Use of Brackish Water for Sustained Crop Production while Maintaining Soil Health. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture / University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Nazir  Hussain

The study was undertaken to investigate the performance of organic and inorganic fertilizers in floating bed on the development and yield of Indian spinach and red amaranth in 2014 and 2015 in Gopalganj, Bangladesh. The single factor experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. There were four treatments like control, cowdung, suggested dose of NPK, fifty percent cowdung + fifty percent suggested dose of NPK. Organic and inorganic fertilizers have positive impact in floating bed for the performance of Indian spinach and red amaranth. In case of Indian spinach, the higheststem length (187.17 and 185.33 cm, respectively) was found in fifty percent cow dung + fifty percent suggested dose of NPK. The highest weight of leaves varied from 567.00 and 521.33 to 853.67 and 843.00 g while the total weight of stems varied from 686.67 and 694.00 to 1009.33 and 998.67 g in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest yield (57.30 and 55.60 t ha-1 , respectively) was obtained from suggested dose of NPK followed by fifty percent Cow dung + fifty percent suggested dose of NPK. The minimum yield (37.60 and 36.50 t ha-1 , respectively) was obtained within the control in 2014 & 2015. Similar tendency was also observed in red amaranth in both the growing season. Including economic consideration, the results suggested that the use of fifty percent cow dung + fifty percent NPK of suggested dose of fertilizers in floating bed was appropriate for development and yield as well as cost effective for Indian spinach and red amaranth production.

Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 in Horticulture farm, Faculty of Agricultural, Kafr El-Sheikh University, North of the Nile Delta, Egypt, having a clay textured soil to evaluate the effect of drainage of fish ponds on microirrigation systems performance and summer cabbage production. Study variables were; two microirrigation systems (drip system "D" and microsprinkler system "MS"), two sources for irrigation (traditional water "TW" and drainage of fish ponds "DF") and three nitrogen doses (100% N, 70% N and 40% N). For traditional water "TW" (100% N) only was applied. The results referred to that, "DF" increased the reduction in emitter flow rate at end of growing season comparing with "TW". The lowest reduction was achieved by (TW+ 100% N) as 6.1 and 3.0 % for "D" and "MS" systems respectively. The highest uniformity coefficient (CU) at end of growing season achieved by (TW+ 100% N) as 87 and 84 % for "D" and "MS" systems respectively. "D" system achieved the highest head yield while "MS" system achieved the highest head diameter. The highest head yield was achieved by (DF + 100% N) as 110 and 87.4 ton/fed. for "D" and "MS" respectively. The highest values of water productivity were obtained by (DF + 100% N) as 49.7 and 44.7 kg/m 3 for "D" and "MS" respectively. The highest values of nitrogen productivity were obtained by (DF + 40% N) as 1170.8 and 1045.8 kgyeild/kgN for "D" and "MS" respectively.

Knowledge of soil and water relationships is valuable to all who have the opportunity to improve irrigation practices, including the irrigators who desire to obtain the best use of the water available for their farms. Irrigation is an artificial means of preventing deficiencies in the moisture con¬tent of soils. Intelligent irrigation practices based on knowledge of dirt and moisture are also a means of preventing or at least retarding the occurrence of water-logging of grounds. The functions of soil moisture in plant growth are very impor¬tant. Excessive volumes of water in soils retard or inhibit plant growth and make drainage essential. Low amounts of water usually cause the sterility of arid-region soils. Soil and water relationships of particular importance in irrigated regions include the capacities of well-drained soils in the field to retain water available for plants and the flow or movement of water in soils. Intermolecular forces and tensions in unsaturated soils are influenced by soil texture and structure. These forces give rise to "capillary phenomena" in unsaturated soils, which are of particular interest in studying soil and water relations. The following paragraphs emphasise the rela¬tionships between grounds and water, with specific reference to their influence on irrigation and drainage practices.

