CAMBRIDGE
English
Vocabulary
in Use
Upper-intermediate
Vocabulary reference
and practice
with answers
Third Edition
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
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www.cambridge.org
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© Cambridge University Press 2012
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2012
Reprinted 2013
Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.A.
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1107-60094-2 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate with
answers and CD-ROM
ISBN 978-1107-63878-5 Test Your English Vocabulary in Use
Upper-intermedia te
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel
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the accuracy of such information thereafter.
Contents
Thanks and acknowledgements
lntroduction
How to use the CD-ROM
5
6
8
Effective vocabulary learning
D Learning vocabulary
fi Organising a ~ocabulry
10
notebook 12
li Using your dictionary
li Guessing and explaining meaning
14
16
Topics
li Countries, nationalities and
languages
li The weather
D Describing people: appearance
li Describing people: character
IJ Idioms describing people
IIiJ Relationships
m
m
22
24
26
28
30
Everyday minor problems
32
Global problems
34
ID Education
m
m
m
20
At home
m
m
18
36
work
38
Business
40
Sport
42
Art and literature
44
IEJ Theatre and cinema
mi) Music
m
m
IDJ Travel
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
Holidays
70
Science and technology
72
Computers
74
Communications and the Internet
76
The press and the media
78
Politics and public institutions
80
Crime
82
Money
84
Describing objects
86
Feelings and actions
m
m
m
llJ
m
m
m
m
Belief and opinion
88
Pleasant and unpleasant feelings
90
Like, dislike and desire
92
Speaking
94
The six senses
96
What your body does
98
Praising and criticising
100
Emotions and moods
102
GEJ Commenting on problematic
situations
cm
Number, quantity, degree and
intensity
106
46
miJ Numbers and shapes
108
48
mJ Time
110
m
Distances and dimensions
50
Physical geography
52
li) Obligation, need, possibility and
fłJ
Environmental problems
54
fłJ
Towns
56
m
m
m
m
m
104
Basic concepts
Food
fD The natura! world
68
58
Clothes
60
Health and medicine
62
Medicine and technology
64
Health and lifestyle
66
112
pro ba bili ty
114
Sound and light
116
Possession and giving
118
Movement and speed
120
Texture, brightness, weight and
density
·
122
m
m
m
mi) Success, failure and difficulty
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
124
3
Connecting and linking words
m
lmJ
m
126
Condition
128
Cause, reason, purpose and
result
m
130
m
Cif) Concession and contrast
lilJ Addition
m
Counting people and things
132
134
Referring words
liJB Discourse markers in spoken
English
Im Linking words in writing
136
138
140
m
Everyday expressions
142
mi)
Talking and communicating
144
Word formation
Im)
Suffixes
146
EiJ Prefixes
148
m
Roots
fiJ Abstract nouns
fiJ Compound adjectives
m
152
154
fil Comp~nd
prepos1t1on
nouns 2: verb +
158
Binomials
160
Abbreviations and acronyms
162
expressions
164
Uncountable nouns
172
EIJ Words that only occur in the plural 174
Countable and uncountable nouns
with different meanings
176
Making uncountable nouns
countable
Em Collective nouns
m
Containers and contents
178
180
182
Phrasal verbs and verb-based
expressions
m
Expressions with do and make
Im) Expressions with bring and take
liiiJ Expressions with get
m
m
m
150
Compound nouns 1: noun + noun 156
m
m
m Mułti-word
m
Time: c?nnecting words and
express1ons
184
186
188
Expressions with set and put
190
Expressions with come and go
192
Expressions with other common
verbs
194
Varieties and styles
m
m
m
Formal and informal words 1
196
Formal and informal words 2
198
m
Similes
200
Proverbs
202
m
Headline English
miJ The language of signs and notices 204
mm US English
206
208
Words and pronunciation
m
Words commonly mispronounced 166
EiiJ Onomatopoeic words
m
4
Homophones and homographs
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
168
170
Answer key
Phonemic symbols
Index
210
258
259
Thanks and acknowledgements
Many people have contributed to making this book what it is. Above all, we would like to
thank our editors at Cambridge University Press, especially Emily Hird, Tracy Griffin and
Tom Allen, whose expert guidance steered us and our manuscript through the whole process
from start to finish. They set the deadlines that motivated us to get the book clone, provided
feedback on drafts and chased us when we lagged behind. We are also grateful to the
students and staff at various institutions who assisted in reviewing and piloting the material
in different parts of the world: Hayden Berry, Rachel Connabeer, Garan Holcombe, Alex
Latimer, Glennis Pye and Wayne Rimmer. Equally, we thank the many other teachers and
users of previous editions of the book who have, over the last 15 years, given us invaluable
feedback and constructive criticism which we have tried to take into account in this third
edition. Alison Silver, as usual, proved to be the most expert and professional of editors when
the typescript passed into her hands and made many useful comments and suggestions that
have improved the book. We are also grateful to the corpus managers at CUP for providing
us with the ever-growing Cambridge International Corpus, without which our vocabulary
research would have been considerably impoverished. Andy George and the production team
at CUP led the book with utmost efficiency through its final stages, and we thank them too.
What shortcomings that may remain must be laid entirely at our door.
Michael McCarthy
Felicity O'Dell
This product is in!ormed by the English Vocabulary Profile, built as part of English Profile, a collaborative programme
designed to enhance the learning, teaching and assessment of English worldwide. lts main funding partners are Cambridge
University Press and Cambridge ESOL and its aim is to create a 'profile' for English linked to the Common European
Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). English Profile outcomes, such as the English Vocabulary Profile, will provide
detailed information about the language that learners can be expected to demonstrate at each CEFlevel, offering a elear
benchmark for learners' proficiency. For mare in!ormation, please visit www.englishprofile.org
The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright
photographs and materił:
Key: l
= left, c =centre, r = right, t = top, b = bottom
Alamy /©bobhdeering for p. 30(1), /©Lourens Smak for p. 32(tcr), /©Travelshots.com for p.
32(br), /©Jeff Morgan 08 for p. 34(cl), /©Nigel Cattlin for p. 34(cr), /©catnap for p. 86(br), /©
Jack Sullivan for p. 168(c); Corbis /©Photolibrary for p. 21(r), /©Nation Wong/Corbis Yellow
for p. 168(1); Getty lmages /©Serge Krouglikoff/Digital Vision for p. 20(br), /©Howard
Kingsnorth/Photographer's Choice for p. 32(tl), /©Mike Kemp for p. 32(tcl), /©Garry Gay/
Photographer's Choice for p. 34(1), /©Tom PfeifferNolcanoDiscovery/Photographer's Choice
for p. 34(r), /©EIGHTFISH/The Image Bank for p. 54, /©Paul Richer/Workbook Stock for p. 70(t);
iStockphoto /©amriphoto for p. 63(tl), /©Elena Elisseeva for p. 63(bl); Photolibrary.com /©
Ruth Tomlinson/Robert Harding Travel for p. 57, /©Gavin H ellier/Robert Harding Travel
for p. 70(b), /©David Marsden/Fresh Food lmages for p. 168(r); Shutterstock /©Ammit for
p.17, /©CoolR for p. 20(tr), /© B747 for p. 21(1), /©V. J. Matthew for p. 30(r), /©lvancovlad
for p. 32(bl), /©Andrei Nekrassov for p. 56, /©Joel Blit for p. 63(tc), /© Oleksiy Mark for
p. 63(tr), /©Roma Koshel for p. 74, I© kropicl for p. 80(t), /©Ramzi Hachicho for p. 86(tr), /©
Hank Frentz for p. 86(bl), /©Paul Matthew Photography for p. 134, /©Monkey Business
lmages for p. 152; Thinkstock /©iStockphoto for p. 20(tl), /©iStockphoto for p. 20(cl),
/©H emera for p. 20(bl), /©iStockphoto for p. 21(cl), /©H emera for p. 21(cr), /©iStockphoto
for p. 30(cl), /©iStockphoto for p. 30(cr), /©Photos.com for p. 32(tr), /©iStockphoto for
p. 63(bc), /©BananaStock for p. 63(br), /©iStockphoto for p. 76, /©iStockphoto for p. 80(b),
/©Hemera for p. 86(tl) /©Jupiter Images for p 184 (tl & br).
Picture research by Suzanne Williams
Proofreading by Marcus Fletcher
Illustrations by Kate Charlesworth, Amanda MacPhail and Vicky Woodgate
We have been unable to trace the copyright holder(s) of the artwork on pages 25, 44, 97,
135, 171, 174, 182, 200 and 208 and would welcome any information enabling us to do so.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
5
I ntrod uction
To the student
This book has been written to help you learn new vocabulary. You already know a large
number of English words, but to express yourself more fully and in amore sophisticated way
at the upper-intermediate level, you will ideally need about 4,000 words, so increasing your
vocabulary is very important for your genrał
progress in English. In this book, there are over
2,500 new words and phrases for you to learn. You will find them on the left-hand page of
each unit. Every new word or phrase is used in a sentence, or in a conversation, or is in a table,
or has a picture with it, or has some explanation of what it means. On the right-hand page
there are exercises and other activities to help you practise using the words and to help you to
remember them. The book has been written so that you can use it yourself, without a teacher.
You can do the units in any order you like, but we believe it is a good idea if you do Units 1 to
4 first, as they will help you to work with the rest of the book in the best possible way.
The Answer key at the end of the book is for you to check your answers to the exercises after
you do them. The Answer key sometimes has more than one answer. This is because often there
is not just one correct way of saying something. Where you are asked to talk about yourself, in
the Over to you exercises, we do not generally provide answers, since this is your opportunity
to work completely indeptły
and in a very personal way, so everyone's answers will be
very different.
The Index at the end of the book has all the important words and phrases from the lefthand pages. The Index also tells you how to pronounce words. There is a table of phonemic
symbols to help you understand the pronunciation on page 258.
You should also have a dictionary with you when you use the book. You can use a paper
dictionary or an electronic one, or you can go to Cambridge Dictionaries Online at http://
dictionary.cambridge.org/. Access to a dictionary is useful because sometimes you may
want to check the meaning of something, or find a word in your own language to help you
remember the English word. Sometimes, you will also need a dictionary for the exercises; we
tell you when this is so.
To learn a lot of vocabulary, you have to do two things:
Study each unit of the book carefully and do all the exercises. Check your answers in the
Answer key. Repeat the units after a month, and then again after three months, and see how
much you have learnt and how much you have forgotten. Repeating work is very important.
One way of doing this is to use the accompanying book Test Your English Vocabulary in Use
Upper-intermediate. This has a test for each unit, practising all the vocabulary of that unit.
2 Develop ways of your own to study and learn new words and phrases which are not in this
book. For example, every time you see or hear an interesting phrase, write it in a notebook,
and write who said it or wrote it, and in what situation, as well as what it means. Making
notes of the situations words are used in will help you to remember them and to use them at
the right moment.
We hope you like this book. When you have finished it, you can go to the next book in the
series, English Vocabulary in Use Advanced, and along with that, to the more specialised
tiłes:
English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and English Collocations in Use,
all of which are available at upper-intermediate and advanced levels. There are also separate
books of tests available, where you can test yourself on what you have learnt from the books
in the series.
Find out more at http://www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
To the teacher
This book can be used in class or as a self-study book. lt is intended to take learners from a
lower-intermediate level of vocabulary to an upper-intermediate level. The vocabulary has been
chosen for its usefulness in everyday situations, and we consulted the Cambridge International
Corpus, a written and spoken corpus of present-day English, including a huge learner corpus,
to help us decide on the words and phrases to be included for students at B2 (CEFR) level.
The new vocabulary (on average 25-30 items per unit) is presented with illustrations and
explanations on the left-hand page, and there are exercises and activities on the right-hand
page. There is an Answer key and an Index with pronunciation for all the target vocabulary.
The Answer key at the end of the book is for students to check their answers to the exercises
after they do them.
The book focuses not just on single words, but on useful phrases and collocations, and the
vocabulary is illustrated in natura! contexts. The book is organised around everyday topics,
but also has units devoted to basie concepts such as time, number and movement, linking
words, word formation, multi-word expressions, pronunciation and varieties and style, as
well as a set of initial units concerned with ways of learning vocabulary. Typical errors are
indicated where appropriate, based on information from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, and
the most typical meanings and uses are focused on for each item. The units in the book can
be used in any order you like, but we would advise doing the initial units (Units 1 to 4) first,
as these lay the foundations for the rest of the book.
The right-hand pages offer a variety of different types of activities, with some traditional ones
such as gap-filling, but also more open-ended ones and personalised activities which enable
learners to talk about their own lives. Although the activities and exercises are designed for
self-study, they can easily be adapted for pairwork, groupwork or whole-class activities in
the usual way. The Answer key sometimes gives alternative answers to the exercises. This is
because often there is not just one correct way of saying something. Where students are asked
to talk about themselves, in the Over to you exercises, we do not generally provide answers,
since these exercises give learners the opportunity to work completely independently and in a
very personal way, so everyone's answers will be very different.
When the learners have worked through a group of units, it is a good idea to repeat some
of the work (for example, the exercises) and to expand on the meaning and use of key
words and phrases by extra discussion in class, and find other examples of the key items in
other texts and situations. This can be clone at intervals of one to three months after first
working on a unit. This is important, since it is usually the case that learners need five to
seven exposures to a word or phrase before they can really begin to know it, and no single
book can do enough to ensure that words are always learnt first time. Test Your English
Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate and the CD-ROM will help teachers to gain extra
practice with the vocabulary presented in this book.
When your students have finished all the units in this book, they will be ready to move on
to the higher level books in this series: English Vocabulary in Use Advanced, and the upperintermediate and advanced levels of English Idioms in Use, English Phrasal Verbs in Use and
English Collocations in Use, by the same authors as this book. They can also test themselves
on the knowledge they have gained from this and the other books in the series by using the
separate books of tests that accompany the series.
Find more resources for teachers at http://www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse
We hope you enjoy using the book.
Michael McCarthy
Felicity O'Dell
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
7
How to use the English Vocabulary in Use
Upper-intermediate CD-ROM to learn
vocabulary
Your copy of English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate comes with a CD-ROM. You
can use the CD-ROM to improve your English vocabulary. These two pages answer some
common questions about the CD-ROM.
What is on the CD-ROM?
The CD-ROM contains
•
•
•
•
•
two practice activities for each unit of the book (200 in total)
a test maker
a record and play-back function
a dictionary function
a reference section.
When should I use the CD-ROM?
You can use the CD-ROM before or after you do a unit in the book. This section will give
you some suggestions.
Using the CD-ROM before you look at a unit in the book
The CD-ROM can help you discover how much vocabulary you already know about a topie.
Try this:
• Choose a topie from the Exercises menu, for example Time in the Basic concepts section.
• Complete the two exercises. After each exercise, click Check your answers to see
how many questions you got right. Make a note of any words you found difficult.
• Now go to the relevant unit of the book. Study the notes on the left-hand page. Try
to find the words you didn't know from the CD-ROM. Complete the exercises on
the right-hand page.
• Finally, return to the CD-ROM. Look at the My progress section. Can you improve
your score this time? Complete the two exercises again for the same unit.
Using the CD-ROM after you look at a unit in the book
The CD-ROM can help you to remember words you learnt from the book. This kind of
revision is very important if you want to remember vocabulary. Try this:
• When you complete a unit from the book, write the <late at the top of the page.
• One week later, go to the CD-ROM and do the two exercises from that unit. How
much vocabulary can you remember? Make a note of any words you found difficult
or couldn't remember.
• Go back to the unit in the book and look for the words you didn't know. Study the
words again.
• Finally, return to the CD-ROM and complete the two exercises again. Did you
remember those difficult words?
8
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
The CD-ROM can also help you test yourself. You can even personalise the tests to cover the
topics that you want to practise. Try this:
• When you finish a group of units in the book (for example, the nine units in the
Feelings and actions section), go to the CD-ROM and make a test on the vocabulary
from those units. The CD-ROM will create five test questions from each of those
units. For an extra challenge, use the time limit function. If your score is low, look
at the units again. Then create a new test and try to improve your score.
• Alternatively, create a test when you have completed the whole book. Choose units
at random or concentrate on units that you found difficult.
Can the CD-ROM help me with my pronunciation?
Yes, it can. The CD-ROM has a record and play-back function which you can use to practise
your pronunciation. Try this:
• When you have completed an exercise on the CD-ROM, click the green arrow to
hear a model pronunciation of the words or sentences.
• Then click the red Record your voice button at the bortom of the screen. Practise
saying the word or sentence.
• Now click the green Play your voice arrow at the bottom of the screen. Does your
pronunciation sound correct? Listen to the model pronunciation again to check.
• Record your voice again if necessary.
„•••• „ ••, . ,, „ •.
o
What's in the reference section?
H ere you will find a really useful wordlist, with all the key words from the book. You can
hear the American English and British English pronunciation of every word and phrase. You
can also make notes on this page. All the left-hand book pages are available to help you with
the exercises.
What else can the CD-ROM do?
The CD-ROM also has a dictionary function. You can use it to look up any words that you
don't know. You will need an internet connection for this. Also, you can click on any word in
the CD-ROM and it will look up the word in the online dictionary.
You can also check your progress at any time using the Progress section. This will help you
to see which exercises you have completed. lt can also show you areas where you need more
practice. In those cases, study the unit again.
Remember you can print out tests, exercises and the answers.
We hope you enjoy using the English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate CD-ROM.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
9
Study
unit
1 Learning vocabulary
A
What do you need to learn?
Did you know that there are over half a million words in English but that the average
native speaker only uses about 5,000 in everyday speech? You already know many of
those 5,000 words. This book will help you to learn many of those that you do not yet
know and it will help you to use them appropriately and accurately.
B
What does knowing a new word mean?
It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:
–
–
–
–
which words it is usually used with;
its grammatical characteristics;
how it is pronounced;
whether it is formal, informal or neutral.
So when you learn a word you should make sure that you:
• Learn new words in phrases not in isolation.
• Notice how words commonly go together. These are called collocations and include:
adjectives + nouns, e.g. rich vocabulary, classical music, common sense;
verbs + nouns, e.g. to express an opinion, to take sides;
nouns in phrases, e.g. in touch with, a train set, a sense of humour;
words + prepositions, e.g. at a loss for words, in particular.
• Notice special grammatical characteristics of new words. For example, note
irregular verbs, e.g. undertake, undertook, undertaken; uncountable nouns,
e.g. luggage; or nouns that are only used in the plural, e.g. scissors.
• Notice any special pronunciation problems with new words.
• Check if the word is particularly formal or informal in character, in other words
if it has a particular register.
How can you help yourself to memorise words?
T A
E
lungs
heart
G
You can group words in any way
you like – topic, grammatical
feature, word root, and so on. The
unit titles in this book might give
you some ideas.
C
N
Research suggests that some students
find it easier to learn words if they
(a) learn them in groups and (b)
make use of pictures.
R
C
L
liver
stomach
E
kidney
intestines
Pictures can help you to remember the meaning. For example:
D
How can you help yourself learn more
words?
This book will help you to learn vocabulary in
a systematic way. However, you can also help
yourself to learn more words and expressions
by reading and listening to as much English as
possible. Here are some ideas about things you
can read or listen to:
comics
TV (satellite/
cable/subtitled)
fiction
magazines
radio, e.g.
BBC World
Service
tweets
10
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
recipes
newspapers
cinema
podcasts
DVDs
songs
academic or
professional
literature
reference material
(dictionaries,
encyclopedias)
YouTube
conversations
with native
speakers
sports reports
audio books
poetry
blogs
Exercises
1.1
Here are some aspects of grammar to be aware of when learning new vocabulary. Give
two examples of words that reflect this aspect of grammar.
a noun only used in the plural ..%:(~ . ?fr'i
.............. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
2 an uncountable noun .. „ ... „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „. „ „ . „. „
3 an irregular verb „ „ . „„ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „„ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „.
4 a noun with an irregular plural „ „ „. „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „. „ „. „ „ . „ „ „ „ „
1.2 What aspect of pronunciation should you notice about the following words?
1 subtle +he I.i is silen+
(no+ pronounled)
3 chemistry
6 photograph I photographer I
2 catastrophe
5 a record I to record
4 answer
photographic
1.3 Read the text. Use words from the box to complete each 'collocations fork'.
English has a remarkable range of words. Thanks to periods of contact with foreign languages and
its readiness to coin new words out of old elements, English has a particularly large vocabulary. For
example, as well as kingly (from Anglo-Saxon) we find royal (from French) and regal (from Latin).
There are many such sets of words, which make it possible to express subtle shades of meaning.
ran~e
a remarkable likeness
2 to coin
4 a subtle
3 a royal
lOinddenle
coincidence
difference
shade
family
suggestion
likeness
a term
palace
welcome
a phrase
new words
1.4 Write I by the words that are informal and F by those that are formal.
1 guys „ J „ .
2 a rmnor „ „ „ „
3 Awesome!
1 .5
4 to alight (from a bus)
5 to feel gutted „ „ „ „
6 a felon „ „ „ „
„„„. •
„„„ „
7 to bug someone
8 to zone out „ „ „ „
„„.„.
A student learnt each of these sets of words as a group. What is the unifying factor for
each group? Can you add one more word to each group?
1 king, queen, prince, princess r~l
- duke
2 sunshade, shady, shadow, shade, to shadow, shadowy
3 articulate, communicate, convey, express, put across
4 noun, verb, adjective, adverb
5 subtle, comb, lamb, crumb, debt, plumber
1.6 Draw a picture to help you remember each of the following vocabulary items.
1 circleoc
.....
\
\,.)
1.7
171
2 to coin new words
3 screwdriver
4 to drip
Study
unit
2 Organising a vocabulary notebook
A
Organising words by meaning
Try dividing your notebook into different broad sections, with sections for words for
feelings, words to describe places, words for movement, words for thinking, etc.
Charts and tables of various kinds can help you organise your vocabulary. Here is an
example for words connected with music:
Instruments
guitar
cello
piano
B
Types of music
Verbs
Related words
classical (not classic)
folk (not folkloric)
world
play
strum (a guitar)
perform
practice (n) practise (vb)
track
release (an album)
Building networks of meaning
A network diagram is useful. It can grow in whatever direction you want it to.
password
sign up
unfriend
somebody
identity theft
security
social networks
THE WEB
surfing
link
pop-up
(verbs)
download
post
email
spam
junk mail
homepage
C
upload
forward
Collocations and fixed phrases
It is important to know how a word combines with other words (its collocations).
Always record the common collocations of a word as you meet them, e.g.
win (prize, award, medal)
earn (money, a high salary)
gain (time, an advantage)
Where a word is often used in a fixed phrase, always record the whole phrase, e.g.
in a hurry out of touch to and fro now and again
D
Synonyms and antonyms
When you find a synonym (same meaning) or an antonym (opposite meaning) of a word you
already have in your book, enter it next to that word with a few notes, e.g.
urban ≠ rural
stop = cease (cease is very formal)
E
Organising by word class
Make a note of the word class of a new word (whether it is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.).
Record words from the same word family together, e.g.
produce (verb or noun)
product (noun)
productive (adjective)
F
Stress
Record where the stress falls on a multi-syllable word, especially if the stress changes
between word classes, e.g. produce (verb)
produce (noun)
productive (adjective)
Language help
Note any typical errors you make or which your teacher has mentioned.
12
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
2.1
Organise the words into the topics below. Use a dictionary if necessary.
stress
hang out with sb
exhaustion
podcast
overwork
tabloid
upload a video
burnt out
blogosphere
journalist
snowed under with work
casual acquaintance
blog
be close to sb
count on sb
be under pressure
I words
topie
working too much I too hard
stress
friendship
media
2.2
Here is a list of words a learner of English made in a vocabulary notebook in class.
Organise them in a more efficient way, using the chart.
rush
oversleep
latecomer
out of breath
heavy sleeper
exhausted
nouns
la+uomer
2.3
I verbs
alarm clock
set a clock
deep sleep
fast asleep
in a hurry
breathless
nightmare
dash
yawn
I adjectives
I collocations
I fixed
phrases
Change the sentences using a synonym (S) or antonym (A) of the words in bold
using words from the box.
glOO
spicy
deprive sb of sth
shot
dissatisfied
chilly
1 I was pleased ...~\ai:l ...................... to hear you'd passed your exam. (S)
2 I got some excellent photos ................................ of the Grand Canyon on my trip to the US. (S)
3
She was happy ................................ with the conditions they offered her in the new job. (A)
4 The prisoners were supplied with ................................ food and medical care. (A)
5
6
2.4
I don't like rnild ................................ curries. (A)
lt's a cold ................................ day today. (S)
Fili in the missing word forms. Then mark the word stress for each item.
noun
I ve rb
perfection
perfect
information
inform
I adjective
perfect
I person
perfectionist
politics
econom1cs
~·
,,. Give two adjectives.
2.5
1-----·
Study
unit
3 Using your dictionary
A
What a good dictionary tells you: the basics
A good learners’ dictionary (in book form or online) can tell you about:
• Pronunciation: this may mean learning some symbols which are different from
the letters of the English alphabet.
ʧ
θ
th in thick
ð
th in then
ch in church
ʃ
sh in she
ʤ
j in jam
ʒ
s in pleasure
ŋ
ng in ring
æ
a in bad
ɒ
o in top
ɔ
o in form
u in put
ə
a in about
ʌ
ʊ
u in up
in bird
• Word stress: often shown by a mark before the syllable to be stressed or by
underlining or bold type, e.g. /əd'venʧə/, /westən/, complicated.
• Usage: how a word is used and any special grammatical pattern that goes with it,
e.g. suggest + clause (not an infinitive) – I suggest you ring her right away.
(NOT I suggest you to ring her right away.)
B
Additional information
• Synonyms (words of similar meaning) and antonyms (opposites), e.g. mislay and
misplace (synonyms), friend ≠ enemy/foe (antonyms).
• Collocations (how words go together), e.g. the adjective firm is often used in these
collocations: firm commitment, firm grip, firm believer.
• Whether a verb is transitive or intransitive: catch is transitive and must have an
object, e.g. He caught the ball and threw it back to me; laugh is intransitive and
does not need an object, e.g. She laughed when I told her the news.
• Whether a word is used for people and/or things.
hurtful /ˈhɜːt.fəl/adjective
In this entry for the adjective hurtful in the
Cambridge Advanced Learners’ Dictionary online, causing emotional pain: That was a
very hurtful remark! How can you be
we can see that hurtful can be used about what
so hurtful?
someone says or about someone:
• Word class (often as abbreviations n noun, adj
adjective, etc.), and whether a noun is countable or uncountable.
ncountable
• Information about how words are related to one another through meaning. The
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online allows you to see a visual
display of the networks of meaning for a word, as in this display for the adjective
fascinating. The Visual Thesaurus shows related adjectives.
enthralling
entrancing
enchanting
captivating
bewitching
fascinating
absorbing
engrossing
14
riveting
gripping
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
The adjectives are grouped
according to meaning. This
can be very useful when you
are writing. If you want to
vary your use of adjectives,
you can look up the related
adjectives to see which one(s)
most closely express(es) the
meaning you need.
Exercises
3.1
Pronunciation. What English words are these?
1 /edju'ke1J;}n/ ...e. d !ł ~ P.il r> n. . . . . . .
2 /'pa:sp::>:t/ ................................
3.2
Underline the stressed syllable of these words. Check your answers in your dictionary.
umque
2 elegant
3.3
5 /rd'v13;}n/ ............................... .
6 /'brno;}/ ............................... .
3 /'li:mIJ/ ............................... .
4 /'bbdti/ ................................
5 record {verb)
6 thermometer
3 urgently
4 eyebrow
7 extract {noun)
8 lifestyle
Look at the grammar patterns which the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
gives for these words and then correct the sentences that follow.
supply /s;} 1plaII li>- verb [TJ to provide something that is wanted or needed , often in large
quantities and over a long period of time: Electrical power is supplied by underground cab/es. O
Three people have been arrestedfor supplying arms to the terrorists. O The company has supplied
the royalfamily (= provided them with something they need)for years. O At the beginning of
term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to read.
Brazil supplies coffee at many countries ...B. r. o~ l_ ..?. ~ P. l~. S.
..l.O.ffe.e..JO...TY1
. o ~ .. ~O.n+ri
. S:
....................................
The officer supplied each soldier a map . ............................................................................................................................
2
deny /d1 naII verb [TJ NOT TR U E l to say that something is not true: H e will not confirm or deny the
allegations. O [+ that J Neil denies that he broke the window, but J'm sure he did. O [+ -ing verbJ
Neil denies breaking the window.
1
The Minister denied to have received any money from the oil company. (two answers)
3.4 Put a tick
(v"') if these adjectives can be used about a person, or a thing (which could
be an event, an object, a fact, an idea, etc.) or both. Use your dictionary if necessary.
I person
sad
I thing
v"'
I
I person
I thing
da mp
lucky
awkward
con tent
compulsory
3.5 A typical dictionary abbreviation for a noun is (n) and for an adjective (adj) . What do
you think these abbreviations mean?
.
(pron) ........................ (conj) ........................ {prep) ........................ @ ....................... .
(adv) ...~ d .~rk
noun [C] ........................ verb [TJ ........................ noun [UJ ........................ verb [I or TJ ............................... .
3.6
Study
unit
4 Guessing and explaining meaning
A
Working out meaning from context
There are a number of clues you can use to help you understand the meaning of an
unfamiliar word.
The context in which the word is used
• Visual clues: for example, a picture in a book or film footage in a TV news
broadcast.
• Your own background knowledge about a situation: for example, if you already
know that there has just been an earthquake in a big city, then you will find it easy
to understand the word ‘earthquake’ when you hear a news broadcast about it.
• The words around the unfamiliar word: for example, ‘Suzanna picked one tall
yellow gladiolus to put in her new vase.’ Even if you have never seen or heard the
word ‘gladiolus’, it is clear from the context that it is a type of flower.
• Grammatical clues: for example, it is clear that ‘superstitious’ must be an
adjective in the sentence ‘Alejandro is very superstitious and would never walk
under a ladder’, or that ‘gingerly’ is an adverb in ‘Clare tiptoed gingerly down
the stairs, trying to avoid all the broken glass.’
Similarity to other words you already know in English
A large number of words in English are made up of combinations of other words. You
may never have seen the word ‘headscarf’, for example, but it is easy to work out that it is
a scarf worn on the head. Units 73–75 will help you improve your skills in understanding
how English uses everyday words to build up new concepts.
Structure
A prefix or suffix may give you a clue: for example, Units 69–71 focus on different aspects
of word formation in English and should help you use those clues to make sense of
unfamiliar words.
Similarity to a word you know in your own (or some other) language
If your first language is of Latin or of Germanic origin, you will come across many words
in English that resemble words in your own language. However, English has taken many
words from many other languages too. So make use of any other languages you know.
But remember that some words are false friends – they sound as if they mean the same
but in fact they have a different meaning. For example, gift in English means a present but
in German Gift means poison.
B
Explaining unknown words
The following expressions are useful when you are trying to explain what a word or
expression means:
It’s probably something (a bit) like (a chair) …
It’s got to be something you use for (painting pictures / cleaning the kitchen floor) …
It’s a kind of (bird / musical instrument / building) …
I think it must / could mean …
16
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
4. 1
Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined
words mean.
A tortoise is a shelled reptile famed for its slowness and
longevity. The Giant Tortoise of the Galapagos may
attain over 1.5 metres in length and have a lifespan of
more than 150 years. Smaller tortoises from Southern
Europe and North Africa make popular pets. They need
to be tended carefully in cool climates and must have a
warm place in which they can hibernate.
Which of the underlined words can you guess from the context or using any other du es?
First make a guess and then check your guesses in the Answer key.
4.2
Use the context to work out what the underlined words mean. Explain them using one
or other of the expressions in B on the opposite page.
2
3
4
5
6
4.3
Above the trees at the edge of the meadow, a buzzard hangs for a moment on the wind before
soaring towards the hills. 1 +hlnk a liu.z.z.ard irtls+ lie a klnd C>t lńrd.
According to some sources, the water vole is one of the most rapidly declining creatures in
Britain and a new survey is now being carried out to determine how serious the threat of
extinction really is.
Using a large chisel Jack managed to knock down the old garden wall.
Sarah carried in a delicious chicken and noodle soup in a large tureen and we enjoyed several
bowłs
each.
We often used to walk up to the cliff top where we would clamber over the farmer's gate and
go right to the edge where the view was better.
Some people get really rattx when they haven't had enough sleep.
Use your knowledge of other basie English words to help you work out the meanings
of the underlined words and expressions. Rewrite them using simpler words or
explanations for the underlined words and phrases.
lt says on the can that this drink is sugar-free. „. +his drink d<>esn'+ lC>n+aln su.9ar.
2 I find Mo a very warm-hearted person.
3 I've been up to my eyes in work ever since I got back from holiday.
4 We walked down a tree-lined street towards the station.
5 The little boys were fascinated by the cement-mixer.
6 More and mare shops now have their own special store cards and offer you a discount if you
use one of them.
4.4
Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to suggest what these phrases mean.
1 to redirect an envelope +<>
2 uncontrollable anger
pre-dinner drinks
4 bi-monthly report
3
send I++<> a dlfferen+ address
5 my ex-boss
6 anti-tourist feelings
7 to disconnect the telephone
8 undelivered łetrs
5
A
Countries, nationalities and languages
Using ‘the’
Most names of countries are used without ‘the’, but some countries and other names have
‘the’ before them, e.g. the United States / the US(A), the United Kingdom / the UK, the
Netherlands, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates / the UAE, the European Union / the
EU, the Commonwealth.
B
Adjectives referring to people, countries and languages
With -ish: British Irish Flemish Polish Danish Turkish Spanish
With -(i)an: Canadian Brazilian Latvian Korean Russian Australian
With -ese: Japanese Chinese Vietnamese Portuguese Maltese Taiwanese
With -i: Israeli Iraqi Kuwaiti Pakistani Yemeni Bangladeshi
With -ic: Icelandic Arabic Slavonic
Some adjectives are worth learning separately, e.g. Swiss, Thai, Greek, Dutch, Cypriot.
C
Nationalities
Some nationalities and cultural identities have nouns for referring to people, e.g. a Finn, a
Swede, a Turk, a Spaniard, a Dane, a Briton, an Arab, a Pole. For most nationalities we can use
the adjective as a noun, e.g. a German, an Italian, a Belgian, a Catalan, a Greek, an African,
a European. Some need woman/man/person added to them (you can’t say ‘a Dutch’), so if in
doubt, use them, e.g. a Dutch man, a French woman, an Irish person, an Icelandic man.
D
World regions
The Arctic
Scandinavia
Asia
North America
Central
America
Europe
The Mediterranean
North Africa
The Caribbean
South America
The Middle
East
The Far East
East Asia The Pacific
The Atlantic
The Indian Ocean
Southern Africa
Australia
The Antarctic
Antarctica
E
Regional groups and ethnic groups
People belong to ethnic groups and regional groups such as African-Caribbean, Asian, Latin
American, North African, Scandinavian, Southern African, European, Arabic. These can be
used as countable nouns or as adjectives.
Europeans often find Asian cultures to be very different from their own.
Arabic culture spreads across a vast region of North Africa and the Middle East.
People speak dialects as well as languages. Everyone has a native language or first language
(sometimes called mother tongue); many have second and third languages. Some people are
expert in more than one language and are bilingual or multilingual. People who only know
one language are monolingual.
18
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
5.1
Put each of the countries into the correct column depending on which adjectives are
used to refer to the people or language of that country.
Irelaru:l
Turkey
5.2
Iceland
Arabia
China
Thailand
~
lsrael
Switzerland
Brazil
the Netherlands
Korea
Denmark
Pakistan
Match the countries with their world regions.
Sweden
2 Cambodia
3
Nicaragua
4 Tunisia
5 Saudi Arabia
6
Botswana
ITJ
O
O
O
O
O
a the Middle East
b Southern Africa
c Scandinavia
d East Asia
e Central America
f North Africa
5.3 Correct the mistakes in these newspaper headlines.
2
Soccer sensation!
England team captain
to marry a Frenłl!
4
5.4
Police arrest Danish
on smuggling charge
5
BRITAIN'S HAVE HIGHEST
TAX RATE IN EUROPE
3
MALTISH PRIME MINISTER
VISITS WASHINGTON
lraqian delegation
meets Pakistanian
President
Farnous nam es. Can you name a famo us ...
Argentinian sportsman or woman? Vle90 Morlltlono
5 ltalian opera singer?
6 Irish rock-music band?
7 American golfer?
2 Spanish actor?
3
South African political leader?
4 Australian singer?
I am ................................ . (nationality)
2
My first language is
3
I speak
4
My ethnic/regional group is
„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ „.
„„ „ „„„„„„ „„ „„„„„
(number) language(s) fluently, so I am
„„ „ „„„„ „ „„„„„ „„ „
•
„„„„ „ „ „ „„„„„„„„„ •
5 I have visited these countries:
„ „ „ „ „ „ . .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ •• • • „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ •
6
I would like to travel to
7
One language I would like to learn is
8
l've never been to these two countries:
„ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „. „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . •
„.„.„„„„ .„.„„„„„ „„ • ·
„ „ „. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ .
and
„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„ . „„ .•
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
19
6
A
The weather
Cold weather
In Northern Europe, daytime1 temperatures are
often quite mild, even in late2 autumn. The days
are often misty3, foggy and damp4. Soon, winter
arrives, with frost5, icy roads and severe6 weather,
including heavy snow. As people expect the
weather to be bad, they try and keep warm so
they don’t freeze! Freezing weather may continue
in the far north until May or even June, when
the ground starts to thaw /θɔ/7 and the ice melts8
again.
1
during the day 2 towards the end of a period
of time 3 with clouds of small drops of water in the air, making it difficult to see things in the
4
distance
slightly wet, and not pleasant or comfortable
5
thin, white layer of ice on surfaces when the weather is very cold 6 extremely bad 7 change from
hard, frozen state to softer state 8 change from solid to liquid under heat
B
Warm/hot weather
In a tropical1 climate, the weather is often stifling2, muggy3 and
humid4. In other hot climates, there may be boiling5 hot days, and
heatwaves6 may be common.
1
very hot, as in countries near the Equator 2 hot, uncomfortable, you can
hardly breathe 3 very warm and a little damp 4 hot and damp, makes
you sweat a lot 5 extremely hot 6 very hot, dry period
C
Wet weather
This wet weather scale gets stronger from left to right.
shower (noun) → heavy rain → pour down (verb) / downpour
(noun) → torrential rain → flood (noun and verb)
This rain won’t last long; it’s only a shower. [short period of rain]
There was quite heavy rain during the night. / It rained heavily
during the night.
It was absolutely pouring down yesterday. / There was a real downpour.
In Malaysia there is usually torrential
rain most days, and the roads sometimes
get flooded. / There are sometimes
floods on the roads.
shower
heavy
pour
The sky’s a bit overcast; I think it’s
rain
down
going to rain. [very cloudy]
We had a drought /draʊt/ last summer. It didn’t rain for six weeks.
D
torrential
rain
flood
Wind
There was a gentle breeze on the beach, just enough to cool us.
There was a very strong/high wind and my umbrella blew away.
There was a gale that day, so we didn’t go sailing. [very high wind]
People stayed indoors because there was a hurricane on the way. [extremely
high, dangerous wind]
Common mistake
The noun weather is uncountable. We say: We had bad weather that day. (NOT We had a bad weather.)
20
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
6.1
Answer the questions about the words in A opposite.
1 Which adjective could you use to describe something that is wet, but not very wet? d~mp
2 Which adjective would you use before 'summer' to refer to the end part of it?
3 Which verb means the temperature has gone up and there is no longer frost or ice?
4 Which word can be used to describe something that happens in the day?
5 What happens to ice cream on a very hot day?
6 If you see a thin, white covering on everything on a cold day, what is it?
7 If you can't see things in the distance, what is the weather probably like?
8 Which two adjectives could you use to describe a wind that blows very hard?
9 Which adjective can you use to describe very bad weather?
6.2
What types of weather do these pictures suggest?
1 ...rn.k~NL
6.3
....... .
2 ............................... .
3 ................................
4 ............................... .
Rewrite the words in bold using words from B opposite.
I think it would be interesting to live in a het ..łrn~(L
............ climate. However, I don't like
weather that is hot and <lamp and makes you sweat ................................. I even dislike the days
that are slightly warm and <lamp ................................ which we get in the UK. Some people love
extremely................................ hot days, and I don't mind very hot, dry periods ............................... .
occasionally, but when it's hot and uncomfortable and you can hardly breathe ................................ ,
it's just impossible. Maybe I should stay at home and forget about moving to a hot climate!
6.4 What kinds of weather do you think caused the following to happen? Write a sentence
which could go before each of these. Use words from the opposite page .
...1.00..~.r
. P.tif\ln3,
„ ............................. „ We bad to use the air-conditioning every afternoon.
2 .................................................................................... The sweat was pouring out of us.
3 .................................................................................... It just cooled us nicely on the hot beach.
4 .................................................................................... Cars were sliding everywhere out of control.
5 .................................................................................... The postman bad to use a boat to get around.
6 .................................................................................... You couldn't really see the trees in the distance.
7
8
9
1O
6.5
.................................................................................... The earth became rock hard and a lot of plants died.
.................................................................................... It blew the newspaper right out of my hands.
.................................................................................... My hair and clothes got soaking wet.
.................................................................................... It looked as if it would rain at any minute.
Ove,r ło
':jou
This chart shows anyone who wants to visit the West of lreland what weather they can expect at
different times of the year. Make a similar chart for your count ry or home region. lf possib le, compare
your chart with someone else.
Dec- M ar
Apri l-J une
Ju ly-Aug
Sept-N ov
coldest months;
usually wet; heavy
rain; snow on high
ground
generally cool, often
wet and windy but
getting warmer
warmest months;
sunny, with showers;
cool sea breezes
often mild, becoming cold;
damp, misty and foggy,
often overcast
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
21
7
A
Describing people: appearance
Hair, face, skin and complexion /kəmplekʃən/
She’s got straight hair She’s got long, wavy hair
and she’s thin-faced / and she’s round-faced /
she’s got a thin face. she’s got a round face.
She’s got curly hair
He’s got a crew-cut.
and is dark-skinned /
she’s got dark skin.
He’s bald /bɔld/ and He’s got a beard and
moustache /mʊstɑʃ/
has freckles.
and has a chubby face.
He’s got receding
hair and a few
wrinkles /rɪŋkəlz/.
He used to have black
hair but now it’s gone
grey, almost white.
What sort of person would you find attractive? Blonde, fair, dark or ginger-haired / red-haired.
She has such beautiful auburn hair. /ɔbən/ [red-brown]
Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin. Some people like getting a tan in
summer. [exposing their skin to the sun so that it goes brown]
B
Height and build
a rather plump or
stout person
a slim person / a skinny person
[positive]
[rather negative]
an obese couple /əbis/
[negative, very fat]
Fat may sound impolite. Instead we often say a bit overweight. If someone is broad and
solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles can be well-built or muscular.
If someone is terribly thin and refuses to eat, they may be anorexic /ænəreksɪk/. If someone
has a nice figure, they have an attractive shape. [generally said about women]
C
General appearance
She’s a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed; her husband is quite the
opposite, very scruffy and untidy-looking / messy-looking.
Chloe looked stunning in her red dress. [very attractive]
He’s very good-looking, but his friend’s rather unattractive. [opp attractive]
Her eyes are her best feature. [the most attractive part of her face]
Do you think beautiful women are always
Language help
attracted to handsome men? I don’t. I think
The suffix -ish is useful for describing people
personality matters most.
(see Unit 8). She’s tallish. He has brownish hair.
First impressions are always important.
He must be thirtyish / in his thirties.
[your first reaction to someone]
22
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
7 .1
Choose a word from the opposite page to complete these sentences.
I wish I could get a ..J~l) ........................ like yours but my skin just goes red in the sun.
2 My cousin used to have a lovely ................................ but she's put on weight in all the wrong places
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7 .2
since she stopped taking much exercise.
Thomas's eyes are his best ................................ - they're so large and sparkly and such a deep brown.
Tessa's in her thirties but she stili has the same lovely fresh ................................ as her young
daughter has.
Staff at the bank were told to dress smardy for work so they would always create a good
................................ on customers.
I'd call her ................................ rather than ginger-haired - her hair's dark brown with just a tinge of
red init.
George says that the ................................ round his eyes just show that he has srniled a lot in his life.
Even in jeans Alina manages to look ................................ .
Carla looks beautiful in old clothes and without any make-up but when she's dressed up for
an evening out she's absolutely ............:................... .
Answer these remarks with the opposite description.
A: I thought you said he was the short, chubby one.
B: No, M , M, Mł
a+ al\, he's +he +all, +hin-faled one.
2 A: Was that his brother, the dark-skinned, wavy-haired one?
B: No, completely the opposite, his brother's ...
A: She's always quite welł-drs,
so I've heard.
B: What! Who told you that? Every time I see her, she's ...
4 A: So Charlene's that rather plump, fair-haired woman, is she?
B: No, you're looking at the wrong one. Charlene's ...
5 A: So, tell us about the new boss; good-looking?
B: No, I'm afraid not; rather ...
6 A: I don't know why, but I expected the tour guide to be fiftyish or rather plump.
B: No, aprentły
she's only ...
3
7 .3
WANTED! MISSING! Complete the gaps in these police posters with your own ideas.
WANTED FOR
M URDER
~
~
u
!(1
Ian Prowse
White, height 6ft,
Sandra King
White, height 5ft 4,
........ ... ........... .... .-faced,
.......... ............. .... hair,
.... ....................... build,
....................... .... -faced
.. ....... ..... ............. hair,
........................... skin
7.4
Wanted for
Armed Robbery
Ove,r ło
Wanted
Missing
I\
lf
[JJ
Louise Fox
Age 7,
Asian appearance,
............... ........... -faced,
........ ..... ..... ........... hair
li
dead ~
~ ~ ~ )
or alive
I'. I
Jack 'Dagger'
Flagstone
White, height 6ft,
......... .................. , with
.............. and ........ ...... ;
........................... build .
11ou
Write one sentence to describe each of these people, giving info rmation about their hair and face,
their height and build and general appearance:
1 you yourself
2
you r best fr iend
3
a neighbour
4
your idea! of a handsome man/ a beautiful woman
Now, in the same way, describe somebody very famous and give same extra clues about them, e.g.
He's/She's a pop star I politician. Can a partner guess who you are describing?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
23
8
A
B
Describing people: character
Intellectual ability
ability
intelligent
bright
clever
sharp
shrewd
able
gifted
talented
brainy (colloquial)
lacking ability
stupid
foolish
half-witted
simple
silly
brainless
daft
dumb
dim
(the last four are predominantly colloquial words)
clever, in a negative way, using
brains to trick or deceive
cunning
crafty
sly
Attitudes towards life
Amal is pessimistic while Nia is optimistic – he always expects the worst to happen while she
looks on the bright side.
It is strange that one of the twins is so extroverted while the other is so introverted – Ben
loves being the focus of attention while Bill prefers to be alone with his thoughts.
I feel very tense (or wound up / stressed out**) after a very busy day at work but, after a hot
bath and a nice cup of tea, I’ll soon feel relaxed.
Jane is very sensible – she’d never do anything stupid. In other words, she’s very practical and
down-to-earth.
Roberto is very sensitive – he gets very upset (or worked-up, more colloquial), if he feels people
are criticising him.
C
Attitude towards other people
Enjoying others’ company: sociable
gregarious*
Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome
argumentative
Taking pleasure in others’ pain: cruel
sadistic
Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going
even-tempered
laid-back**
Not polite to others: impolite
rude
ill-mannered
discourteous*
Telling the truth to others: honest
trustworthy
reliable
sincere
Unhappy if others have what one does not have oneself: jealous
envious
D
One person’s meat is another person’s poison
Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The
words in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column
except that they have negative rather than positive connotations.
positive associations
negative associations
determined
thrifty economical
self-assured confident
unconventional original
frank direct open
broad-minded
enquiring*
generous
innocent
ambitious
assertive
obstinate stubborn pig-headed
stingy mean tight-fisted miserly*
self-important arrogant full of oneself**
eccentric odd peculiar weird**
blunt abrupt brusque curt
unprincipled permissive
inquisitive nosy**
extravagant
naive
pushy**
aggressive
bossy**
*These words are much more common in written than in spoken English.
**These words are much more common in spoken than in written English.
24
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
8.1
Match the words on the left with their opposites on the right.
1
2
3
4
5
6
8.2
rn
o
o
o
o
o
clever
extroverted
rude
cruel
generous
unsociable
Cormen's ver~
5 Nico's quite bossy.
6 I find Dave self-important.
7 Don't you think James is nosy?
8 Rachel is very original.
stin9~.
Pair the words that have sirnilar meanings.
kolnless sil~
brainless
brusque
crafty
cunnmg
8.4
introverted
tight-fisted
courteous
greganous
kind-hearted
half-witted
Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people in these sentences? Reword each
sentence to give the opposite irnpression (negative rather than positive or vice versa).
1 Carmen's very thrifty. Ukes 2 Molly's usually frank.
3 Liz is quite broad-minded.
4 Sam can be aggressive.
8.3
a
b
c
d
e
f
curt
direct
down-to-earth
frank
gifted
honest
im po lite
miserly
rude
sensible
sillf
talented
ten se
tight-fisted
trustworthy
wound up
Magazines often publish questionnaires which are supposed to analyse aspects of your
character. Look at the words below and match thern to the corresponding question.
pessimistic
extravagant
argumentative
assertive
sensitive
inquisitive
sociable
reliabl@
If you arrange to meet at 7 pm, do you arrive at 7 pm? relloli\e
2 Look at the picture. Do you think 'my glass is half empty'?
3 Do you find it easy to tell your boss
4
5
if you feel he or she has treated
you badly?
Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up?
Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason?
Do you frequently disagree with what other people say?
Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you?
Do you prefer to be in the company of other people?
6
7
8
8.5
What questions like those in 8.4 could you ask to find out if a person is the following?
1 thrifty "'Do ~
2 blunt
3 sensible
8.6
Ov~r
ło
keep old plues of s+rin9 In lOSe .fu~
4 intelligent
5 even-tempered
ml9h+ lC>me In o.seful?
6 original
7 obstinate
8 stressed out
':fOlł
Choose two people who are important in your life. Then pick three different adj ectives to describe
each of these peop le. Explain why you chose these adject ives to describe that person.
EXAMPLE Sociab/e - My brother is sociable because he loves being with other peop le.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
25
9
A
Idioms describing people
Positive and negative qualities
positive
She has a heart of gold. [very kind, generous]
He’s as good as gold. [helpful, well-behaved;
used generally for children]
negative
She’s as hard as nails. [no sympathy for others]
He’s a nasty piece of work. [unpleasant]
Note also:
Her heart’s in the right place. [is a good and kind person even though they do not always seem so]
He’s such an awkward customer. [difficult person to deal with]
She’s a pain in the neck. Nobody likes her. [nuisance, difficult]
He gets on everyone’s nerves. [irritates everybody]
B
Idioms based on ‘head’
You can learn idioms by associating them with a key word or words. Two of the idioms in A,
for example, are based on gold and two on heart. Here is a set of idioms describing people
based on the word head.
to have
your head screwed on [be sensible, informal]
a head for heights [not suffer from vertigo]
a head like a sieve [bad memory]
a good head for figures [be good at maths]
your head in the clouds [unaware of reality]
to be head and shoulders above someone [much better than]
to bury your head in the sand [refuse to think about a difficult situation in the hope you won’t
have to deal with it]
to keep your head [stay calm in a difficult situation]
C
How people relate to the social norm
She’s a bit of an odd-ball. [peculiar, strange]
He’s really over the top. [very exaggerated in behaviour]
He’s (gone) round the bend, if you ask me. [absolutely crazy/mad]
My politics are very middle-of-the-road. [very normal; no radical ideas; neither left- nor right-wing]
D
Who’s who in the class? Idioms for ‘people in the classroom’
Sam’s teacher’s pet. [teacher’s favourite] Mary’s top of the class.
Charles is a real know-all. [thinks he knows everything]
Ali’s a bit of a big-head. [has a high opinion of him/herself] Anna’s a lazy-bones.
The last three idioms are used of people outside the classroom situation too.
26
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
9.1
Try to complete these idioms from memory if possible.
2
3
4
5
6
9.2
What do we call ...
2
3
4
5
9.3
She do es a lot of voluntary work; she has a heart ... ...~f · - ~\d •.... „ ... . .. . ................ ••....... .. •.... . ....................••........•.....
Don't expect any sympathy from the boss; she's as hard . .. ...................................................................................
I'm sure Ahmed will help you; he's as good ...................................................................................................................
Although Florian sometimes seems a bit bad-tempered his heart is ..............................................................
I don't think you'll like him; he's a nasty .. . ...................................................................................................................... .
I try to avoid having much to do with Peter. He's rather an . . ............................................................................ .
. . . person w ho k nows everyth"mg ....
;i ~ ..k
an irntatmg
..1:\Ołl .... :::-!Ili.. ...........
the person who is the teacher's favourite? ............................... .
someone who thinks they are the best and says so? ............................... .
the one who gets the best marks? ............................... .
a person who is very lazy? ................................
Complete the sentences using an idiom from B.
I'd better write it in my notebook. I have .. . ...~ ..b(li<\h~
. -~ - (IV.~ ................................................................................ .
Ask Martha to check those sums. She has ..................................................................................................................... .
Don't ask me to go up that tower. I'm afraid I don't ... ........................................................................................... .
She's very sensible and knows what she's doing. She .............................................................................................. .
He's quite out of touch with reality. He really .. ............................................................................................................
The problem won't go a way so there's no point ........................................................................................................ .
7 Max is top of the class, ................................................................................................................................ everyone else.
8 Even when others around him are panicking Raul always ................................................................................. .
2
3
4
5
6
9.4
Which part of the body might a difficult person (a) get on (b) be a pain in?
9.5
Which idioms do you think these pictures represent?
...~1: .. t?M:1~l
9.6
Ove,r ło
..................
2 ........................................ .
3 .........................................
4 ........................................ .
1;1ou
Choose five idioms from this unit that you could use to describe people that you know. Tell a partner
about those peop le.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
27
10
A
Relationships
Types of relationship
ANITA:
PAMELA:
ANITA:
PAMELA:
ANITA:
PAMELA:
ANITA:
PAMELA:
Are you and Holly best friends?
She’s a good friend – she’s not my best friend.
But she’s more than just a casual acquaintance1, right?
Oh, yes. We were housemates2 at university.
Really? So how did you first meet her?
I met her through my ex3, Andy. She wasn’t in a steady4 relationship with anyone at
the time, and she was looking for someone to share a room.
Uh-huh. Is that Andy who’s now Julia’s partner5?
Yeah, that’s the one. They’re not just partners, they’re married and they’re
colleagues too. They’re saving to buy a house now, so Andy’s living with his
parents-in-law6 at the moment.
1
2
a person you have met but you don’t know well
mate [friend; infml] is used in compound
nouns to describe a person you share something with, e.g. classmate, roommate, workmate, flatmate,
housemate. Workmate is common in non-professional or informal contexts; colleague is common
among professional people, and sounds more formal. 3 ex- can be used without (informally) or with
another word: ex-girlfriend, ex-husband, etc. 4 fixed and not changing suddenly 5 partner is used
for someone you live with but are not married to, or for a business relationship where you share the
ownership or running of a company 6 his wife’s parents (his mother-in-law and father-in-law)
B
Internet relationships
MyBook
Home
Profile
Friends
Inbox
If you join a social network, you acquire friends (people you share personal information with). You can
choose to accept a new friend and then you can interact with them by exchanging messages or posting
comments on their page, or, if you want to finish the relationship, you can unfriend/defriend that person.
In email and mobile phone address books, you list your contacts.
C
Liking and not liking someone
core verb
like
respect
attract be attracted to
positive (stronger)
love adore idolise
look up to admire
fancy (infml)
negative
dislike can’t stand loathe /ləʊð/
look down on despise
leave someone cold
She doesn’t just like Ben, she idolises him. I can’t stand him.
I really fancy Leila, but her friend just leaves me cold / doesn’t do anything for me.
D
Phrases and idioms for relationships and dating
Jane and I get on well (with each other). [have a good relationship]
Adrian and Orla don’t see eye to eye. [often argue/disagree]
I’ve fallen out with my parents again. [had arguments]
Stephen is having an affair with his boss. [a sexual relationship, usually secret]
Let’s try and make it up. [be friends again after a row/quarrel]
He’s dating a Spanish girl. They’ve been seeing each other for a couple of months. [meeting
and spending time together]
They met at a party and got together soon after. [started a romantic relationship]
Common mistake
We say: People make friends. (NOT get friends or find friends)
It’s often difficult to make new friends when you move to another city. (NOT It’s often difficult to get
friends ...)
28
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
10.1
Use words with the suffix -mate to rewrite these sentences.
1 This is Jack. He and I share a flat. '!his Is Jalk.1-le and l are flołma+es.
2 Mick was the person I shared a room with at university.
3 We were in the same class together in 1998, weren't we?
4 She's not really a friend; she's just someone I work with.
5 Freda is always arguing with the people she shares a house with.
10.2
How many sentences can you write about the relationships between the people in the
pictures, using words from the opposite page?
EXAMPLE Jr>hn and Lr>rna are lbllea9lleS.
1
5
6
S "~1eP
A~
~1
-
~R€
~1toNSHIP
1> U'-~
~ ~
0(°
\i.
t1,~
'i
~ · C1A11(6
;!'
Alef" e.ĄCti
01H€R 1łtR<'E
1'w6S 1RIS' ~li«.
; '10tJ'r
1(1'1'.>W !olOi D1HER WEL.L..
10.3
What do you think the relationships between the people below would be? Use the
verbs, phrases and idioms opposite.
1 a teenage music fan: (a) parents he/she might likeldislike his/her parents (b) pop star (c) strict
teacher (d) mate
2 a personal assistant: (a) another personal assistant (b) the boss (c) a very attractive workmate
3 a 45-year-old: (a) teenagers (b) ex-husband/wife who was cruel
10.4
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be mare than one mistake.
Julia and Matt don\
,~
eye to eye.
2 I fell up with my parents last night. lt wasn't m y fault.
3 We had a quarrel but now we've made it well.
Do you think Josh and Nuala are making an affair? I do.
I see very well with all my colleagues at work.
Jo's attractive, but her mate just makes me cold completł
y .
M argaret seems to find it difficult to get friends among her classmates.
8 I met my boyfriend at a party and we became together soon after.
9 I accepted her as a friend on a social network site but later I disfriended her.
4
5
6
7
10.5
„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. is a good friend of mine. „„.„ ...... „ .. „„ ......„ ..... „ ....... is just a casual acquaintance.
Someone I look up to is ............................................. . A famous person I loathe is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ ..
Someone I once fancied was „„„„„.„„„„„„„ ... „„„„„„„„ . . Someone I adore is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ ..
„ „ „.•
„„„.„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„. is my ex-„.„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ . . I would never look down on „„„„„.„.„„.„.„„„„.„„.„„„ ..
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
29
11
A
At home
Types of houses/places people live in
detached house: not joined to any other house
semi-detached house / semi- (infml): joined to one other house
self-contained flat: does not share facilities with any other
terraced house: joined to several houses to form a row
cottage: a small house in the country or in a village
bungalow: a house with only one storey (no upstairs)
studio flat: a small apartment for one or two people, usually with one large room for sleeping
and living in, a bathroom and sometimes a separate kitchen
villa: a large house with big gardens or a rented house in a holiday resort / tourist area
B
Places in the home
You probably already know the names of most rooms and locations in a typical home.
Here are some less common ones and what they are for.
master/main bedroom: the largest, most important bedroom
utility room: usually just for washing machine, freezer, etc.
shed: small building separated from the house usually for storing garden tools
attic/loft: space in the roof of a house used for storing things; it can also be converted into an
extra living space with stairs leading up to it (attic/loft conversion)
cellar: room below ground level, no windows, used for storing things
basement: room below ground level, with windows, for living/working
studio: a room in which a painter or photographer works
landing: flat area at the top of a staircase
hall/hallway: open area as you come into a house
porch: covered area before an entrance door
terrace or patio: paved area between house and garden for sitting and eating, etc.
drive: a short road leading from the street to the house or garage; you can drive/park on it
C
Small objects in the home
Some everyday objects are often difficult to name.
phone charger
remote (control)
chopping
board
dustpan and brush
30
peeler
toilet roll
corkscrew
(coat) hanger
grater
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
ironing board
/aɪənɪŋ bɔd/
table mat
power point
Common mistake
You do housework, do the ironing,
do the hoovering, do the washingup. (NOT make housework)
Exercises
11 . 1 Where in a typ ical house would you look for the following things?
4 a hanger
7 a power point
1 garden tools in +he shell
11.2
2 a toilet roll
5 the remote
8 a porch
3 table mats
6 an ironing board
9 a grater
1 O old empty boxes
Label the places in the house.
1 ................................
2 ............................... .
3 „„ .... „„.„„„ .............
11.3
4 ............................... .
5 ................................
Fill the gaps with a suitable word.
1 Years ago I had a darkroom in the „ ~.1l!r
2
3
4
5
6
„ ... „............ where I developed films. lt was perfect
because there were no windows down there.
I'll prepare the potatoes and then you can do the cooking. Where's the ................................ ?
Put a ...........„..... „„„ ........ under the tea pot in case you mark that table. lt's an antique.
Let's open this bottle. Do you know where the ................................ is?
We keep our skis up in the ................................. They're out of the way up there.
You'll find the garden chairs in the ................................ at the bottom of the garden. Bring them up
and we'll have a drink on the ........
and watch the sunset.
The light switch for the stairs is on the
just by your bedroom door.
Grandma's moved to a ................................ now she can't manage the stairs any more at her age.
Leave your car in the „... „„ ....................... , just in front of the garage. lt'll be safe there.
„ ......................
7
8
9
„ . .... . ... .... .. . .. . .... . .... . .
11.4 Answer these questions about everyday ob jects.
1 How can you make very small pieces of cheese to sprinkle on a dish? the o 9 rlłe
r .
2 What might you fetch if someone dropped a saucer and it broke into small pieces
on the floor?
3 What do you need if your phone battery is flat?
4 How can you switch off the TV without leaving your chair?
5 How can you cut vegetables without marking the kitchen work surface?
6 What might you offer a visitor if they want to take off their jacket?
11.5
Ov~r
ło
':jou
Answer t hese questions about yourself and, if possible, ask someone else too.
Is your house detached? What sort is it if not?
2 Wou ld you like to live in a studio fiat? Why (not)?
3 Which of these household jobs do you most enjoy and which do you least enjoy - doing
the wash ing - up I the washing I the ironing I the garden ing I the hoovering I the dusting
the cooking?
I
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
31
12
A
Everyday minor problems
Things that go wrong in houses and flats
Oh no! The bathroom’s flooded. Did you forget
to turn the tap off?
This pipe’s leaking. He kicked the football too
hard and it smashed a window.
This pot is cracked.
I’m sorry, your cup’s
chipped. Let me get you another one.
The batteries in this torch have run out / are dead. I’ll have to get some more.
I burnt the pie – it’s completely ruined! I’m so sorry!
The lights aren’t working – there’s been a power cut. The door handle’s come off / fallen off.
The washing machine broke down the other day. I’ll have to do the laundry by hand.
I’m sorry, the biscuits were at the bottom of my bag and they got crushed by the potatoes!
My computer keeps crashing today!
B
Everyday minor injuries
She twisted her ankle coming down the stairs. I bumped/banged my head against the
cupboard door and got a bruise. [/bruz/ dark area on your skin where you have hurt yourself]
Sharon tripped and fell down and grazed her knee this morning. [if you trip you almost fall
down because you hit your foot against something; if you graze something, it becomes red with broken
skin, but no blood]
C
Other everyday minor problems
I’ve mislaid my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? [put it somewhere and can’t find it]
She spilt some coffee on the carpet. I hope it doesn’t leave a stain. [permanent mark]
The sink is blocked. Have you been throwing tea leaves in there again? [the water will not
run away]
I’m afraid I’ve dented your car. I’m really sorry. I’ll pay for the repairs. [bent the metal a little
bit by hitting something]
My mouse has stopped working; it could be a software problem. I’ve locked myself out. Can
I use your phone to ring my wife?
The car won’t start. I hope it’s nothing serious. Perhaps
the battery’s flat.
The kitchen clock’s slow/fast/stopped. What time d’you make it?
Language help
Words often belong to more than one word class. In this unit, the following words can be used as
verbs or as countable nouns:
flood
crack
chip
bump
bang
bruise
graze dent
stain
lock
Always make a special note of any word that belongs to more than one word class.
32
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
12.1
What do you think happened to make these people do/say what they did?
1 We had to send for a plumber. M")e a pipe lllOS \eoklt19.
2 I had to call out a !ocal mechanic.
3 Our neighbours !et us use their washing machine.
4 Don't worry, the handle often does that - 1'11 fix: it back on.
5 Luckily, that was all it was; the skin was broken a bit, but there was no blood.
6 What type of batteries does it take? 1'11 get some for you.
7 I don't know where you've put them. Try the bedside table.
8 I left it in the oven too long. lt's all black on the top now!
9 I lost all my work - I know I should have saved it more often!
12.2 Odd one out. Which of the three words is the odd one out in each case?
1 spili, flood, chip chip - łhe
ołher
ł1lO
ln~o\e
\lqulds
2 stain, graze, bruise
3 run out, bump, flat
4 leak, smash, chip
5 leak, dent, flood
12.3 Here is a matrix with the names of things and things that can go wrong with them.
Put a tick (v') for things that typically go together.
I car
I vase
I elbo w
I clock
banged
ruined
cracked
broken down
dented
stopped
I pri n ter I si n k
J
a mea l
v'
błocked
Write five sentences using combinations of words where you wrote a tick.
EXAMPLE 1hls c.\o,k has słoped
- perhaps Ił needs Miil łia+ers.
12.4 Complete these sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page.
lllOS a ~r
GUł.
1 We had to use candles because ... łher
2 I didn't look where I was going as I walked through the low doorway and ...
The wind blew the door shut and I realised I'd ...
3
4 I would ring her but I'm afraid l've .. .
5 I can't take a photo, my camera's .. .
I tried to run over the rocks but I .. .
sat on my bag of crisps and they ...
6
7 I acidentlły
12.5
Ov~r
ło
':fOU
W hat wou ld you do if ...
you mislaid your credit card?
4 your mobile phone stopped working?
2 you noticed your guest's glass was chipped?
5 you bruised your forehead?
3 one of your coat buttons ca me off?
6 your watch was slow?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
33
13
A
Global problems
Disasters/tragedies
flood
earthquake
[the earth moves/trembles] [too much rain]
drought /draʊt/
[no rain]
volcano /vɒlkeɪnəʊ/
[hot liquid rock and gases
pour from a mountain]
famine /fæmɪn/ [no food] landslide [rocks and earth moving suddenly down a slope]
epidemic [disease affecting large numbers of people] explosion (e.g. a bomb) major accident /
incident (e.g. a plane crash)
Language help
hurricane / tornado /tɔneɪdəʊ/
typhoon / tropical storm [violent wind /
Injure /ɪndʒə/ is used about people. Damage
storm]
war / civil war [civil war is war
/dæmɪdʒ/ is used about things.
between people of the same country]
200 people were injured. Many buildings were damaged.
Disasters not caused by human beings
can be called natural disasters.
Verbs connected with these words
A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead.
The flu epidemic spread
rapidly throughout the country.
Millions are starving as a result of the famine. A big
earthquake shook the city at noon today. The area is suffering its worst drought for many
years.
Civil war has broken out in the north of the country.
A tornado swept through
the islands yesterday.
B
Words for people involved in disasters/tragedies
The explosion resulted in 300 casualties. /kæʒjuəltiz/ [dead and injured people]
The real victims of civil war are children left without parents. [those who suffer the results]
There were only three survivors /səvaɪvəz/. All the other passengers were reported dead.
[people who live through a disaster]
Thousands of refugees /refjυdʒiz/ have crossed the border looking for food and shelter.
During the battle, the dead and wounded /wundɪd/ were flown out in helicopters.
[wounded: injured in a battle / by a weapon]
C
Headlines
Here are some headlines from newspapers all connected with diseases and epidemics.
Explanations are given.
34
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
13.1
What type of disaster from the list in A opposite are these sentences about? Why?
1 The lava flow destroyed three villages.
'JokaM la~
Is the ho+ llquld rolk from the mo.nłal
2 The aftershock struck at 3.35 pm local time.
3 People had boarded up shops and houses during the day before, and stayed indoors.
4 Gunfire could be heard all over the town.
5 Witnesses said they saw a fireball fall out of the sky.
6 People had to stay in the upper floors and sometimes on the roofs of their homes.
7 The earth is cracked and vegetation has dried up.
8 They quite often happen in this area of the mountains and it can take some time for the roads
to be cleared, especially if trees have been brought down too.
13.2 Complete the missing items in this word-class table, using a dictionary if necessary.
Where the space is shaded, you do not need to write anything.
surv1vor
m1ure
starve
erupt
13.3 In these headlines, say whether the situation seems to be getting worse or better, or
whether a disaster has happened or has been avoidedlprevented.
3
Poison gas cloud
spreads
2
POLICE DEFUSE
TERRORIST BOMB
4
5
OILSLICK
RECEDES
Experts warn of
AIDS time bomb
6
All survive jumbo
emergency landing
Flood warnings
not heeded in time
13.4 Fill the gaps with a suitable word from B opposite. Try to work from memory.
1 Another 50 people died today, all ...v!d!m?................ of the famine .
2 The government agreed to allow 3,000 ................................ to enter the country.
3 It was the worst road accident the country has ever seen, with over 120 ................................ .
4 A: Were there any ................................ when the ship sank? B: I'm afraid not.
5 The ................................ and ................................ were left lying on the battlefield; it was a disgrace.
13.5 Which diseases are these? Try to do this from memory.
One that can be caused by a mosquito bite. malaria
2 One you can get by drinking infected water.
3 One you can get from an animal bite.
4 One caused by a virus which destroys the body's immune system.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
35
14
A
Education
Stages in a person’s education (UK system)
The youngest children start their education in a crèche /kreʃ/, where they mostly play but also
do some early learning activities. After that, they may go to a nursery school. Between the
ages of five and 11, children attend primary school, where they learn the basics of reading,
writing, arithmetic, etc. For most children, secondary education begins when they enter a
comprehensive school or a more traditional grammar school (to which they gain admission by
sitting an exam). The famous UK public schools are in fact private, fee-paying schools. Between
the ages of 11 and 18, young people take a wide range of subjects in arts, sciences and
technical areas. From 16 to 18 they may study at a sixth form college, after which they can go
on to further/higher education at a university or college (e.g. a teacher-training college) and study
academic subjects, at the end of which they receive a degree or diploma.
B
Exams and qualifications
You take/do/sit an exam or resit1 an exam.
If you pass and do well, you get a high grade; if you fail, you don’t get the minimum grade.
If you skip2 classes/lectures, you’ll probably do badly in the exam. Some schools, colleges and
universities have continuous assessment with marks (e.g. 65%) or grades (e.g. A, B+) for essays
and projects3 during the term. If you pass the university exams, you graduate4 / become a
graduate5. There is usually a graduation ceremony, which parents and friends can attend.
You can then apply for a post-graduate course, such as a Master’s degree or PhD, where you
specialise in a particular field6 and write a dissertation/thesis.
1
take it again if you did badly first time 2 miss deliberately; infml 3 pieces of planned work
4
finished over a period of time
/grædʒυeɪt/ get a degree 5 note the pronunciation change:
6
/'grædʒυət/
area of study
C
Types of classes in higher education
lecture
D
seminar
workshop
tutorial
Technology
With an LMS1, students can work online and do more distance2 learning or blended3 learning.
Teachers can monitor4 students’ activities and progress5, students can choose courses and/or
modules6, submit7 work, write blogs, wikis and leave voice messages.
1
Learning Management System: computer system that controls all aspects of teaching and learning
without attending classes, e.g. from home 3 using a mix of classroom and online learning 4 check
regularly 5 note: progress is uncountable 6 individual elements or parts of a course 7 send/give
their work to the teacher
2
E
Talking about education: titles and common questions
A professor is a senior university academic who is a well-known specialist in his/her subject.
University and college teachers are usually called lecturers or tutors.
What’s the school-leaving age? It’s 16 in a lot of countries.
At what age does compulsory education begin? [which
Common mistake
you must do, by law]
We say: pass an exam, e.g. I passed
Do students get grants for further education? [money to
all my exams and graduated in 2010.
pay for fees, accommodation, etc.]
(NOT I succeeded at/in all my exams.)
36
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
14. 1 Fill the gap s in this life story of a British woman.
Nelly first went to her local 1.. p.drm.t"J ..... school at the age of five. In those days, there were
very few 2 ........................ schools for children younger than five and hardly any 3 ........................ for
smaller children. When she was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed an exam and
so gained 4 ........................ to her local 5 ........................ school. Nowadays her own children don't do
that exam, since most children go to a 6 ........................ school, though a few children from very
rich families go to famous 7 ........................ schools. She left school at 16 and did not go on to
8
........................ education. She would like to take up her education again more seriously, if she
could get a 9 ........................ from the government to pay her fees . Her ambition is to go to a
l O ........................ - ........................ ........................ and become a schoolteacher.
14.2 Rewrite the words in bold in this conversation using words from B opposite.
ALMUT:
JOE:
ALMUT:
JOE:
A LMUT:
JOE:
ALMUT:
JOE:
14.3
l've got one more exam tomorrow. I hope I get the minimu m grade .. p.!~?
............. .
I'm worried.
Really? What makes you think you won't get a high grade ........................ ?
Well, l've missed ........................ a couple of classes this term.
Hm. What happens if you get below the minimum grade ........................ ?
I won't be able to get my degree ........................ .
Are you allowed to take the exam again ........................ ?
Yes. I shouldn't worry really. I got good grades in my tests I took during the year
........................ and I got an A+ for my extended piece of work ........................ on local bistory.
I think you're worrying for no reason. I bet you'll be a person with a degree ....................... .
by the end of this year and thinking of doing a higher-level ........................ course. l'll come
to the special event when you graduate ........................ and cheer for you!
Read the remarks and then write the correct names below.
Harry:
Alice:
Will:
Lorna:
'There were about 200 students there last week.'
'It's very intensive because there are just two of us.'
'We imagine we're a famous person, then we have to act our parts in groups. '
'Because there are 15 of us, the discussion can be a bit chaotic sometimes.'
Who is talking abo ut . . .
1 a workshop? ...'!':-0.\L......
2 a serninar? ................
3 a tutorial? ................
4 a lecture? ............... .
14.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 She's a professor at a primary school. +e~ c her
2 The school-ending age is 16 in many countries.
3 l'm glad you succeeded at your exam.
4 She has to sit on an exam tomorrow to work as a childminder.
5 Is school compulsive till 16 in your country?
6 I have to take three more models to complete the course.
7 l've made a lot of progresses in my English recently.
8 Thanks to the LMS, teachers can mentor their students' activities.
14.5 What do we call ... ?
Learning you can do at home, without going to class? 1...4 .i~+ ~ r\ ~ .~lm:i
i .n~ ...........
Learning that mixes classes and online work? 2 .................................... ............
The long piece of work you write when you do a PhD? 3 ................................................
Most university-level teachers? 4 ................................................ or ................................................
14.6
Ove.r ło
1:1ou
Make a chart in English for the education system in your country. Is it the same as the UK or are there
differences? Compare with someone else if possible.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
37
15
A
Work
Jobs in a workplace
director [member of the board of a company] executive /iDZ'zekjʊtiv/ [important person who
makes big decisions]
administrator [person who runs the office day-to-day]
skilled worker
[trained to do specific tasks, e.g. building a computer]
unskilled worker [doing a job that needs
no training]
receptionist [visitors must check in with them]
public relations officer [gives
information about the company to the media]
union representative [looks after the staff’s
interests]
researcher [investigates and develops new products]
supervisor [makes sure workers
are doing their job properly]
Common mistakes
The best way of getting to work (NOT job) depends on where you live.
Wish me luck in my new job (NOT work).
Job refers to a particular role or position. Jack’s got a new job as a researcher.
Work refers to activities that you do. Jack’s work is very demanding.
B
Trades and professions
civil servant
designer
[person who works for
a government department
putting policies into action]
scientist
physiotherapist
/fiziəυθerəpist/
[person who treats
muscle injury by
rubbing and moving
injured areas]
PROFESSIONS
[jobs that require
considerable training
and/or qualifications]
economist
[expert in financial
matters]
electrician
firefighter
childminder
[person looking after others’
children in her own home while
their parents are at work]
C
TRADES
[skilled manual jobs
requiring on-the-job
and other training]
judge
[person who takes
decisions in legal cases]
lecturer
[university teacher]
ambassador
[chief diplomat or person
representing his/her
government abroad]
banker
carpenter
[person skilled
at making things
with wood]
plumber
[person who works
with the supply and
connection of water pipes]
Collocations of words connected with work
It’s not easy to get/find work round these parts. I’ve been offered work / a job in Paris.
What d’you do for a living? I’m in publishing/banking, etc.
It’s hard to make a living as a freelance writer. [earn enough money to live comfortably]
She’s not prepared to take on that job. [suggests ‘having personal responsibility’]
hours of
work
to do shiftwork or to work shifts [nights one week, days the next week]
to be on flexi-time [flexible working hours]
to work nine-to-five [regular
day work]
not working
to go/be on strike [industrial dispute] to get the sack [thrown out of your job]
to be fired (more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used in direct speech: ‘You’re
fired!’)
to be made redundant [thrown out, no longer needed] to be laid
off (more informal than ‘made redundant’) to be on / take maternity (woman)
or paternity (man) leave [before/after the birth of a baby] to be on / take sick
leave [illness] to take early retirement [retire at 55]
other useful
expressions
38
to be a workaholic [love work too much]
to be promoted [get a higher
to apply for a job [fill in forms, etc.]
position]
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
15.1
Which of the job titles in A opposite would best describe the following?
1
2
3
4
5
6
15.2
The person who represents the workers' interests in disputes with the management in a
factory. unlon repsn+al~
A person who has a high position in a company and whose job it is to make
important decisions.
An important person in a company who sits on the board.
A worker whose job requires no special training, for example, an office cleaner.
A person generally in charge of the day-to-day organisation of a company/department.
A person whose job it is to keep an eye on the day-to-day work of other workers.
Choose job or work to complete these sentences.
1 I'll pay for the plumbing .. !l».d..................... when it's finished.
2 I'd like to apply for a ................................ in your office.
3 You should delegate more ................................ to your personal assistant.
4 Let's stop for a coffee on our way home from ................................ .
5 A ................................ in a museum wouldn't be as tiring as one in a restaurant.
15.3
Using the expressions in C opposite, say what you think has happened I is happening.
I'm not working now; the baby's due in three weeks. 0he's
2 He's enjoying life on a pension, although he's only 58 .
3 One week it's six-to-two, the next it's nights.
4 They've made her General Manager as from next month!
5 I was late so often, I lost my job.
6 I get in at nine o'clock and go home at five.
7 Your trouble is you are obsessed with work!
C>tl ma+ernl~
\ea~.
15.4 Which jobs do these people have? Would you call the following a trade, a profession
or an unskilled job?
..~r?:lh.+
- ~ . prnf~P.?t\
.
4 ··································································
15.5 Fili in the collocations.
rd love to 1 ..9~ ........
+lh ~- ~ ·- · · · · · · · ·
2
.................................................................. 3
i
5 .................................................................. 6 ··································································
· bm
· iourna
·
l.ism, b ut it
· ,s not easy w1t· h out qua l"fi
·
s·mee
a JO
i cat10ns.
3
I have to earn a ................................ somehow, I'll have to get ........................ „ ... „. wherever I can find
it. l've been 4 ................................ some part-time work editing a new book, but I'm not sure I want
5
.
to ................................ it ................................ .
2
15.6
··
„_
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
39
16
A
Business
Starting a business
Jim Archer had an idea for a business. He had a computer but it was never just
right for all his personal needs, so he went to his bank manager and put
forward1 a business plan2 to sell custom-built3 computers on the Internet. He
launched4 his business a year later, offering an individual service making
desktop and laptop computers, and two years later rolled out5 an expanded6
range, including tablets and other hand-held devices. His firm7 now
manufactures8 around 200 machines a year and delivers to 26 countries around the world.
Jim said, ‘It’s all about personal service and customer care9. This was our priority10 from the start. We
didn’t really do any proper market research11 and we weren’t sure if such machines would sell,
especially during a recession12. But I felt there were enough potential13 customers to make it worth the
risk14. I was right. Soon, designers, scientists, academics and other professional people were requesting
personalised machines and our order books15 were full.’ Going forward16, Archer plans to expand the
business further, and a new range of machines will launch next year.
1
offered for people to consider 2 a plan of how the business will operate 3 specially made
for a particular person or thing 4 started, perhaps with a special event to mark the beginning
5
make a new product available for the first time 6 made bigger 7 company 8 produces goods
in large numbers, usually in a factory 9 looking after the customer’s needs 10 something very
important which must be dealt with first 11 (uncountable) finding out beforehand what people want
or need 12 period of low economic activity and bad conditions for business 13 possible when the
conditions are right 14 possibility of something bad happening 15 the list of orders waiting to
be completed 16 going into the future
Language help
In business English, some verbs which usually need an object can often be used with an object or with
the real object acting as the subject.
real object as subject
We sold 200 instruments last year.
We didn’t know if the instruments would sell.
They are launching a new range.
The new range launches next year.
They are rolling out a new range.
The new range will roll out next year.
Common business English phrases and collocations
The CEO1 of a big corporation2 gave us these tips for
success in business:
• Do business in the markets you know best before trying
to enter new ones.
• It may be difficult to access new markets3. Build
contacts; that’s the secret.
• You may not make a profit immediately. Be patient.
• You will probably face stiff competition4, so make sure
your product is the best.
• Get regular feedback5 from your employees and
customers. They know best.
Fact Sheet
B
with object
1
Chief Executive Officer 2 a large
company or group of companies
that is controlled together as a single
organisation 3 reach and do
business with new groups of customers
or parts of the world where something
4
might be sold
(uncountable) other
companies trying hard to be more
successful than you 5 (uncountable)
information/opinions about what
people think of a product or service
Common mistakes
Profit is countable. Business can be countable or uncountable.
We made a profit last year. Their profits have grown every year. (NOT Their profit has grown)
We hope to do more business in Asia next year. (uncountable = the activity)
New businesses are launched on the Internet every day. (countable = enterprises/companies)
40
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
16.1
Fill the gaps in the questions with words from A opposite, then complete the answers.
What did Jim Archer put .. far.Wllr.4 ............. to his bank manager? He presented a „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2 What is special about the computers his „„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„. makes? They are „.„„„„.„.„„„.„„„„„ 3 When did he „„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„. his business? A „„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„. „„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„ ..
4 What did he „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ out two years later? An .„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„ „.„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„ of computers.
5 How many computers does his firm „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ naw? About „.„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„ a „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.
6 What was Jim Archer's „„.„„„.„„„„„„„.„„. from the start? Personal service and .„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.
