) 6 weather forecast 2 cartoon 3 current affairs program.me 4 sitcom 1 subtitles, dubbed 7 detective drama I detective series 5 6 7 8 2 podcast 3 omerciałs 4 satetlite dish, receive 8 talk show 9 game show 1 O sports programme media (people means broadcasts stream just say media rather than mass media) usalły 35.3 tabloid: celebrity news, scandals, competitions and prizes, sensational crimes, huge headłin es quality: complex political debate, in-depth reviews of books, long artides 35.4 '. ·.. ' ~ 1 The documentary investigated the food industry and focused on school meals. 2 The program.me was shot I made (or filmed) on location in Northern Finland. 3 CNN hroadcasts news programmes around the world. 4 They're televising the cup finał next week. 5 The drama is set in Paris in the 1880s. 6 Do you ever tweet about news events? Unit 36 36.1 36.2 2 independence 3 polling 6 policy 7 federation 5 elected a 3 f 4g 2 a representative 3 the ruler 5 b 8 rułe 4 majority 5 Prime Minister 2 constituencies 3 MP (Member of Parliament) 36.3 2 36.4 4 running 6h 7 e 6 election 8 d 4 the presidency 6 the electorate 5 the govemment 7 to represent Unit 37 37.1 t-. 1 robbed, stole 2 was 3 are robbed stołen 37.2 2 Harry is accused of k.idnapping. 3 Ophelia is accused of murder. 3 7 .3 2 defended 3 7.4 2 3 4 5 3 7 .5 2 3 4 5 3 sentenced 4 4 was robbed 4 Pete is accused of smuggling. 5 Tom is accused of burgłay be released I theft. 5 was acquitted Many prisoners end up getting time off for good behaviour. The police have charged the driver of the red sports car with speeding. The two girls are suspected of taking sweets from the shop without paying. Sam was found guiłty today but the judge will decide on his sentence tomorrow. 6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty on the accused. The police think Bert is guilty but they have no proof. In court the accused pleaded not guilty. The murder case is still under investigation (by the police). Any victim of crime can join this support group. English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intennediate 117 r 6 The detective suspected the jealous lover of killing the woman I (that) the jealous lover killed the woman. 7 The bank robbers are currently on trial (at a court) in London. 8 Nathan is hoping to be released from prison soon. Unit 38 38.1 2 d 38.2 2 credit limit 3 competitive 4 a 3 f 6 b 5 c 4 deposit 6 raise, finance 7 combine, payment 5 overdraft facility 38.3 2 a duty-free shop 38.4 Answers with possible reasons: 4 inheritance tax 5 corporation tax 3 VAT (value added tax) 8 mortgages, repayments 6 income tax 2 If they want to build up the amount of money they have or they have money they don't need immediately. 3 Because Joel has been spending more than he can afford to spend and he will have to pay interest on the overdraft. 4 If they need their money immediately to pay for something. 5 You can transfer money into and out of your account online, pay bills, check your account, etc. 6 Using a cash machine is usually quicker than going into the bank, but there is a greater risk that someone may watch you and rnug you and take your money, or the machine may take your card if you've forgotten your PIN (personal identification number). 7 Probably happy, because she has a positive amount in her account. 8 Probably insecure, because his income rnay go up and down and he may not be able to match his outgoings. 9 Less money - the bank has taken money from your account. If the bank puts money into your account, they credit your account. Unit 39 39.1 2 silk 3 a bizarre design 39.2 2 A 39.3 2 pretty 3 9 .4 2 It's easy to fołlw. 3 Yes, it is effective. 4 They are more likely to be tense rather than relaxed. 3 c 4 faulty 5 a genuine Monet 4A 3 half se 4 nowhere 6 china 7 rubber 6 B 5 r ea sonabł y 6 unusually 5 You'd be pleased because the teacher is saying that it is of a good standard. Unit 40 40.1 6 a 7 a/g/i 8 f 9 d 3 b 4 h 5 a Ig I i 2 Many people believe in life after death. 3 I was in favour of the proposed changes. 4 What does she think of the new teacher? 5 This is absurd, in my opinion I from our point of view I to my mind. 2 e 6 He's quite wrong, in my opinion. 7 Weil, that's just silly, in my opinion I from our point of view I to my mind. 8 I have my doubts about how honest he is. 9 Is Alex likely to 228 be opposed to the plans for the new airport? English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate 40.2 40.3 Possible answers: 2 firm I strong 4 obsessive 3 middle-of-the-road I moderate 5 conservative I traditional 6 odd I weird I eccentric 2 I've always doubted that ghosts exist. I have always held (the view) that people should rely on themselves more. 3 4 Claudia maintains that the teacher has been unfair to her. 5 I was convinced (that) I had been in that room before. we should have tried again. 6 He fełs Unit 41 41.1 Who feels 1 n am e „. 1 fed up with something? Trevor 2 depressed? Carlos 3 content? 4 grateful? Katie ~~ ~-+ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~-+ -+~ Who fee Is ... 5 miserable? 6 thankful? 7 confused? 8 delighted? ~ ~~ ~ Sarah ~ na me ~ 1-~" Philip ~ ~-l Pilar 1-~ ~-; ~~ ~ -1~ Stefan ~ -l ~ ~ -l Agnes 41.2 2 I always get nervous just before an exam. 3 I was furious when they refused to give me my money back. 4 I was thrilled to see my old school friend again after so long. 5 The news about Rory's illness really upset me. 6 At first, I was enthusiastic about the course, but it's just not very good. 41.3 positive: contented, thrilled negative: sick and tired, anxious, frustrated, confused 41.4 2 I am quite I absolutely sick and tired of her selfish behaviour. l've had enough! (quite sounds more forma) when it means the same as absolutely) 3 lt's all so complicated. I feel a bit I quite con.fused. Can you help me? 4 I was absolutely thrilled when I heard the wonderful news! 5 lt made me fee! quite I a bit frustrated that I still couldn't play any songs after six weeks of guitar lessons. 6 You always seem so absolutely contented with life. How lucky you are! Unit 42 42.1 42.2 2 fond of 3 keen on 4 appeal to 5 fell in 6 fell for 7 affectionate towards 8 passionate about, cares for 2 I can't stand jazz. 3 Do you fancy Jim? 4 She's keen on rowing and golf. 5 I can't bear very salty food. 6 His art appeals to me. 7 Gina fascinates me. I I find Gina fascinating. 8 He is totally captivated by her. I She has totally captivated him. 9 I'm not looking forward to the exam 42.3 2 b 3 a 4 b 42.4 2 I can't bear selfish people. I despise anyone who never considers others. 3 Her manner repelled me at first and I couldn't stand to be in the same room as her, buc now l've begun to like her more. English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intermediate 229 4 I felt a strong desire to find out what had happened to my old school friends. 5 Are you looking forward to starting your new job? disgusted by his unkind remarks about Sylvia. (Remember, if something or 6 I felt absoluteły someone is disgusting/fascinating/boring, you feel disgusted/fascinated/bored.) Unit 43 43. 1 2 whispered 6 shrieked 1 screamed 3 shouted 4 stuttered I stammered 5 muttered (or shouted, if he was very angry) b 8 mumbling I muttering 9 murmured I whispered 43.2 2 e 43.3 2 Andrew said happily. 3 Petra said I shouted I shrieked excitedly. 4 Leo said I muttered I murmured bitterly. 5 Lily said I murmured sadly. 43.4 2 I object to having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat. 3 Stop grumbling about your job all the time. 4 He threatened to refuse to pay and to call the police. 5 She begged us to help her. 6 He confessed that he had broken I He confessed to breaking the window. 43.5 4 f 3 a 1 miserably (N) 2 a object to 3 reluctanły 5 6 c 6 Ray said anxiousły. 7 Gary said I shouted impatiently. 8 Anna said hopefuły. cherfuły (P) desperately (N) b insist on c compłain about 4 with 5 nervously I shyly gladly (P) Unit 44 44.1 2 peer 44.2 2 sweet 44.3 Possible answers: 3 observe 3 hot 4 glance 4 sour 2 stinking 3 foul-smelling I putrid 44.4 2 tapped 3 grasped 44.5 4 pressed 5 poke 5 stare 5 spicy 6 glirnpse 6 sałty 4 fragrant I sweet-smelling 5 pungent 6 stroked 7 grabbed I snatched 6 scented I perfumed 7 musty 8 stinking 8 handled Possible answers: 2 That smells wonderful. 3 Your hair looks great. 4 lt sounds brilłant. 5 This tastes delicious. 6 I feel good, thanks. 1 That sounds fantastic. 8 You look upset. What's the matter? 44.6 Possible answers: Did you notice anything different about Kate today? She seemed a little odd to me. Rebecca is doing some research which involves observing a community of chimpanzees. As she entered the concert hall, Sandra thought she glimpsed Jan going out through a door on the other side of the auditorium. If peoł do not see very well they can often be helped by glasses or contact lenses. Jack peered through the keyhole trying to see what was happening in the room. 230 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Every evening we sat on the hotel balcony gazing at the lake and the magnificent mountains around it. Why are you staring at me like chat? Is my face dirty? Simona had to appear in court because she witnessed a craffic accident. Unit 45 45.1 2 snore 3 sneeze 45.2 2 sighed I was sighing 3 snoring 45.3 2 suck 45.4 2 chew 45.5 2 grinning 46.1 2 the cat's whiskers 3 bit 4 yawn 5 wink 4 cough 5 sneezing 8 out of breath 6 a deep breath 7 hold your breath 4 swallowed 3 shake 4 blink 3 licked 5 wink 4 swallow 6 lick 5 shaking 6 trembling 7 perspiration Unit 46 46.2 3 on che bali 4 have green fingers 5 take the biscuit 2 Giovanni is head and shoulders above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums. 3 4 5 6 Maria has a way with young children - they always love her. You're streets ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I'm impressed. Hassan plays chess brilliantly. Agata has the gift of the gab. 46.3 2 3 4 5 Tanya is usually on the bali. Rajiv thinks he's the cat's whiskers I the bee's knees. Marek has green fingers. Unfortuaeły, you can't have your cake and eat it. 46.4 2 3 4 5 No. She just wants you to give your opinion of it - good and/or bad. He disapproves of it. lt's not at all tlexible. They're worried. 46.5 2 I don't understand why Penny thinks she's the cat's whiskers I the bee's knees. 3 When it comes to sport, Andrey is among the worst in his school. 4 Greta was to blame I at fault for the error in the accounting figures. 5 He has the gift of the gab. 6 Mick has a way with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants something clone. 7 He often runs down his school. 8 She always picks holes in everything I say. Unit 47 47.1 2 d 47.2 2 face 47.3 2 Karen 4 7.4 3 a 4 f 5 b 3 as the day is long 3 Mark 4 Lars 6 e 4 bad mood 5 Andrea 5 in the dumps 6 Krishnan 2 I think you should keep a cool head and just be patient. 3 He frightened the life out of me when he carne in wearing that ghost mask! 4 Everyone was shaking in their boots/shoes when they saw the door open all by itself. English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate 23 I 5 I was scared stiff I scared out of my wits before I did the bungee jump, but it was OK. 6 She swelled with pride as her daughter received the gold medal. very hard workl 7 I think I got carried away by the idea of joining a rock band. lt's actulły 8 I try to just take everything as it comes. Unit 48 48.1 2 challenges 48.2 2 by e 48.3 2 3 4 5 6 48.4 2 stir things up 3 see the light at the end of the tunnel 4 get to the bottom of things 5 got your act together 49.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 49.2 2 enormous 49.3 2 loads 3 chaos 3 of g 4 off 4 corner 5 dilemma 5 under h 6 on a 6 disaster 7 to d 8 in b I can't face (the thought of) driving home in all this traffic. Karen seems to be lacking (in) confidence. Unfortunately, the project seems to have come to a <lead end (at the mo ment). People who are deprived of I Being deprived of sleep can have health and other problems. Paula's meeting with Angus had a profound effect on her. 6 sit up and take notice 7 get a grasp of 8 take a back seat 9 bury the hatchet Unit 49 significant I substantial minute (or tiny) enormous I excessive Vast average tiny significant (substantial is also possible, but the emphasis here is on the fact that the difference was noticea ble) 3 vast 3 was 4 substantial I considerable 4 loads I dozens 5 excessive 5 were 49.4 Possible answers: 2 3 4 5 6 The two novels were totally different. His/Her behaviour was wholly unaceptbł. That way of working produced utter chaos. to the story in total disbelief. I łistend There should be a toał ban on using mobile phones in cinemas. Unit 50 50. 1 2 According to a UN study, two per cent of the world's population owns over half of all household wealth. 3 Nought degrees Celsius equals thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. 4 One half plus three quarters times or multiplied by four squared equals twenty. 5 This article says that seven million, five hundred and fifty-six thousand, nine hundred and eighty-one people are curentły living in London. 50.2 232 2 3 4 5 a square and a rectangle fifty-two twelve eight 6 thirty-three 7 nine 8 sixty-four English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate , 50.3 des cri ption name of shape adjective round shape circle shape with three sides shape with eight sides triangle octagon circular triangular shaped a bit like an egg ovał oval three-dimensional round shape three-dimensional square shape sphere cube spherical cubic octagnł 50.4 2 Oxygen accounts for forty-six point six per cent of the earth's crust. 3 Seven nines are sixty-three. 4 The temperature today is eighteen degrees Celsius. 5 My bedroom is three mttltiplicd by six metres. 6 What is six to the power of nine? 7 Eleven sixteenths of the students passed the exam. 8 Two thirds times five cubOO is eighty-three and a third. 50.5 4 o Unit 51 51. 1 2 age I era 51.2 Possible answers: 3 stages I phases 2 went on I dragged on 3 Age 4 stage (or era) 4 fly 5 ełapsd 5 phase 6 timeless 7 fleeting 6 spell 8 momentary 51.3 Possible answers: 2 Hi! You're just in time for tea/coffee. 3 By the time you get this card, 1'11 be in New York. 4 5 6 7 8 Can you please come one at a time? I 1'11 speak to you one at a time. Can you use the old computer for the time being, please? I'lł do my best to arrive/be on time. The weather can be very hot at times in (city name). I enjoy a game of tennis from time to time. Unit 52 52.1 Suggested answers: 2 . . . extremely tall 3 . . . a shortcut 4 ... height 52.2 5 ... widened it I ... 've widened it 6 ... heighten the feeling 2 to lengthen 3 a very narrow range of goods 4 a ł ongdistan ce call 5 shallow water 6 faraway/distant places 7 broad-minded 8 lower your hand English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote 233 4d 3 f 2 e 52.4 2 expanded, contracted 52.5 2 in at, of 6 a 5 b 52.3 3 shrunk 4 stretches 3 from (or possibly at) 5 extended 4 from, to Unit 53 3 f 4 d 53.1 2 c 53.2 Suggested answers: 5 b 6 a 2 You don't have to buy the travel insurance; it's an optional extra charge. 3 You can borrow the camcorder, but you will be liable for any damage to it. 4 We'll have to sell the house. l'm afraid we have no choice/altemative; otherwise we will be bankrupt. 5 He didn't want to give them the money, but they had guns; they forced hirn to hand it over. 6 No, he couldn't choose to pay a fine; a prison sentence is mandatory for dangerous dńving. 7 I didn't want to do maths, but I had to. lt's compulsory/obligatory in all secondary schools. 8 If you're unemployed, you're exempt from paying tax. 4 No, you can choose. 5 Yours 53.3 2 100% 3 Nothing 53.4 2 an opportunity 3 possibility 4 doubtful 5 an absolute certainty 6 lt is probable that she will Unit 54 54. 1 2 racket is an idea] word here. 3 noises/sounds if you mean different sounds, but noise/sound is also posibłe here if you interpret 'some' to mean not a plural number, but one sound of 'a certain, unidentifiable type', e.g. 'Some anima! must have come into the garden last night - look at these footprints.' (it's not elear what sort of animal) 4 racket (din can also be used, often for discordant music) 5 noise is probably the best word since it means something negative and can be used uncountably (without a). 54.2 Suggested words: I crash 2 cłater 3 rustle 54.3 2 rmgmg 3 pattering 54.4 2 d 3 a 4 f 54.5 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 c 4 thud 4 hum 5 hang 6 roar 5 chimelchiming 6 clanged 6 e Unit 55 55.1 2 properties 3 belongings 55.2 2 alłocted 3 left 4 estate 6 property 5 possessions 4 supplied 5 presented 6 catered 7 supported 55.3 Suggested answers: 2 Did he inherit the house? 3 Will you sponsor me in a run/race for charity? 234 English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate 7 rumbie 8 inherited 8 screech 4 Are you a tenant? 5 Would you like to contribute/donate to cancer research? 6 Do you supply/provide us with pens and things? 