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE COMPASSIONATE, THE MERCIFUL USE OF BRACKISH WATER FOR SUSTAINED CROP PRODUCTION WHILE MAINTAINING SOIL I{EALTII BY NAZIR IIUSSAIN M.Sb. (Hons.) ACTi' A thesis submiited in partial fulfilment of rhe rcouirements for thc degrce ot Doaor of PhilosoPhY n SOIL SCIENCE I,INIVERSITY OF AGRIUCLTURE' FAISALABAD' PAKISTAN lwl To //Tbe CoDrollcr of ExrniEriotre, Uniw.sity ol A8rtu|l!l|!, F.is.lrb.d. lh {ncft.Dd forn of |!6i. s$oi[.d by l&. Nen Husrtu hve hc.d fo|ud s{bfi.tory |[d W.. r.coDnend thn ir the S\pcrvilory lc CoDnil|c., ccnit proccss€d by rh. E{rerul BxrmirEn ior the aw$d of ph.D. Dcg.c. )t {z - Chairn tr "Dt 0 urx,a6; ! (Dr. T.hir Hursain) in'- ul Ghafoor) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I €xpress ny Depaimc of soil Sci.nc! gratitude to Proi Dr. Ta,bir Hussiin. Chaimd, Commitle for his and Sopervi$ory guida$ce mainBininS a keen sins€ ol disiplinc in the quality ol laDontory and field ald worl Dr. Abdul Ghafoor, Associare Professor, Depardnent of Soil Sciencc aM Profssor Dr. Nan Ahnd, Cbaimd, Delonment of Crcp PhysioloSy for thcn timely hclp, vibl i$tructioru ard Heani€st rhanks are exlended to th@ghrtul to come s as Membes Proi D.. Rjz Ilus$in of Superyisory Comtrittee. I lrn abo gratetul Qureshi for exr.ding ard .nctJmgened durinS ttese sodics. Co aU son of guidrnce, c@penlion ributiod of Dr- Mulnnrad Aslam, Associatc Professor is also menoEble. I am extem€ly thanktul to Hanz Ghulam I{ussan, Dir€cbr, Soil Salhity R€s€!rch Iradn e, Pbdi Bhatirn, for bis utmost courr.sy. coope.arionand tehniel dvi@ duriry lhe write up of lhis maneript. I gBtly owe lo Slalinity Res€arch ro @.ry out th* I6litut€, Pindi Bhauian, Punjab, Pakisinn for usinS tbe faciliri€s studics. Speial thaDts e extended to G.D. Khan, Ghulan Satre, Rri Rustam AliJhaknar, Abdul Rnsool Naseem, Muhamnad A^had Ullah ald all other Soil collcagues Soil Saliniry Research lnstitute, Pindi lh. Bhattie lbr then @pcntion, @oceptul di$usion, t.cmcdG h.lp ad .rc@htd|lcntThe author is grat!tuI lo hb in ltuir pByeB fanily members who r€memb€red him and extended whole heaned ercouragem€nt thrcughout the @uBc of the sudy. May Alhn blss rtem. 'Aamin'. t Nazn Hussain ) rABLE oF coNrENr';k".,. lovaNcED Sfuotar, a,nlr.t s-ity ot Ag,E,.nara Tide I Introduction 2 Review of Literatule 2.1 Groundwater Resouces )) brigatio! water classificatioo F-atsy'fliAD.piia 7-to-f7 {"'o\ o usar.ay i al Q,,.,..ri I 6 6 8 a1l Panmeters for Classificatiol 9 2.2.2 Standards for Classification t2 2.2.3 E uatioDs and Modes for Prediction of Wate.14 Hazatd 2.2.3.r Salination l4 2.2.3.2 Sodication 2l The Quality of Groutrdwater in Pakistan 2.3 Effects of B.ackish Water 2,3.1 Soil Properties 2.3.2 Crops 33 35 Amelioration of Brackish water Effects 2.4 Leaching Fractions (LD Gypsum Bed and Gypsum Stone 42 42 Liting 44 2.4.3 IDorganic ard Organic ArDendmeats 2.4.4 Conjunctive use of CaMl and Brackisb WaEr47 2.4.5 Cyclic use of Canal and Brackish 2.4.6 Agronomic Practices Water 45 47 49 puposes 2.5 Use of Brackish waler for reclamarion J Mat€rials and Me$ods 5d Experime[al Soil 5ll 55 Study l: Managing brackish water for $ustained 60 rice and wheat production. 3.2.1 3.2.2 Treatments 60 Methodology 62 Study 2: Sustainable wheat and fodder productivity 63 with brackish water. f .3 .2 3.3. Treatinent! 63 3 Methodology 64 3.4 Sfrdy 3: Soil health care durlrg g.oudwater 65 irigation of .ice-wheat systom. 3.4.1 Tre{tnents 65 3.4.2 Me6odolo$/ 6 3.5 lrrigarion Waters 6 3.5.1 Quality of war€r 6 3.5.2 Quantities of canal and brackish water 69 3.6 Crops,Cuo[al Practices,Fertiliz€r atd Crop Data ?2 3,1 Arulytical Procedure 75 3,7.l Soil Analysis 75 .7 .2 Warer Analysis 7E 3.8 Stati$tical Analysi$ 79 Results 80 4 4.1 Snrdy l: Ma@ging backish wate. for sustain€d 3 EO rice ard wheat productio! 