7 Why didn't he do any „„„„„„ ..„.„.. „„„„„. research? He fełt
there were enough „.„„.„„.„„.„„.„„„.„
customers.
8 Why was he not sure if the machines would „„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„? There was a .„.„„„.„„.„.„„„.„„„ at
the time.
9 Was it all worth the „„„„.„„„.„.„„„.„„„? Yes. His firm's „„„„.„„.„„„.„.„ ... „.. „„.„„.„.„„.„„.„„.„. were soon full.
10 „„„„„„.„„„„.„„„.„. forward, what are his plans? He's planning a new range of computers, which
will „.„„„„„.„„„„.„„.„„ next year.
If possible, practise asking and answering the questions with someone else.
16.2
Rewrite the words in bold using words and phrases from A and B opposite.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
16.3
The new service will be available for the first time over the whole country next year. rC>I\ C>tJ.+
The business didn't make money in its first year.
There are a lot of possible customers for this product.
Their list of orders waiting to be completed was full last month.
It is sometimes difficult to get inro new markets if you don't have contacts.
We should pay attention to the opinions and reactions our clients post on our website.
Customer care is a most important issue for aur company.
We need to make our business bigger in Latin America.
It's important to create relationships with local people before you enter a new country.
Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
prC>ti+s 11Jere
In the clothing industry, profit ·.vas down in 2009 but rose again in 2011.
The new range of products will launch itself next month. We hope it will be sold!
The firm specialises in customer-built laptops for business travelłs.
Bringing forward, we expect to increase our sales in Ja pan and China.
It's important to get a feedback from our clients.
We're facing competitions from American firms.
7 We hope to do more businesses in North Africa in the future.
8 She's the COE of a huge corporation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
16.4 Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make typical collocations.
Then write a sentence using each one.
-Eust:omer
order
market
eustom
EXAMPLE C.o.s+C>mer lQre shC>o.\d lie Q riC>~p
16.5
Ove,r ło
stiff
in
Qł'\~
built
competition
research
eare
books
kind C>t lio.siness.
':fOU
lf you could start a business, what would it be? What would you need to do to make it a success?
Write a paragraph outlining your ideas. Use words and phrases from this unit lf possible, compare
your ideas with someone else.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
41
17
A
Sport
Some sports whose names you may not know
hang-gliding
snowboarding
B
(ten-pin) bowling
scuba diving
fencing
showjumping
snooker/pool/
billiards /bɪljədz/
windsurfing
motor racing
archery
Equipment – what you hold in your hand
golf – club squash/tennis/badminton – racket
darts – dart archery – bow
cricket / table tennis / baseball – bat ice hockey / field hockey – stick
snooker/pool/billiards – cue canoeing – paddle
rowing – oar
fishing – rod/line
C
Athletics
discus (throw) javelin /'jævlɪn/
high jump
long jump
gymnastics
pole vault
She’s a great sprinter. [fast over short distances]
He’s a great long-distance runner. (e.g. 5,000 metres) He’s doing a marathon next month.
D
Competition in sport
She set a new Olympic record last year. He holds the record for the 100 metres breaststroke.
England qualified for the World Cup but got knocked out in the third round. [achieved the
necessary standard but lost at the third stage and were then excluded from the competition]
Our team made it to / reached the semi-final but then we were beaten. [won every stage of
the competition except the last but one, and so did not enter the final match/event]
Most sports are very competitive these days. [involve a strong desire to win and be better
than other people]
She felt proud as she held the trophy in her hands. [cup or other object that shows she has won]
Players who disagree with the referee set a bad example to the spectators and to their fans.
[people who are present at a sporting event to watch it]
E
People who do particular sports
-er can be used for many sports, e.g. footballer, swimmer, etc. Player is often necessary,
e.g. tennis player, squash player. Some names must be learnt separately, e.g. canoeist,
mountaineer, jockey, archer (NOT archerer), gymnast.
Common mistake
In British English, the noun sport is used in the plural when it describes another noun (e.g. equipment,
facilities, club). The shop sells sports equipment. (NOT sport equipment) However, you will hear the
singular sport used before another noun in American English.
42
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
17 .1
Which of the sports opposite are these people probably talking about?
The ball doesn't roll in a straight line on the ground. You have to aim away from the centre of
the pins ....<±1m . -:fl . ri ).k P.!l:in~
......
Provided it's not too windy at the top of the hill, there's no problem ................................ .
lt is incredibly noisy, fast and dangerous, but it's really exciting to watch ................................ .
The horse has to get over a series of jumps without knocking the posts off.................................
lt's all a matter of balance. But sometimes you can't help falling in the water.................................
You need a good eye and concentration, especially to hit the centre of the board ................................ .
The different ball colours are worth different numbers of points ................................ .
lt's a fantastic feeling when the snow flies up inro the air around you . ............................... .
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
17 .2
N ame a piece of equipment necessary to do these sports a part from the item given.
1 golf: ball, .. fl!!k...............
2 archery: arrow, ........................
3 tennis: ball, ........................
17 .3
4 field hockey: ball, ........................
5 baseball: ball, ..... „.................
6 darts: dartboard, ....... „...............
7 canoeing: canoe, ........................
8 snooker: balls, ........................
9 rowing: boat, ....................... .
Fill the gaps with suitable words.
1 She's a .!Pr>1-:~(łtlfL
runner. She won a medal last year for the 1,500 metres. She's won a lot
of ................................ in the last five years and has them all in a glass cabinet at her house.
2 Were many new records ................................ at the last Olympics?
3 He's doing a ................................ next week - running 42 kilometres! That's 26 rniles!
4 Who ................................ the world record for the 1,000 metres these days? Is it a Russian?
5 His national team failed to ................................ for the World Cup so he's supporting Brazil instead.
6 Last year, our team ...........................
the final for the first time in 1 O years but we
lost. (two answers)
7 My team got ................................ in the second ................................ of the competition. We were very
disappointed it happened at such an early stage.
8 All Olympic sports are highly ................................ ; everyone has one ambition - to win gold.
9 Thousands of ................................ protested loudly at the decision of the ................................ to give their
team captain a red card.
1O The world 's best ................................ can run 1 OO metres in less than 1 O seconds.
„ . .. . .. . . . . „ ..... . ....... „ .... . ..
17.4 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake.
g~mnas+
1 She was a champion:gymnastic when she was a teenager.
2 Are you a good tenniser? We're trying to get a loca! team together.
3 My brother is an expert canoist. He's won medals.
4
5
6
7
8
My father is a good golfist. He's also an expert mountainer.
Is there a shop near here that sells sport equipment? I need a fishing rocie.
l'd love to be a good archerer, but my eyesight isn't very good.
Are you a sprinter or a long-distant runner?
My favourite Olympic sports are fence and the height jump.
17.5 Which sport ... ?
1 covers a long distance in one jump? lbng jump
2 throws a heavy disc a long way?
3 throws a pole with a sharp point?
17.6
0Vt.r ło
':fOtc
Make a list of (a) sports you have dane and (b) sports you would like to do. What equipment did you
need I would you need for each one? Write sentences about why you liked or disliked the ones you've
dane. lf possible, compare your list with someone else's.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
43
18
A
Art and literature
Art and the arts
novels
short stories
drama
theatre
biographies
PERFORMING
ARTS
LITERATURE
poetry
FINE ART(S)
sculpture
painting
dance
cinema
ballet
opera, concerts: classical/rock/
country and western
architecture
ceramics (making pots,
bowls, etc.)
The arts (plural) covers everything in the network. Art (singular, uncountable) usually means
fine art, but can also refer to technique and creativity.
Have you read the arts page in the paper today? [that part of the newspaper that deals with all the
things in the network]
She’s a great art lover. [loves painting and sculpture]
Shakespeare was
skilled in the art of poetry. [creative ability]
Ask Sarah to help you decorate your room –
she’s very artistic. [shows skill and imagination in creating things]
A work of art (plural = works of art) is an object made by a skilled artist – typically a painting,
drawing or statue.
The phrase arts and crafts is used to refer to the skills of making objects such as decorations,
jewellery and furniture by hand.
B
Types of art and artists
This is a sculptor – he’s creating a statue – his type of art
is called sculpture.
This is a potter – she’s throwing a pot – her type of art is
called pottery.
Tim is an architect – he’s designing a building – his type of
art is called architecture.
An abstract painting involves shapes and colours rather
than images of real people or things. A portrait is a
painting of a person. A landscape is a painting of a scene in the countryside. A still life is a
painting of a set of objects that do not move, usually fruit or flowers. An original painting is
one produced by the painter him/herself rather than a copy or reproduction.
C
Literature
Jacquie O’Donnell is one of the country’s most popular novelists1. She has written a series2
of romantic novels all with a historical setting3. These have all been bestsellers4 although the
critics5 complain that her plots6 are predictable and her characters7 are not very realistic.
Her cousin, Pamela Smith, is a more literary8 writer and her books tend to get better
reviews9 although they do not sell so well. Both writers have a novel which will be ready for
publication10 later this year; they will also be available to download as e-books11. We have
received advance copies of both novels and it is interesting to compare the opening passage12
from Smith’s latest book with an extract13 from the first chapter of O’Donnell’s.
1
people who write long stories about imaginary people and events (remember a novel is typically at
least 150 pages long; anything shorter is a short story) 2 set of books featuring the same characters
3
background for a story or film 4 very popular books that sell in large numbers 5 people whose job
it is to give their opinion of something, typically books, films or music 6 stories 7 people in a book
or film 8 serious rather than popular 9 what the critics write 10 making something available in a
printed form 11 electronic book 12 short piece of text 13 part of a book chosen to be used in an
article or for discussion
44
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
18.1
Which branch of the arts do you think these people are talking about?
1 He's created some beautiful vases but I'm not
SO
keen on his other pieces. rot+e~
2 It doesn't have to rhyme to be good.
3 Oils to me don't have the delicacy of watercolours.
4 Her design for the new city hall won an award.
5 The first chapter was boring but it got better later.
18.2 What type of painting is each of these?
............ .
1 .. ~dr.+
2
···········-········-·········
3 ............................... .
4
................................
18.3 Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1 A sculpture /~is
someone who makes statues.
2 The Dutch artist Rembrandt was a master of art I the art of portrait painting.
3 On Saturdays there's a market in the city square where they sell all sorts of art I
arts and
craft I crafts.
4 Which would you rather be good at - art I the art or music I the music?
5 I saw some interesting abstract works of art I work of arts at the City Gallery.
18.4 Find the missing words to complete the crossword.
A cross
2 The ................................ have generally been
very positive about Kelly's latest novel.
3 Do you like this picture ? It's only a
................................. I could never afford an
original.
5 The author began his talk by reading a
short ................................ from his latest book.
6 I usually prefer to read books with a
modern ................................ rather than ones
about some unfamiliar period.
8 l've loved all the books in this detective
................................ . I hope they'll publish
another one soon.
9 Max is, of course, hoping that his first
novel will become a ................................ .
1O H ave you read any ................................ of the
novel we've got to read for our English
class?
IO
Down
Maria's first novel is due for ................................ this surnmer.
2 You know from the first page that the two main ................................ in the novel are going to fall in
love with each other.
4 The novel has a very interesting ................................ with some unexpected twists in it.
7 Paul's short story is going to be published in the country's leading ................................ magazine.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
45
19
A
Theatre and cinema
At the theatre
We went to see a new production of Hamlet
last night. The sets1 were incredibly realistic
and the costumes2 were wonderful. It was
a good cast3 and I thought the direction4
was excellent. Anthony Cartwright gave a
marvellous performance5. It got rave reviews6
in the papers today.
1
scenery, buildings, furniture on the stage or in a
2
studio
clothes the actors wear on stage
3
all the actors in the performance 4 the way
the director had organised the performance
5 6
+ note these typical collocations 6 got very
enthusiastic comments
Dance usually refers to modern artistic dance forms; ballet /bæleɪ/ usually has a more
traditional feel, unless we say modern ballet.
A comedian is a person who entertains people by telling jokes. They may have a show of
their own or they may feature in a show with lots of different entertainers. [people whose job it
is to entertain others]
The people who watch a show are the audience. Viewer is only used about someone watching
a TV programme.
Language help
When we refer to a performing art in general, we can leave out the definite article, e.g. Are you
interested in (the) cinema/ballet/opera/theatre? But: Would you like to come to the cinema/ballet/
opera/theatre with us next week? [particular performance]
B
At the cinema
ANNA:
BETH:
ANNA:
BETH:
ANNA:
BETH:
Our local cinema’s showing Titanic again next week. Do you fancy going to see it?
Yes, that’d be great. I love that scene1 at the prow of the ship. An ocean liner is such
a romantic place for a film to be set2.
Yes, and I think the film really captures3 how terrifying the wreck must have been.
That’s right. The script4 was based on a lot of research into what actually happened.
And the dialogue5’s particularly good, I think.
Do you know who the director6 was?
James Cameron, I think. He wrote the screenplay7 too. And the score8 is by James
Horner. That really adds to the atmosphere.
1
part of a play or film where the action happens in one place 2 take place in 3 represents
very accurately 4 the words of a play or film 5 conversation written for a book, play or film
6
7
person in charge of making a play or film
text for a film including instructions for actors and
8
camera operators
music for a film
C
Other words connected with events in the arts
The Opera Society are doing a performance of Don Giovanni.
The National Theatre has a very large and versatile stage. [area above ground level where
actors perform]
What’s on at the cinema/theatre, etc. next week? (note the two prepositions)
Sometimes they use our school hall as a venue for concerts – it’s a little small but is otherwise
quite good.
There was an actor on TV last night promoting an interesting new play he’s appearing in at
The Globe. [providing publicity for; noun = promotion][acting; noun = appearance]
46
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
19.1
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets.
I thought all the cast gave an excellent ..p.~rfn!)
.... in the play last night. (perform)
particularly funny. (comedy)
I don't find that ...
but this one did. (direct)
lt's unusual for a film to have two
l've seen for a long time. (entertain)
Paolo Tomassi is one of the best
of a Shakespeare play l've ever seen. (produce)
It was one of the best
My favourite actor makes only a brief
in the film. (appear)
2
3
4
5
6
„ . ....... . .. .... .... . „ . . . . .
„„„„„„.„„„„„„.„„„
„„„.„„„„„„.„„„„„„
„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„.
„„ „ „„„„„.„„„„„„„.
19.2 Definite article or not? Fili the gap with the if necessary.
ballet.
1 The government doesn't give enough money to „. ~ .„
2 She's got a diploma in „ „ „ „ . „ „. „ . „ „ „ „. „ „ „ dance from the Performing Arts Academy.
3 I've got some tickets for
„„„„„„„.„„„„„. „„ „
opera. Interested?
4 Shall we go to . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ cinema this evening? There are several good things on.
5 I much prefer „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. „ „ „ „ „ . theatre to „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . ballet, don't you?
19.3 Choose the correct word from the box to fili each gap in this online review. There are
some extra words in the box which you do not need.
.audienEe
rev1ews
ca st
scenes
critics
entertainers
costumes
performances
productions
screenplay
script
sets
stage
venue
words
liiiii! Review
~
l:t@I•
Home
News
So9n
Book tickets
Contact us
Last night actors at the Central Theatre put on a new play by Martha Collins. I spoke
to severa! other members of the 1 audienle
and they all loved it. They commented
• They were impressed by the
afterwards on the quality of her 2
3
the actors wore. They also found the 4
original and
visually interesting. Most importantly of all, the 5
was felt to be first
class, with particularly strong 6
from the two leading actors. There
were also positive comments on the 7
, which has been recently
refurbished and has a large revolving 8
. The people I spoke to all
hope that the 9
in the national press will write rave 10_ _ _ _ __
about the show.
19.4 Ask questions for which these remarks would be suitable answers.
pl~
a SUlleSS?
1 Yes, it got rave reviews. W;s łhe
2 No, I'm not really a concert-goer, but thanks anyway.
3 Oh, romantic comedies, I think.
4 The cast were all good, but the direction was weak.
5 A new Hungarian film; fancy going to see it?
19.5
OV~r
ło
tjOll
Choose a film and answer these questions about it.
• Who do you think gives the best performance in it?
• Who's the director?
• Where was it set?
• What is your favourite scene in it?
• What's the score like?
• Are there any particularly memorable lines in the dialogue?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
47
20
A
Music
Downloading and managing your music
Downloading music as MP31 files is easy.
• You can download a whole album or individual tracks2.
• You can save your favourite albums and tracks in playlists so you can find them
easily on your music player.
• You can sync3 (or, more formal, synchronise) the music files on your computer with
your phone or MP3 player.
• You can also stream4 music from the Internet or from your computer to other
rooms in your home if you have the right equipment.
1
a popular type of audio file – you can listen to the files on an MP3 player 2 one song or piece of
music from an album 3 have exactly the same files and data on more than one device
4
play music in real time from one source to another
B
A typical rock band
She’s lead singer in a rock band.
One of her brothers plays lead
guitar and her other brother is
a keyboard player, so it’s a real
family band.
drums
What would you rather play in
a band, drums or bass? I could
never be a drummer but I think I
could become a fairly good bass
guitarist.
C
Types of music
keyboard
My family all have different tastes
singer
bass /beɪs/
guitar
in music. My sister Nicky loves
classical music, my uncle Jed’s a
folk fan and my father loves jazz. I like R&B1 and hip-hop2. I even compose a bit of rap3
myself! My older brother is into4 The Beatles and other 60s music5. My mother loves film
soundtracks6 but I just find them uninteresting. One type of music I can’t stand is the canned
music7 you get in supermarkets and airports – it drives me crazy!
1
Rhythm and Blues, originally a black American form of blues music with a strong rhythm
a style of popular music where the words are spoken rather than sung 3 the words spoken in
hip-hop music (can also be a verb) 4 interested in and enthusiastic about 5 music from the 1960s
6
music from a film or TV show 7 artificial or recorded music played in the background
2
D
Collocations for musical activities
She plays the guitar but she doesn’t read music. She plays by ear. She’s got a good ear*. She
can pick out* a tune on almost any instrument. She’s a very talented musician.
You can make music in lots of ways. You don’t need to be a trained musician to enjoy music
to the full.
* informal
Common mistakes
We say: classical music. (NOT classic) She loves classical music. (NOT classic music) Music is
uncountable. They played fantastic music for an hour. (NOT fantastic musics)
48
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
20. 1 Fill the gaps in the conversation.
HENRY:
ANNA:
20.2
l've been listening to some songs from the new ..~lk\.!m
................... by the Hoods. lt's great.
I downloaded them to my ................................ player and my phone, so l've got them in
both places. I just got six ................................ , not the whole thing.
Oh, right. I download music files but then forget to ................................ them with my
phone, so I don't have them when I travel! But I can ................................ them from the
computer in my study to the audio system in the living room, so I do get to listen to
them. l've made some good ................................ with my favourite tracks.
In a typical rock band ...
.
1 ... who usually sings the songs? ..+h~
l~d ..?.Jr\~
...........................
2 ... who keeps the rhythm using two sticks? .............................................................. .
3 ... who plays the lowest musical notes? .............................................................. .
4 ... who plays an electric piano or organ? .............................................................. .
5 ... who plays the highest notes on the guitar? .. „ ... „ ...... • ........ „ • ...................... •. ......... •••
20.3
Read the comments and then answer the questions.
Roy:
Diana:
Greg:
Kim:
Alison:
Tony:
'I must be the only person who actually likes the music in supermarkets.'
'I love the old original tracks by groups like The Beatles and the Rolling Stones.'
'I love the film and I'm going to buy the music from it. I often buy film music.'
'I listen to the traditional songs of my country and try to learn them.'
'I just love the way they can speak the words so fast - it's so clever.'
'l've always loved the blues and I like music with a strong rhythm.'
1 Who likes soundtracks? ...qrnB···················
2 Who likes hip-hop? ................................
3 Who likes 60s music? ............................... .
4 Who is a folk music fan? ................................
5 Who likes R&B? ................................
6 Who likes canned music? ............................... .
20.4 Complete the missing words in this advertisement. You are sometimes given the first letter(s).
Do you have a good eor
for music? Do you play a musical instrument
_ _ _ _ _ ear? Can you p
out a tune on an instrument you've never
played before? We are looking for volunteers to take part in an experiment to investigate
musician and you
people's natural musical abilities. You don 't need to be a tr
don't need to be able to r
music. lf you just
music at home or
with friends for fun, whatever kinds of m
you are i
, whether it's
cl
music, j
, pop, we want to hear from you . We believe there
musicians out there and we want to learn 111ore abc;iut how you
are many ta
do it.
_ _.._,
CONTACT US ON 01255 75614478 OR GO TO NATURALMUSICEXP.ORG.
20.5
Ove,r ło
tjou
W rite answers that are t rue for you.
Can you rernember the name of the first album you ever bought? Who was it by?
2 How often do you down load tracks or whole albums? Whi ch do you prefer to do?
3 Which kinds of music mentioned on the opposite page do you particul arly li ke/disli ke?
4 Can you play any musica l instrume nts and how we ll do yo u play them?
5 What instrument and what kind of music wou ld you like to be abl e to play wel l and wh y?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
49
21
A
Food
Talking about flavours and tastes – adjectives and some opposites (≠)
hot, spicy (e.g. curry) ≠ mild
bland [very little flavour; rather negative]
salty [a lot of salt]
sugary [a lot of sugar] sickly [too much sugar]
savoury /seivəri/ [pleasant, slightly salty or with herbs]
sour [sharp, often unpleasant taste, like a lemon, and not sweet]
bitter [with an unpleasantly sharp taste] tasty [has a good taste/flavour] ≠ tasteless [no flavour at all]
moreish [having a pleasant taste, so you want to eat more]
I love spicy food, especially curries – the hotter the better! My sister prefers mild curries.
Those cakes are too sugary for me. They have a sickly taste.
They had some delicious savoury snacks at the party. They were very moreish.
The breakfast buffet was very poor quality: the coffee tasted bitter and the fruit juice was sour.
The food on the plane was bland and tasteless – it was like eating cardboard!
B
Appearance, presentation and quality of food
This meat is overcooked/overdone / undercooked/underdone.
I’m afraid this mango is a bit unripe. They’re not really in season at the moment. [not ready to
eat; opp = ripe] [being produced and ready and available]
This butter has gone off. I think we should throw it out. [not good to eat because it is too old]
I don’t feel like anything heavy. I just want something light; a salad would be fine.
British cooking can be very stodgy. /stɒdʒi/ [heavy, hard to digest]
Julia will only buy organic fruit and vegetables. [grown without artificial chemicals]
We should try to have a balanced diet, without too much or too little of any particular thing.
A diet of junk food can cause long-term health problems. [food that is unhealthy but easy and
quick to eat] Processed food in general is not good for you. [that has been treated with chemicals
to preserve it or give it extra colour or taste]
C
Eating out
At most good restaurants, you usually have to book
a table / make a reservation beforehand. If something
happens, or you are ill, you may need to cancel the
booking/reservation. In the UK a meal in a restaurant
is typically three courses: a starter1, a main course,
then a dessert. You can often order side dishes2. Some
restaurants may have a set menu [a selection of dishes at
a fixed price], or you can order individual dishes (called
ordering à-la-carte). Restaurants often have specials3
advertised on a board. They often cater for vegetarians,
non-meat-eaters4 and vegans5.
1
3
5
D
(uncountable) knives, forks or spoons
small square of paper or cloth used
when you eat to protect your clothes
light snack / appetiser 2 a smaller dish alongside the main course (e.g. an extra vegetable)
dishes only available on that day 4 people who don’t eat meat but who are not vegetarians
people who don’t eat or use any animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese or leather
Eating at home
host:1 Right, there’s more soup. Who wants seconds2?
guest: Oh, yes, please. It was absolutely delicious.
host: There’s bread here. Just help yourself3.
guest: Thanks.
host: Be sure to keep a bit of room for some pudding4.
Can I re-fill your glass?
guest: Ah, yes, thank you.
host: Say when.
guest: When! That’s fine. Thanks.
50
1
2
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
1
the person who has invited the guests
a second serving of something
3
serve yourself
4
desserts are often called pudding
(uncountable), a sweet (countable) or
afters (plural) at home
2
Exercises
21.1
Which taste and flavour words opposite could you use to describe the following?
a strong Indian curry s~
I ho+
a pizza with cheese and herbs
3 sea water
1
2
21.2
4 an unripe apple
5 a cup of tea with five spoonfuls of sugar
6 extremely strong black coffee with no sugar
Using words from B opposite, what could you say to the person/people with you in a
restaurant if ...
1 you bad ordered a mild curry but got the opposite? 'fhls c.ur~
Is +oo ho+ I +oo s~
for me.
2 the fish you ordered had obviously been cooked too much I tao long?
you ordered melon and it was very hard?
your dish seemed to have no flavours at all?
there was too much salt in your soup?
someone at your table recommended a big steak but you just wanted a salad?
the dish you ordered was very heavy and difficult to digest?
a piece of chicken you ordered bad not been cooked enough?
you wonder if the vegetables have been grown without artificial chemicals?
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21.3
Read the comments and then complete the sentences with words and phrases from the
opposite page.
Chris: 'I bad to call the waiter to bring me a knife and fork.' Chris needed
..f~+J.er!
............... .
2 Emma: 'If you want a dish not on the menu there's usually a blackboard with other
dishes.' The restaurant usually has same ................................ .
3 Oscar: 'The peanuts were free and I just couldn't stop eating them.' Oscar thought the
peanuts were ................................ .
4 Tina: 'I needed one because I didn't want to spill food on my new dress.' Tina needed
.JP~!Yle)
5 Jordi: 'I'm not a vegetarian; I just don't eat meat. 'Jordi is a ................................ .
6 Alan: 'I didn't like the set menu. I ordered individual dishes.' Alan ordered ................................ .
7 Elaine: 'It's a big student restaurant. You don't need to phone beforehand.' Elaine said
you don't need to ................................................ I ................................................. (two answers)
8 Krishnan: 'With my main course I ordered an extra bowl of chips and same mushrooms.'
Krishnan ordered a couple of ................................ .
9 Jackie: 'Everybody bad colds so we phoned the restaurant and said we weren't coming.'
Jackie and her friends cancelled ................................ I ................................. (two answers)
10 Hannah: 'I bad same prawns before the main course.' Hannah bad ................................ .
21 .4
If you were the host at a dinner party, what could you say to your guests if ...
................. ?
1 you offered them another serving of something? Who ..~ . 1:\±P .. P.8~f?!)d
2 you wanted them to serve themselves? Please ................................................ .
you started to re-fill their glass? ................................................ . What could the guest say when you had
poured enough? ................................................ !
4 you offered them something sweet after the main course? Would you like ................................................ I
................................................ I ................................................ I ................................................ ? (four possible answers)
3
21.5
ov~r
ło
':fOll
Write sentences th at are t ru e for you.
Which words from A and B opposite could you use to describe the food of your country or culture?
Give same examples of dishes. Which fruit or vegetables are in season at different times of the year?
2 Describe your favourite dish, what is in it, how it is prepared, what flavours it has, etc.
3 How often do you eat junk food or processed food? Why? Do you have a balanced diet? In what ways?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
51
22
A
Physical geography
Geographical features
You have to be careful about the use of ‘the’ with geographical features.
use with ‘the’?
example
countries
no
France
countries which are in a plural
form
yes
the USA, the Philippines
individual mountains
no
Mount Everest
mountains in the Bernese
Oberland
yes
the Jungfrau /jυŋfraυ/
mountain chains
yes
the Himalayas /hɪməleɪjəz/
islands
no
Sicily
groups of islands
yes
the West Indies
rivers
yes
the Volga
oceans
yes
the Pacific
seas
yes
the Mediterranean /medɪtə'reɪniən/
gulfs, bays and straits
yes
the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of
Biscay, the Strait of Malacca
lakes
no
Lake Erie
currents
yes
the Gulf Stream
Language help
Although most countries do not take ‘the’, they do need the definite article when they are followed
by a phrase limiting the meaning, e.g. the Japan of today, the France we know from paintings, the
South America of the past.
B
Geographical features in Iceland
Iceland An island republic in the North Atlantic. The
landscape consists largely of barren plains1 and
mountains, with large ice fields particularly in the south
west. The island has active volcanoes2 and is known for
its thermal3 springs and geysers4. With less than 1% of
the land suitable for growing crops5, the nation’s economy
is based on fishing, and fish products account for 80%
of the exports. Area: 103,000 km2. Population: 318,000.
Capital: Reykjavik.
cape
cliff
bay
peninsula
flat land where little grows 2 volcanoes that still erupt
hot 4 hole in the ground that sends out hot water and
steam 5 food that is grown
gulf
1
3
C
waterfall
The sea, rivers and mountains
Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach
Words connected with rivers: valley, gorge [valley with very
steep sides], stream [small river]
Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak,
summit, glacier [river of ice]
52
source
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
tributary
mouth
delta
estuary
Exercises
22.1
Find words on the opposite page that match the definitions.
a movement of water in a particular direction ..wr.nm.+. ..............
2 the wide part of a river at its mouth ................................
3 the top of a mountain (two words) ................................
4 the place where a river starts ............................... .
5 the land along the edge of a sea or lake ................................
6 a narrow stretch of sea between two areas of land ................................
7 a long piece of land sticking out into the sea or a lake ................................
8 a long narrow high part of a mountain ............................... .
22.2
In the paragraph below all the instances of the have been
omitted. Insert them wherever they are necessary.
+he
River Arna
C L/I~
Brazil is /\ fifth largest country in world .
In north, densely forested basin of River
Amazon covers half country. In east, country
I
is washed by Atlantic. Highest mountain
chain m South America, Andes, does not !ie
m Brazil. Brazil's most famous city is Rio
de Janeiro, former capital. Today capital of Brazil
22.3
22.4
22.5
.
Brasilia
"'
Rio t0aneiro
lS
Brasilia.
Can you answer the following genrał
knowledge geography quiz?
· the highest mountam
· m
· Afnca
· 1... „. •A~ ~ ou t:\+
· ro
1 What is
....k'I'
J . ! rn~.tlj!
...............
2 What is the longest river in Europe? ............................................... .
3 Where is the highest waterfall in the world? ............................................... .
4 Name another country, apart from Iceland, which has geysers and hot Springs . ............................... .
5 What is a delta and which famous river has one? ............................................... .
6 Where are the Straits of Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope? ............................................... .
....
Find 17 more words for geographical features.
vertically but not diagonally.
p w A T E
G L A c I
o I V G E
R s V o L
G L c E A
E A A c K
D N p p E
E D E E R
L p L A I
T M E K o
A F V s D
„ ...... . .... . .
Words go either horizontally or
A L
p c
y s E R
c A N o
u L I p
R E N s
R o s E
E G u L
N s L A
T B A y
M u p G
R
E
F
R
LJ
s
H
o
R
E
A
F
y
s
l
Give two nouns from the opposite page to go with the adjectives below. Try not to
repeat any of the nouns you choose.
1 sandy .. k ~.fh
..
................................
2 steep ................................ ................................
3 shallow ................................ ................................
22.6
Brazil
OV~r
ło
4 rocky ................................................................
5 turbulent ................................................................
6 dangerous ............................................................... .
':fOLC
Drawa map of a country or area that interests you . Write t he Eng lish names of its ma in geographica l
features on it. Write a paragraph about the geography of the area. Then, if possible, tell a partner
about the area .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
53
23
A
Environmental problems
The problems and their causes
Home
About us
News
Videos
Contact
A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As
globalisation1 continues, local issues become international ones,
so today there are few places in the world that do not suffer from
environmental problems. Some of the major problems now
affecting the world are acid rain2, air pollution3, global warming4,
hazardous5 waste, ozone depletion6, smog7, water pollution,
overpopulation, and rainforest destruction8. People are also
worried about the greenhouse effect, where an increase in the
smog
amount of carbon dioxide [CO2] and other gases9 in the Earth’s
atmosphere10 causes a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth. This global warming is leading
to the thawing of the polar ice caps11 and all this is causing concern about climate change. Both
human behaviour and climate change have led to many animal and plant species12 becoming
endangered13 or even extinct14.
1
2
increasing business, cultural and other contacts between countries
rain which contains harmful
chemicals as a result of burning substances such as oil and coal [acid = a type of liquid that reacts
3
chemically with other materials, sometimes dissolving them]
damage caused to the air by harmful
4
5
substances or waste
rise in the world’s temperature
dangerous 6 reduction in the ozone
layer [layer of air above the Earth containing ozone which prevents harmful ultraviolet light from the
sun from reaching Earth] 7 air pollution found in cities caused by a mixture of smoke, gases and
chemicals (the word has been formed from smoke + fog) 8 destroying (cutting down) forest in a
tropical area which receives a lot of rain 9 substance in a form that is neither solid nor liquid
10
the mixture of gases around the Earth 11 ice covering the areas at the North and South Poles
12
13
types
very few in number, at risk of becoming extinct 14 not existing any longer
Language help
The prefix over- means too much. Overfishing means that people have fished so much that it is
having a serious effect on fish populations. Overpopulated means there are so many people living
in an area that life is difficult there.
B
Dealing with the problems
Worldwide efforts are being made to improve the situation. Green parties and green or
ecological policies are mainly concerned with protecting the environment. Conservation
organisations are developing nature reserves where plants and animals are protected.
Farmers increasingly produce organic food, which avoids the use of harmful chemicals. More
companies try to behave in a way that is environmentally friendly or ecologically sound.
Societies attempt to dispose of waste in a more responsible way, by, for example, recycling as
much as possible. People aim to reduce their carbon footprint by using cars less so that they
cut down on their use of fossil fuels, for example.
C
Word families
noun
verb
adjective
adverb
globalisation
globalise
global
globally
environmental
environmentally
environment, environmentalist
54
pollution, pollutant
pollute
polluting
destruction
destroy
destructive
disposal
dispose
disposable
reduction
reduce
reduced
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
destructively
Exercises
23.1
Answer each question, using a word or expression from the box.
acid rain
carbon dioxide
endangered species ~
global warming
globalisation
hazardous waste
ozone layer
polar ice caps
destruction of rainforests
water pollution
smog
liuame ex+lrd.
What happened to dinosaurs about 65 million years ago? 1h~
2 What is the name for a special layer in the Earth's atmosphere which helps protect
our planet?
3 What word can be used to describe the increasing contact between countries that has a
major impact on life today?
What causes problems because it is difficult to dispose of safely?
What have scientists shown to be melting worryingly fast at the North and South Poles?
What does the chemical symbol C0 2 represent?
What has been happening in the Amazon area and in other tropical areas like Indonesia
and Malaysia?
8 What problem is a type of air pollution?
9 What can cause harm to plant or other life when it falls on the land or sea?
1O What is the Siberian tiger an example of?
11 What has caused much plant and anima! life in rivers in industrial areas to die out?
12 What is the term for the phenomenon describing the rise in the Earth's average temperature?
4
5
6
7
23.2
Match words to form compound nouns.
2
3
4
5
23.3
acid
car bon
climate
foss il
green
fu el
.. !1~4
change
party
footprint
ram
. H.ir:\
.........................
„ ..
greenhouse
nature
orgamc
ozone
10 was te
6
7
8
9
disposal ............................................... .
reserve
depletion
effect
food
Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.
1 An ..~.t:\Vlrf>)mił!$L
.. is a person who does what they can to help protect the environment.
2 ................................ items like plastic cups and paper plates are labour-saving but have a harmful
effect on the environment.
3 The government says it is aiming for a significant ................................ in this country's use of fossil
fuels over the next ten years.
4 The company plans to ................................ part of a nature reserve in order to build its new
warehouses.
5 Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an air ................................ .
6 The melting of the polar ice caps will have a ................................ impact on the environment.
7 Staff can ................................ of all recyclable items in these green bins.
8 Air pollution may ................................ the lives of people with respiratory illnesses.
9 This company is proud of its ................................ friendly policies.
23.4
Ovu ło
':fOU
Answer th ese question s.
Which of the environmental problems in A exist in your country?
2 Do you think climate change is having any impact in your country?
3 How much support do green parties have in your country?
4 What cou ld power cars instead of petrol or diese l?
5 Suggest three things people can do to reduce the ir carbon footprint.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
55
24
A
Towns
Describing a city
The words city and town are sometimes used interchangeably but a city is generally large
with a wider range of facilities. This is a description of Cork, one of Ireland’s main cities.
Which words or phrases might be useful for describing your own or another town?
Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed with a population of
about 119,500 it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main
business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island created by two
channels of the River Lee, with many of the suburbs within walking
distance of the centre. The buses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way
traffic system is extremely complicated. In the hilly area of the city is the
famous Shandon Steeple, the bell-tower of St Anne’s Church, built on the
site of a church destroyed when the city was besieged by the English in
1690. Back across the River Lee lies the city’s cathedral, an imposing 19th-century building in the
French Gothic style. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who enjoy
the lively atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The town has good sports
and arts facilities. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit. It regularly puts on adventurous
exhibitions by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the
picturesque harbour. There are other residential areas on the outskirts.
B
Facilities
Sports: swimming pool sports centre golf course tennis courts football pitch
skating rink
Culture: theatre opera house concert hall radio station art gallery
Education: school college university library adult education centre museum
Catering, accommodation and night-life: restaurant take-away hotel B&B (bed and
breakfast) youth hostel club
Transport: bus service taxi rank car hire car park parking meters
Other: health centre law courts registry office citizens’ advice bureau job centre
department store chemist’s garden centre police station Town/City Hall
estate agent housing estate industrial estate
C
D
Problems in cities
problem
effect
cause
traffic jams
traffic very slow, commuters get
very stressed
too much traffic especially in the
rush hour
slums
housing in a bad condition
poverty – people don’t have money to
spend on housing
vandalism
pointless destruction of property
poverty, lack of hope
overcrowding
difficult living conditions
too many people living in one place
pollution
deterioration in health
traffic and industrial
Adjectives to describe a city
picturesque [very pretty and attractive], historic, spacious [with plenty of space], elegant,
magnificent, lively, deserted [no one on the streets, e.g. at night], bustling [with lots of movement],
packed [very crowded], filthy [very dirty], run-down [in a very bad condition]
Common mistake
There are a lot of open spaces in the centre of London. (NOT There are a lot of open places in …)
56
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
24.1
Check that you understand the text about Cork by answering the following questions.
1 Where is Cork? Cbrh Is In .fhe SbU.fh bt .fhe f4epuli\lc. bt lre\ond.
2 Where is the shopping and business centre of Cork?
3 What is Cork's traffic system like?
What is special about the site of St Anne's Church?
In what style is the architecture of Cork Cathedra!?
Can you buy souvenirs at the markets?
Why is the Crawford Gallery worth visiting?
8 Where do Cork people live?
4
5
6
7
24.2
Fill in the gaps in this description of a town. Use words from the text about Cork.
Cambridge has the 1 ...?.P~knd
................ oldest university in
England (after Oxford). lt has a 2 ................................ of around
108,900, many of whom are students. The main tourist
3
................................ of the town lies in the city centre, around
the university colleges. A number of the old university
buildings are built on the 4 ................................ of farmer
monasteries or convents. Most of the mare picturesque
colleges 5 ................................ the River Cam.
Most of the main hotels in the town are within walking 6 ................................ of the centre. The
town centre has a lively fruit and vegetable 7 ................................ and it 8 ................................ to be very
crowded on Saturdays. The Fitzwilliam Museum is well 9 ................................ visiting as is an art
gallery called Kettle's Yard which regularly puts on quite varied 10 ................................ by a range of
artists. The town also has plenty of sports 11 ................................ catering for both young and old.
An interesting new Science Park has been built on the 12 ................................ of the town, about two
kilometres from the city centre.
24.3
Look at the list of facilities listed in B. Think of a town and tick all those facilities
which the town has.
24.4
Suggest three words which would collocate well with the nouns below. The words do
not have to be on the left-hand page.
....... I - ~.lIK
....... I ..f~\
.............. I museum
1 ..h.1 . ?~(f
2 ........................ /„.„„.„„.„„.„.„. / „„„„„„.„.„.„„. /centre
3 ........................ ! ........................ ! ........................ /college
24.5
5 ........................ / ........................ / ....... „„ ........... „/club
6 „.„.„.„.„.„.„.„. /„.„„ ................. / ........................ /agency
Which of the facilities in B might you go to in order to:
4 get married?
5 buy a house?
6 see an exhibition?
1 dance? o duli
2 play tennis?
3 find a taxi?
24.6
4 ........................ I ........................ I „....„.„„ ........ „. I court
7 borrow a book?
8 buy a meal to eat at home?
9 do an evening class?
What are the problems in C for these suggested solutions?
1 They should provide good-quality state housing. slums
2 There should be stricter laws about traffic emissions.
3 They should restrict the number of people living in any one area.
4 People who destroy public property should be made to do community service.
5 We need a much better public transport system.
24.7
r.m...........
Write a descript1on of the town where you live or another town you know well, using as much of t he
.
.
.
.
.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
.
57
I •
25
A
The natural world
Birds and animals
horns
mane
beak
whiskers
wing
tail
fur
eggs
nest
hoof
feather
claws
paw
B
Flowers and trees
leaves
petals
pollen
branch
bud
thorn
leaf
twig
roots
stem
C
branch
bark
trunk
bough
Specific animals
frog
owl
shark
whale
fox
snail
crab
bat
worm
pigeon
peacock
deer (singular
and plural)
seal
Here are the English names of some creatures that you may not know.
D
Some verbs and collocations for talking about processes in nature
Our apple tree flowers / blossoms in April.
Let’s pick some flowers.
These birds lay their eggs on the ground.
Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey.
Some verbs can be intransitive (no object) or transitive (with an object):
These flowers grow very quickly. We grew some tomatoes in our garden last year.
These animals breed in the spring. My neighbour breeds Burmese cats and sells them.
Common mistake
Remember, we pick flowers / fruit; we don’t say pick up.
We picked some flowers and put them in a vase. (NOT picked up)
We pick something up when it has fallen from its normal position or someone drops it.
A woman dropped her purse so I picked it up and gave it back to her.
58
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
25.1
Answer the questions about the animals and plants on the opposite page.
1 Where does a bird lay its eggs? ..i . ~ ..~ ..t'!~.?L
........ .
2 What do bees help to move from one flower to another as they collect nectar
to make honey? ............................... .
3 What do we call the hairs that stick out from a cat's face? ............................... .
4 Which part of a flower usually has the brightest colour(s)? ............................... .
5 What do we call a horse's foot? ............................... .
25.2
Put these words into two groups: 'animal words' or 'plant words' .
.mftfH}
petal
oak
willow
fox
worm
thorn
horn
bark
stem
daw
owl
iiliiHEih·H·•--•i!ii!U.iili-
r~ ~·
25.3
~
-
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using words from the opposite page.
A tree's ..rf:!
P. t~
.................. go a long way underground.
2 A cat can sharpen its ................................ against the ................................ of a tree.
3 Most fruit trees ................................ in spring.
Plants will not ................................ unless they get enough water and light.
Flowers last longer in a vase if you crush the end of their ................................ .
A flower that is just about to open is called a ................................ .
Take care not to prick yourself. That plant has sharp ................................ .
8 If we pick up those ................................ , we can use them to start the fi.re .
9 ................................ use a kind of radar to find their way around.
1 O ................................ move very, very slowly.
4
5
6
7
25.4
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 A large bough fell
2 We picked up
3 The scientists grew
4 The peacock opened
5 A frog jumped
6 We picked
25.5
Ul]
O
O
O
O
O
a
b
c
d
e
some herbs to put on our pizza.
its feathers. It was beautiful.
into the stream and swam away.
from the tree during the storm.
some apples that had dropped from the tree.
f a new type of tomato that was very big.
Answer the questions.
1 Which moves fastest and which moves slowest: a worm, a snail, or a deer? .. ~ ..~e.r:,
2 Which is the odd one out: a seal, a whale, or a crab? ............................... .
..~ . ?.
~ a.1
...............
3 Which of these animals has paws: a frog, a bat, a cat, a pigeon? ............................... .
4 Which is correct? The bird lay I laid I lied three eggs ................................ .
5 Which is correct: (a), (b), or both? (a) He breeds horses. (b) Rabbits breed very quickly. ................
6 Which is a bird: a bat, a pigeon or both? ................................
25.6
•
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
59
26
A
Clothes
Some items of clothing
At this level you probably already know most of the everyday words for clothes. Here are
some items of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar.
cardigan/
hoody
collar
belt
button
cuff
buckle
pyjamas
hood
zip
sleeve
hem
badge
laces
heel
bikini
sole
bra
helmet
slippers
Language help
Most items of clothing covering the legs are plural words only. If you wish to count them, you need
to say, e.g. Six pairs of trousers/shorts/tights/jeans/underpants or Jamie’s football shorts are too
small for him now. I need to get him a new pair.
B
Verbs associated with clothing
Can I try on these grey shoes in the window?
I love dressing up for parties as I normally wear jeans.
The skirt is too tight and too short – it needs letting out and letting down.
The dress is too loose and too long – it needs taking in and taking up.
He changed out of his weekend clothes into his uniform.
Red usually doesn’t suit people with ginger hair.
Her black bag matches her shoes.
Those shoes don’t fit my son any more. He’s grown out of them.
C
Adjectives for describing people’s clothing
How things fit: baggy [loose]
close-fitting [tight]
Style: long-sleeved
sleeveless
V-neck
round-neck
Materials: denim [jeans are usually made of this]
woollen [made of wool]
suede [a kind of leather that isn’t shiny]
The patterns on materials:
pinstriped
D
spotted
plain
striped
checked
flowery
tartan
Other words and expressions useful for talking about clothing
Anna always looks very elegant even when she’s dressed casually. [in a casual or informal way]
I don’t think it’s worth spending money on designer sunglasses. [made by a famous or
fashionable designer]
Does your country have a special national costume?
Alessandra’s put her top on inside out – I can see the label!
The burglars wore masks and hoods as a disguise in the hope that no one would be able to
recognise them on CCTV.
60
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
26.1 Which words illustrated in A opposite fit best in the following sentences?
l've eaten too much - I'll have to loosen my ..!1ęH„
.................... .
2 I must get my black shoes repaired. One ................................ is broken and both the ............................... .
have holes in them.
3 Do up your ................................ or you'll fall over.
4 lt's not very warm today. You should wear a ................................ over your shirt.
5 Put your ................................ on - this floor is very cold.
6 l've almost finished making my dress for the party but l've still got to take up the
................................ and sew on some ................................ .
7 lt's starting to rain - why don't you put your ................................ up so you don't get wet.
8 Come on, children. lt's time for bed. Go and put your ................................ on.
9 You must wear a ................................ when you ride a motorbike.
1O Maya went on holiday last week. She packed her beach towel but forgot her ............................... .
so she couldn't go swimming.
26.2
Complete these sentences with any appropriate word. Use pair where it is necessary.
1 Josh badly needs to buy a new .. f~r.ję_t:\?„
.
2 Blue .............................................. are a kind of international uniform for young people.
3 lt's too cold for ................................................. Put your trousers on.
4 Dad needs some new underpants. Can you buy him three ............................................... today?
5 l've got a hole in my tights. I'll have to change into a new ................................................ .
26.3
Write two items of clothing that collocate with these adjectives.
1 close-fitting .J~p
. .j~
. o!' . ? . .....
4 woollen .................................
2 baggy ............................ ..............
3 checked .....................................
5 suede .......................................
6 denim .....................................
26.4 Which words and expressions from D do these pictures illustrate?
......,
N atasha always looks ..dę.g~!'ł„
2 Japanese ............................... .
3 ................................
·1
4 ········································
26.5
5 His shirt is ................................
Put the right verb, match, suit or fit, into each of these sentences.
1 The blue dress ..fik.......................... her perfctły
now she's had it taken in.
2 The blue of her dress ................................ the blue of her eyes.
3 That blue dress ................................ the girl with the blonde hair.
4 I can lend you a pair of slippers if you like. I think these ones should ................................ .
26.6
- English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
61
27
A
Health and medicine
What are your symptoms?
rash
bruise
lump
spots
a black eye
All these noun phrases can be used with the verb have (got). I’ve got …
… a sore throat / a temperature [a higher temperature than normal] / high/low blood pressure /
chest pains / backache / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / a bruise on my
leg (e.g. after playing football) / a black eye (e.g. after being hit in the eye) / a lump on my arm
/ indigestion (after eating too fast) / sickness and diarrhoea /daiəˈriə/ [an upset stomach which
makes you vomit and need to go to the toilet frequently] / sunburn / a virus.
Verbs: My back is aching. I shouldn’t have lifted all those heavy boxes.
My leg is itching – I think I’ve been bitten by an insect. [you want to scratch it all the time]
My hands are trembling after the shock of falling down. [shaking slightly]
I had a headache and started shivering. I knew it was the flu. [shake because you are cold]
My foot hurts from where I knocked it against the table.
I had a cold and it took me two weeks to get over it. [to get better; more formal = to recover
from it]
Adjectives: I feel sick / breathless / dizzy. [my head is spinning]
I am depressed / exhausted / stressed.
I think I’ve picked up a bug somewhere. [infml = caught a virus or infection]
Other expressions: I’ve lost my appetite / voice.
I’ve broken my wrist / sprained my ankle / dislocated my shoulder.
She died of a heart attack.
He contracted AIDS. [infml = ‘got’]
My uncle suffered a stroke. [sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can
cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body; infml = ‘had’]
B
What does the doctor prescribe?
Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night.
We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist.
You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Amazon.
I’m afraid you’re going to need an operation.
You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends.
I’m going to give you some tablets – take one in the morning and one at night.
Common mistake
A surgeon operates on a patient.
They decided to operate on her and remove the tumour. (NOT They decided to operate her.)
62
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
27.1
What problems from A opposite might result if someone ... ?
1 eats too fast ...i . t!di.~P
. łi~tL
..... .
2 kicks someone's leg while playing football ................................
3 hits someone in the eye ............................... .
4 eats bad, rotten food ............................... .
5 lies too long in the hot sun ................................
6 runs much too fast to catch a bus ................................
27. 2
Read the remarks and ans w er the questions.
Archie:
Dalma:
Seth:
Zoe:
'I must have picked up a bug when I was travelling.'
'My hand is covered in little red spots from where I touched that strange plant.'
'It's an unpleasant pain. I hope I haven't got an ear infection.'
'The doctor said there's a risk I might suffer from heart disease if it continues.'
Write the people's nam es. Who has ... ?
1 a rash? ..J?.11lmL. 2 earache? ...................
27 .3
3 a virus? ...................
4 high blood pressure? .................. .
Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right.
1 My shoulder is itching.
[fJ]
2 My head hurts.
D
D
D
D
D
3 I'm shivering.
4 I'm trembling.
5 I'm really stressed and exhausted.
6 I'm depressed.
a
b
c
d
e
I've been working too much.
I feel so cold.
I think I need to see a psychiatrist.
I can't stop scratching it.
I banged it as I walked through the low doorway.
f I feel very nervous and scared.
27.4 Match the pictures with the sentences.
A
B
c
D
E
F
--~
They put a bandage on my ankle.
D
D
2 I had to have some injections.
3 My arm was in plaster for weeks.
4 I had to take two teaspoonfuls every night.
5 They operated me immediately.
6 I have to take two tablets every night at bedtirne.
D
D
D
One of the sentences above contains a mistake. Correct it.
27.5 Answer the questions.
1 Which is correct? My aunt died (a) with (b) of a heart attack.
2 What is amore formal way of saying these? (a) He got AIDS in 2001. (b) She had a stroke.
3 What is an informal way of saying this? I had an infection but I recovered from it.
27.6
am.-English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
63
I~
28
A
Medicine and technology
A history of health technology
Ancient Egypt
The earliest crutches were in use.
Middle Ages
Spectacles1, probably invented by Arab scientists,
were used to correct vision2.
1500–1600
The first wheelchairs were developed.
1800–1900
1804: the first general anaesthetic3 was used in an
operation in Japan.
1896: X-rays4 were first used in medicine.
1960–1970
The first contact lenses5 were manufactured6.
1
a more formal word for glasses 2 the ability to see 3 something used to
make you unconscious when you have an operation, so that you do not feel
any pain 4 a type of radiation that makes possible photographs of hidden
objects such as bones and organs in the body 5 a small piece of transparent
plastic which is worn on the surface of your eye to improve your sight 6
made in large numbers, usually in a factory
B
The present day
Medical technology has made rapid1 advances2 in recent decades3. Nowadays, a vast4 range
of devices5 is available: people with hearing difficulties wear sophisticated6 hearing aids7;
people with heart problems wear tiny pacemakers8. Artificial9 hips10 and knees are common,
and are highly11 efficient. Eyesight problems can be corrected by laser surgery12.
1
very fast 2 improvements or developments 3 a period of 10 years 4 very wide 5 object or
machine made for a particular purpose 6 clever in a complicated way and able to do complicated
tasks 7 a small device put inside someone’s ear to help them hear better 8 a small device put
inside someone’s chest to help their heart beat correctly 9 not natural, a copy made by humans
10
the joint which connects the leg to the upper part of the body 11 very (more formal)
12
medical operations using powerful narrow beams of light
C
The future
A recent TV documentary predicted the following developments in medical technology.
• Scanners which can identify health problems at an early stage1 will become more
and more sophisticated.
• Diagnosing2 illnesses from a distance. Patients will sit at their home computers,
describe their symptoms and send information automatically to their doctor (for
example, their blood pressure3 or body temperature) using instruments such as
thermometers connected to their computer.
• Computers and huge databases will provide doctors with more and more
information and the tools4 to treat diseases.
• Keyhole surgery5 will become more common. It will not be necessary to cut open a
person’s body to operate on them.
1
during the first period of development 2 name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by
examining it 3 measure of the strength at which the blood flows through the body 4 something that
helps you do something 5 medical operations in which a very small hole is made in a person’s body
to reach the organ or tissue inside
64
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
28.1 Look at A opposite and answer the questions about medical technology.
1 What did Arab scientists probably invent? ...~\.?P
2
3
4
5
28.2
............................................... (two answers, one
more forma!)
What began to be used in 1896 to enable doctors to take photographs of the inside of
people's bodies? ............................................... .
How <lid the ancient Egyptians help disabled people to walk? ............................................... .
What alternative to glasses became popular in the 1960s and 1970s? ................................................
How could disabled people move around as early as 1500 to 1600? ............................................... .
Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.
Medical scanners are made .. .mąrnf
~ . ~Ji:\rn
. cl .. at this factory.
2 Glasses were invented to correct problems ................................ with eyesight ................................ .
3 Technology for medicine ................................................................ has made very fast progress
................................................................ in the last ten years ................................ .
4 There is a now a large number of things ................................................................ of ................................ that
make life better for people with medical problems.
5 Copies of natural ................................ hips are very ................................ efficient.
28.3
Using words from the opposite page, say what each object is for.
o de~k
for people 11.ll+h
heorlti dlHkul+les
4
/
2
3
5
6
28.4 Complete the missing words. You are given the first letter(s). A preposition is missing in
sentence 3. Add it.
·
·
diseases at an early s................................ in the future using
Doctors will be able to i4~r+.lf8
sophisticated sc................................ .
2 Doctors will be able to d................................ a patient's illness from a distance. Patients will send
information a................................ to their doctor.
3 K ............................... s................................ means doctors no longer need to open a patient's body when
they operate them.
4 Information on large computer d................................ will help doctors t. ............................... diseases and
give them new t... ............................. to cure illnesses.
28.5
Ove,r ło
':jotc
Have you used or experienced any of the examp les of medical technology mentioned in th is unit?
How? When? Write true sentences.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
65
29
A
Health and lifestyle
Diet
Some types of food are considered to be good for our health. Others can cause long-term1
health problems if they are consumed2 in large quantities. Here are some examples.
healthy ...
not so healthy ...
oily fish (e.g. salmon)
sugary foods (e.g. fizzy3 drinks)
fruit and nuts4
food with a high fat or high salt content5
6
wholemeal bread
processed7 food
1
lasting a long time into the future 2 eaten (fml) 3 with a lot of bubbles 4 dry fruits of some
trees with a hard shell 5 amount that is in the food 6 containing all the grain, with nothing
taken out 7 treated with chemicals to preserve the food or to add taste or colour
A website recently listed a range of superfoods – foods that may prevent diseases and
improve mental1 as well as physical2 health. The list included:
• Blueberries: may improve short-term3 memory and slow4
the ageing process5.
• Apples: a good source6 of vitamin C; they can also lower7
cholesterol.
• Spinach: high in vitamin A; it can boost8 the immune
system.
• Vegetable juice (especially tomato): can reduce the risk9 of
heart disease.
1
of the mind 2 of the body 3 lasting a short time 4 make it happen more slowly 5 the changes
to our body and mind by which we grow old 6 the place it comes from 7 reduce/take the level
8
down
improve or increase 9 make less likely that it will happen
B
Lifestyle
Read the magazine extracts about lifestyle issues. Note the use of the adjective and noun
forms of the same word.
There has been a sharp rise1 in the number
of children who are obese2. Child obesity is
now a major3 problem. Children often take
too little exercise.
Keeping fit need not be difficult. You can
maintain5 a good level of fitness with a
simple routine of daily exercise. Start
exercising now!
People often do not realise how stressful
their jobs are. Stress can cause high blood
pressure, increased risk of heart attacks and
depression4.
Bad habits can cause serious harm6 to the
body. Alcohol and tobacco are particularly
harmful if consumed in large quantities over a
long period.
1
an increase that is sudden and quick 2 extremely fat 3 very big and serious
when someone is extremely unhappy and anxious for a long period 5 keep (fml)
4
a mental illness
6
injury or damage
Language help
The nouns food and fruit can be both uncountable and countable. When we refer to food and fruit in
general we use the uncountable form (e.g. That restaurant serves good food / I love fruit). The plural
forms, foods/fruits, are used to refer to individual types or examples of food (e.g. fatty foods, citrus
fruits). We always use fish in the singular.
66
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
29.1
Rewrite the words in bold using words from A opposite.
..q!-lrdi:J
.~? ............... , it may be dangerous.
1 If people eat these foods in big amounts .JPr~
2 Certain foods are thought ................................ by scientists to have a positive effect on
................................................ our bodies.
Foods with a lot of fat in them ................................................ may cause health problems.
4 Some foods may cause ................................ health problems that last long into the future.
3
29.2
Match the adjectives and nouns to make five collocations to fill the gaps in the
sentences below.
processed
1 ................................................
WhblemeQ\ PreQd
· usua 11y cons1·dered to be h ea lt h y because it· contams
· t h e comp lete gram,
·
is
with nothing taken out.
2 ................................................ may taste good when you're very thirsty, but they often have a high
sugar content.
3 Types of ................................................ include salmon.
4 ................................................ often contain artificial colours to make them look more attractive.
5 Some foods can be good for our ................................................ as well as our bodies.
29.3
Verb-noun collocations. Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on
the right.
1 Certain foods can slow
[{j]
2 Same foods can boost
D
D
D
3 Same foods can lower
4 Other foods can reduce
29.4
cholesterol.
the risk of heart disease.
the immune system.
the ageing process.
Can you remember which positive effect each of these foods may have? Choose your
answers from 29.3 (a-d).
1 spinach
29.5
a
b
c
d
UJ
2 vegetable juice
D
3 apples
D
4 blueberries
D
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one.
Blueberries can improve short-tffiw. memory. łerm
2 Many fruits are a good sauce of vitamin C and provide mayor health benefits.
3
Oily fishes should form part of a healthy diet.
4 Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you're hungry, fruits or nuts?
5 A: There's a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese foods.
6 There has been a sharp raise in the number of people suffering from depresion.
29.6
Complete the two versions of each sentence. Use related word forms, as in the example.
1 Tobacco and alcohol can cause a lot of .. b!lr.m. ................... I can be .. b!lr.m.f!!I... ........... to our health.
2 Children who are ................................ I who suffer from ................................ need to exercise more.
3
Her job is very ................................ I causes her a lot of ................................ and is very tiring.
4 How can we keep ................................ I maintain a good level of ................................? The answer is to
get regular ................................ I to ................................ regularly.
Ove,r ło
tjotc
List the foods that you eat most regularly. How many are (a) healthy (b) not so healthy? Do you
consume any superfoods? Why? Why not?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
67
30
A
B
Travel
Here is some basic vocabulary for different kinds of travel
transport
kinds of vehicle
parts of
vehicle
people working
with it
associated words
road
car, bus, coach,
tram, van, lorry
boot, steering
wheel
driver, motorist,
mechanic,
chauffeur
petrol station,
break down,
breakdown service
rail
high-speed train,
express
sleeping car,
buffet, coach
ticket collector,
conductor
platform, seat
reservation
sea
liner, ferry, yacht
deck, bridge,
gangway
captain,
steward(ess)
port, cabin, cruise
air
aircraft, jumbo
jet, helicopter
cockpit, wings,
aisle /aɪjəl/
ground staff,
cabin crew, air
traffic controller
duty-free shop,
terminal, runway,
security
Journey, trip, travel, voyage
A trip is usually shorter than a journey. We had a long journey by coach from the north to the
south of the country. We usually say business trip (NOT business journey). We took a trip /
went on a trip to the beach last weekend. (Go on a trip suggests an organised short excursion,
whereas take a trip or have a trip could be something you do yourselves in your own car.)
Travel is a general word. It is an uncountable noun and a verb. Travel broadens the mind.
How did you travel round Australia? We hitch-hiked.
Voyage means a long journey usually by sea, though this use is quite formal. It is often used
in other contexts with discovery. Learning English is a voyage of discovery!
C
Collocations and expressions connected with travel
Elena: ‘My flight from New York to Tokyo was severely delayed1 because of bad weather,
then later it was cancelled and I was stuck2 at the airport. The airline put me up3 in a hotel
overnight, and they put me on standby4 for the early morning flight the next day. Luckily, I
managed to get a seat and the flight left on time5 at 10.00 am. When we finally got to Tokyo,
the weather was bad and we had a bumpy landing6. Luckily, I don’t get airsick7 but I had
terrible jetlag8 for days afterwards.’
1
4
delayed for a very long time 2 unable to move from 3 paid for me to stay
promised me a
5
6
seat if one became available
punctually
we landed in a way that was not smooth 7 feel sick
because of the movement of the plane; more formal = suffer from airsickness 8 feeling of tiredness
caused by moving quickly from one time zone to another
Pieter: ‘I’d always wanted to sail across the Mediterranean, though I was worried I might get
seasick. Anyway, I volunteered to work as a crew member on board a yacht and it was an
amazing experience. Everything ran very smoothly, even when the sea was rough1 and I never
suffered from seasickness2.’
1
opp = a calm sea
2
less formal = I never got seasick
Common mistakes
We don’t say ‘a travel’. Travel is an uncountable noun.
After we left the airport, we had a long journey by car. (NOT we had a long travel)
Remember, we say on time, not in time when we mean ‘punctually’.
The train arrived on time and I picked her up at the station. (NOT The train arrived in time)
68
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
30.1
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
The customs officer stopped the car
2 The car broke down
3 The
4 The
5 The
6 The
30.2
air traffic controllers went on strike
buffet was closed
ferry was full
liner was very modern
~
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
f
and they couldn't get a cabin.
and they had nothing to eat.
and they had a wonderful cruise.
and the driver had to open the boot.
and a mechanic carne to help them.
and their flight was cancelled.
Sort the words according to the type of transport. One of the words fits in two places.
Which is it?
jumbo jet port express .steering ·.vheel coach helicopter gangway runway
tram wing chauffeur platform ground staff van cockpit lorry liner deck
30.3
Choose the best word flight, journey, trip, travel or voyage to fit these gaps.
1 I would love to .Jr~Pl
................ round the world in a balloon.
2 The liner Titanic sank on its very first ................................ .
3 How long does the ................................ from New York to Rio take?
4 She says her bobbies are reading, golf and ................................ .
5 When they were in Cairo they took a ................................ to see the Pyramids.
6 Getting from London to the north of Scotland involves a long overnight train ................................ .
30.4
Read these travel blogs and fill the gaps with words from the opposite page.
MiQJ
~
.7
o
Erik's blog (24 June)
The flight from Huascal to Puerto Amlugo was se!'r~
delayed (six hours!). I was
at the airport (and hoped that the airline would
worried l'd get s
p
me u
in a nice hotel ©) but anyway the flight wasn't
c
and we finally took off. The weather was awful, so the flight was
b
and I got a
(very unpleasant!). But the c _ _ __ _
c
were very friendly and helpful, which made me feel better. The
I
was not so bad and soon we were at the t
collecting our
baggage. I slept well last night - I think l've got over the ·
I had after my 12-hour
flight from Europe.
M:gj
I} ~
+1
o
Mona's blog (5 Juty)
I didn't have a reservation for the Eurostar train from Paris to London, but they put me on
on a later train. lt was a good joumey, everything
s
and I got as
ran s
and it arrived
time. In London, I enquired if there was a
s
c
on the train to Scotland so I could travel ovemight. The
altemative was a hotel and the e
m
train at 6.30 am (too early for
me!). When I get to Scotland I want to go to some of the islands. I hope the sea is
c
. I hate r
seas - I always get s
!
30.5
Ove,r ło
':fOtc
Give an swers t hat are true for you, and reasons.
How often do you travel by train? Have you ever been on a high -speed train?
2 Which do you prefer on a piane, a w indow or an aisle seat? Why? Do you usually visit t he duty- free
shop? What do you look for? What do you do before going through security?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
69
31
A
Holidays
Places to stay and types of holiday
campsite: a place where you can pitch a tent or park a caravan
self-catering flat: a flat which you rent; you cook for yourself
guesthouse: accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services
youth hostel: cheap accommodation, mainly for young people, with, perhaps, ten or
more people sleeping in bunk beds in one room
package holiday: a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food
(even occasionally excursions) in advance
cruise: a holiday spent touring (or cruising) on a boat, stopping off to go sightseeing
at different ports
an adventure holiday: a holiday involving unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous
activities – suitable for adventurous people
an overseas holiday: a holiday spent in another country
B
Holiday postcards
1
go somewhere
2
different
far from
other places 3 with
lots of bends, not at all
4
straight
all around
5
very frightening
1
one that will always be
remembered (a memorable
holiday is a strong
collocation) 2 extremely
interesting 3 grand,
making an impact
4
charming 5 hard to get
to 6 unusually good
C
Holiday brochures
These are often written in quite exaggerated language. Here are some typical adjectives with
nouns that they collocate with.
breathtaking views / scenery / pistes (ski slopes) [breathtaking (like stunning) suggests that
something is so magnificent that it takes your breath away]
exclusive access / club / shops [only the most special people can use the facilities]
exhilarating feeling / ride / walk [makes you feel excited and full of energy]
exotic beauty / charm / location [unusual and more exciting than one’s everyday reality]
glamorous surroundings / film star / hotel [especially exciting and attractive]
luxurious cruise ship / accommodation / lifestyle [provides great comfort]
picturesque streets / villages / cottage [very pretty; attractive to look at – as pretty as a picture]
unspoilt charm / village / woodland [still in a beautiful and natural state]
unique opportunity / charm / facilities [so special it does not exist anywhere else]
70
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
31.1
Complete this table. Use a dictionary to help you, if necessary.
adjective
\ noun
\ verb
fascinating
delightful
exhilarating
glam o ro us
luxurious
31 .2 Fili in the gaps in this postcard with appropriate adjectives from the opposite page.
f-li,
1
Am ho.vin:J o. wonder-ful ho\ido.".l her-e. The ł.own
her-e is ver-".l old o.nd quił.e
tAsdnAfin9 .
The :iuide6ook_
so.".ls il is r-emo.r-k_o.6\e for- i ł. s 2cho.r-rn o.nd il is ..-t:iht. ! l t. is su..-..-ounded 6".l rno.:ifceł
wiounł.s
o.nd ".lesłr-do
l went for- o.n 3
cliwi6. Even ł.hou:i
ił. isn't. ł.o
expensive, ł.he
4
hole\ is quił.e
o.nd the view fr-owi """.l 60.\con".l is 5_ _ __ _
\Jish ".lou
Love, -P
31.3
wer-e
her-e !
Complete these sentences with a word from the opposite page.
1 At the youth hostel Anya insisted on sleeping in the top .. k~1:
2 As soon as we got to the campsite we ................................ our tent.
3
.................... .
Visitors to our hotel have ................................ access to our own private beach.
4 When I was a child, we spent all our holidays with my grandparents and I bad my first
„„„„„„„„„„„„ ..„„„
trip when I was 17.
5 I'd love to hire a boat and spend a month „„„„„„„„„ „ „„„„„„ round the Mediterranean, wouldn't you?
6 I wouldn't recommend that hotel. lt's extremely .... „ .........„„ ............. ; it's seven miles to the
nearest beach and ten miles to the town.
7 Our trip to South Africa was undoubtedly the most „„„„„„ „ .„„.„ .......... holiday l've ever bad.
8 A narrow „„„„ „„„ „„„„„ „ „„„ road led up the mountain to the cottage we'd rented.
31.4 Which of the adjectives from C could describe each of these?
a club which only a select group of members can go to „.~J:U
. d!\P.iV~
„ f . 1~ „
2 a hotel with very expensive facilities and very attentive staff „ ...„. „„.„„.„ .„ .„„„„
3
a village with very pretty buildings and lots of flowers .. „„.„ „ .„ ... „ ......„ ...„
4 a view from the top of a mountain over a magnificent landscape ....„. „ ...... „„ ...... „ .„ ..
5 the opportunity to go on a once-in-a-lifetime holiday .........................
„ ... „
6 a walk along a windswept beach ............
„ .... . ........ „ .. .
31.5
Ovt..r ło
11ou
Answer these questions. Write sentences.
Which of the holiday places and types of holiday in A have you or your friends exper ienced?
2 Which would you prefer and why - a holiday in the centre of a historie city or one in a remote
village with spectacu lar surrounding countryside?
3 What's the most 111e111orable holiday you've ever had?
4 Which wou ld you say is the most impressive city you've visited?
5 What would you say is the most fascinat ing place you've been to?
6 Have you ever had a holiday experience you'd describe as terrifyin g?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
71
32
A
Science and technology
New sciences
You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics,
botany and zoology. But what about these more recently established fields?
field
definition / applications
genetic engineering
Works with genetic material (DNA) of living things to alter1
features2. GM foods (genetically modified foods) are grown in
some parts of the world.
ergonomics
Studies the design of physical working spaces and how people
interact3 with them.
molecular biology
The study of the structure4 and function5 of the molecules6
associated7 with living things.
voice technology
Technology which enables8 machines to interpret9 speech, e.g.
voice-to-text software.
stem cell research
The study of the use of human cells10 to treat diseases and injury
and to repair the body.
cloning
The creation11 of exact copies of plants or animals with the
same genes as the original plants or animals.
hydroponics
The science of growing plants without using soil12.
1
change, usually slightly 2 typical qualities or important parts 3 communicate with or react to
the way that parts of a system are organised 5 purpose 6 the basic chemical units / groups of
atoms 7 connected in our mind 8 makes possible 9 decide the intended meaning of 10 smallest
basic part of a plant or animal 11 making something new that did not exist before 12 the top layer
of the earth’s surface, in which plants grow
4
B
Everyday technology
smartphone
tablet
C
3D TV
satnav/GPS [satellite
high-definition
navigation
/ Global
(HD) camcorder
Positioning System]
digital photo
frame
Verbs used in science and technology
Note the collocations in bold.
He experimented with different materials before utilising1 the most suitable one.
The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing.
When she pulled the large lever2, the wheel began to rotate3.
The zoologist dissected4 the animal and extracted5 its organs.
When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other.
After analysing the problem, she concluded that there was a flaw6 in the theory.
Insert7 the disk into the DVD drive to install8 the software.
1
use (fml technical/scientific) 2 bar or handle that moves in order to control something (e.g. a
machine) 3 turn (fml technical/scientific) 4 cut open (usually a dead body or plant) to study its
parts 5 took out (fml technical/scientific) 6 fault, mistake or weakness 7 put in (fml technical/
scientific) 8 make it ready to use
72
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
32.1
Fill the gaps with words from A. Then say what branch of science each person is
probably talking about.
1 We grow the plants in liquids, without using SP.U„.„„„.„ ...... „........ Science: ..Mrnp.Pr.1.lJ,?........
2 The software i................................ your speech and e................................ you to tum it into text.
3
4
5
6
7
8
Science: ............................................... .
We're interested in workplaces and how people i................................ with their working
environment. Science: ............................................... .
People are often worried. They feel that the c................................ of an exact copy of an anima! is
not morally right. Science: ............................................... .
We study how human c................................ can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them
when they are injured. Science: ............................................... .
My work is concerned with the s................................ and f... ............................. of the organie molecules
a ................................ with living organisms. Science: ............................................... .
Many people refuse to eat g................................ m. ............................... foods. They consider GM foods
to be unnatural. Science: ............................................... .
By manipulating DNA, we can a................................ hereditary f... ............................. .
Science: ................................................
32.2 What item do you think each person needs from B?
'I keep losing my way and I'm not good at reading maps.' Needs: .. ~ ..?.~tnL
............
2 'My phone is so old I can't take any videos with it.' Needs: ............................... .
3 'I'd love to be able to look at my photos any time I want to.' Needs: ................................
4 'My old camcorder doesn't produce really sharp movies.' Needs: ................................
5 'lt was a fantastic film. I didn't mind wearing the special glasses. It was so realistic.
I'd love to be able to do that at home.' Needs: ............................... .
6 'I want something like a laptop with a touch screen that I can watch films
on or read e-books.' Needs: ............................... .
32.3
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 These chemicals
2 If you pull
3
4
5
6
7
8
The zoologist extracted
When you press
They experimented
I believe there is a flaw
They had to dissect
A red light started
[Il
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
that button, it turns the printer on.
to flash after a few seconds.
react with each other.
in the theory.
that lever, it starts the machine.
f the anima! to see why it died.
g the organs from the animal.
h with different liquids.
32.4 Use technical/scientific words from C instead of the words in bold.
1 The wheel began to .fił
..r.<:>.h.k ................ very quickly.
2 Put in ................................ the disk to get the software ready to work ................................................................ .
3 We can put these chemicals together ................................................................ .
4 You should use ................................ the strongest materił.
5 We looked into ................................ the problem and decided ................................ that it was a
computer virus.
English Vocabufary in Use Upper-intermediate
73
33
A
Computers
Hardware [computer equipment or machinery]
personal computer / PC / desktop computer: a computer that fits on a desk, used by
individuals at work or at home
laptop (computer): a lightweight portable computer that usually fits in a briefcase
tablet: a portable personal computer operated by a touch screen
hard disk: a device [piece of equipment] inside a computer that stores large amounts of
information
disk drive: a device that allows information to be read from a disk or stored
scanner: device for transferring pictures and texts into a computer
memory stick: a small device that lets you carry computer data anywhere conveniently; you
can then plug the stick into any machine.
RAM (random access memory / memory): the memory available on a computer to store and
use information temporarily; can be measured in gigabytes
(micro)chip: a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains
extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations
network: when a number of computers, for example, in one office, are connected together
(or networked) so that they can share information
B
Software [computer programs that you install]
An application is a piece of software designed for a specific purpose. This is often shortened
to app. You can get mobile phone apps for all sorts of things these days.
word-processing: writing and storing printed text on a computer
spreadsheet (program): a program, or the grid you create with it, to perform mathematical
operations
database: a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it
can be easily looked at or changed
(computer) graphics: pictures, images, and symbols that you can form on a computer
virus: hidden instructions in a program designed to destroy information
display: what you see on the screen of an electronic device
A computer shows a range of icons on its display. You put the cursor on the one you want to
use and click on it to open it.
C
Some computing verbs
You probably store a lot of important information on your
computer. So, it’s sensible to back up all your files on a regular
basis. Then it’ll be less of a problem if you delete something
accidentally or if your computer crashes.
A particularly useful feature of most applications is the one that
allows you to undo what you have just done – just click on
Undo and it’s quick and easy to correct anything that you have
keyed in by mistake.
After a few years you may want to upgrade your computer as
they are always developing machines which are faster and more
powerful. If you don’t do this you may not be able to run all the
software you need. You can usually just download upgrades to
your computer’s operating system or to your applications from
company websites.
74
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
33.1
Match the words in the box to the pictures below.
laptop
cursor
desktop computer
spreadsheet
tablet
icon
memory stick
-S€ftftfl@F-
microchip
4
6
8
7
5
9
33.2 Fili in the blanks with appropriate words from the opposite page.
.............. when you want to send a handwritten document to
It's so easy to use a ..~(.-_NHr
someone by email. lt's just like using a photocopier.
2 l've lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a ................................ .
on aeroplanes and work on
3 I'm always impressed by people who carry their
them during the flight.
4 l've got such a lot of photos, music and videos stored on my computer that my
is almost full.
the people just look
5 That computer game you gave me has got amazing
so realistic!
6 One of my most important tasks at work is to keep the ...
up to <late so that
customers' contact details are always accurate.
7 If you put the .......
in the middle of a paragraph of text and double click, you
select the whole paragraph.
8 I downloaded a fantastic .......
the other day - it tells me where the nearest
cash machine is to wherever I am in the world.
9
programs make it very easy to write text and to format it.
1O It's miraculous how much data can be stored on that tiny little computer ....
inside your mobile phone.
„ „ . „ „ . „ . „ .. . „ . „ „ . „ ....
. „ ......... . . „ .. . .... ... „ ....
„ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ . . „ „ . „ . „ . -
„ .... .. „ ... „ . „ ... „ .... ..
„ ..... „ ... „ .. . „ „ . „ .
„ „ „ . „ „ „ „ ....... „.
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ .. „ •.
„ ....•.... .. „ . . .. . . . ...••.
33.3
Answer the questions using a verb from C opposite.
1 What do you do when you want to add new information to, for example, a database?
Yo11 k~ I+ lti.
2 If you don't want to lose computer data, what must you do?
3 If you notice you've repeated a paragraph in an essay, what can you do?
4 You want to open your spreadsheet program, so what should you do?
5 If your computer is old and working very slowly, what might you consider doing?
6 If you accidentally delete some text you've just been working on, what can you do?
7 What can you do to immediately get hold of music or a film from an internet store?
8 If you buy new software when you have an old operating system, what may you find?
33.4
Ov~r
ło
'10'-'
Answer t hese questio ns.
Do you use a desktop, a laptop or a tablet?
4 How often do you back up your data?
2 How much RAM do you have?
5 Has your computer ever crashed?
3 Which applications do you use most frequently?
6 Have you ever accidentally deleted anything?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
75
34
A
Communications and the Internet
The Internet
The Internet / the net is a network connecting
millions of computer users worldwide. The World
Wide Web / the Web is a huge portion of the Internet
containing linked documents, called pages.
If you have a broadband connection then your
access to the Internet should be fast. Many cafés and
other public places now offer people a wi-fi /waɪfaɪ/
connection to the Internet – this means that you can
access the Internet through a wireless network, i.e.
without needing a cable of any kind.
When you browse, you look for information on the Internet. The software that helps you do
this can be called a browser (e.g. Internet Explorer® or Firefox®). You use a search engine to
help you locate what you want. Google® is one of the best known search engines and people
now talk about googling someone or something. You can easily spend a lot of time surfing
the net / the Web. [navigating around the Internet, sometimes aimlessly]
A website is a document on the Web giving information about a particular subject, person
or institution. The introductory page is called the home page. From this there are links to
other pages. Good websites are easy to navigate or find your way around. One option on
many websites is an FAQ page. This stands for ‘frequently asked questions’, a list of common
questions and helpful answers. You can bookmark websites that you log on1 to frequently.
If a website gets a lot of hits, that means that it has been visited by a lot of people.
Sometimes you need to subscribe to a site, which means you become a member of it.
This may involve having a special username and choosing a password. You will only
be able to log in2 to the site if you enter this information correctly.
1
B
opp = log off
2
opp = log out
Online communication
Home
Links
News
Help
You can communicate with others by email. With an email you can include an attachment. You
can attach a photo, for example. You can also send someone an e-card. A server is a powerful
central computer from which other computers get information. If your (ISP) internet service
provider’s server is down [not functioning], you may not be able to send emails.
You can use your computer to Skype friends and family – the software allows you to make
phone calls using your computer and the Internet, and you can see which people on your
contact list are online at the same time. If you each have a webcam, you can see each other
as you talk.
Many modern online programs can be called interactive, i.e. they allow users to become
involved in the exchange of information. For example, social networking sites like Facebook
are a popular way for people to keep in touch with their friends.
A wiki is a website which allows users to add, delete and edit its contents. Wikipedia is perhaps
the world’s largest wiki. Blogs are also interactive as they are a kind of online diary that readers
can add comments to. Many people are involved in online gaming, playing with people who
they have never met. Often these games make use of virtual reality. [a set of images and sounds
produced by a computer, which represent a place or a situation that the gamer can take part in]
76
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
34.1
Which word from the box matches each definition?
attachment
bookmark
password
search engine
browser
server
-tontact list
navigate
internet service provider
email addresses, phone numbers, etc. for the people you know ..f r? T.lf~d
..\!$.L ....
2 something that you send with an email ................................
3 an individual combination of letters and digits that you use to log in to a
website ................................
4 a way of accessing a favourite website quickly ............................... .
5 software that allows you to surf the web ............................... .
6 a company that enables you to use the web ................................
7 software that helps you to locate the websites that you need ............................... .
8 a large computer that holds information that can be accessed by smaller
computers ............................... .
9 to find your way around a website or between websites ............................... .
34.2
Choose a word from the opposite page to complete each sentence.
1 WWW stands for World Wide .. ~!? ....................... .
2 I read that journalist's ................................ every day - he's always got something interesting to
say and often readers add some very interesting comments.
3 I couldn't ................................ the Internet last night. The server must have been ................................ .
4 It's wonderful being able to ................................ my cousins who live in Australia - I love seeing
them as well as talking to them.
5 l've decided to ................................ to my favourite newspaper's website. It doesn't cost much and
it has lots of interesting stuff there.
6 I like this website because it has lots of very useful ................................ to all sorts of other sites
that interest me.
7 My brother loves online gaming, particularly ................................ reality games.
8 An ................................ website is one which allows users to add comments to it or edit its
content in some way.
34.3
Are these statements true or false? If they are not true, correct them.
Google® is the name of a browser. hlse - q oo5le Is +he name C>t a searc.h en5lne.
2 FAQ stands for Fast Answers to Questions.
3
If a cafe says that it has wi-fi access, you can get online with your laptop there.
4 A wiki is a kind of computer device.
5 When you want to use some websites you may be asked to enter a password.
6 If you send someone an e-card they will receive it in the post.
7 When you want to stop using the net, you log on.
8 A website's home page is the one where you will find key information about the site
and links to its other pages.
34.4
Ove,r
ło
~ou
An swer t hese qu esti ons about yourse lf.
What do you mainly use the Internet for?
4 How often do you use socia l networking sites?
2 What is your search engine of choice?
5 Do you write a blog or read anyone else's blog?
3 Which websites have you bookmarked?
6 Do you enjoy online gaming?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
77
35
A
The press and the media
Radio and television
Read these extracts from TV listings.