55.4 4 owner/proprietor 5 estate 2 landlords 3 tenants 6 property I properties 7 possessions 8 belongings Unit 56 56.1 2 a 3 e 4 b 5 d 56.2 Possible answers: 2 an insect crawls; a baby does too before it can walk; there is a fast over-arm swimming style called 'crawl' 3 anything moving extremely fast, e.g. a bird or animal can shoot by, a piane can shoot overhead, a fish can shoot through the water 4 a bird's or butterfly's wings; a piece of washing on the line in the wind; a person's eyelashes; a curtain in the wind 5 anything moving slowly on water, e.g. a boat, a piece of wood; a person can drift through life (moving without any sense of purpose or direction); your thoughts can drift to something or someone (it happens unintentionally); you can drift off to sleep (go to sleep slowly) 56.3 2 pace 56.4 2 at a very slow pace 3 stirred 4 speed 3 vełocity 5 rate 4 swayed a łite 5 at a much faster speed 56.5 Possible answers: usage grammar quick something that takes a short time, e.g. quick snack; quick phone call rapid more format; used for things like 'rapid increase/decline' adjective only; can be used with 'to', e.g. She was quick to respond adjective only swift used for more restricted genrałly; things like 'swift-flowing stream'; swift response/decision/reaction I 56.6 adjective only; can be used with 'to', e.g. He was swift to point out how wrong I was Possible situations: 1 If you are very late for something. 2 If you want to be late for something, e.g. something unpleasant. 3 If you aren't in a hurry. You can also say this about your studies, if you are not going either particularly fast or slowly. 4 Tf you were hiding from someone, e.g. under a bed or behind a door. 5 If you really don't want to meet them or talk to them, or don't want them to see you. 6 lf it's late and everyone else is asleep. Unit 57 57 .1 2 coarse 3 slippery 4 prickly 5 7 .2 5 rough 6 furry 7 jagged 8 shiny I polished I smooth 9 silky I smooth 1O rough I coarse 2 The cloth was rough to the touch. 3 We sat in a shady part of the garden. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-4ntermediate 235 4 Suddenly there was a dazzling light. 5 The ground was very wet underfoot. 6 My suitcase is as light as a feather. 57.3 2 a 3 d 4 f 5 b 6 c 57.4 Suggested answers: 2 3 4 5 change the colour to a brighter I more vivid colour wear sunglasses I shade your eyes I wear a cap polish them take things out or get a smaller rucksack Unit 58 5 8. 1 2 fulfilled 3 reach/attain/achieve 58.2 verb realise 4 attain/realise/fulfil 5 realis/fuł 6 reach 7 come noun realisation difcułty target fa il trouble target failure trouble I adjective reałisbl difficult targeted faiłn troubłing, faiłed, g troublesome, troubled Comments: difficult has no adverb in English; we say 'We did it with difficulty.' targeted is used in sentences such as 'The government has decided to give the extra fu nds to targeted groups in society'. [specifically chosen] failed: They have made three failed attempts to save the company. unfailingly: 'failingly' doesn't exist, but 'unfaiłgy does, e.g. She is unfailingly honest; you can trust her completły. troubling: We have seen some very troubling developments recntł y . [worryi ng] troublesome: They are a troublesome group of students. {cause trouble] troubled: I've been feeling rather troubled lately about my daughter. [worried] 58.3 2 She succeeded in rising to the top of her profession. 3 Do you ever have any trouble using this photocopier? I always seem to. y has a direct object, e.g. 4 I've managed to work quite hard this last month. (accomplish usałl 5 6 7 8 'I've accomplished a lot this month.') l'm amazed that you can cope with all the work they give you. Did you have much difficulty finding the book in the library? Unfortunately, it seems as if all John's plans have come to nothing. I'm afraid I haven't had any success in contacting Lara today. 58.4 Possible answers: 2 Perhaps someone who invested f5,000 and lost it all. 3 lt could be about a business someone started, or about a project, or something that faił 4 lt might be said to someone who is carrying a lot of heavy shopping bags. e d. 5 Perhaps it's about the successful realisation of someone's plan, e.g. for getting permission to do something where it seemed more likely that the result would not be successful. 58.5 Possible answers: 1 I'd abandon it. I I'd look for an alternative. 2 It would probably fald eventually. 3 The marker(s) might take the overall performance into account and ignore the one bad result. 236 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 4 l'd get it seen to I repaired. 5 Perhaps try again, or abandon it. 6 Perhaps ask for help and advice from the teacher. Unit 59 59.1 2 In the meantime 3 Subsequently 59.2 2 at some point 59.3 2 No 4 Earłie on 5 Prior to 6 Following 7 during 4 (at) the time (that) 3 simułtaneoly 3 All summer 8 moment 4 Hamburg 5 Three weeks 6 Probably just part of it Unit 60 60.1 2 In case of I In the event of (often seen in notices and regulations) 3 Unless 4 on condirion that would be very suitable since this is legal/official language, or providing/ provided that; so long as is also possible, but as long as sounds just a little too informal 5 Supposing I What if {less tentative, more direct and informal) I lf 60.2 2 If anyone rings, I don't want to speak to them, whoever it is. 3 Whatever I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing. 4 lt' ll probably have meat in it, no matter which dish you choose. They don't cater for vegetarians here. 5 However I do it, that recipe never seems to work. 6 No matter how hard you try, you'll never be able to do it all on your own. 60.3 Possible answers: 2 You cannot enter unless you have a passport. I You can/may enter providing/provided (that) I 3 4 5 6 on condition that you have a passport. You can/may go to university as long as you get 70% or more in the exam. I Unless you get (at least) 70%, you cannot go on to university. You can't come in unless you're over 18. / You may enter the club providing/provided (that) you are over 18. Visitors may enter the mosque on condition that they remove their shoes. I You can go in as long as you take off your shoes. (informal) Children under 10 can't go on the roller coaster unless they are accompanied by an adult. I Children under 10 can go on the roller coaster provided they are accompanied by an aduJt. Unit 61 61 .1 Suggested answers: 2 The reason (why) I didn't contact you was that l'd lost your phone number. 3 I will not sign on the grounds that this contract is illegal. 4 The government passed a new law with the aim of controlling prices. 5 I wonder what her motives were in sending flowers to everyone. 6 The high salary prompted her to apply for the job. 61.2 2 The announcement of higher taxes provoked I generated I led to a strong attack from the opposition. 3 The new Act of Parliament produced I brought about I gave rise to great changes in industry. 4 The train crash was caused by I was due to the failure of the electrical system. 5 A violent storm caused the wali to collapse. 6 Food shortages led to I provoked I caused I sparked (off) serious riots in severa! cities. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 23 7 7 The food shortages arose from I stemmed from bad economic policies. 61.3 2 of 3 with, of 4 in 5 from 6 with, to 7 to 61.4 Possible answers: 2 Owing to the fact that the performance was cancelled, everyone got a refund. 3 The service was terribly slow. As a result I Consequently (moce formal), all the customers got angry. 4 We missed the last bus. As a result, we had to walk home. Unit 62 62.1 Possible answers and comments: I accept (or more formal: I acknowłedg) that you weren't solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility. (Accept and acknowledge are most suitable here since the speaker is prepared to agree with one aspect but wants to go on to make another point to support his/her case.) 2 OK, I admit I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy. (This seems to be a situation where somebody is accusing someone of trying to get them to say they were wrong. Admit is ideał in this case.) 3 The company acknowledges that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liabłty. (Acknowledge is perhaps best here; it is often used in forma!, łegalistc situations łike this because it simply says 'We understand your message, but we do not necessarily accept any liability/blame/responsibility'; ad.mit might suggest the company does accept legal responsibility; accept is also possible though less formal.) 4 She accepted!conceded that we had done all we could, but she was still not content. (Concede usually suggests an argument or debate where peoł might 'give' small points to one another while stili holding on to their basie position, and would seem to be a likely choice here; concede here suggests she <lid not realły want to say it.) 62.2 Suggested answers: 2 After all 3 62.3 for all that I after all 4 lt's all very well 5 That's all very well / That's all welł and good Possible answers: 2 There's a huge discrepancy between what she says and what she does. 3 Toby and Catalina are poles apart when it comes to saving money I on the question of savmg money. 4 There's a world of difference between being a student and being a teacher. 5 There's a yawning gap between the standard of living in the north and in the south. 62.4 Possible answers: 2 The house itself is rather small. 3 There is no sign that the government has solved the traffic problem. 4 In most of the rest of Europe, you drive on the right. 5 I'm not at all hungry, thanks. 62.5 2 on the other hand (it is true that it's expensive, but if you look at it from another point of view, we need it) 3 on the other hand (it's true that I'd like to leave my job but if I look at leaving from another point of view I realise l'd miss my colleagues) 4 on the contrary (it's not true that he's lazy) 5 on the contrary (it's not true she speaks Japanese wełl) 6 on the other hand (it's true that it looks attractive but it's also true that it's expensive) 238 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Unit 63 63.1 Suggested answers and comments: 2 In addition to I As well as I Apart from I Besides (The choice is quite wide, but, depending on which one she chooses for 2, the writer woułd probably then choose a different one for 4, to avoid repeating herself.) 3 etc. I and so on (etc. is slightły more forma! than and so on, and the writer may want to avoid sounding too informal.) 4 in addition to I as well as I apart from I besides 5 Furthermore I Moreover I Likewise (furthermore/moreover add her previous experience on to the rest; likewise not only adds the information but suggests it is of equał value to the other experience she has mentioned.) If she wanted to use what's more, the writer would probably write it in full as what is more, so as not to sound tao informal. However, what's more I what is more can often sound a łit e abrupt and argumentative (as if you're trying very hard to convince the reader) and might sound just a bit too strong here. Equally would not be suitable here, as it is best used when arguing points and presenting opinions (trying to convince someone of the equal value of a point added on to other points). 63.2 2 My cousin turned up along with some schoolmates of his. 3 He owns a big chemical factory as well as running a massive oil business in the USA. 4 In addition to being their scientific adviser, I act as a consultant to the Managing Director. petrol left in the tan.le 5 lt was raining and getting dark. On top of (all) that, we had very litłe (it is not necessary to repeat also) 6 He's a very good singer. What's more I What is more, he has a degree in music. 63 .3 2 Besides having a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with. 3 Alongside my many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training. 4 In addition to having I In addition to a degree, she also has a diploma. 5 My father won't agree. Likewise, my mother's sure to find something to object to. 6 She's a good footballer and a good achlete to boot. 7 He said he'd have to first consider che organisation, chen the system, chen the finance and so on and so forth. 63 .4 2 into the bargain 3 in addition 4 on top of (all) that 63.5 Suggested answers: To become a successful athlete you will need to be fit plus you will need to train hard every day. Furthermore I Moreover I What is more I Besides I In addition, you will need a very special type of determination as well as stamina. Additionally I In addition, you will need support from friends and family, financial support and so on (and so forth) I etc. And a good coach will help a great deal, motivating you as well as setting goals for you. Alongside I Apan from these things I On top of (all) that, you will need that indefinable thing: talent. 64.1 Unit 64 3 d 2 b 64.2 5 f 6 e 5 issue is best here because it is something everyone is debating and disagreeing on, but question and problem are also OK problem I matter (or crisis if it is really serious) question (mystery would also be possible) topie approach I response I solution I answer 2 a 2 3 4 64.3 4 a 3 c 4 e 5 d 6 b English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediote 239 Unit 65 65.1 'We11, where shall I start? lt was last summer and we were just sitting in the garden, fil!!1_Qf doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and „. you see, we have this, kind of, long wali at the end of the garden, and it's ... like ... a motorway for cats. That big fat black one you saw, well, that one considers it has a right of way over aur vegetable patch, so ... where was I? I was looking at that wali, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a sudden there was this new cat I'd never seen before. 1t wasn't an ordinary cat at all ... I mean, you'll never believe w hat it was ... ' 65.2 Suggested answers: 2 A: I'll take care of these. B: Right. I Good. That's everything. A: Right, I Good, I Anyway, see you next week. B: Right. I Good. That was a very useful meeting. 5 A: He's looking exhausted. B: Really? A: I mean, look at his eyes - he looks so tired. 6 A: What do you mean, 'cold'? B: Weil, I You know, I I mean, she's not friendly, very distant. Last week I gave her 3 A: It was last Monday. I was coming home from work. I saw this funny ald man a jolly smile and she scowled at me. approaching me. I stopped him ... A: Weil, w hat do you expect? l've seen the B: I bet it was Jim Dibble! way you smile at people, ie puts them off. A: Hang on! Let me tell you what 7 A: Money isn't the most important thing in happened first. life. 4 A: Which number is yours? B: Still, you can't live without it! A: I suppose that's true. B: Let me see ... it's that one chere, yes, that one. 8 A: What are we going to do? B: Listen, l've got an idea. Why don't we ask James to help? He's a lawyer. 65.3 Suggested answers: 2 There are ewo reasons why I think he's wrong: a, people don't act like chat, and b, Paul would certainly never act like chat. 3 Now, I want you to pay attention, everyone. 4 He loses his temper very quickly. On the other hand, he's got a great sense of humour. 5 You seem a bit sad today. Look, Jet me buy lunch for you to cheer you up. 6 A: So I'll pick you up at 6.30. B: Great. See you then. Unit 66 66.1 2 f 66.2 2 in ocher words 3 For example I For instance 4 Nexc 5 as it were 6 Lastly 7 In summary I In sum (more forma]) (In conclusion would not be suitable here, since it just means 'this is the end of the text', whereas this sentence provides a summing up of the arguments in the text.) 66.3 2 the following (introducing a list) 3 in summary, to sum up, in sum 4 further (as in further details!information) 5 overleaf (meaning tum the page) 240 3 a 4e 5 d 6 b English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 66.4 Sample letter: Dear Editor, With reference to the article in your newspaper about the cłosure of Newton Hospital, I would like to express my strong opposition to the proposal, for the following reasons. Firstly, the nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away. Secondly, 200 people work at the hospital and they will lose their jobs and the whole region will suffer, that is to say the hospital makes an important contribution to the loca) economy. Finally, it is the only hospital in the region with a special cancer unit. But leaving aside the economic and medical questions, t he hospital is o bviously being closed for political reasons, and this is quite wrong. To sum up, the closure of our hospital would be a disaster both for the people and for the economy of this region. Yours sincerely, Anna Green (Ms) Unit 67 67.1 2 ask me 3 Talking of 6 7.2 2 that's it 3 this is it 67 .3 2 (every) now and then I now and again 3 here and now I right now 4 just now 4 you say 5 reminds me 6 I was saying 4 that's that 6 7 .4 2 Now then, everybody, łisten carefully. I have news for you. 3 A: Have you seen Jason? B: Yes, I saw him just now - he's in his office. 4 I bump into her in town (every) now and then I now and again, but not that often. 67 .5 2 3 4 5 6 As luck would have it ... If all else fails ... If the worst comes to the worst ... As far as l'm concerned ... What with one ching and another ... Unit 68 68.1 2 a word in edgeways J wrong end of the stick 68.2 2 talk rubbish J start the bali rolling 4 get to I come to the point 68.3 2 talk J talking 4 make head or taił 5 down of 5 to put it in a nutshell 6 get hold of the wrong end of the scick 4 talking 5 winded 6 sense 7 shop 8 back Unit 69 69.1 2 coat hanger 3 pencil sharpener 69.2 2 thing 69.3 2 a windscreen wiper 3 a classical violinist 4 a professional photographer (note the stress change: phQtograph but pho.tQgrapher) 5 an amateur actor 6 a payee 7 a dishwasher 3 person or thing 4 thing 4 projector 5 tin opener I can opener 5 person or thing 6 person 7 person 8 person English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediate 241 8 an organ donor 9 an addressee 69.4 69.5 2 admission 3 laziness 4 productive 5 readable 6 childhood 7 washable 8 friendship verh no u n adjective eat .. .