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 Yield ComponeDts and Yicld of Soil Chemical Propenies of Soil Physic.l P.op€.ties of Crops 80 87 n Study 2: Sustainable wheat and fodder production 105 with brackish water 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 Yield compone s aDd yield of crops 105 Soil Physic.l Properties 109 Chemical Properties of Soil ll9 Sordy 3: Soil heal6 care during groutrdwater 4.3 irrigation 4.3.1 4,X,2 4,3,3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 ln Crop yield! tn Soil Physical Properties 130 Soil Cberdcal Properties Discussion t44 Ralionale for Selection of Crop Rotations 144 Physical Propenies 145 Soil Chepical Properties 157 Crop Yields t7l Economics of Variou! Field Treatuents 176 SutDmary end Conclugions 181 citld 192 Literadrie App€ndices (1-15) 223-237 LIST OF TABLES Tabb # 3.1 Title An lysis of Exp.dmcnbl Soit(s) Aoalysis of Crop 4,1 Page ad 59 higarioEl Wd.(s) 68 f€nilizcr dr|! of diff€rcnr snldica. Till.lirg of crop6 (No. Prildy/gnin yi.td of cropN G pt 4.5 4.7 4.E 4.9 4.10 4.t I 4.t2 4.13 Soil poroafty Soil void i! .l!dr_t . , cm.r) i! s0dy_1. tr) in snldy_l soil Eq (ds m!) in study-I. j) . 94 96 98 . ro1 L)D. of 6op! E5 v2 Chy diecniotr (X) h srrdr-I. Soil SAR (e not E3 90 soil Hydnutic crnducrtviry (cm soil plr, b sMy-l . 88 (r) ir $r,ry-I. rltio (cnr Yicld G ptrDt a2 r') in !My-l soil drt bulk deAity (Mg m.:) in sMy-l 4.5 74 pterr) in study-I. Sraw yicld (ovcD{ricd g pr.d.) of cmp. 4.3 I lo,r i! stldy-2. soil dry hnk deosity (M8 m.r) in !irdy-2. 107 ll0 ' (*) in smdy-2. t12 study-2. ll4 4.14 soil poroaity 4.t5 Soil void ratio 4.16 Soil Hydradic cooductivity (cm 4.t1 clay Disp€ ion 4.lE soil Eq (ds on) h stdy-z. 4.19 Soil +m Soil SAR 4.21 Crq yickt! (t o.. .r) ondcr s!dy-3. 4.n Bulk ddairy (Mg io ssdy-3. 4.2X Hyd.aulic Co6duclivity (cm hr') of soil profilc l14 4.U Eq t37 4.25 pH, of loil profile iD sidy-3. 4. SAR (ln mol L 5.1 pE h (*) br') ir 3ndy-2. llE in rnrdy-2. 12r in sndy-2. 123 (n mol Ln)D nJ in sody-2. of srrfrcc leycr (Gl5 r2E cn) (dS mr) of soil profie in study-3. r)', of loil p.ofile in sMy-3. ConelatioN bctw€€d quntitid of bracbsh w.re., a l soil pmpcrd€s. EcoM|ks ot hc. E -8"mpr l3l 139 crop yicld 5.2 ll6 tr..rE . in $dy-i. 142 IrtE t77 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 3.2 5.1 / Tide Page study-I. Canal ard brackish water used h sntdy-2. Soil bulk deosity after harvest of crops in Canal ard brackish water used itr f 7l 7l 150 study-l. 5.2 Soil bulk deDsity after harvest of crops in 150 in 150 study-2. 5,3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Soil bulk density aft€I harvest of crops s0dy-3, Degree of clay dispersion aft€r of crop6 in stldy-1. harvest 152 Degee of clay dispersion after of crops in s$dy-2. ha.vest 152 Soil hydraulic conducrivity after of qops itr s$dy-l. barvest 155 Soil hydraulic conducrivity after of crops in sMy-2. barvest 155 Soil hydraulic coDductiviry after of crops ill study-3. harvest 155 5.9 Soil EC, after harvest of crops in 3$dy-1, 5.10 Soil Eq afur brnest 5.1I Soil Eq 5.12 Soil pH, after barvest of crops 5.13 soil 5.14 Soil 5.15 Soil SAR after haryest of crops itr sMy-l r60 of crops itr strdy-2. 160 after harvest of crops in sMy-3. 160 h sndy-l . 159 pll after harvest of cropa itr sMy-2. 169 pq after harvest of clops ia sMy-3. t69 . t6 Soil SAR aft€r barvest of qops in 8My-2. 166 5.17 Soil SAR after haraest of clops in sMy-3. 166 5.lE Yield coDparison of crop6 itr sfudy-I. 175 5.19 Yield comparison of crops in s[rdy-2. 175 5.m Yield coEparisoo of crops in st!dy-3. 115 CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION water is a basic necaerity for susbining life in the unive e. Functions of water in plants are manifold and diveFiircd. ADong thc vcFalile turctioru sronata, jtilt a fcw aE; upt*e atrd Mi en M of firgidity, opedrg a.rd closing of leaf tanslocaliotr of nu6ie r and mcrabolircs. 