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
5.30 pm
6.00 pm
6.30 pm
7.00
Diana: talk show1 with Diana
Cosby; today’s guest, Rona Fredale
2
8.00
Cartoons : crazy fun for kids of
all ages
3
9.00
Golden Chance: game show with
Bob Langley
News and weather forecast
10.00
Didbury Street: the nation’s
favourite soap4
pm
pm
pm
pm
10.30 pm
Documentary: Are we killing our kids?
Investigating5 the junk food industry
The Happy Couple: sitcom6 about a pair
of newly-weds
Roundup: sports programme with all the
day’s top action – tonight: rugby final
The Day in Politics: current affairs7
programme. Presenter8: James Hill
Wikdal: detective drama set in Norway.
Episode9 3: A second body is found
1
usually has a host and famous people who answer questions about themselves 2 film where the
characters are drawn rather than real 3 show where people compete to win prizes 4 short for soap
opera – a series of TV/radio programmes about the lives of a particular group of characters, continuing
over a long period and broadcast (several times) every week 5 trying to find out the facts/truth
about something 6 funny TV/radio show where the same characters appear in a different story each
7
week
news about political events happening now 8 person who introduces the show
9
one of the parts into which a story is divided
B
Other expressions connected with TV and radio
The (mass) media refers to TV, radio, newspapers and the Internet, i.e. means of
communication which reach very large numbers of people.
Subtitles enable people to read what the characters are saying (maybe in translation).
If a film is dubbed, you hear the speech in your own language.
To receive a lot of TV channels, you may need a satellite dish on the roof or wall of your house.
Many channels depend on (TV) commercials
Language help
to make money. You may be able to stream
The noun means (a way of doing something),
radio and TV broadcasts from the Internet.
always ends in s, even in the singular. The Internet
A lot of radio and TV stations offer free
is an important means of communication.
podcasts which you can download.
C
Newspapers
A popular or tabloid newspaper usually focuses on1 sensation2 rather than real news,
whereas a quality newspaper is usually more interested in serious news. A tabloid often has
stories about celebrities, sport, scandals3 and crime, while a quality paper focuses more on
serious journalism4 with in-depth5 articles. To read newspapers on the Internet, you may have
to subscribe / pay a subscription6.
1
emphasises / pays attention to 2 very exciting or interesting events 3 events which shock people in a moral
way 4 the work of collecting, writing and publishing or broadcasting news and articles 5 done carefully
and in great detail, explaining the reasons for events 6 pay a sum of money regularly (e.g. once a year)
D
Verbs connected with the media
The BBC World Service broadcasts throughout the world. [transmits TV/radio programmes]
They’re televising the opening of Parliament tomorrow. (or, less formal: showing)
The film was shot / made on location in Australia. [filmed in a real place, not in a studio]
The series is set in London in the 1980s. [place/time where the drama happens]
Within minutes of the event, people were tweeting about it. [posting very short messages on
the Internet]
Common mistake
Remember that the noun news is uncountable and takes a singular verb. I have some news for you.
(NOT I have a news.) The news is on TV at 7 pm. (NOT The news are on TV.)
78
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
What sort of TV programmes from A opposite are these people talking about?
35.1
1 'lt investigated how the banks had wasted billions of euros in bad loans.'
dC>lUmen+ar~
2 'Walt Disney made a lot of them. Mickey Mouse was probably his most famous.'
3 'The Minister of Education was on it, discussing the new schools policy.'
4 'lt's so funny, especially when the old uncle appears. We can't stop laughing.'
5 'My mum watches it every day. She knows all the characters as if they were real.'
6 'We wanted to find out if it was going to rain tomorrow.'
7 'They always solve the murder in the end, but it's very exciting.'
8 'He interviewed that young star who just won an Oscar, oh, what's her name? '
9 'The prize is f500,000 this week. That's a lot of money!'
10 'They showed a repeat of the Manchester United versus Valencia match.'
Fill the gaps with words from B opposite.
35.2
............ or to have
the film d................................ ?
I downloaded a great p ................................ about bees. I listened to it on my MP3 player in
bed last night.
I hate it when c................................ interrupt a good film . I usually go and make a cup of tea
while they're on.
We've got a new s................................ d................................ on our roof. We can r................................
hundreds of channels now.
l'd like a job in them. ............................... , perhaps in TV or radio.
A lot of people use social networking sites as their main m. ............................... of communication
with their friends.
lt's often possible to download b................................ from the Internet or to watch them again, so
you don't need to watch them on the day they were transmitted.
With a fast broadband connection, you can s................................ TV shows directly from the Internet.
1 Which do you prefer if a film is in a foreign language, to read ..?.\!PJH~
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sort these words into two categories: 'tabloid' and 'quality' newspaper.
35.3
.ęelbrity
R@ws
complex political debate
scandals
in-depth reviews of books
competitions and prizes
sensational crimes
long articles
huge headlines
t abloid
35.4
\ quality
Rewrite the words in bold using verbs from the opposite page.
...... the food industry and emphasised ................................
school meals.
The programme was filmed ................................ I ................................ in Northern Finland. (two
answers)
CNN sends ................................ news programmes around the world.
They're showing ................................ the cup final next week. (give a mare forma! verb)
The drama takes place ................................ in Paris in the 1880s.
Do you ever send those short messages over the Internet ................................ about news events?
1 The documentary looked into .!tw~:łi+d
2
3
4
5
6
35.5
Ove,r ło
11ou
Which types of med ia do you use most? Give your reasons. lf possib le, com pare your answers with
someone else's.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
79
36
A
Politics and public institutions
Types of government
republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually, a president (e.g. USA, France)
monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen (e.g. UK, Sweden)
federation: a union of political units (e.g. provinces) under a central government (e.g. USA)
democracy: government of, by and for the people
dictatorship: system of government run by a dictator
independence: freedom from outside control; self-governing
B
Presidential and parliamentary government (US and UK)
United States Presidential government: The powers of the
President and the legislature (Congress) are separate. These
branches of government are elected1 separately. The President is
elected for a four-year term and can appoint2 or nominate high
officials in government, including cabinet members (who advise)
and federal judges. The President leads a major party, usually, but
not always, the majority party3 in Congress. Congress consists of
two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate.
United Kingdom Parliamentary government: The government
consists of a legislature4 (Parliament) and a Cabinet of Ministers5
from the majority party/parties in Parliament. The Prime Minister is
the head of the government and the leader of the majority party in
the House of Commons. The Prime Minister selects high officials
and heads6 the Cabinet. Parliament consists of two chambers, the
House of Commons and the House of Lords. MPs are members
of parliament elected from each constituency7 to the House
of Commons.
1
chosen by vote 2 decide who to give positions of authority to 3 political party which won the
most votes 4 group of people who make new laws 5 group of most important ministers 6 is the
7
leader of
geographical voting area
C
Parliamentary elections
During a general election each constituency has to choose which politician it wants as its
representative. Usually there are several candidates to choose from. These candidates are all
standing (or running) for Parliament. They present the policies, i.e. their party’s plans. On
polling day every adult goes to the polling station and casts a vote by marking a cross on
their ballot paper. The candidate who gets the majority of votes wins the seat. If the vote is
very close, the constituency may be referred to as a marginal seat.
Language help
Here are some word families relating to words on this page.
80
verb
person noun
abstract noun
rule
ruler
rule
govern
governor
government
preside (often followed by over)
president
presidency
represent
representative
representation
elect
elector; electorate (group of people)
election
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
36.1
Circle the correct word from the choices offered.
or her constituency.
1 A member of parliament governs I rules /~his
2 India gained republic I independence I democracy from the UK in 1948.
3 On electing I voting I polling day electors cast their votes.
4 She's running I sitting I walking for Parliament in the next election.
5 His father was voted I stood I elected MP for Cambridge City.
6 What is your country's economic politics I policy I politician?
7 The USA is a legislature I federation I congress of 50 states.
8 Although modern monarchs are said to rule I govern I preside over their countries they
have little real power.
36.2
Look at this text about politics in the UK. Fill in the missing words.
Parliament in the UK consists of two 1 .. ~h.Pmrn
.. „.„ .... : the House of Commons and the House
of Lords. The country is divided into 2 ................................ , each of which elects a(n) 3 ............................... .
to represent it in the House of Commons. The ruling party in the Commons is the one which
gains a 4 ................................ of seats. The main figure in that party is called the 5 ................................ • The
Commons is elected for a maximum period of five years although the Prime Minister may
call a general 6................................ at any time within that period.
36.3
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 The President appointed his uncle
2 The Prime Minister presides
3 In last year's election I voted
4 Lee says he would never want to stand
5 Put a cross beside the name you want
6 I haven't decided yet how to cast
7 I'm not keen on the candidate who won
8 We had five candidates to choose
36.4
~
o
o
o
o
o
o
over a Cabinet of Ministers.
on the ballot paper.
as a judge.
from in our constituency.
the seat in our constituency.
f for the Green Party candidate.
g for political office.
h my vote.
a
b
c
d
e
Find a word from the Language help section to match each definition.
the person with the highest political position in a republic +he Preslderi+
2 someone who speaks or does something officially, on behalf of a group of people
3 the leader of a country, e.g. a monarch or dictator
4 the period of office of the person with the highest political position in a republic
5 system used for controlling a country
6 the group of people who are entitled to vote
7 to act officially for a group of people
36.5
Ove,r ło
t:fotc
Write a parag ra ph about th e political system in your country. Make sure your para gra ph dea ls
with all the foll owing aspects of the topie appro priate to your cou ntry:
kind of government, e.g. a republ ic or a monarchy
office governme nt lea der
chambers or houses
elections
terms of
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
81
37
A
Crime
Crimes and criminals
crime
definition
criminal
verb
murder
killing someone
murderer
murder
shoplifting
stealing something from a shop
shoplifter
shoplift
burglary
stealing something from someone’s home
burglar
burgle
smuggling
taking something illegally into another country
smuggler
smuggle
kidnapping
taking a person hostage in exchange for money
or other favours, etc.
kidnapper
kidnap
terrorism
violent action for political purposes
terrorist
(terrorise)
All the verbs in the table above are regular. Note that the verb terrorise is mainly used in a
general way, meaning to make others very frightened, rather than just relating to the crime.
Language help
I’ve been robbed. Someone’s stolen my bike!
Note the difference between the verbs steal and rob. The object of the verb steal is the thing which is
taken away, e.g. They stole my wallet, whereas the object of the verb rob is the person or place from which
things are stolen, e.g. I was robbed last night. A masked man robbed the bank. The crime is robbery.
Steal is irregular: steal, stole, stolen. The crime is theft – there is no equivalent noun formed from
steal. Rob (and steal to a lesser extent) are often used in contexts not related to the law, e.g. Two
last-minute goals robbed our team of victory.
B
Verbs connected with crime
Note that some of these verbs are followed by specific prepositions.
Bill committed a crime when he robbed a bank. Someone witnessed the crime and told the
police. The police arrested him and charged him with bank robbery. They also accused his
twin brother, Ben, of being his accomplice1.
The case came to court2 and they were tried3. The trial did not last very long. Bill and
Ben both pleaded not guilty4 in court. Their lawyer did her best to defend them but the
prosecuting lawyer produced a very strong case against them. After brief deliberations5,
the jury passed verdict on them. They decided that Bill was guilty and he was convicted of 6
robbery but Ben was innocent7. The judge acquitted Ben of any involvement in the robbery
but sentenced Bill to three years in prison/jail. He also had to pay a large fine. Bill served two
years in prison but was released from prison a year early. He got time off for good behaviour.
1
someone who helps someone commit a crime 2 place where a judge makes legal decisions
put through a legal process to decide whether they did the crime or not 4 said they did not commit
the crime 5 discussions 6 decide officially in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime
7
did not commit a crime
3
C
Nouns connected with crime
offence: an illegal act; it is committed by an offender trial: the legal process in court
whereby an accused person is investigated, or tried case: a crime that is being investigated
i.e. is under investigation evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether
the accused is guilty or not proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something
is a fact or not judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence, i.e. the
punishment
jury: group of citizens (12 in the UK, and, usually, the US) who decide on the
verdict: i.e. whether the accused is guilty or not victim: a person who suffers as the result
of a crime suspect: a person who is suspected of committing an offence
82
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
37 .1
Put the correct form of either rob or steal in the sentences below.
................. the post office. They ................................ f2,000.
1 Last night an armed gang .. r.~kd
2 My handbag ................................ at the theatre yesterday.
3 Every year large numbers of banks ................................ .
4 Jane ................................ of the opportunity to stand for president.
37 .2
Which crime is each person accused of?
1 Zoe stole a chocolate bar from a shop . ..h . ~ . ~ ..1.?... ~ . (@?~4
..~.f?hp\(:H1,
··
2 Harry took a film star's son and said she could only have bim back if she paid a large sum
of money........
„ ........ . ...... „ ... „ . „ „ . „ ...... „ . „ ... „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ .... .
3 Ophelia shot her husband in the heart.
„ „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „. „ „ „ . . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „
4 Pete tried to take a large amount of cigarettes into his country without paying the due tax.
5 Tom broke into someone's house and stole a TV and a computer.
37.3
Fill the gaps in the paragraph below with one of the verbs from B opposite.
One of the two accused men 1 .. ~.? ..(.~Nk±d„
.. at yesterday's trial. Ałthoug
his lawyer
bim very well, he was still found guiłty
by the jury. The judge 3
bim to two years in prison. He'll probably 4 ...
after 18 months. The other accused
man was luckier. He 5 ..................
and left the courtroom smiling broadly.
2
„ ..... „ „ .. „ . . . . ... . . .. „ ....
„ ........ „ ... „ ... „ „ ....... .
„ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ ....... „
„ ........ „ ..
37.4
A preposition is missing in each of these sentences. Add it.
+e
1 The judge sentenced the accused "'ten years in prison.
2 Many prisoners end up getting time for good behaviour.
3 The police have charged the driver of the red sports car speeding.
4 The two girls are suspected taking sweets from the shop without paying.
5 Sam was found guilty today but the judge will decide his sentence tomorrow.
6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty the accused.
37.5
Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.
1
The judge gave the accused six months in prison as punishment. (sentenced)
'fhe ju.d~e
sen+enled +he allil.Sed +e slx men+hs In prisen.
2 The police think Bert is guiłty
but they cannot show this to be true. (proof)
3 In court the accused said he did not commit the crime. (pleaded)
4 The murder case is still being looked into by the police. (investigation)
5 Anyone suffering because of a crime. can join this support group. (victim)
6 The detective thought the jealous lover killed the woman. (suspected)
7 The bank robbers are curentły
being tried at a court in London. (trial)
8 Nathan is hoping to be !et out of prison soon. (released)
37.6
Ovu- ło
11ou
Answer t hese questio ns.
2
3
4
5
6
Which do you think are the two most important crimes in A?
Which, in your opinion, are the two least important crimes in A?
Would you like to serve on a jury? Why (not)?
What do you think should be the punishment for shoplifting?
How effective do you think fines are as punishment?
How effective do you think prison is as punishment?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
83
38
A
Money
Personal finance
These advertisements about personal finance appeared on a student noticeboard.
£
£
Newbank – Your Bank
Need a good current account1 with the
best interest rates2 and a guaranteed
overdraft facility3? Pop into our
campus branch today.
Too many credit cards?
Combine4 all your cards and debts5
into one convenient payment6.
Discuss your credit limit7 with us
today. Call 67742319.
$£C
Short of cash? Need a loan?
Need to raise money for that roundthe-world trip? For a loan with
competitive8 interest rates for students,
ring 081456379.
Too soon to think about a mortgage9?
No. Act now! For mortgages with low
deposits10 and special student plans for
repayments11. Call 056987623.
1
account you use for most everyday business 2 percentage which the bank pays you based on how
much you have in your account 3 permission to have a negative amount of money in your account
4
join together to make one 5 money you owe someone 6 the act of paying something
7
the maximum amount of money you may spend on your card 8 as good or better than other banks
9
a loan used usually to buy a house 10 money you pay before buying something to show you really
11
want to buy it
payments to reduce the amount you owe
B
Bank accounts and services
Read the conversation between Ricky and a bank adviser at Ricky’s local branch.
ADVISER:
RICKY:
ADVISER:
RICKY:
ADVISER:
RICKY:
ADVISER:
RICKY:
So, your salary is paid into your current account and you have a steady income1.
What about outgoings2? Do you foresee any major expenses3?
I have some monthly outgoings, not many, and they’re mostly direct debits4, so
they’re paid automatically. I do need to change my car soon. So I’ll have to finance5
that somehow.
OK. We can have a look at that later. You don’t have a savings account6 with us?
No.
We could open one for you and transfer7 money regularly from your current
account. We can look at that later, too. You’ve never been overdrawn8, which is
very good. Your account is in credit9.
I try not to be in the red10 and I know you charge interest11 on overdrafts.
Good. And you use online banking, do you?
Yes. I only ever come here nowadays to get cash from the cash machine.
1
money coming in regularly, in a way that does not change much 2 money you pay each month, e.g.
rent, cost of running a car, etc. 3 money you spend on things 4 money taken automatically from
your account, e.g. to pay bills, a mortgage, etc.; the bank debits (verb) your account for the necessary
sums of money 5 find the money needed to pay for it 6 account where you put money you do not
immediately need 7 move from one account to another 8 had a negative amount of money in your
9
account
has a positive amount of money in it 10 infml have a negative amount of money in your
11
account
make you pay a percentage of the amount
C
Public finance
The government collects money through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages
and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on money people get from people who have died.
Customs (or excise) duty is paid on goods imported from other countries; airports usually
have duty-free shops. VAT (value added tax) is a tax paid on most goods and services.
Companies pay corporation tax on their profits.
84
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
38.1
Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
2
3
4
5
6
38.2
interest
mortgage
overdraft
savings account
current account
direct debit
0
O
D
O
D
D
a an account for money you don't need immediately
b payment taken automatically from an account
c an account for day-to-day use
d a loan to buy a house or flat
e money that is charged on a loan
f an account with a negative sum of money in it
Use words from A opposite to complete the sentences.
1 Nigel owes his brother 5,000 euros and he borrowed 10,000 euros to buy a car. Nigel has
d~.H?
...... „ . „ .......... „. totalling 15,000 euros.
2 Misha spent 6,000 euros on her credit card; the bank said she'd spent 1,000 euros too
much. Herc................................ l... ............................. was 5,000 euros.
3 Newbank offers interest rates on loans that are similar to the rates other banks offer and
are sometimes better. Newbank's rates are c................................ .
4 Before she bought her new car, Alice paid f500 to the dealer. She paid a d ............................... .
'I
of f500.
5 If a customer needs more money than is in their account, they can get permission to go on
using the account. The bank offers an 0 ................................ f... ............................. .
6 Harry sold his car, got a part-time job and offered to clean people's windows. He was
trying to r................................ money to f... ............................. his trip to Africa.
7 You only need one credit card. You can c................................ all the sums you owe into one
p ................................ .
8 If you want to buy a house, the bank offers loans where you can pay the money back over
30 years. The bank offers m ............................... with r................................ over 30 years.
38.3
What do we call ...
the tax you pay on imported goods? Lu.s+oms I exdse du.~
2 a shop at an airport where you don't pay tax?
3 a tax which is added to most goods and services?
4 a tax on money paid if someone dies?
5 the tax that companies pay on their profits?
6 the tax that the government takes out of your salary?
38.4 Answer the questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1 If you were overdrawn, would you be in a good situation or a bad one?
.ft vad si+u.a+lori ~li.
wou.ld
ha~e
ane9a+i~
amou.ri+ of mori~
lt\ ~ur
varik
QllOU.t\+.
2 Why might a person open a savings account as well as a current account?
3 Joel's account is in the red. Why is his bank manager unhappy?
4 Why might someone transfer money from a savings account to a current
account?
5 Why is online banking easier than visiting your branch?
6 Why are cash machines so convenient? Are there any risks in using them?
7 Zara's account is in credit. Is she probably happy or unhappy?
8 Bob doesn't have a steady income and his outgoings are very high. Do you think he feels
secure or insecure?
9 If your bank debited your account for 500 euros, would you feel you bad more or less
money as a result?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
85
39
A
Describing objects
Some pairs of opposite adjectives
Cotton is a natural material and nylon is artificial.
Red and yellow are vivid colours while grey is a sombre
colour.
a bizarre chair
a conventional
You can see through a transparent material but you can’t
chair
see through an opaque material.
A machine that has no problems at all is perfect while one that doesn’t work properly is
faulty.
Something that is hard and doesn’t move or bend easily is stiff while something that bends
easily is flexible.
A material that can be easily spoilt by, for example,
washing, can be called delicate while something that is
hard to spoil can be called tough.
A material like glass that can be easily broken can be
called fragile while something that does not break easily
a plain frame a decorative frame
can be called strong or sturdy.
I prefer strong coffee to weak coffee – I can’t stand coffee that has too much water or milk in
it. I like to be able to really taste my coffee!
The painting is not a genuine Picasso – it’s a fake.
B
Adjectives and nouns
adjective
noun
example
meaning
decent
decency
I’d like to get a table that’s a decent size
so we can have ten people to a meal.
good
entire
entirety
Between them they ate the entire cake!
whole
characteristic
character,
characteristic
Big windows are characteristic of
houses built in the early 1900s.
typical
precise
precision
We need to take precise measurements
before we decide which fridge to get.
exact
severe
severity
It’s a severe building – all concrete and
straight lines.
very serious
solid
solidity
The table is made of solid oak.
hard all
through
trivial
trivia,
triviality
He doesn’t write serious novels, just
trivial romances.
insignificant
The only verbs that can be formed from adjectives in the above table are characterise, solidify
and trivialise.
C
Phrases typical of speech
Did you see that great big cat run across the grass? [very big]
This photo isn’t half as interesting as that one. [is much less]
Jessie’s car is nowhere near as powerful as mine. [much less]
Tamara makes an unusually strong cup of coffee.
It’s a reasonably good piece of sculpture. [fairly good]
It’s a pretty thick book. [fairly thick]
86
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
39.1
Answer these questions relating to the adjectives in A opposite.
.................. .
1 Which is artificial - silk or lycra? .J8~n
2 Which is more delicate when it comes to washing - silk or cotton? ................................
3 Would you say a watch that looks like a snake has a conventional or a bizarre design? .................... .
4 How could you describe car brakes that are not working properly? ............................... .
5 Which would cost more - a genuine Monet or a fake? ............................... .
6 Which of these materials is more fragile - china or wood? ............................... .
7 Which is more flexible - metal or rubber? ................................
39.2
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
B. .......... .
1 Jana's clothes are never frivolous - they're always rather ..
A delicate
B severe
C prec1se
D bizarre
2 This painting is ................ of the works of Rembrandt.
A characteristic
39.3
D plain
4 Do have the ................ to put on a new shirt, not that one with the hole.
A decency
B severity
C vividness
D characteristic
5 Writing a good job application is not a ................ matter.
A solid
B conventional
C trivia!
D transparent
6 Making beautiful jewellery requires a high degree of ................ .
A entirety
B precision
C character
D triviality
Choose words from the box to complete the dialogue.
NINA:
MARK:
NINA:
MARK:
NINA:
nowhere
half
unusually
pretty
I love this room, Mark. Those 1 .. 3n~L
................ big windows are wonderful, and the
views from them are 2................................ amazing too.
Th ank s. Andl' m sure it
. .isn ' t 3................................ as expens1ve
. h t imagme.
.
.
.
as you mig
I only pay 1,000 euros a month.
Wow! That's 4............................ near as much as I pay. And my flat's very noisy too . lt
seems 5............................ quiet here - you don't seem to hear too much noise from the street.
No, it's not too bad. And l've certainly got 6................................ quiet neighbours. I never
hear a sound from their flat.
Lucky you! I wish I could say the same about mine.
Some words in this unit can be used to talk about abstract ideas as well as objects.
Use your knowledge of these words to answer the questions.
2
3
4
5
39.5
C entire
D solid
reasonably
39.4
B solid
3 l'd like to buy the ................ salami, please, not just a small piece of it.
A precise
B trivia!
C entire
If someone gives you a genuine smile, do they feel friendly or not particularly friendly
towards you? 'fh~
fee\ frie nd \~.
Do you think a transparent argument is one that is easy or difficult to follow?
If a writer describes something vividly, is their writing effective?
If a person behaves in a stiff way, are they more likely to be relaxed or tense?
If the teacher says your work is 'solid', are you likely to be pleased or not?
Ove.r ło
':fOtc
Answe r these questions a bout you rself.
Do you prefer decorative or plain picture frames?
2 What would your perfect car be like?
3 What do you think about artificial flowers?
4 Do you enjoy talking about trivial things?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
87
40
A
Belief and opinion
Verbs connected with beliefs and opinions
You probably already know think and believe; here are some more verbs.
I’m convinced we’ve met before. [very strong feeling that you’re right]
I’ve always held that compulsory education is a waste of time. [used for very firm beliefs; fml;
maintain could be used here]
She maintains that we’re related, but I’m not convinced. [insist on believing, often against the
evidence; fml; hold could not be used here]
I feel she shouldn’t be forced to do the job. [strong personal opinion]
I reckon they’ll get married soon. [usually an opinion about what is likely to happen / to be true; infml]
I doubt /daʊt/ we’ll ever see total world peace. [don’t believe]
I suspect a lot of people never even think about pollution when they’re driving their own car.
[have a strong feeling about something negative; fairly formal]
B
Phrases for expressing opinion
We haven’t made any progress, in my view / in my opinion. (fairly formal)
She’s made a big mistake, to my mind. (fairly informal)
If you ask me, he ought to change his job. (infml)
Note how point of view is used in English:
From a teacher’s point of view, the new examinations are a disaster. [how teachers see things, or
are affected]
Common mistakes
Notice the prepositions in these phrases: In my opinion/view but to my mind and from my point of
view. (NOT in my mind or in my point of view)
C
Prepositions used with belief and opinion words
Do you believe in life after death? What are your views on divorce? What do you think of
the new boss?
Are you for or against long prison sentences? (neutral/infml)
I’m in favour of (opp opposed to; fml) long prison sentences.
I have my doubts about this plan.
D
Beliefs, ideologies, philosophies, convictions
If you would rather organise this word tree differently or can add more examples, do so; it
will probably help you to remember the words better.
beliefs
ideologies
left-/right-wing
socialist
E
conservative
philosophies
intellectual
Darwinist
personal
vegetarian
convictions
religious
Muslim
moral
pacifist
Adjectives for describing beliefs and opinions
These are in sets which have similar, but not exactly the same, meaning:
fanatical / obsessive
eccentric / odd / weird conservative / traditional
middle-of-theroad / moderate
dedicated / committed
firm / strong radical / extreme
Peter is a fanatical supporter of the Green Party. Grandpa has rather eccentric views. Maria
is a moderate liberal. Rosie is a committed Christian. Emma is a firm believer in free speech.
Tom is a radical Marxist.
88
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
40.1
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right and add an
appropriate preposition. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
I have strong views .Jm..........
2 Many people believe ................
D
I was in favour ................
What does she think ................
This is absurd, ................
He's quite wrong, ................
Well, that's just silly, ................
8 I have my doubts ................
9 Is Alex likely to be opposed
D
D
D
D
D
D
[I]
D
3
4
5
6
7
40.2
a
b
c
d
e
my opm10n.
the proposed changes.
marnage.
the plans for the new airport?
life after death.
f how honest he is.
g our point of view.
h the new teacher?
my mind.
Use adjectives from E which fit the phrases describing the beliefs and views of
these people.
........... belief)
1 A person who insists that the earth is flat. (an ..l( . ~-rd1
2 A person who believes absolutely in the power of love to solve world problems.
(a ................................ believer in the power of love)
3 A socialist neither on the left or the right of the party. (a ................................ socialist)
4 A vegetarian who refuses even to be in the same room as people who love meat. (an
................................ vegetarian)
5 Someone who is always suspicious of change. (a rather ................................ view of the world)
6 Someone who is in favour of making everyone wear blue clothes on Tuesdays. (a rather
................................ point of view)
40.3
Rewrite these sentences using a form of the verb in brackets.
. ~(!l
: ? .. l(~f-d!.
. ! ..~ . ~.l?1J, ................ .
1 My mum's sure Nina's expecting a baby. (reckon) .. M8..l'fflrn..r . ~ - b.~n
2 l've always suspected that ghosts don't really exist. (doubt) .............................................................................. .
My view has always been that people should rely on themselves more. (hold ) ................................... .
3
4 Claudia is convinced that the teacher has been unfair to her. (maintain) ................................................. .
5 I had a very strong feeling that I had been in that room before. (convince) ...............„ . .. . .. . .... . ..... „ „ „ „ .
6 In his view, we should have tried again. (feel) ..... „ ... „ .. . . .... . . . .. . .... „ ...... „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. ..... „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ . „ „ „ . . . . . . .
40.4
Ove,r ło
':fOL.c
Are you „. ? Consider how many of these words apply to you, and explain why. Some ideas for
situations are given in the box to help you decide. Write sentences about yourself.
mor~
EXAMPLE l
l l+~ on
don'++hlnk Jm
o+her people.
~mor&,+
vwuse 1 wouldn'+ +r~
a moralist left- wing an intel lectual
a ra di cal th in ker dedi cated
food preferences
politics
a t rad itio nali st
learning English
sport
+o lmpose m~
a philoso ph er
~lews
~vou+
rell9lous or o+her
midd le- of- the-road
life and existence
work
religion
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
89
41
A
Pleasant and unpleasant feelings
Happiness and unhappiness
You feel ...
content(ed) when you are satisfied with what you have. Content is not used before a noun.
You can say ‘She is content/contented’ but only ‘a contented person’.
He’s very content with his life. He’s always been a contented person.
grateful when someone has done something thoughtful for you. Note: You feel thankful if
something bad that could have happened did not happen.
I’m really grateful to you for helping me with my project.
delighted when something has happened that gives you great pleasure, when you hear news
of someone’s good fortune, for instance.
I was delighted to hear you’re getting married!
miserable when everything seems wrong in your life.
I felt miserable all day yesterday – maybe it was just the grey, cold weather.
discontented when your life is not giving you satisfaction.
She’s very discontented with her job and is going to look for a new one.
fed up / sick and tired when you have had enough of something disagreeable.
I’m fed up with Amanda’s rudeness, and sick (and tired) of her bad behaviour.
depressed when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an
illness in some severe cases.
I felt depressed after having ten job interviews and not getting a job.
confused when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas.
I feel so confused – last week she said she loved me passionately, this week she said
we were just good friends.
B
Excitement, upset, anger and anxiety
‘
‘
‘
’
I felt inspired after the concert. I’ve decided to take piano lessons.
[stimulated to do something positive or creative]
The argument I had with Gloria the other night really upset me.
[made me feel unhappy]
’
I was quite enthusiastic about my tennis lessons at first, but the teacher isn’t very good and now
I just feel frustrated.
’
[enthusiastic: had very positive feelings] [frustrated: a feeling of being unable to do something you
really want to do]
‘
She was so thrilled when she got a job with a TV company. She’s always wanted to work in
the media.
’
[feeling when something extremely exciting and pleasing happens]
‘
I was so nervous before the exam, and then I felt anxious before the results came out, but I
passed with a high grade.
’
[nervous: feeling nervous is a bit like feeling excited but it is a negative feeling] [anxious: when you are
afraid and uncertain about the future]
‘
’
I was furious with the waiter. The service was slow and he spilt coffee over my shirt.
[extremely angry]
Language help
Really can be used with all the adjectives on this page. Absolutely goes only with the words
describing extreme states, i.e. delighted, fed up, sick and tired, thrilled, furious. With these words
quite means absolutely, but with the other less extreme words, quite means rather.
90
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
41.1
Read the remarks and then answer the questions.
Philip:
Katie:
Pilar:
Trevor:
Agnes:
Sarah:
Carlos:
Stefan:
'I'm just not feeling very happy today. Everything seems to have gone wrong.'
'I like my life and I have nothing to complain about.'
'I felt so good that nothing bad had happened. It could have been a disaster.'
'l've had enough of all the arguments and the bad atmosphere at work.'
'I felt very happy when I heard she had an interview for the job.'
'It was very kind of you to look after my cat when I was away. Thank you.'
'l've been so unhappy for a long time. l've been seeing a psychiatrist.'
'I just don't understand. Was that his wife or his daughter?'
I name
Who feels ...
1 fed up with something?
41.2
I Who feels ...
I name
5 miserable?
'fre~o
2 depressed?
6 thankful?
3 content?
7 confused?
4 grateful?
8 delighted?
Rewrite the words in bold using words from A and B opposite.
.............. to become a zoologist.
I always get a feeling of negative excitement ................................ just before an exam.
I was extremely angry ................................ when they refused to give me my money back.
I was very excited and pleased ................................ to see my old school friend again after so long.
The news about Rory's illness really made me feel unhappy ................................ .
At first, I was full of positive feelings ................................ about the course, but it's just not very good.
1 After watching the nature programme, I felt stimulated ..iJ)_?.pr~
2
3
4
5
6
41.3
Sort the adjectives into positive and negative feelings.
contented
&ick and tired
anx10us
thrilled
confused
I negative
positive
skk
41.4
frustrated
~nd
+!red
Fill the gaps using the adjectives in 41.3. Choose an appropriate adverb (absolutely,
quite or a bit) to go in front of the adjective. Sometimes, both are possible.
1 I was feeling {quite I absolutely) .. $H~
2
3
4
5
6
41.5
.. ~tl\i?.
..................................... because she had not phoned to say
she had arrived safely.
I am (quite I absolutely) ............................................................... of her selfish behaviour. l've had enough!
lt's all so complicated. I feel (a bit I quite) ............................................................... . Can you help me?
I was (absolutely I a bit) .......................................................„ ...... when I heard the wonderful news!
lt made me feel {quite I a bit) ............................................................... that I still couldn't play any songs
after six weeks of guitar lessons.
You always seem so (absolutely I quite) ............................................................... with life. How lucky
you are!
Ove,r ło
tjott
Choose six adjectives from this unit which describe feelings you have had recently and write
sentences about when and why you felt that way.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
91
I~
42
A
Like, dislike and desire
Words and expressions relating to liking
To:
Subject:
Anna Stankova
My news
Dear Anna,
Good to hear from you after so many years. Fancy you being married! I’m not married but
I’ve got a boyfriend called Tom. I must tell you about him. We’ve known each other for
three years. I quite liked him when we first met, but I didn’t really fancy him in any big
way. I did like being with him – he fascinated me with his stories of his travels around the
world and something mysterious about his past attracted me. What’s more, we were
both keen on sailing. Little by little I fell in love with him. His sense of humour appealed
to me and I was captivated by his smiling eyes. Now, three years later, I can’t see why I
didn’t fall for him the moment we met. He’s a very caring person, fond of animals and
small children. He’s always affectionate and loving towards me and passionate both
about me and about the things he believes in and the people he cares for. I hope we’ll
always be as devoted to each other as we are now. Do write again soon and tell me all
about your life!
Love, Amy
B
Words and expressions relating to disliking
Loathe, detest, despise, cannot stand and cannot bear are all stronger ways of saying ‘dislike’
and they are all followed by a noun or an -ing form.
I loathe / detest / despise / can’t stand / can’t bear bad-mannered people. I can’t bear listening
to her stupid stories.
Repel, revolt, appal and disgust are strong words used to describe the negative effect which
something has on a person.
His films disgust me. I was revolted by the way he spoke. We were appalled by the conditions
in the refugee camp. His behaviour repels everyone.
C
Words and expressions relating to desiring
Desire is either a formal verb to express a sexual wish for someone or a formal word for wish.
He desired her the moment he saw her. I have a strong desire to see the Himalayas before
I die.
Look forward to means think about something in the future with pleasant anticipation. It is
followed by a noun or an -ing form. The opposite is dread, which is rather strong.
I’m looking forward to going to Fiji but I’m dreading the long flight.
Long for means to wish for something very much. Yearn for is a more poetic way of saying
long for.
After this long, cold winter, I’m longing for spring. He will never stop yearning for his
country although he knows he can never return.
92
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
42.1
Complete the sentences with words from A opposite and add the missing prepositions.
Jeremy and Lily are very dę.v~M!
.................... .ł!'?„
each other.
Mrs Williams is very L„.„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„ „„„„„„„„ her son-in-law.
Are you k „„„„„„„.„„„.„„„.„ .„„„.„„„„ rugby? There's a big match on TV to night.
Spending a whole day with my cousins doesn't a„„„„.„„„.„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„ me.
We just looked at each other and we L„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. „.„.„„„„„ love immediately.
She's so beautiful. I L„„„„.„„„„„„„.„„ .„„„„„„„. her the moment I saw her.
Our grandmother was always very a.„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„ „„„„„.„„. us when we were little and hugged
us every time she saw us.
8 She's very p„„„„„„„.„„.„„„.„„. „„„„„.„„. wildlife and c„„„.„„.„.„„.„.„„.„„ „„„„„„„„ sick animals in the local
animal rescue centre.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
42.2
Rewrite the sentences, changing the meaning as little as possible. Use the word in
brackets.
1 I'm fond of him. (quite like) „J.9~!klihtr
2 I strongly dislike jazz. (stand) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„.„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„
3 Do you think Jim is attractive? (fancy) „„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„„.„„„„„„„„„
4 She likes rowing and golf. (keen) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
5 I loathe very salty food. (bear) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.
6 His art attracts me. (appeal) „„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.
7 I find Gina very interesting. (fascinate) „„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
8 She has totally charmed him. (captivate) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
9 I'm dreading the exam. (look) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„„„„..„„„.„„„„„„„.
42.3 In each pair of sentences which
person probably feels more strongly, a or b?
· 1 a He's devoted to his sister.
2 a I dislike his poetry.
3 a She's yeaming to see him.
4 a I'm not really looking forward to the exam.
42.4
He's very fond of his sister. „!!.. „
I loathe his poetry. „„„„
She's longing to see him. „„„„
I'm absoluteły
dreading the exam. „„„„
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one mistake in the
sentc~
42.5
b
b
b
b
olled
1 I was ~ealo
by the terrible conditions in the prison. They were simply inhuman.
2 I can't bare selfish people. I dispose anyone who never considers others.
3 Her manner repealed me at first and I wouldn't stand being in the same room as her, but now
I've begun to like her more.
4 I fełt
a strong desire of finding out what had happened to my old school friends.
5 Are you looking forward to start your new job?
6 I fełt
absolutely disgusting by his unkind remarks about Sylvia.
Ove,r ło
tjou
Answer the questions in any way that is true for you.
What characteristics in people do you most detest?
2 Would you describe yourself as a caring person? In what ways do you show it?
3 Are there any issues you are passionate about? Why? Why not?
4 Do you know anyone who fascinates you? Why?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
93
43
A
Speaking
Reporting verbs
We can use these verbs to report people’s speech and how they speak (including how loudly and
what their mood is).
verb
loudness
most likely mood
whisper
very soft
telling someone a secret*
murmur
soft
romantic or complaining
mumble
soft (and unclear)
nervous or insecure
mutter
soft
irritated
shout
loud
angry or excited
scream
loud (usually without words)
frightened or excited
shriek
loud (and shrill)
frightened or amused
stutter, stammer
neutral
nervous or excited**
*People also whisper in places where it would be impolite to speak loudly.
**Stuttering and stammering may also be the result of a speech impediment.
‘I’m sick of this. I’m going home,’ he muttered.
Suddenly, someone shouted ‘Help!’
She whispered that she was not happy with the way the meeting was going.
B
Describing feelings
These verbs indicate the speaker’s feelings or intentions. (sb = somebody, sth = something)
C
verb
patterns
feeling
boast
to sb about sth
proud of oneself
insist
on sth
determined
object
to + -ing
unhappy with a
situation
threaten
to do sth
argue
groan
verb
patterns
feeling
complain
to sb about sth
displeased
maintain
that
confident
confess
to + -ing
repentant
aggressive
urge
sb to do sth
encouraging
with sb about
sth
not in agreement
beg
sb to do sth
desperate
that
despair, pain
grumble
about sth
displeased
Adverbs related to speech
To indicate someone’s feelings, you can use a speaking verb plus an adverb. For example,
‘He said anxiously.’ ‘She spoke angrily.’ This is common in written style.
If somebody feels angry: angrily furiously bitterly
If somebody feels unhappy: gloomily miserably sadly
If somebody feels happy: happily cheerfully gladly hopefully
If somebody feels worried: anxiously nervously desperately
Other useful adverbs: excitedly, impatiently, reluctantly, shyly.
Language help
Most of the verbs in B above can also be used with a that clause.
She boasted that she had scored 20 goals in one season.
He threatened (that) he would call the police.
94
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
43.1
Choose a verb from A opposite to fit the meaning of the sentences.
'Oh, noooooooooo!!!!!!' she ..?.Wę~m
.cl/
.Phri
.ę b.ęd ........... in absolute terror.
2 'Don't look now, but Gary has just arrived,' she ................................ in my ear.
3 'Joey! Come here at once!!' his mother ................................ .
4 'I d-d-d-did it,' he ................................ .
5 'I'm sick of this meeting. I'm going home,' he ................................ .
6 'Oh, that's so, so funny!' she ................................ with laughter.
7 'There's a spider!!!' she ................................ .
8 'Stop ................................ ! I can't hear what you're saying,' she said.
9 'I think we should leave now. lt's late,' he ................................ quietly.
43.2
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 He always maintained
2 He groaned
3 They threatened
4 She complained
5 He begged me
6 She insisted
43.3
~
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
to cancel my parking permit.
not to leave, but I had to.
on using recycled pa per for everything.
that he could read people's minds.
that he needed a doctor immediately.
f about the noise coming from above.
Add a reporting verb and one of the adverbs from the box to each sentence. Where
possible, use reporting verbs from A.
angrily
1 Milly:
2 Andrew:
3 Petra:
4 Leo:
5 Lily:
6 Ray:
7 Gary:
8 Anna:
bitterly
impatiently
happily
hopefully
anxiously
sadly
excitedly
'You must pay attention!' Mil~
shoułed
ongri\~.
'I feel much better today, thank you.'
'Oh wow! l've just won a prize in a competition! '
'I will never forgive them for what they did.'
'This is our last day together. 1'11 miss you.'
'I'm very worried. She said she would phone us.'
'Oh, come on! Do hurry up! Let's go! Now!'
'We may be lucky and the rain might stop.'
43.4 Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets.
1 Don't exaggerate your talents to your friends. They'll stop liking you. (boast)
..:P.~nl
. v . ~.?łv\IJtf!r:+kn<
.. ~!r.find?
•.............................................................................................................................
2 I'm not happy with having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat. (object) ...................................................... .
3 Stop being discontented with your job all the time. (grumble) ............................................................................. .
4 He talked about refusing to pay and calling the połice
.
(threaten) ................................................................... .
5 She asked if we would help her. (beg) .................................................................................................................................... .
6 He admitted that he had broken the window. (confess) (two answers) ......................................................... .
43.5
Answer the questions.
1 Which adverbs describe positive (P) feelings and which describe negative (N) feelings?
gloomily (N) miserably ( ) cheerfully ( ) desperately ( ) gladly ( )
2 Which prepositions usually follow: (a) object, (b) insist, (c) complain?
3 Which adverb means that someone does not want to do something?
4 What is the missing preposition? 'Let's be friends. I don't want to argue ................ you.'
5 How might someone speak at a job interview if they were not very confident?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
95
44
A
The six senses
The five senses
The five senses are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. What is sometimes referred to as a
‘sixth sense’ (or extrasensory perception) is a power to be aware of things independently of the
five physical senses – a kind of supernatural sense. The five verbs referring to the senses are
modified by an adjective rather than an adverb.
He looks dreadful. The trip sounds marvellous. The cake tastes good. It felt strange.
The soup smelt delicious.
B
Sight
Yesterday I glanced out of the window and noticed
a policeman observing a house opposite through
binoculars. I thought I glimpsed a man inside the
house. Then I saw that there was a man peering
into the window of the same house. I gazed at them
wondering what they were doing. Suddenly the
policeman stopped staring through his binoculars.
He went to arrest the other man as he started to
climb into the house through a window. I realised
that I had witnessed a crime.
C
Hearing
Scale of loudness: noiseless
D
silent
quiet
noisy
loud
deafening
Taste
sweet (honey)
salty (crisps)
bitter (strong coffee)
sour (vinegar)
spicy (Indian food)
If you say something tastes hot it may mean spicy rather than not cold. If a curry, say, is
not particularly hot, then it is mild. Food can be tasty, but tasteful refers to furnishings,
architecture or a style of dressing or behaviour. The opposite of both is tasteless.
E
Touch
She poked me in the ribs with her elbow to wake me up. He stroked the cat and patted
the dog. She tapped him on the shoulder.
He grasped my hand and we ran. She
grabbed her MP3 player and ran to the bus stop.
The thief snatched her handbag and
disappeared into the crowd. Press the button. Please handle the goods with great care.
F
Smell
Here are some adjectives to describe smells:
Very unpleasant: stinking foul-smelling putrid musty [smelling unpleasantly old and slightly
damp] pungent [smelling very strong, often unpleasantly so]
Pleasant: fragrant aromatic sweet-smelling perfumed/scented
G
Sixth sense
Different phenomena which a person with a sixth sense may experience:
telepathy [experiencing someone else’s feelings even though you are apart]
premonition [knowing something is going to happen before it occurs]
intuition [instinctive understanding]
déjà vu [an inexplicable feeling that you have already been somewhere or experienced something
before]
96
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
44. 1 Which of the verbs in the text in B opposite suggests looking in the following ways
.
as a crime or accident occurs? .. ~fo&.
closely, finding it hard to make things
out? ................................
3 in a scientific kind of way?................................
4 quickly? ................................
5
2
44.2
fixedly? ................................
6 at something but getting only
a brief view?................................
Are the following best described as sweet, salty, bitter, sour, spicy or hot?
1 strong, unsweetened coffee
3 chilli powder ................................
.. kiH~r.
. .... .
4 lime ................................
2 chocolate cake ............................... .
44.3
5 Indian cooking ............................... .
6 sea water ................................
Which of the adjectives in F best describes for you the smell of the following?
„~
1 herbs in a kitchen ..1rn.mlł\~
2 old socks ................................
•
3 out-of-date eggs ................................
4 roses ................................
· '-?
"·
I
\I
5
6
7
8
a
a
a
a
shed full of goats ................................
beauty salon ................................
loft used for storage ................................
skunk ................................
44.4 Replace the underlined words with a more precise verb from the opposite page.
. <l ........... „....
1 I touched the dog a few times . .. p. . ~H
2 He knocked lightly on the door. ................................
6 He touched the cat affectionately.
.....
3 She took my hand firmly. ................................
7 The robber took the money and ran.
4 She }21!! her face very close up to the window
....
so she could see better.....................
8 She picked up, carried and put down the
5 Take care you don't hit anyone in the eye
boxes carefully................................ .
with your umbrella . ............................... .
„„ . „ . „„.„„.„ . „ . . . .
„ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ ...
„ . •••. „ . „
44.5 Make a sentence about the situations using any of these verbs - look, sound, taste,
touch, smell - plus an adjective.
1 You see a film about the Rocky Mountains. "f~
\oble. mo9t1ifket1+.
2 You come downstairs in the morning and smell fresh coffee.
3
4
5
6
7
8
A friend has just had her hair cut.
You hear the latest number one song.
A friend, an excellent cook, tries a new soup recipe.
A friend asks how you feel today.
A little boy asks you to listen to his first attempts at the piano.
You see a friend of yours with a very worried look on her face.
44.6 Write sentences using each of the nine verbs in bold in B in ways that illustrate their
specific meanings as clearly as possible.
EXAMPLE Louro hoped her lioss llll>Uldt1'+ M+ke her 9l•t1dt19 o+ her lłc.h
44.7
Ove,r ło
Mer~
f ell.l mil'lll+es.
tjou
Answer these questions about yourself.
2
3
4
5
6
What's your fa vourite sme ll?
Do you prefer a hot curry or a mild curry?
What materials do you like the fee l of?
Do you be lieve that some people have a sixth sense?
Have you ever had a feel ing of deja vu?
Have you ever had a telepathic experie nce?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
97
45
A
What your body does
Verbs connected with the mouth and breathing
yawn: Why are you yawning? Are you feeling sleepy?
sneeze: Dust often makes me sneeze.
snore: She snored in her chair with her mouth wide open.
cough: It was so smoky in the room that he couldn’t stop coughing.
sigh: She sighed with relief when she heard the plane had landed safely.
be out of breath: I ran for the bus and now I’m out of breath!
take a deep breath: He took a deep breath and jumped into the water.
hold your breath: How long can you hold your breath underwater?
B
Verbs connected with eating
chew: My granny used to say you should chew every mouthful ten times.
rumble: It’s embarrassing if your stomach rumbles during an interview.
swallow: Take a drink of water to help you swallow the pills.
suck: In an aeroplane, if you suck a sweet, it can stop your ears popping.
lick: The cat licked the bowl clean.
bite: Don’t bite that hard sweet – you’ll damage your teeth.
C
Verbs connected with the eyes and face
wink: He winked at me across the room to try
to make me laugh.
frown: Why are you frowning? What’s the
problem?
grin: She was so delighted with the present
that she grinned from ear to ear.
blink: She blinked several times to try and get
the dust out of her eye.
blush: He blushed with embarrassment when she
smiled at him.
D
Verbs connected with the whole body
wink
frown
grin
perspire/sweat /swet/: When it’s hot, you sweat/
perspire. (perspire is more formal)
shiver: Look at him! He’s so cold that he’s shivering!
tremble: My hands tremble when I’ve been drinking
too much coffee.
shake:
She laughed so much that her whole body
shook.
sweat
shiver
Language help
All the verbs on this page (except shake and bite) are regular verbs; almost all the words have an
identical noun form: to yawn → a yawn, to cough → a cough /kɒf/ etc. (except to breathe /brið/
and to perspire; their nouns are breath /breθ/ and perspiration).
98
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
45.1
Which of the words on the opposite page do these pictures illustrate?
1 .kl!~
45.2
„
„ „.
2
.„„.„„„.„.„„„.„„.„„
3
„„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„.„„
5
. „ „ . „ „.„ „. „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „
Complete the sentences with verbs from A opposite.
1 I could see she was extremely cold because she was .. ~V.r!1)8-„
2 I sensed that he was feeling sad because he „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
3 She couldn't sleep all night because her husband was
4
5
6
7
8
45.3
4
„„„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„.„
.......... •
•
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „.„ „ „ „ „ . •
The fumes from all the cars and lorries were horrible and made me „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
I knew I had caught a cold because I started „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •
The doctor exarnined my chest and asked me to take „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •
Put your head underwater and see how many seconds you can „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „
We started running fast and soon we were both „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ •• •. „ . •
The Trubble family are at a restaurant and things are not going well. Fili the gaps with
verbs from B opposite.
MRS TRUBBLE:
KEVIN:
MR TRUBBLE:
MRS TRUBBLE:
MR TRUBBLE:
~ .l(n8-„
What slow service! Kevin,
Where's our food? My stornach is 1 „rnm
stop making that horrible noise with your drink! People are looking at us.
lt's my straw. lt's broken and I can't 2„ „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ through it properly.
Ouch! I just 3„ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ an olive and l've broken my tooth on the stone!
Look!
Mm. So ... where's the Stone?
Oh dear. I think I 4. „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ .„. it!
45.4 Find the word to match these definitions.
Draw the eyebrows together to express displeasure or puzzlement.
„f.r.P.!1!1:1.„„„„„„„„ . .
2 Crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so you can swallow it.
„„„„.„.„„.„.„„„.„„.
3 Your body makes small, quick movements because you are laughing so much.
„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„„„„
4 Shut and open both eyes quickly. „„.„. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „
5 Deliberately shut and open one eye. „ „ .. „ „ .... „ ...... „ „ „ .. „
6 Use your tongue to take in food (e.g. on an ice-cream cone) . .„ „.„.„„. „ „. „ . „ „ „ „ „
45.5 Circle the correct word to complete the sentences.
shivering.
1 We worked hard in the hot sun. Soon we were trembling /~
2 He seemed very amused. He was trembling I blushing I grinning.
3 She sucked I licked I bit the stamp and stuck it on the envelope.
4 I always find it difficult to swallow I suck I chew medicines.
5 lt was so funny! I was just trembling I shaking I shivering with laughter!
6 The poor little animal was shivering I trembling I grinning with fear.
7 lt was so hot and hurnid. Soon my shirt was soaked with perspire I perspiration I perspitation.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
99
46
A
Praising and criticising
Praising
You praise someone for something. The teacher praised the children for their hard work.
Highly praised is a common collocation. William’s acting in this film has been highly praised.
She plays the guitar brilliantly, just like her father. [very skilfully]
He’s a really first-rate /
top-notch administrator, the very best.
When it comes to grammar, she’s really on the ball.
[quick to understand]
Ben has a way with foreign students. The other teachers envy him.
[good at establishing good relations / motivating them, etc.]
Emma really has green fingers; look
at those flowers! [good at gardening]
Let him do the talking; he’s got the gift of the gab.
[good at talking]
Mary is head and shoulders above the rest of the girls at maths. / She’s miles better than
the other girls at maths. (usually used of people)
When it comes to technology, Japan is
streets ahead of most other countries. (can be used of people or things)
As far as sport is
concerned, Sam is among the best in his class. [one of the best; can also say among the worst /
most interesting, etc.]
That meal was just out of this world. [outstanding/superb; usually used
of things]
B
Criticising
The verb criticise can mean: to say that someone or something is bad, e.g. Petra’s parents are
always criticising her appearance. Notice that it can also be used to mean: give an opinion or
judgement about a book or film, e.g. I belong to a writer’s group – we read and criticise each
other’s work.
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/
adjective NOT PLEASED
1 saying that someone or something is bad or wrong: a critical report c The report is highly
critical of safety standards at the factory.
adjective IMPORTANT
2 of the greatest importance to the way things might happen: The President’s support is critical
(to this project). c a critical decision
adjective GIVING OPINIONS
3 giving opinions or judgements on books, plays, films, etc.: She has written a major critical
appraisal/study of Saul Bellow’s novels. c His last film won/received critical acclaim (= was
praised by film critics).
adjective SERIOUS
4 extremely serious or dangerous: Both drivers are critical / in a critical condition (= so badly
hurt that they might die) after the 120 mph crash.
The adverb critically can relate to any of these four meanings of critical although the
following are the most frequent uses:
critically important (meaning 2), critically acclaimed (meaning 3), critically ill (meaning 4)
Note these idiomatic synonyms of the verb to criticise (with its meaning of saying something is
bad): You shouldn’t run down your own country when you’re abroad. Why do you always
have to pick holes in everything I say?
Here are some criticisms of people. I think Antonio’s being totally absurd. [ridiculous]
You
are undoubtedly at fault / to blame and you should apologise. [you are in the wrong]
She
thinks she’s the cat’s whiskers /wɪskəz/ / the bee’s knees. [thinks she’s wonderful]
When it
comes to time-keeping, he’s the world’s worst. [no one is worse]
Jack is so rude. He really
takes the biscuit. [is a striking example of some negative quality]
Jo wants to have her cake and
eat it! [wants everything with no contribution from her side]
100
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
46.1
Which expressions from the opposite page might these pictures help you to remember?
~
46.2
L
..h~ . e. ..1?.l!..r...l _ ah~ ....
..~t14 . e..aU1 ............
2 .. .......................... .
3 ............................
4 ···········-··············-··
5 .............................. .
Using the word in brackets and an expression from A opposite, rewrite the sentence
without changing the meaning.
1
The hotel we were staying in was absolutely superb. (world)
1he ho+el !Ile lllere s+~ln9
In llllls ou.+ of +his lllt>r\d.
2 Giovanni is a long way above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums. (shoulders)
3 Maria is very good with young children - they always love her. (way)
4 You're a long way ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I'm impressed. {streets)
5 Hassan is great at chess. (brilliantly)
6 Agata is a very fluent and confident speaker. {gab)
46.3
Which of the expressions in 46.1 is most suitable for completing each sentence if
you want to:
say someone's behaviour is extremely annoying? What Jack said .HP-l8J~
. ~?Jhe
..P.!? . ~ . l!HL ....
2 say that someone is quick to understand? Tanya is usually .................................................................................... .
3 say someone has a very high opinion of themselves? Rajiv thinks .....................................................................
4 praise someone's gardening skills? Marek ........................................................................................................................... .
5 comment on someone who wants to buy a new car but keep all their savings too?
Unfortunately, you ............................................................................................................................................................................... .
46.4 Answer these questions.
If someone is critically injured, is their injury minor or serious? l+'s serlou.s.
2 If your teacher asks you to write a review criticising a film you've recently seen, does she want
you only to write about its negative aspects?
If a father is critical of his son's behaviour, does he approve or disapprove of it?
4 If someone says that it is 'critically important' that you complete a piece of work by a specific
deadline, how flexible is that deadline?
5 If several people are said to be in a critical condition after an accident, are doctors worried or
not particularly worried about them?
3
46.5 Write the opposite meaning to these sentences using expressions from the opposite page.
1 He's a third-rate athlete. He's a flrs+-ra+e I +op-nt>łlh
a+hle+e.
2 I don't understand why Penny has such a low opinion of herself.
3 When it comes to sport, Andrey is among the best in his school.
4 Greta was not responsible for the error in the accounting figures.
5 He is no good at talking to people at all.
6 Mick doesn't get on with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants
something clone.
7 He often says how wonderful his school _IB.
8 She always praises everything I say.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
101
47
Emotions and moods
In this unit we focus on fixed expressions describing various emotions. You may not need to
use them often yourself, but you need to understand them when you read or hear them.
A
Positive feelings, moods and states
Mary seems to be on cloud nine these days. [extremely pleased/happy]
Everyone seemed to be in high spirits. [lively, enjoying things]
She seems to be keeping her chin up. [happy despite bad things]
Jo’s as happy as the day is long. [extremely content]
B
Negative feelings, moods and states
He had a long face. [looked depressed/sad]
She certainly looked down in the dumps. [looked depressed/sad]
Gerry is in a bad mood. [a bad mood/temper]
Martin was like a bear with a sore head. [extremely irritable] (See Unit 96.)
Alice threw a wobbly the other day. [became extremely angry and upset]
C
Physical feelings and states
I’m feeling done in. [exhausted]
You’re looking a bit under the weather. [not very well / ill]
She looked, and felt, on top form. [in good physical condition]
I suddenly felt my head was spinning. [unable to balance, feel as if you will
fall over]
I was almost at death’s door last week! [very sick/ill]
Old Nora’s as fit as a fiddle. [very fit indeed]
D
Fear/fright
She was scared stiff. [very scared]
She frightened the life out of him. [frightened him a lot]
We were all shaking in our boots/shoes. [trembling with fear]
The poor lad was scared out of his wits. [very scared indeed]
I jumped out of my skin when I heard the bang. [gave a big jump]
E
Other expressions for actions and feelings
Capricorn (21.12–19.1)
Don’t get carried away 1 by
promises that won’t be kept. Keep
a cool head 2 and take everything as it comes 3.
On the work front, things are looking up 4.
1
5
Taurus (21.4–20.5)
If someone says something that
makes you swell with pride 5 and
feel on top of the world 6, enjoy the
moment!
get too excited 2 stay calm 3 deal calmly with events as they happen 4 improving
feel proud / very pleased because of something good that you did 6 very happy indeed
Language help
There is often an element of exaggeration in expressions. They make quite strong comments on the
situation and often lighten the tone of what you are saying. So use them only in informal situations.
102
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
47.1
Match the sen ten ce beginnings on the left with the endings on the right to make fixed
expressions.
1 Sally was on
2 Michaela was in
3 Anna kept
4 Lilian was as
5 Kathy was like
6 Sharon threw
!Il
o
o
o
o
o
a her chin up.
b a bear with a sore head.
c cloud nine.
d a bad mood.
e a wobbly.
f happy as the day is long.
47.2 Complete the fixed expressions from A and B opposite.
' ·+..?......... .
1 Has something good happened? You all seem in high .. P.p.!D.
2 What's the matter? You've got a long ............................................................... .
3 As long as he has his car to work on, he's as happy ............................................................... .
4 It's been an awful day! No wonder everyone is in a
5 Has something bad happened? You look down
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . • . . „ „ „ „ .• . • „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .• „
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . •• „ „ „ „ „ . •• „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ .••
47.3
•
•
Read the comments and then answer the questions.
Mark: 'I've never felt so terrified in my life.'
Lidia: 'I was just not feeling very well yesterday.'
as if I couldn't keep my balance and was about to fall.'
Andrea: 'I fełt
Krishnan: 'l've been feeling really well recently.'
Lars: 'I was very ill indeed last week.'
Karen: 'l've gone to the gym every day this month and I can feel the resułt.'
comment
1 Who was feeling under the weather?
I name
Udi o
2 Who is probably as fit as a fiddle?
3 Who was scared out of their wits?
4 Who was at death's door?
5 Whose head was spinning?
6 Who is feeling on top form?
47.4 U se fixed expressions to rewrite the w ords in bold.
1 I gave a sudden jump when he fired the gun ..j~mp.4J?t„PfXbiL
2 I think you should not panie and just be patient.
„ .. „„.....
„ .. „ „ .. „ . „ .„.„. „ . „ . „ „ . . . „ ..... . .. .. „ .„.„ .. . ... „
3 He scared me very much when he carne in wearing that ghost mask!
4 Everyone was trembling with fear when they saw the door open all by itself. .
5 I was very scared before I did the bungee jump, but it was OK.
6 She felt very proud indeed as her daughter received the gold medal.
7 I think I got too excited by the idea of joining a rock band. lt's actually very hard work!
„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„.„„„„.
„ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
„ ... . „ .. .. .. . . „ . . .. . . . „ .. . .... . „ .„ .... „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ .
„ „ „„ . .„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.
8 I try to just deal with events in a calm way as they happen.
47.5
Ove,r ło
„„.„.„„„„.„ „ „„„„„„„ „ „ „„ „„„„ „„ „ „„ „
':fOtc
Write sentences about yourself.
1 Describe a situation or event which would make you feel on top of the world.
2 Do you feel t hat things are looking up fo r you personally in general or not?
3 Which of the expressions in C opposite best describe(s) your state at the moment?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
103
48
A
Commenting on problematic situations
Types of problems and difficulties
There are many words for different types of difficulties. Chaos is a state of total confusion,
where there is no order at all. A disaster is an event which causes great harm or damage. If
you are facing a dilemma or are in a dilemma you are in a situation where you have to make
a difficult decision between two things.
The earthquake was a dreadful disaster for the country. The transport system was in chaos for
some time afterwards. The government were faced with a dilemma: start reconstruction work
at once or wait until the likelihood of aftershocks had passed.
to be in a fix = be in a difficult situation to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is
hard to get out of
to be in a muddle = be confused / mixed up
The word challenge puts a positive slant on a problem situation in that it focuses on the fact
that it needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore
tests a person’s ability.
B
Specific difficulties
You can be badly affected1 by all sorts of things, from those that are mildly irritating2 to the
intensely annoying3.
1
things can have a negative impact on you
2
slightly annoying
3
extremely annoying
Your plans may be disrupted. [prevented from continuing as intended]
Negotiations or a building may collapse. [fail because of a lack of support]
You can be deprived of something you value. [have something taken away from you]
Someone’s heart can be broken. [made extremely sad]
Your life may lack something that you would like. [not have (enough of) something]
The nouns related to the words in this section are effect, irritant or irritation, annoyance,
disruption, collapse, deprivation, heartbreak and lack.
C
Idioms about dealing with problems and difficulties
to take a back seat [not to do anything; let others act instead] ≠ to take the bull by the horns
[act positively to face and attack the problem]
to stir things up [do/say things that make the situation worse] ≠ to pour oil on troubled waters
[do/say things that calm the situation down]
I can’t face (the thought of) clearing up all this mess today. [don’t want to deal with]
I didn’t know what to do but I thought it would be best just to lay my cards on the table.
[be very open, state exactly what my position is]
This has to be done by next week; we must get our act together before it’s too late. [organise
ourselves to respond; infml]
We need a proper investigation to get to the bottom of things. [find the true explanation for the
state of affairs]
It’s quite difficult to get people to sit up and take notice. [make them pay attention]
I’m trying to get a grasp of what’s happening; it’s not easy. [find out / understand]
D
Idioms relating to changes in problem situations
The tide has turned for us; better days are ahead.
We can see the light at the end of the tunnel at last. [see that a difficult situation may be ending soon]
I’m afraid we’ve just come to a dead end with our plans.
I think I’ve reached a turning point in my career.
The government and the unions have buried the hatchet for the time being. [made peace /
stopped fighting each other]
All that trouble last year was just swept under the carpet in the end. [ignored / deliberately
forgotten, without solving it]
104
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
48.1
Choose the best word from A opposite to complete these sentences.
2
3
4
5
6
48.2
Can you help Grandpa fili out that form? lt's so long and complicated that he's getting in a bit
of a ..@.Ml.!!. ................ .
The manager tołd
his staff that he didn't want to hear the word 'problems', but rather they
should talk about ................................ .
After the earthquake, city transport was in ................................ .
I wonder if you could help me out - I'm in a bit of a tight ................................ .
Should I take the job in New York or the one in Sydney? lt's quite a ................................ .
The floods are the worst natura! ................................ the country has experienced this century.
Match the sentence beginnings with the words on the right and add a preposition to
complete the sentence.
Ben decided he would immediately lay his cards ... r?I'.... ......
The best thing to do is just to take the bull ................
Fortunately we can now see the light at the end ................
It'lł
take ages before we can get to the bottom ................
It's asking for trouble to sweep things ................
6 You can always rely on Naomi to pour oil ................
7 At the moment my research seems to have come................
8 Claire has now reached a turning point ................
1
2
3
4
5
48.3
~
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
troubled waters.
her life.
the table.
a dead end.
the horns.
things.
the tunnel.
the carpet.
Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.
1 The snow caused serious disruption to trains in the region. (disrupted)
'fra!ns In +he re,!en lllere serl~
d!srllp+ed li~ +he snblll.
2 I don't want to drive home in all this traffic. (face)
3 Karen doesn't seem to have much confidence. (lacking)
4 nfortuaeły,U
the project doesn't seem to be getting anywhere at the moment. (<lead)
5 Sleep deprivation can cause heałt
and other problems. (deprived)
6 Paula was profoundly affected by her meeting with Angus. (effect)
48.4
Choose suitable idioms from C and D to fi.Il the gaps.
Selim's business has been going through hard times but he feels at last .fh~+l4
..h~J!lr.t"
. 4 ..............
No, please, don't say anything: you'll only ............................................................... .
lt's been a long, hard struggle, but I think finally we can ............................................................... .
The police are trying their best to ............................................................... , but it's stili a real mystery at
the moment.
5 You've been messing around achieving nothing for too long; it's time you
1
2
3
4
.
............................................................... !
6 At last I've managed to get him to ............................................................... ; he's paid no attention at all to
US SO
far.
7 I found it hard to understand thermodynamics at first but I'm beginning to
............................................................... itnow.
8 I think 1'11 just ............................................................... and !et everyone else get on with sorting matters out.
9 I wish you and John wouldn't argue so much. Can't you ............................................................... once and
for all?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
105
I ~
49
A
Number, quantity, degree and intensity
Number and quantity
Number is used for countable nouns (e.g. a large number of students), amount for uncountable
nouns (e.g. a large amount of money).
Some adjectives for expressing number and quantity:
smaller
minute/maɪnjut/
tiny
bigger
average
significant
considerable
excessive
substantial
vast
enormous
Even minute amounts of toxic material can be dangerous. (fml)
Add just a tiny amount of chilli pepper, or else it may get too hot.
Were there many people at the airport? Oh, about average, I’d say. (fairly informal)
A considerable number of people failed to get tickets. (fml)
A significant number of students have dropped out of university in the last year.
[noticeably large]
Substantial amounts of money have been wasted on this project. (fml)
There is an excessive amount of sugar in many soft drinks. [too much; rather formal]
A vast / An enormous quantity of sand was blown on to the road during the storm.
B
Informal and colloquial words for number/quantity
I’ve got dozens of nails in my tool box. [a dozen is 12; dozens of means many; especially used for
countables]
Scores of people were injured when the gas tank exploded. [a score is 20 or about 20; scores of
means a large number of; usually formal]
There’s heaps/bags/loads of time yet, slow down! (usually with singular there is, not there are;
countable or uncountable; infml)
There was absolutely tons of food at the party – far too much. (again, note singular there was;
especially used for things, not so often used for abstract nouns)
There are tons of apples on this tree this year – last year there were hardly any.
(Note: The verb here is plural because of ‘apples’, but singular in the example before with ‘food’ –
number depends on the noun following, not on tons/lots/loads.)
Just a drop of milk for me, please. [tiny amount of any liquid]
C
Degree and intensity: collocations with utter(ly), total(ly), wholly
Utter(ly), total(ly) and wholly mean complete(ly).
Utter combines with ‘strong’ nouns like nonsense, contempt, silence, confusion, chaos
and despair.
There was utter chaos during the transport strike.
Utterly combines with adjectives such as ridiculous, confused and impossible.
I was utterly confused by the instruction manual that came with my camcorder!
Total combines most often with disbelief and ban, e.g. She looked at him in total disbelief.
The government introduced a total ban on smoking in public places.
Totally combines most often with different, unexpected, unsuitable and wrong, e.g.
The two brothers have totally different personalities.
Wholly combines most often with dependent, inadequate and unacceptable, e.g.
The success of the project was wholly dependent on the weather.
106
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
49.1
Complete the sentences with words from A opposite.
1 It takes a c~ _ l}?. . 1 . a~r
. H~ ......... amount of time to learn to ski well.
2 A s................................ quantity of food is thrown away every day by supermarkets. It's a scandal.
(two possible answers)
3 The scientists found only a m ............................... amount of the chemical in the food and said it was
safe to eat.
4 We ate an e................................ amount of food at dinner last night! (two possible answers)
5 V. ............................... amounts of money are wasted by government departments every year.
6 The number of students registering for aur courses is about a................................ for the autumn
semester.
7 A t. ............................... amount of water had gat into the keyboard and it stopped working.
8 Last year we didn't really notice an increase in prices, but this year the increase has been
S................................•
49.2 Use words from A to fill the gaps. More than one answer may be possible.
Even a .Ji~/mt:'!l
. k .. amount of sand can damage a camera.
2 l've had an absolutely ................................ amount of work lately. I'm exhausted!
3 Oh, you've given me a ................................ amount of food here! I mustn't eat tao much.
4 It takes a ................................ amount of money to start a business.
5 An ................................ amount of fat in your diet is dangerous.
49.3 Circle the most suitable answer. More than one may be correct.
Bags of people carne on to the streets to hear his speech.
1 Tons /~
2 We've gat loads I scores I dozens of time. The train doesn't leave till 2.30.
3
There was I were tons of food left over after the dinner party.
4 l've gat heap I loads I dozens of CDs that I never play any more.
5 There was I were dozens of people waiting outside the building.
49.4 Using intensifiers from C, write what you could say in the following situations.
1 You thought someone's views were completely ridiculous . .. f:!(~/r.J1l
. ~rn
..\l.H~rd4i@
2 You read two novels by the same author which were completely different.
. \l.? , .....
3 You thought someone's behaviour was completely unacceptable.
4 You thought a particular way of working produced chaos.
5
You listened to someone's story and <lid not believe a word of it.
6 You think there should be a complete ban on using mobile phones in cinemas.
49.5
Ovt..r ło
':fOU
Writ e sentences th at are true for you usi ng thes e collocations:
who lly de pende nt
utte rly confused
tota lly unexpected
utte r no nse nse
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
107
50
A
Numbers and shapes
Pronunciation of numbers
Notice how we say the following:
28% twenty-eight per cent
12/3 one and two thirds
42 four squared
10.3 ten point three
10m × 12m ten metres by twelve metres
9
/5 four fifths
/13 nine thirteenths / nine over thirteen
3
7 seven cubed
84 eight to the power of four
32°C or F thirty-two degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit
4
Decimal fractions are separated by a dot and not a comma in English and this is pronounced
point. Note how commas are used to separate each set of three numbers in long numbers:
1,623,457 = one million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand, four hundred and fifty-seven.
Telephone numbers are usually said like this: 01223 20675 = oh one double two three, two
oh six, seven five.
Language help
When saying a long number, you pronounce each set of up to three digits separately with rising
intonation, until the last set, where the intonation falls at the end to make it clear that the number
is complete.
B
Two-dimensional shapes
circle
rectangle
pentagon
triangle
octagon
square
oval
The corresponding adjectives are: circular, pentagonal, rectangular, triangular, square,
octagonal, oval.
A rectangle has four right angles. A pentagon has five sides.
A circle is cut in half by its diameter. Its two halves can be called semi-circles.
The radius of a circle is the distance from its centre to the circumference.
C
Three-dimensional shapes
sphere
cube
pyramid
spiral
The corresponding adjectives are: spherical, cubic, pyramidal, spiral.
The two halves of a sphere can be called hemispheres.
D
Arithmetic
+ addition
2x + 3y – z = 3z/4x
6 × 7 = 42
108
– subtraction
× multiplication
÷ division
Two x plus three y minus z equals three z divided by four x or three
z over four x
Six times / multiplied by seven is forty-two or six sevens are
forty-two
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
50.1
Write the following in words rather than in figures or symbols.
1 62.3 % of adults have false teeth. 01x+r+wt> pt>ln.f .fhree per len+ l>t ~dul.fs
...
2 According to a UN study, 2% of the world's population owns over 1/i of all household wealth.
3 0°C = 32°F
4 1/2 + 3/4 X 42 = 20
5 This article says that 7,556,981 people are currently living in London.
50.2
How good at maths are you? Try this numbers quiz. Write the answers in words rather
than figures.
What is seven times nine? slx~-.fhre
2 Name two shapes that have four right angles.
3 Subtract 41from93.
What is three fifths of twenty?
How many sides has an octagon?
What is one third of ninety-nine?
What is three squared?
8 What is four cubed?
4
5
6
7
50.3
Complete this table.
shape with four sides of equal length and four right angles
round shape
shape with three sides
shape with eight sides
shaped a bit like an egg
three-dimensional round shape
three-dimensional square shape
50.4
Correct the mistakes in how the numbers are said in these sentences.
1 3 2 = 9 Three square equals nine. 1"hree squ~red
equ~ls
nlne.
2 46.6 % Oxygen accounts for forty-six comma six per cent of the earth's crust.
3 7 x 9
= 63 Seven nine are sixty-three.
4 18° C The temperature today is eighteen points Celsius.
5 3m x 6m My bedroom is three multiplied by six metres.
6 69 What is six at the power of nine?
7 11 / 16 Eleven sixteens of the students passed the exam.
2
8 / 3 x 5 3 = 83 1/ 3 Two third times five cubes is eighty-three and three third.
50.5
Draw the following shapes.
1 A circle with its diameter indicated.
2 A right-angled triangle with two equal sides of about two centimetres in
length. Draw a small circle at the centre of the triangle and then draw
lines from the centre of the circle to each of the angles of the triangle.
3 A rectangle with diagonal lines joining opposite angles.
4 An octagon with equal sides. Draw an oval in the middle of the octagon.
5 A cube of roughly 3cm by 3cm by 3cm.
di~me+r
drde
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
109
51
A
Time
Periods of time – words and typical contexts
the Ice Age
the Stone Age
the Middle Ages
the computer age
[major historical/geological periods]
After the war, a new era of stability began. [long period, perhaps several decades]
A spell of hot weather. He’s had a couple of spells in hospital in the last two or three years.
[indefinite but short]
The city went through several stages of development to become what it is today. [period of
development or particular time in a process]
Most teenagers go through a phase of being lazy. [a period which is part of a longer period; phase
can also mean the same as stage]
B
Useful expressions with time
During the 1980s I lived in Barcelona for a time. (vague, indefinite)
The doctor says you should stay in bed for the time being. [for now, not specific]
She can get a bit bad-tempered at times. [occasionally / now and then]
By the time we get home this pizza will be cold! (Note: followed by present tense, not future
with will)
I’m not in regular contact with her; I just send her an email from time to time. [sometimes but
not often]
One at a time, please! I can’t deal with you all together.
We arrived just in time to hear the Prime Minister’s speech. [at the right time / with enough time
to do something]
Our plane was on time and she was waiting for us at the airport. [punctual / neither early nor late]
I’ve told you time and time again not to ring me at the office! [many times; very emphatic and
usually in negative contexts]
The city has changed a great deal over the course of time / over the course of the last two
centuries. (used about long periods of time)
C
Verbs associated with time passing
2002 → 2012 Ten years had elapsed since they last saw each other. (normally used in the perfect
or past, without adverbs; fml)
Time seems to fly as you get older. [pass very quickly]
This DVD lasts/runs for three hours.
The meeting went on / dragged on for two hours. (suggests longer than expected or desired;
drag on is stronger)
D
Adjectives describing duration (how long something lasts)
There was a momentary loss of electrical power and the data was lost. [very brief]
I just got a fleeting glimpse of the President as his car drove past. [very short and quick]
Venice has a timeless beauty.
Common mistakes
Don’t confuse in time and on time. In time means with enough time to do something or at the right
time. On time means punctual, neither early nor late.
We got there just in time for dinner.
I expect she will be late – the trains are never on time.
110
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
51.1
Fill the gaps with age, era, period, spell, phase or stage.
2
3
4
5
6
51.2
The Minister said that before the new law carne into force there would be a .. p.~r!a
................. of
six months when people could hand in firearms without being prosecuted.
The last two decades of the twentieth century will be seen by historians as the beginning
of the computer ................................ .
The new university will be built in three ................................ , beginning with the opening
of the science faculty in 2015.
These factories mark the beginning of a new ................................ of industrial development
for the country.
My son went through a ................................ of refusing to eat vegetables when he was
about nine or ten.
We had a very cold ................................ in February. All the water pipes froze up.
Complete the sentences.
1 .. O.~r
................... the ..~P.tL
............. of a century, from 1900 to 2000, the population grew steadily.
2 The lecture ................................ I ................................ for almost three hours and everyone was totally
bored. (two answers)
3 The archaeologists discovered some tools which dated from the Stone ................................ .
4 Time seems to ................................ when you're enjoying yourself.
5 A period of seven years ................................ between the two earthquakes.
6 Shakespeare's plays have a ................................ quality - they never grow old.
7 It was just a ................................ visit. She only stayed for about ten minutes.
8 There was a ................................ pause as the official considered her answer. Then she said
she would try to help us.
51.3
Which phrases from B could you use in the following situations? Write exactly what
you might say.
To a child who leaves the fridge door open
despite being told off often.
l'~e
f r!d~e
+e>ld ~u +!me and +!me
dC>C>r e>pen!
a~!n
M+ +e>
lea~
'
+he
2 To someone you're happy to see who
arrives just as you are serving tea/coffee.
3 On a birthday card you expect will arrive
4
5
6
7
8
51.4
at someone's address just after you arrive in
New York.
A large group of people want to talk to you
but you'd prefer to see them individually.
Ask someone to use an old computer while
the new one is being repaired.
Tell someone you'll do your best to arrive punctually at a meeting.
Explain to someone that the weather can be very hot in your city occasionally.
Tell someone you enjoy a game of tennis sometimes but not often.
Ove.r ło
tjou
Your country/culture may have names for important periods of its history (for example, British people
often refer to the years 1840- 1900 as the 'Victoria n era/period' because the monarch at the time was
Queen Victoria). Make a list in English of important historical periods from your culture.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
111
I .
52
A
Distances and dimensions
Broad and wide and tall and high
Wide is more common than broad, e.g. It’s a very wide road/garden/room.
Make a note of typical collocations for broad as you meet them, e.g. Economics is a very
broad subject. We came to a broad expanse of grassland. [big area]
Note the word order for dimensions, e.g. The room’s five metres long and four wide.
Don’t forget that tall is for people but can be used for things such as buildings and trees
when they are high and thin in some way. Otherwise, use high for things.
She’s very tall for a five-year-old.
Her office is in that tall building in the square.
There are some high mountains in the North.
B
Deep ≠ shallow
The deep and shallow ends of a swimming pool.
C
Derived words, phrases and compounds
long
Let’s measure the length /leŋθ/ of this rope.
I swam 20 lengths (of the swimming pool).
I’ve lengthened her skirt for her. [opp = shorten, see below]
Getting a visa can be a lengthy process. (usually refers to time; rather negative)
Tony has got a job as a long-distance lorry driver.
short The new road will shorten our journey by ten minutes.
There’s a shortcut to the station. [quick way]
wide Let’s measure the width /wɪdθ/ of the room.
They’re widening the road.
broad I want to broaden my experience. (usually more abstract contexts)
She’s very broad-minded and tolerant of others. [willing to accept other people’s
behaviour and beliefs; opp = narrow-minded]
I admire the breadth of his knowledge. (usually more abstract concepts)
high
The height /haɪt/ of the wall is two metres.
The fog heightened the feeling of mystery. (usually used only for feelings and emotions)
low
You can lower the microphone if it’s too high. [opp = raise]
far
He loves travelling to faraway places. [a long way away = distant]
distant What’s the distance from Helsinki to St Petersburg? [= How far is it …?]
deep
The depth of the river here is about three metres.
His death so soon after hers deepened our sadness. (often with feelings)
D
Other verbs for dimensions and for changing them
Our garden stretches all the way to the river, so we have plenty of room to extend the house
if we want to.
The cities are spreading and the countryside is shrinking. [getting bigger; getting smaller]
The business expanded considerably in the last decade. [grew in size; opp = contract]
112
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
52.1
Complete B's replies using a suitable form of the dimension/distance words opposite
and any other necessary words.
2
3
4
5
6
52.2
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
These trousers I've bought are too long.
Well, why don't you get .Jh~m
. ?.b~r+n
. dL ........................ .
He's a big boy, isn't he? 1.90 metres!
Yes, he's ................................................................ .
Why are we going across the field?
Just to get there a bit quicker; it's ................................................................ .
We'll have to measure how high the room is.
That's not necessary; we already know the ................................................................ .
The traffic seems to move far quicker on this road since I was last here.
Yes, well, they ................................................................ .
Why do they have music on TV news programmes? Ir seems totally unnecessary!
Well, I think they want to create a feeling of drama, and the music
is supposed to ................................................................ .
Give opposites for:
1 a length of the pool a lllidth of +he pool
4 a !ocal call
5 deep water
6 nearby places
2 to shorten
3 a very broad range of goods
52.3
7 narrow-minded
8 raise your hand
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 The city's spread a lot;
2
3
4
5
6
lt takes ten weeks;
We extended the house
You can choose;
Your experience is too narrow;
The forest stretches
1IJ
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
for miles along the river.
you should broaden it.
it's much bigger now.
there's a wide range.
it's a lengthy business.
f to give us more room.
52.4 Use the verbs in the box to fill the gaps .
.spreaG-
expand
extend
stretch
shrink
contract
1 I'll .?pr~d
................ the rug out on the grass so we can both sit on it.
2 The steel industry ................................ when the economy was strong, but now it has ............................... .
and only employs 8,000 people.
3 This sweater of mine has ................................ in the wash!
4 Our land ................................ as far as those trees there.
5 The arts centre has recently ................................ its opening hours.
52.5 Fill in the prepositions. If you are unsure, try looking up the word distance in a
dictionary.