·._. edibł ' fury furio us beautiful beautify scarcity scarce refuse refusal modernise modern forgetułns forg et forgetful action* act active '· * The noun act exists (without a suffix) in expressions such as an Act of Parłiment (i.e. a new law), an act of a play (i.e. a section of the play). Unit 70 70.1 2 inedible 3 illiterate 70.2 2 unwrappmg 70.4 70. 5 2 antiseptic 5 irresponsible 6 to unload 7 disconnected 4 disprove 5 unveiled 3 disagree 70.3 4 disorganised 3 multinational 2 indiscreet 5 irełvant 3 insensitive 4 unconvincing 6 disobedient 7 unemployed 4 auto-pilot 2 mispronouncing 3 are overworked but underpaid 6 irreplaceable 8 unfolded 5 postgraduate 6 subway 8 inefficient 9 unlocked 1O ungrateful 11 disloyal 12 intolerant 4 a pseudo-science 5 her ex-husband 6 redo it Unit 71 71.1 I verb person noun : abstract noun conversion convert produce producer conduct conductor production . . 1mpress1on 1mpress support supporter support compress10n compress Conduction exists as an abstract noun meaning the process by which heat or eł ct ricty goes through a substance. Compressor exists as a concrete noun for part of a machine which forces air or gas into less space. 71 .2 71.3 2 deported 3 adverts/advertisements 4 imposed 6 diverted 1 introducing 8 composed 9 depresses 10 postpone lt isn't easy to find exact synonyms for these words; the meanings are as follows: 2 argue against 3 hold back 242 5 inspector English Vocobulory in 4 work out 5 made public Use Upper-intermediate 6 hold back 71 .4 postpone - put off, oppose - go aga.inst, inspect - look at, deposit - put down, diven - tum away In each case the word based on the Latin root is mare formal than its two-part verb equivalent. Unit 72 7 2. 1 2 3 4 5 72.2 2 recede 3 believe 4 relate 5 strengthen 72.3 amazement frustration kindness hostility 6 strength 7 anger 8 generosity 9 politeness 6 7 8 9 2 amazement 3 curiosity 4 brotherhood 5 chance bore act see produce 10 11 12 13 14 reason 15 width 10 own 11 expect 12 adjust 6 replacement 7 stardom 8 reduction 9 neighbourhood 3 injustice happiness popularity weakness wisdom 4 darkness 10 sight 11 freedom 12 rage 13 prosperity 7 2 .4 2 advice 72.5 Here are some 'real' quotations about these abstract nouns; 14 motherhood 15 ownership 5 kingdom If we want to enjoy it, and to fight for it, we must be prepared ro extend it to everyone. Love is a universal migraine. (migraine:; bad headache] Life is a foreign language; all men mispronounce it. Four be the things I'd be better without: love, curiosity, freckles and doubt. Where there is no imagination, there is no horror. 1 Freedom is an indivisible word. 2 3 4 5 -I l ł: l Unit 73 73.1 .' „ .:1 .·. ".-.·. :~ 2 3 4 5 an open-necked, tight-fitting shirt a long-legged, brown-eyed girl brand-new, open-toed sandł a well-dressed, suntanned boy 6 an easy-going, wann-hearted person 7 a curly-haired, quick-witted boy 8 a far-fetched story ~ 73.2 bluegreen-eyed brown2 bulletwater„ -proof fire3 secondbusiness-class " u s uałl 73.3 2 J 4 5 y 4 absent- broad-minded narrow5 handhome-made man6 sugar<luty-free 7 tight- loose-fitting 8 left- right-handed written as waterproof, without a hyphen lt was an o łd , run-down hotel that needed modernising. N one of the rooms were air-conditioned and the so-called restaurant was just a coffee bar. Our room had an old, wom-out carpet that was dirty. lt's a very built-up coast, with hotels and villas everywhere. We managed to get a last-minute booking for a Mediterranean cruise. Off-peak train travel is much cheaper than travelling at busy times, but long-distance travel by train can sometimes be more expensive than flying. The route of the President's drive to Parliament was top secret and he was driven in a bulletproof limousine. English Vocabulary in Use U~r-intemda 243 6 The workers went on all-out strike over a long-standing pay dispute and the airport was dosed for three days. 7 She used to be quite well-off but she lost a lot of money and now she has a hard-up look about her. She got a part-time job to help pay the biłs. 8 She has to have a sugar-free diet but it's very time-consuming trying to make sure everything she buys has no sugar in it. Unit 74 7 4.1 Here are some words which would fit appropriately into the bub ble diagrams. money bank account credit card luxury goods mail order pocket money income tax I health blood donor heart attack contact lens birth control blood pressure hay fever food poisoning junk food minerał water i social issues race relations arms race welfare state death penalty generation gap cłimate change 7 4. 2 2 An alarm in a house which goes off if burglars try to get into the house. 3 Being poisoned or being made ill by food that you have eaten. 4 A gap between different generations making it difficult for parents and children to understand each other's tastes and attitudes. 5 Changes in the dimate of the world leading to phenomena like the polar caps reducing in size, glaciers melting and so on. 6 Scissors that are especially for use in a kitchen preparing food, etc. 7 Goods that are luxuries rather than necessities, e.g. cosmetics compared with basie foods. 8 Money that you carry in your pocket, i.e. small amounts of money that can be spent on what you wish. (It is usually used about money that parents give their children every week to spend on what the children themselves decide.) 9 The part of the state that provides welfare for the members of society who need it, e.g. money for those out of work or pensioners or sick. 10 An electronic tełphon answering system used particularly by organisations and mobile phone users. 7 4.3 2 climate change 3 hay fever 4 the arms race 5 air traffic control 6 contact lens 7 the death penałty 8 package holiday 9 voice mail 11 light bulbs 12 food poisoning 1O pedestrian crossing 7 4.4 Possible answers: Here are some possible answers for this question. There are some other possibilities also. Check with a dictionary or a teacher if you are not sure whether your answers are correct or not. 2 soundbite 3 blood ties 4 teapot 7 4. 5 5 mother country 6 inheritance tax 7 word-processing 8 level crossing 9 fast food 10 rat race Possible sentences: will always try to indude one of these when they are making a speech. (sound bite) 3 They say these are thicker than water. (blood ties) 4 We were given a large silver one as a wedding present. (teapot) 2 Leading połitcans 244 English Vocabulary in Use Uf>per-intermedicrte 5 Jose hasn't lived in Chile since he was six but he stili considers it his mother country. 6 They had a huge amount to pay after their father died. (inheritance tax) 7 The software package for doing this on my computer means I can be very efficient. (word-processing) B We've got one at the end of our vilłage and you often have to srop to let the trains pass. (level crossing) 9 Burgers and pizzas are popular types of chis. (fast food) 10 He couldn'c stand it any longer and moved to a Scottish isJand to be self-sufficient. (che rac race) Unit 75 7 5. 1 Possible answers: 2 nervous breakdown 3 computer printout 6 sa ł es outlet 7 positive feedback I ouccome B city bypass 4 annual tumover 5 finaJ output I outcome 3 i 75.2 2 g 7 5.3 2 shake-up 3 walkout 7 5.4 5 h 4 crackdown 5 breakout 6 a 7 c 8 b 6 workout 7 outbreak 9 d 8 Check-out rg ł a r ies (burglars break in to buildings) attempt to conceal information (or cover it up) obstacle in the way of progress (has set the speaker back) delay to traffic (something has held up I delayed the traffic) escape (to get away =to escape) audience (people can be said to tum out to attend something) stay in bed (co lie in= to stay in bed longer than usał) papers accompanying a talk (co hand out= to distribuce) tidy (to elear out= to tidy a płace by getting rid of things you don't need) 2 bu 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 5 .5 4 f 2 Set-up means organisation, whereas upset means disturbance. 3 Outlet means a place where something is released, whereas let-out means a way of escaping from a difficult situation. 4 Outlay means an amount of money spent on something, whereas layout means the way something is arranged, e.g. the layout of a page or a room. Unit 76 76.1 wine and <line rant and rave high and dry part and parcel rack and ruin rough and ready I was left high and dry, with no one to help me. The room's a bit rough and ready but you're welcome to stay as long as you like. She was in a bad temper and was ranting and raving at everybody. My hoscs wined and dined me at the best restaurants. 6 That old house in the country has gone to rack and ruin; nobody looks after it now. 7 Working hard and being very disciplined is part and parcel of training to be a top achlete. 2 3 4 5 76.2 2 3 4 5 6 First and foremost, I want to get a good, steady job. l've bumped into Karen on and off I off and on but I don't meet her regularly. Her violin p laying seems to be progressing in leaps and bounds. I've been running to and fro I back and forth all morning. The doctor said I needed a few weeks of rest and recreation I R and R. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 245 7 We'lł have to stay in a cheap hotel. We can't afford to pick and choose. 8 There are some nice hotels here and there along the coast. 9 Mrs James was ill for a while, but now she's out and about again. 1O Jim's office is on the next floor to mine, so we have to go up and down all day. 76.3 2 3 4 5 6 correct wrong: black and white wrong: Sooner or later wrong: Ladies and gentlemen correct 76.4 2 all or nothing 3 back to front 4 sink or swim 5 slowly but surely 6 give or take Unit 77 77.1 2 e 3 h 4 g 5 a 77.2 2 GM, WHO, DNA, carbs 3 PIN, ATM, IOU 77.3 2 AKNaka 3 laser 7 7 .4 2 3 4 5 4 high-tech 5 sonar 6 b 7 f 8 d 4 scuba 5 NATO, MI6, CIA 6 radar, sonar 6 satnav Jack will be home tomorrow as far as I know. In my honest/humble opinion, you are wrong. Going to a department meeting now. See you later. For your information - the figure on page one of the report needs updating as soon as possible. Unit 78 78.1 This printer isn't working again! lt's a pain in the neck. lt's almost midnight! l'd better be making a move. I spent too much money last month and now I'm in the red. lt's time to change my laptop. lt's five years old and has seen better days. She is the absolute limit! She really takes the biscuit. Oh dear, Matthew compłetly misunderstood me. He always seems to get {hold of) the wrong end of the stick. 8 l'm sorry. I do some really stupid things. You must think l'm as daft as a brush. 9 I wonder what's wrong with Ursula? She looks down in the dumps. Most of them are just on the make. 10 I don't trust połitcans. 78.2 2 barking up the wrong tree 78.3 2 a 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 a 4b 5 b 3 poke your nose in{to) 4 as good as gołd 6 a 78.4 Suggested answers: 2 very easy 3 very fit physically 4 treating me in a cold, unfriendly way 5 very occasionally I very rarely 6 learnt how to use it or to understand it Unit 79 Listen to the CD-ROM to help you check the answers to these exercises. 7 9 .1 246 They sang a psalm to h.onour the memory of the world-famous p_sychologist as she was laid the 'r' in 'world' is not realły pronounced, in to rest in the family tom.b.. (Note that ałthoug Standard British English, it affects the way the word is pronounced.) 2 The J.2Sych.iatrist was knifed in the knee as she was walking home. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 3 He should have whis.rled as he fas.rened his sword to his bełt. (Note that the 'h' in 'have' is not really pronounced when folłwing an auxiliary verb as in this sentence and the next one. ) 4 You could have łeft me half the Chris.tmas cake on Wegnesday. 79.2 The odd one out appears first. 2 word 13:/, sword, cord /-:J:/ 6 cough /o/, rough, tough /Al 7 wand /o/, land, sand !<el 8 root /u:/, soot, foot /u/ 3 dome /~,come some /Al 4 plead /i:/, head, tread /el 5 could /u/, doubt, shout /au/ 79.3 Possible answers: 2 now 3 who 79.4 The stressed 4 off 5 go are underlined below. sylabłe transfer, transkr 5 6 7 8 2 suspected, suspect 3 conflicting, onfłict 4 .!JlłSet, upset increased, decrease pcrmit, permits record, record conduct, conducting 79.5 2 catastrophe 3 handkerchief 79.6 2 zoQlogy, zoQłgist, zoo!Qgical 3 a.rithmetic, arith!m;_tical, arithme.tician (Note that suffixes like -ian and -tion work as if they 4 chemical 5 subde B recipe 6 receipt 7 height are two syllables with this 'third syllable from the end' stress rule, even though they are only pronounced as one syllable nowadays.) psychołgit, psycho!Qgiał 4 sychołg,p 5 psychiatry, psychiatrie, psydllatrist 79.7 2 cool 3 sword 4 apostrophe 5 dimb 6 calm Unit 80 4 f 80.1 2 g 80.2 2 wheezing 3 dip-dopping 80.3 1 purred 2 Click 80.4 Possible answers: 3 h 5 b 6 c 4 whizzed 5 grumbling 3 groaned 4 crashed 7 e B a 6 dashed 7 spurted 8 bashed 5 mash 6 gash 2 a piece of metal 3 angry 4 when feeling cheerful (Some people just can't whistle, but people who can often whistle because they're happy, or because they like a particular melody, or to attract someone's attention or to call a dog.) 5 buses, planes and trains which are late, people who behave rudely! 6 spit it out (but that may not be possible in polite company!) Unit 81 81.1 Note: These sentences do not sound naturł. They are only used for the exercise. 2 The main house (mouse) houses (browse) a collection of rare stamps. 3 lt's no use (juice). I can't ~ (snooze) this gadget. 4 You sow (go) the seeds while I feed the~. (cow) English Vocabulary in Use Uf>Per-intermediate 247 5 The violinist in the bow (so) tie made a Qmy. (now) 6 He's the lead (deed) singer in the group 'Lead (head) piping'. 7 What a row (plough) from the last house in the row! (though) (runed) 8 Does he s tiłl suffer from his war~? (round) the rope around the tree to strengthen it against the gale. 9 I~ 10 It's hard to wind (find) in the sails in this wind. (tinned) 81.2 2 waste 81.3 Possible sentences: 3 sole 4 pane 5 heir 6 allowed 7 sail 8 through, phase 9 peel Note: Most sentences in 'real' English avoid using pairs of homophones as they may be confusing and often don't sound natural. 2 Whether we have a pienie tomorrow or not will depend on the weather. 3 Let's practise with these grammar exercises first and then do some vocabulary practice. 4 lt's great to see such a lovely fire burning in the grate. 5 Don't whine so much just because the wine's finished. 6 Brake now or you'll break that toy in the road. 7 The archaeological site was a marvellous sight at sunset. 8 Let us pray that we may never be prey to evil thoughts. 9 Although she was a little hoarse it did not put her off horse-riding in the snow. 1O The beautiful sight of the moon's rays reflected in the lake did a great deal to raise her spirits. 81.4 2 a This is a play on words on the two meanings of draughts. One is the game played with round counters and a chess board and the other is a current of air as in 'There's a terrible draught coming from under the door.' 3 d This is a play on words on two meanings of draw. The first means make a picture and the second means pull. 4 e This is a play on words on the meanings of dates. One refers to years such as 1966; the other to a sweet fruit from a kind of palm tree or to an evening spent together by two people (usually romantic). 5 b This is a play on words on two meanings of beating. A drummer beats a drum. There is also the expression 'takes a lot of beating' which means 'is hard to improve on'. 81.5 2 pear and pair 3 waste and waist 4 toe and tow Unit 82 82.1 Possible answers: 2 3 4 5 6 82.2 a job (or jobs) I homework (or some homework) research into I a study of (some) rice I (some) noodles (some) news I a surprise textiles I cloth The words are paired up in this table. uncountables 248 I countabl~ money com bread information loaf fact advice recommenda tion tra vel work trip job baggage case English Vocabulary in Use Uf>per-intermediate 2 In the south of England, most houses are made of stone, but in the north, brick is more 82.3 common. 3 I love antique fumiture, but I w ou łd need (some) advice from a speciał st before I bought any. My knowledge in that area is very poor. 4 Her research is definitely making great progress these days. She has clone a lot of original work recntły . 5 What equipment do you need to go skiing? If you can give me any infonnation, I would be grateful. 6 Oil exports have produced a great deal of wealth for the country. e transport from the airport to your accommodation. 7 Package holidays often incłud 8 I don't have any experience of working in education, but I would like to do some voluntary work in a school. 9 Poverty is the biggest problem in many countries. 1O I bought (some) new software that shows you the kind of weather every country has each month of the year. 82.4 Possible items: For making clothes, furniture, etc.: wool, cotton, rubber, plastic For buildings: cement, metal, wood/timber, glass For energy: gas, ełctriy, steam, solar power, petrol Unit 83 83.1 In addition to those on the left-hand page, subjects and areas of study that are plural might arts/humanities, natura! sciences, genetics, politics, ethics. incłude: 83.2 2 glasses/spectades 3 scissors 4 braces 5 overalls 83.3 2 underpants/pants ./ 3 shirt 83.4 83.5 2 proceeds 3 acoustics 2 bilłard s 8 handcuffs 6 binoculars 7 pliers 4 trousers ./ 5 rights ./ 4 whereabouts 5 headphones, earphones (either order) 3 sc1ssors 6 shorts ./ 7 dungarees ./ 6 authorities, goods 4 dungarees 83.6 I decided that if I wanted to be a pop star I'd have to leave home and get lodgings in London. I finally got a room, but it was on the outskirts of the city. The owner didn't live on the premises, so I could make as much noise as I liked. The acoustics in the bathroom were fantastic, so I practised there. I made so much noise I almost shook the foundations! I went to the headquarters of the Musicians' Union, but a guy there said I just didn't have the right looks to be famous. Oh well, never mind! Unit 84 84.1 Possible answers: 2 a cloth: Yes, most people have a cł o th somewhere in the kitchen to wipe things with. If the person likes making their owo cłothes, they may have some cloth in the house too. 3 a fish: lf you have an aquarium, you may have a fish or severa! fish. If you are going to cook fish for dinner, you may have some in your kitchen or refrigerator or freezer. 4 glass: Most people would not keep the materia] (glass) in their house, but their windows are probably made of glass. Most people have glasses in their house to drink out of. 5 a wood: It's not likely that people will have a wood (a small forest!) in their house, but they might keep some wood to use to make things or to repair things. English Vocabulary in Use Uper-łntmdia 249 6 pepper: Most people probably have pepper (and salt) in their kitchen to put on their food. They may also have a green or red pepper, or severa! peppers in their kitchen or refrigerator. 7 paper: Yes, most people keep paper to write or print things on. Many people will have a paper or sevrał papers in order to read the łates news. 84.2 2 Could I borrow an iron, please? 5 Could I borrow some paper, please? I have some pepper, płeas? 4 Could I have a chocolate, please? 6 3 Coułd I borrow your/a rubber, please? Coułd 7 Could I have a glass, please? 84.3 Suggested answers: 2 3 4 5 6 7 84.4 I drove over some broken glass. They're made of rubber. No, I don't have any experience of working in a primary school. We could buy a paper and find out. lt's a work of art by a famous ltalian artist called Leonardo Da Vinci. My favourite flavour's chołate. 1 b Art here means painting, drawing and sculpture. 2 a Plant here means machines and large-scł industrial equipment. b A plant here means a botanical item (e.g. a plant with flowers). 3 a Damage here means that something is broken or destroyed in some way. b Damages here means money awarded to someone by a court of law for some harm that has been caused by someone or something (e.g. destroying someone's reputation, or injuring them). 4 a Times here means experiences. b Times here means occasions. Unit 85 85.1 2 e 85.2 2 My mother gave me a piece of advice that I have always remembered. 3 Suddenly a gust of wind almost błew him off his feet. 4 We had a spell of terribly windy weather last winter. 5 Would you like another slice of toast? 6 He never does a stroke of work in the house. 7 Let's go to the park - I need a breath of fresh air. 8 I can give you an important piece/bit of inforrnarion about that. 9 We could see a doud of smoke hovering over the city from a long way away. 10 I need to get some pieces of furniture for my flat. 3 d 85.3 I 4b 2 f Ge 5a u 7f X n 3c h a o e p a s e "d r sh e h a n 6 p o V e y y 250 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediar.e 8g 85.4 Possible sentence clues: 1 Did you see thac ................................ of lightning? 2 She sells old ................................ of clothing at the market. 3 Have you ever seen him do even a ................................ of work? 4 What a loud ................................ of thunder. lt sounded almost overhead. 5 Let's go and get a ................................ of fresh air. It's so sruffy indoors. Unit 86 86.1 2 shoal 3 gang 86.2 Incorrect words: 4 pack 5 team 2 a book 3 a hospital 86.3 2 f 86.4 2 3 4 5 6 3 g 6 pair 7 couple 4 cats 5 pigs 4 b 6 fish 5 a 6 h 7 d 8 e There is/'s a crowd of people waiting outside. The staff are very well paid. A flock of sheep had escaped from a field. She gave me a set of glasses. She gave me a bunch of beautiful roses I a beautiful bunch of roses. 86.5 THE JOURNALISTS raised a host of difficult questions about the actions of the police during the demonstration. There had been a barrage of complaints about police violence. The Chief of Police replied that he was not prepared to listen to a string of wild accusations without any evidence. In the end, he just gave a series of short answers that left everyone dissa tisfied. Unit 87 87.1 2 two bottles/cartons of milk 3 four cans of cola 4 a tin of condensed mille 5 a packetlbox (or tin) of chocolate biscuits 87 .2 6 7 8 9 a pot of yoghurt a large box of matches a jar of honey six packets of crisps 2 barrel, bonie, sack (of coaVpotatoes) 3 can, bonie, pack, crate, case (possibly also a barrel) 4 any of these: bottle/carton (of milk or juice), jug (of milk), mug (of tea or coffee), packet (of cereal), jar (of jam/marmalade/honey), glass (of milk or juice), bowl (of sugar) 5 bag and, sometimes, a sack - a sack is bigger and is more likely to be used when collecting post from a post office or lener box, while a bag may be used by the postman delivering mail 6 bag and basket 8 7.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 a a a a packet of washing powder carton of cream rube of hand cream tin of sardines a tin of beans a bag of apples 8 a box of tissues 9 1O 11 12 a a a a packet of butter pack of 6 cans of beer bonie of washing-up liquid box of matches 87.4 Possible answers: 2 chocolate/tooVmatch box 3 wine/milk/water bonie 4 carrier/shopping/mail bag 5 milk/cream/water jug 6 wine/whisky/Jiqueur /h'kju~ 7 tlower/tea/coffee pot glass English Vocabulary in Use Uper-łntmdia 251 Unit 88 88.1 2 manage to see 3 consists of (make up with this meaning is usually used in the passive) 4 tie up in bundles 5 understand (with this meaning make out is usually combined with 'can' or 'could' and 'not' or 'never') 6 making someching more numerous or compłet 7 daimed/pretended (make out implies that what is being claimed may well not be true) 8 renovate 88.2 2 away with 88.3 This weekend we are planning to make for the seaside. Vast amounts of money do not always make for happiness. Your shoelaces are untied. Do them up or you'll trip over. They like to make out that they are very important people. 6 Thieves robbed the bank and made off wich fl,000,000. 88.4 2 3 4 5 3 up 4 out 5 up 2 3 4 5 your best profit (the) housework allowances for 6 an impression I a good impression 7 business 8 exerc1se Unit 89 89.1 2 on 3 abo ut 4 off 5 round 6 up 89.2 Possible answers: the new neighbours skiing insurance to over up on out off a company Staff your shoes 89.3 2 Today's newspaper has brought to light some fascinating information about the President. 3 The situation was brought to a head when the union called for a strike. 4 You need to take account of the historical context of the novel in your essay. 5 The view from the top of the hill took my breath away. 6 He took advantage of her weakness at the time and she gave it to him. 7 If you're going to succeed in business you must be prepared to take risks. 8 You shouldn't take anyone or anything for granted. 89.4 Possible answers: eh ił dren up down BRING an allergy 89.5 252 on 2 to take seriously 3 to cake your breath away 4 to bring a law into force 5 to take pride in English Voeabulary in Use Upper-intennediate out the govemment a magazine 6 co cake control of • Unit 90 90. 1 Suggested answers: I don't often receive interesting junk mail. However, an unusual item carne this morning. lt was headed 'Are things depressing you? Do you fee! you' ll just never manage to do I achieve all those things you dream of?' And ie went on, 'If so, buy/order this great new book today: Manage Your World by Simon Triksta. It will teach you how to deal with I recover from those daily upsets, and will ensure chat you achieve the contentment in your work chat you long for and that you fulfil your dreams. Send 25 today to receive Manage Your World and your key to success within ten days.' Maybe I should buy it! 90.2 90.3 2 through 3 down to 2 c 3 d 4 round to 5 up to 4 b 6 through 7 across 8 behind, into 9 together 10 on 5 a Unit 91 91.1 2 3 4 5 We try to reserve same money for our holiday every week. lgnore all your negative feelings and listen with an open mind. If we hadn't left home so late, we would have arrived on time. The government's unpopular proposals caused a wave of protests. 91.2 2 3 4 5 91.3 Possible answers: puc forward an idea I a proposal I a suggestion puc off a football match I an appointment I customers put across your fełings I ideas I opinions put up an wnbrella I prices I a picture 6 put on a concert I an accent I clothes 7 puc away papers I books I files 8 put up with someone's temper I behaviour I bad manners 2 I haven't had time to put things away yet. 3 We'd better set out/off at 7 am. 4 Yes, of course, I can put you up. 5 The cost of it all has put me off. 6 He is hoping to set up a business of his own. 7 Let's put up some posters. 8 l'll help you put it together. 91 .4 Possible answers: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 He's bound to put two and two together if you keep on behaving like that. She has set her sights on becoming Prime Minister. She really puts my back up. If you put pressure on her to change her mind it'll make her even more determined. Please put your mind to the problem in hand. She has set her heart on getting a seat in Parliament. She threw petrol on the rubbish and set fue to ie. lt's time the teacher put a stop to the noise. The man has set a record for eating the most burgers in one hour. This is the first time l've ever set foot in the southern hemisphere. We spent most of our evenings setting/putting the world to rights rather chan studying. You really s houłd put your foot down (with bim) or ther'lł be trouble later. If the teacher doesn't set a good example, the children certainly won't behave properly. He has set himself the target of running the Athens marathon next year. English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 253 Unit 92 92.1 2 check 6 7 8 9 3 attacked 4 happened I took place 5 found by chance 92.2 92.3 criticising I complaining choose suit I match I look OK with thought of I suggested I found When his grandrnother dies, he'll come into a fortune I a lot of money. After four years of fighting, the civil war finally carne to an end. Halfway up the steep bill, the bus carne to a standstill. They say that long skirts are coming into fashion again. 6 The telephone first carne into existence over 1OO years ago. 7 I found it very difficult to come to terms with my failure. 8 As we drove round the corner the house carne into sight/view. 2 3 4 5 2 They went to great lengths to avoid meeting each other. l've been on the go all day and I'm longing for a shower now and to relax. I do hope he will make a go of his new business. The story goes that they were together that night. The film is good as far as it goes but it doesn't tackle the problem deeply enough. 3 4 5 6 92.4 d 2 3 e 4 g 5 b 6 a 7 f Unit 93 93.1 93.2 2 to 3 prornise(s) 4 up 5 down 2 I ran into Julio at the station yesterday. 3 Nadia broke her promise to tidy her room. 4 I thought I was seeing things when I saw a monkey in the garden. 5 The police Jet the boy off with a warning. 6 Stupidly, I Jet it slip that Sabrina was planning to rnove abroad. 7 An enonnous crowd tumed up to hear the President speak. 8 My aunt Jooks down on people who don't have a good job. 9 Greg has promised to tum over a new leaf. 10 Nathalie has always looked up to her older cousin. 93.3 Possible answers: 2 lt can be hard to see through someone's lies if they have a lot of charm. Halfway up the rnountain he łet go of the rope and fell into a crevasse. It'll be better in the long run if you tell him now exactly how you feel. H e felt terribly Jet down when she refused to help him. She didn't tum up until the party was nearly over. l'm afraid we've run out of sugar. 8 In my last year at school I decided to look into the possibility of spending a year abroad. 9 I agreed to see about booking our holiday flights. 1O lt's your tum to ło ad the dishwasher. 3 4 5 6 7 Unit 94 94.1 2 wrong 94.2 254 3 house/home 2 seeking 3 utilise 4 frequently 5 imrnediately, atternpt 4 Bye-bye 5 children 6 fundamental 7 occurs 8 provided the patient with English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 94.3 2 particular 94.4 2 to alight 94.5 2 3 4 5 3 in, of 4 in, to 5 account 3 a} to regret b} to purchase c) to address d) board a friend a friend study hard (e.g. for an exam} thank you I thanks 4 persons 5 stairway 6 intelligent 7 unpłe as nt I disgusting 8 uncertain I doubtful or not good, not honest Unit 95 95.1 Annie, can you lend me ten quid? What for? J1M: l've got to go and see my parents, and my bike's not working, so 1'11 have to get a cab. ANN IE: Can't you phone them and say you can 't come? JIM: Well, I could, but my mobile's not w orking, and I want to go because they a lways have lots of grub/nosh, and the fridge at our fiat is empty, as usual. ANNJE: Can't you go by tube? Anyway, yo u' re in luck, I've got some dosh/readies/bread, so here you are. JIM: AN NIF. : 95.2 4 police 5 food 2 doctor 3 prison 95.3 8 money 6 celebrity I fa mous person 7 cup of tea 2 (exam essay) The Internet and television are probably the biggest influences on young people today. 3 (recipe in a cookery book) Next, slice the potatoes and place them on top of the meat. 4 (exam essay} Newspapers face stiff competition these days from TV and internet news. 5 (fo rmat university publicity) The Faculty offers courses in veterinary science. Laboratory facilities are available 24 hours a day. 95.4 2 barbecue 3 biscuit 96.1 2 rake 96.2 2 falling 96.3 1 c 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 b 1 as quick as a flash 2 as red as a beetroot 3 as fiat as a pancake (very fiat ] 4 as fresh as a daisy (used about how peo łe fee! or look, not about e.g. bread or other foods] 5 as strong as an ox 96.4 Across: 1 brass 4 husband 5 pictures I photographs Unit 96 3 mouse 4 post 3 dog 4 parrot Down: 1 bat 96.5 5 bat 3 hatter 2 feather 5 snow 6 sheet 3 hard 6 sheet 7 da isy 4 easy 9 bone 10 mouse 5 cucum ber 8 ice 2 Our plan worked like a dream. 3 He/She eacs like a horse and drinks like a fish. 4 He/She has a mind/head like a sieve. 5 He/She has been as busy as a bee all day. Unit 97 9 7. 1 2 Many hands make light work. 3 Don't put all your eggs in one basket. 4 Too many cooks s poił the broth. 5 We'll cross that bridge when we come to it. English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate 255 97.2 2 Tao many cooks spoi! the broth, which suggests that problems can be caused if a lot of people are involved in a job, whereas Many hands make light work suggests that if there are mare helpers then the job will be completed more easily. 3 When the cat's away, the mice will play. Absence makes the heart grow fonder says that if you cannot be with someone or something you will love thern/it more, whereas When the cat's away, the mice will play suggests that others may take advantage of someone's absence to behave in a way they would not otherwise do. 4 We'll cross that bridge when we come to it and Don't count your chickens before they hatch. The first one wams against anticipating future problems (they may never happen) and the second one wams against assuming you will get something good (that may never happen either). 5 Never look a gift-horse in the mouth. Both proverbs advise you to take advantage of good fortune when you have it in front of you. 97.3 2 When the cat's away, the mice will play. 3 Where there's smoke, there's fire. 4 Take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves. 9 7 .4 2 Never look a gift-horse in the mouth. 3 Don't put all your eggs in one basket. 4 You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. Unit 98 98.1 Possible answers: 2 at the entrance to private land (e.g. a farm, a forest) in a theatre or hall in a park, on a beach outside or in the window of a cafe or restaurant outside a nightcłub (possibly a gym or swimrning pool) at a zoo or park 8 by a <lead-end street I cul-de-sac 9 on a door 10 at a supermarket check-out 11 on a packet of cigarettes 12 on a road or motorway 13 at a car park or near parking bays on a street 14 at a dangerous place or a place where pedestrians only are allowed 15 at a river or lake 3 4 5 6 7 98.2 2 g 98.3 Suggested answers: 3 h 4 k 5 d 6 7 e 8 j 9 b 10 a 11 f 2 in a shop or restaurant: the staff can speak English 3 at the customs: for people who do not have goods that require them to pay duty down and wants to sell all its goods 4 at a shop: the shop is probably cłosing 5 at a sports event or cultural płace or event: you must have a ticket to come in 6 at a hotel or guesthouse: the hotel/guesthouse is full, or at a shop, restaurant or factory meaning 'no jobs are available' 1 at a river or lake: you must not fish here shop: you can buy or hire/rent a bicyłe here 8 at a bicyłe 9 outside a house or at an estate agent's: there is a fiat which you can rent 1O for example, at an escałtor: if you have a dog with you, you must carry it 11 on a train or bus: if there is an ełdry, disabled or pregnant person, please give them this seat 256 English Vocabulary in Use Uf:>Per-intermediate 98.4 Suggested answers: 2 3 4 5 6 Spanish spoken here No admission to unaccompanied minors No entry to unauthorised personnel Shopliftersffhieves will be prosecuted Please refrain from handling food/goods Unit 99 3 e 99.1 2 f 99.2 Suggested answers: 5 a 4 b 6c 2 Steps are being taken with the aim of providing more work for people. 3 Approval has been given to a plan to place restriccions on people's use of water. 4 A woman resigned from her job after undergoing some kind of unpleasant experience there. 5 A public opinion survey has looked inco how people spend their money. 