1 The car was parked .. ?.± .......... a distance ................ about 150 metres from the scene of the robbery.
2 I saw you ................ the distance yesterday but didn't call out as you were with someone.
3 She's a great shot. She can hit an empty can ................ a distance of about 100 feet.
4 What's the total distance ................ here ................ Paris?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
113
53
A
Obligation, need, possibility and
probability
Obligation
12
34
56
7
You will be liable /laɪəbəl/ for any damage when you rent a car. [obliged to pay; fml/legalistic]
The company is obliged to give a refund if the tour is cancelled.
The bank robbers forced him at gunpoint to open the safe.
We had no choice/alternative but to sell our house; we owed the bank £100,000.
The death sentence is mandatory /mændətrɪ/ for drug-smuggling in some countries.
[automatic; there is no alternative]
Was sport compulsory/obligatory at your school? No, it was optional. [you can choose]
I am exempt from paying income tax as I’m a student. [free from obligation]
B
Need
This plant is in need of water. (more formal than ‘needs/wants’)
There’s a need for more discussion on the matter. [we feel a need; fml]
There is a shortage of teachers. [there are not enough]
She could not concentrate through lack of sleep. [she had none or not
enough; fml]
A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the countryside and
have no public transport. [something you must have] You just can’t do
without one. [survive or live without]
What are the requirements for a Master’s course in English? [things
you must do or need]
C
Possibilities
I’ve been given an opportunity to work in Bonn. [a real chance]
Is there any chance/possibility you’ll be free next week? (chance is less formal than possibility)
A rise in oil prices is inevitable as oil supplies run out across the world. [is certain to happen]
It is doubtful whether the economy will improve next year. [it may not improve]
It is probable that the next government will change the tax laws.
Many scientists believe that climate change is no longer just a possibility but is now an
absolute certainty. [will certainly happen]
Common mistake
The correct preposition after the noun need is for, not of. There is a need for more qualified teachers.
(NOT There is a need of ...)
114
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
53.1
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1
2
3
4
5
6
53.2
The club closed down
People could not beat their homes
Most people cannot do
There is a real need
There is a list of requirements
The whole house is in need
~
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
of repairs and redecoration.
for university entry on the website.
because of the oil shortage.
for better day care for young children.
through lack of interest.
f without a mobile phone these days.
Continue the sentences using obligation words and phrases from A opposite with the
words in brackets.
. ęMr?Hl.~dJf
..(.\~ - ę ..4~n •...........................
(close down)
You don't have to buy the travel insurance; it's ...............................................................................................................
(extra charge)
You can borrow the camcorder, but you will ....................................................................................................................
(for any damage to it)
We'll have to sell the house. I'm afraid we have ..............................................................................................................
(otherwise, bankrupt)
He didn't want to give them the money, but they had guns; they ...................................................................... .
(hand it over)
No, he couldn't choose to pay a fine; a prison sentence is ...................................................................................... .
(for dangerous driving)
I didn't want to do maths, but I had to. lt's ........................................................................................................................
(in all secondary schools)
If you're unemployed, you're ........................................................................................................................... (paying tax )
1 They were losing f 10 rnillion a year, so the company .. !\lll.?...fi:n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
53.3
Answer the questions.
+b p~
1 If a fee or charge is mandatory, do you have to pay it or can you choose? Ybu ha~e
If an event is inevitable, how certain is it that it will happen? 20 % , 50 % or 100%?
If a car is exempt from tax, how much tax do you have to pay for it?
If an exam is optional, are you obliged to take it?
If you are liable for something, is it yours or someone else's responsibility?
I+.
2
3
4
5
53.4 Rewrite the words in bold using expressions from the opposite page.
1 Most people consider that a mobile phone is not a luxury but something you absolutely must
have. an alisblu+e nuesi~
I sbme+hlt191>u lan'+ db 11.ll+hbu+
I have been given a chance to work with a team of zoologists in East Africa.
Is there any chance that you will be free to join us at 4 pm tomorrow?
lt's not at all sure whether there will be any change in the situation in the near future.
It's not just a possibility that food prices will go up, it's absolutely certain to happen.
She will probably arrive tomorrow.
2
3
4
5
6
53.5
Ov~r
ło
':fOLł
Name something which „.
1 you think is inevitab le.
2 there is a need for in your country.
3 was compulsory when you were at school.
4 you personally are in need of right now.
5 you own that you couldn't do without.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
I IS
I ~
54
Sound and light
A
General words to describe sound
I could hear the sound of voices/music coming from the next room. (neutral)
The noise of the traffic here is pretty bad. [loud, unpleasant sounds]
The children are making a terrible racket upstairs. Could you go and tell them to be quiet?
[very loud, unbearable noise, often of human activity; infml]
Sound and noise can both be countable or uncountable. When they are of short duration or
refer to different sounds/noises, they are countable. When they mean a lot of continual or
continuous sounds, they are uncountable.
I heard some strange sounds/noises in the night. (countable)
I wish the children wouldn’t make so much noise when I’m working. (uncountable)
The sound of the sea is very relaxing. (uncountable)
B
Sound words and things that typically make them
All the words in this section can be used as nouns or verbs.
I could hear the rain pattering on the roof. We heard the patter of a little child’s feet.
C
verb/noun
example(s) of what makes the sound
bang
chime
clang
clatter
crash
hiss
hum
rattle
ring
roar /rɔ/
rumble
rustle /rʌsəl/
screech
thud
a door closing in the wind, a balloon bursting
a big public clock on a building sounding the hour
a big bell ringing, a hollow metal object being struck
a metal pan falling onto a concrete floor
a big, solid, heavy object falling onto a hard floor
gas/steam escaping through a small hole
an electrical appliance when switched on, e.g. computer, freezer
small stones in a tin being shaken
a small bell, a telephone ringing
noise of heavy traffic, noise of a huge waterfall
distant noise of thunder, noise of traffic far away
opening a paper/plastic bag, dry leaves underfoot
a car’s tyres when the brakes are suddenly applied
a heavy object falling onto a carpeted floor
Darkness
Here are some adjectives for dark conditions. (For adjectives describing brightness, see Unit 57.)
These brown walls are a bit gloomy. We should paint them white.
This torch is getting a bit dim. I think it needs new batteries.
It was a sombre /sɒmbə/ room with dark, heavy curtains. [serious, imposing]
D
Types of light
Note these collocations.
A torch gives out a beam of light. A diamond ring sparkles.
A camera gives a flash of light. Stars twinkle. A candle flame
flickers in the breeze. White-hot coal on a fire glows.
The sun shines and gives out rays of light. A gold object glitters.
Language help
Many of the words relating to darkness and light can be used about people’s expressions too. Light
suggests happiness and darkness suggests unhappiness. Kate’s face was glowing with pleasure. Dan
looks very gloomy. Has he had some bad news?
116
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
54.1
Choose sound, noise(s) or racket to fili the gaps. You may use the words more than once.
I could sit and listen to the .. ?.!'.l!-\!}A .................. of the river all day.
2 There was a terrible ................................ outside the pub last night; it was a fight involving
about six people.
3 My car's making some strange ................................. I'll have to have it checked.
4 Gosh! What an awful ................................ ! I think you should take up a different instrument;
the violin's just not for you!
5 I can't sleep if there's ................................ of any kind, so I use ear-plugs.
54.2
Using the table in B opposite, what sound do you think each of these might make?
A bottle of sparkling
water being opened. hiss
minerał
2 A box of saucepans being dropped down an iron staircase.
3 A mouse moving among dead grass and leaves.
4 A child falling over on a wooden floor.
5 A starting gun for a sporting event.
6 A train passing at high speed a few feet away from you.
7 A slow train passing, heard through the walls of a house.
8 A car coming to a halt very suddenly.
54.3
Choose the best word from the box to complete each sentence. Put it in the correct form.
I chime
clang
hum
patter
Hłft-k.
ring
I
........... ..... the cups on the table.
I woke up when a small earth tremor .nHl~4
2 I can hear my mobile ................................ - I think it must be at the bottom of my bag.
3 It's cosy indoors with the rain ................................ on the windows.
4 We live in the country but can still always hear a ................................ of traffic from the road
across the fields.
5 I couldn't sleep last night and heard the clock on the town hall ................................ every hour.
6 Joe ................................ the metal gate behind him as he left the garden.
54.4 Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense.
1 I saw a beam of light coming towards me.
[l]
2 The jewels sparkled in the sunlight.
D
3 The candle began to flicker uncertainly.
4 The first rays of the sun shone into the room.
D
D
5 She always wears rather sombre clothes.
D
6 We could see a dim shape in the fog.
D
a Then it died, leaving us in complete
darkness.
b lt was a police officer holding a
flashlamp.
c But blacks and greys do suit her.
d I'd never seen sucha beautiful
bracelet.
e As we got nearer we realised it was
a bush.
f lt was clearly time to get up.
54.5 Which do you think is the correct meaning of the underlined words in these sentences?
1 Her eyes were shining as she told me her news.
a looked full of happiness
b looked angry
2 Jessica glowed all through her pregnancy.
a looked rather worried
3 She beamed at him.
a smiled
b looked pale
c looked afraid
D
c looked very happy
D
b shouted
c attacked
4 He has a twinkle in his eyes.
a a grain of sand
[!]
D
b a sign of humour/enjoyment
c a sign of anger
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
11 7
55
A
Possession and giving
Possession
All his possessions were destroyed in the terrible fire. [everything he owned]
Don’t leave any of your belongings here; we’ve had a few thefts recently. [smaller things, e.g.
bag, camera, coat; always plural]
Estate in the singular can mean a big area of private land and the buildings on it, or all of
someone’s wealth upon death.
They live on a housing estate / an estate. [area containing a large number of houses or apartments
built close together at the same time]
She owns a huge estate in Scotland. [land, etc.]
After his death, his estate was calculated at 10 million euros. [all his wealth]
Property (uncountable) is used in a general sense for houses, land, etc.
He’s only 14; he’s too young to own property.
A property (countable) is a building (e.g. house, office block) or land.
She owns some valuable properties in the town centre.
B
Words for people connected with ownership
The proprietor /prəpraɪətə/ of this restaurant is a friend of mine. (used for shops, businesses,
etc.; fml; owner is less formal)
The landlord/landlady has put the rent up. [owner of rented property]
Do you own this house? No, we’re just tenants. [we rent it]
He inherited a big house in the country when his parents died. [became the owner after
someone’s death]
C
Giving
The river provides the village with water /
provides water for the village. (or supplies)
Jakes Ltd supplies our school with paper and
other items. (often for ‘selling’ contexts)
It gives me pleasure to present you with this gift
from us all.
His parents supported him while he was at
college but now he’s independent.
The school restaurant caters for 500 people
every day. [looks after the needs of]
That uncle of mine that died left £3,000 to an
animal shelter.
When she died she donated all her books to the
library. (for large gifts to institutions)
I’m running a marathon next week for a cancer
charity. Will you sponsor me? [give money if I
complete the race]
D
Would you like to contribute/donate
something to the children’s hospital fund?
You’ve been allocated room 24. Here’s
your key.
Phrasal verbs connected with giving
When I left the job I had to hand over the keys to my office to the new person.
I didn’t really want to let go of my bike but I had no money so I had to sell it.
The people from the charity handed out / gave out stickers for everyone to wear. [distributed]
I had a banjo once, but I gave it away. [gave it free to someone]
This vase has been handed down from generation to generation in my family.
118
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
55. 1
Complete the missing words from A opposite.
He became a multi-millionaire and bought a huge e?.t?.k .................. in the country.
„
2 Some of the p ................................ in this street have sold for mare than five million euros this year.
3 I left some of my b. ............................... in the changing room at the gym and they were stolen.
4 On his death, Mr Carson's e................................ was valued at :f400,000.
5
She sold all her p................................ and travelled around the world for a year.
6 lt's often difficult for young couples to buy p ................................ and they have to rent a
place instead.
55.2 The verbs in the middle column have been jumbled. Put them in the right sentences.
1 A millionaire
2 The director was
3 My mother's cousin
4 A farmer nearby
5 When I retired they
6 The restaurant
7 My parents
8 The oldest son
. .. . ...
inherited .. 4 . (> . !l~fo4
supported ................................
.Gonatoo
catered ................................
left
................................
allocated ................................
presented ................................
supplied ................................
his entire library to the school.
the best parking place.
me :f5,000 in her will.
us with logs for the fue.
me with a camcorder.
for vegetarians.
me when I was out of work.
the old house when his father died.
„ . „ . „ „ „ . .. . .. . „ „ . „ . „ „ .
55.3 What questions using words from B and C opposite do you think were asked to get
these answers?
..~ . 1, .. ±hę, . fl!n~.r/pid
..(>.f .J b.\~ ..rn~ł.1!4?
. ti± ? ..... .
No, I'm not the owner. I just work here as a waiter.
1 .. ł:.rn
2
···············································································································?
Yes, he became the owner when his aunt died. lt's a massive house.
3 ............................................................................................................... ?
OK, I'll give you one euro for every kilometre you run.
4
···············································································································?
Yes, that's right. I pay rent every month.
5 ··············································································································· ?
Actually, l've already given something. Sorry.
6 ···············································································································?
No, I'm sorry, we don't. You have to buy your own pens and exercise books.
55.4 The rise and fall of Mr Fatcatt - a sad story. Fill the gaps with suitable words from the
opposite page.
Horace Fatcatt began his career by buying old
he was one of the big gest private 2
1
pre>periies
in the city when prices were low. Soon
in the city, with around 1,000 3_ _ _ __ __
renting houses and flats from him. He was also the 4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ of many shops and businesses. He
became very rich and bought himself a huge 5
in Scotland, but then there was an
economic crisis and he had to sell all his 6_ __ _ __ _ and 7_ _ __ _ _ _ - everything. He
was left with just a few personal 8
55.5
Ov~r
-ło
and finally died penni less.
tjolł
Thi nk of somethi ng that ...
2
3
4
5
you would hand over to a mugger if threatened.
has been handed down in your family.
you have given away at same time in your life.
is often given out in classrooms.
you value and would not want to let go of.
English Vocabu/ary in Use Upper-intermediate
119
56
A
Movement and speed
Particular types of movement
Move is the basic verb for all movement, but don’t forget it also means ‘to move to a
new house/flat’, e.g. We’ve moved. Do you want our new address?
Cars, lorries, etc. travel/drive along roads.
Trains travel along rails.
Boats/ships sail on rivers / across the sea.
Rivers/streams flow/run through towns/villages.
Things often have particular verbs associated with their types of movement. You should learn
these as typical collocations when you meet them, and record them with a phrase or sentence,
for example:
The car swerved /swɜvd/ to avoid a dog which
had run into the road.
[moved suddenly to the side]
White clouds drifted across the sky.
[moved slowly]
The flag fluttered in the wind.
[moved gently from side to side]
The leaves stirred /stɜd/ in the light breeze.
[moved slightly]
The trees swayed back and forth as the wind
grew stronger.
[moved slowly from side to side]
B
Verbs to describe fast and slow movement
The traffic was crawling along because of the roadworks. [moving very slowly]
Stop dawdling! /dɔdlɪŋ/ We’ll be late! [moving more slowly than is necessary]
Suddenly a car came round the bend and tore along the road at high speed.
Seconds later, a police car shot past after it.
Everyone was hurrying/rushing to get their shopping done before closing time.
The train was just creeping along at about 20 miles per hour. I knew we’d be late.
[moving very slowly]
The donkey was plodding along the road. [plodding suggests heavy, often tired, movement]
C
Nouns to describe speed and their typical contexts
speed is a general word used for vehicles, developments, changes, etc., e.g. We were travelling
at high speed.
rate is often used in statistical contexts; the rate of increase/decrease, e.g. The birth rate is
going down.
pace shows how you experience something as happening fast or slow, e.g. The lesson was
going at a very slow pace.
velocity /vəlɒsɪti/ is used in technical/scientific contexts, e.g. The velocity of a moving object.
Common mistake
We say at a speed/rate/pace. (NOT in or with a speed/rate/pace)
The train was travelling at a speed of 120 kph. (NOT The train was travelling with a speed of 120 kph.)
120
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
56.1
56.2
Pair up the sentences on the left with the ones on the right so they make sense.
1 That tree was swaying back and forth
lfJ
a It sails at <lawn.
in the wind.
2 The cruise liner is leaving tomorrow.
3 A cat ran out in front of the car.
D
D
4 The most famous river in France is
D
b lt flows through the capital city.
c lt was moving so much I thought it would
break altogether.
d It was travelling at 160 kph at the time.
the Seine.
5 A train carne off the rails yesterday.
D
e I had to swerve hard and nearly ended up
in the river.
What other things do you think could be described by each verb apart from the contexts
given opposite? Use a dictionary, if necessary.
sway: a tree, .. ~ . ~mP!')
..d.?.t:\(,(b&..~ . m~Pblt\3
..~b ..?..P.h!p..fo..?..rn\\3b.. ~.?,
. ~mP!')
. ~!':lb·P
. 4.r\!')
. b ........................... .
2 crawl: traffic, ............................................................................................................................................................................................ .
3 shoot: a car, ................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 flutter: a flag, ............................................................................................................................................................................................ .
5 drift: a cloud, ............................................................................................................................................................................................. .
56.3
Fill the gaps with speed, rate, pace or velocity. Use the guidelines opposite to help you.
1 The .nk .................... of decline in this species is alarming.
2 I just couldn't stand the ................................ of life in the city, so I moved to a small village.
The teacher asked the students to calculate the ................................ of a series of objects dropped
from a specific height.
4 A: What ................................ were you doing at the time? B: Oh, about 60 kph, I'd say.
5 The company is showing an impressive ................................ of growth.
3
56.4
Correct the error in each sentence.
Pier~
1
down the stairs making as little noise as possible.
2 We were making progress but only in a very slow pace.
The baby stired but didn't wake up.
3
4 The old man swerved a little but didn't fall over.
5 Trains can travel with a much faster speed than buses.
56.5 Use a dictionary to make notes to help you learn the difference between these near
synonyms. Make notes under the headings usage and grammar, as in the example.
I usage
I grammar
e.9. tas+ lor I tas+ +raln - refers +o speed
fast
od jedhe and
od~er
- 'she dro~e
tas+·
quick
rapid
swift
56.6
OV~r
ło
tjOll
In what situations might you ...
1 tear out of the house?
2 deliberately dawdle?
3 plod along at a stea dy pace?
4 not even dare to stir?
5 shoot past somebody's office/room?
6 creep aro un d t he ho use?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
12 1
57
A
Texture, brightness, weight
and density
Texture – how something feels when you touch it
adjective
typical examples
smooth /smuð/
polished
silky
sleek
slippery
furry /fɜri/
rough /rʌf/
coarse /kɔs/
jagged /dʒæDZɪd/
prickly
the paper in this book
varnished wood; a shiny metal surface
silk itself; fine, expensive tights or stockings
a highly polished new car
a fish just out of the water
a thick sheepskin rug
new, unwashed denim jeans; bark of a tree
sand
sharp, irregular edges of broken glass or metal
a thistle; a cactus; thorns on a rose
Your hair has a silky feel. This cotton is very smooth to the touch. The table had a beautiful
polished surface. /sɜfɪs/ The ground was rough underfoot.
B
Brightness
a shady corner of the garden
shiny leather shoes
carnival costumes full of vivid colours
a dazzling light
You wear such dull colours – why don’t you start wearing bright colours for a change?
The light’s too dim to read in here. We need another lamp.
I wear sunglasses when I drive because of the glare of the sun.
C
Density and weight
A solid ≠ hollow object. She has thick ≠ thin/fine hair.
An area with dense ≠ sparse vegetation.
Your bag’s as light as a feather! Have you brought enough?
Your bag’s as heavy as lead! What’s in it? Bricks?
This suitcase is very bulky/cumbersome. /kʌmbəsəm/ [difficult, big and heavy]
122
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
57.1
Which adjectives from A opposite could describe the texture of these things?
1 The !atest model of a smartphone ... ~kę
. P.r~m
P. th ............ .
2 Heavy, stone-ground wholemeal flour................................................ .
3 A wet bar of soap . ................................................
4 The branches of a rose bush .................................................
5 A grave! pathway.................................................
6 The inside of a pair of sheepskin gloves . ............................................... .
7 The edge of a piece of broken, rusty metal. ................................................
8 The surface of a mirror................................................ .
9 A silk scarf.................................................
1 O An empty sack . ............................................... .
57 .2
Rewrite the sentences. Look at the words in bold and follow the instructions in brackets.
felt metallic. (change to noun} .. 1.b~
..m~±ęr!P.lb
. ~ - -~ - - md~\lk.foę,
1 The materił
2 The cloth was rough when you touched it. (change to noun}
........... .
3 We sat in a part of the garden where there was shade. (change to adjective}
4 Suddenly there was a light which dazzled everyone. (change to adjective)
5 The ground was very wet under our feet. {change to adverb}
6 My suitcase weighs very little. {use feather) .............................................................................. .
57.3
Match the sen ten ce beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
1 We walked through the jungle vegetation,
2 We found it inside an old tree,
3 We loved the new cołur,
4 We examined the desert vegetation,
5 We tried to drill inro the rock,
6 We couldn't lift the box,
57.4
l:ru
D
D
O
O
O
a
b
c
d
e
which was hollow.
which was absołutely
solid.
which was as heavy as lead.
which was very vivid.
which was very dense.
f which was very sparse.
What could you do if ...
1 your reading lamp was rather dim? .. 31!J.P. ..~d3htLP.!')1
.........................................
2 you were fed up with the duli colour of the walls in your room?
3 you found the glare of the sun uncomfortable? ...............................................................................
4 you wanted yo ur shoes to be shiny? .............................................................................. .
5 your rucksack was too bulky ·or cumbersome? .............................................................................. .
57.5
Ove,r ło
':fOll
Look roun d your own home and fi nd
someth ing sleek to the touch .
2 someth ing rough underfoot.
„ .
4 someth ing furry.
5 som ething smooth.
3 something with a pol ish ed surface.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
123
58
A
Success, failure and difficulty
Succeeding
We succeeded in persuading a lot of people to join our protest. (in + -ing)
I managed to contact him just before he left his office.
I don’t think I can manage the whole walk. I think I’ll turn back. (manage, but not
succeed; may have a direct object in this meaning)
We’ve achieved /ətʃivd/ / accomplished /ək mplɪʃt/ a great deal in the last year.
(both are used with quantity phrases such as ‘a lot’ and ‘a little’; accomplish is rather formal)
The company has achieved all its goals/aims/targets for this year. (achieve is more common than
accomplish with nouns expressing goals and ambitions)
Do you think his plan will come off? [succeed; infml]
Here is a matrix for some typical collocations with ‘succeeding’ verbs:
reach
an ambition
a dream
an agreement
an obligation
a target
a compromise
B
attain
secure
9
realise
fulfil
achieve
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Failing and difficulty
Plans and projects sometimes go wrong / backfire. [don’t go as intended]
Companies, clubs and societies often fold / go under through lack of success. [close down; go
under is informal]
A plan or project may falter /fɒltə/, even if it finally succeeds. [have ups and downs]
All your plans and hard work / efforts may come to nothing.
I have great difficulty (in) getting up in the morning.
I find it difficult to remember the names of everybody in the class. (hard can also be used here;
it is more informal)
It’s hard/difficult to hear what she’s saying.
I often have trouble starting the car on cold mornings. (more informal)
We’ve had a lot of bother with the neighbours lately. (very informal)
Can you cope with three more students? They’ve just arrived. [deal successfully with a difficult
situation]
I’ve got no money, my girlfriend’s left me; I need help; I can’t cope any more.
C
Word formation
verb
noun
adjective
adverb
succeed
accomplish
achieve
attain
fulfil
harden
success
accomplishment
achievement
attainment
fulfilment
hardness
successful
accomplished
achievable
attainable
fulfilling
hard
successfully
–
–
–
–
hard
Common mistakes
Izzy had great difficulty finding somewhere to live in London. (NOT difficulties)
Paul had considerable success with his first novel. (NOT successes)
124
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
58.1
Choose a suitable verb to fill the gaps. If the exact word in the sentence is not in the
vertical colunm of the matrix on the opposite page, look for something that is close in
meaning. More than one verb is often possible.
............... a no-strike agreement with the union.
The management have ..rn~hd
2 Now I've ................................ all my family responsibilities, I can retire and travel the world.
3 The school building fund has failed to ................................ its target of f250,000.
I never thought I would ................................ my ambition, but now I have.
Very few people ................................ all their hopes and dreams in life.
We hope the two sides ................................ a compromise and avoid war.
I'm afraid that litłe
plan of mine didn't ................................ off.
4
5
6
7
58.2
Fili in the missing word forms where they exist.
I noun
verb
I adjective
realisa+i<>n
realise
difficulty
target
fai!
trouble
58.3
Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
i+
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
I fi.ud ~ery
difficult to understand English idioms.
She succeeded to rise to the top of her profession.
Do you ever have any trouble to use this photocopier? I always seem to.
l've accomplished to work quite hard this last month.
I'm amazed that you can cope all the work they give you.
Did you have many difficulties finding the book in the library?
Unfortuaeły,
it seems as if all John's plans have come at nothing.
I'm afraid I haven't had any successes in contacting Lara today.
58.4 In w hat sorts of situations would you hear the following remarks?
hear i+ tr<>m a paren+ lllhC> is findin9
1 We'll have to get an au pair. I just can't cope. Y<>ll i>J()l.l\d pr<>lia~
i+ łC> diftilul+ +<> lC>mliine i>J()rk and f ami~
life.
2 I can't believe it, f5,000. The company folded and now l've got nothing to show for it!
3 It went under, I'm afraid, and he's bankrupt now.
4 You can't manage all that. Let me help you.
5 Yes, her plan carne off even though the odds were really against her.
58.5
Ove,r ło
':fOLC
What would happen
I Wh at
would you do if ...
a plan backfired?
2 a club had only two members left out of 50?
3 a student faltered in one exam out of six, but did well in all the rest?
Wh at would you do if ...
4 you were having a lot of bother with your car?
5 you started a small business but it carne to nothing?
6 you couldn't cope with your English stud ies?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
125
59
A
Time: connecting words and
expressions
One thing before another
I had written to her prior to meeting the committee. (formal/written style)
It was nice to be in Venice. Previously I’d only been to Rome. (fairly formal, more informal
would be Before that, I …)
I was in the office from 2.30. I was out earlier on. [before then; fairly informal]
The street is now called Treetop Avenue. Formerly it was Hedge Lane. (fairly formal, typically
written; used when something has changed its name, state, etc.)
Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime / Meanwhile, relax and have a drink.
[between now and the time of the meal]
B
Things happening at the same time
She was entering (at) the very time / the very moment I was leaving. (these two are stronger and
more precise than as or just as)
The two events happened simultaneously. [started and ended at exactly the same time]
During the war, she lived in Dublin. Throughout the war, food was rationed.
Language help
During does not specify how long within a period of time. Throughout means from the beginning to
the end of a period of time.
C
One thing after another
Read this personal statement by someone hoping to work for an international corporation in
China. The words in bold are rather formal.
Following1 my first visit to Beijing, I read several books about China and subsequently2
decided to take a six-month course in Mandarin Chinese. I revisited China on several occasions
thereafter3 and now feel that I have a good knowledge of the country and its culture.
1
after
2
at some time after that
3
after finishing the course
Note also immediate (adjective), e.g. The government removed the price regulations and the
immediate result was a 10% price rise. [which happened at once]
D
Time when
The moment / The minute I saw his face I knew I’d met him before.
I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg.
I met Paula at Mark’s wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man. (more formal)
E
Non-specific time expressions
We can discuss the budget now. At a later stage we can discuss the detailed arrangements.
At some point we will have to replace our computers, but we’re OK for the moment.
[at an unspecified time in the future]
126
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
59.1
Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a
lot, and then do the exercise.
Mon -Paris - da".l 5 - -POW1pidou Centre
lhen lhealre.
12
Tue
13
Wed
14
13een awo.'1 fo da".ls ! 'Paris 0 1(, bul
rniss h0W1e.
Lefl -Paris 10 arn. 1-\u:ie pile of
ernails wo.ilin:i!
Manchester, lhen Glas:i0w. Mel
Manuela al Nick_'s.
Up earl".l. Said :ioodb".le lo Nick_ and
lefl. Saw bad accidenl on rnolorwo.'1.
Fri
16
Answered all the ernails , lhen fell
Sat
I could wo.lch TV!
17
Lols of ph0ne calls - Sandra, Jo".lce Sun
and Dave all in a r0w! La)".l da".l!
13ook_ lick_els for Dublin 2-4lh
18
Notes
A
Fill the gaps with time expressions from A and B opposite. You are given the first letter.
P.d (:lr ........................ to going to Manchester, Laura was in Paris.
2 Her next trip after Glasgow is to Dublin on the 24th. 1... ............................ t. ...............................
m ............................... , she can relax at home.
3 She was away for a week. 5................................ , she bad lots of emails to deal with.
4 She was in Glasgow on the 15th. E. ............................... 0 ................................ , she had been in Manchester.
5 She went to the theatre in Paris on Monday. P................................ t. ............................... that, she had been
to the Pompidou Centre.
6 F ................................ her visit to Nick, she saw a bad accident on the motorway.
7 On Sunday, she had a lot of phone calls d................................ the day.
8 The m ............................... she put the phone down it rang again. This time it was Dave.
59.2
Rewrite the words in bold using words or phrases from opposite.
1
2
3
4
59.3
I emailed James and got a reply straight away . ..~n ..(m~
cl! .1 :1 ~ ..r~pl
.......................
I will contact you at a time I can't specify to arrange to get together to discuss things . ..................... .
The two committees were meeting at exactly the same time yesterday.......................................................... .
I was living in Budapest when I was offered the job in Paris . .............................................................. .
Read the comments and then answer the questions.
Gunilla:
Hugh:
Kim:
Liba:
Josep:
'I was in Oslo throughout the summer. Josep visited me during that time.'
'I was in Athens for a week, then in Ro me for two weeks thereafter.'
'At the very time I was in Rome, Hugh was in Rome.'
'I was in Athens in October, but I didn't see Hugh on that occasion.'
'I visited Hamburg; at a later stage I went to Berlin.'
1 Which two people were in the same place at the same time? ..k.!.m.. ~ nd ..H1,~h
2 Did Liba see Hugh when she was in Athens? Yes/No ............................... .
...
3 Did Gunilla spend part of the summer or all summer in Oslo? ............................... .
4 Where did Josep go first - Berlin or Hamburg? ............................... .
5 How many weeks in total did Hugh spend in Athens and Rome? ............................... .
6 Did Josep spend the whole summer in Oslo or probably just part of it? ............................... .
59.4
The moment I wake up, I ...........................................................................................................................................................
2 Throughout my chi ld hood I ..................................................................................................................................................... .
3 l'm do in g vocabu lary right now. Earlier on, I was ........................................................................................................ .
4 Prior to going on holiday, I alwa ys ...................................................................................................................................... .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
127
60
A
Condition
Words connecting sentence parts
In addition to if, there are several other words and phrases for expressing condition.
1 You can’t come in unless you have a ticket.
[… if you do not have a ticket]
2 You can borrow the bike on condition that
you return it by five o’clock.
3 In case of fire, dial 112. [When there is …; usually seen on notices; you can also say in the event of]
4 You can stay, as/so long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa. (as long as is less formal than so
long as and less formal and not so strong as on condition that)
5 Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. (providing (that) or provided
(that) can also be used in examples 2 and 4; they are less formal and not so strong as on condition that
but stronger and more restricting than as/so long as)
Language help
Don’t confuse in case of with in case. Take your umbrella in case it rains means ‘It isn’t raining but it
might rain.’
B
Supposing ... and What if ...
Note the use of supposing and what if (both usually found in spoken language) for possible
situations in the future. What if is more direct.
MICK:
ALICE:
C
Paul’s coming tomorrow. He’ll help us.
Supposing / What if he doesn’t turn up – what shall we do then?
Conditions with -ever
The -ever suffix means ‘it does not matter which …’. The stress is normally on ever.
What’s the best way to travel in your country?
Best reply:
However you decide to travel in this country, it’ll cost you a lot of money. For example,
you’ll end up paying at least 70 euros, whichever means of transport you take from the
airport to the city centre – train or bus. Public transport is expensive wherever you go
here. Whoever wins the next election should try to lower fares.
These sentences can also be expressed using no matter. Note the stress.
No matter how you decide to travel in this country, it will cost you a lot of money.
No matter who wins the next election, they should try to lower fares.
Common mistake
With the condition phrases in A, B and C the present tense is used in the conditional clause. Take a
jacket in case it gets cold later on. (NOT Take a jacket in case it will get cold later on.)
D
Some nouns which express condition
Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks can begin. (rather formal)
A good standard of English is a prerequisite /prirekwizit/ for studying at a British university.
[absolutely necessary; very formal]
What are the entry requirements /rəkwaiəmənts/ for
doing a diploma in Management at your college? [official conditions; rather formal]
I would
not move to London under any circumstances. (fairly formal)
128
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
60.1
Fill the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from A and B opposite.
friend of yours.
You can come to the party .. ~? .. !P.f) . ~l!P .......................... you don't bring that ghastły
2 ............................................... emergency in the machine room, sound the alarm and notify
the supervisor at once.
3 ............................................... I hear from you, I'll assume you are coming.
4 A person may take the driving test again .............................................. they have not already taken a
test within the previous 14 days.
5 ............................................... I lent you my car, would that help?
60.2
Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice versa.
1 Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers.
NC> rrrnHer lllhere she 9oes, she alllllllf> +akes +ha+ do9 C>t hers.
2 If anyone rings, I don't want to speak to them, no matter who it is.
3 No matter what I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing.
4 It'll probably have meat in it, whichever dish you choose. They don't cater for
vegetarians here.
5 No matter how I do it, that recipe never seems to work.
6 However hard you try, you'll never be able to do it all on your own.
60.3
The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different
sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page.
EXAMPLE 1 You ian ha~e
helme+, ~u
a passen9er on a mo+or!ilke pr<>~lde
ian'+ ride <>n a m<>+<>r!ilke.
+h~
lllear a helme+. I Uiless ~U
lllear a
3 - ---i
5
4
60.4
Ove,r
ło
11ou
Wh at would your a nswe rs be to t hese qu estions?
1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future?
2 Linder what circumstances would you move from where yo u're living at the moment?
3 What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country?
4 On what condition would you lend a friend you r house/fiat?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
129
61
A
Cause, reason, purpose and result
Cause and reason
You probably know how to use words like because, since and as to refer to the cause of or
reason for something. Here are some other ways to express cause and reason:
The collision was due to the icy conditions.
The collision was caused by ice on the road.
The cause of the collision was ice on the road.
The heavy rain caused the river to flood.
Owing to the icy conditions, the two cars collided.
Language help
If you use owing to with a clause, you must follow it with the fact that. In this example, the clause is
underlined. Owing to the fact that the conditions were icy, the two cars collided. (NOT Owing to the
conditions were icy, …)
Here are some other ‘cause’ words and typical contexts. They are all rather formal, and more
suitable for written use.
The rise in prices sparked (off) a lot of political protest. (often used for very strong, perhaps
violent, reactions to events)
The President’s statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. (slightly less
strong than spark (off))
The new law has brought about / led to great changes in education. (often used for political/
social change)
This problem stems from the inflation of recent years. (explaining the direct origins of events
and states)
The court case arose from / out of allegations made in a newspaper. (the allegations started the
process that led to the court case)
B
Reasons for and purposes of doing things
Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. or The reason (why) she didn’t
go with us was that … (less formal)
The following sentences are all fairly formal, and more frequent in written English:
I wonder what his motives were in sending that email? (purpose)
I wonder what prompted her to send that letter? (reason/cause)
She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. (purpose)
I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences. (sounds a bit more indirect than
with the aim of)
He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. (reason)
The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment.
C
Results
Most of these expressions are fairly formal, and more frequent in written English:
He did no work. As a result / As a consequence / Consequently, he failed his exams.
The result/consequence of all these changes is that no one is happy any more.
The examples with consequence/consequently sound more formal than result.
His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. (verb + in)
The events had an outcome that no one could have predicted. [result of a process or events, or of
meetings, discussions, etc.]
The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again. (less formal than outcome)
When the election results were announced, chaos ensued. (very formal)
130
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
61.1
Make two sentences into one using the 'reason and purpose' words in brackets. Look
at B opposite if you aren't sure.
1 There was a controversial decision. She wrote to the local newspaper to protest. (prompt)
1he 'on+r~esial
dedsion promp+ed her +o 1.lriłe
+o +he lo,al nell.lspaper +o pro+es+.
2 I didn't contact you. I'd lost your phone number. (reason)
3 I will not sign. This contract is illegal. (grounds)
4 The government passed a new law. It was in order to control prices. (aim)
5 She sent everyone flowers. I wonder why? (motives)
6 The salary was high. She applied for the job. (prompt)
61 .2
Make full sentences using 'cause and reason' words from A opposite.
1 closure of 20 mines ~
strikes in coal industry
1he dosure of Z.O mines sparked (off) s+rikes in +he 'oal indus+r~.
2
3
4
5
6
7
61.3
The announcement of higher taxes ~ a strong attack from the opposition
The new Act of Parliament ~ great changes in industry
The failure of the electrical system ~ the train crash
A violent storm ~ the wali collapsed
Food shortages ~ serious riots in several cities
The food shortages ~ bad economic policies
Fill in the missing prepositions.
1 My reasons ..for ...................„ .. not joining the club are personal.
2 The purpose ................................ this pedal is to control the speed.
3 I carne here ................................ the aim ................................ resolving our dispute.
4 His stupidity has resulted ................................ everyone having to do more work.
5 All this arose ................................ one small mistake we made.
6 It was clone ................................ a view ................................ lowering inflation.
7 That press article has given rise ................................ a lot of criticism.
61.4
Use the pictures to describe the causes and results of events in different ways.
2 ... everyone got a refund.
3 ... the customers got angry.
4 ... we had to walk home.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
131
62
A
Concession and contrast
Verbs of concession
Concession means accepting one part of an idea or fact, but putting another, more important
argument or fact against it.
It can be expressed with a conjunction, e.g. Although they were poor, they were independent,
or an adverb, e.g. He is a bit stupid. He’s very kind, nevertheless, or through verbs like those
in the table below.
B
example
paraphrase and comments
I acknowledge/accept that he has worked
hard but it isn’t enough.
I admit I was wrong, but I still think we
were right to doubt her.
I concede that you are right about the
goal, but not the method.
I agree but … (accept is less formal than
acknowledge)
I accept I’m guilty of what I’m accused of.
You have won this point in our argument.
(rather formal, used in debates/arguments)
Adverbs and other phrases showing contrast
These examples are fairly informal:
OK, you’re sorry. That’s all well and good / That’s all very well, but how are you going to
pay us back?
You shouldn’t seem so surprised. After all, I did
warn you.
It’s all very well saying you love dogs, but who will take it
for walks if we do get one?
He is boring, and he is rather cold and unfriendly,
but, for all that, he is your uncle and we should
invite him.
These examples are more formal:
Admittedly, she put a lot of effort in, but it was all
We’re not almost there at all.
wasted.
Quite the opposite; we’ve got
I thought she didn’t like me. In fact, the reverse was true.
five miles to go yet.
In Europe they use metric measurements. In contrast, the
USA still uses many non-metric measurements.
It’s not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain later, so take the umbrella.
C
Collocating phrases for contrast
When it comes to politics, Jamie and Isabel are poles apart.
There’s a world of difference between being a friend and a lover.
There’s a great divide between city residents and people who live in the country.
A yawning gap divides the rich and poor in many countries.
There’s a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions.
Language help
On the other hand means ‘that is true and this is also true if we look at it from a different
viewpoint’, e.g. Life in the country is nice and quiet. On the other hand, you have to go a long way
to get to the shops. On the contrary is a rather formal expression which means ‘that is not true, the
opposite is true’, e.g. A: You must be pleased with your exam results. B: On the contrary, I thought
they would be much better.
132
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
62.1
Rewrite these sentences using the most likely verb from A opposite (there is usually more
than one possibility).
1 I know that you weren't solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility.
+o lilame lio.+ ~o. mo.s+ +ake sC>me responil~
J allep+ +ha+ ~o. 1>Jeren'+ sole~
2 OK, OK, I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy.
3 The company is prepared to accept that you have suffered some delay, but we do not
accept liability.
4 She didn't deny that we had clone all we could, but she was stili not content.
62.2
Complete the sentences with phrases from B opposite.
..~.\ ..~r ..~J.1 .......................... , but what about the dining room?
1 OK, you've cleaned the kitchen, Jh~±:
2 No need to panie ................................................................ , it doesn't start till six.
3 She's bossy and sly, but ............................................................... , she
is a friend.
4 ............................................................... saying you'll pay me back soon; when is what I want to know!
5 I know you've been very busy preparing for the school concert . ............................................................... ,
but yo u stili mustn't neglect your homework.
62.3
Use the word in brackets in an appropriate collocation to make comments on these
statements.
Some people believe in nuclear weapons, some in world disarmament. (divide)
1here's a 5rea+ dMde lie+P.leen +hose whl> lieliMe in l'lll.dear P.leapC>ns, and +hC>se who lie~
disarmamen+.
in lllC>rld
2 She says one thing. She does quite the opposite. (discrepancy)
3 Toby believes in saving as much as possible. Catalina prefers to spend all the money they
earn. (poles)
4 Being a student's one thing; being a teacher's quite another. (world)
5 People in the north of the country have a totally different standard of living from those in
the south. (gap)
62.4 Write a beginning for these sentences.
.J ..~rkd.MJ
1 .
.. P.d?!l~t\c
..cl~d
, ..................... The reverse was true; she was short, with fair hair.
2 ............................................................................................... On the other hand, it does have a big garden, so I
think we should rent it.
3 ............................................................................................... On the contrary, the number of cars on the road is
increasing yearly.
4 ............................................................................................... In contrast, in Britain you drive on the left.
5 ............................................................................................... Quite the opposite; I feel quite full. I had a huge
breakfast.
62.5
Choose between on the other hand and on the contrary and explain what the
speaker means.
1 l'm not worried; .. P.r:iJh~
..~n±r.
.............. , I feel quite calm.
2 lt's expensive, but ................................................ , we do need it.
l+'s M+ +ro.e +ha+ J'm lll(>rried.
3 In some ways l'd like to change my job, but ................................................ , I'd miss all my
colleagues.
4 I don't think he's lazy; ................................................ , he puts in a great deal of effort.
5 She doesn't speak Japanese well; ................................................ , she only knows a couple of phrases.
6 This hotel looks very attractive; ................................................ , it's more expensive than the first one
we looked at.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
133
63
A
Addition
Expressions for linking sentences/clauses
sentence/clause 1
and
sentence/clause 2
For this job you need a degree.
In addition,
Additionally,
you need at least two years’
experience.
Camcorders are becoming easier
to use.
Furthermore, Moreover,
What’s more*,
they are becoming cheaper.
Children should respect their
parents.
Equally,
Likewise,
they should respect their
teachers.
We’ll have all the stress of going
to court and giving evidence.
On top of (all) that**,
we’ll have to pay the
lawyers’ bills.
* furthermore and moreover are normally interchangeable, and are both rather formal; what’s more is
informal; what is more is rather formal.
** emphatic: used mostly in informal spoken English.
You can also use plus, e.g. To keep fit you need a good diet plus (you need) regular exercise.
(normally used to connect noun phrases, but can connect clauses in informal speech)
B
Expressions at the end of sentences/clauses
They sell chairs, tables, beds, and so on / etc. /etsetrə/. (and so on is more informal than etc.)
It’ll go to the committee, then to the board, then to another committee, and so on and so
forth. [suggests a long continuation; infml]
He was a good sportsman and an excellent musician into the bargain / to boot. [emphasises
the combination of items; infml]
C
Expressions that begin, or come in the middle of, sentences/clauses
Further to my telephone call to you yesterday, I am
now writing to … (formal opening for a letter or email)
In addition to winning the gold medal, she also
broke the world record.
In addition to his BA in History, he has a PhD in
Sociology. (fairly formal)
Alongside her full-time job as a dentist, she does
voluntary conservation work at weekends.
I have to go to the bank today, as well as getting
my hair cut.
Besides / Apart from having a salary, he also has
a private income.
Apart from her many other hobbies, she restores
old racing cars.
Jo Evans was there, along with / together with a
few other people who I didn’t know.
Language help
The words and expressions in C are followed by nouns, noun phrases, or a verb plus -ing, e.g. As well
as speaking Japanese, she also speaks French. (NOT As well as she speaks Japanese, she also speaks
French.)
134
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
63.1
Fill in the gaps in this email with suitable adding words and phrases. Try to do it
without looking at the opposite page.
•To:
• Subject:
Sally Coldstream
My application
Dear Mrs Coldstream,
my letter of 16 March , I should like to give you more information concerning my
hr+her ło
qualifications and experience. 2
holding a Diploma in Catering, I also have an
Advanced Certificate in Hotel Management. The course covered the usual areas: finance, front
_ _ _
services, publicity, space allocation 3
• I also wish to point out that •_ _
holding these qualifications, I have now been working in the hotel trade for five years.
5
, my experience prior to that was also connected with tourism and hospitality.
I hope you will give my application due consideration.
Yours sincerely,
Gemma Weaver
1
63.2
Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets at the end.
Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Excessive study can rapidly reduce
mental powers too. (equally ) ~kolr
loliour iol'\ exhous+ +he liod~
~er
qukl~.
quol~
eJ(isl~
s+ud~
ro~dl
redule men+ol pooiers.
iot1
2 My cousin turned up and some schoolmates of his carne with him. (along with)
3 He owns a big chemical factory and he runs a massive oil business in the USA. (as well as)
4 l'm their scientific adviser and act as a consultant to the Managing Director. (addition )
5 Ir was raining and getting dark. We also had very little petrol left in the tank. (top)
6 He's a very good singer. He has a degree in music. (more)
63.3
Correct the mistakes in the use of addition words and phrases in these sentences.
lielt15
2
3
4
5
6
7
I work part-time as well as J--affi a student, so I have a busy life.
Besides to have a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with.
Alongside I have many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training.
In addition has a degree, she also has a diploma.
Likewise my father won't agree, my mother's sure to find something to object to.
To boot she's a good footballer, she's a good athlete.
He said he'd have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and
SO forth SO on.
63.4 What adding words/phrases can you associate with these pictures?
I
I
1 to
..P.P.i:?L ...................
2 into the
„„„„„„„„„„„ . . „ . .
3 in
„ .. „ .. „ . . . „ „ „ ..... „ „ . . . .
4 on
. „ „ . .... „ „ . . .•. .... „ .. . . . . .
63.5 Rewrite this text using alternatives to 'and' and the words in bold and as many
expressions from the opposite page as possible.
plus
To become a successful athlete you will need to be fit arui you will need to train hard every day. And you
will need a very special type of determination and stamina. And you will need support from friends and
family, financial support and other things. And a good coach will help a great deal, motivating you and
setting goals for you. And with all those other things you will need that indefinable thing: talent.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
135
64
A
Referring words
Text-referring words
Text-referring words take their meaning from the surrounding text. For example, this
sentence in isolation does not mean much:
We decided to look at the problem again and try to find a solution.
What problem? The words problem and solution help organise the argument of the text, but
they do not tell us the topic of the text. They refer to something somewhere else.
Here are some examples. The word in bold refers to the underlined words.
Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day.
Should taxes be raised or lowered? This was the biggest issue in the election. [topic causing
great argument and controversy]
Whether the war could have been avoided is a question that interests historians.
Let’s discuss crime. That’s always an interesting topic. [subject to argue about or discuss, e.g. in a
debate or in an essay]
Punishment is only one aspect of crime. [part of the topic]
B
Problem-solution words
Text-referring words are often used with ‘problem-solution’ types of text, where a problem is
presented and ways of solving it are discussed. In the following example, the words in bold
concern a problem or a solution. Try to learn these words as a family.
The situation in our cities with regard to traffic is
going from bad to worse. Congestion is a daily
feature of urban life. The problem is now
beginning to affect our national economies.
Unless a new approach is found to control traffic,
we will never find a solution to the dilemma.
In the dialogue below, two politicians are arguing. Note how the words in bold refer to parts
of the argument.
A: Your claim that we’re doing nothing to
invest in industry is false. We invested £10
billion last year. You’ve ignored this fact.
B: But the investment has all gone to service
industries. The real point is that we need to
invest in our manufacturing industries.
A: That argument is out-of-date in a modern
technological society. Our position has always
been that we should encourage technology.
B: But that view won’t help to reduce
unemployment.
The following problem-solution words are grouped in families associated with the underlined
key words. The prepositions normally used with them are given in brackets.
situation: state of affairs, position (with regard to)
problem: difficulty (more formal), crisis, matter
response (to): reaction (to), attitude (to), approach (to)
solution: answer (to), resolution (to), key (to), way out (of )
evaluation (of the solution): assessment, judgment
Economically, the government is in a critical
position. This state of affairs is partly a result of the
financial difficulties currently being experienced
globally. Our government’s initial response to the
136
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
situation was to impose higher taxes. This approach
has not proved to be the solution to the problem.
Economists’ current assessment is that this may in
fact be making matters worse.
Exercises
64. 1 Match the sentences on the left with a suitable label on the right.
1 The earth is in orbit around the sun.
2 lt has proved to be most efficient.
3
People are essentially good.
4 l've run out of cash.
5 World poverty and overpopulation.
6 They should get married, to my mind.
64.2
0
D
D
D
D
D
a
b
c
d
e
problem
evaluation
fact
belief
view
f issue
Fill the gaps with an appropriate word to refer to the underlined parts of the sentences.
nowadays.
1 So you were talking about animal rights? That's quite a big ..!~ . ?~ ~.„
2 We are running out of funds . How do you propose we should deal with the .....
•• „ • • • • • •••• • • • •
?
3 Is there life on other planets? This is a ..
nobody has yet been able to answer.
4 (teacher to the class) You can write your essay on 'My best holiday ever' . If you don't like
that ................................ , 1'11 give you another one.
5 She thinks we should all fly around in tiny little helicopters. This ...
to the traffic
problem in cities is rather new and unusual. I wonder if it is viable?
„ „ . „ ••• „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ • •
„ „ „ „ . „ „ • • • „ „ „ •• • „ „ .
„ . „„„„ . „„„„.„„„„
64.3
These newspaper headlines have been separated from their texts. Put each one with a
suitable text.
a NEW APPROACH TO
CANCER TREATMENT
b NEW ARGUMENT OVER
ECONOMIC RECESSION
c SCIENTIST REJECTS
d PRIME MINISTER SETS OUT
e SOLUTION TO AGE-OLD
MYSTERY IN KENYA
f SITUATION IN SAHEL
VIEWS ON EUROPEAN UNION
WORSENING DAI LY
3
2
she said if the
world community failed to
respond, thousands of
children could die[]
CLAIMS OVER FAST FOOD
tests were being carried
out to see if the new drug
really did work O
there was no
proof at all that such
things were harmful,
and in O
5
also said that he believed
that most people had a
similar vision of O
64.4
Ov~r
ło
this was true and said
instead that the evidence
pointed to O
t:fou
What aspect of your work/studies do you find most interesting?
2 Have you ever faced a dilemma? What was it? What was your response to the situation?
3 Can you think of an argument in favour of single-sex schools and an argument against? What are
your own views on this issue?
4 What would you say is the mai n problem facing your country at the moment? Can you suggest a
solution to this problem?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
137
65
A
Discourse markers in spoken English
What are discourse markers?
Discourse markers are expressions which organise, comment on or in some way frame what
we are saying. An example is well.
A: So you live in Boston? B: Well, near Boston.
Well here shows that the speaker is aware he/she is changing the direction of the conversation
in some way (not giving the expected ‘yes’ answer). Another example is how teachers use
words like Right and OK to organise what is happening in a classroom:
Right/OK, let’s have a look at exercise 3.
B
Organising a conversation
Here are some common expressions which organise the different stages of a conversation.
Now, what shall we do next? So, would you like to come to the table now, please?
Good, I’ll ring you on Thursday, then. Well then, what was it you want to talk about?
Now then, I want you to look at this picture. (said by someone in control of the conversation,
e.g. a teacher)
Fine/Great, let’s meet again next week, then, shall we? (often used to close conversations)
So, where was I? I was telling you about my aunt … (often used after an interruption or to come
back to the main topic or story)
C
Modifying and commenting on what you say
In these mini-dialogues, the expressions in bold modify or comment on what is being said.
D
A: It’s cold, isn’t it?
B: Yeah.
A: Mind you, it’s November, so it’s not
surprising. (an afterthought, used like however)
A: What’s her number?
B: Let me see, I have it here somewhere …
(a hesitation – gaining time)
A: It’s quite a problem …
B: Listen/Look, why don’t you let me sort it out?
(introducing a suggestion / an important point)
A: Would you? Thanks a lot.
A: And he said he was go–
B: Well, that’s typical!
A: Hang on / Hold on! Let me tell you what
he said! (preventing an interruption)
Other useful discourse markers
I can’t do that. You see, I’m not the boss here. (explaining)
He was, you know, sort of … just standing there. (hesitation)
He was wearing this, kind of / like, cowboy hat. (not sure of the best way to say something)
So that’s what we have to do. Anyway, I’ll ring you tomorrow. (the speaker thinks the topic can
change or the conversation can now close)
It rained all day yesterday. Still / On the other hand, we can’t complain, it was fine all last
week. (contrasts two ideas or points)
We shouldn’t be too hard on him. I mean, he’s only a child. (making clear what you mean)
In informal spoken language, people often use the letters of the alphabet (usually no more than
a, b and c), to list points they want to make.
STELLA:
ADAM:
Why aren’t you going this evening?
Well, a I haven’t got any money, and b it’s too far anyway.
It is often difficult to hear these expressions when they are used in rapid speech, but when
you are in a position to listen in a relaxed way to someone speaking English (for example, if
you are not the person being spoken to, or you are listening to informal speech on radio or TV or in a
film), it is easier to concentrate on listening for discourse markers.
138
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
65. 1 Underline all the discourse markers in this monologue.
'WelL where shall I start? It was last summer and we were just sitting in the garden, sort of
doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and ... you see, we have this, kind of, long wall
at the end of the garden, and it's „. like „. a motorway for cats. That big fat black one you
saw, well, that one considers it has a right of way over our vegetable patch, so „ . where was
I? I was looking at that wall, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a sudden there was
this new cat I'd never seen before. lt wasn't an ordinary cat at all „. I mean, you'll never
believe what it was ... '
65.2
Here are some short dialogues where there areno discourse markers, which would be
unusual in real informal conversation. Use markers from the list to fill the gaps. You
can use the markers more than once, and more than one answer may be possible.
good
I mean
hang on
well
let me see
A: Are you a football fan?
B: ___ w'~IL
_ , I like it but I wouldn't say I was a fan.
A: 1'11 take care of these.
B:
That's everything.
A:
, see you next week.
B:
. That was a very useful meeting.
2
A: lt was last Monday. I was coming home from
work. I saw this funny old man approaching me.
I stopped him ...
B: I bet it was Jim Dibble!
A:
! Let me tell you what happened first.
3
4
right
still
listen
anyway
you know
5
A: He's looking exhausted.
B: Really?
A:
, look at his eyes - he looks so tired.
6
A: What do you mean, 'cold'?
B:
, she's not friendly, very distant. Last
week I gave her a jolly smile and she scowled
at me.
A:
, what do you expect? l've seen the
way you smile at people, it puts them off.
7
A: Money isn't the most important thing in life.
B:
, you can't live without it!
A: I suppose that's true.
A: Which number is yours?
8
B:
... it's that one there, yes, that one.
A: What are we going to do?
B:
, l've got an idea. Why don't we ask
James to help? He's a lawyer.
65.3 Which discourse marker fits best into the sentences? Rewrite the sentences with the
markers included.
on the other hand
a, b, c, etc.
great
look
no w
A~wlJ
1 Yes, there is a lot of work to do. /\ I must rush now, I'll call you tomorrow.
2 There are two reasons why I think he's wrong. People don't act like that, and Paul would
certainly never act like that.
3 I want you to pay attention, everyone.
4 He loses his temper very quickly. He's got a great sense of humour.
5 You seem a bit sad today. Let me buy lunch for you to cheer you up.
6 A: So I'll pick you up at 6.30. B: See you then.
65.4
OV~r
.f-o
':fOLC
Choose three expressions that appeal to you from this unit and try to use them in your spoken
English. Be ca reful not to overuse them!
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
139
66
A
Linking words in writing
Organising a formal text
First / Firstly / First of all, we must consider …
Next, it is important to remember that …
Secondly and thirdly are also used with first/firstly for lists.
Finally/Lastly, we should recall that … (coming to the final point on a list)
Turning to the question of foreign policy, … (changing to a new topic)
Leaving aside the question of pollution, there are also other reasons … (the writer will not deal
with that question here)
In parenthesis, let us not forget that … (making a point that is a side issue, not part of the main
argument)
In summary / To sum up, we may state that … (listing / summing up the main points)
In sum, the economic issues are at the centre of this debate … (listing / summing up the main
points: much more formal)
In conclusion / To conclude, I should like to point out that … (finishing the text)
Common mistake
Lastly is used when making a final point, e.g. Lastly, let us consider what the future holds. (NOT At
last let us consider …) At last means finally after a long time, e.g. At last I’ve finished my essay –
what a relief!
B
Linking words for explaining, exemplifying, rephrasing, etc.
To learn new words properly a lot of recycling is needed; in other words / that is to say, you
have to study the same words over and over again. (that is to say is much more formal)
Some English words are hard to pronounce, for example / for instance, ‘eighth’.
It might be possible, say, to include the parents in the discussion. (similar to for example; note
the commas before and after; say is also common in spoken English)
The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. [the
explanation will be short and not comprehensive]
She is, so to speak / as it were, living in a world of her own. (makes what you are saying sound
less definite/precise; as it were is more formal)
C
Referring backwards and forwards in the text
The following points will be covered in this essay: … (used to introduce a list)
It was stated above/earlier that the history of the USA is … [earlier in the text]
See page 238 for more information. [go to page 238]
Many writers have claimed this (see below). [examples will be given later in the text]
A full list is given overleaf. [turn the page and you will find the list]
For further details/discussion, see Chapter 4. [more discussion/details]
May I refer you to page 3 of my last letter to you? [May I ask you to look at / read; fml]
With reference to your email of 12th March, … (often used at the beginning of a letter or email to
link it with an earlier text; fml)
140
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
66.1
Match the linking words on the left with the appropriate function on the right.
1 Leaving aside ...
2 In parenthesis, ...
3 T urning to .. .
4 In conclusion, ...
5 With reference to ...
6 See above ...
66.2
w
D
D
D
D
D
a change the topie
b read something earlier in the text
c this will not be discussed
d this document is about another one
e to finish off
f as an aside I as a secondary issue
Fill the gaps with typical linking words or phrases used in writing. The first letter of
each phrase/word is given.
firs+I~
, il is irnporla.nl lo undersla.nd wh':l people cornrnil crirnes, z.i_ _ _ _ _ _ , wha.l a.re
lhe rnolives which rna.k_e people do lhin5s lhe':l wou\d never nOrrna.1\':l do? ' F
, a. ':loun5 rna.n
slea.ls clolhes f rorn a. shop - does he do il beca.use il is a.n excilin5 .-isk_? 4 N
, il is essenlia.I
lo consider whelher punishrnenl rna.k_es a.n':l difference, or is il jusl, 5 a.
, a. kjnd of reven5e?
"L
, haw ca.n we help vidirns of crirne? 71
, how ca.n we 5el lo lhe rools
of lhe problern, ra.lher lha.n jusl a.Ha.ckjn5 lhe s':lrnplorns?
1
66.3
Which linking word or phrase(s) ...
1 is based on the verb 'to say'? -~
..Cf.'lea~_n9JOr
..e.X.a.f.'IP.le.'.L................... .
2 is based on the verb 'to follow'? .............................................................................. .
3 contain the word/syllable 'sum'? (three answers) .............................................................................. .
4 is a form of the word 'far'? .............................................................................. .
5 contains something you find on trees? .............................................................................. .
66.4 Write a short letter to the Editor of a newspaper about a report in the paper the
previous week that a local hospital is going to close. You think the hospital should not
close because:
•
•
•
•
•
The
200
The
lt is
It is
nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away.
people work at the hospital; they will lose their jobs.
hospital makes an important contribution to the local economy.
the only hospital in the region with a special cancer unit.
being closed for political reasons, not genuine economic ones.
Try to include as many as possible of these linking
words and phrases:
with reference to
firstły,
secondly, thirdly, etc.
leaving aside
the following
to sum up
that is to say
finally
Dear Editor,
Yours
sincerły,
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
141
67
A
Everyday expressions
Conversation-building expressions
Everyday conversations are full of expressions that are not necessarily difficult to understand
but which have a fixed form which does not change. You have to learn these as whole
expressions. The expressions are often hard to find in dictionaries.
These are some common expressions that help to modify or organise what we are saying.
There are many more expressions like these. (See also Unit 65.)
expression
meaning/function
As I was saying, I haven’t seen her for
years.
takes the conversation back to an earlier
point
As I/you say, we’ll have to get there early to
get a seat.
repeats and confirms something someone
has already said
Talking of skiing, whatever happened to
Paul Jakes?
starting a new topic, but linking it to the
present one
If you ask me, she’s heading for trouble.
if you want my opinion (even if no one has
asked for it)
B
That reminds me, I haven’t rung
Georgie yet.
something in the conversation reminds you
of something important
Come to think of it, did he give me his
number after all? I think he may have
forgotten.
something in the conversation makes you
realise there may be a problem/query about
something
Key words
Some everyday expressions can be grouped around key words. This and that, for example,
occur in several expressions:
This is it. [this is an
important point]
THIS/THAT
That’s it. [that’s the last
thing, we’ve finished]
C
We talked about this and that / this,
that and the other. [various
unimportant matters]
So, that’s that, then. [that is agreed,
settled, finalised]
Common expressions for modifying statements
If the worst comes to the worst, we’ll have to cancel the holiday. [if the situation gets very bad
indeed]
If all else fails, we could text them. [if nothing else succeeds]
What with one thing and another, I haven’t had time to reply to her email. [because of a lot of
different circumstances]
When it comes to restaurants, this town’s not that good. [in the matter of restaurants]
As far as I’m concerned, we can eat any time. [as far as it affects me / from my point of view]
As luck would have it, she was in when we called. [by chance]
142
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
67 .1
Complete the fixed expressions in these sentences, without looking at the opposite
page, if possible.
.JpJh!D.k.Pf..iL................................ , I don't remember giving her the key. I'd better ring her
and check, just in case.
If you ............................................................... , the economy's going to get much worse before it gets
any better, but that's just my opinion.
A: The nursery closes down during the school holidays. B: .............................................................. .
holidays, have you got any plans for next year?
A: It's going to be expensive. B: Yes, it'll be fun, and a great opportunity, but as
............................................................... , it will be expensive.
That ............................................................... , I have a message for you from Sheena. I almost forgot it!
As ............................................................... , before the telephone interrupted us, we plan to extend the
house next spring.
1 Come
2
3
4
5
6
67 .2
Which of the expressions with thislthat opposite would be most suitable for the second
parts of these mini-dialogu es?
A: What were you and Bella tałking
about?
. +1 .+.b.i.?.,.Jn!\+.. !!D.4Jhę,.
P.łh~r
. .. ........ .. .
2 A: How many more?
B: No more, actually, ............................................................... .
3 A: Here comes the big announcement we've been waiting for.
B: Yes, ............................................................... .
4 A: OK, I'll take our decisions to the committee.
B: Right so, ............................................................... , then. Thanks.
B: o h, ..+hi.?. ..~nd ..+.h~
67 .3
Complete this network of everyday expressions with now in a similar way to the this/
that network opposite. Use a dictionary if necessary.
2 (every) now and _ __ __ / now and _ _ __ _ [occasionally]
3 _ _ _ __ and now I
~N=C>l±hen!
_(attract
attention because you're - - ---NOW - - -- - _ _ _ _ _ now [immediately]
going to say something]
4 _ _ _ _ _ now [a few moments ago]
67.4 Use the expressions with now to rewrite the words in bold.
Do you want me to do it straight away, or can it wait? ..h ę,rn
.. !!D.d..D.~!rl8hf
..t)~
........... .
2 So, everybody, listen carefully. I have news for you . ............................................... .
3 A: Have you seen Jason? B: Yes, I saw him a few minutes ago - he's in his office.
4 I bump into her in town occasionally, but not that often . ............................................... .
67 .5 Which expressions in this unit contain the following key words?
.. !+.~rnPJ
.. .. .... .... ...... .... .... .
4 worst .............................................................................. .
1 comes .. w'.h~D
2 luck ...............................................................................
3 fails ...............................................................................
5 concerned .............................................................................. .
6 thing .............................................................................. .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
143
68
A
Talking and communicating
Idioms connected with communication problems
Friday
So, see you then.
I really
like you as
a friend.
Yes.
They’re talking at cross-purposes. [talking
about different things without realising it]
Can …
He’s got the wrong end of the stick. [not
understood something in the correct way]
… and that means …
… but if not,
it could be …
Er …
… notwithstanding
any other proviso
not stated …
… and another
thing …
Why …
She can’t get a word in edgeways
. [doesn’t
get a chance to speak because others are talking so much]
B
Wow!
She’s in love
with me!
Monday
He can’t make head or tail of what she’s
saying. [cannot understand at all]
Good talk, bad talk
The boss always talks down to us. [talks as if we were inferior]
My workmates are always talking behind my back. [saying negative things about me when I’m
not there]
It was just small talk, nothing more, I promise. [purely social talk, nothing serious]
Let’s sit somewhere else; they always talk shop over lunch, and it bores me rigid. [talk
about work]
Hey! Your new friend’s become a real talking point among the staff! Did you know? [subject
that everyone wants to talk about]
It’s gone too far this time. I shall have to give him a talking to. [reproach/scold him / tell him off]
C
Talk in discussions, meetings, etc.
1
2
3
Who’s going to start the ball rolling?
To put it in a
nutshell, this is a
waste of time.
Alex is so long-winded.
Sophie always 7
talks rubbish.
I hope they get to
the point soon.
4 I want to speak
my mind today.
5
I hope we wrap up the
discussion by 12.30.
1
I hope Will speaks;
he always talks sense.
start the discussion 2 say it in few words 3 come to the important part of the matter
say exactly what I think 5 finish the discussion 6 says intelligent, reasonable things
7
says stupid things 8 says things in a long, indirect way
4
144
8
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
6
Exercises
68.1
Look at these dialogues and comment on them.
PAUL:
EMMA:
2 JO:
MEENA:
JO:
MEENA:
JO:
3 VOLODYA:
GINA:
VOLODYA:
4 DAN:
KIM:
5 ALI:
JUAN:
68.2
f98 for a meal! That's outrageous!
Not the meal, you idiot! The room!
Emma and Paul seem to be .ł!i lk !f'l . ~ . !1±.~rf?:-lp
........................ .
So that's what I'm going to do, take it all away.
What about And if they don't like it they can just go and do what they like.
If she Not that I have to consult them, anyway, I'm in charge round here.
lt seems that Meena can't get ............................................................................... .
I got very upset when you said I was childish.
I didn't! I just said you seemed to get on very well with the children. Honestly.
Oh, I see. Oh, sorry.
lt seems that Volodya got the ............................................................................... .
So, area-wise the down-matching sales profile commitment would seem to be
high-staked on double-par.
Eh? Could you say that again? You've got me there.
It seems that Kim can't ............................................................................... what Dan is saying.
I don't expect someone with your intelligence to understand this document.
Oh.
Ali seems to be talking ................................ to Juan.
What idioms opposite do these drawings represent?
},
.. ~r
. ~p
..!p.±h~
............... discussion
2 talk ........................................
3 start ....................................... .
---- .
4 get to I come to ........................................ 5 to put ....................................... .
68.3
6 get hold of ....................................... .
Fili the gaps to complete the sentences.
She is very direct and always 5 p. ~!ik?.
................. her mind.
2 He gets bored quickly with small ................................ and always wants to get down to serious
matters.
3 The boss gave me a real ................................ to after that stupid mistake I made.
4 You're behind the times! Darren's girlfriend was last week's ................................ point.
5 Paula's uncle is so long-................................ - it takes him ten minutes to make a point that
anyone else could make in 30 seconds.
6 It was sucha relief when James got up to speak - at last someone was talking ............................. .
7 I hate going out with my boyfriend and his work colleagues - they spend all evening
talking ................................ .
8 You should tell him what you think to his face rather than talking behind his ................................ .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
145
L
69
A
Suffixes
Common noun suffixes
-er /ə/ is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, painter, worker, shopper,
teacher. You can use -er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns.
Sometimes the -er suffix is written as -or (it is still pronounced /ə/). It is worth making a special
list of these words as you meet them, e.g. actor, donor [person who donates something],
operator, sailor, supervisor [person whose job is to make sure that other people do their jobs
correctly, safely, etc.].
-er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil sharpener, bottle opener,
grater, projector, stapler, coat hanger.
-er and -ee (pronounced /i/) can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does
something’ (-er) and ‘person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/
employee /emplɔɪji/, sender, addressee, payee (e.g. of a sum of money).
-tion/-sion/-ion are used to form nouns from verbs, e.g. complication, pollution, reduction,
alteration, donation, promotion, admission, action.
-ist [a person] and -ism [an activity or ideology] are used for people’s politics, beliefs and
ideologies, and sometimes their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), e.g. Marxist,
typist, physicist, terrorist, Buddhism, journalism.
-ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist.
-ness is used to make nouns from adjectives, e.g. goodness, readiness, forgetfulness,
happiness, sadness, weakness. Note what happens to adjectives that end in -y.
B
Adjective suffixes
-able/-ible /əbl/ with verbs means ‘can be done’, e.g.
drinkable washable readable forgivable edible [can be eaten]
C
flexible [can be bent]
Verbs
-ise (or -ize, which is more common in American English) forms verbs from adjectives, e.g.
modernise [make modern], commercialise, industrialise, computerise.
D
Other suffixes that can help you recognise the word class
-ment: (nouns) excitement, enjoyment, replacement [the act of putting sb or sth in the place of
sb or sth else]
-ity: (nouns) flexibility [ability to change easily according to the situation], productivity, scarcity
-hood: (abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood, motherhood, brotherhood
-ship: (abstract nouns especially status) friendship, partnership, membership
-ive: (adjectives) active, passive (in language, the passive is when the receiver of an action
becomes the subject, e.g. The bank was robbed), productive [producing a positive large amount of
something]
-al: (adjectives) brutal, legal [related to or which follows the law], (nouns) refusal, arrival
-ous: (adjectives) delicious, outrageous [shocking and morally unacceptable], furious [very angry]
-ful: (adjectives) hopeful, useful, forgetful
-less: (adjectives) useless, harmless [which cannot hurt or damage anyone or anything], homeless
-ify: (verbs) beautify, purify, terrify [cause someone to be extremely afraid]
The informal suffix -ish can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make
them less precise, e.g. She’s thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about eightish.
Language help
Adding a suffix can sometimes change the stress in a word. Be sure to check in a dictionary. Examples:
flexible → flexibility productive → productivity piano → pianist
146
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
These pictures show objects ending in -erl-or. Can you name them?
1 ..~+p.kr
.. ......
2 ............................... .
3 ................................
4 ................................
5 ................................
69.2 Do these words mean a thing or a person, or can they mean both? Use a dictionary if necessary.
1 a cooker Jh!I).~·
· ...... 3 a ticket holder ....................... 5 a cleaner ........................ 7 a drinker ....................... .
2 a grater ......................... 4 an MP3 player ....................... 6 a smoker ....................... 8 an advisor .......................
69.3
Use the -erl-or, -ee and -ist suffixes to make the names of the following. If you need to
use a dictionary, try looking up the words in bold.
6
A person who plays jazz on the piano. a Jm. ~anls+
2 A thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. 7
3 A person who plays classical violin.
8
4 A person who takes professional photographs.
5 A person who acts in amateur theatre.
9
A person to whom a sum of money is paid.
A machine for washing dishes .
A person who donates their organs
upon their death.
A person to whom a letter is addressed.
69.4 Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using a suffix from the opposite page and
making any spelling changes needed.
. cnmes
.
.
tor B!~L. ' li\ ........... .
.
M ost o f h.is cnmes
1 M ost o f h is
can be f org1ven.
are .........
2 The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes. The Club refuses ................................ to
anyone not wearing shoes.
3 Her only fault is that she is lazy. Her only fault is .......................
4 This firm has produced a lot recently. This firm has been very ................................ recently.
5 I found the book very easy and pleasant to read. I found the book very ................................
6 I have lovely memories of when I was a child. I have lovely memories of my ................................ .
7 You can't wash that jacket. That jacket isn't ................................ .
8 The most important thing in life is having friends . The most important thing in
life is ................................ .
„ . • •• „ • •
69.5 Complete the table with the different parts of speech. Do not fill the shaded boxes.
noun
I ve rb
eat
I adj ective
edlłi\
fury
beautiful
scarce
refuse
modern
forget
act
69.6
Ove.r .f-o t:fou
List six jobs you would like to have. How tnany different suffixes are there in yo ur li st? Do any of the
job natnes not have a suffix (e.g . pilot, fi ltn star)?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
147
70
A
Prefixes
Negative prefixes on adjectives
Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative or an opposite meaning. For example,
fair/unfair, experienced/inexperienced and similar/dissimilar are opposites. Other examples
are ‘unnatural’, ‘inedible’, ‘disorganised’. Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing
which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite.
in- becomes im- before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, e.g. immature, impatient, immoral,
impossible, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with ‘r’, e.g.
irregular, irresponsible, irreplaceable, and il- before a word beginning with ‘l’, e.g. illegal,
illegible, illiterate.
Language help
The prefix in- (and its variations) does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea
of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income.
B
Negative prefixes on verbs
The prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs, e.g. tie/untie, appear/
disappear. These prefixes are used to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more
examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discourage, dislike, disprove,
disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip.
C
Other common prefixes
Some words with prefixes use a hyphen. Check in a dictionary if you’re not sure.
148
prefix
meaning
examples
anti
against
anti-war
auto
of or by oneself
autograph
bi
two/twice
bicycle
bilateral
ex
former
ex-wife
ex-smoker
ex
out of
extract
exhale
micro
small
microbiology
mis
badly/wrongly
misunderstand
mono
one/single
monolingual
multi
many
multinational
over
too much
overdo
post
after
post-war
pre
before
preconceived
pro
in favour of
pro-government pro-revolutionary
pseudo
false
pseudo-scientific pseudo-intellectual
re
again/back
rewrite
semi
half
semi-circular
sub
under
subway
under
not enough
underworked
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
antisocial
antibiotic
antiseptic
auto-pilot autobiography
biannual
bilingual
ex-boss
excommunicate
microchip
microscopic
mistranslate
monologue
monogamous
multimedia
overtired
pre-war
regain
multi-purpose
oversleep
postgraduate
overeat
post-impressionist
pre-judge
rearrange
repay
replace
semi-final semi-detached
submarine
microwave
mislead
subdivision
underused
undercooked
renew
Exercises
70.1
Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions?
1 .Jmf~!r.
............... means not being fair or right
2 ................................ means impossible to eat.
3 ................................ means unable to read or write.
4 ................................ means not being well organised.
5 ................................ means not having much sense of responsibility.
6 ................................ means unable to be replaced.
70.2
Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put
the word in the correct form.
. ~Jif
. & ....... after a blood test. (qualify)
1 The runner was .. d . l?q!
2 Children (and adults) love ................................ parcels at Christmas time. (wrap)
3 I almost always find that I ................................ with his opinion. (agree)
I'm sure he's lying but it's going to be hard to ................................ his story. (prove)
After a brief speech the President ................................ the new statue. (veil)
It took the removal men an hour ................................ our things from the van. (load)
His phone was ................................ because he didn't pay his last bill. (connect)
8 H elena ................................ the letter and began to read it. (fold)
4
5
6
7
70.3
Answer the following questions with words from the table opposite.
. ~ ......... .
1 What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast? ..mkr.~v
2 How can you describe a cream, for example, that helps prevent infection? ............................... .
3 What kind of company has branches in many countries? ............................... .
4 How are aeroplanes often flown for easy stretches of a flight ? on ............................... .
5 What is a student who is studying for a second degree ? ................................
6 What word means ' underground railway' in the US and 'underground passage' in
the UK? ............................... .
70.4
Write the opposites of the words underlined. Not all the words you need are on the
opposite page. Use a dictionary to help you.
He's a very honest man ... d.l?h~nt
..........
2 I'm sure she's discreet . ................................
3 I always find
him very sensitive . ............................... .
4 It's a convincing argument.
5 That's a very relevant point . ............................... .
„ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ ... .
6 She's always obedient .................................
70.5
7 She's employed ..
„ •. „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „
8 He's very efficient . ................................
9
1O
11
12
The door is locked ................................ .
He seems grateful for our help.
I'm sure she's loyal to the firm.
He's a tolerant person ................................ .
„ „ „ .... ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
„ „ „ „ „ ... „ . „ . „ „ .... „ ...
Using the table opposite, construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
1 He's in favour of the American approach. He's pro--A-merkan.
2 The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly.
3 Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little.
4 Dan says that economics is not really a science even if it claims to be one.
5 She's still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband.
6 H e made a mistake in the calculation and had to do it again.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
149
71
A
Roots
Verbs based on Latin words
Many words in English are formed from Latin roots. These words are often considered fairly
formal in English. Here are some examples of the more common Latin roots, with some of
the English verbs derived from them.
DUC, DUCT lead
She was educated at a very small private school. [went to school]
He conducted the orchestra with great vigour. [led]
Japan produces a lot of electronic equipment. [makes]
PONE, POSE place, put
The meeting has been postponed until next week. [put off to a later date]
The President was deposed by his own son. [put out of office]
The government have imposed a sizeable tax increase. [put into force]
Beethoven composed some beautiful pieces of music. [created, put together]
She deposited some money in her bank account. [placed, put in]
PORT carry, take
How are you going to transport your things to the States? [send across]
Britain imports cotton and exports wool. [buys in] [sells out]
Our opinions are supported by a considerable amount of research. [held up / backed]
Foreigners who commit crimes are usually deported. [taken/sent away to another country]
PRESS press, push
She was impressed by his presentation. [filled with admiration and respect]
This weather depresses me. [fills me with miserable feelings]
She always expresses herself very articulately. [puts her thoughts into words]
SPECT see, look
You should respect your parents / the laws of a country. [look up to]
The police officer inspected the mysterious package. [looked into / examined]
Many pioneers travelled west in America to prospect for gold. [look for / search]
VERT turn
I tried the new make of coffee but I soon reverted to my old favourite brand. [went back]
Can you convert this MP3 file to MP4? [change from one form to another]
The police diverted the traffic because there was a demonstration. [sent it a different way]
B
Nouns based on Latin words
The examples above are of verbs only. Note that for all the verbs listed, there is usually at
least one noun, sometimes a different one for a person and an idea. Here are some examples.
150
verb
person noun
abstract noun
inspect
inspector
inspection
advertise
advertiser
advertisement
deport
deportee
deportation
introduce
introducer
introduction
oppress
oppressor
oppression
compose
composer
composition
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
71.1
Complete the table with other forms of some of the wor ds presented in B opposite.
Use a dictionary if necessary. Do not fill the shaded boxes.
I person noun
verb
I abstract noun
convert
prod u ce
conduct
impress
support
compress
71.2
Fill the gaps in the sentences below using words based on the root given in brackets at
the end of the sentence.
1 The bad news ..d~.rn4
.......... everyone. (PRESS)
2 He was ................................ from the USA for not having a visa. (PORT)
3 The magazine seems to have nothing init but ................................ for cosmetics. (VERT)
The new manager ................................ a lot of new rules on the staff when she took over. (POSE)
The tax ................................ wrote to tell me I owed a lot of money. (SPECT)
Because of the flood, the traffic was ................................ and we had to drive a long way. (VERT)
Thank you for ................................ me to Dino last week. (DUC)
8 T chaikovsky ................................ some wonderful ballet music. (POSE)
9 Grey, wet weather always ................................ me. I love the sun. (PRESS)
1O I think we should ................................ our tennis game till tomorrow. It's going to rain. (PONE)
4
5
6
7
71.3
Can you work out the meanings of the underlined words in the sentences below? To
help you, here are the meanings of the main Latin prefixes:
intro: within, inward
de: down, from
o, ob: against
ex: out
in, im: in, into
sub: under
re: again, back
trans: across
She's a very introspective person and her husband's also a quiet, thoughtful person.
łnt1ks
o!iou+her Ollll'I +hóu9h+s ot1d feellt19s lt1s+eod of +olklt19 o!iou+ +hem +o o+hers
pri~a+el
2 He always seems to oppose everything I suggest. Why can't he agree sometimes?
3 I don't think it's healthy to repress one's emotions too much. You should just behave naturally.
4 Perhaps you can deduce what the word means from the way it's formed. Otherwise, use a
dictionary.
5 The documentary exposed corruption in high places. Now everyone knows the truth.
6 She just thought he looked so funny. She tried hard to suppress a laugh but couldn't.
71 .4 Below are some words based on Latin roots and their two-part verb equivalents.
Match each word with its synonym. Which in each pair is more formal?
support .. b~J.a
..~f ................ postpone ................................ oppose ................................ inspect ................................
deposit ................................ divert ................................
I put off
71.5
Ove,r
ło
look at
-hold
ttp
tum away
go against
put down
':fOU
Choose any four words from A opposite based on the roots given . Write sentences using them which
are true for you .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
15 1
72
A
Abstract nouns
What are abstract nouns?
An abstract noun represents an idea, experience or quality rather than an object that you
can touch. For example, advice, happiness, intention and (in)justice are abstract nouns but
pen, bed and trousers are not.
B
Suffixes in abstract nouns
Certain suffixes (see Unit 69) are used frequently in abstract nouns. The most common are
-ment, -ion, -ness and -ity. The suffix -ion sometimes becomes -tion, -sion, -ation or -ition.
-ment, and -ion are usually used to make verbs into abstract nouns. The suffixes -ness
and -ity are added to adjectives.
Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.
achievement
adjustment
amazement
disagreement
improvement
investment
replacement
retirement
C
affection
collection
combination
expectation
frustration
limitation
recession
reduction
carelessness
consciousness
eagerness
friendliness
kindness
laziness
politeness
weakness
activity
authority
creativity
curiosity
generosity
hostility
popularity
sensitivity
Less common suffixes forming abstract nouns
-ship, -dom, -th and -hood
The suffixes -ship and -hood are usually added to other nouns to form abstract nouns.
The suffix -th is added to an adjective to form an abstract noun and -dom can combine
with either a noun or an adjective.
Here are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.
boredom
freedom
kingdom
martyrdom
stardom
wisdom
breadth
depth
length
strength
warmth
width
adulthood
brotherhood
childhood
motherhood
neighbourhood
(wo)manhood
Home
About us
Pictures
Contact
When he left school, Rolf trained as an electrician with a large company. There
were two other boys in a similar position and he enjoyed their companionship.