6 An attempt has been made to remove the Prirne Minister from his/her position. 7 The Princess has prornised to give support co her family or to farnily values, in genrał. 99.3 2 makes a connection between 3 reduces 99.4 4 explodes in 5 promises 6 leads I is a major figure in 2 A hammer is a cool which hits nails into wood. The headline is a play on the businessman's name and the headline use of hit to mean affect. 3 A dramatic pause is a phrase used co refer to a pause in speech made for dramacie effect. Cats have paws, a homophone of pause. 4 Hot air means a lot of talk with little meaning. The prince is talking about dimace change, i.e, global warming. Heir is a homophone of air and the Prince in che story is presumably the heir to the throne. Unit 100 100.1 100.2 2 British (-re, not -er) 3 American (-z- not -s-) 2 elevator, Lift 3 undershirt, vest 100.3 100.4 2 3 4 5 6 4 American (-er, not -re) 5 British (-our, not -or) 4 flashlight, torch 5 diaper, nappy Pass me the biscuits. lt's in the wardrobe. Open the cunains. We've run out of petrol. Our bags are in che boot. 2 (a) one (b) two 3 trash/garbage I rubbish 6 drapes, curtains 7 Scotch tape, Sełlotap 8 truck, lorry 7 Single or return? 8 Let's take the underground. 9 We've been working in the garden. 1O I hate waiting in queues I a queue. 3 (a) a bank (b) a cafe 1OO.5 2 eraser I rubber 6 American (not jewłlry) 4 (a) under (b) over 4 elevator / lift 5 crosswalk I zebra crossing 6 hood I bonnet English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediote 257 Phonemic symbols Vowel sounds Consonant sounds Symbol Examples Symbol Examples li:! sleep /p/ QUt Iii happy Ibi b_ook III p1n dinner ft / take /u/ foot could Id/ .dog /u/ cas11al /k l ~ar /u:/ dQ /el rfd /-;J/ arnve 13:/ tur n bird /J:/ sort thought /re/ cat black !Al S_l!n enQ!!gh l ol gQt watch Io:! part heart mf rec1pf shoe p11ll through head l g! go ltfl catch /d3/ agf loungf /f i for cough QhotograQh /v/ loye yehicle 1e1 thick path 101 this mother SQCk !si .s_mce nce l.a!!gh Iz! i oo surpn.s_e !f i shop .s_ugar /3/ plea.s_ure !hl hear /ml make In! name /Tj/ bring IV look Ir/ ro ad /j l young Iw! we ar said father colo ur w ork /e1/ name /ai/ my idea /-;)!/ bQY noise /e'd/ palf where /I-;J/ hear cheers fau/ gQ hQme /au/ out cow /u'd/ pure walk WQnder a1m late kick time bear show fewer warantee church machine u.s_ual VlfilOn hotel now know while ' This shows that the next syllable is the one with the stress. , This is used when some longer words have a second stress, less strong than on the main stressed syllable. 258 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Index The numbers in the Index are unit numbers not page numbers. The pronunciation provided is for standard British English. 3D ,8ri:'di: 32 60s music 's1kst1z 'mju:zrk 20 able 'e1bal 8 abode a'baud 94 above a'bAv 66 abrupt a'brApt 8 absent-minded ,rebsant 'marndrd 73 absolute 'rebsalu:t 53 absolutely ,rebsa'lu:tli 41 absorbing ab'z:):bIIJ 3 abstract 'rebstrrekt 18 absurd ab's3:d 46 academic ,reka'dem1k 14 accept ak 'sept 10, 62 access 'rekses 34 accident 'reks1dant 13 acclaimed a'klermd 46 accommodation a,koma'de1Jan 82 accomplice a'kAmplis 37 accomplish a'kAmphJ 58 accomplished a'kAmplIJt 58 accomplishment a'kAmphJmant 58 accuse a'kju:z 37 ache e1k 27 achievable a'tJi:vabal 58 achieve a'tJi:v 58 achievement a'tJi:vmant 58, 72 acid rain 'res1d 'rem 23 acknowledge ak'nohd3 62 acoustics a'ku:st1ks 83 acquaintance a'kwemtants 10 acquit a'kwrt 37 action 'rekJan 69 active 'rekt1v 22 activity rek't1vati 72 ad red 95 addition a'd1Jan 50 additionally a'd1Janali 63 address a'dres 94 addressee ,redres'i: 69 adjustment a'd3Astmant 72 administrator ad'mm1stre1ta 15 adrnire ad'ma1a 10 admission ad'm1Jan 14, 69, 98 admit ad'm1t 62 admittedly ad'm1t1dli 62 adore a'd:): 10 adulthood 'redAlthud 72 advance ad'va:nts 28 adventure holiday ad'ventJa 'holade1 31 adventurous ad'ventJaras 24,31 advert 'redv3:t 95 advertise 'redvata1z 71 advertisement ad'v3:trsmant 71 advertiser 'redvata1za 71 advice ad'vars 72, 82 AFAIK 77 affect a'fekt 64 affection a 'fekJan 72 affectionate a'fekJanat 42 AFK 77 African 'refnkan 5 African Caribbean 'refnkan ,kren'bi:an 5 after all 'a:ftar:):! 62 afters 'a:ftaz 21 against a'genst 40 age e1d3 51 ageing 'e1d31IJ 29 aggressive a'gres1v 8 agitation ,red3r'te1Jan 85 agreement a'gri:mant 58, 88, 92 aid e1d 99 AIDS erdz 13 aim e1m 58 air ea 81 air con 'ea kon 77 air traffic control ea 'trref1k bn'traul 74 air-conditioned 'eakan,drJand 73 aircraft 'eakra:ft 30 airsick 'eas1k 30 aisle ad 30 AKA ,e1ke1'e1 77 a-la-carte ,rela'ka:t 21 alarm clock a'la:m klok 74 album 'relbam 20 alight adj, v a'la1t 94, 98 alive a'la1v 79 all or nothing ,:):b:'nA8IIJ 76 allocate 'relake1t 55 all-out ,:):!'aut 73 allowance a 'lauants 88 along with a'loIJ wio 63 alongside a ,lol)'sard 63 aloud a 'laud 81 alter ':):!ta 32 alteration ,:):ltar'e1Jan 69 alternative J:!'t3:nat1v 53 although :):l'oau 62 amazement a'me1zmant 72 ambassador rem'bresada 15 ambition rem'b1Jan 58 ambitious rem'b1Jas 8 amount a'maunt 49 analyse 'renala1z 32 anger 'reIJga 72 angrily 'reIJgnli 43 annoyance a'n:)Iants 48 anorak 'renarrek 95 anorexic ,renar'eksrk 7 Antarctica ren'ta:kt1ka 5 antibiotic ,rentiba1'ot1k 70 antiseptic ,renti' sept1k 70 antisocial ,renti' sauJal 70 anti-war ,renti'w:): 70 anxious 'reIJkJas 41 anxiously 'reIJkJasli 43 anyway 'eniwe1 65 apart from a'pa:t fmm 63 apartment a 'pa:tmant 100 apostrophe a'postrafi 79 app rep 33 appal a'p:):l 42 appeal to a'pi:l tu: 42 appear in a'p1arm 19 application ,reph 'ke1Jan 33 apply for a'pla1 fo: 15 appoint a'p:)mt 36 apprenticeship a'prent1J1p 72 approach a'prautJ 64 Arab 'rerab 5 Arabic 'rerab1k 5 archer 'a:tJa 17 archery 'a:tJari 17 architect 'a:k1tekt 18 architecture 'a:k1tektJa 18 area 'earla 22 argue 'a:gju: 43 argument 'a:gjamant 64 argumentative ,a:gja'mentat1v 8 arise from a 'ra1z from 61 arithmetic ,a'n8mat1k 79 arithmetical ,ren8'met1kal 79 arms race 'a:rnz ,re1s 74 aromatic ,rera'mret1k 44 arrangement a'remd3mant 88 arrest a'rest 3 7 arrival a'ra1val 69 arrogant 'reragant 8 art a:t 18, 84 art gallery a:t 'grefari 24 art !over a:t 'IAva 18 article 'a:t1kal 85 artificial ,a:t1'f1Jal 39 artificial hip ,a:tr'f1Jal 'hrp 28 artistic a:'t1st1k 18 arts a:ts 84 arts and crafts a:ts and kra:fts 18 as ... as . . . az .. . az 96 ASAP ,ex es e1 'pi: 77 Asia 'e13a 5 Asian 'e13an 5 aspect 'respekt 64 assertive a 's3:t1v 8 assessment a'sesmant 64 associated a'sauJie1t1d 32 at fault at 'fo:lt 46 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 259 at last at 'lo:st 66 at once at 'wAnts 94 at times at 'ta1mz 51 athletics re8'let1ks 83 ATM ,erti:'em 77 attach a'tretf 34 attachment a 'tretfmant 34 anain a'tem 58 attainable a'temabal 58 attainment a'temmant 58 attempt n, v a'tempt 88, 94 attic 'ret1k 11 attitude 'retrtf u:d 64 attract a'trrekt 10, 42 auburn ':'l:ban 7 audience ':'l:diants 19 auditorium ,:'l:dr't:'l:riam 98 Australia os 'tredia 5 authorities :'l:'Soratrz 83 authority :'l: 'Sornti 72 autobiography ,:'l:taba1'ografr 70 autograph ':'l:tagra:f 70 automatically ,:'l:ta'mret1kli 28 auto-pilot ':'l:tau,parlat 70 average 'revnd3 49 awkward ':'l:kwad 9 AWOL 'erwol 77 axe reks 99 B&B ,bi: an 'bi: 24 babysitter 'be1bi,s1ta 74 back v brek 99 back and forth brek an b:e 76 back to front brek ta fr Ant 76 back up brek 'Ap 33 backache 'brekerk 27 backfue ,brek'fa1a 58 badge bred3 26 badly (affected) 'bredlI 48 baggage 'breg1d3 82, 100 baggy 'bregr 26 balanced diet 'brelanst darat 21 bald b:'l :ld 7 ballet 'brele1 19 ballot paper 'brelat 'pe1pa 36 bandage 'brend1d3 27 hang brei) 12, 54 bank account breIJk a'kaunt 74 banker 'brel)ka 15 bar n bo: 85 bar v bo: 99 bark bo:k 25 barrel 'breral 87 barren 'breran 22 basement 'be1smant 11 bash bref 80 basie 'bers1k 94 basket 'bo:sk1t 87 bass bers 20 bass guitarist 'bers g1'to:nst 20 bat bret 17 bathing (baby) bo:811J 81 bathroom 'bo:Srum 100 bay be1 22 be laid off br le1d of 15 260 be made redundant br merd n 'dAndant 15 be offered a job b1 'ofad a d3ob 15 be offered work b1 'ofad w3:k 15 be promoted b1 pra'maut1d 15 beach bi:tf 22 beam bi:m 54 beard brad 7 beautiful 'bju:t1fal 7 beautify 'bju:t1fa1 69 because b1 'koz 61 Belgian 'beld3an 5 belief b1'li:f 40, 72 believe b1'li:v 40 belongings b1'lDIJllJZ 55 below br'lau 66 belt belt 26 besides b1 'sa1dz 63 bestseller ,best'sela 18 bewitching br'wrtfIIJ 3 biannual ba1 'renjual 70 bicycle 'ba1s1bl 70 bid bid 99 big-headed ,b1g 'hed1d 73 bike ba1k 95 bikini b1'ki:ni 26 bilateral bar'Lretarnl 70 bilingual ba1 'hl)gwal 5, 70 bill br! 100 billiards 'biljadz 17, 83 binoculars b1 'nokjalaz 83 birth control b3:0 kan 'trnul 74 biscuit 'b1skrt 100 bit bit 85 bite bart 45 bitter 'bita 21, 44 bitterly 'brtah 43 bizarre b1 'zo: 39 black and white ,blrek an 'wa1t 76 black eye blrek 'a1 27 blade ble1d 85 blame ble1m 46 bland blrend 21 blast blo:st 99 blaze ble1z 99 blended learning blend1d h:mIJ 14 blink blrl)k 45 block blok 12 blog blog 34 blonde blond 7 blood donor 'blAd ,dauna 74 blood pressure 'blAd ,prefa 27, 28, 74 blossom 'blosam 25 blue-eyed ,blu:'a1d 73 blunt blAnt 8 blush blAJ 45 board b:'l:d 94 boast baust 4 3 boiling 'b:'lrlrl) 6 bonnet 'bomt 100 book (a table ) v 'buk 21 booking 'bukrl) 21 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate bookmark 'bukmo:k 34 boost bu:st 29, 99 boot bu:t 100 boredom 'b:'l:dam 72 boss bos 99 bossy 'bosi 8 bother 'boóa 58 bough bau 25 bow bau 17 bowl baul 87 bowls baulz 83 box boks 87 bra bra: 26 braces 'bre1s1z 83 brainless 'bremfas 8 brainy 'bremi 8 brake bre1k 81 branch bra:ntf 25, 32, 36 brand-new brrend nju: 73 BRB 77 breadth brete 52, 72 break brerk 27, 81 break (the news) bre1k 93 break down ,brerk'daun 12 break off ,bre1k'of 93 break out ,bre1k'aut 13 breakdown 'bre1kdaun 75 breakout 'bre1kaut 75 breakthrough 'bre1k8ru: 75 break-up 'bre1kAp 75 breath bree 45, 85 breathe bń:ó 45 breathless 'bre01as 27 breathtaking 'bre8,te1k11J 31 breed bri:d 25 breeze bri:z 6 brick bnk 82 briefly bri:fh 66 bright bra1t 8, 57 brightness bra1tnrs 57 brilliantly 'bnliantli 46 bring about bnl) a'baut 61 , 89 bring back ,bnl) 'brek 89 bring down ,bnl) 'daun 89 bring into force bnl) 'mta fo:s 89 bring into the open bnl) 'mta óa 'aupan 89 bring off ,bnl) 'of 89 bring on ,bnl) 'on 89 bring out ,bnl) 'aut 89 bring out the best bnl) aut óa best 89 bring round ,bnl) 'raund 89 bring to a head bnIJ tu: a hed 89 bring to light bnl) ta la1t 89 bring up ,bnl) 'Ap 89 Briton 'bntan 5 broad br:'l:d 52 broadband 'br:'l:dbrend 34 broadcast 'br:'l:dko:st 35 broaden 'br:'l:dan 52 broadminded ,br:'l:d 'mamd1d 8, 52 broad-shouldered br:'l:d 'J auldad 73 brotherhood 'brAÓghud 69, 72 brownish 'braumJ 7 browse brauz 34 browser 'brauzg 34 bruise bru:z 12, 27 brusque bru:sk 8 brutal 'bru:tgJ 69 BTW 77 bucket bAk1t 87 buckie 'bAkgJ 26 bud bAd 25 Buddhism 'bud1zgm 69 bug bAg 27 build bdd 16 built-up ,bdt'Ap 73 bulky 'bAJki 57 bullet-proof 'bubtpru:f 73 bump bAmp 12 bumpy 'bAmpi 30 bunch bAntJ 86 bungalow 'bAl)ggJgu 11 bunk bed 'bAIJk 'bed 31 burglar alarm 'b3:9Jgr g'Jo:m 74 burglary 'b3:9Jgri 37 bum b3:n 12, 79 bury the hatchet 'beri fo 'hretJ1t 48 bus stop bAs stop 74 business plan 'b1zms plren 16 business-class 'b1zms klo:s 73 bustling 'bAshl) 24 button 'bAtgn 26, 32 buzz bAz 80 bypass 'baipo:s 75 cab kreb 95 cabinet 'krebmgt 36 calm ko:m 72, 79 camcorder 'krem,k:i:dg 32 campsite 'krempsait 31 can kren 87 cancel (a reservation) 'krentsgl 21 candidate 'krend1dgt 36 candy 'kremli 100 canned music krend 'mju:z1k 20 canoeist kg'nu:ist 17 can't bear ko:nt beg 42 can't face the thought of ko:nt feJS Qg 0:i:t DY 48 can't stand ko:nt strend 10, 42 capacity kg'presgti 94 cape ke1p 22 capital 'krep1tgJ 22 captiYate 'krept1Ye1t 42 captivating 'krept1Ye1t11) 3 capture 'kreptJg 19 car hire 'ko: ,ha1g 24 car park ko: po:k 24, 74, 100 caravan 'krergyren 31 carbon footprint 'ko:bgn 'futprmt 23 carbs ko:bz 77 card ko:d 79 cardigan 'ko:d1ggn 26 cards ko:dz 83 1 care for 'keg ,fo: 42 carelessness 'kegfasms 72 caring 'kegnIJ 42 carpenter 'ko:pgntg 15 carton 'ko:tgn 85, 87 cartoon ko:'tu:n 35 case ke1s 37 cash machine 'kreJ mg'Ji:n 38 cast ko:st 19, 86 cast (a vote) ko:st 36 castle 'ko:sgJ 79 casual 'kre3jugl 10 casually 'kre3jugJi 26 casualty 'kre3jugJti 13 Catalan ,kretg'Jren 5 catastrophe kg'trestrnfi 79 catch kretJ 3 cater 'ke1tg 55 cause k:i:z 61 cease si:s 2 celeb sg'Jeb 95 cell se! 32 cell(phone) sel(faun) 77 cellar 'selg 11 cellist 'tJehst 69 cello 'tJeJgu 2 Central America 'sentrgJ g'menkg 5 CEO ,si: i: 'gu 16 certainty 's3:tgnti 53 chalk n tJ:i:k 79 challenge 'tJrebnd3 48 chamber 'tJe1mbg 36 chance tJo:nts 53, 72 change into tJemd3 'mtg 26 change out of tJemd3 aut DY 26 chaos 'kerns 48, 85 character 'krergktg 18 characterise 'krernktgrarz 39 characteristic ,krergktg'nst1k 39 charge tJo:d3 37 charge (interest) tJo:d3 38 check n tJek 100 checked tJekt 26 check-out 'tJekaut 75 cheerfully 'tJ1gfaJi 43 cheerio ,tJ1gfi'gu 94 chemical 'kem1bl 23, 32 chemist's 'kem1sts 24 chew tfu: 45 childhood 'tJaddhud 69, 72 childminder 'tJadd,mamdg 15 chime tJaim 54 chip tJ1p 12 chips tJ1ps 100 choice tfm 53 cholera 'kofarg 13 cholesterol kg'JestgroJ 29 chopping board 'tJopIIJ 'b:i:d 11 Christmas 'kr1smgs 79 chubby 'tf Abi 7 cinema 'smgmg 19 circle 's3:kgJ 50 circular 's3:kjgJg 50 circumference sg'kAmfrgnts 50 citizens' advice bureau 's1t1zgnz gd'Ya1s 'bjugrnu 24 city 's1ti 24 City Hall 's1ti h:i:l 24 civil serYant 's1ygJ 's3:ygnt 15 civil war 'sIVgJ w:i: 13 claim kle1m 64 ciang klreIJ 54, 80 ciap (of thunder) klrep 85 clash klreJ 99 classical 'klres1kgJ 2, 20 classics 'klres1ks 83 clatter 'klretg 54 daw kl:i: 25 clever 'kleyg 8 click klik 33, 80 cliff klif 22 climate change 'klaimgt ,tJemd3 23, 74 climb kla1m 79 clip-clop 'kl1pklop 80 clone kJgun 32 close-fitting kfaus f1t11J 26 closet 'kloz1t 100 cloth kloe 82, 84 clothes klguoz 83 cloud klaud 85 club klAb 17, 24 clump klAmp 86 coal bul 82 coarse k:i:s 57 coast bust 22 coat hanger 'kgut ,hrel)g 11, 69 collapse b'lreps 48 collar 'koJg 26 colleague 'koli:g 10 collection b'lekJgn 72 college 'kobd3 14, 24 collocation ,k0Jgu'ke1Jgn 1 comb bum 79 combination ,komb1'ne1Jgn 72 combine kgm'bam 32, 38 come across kAID g'krns 92 come between kAm b1'twi:n 92 come by kAm bai 92 come down ,kAID 'daun 92 come ·in to ,kAm 'mtg 92 come off ,kAm 'of 12, 58, 92 come out ,kAm 'aut 92 come round ,kAID 'raund 92 come to ,kAm 'tu: 92 come up ,kAm 'Ap 92 comedian kg'mi:dign 19 comment 'koment 10 commercial kg'm3:JgJ 35 commercialise kg'm3:JgJa1z 69 commit b'm1t 37 committed kg'm1t1d 40 companionship bm 'prenjgnJ1p 72 company 'kAmpgni 86 competition ,kompg't1Jgn 16 competitive kgm'pet1t1Y 17, 38 complexion kgm'plekJgn 7 complication ,kompb'ke1Jgn 69 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 261 compose k;im'p;mz 71 composer k;im'p;iuz;i 71 composition ,komp;i'z1J;in 71 comprehensive school ,kompn'hents1v sku:l 14 compromise 'kompr;ima1z 58 compulsory bm'pAls;iri 14, 53 computer technology bm'pju:t;i tek'nol;id3i 74 computerise k;im'pju:t;ira1z 69 concede k;in'si:d 62 concert hall 'kons3:t h:i:l 24 conclude bn'klu:d 32, 66 conclusion k;in'klu:3;in 92 condition bn'd1J;in 60 conduct n 'kondAl<t 79 conduct v bn'dAl<t 71, 79 conflict n 'konflikt 79 conflict v k;in'fhkt 79 confused bn'fju:zd 41 confusion bn'fju:3;in 85 Congress 'koIJgres 36 consciousness 'kontf;isms 72 consequence 'konts1kw;ints 61 consequently 'konts1kw;intli 61 conservation ,kons;i've1J;in 23 conservative k;in's3:v;it1v 40 considerable k;in's1d;irnb;il 49 constituency k;in'st1tfu;intsi 36 consume k;in'sju:m 29 contact 'kontrekt 10, 16, 34 contact lens 'kontrekt ,lenz 28, 74 contemporary k;in'temp;irnri 24 content n 'kontent 29 content adj k;in'tent 41 contented k;in 'tent1d 41 contents 'kontents 83 contest n 'kontest 79 contest v k;in'test 79 continuous assessment k;in'tmju;is ;i'sesm;int 14 contract v k;in'trrekt 27, 52 contribute k;in'tnbju:t 55 conventional k;in'ventf;in;il 39 convers10n k;in'v3:J;in 11 convert v k;in'v3:t 71 convict v k;in'v1kt 37 conv1ct1on k;in'v1kf;in 40 convince k;in'vmts 40 cookie 'kuki 100 cool ku:l 79 co-opt k;iu'opt 79 cop kop 95 cope k;iup 58 capy 'kopi 18 corkscrew 'k:i:kskru: 11 corporation ,k:i:p;ir'e1J;in 16 corporation tax ,b:p;ir'e1J;in treks 38 costume 'kostju:m 19 cottage 'kot1d3 11 cotton wool 'kot;in 'wu! 74 cough kof 45 could kud 79 262 couple 'kAp;il 86 court b:t 37 crab krreb 25 crack krrek 12 crackdown 'krrekdaun 75 crafty 'kro:fti 8 crash krref 12, 33 crate kre1t 87 crawl kr:i:l 56 creation kri'e1J;in 32 creat1v1ty ,kri:e1't1v;iti 72 creche kref 14 credit card 'kred1t 'ko:d 74 credit limit 'kred1t 'limit 38 creep along ,kri:p ;i'lo!J 56 crew kru: 30, 86 crew-cut 'kru:kAt 7 crime kra1m 3 7 Cf!SIS 'kraISJS 64 critic 'kr1trk 18 critical 'knt1bl 46 critically 'kr1t1kli 46 criticise 'knt1sarz 46 crop n krop 22 crowd kraud 86 cruel 'kru:;il 8 cruise kru:z 31 crush krAf 12 crutches krAtfrz 28 cubic 'kju:b1k 50 cue kju: 17 cuff W 26 CUL8R 77 cumbersome 'kAmb;is;im 57 cunning 'kAnrlJ 8 cupboard 'kAb;id 79 cupid 'kju:p1d 79 cuppa 'kAp;i 95 curb k3:b 99 cur10s1ty ,kju;iri'os;iti 72 curly 'k3:li 7 curly-haired 'k3:li 'he;id 73 currency 'kArnntsi 82 current account 'kAr;int ;i'kaunt 38 current affairs 'kAr;int ;i'fe;iz 35 cursor 'k3:s;i 33 curt k3:t 8 curtains 'k3:t;inz 100 custom-built 'kAst;im ,brit 16 customer 'kAst;im;i 9 customer care 'kAst;im;i 'ke;i 16 customs 'kAst;imz 38 cut kAt 79, 99 cutback 'kAtbrek 75 cutlery 'kAtl;ir,i 21 cut-price ,kAt'pra1s 73 Cypriot 'srpri;it 5 daft do:ft 8 damage n, v 'drem1d3 13 <lamp dremp 6 dance do:nts 19 Dane dem 5 dark do:k 7, 54 darkness 'do:kn1s 54 dark-skinned 'do:k skmd 7 dart do:t 17 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate darts do:ts 83 Darwinist 'do:wm1st 40 dash dref 80 data processing 'dert;i 'pr;iuseSIIJ 74 database 'de1t;ibe1s 28, 33 dawdle 'd:i:d;il 56 daytime 'de1ta1m 6 dazzling 'drezlIIJ 57 <lead ded 12, 13 deafening 'defmIJ 44 death penalty 'de8 'pen;ilti 74 debt det 38, 79 debtor 'det;i 79 decade 'deke1d 28 decent 'di:s;int 39 decision dr's13;in 88, 92 declare dr'kle;i 98 decorative 'dek;irntiv 39 decrease n 'di:kri:s 79 decrease v d1 1kri:s 79 dedicated 'ded1ke1t1d 40 deep di:p 52 deepen 'di:p;in 52 deer d1;i 25 defend d1'fend 37 defriend ,di:'frend 10 degree dr'gri: 14 deja vu ,de3o:'vu: 44 delay d1'le1 30 delete dr'li:t 33 deliberations d1,hb;i're1J;inz 37 delicate 'dehk;it 39 delicious d1'lIJ;is 69 delighted d1'la1t1d 41 delightful d1'lartfal 31 delta 'delt;i 22 democracy d1'mokr;isi 36 denim 'demm 26 dense dens 57 density 'dens1ti 57 dent dent 12 deny d1'na1 3 department store d1'po:tm;int ,st:i: 24 deport di:'p:i:t 71 deportation ,di:p:i:'te1J;in 71 deportee ,di:p:i:'ti: 71 depose dr'p;iuz 71 deposit d1'poz1t 38 depress d1'pres 71 depression d1'pref;in 29 deprivation ,depn'verf;in 48 deprive s.o. of sth d1'pra1v SAmjwAn ov SAm8IIJ 48 depth dep8 52, 72 desert n 'dez3:t 79 desert v d1'z3:t 79 deserted d1'z3:t1d 24 design d1'zam 18 designer d1'zam;i 15, 26 desire n, v d1'zar;i 42 desktop computer 'desktop bm'pju:t;i 33 desperately 'desp;irntli 43 despise d1'spa1z 10, 42 destruction dr'strAkf;m 23 detached d1 'tretft 11 detective dr'tektrv 35 determined dr't3:mmd 8 detest dr 'test 42 development dr 'vel;ipm;mt 28 device d1 'vars 28, 33 devoted dr'v;iut1d 42 diagnose ,dar;ig'n;iuz 28 dialect 'da1;ilekt 5 dialogue 'dar;ilog 19 diameter dar'remrt;i 50 diaper 'da1p;i 100 diarrhoea ,dar;i'rr;i 27 dictatorship drk'tert;if1p 36 die dar 27 difficult 'drfrblt 58 difficulty 'drf1k;ilti 28, 58, 64 digital 'drd3rt;il 32 dilemma dr'lem;i 48, 64 dim drm 8, 54, 57 diploma dr'pl;ium;i 14 diplomat 'd1pl;imret 15 direct dr 'rekt 8 direct debit dr'rekt 'debit 38 direction dr 'rekf;in 19 director dr'rekt;i 15, 19 disagree ,drs;i'gri: 70 disagreement ,drs;i'gri:m;int 72 disappear ,d1s;i'p1;i 70 disapprove ,drs;i'pru:v 70 disaster dr'zo:st;i 48 disbelief ,d1sb1'li:f 49 disbelieve ,drsbr'li:v 70 disconnect ,drsk;i 'nekt 70 discontented ,d1sk;in'tent1d 41 discourage dr 'skAnd3 70 discourteous d1'sk3:ti;is 8 discrepancy dr 'skrep;intsi 62 discus 'drsk;is 17 disease d1'zi:z 28 disguise drs'garz 26 disgust drs'gAst 42 dish drf 35 disk drsk 32 disk drive 'drsk ,drarv 33 dislike dr'slark 70 dislocate 'd1sl;iuke1t 27 dismount dr'smaunt 99 disorder dr's::i:d;i 85 disorganised dr 's::i:g;inarzd 70 display d1'sple1 33, 98 dispose dr 'sp;iuz 23 disprove dr'spru:v 70 disqualify dr 'skwolrfar 70 disrepair ,drsn'pe;i 85 disrupt d1s'rApt 48 disruption drs 'rApf;in 48 dissect dr 'sekt 32 dissertation ,d1s;i'te1f;in 14 dissirnilar ,drs's1m1l;i 70 distance 'drst;ints 52 distance learning 'drst;ints ,13:nrl) 14 distant 'drst;int 52 divert da1'v3:t 71 divide dr 'vard 62 division d1 'v13;in 50 dizzy 'dlZI 27 DNA ,di:en'er 77 do business du: 'brznrs 16, 88 do without du: wr 'oaut 53, 88 do your best du: j::i: best 88 docurnentary ,dokj;i'ment;iri 35 dominoes 'domm;iuz 83 donate d;iu'nert 55 donation d;iu'nerf;in 69 donein dAl11n 47 donor 'd;iun;i 69 doubt daut 40, 79 doubtful 'dautfal 53 down daun 34 download ,daun'l;iud 2, 33 downpour 'daunp::i: 6 down-to-earth ,dauntu'3:0 8 dozen 'dAz;in 49 drag on 'drreg on 51 drama 'dro:m;i 35, 99 drapes drerps 100 draughts dro:fts 83 drawback 'dr::i:brek 75 dread dred 42 dream dri:m 58 dress up dres Ap 26 drift drrft 5 6 drinkable 'dnl)bb;il 69 drive drarv 11, 56, 99 drop drop 49 dropout 'dropaut 75 drought draut 6, 13 drurnmer 'drAID;i 20 drums drAIDZ 20 dub dAb 35 due to d3u: tu: 61 dull dAl 57 dumb dAm 8, 79 dungarees ,dAl)g;i'ri:z 83 during 'd3u;inl) 59 dustpan and brush 'dAstpren ;in 'brAf 11 Dutch dAtf 5 <luty 'd3u:ti 38 <luty-free ,d3u:ti'fri: 38, 73 eagerness 'i:g;inrs 72 earache '1;ire1k 27 earlier '3:li;i 66 earn 3:n 2 earphones 'r;ifaunz 83 earring 'r;inl) 74 earthquake '3:0kwerk 13 East Asia i:st 'e13;i 5 easy-going ,i:zi'g;iurl) 8, 73 e-book 'i:buk 18 e-card 'i:ko:d 34 eccentric rk'sentrrk 8, 40 ecological ,i:b'lod3rbl 23 ecologically sound ,i:b'lod31kli saund 23 econornical ,i:k;i'nomrk;il 8 econornics ,i:k;i'nomrks 83 economist 1'kon;im1st 15 economy r'kon;imi 22 edible 'edrb;il 69 educate 'ed3uke1t 71 effect r'fekt 48 effort 'efat 8 8 elapse i'lreps 51 elect i' lekt 3 6 electrician rlek'trrf;in 15 elegant 'elrg;int 7, 24, 26 elevator 'elive1t;i 100 email 'i:meII 2 employee rm'pbri: 69 employer 1m'pb1;i 69 enable 1'ne1b;il 32 enchanting m 'tfo:ntrl) 3 end end 92 endangered m'demd3;id 23 enemy 'en;irni 3 engrossing m 'gr;iusII) 3 enjoyment m'd3::i1m;int 69 enormous 1'n::i:m;is 49 enquiring m'kwar;inl) 8 ensue m'sju: 61 enter 'ent;i 34 entertainer ,ent;i'temg 19 enthralling m'0r::i:lrl) 3 enthusiastic m ,0ju:zi'restik 41 entire m'tar;i 39 entrancing m'tro:ntsII) 3 entry 'entri 98 envious 'envi;is 8 environment m'vair;inm;int 23 enviromtalły friendly m ,var;ir;in,ment;ili 'frendli 23 epidemie ,epr'demrk 13 episode 'eprs;iud 35 equally 'i:kw;ili 63 equipment 1'kw1pm;int 82 era '1;ir;i 51 eraser 1're1z;i 100 ergonomics ,3:g;i'nomrks 32 erupt r'rApt 13 establish r' strebhf 32, 94 estate r'stert 55 estate agent r'stert 'e1d3;int 24 estuary 'estfu;iri 22 etc et 'set;ir;i 63 ethnic group 'e0nrk gru:p 5 Europe 'ju;irnp 5 European ,ju;irn'pi:;in 5 evaluation 1,vrelju'erf;in 64 even-tempered ,i:v;in'temp;id 8 evidence 'evrd;ints 37 ex eks 10 exaggeration 1g,zred3;ir'erf;in 47 exam rg'zrem 14 exceptional ek'sepf;in;il 31 excessive ek'sesrv 49 exc1se 'eksarz 38 excitement rk'sartm;int 69 excłusiv 1ks 'k1u:s1v 31 excommunicate ,eksb'mju:mkert 70 excurs10n 1k'sk3:J;in 31 excuse n rk'skju:s 88 executive 1g'zekj;it1v 15 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 263 exempt 1g'zempt 53 exercise n, v 'eks;isa1z 29, 88 exhale eks'hetl 70 exhausted 1g'z:i:st1d 27 exhilarating rg'zil;irertII) 31 existence rg 'z1st;ints 92 exotic 1g'zot1k 31 expand rk'sprend 16, 52 expect 1k'spekt 6 expectation ,ekspek'te1J;in 72 expenses 1k'spents1z 38 experience 1k'spr;iri;ints 82, 84 explosion rk'spl;iu3;in 13 export n 'eksp:i:t export v rk'sp:i:t 71, 79 express 1k'spres 71 ex-smoker 'eks ,sm;iuk;i 70 extend rk'stend 52 extinct 1k'st1l)kt 23 extract v rk'strrekt 32, 70 extravagant rk'strrev;ig;int 8 extreme 1k'stri:m 40 extroverted 'ekstr;iy3:t1d 8 ex-wife eks wa1f 70 face n, v fers 7, 48 facility fa's1fati 38 fact frekt 64 fai! fed 14 fair fe;i 7, 81 faith fe10 72 fake ferk 39 fali b:l 1oo fali down b:l daun 12 fali for b:l b: 42 fali in love b:l rn Lw 42 fali off fo:lof 12 fali out with b:l aut wio 10 fallout 'b:laut 75 falter 'b:lt;i 58 famine 'fremrn 13 fanatical fa 'nretrk;il 40 fancy 'frentsi 10, 42 FAQ ,efe1 'kju: 34, 77 far fa: 52 faraway ,fa:r;i'we1 52 fare fe;i 81 far-fetched ,fa:'fetJt 73 farm fa:m 79 fascinate 'fresrnert 42 fascinating 'fresrnertll) 3, 31 fashion 'freJ;in 92 fast fa:st 12 fasten 'fa:s;in 79 fat fret 7 faulty 'fo:lti 39 faze fe1z 81 fear fr;i 72 feather 'feo;i 25 feature 'fi:tJ;i 7, 32 fed up ,fed'Ap 41 federation ,fed;ir'e1J;in 36 feedback 'fi:dbrek 16, 75 feel fi:l 40, 44, 57 fencing fentSIIJ 17 field fi:ld 14 fiend fi:nd 79 filthy 'fI10i 24 264 finally 'farn;ili 66 finance 'famrents 38 fine n, adj fam 37, 57, 65 fine art(s) fam a:t 18 Finn fm 5 fire fa1;i 15 firefighter 'fa1;i,fa1t;i 15 firm fa:m 3, 40 first 'fa:st 66 first and foremost 'fa:st ;in 'b:m;iust 76 first floor 'fa:st fb: 100 first impression 'fa:st 1m'preJ;in 7 first language 'fa:st 'lre1Jgw1d3 5 first of all 'fa:st DY ':i:l 66 first-bom 'fa:stb:i:n 73 first-class 'fa:st ,kla:s 73 first-hand ,fa:st'hrend 73 firstly 'fa:stli 66 first-rate ,fa:st 're1t 46 fish f1J 84 fishing line frJllJ lam 17 fit fit 26, 29 fitness 'f1tn;is 29 fizzy 'f1zi 29 flash flreJ 32 flashlight 'flreflart 1OO fiat firet 12 flaw fl:i: 32 fleeting 'fli:t11) 51 flexibility ,fleks;i'bil;iti 69 flexible 'fleks1b;il 39, 69 flexi-time 'fleksita1m 15 flicker 'fl1k;i 54 flock fiok 86 flood flAd 6, 13 flour flau;i 82 flow fl;iu 56 flower flau;i 25 flowery 'flau;iri 26 fiu flu: 81 flutter 'flAt;i 5 6 flux flAks 85 fly fla1 51 focus on 'fauk;is on 35 foe fau 3 foggy 'fogi 6 fold fauld 58 folk fauk 2, 20 following 'fol;iUIIJ 59, 66 fond of fond DY 42 food poisoning fu:d 'p:JIZ;JilII) 74 foo lish 'fu:lIJ 8 foot fut 22 football pitch 'futb:i:l ,p1tJ 24 footballer 'futb:i:l;i 17 for a time b:r ;i ta1m 51 for example b:r 1g'za:mp;il 66 for instance b:r 'mtst;ints 66 for the time being b:r o;i tarm 'bi:Il) 51 force into b:s 'rnt;i 53 forgetful fa'getfal 69 forgetfulness fa'getfalnrs 69 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate forgivable fa 'g1Y;ib;il 69 formerly 'b:m;ili 59 fortune 'b:tJu:n 92 forward 'b:w;id 2 fossil fuel 'fos;il 'fju:;il 23 foul-smelling faul smehl) 44 foundations faun'de1J;inz 83 fox foks 25 fragile 'frred3ad 39 fragrant 'frergrnnt 44 frank frrel)k 8 freedom 'fri:d;im 72 freeway 'fri:we1 100 freeze fri:z 6 French frentJ 5 French fries frentJ fra1z 100 frequently 'fri:kw;intli 94 fridge fnd3 95 friend frend 3, 10, 79 friendliness 'frendlrn1s 72 friendship 'frendJ1p 69 frog frng 25 from time to time frnm ta1m t;i ta1m 51 frost fmst 6 frown fraun 45 frustrated frAs'tre1t1d 41 frustration frAs'tre1J;in 72 fulfil ful'ftl 58 fulfilling ful'fihl) 58 fulfilment ful'f1hn;int 58 function 'fAIJkJ;in 32 fundamental ,fAnd;i'ment;il 94 fur fa: 25 furious 'fju;iri;is 41, 69 furiously 'fju;iri;isli 43 furry 'fa:ri 57 further 'fa:o;i 66, 94 further education 'fa:o;ir ,ed3u'ke1J;in 14 further to 'fa:o;i tu: 63 furthermore ,fa:o;i'm:i: 63 fuss fAs 88 FYI ,ef wa1 'a1 77 gam gem 2 gale ged 6 game show ge1m J;iu 35 gang grei) 86 garbage 'ga:b1d3 100 garden 'ga:d;in 100 garden centre 'ga:d;in 'sent;i 24 gardening 'ga:d;inllJ 88 gas gres 23, 100 gash greJ 80 gaze ge1z 44 gems d3emz 99 genrał anaesthetic 'd3en;ir;il ,ren;is'0etrk 28 genrał election 'd3en;ir;il i'lekJ;in 36 generate 'd3en;ire1t 61 generation gap ,d3en;i're1J;in grep 74 generosity ,d3en;i'rns;iti 72 generous 'd3en;irns 8 genetic engineering d3;i'net1k ,end31'nr;ir11J 32 genetically modified d3;i'net1kli 'modrfard 32 gentle 'd3ent;il 6 genuine 1d3enjum 39 German 'd33:m;in 5 gesture 1d3estf;i 88 get get 90 get across get ;i'kros 90 get at get ret 90 get away 'get ;i'we1 31 get behind with get b1 1hamd WIO 90 get carried away get 'krerid ;i'we1 47 get down get daun 90 get off to a good start get of tu: ;i gud sta:t 90 get on get on 90 get on well (with someone) get on wel 10 get out of get aut ov 90 get over get ';iuv;i 27, 90 get rid of get nd ov 90 getround getraund 90 get round to get raund tu: 90 get through get eru: 90 get to get tu: 90 get to know get t;i n;iu 90 get up to get Ap tu: 90 get-together n 'get t;i,geo;i 90 get-together v ,get t;i'geo;i 10 gifted 'grftrd 8 gig gig 77 gigabyte 'grg;ibart 33 give and take 1grv;in'te1k 76 give away grv;i'we1 55 give or take grv ;,: terk 76 give out g1v aut 55 give rise to grv rarz tu: 61 glacier 'glresi;i 22 gladly 'glredli 43 glamorous 'glrem;ir;is 31 glance gla:nts 44 glare gle;i 57 glass gla:s 84, 87 glasses gla:s1z 83 glimpse ghmps 44 glitter 'ght;i 54 global warming 'gl;iub;il 'w;,:mrIJ 23 globalisation gl;mb;ilai'ze1f;in 23 gloomily 'glu:mrli 43 gloomy 'glu:mi 54 glow gl;iu 54 GM 1d3i: 'em 32, 77 go amiss g;iu ;i'm1s 94 go bankrupt g;iu 'brel)krApt 92 go for g;iu fo: 92 go off g;iu of 21 go on g;iu on 51, 92 go pear-shaped g;iu 'pe;ife1pt 94 go through g;iu fuu: 92 go under g;iu 'And;i 58 go wrong g;iu rDIJ 58 1 j go-ahead 'g;iu;ihed 99 goal g;iul 58 goggles 'gog;ilz 83 going forward ,g:łUIJ 'fo:w;id 16 golf course 'golf ,b:s 24 good gud 65 good-looking ,gud'lukrIJ 7 goodness 'gudms 69 goods godz 83 good-tempered ,gud'temp;id 73 google 'gu:g;il 34 gorge g;,:d3 22 govern 'gAv;in 36 government 'gAv;inm;int 36 GPS 1d3i:pi:'es 32 grab grreb 44 graduate n 'grredju;it 14 graduate v 'grredjue1t 14 graduation ceremony ,grred3u'e1f;in 'senm;ini 14 grammar school 'grrem;i sku:l 14 grant gra:nt 14 graphics 'grrefrks 33 grasp gra:sp 44 grass roots ,gra:s'ru:ts 74 grate gre1t 81 grateful 'gre1tfal 41 grater grert;i 11, 69 graze grerz 12 great grert 39, 81 Greek gri:k 5 green gri:n 23 greenhouse effect 'gri:nhaus 1 1 fekt 23 gregarious gn'ge;iri;is 8 grey grei 7 grin grm 45 gripping 'gnprl) 3 groan gr;iun 43, 80, 81 ground floor 'graund ,fb: 100 group gru:p 86 grow gr;m 25 grow out of gr;iu aut ov 26 growl graul 80 grub grAb 95 grumble 'grAmb;il 80 grumpy 'grAmpi 80 guesthouse 'gesthaus 31 guilty 'gdti 37 guitar g1 1ta: 2, 20 gu]f gAlf 22 gymnast 1d3rmnrest 17 gymnastics d3rm'nrestrks 17, 83 hair he;i 7, 84 half-witted ,ha:f'wrtrd 8 hall h;,:l 11 hallway 'h;,:lwer 11 hand down hrend 'daun 55 hand out hrend 'aut 55 hand over ,hrend ';iuv;i 55 handcuffs 'hrendkAfs 83 handle 'hrend;il 44 handmade ,hrend'merd 73 handsome 'hrends;im 7 hang on hreIJ on 65 hang-gliding 1hrel) 1glaid1IJ 17 happily 1hrep1li 43 happiness 'hreprms 69, 72 hard disk 'ha:d disk 33 harden 'ha:d;~m 58 hardness 'ha:dms 58 hard-up ,ha:d'Ap 73 hardware 'ha:dwe;i 33 harm ha:m 29 harmful 'ha:mfal 29 harmless 'ha:mfas 69 hat hret 82 have a go hrev ;i g;iu 92 have trouble hrev 'trAb;il 58 hay fever 'he1 ,fi:v;i 74 hazardous 'hrez;id;is 23 head hed 36, 79,99 head and shoulders above hed ;in 'f;iuldn ;i'bAv 46 headphones 'hedfaonz 74, 83 headquarters ,hed'kw;,:t;iz 83 health hele 85 health centre 'hele 'sent;i 24 health warning 'hele ,w;,:mIJ 98 heap hi:p 86 hearing 'hr;inIJ 44 hearing aid 1h1;inl) ,e1d 28 heart ha:t 1 heart attack 'ha:t ;i'trek 27, 74 heartbreak 'ha:tbre1k 48 heatwave 1hi:twe1v 6 heavy 'hevi 6, 21 heel hi:I 26 height hart 52 heighten 'ha1t;in 52 heir e;i 79, 81 heiress 'e;ires 79 helmet 'helm;it 26 hem hem 26 hemisphere 1 henusf1;i 50 herd h3:d 86 high jump 'hai d3AIDP 17 high-definition 'hai ,defr'mf;in 32 higher education 'ha1;ir ,ed3u'kerf;in 14 high-tech ,har'tek 77 hip-hop 'h1phop 20 hiss his 54 historie hr'stonk 24 hit n, V hrt 34, 99 hoarse h;,:s 81 hold h;iuld 40 hold on h;mld on 65 holiday 'hol;ide1 100 hollow 'hol;iu 57 home page 'h;mmpe1d3 2, 34 homeless 'h;iumfas 69 homework 'h;iumw3:k 88 honest 'omst 8, 79 honour 'on;i 79 honourable 'on;ir;ib;il 79 hood hod 26, 100 hoody hudi hoof hu:f 25 hopeful 'h;iupfal 69 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 265 hopefully 'h;iupfali 43 horns h::i:nz 25 host hwst 21 hostility hos'td;iti 72 hot hot 21, 44 hour au;i 79, 81 hourly au;ili 79 House of Commons ,haus ;iv 'kom;inz 36 House of Lords ,haus ;iv b:dz 36 House of Representatives ,haus ;iv ,repn'zent;itrvz 36 housemate 'hausme1t 10 housework 'hausw3:k 88 housing estate ,hauzrl) 1'ste1t 24, 55 however hau'ev;i 60 hum hAITI 54 human rights 'hju:m;in ,rarts 74 humid 'hju:m1d 6 humour 'hju:m;i 72 hurricane 'hAnk;in 6, 13 hurry 'hAri 56 hurt h3:t 27 hurtful 'h3:tfal 3 hydroponics ,hardr;iu'ponrks 32 lee Age 'ars ,erd3 51 ice field 'ars ,fi:ld 22 Icelandic ais'lrendrk 5 icon 'arkon 33 ID a1'di: 77 idea ar'dr;i 72 identify ar'dentrfar 28 identity theft a1'dent;iti '8eft 2 ideology ,ardi'ol;id3i 40 idolise 'a1d;ilarz 10 illegal 111i:g;il 70 illegible r'led3;ib;il 70 illiterate 1'ht;ir;it 70 ill-mannered ,rl'mren;id 8 image 'rmrd3 18 IMHO 77 immature ,rm;i'tJu;i 70 immediate r'mi:di;it 59 immediately r'mi:di;itli 94 immoral r'mor;il 70 immune system 1'mju:n 'srst;im 29 impatient rm'perJ;int 70 import v 1m'p::i:t 70, 71, 79 impose rm'p;iuz 64, 71 impossible rm'pos;ib;il 70 impress rm'pres 71 1mpress1on rm'preJ;in 88 impressive 1m'pres1v 31 improbable rm 'prob;ib;il 70 improvernent 1m'pru:vm;int 72 in addition m ;i'd1J;in 63 in case m 'kers 60 in conclusion ,m k;in'klu:3;in 66 in contrast ,m 'kontro:st 62 in credit m 'kred1t 38 in other words m 'AÓ;i 'w3:dz 66 266 in parenthesis m p;i'rent8;is1s 66 in particular ,m p;i'trkj;il;i 94 in sum m 'sAm 66 in summary m 'sAm;iri 66 in the long run m ó;i Im] r An 9 3 in the meantime m ó;i 'mi:ntarm 59 incident 'ms1d;int 13 mcome 111JkAID 38, 70 income tax 'rI]kAffi treks 38, 74 inconvenient ,mk;in'vi:ni;int 31 mcrease n 'mkri:s 56, 79 increase v m'kri:s 75, 79 independence ,md1'pend;ints 36 in-depth ,m 'dep8 35 indigestion ,mdr'd3estJ;in 27 industrial estate m'dAstri;il 1'ste1t 24 industrialise m'dAstri;ilarz 69 inedible r'ned;ib;il 70 inevitable 1'nev1t;ib;il 53 inexperienced ,m1k'sp1;iri;intst 70 information ,mfa'me1f;in 82 inherit m'hent 55 inheritance tax m'hent;ints ,treks 38 m1ection m'd3ekf;in 27 injure 'md3;i 13 injustice m'd3Ast1s 72 innocent 'm;is;int 8, 37 input 'mput 75 inquisitive m'kw1z;it1v 8 insert m's3:t 32, 70 inside out 'msa1d 'aut 26 insist m'srst 43 inspect m'spekt 71 inspection m'spekf;in 71 inspector m'spekt;i 71 inspired m'spar;id 41 install m'st::i:l 32, 33 insult v m'sAlt 79 intellectual ,mt;il'ektfu;il 40 intelligent m'tehd3;int 8 intensely (annoying) m'tentsli 48 intention m'tentf;in 72 interact ,mt;ir'rekt 10, 32 interactive ,mt;ir'rektrv 34 interest 'mtrnst 38 interest rate 'mtr;ist 'rert 38 interest-free 'mtrnst 'fri: 73 interna! m't3:n;il 70 Internet 'mt;inet 34 interpret m't3:pnt 32 interstate ,mt;i'ste1t 100 intestine m'testm 1 introduce ,mtr;i'd3u:s 71 introduction ,mtr;i'dAkJ;in 71 introverted ,mtr;iu'v3:t1d 8 intuition ,mtJu'1J;in 44 investigate m'vestrge1t 35, 37 investigation m,vest1'ge1J;in 37 investment m'vestm;int 72 IOU ,a1;iu'ju: 77 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate Irish 'a1;inJ 5 iron ar;in 84 ironing board 'ar;inrIJ b::i:d 11 irregular r'regj;il;i 70 irritant 11nt;int 48 irritation ,1n'te1f;in 48 ISP ,a1es'pi: 34 1ssue '1Ju: 64 Italia n r' treli;in 5 itch 1tJ 27 item 'a1t;im 85 jagged 'd3reg1d 57 jail d3erl 37 jar d3a: 87 javelin 'd3rev;ilm 17 jazz