They developed such a good relationship that, once they’d completed their
apprenticeship, they decided to go into partnership together. Now they have set
up a business under joint ownership. They have taken out membership of the
Association of Electricians and are beginning to attract a great deal of work.
D
Abstract nouns with no suffix
anger
faith
luck
sense
152
belief
fear
principle
sight
calm
humour
rage
speed
chance
idea
reason
thought
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Common mistake
The definite article is not normally used before
an abstract noun, e.g. Love is blind. (NOT The
love is blind.) I can resist everything except
temptation. (NOT I can resist everything except
the temptation.)
Exercises
72.1
What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives?
. l.\di~V
.
1 friendly .fx:!~
2 amazed ................................
3 frustrating ................................
4 kind ................................
5 hostile ................................
72.2
11 popular ............................... .
12 weak ............................... .
8 generous ................................
13 wise ............................... .
9 polite ................................
1O happy ................................
3 belief ................................
4 relationship ... „ . „ „ „ . . .......... „ „ „ „
5 strength ................................
9 production ............................... .
6 bo redom ................................
7 activity ................................
8 sight .. „. . .... . .. . . . .. . .... . .. . .. . . .
1O ownership ................................
11 expectation .. „ „ „ . „ ........ „ ... „ „ „ ..
12 adjustment ...„ „ „ •• . „.„.„ ... „ „ „ „ .
Find a synonym with the suffix in brackets for each of the following nouns. Use a thesaurus
if necessary.
1 animosity (-ity} ..~?.H\i
. .. .
2 astonishment (-ment} ................................
1O vision (no suffix) ................................
3 inquisitiveness (-ity} ................................
11 liberty (-dom) ............................... .
fraternity (-hood) ................................
possibility (no suffix) ......„........................
substitution (-ment} ................................
farne (-dom) ................................
8 decrease (-tion) ............................... .
12 fury (no suffix) ............................... .
4
5
6
7
72.4
14 reasonable ............................... .
15 wide ................................
Which verbs are related to these abstract nouns? Use a dictionary if necessary.
. ....
1 collection .. ~lL
2 recession ................................
72.3
6 strong ................................
7 angry ................................
9 community (-hood) ................................
13 wealth (-ity} ............................... .
14 maternity (-hood) ................................
15 possession (-ship) ............................... .
Complete each of the quotations with one of the words in the box.
\ imitation
ad vice
injustice
king dom
darkness
1 '.Jmił
l:łif?~
............ is the sincerest form of flattery.'
2 'Do not ask ............................„ . . of the ignorant.'
3 'Better to suffer ................................ than to commit it.'
4 'Better to light a candle than to curse the
5 'It's easy to govern a .............................. „ but difficult
to rule one's family.'
72.5
freedom .............................................................................................................................................................................................. .
2 love ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 life ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ .
4 curiosity ............................................................................................................................................................................................ .
5 imagination ..................................................................................................................................................................................... .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
153
73
A
Compound adjectives
Form and meaning
A compound adjective has two parts. It is usually written with a hyphen, e.g. well-dressed,
never-ending, sky-blue. Its meaning is usually clear from the combined words. The second part
of the adjective is often a present participle (ending in -ing) or past participle (ending in -ed,
except for irregular verbs).
Language help
Some compound adjectives use a hyphen before a noun but not after a verb (e.g. a well-dressed man
but He is always well dressed).
B
Personal appearance
A number of compound adjectives describe personal appearance. Here is a rather far-fetched
description of a person starting from the head down. [hard to believe]
Tom was a curly-haired, suntanned, blue-eyed, rosy-cheeked,
thin-lipped, broad-shouldered, left-handed, long-legged young man,
wearing an open-necked shirt, brand-new, tight-fitting jeans and
open-toed sandals.
Photo: Tom
C
Personality and character
Other compound adjectives describe a person’s character.
Melissa was absent-minded [forgetful], easy-going [relaxed], good-tempered [cheerful],
warm-hearted [kind] and quick-witted [quick-thinking/sharp], if perhaps a little big-headed
[proud of herself], two-faced [not sincere], self-centred [always thinking about herself instead of
others] and stuck-up [thinks she’s better than other people (colloquial)] at times.
D
Prepositions and particles
Another special group of compound adjectives has a preposition or particle in its second part.
The workers’ declaration of an all-out strike forced management to improve conditions. [total]
Once there were fields here but now it’s a totally built-up area.
That student’s parents are very well-off but they don’t give him much money and he is always
complaining of being hard-up. [rich] [poor]
I love these shoes and, although they’re worn-out, I can’t throw them away.
This area was once prosperous but it now looks very run-down. [in a very bad condition]
E
Collocations
Here are some other compound adjectives with typical noun collocations.
air-conditioned rooms bullet-proof windows on the President’s car business-class ticket
cut-price goods in the sales duty-free items handmade furniture interest-free credit
last-minute revision for an exam long-distance lorry driver long-standing relationship
off-peak train travel [at a time which is less busy] part-time job so-called expert sugar-free
diet time-consuming writing of reports top-secret information world-famous film star
F
Changing compound adjectives
You can vary the compound adjectives listed by changing one part of the adjective.
For example, curly-haired, long-haired, red-haired and wavy-haired; first-hand (knowledge),
first-class (ticket) and first-born (child).
154
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
73.1
What compound adjectives fro m the opposite page can describe .. .
1 a problem that never ends? a(n) ...l'~V l!. r. : ~ ncl(g.
................... problem
2 a shirt whose neck is open and which fits tightly? a(n) ................................................ ,
................................................ shirt
3 a girl who has long legs and brown eyes? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ girl
4 very new sandals that have open toes? ................................................ , ................................................ sandals
5 a boy who dresses well and is brown from the sun? a(n) ................................................ ,
................................................ boy
6 a person who is very relaxed and kind? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ person
7 a boy who has cudy hair and is sharp? a(n) ................................................ , ................................................ boy
8 a story that is difficult to believe? a(n) ................................................ story
73.2
Fili the gaps with the words from the b ox to form new compound adjectives.
Use a dictionary if necessary.
tight
-hltte-
man
broad
brown
bullet
fi.re
wa ter
loose
green
hand
sugar
second
narrow
business
right
home
absent
du ty
left
. P. 1 ~ ~ ...................... .
................................ -eyed
7 ................................
4 ............................... .
................................ -minded
................................ -fitting
8 ................................
2 ................................
................................ -proof
3 ................................
................................ -class
73.3
................................ -handed
5 ................................
................................ -made
6 ·········-··-······-·········
................................ -free
Complete the sentences using compound adj ectives from D and E opp osite.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
It was an old, run
- . d~n
...................... hotel that needed modernising. N one of the rooms were
air-................................ and the so-................................ restaurant was just a coffee bar. Our room had
an old, ................................-out carpet that was dirty.
It's a very ................................-up coast, with hotels and villas everywhere.
We managed to get a ................................-minute booking for a Mediterranean cruise.
Off-................................ train travel is much cheaper than travelling at busy times, but
long-................................ travel by train can sometimes be more expensive than flying.
The route of the President's drive to Parliament was ................................ secret and he was driven in
a bullet-................................ limousine.
The workers went on ................................-out strike over a long-................................ pay dispute and the
airport was closed for three days.
She used to be quite well-................................ but she lost a lot of money and now she has a
................................-up look about her. She got a part-................................ job to help pay the bills.
She has to have a sugar-................................ diet but it's very time-................................ trying to make sure
everything she buys has no sugar in it.
Ove,r ło
i:foa
Which of the adjectives from this unit cou ld you use to describe yourse lf or your fr iends or 111e111bers
of your fami ly?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
155
I ~
74
A
Compound nouns 1: noun + noun
What are compound nouns?
A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and
functions as a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g. car
park, human being [person], science fiction [fiction based on some kind of scientific fantasy].
A number of compound nouns are related to phrasal verbs and these are dealt with in Unit 75.
B
How are compound nouns written?
If you understand both parts of the compound noun, the meaning will usually be clear.
Compound nouns are usually written as two words, e.g. tin opener [an opener for tins], bank
account [an account in a bank], pedestrian crossing [a place for people to cross a road], but
sometimes they are written with a hyphen instead of a space between the words, e.g. selfcontrol [control over your own emotions and reactions]. Sometimes they may be written as one
word, e.g. earring, trademark [the symbol of a product], babysitter [someone who stays with a
baby/child while parents are out].
Note that there are no strict rules about which compound words should be written in which
way. There is a lot of variation even between dictionaries.
C
Stress in compound nouns
Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the second
part. In the common compound nouns below, the word which contains the main stress is
underlined.
D
alarm clock
contact lens
mineral water
voice mail
blood donor
credit card
package holiday
windscreen
burglar alarm
heart attack
steering wheel
windscreen wiper
bus stop
light bulb
tea bag
youth hostel
Grammar of compound nouns
Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the
plural. The examples given in C are all countable compound nouns. Here are some examples
of common uncountable compound nouns.
air traffic control
computer technology
food poisoning
junk food
birth control
cotton wool
hay fever [allergy to pollen]
mail order
blood pressure
data processing
income tax
pocket money
Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the singular.
arms race [two or more countries competing
to have the most powerful military]
climate change
death penalty
generation gap
labour force
sound barrier
welfare state
Here are some examples of common compound nouns used only in the plural.
156
grass roots
kitchen scissors
race relations
sunglasses
headphones
luxury goods
roadworks
traffic lights
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
74.1
Complete these bubble networks with any appropriate expressions from the opposite page.
Add extra bubbles if you need them.
74.2
Here are some compound expressions you have looked at in this unit. Explain what
the significance of the nouns used in the compound is.
windscreen .ft. sc.reen +ha+ protel+s a dri~e
from +he lllind.
burglar alarm
5 climate change
food poisoning
6 kitchen scissors
generation gap
7 luxury goods
1
2
3
4
74.3
social
issues
health
money
8 pocket money
9 welfare state
1O voice mail
What are they talking about? In each case the answer is a compound noun opposite.
1
I had it taken at the doctor's this morning and he said it was a little high for my age.
li\ood pressure
2 It's happening through natural causes and also through man-made pollution.
3 She always has terrible sneezing fits in the early summer.
4 I can't understand why they spend so much on devising ways of killing people.
5 They say that working there is much more stressful than being a pilot.
6 The worst time was when one fell out at the theatre and I spent the interval searching around
on the floor. I can't see a thing without them.
7 I don't think it should ever be used whatever the crime.
8 It's much easier not to have to make your own travel arrangements.
9 It's not difficult to access mine on my mobile.
1 O You really shouldn't cross the road at any other place.
11 I didn't like the eco ones at first because they're so slow to get going.
12 I had it very badly once when I ate some chicken that wasn't properly cooked.
74.4
In some cases more than one compound noun can be formed from one particular
element. For example, blood pressure and blood donor; air traffic control, birth control
and self-control. Complete the following compound nouns using nouns from the box.
bite
łl:fri.
1 junk .. m~J.
74.5
country
fast
inheritance
level
pot
rat
ties
w ord
........... .
2 sound ....................... .
4 tea ....................... .
5 mother ........................
3 blood ....................... .
6 ........................ tax
7 ........................ -processmg
8 ........................ crossing
9 ........................ food
10 ........................ race
Now make up some sentences like those in exercise 74.3 relating to the new compound
nouns you made in exercise 74.4.
EXAMPLE 1 l 5et a ridlc.u\oos amoont of -llis +hroo5h fYlJ \etłr
liox e~r
dllj. (junk mail)
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
157
75
A
Compound nouns 2: verb + preposition
Compound nouns based on phrasal verbs
An example of a compound noun based on a phrasal verb is a takeover [when one company
takes control of another] from to take over. In sections B to E you will see these types of nouns
in context. The meaning of the compound noun is given in brackets. To form the plural, ‘s’ is
added to the end, e.g. workouts [exercise sessions, e.g. at the gym].
B
Journalism
Nouns based on phrasal verbs often have an informal feel to them and they are particularly
common in newspaper reporting.
In response to the pay offer, there was a walkout at the factory. [strike]
There is going to be a crackdown on public spending. [action to stop/reduce]
An enquiry into the recent breakout from the local prison has recommended measures
to tighten security there. [escape]
Last month saw a tremendous shake-up in personnel. [change]
Last week we reported on the break-up of the mayor’s marriage. [collapse]
C
The economy
The takeover of one of our leading hotel chains has just been announced. [purchase by another
company]
We’re trying to find some new outlets for our products. [places to sell]
Take your things to the check-out to pay for them. [cash desk]
Cutbacks will be essential until the recession is over. [reductions]
Our profit was £1,000 on a turnover of £10,000. [money passing through a company]
D
Aspects of modern life
What the computer produces depends on the input. [information that is put in]
Output has increased thanks to new technology. [production]
We have a rather rapid staff turnover. [change]
Just after leaving school he went through a stage of being a dropout. [person who rejects
society]
The consequences of fallout from the explosion at the nuclear reactor were felt for many
years. [radioactive dust in the atmosphere]
I can easily get you a printout of the latest figures. [paper on which computer information has
been printed]
A breakthrough has been made in AIDS research. [important discovery]
E
General
The following words can be used in more general circumstances.
Many of the problems were caused by a breakdown in communications. [failure]
The outlook for tomorrow is good – sunny in most places. [prospect]
There are drawbacks as well as advantages to every situation. [negative aspects]
The outcome of the meeting was not very satisfactory. [conclusion]
TV companies always welcome feedback from viewers. [comments]
It was clear from the outset that the set-up would cause problems. [start; situation]
We parked in a lay-by on the bypass. [parking space at the side of a road; road avoiding
the centre of a town]
The outbreak of war took many people by surprise. [start of something unpleasant]
158
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
75. 1 Which of the w or ds on the opposite page would be most likely to follow the
adjectives given below?
1 radioactive ..f~IJL
. . .. . . . . . . .
5 final ................................
2 nervous ................................
3 computer
4 annual .....
75.2
„ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. • . „ „ ...
„„ . . „„ „ „„„„ „ „„„„„
„ „ ...... . „ . . ... „ „ „ . „
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „• •
„ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . ... „ „
Match the compound nouns on the left with the synonyms on the right.
~
breakdown
2 break-up
3 cutback
4 drawback
5 feedback
6 outcome
7 output
8 outset
9 walkout
75.3
6 sales
7 positive
8 city
a result
b beginning
c production
d strike
e failure
f disadvantage
g collapse
h comments
i reduction
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word from the opposite page.
AKC make +akeMer
bid for FEDCO
5
Two prisoners
escape injail
6
2
3 Transport union
Prime Minister
announces cabinet
Football star injured
in pre-game
7
4
threatens - - - - -
8
Fiu
Police plan
on vandalism
_ _ _ _ _ staff at
supermarket announce strike
in Ireland
75.4
Here are some compound nouns based on phrasal verbs. Guess the meaning of the
underlined word from its context. Show how it relates to its verb.
1 Because of the accident there was a three-mile tailback along the motorway.
queue of +raHk G+ +lllls Plllk from a ~ełld
o+ +he head of +he queue)
2 Police are warning of an increased number of break-ins in this area.
3 The papers are claiming the Prime Minister organised a cover-up.
4 Unfortunately, our plans have suffered a setback.
5 I'm sorry I'm late. There was a terrible hold-up on the bridge.
6 The robbers made their getaway in a stolen car.
7 There was a surprisingly large turnout at the concert.
8 I love having a !ie-in on Sundays.
9 The lecturer distributed handouts before she started speaking.
1O I'm giving my office a major elear-out this week.
75.5
These words are made up of the same parts but they have very different meanings.
Explain the meaning of each of the words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1 outlook I look-out
tJa1/óól< means pr<>sped. lllhereas a lór>li-oot Is a person 11.ia+chin8 ou+ for an eMTYlJ or dan8er.
2 set-up I upset
3 outlet I let-out
4 outłay
I layout
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
159
76
A
Binomials
What are binomials?
Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction
(usually ‘and’). The order of the words is normally fixed. For example:
odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let’s get the main things packed –
we can do the odds and ends later. (NOT ends and odds)
give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and
take to be successful.
You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern, which may be a
repetition of the same first sound or a rhyme.
Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [an important part of / belong to]
The boss was ranting and raving /reɪvɪŋ/ at us. [shouting / very angry]
The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin. [is ruined / has decayed]
He’s so prim and proper at work. [rather formal and fussy]
The hotel was a bit rough and ready. [poor standard or quality]
She has to wine and dine important clients. [entertain / take out to restaurants]
They stole my wallet. I was left high and dry, with no money. [in a very difficult situation]
B
Pairs of near synonyms
At other times, the clue is that the words are near synonyms.
You can pick and choose – it’s up to you. [have a wide choice]
My English is progressing in/by leaps and bounds. [big jumps]
It’s nice to have some peace and quiet now that the children have left.
[a peaceful/calm situation]
The doctor recommended some rest and recreation / R and R. [relaxation]
First and foremost, you must work hard. [first and most importantly]
C
Binomials composed of grammar words
Many grammar words combine to form
binomials.
There are cafés here and there along the sea
front. [scattered round / in different places]
We’ve had meetings on and off / off and
on. [occasionally]
I’ve been running back and forth / to and
fro all day. [to and from somewhere]
She’s better now, and out and about again.
[going out]
She ran up and down the street. [in both
directions]
D
Language help
Your language probably has many binomials.
Check that the ones which look similar in English
have the same word order as your language.
These three are very neutral binomials and can be
used in formal or informal situations. Try
translating them.
I have an old black and white photograph of my
grandparents. Ladies and gentlemen, your
attention, please! She ran back and forth.
Binomials linked by words other than and
You’ve got your sweater on back to front. [the wrong way]
He won’t help her – she’ll have to sink or swim. [survive or fail]
Slowly but surely, I realised the boat was sinking. [gradually]
Sooner or later, you’ll learn your lesson. [sometime in the future]
She didn’t want to be just friends – it had to be all or nothing.
Well, I’m sorry, that’s all I can offer you – take it or leave it.
It’s about the same distance as from here to Dublin, give or take a few miles. [perhaps a mile
or two more, or a mile or two less]
160
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
76.1
Here is a list of words that can combine to form binomials. Use similarities in sound to
join them with and. Look at A opposite to check that you have the right word order and
meaning. Use the binomials to fili the gaps in the sentences which follow.
prtfB.
dine
high
parcel
rack
part
ready
propei:-
...p.dm ..~r.i!l . f.n?
p. . ą
rum
rave
rough
dry
rant
w me
...........
1 The receptionist is always so terribly ..p.dm .................... and ..p. r ~ ~r.
.............. ; the whole atmosphere
always seems so very formal.
I was left ................................ and ................................ , with no one to help me.
The room's a bit ................................ and ................................ but you're welcome to stay as long as you
like.
She was in a bad temper and was ................................ and ................................ at everybody.
My hosts ................................ and ................................ me at the best restaurants.
That old house in the country has gone to ................................ and ................................ ; nobody looks
after it now.
Working hard and being very disciplined is ................................ and ................................ of training to be a
top athłe.
2
3
4
5
6
7
76.2
Use binomials from Band C to rewrite the words in bold. Your new sentences will
often sound more informal than the original ones.
1 I'm hoping to get some time without noise or interruption at the cottage I've rented.
- ~ - ~ ..?.Nl.qt:1.i.d.................
2 Most importantly of all, I want to get a good, steady job . ............................................... .
3 I've bumped into Karen occasionally but I don't meet her regularly. ................................................
4 H er violin playing seems to be progressing very rapidly .................................................
5 I've been running from one place to another and back again all morning . ................................................
6 The doctor said I needed a few weeks of relaxation without activity . ................................................
7 We'll have to stay in a cheap hotel. We can't afford to choose what we'd like best.
8 There are some nice hotels in different places along the coast . ............................................... .
9 Mrs James was ill for a while, but now she's going out and doing things again.
1O Jim's office is on the next floor to mine, so we have to go from one floor to another
all day. ............................................... .
76.3
Some of the binomials in these sentences are in the right order and some are wrong.
Correct the wrong ones.
1 I spent a long time going forth and back between different offices to get my visa.
wn~9:
!ill(.k ond for+h
2 You look very tired and stressed. You need some rest and recreation.
3
I love those old white and black Hollywood fi.lms from the 1940s.
4 Later or sooner you will learn that he is not a true friend of yours.
5 Gentlemen and ladies, would you like to take your seats now, please?
6 Slowly but surely my English got better and soon I felt fairly fluent.
76.4
These binomials do not have and in the middle. What do they have? Check the
opposite page if you are not sure.
sooner .. f?L. ....... ł a t e r
2 all ............... nothing
3 back ............... front
4 sink ............... swim
5 slowly ............... surely
6 give ............... take
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
161
77
A
Abbreviations and acronyms
Abbreviations pronounced as individual letters
Most abbreviations are pronounced as individual letters.
BBC
ID
GM
WHO
DNA
CIA
British Broadcasting Corporation
Identity (an identity card or passport)
genetically modified
World Health Organisation
deoxyribonucleic acid (chemical at centre of living cells)
Central Intelligence Agency (US government agency collecting
information about other countries)
Military Intelligence 6 (UK equivalent of CIA)
frequently asked questions
also known as
I owe you
automated teller machine (cash machine usually outside bank)
as soon as possible (it is occasionally pronounced as a word /eɪsæp/)
MI6
FAQ
AKA
IOU
ATM
ASAP
Language help
When these abbreviations are stressed words in the sentence, the stress falls on the last letter, e.g.
She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC.
B
Abbreviations pronounced as words
Abbreviations pronounced as individual words are called acronyms.
NATO /neɪtəυ/
PIN /pɪn/
SAD
AWOL /eɪwɒl/
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Personal Identity Number (e.g. for a bank or credit card)
seasonal affective disorder (lacking energy and enthusiasm in
winter in latitudes where there is little sunlight at that time)
absent without leave [permission; usually used in military contexts]
Some acronyms have become so normal as words that people do not think of them as
abbreviations any longer, and so they are not written in capital letters.
laser
C
radar
scuba
sonar
Clippings
Some words are often used in an abbreviated form in informal situations. We say, for
example, kilo instead of kilogram or gig for gigabyte. Other examples include:
air con (air conditioning) satnav (satellite navigation system)
uni (university) mobile (mobile phone) or (US) cell (cellphone)
carbs (carbohydrates) sci-fi (science fiction) high-tech (high-technology)
D
Abbreviations in texts and instant messaging
Text messages (or txt msgs) and instant messaging often use abbreviations. Some common
ones are:
BTW
LOL
BRB
CUL8R
FYI
AFAIK
AFK
IMHO
162
by the way
laugh(ing) out loud / lots of love
be right back
see you later
for your information
as far as I know
away from keyboard (with instant messaging)
in my humble/honest opinion (with instant messaging)
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
77.1
Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right.
0
Wherever I am in the world I listen to the news on the
2 Most websites have a page dealing with
3 Maggie took some money out of my wallet and left me an
4 What kind of people we are depends on our
5 They won't !et you into the club without any
6 You won't be a ble to use the ATM if you've forgotten your
7 I don't know where John can be - he's gone
8 I always feel lethargic in December - I think I suffer from
77.2
a ID.
b PIN.
c BBC.
D
D
D
D
D
D
d SAD.
e FAQs.
f AWOL.
g DNA.
h IOU.
D
Find abbreviations from A, B or C opposite to fit these categories.
Find two that relate to measurement.
..h!\P...„. ...........
..3!3................ .
2 Find four that relate to food and health.
3 Find
4 Find
5 Find
6 Find
77 .3
........................ ....................... .
........................ ........................ ....................... .
three that relate to money.
........................
one that relates to sport.
three that are political organisations. ........................ ........................ ........................
two that relate to equipment using sound or radio waves. ........................ ....................... .
Fili each gap with an appropriate abbreviation or acronym.
1 Please could you buy me a ..h!!P.„„.„ ... „ ... „„.„„ of apples?
2 Geoff Barclay ............................ James Stubbs has been charged with burglary.
„ ..
3 The surgeons used „„.„.„„„.„„.„„. „„„. technology to carry out the operation.
4 M y sister works in a very „„„„„„„„ .. „„„„„„„ office using all the most up-to-date hardware and
software.
5 Bats cannot see and use a kind of .. „ .„„.„ ... „„.„„„ .. „„ to find their way around.
6 When you're driving it's much easier to use a .„„.„.„„.„„.„.„„„.„. rather than a road atlas.
77.4
Write out these text messages in full.
1:05AM
BTW MAY B LB 2NITE
ortłl-;:"
!
IMHO U R WRONG
4:35PM
""
GOING 2 DEPT MTG
NOW.CU LBR
Glmił
77.5
Ove,r ło
':jotc
What's the nearest uni to the place where you live?
2 Have you ever tried scuba diving?
3 Would you be happy to eat GM food?
4 Do you know anyone who has SAD?
5 What is the ma in source of carbs in your diet?
6 How common is air con in your country?
English Vocabulary in
Use Upper-intermediate
163
78
A
Multi-word expressions
Learning and remembering multi-word expressions
Fixed expressions, also known as idioms, often have meanings that are not clear or obvious.
For example, the expression to feel under the weather, which means ‘to feel unwell’, is
typical. The words do not tell us what it means, but the context usually helps.
Think of multi-word expressions as units, just like single words; always record the whole
expression in your notebook, along with information on grammar and collocation, e.g. This
tin opener has seen better days. [it is rather old and broken down; usually of things, always perfect
tense form]
Multi-word expressions of this type are often rather informal and include a personal
comment on the situation. They are sometimes humorous or ironic. As with any informal
words, be careful how you use them. Never use them just to sound ‘fluent’ or ‘good at
English’. In a formal situation with a person you do not know, don’t say:
‘How do you do, Mrs Watson? Do take the weight off your feet.’ [sit down]
Instead say: ‘Do sit down’ or ‘Have a seat.’
B
Organising multi-word expressions
Multi-word expressions can be grouped in a variety of ways. It is probably best to use
whichever way you find most useful to help you remember them.
Grouping by grammar
get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick [misunderstand]
pull a fast one [trick/deceive somebody]
verb + object
poke your nose in(to) [interfere]
be over the moon [extremely happy/elated]
feel down in the dumps [depressed/low]
verb + prepositional phrase
be in the red [have a negative bank balance]
Grouping by meaning, e.g. expressions describing people’s character/intellect
He’s as daft as a brush. [very stupid/silly]
She takes the biscuit. /bɪskɪt/ [is the extreme / the worst of all]
They’re a pain in the neck. [a nuisance / a difficult person]
Little Sam’s as good as gold. [behaves very well – usually used about children]
Grouping by a verb or other key word, e.g. expressions with make
Why do you have to make a meal out of everything? [exaggerate the importance of everything]
I think we should make a move. It’s gone ten o’clock. [go/leave]
Most politicians are on the make. I don’t trust any of them.
[wanting money/power for oneself]
I’m afraid I’m making heavy weather of my essay. [making slow and difficult progress]
C
Grammar of multi-word expressions
It is important when using these expressions to know just how flexible their grammar is.
Some are more fixed than others. For instance, barking up the wrong tree [be mistaken] is
always used in continuous, not simple form, e.g. I think you’re barking up the wrong tree.
(NOT I think you bark up the wrong tree.)
A good dictionary may help, but it is best to observe the grammar in real examples.
Note how Units 88–93 group expressions in different ways.
For more information on multi-word expressions, see English Idioms in Use by
Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell.
164
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
78.1
Complete the expressions from A and B opposite.
............................ .
1 When I passed all my exams, I felt over ..:lh.~ .. m~n
2 This printer isn't working again! lt's a pain ................................................ .
3 lt's almost midnight! I' d better be making ................................................ .
4 I spent too much money last month and now I'm in ................................................ .
5 lt's time to change my laptop. It's fi.ve years old and has seen ................................................ .
6 She is the absolute limit! She really takes ................................................ .
7 Oh deai; Matthew completely misunderstood me. He always seems to get ................................................ .
8 I'm sorry. I do some really stupid things. You must think I'm as daft ................................................ .
9 I wonder what's wrong with Ursula? She looks down ................................................ .
1 O I don't trust politicians. Most of them are just on the ................................................ .
78.2
Which expressions from the opposite page do these pictures remind you of?
.. k~r
..~.@P
..... .
3 ................................
I
I
2 ............................... .
78.3
4 ............................... .
Which is correct, (a) or (h)? Check with A and B opposite.
1 Sit down and (a) get (b) take the weight off your feet . .. k..................... .
2 Why does she always have to (a) poke (b) peek her nose into other people's affairs? ..........................
3 I was feeling (a) under (b) below the weather, so I didn't go to work . ..........................
4 Zoe pulled a (a) quick (b) fast one and didn't pay for her share of the meal. ......................... .
5 All right, all right! You don't have to (a) cook (b) make a meal out of it! ......................... .
6 He's really making (a) heavy (b) bad weather of what should be a simple task . ........ :................ .
78.4
Without using a dictionary, try to work out the meaning of the underlined expressions
from the context.
1 It's midnight. It's time to hit the sack. gC> +t> vet.I
2 This is just kid's stuff. I want something more diffi.cult and challenging!
3 I feel
fit as a fi.ddle ever since I started going regularly to the gym.
4 I can't understand why he's giving me the cold shoulder. He's usually so friendly.
5 I haven't seen Simone for ages. We only get together once in a blue moon.
6 I think l've got the hang of this photo-editing program now, though it was complicated at first.
78.5
OV~r
ło
tjotc
Try a grouping exercise with six expressions from the opposite page, using any of the methods
suggested in B. Which type of grouping works best for the expressions you chose?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
165
79
A
Words commonly mispronounced
Vowels
You can hear how all the words in this unit are pronounced on the CD-ROM. The phonetic
transcription is provided for some of the words below. Check you understand the symbols,
which are used by most good dictionaries (see page 258).
To master English pronunciation it is helpful to learn the 22 phonetic symbols for English
vowel sounds. These are important because the vowel letters can be pronounced in many
different ways:
a
i
u
ie
ei
B
cat/ct/ about /ə/ wander /ɒ/ last /a/
alive /aɪ/ give /ɪ/
put /ʊ/ cut / ʌ / cupid /ju/
fiend /i/ friend /e/ science /aɪə/
rein /eɪ/ receive /i/ reinforce /iɪ/
late /eɪ/
e
o
ea
ou
oo
met /e/
sorry /ɒ/
head /e/
our /aʊ/
cool /u/
meter /i/ /ə/
go /əʊ/ love /ʌ/ to /u/
team /i/ react /iæ/
route /u/ would /ʊ/
cook /ʊ/ coopt /əʊɒ/
Silent letters
The letters below in bold are silent in the examples:
p
b
b
l
h
t
k
psychic /saɪkɪk/ psychiatry
pneumatic
receipt
pseudonym psychology
comb /kəʊm/
dumb numb
tomb climb
womb lamb
doubt /daut/
subtle
debt
debtor
could /kʊd/
should
calm
half
talk
palm
walk
salmon
chalk
honour /ɒnə/ honourable honest hour hourly heir heiress
whistle /wisəl/ castle
listen
fasten
soften
Christmas
knee /ni/
knife know knob knowledge
knot knit
Language help
r card /kad/
park
farm
burn work
The letter ‘r’ is not silent in some
storm
tart
varieties of English, for example
(unless followed by a vowel) mother /mʌðə/ sister
American, Irish, Scottish.
teacher water
C
Changing stress
Some two-syllable words in English have the same form for the noun and the verb. The stress
is on the first syllable of the word when it is a noun and the second syllable when it is a verb,
e.g. Wool is a major Scottish export. Scotland exports a lot of wool. Here are some other
words like this.
conduct
conflict
contest
decrease
suspect
record
desert
import
increase
insult
transfer
reject
permit
present
progress
protest
transport
upset
Multi-syllable words in English tend to put their main stress on the third syllable from the
end, e.g. photograph, telephone, arithmetic. As a result, as a long word adds suffixes its word
stress does not stay on the same syllable, e.g. photographer, telephony, arithmetical. Note
that, although this rule is useful, it does have plenty of exceptions.
Common mistakes
These words are often mispronounced.
apostrophe /əpɒstrəfi/
recipe /resipi/
ought /ɔt/
166
catastrophe /kətstrəfi/
vegetables /vedȢtəblz/
muscle /m səl/
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
cupboard /k bəd/
sword /sɔd/
interesting /intrəstiŋ/
Exercises
79. 1 Underline all the silent letters in the following sentences.
1 They sang a psalm to honour the memory of the world-famous psychologist as
she was laid to rest in the family tomb.
2 The psychiatrist was knifed in the knee as she was walking home.
3
He should have whistled as he fastened his sword to his belt.
4 You could have left me half the Christmas cake on Wednesday.
79.2
Which word is the odd one out in each of these groups?
5 doubt, could, shout
worry, sorry, lorry lOr~
2 sword, cord, word
6 cough,rough, tough
7 land, wand, sand
8 soot, root, foot
come, some, dome
4 head, plead, tread
3
79.3
What word could a poet use to rhyme with each of the words
below? Use your dictionary to check the pronunciation.
1 enough ..~f:i.
................. .
2 plough ................................
3 through ............................... .
4 cough ............................... .
5 though ............................... .
79.4
Circle or highlight the stressed syllable in each of the underlined words.
fee to transfer the player to their team.
1 They paid a f 1 milon~er
2 Although they suspected severa! people were pardy involved, the police decided to concentrate
3
4
5
6
7
8
79.5
on Jo as the main suspect.
There are conflicting views as to the cause of the conflict.
All this upset over the wedding has really upset them.
The cost of living has increased while there has been a decrease in wages.
A work permit permits you to work for a period of six months.
I wish I could record a hit record!
Despite the disgraceful conduct of the audience, James went on conducting the orchestra.
Write out the words below using the norma! English alphabet.
3 /'hrel)btJi:f/
4 /'kem1k<ll/
1 IIDAs<ll/ !Y'tlsde
2 /k<l'trestrdfil
5 /'sAt<ll/
6 /r;:i' si:t/
7 /hait/
8 /'res1pi/
79.6 Underline the stressed syllable in each of the words below.
1 photograph
photQgraphy
photQgrapher
2 zoology
zoologist
zoological
3 arithmetic
4 psychology
5 psychiatry
photographically
arithmetical
arithmetician
psychologist
psychological
psychiatrie
psychiatrist
79. 7 Find words on the opposite page to match each definition. Say them aloud.
1 cooking instructions
rec.lpe
2 between warm and cold
3
an old weapon
4 a punctuation mark
5 the opposite of descend
6 a sea that isn't rough
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
167
80
A
Onomatopoeic words
What are onomatopoeic words?
Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious
examples are verbs for the noises which animals make.
cows moo
B
cats meow and purr
lions roar
bees buzz
small birds tweet
Letters, sounds and their associations
Certain combinations of sounds have particular associations in English.
• gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g.
She was groaning with pain. [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair]
Everyone was grumbling about the quality of the food. [complain in a bad-tempered way]
Don’t be so grumpy! [bad-tempered]
The teacher growled angrily at the boys. [make a deep, threatening sound, like an angry dog]
• cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g.
Click on ‘log in’ to enter the website. [make a short sharp sound]
There was a loud clang as the metal bar hit the stone floor. [make a loud ringing noise]
Horses go clip-clop on the road.
• sp- at the beginning of a word can suggest water or other liquids or powders, e.g.
She splashed water over her face to wake herself up. [cause a liquid to fly about in drops]
The meat was horrible and she spat it out. [send liquid or food out from the mouth]
I never use hair sprays. [to spray = send liquid through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or
some instrument]
He sprinkled sugar on his breakfast cereal and ate it quickly. [scatter small drops]
Water was spurting out of the broken pipe. [come out in a sudden burst]
• wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of air, e.g.
He whistled and the horse ran towards him. [a high-pitched noise made by forcing air or steam
through a small opening]
Suddenly a large insect whizzed over my head and scared me. [make the sound of something
rushing through air]
Old Mr Banks wheezed as he climbed the stairs. [breathe noisily especially with a whistling
sound in the chest]
• -ash at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g.
smash [break violently into small pieces] dash [move fast or violently]
crash [suddenly strike
violently and noisily]
bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure]
mash [make soft or pulpy
by beating or crushing]
gash [a long deep cut or wound]
a smashed window
168
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
a car crash
sausages and mashed potato
Exercises
80.1
Match the verbs and the animals which make the sound. Some of the verbs are not
given on the opposite page.
1 cat
2 hen
3 sheep
snake
dog
bee
small bird
lion
4
5
6
7
8
80.2
o
o
D
D
D
D
D
a roar
b growl
c buzz
d purr
e tweet
f hiss
g cluck
h bleat
Look at B opposite and insert the missing letters.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
80.3
[fJ]
The plant looked very dry, so I ...?.p.rayed some water on the leaves.
Old Mrs Jenks had bronchitis and was ........eezing all the time.
I heard the sound of a horse ........ip-........ opping along the road.
Brightly coloured insects ........izzed around our heads as we walked through the jungle.
Stop ....... umbling about everything and try to enjoy yourself!
She d. .......ed out of the door and ran down the street.
After the accident, oil ........ urted from the pipe and polluted the river.
As I was carrying my computer to my new office, I b. .......ed it against the door and damaged it.
Fill the gaps with words from the opposite page.
1 The cat was ..m~
2
3
4
5
6
80.4
.t! 3 .............. because it wanted food. After it had eaten, it ................................ with
contentment and fell asleep.
................................ on the 'capy' symbol, then you can copy the text to a new file.
Everyone ................................ in despair when they heard the bad news.
The car had ................................ into a wall and was badly damaged, but luckily no one was hurt.
Do you like your potatoes fried or shall I ................................ them for you?
The boy had a ................................ on his knee and blood was pouring from it.
Answer the questions.
1 What things do people normally sprinkle on food? .. ~gL
. ?.~H .. ~w.r
. ?.pi~
. ? „ ~r
.....
2 Which would make a clang if it hit a hard surface, a piece of wood or a piece of metal?
3
If someone growls at you, are they probably happy or angry with you?
4 Can you whistle? If so, when would you do it? ...............................................................
5 What things make you grlllilpy? ...............................................................
6 What rnight you do if you put some food into your mouth and it tasted very bad?
80.5
Mlil1s;;1+u1e4;1+11fii"IMl"lii4""'*411Uih-
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
169
81
A
Homophones and homographs
Homophones and homographs
Homophones are words with different meanings which are pronounced in the same way but
are spelt differently, e.g. row as in ‘at the end of the row’ and roe [fish eggs].
Homographs are words which are written in the same way but have different meanings and
may be pronounced differently. Compare row in ‘we had a row /raʊ/ about who should pay
for the tickets’ [argument] and ‘he sat at the end of the row’/rəʊ/ [line of seats].
B
C
Homophones
air/heir
mail/male
raise/rays
tea/tee
aloud/allowed
meat/meet
read/reed
there/their/they’re
break/brake
mown/moan
rein/rain/reign
through/threw
fare/fair
our/hour
right/rite/write
tire/tyre
faze/phase
pair/pear/pare
sale/sail
toe/tow
flu/flew
pale/pail
scene/seen
waist/waste
grate/great
pane/pain
sight/site
wait/weight
groan/grown
peal/peel
so/sew
weak/week
hoarse/horse
place/plaice
sole/soul
weather/whether
its/it’s
practise/practice
some/sum
whine/wine
lays/laze
pray/prey
steak/stake
would/wood
Homographs with differing pronunciations
Check the pronunciation of the words in bold on the CD-ROM.
I live in the north of England. /lɪv/
My favourite rock group is singing live on TV tonight. /laiv/
I read in bed each night. /rid/
I read War and Peace last year. /red/
The lead singer in the group is great. /lid/
Lead pipes are dangerous. /led/ [metal, chemical element]
The wind blew the tree down. /wind/
Wind the rope round this tree. /waind/
She wound the string round the parcel and tied it up. /waʊnd/
He suffered a terrible wound in the war. /wund/
This book is called English Vocabulary in Use. /jus/
You must know how to use words as well as their meaning. /juz/
They lived in a large old house. /haʊs/
The buildings house a library and two concert halls as well as a theatre. /haʊz/
The sow has five piglets. /saʊ/ [female pig]
The farmers sow the seeds in the spring. /səʊ/ [plant seeds]
Bathing the baby at night may help her to fall asleep. /baθiŋ/
(on a sign at a beach) No bathing. /beiðiŋ/
Common mistake
I don’t know whether to go or not. (NOT I don’t know weather to go or not.)
170
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
81. 1
Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets.
Choose the matching word.
1 The girl I live .j!~
....
with knows a good pub with live .. H~ ....................... music. (five I give)
2 The main house ................................ houses ................................ a colłetin
of rare stamps.
(mouse I browse)
3 lt's no use ................................. I can't use ................................ this gadget. (snooze I juice)
4 You sow ................................ the seeds while I feed the sow ................................ . (cow I go)
5 The violinist in the bow ................................ tie made a bow ................................. (now I so)
6 He's the lead ................................ singer in the group 'Lead ................................ pi ping'. (head I deed)
7 What a row ................................ from the last house in the row ................................ ! (plough I though)
8 Does he stili suffer from his war wound ................................ ? (found I tuned)
9 I wound ................................ the rope around the tree to strengthen it against the gale.
(round I spooned)
1O lt's hard to wind ................................ in the sails in this wind ................................. (find I tinned)
„ . . . . .... .... .....
81.2
Write the word given in phonemic script in the correct spelling for the context.
must do some more exercise or 1'11 never lose /wert/. 11Jel9h+
1 I realły
2 Watching TV game shows is such a /we1st/ of time.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
81.3
There's a hole in the / s~ul/
of my shoe.
He broke a /pem/ of glass in the kitchen window.
The eldest son of the monarch is the J e~ / to the throne.
You are not / ~'laud/
to talk during the test.
Look at that lovely yacht with the red /se11/.
He's going Jeru:/ a rather difcułt
!ferzl at the moment.
Don't throw away that orange /pi:l/. I need it for a recipe.
Write one sentence using both of the words which correspond to the phonemic script.
/pe11/ 0he Pll.IS qul+e pale aHer +he exer+lbn bt lar~t19
/
7 /sa1t/
/ ' pr~kt1s
/
8 /preI/
/grert/
9 / h~:s
/
/wam/
1O /re1zl
/bre1k/
SUlh a hea~
pall bt Pl/.l+er.
2 / 'weó~
3
4
5
6
81.4
Homophones and homographs are at the root of many jokes in English. Match the
first part of each of these children's jokes with the second part and then explain the
play on words involved in each.
1 What do you get if you cross a sheep and a kangaroo? Cf] a Let's play draughts.
1hls plllf> btl +lllC> meat1lt19s bt jumper - a Slllea+er and a persbn br anima\ +ha+ jumps.
81.5
2 What did the south wind say to the north wind?
3 Why did the man take his pencil to bed?
4 Why is bistory the sweetest lesson?
O
O
O
5 What's the best birthday present?
O
b A drum takes a lot of beating.
c A woolly jumper.
d He wanted to draw the
curtains.
e Because it's full of dates.
Choose pairs of words from B opposite to describe the pictures below.
2 ............................... .
3 ................................
4 ............................... .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
171
82
A
Uncountable nouns
What are uncountable nouns?
Countable nouns can be used with a/an and made plural (e.g. a hat, two hats). Uncountable
nouns are not normally used with a(n) or the plural, e.g. information (NOT an information
or some informations). You can learn uncountable nouns in groups associated with the same
subject or area. Here are some useful headings.
B
Travel
luggage
baggage (more
accommodation
money
currency
common than
luggage in AmE)
C
The word food is usually uncountable, and so are many
food names. Other uncountable food words can be
added to this list.
D
rice
soup
transport
Language help
Food
sugar
flour
information
spaghetti
butter
bread
Travel is an uncountable noun, e.g.
Travel broadens the mind. If you want
to refer to an individual occasion of
travel, use journey or trip, e.g. It was
a very long journey. (NOT a very
long travel) She was away on a
business trip for three days. (NOT a
business travel)
Abstract uncountable nouns and nouns for activities
She gave me some advice on how to study for the exam.
I picked up some interesting knowledge on that course.
She’s made a lot of progress in a very short time.
She has done some research on marine life.
They’ve done a lot of work on the project.
The teacher always gives us homework at the weekend.
Do you have any experience of working with children?
Wealth does not guarantee happiness, but neither does poverty. [state of being rich] [state of
being poor]
E
Material and resources
For making clothes, furniture, etc.: cloth (e.g. silk)
leather For energy: coal
For buildings: stone
brick
plastic
General: equipment software
F
oil
Other common uncountable nouns
I have some news for you: Henry is getting married.
What lovely weather! Let’s go for a walk.
Common mistakes
Although you may have learnt these words and their meanings before, it is very easy to continue
making mistakes with them.
We say: What terrible weather! I have some news for you. We bought some new furniture.
(NOT What a terrible weather! I have a news for you. We bought some new furnitures.)
See Unit 85 for ways of making uncountable nouns countable.
172
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
82.1
Complete each sentence in two ways using the nouns in brackets.
..~d(.!
..?.~mJip<L
.... about applying for university courses. (advice I tip )
1 He gave me ..C'i?~m)
2 I'm sorry, I can't come. I have ............................................................... to do. (job I homework)
3 She's doing .............................................................. teenage slang in English for her university project.
(research into I study of)
4 You'll need .............................................................. if you want to make a Chinese meal. (rice I noodle)
5 I have .............................................................. for you: you're going to meet the President next week!
(news I surprise)
6 They make ............................................................. for the furniture industry in this factory. (textile I cloth)
82.2
List these words under the headings in the table: uncountables and countables. Then
pair up the words which have related meanings.
recommendation
memey- bread
case
information
trip
work
baggage
fact
loaf
job
ad vice
tra vel
e6ffi
i.-1L uncountables
82.3
: -" ~ -ł
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. There may be more than one.
Sb!Yle
We had such a terrible weather that we left the campsite and found ani<1ccommodation in
town mstead.
2 In the south of England, most houses are made of stones, but in the north, bricks are
more common.
3 I love antique furnitures, but I would need an advice from a specialist before I bought any.
My knowledges in that area are very poor.
4 Her researches are definitely making great progresses these days. She has clone a lot of
original works recently.
5 What equipments do you need to go skiing? If you can give me any informations, I would be
grateful.
6 Oil exports have produced a great deal of wealths for the country.
7 Package holidays often include transports from the airport to your accommodations.
8 I don't have any experiences of working in education, but I would like to do some voluntary
works in a school.
9 A poverty is the biggest problem in many countries.
1O I bought a new software that shows you the kind of weathers every country has each month
of the year.
82.4 Can you add more items to the lists in C and E opposite?
Fod:.
J?.li . v~ .. ~.U „ ?.~l
L mOk
„ h.~ . tl~
................................................................................................................................................................... .
For making clothes, furniture , etc.: ...............................................................................................................................................
For buildings: ............................................................................................................................................................................................... .
For energy: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
82.5
-----·
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
173
83
A
Words that only occur in the plural
Tools, instruments, pieces of equipment
pliers
scissors
binoculars
B
C
scales
earphones
handcuffs
shears
headphones
tongs
tweezers
glasses/spectacles
goggles
Things we wear
clothes
pyjamas
leggings
dungarees
knickers/pants underpants/pants
shorts
trousers
jeans
tights
overalls
braces (swimming) trunks
Other useful words
When I move to London, I’ll have to find lodgings. (e.g. a room in a flat)
When will the goods be delivered? [articles/items]
The architect inspected the foundations before declaring that the premises were safe. [under
the building] [the building itself]
The military authorities have established their headquarters in the old Town Hall.
The acoustics in the new opera house are near perfect. [quality of the sound]
The contents /kɒntents/ of the house were sold after her death.
Looks are less important than personality in a partner.
As you come to the outskirts of the village, there are traffic lights. Turn left there. [the
beginning or end of the village]
The stairs are a bit dangerous – be careful.
The proceeds of the concert are going to the children’s fund. [money from selling tickets]
A terrorist has escaped from prison. Her whereabouts are unknown. [where she is]
D
Words with plural form but used mostly with singular verbs
Names of some games: billiards
dominoes
draughts
darts
bowls
Names of subjects/activities: physics
economics
classics
gymnastics
cards
athletics
Common mistakes
Some words look plural, or may be thought of as plural, but are not, e.g. news, spaghetti (an Italian
plural form), series, means. The news is good. (NOT The news are good.) The spaghetti was delicious.
(NOT The spaghetti were delicious.) There was a series of programmes on TV about Japan. Is there a
cheap means of transport I could use to get there?
174
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
83.1
Make a list of subjects you studied at school or elsewhere. How many of the words are
plural? Use a dictionary if necessary.
83.2 Which things listed on the opposite page can be used to:
1 cut a hedge? she~r
5 protect your clothes if you're repairing a car?
2 help you to read small print?
6 look at distant objects?
7 get a nail out of a piece of wood?
8 keep a prisoner's hands together?
3 cut paper?
4 hold your trousers up?
83.3 Name the items on the clothes line and tick the words that are only used in the plural.
"
.·,
'.'
6
1 „~.b?
2 ........................ 3 ........................ 4 ........................ 5 ........................ 6 ........................ 7 ....................... .
83.4 Fill the gaps with an appropriate plural-form noun.
1 (to a child) Come on! Get your .. f.ljPm~
. ?. .......................... „ .. on! lt's time to go to bed.
2 The „ .... „ ....... „ ..................... „.„ ..... of the rock concert are going to two charities.
3 The ............„„ .... „ ............ „ ........ „ .. in the new concert hall are superb. I've never heard such elear sound.
4 The escaped prisoner is tall, dark and has a beard. His ................... „„ ..... „„„ ............. are unknown.
5 You must use .................................... „„„.„ ... or .... „ ........................ „ ................ if you want to listen to your MP3
player on a train.
6 The ................................................ have forbidden the import of all foreign ............................................... .
83.5 Odd one out. In each group, one of the nouns is always used in the plural. Which one?
sock, trouser, slipper - +rousers
2 billiard, squash, tennis
3
4
knife, scissor, razor
tracksuit, costume, dungaree
83.6 In this silly story, change the singular nouns to plural where appropriate. Change the
verbs where necessary.
I decided that if I wanted to be a pop star l' d have to leave home and get łeagfi
lt1d9ln9s
in London . I
finally got a room, but it was on the outskirt of the city. The owner didn't live on the premise, so I
could make as much noise as I liked . The acoustic in the bathroom was fantastic, so I practised
there. I made so much noise I al most shook the foundation ! I went to the headquarter of the
Musicians' Union, but a guy there said I just didn't have the right looks to be famous . Oh well,
never mind!
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
175
84
A
Countable and uncountable nouns
with different meanings
Countable and uncountable nouns
When we use a countable noun we are thinking of specific things that can be counted (e.g.
two glasses). When we use an uncountable noun we are thinking of stuff or material or the
idea of a thing in general (e.g. this door is made of glass).
stuff/materials
things
glass
cloth
a glass / glasses
fish
a fish
work
a work
Ha
m
le
t
a cloth
Hamle
t
Be careful – there’s broken glass on the road. I need a cloth to wipe the table.
We had fish for dinner. Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous works.
Here are some more nouns that can be used in both ways with different meanings.
B
countable
uncountable
There’s a black hair in my soup; it must be yours!
She has beautiful red hair.
Did you buy a paper this morning? [a newspaper]
The printer has run out of paper.
The different peoples of Asia were represented at
the festival. [races / national groups]
I love meeting people from different
countries. [individuals]
Can I borrow your iron? My shirt is a bit
creased. [instrument]
People used to think ships made of
iron would sink. [metal]
I had some interesting experiences during my trip
to Latin America. [things that happened to me]
She has little work experience.
[knowledge or skill obtained from doing
something]
The city has a yearly arts festival. [music,
theatre, etc.]
He studied arts not sciences at uni. [subjects such as
languages or history; always plural and without the]
Have you been to the modern art
museum? It’s wonderful. [usually refers
to painting, drawing and sculpture]
I’ve seen that film three times. [occasions]
We had some good times at university.
[experiences]
Time passes very slowly if you have a
boring job. [clock time, calendar time]
Food
The names of food items often have a different meaning depending on whether they are used
as countable or uncountable nouns (see fish above).
176
coffee/tea
a coffee and two teas
potato
just two potatoes, please!
Would you like some chocolate?
Would you like a chocolate?
salt and pepper
a pepper
a hot dog with onion
an onion
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
84.1
Would you normally expect to find these things in most people's houses, flats, garages
or gardens? In which room or place? Answer for both meanings (countable and
uncountable).
Yes, moŚ+
peop\e ha~e
somelllhere. Mos+ peop\e don '+ norma\~
of Iron (e.9. a fr~ln9
pan) In +he klłhen.
1 an iron I iron
an Iron +o Iron +helr dołhes
keep Iron c+he meła\)
; +h~
ml9h+ keep I+ In +he klkhen
a+ home, liu+ +h~ ml9h+ ha~e łhln9s
made
2 a cloth I cloth
3 a fish I fish
4
5
6
7
84.2
glass I a glass
a wood I wood
pepper I a pepper
paper I a paper
Which question would you ask? Could I have!borrow a ... ? or Could I have/borrow some ... ?
c"'~
1 cake
2 iron
~
J
h„, "'""'"ko?®
3?tfS
, peppe;
I
5 pape<
6
rube
7
gla"
~
~
O
4 chocolate
84.3
Complete the answers using the word in brackets. Use a(n) or the if the meaning is
countable.
. :- .. j\~J.!lp1dL,
.... „ .. . ........... .
1 Oh dear! l've spilt water on the floor! (cloth) Never mind. Here's ..u.l~Jb
2 How <lid you get that puncture in your car tyre? (glass) I drove .........................................................................
3 (child) Daddy, what are car tyres made of? {rubber) They're made .................................................................. .
4
5
6
7
84.4
Have you worked in a prirnary school before? (experience) No, I don't ....................................................... .
I wonder who won the genrał
election in Sweden? {paper) We could buy ................................................ .
(child) Mum, what's the Mona Lisa? (work) lt's ..............................................................................................................
What's your favourite ice-cream flavour? (chocolate) My favourite ................................................................. .
What is the difference between (a) and (b) in each pair? Check in a dictionary if you're
not sure.
a
b
a
2 a
b
a
3 a
b
a
4 a
b
a
She was always a great !over of the arts.
Are you an art lover?
Arts here means Jhe..aJl::e.,..!Y_tl?.1~,
..e.fl.'. ................
b Art here means ............................................................ .
(road sign) PLANT AND HEAVY MACHINERY CROSSING
l've bought you a house plant.
b A plant here means ...................................................
Plant here means .......................................................
There was a lot of damage to the car as a result of the accident.
The film star won $500,000 in damages because the story in the newspaper was untrue.
Damage here means ................................................... b Damages here means .................................................. .
l've had some bad tirnes at the dentist's!
How many tirnes have you been to the dentist's this year?
b Times here means .................................................. .
Times here means ...................................................
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
177
85
A
Making uncountable nouns countable
Bit and piece
You can make many uncountable nouns singular and countable by adding a piece of or a (little)
bit of. Similarly, you can make such nouns plural with pieces of or bits of. Bit is less formal
than piece and they are not always interchangeable. Bit can be used with all types of nouns.
Piece tends to be used more with uncountable nouns. Bit suggests a smaller amount than piece.
How many pieces of luggage have you got with you?
The police collected bits of information from different sources.
Chopin wrote some wonderful pieces of music.
Before you go to England I should give you two bits of advice …
He spends all his money buying new bits of computer equipment.
Common mistake
We say: What an attractive piece of furniture! (NOT What an attractive furniture!)
B
Words that go with specific uncountable nouns
Weather
rain
sun
lightning
wind
Today’s weather will be variable. In the north there are likely to be heavy showers (of rain). The
sunny spell (of weather) that we have had this last week will continue in much of the south
although there may be occasional rumbles of thunder and flashes of lightning in some areas
with some quite loud claps of thunder in one or two areas. These will be followed by a few spots
of rain but gusts of wind should soon blow them away and the sunshine will then return.
See Unit 6 for more weather words.
Groceries
‘I need a loaf of bread, a couple of slices of ham, two bars of chocolate, a tube of toothpaste,
two cartons of milk and three bars of soap.’ (slice can also be used with toast, bread, meat
and cheese)
Nature
Look at the ladybird on that blade of grass!
What’s happened? Look at that cloud of smoke hanging over the town!
We could see little puffs of smoke coming out of the volcano.
Let’s go out and get a breath of fresh air.
Put another lump of coal on the fire, please. (lump can also be used with sugar)
Other words
I had an amazing stroke of luck this morning.
I’ve never seen him do a stroke of work. (only in negative sentences, more emphatic than a
bit of work)
I’ve never seen him in such a fit of temper before.
The donkey is the basic means of transport on the island.
Tights must be the most useful article/item of clothing ever invented.
There was an interesting item of news about France on TV last night.
C
A state of
Nouns used with a state of are usually abstract and include chaos, tension, confusion, health,
disorder, uncertainty, poverty, agitation, disrepair and flux [continuous change], e.g. The
transport system is in a state of chaos.
178
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
85.1
Match the words on the left with the words they collocate with on the right.
a stroke
a shower
an articłe
a lump
a flash
a blade
an item
8 a rumbie
2
3
4
5
6
7
85.2
[@
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
of
a lightning
b co al
c grass
d news
e ram
f cłothing
g thunder
h luck
Change the uncountable nouns to countable nouns in the following sentences by using
piece, bit or one of the more specific words from B.
Could you buy me some bread, please? Gould ~u łiu~ me a loaf of liread,
2 My mother gave me some advice that I have always remembered.
3 Suddenly the wind almost blew him off his feet.
4 We had some terribly windy weather last winter.
please?
5 Would you like some more toast?
6 He never does any work at all in the house.
7 Let's go to the park - I need some fresh air.
8 I can give you some important information about that.
9 We could see smoke hovering over the city from a long way away.
1 O I need to get some furniture for my fiat.
85.3 Use words from C opposite to fit the clues for the puzzle below.
2
3
4
5
6
The reforms mean that the country's education system is
in a state of ................................ at the moment but hopefully
things will soon setł
down.
We are stili in a state of ................................ as to who has won
the ełction.
The country's infrastructure is in a state of ................................
after the earthquake.
it was in a
We fell in love with the house ałthoug
dreadful state of ................................ .
My granny wouldn't be in sucha bad state of
................................ now if she hadn't smoked all her life.
Ałthoug
this is supposed to be an affluent society, many
people are stili living in a state of ................................ .
3
85.4
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
179
86
A
Collective nouns
People
Collective nouns are used to describe a group of the same people or things.
a group of people
(smaller number)
B
a crowd of people
(large number)
a gang of thieves
(rather negative)
Words associated with certain animals
A flock of sheep or birds, e.g. geese/pigeons; a herd of cows, deer, goats; a shoal of fish
(or any particular fish, e.g. a shoal of herring/mackerel – note the use of singular here); a
swarm
/swɔm/ of insects (typically flying ones, e.g. a swarm of bees/gnats).
A pack of … can be used for dogs, hyenas, wolves, etc. as well as for (playing) cards.
C
People involved in the same job/activity
These nouns are used with singular or plural verbs, depending on your point of view.
A team of experts/reporters/scientists/rescue workers was/were at the scene of the disaster.
The crew was/were saved when the ship sank. [workers on a ship/ambulance/plane]
The company is/are rehearsing a new production. [group of actors]
The cast is/are all amateurs. [actors in a film or theatre production]
The public has/have a right to know the truth. [the people as a whole]
The staff are on strike. (normally used with a plural verb; general word for groups who share
a place of work, e.g. teachers in a school, people in an office)
D
Physical features of landscapes
In the picture we can see a row of cottages near a clump of trees with a range of hills in the
background. Out on the lake there is a small group of islands.
E
Things in general
a pair of birds sitting on a branch [two of anything that are
the same]
a couple of strawberries [vague way of saying two, not necessarily
exactly the same]
a pile/heap of papers (or clothes, dishes, toys, etc.)
a bunch of flowers (or grapes, bananas, etc.)
a stack of chairs (or tables, boxes, logs, etc.)
a set of tools (or pots and pans, dishes, etc.)
180
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
86. 1 Fill each gap with a suitable collective noun.
There are ..?.~rm'
.............. of mosquitoes in the forests in Scandinavia in the summer.
2 As we looked into the water, we saw a ................................ of brightly coloured fish.
3 There was a ................................ of youths on the corner; they didn't look very friendly.
4 There's a ................................ of cards on the bookshelf. Will you fetch them for me, please?
5 A ................................ of biologists is studying marine life in this area.
6 Look at that ................................ of birds on that tree. Bath of them have beautiful markings.
I wonder what they are?
7 Could you put a ................................ of spoons of sugar in this coffee for me, please? It's very bitter.
Yes, just two, that's fine. Thanks.
86.2
In each case, one of the examples is wrong. Which one? Put a line through it.
Company is often used for actors I .swimme1'S I opera singers.
2 Cast is often used for people in a play I a book I a film.
3 Crew is often used for the staff of an ambulance I a plane I a hospital.
4 Pack is often used for cats I dogs I wolves.
5 Flock is often used for sheep I pigeons I pigs.
6 Herd is often used for cows I fish I goats.
86.3 Match the collective nouns on the left with the words on the right.
a clump of
[Il
O
O
O
O
O
2 a range of
3 a gang of
4 a swarm of
5 a row of
6 a heap of
7 a herd of
8 a bunch of
O
O
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
houses
flies
fir trees
deer
grapes
mountains
criminals
bed linen
86.4 Rewrite these sentences using collective nouns. Don't forget to change the verb to
singular or plural where necessary.
1 There are some tables on top of one another in the next room .
..1.b~rn
..\?.. ~.*
- ~.b . ~f. . JąP.\~
.?
..\n..fh~ ..!l~
. ~J . rC!m,
...
2 There are a large number of people waiting outside.
3 The people who work there are very well paid .....................................
4 A large number of sheep had escaped from a field.
5 She gave me six identical glasses ...
6 She gave me five or six beautiful roses ..............................................................................................................................
„ „ . .•••••• „ . ..... ••• „ . „ ... „ . ...• „ .... .. . . „ „ . .. ... . ... „ „ „ ... „ „ „ .... . „ „ „ „ „ „
„ ••••• • „ ••• „ . „ •• • „ •. . ••• „ •• • „ . .• „ ... ...... . . . . „ ..... „ „ „ „
„ „ • . •••••• „ „ •••••• • •••••••••.••• • •••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••• „ ..•••••••• • „ ....•• • •
„ „ „ ... . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . •.•• .. „ „ „ . •• •• „ „ „ „ ••• • •• . • . • . • •••• •••••.•• • • • ••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••• • „ •••••••
86.5 Some collective nouns are associated with words about using language. Underline any
you can see in this text, check their meanings in a dictionary and make a note of them
in your vocabulary notebook.
THE JOURNALISTS raised a host of difficult questions about the actions of the police du ring the
demonstration. There had been a barrage of complaints about police violence. The Chief of Police
replied that he was not prepared to listen to a string ofwild accusations without any evidence.
In the end, he just gave a series of short answers that left everyone dissatisfied.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
181
87
Containers and contents
A
bag
barrel
can
carton
pack
B
basket
case
(e.g. for glasses)
packet
bowl
bottle
pan
crate
pot
box
glass
sack
jar
tin
bucket
jug
tub /tʌb/
mug
tube /tʃub/
More information about these containers
container
usually made of
typical contents
bag
cloth, paper, plastic
sweets, shopping, mail
barrel
wood and metal
wine, beer
basket
wicker, metal
shopping, clothes, waste paper
bottle
glass, plastic
milk, lemonade, wine
bowl
china, glass, wood
fruit, soup, sugar
box
cardboard, wood
matches, tools, toys, chocolates
bucket
metal, plastic
sand, water
can
tin
cola, beer
carton
card
milk, juice, 20 packets of cigarettes
case
leather, wood, cardboard
jewellery, spectacles, wine*
crate
wood, plastic
bottles
glass
glass
milk, water, wine
jar
glass, pottery
jam, honey, olives, instant coffee
jug
pottery
milk, cream, water
mug
pottery
tea, coffee, cocoa
pack
card
cards, six cans of cola/beer
packet
card, paper
cigarettes, tea, biscuits, cereal
pan
metal
food that is being cooked
pot
plastic, metal, pottery
yoghurt, plant, paint
sack
cloth, plastic
coal, rubbish
tin
tin
tomatoes, sardines, fruit
tub
wood, plastic, card
flowers, rainwater, ice cream
tube
soft metal, plastic
toothpaste, paint, ointment
* A case of wine is usually a cardboard box of wine, containing 12 bottles. Half a case is six bottles.
182
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
87 .1
Complete the blanks in the shopping list without looking at the opposite page.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
a Me
two
four
a
a
a
a large
a
six
of toothpaste
of milk
of cola
of condensed milk
of chocolate biscuits
ofyoghurt
of matches
ofhoney
of cń s p s
-r---.
87 .2
Try the following quiz about the words on the opposite page.
1 Which two of the containers listed would you be most likely to find holding flowers in a
garden? ..?.f~t
.. !!..M.........................
2 Which three are you most likely to find in a cellar ? ................................................
3 Which five of these would you be most likely to see in the drinks section of a large
supermarket ? ................................................
4 Which five would you be most likely to see on the breakfast table? ............................................... .
5 Which two containers might a postman carry the post in and which is bigger?
6 Which two are often used fo r carrying shopping? ............................................... .
87 .3
Name the containers and their contents.
r
I
KIDNE\'
~§
l
..?.jr~f
.. p.~ro+
..........
2 ........................
3 ........................
4 ........................
5 ........................
J
6 ....................... .
. k!H.~r
&
li!!!
7 ....................... .
~
L.=:_J
8 ....................... .
~
Washing
Up
~
9 ........................
liquid
10 ........................
11 ........................
12 ....................... .
87.4 Think of other words which are often used with the following containers.
. ~ •. !\l{~dp.
. ~p . ą , ..\!n~ . n ........................ basket
5 ............................................................................... jug
1 .. ?b.~p1:
2 ............................................................................... box
3 ............................................................................... bottle
4 ............................................................................... bag
6 ............................................................................... glass
7 ............................................................................... pot
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
183
88
A
B
Expressions with do and make
Phrasal verbs with do and make
phrasal verb
meaning
example
do without
manage without
We’ll have to do without a holiday this
year as money is so short.
do away with
abolish, get rid of
It should be our ambition to do away
with poverty in the world.
make for
move in the direction of
Let’s make for the city centre and look
for a restaurant there.
make of
think (opinion)
What do you make of the new software?
make off
leave hurriedly
He made off as soon as he heard their car
turn into the drive.
make up for
compensate for
The superb food at the hotel made up for
the uncomfortable rooms.
Meanings of phrasal verbs
Some phrasal verbs have a number of different meanings, e.g. do up can mean not only
‘fasten’ but also ‘renovate’ and ‘put into a bundle’. Similarly, make out can mean ‘claim’,
‘manage to see’ and ‘understand’; make up can mean ‘compose’ or ‘invent’; it can also mean
‘constitute’ or ‘form’, ‘put cosmetics on’, ‘prepare by mixing together various ingredients’ and
‘make something more numerous or complete’.
C
Collocations with do and make
There are a lot of other common collocations based on do and make. Note that most
combinations referring to activities, work or duty use do whereas those which lead to an end
product (e.g. tea, a cake, a noise, a toy boat, a profit) use make.
You do: your homework / the housework / some gardening /
exercise / the washing-up / your best / the shopping /
the cooking / business with … , and so on.
You make: a cup of tea / arrangements / an agreement / a
suggestion / a decision / war / an attempt / a phone call / the
best of … / an effort / an excuse / a mistake / a profit / a loss /
love / the most of / a noise / a good or bad impression /
a success of … / allowances for …1 / a gesture / a face / fun of … /
a fuss of …2 / a go (a success) of … , and so on.
1
consider someone’s situation and not judge them harshly 2 give someone
a lot of attention and treat them well
Common mistake
We say: When I do my homework, I try not to make too many mistakes. (NOT When I make my
homework, I try not to do too many mistakes.)
184
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
88. 1 Here are some different ways in which do up, make up and make out can be used.
What is the meaning of the phrasal verb in each case?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
88.2
.~ ..i.f<ą . ~ . lf.?! ..~ . n ..1,.?~H
.....
Take this prescription to the chemist and she'll make it up for you ...p.rn~
Can you make out the little white house on the mountain side? .............................................................. .
A human being is made up of many, often conflicting, desires ............................................................... .
If you do up the newspapers, I'll put them in the recycling box ............................................................... .
I just can't make Joe out. He's so strange ............................................................... .
Let's advertise the talk and hope we make up the numbers a bit . ...............................................................
He made out that he had never loved anyone else. She believed him . ............................................... .
We're planning to do up our bathroom at the weekend. lt's looking rather old and dull.
Add the necessary prepositions or particles to complete this story.
Last weekend we decided to start doing 1 up
our bedroom. We agreed that we
could do 2
the old fireplace in the corner. As we began to remove it from the
in a bund le behind a loose brick.
wall we found some old photographs done 3
At first we could not make 4
what they were but we wiped them clean and
realised they were all of the same young man. We spent an enjoyable evening ma king
_ _ _ _ stories to explain why the pictures had been hidden.
88.3
In each sentence below, there is an error with choice of particle. Correct the mistakes.
:4
with my old laptop and buy a new one. lt's too old and too slow.
1 I'm going to do
2 This weekend we are planning to make to the seaside.
3 Vast amounts of money do not always make of happiness.
4 Your shoelaces are untied. Do them in or you'll trip over.
5 They like to make away that they are very important people.
6 Thieves robbed the bank and made out with fl,000,000.
88.4 Complete the following sentences using an appropriate expression from C.
1 Pacifist posters in the 1960s used to say 'MAKE LOVE NOT .. Wł.\ . K ................... !'
2 lt doesn't matter if you pass the exam or not, as long as you do ............................... .
3 Companies that once made a huge ................................ are now going bankrupt.
I don't like doing ................................ but someone has to clean, wash, iron and cook!
You must make ................................ the fact that he's only seven years old.
Dressing smardy for an interview helps you to make ................................ .
Her company does a lot of ................................ in East Asia selling educational software.
8 Do you do much ................................ ? Yes, I go to the gym three times a week.
4
5
6
7
88.5
Ove,r ło
':fOLC
Which of these things do you think you could do without and why?
mobile phone
cap/hat
N set
sung lasses
How often do you do the shopping, the cook ing , the washing-up?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
185
89
A
Expressions with bring and take
Phrasal verbs with bring
Each example is a typical spoken sentence and a more formal equivalent is provided in
brackets.
My father’s parents brought him up in the country because they thought that country life was
better for children. [raised]
Don’t give up. I’m sure you’ll bring it off in the end. [succeed]
Cold winds always bring on her cough. [cause to start]
The strike brought about a change of government. [cause to happen]
Ford Motors are bringing out an interesting new model in the spring. [introducing]
I hope they don’t bring back capital punishment. [re-introduce]
They promised to bring down taxes but they have actually raised them. [lower]
Inflation will probably bring down the government. [destroy, remove from power]
Keep trying to persuade him and you’ll bring him round to your point of view. [persuade]
B
Phrasal verbs with take
Doesn’t he take after his father! They even sound the same. [resemble]
I wish I could take back what I said to her. [withdraw]
It’s hard to take in his lectures – he speaks in such an abstract way. [absorb, understand]
She was completely taken in by him and agreed to give him all her money. [deceived]
Sales have really taken off now – we should make a good profit this year. [started to improve]
The plane took off two hours late. [left the ground]
She’s very good at taking off her teacher – she sounds just like her. [imitating]
We’ll have to take on more staff if we’re to take on more work. [employ] [accept]
Nelson is going to take over as manager in July. [start doing a job]
She took to him at once and they soon became close friends. [formed an immediate liking for]
When did you take up golf? [start (a hobby)]
C
Common expressions with bring and take
The new regulations will be brought into force in May. [become law]
His research brought some very interesting facts to light. [revealed]
Matters were brought to a head when Pat was sacked. [reached a point where changes had to be
made]
It’s better that everything should be brought into the open. [made public]
His new girlfriend has really brought out the best in him. [been good for him]
Don’t let him take advantage of you. [unfairly use superiority]
After 20 years of marriage he takes her for granted. [doesn’t appreciate her qualities]
I took it for granted you’d come – you always do. [assumed]
She immediately took control of the situation. [started organising]
His unkind words took my breath away. [surprised]
The story takes place in Mexico. [happens]
Leaving his job before he’s found a new one is taking a risk. [doing something risky]
It’s impossible to take such a silly suggestion seriously. [consider as serious]
Don’t forget to take travel costs into account in the budget. [consider]
He doesn’t seem to take pride in his work. [draw satisfaction from]
You must take the opportunity to visit the castle while you’re here. [use the chance]
186
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
89.1
Complete these sentences with the appropriate preposition or particie.
1 The school reforms which plan to bring .. lmJ ...................... a more traditional style of exams for
children are generally unpopular.
2 The bumpy journey brought ................................ labour and the baby was bom on the bus.
3 I think the strikes will bring ................................ some changes in management.
4 If anyone can bring it ................................, he can.
5
He won't agree to it for me but she can always bring him ................................ .
6 She brought ................................ six children all on her own.
89.2
89.3
Complete the bubble network below with phrasal verbs based on take.
to
over
up
out
on
staff
off
Reword these sentences using expressions from C opposite.
1 The story of the film happens in Casablanca during the war.
..~f.Jb
!lm.M
. ~? ..p.Jw~!f')
..(;.~ . ?P\t"!~
. 41:r!~
..+h~ ..lfl!lr,................ .
..1.b~ ..?:ł.<>rB
2 Today's newspaper has revealed some fascinating information about the President.
3 The situation reached crisis point when the union called for a strike.
You need to consider the historical context of the novel in your essay.
The view from the top of the hill was astonishing.
He capitalised on her weakness at the time and she gave it to him.
If you're going to succeed in business you must be prepared to not always do the safe thing.
You shouldn't assume that anyone or anything will always be the same.
4
5
6
7
8
89.4 Make a bubble network like the one in 89.2, based on phrasal verbs with bring.
' hildren
up
BRING
89.5
Which of the expressions in C mean the opposite of:
1 to keep quiet +<>
kin9 in+<> +he <>pen
2 to laugh at
89.6
Ove.r ło
3 to be as expected
4 to drop an old law
5 to be careless about
6 to be subordinate to
tjou
An swer th e questio ns using on e of the phrasal verbs in A or B opposite.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Where were you brought up? 1 was v<>rn and Vr<>u9h+up in 0 ,<>+land.
lf you had time to take up a new sport or other leisure activity, what would it be?
Who do you take after rnore - your mother or your father?
What new law has bee n brought into force recently in your count ry?
What kind of teacher do you find brings out the best in yo u?
What changes would you like your country's current government to bring about?
Can you t hink of someone who you've irnrnediately taken to?
8 Have you ever taken on too much work?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
187
90
A
Expressions with get
Meanings of get
Get is used frequently in spoken English. It has the following basic meanings:
• receive, obtain or buy something, e.g. Please get me a newspaper when you’re in
town. I got a text from John today. She got top marks in her exam.
• change position – move or be moved, e.g. How are you getting home tonight?
• change state – become or make, e.g. She’s ill but she’s getting better.
B
Specific meanings of get
Get also has many other more specific meanings.
It’s my turn to get dinner tonight. [prepare a meal]
I don’t get it. Why did he speak like that? [understand]
His behaviour really gets me at times. [annoy]
I saw Andy’s new girlfriend at the party but I didn’t get to speak to her. [manage]
Once we got to know each other, we became great friends. [become acquainted]
The phone’s ringing and there’s someone at the door! You get the phone and I’ll get the
door. [answer, respond to]
C
D
Phrasal verbs based on get
phrasal verb
meaning
example
get across
successfully communicate an
idea
It was difficult to get my point of
view across to the committee.
get at
reach, find
I hope the enquiry will get at the truth.
get behind with
fail to do something by a
certain time
I’ve got terribly behind with my work.
get down
depress
This weather is getting me down.
get down to
begin to give some serious
attention to
It’s time you got down to some work.
get into
be successful with an application
(e.g. to a college/school)
She did well in her exams and got
into university.
get on
manage
However will we get on without you?
get on
advance, develop
Jo is getting on very well at school.
get out of
avoid a responsibility
I’ll try to get out of my next lesson.
get over
recover from
She’s getting over a bad attack of flu.
get round
spread
The news soon got round the village.
get round to
do something you’ve intended
to do for a long time
I need to buy a new desk but I can’t
get round to it. I’m so busy.
get through
come to a successful end
I’m glad she got through all her exams!
get through
use up all of
He got through his month’s salary in
just one weekend.
get up to
to do (especially something
bad)
They’re very quiet. I wonder what
they’re getting up to?
Other expressions based on get
You seem to have got out of bed on the wrong side today. [be in a bad mood]
The meeting got off to a good/bad start with JR’s speech. [started well/badly]
I’m organising a little get-together. I hope you can come. [informal meeting/party]
When they broke up he got rid of everything of hers. [threw away / destroyed]
I’m going to get my own back on her somehow. [take my revenge]
188
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
90.1
l
Replace the underlined get expressions with another way of expressing the
same idea. Note that by doing this you are changing the text from being very
informal to being slightly more formal.
relet(e
I don't often g§ interesting junk mail. However, an unusual item carne this morning. lt was headed
'Are things getting you down? Do you feel you'll just never getto do all those things you dream of?'
And it went on, 'lf so, W this great new book today: Manage Your World by Simon Triksta. lt will
teach you how to get over those daily upsets, and will ensure that you W the contentment in your
work that you long for and that you fulfil your dreams. Send €25 today to W Manage Your World
and your key to success within ten days.' Maybe I should Wit!
90.2 Fill the gaps in the sentences below in the most appropriate way.
Although they bad only told their parents about their engagement, the news soon got
..r.<i.!-ln4................... the village.
2 She must have made a good irnpression last week because she has got ................................ to the
second round of interviews for the job.
I have an essay to write but l'm finding it hard to get ................................ it.
4 l've been meaning to redecorate my room for ages but I just can't get ................................ it.
5 What have you been getting ................................ since we last met?
6 Surely you haven't got ................................ all the biscuits already?
7 The new political party was finding it difficult to get its message ................................ to the public.
8 I was ill last semester and I got seriously ................................ with my studies. If this continues,
I probably won't get ................................ university this year.
9 We're having a get-................................ on Friday to celebrate Jan's birthday. Would you like to come?
1O His progress on the guitar was slow at first, but he's getting ................................ well now.
3
90.3 Match the situations on the left with the appropriate responses on the right.
2
3
4
5
90.4
Someone has been very irnpolite to
one of your friends.
Someone is about to throw something
a way.
Someone is being negative about
everything you suggest.
Someone has clone something very
cruel to you.
Someone says they can't help with the
clearing up after a party.
Ove,r ło
a You always try to get out of things!
D
D
D
D
b You wait! l'll get my own back on you
one day!
c Don't get rid of that yet!
d You got out of bed on the wrong side
this morning!
e Your rudeness really gets me!
':fOtt
Com plete t he fo llowing sentences in a way that is tru e fo r you.
1 I would hate to get rid of ...
2 My ... got off to a bad start because .. .
3 I find it very hard to get down to ...
4
5
I wish I could get out of .. .
... is really getting me down.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
189
91
A
Expressions with set and put
Phrasal verbs based on set
Since his daughter’s birth, Robert had been setting aside1 money for her wedding. Now he
and his wife were setting off2 to meet Carl, her new fiancé. Carl was a mountaineer who had
set out3 several times to climb Mount Everest but had had to turn back because bad weather
had set off4 avalanches. Now he was trying to set up5 a sports equipment business. Robert
didn’t altogether like the sound of Carl but he was doing his best to set aside6 his negative
feelings.
1
5
B
reserving
establish
2
6
3
beginning a journey
begun something with a particular aim in mind
ignore (not think about)
4
caused
Phrasal verbs with put
Note: It would not normally be natural to use all of these expressions together.
Sarah put her own name forward1 for election to the staff committee. Ten other people
had also put in2 proposal forms but Sarah was elected because she is very good at putting
her ideas across3. She also has a talent for putting her opponents down4. At the first
meeting she was largely silent though occasionally she would put in5 a remark.
At the next meeting she was more involved. She supported the proposal that central
heating should be put in6 in the staff canteen and agreed to help put together7 some new
flat-pack furniture for the canteen. She also voted for the local school being allowed to
use the staff club to put on8 a play. She insisted that the play would not put staff out9 at
all provided that the school put all their props away10 after each performance. She said
that she would put up11 relatives coming from other towns to watch the play. She argued
that the committee should put off12 making their decision about putting up13 staff club
membership subscriptions until they had found out how staff felt about this. She agreed to
put up14 posters encouraging all staff to come to the next committee meeting.
Later that evening Sarah made her mother laugh as she imitated other committee members –
she’s good at putting on15 all sorts of accents. ‘The chairperson really put me off16 with his
constant sniffing,’ she said, ‘and I don’t know how they put up with17 the secretary’s rudeness.’
1
proposed
installed
12
postpone
6
C
2
7
submitted
assemble
13
raising
3
4
communicating
making someone look small 5 say something
9
present
inconvenience 10 tidied 11 give accommodation to
14
15
display
pretending to have 16 distracted 17 tolerate
8
Expressions with set and put
He has set his heart/sights on becoming a ballet dancer. [longs to become]
I’ve set myself a target of losing five kilos by the end of the year. [am aiming to lose]
They sat up till the small hours setting/putting the world to rights. [discussing important
problems]
Did someone set fire to the house deliberately? [put a match to]
The prisoner will be set free tomorrow. [released]
Di had never set foot in Italy before. [been to]
The Egyptian runner has set a new world record. [established an achievement record]
Teachers have to try to set a good example for young people. [be a good example]
to put your foot down: to be firm about something
to put pressure on someone: to try to force someone to do something
to put your mind to: to direct all your thoughts towards
to put two and two together: to draw an obvious conclusion
to put an end / a stop to something: to cause something to stop
to put someone’s back up: to irritate someone
a put-up job: something arranged to give a false impression
190
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
91.1
Put the following sentences into slightly more formal English by replacing the phrasal
verbs with their formal equivalents.
2
3
4
5
91.2
They have recently set up a committee on teenage smoking.
'fh~
ha~e
ruen+I~
es+alllished a c.ommi++ee on +eena9e smokin9.
We try to set aside some money for our holiday every week.
Set aside all your negative feelings and listen with an open mind.
If we hadn't set off so late, we would have arrived on time.
The government's unpopular proposals set off a wave of protests.
Write three nouns which could follow each of the verbs. Remember that their
meanings might be different depending on the noun which follows.
1 put in .. .m~/?
..~k.miJ!n
..~f.rL
.............. .
2 put forward .............................................................. .
3 put off .............................................................. .
4 put across .............................................................. .
5 put up ...
6 put on ...
7 put away
8 put up with .............................................................. .
„ „ „ „ ........................... .. . ....... . ..... ... .....•
„ „ „ „ .. ... .• . . „ „ .. . .. .......... . .......... •. . . .. ... . . . •
„ „ ... . .... „ „ „ „ ... ....•. . .... . . . . .........................
91 .3
Write responses to the following statements or questions using any appropriate phrasal
verb from A or B opposite.
1 He's always so rude. l
lllOuldn'+ pu+ up llli+h i+ if l lllere ~u.
2 This room is in a terrible mess.
3 What time do we have to leave for the airport tomorrow?
4
5
6
7
8
91.4
Any chance of a bed on your floor this weekend?
Why have you suddenly lost interest in the project?
What is Geoff planning to do when he gets his business degree?
How should we publicise our play?
l've taken all the bits for my new desk out of the pack but now I don't know where to start.
Using the expressions in C opposite, reword the following sentences without changing
their meaning.
They have promised to liberate the hostages at noon.
'fh~
ha~e
promised +o se+ +he hos+a9es free a+ noon.
2 He's bound to draw the obvious conclusion if you keep on behaving like that.
3 Her aim is to become Prime Minister.
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
I find her terribly irritating.
If you try to make her change her mind it'll make her even more determined.
Please concentrate on the problem in hand.
She is determined to get a seat in Parliament.
She threw petrol on the rubbish and put a match to it.
lt's time the teacher tołd
the children to stop making so much noise.
The man has officially eaten more burgers in one hour than anyone else.
This is the first time l've ever been to the southern hemisphere.
We spent most of our evenings discussing the problems of the world rather than studying.
You really should be firm with him or there'll be trouble later.
If the teacher doesn't behave properly, the children certainly won't.
His goal is to run the Athens marathon next year.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
191
I,..
92
A
Expressions with come and go
Phrasal verbs based on come
Did the meeting you were planning ever come off? [take place]
When do the exam results
come out? [be published, made public]
I must tell you about an important point which came
up at the meeting. [was raised] Please come round and see me sometime. [pay an informal visit]
Nothing can come between him and football. [separate, be a barrier between]
I came across a
lovely old vase in that junk shop. [found by chance]
How did you come by that bruise / that
car? [receive, obtain]
Computer prices have come down recently. [decreased]
Lizzie came
up with a really good idea to raise money for charity. [thought of / suggested a plan or solution to
a problem]
B
Collocations with come to and come into
Come to often refers to the idea of ‘arriving at’. Come into often refers to the idea of starting
or acquiring.
come to + collocations
an agreement
a conclusion
a standstill [stop]
an end
C
examples
a decision
to terms with
[acknowledge and accept
psychologically]
The two sides have at last come
to an agreement.
Traffic came to a standstill
because of the snow.
The war finally came to an end
in 2005.
come into + collocations
examples
contact (with)
a fortune [receive when
someone dies]
operation [start working]
sight/view
He came into a fortune when
his uncle died.
The new motorway will come
into operation next March.
After two hours at sea, the
island came into sight/view.
existence
fashion
Phrasal verbs based on go
Some of these have a number of different meanings.
go on: What is going on next door? [happening] They went on working despite the noise.
[continued] As the weeks went on, things improved. [passed] You go on, we’ll catch you up
later. [go in advance] He’s always going on at me about my untidy hair. [criticising, complaining]
go through: I wouldn’t like to go through that again. [experience, endure]
Let’s go through
the plans once more. [check]
Unfortunately, the business deal we were hoping for did not
go through in the end. [was not completed or approved]
go for: He really went for her when she dared to criticise him. [attack]
Which course have
you decided to go for? [choose]
Those shoes don’t go with that dress. [suit, match]
D
Other expressions based on go
I hope they’ll make a go of the business but they are taking a big risk.
[make a success of]
He’s been on the go all day and he’s exhausted. [very busy, on the move]
It goes without saying that we’ll support you. [clear without being said]
Your work is good, as far as it goes. [but is limited or insufficient]
The story goes that they were once very close friends. [It is said that … /
It seems that …]
They went to great lengths to keep it a secret. [took a lot of trouble]
The business has gone bankrupt. [not got enough money to pay debts]
192
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Let me
have a go.
Exercises
92.1
Which meanings do these underlined verbs have?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
92.2
I
He went on composing music till his eighties. lOl"l+ittied
She was so suspicious that she used to go through his pockets every night.
The dog went for the postman.
We had planned a meeting but it never carne off.
I carne across a photo of my grandmother the other day. I look just like her.
I wish you'd stop going on at me!
I was sure he'd go for a holiday in Greece rather than stay at home.
Does this top go with these trousers?
Nobody has come up with a solution to the problem so far.
Choose one of the expressions in B to complete each of the sentences.
1 I found it really hard to make up my mind but in the end I carne ..J~
2 When his grandmother dies, he'll come ................................................
..~ ..d~.i?!n
•...................
3 After four years of fighting, the civil war finally carne ............................................... .
4
5
6
7
8
Halfway up the steep hill, the bus carne ................................................
They say that long skirts are coming ................................................ again.
The telephone first carne ................................................ over 100 years ago.
I found it very difficult to come ................................................ my failure.
As we drove round the corner the house carne ............................................... .
92.3 Replace the underlined expressions with one of the expressions in D.
1 I don't need to say that we wish you all the best in the future.
2 They took a lot of trouble to avoid meeting each other.
1+ 9oes Pol!+hou+ Sllljll"l9
3 I've been extremely busy all day and I'm longing for a shower now and to relax.
4 I do hope he will be successful in his new business.
5 Everyone says that they were together that night.
6 The film is good up to a point but it doesn't tackle the problem deeply enough.
92.4 Match questions on the left with the responses on the right.
1 Why don't you and Jeff go on?
2 How did he come by so much money?
3 Did the plan go through?
4 What's the worst pain you've ever gone through?
5 Why did that factory close down?
6 When should I come round to your place?
7 What's going on over there?
[D
O
O
O
O
O
O
a
b
c
d
e
Any time after eight.
The firm went bankrupt.
We'll catch you up.
A rich aunt of his died.
No, people voted against it.
f It looks like a demonstration.
g When I broke my wrist.
92.5
I hope I make a go of ................................................................................................................................................................. .
2 My exam results will come out .............................................................................................................................................. .
3 My ... shoes go with my ............................................................................................................................................................. .
4 I never want to go through ........................................................................................................................................... aga in.
5 As my English course goes on, ................................................................................................................................................ .
6 lt's not easy to come to terms with ..................................................................................................................................... .
7 l've come to the conclusion that learning English ....................................................................................................... .
8 I carne across a new English word recently. lt was ....................................................................................................... .
English Vocabu/ary in Use Upper-intermediate
193
93
A
Expressions with other
common verbs
Look
I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience. (at end of formal letter)
The police are looking into the matter. [investigating]
They need to look at all the evidence before reaching a decision. [examine]
She looks down on anyone she thinks is inferior to her. [despises; opp look up to = admire]
It’s hard to be positive but do try to look on the bright side. [be optimistic]
B
See
Sue tries to see about/to arrangements for the conference at least a year ahead. [deal with]
We all went to see Jana off at the airport. [accompany someone who is leaving]
It didn’t take Paul long to see through her. [understand she was trying to deceive]
That can’t be Hamid. He’s in Paris this week. I must be seeing things. [imagining it]
C
Run
I ran into an old friend yesterday – I had no idea she was in town. [met by chance]
Her patience has run out and she has told him she won’t help him any more. [come to an end]
We've run out of milk. [there is none left]
Let’s run over the plans again to make sure we’ve thought of everything. [quickly go through]
Things may be hard now but it’ll be worth it in the long run. [in the distant future]
The trains have stopped running because of the avalanche. [travelling]
D
Turn
Everyone was very surprised when she turned down the promotion and explained that she
was leaving the company. [rejected]
Naoko turned up last night. I haven’t seen her for years! [appeared]
I’m going to turn over a new leaf this year and answer all my letters the day I get them! [start
doing something in a better way]
The fire bell turned out to be a false alarm. [was discovered]
E
Let
He has been let down so many times in the past – I hope he won’t be disappointed again.
Don’t let go of the rope or she’ll fall and hurt herself.
The accused was let off with a fine. [received a small punishment for a crime]
When she let it slip that she had been given a pay rise, the other workers were very angry.
[say something, sometimes without meaning to]
F
Break
No one likes people who break their promises. [don’t do what they say they’ll do]
The speaker broke off in the middle of a sentence. [suddenly stopped talking]
I’m dreading breaking the news to him. He’s going to be very upset.
[telling someone something]
When he left her, he broke her heart. [made her very sad]
The sprinter broke the record for the 100 metres. [ran faster than anyone had run before]
194
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
93.1
Use the expressions on the opposite page to help you fili in the gaps in the text below.
Use one word only in each gap.
Let's run 1 Mer
the plans for tomorrow's disco just once more. First, I
must see 2
the food arrangements while you make sure that none of
• I
the people who've said they'll help are going to break their 3
don't imagine that many people will tum 4
until later but Beata and
Roshan said they'll come early and I'm sure they won't let us 5_ _ _ __
93.2
Rewrite the following sentences. Use an expression containing the word in brackets in
an appropriate form.
1 Eva is always optirnistic. (look) i:.~a
allllOljS looks on +he
2 I met Julio by chance at the station yesterday. (run)
liri9h+ side.
Nadia didn't tidy her room yesterday even though she said she would. (break)
3
4 I thought I was hallucinating when I saw a monkey in the garden. (see)
5 The police didn't charge the boy, only giving him a warning. {let)
6 Stupidly, I mentioned that Sabrina was planning to move abroad. {let)
7 An enormous crowd carne to hear the President speak. (tum)
8 My aunt despises people who don't have a good job. (look)
9 Greg has prornised to improve his behaviour. (turn)
1O Nathalie has always admired her older cousin. (look)
93.3
Complete the sentences in an appropriate way.
1 I look forward .. +.o..h~.r!1:gfn
..~.\Jlk
...................... .
2 It can be hard to see through someone's lies if they ...............................................................................
3
Halfway up the mountain he let go .............................................................................. .
4 It'll be better in the long run if you ...............................................................................
5 He felt terribly let down when .............................................................................. .
6 She didn't turn up .............................................................................. .
7 l'm afraid we've run out ...............................................................................
8 In my last year at schoł
I decided to look into ...............................................................................
9 I agreed to see about .............................................................................. .
1O lt's your turn .............................................................................. .
93.4
OV~r
ło
t:{Oa
Have you ever turned down an offer or invitation that you later regretted?
2 lf you were about to buy a house, w hat sort of things wou ld you want to look at first?
3 Have you ever done sornething because you felt it rnight be useful in the long run?
4 What - if anything - stops public transport frorn runn ing in your country?
5 Do yo u t hink it is possib le for sorneone's heart to be broken?
6 Have you eve r reso lved to t um over a new leaf? In what way(s)?
7 Do you have any part icu lar jobs that you rnust see to today? lf so, what?
8 Has your home ever been broken into? What happened?
9 Can you think of sornething that has happened to you recently that turned out very diffe rent ly
frorn how you had expected?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
195
94
A
Formal and informal words 1
What is formality?
Formality is all about your relationship with the person you’re speaking or writing to. If
you use formal language, it may be because you wish to show respect, politeness, or to put
yourself at a distance (for example, ‘official’ language, or academic language). Informal
language can show friendliness, equality or a feeling of closeness and solidarity with
someone. You should never use informal language just to sound fluent or clever.
B
Scales of formality
Some groups of words can be put on a scale from formal to neutral to informal.
C
formal
neutral
informal
offspring
abode / residence
goodbye
go amiss
children
house / flat / home
bye-bye
go wrong
kids
place
bye / cheerio
go pear-shaped
Words of Latin and Greek origin
Many longer words that come from Latin and Greek are quite formal. Here are some with
their neutral and/or informal equivalents, which are often shorter words.
I’ll go and email Kieran immediately. [neutral equivalent: at once; informal equivalent: right away]
The researchers utilise the most modern equipment. [neutral equivalent: use]
This problem frequently occurs with older software. [neutral equivalent: often happens]
The study established a link between stress and ill-health. [neutral equivalent: showed/proved]
This book provides us with a picture of ordinary life in the Middle Ages. [neutral equivalent: gives]
The government attempted to reduce unemployment by supporting new businesses. [neutral
equivalent: tried]
Physicists seek answers to fundamental questions about the universe. [neutral equivalents:
search for / look for; basic]
D
Formal phrases
Many phrases are typical of formal contexts such as academic or official language.
What should the government do in terms of1 helping young people? Students, in particular2,
need support to complete their studies, on account of3 the high fees and living costs they
have to meet. Should students be given financial support on the basis of4 their family
circumstances? And how should the government act in relation to5 youth unemployment?
The definitions give less formal or neutral equivalents.
1
E
as regards, about
2
especially
3
because of
4
according to
5
as regards, about, in connection with
Formality in notices, instructions, etc.
You will often see rather formal words in signs, notices and directions. Make sure you know
the meaning of the words used so that you could tell someone what the notice says using less
formal words.
THIS STAIRWAY
IS CLOSED
UNTIL FURTHER
NOTICE.
196
LIFT
DO NOT
ADDRESS
CAPACITY
SIX
ALIGHT WHILE
THE DRIVER
PERSONS
THE BUS
UNLESS THE
OR MAX
BUS IS
IS IN MOTION.
STATIONARY.
500 KILOS
DO NOT
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Articles
We regret
deposited
we no
must be paid
longer accept
for in
cheques.
advance.
Tickets
must be
purchased
before
boarding
the train.
Exercises
94. 1 Make the underlined words neutral, using words from B opposite.
. „.
.•
1 She had no offspring and left all her money to her nieee . .. ~bi.ldn„
2 The plan went pear-shaped and they abandoned the idea .................................
3
His abode was a small, rather old building on the edge of town ................................ .
4 Cheerio for now. I'll call you again tomorrow at 9.30 .................................
5 Where are the kids? Are they in the garden? ................................
94.2
Make the underlined words more formal, using words from C opposite.
....... .
1 The link between smoking and lung cancer was shown decades ago ... ~.?tPld!b
2 Anyone looking for employment in the film industry faces a tough time ................................ .
3 Social scientists often use officia! statistics in their research. „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ .
4 How often does the temperature fall to below zero? . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „
5 If there is a fire, sound the fire alarm right away. Do not 1!:)'. to put the fire out .. „ . „ „„ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . .
6 Poverty is a basie issue in the world today....„ .... .... „ .„ ...... . . „.„.
7 This problem happens when the computer's hard drive becomes full. „ . „ ..... „ .. „ . . „ ... „ . .. „ . .
8 The doctor gave the patient a new drug that had not been fully tested. „ . . . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „
94.3
Complete the sentences with words from the opposite page.
1 · It would be wrong to make a decision
2
3
4
5
94.4
„ PIL . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the basis „P.f.. „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . incomplete
information.
The Internet can be a dangerous place. Children, in „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ , need to be protected.
What do we need „ . . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ terms „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . equipment to do this experiment?
Severa! questions arose during the discussion ... „ . „ „ . „ .... „ „ „ . „ .. . „. relation „ „ „ .. . „ . „ „ .. . „ . „ . . . „ „ . the
economy.
He had to cancel his lecture on .„ „ .... .. ..... . .. . .... . ....... of illness.
Find words on the opposite page for the following.
1 the opposite of stationary .!tl„rnP+i~
„.
2 the opposite of to board ...„ ... „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ .. „ „
3 a) to be sorry „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ .. b) to buy .. „ „ „ „ . . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . c) to speak to ..„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .
d) get on „ „ ........ „ „ „ „ . „ . . . „ „ ..
4 a formal word for people „ „ „ „ .... . . „ ...... . ... „ „ „
5 a formal word for stairs ... „ ... „ ..... „ .„ . .... „ . . .. .
94.5 If you look up an informal word in a monolingual dictionary, you will often find a
neutral equivalent as part of the definition or explanation. For example, the Cambridge
Advanced Learner's Dictionary of English entry for kid says: 'informal: a child or
young person'.
Use a dictionary to find neutral or more formal words for these:
1 kip „ ~k.p
„
.. „ „ „ „ „ .
a pal „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . • „ „ „ „ .. „
3 a mate ................................
2
94.6
Ove,r ło
4 swot „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
7 yucky
ta! ........................ „......
6 brainy ............................... .
8
5
iffy ............................... .
i:fotc
How do you mark whether a word is forma l or informa l in yo ur vocabu lary notebook? lf possib le,
compare your way with someone else's.
See also Unit 95 for other formal and informa l words and expressions.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
197
95
A
Formal and informal words 2
Monosyllabic informal words
Colloquial and informal versions of words are often short and monosyllabic (consist of
one syllable).
The cops have arrived. [police]
The house has two loos. [toilets]
It cost me ten quid. [pounds]
I’ll help you peel the spuds. [potatoes]
My bike’s been stolen. [bicycle]
I always go by tube. [word used for the London Underground]
His dad spent ten years in the nick. [prison]
I’ll get a cab from the station. [taxi]
B
Clippings
Shortening a word tends to make it less formal, though these forms are acceptable in a wide
range of contexts.
I’ll meet you in the lab(oratory).
What’s on telly tonight? [television]
Have you seen that mag(azine)?
We should put an ad(vertisement) / an advert(isement) in the (news)paper.
Can I use your mobile (phone)? I need to (tele)phone my brother.
There’s milk in the fridge. [refrigerator]
Her sister’s a vet(erinary surgeon).
Would you like to be a celeb(rity)? [famous person]
C
Slang
Slang is extremely colloquial language. Slang helps to make speech vivid, colourful and
interesting but it can easily be used inappropriately. Slang is mainly used in speech but it is
also often found in the popular press and in literature. Slang changes very quickly, so some
words go out of fashion, but you may meet them in novels and films. Some slang expressions
may cause offence to some people. Here are some examples you may hear or read.
Expressions for money: bread dosh readies
Expressions for food and drinks: nosh grub cuppa [cup of tea]
People obsessed with computers or other equipment: nerd anorak
Jobs: quack (doctor) the old bill / the bill (the police) squaddie (soldier of a low rank)
Language help
If you are interested in slang, you can find more examples in films or in the tabloid press but it is
probably safest to keep it in your passive rather than your active vocabulary.
198
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
95.1
Make this conversation more informal by changing some of the words. Refer to the
opposite page if necessary.
Annie, can you lend me ten fJOunds? 9uld
What for?
JIM: l've got to go and see my parents, and my bicycle's not working, so l'll have to get a taxi.
ANNIE: Can't you telephone them and say you can't come?
JIM: Well, I could, but my mobile phone's not working, and I want to go because they
always have lots of food, and the refrigerator at our flat is empty, as usual.
ANNIE: Can't you go by underground? Anyway, you're in luck, I've got some money, so here
you are.
JIM:
ANNIE:
95.2
Replace the underlined words with more formal equivalents.
1 The train was full of squaddies going home for the weekend. „?.~Wer
.„ „
2 l've got a bad stornach ache - I think I'll make an appointment with the quack .. „.„„„.„„„.„„ ...„„„.
3
He spent two years in the nick for stealing cars . ............................... .
4 The cops arrived shortly after the accident. .................. „ .. „ ....... .
5 There'll be plenty of nosh at the party so we don't need to eat beforehand . ............................... .
6 He's quite a celeb in the world of poetry. ............................... .
7 I'm dying for a cuppa. I haven't had one since breakfast. .................
8 I'd love to get a motorbike but I just don't have the readies ................................ .
„ ...... .. . . . . .
95.3
Replace the informal words in these sentences with more formal words.
~der+lsmt1
(formal email) I should like to enquire about the cost of .acls-Rn your website.
(exam essay) The Internet and telly are probably the biggest influences on young people today.
(recipe in a cookery book) N ext, slice the spuds and place them on top of the meat.
(exam essay) Papers face stiff competition these days from TV and internet news.
(formal university publicity) The Faculty offers courses in vet science. Lab facilities are
available 24 hours a day.
2
3
4
5
95.4 Another way of making colloquial words is by using short forms ending in
-y or -ie.
Can you work out the meanings of the following underlined words?
..........
Let's have brekkie before we leave tomorrow... P.reMo~+
2 It's a nice day. Let's have a barbie and eat in the garden.
D'you want a biccy with your coffee? ............„„.„ ...„„.„.„
4 Jenny turned up at the party with her new hubby.
3
5 Oh, let me see your holiday piccies! ... Is that you in the big
straw hat? ............................... .
He's a brickie.
95.5
OV~r
ło
':fOU
Which English words do you know that are very informal or are slang? Where did you read or hear
them? lf possible, com pa re with a friend or classmate.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
199
96
A
Similes
As ... as
As … as similes are easy to understand. If you see the phrase as dead as a doornail, you don’t
need to know what a doornail is, simply that the whole phrase means ‘totally dead’. But
remember fixed similes are usually informal/colloquial and often humorous. Those marked *
are negative and could offend. Use all these expressions with care and keep them generally as
part of your receptive vocabulary.
Creating a picture in your mind can often help you remember the simile:
as blind as a bat*
as thin as a rake*
as strong as an ox
as quiet as a mouse
Some can be remembered as pairs of opposites.
as heavy as lead /led/ ≠ as light as a feather
as drunk as a lord* ≠ as sober as a judge
as black as night ≠ as white as snow (particularly used in fairy tales)
Some can be remembered by sound patterns.
as good as gold (this is used about children’s behaviour)
as cool as a cucumber
as busy as a bee
Some other useful as … as phrases.
The bed was as hard as iron and I couldn’t sleep.
I’ll give this plant some water. The soil’s dry as a bone.
He’s as mad as a hatter*. He crossed the Atlantic in a bathtub.
She told the teacher, as bold as brass, that his lessons were
boring.
You’ll have to speak slowly and clearly – he’s as deaf as a post*.
Don’t worry. Using the computer’s as easy as falling off a log.
She knew the answer as quick as a flash.
The Princess’s skin was as white as snow. [beautifully white]
When he saw it, his face went as white as a sheet. [pale with
fear/horror]
When I told him, his face
The fish was bad and I was as sick as a dog. [vomiting]
She ran off with my money – I felt as sick as a parrot. [bad feeling went as red as a beetroot.
of disappointment/frustration]
Language help
You can usually make a simile using as … as can be, e.g. I need a drink, I’m as thirsty as can be.
B
Like
My plan worked like a dream and the problem was soon solved. [worked very smoothly and well]
Be careful the boss doesn’t see you – she has eyes like a hawk. [sees everything]
No wonder he’s fat. He eats like a horse and drinks like a fish*.
Did you sleep well? Yes, thanks, like a log.
Sorry, I forgot to ring him again. I’ve got a mind/head like a sieve! [be very forgetful]
The boss is like a bear with a sore head today. [in a very bad temper]
She goes around like a bull in a china shop*. [behaving in a very clumsy, insensitive way]
Criticising the government in his presence is like a red rag to a bull. [certain to make him
very angry]
200
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
96.1
Complete the as ... as similes.
1
2
3
4
5
96.2
................ - you wouldn't believe the crazy things she does.
Rosie is as mad as a .. h~Hx:.
You're not eating enough - you're as thin as a ................................ .
He never says a thing - he's as quiet as a ................................ .
You'll have to shout - she's as deaf as a ................................ .
I'm afraid I can't read this small print - I'm as blind as a ................................ without my glasses.
Different similes contain the same word. Fill the gap with the appropriate words.
1 I feel great now. I .. ?.\~pł
.................. like a log.
2 No! It's as easy as ................................ off a log.
3 After eating that bad cheese I was as sick as a ................................ .
4 I knew she had deceived me. I felt as sick as a ................................
5 The old man's hair was as white as ................................ .
6 Her face suddenly went as white as a ................................ .
96.3
Match the simile beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. There are two
that are not on the opposite page. Try and guess them.
qui ck
2 red
as
3 flat
4 fresh
5 strong
96.4
[I]
a daisy
o
o
o
o
b ox
as a(n)
c flash
d beetroot
e pancake
Simile word puzzle. Fill in the answers, as in the example.
A cross
1 bold
3 mad
6 white
7 fresh
9 dry
10 quiet
Down
blind
2 light
3 iron
4 falling off a log
5 cool
8 cold
2
4i::.
5
A
60
y
7
9
10
96.5
What can you say about ...
a person who sees everything and never misses a thing? l-le/0he's 8e+ ~s
llke a halllk.
2 a plan or course of action that works very well?
3 someone who eats and drinks a great deal?
4 someone with a very bad memory?
5 someone who has been very active and busy all day?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
201
97
A
B
Proverbs
Advice and warnings
proverb
paraphrase
Don’t count your chickens before they
hatch.
Don’t anticipate the future too much.
Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
Don’t invest all your efforts or attention in
just one thing.
Never judge a book by its cover.
Don’t judge people/things by their outward
appearance.
Never look a gift-horse in the mouth.
Never refuse good fortune when it is there
in front of you.
Take care of the pennies and the pounds
will take care of themselves.
Take care of small sums of money and they
will become large sums.
We’ll cross that bridge when we come to it.
We’ll deal with that problem when it
actually happens.
Key elements
Proverbs can be grouped by key elements, for example, animals and birds.
When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [people will take advantage of someone else’s absence to
behave more freely]
You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. [you can try to persuade
someone, but you can’t force them]
One swallow doesn’t make a summer. [one positive sign does not mean that all will
be well; a swallow is a bird that returns to Britain in late spring]
C
Visualising
As with learning all vocabulary, visualising an element of it often helps.
There’s no smoke without fire. / Where
there’s smoke, there’s fire. [rumours are
usually based on some degree of truth]
People who live in glass houses shouldn’t
throw stones. [don’t criticise others’ faults
if you suffer from them yourself]
Too many cooks spoil the broth /brɒθ/.
[too many people interfering is a bad way
of doing things; broth = a kind of soup]
Many hands make light work. [a lot of
people helping makes a job easier]
Language help
Speakers tend to use proverbs to comment on a situation, often at the end of a true story someone
has told, or in response to some event.
202
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
97 .1
Find proverbs on the opposite page that you could use in these situations.
1 Someone says they have just been offered a free two-week holiday, but are
hesitating whether to take up the offer. 1-lMer l<><>k o 9IH-h<>rse In +he m<>U+h.
2 Someone thanks you and your friends for helping to load heavy boxes inro a van.
3 Someone says they can't be bothered applying to different universities and will just apply to one.
4 Three different people have made different arrangements for the same meeting, and so
everyone comes at different times and the result is total confusion.
5 Someone is worried a bout a journey you are making with them and keeps saying things like
'What'll happen if the plane is delayed?', 'What'll we do if our luggage gets lost?'
97 .2
Answer these questions about the proverbs on the opposite page. Give an explanation
for your answer.
. Which proverb has a similar
1 Another common proverb is All that glitters is not gołd
meaning? 1-le~r
jud9e o liMk li~ i+s l~er.
'fh~
li<>+h llll.lrn 09olns+ +rus+lt19 hC>lll s<>me+hlt19 IMks.
2 Which proverb has an opposite meaning to Many hands make light work?
3 Another common proverb is Absence makes the heart grow fonder. Which proverb has an
opposite meaning?
4 Which two proverbs warn against anticipating the future?
5 Another common proverb is A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Which proverb has
a similar meaning?
97 .3
People often refer to proverbs by only saying half of them and leaving the rest for the
listener to 'fili in'. Complete the proverbs in these dialogues.
A:
B:
A:
2 A:
B:
A:
3 A:
B:
A:
4 A:
B:
A:
Joel's always criticising people who are selfish, yet he's terribly selfish himself.
Yes, well, people who live in glass houses ... ..~hl4.1:'J±r
..~.f<>ti
. ?, ............................. .
Exactł
y.
The people in the office have been playing computer games all day since the boss fell iii.
Well, you know what they say: when the cat's a way ..................................................................................
Right, and they're curentł
y doing that.
I didn't believe those rumours about Nick and Gill, but aprentł
y they are seeing each other.
You shouldn't be so nał v e, you know what they say, where there's
smoke ... .............................................................................. .
Mm, I suppose you're right.
Amazing, he's made a fortune from just one little shop!
Well, I think it's a case of take care of the pennies ................................................................................. .
Sure, he's always been very careful with his money.
9 7 .4 What proverbs do these pictures make you think of?
!>.1 . ~ ..?.~l
rn?.b . ~ ..~ ..?.~rm:n1,
Ove,r ło
..<l~!?.1'ł
..
.........
2 ......................................... .
4 ··········································
11ou
Try t ranslating same proverbs wo rd for word from your language into English . Then, if you can, ask a
native speaker if they can tel l you an English proverb w ith the same or a similar meaning .
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
203
98
The language of signs and notices
Signs and notices in English often use words and expressions that are rarely seen in
other contexts. Look at the signs and notices below with their ‘translations’ into more
everyday English.
1
6
Young people under 18 years
old can only come in if they
are with an adult.
Get off here for Buckingham
Palace.
2
7
People who walk on
this private land will be
taken to court.
3
12
8
4
Buy a ticket and put it
in a place where it can
easily be seen.
There is no way out at
the other end of this
road for cars.
You can be taken to court
and made to pay £100 for
dropping rubbish.
14
You may not enter without
permission or if you do not
work here.
10
You can buy lunch here
now.
Start going more
slowly now.
13
9
5
What is in this packet
is officially considered
bad for your health.
You are not allowed to
feed the animals.
Please don’t use mobile
phones in the theatre/hall.
204
11
Cyclists should get
off their bikes here.
15
Please put the things you are
going to buy / have bought
here.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Only people with
special cards giving
them permission are
allowed to fish here.
Exercises
98.1
Where would you expect to see each of the notices on the opposite page?
EXAMPLE 1
98.2
a !ius
Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
98.3
C>l'I
IT]
to prosecute
a penalty
a purchase
a trespasser
to refrain
to alight from
to prohibit
an auditorium
to dismount
ammor
a vehicle
g
h
j
k
a young person under the age of 18
to get off a bicycle or a horse
to bring a lega! case against
not to do something
to forbid something
a means of transport
a punishment
something which has been or is to be bought
to get off a means of public transport
a large place where an audience sits
someone who goes on private land without permission
Where might you see each of these notices? Explain what they mean.
SHOPLIFTERS WILL
BE PROSECUTED
lt1 a sh<>p: pe<>ple wh<> s+eal will !ie
Met1 +<> i<>ur+
2
English spoken here
3 [ NOTHING TO DECLARE )
4
98.4
a
b
c
d
e
f
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Clearance sale
starts today
5
Admission to ticket
holders only
•I
9
(
No vocancies ]
7
8
Fiat to let )
10
Dogs must
be carried
11
Priority seats fo r
the elderly, disabled
and pregnant
Cycles for hire or sale
What notice would a cafe-owner or a shop-owner put up if they wanted to:
1 indicate that their cafe was now open for breakfast? ..B. r.ea
. ~f?±!'Je_(S
. ?.er~4
..
„ ...... „ ....... .
2 !et people know that the staff can speak Spanish? ...............................................................................
3 prohibit people under 18 from entering unless they are with an adult?
4 ask customers not to enter the kitchen or the work area? .............................................................................. .
5 announce that they w ill take people who steal anything to court?
6 ask people połite
98.5
Ove,r ło
y
not to handle the food or goods? ....... „ „ .„ . . .. . . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ ......... „ „ ..... . .. . .... . .... . .. . .. .
11ou
Look at the notices in your own language that you see around you every day. How would they be
expressed in English? Try to find out, if they are not included in this unit. Also, look out fo r any signs
in Eng lish in non-Eng lish - speaking countries. Why do you think they are in English?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
205
99
A
Headline English
The grammar of headlines
Newspaper headlines try to catch the reader’s eye by using as few words as possible.
• Grammar words like articles or auxiliary verbs are often left out, e.g. EARLY CUT
FORECAST IN INTEREST RATES.
• A present simple form of the verb is used, e.g. MAYOR OPENS HOSPITAL.
• The infinitive is used to express the fact that something is going to happen in the
future, e.g. PRESIDENT TO VISIT FLOOD AREAS.
B
Short dramatic words
Newspapers usually prefer words that are shorter and sound more dramatic than ordinary
English words. The words marked * can be used either as nouns or verbs.
newspaper word
meaning
newspaper word
meaning
aid*
help
key (adj)
essential, vital
axe*
cut, remove
link*
connection
back (verb)
support
move*
step towards a desired end
bar*
exclude, forbid
ordeal (noun)
painful experience
bid*
attempt
oust (verb)
push out, remove
blast*
explosion
plea (noun)
request
blaze*
fire
pledge*
promise
boost*
incentive, encourage
ploy (noun)
clever activity
boss*, head*
manager, director
poll*
election, public opinion survey
clash*
dispute
probe*
investigation
curb*
restraint, limit
quit (verb)
leave, resign
cut*
reduction
riddle (noun)
mystery
drama
tense situation
strife (noun)
conflict
drive*
campaign, effort
talks (noun)
discussions
gems (noun)
jewels
threat
danger
go-ahead
approval
vow*
promise
hit (verb)
affect badly
wed (verb)
marry
Newspaper headlines often use abbreviations, e.g. PM for Prime Minister, MP for Member of
Parliament. (See Unit 77 for more abbreviations.)
C
Jokes in headlines
Some newspapers also enjoy making jokes in their headlines. They do this by playing with
words or punning, e.g. a wet open-air operatic concert was described as:
TORRENTIAL RAIN IN
MOST ARIAS
An announcement that a woman working at the Mars chocolate company had got an
interesting new job was:
WOMAN FROM MARS TO
BE FIRST BRITON IN SPACE
Note: the word ‘Briton’ is almost exclusively found in newspapers.
206
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Exercises
99.1
Match the headlines on the left with the appropriate topie on the right.
---PMiAciCS- _,
l1l
j MP SPY DRAMA I
o
2
~
r-~'"
~->
I
~'-
3
- - - --
------- -~
4 -
5
~
r-~_,.
)
~
Star weds
O
L~
I
a marriage of famous actress
b royal jewels in mystery
c person who saw crime in danger
d proposal to end war
o
_ __..,._.....___
1 SPACE PROBE FAILS
e satellite is not launched
f politician sells secrets to enemy
\
I
~-
99.2
~
Explain what the following headlines mean in ordinary English.
2
~
SHOPBLAZE5DEAD
fi~e
~
3
(
GO-AHEAD FOR
WATERCURBS
people died in • fire in • shop.
Womanquits
after job ordeal
5~6
7
SPENDING HABITS
Bid to
oust PM ,
1'-~_,.
Princess vows
to back family
~
99.3
The words marked ~- in the table opposite can be either nouns or verbs. Note that the
meaning given is sometimes in the form of a noun. In the headlines below you have
examples of words from the table used as verbs. Look at the underlined verbs and
explain what they mean. You may need to use more than one word.
1 PM TO CURB SPENDING limit
2 BOOK LINKS MIS WITH KGB
3 CHANCELLOR CUTS INTEREST RATES
4 BOMB BLASTS CENTRAL LONDON
5 PM PLEDGES BACKING FOR EUROPE
6 PRESIDENT HEADS PEACE MOVES
99.4 Explain the joke in these headlines.
1
3
SURGICAL CUTS
r-~_./
DRAMATICPAWS
Number of surgeons at hospital
to be reduced.
A newversion of the musical Cats opens.
-/he heodline is • p l •~ on +.io me•nin9s of cq/s
(reduL+ions; ~+he
sur9eon's knife).
2
,.~-_'\
4
HAMMER HIT HARD
Businessman Joe Hammer badly affected
by the recent economic downturn.
HOTHEIR
Prince gives speech about
climate change.
~-._>
99.5
Mortgages cut as
bank rates fall again
4
Teenage f.4m
fraud riddle
2
PRICE CURBS BOOST
NEW TENNIS CLASH
5
EXPORTS
6
Royal family quits
WOMEN BARRED
FROMJOBS
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
207
100
A
US English
English in the USA
English in the USA differs from British English. Pronunciation is the most striking difference
but there are also differences in vocabulary and spelling as well as some differences in
grammar. Americans say the fall, while British English speakers say autumn; American
speakers say on the weekend; British English prefers at the weekend. Yet, generally, British
and American speakers have little difficulty in understanding each other.
B
American English spelling
American English spelling is usually simpler. For example, British English words ending
in -our and -re end in -or and -er in American English, e.g. colour/color, centre/center.
Words ending in -ise in British English end in -ize in US English (realise/realize). There are
differences in individual words too, e.g. British jewellery is jewelry in American English.
C
US words and their British equivalents
Travel and on the street
In the home
American English
British English
American English
British English
gas(oline)
truck
baggage
sidewalk
crosswalk
line
vacation
parking lot
trunk (of car)
hood (of car)
freeway/interstate
one-way trip
round trip
railway car
subway
petrol
lorry
luggage*
pavement
zebra crossing
queue
holiday
car park
boot
bonnet
motorway
single
return
railway carriage
underground
garbage, trash
elevator
eraser
apartment
closet
yard
drapes
flashlight
French fries
Scotch tape
cookie
candy
bathroom, rest room**
diaper
pantyhose
rubbish
lift
rubber
flat
wardrobe
garden
curtains
torch
chips
Sellotape
biscuit
sweets
toilet, WC
nappy
tights
* baggage is also common in British English, especially in the context of air travel
** wash room is commonly used in Canada
Language help
American and British pronunciations are often different. You can hear the British and American
pronunciation of words on the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at Cambridge Dictionaries Online.
D
Different meanings
Here are some words and phrases which could cause confusion when used by Brits and
Americans talking together because they mean something different in each ‘language’.
undershirt (AmE)
vest (BrE)
underpants (AmE/BrE)
pants (BrE)
check (AmE)
bill (BrE)
vest (AmE)
waistcoat (BrE)
the second floor (BrE)
the second floor (AmE)
the first floor (BrE)
the ground floor (BrE)
the ground floor/the first
floor (AmE)
pants (AmE)
trousers (BrE)
bill (AmE)
208
(bank)note (BrE)
wash the dishes (AmE/BrE)
wash up (BrE)
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
wash up (AmE)
wash your hands (BrE)
Exercises
1OO.1
If you saw words spelt in the following way, would you expect the writer in each case
to be British or American? Why?
1 favor .. AJ!l~dfa.t'er4?i
2 centre „„„„„ „ „„„„„„ „ „„„
100.2
..'.::b.r..L
3 hospitalized „„ „ „„„ „„ „„„ „„ „„.
5 colour „„„„ „ .„„„„„„„„„„.
4 a movie theater
6 jewelry .„„.„„.„„.„„„ „. „„ „ .
What are (a) the American and (b) the British words for the following things?
El
5
100.3
„ „„„ „ „„„„. „ „„„„. „
D
2 „ .„.„„„.„„ .„„.„ „ „.„
3 „„ „.„ „. „ „ „„„„.„„.„
4 „„„„.„„.„„„.„„„„„.
6
7 „ .„.„„.„ „ .„.„„.„„.„.
8 „„.„„„. „„.„ „ „ .„„„„
„ „.„.„„„.„. „„„. „.„ „
Translate the following into British English.
1 We went there in the fall.
2 Pass me the cookies.
mwent there In the ou+umn.
3 It's in the closet.
4 Open the drapes.
5 We've run out of gas.
100.4
„„„„„„ ..„„„„ ..„„„„
6 Our bags are in the trunk.
7 One-way or round trip?
8 Let's take the subway.
9 We've been working in the yard.
1O I hate waiting in line.
Can you avoid some of the most common confusions arising between British and
American speakers? Try the following quiz.
1 Where would you take (a) an American visitor or (b) a British visitor who said they wanted to
wash up - the kitchen or the bathroom? (a) .P!i1hrn~
.„ „ (b) .k!ł~ht'„
„ „ .„ .„
2 You have just come into an unknown office błock.
If (a) an American or (b) a Brit says that
the office you need is on the second floor, how many flights of stairs do you need to climb?
(a)
„„„„„ „ „ „„ „„„„„ „„
(b) „„ „ .„ „„„.„.„„.„„„„
3 If (a) an American or (b) a Brit asks for a bill, is he or she more likely to be in a bank or a
cafe? (a) „ „.„„„ „.„„ „ „.„„„. „ (b) .„ „. „.„„„.„„.„„.„„„
4 Would a man wear a vest under or over his shirt (a) if he is British or (b) if he is from the
USA? (a) „„„„ „ „.„„ „„.„„„„„ (b) „„.„„„.„„.„„.„„.„„.
100.5
Complete the sentences in two ways, an American way and a British way.
1 We can park the car in the „p.ądfo5!~łl
. f!1Lp.ąr~„
„ .„ .„ behind the station.
2 I've written the wrong number here. Can I borrow your „ „ „ „„ „.„ „ „ „ „„.„.„.„.„.„.„ „„ „ .„ „ „„.„ „
I'll correct it.
3 All that food is no good any more - we'd better throw it in the .„.„„„ „ .„ „ „„.„„ „ „. „.„.„.„.„. „ .„.„.„.„.„ .
4 We can take the .„„.„.„„.„.„.„ „. „ „„„ „ „ „ „. „„„ „ „ .„„„„„ up to the fifth floor.
5 Don't cross here - it's dangerous. There's a „„„„„.„„„ „„„.„„ „. „.„ „„„ „.„„ „. „„.„ .„ further down the street.
6 The car wouldn't start so we opened the „„ „„ „.„„„ „„„„„ „ „ „ „„.„ „ „„.„„„„„„„ „ to see if we could fi.od
what was wrong.
100.6
Ov~r
ło
':fOlł
lf you were going on holiday/vacation to the US, which of the words listed opposite do you think it
would be most important for you to know?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
209
Answer key
Unit 1
1. 1
Possible answers:
trousers, clothes, rights
3 teach, read, write, p ut
2 furniture, information, advice, luggage
1.2
4 tooth, foot, mouse, goose
2 the fi n a ł
e is pronounced as a syllable
the eh is pronounced like a k rather than like the eh in ehureh
4 the w is silent (not pronounced)
5 the stress is on the first syllable in the noun and the second syllable in the verb
6 the stress is on the first syllable in photograph, the second in photographer and the third in
photographie
3
1.3
2 to coin a phrase, new words, a term
3 a royal farnily, pa ł ace , welcome
e suggestion, shade, difference
4 a s ubtł
1.4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.5
I (it can mean men or it can be used to address a group of people which includes both
men and women)
F (it means a person who is legally under-age)
I (it means Wonderful! I Amazing!)
F (it means to get off a bus)
I (it means very upset)
F (it means someone who has committed a serious crime)
I (it means to annoy or disturb someone)
I (it means to lose concentration)
2 words in the shade word family - lampshade, eye shadow
3 synonyms of express - state, say
4 parts of speech - preposition, conjunction
5 words with a silent b - dumb, limb
1.6
screwdriver
d
p
2 to coin new words
3 screwdriver
4 to drip
Unit 2
2.1
21 O
topie
I words
working too
much I too hard
stress
exhaustion
overwork
burnt out
snowed under with work
be under pressure
friendship
media
hang out with sb casual acq uaintance
count on sb
be close to sb
tabloid
podcast
upload a video
blogosphere
journalist
blog
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
2.2
nouns
! vrrbs
rush
latecomer
adjrctives
collocations
f 1 xecł
breathless
set a clock
out of breath
exhausted
deep sleep
in a hurry
alarm clock
oversleep
nightmare
dash
fast asleep
yawn
heavy sleeper
2.3
2 shots
3 dissatisfied
2.4
nou11
verb
adjective
person
perfection
perfect
J,Krfect
perfectionist
information
inform
informative
122litics
political
poli.lli;_ian
economics
ernnom1se
economic/ecoQQmical
economist
4 deprived of
5 spicy (or hot)
phrascs
6 chilly
2.5 Possible ways to organise your vocabułry
include relating new words to your own personal
experience (e.g. if you learn new colour words, what things do you have in those colours a purple sweater, an orange mug?). You can also divide your notebook (whether paper or
digital) into topie areas (e.g. words to do with food, with travel, etc.). You could keep a digital
notebook on your computer or mobile device; lists or words you type in can then be sorted
alphabetically or searched very quickly.
Unit 3
3.1
2 passport
3 leaning
3.2
2 degant
4 mbrow
5 regml (verb)
3 !.gentły
3.3
4 liberty
5 revision
6 thermometer
7 ~trac
(noun)
6 brother
8 lifestyle
1 The officer supplied each soldier with a map.
2 The Minister denied having received any money from the oil company. I The Minister denied
that he/she had received any money from the oil company.
3.4
I
3.5
t:,,
I
da mp
lucky
awkward
coment
ł .
person ! thing I
sad
../
(pron) pronoun
person , th111g
compulsory
(conj) conjunction
(prep) preposition
@United Kingdom or British English usage
noun [C] countable noun
verb [T] transitive
noun [U] uncountable noun
verb [I or T] verb which can be transitive or intransitive
verb
Unit 4
4.1
The picture is a good clue to help you understand tortoise. You may recognise the word shell
your knowledge of long and life together
in shelled (as in egg shell, for example). Simlarły,
with the context should enable you to work out what longevity and lifespan mean. The
whole context of the sentence shouł
d help you to work out the meaning of attain and tended.
Some of the underlined words may be similar to words in your own language, which can be
another useful way of working out the meaning of a word you have not seen before. The
meanings of the underlined words are provided here for you to check your answers.
shelled: with a shell or hard protective cover
reptile: kind of anima] that lays eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood warm
English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intermediate
li I
(e.g. crocodiles, snakes)
famed: well-known (famous)
łongevity:
living a long life
attain: reach
lifespan: time frorn birth to death
tended: cared for
hibernate: go into a slep-łik
state throughout the winter (as some
4.2
anirłs
and insects do)
Possible answers:
(These answers all give correct information in more detail than you needed to provide in your
own answers.)
a mouse perhaps.
2 A vole must be a kind of small animal, something łike
3 A chisel could be a kind of tool that can be used for chipping away at sornething or for
breaking it. I think it's probably something that could be used by sculptors but that bigger
ones might also be used for destroying structures.
a bit łike
a pot, used for soup.
4 A tureen must be a kind of very large bowł,
5 To clamber probably means something like climbing with difficulty.
6 Ratty rnust be a bit like bad-tempered.
4.3
Possible answers:
2 I find Mo a very kind person.
3 l've been terribly busy with work ever since I got back from holiday.
both sides of it towards the station.
4 We walked down a street with trees ałong
5 The Little boys were fascinated by the machine used for mixing cement.
6 More and more shops now have their own special credit cards chat can onły
be used in one
specific chain of shops and offer you a discount if you use one of them.
4.4
2 anger that can't be controlled
3 drinks before dinner
4 a report that comes out either twice every month or every two months (both rneanings of
bi-monthly exist)
5 the person who used to be my boss (and no longer is)
6 feelings that are hostile to tourists
7 to break the telephone connection (e.g. by unplugging it frorn the wall or by doing something
at the telephone exchange so that calls can no longer be made, possibly because a bill has not
been paid)
8 letters that have not been delivered to che people they were addressed to
Unit 5
5.1
-(1)an
I
Arabian•
Latvian
Brazilian
Korean
-ie
I
Icelandic
Arabic*
-i sh
Irish
Turkish
I -i
Israeli
Pakistani
I -ese
Chinese
Vietnamese
I
(oth er)
Thai
Swiss
Dutch
Arab*
Danish
„ Arabian is used to refer to the Arabian Peninsula and to Saudi Arabian(s). Arab can also be used as an
adjective in expressions such as the Arab world, A rab states, Arab countries.
4 f
5 a
6 b
2
5.3
2 Britons have highest tax rate in Europe
3 Maltese Prime Minister visits Washington
212
d
3 e
5.2
Engt;sh Vocabulary in Use Upper.;ntennediote
4 Police arrest Dane on smuggling charge
5 lraqi delegation meets Pakistani President
5.4 Possible answers:
2 Penelope Cruz
3 Nelson Mandela
4 Kylie Minogue
5 Luciano Pavarotti
6 U2
7 Tiger Woods
Unit 6
6.1
6 frost
7 misty
4 daytime
2 late
3 thaw
5 lt melts
8 strong, high
9 severe
6.2
2 flood(s)
6.3
I think it would be interesting to live in a tropical climate. Ho wever, I don't like humid
weather. I even dislike the muggy days which we get in the UK. Some people love boiling
hot days, and I don't mind heatwaves ocasinlły,
but when it's stifłng,
it's just impossible.
Maybe I should stay at home and forget about mo ving to a ho t climate!
3 heavy/torrential rain
4 drought
6.4 Possible sentences:
2 lt I The weather was very humid.
3 There was a gentle breeze (blowing).
4 The roads were icy. I There was ice on the roads.
5 There was a flood . I There were floods everywhere.
6 lt I The weather was very rnisty (or foggy).
7 We had a drought (or heatwave) last year.
8 lt was a very windy day. I There was a gale.
9 There was heavy/torrential rain. / There was a (heavy) downpour.
1 O The sky was very overcast.
Unit 7
7.1
2 figure
3 feature
4 complexion
5 impression
6 a ubum
7 wrinkles
8 elegant I smart I stunning I wełl-drs
9 stunning
7 .2 Suggested answers:
the fair, bałd
one I straight-/curly-haired one.
scruffy and untidy-looking/messy-looking.
that slim, dark-haired woman over there.
unattractive, in fact. (You could also say hdshe was 'rather plain' or 'rather ordinary', if you felt
they were neither attractive nor unattractive. 'Ugly' is a very strong word, and could be offensive.)
6 in her twenties and quite slim.
2
3
4
5
7 .3
Suggested answers:
łan
Prowse: thin-faced, dark, cudy haii:, fair skin
Sandra King: dark, wavy hair, stocky build, round-faced
Louise Fox: thin-faced, long, dark hair
Jack 'Dagger' Flagsto ne: bald, with beard and m o ustache; rnuscular build
Unit 8
8.1
Opposites:
2 a
8.2
3 c
4 e
5 b
6 d
4 dislikes
2 likes
3 likes
Possible opposite impressions:
2 Molly's usually brusque/blunt.
3 Liz is quite unprincipled.
4 Sam can be assertive.
5 Nico's quite assertive.
5 dislikes
6 dislikes
7 dislikes
8 likes
6 I find Dave self-assured.
1 Don't you think James is enquiring?
8 Rachel is pecułiar.
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediate
213
8.3 brusque - curt
crafty - cunning
direct - frank
down-to-earth - sensible
gifted - talented
honest - trustworthy
impolite - rude
miserly - tight-fisted
tense - wound up
8.4
2 pessimistic
3 assertive
1
4 inquisitive
5 extravagant
6 argumentative
7 sensitive
8 sociable
8.5 Possible questions:
2 blunt - If a friend asks you if you like her awful new dress, woułd
you say 'No'?
3 sensible - If you won a lot of money, would you put it in the bank rather than spend it on a
lux ury you have always wanted?
4 intelligent- Can you give the next letter in this sequence S, M, T, W, T, F? (lf you are not sure
of the answer, think of the days of the week.)
5 even-tempered - If someone spills soup on some new clothes of yours, do you just sigh and
say 'That's life'?
6 original - Do you never wear blue jeans?
7 obstinate - Do you become even more determined to do something if people try to persuade
you not to do it?
8 stressed out - Do you find it hard to sleep at night because problems are going round in your
head?
Unit 9
9.1
2 ... as nails
3 ... as go łd
9.2
2 the teacher's pet
3 a big-head
9.3
2 ... a good head for figures.
4 ... in the right place
5 ... piece of work
6 ... awkward customer
4 top of the class
5 a lazy-bones (or you could say this person is bone-idle)
j ... have a head for heights
4 ... has her head screwed on.
5 ... has his head in the cło ud s .
6 ... burying your head in the sand.
7 ... head and shoulders above ...
8 . .. keeps his head.
9.4
a your nerves (a łw ays
with possessive, my, our, John's, ecc.)
b the neck (always used with the)
9.5
2 rniddle-of-the-road
3 over the top
4 round the bend
Unit 1 O
10.1
2 Mick was my roommate at university I Mick and I were roommates . ..
3 We were cłas
s mates
in 1998, weren't we?
4 She's not really a friend; she's just a workmate/colleague.
5 Freda is always arguing with her housemates.
10.2
Possible answers:
1 (also possible) john/Loma is Lorna's/John's colleague.
2 Ron Park and Joe Nash are partners. Ron/Joe is Joe's/Ron's partner.
214
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote
3 Antonia and Riita are roommates. Antonia/Riita is Riita's/Antonia's roommate.
4 Jim is Lara's ex-husband. Lara is Jim's ex-wife. Jim/Lara is Lara's/Jim's ex.
5 Nick and Claire are in a steady relationship. Nick and Claire see each ocher regularly. Nick
and Claire goc together a year ago.
6 Erik and Nancy are casual acquaintances. Erik is not a friend of N ancy's; he's just a casual
acquaintance.
10.3
Possible answers:
A teenage music fan might like/dislike his/her parents, idolise a pop star, possibly loathe or
can't stand a strict teacher, or possibly look up to him/her, and probably be good friends with
a mate.
2 A personal assistant and anocher personal assistant could be colleagues who get on well, or
who don 'c see eye co eye. They might look up co the boss, or perhaps chey can'c stand or
despise himlher. They might be attracted by or fancy a very attractive workmace.
3 A 45-year-old may be someone who can't stand teenagers or likes/dislikes them, and who
looks down on, despises or loathes an ex-husband/wife who was cruel.
10.4
2 I felł
out wich my parents Last night. lt wasn't my fault.
3 We had a quarrel but now we've made it up.
4 Do you think Josh and Nuala are having an affair? I do.
5 I get on very well with all my colleagues at work.
me cold completely.
6 Jo's attractive, but her mace just łeavs
7 Margaret seems to find it difficult to make friends among her classmates.
8 I met my boyfriend at a party and we got together soon after.
9 I accepted her as a friend on a social network site but later I defriended/unfriended her.
Unit 11
in the shed or garage
11 . 1
2 in the toilet or bathroom
3 in a cupboard or a drawer - or on the table of course, if they are in use
4 in a wardrobe
5 in the living room (often down the side of the sofa!)
6 in the kitchen or utiły
room
łl y in every room
7 usa
8 in front of one of the entrance doors (front or back)
9 in the kitchen, probably in a drawer or cupboard
1O in che atic/łof
or in the cellar or in the shed
11 .2
1 ati
11 .3
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
c/łoft
2 landing
3 hall
4 utility room
5 cellar
peeler
(table) mat
corkscrew
loft (attic is also possible)
shed/garage, terrace/patio (or bakony if not on the ground floor; or verandah, if it is covered )
landing
bungalow
9 drive (or driveway)
11 .4 Suggested answers:
2 A duscpan and brush (perhaps followed by a vacuum cleaner)
3 A (phone) cha rger
4 Use che remote (control)
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
215
5 Use a chopping board
6 A (coat)hanger
Unit 12
12.1
Suggested answers:
The person's car broke down I would not start.
Someone's washing machine broke down.
The handle carne off I fell off something. (for example, a door/drawer)
Perhaps someone tripped and/or fell and grazed their knee/leg/hand/armlhead.
The batteries are dead I have run out, for example, in a radio or a camera.
Perhaps someone has mislaid their glasses/books/papers/false teeth.
Someone has bumt something they were cooking.
Someone's computer has crashed.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12.2
2 stain - the other two are types of minor
4 leak - the other two are types of damage
to solid objects
IO)Ury
3 bump - the other two can be used a bout
5 dent - the other two invołe
liquids
batteries
12.3 Suggested answers:
car
banged
ruined
cracked
broken down
dented
stopped
va se
elbow
clo('k
: printer
I
sink
a meal
,/
./
,/
./
./
./
./
./
błocked
Example sentences:
I banged my elbow and now l've got a bruise.
The meal was ruined - she'd put far too much salt in the pie.
This vase is cracked.
Her car has broken down. She's going to be delayed.
My printer has broken down again because it's got a paper jam I can't fix.
A minibus reversed into me and dented the car.
My clock has stopped. The battery has probably run out.
The sink is blocked again. Shall we call a plumber?
1 2 .4
Possible answers:
2 I didn't look where I was going as I walked through the low doorway and banged/bumped
my head.
out.
3 The wind blew the door shut and I realised I'd locked m ysełf
4 I would ring her but I'm afraid l've mislaid her number. She wrote it down for me.
5 I can't take a phoco, my camera's broken down I stopped working.
6 I tried to run over the rocks but I tripped and fell and bruised/grazed my leg I twisted my ankle.
7 I accidentally sat on my bag of crisps and they all got crushed.
Unit 13
13.1
2 Earthquake - an aftershock is a trembling movement of the earth that can happen after an
earthquake. Note how disasters of various kinds can strike, e.g. The hurricane struck the
coas
tłin
e at noon.
216
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote
3 Hurricane I typhoon I tornado I ttopical storm I violent storm I wind - if you board up your
house you cover the windows and doors with wooden boards to protect them.
4 War or a battle of some kind - gunfire refers to the sound of guns being used.
5 Probały
a plane crash - people who witness such accidents or incidents often describe the
explosion as a fireball or hall of fire.
6 Probably a flood - if your house is flooded, the natural thing to do is to go to the upper
floor(s) or the roof to escape the water.
1 Drought - if the plants and trees are dried up, they are probably dying because they have no
water, and since the earth is cracked [hard, with a pattern of deep lines over it], it suggests it is
very dry.
8 Probały
landslides - these happen in mountain areas, they can carry trees and other
vegetation with them and one of the problems they can cause is making roads impassable untił
they can be cleared.
13.2
vnb
explode
noun : thing or idea
explosion
noun: person
surv1ve
survival
surv1vor
miure
starve
m1ury
(the injured)
starvation
(the starving)
erupt
eruption
13.3
1 getting worse (spreads means gets bigger I covers a wider area)
2 a disaster was avoided (the bomb was defused- made safe)
3 getting better (the oi ł is receding - going away &om where it was heading, for example,
towards a beach)
4 getting worse (a time bomb is something tha t is set to explode at some definite time in the
future)
5 disaster avoided (an emergency landing is a landing when the pilot has to land the piane
immediately - perhaps he/she has no proper control over the piane, e.g. if there is an electrical
fault)
6 disaster has occurred I is occurring (if you heed a warning, you take note, and do something;
here the warning was ignored)
13 .4
2 refugees
13.5
2 cholera or typhoid
3 casualties
3 rabies
4 survivors
5 dead, wounded
4 AIDS
Unit 14
14. 1
2 nursery
3 creches
4 admission
14.2
ALMITT:
JOE:
ALMITT:
JOE:
ALMITT:
JOE:
ALMITT:
JOE:
5 grammar
6 comprehensive
7 public
8 further I higher
9 grant
1O teacher-training college
l've got one more exam tomorrow. I hope I pass. l'm worried.
Really? What makes you think you won't do well?
Well, l've skipped a couple of classes this term.
H m. What happens if you fail?
I won't be able to graduate.
Are you allowed to resit the exam?
Yes. I shoułdn't
worry really. 1 got good grades in my continuous assessmeot and
I got an A+ for my project on !ocal bistory.
I think you're worrying for no reason. I bet you'll be a graduate by the end of this
year and thinking of doing a post-graduate course (or Master's degree or a PhD). I'll
come to the graduation ceremony and cheer for you!
English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate
217
14.3
2 Lorna
3 Alice
4 Harry
14.4
2 The school-leaving age is 16 in many countries.
3 I'm glad you passed your exam.
4 She has ro sit an exam tomorrow to work as a child-minder.
5 Is school compulsory till 16 in your country?
6 I have to take three more modules to complete the course.
7 I've made a lot of progress in my English recently.
8 Thanks to the LMS, teachers can monitor their students' activities.
14.5 2 blended learning
3 a thesis (or dissertation)
4 lecturers or tutors
Unit 15
4 unskilled worker
5 administrator
15.1
2 executive
3 director
15.2
2 job
15.3
Suggested answers:
3 work
4 work
6 supervisor
5 job
He's taken early retirement.
This is a person who works shifts I does shiftwork. (You can aJso say ... is a shiftworker.)
She's been promoted.
I got the sack (or I was fired or I was dismissed - more formal).
6 He/She works nine-to-five I He/She has a nine-to-five job.
7 You're a workaholic.
2
3
4
5
1 5.4
15.5
2 judge - profession
3 plumber - trade
2 living
3 work
4 electrician - trade
6 carpenter - trade
5 lecturer - profession
4 offered
5 take it on
Unit 16
16.1
What did Jim Archer put forward to his bank manager? He presented a business plan.
2 What is special about the computers his firm makes? They are custom-built
(or custom-made/designed).
3 When did he lauoch his business? A year later.
4 What did he roll out two years later? An expanded range of computers.
5 How many computers does his fum manufacture now? About 200 a year.
6 What was Jim Archer's priority from the start? Personal service and customer care.
7 Why didn't he do any market research? He felt there were enough potentia) customers.
8 Why was he not sure if the machines would sell? There was a recession at the time.
9 Was it all worth the risk? Yes. His firm's order books were soon full.
1O Going forward, what are his plans? He's planning a new range of computers, which
will lauoch next year.
16.2 2 The business didn't make a profit in its first year.
3 There are a lot of potential customers for this product.
4 Their order books were full last month.
5 lt is sometimes difcułt
to access new markets if you don't have concacts.
6 We should pay attention to the feedback our dients post on our website.
218
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote
1
7 Customer care is a priority for our company.
8 We need to expand our business in Latin America.
9 It's important to build contacts before you enter a new country.
1 6.3
The new range of products will launch next month. We hope it will sell!
The fum specialises in custom-built laptops for business tra v ełlrs.
Going forward, we expect to increase our sales in j apan and China.
lt's important to get feedback from our clients.
We're facing competition from American firms.
We hope to do more business in North Africa in the future.
8 She's the CEO of a huge corporation.
2
3
4
5
6
7
16.4 Possible sentences:
2
The order books were half-empty, so the company had to close down.
3 Market research showed that potentia) customers wanted a wider range of softwa re.
4 Custom-built cars are much more expensive chan ordinary ones.
5 The fum faced stiff competition from Chinese companies.
Unit 17
17 .1
2 hang-gliding
4 showjumping
5 windsurfing
3 motor racing
17.2
2 bow
1 7 .3
1 long-distance, trophies
3 racket
4 stick
2 set
3 marathon
4 holds
1 7 .4
5 bat
6 darts
7 snooker I billiards
6 dart
7 paddle
5 qualify
6 made it to I reached
7 knocked out, round
8 snowboarding
8 cue
9 oar
9 spectators, referee
10 sprinters
8 competitive
2 Are you a good tennis player? We're trying to get a }ocal team together.
3 M y brother is an expert canoeist. He's won medals.
4 My father is a good golfer. He's also an expert mountaineer.
5 Is there a shop near here that sells sports equipment? I need a fishing rod.
6 I'd love to be a good archer, but my eyesight isn't very good.
7 Are you a sprinter or a long-distance runner?
8 My favourite Olympic sports are fencing and the high jump.
17 .5
2 discus (throw)
1 8.1
2 poetry
3 painting
4 architeccure
5 literature, a novel - though it could be any piece of writing divided into chapters, e.g. an
academic textbook
3 javelin
Unit 18
18.2 2 stiJI life
3 abstract
4 landscape
18.3 2 The Dutch artist Rembrandt was a master of the art of portrait painting.
3 On Saturdays there's a market in the city square where they sell all sorts of arts and crafts.
4 Which would you rather be good at - art or music?
5 I saw some interesting abstract works of art at the City Gallery.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
219
18.4
I
2'
r
ł
3
r
e
p
I
4
'ł
Il
se
l(
s
e
6
b
ł
ł
e
s
r
•o 'r
'
• '
ł
r
ł
s
e
ł
(>
ł
e
e
e
ł
'
e
r
fi
s
fi
fi
(>
r
9
ł
'
l
7
e
Il
b
I
d
(>
ł
r
85
r
(>
e
s
'
n
p
s
al
~
Unit 19
3 directors
19.1 2 comedian
19.2
4 enten ainers
5 productions
6 appearance
2 She's got a diploma in dance from the Performing Arts Academy.
3 l've got some tickets for the opera. Interested ?
4 Shall we go to the cinema this evening? There are several good things on.
5 I much prefer (the) theatre to (the) ballet, don't you?
19.3
2 script
3 costumes
4 sets
5 cast
6 performances
7 venue
8 stage
9 critics
10 reviews
19.4 Possible questions:
2 Would you like a ticket for the Beethoven concert tonight?
3 What kind of films do you like best?
4 Was it a good production?
5 What are they showing at the Ans Cinema at the moment? I What's on at the cinema?
Unit 20
20. 1
Henry: MP3, tracks
Anna: sync, stream, playlists
20.2
2 the drurruner
3 the bass (player) (if it is obvious that you are talking about a band, you don't need to say
bass player)
4 the keyboard player
5 the lead guitar I the lead guitarist
20.3
2 Alison
20.4
Do you have a good ear for music? Do you play a musical instrument by ear? Can you pick
out a t une on an instrument you've never played before? We are looking for volunteers to
take part in an experiment to investigate people's natura! musical abilities. You don't need to
be a trained musician and you don't need to be able to read music. If you just make music
at home or with friends for fun, whatever kinds of music you are into, whether it's classicaJ
220
3 Diana
4 Kim
5 Tony
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate
6 Roy
music, jazz, pop, we want to hear from you. We believe there are many talented musicians
out there and we want to leam more about how you do it.
Unit 21
21.1
2 savoury
3 salty
21 .2
Suggested answers:
4 sour
5 sugary I siekły
6 bitter
2 The fish is overcooked I overdone.
3 This melon is unripe I isn't ripe.
4 This dish is very bland I tasteless.
5 The soup is too salty.
6 I just want something light./ I don't want anything (too) heavy.
7 This dish is very stodgy.
8 The chicken is undercooked I underdone.
9 Are the vegetables organie?
21.3
2 The restaurant usually has some specials.
3 Oscar thought the peanuts were moreish.
4 Tina needed a napkin.
5 Jordi is a non-meat-eater.
Alan ordered a-la-carte.
Ełaine
said you don't need to book a table I make a reservation.
Krishnan ordered a couple of side dishes.
Jackie and her friends cancelled the booking I the reservation.
1O Hannah bad a starter.
6
7
8
9
21.4
2 Please help yourselves.
3 Say when. When!
4 Would you like some dessert I a sweet I same pudding I some afters?
Unit 22
22 .1
2
3
4
5
22.2
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. In the north, the densely forested basin of
the River Amazon covers half the country. In the east, the country is washed by the
Atlantic. The highest mountain chain in South America, the Andes, does not lie in Brazil.
Brazil's most farnous city is Rio de Janeiro, the former capital. Today the capital of Brazil
is Brasilia.
22.3
estuary
peak, summie
source
shore (NB coast is only where
the land meets sea, not a lake)
6 strait
7 peninsula
8 ridge
2 the Volga
3 Venezuela (the Angel Falls)
4 New Zealand
5 A delta is at the mouth of a river where the river divides and tlows into the sea in a number of
different channels. The Nile, Danube, Mississippi, Ganges and Mekon all have deltas.
6 The Straits of Gibraltar are at the western entrance to the Mediterranean and the Cape of
Good Hope is at the southern tip of Africa.
22.4 Horizontal words: glacier, geyser, vokano, sea, gulf, plain, bay
Vertical w ords: gorge, delta, island, cape, peak, lake, current, peninsula, crops, shore
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate
221
22.5
1 sandy beach I shore
2 steep gorge I cliff
4 rocky coast I mountain
5 turbulent river I sea
6 dangerous volcano I current
3 shallow stream I bay
Unit 23
23.1
23.2
2 the ozone layer
3 globalisation
4 hazardous waste
5 the polar ice caps
6 carbon dioxide
7 destruction of the rainforests
8 smog
9 acid rain
2 carbon footprint
5 green party
6 greenhouse effect
7 nature reserve
3 climate change
4 fossil fuel
2 3 .3
2 Disposable
3 reduction
6 global
7 dispose
4 destroy
5 pollutant
10 an endangered species
11 water pollution
12 global warming
8 organie food
9 ozone depletion
1O waste disposal
8 endanger
9 environmentally
Unit 24
24.1
Suggested answers:
2 lt lies on an island between two channels of the River Lee.
3 lt has a very complex one-way traffic system. Moreovei; its buses are extremely crowded.
4 St Anne's Church was built on a site where another church stood previously. That church was
destroyed during a siege of the city.
5 In the French Gothic style.
for tourists.
6 Probably not as they do not cater specifalły
7 The Crawford Gałlery
is worth visiting because it regularly puts on interesting exhibitions of
modem art.
8 Weil-off people live in fashionable residential areas overlooking the harbour, while others live
in suburbs on the edge of the city.
24.2
24.3
2
3
4
5
poułatin
area
site
overłk
6
7
8
9
distance
market
tends
worth
1O exhibitions
11 facilities
12 outskirts
Possible answers (for Cambridge):
All the items should be ticked except for skating rink and opera house.
24.4
Possible answers:
2 leisure, shopping, city centre
3 art, music, community college
4 basketball, squash, royal court
5 night, tennis, social club
6 employment, accommodation, press agency
24.5
2 tennis court I sports centre
3 taxi rank
4 registry office
24.6
2 połlutin
3 overcrowding
222
5 estate agent
6 art gallery
7 library
4 vandalism
5 traffic jams
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
8 take-away
9 adult education centre I college
24. 7
Possible answers (for Cambridge}:
The most picturesque parts of Cambridge are beside the river.
Cambridge is one of England's most historie towns.
The town could hardly be called spacious as most of its streets are very narrow.
Some of the eighteenth-century buildings are particularly elegant.
The most magnificent building in the town, in my opinion, is the Pepys Library.
Cambridge is very lively at night because so many young people live there.
When the university is on vacation the town can suddenly seem quite deserted.
The market is particularly bustling on Saturdays.
The shopping centre always seems to be packed with people.
We are lucky in that nowhere in the town is filthy; everywhere is quite d ean.
Some of the suburbs have become quite run-down in recent years.
Unit 25
2 5. 1
2 pollen
2 5.2
anima[ words: mane, fox, worm, horn, claw, owi
plant words: petal, oak, wiłlo,
thorn, bark, stem
25.3
2 daws, bark
3 blossom/flower
4 grow
25.4
2 e
25.5
2 a crab because it has a shell (it is a shełlfi)
3 whiskers
4 petals
5 hoof
8 twigs (or perhaps branches)
9 Bats
10 Snaiłs
5 stems
6 bud
7 thorns
4b
3 f
6 a
5 c
3 a cat
4 laid
5 both
6 a pigeon
Unit 26
2 6. 1
2 heel, soles
3 laces
4 cardigan I hoody
5 slippers
6 hem, buttons
7 hood
3 shorts
26.2
2 jeans
26.3
Possible answers:
4 pairs
2 baggy trousers, T-shirt
3 checked shirt, trousers
4 woollen scarf, socks
8 pyjamas
9 helmet
10 bikini
5 pair (of tights)
5 suede shoes, bag
6 denim skirt, jacket
26.4
2 Japanese national costume
3 designer sunglasses
26.5
2 matches
27 .1
Possible answers:
4 a mask
5 His shirt is inside out.
4 fit
3 suits
Unit 27
2 a bruise
3 a black eye
4 sickness and/or diarrhoea
27 .2
2 Seth
27 .3
2 e
3 Archie
3
b
4 f
5 sunburn
6 possibly a pain in their side, or they might feel breathless
4 Zoe
5 a
6 c
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
223
c 3 A 40 5 B 6 F
lncorrect sentence: They operated me immediately.
Correct form: They operated on me immediately.
27.4 2
27.5
1 b
b She suffered a stroke.
2 a He contracted aids in 2001.
3 I picked up a bug but I got over it.
Unit 28
2 8. 1
1 glasses, spectacles
2 X-rays (or X-ray machines)
4 contact lenses
5 in a wheelchair
3 they invented/used crutches
2 8.2
2
3
4
5
Glasses were invented to correct difficulties with vision.
Medical technology has made rapid advances in the last decade.
There is a now a vast range of devices that make life better for people with
Artificial hips are highly efficient.
medicał
problems.
2 8.3 Suggested answers:
2
3
4
5
6
28.4
to help disabled people to move around
to help a disabled or injured person to walk
to measure someone's temperature
to help someone see better
to enable a doctor to see inside someone's body
1 Doctors will be able to identify diseases at an early stage in the future using sophisticated
scanners.
2 Doctors will be able to diagnose a patient's illness from a distance. Patients will send
information automatically to their doctor.
3 Keyhole surgery means doctors no longer need to open a patient's body when they operate
on* them. (*missing preposition)
4 Information on large computer databases will help doctors treat diseases and give them new
tools to cure illnesses.
Unit 29
2 9. 1
2 Certain foods are considered by scientists to be good for our bodies.
3 Foods with a high fat content may cause health problems.
4 Some foocls may cause long-term health problems.
2 9 .2
2 Fizzy drinks
3 oily fish
29.3
2 c
3 a
4 b
29.4
2
b
3 a
4d
29.5
2
3
4
5
6
Many fruits are a good source of vitamin C and provide major health benefits.
Oily fish should form part of a healthy diet.
Which do you prefer to eat as a snack if you're hungry, fruit or nuts?
A: There's a new Chinese restaurant in town. B: Good! I love Chinese food.
There has been a sharp rise in the number of people suffering from depression.
29.6
2 Children who are obese I who suffer from obesity need to exercise more.
4 Processed foods
5 mental health
3 Her job is very stressful I causes her a lot of stress and is very tiring.
4 How can we keep fit I maintain a good level of fitness? The answer is to get regular exercise I
to exercise regularly.
224
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intennediote
Unit 30
30.1
30.2
2 e
3f
4b
5a
road
6c
rai I
express
coach
platform
steering wheel
coach
tram
chauffeur
van
lorry
air
JUmbo jet
helicopter
ru n way
Wl ng
ground Staff
cockpit
[ sea
port
gangway
liner
deck
Coach can refer to a type of bus or the individual carriages on a train.
30.3
2 voyage
3 flight
4 travel
5 trip
6 journey
30.4 The flight from Huascal to Amlugo was severely delayed (six hours!). I was worried I'd
get stuck at the airport (and hoped that the airline woułd
put me up in a nice hotel ©) but
anyway the flight wasn't cancelled and we finally took off. The weather was awful, so the
flight was bumpy and I got airsick (very unpleasant!). But the cabin crew were very friendly
and helpful, which made me feel better. The landing was not so bad and soon we were at the
terminal collecting our baggage. I slept well last night - I think I've gat over the jetlag I had
after my 12-hour flight from Europe.
I didn't have a reservation for the Eurostar train from Paris to London, but they put me on
standby and I got a seat on a later train. It was a good journey, everything ran smoothly and
it arrived oo time. In London, I enquired if there was a sleeping car on the train to Scotland
so I could travel overnight. The alternative was a hotel and the early moming train at 6.30
am (too early for me!). When I getto Scotland I want to go to some of the islands. I hope the
sea is calm. I hate rough seas - I always get seasick!
Unit 31
31.1
adjective
fascinating
delightful
exhiłartng
glamorous
luxurious
31.2
2 unspoilt I picturesque
31 .3
2 pitched
3 exdusive
4 overseas
5 cruising
31 .4
2 a luxurious hotel
no u n
verb
fascination
fascinate
de light
delight
exhilaration
glamour
exhilarate
glamorise
luxury
luxuriate
3 exhilarating
4 luxurious
5 breathtaking I stunning
6 inconvenient
7 memorable
8 winding
3 a picturesque village
4 a breathtaking/stunning view
5 a unique opportunity
6 an exhilarating walk
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate
225
Unit 32
3 2. 1
2 The software interprets your speech and enables you to tum it into text. Science: voice
technology
3 We're interested in workplaces and how people interact with their working environment.
Science: ergonomics
4 People are often worried. They fee! that the creation of an exact copy of an anima[ is not
right. Science: cloning
morałly
5 We study how human cells can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they
are injured. Science: stem cell research
6 My work is concerned with the structure and function of the organie molecules associated
with living organisms. Science: molecular biology
7 Many people refuse to eat genetically modified foods. They consider GM foods to be
unnatural. Science: genetic engineering
8 By manipulating DNA, we can alter hereditary features. Science: genetic engineering
32.2
2 a smartphone
3 a digital photo frame
4 a high-definition (HD) camcorder
5 a 3DTV
6 a tablet
32.3
2 e
3 2 .4
2 Insert the disk to install the software.
3 We can combine these chemicals.
4 You should utilise the strongest materił.
5 We analysed the problem and concluded that it was a computer virus.
3 g
4 a
5 h
6 d
7 f
8 b
Unit 33
33.1
2 spreadsheet
3 laptop
4 microchip
33.2
2 virus
3 laptops
4 hard disk
5 memory stick
6 desktop computer
7 icon
5 graphics
6 database
7 cursor
8 cursor
9 tablet
8 app( lication)
9 Word-processing
1 O (micro)chip
33.3 Suggested answers:
2 Back it up.
3 Delete the repeated paragraph.
4 C lick on the icon for that program.
5 Upgrading the computer.
6 You can undo what you just did.
7 You can download it.
8 That the new software won't run I That you can't run the new software.
Unit 34
34. 1
2 attachment
3 password
4 bookmark
34.2
2
3
4
5
226
blog
access, down
Skype
subscribe
5 browser
6 internet service provider I ISP
7 search engine
6 links
7 virtual
8 interactive
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote
8 server
9 navigate
34.3 2 False - it stands for Frequently Asked Questions.
6 False - they will get it by email.
7 False - you log off.
3 True
4 False - it is a type of website.
8 True
5 True
Unit 35
35.1
3 5.2
5 soap (opera)
6 weather forecast
2 cartoon
3 current affairs program.me
4 sitcom
1 subtitles, dubbed
7 detective drama I detective series
5
6
7
8
2 podcast
3 omerciałs
4 satetlite dish, receive
8 talk show
9 game show
1 O sports programme
media (people
means
broadcasts
stream
just say media rather than mass media)
usalły
35.3 tabloid: celebrity news, scandals, competitions and prizes, sensational crimes, huge headłin
es
quality: complex political debate, in-depth reviews of books, long artides
35.4
'.
·.. '
~
1 The documentary investigated the food industry and focused on school meals.
2 The program.me was shot I made (or filmed) on location in Northern Finland.
3 CNN hroadcasts news programmes around the world.
4 They're televising the cup finał
next week.
5 The drama is set in Paris in the 1880s.
6 Do you ever tweet about news events?
Unit 36
36.1
36.2
2 independence
3 polling
6 policy
7 federation
5 elected
a
3 f
4g
2 a representative
3 the ruler
5 b
8 rułe
4 majority
5 Prime Minister
2 constituencies
3 MP (Member of Parliament)
36.3 2
36.4
4 running
6h
7 e
6 election
8 d
4 the presidency
6 the electorate
5 the govemment
7 to represent
Unit 37
37.1
t-.
1 robbed, stole
2 was
3 are robbed
stołen
37.2 2 Harry is accused of k.idnapping.
3 Ophelia is accused of murder.
3 7 .3
2 defended
3 7.4
2
3
4
5
3 7 .5
2
3
4
5
3 sentenced
4
4 was robbed
4 Pete is accused of smuggling.
5 Tom is accused of burgłay
be released
I theft.
5 was acquitted
Many prisoners end up getting time off for good behaviour.
The police have charged the driver of the red sports car with speeding.
The two girls are suspected of taking sweets from the shop without paying.
Sam was found guiłty
today but the judge will decide on his sentence tomorrow.
6 The jury passed a verdict of guilty on the accused.
The police think Bert is guilty but they have no proof.
In court the accused pleaded not guilty.
The murder case is still under investigation (by the police).
Any victim of crime can join this support group.
English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intennediate
117
r
6 The detective suspected the jealous lover of killing the woman I (that) the jealous lover killed
the woman.
7 The bank robbers are currently on trial (at a court) in London.
8 Nathan is hoping to be released from prison soon.
Unit 38
38.1
2 d
38.2
2 credit limit
3 competitive
4 a
3 f
6 b
5 c
4 deposit
6 raise, finance
7 combine, payment
5 overdraft facility
38.3
2 a duty-free shop
38.4
Answers with possible reasons:
4 inheritance tax
5 corporation tax
3 VAT (value added tax)
8 mortgages, repayments
6 income tax
2 If they want to build up the amount of money they have or they have money they don't need
immediately.
3 Because Joel has been spending more than he can afford to spend and he will have to pay
interest on the overdraft.
4 If they need their money immediately to pay for something.
5 You can transfer money into and out of your account online, pay bills, check your account, etc.
6 Using a cash machine is usually quicker than going into the bank, but there is a greater risk
that someone may watch you and rnug you and take your money, or the machine may take
your card if you've forgotten your PIN (personal identification number).
7 Probably happy, because she has a positive amount in her account.
8 Probably insecure, because his income rnay go up and down and he may not be able to match
his outgoings.
9 Less money - the bank has taken money from your account. If the bank puts money into your
account, they credit your account.
Unit 39
39.1
2 silk
3 a bizarre design
39.2
2 A
39.3
2 pretty
3 9 .4
2 It's easy to fołlw.
3 Yes, it is effective.
4 They are more likely to be tense rather than relaxed.
3
c
4 faulty
5 a genuine Monet
4A
3 half
se
4 nowhere
6 china
7 rubber
6 B
5
r ea
sonabł
y
6 unusually
5 You'd be pleased because the teacher is saying that it is of a good standard.
Unit 40
40.1
6 a
7 a/g/i
8 f
9 d
3 b
4 h
5 a Ig I i
2 Many people believe in life after death.
3 I was in favour of the proposed changes.
4 What does she think of the new teacher?
5 This is absurd, in my opinion I from our point of view I to my mind.
2 e
6 He's quite wrong, in my opinion.
7 Weil, that's just silly, in my opinion I from our point of view I to my mind.
8 I have my doubts about how honest he is.
9 Is Alex likely to
228
be opposed to the plans for the new airport?
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intennediate
40.2
40.3
Possible answers:
2 firm I strong
4 obsessive
3 middle-of-the-road I moderate
5 conservative I traditional
6 odd I weird I eccentric
2 I've always doubted that ghosts exist.
I have always held (the view) that people should rely on themselves more.
3
4 Claudia maintains that the teacher has been unfair to her.
5 I was convinced (that) I had been in that room before.
we should have tried again.
6 He fełs
Unit 41
41.1
Who feels
1
n am e
„.
1 fed up with something?
Trevor
2 depressed?
Carlos
3 content?
4 grateful?
Katie
~~
~-+
~
~
~~
~
~~
~
~-+
-+~
Who fee Is ...
5 miserable?
6 thankful?
7 confused?
8 delighted?
~
~~
~
Sarah
~
na me
~
1-~"
Philip
~
~-l
Pilar
1-~ ~-;
~~
~
-1~
Stefan
~
-l
~
~
-l
Agnes
41.2 2 I always get nervous just before an exam.
3 I was furious when they refused to give me my money back.
4 I was thrilled to see my old school friend again after so long.
5 The news about Rory's illness really upset me.
6 At first, I was enthusiastic about the course, but it's just not very good.
41.3 positive: contented, thrilled
negative: sick and tired, anxious, frustrated, confused
41.4 2 I am quite I absolutely sick and tired of her selfish behaviour. l've had enough! (quite sounds
more forma) when it means the same as absolutely)
3 lt's all so complicated. I feel a bit I quite con.fused. Can you help me?
4 I was absolutely thrilled when I heard the wonderful news!
5 lt made me fee! quite I a bit frustrated that I still couldn't play any songs after six weeks of
guitar lessons.