d3rez 20 jealous 'd3el;is 8 jeans d3i:nz 83 jetlag 'd3etlreg 30 job d3ob 15, 2 job centre 'd3ob 'sent;i 24 jockey 'd3oki 17 journalism 'd33:n;ilrz;im 35, 69 journey 'd33:ni 30 judge d3Ad3 15, 36, 37 judgment d3Ad3m;int 64 jug d3Ag 87 junk food 'd3AI]k ,fu:d 21, 74 junk mail 'd3AI]k ,med 2 1ury 'd3u;iri 37 justice 'd3Ast1s 72 key ki: 9, 64, 99 keyboard 'ki:b::i:d 20 keyhole surgery 'ki:h;iul 's3:d3;iri 28 kidnap 'krdnrep 37 kidney 'k1dni 1 kids k1dz 94 kilo 'ki:l;iu 77 kindness kamdnrs 72 kingdom 'krI]d;im 72 knee ni: 79 knickers 'nrbz 83 knife narf 79 knit nrt 79 knob nob 79 knock out ,nok'aut 17 knot not 79 know n;iu 79 know-all 'n;iu::i:l 9 knowledge 'nohd3 82 lab !reb 95 labour force 'le1b;i ,fo:s 74 laces 'le1s1z 26 Jack Irek 24, 48, 53 laid-back ,lerd'brek 8 Jamb !rem 79 landing 'lrendIIJ 11, 30 landlady 'lrend,lerdi 55 landlord 'lrendb:d 55 landscape 'lrendske1p 18, 22 landslide 'lrendslaid 13 laptop 'lreptop 33 laser 'le1z;i 77 laser surgery 'le1z;i 's3:d3;iri 28 last la:st 51, 79 lastly 'la:stli 66 last-minute ,la:st 'mm1t 73 late lert 6, 79 Latin American 'hetm ;:i'merrk;:in 5 laugh la:f 3 launch b:ntf 16 law court 'b: ,k:i:t 24 lay lei 25 lay-by 'le1ba1 75 laze lerz 81 laziness 'lerzmrs 72 lazy-bones 'lerzi,b;:iunz 9 lead (pipe) led 81 lead singer 'li:d 'srIJ;:i 20, 81 lead to li:d tu: 61 leaf li:f 25 leak li:k 12 leather 'leo;:i 82 leave li:v 55 lecturer 'lektf;:ir;:i 14, 15 left-handed ,left'hrend1d 73 left-wing ,left'wrIJ 40 !egal 'li:g;:il 69 leggings 'legrl)Z 83 legislature 'led3rslgtf;:i 36 length lel)k8 52, 72 lengthen 'leIJk8;:in 52 lengthy 'leIJk8i 52 let down !et 'daun 26, 93 !et out !et aut 26 lever 'li:v;:i 32 liable 'lai;:ib;:il 53 library 'larbr;:iri 24 lick hk 45 lift lrft 100 light Ja1t 21 light bulb '!art ,bAlb 74 like laik 65 likewise 'la1kwarz 63 limitation ,lrm1'te1f;:in 72 line lam 100 link irl)k 2, 34, 99 list hst 29 listen 'hs;:in 65, 79 literary 'lrt;:ir;:iri 18 łiter 'lrt;:i 98 live larv 81 lively 'larvli 24 liver hv;:i 1 LMS ,elem'es 14 loaf J;:iuf 85 loathe l;:iuo 10, 42 location l;:iu'ke1f;:in 11, 35 lock out ,lok'aut 12 lodgings 'lod3rl)z 83 loft loft 11 log in log m 34 log off log of 34 log on log on 34 log out log aut 34 LOL lol 77 long lol) 3, 7, 52 long for lol) f:i: 4 2 long jump 'lol) ,d3Amp 17 long-distance ,lol)'drst;:ints 17, 52, 73 long-haired lol) 'he;:id 73 long-legged lol) '!egid 73 long-sleeved lol) 'sli:vd 26 long-standing ,iol)'strend1IJ 73 long-term ,lol)'t3:m 29 long-winded ,loIJ 'wmd1d 68 !oo lu: 95 look luk 44 look at luk ;:it 93 look down on luk daun on 10 look for luk fo: 94 look forward to luk 'fo:w;:id tu: 93 look inro luk 'mt;:i 93 look up to luk Ap tu: 10, 93 looks luks 83 loss los 51, 88 loud laud 44 love lA v 72, 79 loving IAVIIJ 42 low l;:iu 52 !ower l;:iu;:i 29, 52 luck IAk 72 luggage 11Ag1d3 82, 100 lump IAmp 27, 85 Jung IAIJ 1 luxurious 1Ag'3u;:iri;:is 31 luxury goods 'IAkf;:iri 'gudz 74 mag mreg 95 magnificent mreg'mfJs;:int 24 mail mer! 81 mail order ,merl':i:d;:i 74 maintain mem'tem 29, 40 major 'merd3;:i 13, 29 majority m;:i'd3or;:iti 36 make a living merk ;:i 'lrvIIJ 15 make a reservation me1k ;:i ,rez;:i'verf;:in 21 make friends merk frendz 10 make it merk 1t 17 make love me1k IAV 88 make off merk of 88 make out merk aut 88 make up merk Ap 88 malaria m;:i'le;:iri;:i 13 male mer! 81 manage 'mremd3 58 mandatory 'mrend;:it;:iri 53 mane mem 25 manhood 'mrenhud 72 manufacture ,mrenj;:i'frektf;:i 16, 28 marathon 'mrer;:i8;:in 17 marginal 'ma:d3m;:il 36 market 'ma:k1t 16 market research 'ma:k1t rr's3:tf 16 martyrdom 'ma:tgd;:im 72 Marxist 'ma:ks1st 69 mash mref 80 mask ma:sk 26 mass media mres 'mi:di;:i 35 master bedroom 'ma:st;:i 'bedrum 11 Master's 'ma:st;:iz 14 match mretf 26 mate mert 10 materia! m;:i'tr;:iri;:il 84 maternity leave m;:i't3:n;:iti 'li:v 15 matter 'mret;:i 54, 64 mean rm:n 8 means mi:nz 35, 83, 85 meanwhile ,mi:n'hwarl 59 meat mi:t 81 meet mi:t 81 melt melt 6 membership 'memb;:if1p 69, 72 memorable 'mem;:irnb;:il 31 memory 'mem;:iri 33 memory stick 'mem;:iri ,st1k 33 mentał 'ment;:il 29 meow mi:'au 80 meter 'mi:t;:i 79 M16 ,ema1'srks 77 microbiology ,ma1krnuba1'ol;:id3i 70 microchip 'maikr;:iutf 1p 33, 70 microscopic ,ma1krn'skop1k 70 microwave 'ma1kr;:iuwe1v 70 Middle Ages 'm1d;:il 'e1d3rz 51 middle-of-the-mad ,mrdgl;:ivo;:i'r;:iud 9, 40 mild marld 21, 44 mildly (irritating) 'marldli 48 miles (better) marlz 46 minera! water 'mrnr;:il 'w:i:t;:i 74 mmor 'mam;:i 98 minute ma1'nju:t 49 miserable 'm1zr;:ib;:il 41 miserably 'mrzr;:ibli 43 miserly 'ma1z;:ili 8 mislay mr'sler 3, 12 misłead m1'sli:d 70 misplace mr'sple1s 3 mistake mr'ste1k 88 mistranslate ,mrstrren'sle1t 70 misty 'm1sti 6 misunderstand ,mrsAnd;:i'strend 70 moan m;:iun 81 mobile 'm;:iubarl 53, 77, 95 moderate 'mod;:irnt 40 modernise 'mod;:inarz 69 module 'modju:l 14 molecular biology m;:iu'lekj;:il;:i bar'ofad3i 32 mołecul 'molrkju:l 32 momentary 'm;:ium;:int;:iri 51 monarchy 'mon;:iki 36 money 'mAni 82 monitor 'momt;:i 14 monogamous m;:i'nog;:im;:is 70 monolingual ,mon;:iu'hl)gw;:il 5, 70 monologue 'mon;:ilog 70 moo mu: 80 mora! 'mor;:il 40 moreish 'm:i:nf 21 moreover m:i:r';:iuv;:i 63 mortgage 'm:i:grd3 38 mother 'ffiAO;J 79 mother tongue 'mAO;:J tAIJ 5, 74 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 267 motherhood 'mAó;ihud 69, 72 motive 'm;iutrv 61 motor racing 'm;iut;i 'reISIIJ 17 motorway 'm;iut;iwer 100 mountaineer ,maunt1'm;i 17 moustache m;i'sta:f 7 move mu:v 56 MP ,em'pi: 36 MP3 ,empi: 'eri: 20 muddle 'mAd;iJ 48 mug mAg 87 muggy 'mAgi 6 multilingual ,mAiti'luJgw;il 5 multimedia ,mAiti'mi:di;i 70 multinational ,mAiti'nref;in;il 70 multiplication ,mAlt1ph'ke1f;in 50 multipurpose ,mAiti'p3:p;is 70 mumble 'mAmb;il 43 murder 'm3:d;i 37 murmur 'm3:m;i 43 muscle 'mAs;iJ 79 muscular 'rnAskj;il;i 7 museum mju:'zi:;im 24 mus1cian mju:'z1f;in 20 Muslim 'muzlrm 40 musty 'mAsti 44 mutter 'rnAt;i 43 nai:ve nar'i:v 8 napkin 'nrepkm 21 nappy 'nrepi 100 narrow-minded ,nrer;iu'mamdrd 52 national costume 'nref;in;il 'kostju:m 26 native language 'ne1t1v 'lrel)gwrd3 5 NATO 'nert;iu 77 natura! 'nretf;ir;il 13, 39 natura! disaster 'nretf;ir;il dr'za:st;i 13 navigate 'nrev1gert 34 necessity n;i'ses;iti 53 need (for) ni:d 53 neighbourhood 'nerb;ihud 72 nerd n3:d 95 nervous 'n3:v;is 41 nervously 'n3:v;isli 43 nest nest 25 net net 79 network 'netw3:k 33 never-ending ,nev;ir'endIIJ 73 nevertheless ,nev;ió;i'les 62 news nju:z 35, 82, 83 newspaper 'nju:zperp;i 35, 95 next nekst 66 nick nrk 95 noise n:)lz 54, 88 noiseless 'n::nzl;is 44 no1sy 'n:)lzi 44 nominate 'nomme1t 36 North Africa n::i:e 'refnb 5 North African n::i:e 'refnbn 5 North America n::i:e ;i'menk;i 5 nosh nof 95 nosy 'n;iuzi 8 268 note n;iut 1OO notice 'n;iut1s 44 novelist 'nuv;ilrst 18 now nau 65 numb nAm 79 number 'nAmb;i 49 nursery school 'n3:s;iri sku:I 14 nuts nAts 29 oar ::>: 17 obese ;iu'bi:s 7, 29 obesity ;iu'bi:s;iti 29 object ;ib'd3ekt 43 obligation ,oblr'gerf;in 53, 58 obligatory ;i'blrg;it;iri 53 oblige ;i'blard3 53 observe ;ib'z3:v 44 obsessive ;ib'seSIV 40 obstinate 'obstm;it 8 octagonal ok'treg;in;il 50 odd od 8,40 odd-ball 'udb::i:l 9 odds and ends ndz ;in enz 76 offence ;i'fents 37 offender ;i'fend;i 37 off-peak ,of'pi:k 73 offspring 'ofspnIJ 94 oil ::>Ii 82 on board on'b::i:d 30 on strike on 'stra1k 15 on the other hand un ói: 'AÓ;i 'hrend 62, 65 on time on 'ta1m 30 oni on 'Anj;in 84 online banking ,on'lam 'brel)krl) 38 online gaming ,on'lam 'germrl) 34 opaque ;iu'perk 39 open ';iup;in 8 open-necked ';iup;in nekt 73 open-toed ';iup;in t;iud 73 opera 'op;ir;i 19 opera house 'op;ir;i haus 24 operate on 'up;ire1t on 27 operation ,op;ir'e1f;in 27, 92 operator 'op;ire1t;i 69 oppress ;i'pres 71 oppression ;i'pref;in 71 oppressor ;i'pres;i 71 optimistic ,optr'mrstrk 8 optional 'opf;in;il 53 ordeal ::>:'di:! 99 order book '::i:d;i buk 16 organ '::i:g;in 32 organie ::i:'grenrk 21, 23 original ;i'nd3;in;il 8, 18 ought ::>:t 79 our au;i 79, 81 oust aust 99 out and about aut ;in ;i'baut 76 out of breath aut ;iv bre0 45 out of this world aut ;iv ó1s w3:Jd 46 out of touch aut ;iv tAtf 2 outbreak 'autbre1k 75 outcome 'autkAm 61, 75 English Vocab u/ary in Use Upper-intermediate outgoings ,aut'g;iUIIJZ 38 outrageous ,aut're1d3;is 69 outset 'autset 75 outskirts 'autsk3:ts 24, 83 oval ';iuv;il 50 over the moon ';iuv;i ó;i 'mu:n 78 over the top ,;iuv;ió;i'top 9 overalls ';iuv;ir::i:lz 83 overcast ';iuv;ika:st 6 overcooked ,;iuv;i'kukt 21 overcrowding ,;iuv;i'kraudIIJ 24 overdo ,;iuv;i'du: 70 overdone ,;iuv;i'dAn 21 overdraft ';iuv;idra:ft 38 overdrawn ,;iuv;i'dr::i:n 38 overeat ,;iuv;ir'i:t 70 overfishing ,;iuv;i'frfIIJ 23 overleaf ,;iuv;il'i:f 66 overpopulated ,;iuv;i'popj;ile1t1d 23 overpopulation ,;iuv;i,popj;i'le1f;in 23 oversleep ,;iuv;i'sli:p 70 overtired ,;iuv;i'tai;id 70 overweight ,;iuv;i'wert 7 owing to (the fact that} ;)Uli) tu: 61 owi au! 25 owner ;iun;i 55 ownership ';iun;ifIp 72 ozone layer ';iuz;iun 'le1;i 23 pace pers 56 pacemaker 'pers,me1k;i 28 pacifist 'presrfrst 40 pack prek 86, 87 package holiday 'prekrd3 'hol;ide1 31, 74 packed prekt 24 packet 'prekrt 87 paddle 'pred;il 17 page perd3 34 pai! perl 81 pam pem 27, 81 pair pe;i 26, 81, 86 pale perl 81 palm pa:m 79 pan pren 86, 87 pane pem 81 pants prents 83, 100 pantyhose 'prentih;iuz 100 paper 'pe1p;i 84, 95 pare pe;i 81 parents-in-law 'pe;ir;ints rn b: 10 park pa:k 79 parking lot 'pa:krl) ,lot 100 parking meter 'pa:krl),mi:t;i 24 Parliament 'pa:l;im;int 36 parliamentary ,pa:l;i'ment;iri 36 partner 'pa:tn;i 7, 10 partnership 'pa:tn;if1p 69, 72 part-time ,pa:t'tarm 73 party 'pa:ti 36 pass (an exam) pa:s 14 passage 'presrd3 18 passionate 'pref~m;:it 42 passive 'presrv 69 password 'pa:sw3:d 2, 34 pat pret 44 paternity leave p;:i't3:n;:iti ,li:v 15 patio 'pretfau 11 patter 'pret;:i 54 pavement 'pervm;:int 100 paw p::i: 25 pay pei 37 payee per'i: 69 payment 'perm;:int 38 PC ,pi:'si: 33 peacock 'pi:kok 25 peak pi:k 22 peal pi:! 81 peculiar p1'kju:li;:i 8 pedestrian crossing p1'destri;:in 'krOSllJ 74 peel pi:! 81 peeler 'pi:l;:i 11 peer pr;:i 44 penalty 'pen;:ilti 98 peninsula p;:i'nrnsj;:il;:i 22 pentagonal pen'treg;:in;:il 50 people 'pi:p;:il 84 pepper 'pep;:i 84 per p3: 81 perfect 'p3:f1kt 39 perform p;:i'f::i:m 2 performance p;:i'fo:m;:ins 19 performing art p;:i'fo:mIIJ a:t 18 perfumed p;:i'fju:md 44 perm1ss1ve p;:i'm1sIV 8 permit n 'p3:m1t 79, 98 permit v p;:i'm1t 79 personal 'p3:s;:in;:il 40, 38 personal computer 'p3:s;:in;:il k;:im'pju:t;:i 33 personality ,p3:s;:in'rel;:iti 7 personnel ,p3:s;:in'el 98 perspiration ,p3:sp;:ir'e1f;:in 45 perspire p;:i'spar;:i 45 pessllllistic ,pesr'm1st1k 8 peta! 'pet;:il 25 petrol 'petrnl 100 phase fe1z 51, 81 PhD 1pi:e1tf'di: 14 philosophy fI'los;:ifi 40 phone faun 95 phone charger 'faun 'tfa:d3;:i 11 photo frame 'faut;:iu ,freim 32 photograph 'faut;:igra:f 79 photographer fa'togrnfa 79 physical 'frzrbl 29 physicist 'frz1srst 69 physics 'f1z1ks 83 physiotherapist ,f1zi;:iu'8ernp1st 15 pianist 'pi:;:imst 69 piano 'pja:n;:iu 2 pick pik 25 pick out ,pik 'aut 20 picturesque ,p1ktf;:ir'esk 24, 31 piece pi:s 85 pigeon 'p1d3;:in 25 pig-headed ,p1g'hed1d 8 pile pad 86 PIN pm 77 pinstriped 'pmstra1pt 26 pitch p1tf 31 plaice ple1s 81 plain płem 22 plaster 'pla:st;:i 27 plastic 'plrest1k 82 playlist 'pled1st 20 plea pli: 99 plead pli:d 37 pledge pled3 99 pliers 'pla1;:iz 83 plod plod 56 plot plot 18 ploy pb1 99 plug plAg 33 plumber 'plAm;:i 15 plump plAmp 7 plus plAs 63 pneumatic nju:'mret1k 79 pocket money 'pok1t 'IDAni 74 podcast 'podka:st 35 point p::imt 50, 64 point of view ,p::imt ;:iv 'vju: 40 poke p;:iuk 44 polar ice cap ,p;:iul;:ir 'ais krep 23 Pole p;:iul 5 pole vault 'p;:iulv::i:lt 17 poles apart p;:iulz ;:i'pa:t 62 po lice station p;:i'li:s 'ste1f;:in 24 policy 'pol;:isi 36 polished 'pohft 57 politeness p;:i'la1tms 72 politician ,poh't1f;:in 36 poił p;:iul 99 pollen 'pol;:in 25 polling station 'p;:iulru 'sterf;:in 36 polłutin p;:i'lu:f;:in 23, 24, 69 pool pu:l 17 popular 'popj;:il;:i 35 popularity ,popj;:i'lrer;:iti 72 population ,popj;:i'le1f;:in 22,24 pop-up 'popAp 2 porch p::i:tf 11 portrait 'p::i:trnt 18 position p;:i'z1f;:in 64 possession p;:i'zef;:in 55 possibility ,pos;:i'b1fati 53 post p;:iust 2 postgraduate ,p;:iust'grred3u;:it 14, 70 post-impressionist ,p;:iust1m'pref;:imst 70 postpone p;:iust 'p;:iun 71 post-war ,p;:iust'w::i: 70 pot pot 87 potentia! p;:iu'tentf;:il 16 pour down p::i: daun 6 poverty 'pov;:iti 82, 85 power cut 'pau;:i kAt 12 power point 'pau;:ip::imt 11 practice 'prrekt1s 2, 81 praise pre1z 46 pray pre1 81 precise pn'sa1s 39 preconceived ,pri:k;:in'si:vd 70 pre-judge ,pri:'d3Ad3 70 premises 'prenns;:iz 83 premonition ,prem;:i'mf;:in 44 prerequisite 1pri:'rekw1z1t 60 presenter pn'zent;:i 35 presidential ,prezr'dentf;:il 36 press pres 32, 44 pretty (thick) 'pnti 39 previously 'pri:vi;:isli 59 pre-war ,pri:'w::i: 70 prey pre1 81 prickly 'pnkli 57 prim and proper pnm ;:in 'prop;:i 76 Prime Minister pra1m 'mm1st;:i 36 principle 'prms;:ip;:il 72 printout 'prmtaut 75 pnonty pra1'ornti 16 prison 'pnz;:in 3 7 probable 'prob;:ib;:il 53 probe pr;:iub 99 problem 'probl;:im 32, 64 proceeds 'pr;:iusi:dz 83 process 'prnuses 29 processed 'prnusest 29 produce prn'd3u:s 2, 71 product 'prodAkt 2 production pr;:i'dAkf;:in 19 productive pr;:i'dAktrv 2, 69 productivity ,prodAk'trv;:iti 69 profession prn'fef;:in 15 professor prn'fes;:i 14 profit 'profrt 16, 88 programme 'prnugrrem 35 progress n 'pr;:iugres 14, 79 progress v prn'gres 79 prohibited pr;:iu'h1b1t1d 98 project 'prod3ekt 14 projector prn'd3ekt;:i 69 promote pr;:i'm;:iut 19 promotion prn'm;:iuf;:in 69 prompt prompt 61 proof pru:f 37 proprietor pr;:i'pra1;:it;:i 55 prosecute 'prosrkju:t 37, 98 prospect 'prospekt 71 protect prn'tekt 23 protest pr;:iu'test 79 proverb 'prov3:b 97 provide pr;:i'va1d 55 provide s.o. with sth pr;:i'vard SAmwATI wio SAm8rl) 94 provided pr;:iu'va1d1d 60 provoke prn'v;:iuk 61 pseudo-intlłca 'sju:d;:iu ,mt;:il'ektfu;:il 70 pseudonym 'sju:d;:imm 79 psychiatry sa1'ka1;:itri 79 psychic 'sarkik 79 psychology sa1'kol;:id3i 79 public 'pAblrk 86 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 269 public relations officer 'pAbhk n'le1J<inz 'of1s<i 15 public school 'pAblrk 'sku:l 14 publication ,pAbh'ke1J;:in 18 pudding 'pudI!J 21 puff pAf 85 pull pul 32 pull a fast one pul <i fa:st w An 78 pungent 1pAnd3<int 44 punishment 'pAmfm<int 37 purchase 'p3:tJ;:is 94 purify 'pju;:irrfar 69 purpose 'p3:p<is 61 purr p3: 80 pushy 'puJi 8 put across put <>'kros 91 put away put ;:i'we1 91 put down put 'daun 91 put forward put 'f::>:w;:id 16, 91 put in pu:t 'm 91 put off put 'of 91 put on put'on 91 put out put 'aut 91 put two and two together put tu: <in tu: t<i'geó;:i 91 put up put 'Ap 30, 91 put up with put 'Ap wio 91 put your foot down put j;:i fut daun 91 putrid 'pju:tnd 44 put-up job 'putAp 'd3ob 91 py1amas pr'd3o:m<iz 26 pyramidal pr'nem1d;:il 50 quack kwrek 95 qualify 'kwohfa1 17 quarrelsome 'kwor<ils<im 8 queue kju: 100 quick-witted ,kw1k'w1t1d 73 quid kw1d 95 quiet kwa1<it 44 quit kwrt 99 quite kwart 41 R & B o:rnnd'bi: 20 Rand R ,o:rnnd'o: 76 rabies 're1bi:z 13 race relations re1s n'lerJ<inz 74 racket 'rrekrt 17, 5 4 radar 'rerdo: 77 radical 'rredrk;:il 40 radio station 'rerdfau 'ste1J<in 24 radius 'rerdi<is 50 rage re1d3 72 rain rem 81 rainforest 'rem,fonst 23 RAM rrem 33 range remd3 86 rap rrep 20 rapid 'rreprd 28 rash rreJ 27 rate rert 56 rather 'rreó;:i 41 rays rerz 81 reach ri:tJ 17, 58 react ri 'rekt 32, 79 readable 'ri:d;:ib;:il 69 270 readiness 'redm1s 69 realise 'n<ila1z 58 rearrange ,ri:;:i'remd3 70 reason 'ri:z<in 61 , 72 reasonably (good) 'ri:z;:in;:ibli 39 receding n'si:du;i 7 receipt rr'si:t 79 rece1ve rr'si:v 35, 79 receptionist n'sepJ<imst 15 recess1on n'seJ<in 16, 72 recipe 'resrpi 79 reckon 'rek<in 40 recover n'kAV<l 27 rectangle 'rektreJJg<il 1, 50 rectangular rek'tre!)gj;:il;:i 50 recycling ,ri'saiklrJJ 23 reddish 'red1J 69 red-haired red'he<id 7, 73 reduce n'd3u:s 23, 29, 98 reduction rr'dAkJ;:in 69, 72 refer (s.o. to sth) n'fa: 66 referee ,refar'i: 17 re-fili ,ri:'fd 21 refrain n'frem 98 refugee ,refju'd3i: 13 refusal n'fju:z;:il 69 regain rr'gem 70 registry office 'red31stri 'of1s 24 regret n'gret 94 re1gn rem 80 rem rem 79, 81 reinforce ,ri:m'f::>:s 79 reject n'd3ekt 79 relationship n'le1J;:inJ1p 72 relaxed n'lrekst 8 release n'li:s 2, 37 reliable n'la1<ib<il 8 religious rr'hd3;:is 40 remote n'm;:iut 31 remote control rr'm;:iot kdn'tr<iul 11 renew n'nju: 70 repay rr'per 70 repayment n'pe1m;:int 38 repel n'pel 42 replace rr'plers 70 replacement rr'plersm<int 69, 72 representative ,repn'zent<it1v 36 reproduction ,ri:prn'dAkf;:in 18 republic n'pAblrk 36 requirement rr'kwa1;:im;:int 53, 60 research n's3:tJ 82 researcher n's3:tJ<> 15 reserve n'z3:v 23 residence 'rezrd;:ins 94 residential ,rez1'dentJ<il 24 resit ,ri:'s1t 14 resolution ,rez<i'lu:J;:in 64 respect n'spekt 71 response n'spons 64 rest room 'restrum 100 restaurant 'restront 24 result rr'zAlt 61 retirement rr'ta1<im<int 15, 72 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate revert n'v3:t 71 review n'vju: 18 revolted rr'v;:iult1d 42 rewrite ,ri:'rart 70 riddle 'nd;:il 99 ridge nd3 22 right ra1t 65, 81 right angle 'rart,re!)g<il 50 right-wing ,ra1t'w11J 40 ring ni) 54 rise ratz 29 risk rrsk 29 rite rart 81 riveting 'rrv<itIJJ 3 roadworks 'r<iudw3:ks 74 roar r;,: 54, 80 rob rob 37 robbery 'rob<iri 37 rod rod 17 roe r<iu 81 roll out 'rnulaut 16 root ru:t 25 rosy-cheeked 'rnuzi tJi:kt 73 rotate rnu'te1t 32 rough rAf 30, 57 rough and ready ,rAf<ind'redi 76 round raund 1 7 round trip raund tnp 100 round-faced raund fe1st 7 round-neck raund nek 26 row r<iu 81, 86 row rau 81 rubber 'rAb<i 100 rude ru:d 8 rum 'ru:m 12 rule ru:l 36 rumbie 'rAmb<il 45, 54, 85 run rAn 33, 36,51,56 run down ,rAn'daun 46 run out (of) rAn aut(<iv) 12, 93 run over rAn '<>UV<> 93 run-down ,rAn'daun 24, 73 rura! 