6 You always seem so absolutely contented with life. How lucky you are!
Unit 42
42.1
42.2
2 fond of
3 keen on
4 appeal to
5 fell in
6 fell for
7 affectionate towards
8 passionate about, cares for
2 I can't stand jazz.
3 Do you fancy Jim?
4 She's keen on rowing and golf.
5 I can't bear very salty food.
6 His art appeals to me.
7 Gina fascinates me. I I find Gina fascinating.
8 He is totally captivated by her. I She has totally captivated him.
9 I'm not looking forward to the exam
42.3
2
b
3 a
4 b
42.4 2 I can't bear selfish people. I despise anyone who never considers others.
3 Her manner repelled me at first and I couldn't stand to be in the same room as her, buc now
l've begun to like her more.
English Vocabulory in Use Upper-intermediate
229
4 I felt a strong desire to find out what had happened to my old school friends.
5 Are you looking forward to starting your new job?
disgusted by his unkind remarks about Sylvia. (Remember, if something or
6 I felt absoluteły
someone is disgusting/fascinating/boring, you feel disgusted/fascinated/bored.)
Unit 43
43. 1
2 whispered
6 shrieked
1 screamed
3 shouted
4 stuttered I stammered
5 muttered (or shouted, if he was very angry)
b
8 mumbling I muttering
9 murmured I whispered
43.2
2 e
43.3
2 Andrew said happily.
3 Petra said I shouted I shrieked excitedly.
4 Leo said I muttered I murmured bitterly.
5 Lily said I murmured sadly.
43.4
2 I object to having to sit on the floor. I paid for a seat.
3 Stop grumbling about your job all the time.
4 He threatened to refuse to pay and to call the police.
5 She begged us to help her.
6 He confessed that he had broken I He confessed to breaking the window.
43.5
4 f
3 a
1 miserably (N)
2 a object to
3 reluctanły
5
6 c
6 Ray said anxiousły.
7 Gary said I shouted impatiently.
8 Anna said hopefuły.
cherfuły
(P)
desperately (N)
b insist on
c compłain
about
4 with
5 nervously I shyly
gladly (P)
Unit 44
44.1
2 peer
44.2
2 sweet
44.3
Possible answers:
3 observe
3 hot
4 glance
4 sour
2 stinking
3 foul-smelling I putrid
44.4 2 tapped
3 grasped
44.5
4 pressed
5 poke
5 stare
5 spicy
6 glirnpse
6 sałty
4 fragrant I sweet-smelling
5 pungent
6 stroked
7 grabbed I snatched
6 scented I perfumed
7 musty
8 stinking
8 handled
Possible answers:
2 That smells wonderful.
3 Your hair looks great.
4 lt sounds brilłant.
5 This tastes delicious.
6 I feel good, thanks.
1 That sounds fantastic.
8 You look upset. What's the matter?
44.6 Possible answers:
Did you notice anything different about Kate today? She seemed a little odd to me.
Rebecca is doing some research which involves observing a community of chimpanzees.
As she entered the concert hall, Sandra thought she glimpsed Jan going out through a door
on the other side of the auditorium.
If peoł
do not see very well they can often be helped by glasses or contact lenses.
Jack peered through the keyhole trying to see what was happening in the room.
230
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Every evening we sat on the hotel balcony gazing at the lake and the magnificent mountains
around it.
Why are you staring at me like chat? Is my face dirty?
Simona had to appear in court because she witnessed a craffic accident.
Unit 45
45.1
2 snore
3 sneeze
45.2
2 sighed I was sighing
3 snoring
45.3
2 suck
45.4
2 chew
45.5
2 grinning
46.1
2 the cat's whiskers
3 bit
4 yawn
5 wink
4 cough
5 sneezing
8 out of breath
6 a deep breath
7 hold your breath
4 swallowed
3 shake
4 blink
3 licked
5 wink
4 swallow
6 lick
5 shaking
6 trembling
7 perspiration
Unit 46
46.2
3 on che bali
4 have green fingers
5 take the biscuit
2 Giovanni is head and shoulders above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums.
3
4
5
6
Maria has a way with young children - they always love her.
You're streets ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I'm impressed.
Hassan plays chess brilliantly.
Agata has the gift of the gab.
46.3
2
3
4
5
Tanya is usually on the bali.
Rajiv thinks he's the cat's whiskers I the bee's knees.
Marek has green fingers.
Unfortuaeły,
you can't have your cake and eat it.
46.4
2
3
4
5
No. She just wants you to give your opinion of it - good and/or bad.
He disapproves of it.
lt's not at all tlexible.
They're worried.
46.5 2 I don't understand why Penny thinks she's the cat's whiskers I the bee's knees.
3 When it comes to sport, Andrey is among the worst in his school.
4 Greta was to blame I at fault for the error in the accounting figures.
5 He has the gift of the gab.
6 Mick has a way with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants something clone.
7 He often runs down his school.
8 She always picks holes in everything I say.
Unit 47
47.1
2 d
47.2
2 face
47.3 2 Karen
4 7.4
3 a
4 f
5
b
3 as the day is long
3 Mark
4 Lars
6 e
4 bad mood
5 Andrea
5 in the dumps
6 Krishnan
2 I think you should keep a cool head and just be patient.
3 He frightened the life out of me when he carne in wearing that ghost mask!
4 Everyone was shaking in their boots/shoes when they saw the door open all by itself.
English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate
23 I
5 I was scared stiff I scared out of my wits before I did the bungee jump, but it was OK.
6 She swelled with pride as her daughter received the gold medal.
very hard workl
7 I think I got carried away by the idea of joining a rock band. lt's actulły
8 I try to just take everything as it comes.
Unit 48
48.1
2 challenges
48.2
2 by e
48.3
2
3
4
5
6
48.4
2 stir things up
3 see the light at the end of the tunnel
4 get to the bottom of things
5 got your act together
49.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
49.2
2 enormous
49.3
2 loads
3 chaos
3 of g
4 off
4 corner
5 dilemma
5 under h
6 on a
6 disaster
7 to d
8 in
b
I can't face (the thought of) driving home in all this traffic.
Karen seems to be lacking (in) confidence.
Unfortunately, the project seems to have come to a <lead end (at the mo ment).
People who are deprived of I Being deprived of sleep can have health and other problems.
Paula's meeting with Angus had a profound effect on her.
6 sit up and take notice
7 get a grasp of
8 take a back seat
9 bury the hatchet
Unit 49
significant I substantial
minute (or tiny)
enormous I excessive
Vast
average
tiny
significant (substantial is also possible, but the emphasis here is on the fact that the
difference was noticea ble)
3 vast
3 was
4 substantial I considerable
4 loads I dozens
5 excessive
5 were
49.4 Possible answers:
2
3
4
5
6
The two novels were totally different.
His/Her behaviour was wholly unaceptbł.
That way of working produced utter chaos.
to the story in total disbelief.
I łistend
There should be a toał
ban on using mobile phones in cinemas.
Unit 50
50. 1 2 According to a UN study, two per cent of the world's population owns over half of all
household wealth.
3 Nought degrees Celsius equals thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
4 One half plus three quarters times or multiplied by four squared equals twenty.
5 This article says that seven million, five hundred and fifty-six thousand, nine hundred and
eighty-one people are curentły
living in London.
50.2
232
2
3
4
5
a square and a rectangle
fifty-two
twelve
eight
6 thirty-three
7 nine
8 sixty-four
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
,
50.3
des cri ption
name of shape
adjective
round shape
circle
shape with three sides
shape with eight sides
triangle
octagon
circular
triangular
shaped a bit like an egg
ovał
oval
three-dimensional round shape
three-dimensional square shape
sphere
cube
spherical
cubic
octagnł
50.4 2 Oxygen accounts for forty-six point six per cent of the earth's crust.
3 Seven nines are sixty-three.
4 The temperature today is eighteen degrees Celsius.
5 My bedroom is three mttltiplicd by six metres.
6 What is six to the power of nine?
7 Eleven sixteenths of the students passed the exam.
8 Two thirds times five cubOO is eighty-three and a third.
50.5
4
o
Unit 51
51. 1
2 age I era
51.2
Possible answers:
3 stages I phases
2 went on I dragged on
3 Age
4 stage (or era)
4 fly
5 ełapsd
5 phase
6 timeless
7 fleeting
6 spell
8 momentary
51.3 Possible answers:
2 Hi! You're just in time for tea/coffee.
3 By the time you get this card, 1'11 be in New York.
4
5
6
7
8
Can you please come one at a time? I 1'11 speak to you one at a time.
Can you use the old computer for the time being, please?
I'lł
do my best to arrive/be on time.
The weather can be very hot at times in (city name).
I enjoy a game of tennis from time to time.
Unit 52
52.1 Suggested answers:
2 . . . extremely tall
3 . . . a shortcut
4 ... height
52.2
5 ... widened it I ... 've widened it
6 ... heighten the feeling
2 to lengthen
3 a very narrow range of goods
4 a ł ongdistan
ce call
5 shallow water
6 faraway/distant places
7 broad-minded
8 lower your hand
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediote
233
4d
3 f
2 e
52.4
2 expanded, contracted
52.5
2 in
at, of
6 a
5 b
52.3
3 shrunk
4 stretches
3 from (or possibly at)
5 extended
4 from, to
Unit 53
3 f
4 d
53.1
2 c
53.2
Suggested answers:
5
b
6 a
2 You don't have to buy the travel insurance; it's an optional extra charge.
3 You can borrow the camcorder, but you will be liable for any damage to it.
4 We'll have to sell the house. l'm afraid we have no choice/altemative; otherwise we will be
bankrupt.
5 He didn't want to give them the money, but they had guns; they forced hirn to hand it over.
6 No, he couldn't choose to pay a fine; a prison sentence is mandatory for dangerous dńving.
7 I didn't want to do maths, but I had to. lt's compulsory/obligatory in all secondary schools.
8 If you're unemployed, you're exempt from paying tax.
4 No, you can choose.
5 Yours
53.3
2 100%
3 Nothing
53.4
2 an opportunity
3 possibility
4 doubtful
5 an absolute certainty
6 lt is probable that she will
Unit 54
54. 1
2 racket is an idea] word here.
3 noises/sounds if you mean different sounds, but noise/sound is also posibłe
here if you
interpret 'some' to mean not a plural number, but one sound of 'a certain, unidentifiable type',
e.g. 'Some anima! must have come into the garden last night - look at these footprints.'
(it's not elear what sort of animal)
4 racket (din can also be used, often for discordant music)
5 noise is probably the best word since it means something negative and can be used
uncountably (without a).
54.2
Suggested words:
I crash
2 cłater
3 rustle
54.3
2 rmgmg
3 pattering
54.4
2 d
3 a
4 f
54.5
2 c
3 a
4 b
5 c
4 thud
4 hum
5 hang
6 roar
5 chimelchiming
6 clanged
6 e
Unit 55
55.1
2 properties
3 belongings
55.2
2 alłocted
3 left
4 estate
6 property
5 possessions
4 supplied
5 presented
6 catered
7 supported
55.3 Suggested answers:
2 Did he inherit the house?
3 Will you sponsor me in a run/race for charity?
234
English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate
7 rumbie
8 inherited
8 screech
4 Are you a tenant?
5 Would you like to contribute/donate to cancer research?
6 Do you supply/provide us with pens and things?
55.4
4 owner/proprietor
5 estate
2 landlords
3 tenants
6 property I properties
7 possessions
8 belongings
Unit 56
56.1
2 a
3 e
4 b
5 d
56.2 Possible answers:
2 an insect crawls; a baby does too before it can walk; there is a fast over-arm swimming style
called 'crawl'
3 anything moving extremely fast, e.g. a bird or animal can shoot by, a piane can shoot
overhead, a fish can shoot through the water
4 a bird's or butterfly's wings; a piece of washing on the line in the wind; a person's eyelashes; a
curtain in the wind
5 anything moving slowly on water, e.g. a boat, a piece of wood; a person can drift through life
(moving without any sense of purpose or direction); your thoughts can drift to something or
someone (it happens unintentionally); you can drift off to sleep (go to sleep slowly)
56.3
2 pace
56.4
2 at a very slow pace
3 stirred
4 speed
3 vełocity
5 rate
4 swayed a łite
5 at a much faster speed
56.5 Possible answers:
usage
grammar
quick
something that takes a short time,
e.g. quick snack; quick phone call
rapid
more format; used for things like
'rapid increase/decline'
adjective only; can be used with 'to',
e.g. She was quick to respond
adjective only
swift
used for
more restricted genrałly;
things like 'swift-flowing stream';
swift response/decision/reaction
I
56.6
adjective only; can be used with 'to',
e.g. He was swift to point out how
wrong I was
Possible situations:
1 If you are very late for something.
2 If you want to be late for something, e.g. something unpleasant.
3 If you aren't in a hurry. You can also say this about your studies, if you are not going either
particularly fast or slowly.
4 Tf you were hiding from someone, e.g. under a bed or behind a door.
5 If you really don't want to meet them or talk to them, or don't want them to see you.
6 lf it's late and everyone else is asleep.
Unit 57
57 .1
2 coarse
3 slippery
4 prickly
5 7 .2
5 rough
6 furry
7 jagged
8 shiny I polished I smooth
9 silky I smooth
1O rough I coarse
2 The cloth was rough to the touch.
3 We sat in a shady part of the garden.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-4ntermediate
235
4 Suddenly there was a dazzling light.
5 The ground was very wet underfoot.
6 My suitcase is as light as a feather.
57.3
2 a
3 d
4 f
5 b
6 c
57.4 Suggested answers:
2
3
4
5
change the colour to a brighter I more vivid colour
wear sunglasses I shade your eyes I wear a cap
polish them
take things out or get a smaller rucksack
Unit 58
5 8. 1
2 fulfilled
3 reach/attain/achieve
58.2
verb
realise
4 attain/realise/fulfil
5 realis/fuł
6 reach
7 come
noun
realisation
difcułty
target
fa il
trouble
target
failure
trouble
I adjective
reałisbl
difficult
targeted
faiłn
troubłing,
faiłed,
g
troublesome, troubled
Comments:
difficult has no adverb in English; we say 'We did it with difficulty.'
targeted is used in sentences such as 'The government has decided to give the extra fu nds
to targeted groups in society'. [specifically chosen]
failed: They have made three failed attempts to save the company.
unfailingly: 'failingly' doesn't exist, but 'unfaiłgy
does, e.g. She is unfailingly honest; you
can trust her completły.
troubling: We have seen some very troubling developments recntł
y . [worryi ng]
troublesome: They are a troublesome group of students. {cause trouble]
troubled: I've been feeling rather troubled lately about my daughter. [worried]
58.3
2 She succeeded in rising to the top of her profession.
3 Do you ever have any trouble using this photocopier? I always seem to.
y has a direct object, e.g.
4 I've managed to work quite hard this last month. (accomplish usałl
5
6
7
8
'I've accomplished a lot this month.')
l'm amazed that you can cope with all the work they give you.
Did you have much difficulty finding the book in the library?
Unfortunately, it seems as if all John's plans have come to nothing.
I'm afraid I haven't had any success in contacting Lara today.
58.4 Possible answers:
2 Perhaps someone who invested f5,000 and lost it all.
3 lt could be about a business someone started, or about a project, or something that faił
4 lt might be said to someone who is carrying a lot of heavy shopping bags.
e d.
5 Perhaps it's about the successful realisation of someone's plan, e.g. for getting permission to do
something where it seemed more likely that the result would not be successful.
58.5 Possible answers:
1 I'd abandon it. I I'd look for an alternative.
2 It would probably fald eventually.
3 The marker(s) might take the overall performance into account and ignore the one bad result.
236
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
4 l'd get it seen to I repaired.
5 Perhaps try again, or abandon it.
6 Perhaps ask for help and advice from the teacher.
Unit 59
59.1
2 In the meantime
3 Subsequently
59.2
2 at some point
59.3
2 No
4 Earłie
on
5 Prior to
6 Following
7 during
4 (at) the time (that)
3 simułtaneoly
3 All summer
8 moment
4 Hamburg
5 Three weeks
6 Probably just part of it
Unit 60
60.1
2 In case of I In the event of (often seen in notices and regulations)
3 Unless
4 on condirion that would be very suitable since this is legal/official language, or providing/
provided that; so long as is also possible, but as long as sounds just a little too informal
5 Supposing I What if {less tentative, more direct and informal) I lf
60.2 2 If anyone rings, I don't want to speak to them, whoever it is.
3 Whatever I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing.
4 lt' ll probably have meat in it, no matter which dish you choose. They don't cater for
vegetarians here.
5 However I do it, that recipe never seems to work.
6 No matter how hard you try, you'll never be able to do it all on your own.
60.3
Possible answers:
2 You cannot enter unless you have a passport. I You can/may enter providing/provided (that) I
3
4
5
6
on condition that you have a passport.
You can/may go to university as long as you get 70% or more in the exam. I Unless you get
(at least) 70%, you cannot go on to university.
You can't come in unless you're over 18. / You may enter the club providing/provided (that)
you are over 18.
Visitors may enter the mosque on condition that they remove their shoes. I You can go in as
long as you take off your shoes. (informal)
Children under 10 can't go on the roller coaster unless they are accompanied by an adult. I
Children under 10 can go on the roller coaster provided they are accompanied by an aduJt.
Unit 61
61 .1
Suggested answers:
2 The reason (why) I didn't contact you was that l'd lost your phone number.
3 I will not sign on the grounds that this contract is illegal.
4 The government passed a new law with the aim of controlling prices.
5 I wonder what her motives were in sending flowers to everyone.
6 The high salary prompted her to apply for the job.
61.2 2 The announcement of higher taxes provoked I generated I led to a strong attack from the
opposition.
3 The new Act of Parliament produced I brought about I gave rise to great changes in industry.
4 The train crash was caused by I was due to the failure of the electrical system.
5 A violent storm caused the wali to collapse.
6 Food shortages led to I provoked I caused I sparked (off) serious riots in severa! cities.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
23 7
7 The food shortages arose from I stemmed from bad economic policies.
61.3
2 of
3 with, of
4 in
5 from
6
with, to
7
to
61.4 Possible answers:
2 Owing to the fact that the performance was cancelled, everyone got a refund.
3 The service was terribly slow. As a result I Consequently (moce formal), all the customers
got angry.
4 We missed the last bus. As a result, we had to walk home.
Unit 62
62.1
Possible answers and comments:
I accept (or more formal: I acknowłedg)
that you weren't solely to blame, but you must
take some responsibility. (Accept and acknowledge are most suitable here since the speaker
is prepared to agree with one aspect but wants to go on to make another point to support
his/her case.)
2 OK, I admit I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy. (This seems to be a situation where
somebody is accusing someone of trying to get them to say they were wrong. Admit is ideał
in
this case.)
3 The company acknowledges that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept
liabłty.
(Acknowledge is perhaps best here; it is often used in forma!, łegalistc
situations
łike
this because it simply says 'We understand your message, but we do not necessarily
accept any liability/blame/responsibility'; ad.mit might suggest the company does accept legal
responsibility; accept is also possible though less formal.)
4 She accepted!conceded that we had done all we could, but she was still not content. (Concede
usually suggests an argument or debate where peoł
might 'give' small points to one another
while stili holding on to their basie position, and would seem to be a likely choice here;
concede here suggests she <lid not realły
want to say it.)
62.2 Suggested answers:
2 After all
3
62.3
for all that I after all
4 lt's all very well
5 That's all very well / That's all welł
and good
Possible answers:
2 There's a huge discrepancy between what she says and what she does.
3 Toby and Catalina are poles apart when it comes to saving money I on the question of
savmg money.
4 There's a world of difference between being a student and being a teacher.
5 There's a yawning gap between the standard of living in the north and in the south.
62.4 Possible answers:
2 The house itself is rather small.
3
There is no sign that the government has solved the traffic problem.
4 In most of the rest of Europe, you drive on the right.
5 I'm not at all hungry, thanks.
62.5 2 on the other hand (it is true that it's expensive, but if you look at it from another point of
view, we need it)
3 on the other hand (it's true that I'd like to leave my job but if I look at leaving from another
point of view I realise l'd miss my colleagues)
4 on the contrary (it's not true that he's lazy)
5 on the contrary (it's not true she speaks Japanese wełl)
6 on the other hand (it's true that it looks attractive but it's also true that it's expensive)
238
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Unit 63
63.1
Suggested answers and comments:
2 In addition to I As well as I Apart from I Besides
(The choice is quite wide, but, depending on which one she chooses for 2, the writer woułd
probably then choose a different one for 4, to avoid repeating herself.)
3 etc. I and so on
(etc. is slightły
more forma! than and so on, and the writer may want to avoid sounding too
informal.)
4 in addition to I as well as I apart from I besides
5 Furthermore I Moreover I Likewise
(furthermore/moreover add her previous experience on to the rest; likewise not only adds the
information but suggests it is of equał
value to the other experience she has mentioned.)
If she wanted to use what's more, the writer would probably write it in full as what is more,
so as not to sound tao informal. However, what's more I what is more can often sound a łit e
abrupt and argumentative (as if you're trying very hard to convince the reader) and might
sound just a bit too strong here.
Equally would not be suitable here, as it is best used when arguing points and presenting
opinions (trying to convince someone of the equal value of a point added on to other points).
63.2
2 My cousin turned up along with some schoolmates of his.
3 He owns a big chemical factory as well as running a massive oil business in the USA.
4 In addition to being their scientific adviser, I act as a consultant to the Managing Director.
petrol left in the tan.le
5 lt was raining and getting dark. On top of (all) that, we had very litłe
(it is not necessary to repeat also)
6 He's a very good singer. What's more I What is more, he has a degree in music.
63 .3
2 Besides having a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with.
3 Alongside my many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training.
4 In addition to having I In addition to a degree, she also has a diploma.
5 My father won't agree. Likewise, my mother's sure to find something to object to.
6 She's a good footballer and a good achlete to boot.
7 He said he'd have to first consider che organisation, chen the system, chen the finance and so
on and so forth.
63 .4
2 into the bargain
3 in addition
4 on top of (all) that
63.5 Suggested answers:
To become a successful athlete you will need to be fit plus you will need to train hard every
day. Furthermore I Moreover I What is more I Besides I In addition, you will need a very
special type of determination as well as stamina. Additionally I In addition, you will need
support from friends and family, financial support and so on (and so forth) I etc. And a good
coach will help a great deal, motivating you as well as setting goals for you. Alongside I
Apan from these things I On top of (all) that, you will need that indefinable thing: talent.
64.1
Unit 64
3 d
2 b
64.2
5 f
6 e
5
issue is best here because it is something everyone is debating and disagreeing on, but question
and problem are also OK
problem I matter (or crisis if it is really serious)
question (mystery would also be possible)
topie
approach I response I solution I answer
2
a
2
3
4
64.3
4 a
3 c
4 e
5 d
6 b
English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediote
239
Unit 65
65.1
'We11, where shall I start? lt was last summer and we were just sitting in the garden, fil!!1_Qf
doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and „. you see, we have this, kind of, long wali
at the end of the garden, and it's ... like ... a motorway for cats. That big fat black one you
saw, well, that one considers it has a right of way over aur vegetable patch, so ... where was
I? I was looking at that wali, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a sudden there
was this new cat I'd never seen before. 1t wasn't an ordinary cat at all ... I mean, you'll never
believe w hat it was ... '
65.2
Suggested answers:
2 A: I'll take care of these.
B: Right. I Good. That's everything.
A: Right, I Good, I Anyway, see you
next week.
B: Right. I Good. That was a very useful
meeting.
5 A: He's looking exhausted.
B: Really?
A: I mean, look at his eyes - he looks so
tired.
6 A: What do you mean, 'cold'?
B: Weil, I You know, I I mean, she's not
friendly, very distant. Last week I gave her
3 A: It was last Monday. I was coming home
from work. I saw this funny ald man
a jolly smile and she scowled at me.
approaching me. I stopped him ...
A: Weil, w hat do you expect? l've seen the
B: I bet it was Jim Dibble!
way you smile at people, ie puts them off.
A: Hang on! Let me tell you what
7 A: Money isn't the most important thing in
happened first.
life.
4 A: Which number is yours?
B: Still, you can't live without it!
A: I suppose that's true.
B: Let me see ... it's that one chere, yes,
that one.
8 A: What are we going to do?
B: Listen, l've got an idea. Why don't we ask
James to help? He's a lawyer.
65.3
Suggested answers:
2 There are ewo reasons why I think he's wrong: a, people don't act like chat, and b, Paul would
certainly never act like chat.
3 Now, I want you to pay attention, everyone.
4 He loses his temper very quickly. On the other hand, he's got a great sense of humour.
5 You seem a bit sad today. Look, Jet me buy lunch for you to cheer you up.
6 A: So I'll pick you up at 6.30. B: Great. See you then.
Unit 66
66.1
2 f
66.2
2 in ocher words
3 For example I For instance
4 Nexc
5 as it were
6 Lastly
7 In summary I In sum (more forma]) (In conclusion would not be suitable here, since it just
means 'this is the end of the text', whereas this sentence provides a summing up of the
arguments in the text.)
66.3
2 the following (introducing a list)
3 in summary, to sum up, in sum
4 further (as in further details!information)
5 overleaf (meaning tum the page)
240
3 a
4e
5 d
6 b
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
66.4 Sample letter:
Dear Editor,
With reference to the article in your newspaper about the cłosure
of Newton Hospital, I
would like to express my strong opposition to the proposal, for the following reasons. Firstly,
the nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away. Secondly, 200 people work at the hospital
and they will lose their jobs and the whole region will suffer, that is to say the hospital makes
an important contribution to the loca) economy. Finally, it is the only hospital in the region
with a special cancer unit. But leaving aside the economic and medical questions, t he hospital
is o bviously being closed for political reasons, and this is quite wrong.
To sum up, the closure of our hospital would be a disaster both for the people and for the
economy of this region.
Yours sincerely,
Anna Green (Ms)
Unit 67
67.1
2 ask me
3 Talking of
6 7.2
2 that's it
3 this is it
67 .3
2 (every) now and then I now and again
3 here and now I right now
4 just now
4 you say
5 reminds me
6 I was saying
4 that's that
6 7 .4 2 Now then, everybody, łisten
carefully. I have news for you.
3 A: Have you seen Jason? B: Yes, I saw him just now - he's in his office.
4 I bump into her in town (every) now and then I now and again, but not that often.
67 .5
2
3
4
5
6
As luck would have it ...
If all else fails ...
If the worst comes to the worst ...
As far as l'm concerned ...
What with one ching and another ...
Unit 68
68.1
2 a word in edgeways
J wrong end of the stick
68.2
2 talk rubbish
J start the bali rolling
4 get to I come to the point
68.3 2 talk
J talking
4 make head or taił
5 down
of
5 to put it in a nutshell
6 get hold of the wrong end of the scick
4 talking
5 winded
6 sense
7 shop
8 back
Unit 69
69.1
2 coat hanger
3 pencil sharpener
69.2
2 thing
69.3
2 a windscreen wiper
3 a classical violinist
4 a professional photographer (note the stress change: phQtograph but pho.tQgrapher)
5 an amateur actor
6 a payee
7 a dishwasher
3 person or thing
4 thing
4 projector
5 tin opener I can opener
5 person or thing
6 person
7 person
8 person
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediate
241
8 an organ donor
9 an addressee
69.4
69.5
2 admission
3 laziness
4 productive
5 readable
6 childhood
7 washable
8 friendship
verh
no u n
adjective
eat
.. .·._.
edibł
'
fury
furio us
beautiful
beautify
scarcity
scarce
refuse
refusal
modernise
modern
forgetułns
forg et
forgetful
action*
act
active
'·
* The noun act exists (without a suffix) in expressions such as an Act of Parłiment
(i.e. a new law), an act of a play (i.e. a section of the play).
Unit 70
70.1
2 inedible
3 illiterate
70.2 2 unwrappmg
70.4
70. 5
2 antiseptic
5 irresponsible
6 to unload
7 disconnected
4 disprove
5 unveiled
3 disagree
70.3
4 disorganised
3 multinational
2 indiscreet
5 irełvant
3 insensitive
4 unconvincing
6 disobedient
7 unemployed
4 auto-pilot
2 mispronouncing
3 are overworked but underpaid
6 irreplaceable
8 unfolded
5 postgraduate
6 subway
8 inefficient
9 unlocked
1O ungrateful
11 disloyal
12 intolerant
4 a pseudo-science
5 her ex-husband
6 redo it
Unit 71
71.1
I
verb
person noun
: abstract noun
conversion
convert
produce
producer
conduct
conductor
production
.
.
1mpress1on
1mpress
support
supporter
support
compress10n
compress
Conduction exists as an abstract noun meaning the process by which heat or eł ct ricty
goes through a
substance. Compressor exists as a concrete noun for part of a machine which forces air or gas into less space.
71 .2
71.3
2 deported
3 adverts/advertisements
4 imposed
6 diverted
1 introducing
8 composed
9 depresses
10 postpone
lt isn't easy to find exact synonyms for these words; the meanings are as follows:
2 argue against
3 hold back
242
5 inspector
English Vocobulory in
4 work out
5 made public
Use
Upper-intermediate
6 hold back
71 .4
postpone - put off, oppose - go aga.inst, inspect - look at, deposit - put down, diven - tum away
In each case the word based on the Latin root is mare formal than its two-part verb equivalent.
Unit 72
7 2. 1
2
3
4
5
72.2
2 recede
3 believe
4 relate
5 strengthen
72.3
amazement
frustration
kindness
hostility
6 strength
7 anger
8 generosity
9 politeness
6
7
8
9
2 amazement
3 curiosity
4 brotherhood
5 chance
bore
act
see
produce
10
11
12
13
14 reason
15 width
10 own
11 expect
12 adjust
6 replacement
7 stardom
8 reduction
9 neighbourhood
3 injustice
happiness
popularity
weakness
wisdom
4 darkness
10 sight
11 freedom
12 rage
13 prosperity
7 2 .4
2 advice
72.5
Here are some 'real' quotations about these abstract nouns;
14 motherhood
15 ownership
5 kingdom
If we want to enjoy it, and to fight for it, we must be prepared
ro extend it to everyone.
Love is a universal migraine. (migraine:; bad headache]
Life is a foreign language; all men mispronounce it.
Four be the things I'd be better without: love, curiosity, freckles and doubt.
Where there is no imagination, there is no horror.
1 Freedom is an indivisible word.
2
3
4
5
-I
l
ł:
l
Unit 73
73.1
.' „
.:1
.·. ".-.·.
:~
2
3
4
5
an open-necked, tight-fitting shirt
a long-legged, brown-eyed girl
brand-new, open-toed sandł
a well-dressed, suntanned boy
6 an easy-going, wann-hearted person
7 a curly-haired, quick-witted boy
8 a far-fetched story
~
73.2
bluegreen-eyed
brown2 bulletwater„ -proof
fire3 secondbusiness-class
" u s uałl
73.3
2
J
4
5
y
4 absent-
broad-minded
narrow5 handhome-made
man6 sugar<luty-free
7 tight-
loose-fitting
8 left-
right-handed
written as waterproof, without a hyphen
lt was an o łd , run-down hotel that needed modernising. N one of the rooms were air-conditioned
and the so-called restaurant was just a coffee bar. Our room had an old, wom-out carpet
that was dirty.
lt's a very built-up coast, with hotels and villas everywhere.
We managed to get a last-minute booking for a Mediterranean cruise.
Off-peak train travel is much cheaper than travelling at busy times, but long-distance travel by
train can sometimes be more expensive than flying.
The route of the President's drive to Parliament was top secret and he was driven in a bulletproof limousine.
English Vocabulary in Use
U~r-intemda
243
6 The workers went on all-out strike over a long-standing pay dispute and the airport was
dosed for three days.
7 She used to be quite well-off but she lost a lot of money and now she has a hard-up look
about her. She got a part-time job to help pay the biłs.
8 She has to have a sugar-free diet but it's very time-consuming trying to make sure everything
she buys has no sugar in it.
Unit 74
7 4.1
Here are some words which would fit appropriately into the bub ble diagrams.
money
bank account
credit card
luxury goods
mail order
pocket money
income tax
I health
blood donor
heart attack
contact lens
birth control
blood pressure
hay fever
food poisoning
junk food
minerał
water
i social issues
race relations
arms race
welfare state
death penalty
generation gap
cłimate
change
7 4. 2
2 An alarm in a house which goes off if burglars try to get into the house.
3 Being poisoned or being made ill by food that you have eaten.
4 A gap between different generations making it difficult for parents and children to
understand each other's tastes and attitudes.
5 Changes in the dimate of the world leading to phenomena like the polar caps reducing in
size, glaciers melting and so on.
6 Scissors that are especially for use in a kitchen preparing food, etc.
7 Goods that are luxuries rather than necessities, e.g. cosmetics compared with basie foods.
8 Money that you carry in your pocket, i.e. small amounts of money that can be spent on
what you wish. (It is usually used about money that parents give their children every week to
spend on what the children themselves decide.)
9 The part of the state that provides welfare for the members of society who need it, e.g.
money for those out of work or pensioners or sick.
10 An electronic tełphon
answering system used particularly by organisations and mobile
phone users.
7 4.3
2 climate change
3 hay fever
4 the arms race
5 air traffic control
6 contact lens
7 the death penałty
8 package holiday
9 voice mail
11 light bulbs
12 food poisoning
1O pedestrian crossing
7 4.4 Possible answers:
Here are some possible answers for this question. There are some other possibilities also. Check
with a dictionary or a teacher if you are not sure whether your answers are correct or not.
2 soundbite
3 blood ties
4 teapot
7 4. 5
5 mother country
6 inheritance tax
7 word-processing
8 level crossing
9 fast food
10 rat race
Possible sentences:
will always try to indude one of these when they are making a speech.
(sound bite)
3 They say these are thicker than water. (blood ties)
4 We were given a large silver one as a wedding present. (teapot)
2 Leading połitcans
244
English Vocabulary in Use Uf>per-intermedicrte
5 Jose hasn't lived in Chile since he was six but he stili considers it his mother country.
6 They had a huge amount to pay after their father died. (inheritance tax)
7 The software package for doing this on my computer means I can be very efficient.
(word-processing)
B We've got one at the end of our vilłage
and you often have to srop to let the trains pass.
(level crossing)
9 Burgers and pizzas are popular types of chis. (fast food)
10 He couldn'c stand it any longer and moved to a Scottish isJand to be self-sufficient.
(che rac race)
Unit 75
7 5. 1 Possible answers:
2 nervous breakdown
3 computer printout
6 sa ł es outlet
7 positive feedback I ouccome
B city bypass
4 annual tumover
5 finaJ output I outcome
3 i
75.2
2 g
7 5.3
2 shake-up
3 walkout
7 5.4
5 h
4 crackdown
5 breakout
6 a
7 c
8 b
6 workout
7 outbreak
9 d
8 Check-out
rg ł a r ies
(burglars break in to buildings)
attempt to conceal information (or cover it up)
obstacle in the way of progress (has set the speaker back)
delay to traffic (something has held up I delayed the traffic)
escape (to get away =to escape)
audience (people can be said to tum out to attend something)
stay in bed (co lie in= to stay in bed longer than usał)
papers accompanying a talk (co hand out= to distribuce)
tidy (to elear out= to tidy a płace
by getting rid of things you don't need)
2 bu
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7 5 .5
4 f
2 Set-up means organisation, whereas upset means disturbance.
3 Outlet means a place where something is released, whereas let-out means a way of escaping
from a difficult situation.
4 Outlay means an amount of money spent on something, whereas layout means the way
something is arranged, e.g. the layout of a page or a room.
Unit 76
76.1
wine and <line
rant and rave
high and dry
part and parcel
rack and ruin
rough and ready
I was left high and dry, with no one to help me.
The room's a bit rough and ready but you're welcome to stay as long as you like.
She was in a bad temper and was ranting and raving at everybody.
My hoscs wined and dined me at the best restaurants.
6 That old house in the country has gone to rack and ruin; nobody looks after it now.
7 Working hard and being very disciplined is part and parcel of training to be a top achlete.
2
3
4
5
76.2
2
3
4
5
6
First and foremost, I want to get a good, steady job.
l've bumped into Karen on and off I off and on but I don't meet her regularly.
Her violin p laying seems to be progressing in leaps and bounds.
I've been running to and fro I back and forth all morning.
The doctor said I needed a few weeks of rest and recreation I R and R.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
245
7 We'lł
have to stay in a cheap hotel. We can't afford to pick and choose.
8 There are some nice hotels here and there along the coast.
9 Mrs James was ill for a while, but now she's out and about again.
1O Jim's office is on the next floor to mine, so we have to go up and down all day.
76.3
2
3
4
5
6
correct
wrong: black and white
wrong: Sooner or later
wrong: Ladies and gentlemen
correct
76.4 2 all or nothing
3 back to front
4 sink or swim
5 slowly but surely
6 give or take
Unit 77
77.1
2 e
3 h
4 g
5 a
77.2
2 GM, WHO, DNA, carbs
3 PIN, ATM, IOU
77.3
2 AKNaka
3 laser
7 7 .4
2
3
4
5
4 high-tech
5 sonar
6 b
7 f
8 d
4 scuba
5 NATO, MI6, CIA
6 radar, sonar
6 satnav
Jack will be home tomorrow as far as I know.
In my honest/humble opinion, you are wrong.
Going to a department meeting now. See you later.
For your information - the figure on page one of the report needs updating as soon as possible.
Unit 78
78.1
This printer isn't working again! lt's a pain in the neck.
lt's almost midnight! l'd better be making a move.
I spent too much money last month and now I'm in the red.
lt's time to change my laptop. lt's five years old and has seen better days.
She is the absolute limit! She really takes the biscuit.
Oh dear, Matthew compłetly
misunderstood me. He always seems to get {hold of) the
wrong end of the stick.
8 l'm sorry. I do some really stupid things. You must think l'm as daft as a brush.
9 I wonder what's wrong with Ursula? She looks down in the dumps.
Most of them are just on the make.
10 I don't trust połitcans.
78.2
2 barking up the wrong tree
78.3
2 a
2
3
4
5
6
7
3 a
4b
5 b
3 poke your nose in{to)
4 as good as gołd
6 a
78.4 Suggested answers:
2 very easy
3 very fit physically
4 treating me in a cold, unfriendly way
5 very occasionally I very rarely
6 learnt how to use it or to understand it
Unit 79
Listen to the CD-ROM to help you check the answers to these exercises.
7 9 .1
246
They sang a psalm to h.onour the memory of the world-famous p_sychologist as she was laid
the 'r' in 'world' is not realły
pronounced, in
to rest in the family tom.b.. (Note that ałthoug
Standard British English, it affects the way the word is pronounced.)
2 The J.2Sych.iatrist was knifed in the knee as she was walking home.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
3 He should have whis.rled as he fas.rened his sword to his bełt.
(Note that the 'h' in 'have' is not
really pronounced when folłwing
an auxiliary verb as in this sentence and the next one. )
4 You could have łeft
me half the Chris.tmas cake on Wegnesday.
79.2 The odd one out appears first.
2 word 13:/, sword, cord /-:J:/
6 cough /o/, rough, tough /Al
7 wand /o/, land, sand !<el
8 root /u:/, soot, foot /u/
3 dome /~,come
some /Al
4 plead /i:/, head, tread /el
5 could /u/, doubt, shout /au/
79.3
Possible answers:
2 now
3 who
79.4 The stressed
4 off
5 go
are underlined below.
sylabłe
transfer, transkr
5
6
7
8
2 suspected, suspect
3 conflicting, onfłict
4 .!JlłSet,
upset
increased, decrease
pcrmit, permits
record, record
conduct, conducting
79.5
2 catastrophe
3 handkerchief
79.6
2 zoQlogy, zoQłgist,
zoo!Qgical
3 a.rithmetic, arith!m;_tical, arithme.tician (Note that suffixes like -ian and -tion work as if they
4 chemical
5 subde
B recipe
6 receipt
7 height
are two syllables with this 'third syllable from the end' stress rule, even though they are only
pronounced as one syllable nowadays.)
psychołgit,
psycho!Qgiał
4 sychołg,p
5 psychiatry, psychiatrie, psydllatrist
79.7
2 cool
3 sword
4 apostrophe
5 dimb
6 calm
Unit 80
4 f
80.1
2 g
80.2
2 wheezing
3 dip-dopping
80.3
1 purred
2 Click
80.4
Possible answers:
3 h
5
b
6 c
4 whizzed
5 grumbling
3 groaned
4 crashed
7 e
B a
6 dashed
7 spurted
8 bashed
5 mash
6 gash
2 a piece of metal
3 angry
4 when feeling cheerful (Some people just can't whistle, but people who can often whistle
because they're happy, or because they like a particular melody, or to attract someone's
attention or to call a dog.)
5 buses, planes and trains which are late, people who behave rudely!
6 spit it out (but that may not be possible in polite company!)
Unit 81
81.1
Note: These sentences do not sound naturł.
They are only used for the exercise.
2 The main house (mouse) houses (browse) a collection of rare stamps.
3 lt's no use (juice). I can't ~
(snooze) this gadget.
4 You sow (go) the seeds while I feed the~.
(cow)
English Vocabulary in Use Uf>Per-intermediate
247
5 The violinist in the bow (so) tie made a Qmy. (now)
6 He's the lead (deed) singer in the group 'Lead (head) piping'.
7 What a row (plough) from the last house in the row! (though)
(runed)
8 Does he s tiłl suffer from his war~?
(round) the rope around the tree to strengthen it against the gale.
9 I~
10 It's hard to wind (find) in the sails in this wind. (tinned)
81.2
2 waste
81.3
Possible sentences:
3 sole
4 pane
5 heir
6 allowed
7 sail
8 through, phase
9 peel
Note: Most sentences in 'real' English avoid using pairs of homophones as they may be
confusing and often don't sound natural.
2 Whether we have a pienie tomorrow or not will depend on the weather.
3 Let's practise with these grammar exercises first and then do some vocabulary practice.
4 lt's great to see such a lovely fire burning in the grate.
5 Don't whine so much just because the wine's finished.
6 Brake now or you'll break that toy in the road.
7 The archaeological site was a marvellous sight at sunset.
8 Let us pray that we may never be prey to evil thoughts.
9 Although she was a little hoarse it did not put her off horse-riding in the snow.
1O The beautiful sight of the moon's rays reflected in the lake did a great deal to raise her spirits.
81.4
2 a This is a play on words on the two meanings of draughts. One is the game played with
round counters and a chess board and the other is a current of air as in 'There's a terrible
draught coming from under the door.'
3 d This is a play on words on two meanings of draw. The first means make a picture and the
second means pull.
4 e This is a play on words on the meanings of dates. One refers to years such as 1966; the
other to a sweet fruit from a kind of palm tree or to an evening spent together by two people
(usually romantic).
5 b This is a play on words on two meanings of beating. A drummer beats a drum. There is also
the expression 'takes a lot of beating' which means 'is hard to improve on'.
81.5 2 pear and pair
3 waste and waist
4 toe and tow
Unit 82
82.1
Possible answers:
2
3
4
5
6
82.2
a job (or jobs) I homework (or some homework)
research into I a study of
(some) rice I (some) noodles
(some) news I a surprise
textiles I cloth
The words are paired up in this table.
uncountables
248
I
countabl~
money
com
bread
information
loaf
fact
advice
recommenda tion
tra vel
work
trip
job
baggage
case
English Vocabulary in Use Uf>per-intermediate
2 In the south of England, most houses are made of stone, but in the north, brick is more
82.3
common.
3 I love antique fumiture, but I w ou
łd need (some) advice from a speciał
st before I bought
any. My knowledge in that area is very poor.
4 Her research is definitely making great progress these days. She has clone a lot of original
work recntły
.
5 What equipment do you need to go skiing? If you can give me any infonnation, I would
be grateful.
6 Oil exports have produced a great deal of wealth for the country.
e transport from the airport to your accommodation.
7 Package holidays often incłud
8 I don't have any experience of working in education, but I would like to do some voluntary
work in a school.
9 Poverty is the biggest problem in many countries.
1O I bought (some) new software that shows you the kind of weather every country has each
month of the year.
82.4
Possible items:
For making clothes, furniture, etc.: wool, cotton, rubber, plastic
For buildings: cement, metal, wood/timber, glass
For energy: gas, ełctriy,
steam, solar power, petrol
Unit 83
83.1 In addition to those on the left-hand page, subjects and areas of study that are plural might
arts/humanities, natura! sciences, genetics, politics, ethics.
incłude:
83.2
2 glasses/spectades
3 scissors
4 braces
5 overalls
83.3
2 underpants/pants ./
3 shirt
83.4
83.5
2 proceeds
3 acoustics
2
bilłard
s
8 handcuffs
6 binoculars
7 pliers
4 trousers ./
5 rights ./
4 whereabouts
5 headphones, earphones (either order)
3 sc1ssors
6 shorts ./
7 dungarees ./
6 authorities, goods
4 dungarees
83.6 I decided that if I wanted to be a pop star I'd have to leave home and get lodgings in
London. I finally got a room, but it was on the outskirts of the city. The owner didn't live on
the premises, so I could make as much noise as I liked. The acoustics in the bathroom were
fantastic, so I practised there. I made so much noise I almost shook the foundations! I went
to the headquarters of the Musicians' Union, but a guy there said I just didn't have the right
looks to be famous. Oh well, never mind!
Unit 84
84.1
Possible answers:
2 a cloth: Yes, most people have a cł o th
somewhere in the kitchen to wipe things with. If the
person likes making their owo cłothes,
they may have some cloth in the house too.
3 a fish: lf you have an aquarium, you may have a fish or severa! fish. If you are going to cook
fish for dinner, you may have some in your kitchen or refrigerator or freezer.
4 glass: Most people would not keep the materia] (glass) in their house, but their windows are
probably made of glass. Most people have glasses in their house to drink out of.
5 a wood: It's not likely that people will have a wood (a small forest!) in their house, but they
might keep some wood to use to make things or to repair things.
English Vocabulary in Use
Uper-łntmdia
249
6 pepper: Most people probably have pepper (and salt) in their kitchen to put on their food.
They may also have a green or red pepper, or severa! peppers in their kitchen or refrigerator.
7 paper: Yes, most people keep paper to write or print things on. Many people will have a paper
or sevrał
papers in order to read the łates
news.
84.2
2 Could I borrow an iron, please?
5 Could I borrow some paper, please?
I have some pepper, płeas?
4 Could I have a chocolate, please?
6
3
Coułd
I borrow your/a rubber, please?
Coułd
7 Could I have a glass, please?
84.3 Suggested answers:
2
3
4
5
6
7
84.4
I drove over some broken glass.
They're made of rubber.
No, I don't have any experience of working in a primary school.
We could buy a paper and find out.
lt's a work of art by a famous ltalian artist called Leonardo Da Vinci.
My favourite flavour's chołate.
1 b
Art here means painting, drawing and sculpture.
2 a Plant here means machines and large-scł
industrial equipment.
b A plant here means a botanical item (e.g. a plant with flowers).
3 a Damage here means that something is broken or destroyed in some way.
b Damages here means money awarded to someone by a court of law for some harm that has
been caused by someone or something (e.g. destroying someone's reputation, or injuring
them).
4 a Times here means experiences.
b Times here means occasions.
Unit 85
85.1
2 e
85.2
2 My mother gave me a piece of advice that I have always remembered.
3 Suddenly a gust of wind almost błew
him off his feet.
4 We had a spell of terribly windy weather last winter.
5 Would you like another slice of toast?
6 He never does a stroke of work in the house.
7 Let's go to the park - I need a breath of fresh air.
8 I can give you an important piece/bit of inforrnarion about that.
9 We could see a doud of smoke hovering over the city from a long way away.
10 I need to get some pieces of furniture for my flat.
3 d
85.3
I
4b
2
f
Ge
5a
u
7f
X
n
3c
h
a
o
e
p
a
s
e
"d
r
sh
e
h
a
n
6
p
o
V
e
y
y
250
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediar.e
8g
85.4 Possible sentence clues:
1 Did you see thac ................................ of lightning?
2 She sells old ................................ of clothing at the market.
3 Have you ever seen him do even a ................................ of work?
4 What a loud ................................ of thunder. lt sounded almost overhead.
5 Let's go and get a ................................ of fresh air. It's so sruffy indoors.
Unit 86
86.1
2 shoal
3 gang
86.2
Incorrect words:
4 pack
5 team
2 a book
3 a hospital
86.3
2 f
86.4
2
3
4
5
6
3 g
6 pair
7 couple
4 cats
5 pigs
4
b
6 fish
5 a
6 h
7 d
8 e
There is/'s a crowd of people waiting outside.
The staff are very well paid.
A flock of sheep had escaped from a field.
She gave me a set of glasses.
She gave me a bunch of beautiful roses I a beautiful bunch of roses.
86.5 THE JOURNALISTS raised a host of difficult questions about the actions of the police
during the demonstration. There had been a barrage of complaints about police violence.
The Chief of Police replied that he was not prepared to listen to a string of wild accusations
without any evidence. In the end, he just gave a series of short answers that left everyone
dissa tisfied.
Unit 87
87.1
2 two bottles/cartons of milk
3 four cans of cola
4 a tin of condensed mille
5 a packetlbox (or tin) of chocolate biscuits
87 .2
6
7
8
9
a pot of yoghurt
a large box of matches
a jar of honey
six packets of crisps
2 barrel, bonie, sack (of coaVpotatoes)
3 can, bonie, pack, crate, case (possibly also a barrel)
4 any of these: bottle/carton (of milk or juice), jug (of milk), mug (of tea or coffee), packet (of
cereal), jar (of jam/marmalade/honey), glass (of milk or juice), bowl (of sugar)
5 bag and, sometimes, a sack - a sack is bigger and is more likely to be used when collecting
post from a post office or lener box, while a bag may be used by the postman delivering mail
6 bag and basket
8 7.3
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
a
a
a
packet of washing powder
carton of cream
rube of hand cream
tin of sardines
a tin of beans
a bag of apples
8 a box of tissues
9
1O
11
12
a
a
a
a
packet of butter
pack of 6 cans of beer
bonie of washing-up liquid
box of matches
87.4 Possible answers:
2 chocolate/tooVmatch box
3 wine/milk/water bonie
4 carrier/shopping/mail bag
5 milk/cream/water jug
6 wine/whisky/Jiqueur /h'kju~
7 tlower/tea/coffee pot
glass
English Vocabulary in Use
Uper-łntmdia
251
Unit 88
88.1
2 manage to see
3 consists of (make up with this meaning is usually used in the passive)
4 tie up in bundles
5 understand (with this meaning make out is usually combined with 'can' or 'could'
and 'not' or 'never')
6 making someching more numerous or compłet
7 daimed/pretended (make out implies that what is being claimed may well not be true)
8 renovate
88.2
2 away with
88.3
This weekend we are planning to make for the seaside.
Vast amounts of money do not always make for happiness.
Your shoelaces are untied. Do them up or you'll trip over.
They like to make out that they are very important people.
6 Thieves robbed the bank and made off wich fl,000,000.
88.4
2
3
4
5
3 up
4 out
5 up
2
3
4
5
your best
profit
(the) housework
allowances for
6 an impression I a good impression
7 business
8 exerc1se
Unit 89
89.1
2 on
3 abo ut
4 off
5 round
6 up
89.2 Possible answers:
the new neighbours
skiing
insurance
to
over
up
on
out
off
a company
Staff
your shoes
89.3
2 Today's newspaper has brought to light some fascinating information about the President.
3 The situation was brought to a head when the union called for a strike.
4 You need to take account of the historical context of the novel in your essay.
5 The view from the top of the hill took my breath away.
6 He took advantage of her weakness at the time and she gave it to him.
7 If you're going to succeed in business you must be prepared to take risks.
8 You shouldn't take anyone or anything for granted.
89.4
Possible answers:
eh ił dren
up
down
BRING
an allergy
89.5
252
on
2 to take seriously
3 to cake your breath away
4 to bring a law into force
5 to take pride in
English Voeabulary in Use Upper-intennediate
out
the govemment
a magazine
6 co cake control of
•
Unit 90
90. 1
Suggested answers:
I don't often receive interesting junk mail. However, an unusual item carne this morning. lt
was headed 'Are things depressing you? Do you fee! you' ll just never manage to do I achieve
all those things you dream of?' And ie went on, 'If so, buy/order this great new book today:
Manage Your World by Simon Triksta. It will teach you how to deal with I recover from
those daily upsets, and will ensure chat you achieve the contentment in your work chat you
long for and that you fulfil your dreams. Send 25 today to receive Manage Your World and
your key to success within ten days.' Maybe I should buy it!
90.2
90.3
2 through
3 down to
2 c
3 d
4 round to
5 up to
4 b
6 through
7 across
8 behind, into
9 together
10 on
5 a
Unit 91
91.1
2
3
4
5
We try to reserve same money for our holiday every week.
lgnore all your negative feelings and listen with an open mind.
If we hadn't left home so late, we would have arrived on time.
The government's unpopular proposals caused a wave of protests.
91.2
2
3
4
5
91.3
Possible answers:
puc forward an idea I a proposal I a suggestion
puc off a football match I an appointment I customers
put across your fełings
I ideas I opinions
put up an wnbrella I prices I a picture
6 put on a concert I an accent I clothes
7 puc away papers I books I files
8 put up with someone's temper I behaviour I bad manners
2 I haven't had time to put things away yet.
3 We'd better set out/off at 7 am.
4 Yes, of course, I can put you up.
5 The cost of it all has put me off.
6 He is hoping to set up a business of his own.
7 Let's put up some posters.
8 l'll help you put it together.
91 .4 Possible answers:
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
He's bound to put two and two together if you keep on behaving like that.
She has set her sights on becoming Prime Minister.
She really puts my back up.
If you put pressure on her to change her mind it'll make her even more determined.
Please put your mind to the problem in hand.
She has set her heart on getting a seat in Parliament.
She threw petrol on the rubbish and set fue to ie.
lt's time the teacher put a stop to the noise.
The man has set a record for eating the most burgers in one hour.
This is the first time l've ever set foot in the southern hemisphere.
We spent most of our evenings setting/putting the world to rights rather chan studying.
You really s houłd
put your foot down (with bim) or ther'lł
be trouble later.
If the teacher doesn't set a good example, the children certainly won't behave properly.
He has set himself the target of running the Athens marathon next year.
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
253
Unit 92
92.1
2 check
6
7
8
9
3 attacked
4 happened I took place
5 found by chance
92.2
92.3
criticising I complaining
choose
suit I match I look OK with
thought of I suggested I found
When his grandrnother dies, he'll come into a fortune I a lot of money.
After four years of fighting, the civil war finally carne to an end.
Halfway up the steep bill, the bus carne to a standstill.
They say that long skirts are coming into fashion again.
6 The telephone first carne into existence over 1OO years ago.
7 I found it very difficult to come to terms with my failure.
8 As we drove round the corner the house carne into sight/view.
2
3
4
5
2 They went to great lengths to avoid meeting each other.
l've been on the go all day and I'm longing for a shower now and to relax.
I do hope he will make a go of his new business.
The story goes that they were together that night.
The film is good as far as it goes but it doesn't tackle the problem deeply enough.
3
4
5
6
92.4
d
2
3 e
4 g
5
b
6 a
7 f
Unit 93
93.1
93.2
2 to
3 prornise(s)
4 up
5 down
2 I ran into Julio at the station yesterday.
3 Nadia broke her promise to tidy her room.
4 I thought I was seeing things when I saw a monkey in the garden.
5 The police Jet the boy off with a warning.
6 Stupidly, I Jet it slip that Sabrina was planning to rnove abroad.
7 An enonnous crowd tumed up to hear the President speak.
8 My aunt Jooks down on people who don't have a good job.
9 Greg has promised to tum over a new leaf.
10 Nathalie has always looked up to her older cousin.
93.3
Possible answers:
2 lt can be hard to see through someone's lies if they have a lot of charm.
Halfway up the rnountain he łet go of the rope and fell into a crevasse.
It'll be better in the long run if you tell him now exactly how you feel.
H e felt terribly Jet down when she refused to help him.
She didn't tum up until the party was nearly over.
l'm afraid we've run out of sugar.
8 In my last year at school I decided to look into the possibility of spending a year abroad.
9 I agreed to see about booking our holiday flights.
1O lt's your tum to ło ad the dishwasher.
3
4
5
6
7
Unit 94
94.1 2 wrong
94.2
254
3 house/home
2 seeking
3 utilise
4 frequently
5 imrnediately, atternpt
4 Bye-bye
5 children
6 fundamental
7 occurs
8 provided the patient with
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
94.3
2 particular
94.4
2 to alight
94.5
2
3
4
5
3 in, of
4 in, to
5 account
3 a} to regret b} to purchase c) to address d) board
a friend
a friend
study hard (e.g. for an exam}
thank you I thanks
4 persons
5 stairway
6 intelligent
7 unpłe
as
nt I disgusting
8 uncertain I doubtful or not good, not honest
Unit 95
95.1
Annie, can you lend me ten quid?
What for?
J1M: l've got to go and see my parents, and my bike's not working, so 1'11 have to get a cab.
ANN IE: Can't you phone them and say you can 't come?
JIM: Well, I could, but my mobile's not w orking, and I want to go because they a lways
have lots of grub/nosh, and the fridge at our fiat is empty, as usual.
ANNJE: Can't you go by tube? Anyway, yo u' re in luck, I've got some dosh/readies/bread, so
here you are.
JIM:
AN NIF. :
95.2
4 police
5 food
2 doctor
3 prison
95.3
8 money
6 celebrity I fa mous person
7 cup of tea
2 (exam essay) The Internet and television are probably the biggest influences on young people
today.
3 (recipe in a cookery book) Next, slice the potatoes and place them on top of the meat.
4 (exam essay} Newspapers face stiff competition these days from TV and internet news.
5 (fo rmat university publicity) The Faculty offers courses in veterinary science. Laboratory
facilities are available 24 hours a day.
95.4
2 barbecue
3 biscuit
96.1
2 rake
96.2
2 falling
96.3
1 c
2 d
3 e
4 a
5 b
1 as quick as a flash
2 as red as a beetroot
3 as fiat as a pancake (very fiat ]
4 as fresh as a daisy (used about how peo
łe fee! or look, not about e.g. bread or other foods]
5 as strong as an ox
96.4
Across: 1 brass
4 husband
5 pictures I photographs
Unit 96
3 mouse
4 post
3 dog
4 parrot
Down: 1 bat
96.5
5 bat
3 hatter
2 feather
5 snow
6 sheet
3 hard
6 sheet
7 da isy
4 easy
9 bone
10 mouse
5 cucum ber
8 ice
2 Our plan worked like a dream.
3 He/She eacs like a horse and drinks like a fish.
4 He/She has a mind/head like a sieve.
5 He/She has been as busy as a bee all day.
Unit 97
9 7. 1
2 Many hands make light work.
3 Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
4 Too many cooks s poił
the broth.
5 We'll cross that bridge when we come to it.
English Vocobulary in Use Upper-intermediate
255
97.2
2 Tao many cooks spoi! the broth, which suggests that problems can be caused if a lot of people
are involved in a job, whereas Many hands make light work suggests that if there are mare
helpers then the job will be completed more easily.
3 When the cat's away, the mice will play. Absence makes the heart grow fonder says that if you
cannot be with someone or something you will love thern/it more, whereas When the cat's
away, the mice will play suggests that others may take advantage of someone's absence to
behave in a way they would not otherwise do.
4 We'll cross that bridge when we come to it and Don't count your chickens before they hatch.
The first one wams against anticipating future problems (they may never happen) and the
second one wams against assuming you will get something good (that may never happen either).
5 Never look a gift-horse in the mouth. Both proverbs advise you to take advantage of good
fortune when you have it in front of you.
97.3
2 When the cat's away, the mice will play.
3 Where there's smoke, there's fire.
4 Take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves.
9 7 .4
2 Never look a gift-horse in the mouth.
3 Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
4 You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink.
Unit 98
98.1
Possible answers:
2 at the entrance to private land (e.g. a farm, a forest)
in a theatre or hall
in a park, on a beach
outside or in the window of a cafe or restaurant
outside a nightcłub
(possibly a gym or swimrning pool)
at a zoo or park
8 by a <lead-end street I cul-de-sac
9 on a door
10 at a supermarket check-out
11 on a packet of cigarettes
12 on a road or motorway
13 at a car park or near parking bays on a street
14 at a dangerous place or a place where pedestrians only are allowed
15 at a river or lake
3
4
5
6
7
98.2
2 g
98.3
Suggested answers:
3 h
4 k
5 d
6
7 e
8 j
9 b
10 a
11 f
2 in a shop or restaurant: the staff can speak English
3 at the customs: for people who do not have goods that require them to pay duty
down and wants to sell all its goods
4 at a shop: the shop is probably cłosing
5 at a sports event or cultural płace
or event: you must have a ticket to come in
6 at a hotel or guesthouse: the hotel/guesthouse is full, or at a shop, restaurant or factory
meaning 'no jobs are available'
1 at a river or lake: you must not fish here
shop: you can buy or hire/rent a bicyłe
here
8 at a bicyłe
9 outside a house or at an estate agent's: there is a fiat which you can rent
1O for example, at an escałtor:
if you have a dog with you, you must carry it
11 on a train or bus: if there is an ełdry,
disabled or pregnant person, please give them this seat
256
English Vocabulary in Use Uf:>Per-intermediate
98.4
Suggested answers:
2
3
4
5
6
Spanish spoken here
No admission to unaccompanied minors
No entry to unauthorised personnel
Shopliftersffhieves will be prosecuted
Please refrain from handling food/goods
Unit 99
3 e
99.1
2 f
99.2
Suggested answers:
5 a
4 b
6c
2 Steps are being taken with the aim of providing more work for people.
3 Approval has been given to a plan to place restriccions on people's use of water.
4 A woman resigned from her job after undergoing some kind of unpleasant experience there.
5 A public opinion survey has looked inco how people spend their money.
6 An attempt has been made to remove the Prirne Minister from his/her position.
7 The Princess has prornised to give support co her family or to farnily values, in genrał.
99.3
2 makes a connection between
3 reduces
99.4
4 explodes in
5 promises
6 leads I is a major figure in
2 A hammer is a cool which hits nails into wood. The headline is a play on the businessman's
name and the headline use of hit to mean affect.
3 A dramatic pause is a phrase used co refer to a pause in speech made for dramacie effect. Cats
have paws, a homophone of pause.
4 Hot air means a lot of talk with little meaning. The prince is talking about dimace change, i.e,
global warming. Heir is a homophone of air and the Prince in che story is presumably the heir
to the throne.
Unit 100
100.1
100.2
2 British (-re, not -er)
3 American (-z- not -s-)
2 elevator, Lift
3 undershirt, vest
100.3
100.4
2
3
4
5
6
4 American (-er, not -re)
5 British (-our, not -or)
4 flashlight, torch
5 diaper, nappy
Pass me the biscuits.
lt's in the wardrobe.
Open the cunains.
We've run out of petrol.
Our bags are in che boot.
2 (a) one (b) two
3 trash/garbage I rubbish
6 drapes, curtains
7 Scotch tape, Sełlotap
8 truck, lorry
7 Single or return?
8 Let's take the underground.
9 We've been working in the garden.
1O I hate waiting in queues I a queue.
3 (a) a bank (b) a cafe
1OO.5 2 eraser I rubber
6 American (not jewłlry)
4 (a) under (b) over
4 elevator / lift
5 crosswalk I zebra crossing
6 hood I bonnet
English Vocobulory in Use Upper-intermediote
257
Phonemic symbols
Vowel sounds
Consonant sounds
Symbol
Examples
Symbol
Examples
li:!
sleep
/p/
QUt
Iii
happy
Ibi
b_ook
III
p1n
dinner
ft /
take
/u/
foot
could
Id/
.dog
/u/
cas11al
/k l
~ar
/u:/
dQ
/el
rfd
/-;J/
arnve
13:/
tur n
bird
/J:/
sort
thought
/re/
cat
black
!Al
S_l!n
enQ!!gh
l ol
gQt
watch
Io:!
part
heart
mf
rec1pf
shoe
p11ll
through
head
l g!
go
ltfl
catch
/d3/
agf
loungf
/f i
for
cough QhotograQh
/v/
loye
yehicle
1e1
thick
path
101
this
mother
SQCk
!si
.s_mce
nce
l.a!!gh
Iz!
i
oo
surpn.s_e
!f i
shop
.s_ugar
/3/
plea.s_ure
!hl
hear
/ml
make
In!
name
/Tj/
bring
IV
look
Ir/
ro ad
/j l
young
Iw!
we ar
said
father
colo ur
w ork
/e1/
name
/ai/
my idea
/-;)!/
bQY
noise
/e'd/
palf
where
/I-;J/
hear
cheers
fau/
gQ
hQme
/au/
out
cow
/u'd/
pure
walk
WQnder
a1m
late
kick
time
bear
show
fewer
warantee
church
machine
u.s_ual
VlfilOn
hotel
now
know
while
' This shows that the next syllable is the one with the stress.
, This is used when some longer words have a second stress, less strong than on the main stressed
syllable.
258
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Index
The numbers in the Index are unit numbers not page numbers.
The pronunciation provided is for standard British English.
3D ,8ri:'di: 32
60s music 's1kst1z 'mju:zrk 20
able 'e1bal 8
abode a'baud 94
above a'bAv 66
abrupt a'brApt 8
absent-minded
,rebsant 'marndrd 73
absolute 'rebsalu:t 53
absolutely ,rebsa'lu:tli 41
absorbing ab'z:):bIIJ 3
abstract 'rebstrrekt 18
absurd ab's3:d 46
academic ,reka'dem1k 14
accept ak 'sept 10, 62
access 'rekses 34
accident 'reks1dant 13
acclaimed a'klermd 46
accommodation a,koma'de1Jan
82
accomplice a'kAmplis 37
accomplish a'kAmphJ 58
accomplished a'kAmplIJt 58
accomplishment a'kAmphJmant
58
accuse a'kju:z 37
ache e1k 27
achievable a'tJi:vabal 58
achieve a'tJi:v 58
achievement a'tJi:vmant
58, 72
acid rain 'res1d 'rem 23
acknowledge ak'nohd3 62
acoustics a'ku:st1ks 83
acquaintance a'kwemtants 10
acquit a'kwrt 37
action 'rekJan 69
active 'rekt1v 22
activity rek't1vati 72
ad red 95
addition a'd1Jan 50
additionally a'd1Janali 63
address a'dres 94
addressee ,redres'i: 69
adjustment a'd3Astmant 72
administrator ad'mm1stre1ta
15
adrnire ad'ma1a 10
admission ad'm1Jan 14, 69, 98
admit ad'm1t 62
admittedly ad'm1t1dli 62
adore a'd:): 10
adulthood 'redAlthud 72
advance ad'va:nts 28
adventure holiday ad'ventJa
'holade1 31
adventurous ad'ventJaras
24,31
advert 'redv3:t 95
advertise 'redvata1z 71
advertisement ad'v3:trsmant
71
advertiser 'redvata1za 71
advice ad'vars 72, 82
AFAIK 77
affect a'fekt 64
affection a 'fekJan 72
affectionate a'fekJanat 42
AFK 77
African 'refnkan 5
African Caribbean 'refnkan
,kren'bi:an 5
after all 'a:ftar:):! 62
afters 'a:ftaz 21
against a'genst 40
age e1d3 51
ageing 'e1d31IJ 29
aggressive a'gres1v 8
agitation ,red3r'te1Jan 85
agreement a'gri:mant 58,
88, 92
aid e1d 99
AIDS erdz 13
aim e1m 58
air ea 81
air con 'ea kon 77
air traffic control
ea 'trref1k bn'traul 74
air-conditioned 'eakan,drJand
73
aircraft 'eakra:ft 30
airsick 'eas1k 30
aisle ad 30
AKA ,e1ke1'e1 77
a-la-carte ,rela'ka:t 21
alarm clock a'la:m klok 74
album 'relbam 20
alight adj, v a'la1t 94, 98
alive a'la1v 79
all or nothing ,:):b:'nA8IIJ 76
allocate 'relake1t 55
all-out ,:):!'aut 73
allowance a 'lauants 88
along with a'loIJ wio 63
alongside a ,lol)'sard 63
aloud a 'laud 81
alter ':):!ta 32
alteration ,:):ltar'e1Jan 69
alternative J:!'t3:nat1v 53
although :):l'oau 62
amazement a'me1zmant 72
ambassador rem'bresada 15
ambition rem'b1Jan 58
ambitious rem'b1Jas 8
amount a'maunt 49
analyse 'renala1z 32
anger 'reIJga 72
angrily 'reIJgnli 43
annoyance a'n:)Iants 48
anorak 'renarrek 95
anorexic ,renar'eksrk 7
Antarctica ren'ta:kt1ka 5
antibiotic ,rentiba1'ot1k 70
antiseptic ,renti' sept1k 70
antisocial ,renti' sauJal 70
anti-war ,renti'w:): 70
anxious 'reIJkJas 41
anxiously 'reIJkJasli 43
anyway 'eniwe1 65
apart from a'pa:t fmm 63
apartment a 'pa:tmant 100
apostrophe a'postrafi 79
app rep 33
appal a'p:):l 42
appeal to a'pi:l tu: 42
appear in a'p1arm 19
application ,reph 'ke1Jan 33
apply for a'pla1 fo: 15
appoint a'p:)mt 36
apprenticeship a'prent1J1p 72
approach a'prautJ 64
Arab 'rerab 5
Arabic 'rerab1k 5
archer 'a:tJa 17
archery 'a:tJari 17
architect 'a:k1tekt 18
architecture 'a:k1tektJa 18
area 'earla 22
argue 'a:gju: 43
argument 'a:gjamant 64
argumentative ,a:gja'mentat1v
8
arise from a 'ra1z from 61
arithmetic ,a'n8mat1k 79
arithmetical ,ren8'met1kal 79
arms race 'a:rnz ,re1s 74
aromatic ,rera'mret1k 44
arrangement a'remd3mant 88
arrest a'rest 3 7
arrival a'ra1val 69
arrogant 'reragant 8
art a:t 18, 84
art gallery a:t 'grefari 24
art !over a:t 'IAva 18
article 'a:t1kal 85
artificial ,a:t1'f1Jal 39
artificial hip ,a:tr'f1Jal 'hrp 28
artistic a:'t1st1k 18
arts a:ts 84
arts and crafts
a:ts and kra:fts 18
as ... as . . . az .. . az 96
ASAP ,ex es e1 'pi: 77
Asia 'e13a 5
Asian 'e13an 5
aspect 'respekt 64
assertive a 's3:t1v 8
assessment a'sesmant 64
associated a'sauJie1t1d 32
at fault at 'fo:lt 46
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
259
at last at 'lo:st 66
at once at 'wAnts 94
at times at 'ta1mz 51
athletics re8'let1ks 83
ATM ,erti:'em 77
attach a'tretf 34
attachment a 'tretfmant 34
anain a'tem 58
attainable a'temabal 58
attainment a'temmant 58
attempt n, v a'tempt 88, 94
attic 'ret1k 11
attitude 'retrtf u:d 64
attract a'trrekt 10, 42
auburn ':'l:ban 7
audience ':'l:diants 19
auditorium ,:'l:dr't:'l:riam 98
Australia os 'tredia 5
authorities :'l:'Soratrz 83
authority :'l: 'Sornti 72
autobiography ,:'l:taba1'ografr
70
autograph ':'l:tagra:f 70
automatically ,:'l:ta'mret1kli 28
auto-pilot ':'l:tau,parlat 70
average 'revnd3 49
awkward ':'l:kwad 9
AWOL 'erwol 77
axe reks 99
B&B ,bi: an 'bi: 24
babysitter 'be1bi,s1ta 74
back v brek 99
back and forth
brek an b:e 76
back to front brek ta fr Ant 76
back up brek 'Ap 33
backache 'brekerk 27
backfue ,brek'fa1a 58
badge bred3 26
badly (affected) 'bredlI 48
baggage 'breg1d3 82, 100
baggy 'bregr 26
balanced diet
'brelanst darat 21
bald b:'l :ld 7
ballet 'brele1 19
ballot paper 'brelat 'pe1pa 36
bandage 'brend1d3 27
hang brei) 12, 54
bank account breIJk a'kaunt 74
banker 'brel)ka 15
bar n bo: 85
bar v bo: 99
bark bo:k 25
barrel 'breral 87
barren 'breran 22
basement 'be1smant 11
bash bref 80
basie 'bers1k 94
basket 'bo:sk1t 87
bass bers 20
bass guitarist 'bers g1'to:nst 20
bat bret 17
bathing (baby) bo:811J 81
bathroom 'bo:Srum 100
bay be1 22
be laid off br le1d of 15
260
be made redundant
br merd n 'dAndant 15
be offered a job b1 'ofad a d3ob
15
be offered work b1 'ofad w3:k
15
be promoted b1 pra'maut1d 15
beach bi:tf 22
beam bi:m 54
beard brad 7
beautiful 'bju:t1fal 7
beautify 'bju:t1fa1 69
because b1 'koz 61
Belgian 'beld3an 5
belief b1'li:f 40, 72
believe b1'li:v 40
belongings b1'lDIJllJZ 55
below br'lau 66
belt belt 26
besides b1 'sa1dz 63
bestseller ,best'sela 18
bewitching br'wrtfIIJ 3
biannual ba1 'renjual 70
bicycle 'ba1s1bl 70
bid bid 99
big-headed ,b1g 'hed1d 73
bike ba1k 95
bikini b1'ki:ni 26
bilateral bar'Lretarnl 70
bilingual ba1 'hl)gwal 5, 70
bill br! 100
billiards 'biljadz 17, 83
binoculars b1 'nokjalaz 83
birth control b3:0 kan 'trnul 74
biscuit 'b1skrt 100
bit bit 85
bite bart 45
bitter 'bita 21, 44
bitterly 'brtah 43
bizarre b1 'zo: 39
black and white
,blrek an 'wa1t 76
black eye blrek 'a1 27
blade ble1d 85
blame ble1m 46
bland blrend 21
blast blo:st 99
blaze ble1z 99
blended learning
blend1d h:mIJ 14
blink blrl)k 45
block blok 12
blog blog 34
blonde blond 7
blood donor 'blAd ,dauna 74
blood pressure 'blAd ,prefa 27,
28, 74
blossom 'blosam 25
blue-eyed ,blu:'a1d 73
blunt blAnt 8
blush blAJ 45
board b:'l:d 94
boast baust 4 3
boiling 'b:'lrlrl) 6
bonnet 'bomt 100
book (a table ) v 'buk 21
booking 'bukrl) 21
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
bookmark 'bukmo:k 34
boost bu:st 29, 99
boot bu:t 100
boredom 'b:'l:dam 72
boss bos 99
bossy 'bosi 8
bother 'boóa 58
bough bau 25
bow bau 17
bowl baul 87
bowls baulz 83
box boks 87
bra bra: 26
braces 'bre1s1z 83
brainless 'bremfas 8
brainy 'bremi 8
brake bre1k 81
branch bra:ntf 25, 32, 36
brand-new brrend nju: 73
BRB 77
breadth brete 52, 72
break brerk 27, 81
break (the news) bre1k 93
break down ,brerk'daun 12
break off ,bre1k'of 93
break out ,bre1k'aut 13
breakdown 'bre1kdaun 75
breakout 'bre1kaut 75
breakthrough 'bre1k8ru: 75
break-up 'bre1kAp 75
breath bree 45, 85
breathe bń:ó
45
breathless 'bre01as 27
breathtaking 'bre8,te1k11J 31
breed bri:d 25
breeze bri:z 6
brick bnk 82
briefly bri:fh 66
bright bra1t 8, 57
brightness bra1tnrs 57
brilliantly 'bnliantli 46
bring about bnl) a'baut 61 , 89
bring back ,bnl) 'brek 89
bring down ,bnl) 'daun 89
bring into force bnl) 'mta
fo:s 89
bring into the open
bnl) 'mta óa 'aupan 89
bring off ,bnl) 'of 89
bring on ,bnl) 'on 89
bring out ,bnl) 'aut 89
bring out the best
bnl) aut óa best 89
bring round ,bnl) 'raund 89
bring to a head bnIJ tu: a
hed 89
bring to light bnl) ta la1t 89
bring up ,bnl) 'Ap 89
Briton 'bntan 5
broad br:'l:d 52
broadband 'br:'l:dbrend 34
broadcast 'br:'l:dko:st 35
broaden 'br:'l:dan 52
broadminded ,br:'l:d 'mamd1d 8,
52
broad-shouldered
br:'l:d 'J auldad 73
brotherhood 'brAÓghud
69, 72
brownish 'braumJ 7
browse brauz 34
browser 'brauzg 34
bruise bru:z 12, 27
brusque bru:sk 8
brutal 'bru:tgJ 69
BTW 77
bucket bAk1t 87
buckie 'bAkgJ 26
bud bAd 25
Buddhism 'bud1zgm 69
bug bAg 27
build bdd 16
built-up ,bdt'Ap 73
bulky 'bAJki 57
bullet-proof 'bubtpru:f 73
bump bAmp 12
bumpy 'bAmpi 30
bunch bAntJ 86
bungalow 'bAl)ggJgu 11
bunk bed 'bAIJk 'bed 31
burglar alarm 'b3:9Jgr g'Jo:m 74
burglary 'b3:9Jgri 37
bum b3:n 12, 79
bury the hatchet
'beri fo 'hretJ1t 48
bus stop bAs stop 74
business plan 'b1zms plren 16
business-class 'b1zms klo:s 73
bustling 'bAshl) 24
button 'bAtgn 26, 32
buzz bAz 80
bypass 'baipo:s 75
cab kreb 95
cabinet 'krebmgt 36
calm ko:m 72, 79
camcorder 'krem,k:i:dg 32
campsite 'krempsait 31
can kren 87
cancel (a reservation)
'krentsgl 21
candidate 'krend1dgt 36
candy 'kremli 100
canned music krend
'mju:z1k 20
canoeist kg'nu:ist 17
can't bear ko:nt beg 42
can't face the thought of
ko:nt feJS Qg 0:i:t DY 48
can't stand ko:nt strend 10, 42
capacity kg'presgti 94
cape ke1p 22
capital 'krep1tgJ 22
captiYate 'krept1Ye1t 42
captivating 'krept1Ye1t11) 3
capture 'kreptJg 19
car hire 'ko: ,ha1g 24
car park ko: po:k 24, 74, 100
caravan 'krergyren 31
carbon footprint
'ko:bgn 'futprmt 23
carbs ko:bz 77
card ko:d 79
cardigan 'ko:d1ggn 26
cards ko:dz 83
1
care for 'keg ,fo: 42
carelessness 'kegfasms 72
caring 'kegnIJ 42
carpenter 'ko:pgntg 15
carton 'ko:tgn 85, 87
cartoon ko:'tu:n 35
case ke1s 37
cash machine 'kreJ mg'Ji:n 38
cast ko:st 19, 86
cast (a vote) ko:st 36
castle 'ko:sgJ 79
casual 'kre3jugl 10
casually 'kre3jugJi 26
casualty 'kre3jugJti 13
Catalan ,kretg'Jren 5
catastrophe kg'trestrnfi 79
catch kretJ 3
cater 'ke1tg 55
cause k:i:z 61
cease si:s 2
celeb sg'Jeb 95
cell se! 32
cell(phone) sel(faun) 77
cellar 'selg 11
cellist 'tJehst 69
cello 'tJeJgu 2
Central America
'sentrgJ g'menkg 5
CEO ,si: i: 'gu 16
certainty 's3:tgnti 53
chalk n tJ:i:k 79
challenge 'tJrebnd3 48
chamber 'tJe1mbg 36
chance tJo:nts 53, 72
change into tJemd3 'mtg 26
change out of
tJemd3 aut DY 26
chaos 'kerns 48, 85
character 'krergktg 18
characterise 'krernktgrarz 39
characteristic ,krergktg'nst1k
39
charge tJo:d3 37
charge (interest) tJo:d3 38
check n tJek 100
checked tJekt 26
check-out 'tJekaut 75
cheerfully 'tJ1gfaJi 43
cheerio ,tJ1gfi'gu 94
chemical 'kem1bl 23, 32
chemist's 'kem1sts 24
chew tfu: 45
childhood 'tJaddhud 69, 72
childminder 'tJadd,mamdg 15
chime tJaim 54
chip tJ1p 12
chips tJ1ps 100
choice tfm 53
cholera 'kofarg 13
cholesterol kg'JestgroJ 29
chopping board 'tJopIIJ
'b:i:d 11
Christmas 'kr1smgs 79
chubby 'tf Abi 7
cinema 'smgmg 19
circle 's3:kgJ 50
circular 's3:kjgJg 50
circumference sg'kAmfrgnts
50
citizens' advice bureau
's1t1zgnz gd'Ya1s 'bjugrnu 24
city 's1ti 24
City Hall 's1ti h:i:l 24
civil serYant 's1ygJ 's3:ygnt 15
civil war 'sIVgJ w:i: 13
claim kle1m 64
ciang klreIJ 54, 80
ciap (of thunder) klrep 85
clash klreJ 99
classical 'klres1kgJ 2, 20
classics 'klres1ks 83
clatter 'klretg 54
daw kl:i: 25
clever 'kleyg 8
click klik 33, 80
cliff klif 22
climate change
'klaimgt ,tJemd3 23, 74
climb kla1m 79
clip-clop 'kl1pklop 80
clone kJgun 32
close-fitting kfaus f1t11J 26
closet 'kloz1t 100
cloth kloe 82, 84
clothes klguoz 83
cloud klaud 85
club klAb 17, 24
clump klAmp 86
coal bul 82
coarse k:i:s 57
coast bust 22
coat hanger 'kgut ,hrel)g 11, 69
collapse b'lreps 48
collar 'koJg 26
colleague 'koli:g 10
collection b'lekJgn 72
college 'kobd3 14, 24
collocation ,k0Jgu'ke1Jgn 1
comb bum 79
combination ,komb1'ne1Jgn 72
combine kgm'bam 32, 38
come across kAID g'krns 92
come between kAm b1'twi:n 92
come by kAm bai 92
come down ,kAID 'daun 92
come ·in to ,kAm 'mtg 92
come off ,kAm 'of 12, 58, 92
come out ,kAm 'aut 92
come round ,kAID 'raund 92
come to ,kAm 'tu: 92
come up ,kAm 'Ap 92
comedian kg'mi:dign 19
comment 'koment 10
commercial kg'm3:JgJ 35
commercialise kg'm3:JgJa1z 69
commit b'm1t 37
committed kg'm1t1d 40
companionship bm 'prenjgnJ1p
72
company 'kAmpgni 86
competition ,kompg't1Jgn 16
competitive kgm'pet1t1Y 17, 38
complexion kgm'plekJgn 7
complication ,kompb'ke1Jgn 69
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
261
compose k;im'p;mz 71
composer k;im'p;iuz;i 71
composition ,komp;i'z1J;in 71
comprehensive school
,kompn'hents1v sku:l 14
compromise 'kompr;ima1z 58
compulsory bm'pAls;iri 14, 53
computer technology
bm'pju:t;i tek'nol;id3i 74
computerise k;im'pju:t;ira1z 69
concede k;in'si:d 62
concert hall 'kons3:t h:i:l 24
conclude bn'klu:d 32, 66
conclusion k;in'klu:3;in 92
condition bn'd1J;in 60
conduct n 'kondAl<t 79
conduct v bn'dAl<t 71, 79
conflict n 'konflikt 79
conflict v k;in'fhkt 79
confused bn'fju:zd 41
confusion bn'fju:3;in 85
Congress 'koIJgres 36
consciousness 'kontf;isms 72
consequence 'konts1kw;ints 61
consequently 'konts1kw;intli 61
conservation ,kons;i've1J;in 23
conservative k;in's3:v;it1v 40
considerable k;in's1d;irnb;il 49
constituency k;in'st1tfu;intsi
36
consume k;in'sju:m 29
contact 'kontrekt 10, 16, 34
contact lens 'kontrekt ,lenz 28,
74
contemporary k;in'temp;irnri
24
content n 'kontent 29
content adj k;in'tent 41
contented k;in 'tent1d 41
contents 'kontents 83
contest n 'kontest 79
contest v k;in'test 79
continuous assessment
k;in'tmju;is ;i'sesm;int 14
contract v k;in'trrekt 27, 52
contribute k;in'tnbju:t 55
conventional k;in'ventf;in;il 39
convers10n k;in'v3:J;in 11
convert v k;in'v3:t 71
convict v k;in'v1kt 37
conv1ct1on k;in'v1kf;in 40
convince k;in'vmts 40
cookie 'kuki 100
cool ku:l 79
co-opt k;iu'opt 79
cop kop 95
cope k;iup 58
capy 'kopi 18
corkscrew 'k:i:kskru: 11
corporation ,k:i:p;ir'e1J;in 16
corporation tax
,b:p;ir'e1J;in treks 38
costume 'kostju:m 19
cottage 'kot1d3 11
cotton wool 'kot;in 'wu! 74
cough kof 45
could kud 79
262
couple 'kAp;il 86
court b:t 37
crab krreb 25
crack krrek 12
crackdown 'krrekdaun 75
crafty 'kro:fti 8
crash krref 12, 33
crate kre1t 87
crawl kr:i:l 56
creation kri'e1J;in 32
creat1v1ty ,kri:e1't1v;iti 72
creche kref 14
credit card 'kred1t 'ko:d 74
credit limit 'kred1t 'limit 38
creep along ,kri:p ;i'lo!J 56
crew kru: 30, 86
crew-cut 'kru:kAt 7
crime kra1m 3 7
Cf!SIS
'kraISJS 64
critic 'kr1trk 18
critical 'knt1bl 46
critically 'kr1t1kli 46
criticise 'knt1sarz 46
crop n krop 22
crowd kraud 86
cruel 'kru:;il 8
cruise kru:z 31
crush krAf 12
crutches krAtfrz 28
cubic 'kju:b1k 50
cue kju: 17
cuff W
26
CUL8R 77
cumbersome 'kAmb;is;im 57
cunning 'kAnrlJ 8
cupboard 'kAb;id 79
cupid 'kju:p1d 79
cuppa 'kAp;i 95
curb k3:b 99
cur10s1ty ,kju;iri'os;iti 72
curly 'k3:li 7
curly-haired 'k3:li 'he;id 73
currency 'kArnntsi 82
current account
'kAr;int ;i'kaunt 38
current affairs 'kAr;int ;i'fe;iz 35
cursor 'k3:s;i 33
curt k3:t 8
curtains 'k3:t;inz 100
custom-built 'kAst;im ,brit 16
customer 'kAst;im;i 9
customer care 'kAst;im;i 'ke;i 16
customs 'kAst;imz 38
cut kAt 79, 99
cutback 'kAtbrek 75
cutlery 'kAtl;ir,i 21
cut-price ,kAt'pra1s 73
Cypriot 'srpri;it 5
daft do:ft 8
damage n, v 'drem1d3 13
<lamp dremp 6
dance do:nts 19
Dane dem 5
dark do:k 7, 54
darkness 'do:kn1s 54
dark-skinned 'do:k skmd 7
dart do:t 17
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
darts do:ts 83
Darwinist 'do:wm1st 40
dash dref 80
data processing
'dert;i 'pr;iuseSIIJ 74
database 'de1t;ibe1s 28, 33
dawdle 'd:i:d;il 56
daytime 'de1ta1m 6
dazzling 'drezlIIJ 57
<lead ded 12, 13
deafening 'defmIJ 44
death penalty 'de8 'pen;ilti 74
debt det 38, 79
debtor 'det;i 79
decade 'deke1d 28
decent 'di:s;int 39
decision dr's13;in 88, 92
declare dr'kle;i 98
decorative 'dek;irntiv 39
decrease n 'di:kri:s 79
decrease v d1 1kri:s 79
dedicated 'ded1ke1t1d 40
deep di:p 52
deepen 'di:p;in 52
deer d1;i 25
defend d1'fend 37
defriend ,di:'frend 10
degree dr'gri: 14
deja vu ,de3o:'vu: 44
delay d1'le1 30
delete dr'li:t 33
deliberations d1,hb;i're1J;inz
37
delicate 'dehk;it 39
delicious d1'lIJ;is 69
delighted d1'la1t1d 41
delightful d1'lartfal 31
delta 'delt;i 22
democracy d1'mokr;isi 36
denim 'demm 26
dense dens 57
density 'dens1ti 57
dent dent 12
deny d1'na1 3
department store
d1'po:tm;int ,st:i: 24
deport di:'p:i:t 71
deportation ,di:p:i:'te1J;in 71
deportee ,di:p:i:'ti: 71
depose dr'p;iuz 71
deposit d1'poz1t 38
depress d1'pres 71
depression d1'pref;in 29
deprivation ,depn'verf;in 48
deprive s.o. of sth d1'pra1v
SAmjwAn ov SAm8IIJ 48
depth dep8 52, 72
desert n 'dez3:t 79
desert v d1'z3:t 79
deserted d1'z3:t1d 24
design d1'zam 18
designer d1'zam;i 15, 26
desire n, v d1'zar;i 42
desktop computer
'desktop bm'pju:t;i 33
desperately 'desp;irntli 43
despise d1'spa1z 10, 42
destruction dr'strAkf;m 23
detached d1 'tretft 11
detective dr'tektrv 35
determined dr't3:mmd 8
detest dr 'test 42
development dr 'vel;ipm;mt 28
device d1 'vars 28, 33
devoted dr'v;iut1d 42
diagnose ,dar;ig'n;iuz 28
dialect 'da1;ilekt 5
dialogue 'dar;ilog 19
diameter dar'remrt;i 50
diaper 'da1p;i 100
diarrhoea ,dar;i'rr;i 27
dictatorship drk'tert;if1p 36
die dar 27
difficult 'drfrblt 58
difficulty 'drf1k;ilti 28, 58, 64
digital 'drd3rt;il 32
dilemma dr'lem;i 48, 64
dim drm 8, 54, 57
diploma dr'pl;ium;i 14
diplomat 'd1pl;imret 15
direct dr 'rekt 8
direct debit dr'rekt 'debit 38
direction dr 'rekf;in 19
director dr'rekt;i 15, 19
disagree ,drs;i'gri: 70
disagreement ,drs;i'gri:m;int 72
disappear ,d1s;i'p1;i 70
disapprove ,drs;i'pru:v 70
disaster dr'zo:st;i 48
disbelief ,d1sb1'li:f 49
disbelieve ,drsbr'li:v 70
disconnect ,drsk;i 'nekt 70
discontented ,d1sk;in'tent1d 41
discourage dr 'skAnd3 70
discourteous d1'sk3:ti;is 8
discrepancy dr 'skrep;intsi 62
discus 'drsk;is 17
disease d1'zi:z 28
disguise drs'garz 26
disgust drs'gAst 42
dish drf 35
disk drsk 32
disk drive 'drsk ,drarv 33
dislike dr'slark 70
dislocate 'd1sl;iuke1t 27
dismount dr'smaunt 99
disorder dr's::i:d;i 85
disorganised dr 's::i:g;inarzd 70
display d1'sple1 33, 98
dispose dr 'sp;iuz 23
disprove dr'spru:v 70
disqualify dr 'skwolrfar 70
disrepair ,drsn'pe;i 85
disrupt d1s'rApt 48
disruption drs 'rApf;in 48
dissect dr 'sekt 32
dissertation ,d1s;i'te1f;in 14
dissirnilar ,drs's1m1l;i 70
distance 'drst;ints 52
distance learning 'drst;ints
,13:nrl) 14
distant 'drst;int 52
divert da1'v3:t 71
divide dr 'vard 62
division d1 'v13;in 50
dizzy 'dlZI 27
DNA ,di:en'er 77
do business du: 'brznrs 16, 88
do without du: wr 'oaut 53, 88
do your best du: j::i: best 88
docurnentary ,dokj;i'ment;iri
35
dominoes 'domm;iuz 83
donate d;iu'nert 55
donation d;iu'nerf;in 69
donein dAl11n 47
donor 'd;iun;i 69
doubt daut 40, 79
doubtful 'dautfal 53
down daun 34
download ,daun'l;iud 2, 33
downpour 'daunp::i: 6
down-to-earth ,dauntu'3:0 8
dozen 'dAz;in 49
drag on 'drreg on 51
drama 'dro:m;i 35, 99
drapes drerps 100
draughts dro:fts 83
drawback 'dr::i:brek 75
dread dred 42
dream dri:m 58
dress up dres Ap 26
drift drrft 5 6
drinkable 'dnl)bb;il 69
drive drarv 11, 56, 99
drop drop 49
dropout 'dropaut 75
drought draut 6, 13
drurnmer 'drAID;i 20
drums drAIDZ 20
dub dAb 35
due to d3u: tu: 61
dull dAl 57
dumb dAm 8, 79
dungarees ,dAl)g;i'ri:z 83
during 'd3u;inl) 59
dustpan and brush
'dAstpren ;in 'brAf 11
Dutch dAtf 5
<luty 'd3u:ti 38
<luty-free ,d3u:ti'fri: 38, 73
eagerness 'i:g;inrs 72
earache '1;ire1k 27
earlier '3:li;i 66
earn 3:n 2
earphones 'r;ifaunz 83
earring 'r;inl) 74
earthquake '3:0kwerk 13
East Asia i:st 'e13;i 5
easy-going ,i:zi'g;iurl) 8, 73
e-book 'i:buk 18
e-card 'i:ko:d 34
eccentric rk'sentrrk 8, 40
ecological ,i:b'lod3rbl 23
ecologically sound
,i:b'lod31kli saund 23
econornical ,i:k;i'nomrk;il 8
econornics ,i:k;i'nomrks 83
economist 1'kon;im1st 15
economy r'kon;imi 22
edible 'edrb;il 69
educate 'ed3uke1t 71
effect r'fekt 48
effort 'efat 8 8
elapse i'lreps 51
elect i' lekt 3 6
electrician rlek'trrf;in 15
elegant 'elrg;int 7, 24, 26
elevator 'elive1t;i 100
email 'i:meII 2
employee rm'pbri: 69
employer 1m'pb1;i 69
enable 1'ne1b;il 32
enchanting m 'tfo:ntrl) 3
end end 92
endangered m'demd3;id 23
enemy 'en;irni 3
engrossing m 'gr;iusII) 3
enjoyment m'd3::i1m;int 69
enormous 1'n::i:m;is 49
enquiring m'kwar;inl) 8
ensue m'sju: 61
enter 'ent;i 34
entertainer ,ent;i'temg 19
enthralling m'0r::i:lrl) 3
enthusiastic m ,0ju:zi'restik 41
entire m'tar;i 39
entrancing m'tro:ntsII) 3
entry 'entri 98
envious 'envi;is 8
environment m'vair;inm;int
23
enviromtalły
friendly
m ,var;ir;in,ment;ili 'frendli 23
epidemie ,epr'demrk 13
episode 'eprs;iud 35
equally 'i:kw;ili 63
equipment 1'kw1pm;int 82
era '1;ir;i 51
eraser 1're1z;i 100
ergonomics ,3:g;i'nomrks 32
erupt r'rApt 13
establish r' strebhf 32, 94
estate r'stert 55
estate agent
r'stert 'e1d3;int 24
estuary 'estfu;iri 22
etc et 'set;ir;i 63
ethnic group 'e0nrk gru:p 5
Europe 'ju;irnp 5
European ,ju;irn'pi:;in 5
evaluation 1,vrelju'erf;in 64
even-tempered ,i:v;in'temp;id 8
evidence 'evrd;ints 37
ex eks 10
exaggeration 1g,zred3;ir'erf;in
47
exam rg'zrem 14
exceptional ek'sepf;in;il 31
excessive ek'sesrv 49
exc1se 'eksarz 38
excitement rk'sartm;int 69
excłusiv
1ks 'k1u:s1v 31
excommunicate
,eksb'mju:mkert 70
excurs10n 1k'sk3:J;in 31
excuse n rk'skju:s 88
executive 1g'zekj;it1v 15
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
263
exempt 1g'zempt 53
exercise n, v 'eks;isa1z 29, 88
exhale eks'hetl 70
exhausted 1g'z:i:st1d 27
exhilarating rg'zil;irertII) 31
existence rg 'z1st;ints 92
exotic 1g'zot1k 31
expand rk'sprend 16, 52
expect 1k'spekt 6
expectation ,ekspek'te1J;in 72
expenses 1k'spents1z 38
experience 1k'spr;iri;ints 82, 84
explosion rk'spl;iu3;in 13
export n 'eksp:i:t
export v rk'sp:i:t 71, 79
express 1k'spres 71
ex-smoker 'eks ,sm;iuk;i 70
extend rk'stend 52
extinct 1k'st1l)kt 23
extract v rk'strrekt 32, 70
extravagant rk'strrev;ig;int 8
extreme 1k'stri:m 40
extroverted 'ekstr;iy3:t1d 8
ex-wife eks wa1f 70
face n, v fers 7, 48
facility fa's1fati 38
fact frekt 64
fai! fed 14
fair fe;i 7, 81
faith fe10 72
fake ferk 39
fali b:l 1oo
fali down b:l daun 12
fali for b:l b: 42
fali in love b:l rn Lw 42
fali off fo:lof 12
fali out with b:l aut wio 10
fallout 'b:laut 75
falter 'b:lt;i 58
famine 'fremrn 13
fanatical fa 'nretrk;il 40
fancy 'frentsi 10, 42
FAQ ,efe1 'kju: 34, 77
far fa: 52
faraway ,fa:r;i'we1 52
fare fe;i 81
far-fetched ,fa:'fetJt 73
farm fa:m 79
fascinate 'fresrnert 42
fascinating 'fresrnertll) 3, 31
fashion 'freJ;in 92
fast fa:st 12
fasten 'fa:s;in 79
fat fret 7
faulty 'fo:lti 39
faze fe1z 81
fear fr;i 72
feather 'feo;i 25
feature 'fi:tJ;i 7, 32
fed up ,fed'Ap 41
federation ,fed;ir'e1J;in 36
feedback 'fi:dbrek 16, 75
feel fi:l 40, 44, 57
fencing fentSIIJ 17
field fi:ld 14
fiend fi:nd 79
filthy 'fI10i 24
264
finally 'farn;ili 66
finance 'famrents 38
fine n, adj fam 37, 57, 65
fine art(s) fam a:t 18
Finn fm 5
fire fa1;i 15
firefighter 'fa1;i,fa1t;i 15
firm fa:m 3, 40
first 'fa:st 66
first and foremost 'fa:st ;in
'b:m;iust 76
first floor 'fa:st fb: 100
first impression 'fa:st
1m'preJ;in 7
first language 'fa:st
'lre1Jgw1d3 5
first of all 'fa:st DY ':i:l 66
first-bom 'fa:stb:i:n 73
first-class 'fa:st ,kla:s 73
first-hand ,fa:st'hrend 73
firstly 'fa:stli 66
first-rate ,fa:st 're1t 46
fish f1J 84
fishing line frJllJ lam 17
fit fit 26, 29
fitness 'f1tn;is 29
fizzy 'f1zi 29
flash flreJ 32
flashlight 'flreflart 1OO
fiat firet 12
flaw fl:i: 32
fleeting 'fli:t11) 51
flexibility ,fleks;i'bil;iti 69
flexible 'fleks1b;il 39, 69
flexi-time 'fleksita1m 15
flicker 'fl1k;i 54
flock fiok 86
flood flAd 6, 13
flour flau;i 82
flow fl;iu 56
flower flau;i 25
flowery 'flau;iri 26
fiu flu: 81
flutter 'flAt;i 5 6
flux flAks 85
fly fla1 51
focus on 'fauk;is on 35
foe fau 3
foggy 'fogi 6
fold fauld 58
folk fauk 2, 20
following 'fol;iUIIJ 59, 66
fond of fond DY 42
food poisoning fu:d
'p:JIZ;JilII) 74
foo lish 'fu:lIJ 8
foot fut 22
football pitch 'futb:i:l ,p1tJ 24
footballer 'futb:i:l;i 17
for a time b:r ;i ta1m 51
for example b:r 1g'za:mp;il 66
for instance b:r 'mtst;ints 66
for the time being b:r o;i tarm
'bi:Il) 51
force into b:s 'rnt;i 53
forgetful fa'getfal 69
forgetfulness fa'getfalnrs 69
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
forgivable fa 'g1Y;ib;il 69
formerly 'b:m;ili 59
fortune 'b:tJu:n 92
forward 'b:w;id 2
fossil fuel 'fos;il 'fju:;il 23
foul-smelling faul smehl) 44
foundations faun'de1J;inz 83
fox foks 25
fragile 'frred3ad 39
fragrant 'frergrnnt 44
frank frrel)k 8
freedom 'fri:d;im 72
freeway 'fri:we1 100
freeze fri:z 6
French frentJ 5
French fries frentJ fra1z 100
frequently 'fri:kw;intli 94
fridge fnd3 95
friend frend 3, 10, 79
friendliness 'frendlrn1s 72
friendship 'frendJ1p 69
frog frng 25
from time to time frnm ta1m t;i
ta1m 51
frost fmst 6
frown fraun 45
frustrated frAs'tre1t1d 41
frustration frAs'tre1J;in 72
fulfil ful'ftl 58
fulfilling ful'fihl) 58
fulfilment ful'f1hn;int 58
function 'fAIJkJ;in 32
fundamental ,fAnd;i'ment;il 94
fur fa: 25
furious 'fju;iri;is 41, 69
furiously 'fju;iri;isli 43
furry 'fa:ri 57
further 'fa:o;i 66, 94
further education 'fa:o;ir
,ed3u'ke1J;in 14
further to 'fa:o;i tu: 63
furthermore ,fa:o;i'm:i: 63
fuss fAs 88
FYI ,ef wa1 'a1 77
gam gem 2
gale ged 6
game show ge1m J;iu 35
gang grei) 86
garbage 'ga:b1d3 100
garden 'ga:d;in 100
garden centre 'ga:d;in 'sent;i 24
gardening 'ga:d;inllJ 88
gas gres 23, 100
gash greJ 80
gaze ge1z 44
gems d3emz 99
genrał
anaesthetic 'd3en;ir;il
,ren;is'0etrk 28
genrał
election 'd3en;ir;il
i'lekJ;in 36
generate 'd3en;ire1t 61
generation gap ,d3en;i're1J;in
grep 74
generosity ,d3en;i'rns;iti 72
generous 'd3en;irns 8
genetic engineering d3;i'net1k
,end31'nr;ir11J 32
genetically modified d3;i'net1kli
'modrfard 32
gentle 'd3ent;il 6
genuine 1d3enjum 39
German 'd33:m;in 5
gesture 1d3estf;i 88
get get 90
get across get ;i'kros 90
get at get ret 90
get away 'get ;i'we1 31
get behind with get b1 1hamd
WIO 90
get carried away get 'krerid
;i'we1 47
get down get daun 90
get off to a good start get of tu:
;i gud sta:t 90
get on get on 90
get on well (with someone) get
on wel 10
get out of get aut ov 90
get over get ';iuv;i 27, 90
get rid of get nd ov 90
getround getraund 90
get round to get raund tu: 90
get through get eru: 90
get to get tu: 90
get to know get t;i n;iu 90
get up to get Ap tu: 90
get-together n 'get t;i,geo;i 90
get-together v ,get t;i'geo;i 10
gifted 'grftrd 8
gig gig 77
gigabyte 'grg;ibart 33
give and take 1grv;in'te1k 76
give away grv;i'we1 55
give or take grv ;,: terk 76
give out g1v aut 55
give rise to grv rarz tu: 61
glacier 'glresi;i 22
gladly 'glredli 43
glamorous 'glrem;ir;is 31
glance gla:nts 44
glare gle;i 57
glass gla:s 84, 87
glasses gla:s1z 83
glimpse ghmps 44
glitter 'ght;i 54
global warming 'gl;iub;il
'w;,:mrIJ 23
globalisation gl;mb;ilai'ze1f;in
23
gloomily 'glu:mrli 43
gloomy 'glu:mi 54
glow gl;iu 54
GM 1d3i: 'em 32, 77
go amiss g;iu ;i'm1s 94
go bankrupt g;iu 'brel)krApt
92
go for g;iu fo: 92
go off g;iu of 21
go on g;iu on 51, 92
go pear-shaped g;iu
'pe;ife1pt 94
go through g;iu fuu: 92
go under g;iu 'And;i 58
go wrong g;iu rDIJ 58
1
j
go-ahead 'g;iu;ihed 99
goal g;iul 58
goggles 'gog;ilz 83
going forward ,g:łUIJ
'fo:w;id 16
golf course 'golf ,b:s 24
good gud 65
good-looking ,gud'lukrIJ 7
goodness 'gudms 69
goods godz 83
good-tempered ,gud'temp;id 73
google 'gu:g;il 34
gorge g;,:d3 22
govern 'gAv;in 36
government 'gAv;inm;int 36
GPS 1d3i:pi:'es 32
grab grreb 44
graduate n 'grredju;it 14
graduate v 'grredjue1t 14
graduation ceremony
,grred3u'e1f;in 'senm;ini 14
grammar school 'grrem;i
sku:l 14
grant gra:nt 14
graphics 'grrefrks 33
grasp gra:sp 44
grass roots ,gra:s'ru:ts 74
grate gre1t 81
grateful 'gre1tfal 41
grater grert;i 11, 69
graze grerz 12
great grert 39, 81
Greek gri:k 5
green gri:n 23
greenhouse effect 'gri:nhaus
1
1 fekt
23
gregarious gn'ge;iri;is 8
grey grei 7
grin grm 45
gripping 'gnprl) 3
groan gr;iun 43, 80, 81
ground floor 'graund ,fb: 100
group gru:p 86
grow gr;m 25
grow out of gr;iu aut ov 26
growl graul 80
grub grAb 95
grumble 'grAmb;il 80
grumpy 'grAmpi 80
guesthouse 'gesthaus 31
guilty 'gdti 37
guitar g1 1ta: 2, 20
gu]f gAlf 22
gymnast 1d3rmnrest 17
gymnastics d3rm'nrestrks 17,
83
hair he;i 7, 84
half-witted ,ha:f'wrtrd 8
hall h;,:l 11
hallway 'h;,:lwer 11
hand down hrend 'daun 55
hand out hrend 'aut 55
hand over ,hrend ';iuv;i 55
handcuffs 'hrendkAfs 83
handle 'hrend;il 44
handmade ,hrend'merd 73
handsome 'hrends;im 7
hang on hreIJ on 65
hang-gliding 1hrel) 1glaid1IJ 17
happily 1hrep1li 43
happiness 'hreprms 69, 72
hard disk 'ha:d disk 33
harden 'ha:d;~m
58
hardness 'ha:dms 58
hard-up ,ha:d'Ap 73
hardware 'ha:dwe;i 33
harm ha:m 29
harmful 'ha:mfal 29
harmless 'ha:mfas 69
hat hret 82
have a go hrev ;i g;iu 92
have trouble hrev 'trAb;il 58
hay fever 'he1 ,fi:v;i 74
hazardous 'hrez;id;is 23
head hed 36, 79,99
head and shoulders above hed
;in 'f;iuldn ;i'bAv 46
headphones 'hedfaonz 74, 83
headquarters ,hed'kw;,:t;iz 83
health hele 85
health centre 'hele 'sent;i 24
health warning 'hele ,w;,:mIJ 98
heap hi:p 86
hearing 'hr;inIJ 44
hearing aid 1h1;inl) ,e1d 28
heart ha:t 1
heart attack 'ha:t ;i'trek 27, 74
heartbreak 'ha:tbre1k 48
heatwave 1hi:twe1v 6
heavy 'hevi 6, 21
heel hi:I 26
height hart 52
heighten 'ha1t;in 52
heir e;i 79, 81
heiress 'e;ires 79
helmet 'helm;it 26
hem hem 26
hemisphere 1 henusf1;i 50
herd h3:d 86
high jump 'hai d3AIDP 17
high-definition 'hai
,defr'mf;in 32
higher education 'ha1;ir
,ed3u'kerf;in 14
high-tech ,har'tek 77
hip-hop 'h1phop 20
hiss his 54
historie hr'stonk 24
hit n, V hrt 34, 99
hoarse h;,:s 81
hold h;iuld 40
hold on h;mld on 65
holiday 'hol;ide1 100
hollow 'hol;iu 57
home page 'h;mmpe1d3 2, 34
homeless 'h;iumfas 69
homework 'h;iumw3:k 88
honest 'omst 8, 79
honour 'on;i 79
honourable 'on;ir;ib;il 79
hood hod 26, 100
hoody hudi
hoof hu:f 25
hopeful 'h;iupfal 69
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
265
hopefully 'h;iupfali 43
horns h::i:nz 25
host hwst 21
hostility hos'td;iti 72
hot hot 21, 44
hour au;i 79, 81
hourly au;ili 79
House of Commons ,haus ;iv
'kom;inz 36
House of Lords ,haus ;iv
b:dz 36
House of Representatives ,haus
;iv ,repn'zent;itrvz 36
housemate 'hausme1t 10
housework 'hausw3:k 88
housing estate ,hauzrl)
1'ste1t 24, 55
however hau'ev;i 60
hum hAITI 54
human rights 'hju:m;in ,rarts
74
humid 'hju:m1d 6
humour 'hju:m;i 72
hurricane 'hAnk;in 6, 13
hurry 'hAri 56
hurt h3:t 27
hurtful 'h3:tfal 3
hydroponics ,hardr;iu'ponrks
32
lee Age 'ars ,erd3 51
ice field 'ars ,fi:ld 22
Icelandic ais'lrendrk 5
icon 'arkon 33
ID a1'di: 77
idea ar'dr;i 72
identify ar'dentrfar 28
identity theft a1'dent;iti '8eft 2
ideology ,ardi'ol;id3i 40
idolise 'a1d;ilarz 10
illegal 111i:g;il 70
illegible r'led3;ib;il 70
illiterate 1'ht;ir;it 70
ill-mannered ,rl'mren;id 8
image 'rmrd3 18
IMHO 77
immature ,rm;i'tJu;i 70
immediate r'mi:di;it 59
immediately r'mi:di;itli 94
immoral r'mor;il 70
immune system 1'mju:n
'srst;im 29
impatient rm'perJ;int 70
import v 1m'p::i:t 70, 71, 79
impose rm'p;iuz 64, 71
impossible rm'pos;ib;il 70
impress rm'pres 71
1mpress1on rm'preJ;in 88
impressive 1m'pres1v 31
improbable rm 'prob;ib;il 70
improvernent 1m'pru:vm;int 72
in addition m ;i'd1J;in 63
in case m 'kers 60
in conclusion ,m k;in'klu:3;in 66
in contrast ,m 'kontro:st 62
in credit m 'kred1t 38
in other words m 'AÓ;i
'w3:dz 66
266
in parenthesis m p;i'rent8;is1s
66
in particular ,m p;i'trkj;il;i 94
in sum m 'sAm 66
in summary m 'sAm;iri 66
in the long run m ó;i Im] r An 9 3
in the meantime m ó;i
'mi:ntarm 59
incident 'ms1d;int 13
mcome 111JkAID 38, 70
income tax 'rI]kAffi treks 38, 74
inconvenient ,mk;in'vi:ni;int 31
mcrease n 'mkri:s 56, 79
increase v m'kri:s 75, 79
independence ,md1'pend;ints
36
in-depth ,m 'dep8 35
indigestion ,mdr'd3estJ;in 27
industrial estate m'dAstri;il
1'ste1t 24
industrialise m'dAstri;ilarz 69
inedible r'ned;ib;il 70
inevitable 1'nev1t;ib;il 53
inexperienced ,m1k'sp1;iri;intst
70
information ,mfa'me1f;in 82
inherit m'hent 55
inheritance tax m'hent;ints
,treks 38
m1ection m'd3ekf;in 27
injure 'md3;i 13
injustice m'd3Ast1s 72
innocent 'm;is;int 8, 37
input 'mput 75
inquisitive m'kw1z;it1v 8
insert m's3:t 32, 70
inside out 'msa1d 'aut 26
insist m'srst 43
inspect m'spekt 71
inspection m'spekf;in 71
inspector m'spekt;i 71
inspired m'spar;id 41
install m'st::i:l 32, 33
insult v m'sAlt 79
intellectual ,mt;il'ektfu;il 40
intelligent m'tehd3;int 8
intensely (annoying)
m'tentsli 48
intention m'tentf;in 72
interact ,mt;ir'rekt 10, 32
interactive ,mt;ir'rektrv 34
interest 'mtrnst 38
interest rate 'mtr;ist 'rert 38
interest-free 'mtrnst 'fri: 73
interna! m't3:n;il 70
Internet 'mt;inet 34
interpret m't3:pnt 32
interstate ,mt;i'ste1t 100
intestine m'testm 1
introduce ,mtr;i'd3u:s 71
introduction ,mtr;i'dAkJ;in 71
introverted ,mtr;iu'v3:t1d 8
intuition ,mtJu'1J;in 44
investigate m'vestrge1t 35, 37
investigation m,vest1'ge1J;in 37
investment m'vestm;int 72
IOU ,a1;iu'ju: 77
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
Irish 'a1;inJ 5
iron ar;in 84
ironing board 'ar;inrIJ b::i:d 11
irregular r'regj;il;i 70
irritant 11nt;int 48
irritation ,1n'te1f;in 48
ISP ,a1es'pi: 34
1ssue '1Ju: 64
Italia n r' treli;in 5
itch 1tJ 27
item 'a1t;im 85
jagged 'd3reg1d 57
jail d3erl 37
jar d3a: 87
javelin 'd3rev;ilm 17
jazz d3rez 20
jealous 'd3el;is 8
jeans d3i:nz 83
jetlag 'd3etlreg 30
job d3ob 15, 2
job centre 'd3ob 'sent;i 24
jockey 'd3oki 17
journalism 'd33:n;ilrz;im 35, 69
journey 'd33:ni 30
judge d3Ad3 15, 36, 37
judgment d3Ad3m;int 64
jug d3Ag 87
junk food 'd3AI]k ,fu:d 21, 74
junk mail 'd3AI]k ,med 2
1ury 'd3u;iri 37
justice 'd3Ast1s 72
key ki: 9, 64, 99
keyboard 'ki:b::i:d 20
keyhole surgery 'ki:h;iul
's3:d3;iri 28
kidnap 'krdnrep 37
kidney 'k1dni 1
kids k1dz 94
kilo 'ki:l;iu 77
kindness kamdnrs 72
kingdom 'krI]d;im 72
knee ni: 79
knickers 'nrbz 83
knife narf 79
knit nrt 79
knob nob 79
knock out ,nok'aut 17
knot not 79
know n;iu 79
know-all 'n;iu::i:l 9
knowledge 'nohd3 82
lab !reb 95
labour force 'le1b;i ,fo:s 74
laces 'le1s1z 26
Jack Irek 24, 48, 53
laid-back ,lerd'brek 8
Jamb !rem 79
landing 'lrendIIJ 11, 30
landlady 'lrend,lerdi 55
landlord 'lrendb:d 55
landscape 'lrendske1p 18, 22
landslide 'lrendslaid 13
laptop 'lreptop 33
laser 'le1z;i 77
laser surgery 'le1z;i 's3:d3;iri
28
last la:st 51, 79
lastly 'la:stli 66
last-minute ,la:st 'mm1t 73
late lert 6, 79
Latin American 'hetm
;:i'merrk;:in 5
laugh la:f 3
launch b:ntf 16
law court 'b: ,k:i:t 24
lay lei 25
lay-by 'le1ba1 75
laze lerz 81
laziness 'lerzmrs 72
lazy-bones 'lerzi,b;:iunz 9
lead (pipe) led 81
lead singer 'li:d 'srIJ;:i 20, 81
lead to li:d tu: 61
leaf li:f 25
leak li:k 12
leather 'leo;:i 82
leave li:v 55
lecturer 'lektf;:ir;:i 14, 15
left-handed ,left'hrend1d 73
left-wing ,left'wrIJ 40
!egal 'li:g;:il 69
leggings 'legrl)Z 83
legislature 'led3rslgtf;:i 36
length lel)k8 52, 72
lengthen 'leIJk8;:in 52
lengthy 'leIJk8i 52
let down !et 'daun 26, 93
!et out !et aut 26
lever 'li:v;:i 32
liable 'lai;:ib;:il 53
library 'larbr;:iri 24
lick hk 45
lift lrft 100
light Ja1t 21
light bulb '!art ,bAlb 74
like laik 65
likewise 'la1kwarz 63
limitation ,lrm1'te1f;:in 72
line lam 100
link irl)k 2, 34, 99
list hst 29
listen 'hs;:in 65, 79
literary 'lrt;:ir;:iri 18
łiter
'lrt;:i 98
live larv 81
lively 'larvli 24
liver hv;:i 1
LMS ,elem'es 14
loaf J;:iuf 85
loathe l;:iuo 10, 42
location l;:iu'ke1f;:in 11, 35
lock out ,lok'aut 12
lodgings 'lod3rl)z 83
loft loft 11
log in log m 34
log off log of 34
log on log on 34
log out log aut 34
LOL lol 77
long lol) 3, 7, 52
long for lol) f:i: 4 2
long jump 'lol) ,d3Amp 17
long-distance ,lol)'drst;:ints 17,
52, 73
long-haired lol) 'he;:id 73
long-legged lol) '!egid 73
long-sleeved lol) 'sli:vd 26
long-standing ,iol)'strend1IJ
73
long-term ,lol)'t3:m 29
long-winded ,loIJ 'wmd1d 68
!oo lu: 95
look luk 44
look at luk ;:it 93
look down on luk daun on 10
look for luk fo: 94
look forward to luk 'fo:w;:id tu:
93
look inro luk 'mt;:i 93
look up to luk Ap tu: 10, 93
looks luks 83
loss los 51, 88
loud laud 44
love lA v 72, 79
loving IAVIIJ 42
low l;:iu 52
!ower l;:iu;:i 29, 52
luck IAk 72
luggage 11Ag1d3 82, 100
lump IAmp 27, 85
Jung IAIJ 1
luxurious 1Ag'3u;:iri;:is 31
luxury goods 'IAkf;:iri 'gudz 74
mag mreg 95
magnificent mreg'mfJs;:int 24
mail mer! 81
mail order ,merl':i:d;:i 74
maintain mem'tem 29, 40
major 'merd3;:i 13, 29
majority m;:i'd3or;:iti 36
make a living merk ;:i 'lrvIIJ 15
make a reservation me1k ;:i
,rez;:i'verf;:in 21
make friends merk frendz 10
make it merk 1t 17
make love me1k IAV 88
make off merk of 88
make out merk aut 88
make up merk Ap 88
malaria m;:i'le;:iri;:i 13
male mer! 81
manage 'mremd3 58
mandatory 'mrend;:it;:iri 53
mane mem 25
manhood 'mrenhud 72
manufacture ,mrenj;:i'frektf;:i
16, 28
marathon 'mrer;:i8;:in 17
marginal 'ma:d3m;:il 36
market 'ma:k1t 16
market research 'ma:k1t
rr's3:tf 16
martyrdom 'ma:tgd;:im 72
Marxist 'ma:ks1st 69
mash mref 80
mask ma:sk 26
mass media mres 'mi:di;:i 35
master bedroom 'ma:st;:i
'bedrum 11
Master's 'ma:st;:iz 14
match mretf 26
mate mert 10
materia! m;:i'tr;:iri;:il 84
maternity leave m;:i't3:n;:iti
'li:v 15
matter 'mret;:i 54, 64
mean rm:n 8
means mi:nz 35, 83, 85
meanwhile ,mi:n'hwarl 59
meat mi:t 81
meet mi:t 81
melt melt 6
membership 'memb;:if1p 69, 72
memorable 'mem;:irnb;:il 31
memory 'mem;:iri 33
memory stick 'mem;:iri ,st1k 33
mentał
'ment;:il 29
meow mi:'au 80
meter 'mi:t;:i 79
M16 ,ema1'srks 77
microbiology ,ma1krnuba1'ol;:id3i
70
microchip 'maikr;:iutf 1p 33, 70
microscopic ,ma1krn'skop1k 70
microwave 'ma1kr;:iuwe1v 70
Middle Ages 'm1d;:il 'e1d3rz 51
middle-of-the-mad
,mrdgl;:ivo;:i'r;:iud 9, 40
mild marld 21, 44
mildly (irritating) 'marldli 48
miles (better) marlz 46
minera! water 'mrnr;:il 'w:i:t;:i 74
mmor 'mam;:i 98
minute ma1'nju:t 49
miserable 'm1zr;:ib;:il 41
miserably 'mrzr;:ibli 43
miserly 'ma1z;:ili 8
mislay mr'sler 3, 12
misłead
m1'sli:d 70
misplace mr'sple1s 3
mistake mr'ste1k 88
mistranslate ,mrstrren'sle1t 70
misty 'm1sti 6
misunderstand ,mrsAnd;:i'strend
70
moan m;:iun 81
mobile 'm;:iubarl 53, 77, 95
moderate 'mod;:irnt 40
modernise 'mod;:inarz 69
module 'modju:l 14
molecular biology m;:iu'lekj;:il;:i
bar'ofad3i 32
mołecul
'molrkju:l 32
momentary 'm;:ium;:int;:iri 51
monarchy 'mon;:iki 36
money 'mAni 82
monitor 'momt;:i 14
monogamous m;:i'nog;:im;:is 70
monolingual ,mon;:iu'hl)gw;:il 5,
70
monologue 'mon;:ilog 70
moo mu: 80
mora! 'mor;:il 40
moreish 'm:i:nf 21
moreover m:i:r';:iuv;:i 63
mortgage 'm:i:grd3 38
mother 'ffiAO;J 79
mother tongue 'mAO;:J tAIJ 5, 74
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
267
motherhood 'mAó;ihud 69, 72
motive 'm;iutrv 61
motor racing 'm;iut;i 'reISIIJ 17
motorway 'm;iut;iwer 100
mountaineer ,maunt1'm;i 17
moustache m;i'sta:f 7
move mu:v 56
MP ,em'pi: 36
MP3 ,empi: 'eri: 20
muddle 'mAd;iJ 48
mug mAg 87
muggy 'mAgi 6
multilingual ,mAiti'luJgw;il 5
multimedia ,mAiti'mi:di;i 70
multinational ,mAiti'nref;in;il
70
multiplication ,mAlt1ph'ke1f;in
50
multipurpose ,mAiti'p3:p;is 70
mumble 'mAmb;il 43
murder 'm3:d;i 37
murmur 'm3:m;i 43
muscle 'mAs;iJ 79
muscular 'rnAskj;il;i 7
museum mju:'zi:;im 24
mus1cian mju:'z1f;in 20
Muslim 'muzlrm 40
musty 'mAsti 44
mutter 'rnAt;i 43
nai:ve nar'i:v 8
napkin 'nrepkm 21
nappy 'nrepi 100
narrow-minded ,nrer;iu'mamdrd
52
national costume 'nref;in;il
'kostju:m 26
native language 'ne1t1v
'lrel)gwrd3 5
NATO 'nert;iu 77
natura! 'nretf;ir;il 13, 39
natura! disaster 'nretf;ir;il
dr'za:st;i 13
navigate 'nrev1gert 34
necessity n;i'ses;iti 53
need (for) ni:d 53
neighbourhood 'nerb;ihud 72
nerd n3:d 95
nervous 'n3:v;is 41
nervously 'n3:v;isli 43
nest nest 25
net net 79
network 'netw3:k 33
never-ending ,nev;ir'endIIJ 73
nevertheless ,nev;ió;i'les 62
news nju:z 35, 82, 83
newspaper 'nju:zperp;i 35, 95
next nekst 66
nick nrk 95
noise n:)lz 54, 88
noiseless 'n::nzl;is 44
no1sy 'n:)lzi 44
nominate 'nomme1t 36
North Africa n::i:e 'refnb 5
North African n::i:e 'refnbn 5
North America n::i:e ;i'menk;i 5
nosh nof 95
nosy 'n;iuzi 8
268
note n;iut 1OO
notice 'n;iut1s 44
novelist 'nuv;ilrst 18
now nau 65
numb nAm 79
number 'nAmb;i 49
nursery school 'n3:s;iri sku:I
14
nuts nAts 29
oar ::>: 17
obese ;iu'bi:s 7, 29
obesity ;iu'bi:s;iti 29
object ;ib'd3ekt 43
obligation ,oblr'gerf;in 53, 58
obligatory ;i'blrg;it;iri 53
oblige ;i'blard3 53
observe ;ib'z3:v 44
obsessive ;ib'seSIV 40
obstinate 'obstm;it 8
octagonal ok'treg;in;il 50
odd od 8,40
odd-ball 'udb::i:l 9
odds and ends ndz ;in enz 76
offence ;i'fents 37
offender ;i'fend;i 37
off-peak ,of'pi:k 73
offspring 'ofspnIJ 94
oil ::>Ii 82
on board on'b::i:d 30
on strike on 'stra1k 15
on the other hand un ói: 'AÓ;i
'hrend 62, 65
on time on 'ta1m 30
oni on 'Anj;in 84
online banking ,on'lam
'brel)krl) 38
online gaming ,on'lam
'germrl) 34
opaque ;iu'perk 39
open ';iup;in 8
open-necked ';iup;in nekt 73
open-toed ';iup;in t;iud 73
opera 'op;ir;i 19
opera house 'op;ir;i haus 24
operate on 'up;ire1t on 27
operation ,op;ir'e1f;in 27, 92
operator 'op;ire1t;i 69
oppress ;i'pres 71
oppression ;i'pref;in 71
oppressor ;i'pres;i 71
optimistic ,optr'mrstrk 8
optional 'opf;in;il 53
ordeal ::>:'di:! 99
order book '::i:d;i buk 16
organ '::i:g;in 32
organie ::i:'grenrk 21, 23
original ;i'nd3;in;il 8, 18
ought ::>:t 79
our au;i 79, 81
oust aust 99
out and about aut ;in ;i'baut 76
out of breath aut ;iv bre0 45
out of this world aut ;iv ó1s
w3:Jd 46
out of touch aut ;iv tAtf 2
outbreak 'autbre1k 75
outcome 'autkAm 61, 75
English Vocab u/ary in Use Upper-intermediate
outgoings ,aut'g;iUIIJZ 38
outrageous ,aut're1d3;is 69
outset 'autset 75
outskirts 'autsk3:ts 24, 83
oval ';iuv;il 50
over the moon ';iuv;i ó;i
'mu:n 78
over the top ,;iuv;ió;i'top 9
overalls ';iuv;ir::i:lz 83
overcast ';iuv;ika:st 6
overcooked ,;iuv;i'kukt 21
overcrowding ,;iuv;i'kraudIIJ 24
overdo ,;iuv;i'du: 70
overdone ,;iuv;i'dAn 21
overdraft ';iuv;idra:ft 38
overdrawn ,;iuv;i'dr::i:n 38
overeat ,;iuv;ir'i:t 70
overfishing ,;iuv;i'frfIIJ 23
overleaf ,;iuv;il'i:f 66
overpopulated ,;iuv;i'popj;ile1t1d
23
overpopulation
,;iuv;i,popj;i'le1f;in 23
oversleep ,;iuv;i'sli:p 70
overtired ,;iuv;i'tai;id 70
overweight ,;iuv;i'wert 7
owing to (the fact that} ;)Uli)
tu: 61
owi au! 25
owner ;iun;i 55
ownership ';iun;ifIp 72
ozone layer ';iuz;iun 'le1;i 23
pace pers 56
pacemaker 'pers,me1k;i 28
pacifist 'presrfrst 40
pack prek 86, 87
package holiday 'prekrd3
'hol;ide1 31, 74
packed prekt 24
packet 'prekrt 87
paddle 'pred;il 17
page perd3 34
pai! perl 81
pam pem 27, 81
pair pe;i 26, 81, 86
pale perl 81
palm pa:m 79
pan pren 86, 87
pane pem 81
pants prents 83, 100
pantyhose 'prentih;iuz 100
paper 'pe1p;i 84, 95
pare pe;i 81
parents-in-law 'pe;ir;ints rn
b: 10
park pa:k 79
parking lot 'pa:krl) ,lot 100
parking meter 'pa:krl),mi:t;i 24
Parliament 'pa:l;im;int 36
parliamentary ,pa:l;i'ment;iri
36
partner 'pa:tn;i 7, 10
partnership 'pa:tn;if1p 69, 72
part-time ,pa:t'tarm 73
party 'pa:ti 36
pass (an exam) pa:s 14
passage 'presrd3 18
passionate 'pref~m;:it
42
passive 'presrv 69
password 'pa:sw3:d 2, 34
pat pret 44
paternity leave p;:i't3:n;:iti
,li:v 15
patio 'pretfau 11
patter 'pret;:i 54
pavement 'pervm;:int 100
paw p::i: 25
pay pei 37
payee per'i: 69
payment 'perm;:int 38
PC ,pi:'si: 33
peacock 'pi:kok 25
peak pi:k 22
peal pi:! 81
peculiar p1'kju:li;:i 8
pedestrian crossing p1'destri;:in
'krOSllJ 74
peel pi:! 81
peeler 'pi:l;:i 11
peer pr;:i 44
penalty 'pen;:ilti 98
peninsula p;:i'nrnsj;:il;:i 22
pentagonal pen'treg;:in;:il 50
people 'pi:p;:il 84
pepper 'pep;:i 84
per p3: 81
perfect 'p3:f1kt 39
perform p;:i'f::i:m 2
performance p;:i'fo:m;:ins 19
performing art p;:i'fo:mIIJ a:t 18
perfumed p;:i'fju:md 44
perm1ss1ve p;:i'm1sIV 8
permit n 'p3:m1t 79, 98
permit v p;:i'm1t 79
personal 'p3:s;:in;:il 40, 38
personal computer 'p3:s;:in;:il
k;:im'pju:t;:i 33
personality ,p3:s;:in'rel;:iti 7
personnel ,p3:s;:in'el 98
perspiration ,p3:sp;:ir'e1f;:in 45
perspire p;:i'spar;:i 45
pessllllistic ,pesr'm1st1k 8
peta! 'pet;:il 25
petrol 'petrnl 100
phase fe1z 51, 81
PhD 1pi:e1tf'di: 14
philosophy fI'los;:ifi 40
phone faun 95
phone charger 'faun 'tfa:d3;:i 11
photo frame 'faut;:iu ,freim 32
photograph 'faut;:igra:f 79
photographer fa'togrnfa 79
physical 'frzrbl 29
physicist 'frz1srst 69
physics 'f1z1ks 83
physiotherapist
,f1zi;:iu'8ernp1st 15
pianist 'pi:;:imst 69
piano 'pja:n;:iu 2
pick pik 25
pick out ,pik 'aut 20
picturesque ,p1ktf;:ir'esk 24, 31
piece pi:s 85
pigeon 'p1d3;:in 25
pig-headed ,p1g'hed1d 8
pile pad 86
PIN pm 77
pinstriped 'pmstra1pt 26
pitch p1tf 31
plaice ple1s 81
plain płem
22
plaster 'pla:st;:i 27
plastic 'plrest1k 82
playlist 'pled1st 20
plea pli: 99
plead pli:d 37
pledge pled3 99
pliers 'pla1;:iz 83
plod plod 56
plot plot 18
ploy pb1 99
plug plAg 33
plumber 'plAm;:i 15
plump plAmp 7
plus plAs 63
pneumatic nju:'mret1k 79
pocket money 'pok1t 'IDAni 74
podcast 'podka:st 35
point p::imt 50, 64
point of view ,p::imt ;:iv 'vju: 40
poke p;:iuk 44
polar ice cap ,p;:iul;:ir 'ais krep 23
Pole p;:iul 5
pole vault 'p;:iulv::i:lt 17
poles apart p;:iulz ;:i'pa:t 62
po lice station p;:i'li:s 'ste1f;:in 24
policy 'pol;:isi 36
polished 'pohft 57
politeness p;:i'la1tms 72
politician ,poh't1f;:in 36
poił
p;:iul 99
pollen 'pol;:in 25
polling station 'p;:iulru
'sterf;:in 36
polłutin
p;:i'lu:f;:in 23, 24, 69
pool pu:l 17
popular 'popj;:il;:i 35
popularity ,popj;:i'lrer;:iti 72
population ,popj;:i'le1f;:in
22,24
pop-up 'popAp 2
porch p::i:tf 11
portrait 'p::i:trnt 18
position p;:i'z1f;:in 64
possession p;:i'zef;:in 55
possibility ,pos;:i'b1fati 53
post p;:iust 2
postgraduate ,p;:iust'grred3u;:it
14, 70
post-impressionist
,p;:iust1m'pref;:imst 70
postpone p;:iust 'p;:iun 71
post-war ,p;:iust'w::i: 70
pot pot 87
potentia! p;:iu'tentf;:il 16
pour down p::i: daun 6
poverty 'pov;:iti 82, 85
power cut 'pau;:i kAt 12
power point 'pau;:ip::imt 11
practice 'prrekt1s 2, 81
praise pre1z 46
pray pre1 81
precise pn'sa1s 39
preconceived ,pri:k;:in'si:vd 70
pre-judge ,pri:'d3Ad3 70
premises 'prenns;:iz 83
premonition ,prem;:i'mf;:in 44
prerequisite 1pri:'rekw1z1t 60
presenter pn'zent;:i 35
presidential ,prezr'dentf;:il 36
press pres 32, 44
pretty (thick) 'pnti 39
previously 'pri:vi;:isli 59
pre-war ,pri:'w::i: 70
prey pre1 81
prickly 'pnkli 57
prim and proper pnm ;:in
'prop;:i 76
Prime Minister pra1m
'mm1st;:i 36
principle 'prms;:ip;:il 72
printout 'prmtaut 75
pnonty pra1'ornti 16
prison 'pnz;:in 3 7
probable 'prob;:ib;:il 53
probe pr;:iub 99
problem 'probl;:im 32, 64
proceeds 'pr;:iusi:dz 83
process 'prnuses 29
processed 'prnusest 29
produce prn'd3u:s 2, 71
product 'prodAkt 2
production pr;:i'dAkf;:in 19
productive pr;:i'dAktrv 2, 69
productivity ,prodAk'trv;:iti
69
profession prn'fef;:in 15
professor prn'fes;:i 14
profit 'profrt 16, 88
programme 'prnugrrem 35
progress n 'pr;:iugres 14, 79
progress v prn'gres 79
prohibited pr;:iu'h1b1t1d 98
project 'prod3ekt 14
projector prn'd3ekt;:i 69
promote pr;:i'm;:iut 19
promotion prn'm;:iuf;:in 69
prompt prompt 61
proof pru:f 37
proprietor pr;:i'pra1;:it;:i 55
prosecute 'prosrkju:t 37, 98
prospect 'prospekt 71
protect prn'tekt 23
protest pr;:iu'test 79
proverb 'prov3:b 97
provide pr;:i'va1d 55
provide s.o. with sth
pr;:i'vard SAmwATI wio
SAm8rl) 94
provided pr;:iu'va1d1d 60
provoke prn'v;:iuk 61
pseudo-intlłca
'sju:d;:iu
,mt;:il'ektfu;:il 70
pseudonym 'sju:d;:imm 79
psychiatry sa1'ka1;:itri 79
psychic 'sarkik 79
psychology sa1'kol;:id3i 79
public 'pAblrk 86
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
269
public relations officer 'pAbhk
n'le1J<inz 'of1s<i 15
public school 'pAblrk 'sku:l 14
publication ,pAbh'ke1J;:in 18
pudding 'pudI!J 21
puff pAf 85
pull pul 32
pull a fast one
pul <i fa:st w An 78
pungent 1pAnd3<int 44
punishment 'pAmfm<int 37
purchase 'p3:tJ;:is 94
purify 'pju;:irrfar 69
purpose 'p3:p<is 61
purr p3: 80
pushy 'puJi 8
put across put <>'kros 91
put away put ;:i'we1 91
put down put 'daun 91
put forward put 'f::>:w;:id 16, 91
put in pu:t 'm 91
put off put 'of 91
put on put'on 91
put out put 'aut 91
put two and two together
put tu: <in tu: t<i'geó;:i 91
put up put 'Ap 30, 91
put up with put 'Ap wio 91
put your foot down put j;:i fut
daun 91
putrid 'pju:tnd 44
put-up job 'putAp 'd3ob 91
py1amas pr'd3o:m<iz 26
pyramidal pr'nem1d;:il 50
quack kwrek 95
qualify 'kwohfa1 17
quarrelsome 'kwor<ils<im 8
queue kju: 100
quick-witted ,kw1k'w1t1d 73
quid kw1d 95
quiet kwa1<it 44
quit kwrt 99
quite kwart 41
R & B o:rnnd'bi: 20
Rand R ,o:rnnd'o: 76
rabies 're1bi:z 13
race relations re1s n'lerJ<inz 74
racket 'rrekrt 17, 5 4
radar 'rerdo: 77
radical 'rredrk;:il 40
radio station 'rerdfau
'ste1J<in 24
radius 'rerdi<is 50
rage re1d3 72
rain rem 81
rainforest 'rem,fonst 23
RAM rrem 33
range remd3 86
rap rrep 20
rapid 'rreprd 28
rash rreJ 27
rate rert 56
rather 'rreó;:i 41
rays rerz 81
reach ri:tJ 17, 58
react ri 'rekt 32, 79
readable 'ri:d;:ib;:il 69
270
readiness 'redm1s 69
realise 'n<ila1z 58
rearrange ,ri:;:i'remd3 70
reason 'ri:z<in 61 , 72
reasonably (good) 'ri:z;:in;:ibli 39
receding n'si:du;i 7
receipt rr'si:t 79
rece1ve rr'si:v 35, 79
receptionist n'sepJ<imst 15
recess1on n'seJ<in 16, 72
recipe 'resrpi 79
reckon 'rek<in 40
recover n'kAV<l 27
rectangle 'rektreJJg<il 1, 50
rectangular rek'tre!)gj;:il;:i 50
recycling ,ri'saiklrJJ 23
reddish 'red1J 69
red-haired red'he<id 7, 73
reduce n'd3u:s 23, 29, 98
reduction rr'dAkJ;:in 69, 72
refer (s.o. to sth) n'fa: 66
referee ,refar'i: 17
re-fili ,ri:'fd 21
refrain n'frem 98
refugee ,refju'd3i: 13
refusal n'fju:z;:il 69
regain rr'gem 70
registry office 'red31stri 'of1s 24
regret n'gret 94
re1gn rem 80
rem rem 79, 81
reinforce ,ri:m'f::>:s 79
reject n'd3ekt 79
relationship n'le1J;:inJ1p 72
relaxed n'lrekst 8
release n'li:s 2, 37
reliable n'la1<ib<il 8
religious rr'hd3;:is 40
remote n'm;:iut 31
remote control rr'm;:iot
kdn'tr<iul 11
renew n'nju: 70
repay rr'per 70
repayment n'pe1m;:int 38
repel n'pel 42
replace rr'plers 70
replacement rr'plersm<int
69, 72
representative ,repn'zent<it1v
36
reproduction ,ri:prn'dAkf;:in 18
republic n'pAblrk 36
requirement rr'kwa1;:im;:int 53,
60
research n's3:tJ 82
researcher n's3:tJ<> 15
reserve n'z3:v 23
residence 'rezrd;:ins 94
residential ,rez1'dentJ<il 24
resit ,ri:'s1t 14
resolution ,rez<i'lu:J;:in 64
respect n'spekt 71
response n'spons 64
rest room 'restrum 100
restaurant 'restront 24
result rr'zAlt 61
retirement rr'ta1<im<int 15, 72
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
revert n'v3:t 71
review n'vju: 18
revolted rr'v;:iult1d 42
rewrite ,ri:'rart 70
riddle 'nd;:il 99
ridge nd3 22
right ra1t 65, 81
right angle 'rart,re!)g<il 50
right-wing ,ra1t'w11J 40
ring ni) 54
rise ratz 29
risk rrsk 29
rite rart 81
riveting 'rrv<itIJJ 3
roadworks 'r<iudw3:ks 74
roar r;,: 54, 80
rob rob 37
robbery 'rob<iri 37
rod rod 17
roe r<iu 81
roll out 'rnulaut 16
root ru:t 25
rosy-cheeked 'rnuzi tJi:kt 73
rotate rnu'te1t 32
rough rAf 30, 57
rough and ready ,rAf<ind'redi
76
round raund 1 7
round trip raund tnp 100
round-faced raund fe1st 7
round-neck raund nek 26
row r<iu 81, 86
row rau 81
rubber 'rAb<i 100
rude ru:d 8
rum 'ru:m 12
rule ru:l 36
rumbie 'rAmb<il 45, 54, 85
run rAn 33, 36,51,56
run down ,rAn'daun 46
run out (of) rAn aut(<iv) 12, 93
run over rAn '<>UV<> 93
run-down ,rAn'daun 24, 73
rura! 'ru;:ir;:il 2
rush rAJ 56
rustle 'rAs<il 54
sack srek 15, 87
sadistic s;:i'd1st1k 8
sadly 'sredli 43
sadness 'sredms 69
sail sed 30, 5 6, 81
salrnon 'srem<in 79
salty 's;,:lti 21, 44
satellite 'sret<ila1t 35
satnav 'sretnrev 32, 77
savings account 'se1v11Jz
;:i'kaunt 38
savoury 'se1v<iri 21
scales ske!lz 83
scandal 'skrend<il 35
Scandinavia ,skrend1'ne1vi;:i 5
Scandinavian ,skrendr'nervi<in 5
scanner 'skren;:i 28, 33
scarcity 'ske<is<iti 69
scene si:n 19, 81
scented 'sent1d 44
school sku:l 24
school-leaving age sku:l 'li:v11J
e1d3 14
science 'sa1ants 79
science fiction 'sa1ants
'f1kfan 74
scientist 'sa1ant1st 15
sci-fi 'sa1,fa1 77
scissors 's1zaz 83
score sk:i: 19
Scotch ta pe skotf te1p 100
scream skri:m 43
screech skri:tf 54
screenplay 'skri:nple1 19
script skr1pt 19
scruffy 'skrAfi 7
scuba diving 'sku:ba ,daIVIIJ 17
sculptor 'skAlpta 18
sculpture 'skAlptfa 18
seal si:! 25
search engine 's3:tf ,end3m 34
seasick 'si:s1k 30
seat si:t 30, 36
second floor 'sekand fb: 100
second language 'sekand
'lre1Jgw1d3 5
secondly 'sekandli 66
seconds 'sekandz 21
secure s1'kjua 58
security s1'kjuarati 2
see through 'si:8ru: 93
seek si:k 94
self-assured ,selfa'Juad 8
self-catering ,self'ke1tan1J 31
self-centred ,self'sentad 73
self-confident ,self 'konf1dant 8
self-contained ,selfkan 'temd 11
self-control ,selfkan'traul 74
self-important ,self1m'p:i:tant 8
sell se! 16
sellotape 'selaute1p 100
semi-circle 'semi,s3:kal 50
semi-circular ,semi's3:kjala 70
semi-detached ,semid1'tretft 11,
70
semi-final ,semi'famal 17, 70
seminar 'semma: 14
Senate 'semt 36
sender 'senda 69
sensation sen'se1fan 35
sense sents 72
sensible 'sentsabal 8
sensitive 'sents1t1v 8
sensitivity ,sents1't1vati 72
sentence 'sentants 37
series 's1ari:z 18, 83
serve s3:v 37, 98
server S3:va 34
set set 86
set a record set a n'k:i:d 17, 91
set aside set a'said 91
set fire to sth set fa1a ta
SAffi3II) 91
set foot in set fut m 91
set free set fri: 91
set menu 'set 'menju: 21
set off set 'of 91
set out set 'aut 91
set up set 'Ap 91
setting 'set11) 18
set-up 'setAp 75
severe s1'v1a 6, 39
sew sau 81
shady 'f e1di 57
shake f e1k 13, 45
shake-up 'fe1kAp 75
shallow 'Jrelau 52
shark f a:k 25
sharp f a:p 8, 29
shears f 1az 83
shed fed 11
shiftwork 'J1ftw3:k 15
shine fam 54
shiny 'f ami 57
shiver 'J1va 27, 45
shoal faul 86
shoot f u:t 35
shoplift 'Joplift 37
shore J:i: 22
short story ,f:i:t 'st:i:ri 18
shortage 'J:i:t1d3 53
shortcut 'J:i:tkAt 52
shorten 'J:i:tan 52
shorts f :i:ts 83
short-term ,J:i:t't3:m 29
should f ud 79
shout faut 43
show Jau 19,35,94
shower 'fauwa 6, 85
showjumping 'Jaud3AmpIIJ 17
shrewd Jru:d 8
shriek Jri:k 43
sick and tired sik an ta1ad 41
sick leave 'sik ,li:v 15
siekły
's1kli 21
sickness 's1kms 27
side said 50
side dish 'sa1dd1J 21
sidewalk 'sa1dw:i:k 100
sigh Sal 45
sight sa1t 44, 72, 81, 92
sign up sam Ap 2
significant s1g'nńkat
49
silent 'sadant 44
silky 'siłk
57
silly 'sili 8
simile 's1m1li 96
simple 's1mpal 8
simultaneously ,s1mal'temiasli
59
since smts 61
sincere sm's1a 8
smger 'SIIJa 20
single 's11)gal 100
sit an exam ,sit ren 1g'zrem 14
sitcom 'sitkom 35
sire sa1t 81
situation ,s1tju 'e1fan 64
skating rink 'ske1t11) ,nl)k 24
skilled worker 'skdd 'w3:ka
15
skin skm 7
skinny 'skmi 7
skip skip 14
sky-blue ,ska1'blu: 73
Skype ska1p 34
sleek sli:k 57
sleeve sli:v 26
sleeveless 'sli:vlas 26
slice sla1s 85
slim shm 7
slippers 'shpaz 26
slippery 'shpari 57
slow slau 12, 29
slum slAm 24
sly siar 8
small talk sm:i:l t:i:k 68
smart sma:t 7
smartphone 'sma:tfaun 32
smash smref 12, 80
smell smel 44
smog smog 23
smooth smu:ó 57
smuggle 'smAgal 37
snail sneII 25
snatch snretf 44
sneeze sni:z 4 5
snooker 'snu:ka 17
snore sn:i: 45
snowboarding 'snaob:i:d11J 17
so s;m 81
so on sao on 63
soap saup 35
so-called ,sau'b:ld 73
sociable 'saufabal 8
social network 'saufal
'netw3:k 2
social networking sire 'saofal
'netw3:k11J ,sait 34
socialist 'saofalist 40
soften 'sofan 79
software 'softwea 32, 33, 82
soi! s:id 32
sole saul 26, 81
solid 'solid 39, 57
solidify sa'hd1fa1 39
solution sa'lu:fan 64
sombre 'somba 39, 54
sonar 'sauna: 77
sophisticated sa'fist1ke1t1d 28
sore throat ,s:i: '8raot 27
sorry 'sori 79
sort of 's:i:t ov 65
soul saul 81
sound saund 44, 54
sound barrier saond 'breria 74
soundtrack 'saundtrrek 20
sour 'saua 21,44
source s:i:s 22, 29
South America sau8 a'menb 5
Southern Africa 'sAÓan 'refnka
5
Southern African 'sAÓan
'refnkan 5
sow sau 81
spacious 'spe1fas 24
spaghetti spa'geti 82, 83
spam sprem 2
Spaniard 'sprenjad 5
spark off spa:k of 61
sparkle 'spa:bl 54
sparse spa:s 57
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
271
special 'spefal 21
species 'spi:Ji:z 23
spectacles 'spektablz 28, 83
spectator spek'terta 17
speed spi:d 56, 72
spell spel 51, 85
spherical 'sfenkal 50
spicy 'sparsi 21, 44
spill spr! 12
spin spm 47
spiral 'spairal 50
spit out sprt aut 80
splash splref 80
sponsor 'spontsa 55
sports sp::i:ts 35
sports centre sp::i:ts 'sent;:i 24
spot spot 27, 85
spotted spotrd 26
sprain sprem 27
spray sprer 80
spread spred 13, 52
spreadsheet 'spredfi:t 33
sprinkle 'spnl)bl 80
sprinter 'sprmta 17
spud spAd 95
spurt Sp3:t 80
squaddie 'sk:wodi 95
square skwea 50
stack strek 86
staff sto:f 86
stage ste1d3 19, 51
stain stem 12
stairs steaz 83
stake sterk 81
starnmer 'strem;:i 43
stand strend 36
standstill 'strendstd 92
stapler 'sterpla 69
starciom 'sto:dam 72
stare stea 44
starter sto:ta 21
starve sto:v 13
state stert 85
stationary 'sterfanari 94
statue 'stretfu: 18
steady 'stedi 10, 38
steak ste1k 81
steal sti:l 37
steering wheel 'stranl) ,wi:l
30, 74
stem stem 25
stem cell research 'stem ,sel
n's3:tf 32
stem from stem from 61
stick strk 17
stiff strf 16, 39
stifling 'starful) 6
still str! 65
still life str! !arf 18
stingy 'stmd3i 8
stinking 'st11Jlu1J 44
stir st3: 56
stocky 'stoki 7
stodgy 'stod3i 21
stornach 'stAmak 1
stone staun 82
Stone Age 'staun ,erd3 51
stop stop 92
272
store st::>: 33
storm st::i:m 79
stout staut 7
straight strert 7
stream stri:m 20, 22, 35
strength strel)k8 72
stress stres 29
stressed strest 2 7
stressed out strest aut 8
stressful 'stresful 29
stretch stretf 52
strife strarf 99
striped strarpt 26
stroke strauk 27, 44
strong stroi) 39, 40
structure 'strAktJa 32
strum strAm 2
stubborn 'stAban 8
stuck stAk 30
stuck-up ,stAk'Ap 73
studio 'stju:di;:iu 11
studio flat 'stju:diau firet 11
stuff st Af 84
stunning stAllilJ 7, 31
stupid 'stju:prd 8
sturdy 'st3:di 39
stutter 'stAta 4 3
subdivision ,sAbdr'VI3an 70
submarine ,sAbmar'i:n 70
submit sab'mrt 14
subscribe sab'skrarb 34, 35
subsequently
'sAbs1kwantli 59
substance 'sAbstants 23
substantial sab'strentfal 49
subtitles 'sAb,tartalz 35
subtle 'sAtal 79
subtraction sab'trrekfan 50
suburbs 'sAb3:bz 24
subway 'sAbwe1 70, 100
succeed sak'si:d 58
success sak'ses 58, 88
successful s;:ik' sesfal 58
successfully sak'sesfali 58
suck SAk 45
suede swe1d 26
suffer 'sAfa 13, 27
sugar-free 'fug;:i fri: 73
sugary 'Jugari 21
suggest sa'd3est 3
suggestion sa'd3estfan 88
suit su:t 26
sum SAID 81
sum up SAID Ap 66
sumrnit 'sAnnt 22
sunburn 'sAnb3:n 27
sunglasses 'sAn,gla:s1z 74
suntanned 'sAntrend 73
superfood 'su:pafu:d 29
supervisor 'su:p;:ivarza 15, 69
supply sA'plar 3, 55
support sa'p::i:t 55, 71
surf the Internet S3:f oi:
'mtanet 2
surface 's3:fis 57
surrounding sa'raundIIJ 31
surv1vor sa'va1v;:i 13
suspect n 'sAspekt 37, 79
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
suspect v sa'spekt 37, 40, 79
swallow 'swolau 45
swarm sw::>:m 86
sway swer 56
sweat swet 45
Swede swi:d 5
sweep swi:p 13
sweet swi:t 21, 44
sweets swi:ts 100
sweet-smelling
'swi:t 'smelIIJ 44
swerve sw3:v 56
swirnmer 'sw1ma 17
swimrning pool 'sw1m11J
,pu:l 24
swimming trunks 'swirn11J
,trAl)kS 83
Swiss sw1s 5
sword s::i:d 79
sync Sil)k 20
table mat 'terbalinret 11
tablet 'treblat 27
tablet (computer) 'treblat
32,33
tabloid 'trebb1d 35
taił
tetl 25
take a deep breath
terk a di:p bre8 45
take a risk terk ;:i n sk 89
take advantage of te1k
ad'vo:nt1d3 ov 89
take after te1k 'o:fta 89
take an exam
te1k 'ren 1g'zrem 14
take back te1k brek 89
take control te1k kan'traul 89
take in terk m 26, 89
take it or leave it
,te1k1t::i:'li:v1t 76
take off te1k 'of 89
take on terk 'on 89
take over ,te1k 'auva 89
take place terk ple1s 89
take s.o./sth for granted
terk SAmWAnfSAm8II) fo:
gro:nt1d 89
take turns te1k t3:nz 93
take up terk 'Ap 26, 89
take-away 'te1kawe1 24
takeover 'te1k,auva 75
talented 'trelantrd 8, 20
talk t::i:k 79
talk down to s.o.
,t::i:k 'daun ta 'sAmwAn 68
talk show t::>:k J;:iu 35
talking point 't::i:k11J ,p::>mt 68
talks t::>:ks 99
tallish 't::>:lrf 7
tan tren 7
tap trep 44
target 'to:g1t 58, 91
tart to:t 79
tartan 'to:tan 26
taste terst 20, 44
tasteful 'terstfal 44
tasteless 'te1stlas 21, 44
tasty 'te1sti 21, 44
taxi rank 'treksi rrel)k 24
tea bag 'ti: breg 74
teacher 'ti:tJ;:i 79
teacher's pet 'ti:tJ;:iz pet 9
teacher-training college
'ti:tJ;:i 'tremIIJ 'kohd3 14
team ti:m 79, 86
teaspoonful 'ti:spu:nful 27
tee ti: 81
telepathy t1'lep;:iei 44
telephone 'tehfaun 79
telephony t1'lefani 79
televise 'tehva1z 35
telły
'tell 95
temperature 'temprntJ;:i 27
temptation temp'te1J;:in 72
tenant 'ten;:int 55
tennis courts 'terus 'k::>:ts 24
tennis player 'tems 'ple1;:i 17
ten-pin bowling
'ten pm 'b;:iuh1J 17
tense tents 8
tension 'tentJ;:in 85
term t3:m 36
terminal 't3:mm;:il 30
terrace 'tens 11
terraced 'tenst 11
terrify 'ter;:ifa1 69
terrifying 'ternfanlJ 31
terrorism 'ter;:inz;:im 37
terrorist 'ter;:inst 69
texture 'tekstJ;:i 57
Thai tai 5
thankful •erel)kfal 41
thaw e::>: 6
The Antarctic oi: ren'ta:kt1k 5
The Arctic oi: 'a:kt1k 5
the arts oi: a:ts 18
The Atlantic oi: ;:it'lrentik 5
the BBC o;:i ,bi:bi:'si: 77
the bee's knees o;:i bi: ni:z 46
The Caribbean
o;:i ,kren'bi:;:in 5
the CIA oo ,si:a1'e1 77
The Commonwealth o;:i
'kom;:inwel0 5
The EU oi: ,i:'ju: 5
The European Union
o;:i ,ju;:ir;:i'pi:;:in 'ju:nj;:in 5
The Far East oo fa:r i:st 5
The Indian Ocean
oi: 'mdi;:in ';:iuf;:in 5
The Mediterranean
o;:i ,med1t;:ir'e1ni;:in 5
The Middle East
o;:i Jilld;:il i:st 5
The Netherlands
o;:i 'neo;:il;:indz 5
The Pacific o;:i p;:i'sif1k 5
The Philippines oo 'f1hpi:nz 5
The UAE o;:i ,ju:e1'i: 5
The UK oo ,ju:'ke1 5
The United Arab Emirates
o;:i ju:'na1t1d 'rer;:ib 'ermrnts 5
The United Kingdom
o;:i ju:'nanid 'k11Jd;:im 5
The United States
o;:i ju:'naitJd ste1ts 5
1
The US o;:i 'ju:es 5
theatre •e1;:it;:i 19, 24
theft eeft 3 7
their óe;:i 81
theory •e1;:iri 32
there óe;:i 81
thereafter ,oe;:i'ro:ft;:i 59
thermal •e3:m;:il 22
thermometer 0d'mom1t;:i 28
thesis '0i:s1s 14
they're óe;:i 81
thick e1k 57
thin em 57
thin-faced em fe1st 7
thin-lipped em hpt 73
thirdly •e3:dli 66
this and that OJS ;:in oret 67
thom e::>:n 25
thought S::>:t 72
threat eret 99
threaten '0ret;:in 43
threw eru: 81
thrifty •errrti 8
thrilled 0rdd 41
through 0ru: 81
throughout 0ru'aut 59
throw (a pot) er;:iu 18
thud eJ\d 54
tide taid 48
tight-fisted ,tart'f1st1d 8
tight-fitting ,ta1t 'frtII) 73
tights ta1ts 83, 100
time ta1m 51, 84
time off ta1m of 37
time-consuming
'tarmk;:in,sju:rmlJ 73
timeless 'ta1mfas 51
times tannz 50
tin tm 87
tin opener 'tm ';:iup;:in;:i 74
tiny 'ta1ni 49
tire ta1;:i 81
to and fro ,tu:;:ind'frnu 2, 76
toe t;:iu 81
toilet 't::>Il;:it 100
toilet roll 1t::>1fat ,r;:iul 11
tomb tu:m 79
tongs tol)Z 83
tool tu:l 28
topie 'topik 64
top-notch ,top'notJ 46
top-secret ,top 'si:krnt 73
torch t::>:tJ 100
tornado t::>:'ne1d;:iu 13
torrential rain t;:i'rentJ;:il 'rem 6
total 't;:iut;:il 49
toalły
't;:iut;:ili 49
touch tAtf 44
tough tAf 39
tow t;:iu 81
town taun 24
track trrek 2, 20
trade tre1d 15
trademark 'tre1dma:k 74
traditional trn'd1J;:in;:il 32, 40
traffic jam 'trref1k ,d3rem 24
traffic lights 'trref1k ,larts 74, 83
traffic system
'trrefik 's1st;:im 24
trained tremd 20
transfer n 'trrensfa: 79
transfer v trren'sfa: 38
transparent trrent'sprer;:int 39
transport n 'trrensp::>:t 82, 79
transport v trren'sp::>:t 71, 79
trash trreJ 100
travel 'trrev;:il 30, 56
treat tri:t 28
tremble 'tremb;:il 27, 45
trespasser 'tresp;:is;:i 98
trial 'tra1;:il 3 7
triangular tra1 1 re1Jgj;:il;:i 50
tributary 'tnbj;:it;:iri 22
trip tnp 12, 30
trivia! 'tnvi;:il 39
trivialise 'tnvfalaiz 39
trophy 'trdUfi 17
tropical 'tmp1kdl 6
tropical storm
'tmp1k;:il 'st::>:m 13
trousers 'trauz;:iz 83, 100
truck trAk 100
trunk trJ\l]k 25, 100
trunks trAIJkS 83
trustworthy 'trAst ,w3:oi 8
try tra1 37
try on tra1 'on 26
tub tAb 87
tube tJu:b 85, 87, 95
tune tf u:n 20
Turk t3:k 5
turn down t3:n 'daun 93
turn out t3:n 'aut 93
turn up t3:n 'Ap 93
turnover 't3:n,;:iuv;:i 75
tutor 'tJu:t;:i 14
tutorial tJu: 't::>:ri;:il 14
tweet twi:t 35, 80
tweezers 'twi:z;:iz 83
twig tw1g 25
twinkle 'tWil)k;:iJ 54
twist twist 12
two-faced ,tu:'fe1st 73
typhoid 'taifo1d 13
typhoon ta1 'fu:n 13
typist 'ta1p1st 69
tyre 'ta1;:i 81
unaccompanied ,An;:i'kJ\rnp;:inid
98
unattractive ,AD;:i'trrekt1v 7
unauthorised AD'::>:e;:ira1zd 98
unbend An'bend 70
uncertainty An's3:t;:inti 85
unconventional ,Ank;:in'ventJ;:in;:il
8
undercooked ,And;:i'kukt 21, 70
underdone ,Aild;:i'dAn 21
underfoot ,And;:i'fut 57
underground 'Alld;:igraund 100
underpants 'And;:iprents 83, 100
undershirt 'Aild;:iJ3:t 100
underused ,Afld;:i'ju:zd 70
underworked ,And;:i'w3:kt 70
undo An'du: 33, 70
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
273
undress An'dres 70
unfair Ail'fe;i 70
unfold An'fauld 70
unfriend ,An'frend 2, 10
uru 'ju:ni 77
union representative
'ju:nj;in ,repn'zent;itrv 15
unique ju: 'ni:k 31
university ,ju:nr'v3:s;iti 24
unless ;in'les 60
unload An'l;iud 70
unlock An'lok 70
unnatural An'nretf;ir;il 70
unprincipled An'prmts;ip;ild 8
unripe An'rarp 21
unskilled worker
An'skrld 'w3:k;i 15
unspoilt All' sp:)llt 31
untidy-looking An'ta1di 'lukrIJ 7
untie An'tai 70
until ;in'ttl 94
unusually (strong) An'ju:3;ili 39
unveil An'verl 70
unwrap An'rrep 70
unzip An'z1p 70
up and down ,Ap;ind'daun 76
upgrade Ap'gre1d 33
upload Ap'l;iud 2
upset adj, v Ap'set 8, 41, 79
upset n 'Apset 79
upshot 'Apfot 61
urban '3:b;in 2
use ju:z 81, 94
use ju:s 81
useful 'ju:sfal 69
useless 'ju:sl;is 69
username 'ju:z;inerm 34
utilise 'ju:trlarz 32, 94
utility room ju:'trl;iti ,ru:m 11
utter 'At;i 49
uterły
'At;ili 49
vacation v;i'ke1f;in 100
valłey
'vreli 22
vandalism 'vrend;iliz;im 24
vast va:st 28, 49
VAT ,vi: e1 'ti: 38
vegan 'vi:g;in 21
vegetables 'ved3t;ib;ilz 79
vegetarian ,ved31'te;iri;in 40
vehicle 'vr;ibl 98
velocity vr'los;iti 56
venue 'venju: 19
verdict 'v3:drkt 37
vest vest 100
vet vet 95
victim 'v1kt1m 13, 37
view vju: 40, 64, 92
viewer vju:;i 19
villa 'vrl;i 11
violinist var;i 'lrnrst 6 9
virtual reality 'v3:tfu;il ri'refati
34
virus 'var;ir;is 27, 33
274
VIS!On 'v13;in 28
vitarnin 'v1t;imm 29
vivid 'v1vrd 39, 57
V-neck 'vi:nek 26
voice mail 'v;,1smerl 74
voice technology
'v;,1s tek'nol;id3i 32
volcano vol'kem;iu 13, 22
vote v;iut 36
vow vau 99
voyage 'v;,1j1d3 30
waist we1st 81
waistcoat 'werstk;iut 100
wait we1t 81
walkout 'w;,:kaut 75
wander 'wond;i 79
war w;,: 13, 88
wardrobe 'w;,:dr;iub 100
warm-hearted ,w;,:m'ha:t1d
73
warmth w;,:mp8 72
wash 'wof 100
wash up ,wof 'Ap 100
washable wof;ib;il 69
waste we1st 23, 81
water 'w;,:t;i 79
water polłutin
'w;,:t;i p;i'lu:f;in 23
waterfall 'w;,:t;ib:l 22
wavy 'we1vi 7
wavy-haired 'we1vi 'he;id 73
way out ,we1'aut 64
WC ,dAb;ilju:'si: 100
weak wi:k 39, 81
weakness 'wi:kn;is 69, 72
wealth wel8 82
weather 'weó;i 81, 82
weather forecast
'weó;i 'b:ka:st 35
webcam 'webkrem 34
website 'websait 34
wed wed 99
week wi:k 81
weight we1t 57, 81
weird w1;id 8, 40
welfare state 'welfe;i 'ste1t 74
well wel 65
well-built ,wel'brlt 7
well-dressed we! 'drest 7, 73
well-off ,wel'of 73
whale werl 25
wheel wi:l 32
wheelchair 'wi:ltfeg 28
wheeze wi:z 80
whereabouts ,we;ir;i'bauts 83
wherever we;i'rev;i 60
whether 'weó;i 81
whichever wr'tfev;i 60
whine wam 81
whiskers 'w1sbz 25
whisper 'w1sp;i 43
whistłe
'w1s;il 79, 80
white wart 7
English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
whizz WIZ 80
WHO ,dAb;ilju:,eitJ';iu 77
whoever hu:'ev;i 60
wholemeal 'h;iulrni:l 29
wholly 'h;iuli 49
wide ward 52
widen 'wa1d;in 52
width w1t8 52, 72
wi-fi 'warfa1 34
wiki 'wiki 34
wind wamd 81
wind wmd 81
winding 'wamdrIJ 31
windscreen 'wmdskri:n 74
windscreen wiper
'wmdskri:n ,wa1p;i 74
windsurfing 'wmds3:frIJ 17
wine wam 81
wing WIIJ 25
wink WIIJk 45
wireless 'wa1;il;is 34
wisdom 'wrzd;im 72
witness 'wrtn;is 37, 44
womanhood 'wum;inhud 72
womb wu:m 79
wood wud 81
woollen 'wul;in 26
word-processing 'w3:d,pr;iusesrIJ
33
work W3:k 12, 15
work of art ,w3:k ;iv 'a:t 18
workaholic ,w3:k;i'holik 15
worked-up W3:kt AP 8
workout 'w3:kaut 75
workshop 'w3:kfop 14
world W3:ld 2
World Wide Web
'w3:Jdward web 34
world-famous ,w3:Jd'fe1m;is
73
worldwide ,w3:ld'ward 23
worm w3:m 25
worn-out ,w:>:n'aut 73
would wud 79, 81
wound wu:nd 81
wounded wu:ndrd 13
wound up 'waund AP 8
wrap up (the discussion)
rrep Ap 68
wrinkles 'nIJk;ilz 7
X-ray 'eksrer 28
yacht jot 30
yard ja:d 100
yawn j;,:n 45
yawning (gap) j;,:nrIJ 62
yearn for j3:n b: 42
you know j;i'n;iu 65
you see j;i'si: 65
youth hostel 'ju:8 'host;il 24,
31, 74
zebra crossing 'zebr;:,
'krnsIIJ 100
zip Zip 26
English Profile
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