'ru;:ir;:il 2 rush rAJ 56 rustle 'rAs<il 54 sack srek 15, 87 sadistic s;:i'd1st1k 8 sadly 'sredli 43 sadness 'sredms 69 sail sed 30, 5 6, 81 salrnon 'srem<in 79 salty 's;,:lti 21, 44 satellite 'sret<ila1t 35 satnav 'sretnrev 32, 77 savings account 'se1v11Jz ;:i'kaunt 38 savoury 'se1v<iri 21 scales ske!lz 83 scandal 'skrend<il 35 Scandinavia ,skrend1'ne1vi;:i 5 Scandinavian ,skrendr'nervi<in 5 scanner 'skren;:i 28, 33 scarcity 'ske<is<iti 69 scene si:n 19, 81 scented 'sent1d 44 school sku:l 24 school-leaving age sku:l 'li:v11J e1d3 14 science 'sa1ants 79 science fiction 'sa1ants 'f1kfan 74 scientist 'sa1ant1st 15 sci-fi 'sa1,fa1 77 scissors 's1zaz 83 score sk:i: 19 Scotch ta pe skotf te1p 100 scream skri:m 43 screech skri:tf 54 screenplay 'skri:nple1 19 script skr1pt 19 scruffy 'skrAfi 7 scuba diving 'sku:ba ,daIVIIJ 17 sculptor 'skAlpta 18 sculpture 'skAlptfa 18 seal si:! 25 search engine 's3:tf ,end3m 34 seasick 'si:s1k 30 seat si:t 30, 36 second floor 'sekand fb: 100 second language 'sekand 'lre1Jgw1d3 5 secondly 'sekandli 66 seconds 'sekandz 21 secure s1'kjua 58 security s1'kjuarati 2 see through 'si:8ru: 93 seek si:k 94 self-assured ,selfa'Juad 8 self-catering ,self'ke1tan1J 31 self-centred ,self'sentad 73 self-confident ,self 'konf1dant 8 self-contained ,selfkan 'temd 11 self-control ,selfkan'traul 74 self-important ,self1m'p:i:tant 8 sell se! 16 sellotape 'selaute1p 100 semi-circle 'semi,s3:kal 50 semi-circular ,semi's3:kjala 70 semi-detached ,semid1'tretft 11, 70 semi-final ,semi'famal 17, 70 seminar 'semma: 14 Senate 'semt 36 sender 'senda 69 sensation sen'se1fan 35 sense sents 72 sensible 'sentsabal 8 sensitive 'sents1t1v 8 sensitivity ,sents1't1vati 72 sentence 'sentants 37 series 's1ari:z 18, 83 serve s3:v 37, 98 server S3:va 34 set set 86 set a record set a n'k:i:d 17, 91 set aside set a'said 91 set fire to sth set fa1a ta SAffi3II) 91 set foot in set fut m 91 set free set fri: 91 set menu 'set 'menju: 21 set off set 'of 91 set out set 'aut 91 set up set 'Ap 91 setting 'set11) 18 set-up 'setAp 75 severe s1'v1a 6, 39 sew sau 81 shady 'f e1di 57 shake f e1k 13, 45 shake-up 'fe1kAp 75 shallow 'Jrelau 52 shark f a:k 25 sharp f a:p 8, 29 shears f 1az 83 shed fed 11 shiftwork 'J1ftw3:k 15 shine fam 54 shiny 'f ami 57 shiver 'J1va 27, 45 shoal faul 86 shoot f u:t 35 shoplift 'Joplift 37 shore J:i: 22 short story ,f:i:t 'st:i:ri 18 shortage 'J:i:t1d3 53 shortcut 'J:i:tkAt 52 shorten 'J:i:tan 52 shorts f :i:ts 83 short-term ,J:i:t't3:m 29 should f ud 79 shout faut 43 show Jau 19,35,94 shower 'fauwa 6, 85 showjumping 'Jaud3AmpIIJ 17 shrewd Jru:d 8 shriek Jri:k 43 sick and tired sik an ta1ad 41 sick leave 'sik ,li:v 15 siekły 's1kli 21 sickness 's1kms 27 side said 50 side dish 'sa1dd1J 21 sidewalk 'sa1dw:i:k 100 sigh Sal 45 sight sa1t 44, 72, 81, 92 sign up sam Ap 2 significant s1g'nńkat 49 silent 'sadant 44 silky 'siłk 57 silly 'sili 8 simile 's1m1li 96 simple 's1mpal 8 simultaneously ,s1mal'temiasli 59 since smts 61 sincere sm's1a 8 smger 'SIIJa 20 single 's11)gal 100 sit an exam ,sit ren 1g'zrem 14 sitcom 'sitkom 35 sire sa1t 81 situation ,s1tju 'e1fan 64 skating rink 'ske1t11) ,nl)k 24 skilled worker 'skdd 'w3:ka 15 skin skm 7 skinny 'skmi 7 skip skip 14 sky-blue ,ska1'blu: 73 Skype ska1p 34 sleek sli:k 57 sleeve sli:v 26 sleeveless 'sli:vlas 26 slice sla1s 85 slim shm 7 slippers 'shpaz 26 slippery 'shpari 57 slow slau 12, 29 slum slAm 24 sly siar 8 small talk sm:i:l t:i:k 68 smart sma:t 7 smartphone 'sma:tfaun 32 smash smref 12, 80 smell smel 44 smog smog 23 smooth smu:ó 57 smuggle 'smAgal 37 snail sneII 25 snatch snretf 44 sneeze sni:z 4 5 snooker 'snu:ka 17 snore sn:i: 45 snowboarding 'snaob:i:d11J 17 so s;m 81 so on sao on 63 soap saup 35 so-called ,sau'b:ld 73 sociable 'saufabal 8 social network 'saufal 'netw3:k 2 social networking sire 'saofal 'netw3:k11J ,sait 34 socialist 'saofalist 40 soften 'sofan 79 software 'softwea 32, 33, 82 soi! s:id 32 sole saul 26, 81 solid 'solid 39, 57 solidify sa'hd1fa1 39 solution sa'lu:fan 64 sombre 'somba 39, 54 sonar 'sauna: 77 sophisticated sa'fist1ke1t1d 28 sore throat ,s:i: '8raot 27 sorry 'sori 79 sort of 's:i:t ov 65 soul saul 81 sound saund 44, 54 sound barrier saond 'breria 74 soundtrack 'saundtrrek 20 sour 'saua 21,44 source s:i:s 22, 29 South America sau8 a'menb 5 Southern Africa 'sAÓan 'refnka 5 Southern African 'sAÓan 'refnkan 5 sow sau 81 spacious 'spe1fas 24 spaghetti spa'geti 82, 83 spam sprem 2 Spaniard 'sprenjad 5 spark off spa:k of 61 sparkle 'spa:bl 54 sparse spa:s 57 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 271 special 'spefal 21 species 'spi:Ji:z 23 spectacles 'spektablz 28, 83 spectator spek'terta 17 speed spi:d 56, 72 spell spel 51, 85 spherical 'sfenkal 50 spicy 'sparsi 21, 44 spill spr! 12 spin spm 47 spiral 'spairal 50 spit out sprt aut 80 splash splref 80 sponsor 'spontsa 55 sports sp::i:ts 35 sports centre sp::i:ts 'sent;:i 24 spot spot 27, 85 spotted spotrd 26 sprain sprem 27 spray sprer 80 spread spred 13, 52 spreadsheet 'spredfi:t 33 sprinkle 'spnl)bl 80 sprinter 'sprmta 17 spud spAd 95 spurt Sp3:t 80 squaddie 'sk:wodi 95 square skwea 50 stack strek 86 staff sto:f 86 stage ste1d3 19, 51 stain stem 12 stairs steaz 83 stake sterk 81 starnmer 'strem;:i 43 stand strend 36 standstill 'strendstd 92 stapler 'sterpla 69 starciom 'sto:dam 72 stare stea 44 starter sto:ta 21 starve sto:v 13 state stert 85 stationary 'sterfanari 94 statue 'stretfu: 18 steady 'stedi 10, 38 steak ste1k 81 steal sti:l 37 steering wheel 'stranl) ,wi:l 30, 74 stem stem 25 stem cell research 'stem ,sel n's3:tf 32 stem from stem from 61 stick strk 17 stiff strf 16, 39 stifling 'starful) 6 still str! 65 still life str! !arf 18 stingy 'stmd3i 8 stinking 'st11Jlu1J 44 stir st3: 56 stocky 'stoki 7 stodgy 'stod3i 21 stornach 'stAmak 1 stone staun 82 Stone Age 'staun ,erd3 51 stop stop 92 272 store st::>: 33 storm st::i:m 79 stout staut 7 straight strert 7 stream stri:m 20, 22, 35 strength strel)k8 72 stress stres 29 stressed strest 2 7 stressed out strest aut 8 stressful 'stresful 29 stretch stretf 52 strife strarf 99 striped strarpt 26 stroke strauk 27, 44 strong stroi) 39, 40 structure 'strAktJa 32 strum strAm 2 stubborn 'stAban 8 stuck stAk 30 stuck-up ,stAk'Ap 73 studio 'stju:di;:iu 11 studio flat 'stju:diau firet 11 stuff st Af 84 stunning stAllilJ 7, 31 stupid 'stju:prd 8 sturdy 'st3:di 39 stutter 'stAta 4 3 subdivision ,sAbdr'VI3an 70 submarine ,sAbmar'i:n 70 submit sab'mrt 14 subscribe sab'skrarb 34, 35 subsequently 'sAbs1kwantli 59 substance 'sAbstants 23 substantial sab'strentfal 49 subtitles 'sAb,tartalz 35 subtle 'sAtal 79 subtraction sab'trrekfan 50 suburbs 'sAb3:bz 24 subway 'sAbwe1 70, 100 succeed sak'si:d 58 success sak'ses 58, 88 successful s;:ik' sesfal 58 successfully sak'sesfali 58 suck SAk 45 suede swe1d 26 suffer 'sAfa 13, 27 sugar-free 'fug;:i fri: 73 sugary 'Jugari 21 suggest sa'd3est 3 suggestion sa'd3estfan 88 suit su:t 26 sum SAID 81 sum up SAID Ap 66 sumrnit 'sAnnt 22 sunburn 'sAnb3:n 27 sunglasses 'sAn,gla:s1z 74 suntanned 'sAntrend 73 superfood 'su:pafu:d 29 supervisor 'su:p;:ivarza 15, 69 supply sA'plar 3, 55 support sa'p::i:t 55, 71 surf the Internet S3:f oi: 'mtanet 2 surface 's3:fis 57 surrounding sa'raundIIJ 31 surv1vor sa'va1v;:i 13 suspect n 'sAspekt 37, 79 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate suspect v sa'spekt 37, 40, 79 swallow 'swolau 45 swarm sw::>:m 86 sway swer 56 sweat swet 45 Swede swi:d 5 sweep swi:p 13 sweet swi:t 21, 44 sweets swi:ts 100 sweet-smelling 'swi:t 'smelIIJ 44 swerve sw3:v 56 swirnmer 'sw1ma 17 swimrning pool 'sw1m11J ,pu:l 24 swimming trunks 'swirn11J ,trAl)kS 83 Swiss sw1s 5 sword s::i:d 79 sync Sil)k 20 table mat 'terbalinret 11 tablet 'treblat 27 tablet (computer) 'treblat 32,33 tabloid 'trebb1d 35 taił tetl 25 take a deep breath terk a di:p bre8 45 take a risk terk ;:i n sk 89 take advantage of te1k ad'vo:nt1d3 ov 89 take after te1k 'o:fta 89 take an exam te1k 'ren 1g'zrem 14 take back te1k brek 89 take control te1k kan'traul 89 take in terk m 26, 89 take it or leave it ,te1k1t::i:'li:v1t 76 take off te1k 'of 89 take on terk 'on 89 take over ,te1k 'auva 89 take place terk ple1s 89 take s.o./sth for granted terk SAmWAnfSAm8II) fo: gro:nt1d 89 take turns te1k t3:nz 93 take up terk 'Ap 26, 89 take-away 'te1kawe1 24 takeover 'te1k,auva 75 talented 'trelantrd 8, 20 talk t::i:k 79 talk down to s.o. ,t::i:k 'daun ta 'sAmwAn 68 talk show t::>:k J;:iu 35 talking point 't::i:k11J ,p::>mt 68 talks t::>:ks 99 tallish 't::>:lrf 7 tan tren 7 tap trep 44 target 'to:g1t 58, 91 tart to:t 79 tartan 'to:tan 26 taste terst 20, 44 tasteful 'terstfal 44 tasteless 'te1stlas 21, 44 tasty 'te1sti 21, 44 taxi rank 'treksi rrel)k 24 tea bag 'ti: breg 74 teacher 'ti:tJ;:i 79 teacher's pet 'ti:tJ;:iz pet 9 teacher-training college 'ti:tJ;:i 'tremIIJ 'kohd3 14 team ti:m 79, 86 teaspoonful 'ti:spu:nful 27 tee ti: 81 telepathy t1'lep;:iei 44 telephone 'tehfaun 79 telephony t1'lefani 79 televise 'tehva1z 35 telły 'tell 95 temperature 'temprntJ;:i 27 temptation temp'te1J;:in 72 tenant 'ten;:int 55 tennis courts 'terus 'k::>:ts 24 tennis player 'tems 'ple1;:i 17 ten-pin bowling 'ten pm 'b;:iuh1J 17 tense tents 8 tension 'tentJ;:in 85 term t3:m 36 terminal 't3:mm;:il 30 terrace 'tens 11 terraced 'tenst 11 terrify 'ter;:ifa1 69 terrifying 'ternfanlJ 31 terrorism 'ter;:inz;:im 37 terrorist 'ter;:inst 69 texture 'tekstJ;:i 57 Thai tai 5 thankful •erel)kfal 41 thaw e::>: 6 The Antarctic oi: ren'ta:kt1k 5 The Arctic oi: 'a:kt1k 5 the arts oi: a:ts 18 The Atlantic oi: ;:it'lrentik 5 the BBC o;:i ,bi:bi:'si: 77 the bee's knees o;:i bi: ni:z 46 The Caribbean o;:i ,kren'bi:;:in 5 the CIA oo ,si:a1'e1 77 The Commonwealth o;:i 'kom;:inwel0 5 The EU oi: ,i:'ju: 5 The European Union o;:i ,ju;:ir;:i'pi:;:in 'ju:nj;:in 5 The Far East oo fa:r i:st 5 The Indian Ocean oi: 'mdi;:in ';:iuf;:in 5 The Mediterranean o;:i ,med1t;:ir'e1ni;:in 5 The Middle East o;:i Jilld;:il i:st 5 The Netherlands o;:i 'neo;:il;:indz 5 The Pacific o;:i p;:i'sif1k 5 The Philippines oo 'f1hpi:nz 5 The UAE o;:i ,ju:e1'i: 5 The UK oo ,ju:'ke1 5 The United Arab Emirates o;:i ju:'na1t1d 'rer;:ib 'ermrnts 5 The United Kingdom o;:i ju:'nanid 'k11Jd;:im 5 The United States o;:i ju:'naitJd ste1ts 5 1 The US o;:i 'ju:es 5 theatre •e1;:it;:i 19, 24 theft eeft 3 7 their óe;:i 81 theory •e1;:iri 32 there óe;:i 81 thereafter ,oe;:i'ro:ft;:i 59 thermal •e3:m;:il 22 thermometer 0d'mom1t;:i 28 thesis '0i:s1s 14 they're óe;:i 81 thick e1k 57 thin em 57 thin-faced em fe1st 7 thin-lipped em hpt 73 thirdly •e3:dli 66 this and that OJS ;:in oret 67 thom e::>:n 25 thought S::>:t 72 threat eret 99 threaten '0ret;:in 43 threw eru: 81 thrifty •errrti 8 thrilled 0rdd 41 through 0ru: 81 throughout 0ru'aut 59 throw (a pot) er;:iu 18 thud eJ\d 54 tide taid 48 tight-fisted ,tart'f1st1d 8 tight-fitting ,ta1t 'frtII) 73 tights ta1ts 83, 100 time ta1m 51, 84 time off ta1m of 37 time-consuming 'tarmk;:in,sju:rmlJ 73 timeless 'ta1mfas 51 times tannz 50 tin tm 87 tin opener 'tm ';:iup;:in;:i 74 tiny 'ta1ni 49 tire ta1;:i 81 to and fro ,tu:;:ind'frnu 2, 76 toe t;:iu 81 toilet 't::>Il;:it 100 toilet roll 1t::>1fat ,r;:iul 11 tomb tu:m 79 tongs tol)Z 83 tool tu:l 28 topie 'topik 64 top-notch ,top'notJ 46 top-secret ,top 'si:krnt 73 torch t::>:tJ 100 tornado t::>:'ne1d;:iu 13 torrential rain t;:i'rentJ;:il 'rem 6 total 't;:iut;:il 49 toalły 't;:iut;:ili 49 touch tAtf 44 tough tAf 39 tow t;:iu 81 town taun 24 track trrek 2, 20 trade tre1d 15 trademark 'tre1dma:k 74 traditional trn'd1J;:in;:il 32, 40 traffic jam 'trref1k ,d3rem 24 traffic lights 'trref1k ,larts 74, 83 traffic system 'trrefik 's1st;:im 24 trained tremd 20 transfer n 'trrensfa: 79 transfer v trren'sfa: 38 transparent trrent'sprer;:int 39 transport n 'trrensp::>:t 82, 79 transport v trren'sp::>:t 71, 79 trash trreJ 100 travel 'trrev;:il 30, 56 treat tri:t 28 tremble 'tremb;:il 27, 45 trespasser 'tresp;:is;:i 98 trial 'tra1;:il 3 7 triangular tra1 1 re1Jgj;:il;:i 50 tributary 'tnbj;:it;:iri 22 trip tnp 12, 30 trivia! 'tnvi;:il 39 trivialise 'tnvfalaiz 39 trophy 'trdUfi 17 tropical 'tmp1kdl 6 tropical storm 'tmp1k;:il 'st::>:m 13 trousers 'trauz;:iz 83, 100 truck trAk 100 trunk trJ\l]k 25, 100 trunks trAIJkS 83 trustworthy 'trAst ,w3:oi 8 try tra1 37 try on tra1 'on 26 tub tAb 87 tube tJu:b 85, 87, 95 tune tf u:n 20 Turk t3:k 5 turn down t3:n 'daun 93 turn out t3:n 'aut 93 turn up t3:n 'Ap 93 turnover 't3:n,;:iuv;:i 75 tutor 'tJu:t;:i 14 tutorial tJu: 't::>:ri;:il 14 tweet twi:t 35, 80 tweezers 'twi:z;:iz 83 twig tw1g 25 twinkle 'tWil)k;:iJ 54 twist twist 12 two-faced ,tu:'fe1st 73 typhoid 'taifo1d 13 typhoon ta1 'fu:n 13 typist 'ta1p1st 69 tyre 'ta1;:i 81 unaccompanied ,An;:i'kJ\rnp;:inid 98 unattractive ,AD;:i'trrekt1v 7 unauthorised AD'::>:e;:ira1zd 98 unbend An'bend 70 uncertainty An's3:t;:inti 85 unconventional ,Ank;:in'ventJ;:in;:il 8 undercooked ,And;:i'kukt 21, 70 underdone ,Aild;:i'dAn 21 underfoot ,And;:i'fut 57 underground 'Alld;:igraund 100 underpants 'And;:iprents 83, 100 undershirt 'Aild;:iJ3:t 100 underused ,Afld;:i'ju:zd 70 underworked ,And;:i'w3:kt 70 undo An'du: 33, 70 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate 273 undress An'dres 70 unfair Ail'fe;i 70 unfold An'fauld 70 unfriend ,An'frend 2, 10 uru 'ju:ni 77 union representative 'ju:nj;in ,repn'zent;itrv 15 unique ju: 'ni:k 31 university ,ju:nr'v3:s;iti 24 unless ;in'les 60 unload An'l;iud 70 unlock An'lok 70 unnatural An'nretf;ir;il 70 unprincipled An'prmts;ip;ild 8 unripe An'rarp 21 unskilled worker An'skrld 'w3:k;i 15 unspoilt All' sp:)llt 31 untidy-looking An'ta1di 'lukrIJ 7 untie An'tai 70 until ;in'ttl 94 unusually (strong) An'ju:3;ili 39 unveil An'verl 70 unwrap An'rrep 70 unzip An'z1p 70 up and down ,Ap;ind'daun 76 upgrade Ap'gre1d 33 upload Ap'l;iud 2 upset adj, v Ap'set 8, 41, 79 upset n 'Apset 79 upshot 'Apfot 61 urban '3:b;in 2 use ju:z 81, 94 use ju:s 81 useful 'ju:sfal 69 useless 'ju:sl;is 69 username 'ju:z;inerm 34 utilise 'ju:trlarz 32, 94 utility room ju:'trl;iti ,ru:m 11 utter 'At;i 49 uterły 'At;ili 49 vacation v;i'ke1f;in 100 valłey 'vreli 22 vandalism 'vrend;iliz;im 24 vast va:st 28, 49 VAT ,vi: e1 'ti: 38 vegan 'vi:g;in 21 vegetables 'ved3t;ib;ilz 79 vegetarian ,ved31'te;iri;in 40 vehicle 'vr;ibl 98 velocity vr'los;iti 56 venue 'venju: 19 verdict 'v3:drkt 37 vest vest 100 vet vet 95 victim 'v1kt1m 13, 37 view vju: 40, 64, 92 viewer vju:;i 19 villa 'vrl;i 11 violinist var;i 'lrnrst 6 9 virtual reality 'v3:tfu;il ri'refati 34 virus 'var;ir;is 27, 33 274 VIS!On 'v13;in 28 vitarnin 'v1t;imm 29 vivid 'v1vrd 39, 57 V-neck 'vi:nek 26 voice mail 'v;,1smerl 74 voice technology 'v;,1s tek'nol;id3i 32 volcano vol'kem;iu 13, 22 vote v;iut 36 vow vau 99 voyage 'v;,1j1d3 30 waist we1st 81 waistcoat 'werstk;iut 100 wait we1t 81 walkout 'w;,:kaut 75 wander 'wond;i 79 war w;,: 13, 88 wardrobe 'w;,:dr;iub 100 warm-hearted ,w;,:m'ha:t1d 73 warmth w;,:mp8 72 wash 'wof 100 wash up ,wof 'Ap 100 washable wof;ib;il 69 waste we1st 23, 81 water 'w;,:t;i 79 water polłutin 'w;,:t;i p;i'lu:f;in 23 waterfall 'w;,:t;ib:l 22 wavy 'we1vi 7 wavy-haired 'we1vi 'he;id 73 way out ,we1'aut 64 WC ,dAb;ilju:'si: 100 weak wi:k 39, 81 weakness 'wi:kn;is 69, 72 wealth wel8 82 weather 'weó;i 81, 82 weather forecast 'weó;i 'b:ka:st 35 webcam 'webkrem 34 website 'websait 34 wed wed 99 week wi:k 81 weight we1t 57, 81 weird w1;id 8, 40 welfare state 'welfe;i 'ste1t 74 well wel 65 well-built ,wel'brlt 7 well-dressed we! 'drest 7, 73 well-off ,wel'of 73 whale werl 25 wheel wi:l 32 wheelchair 'wi:ltfeg 28 wheeze wi:z 80 whereabouts ,we;ir;i'bauts 83 wherever we;i'rev;i 60 whether 'weó;i 81 whichever wr'tfev;i 60 whine wam 81 whiskers 'w1sbz 25 whisper 'w1sp;i 43 whistłe 'w1s;il 79, 80 white wart 7 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate whizz WIZ 80 WHO ,dAb;ilju:,eitJ';iu 77 whoever hu:'ev;i 60 wholemeal 'h;iulrni:l 29 wholly 'h;iuli 49 wide ward 52 widen 'wa1d;in 52 width w1t8 52, 72 wi-fi 'warfa1 34 wiki 'wiki 34 wind wamd 81 wind wmd 81 winding 'wamdrIJ 31 windscreen 'wmdskri:n 74 windscreen wiper 'wmdskri:n ,wa1p;i 74 windsurfing 'wmds3:frIJ 17 wine wam 81 wing WIIJ 25 wink WIIJk 45 wireless 'wa1;il;is 34 wisdom 'wrzd;im 72 witness 'wrtn;is 37, 44 womanhood 'wum;inhud 72 womb wu:m 79 wood wud 81 woollen 'wul;in 26 word-processing 'w3:d,pr;iusesrIJ 33 work W3:k 12, 15 work of art ,w3:k ;iv 'a:t 18 workaholic ,w3:k;i'holik 15 worked-up W3:kt AP 8 workout 'w3:kaut 75 workshop 'w3:kfop 14 world W3:ld 2 World Wide Web 'w3:Jdward web 34 world-famous ,w3:Jd'fe1m;is 73 worldwide ,w3:ld'ward 23 worm w3:m 25 worn-out ,w:>:n'aut 73 would wud 79, 81 wound wu:nd 81 wounded wu:ndrd 13 wound up 'waund AP 8 wrap up (the discussion) rrep Ap 68 wrinkles 'nIJk;ilz 7 X-ray 'eksrer 28 yacht jot 30 yard ja:d 100 yawn j;,:n 45 yawning (gap) j;,:nrIJ 62 yearn for j3:n b: 42 you know j;i'n;iu 65 you see j;i'si: 65 youth hostel 'ju:8 'host;il 24, 31, 74 zebra crossing 'zebr;:, 'krnsIIJ 100 zip Zip 26 English Profile www enghshprohl• org Cambridge ESOL exams: English Vocabulary ln Use C1 Advanced Upper Intermediate Advanced (CAE) First (FCE) Intermediate Preliminary (PET) Pre-Intermediate Elementary The cambrldp Engtlsh Corpus is a multi-billion word collection of written and spoken English. It includes the cambridge Lewner Corpus. a uniqu• bank of exam candidate papers. Our authors study the Corpus to see how English is really used, and to identify typical l•arner mistakes. This means that Cambridge materials help students to avoid mistakes, and you can be confident the language taught is useful, natural and fully up to date. www.c.mbrldge.org/corpus CAM QU~ITY GUARANTEE