8rlthesis ofproleint ard oth.r Elarcd p.oductst $gucsrarion of .rc.ssiv. s{tr5 ard todc mrt rials vaoole .nd out of tjssB and scrving as a nedium for all biocheinical Warer exi.st3 oD rhis eanh rnainly in the *"tcr, .ain-eat r ard caD.ot bc us€d for agri@lruEt purpss .coronic iq'ortance_ TtEEfor€, nins ald bio- fom of s€awater. tercsrrial grouDdnarcr atd in brat covcrs alnocr pl@t. A hajor ponion (97%) of n occuE ar ilro thr.. f@rih of tt s scawar€r \rvhich is bnckSh and excepr for a f€w speciat Dlanrs of tintc are lbe orly souc€ of ftesh warlr. are well distribured aftt sufficient 10 m€er crcp ne€ds litc If lEi[s humid and $b-hwnid rcgont m .xpendirui! is incun€d on consduclion of dans, diversioN and ca!.h. Cotrrarily, secaDty raiDs do not tutfiU the requircmc s ofagricultu e crops in arid ard idi-arid rcgion!. G@graphi@llv, Pakistan is sinEted nostlv in arid rcgioos FEqu€ncy and inrensity unluckily in Plkislan, in moBoon of miB ar€ tie oth€r factors to be coNider€d bul $es are not favourable sasn (July. Augul). le.ying rcst of the yd tm' Mosr of rhe rains often devastating agriculorrc dry He@, Binwar.r alone ar' receival tuou8i noo& cd d Ever mctr wat€r Equiremcnts of crcps ,n t oeeds altenutive armngenenrs of anificial irriSationlargcst caMl This situation nec€ssitat€d inigared agriculure for which vorld's syst€m was builr uP. INpitt of rhe volune and length of canal copc wilh th. denands of cultivated crops and svs$m' it failcd ro soils According to rcpons' a lide elparsion in irrigated agiculturc with canal water is Possible b€cause suisbl€ * .n have alrBdy betr tullv dcv.lopen (Anonvmou' lya) An incrssinS poPulaion at the rate of three p€rceol per v'ar tn p€r acrc vield Pakhr.n demands an increN in cropping inremnv, el4atioN in ar€ alwsvs ard hodzontal sPread in arable land. Canal *sler supPlies al the farm towd than by 30% the acrual netds. It cvd for hr! been csdmated thal tll€ water suppliec arc shon lhe cxistirg croppitrg wi .r and 25% in smcr se3sons im.sirv Tbis shortatc h abolt (Badruddin l9E3) So' thcre is a lit 35t in ' scope plough vith Ue of incrcasinS crop intensiry or bringing nole acres of land uder existing surface {atet supPti€s Thus, water has alwavs been and will remain a This scarce input itr crcP busb&dry utder .groclinatic condiliotrs of Pakista! unplcalanl sibadon and groundwater Mesarily b 1he demands an cxPloration dr odet watlr resources only subslilute available ar PEs.nr' According lo the estinales (Ahmad, 193), aboul 2 biliion acre'feet of groundwater is stor€d in the alluvial deposits of Pakht2n. The count"y would have q{raliry of this Sroudwat t..n vcrv fonunate if the r was sunabb for susuin€d yields ad mainttn,@ or soil h@lth. Bur wfth rcsPcc( to qualitv, grordMter in dlc 401[ der wi{hir c:ial @mmfll > has a sltcoDcentratior l0OO ppm tbe (AlEad, 1993) Accnrding io mother sufley, t*o third of this waler i! not rEble dnecdv.od r€qunes sp..ial nanagement pracrices or Prior amelioration (Hussain el al l99l). H€nce' the poor quality of groundwaler is the major reason for low€r pumpagc. Brackjsh water ha! b.eD regaded/tE mh eus of acaelerated salinfty in Pakistln. It is urSenrly need€xl thal cost effectivc and lite sp€cific technology for safe usc of bacldsh waters be generated. The exis$ng tecbnologv for use of g.ound*aler iNolves $e use oi costly inpuis like gvpsurD, nanurcs, acids and other rel.irndt!. other leachitrg fiactioN or tehniques conventioMlly und.r us. de bleding of groud ad can l wacrs APplicstion of lacbing h.3 hiSh SAR becsN of inpairnent in fte physical propertjes of De soil. Blending is also not facrios often fail io produe desired 6ults whet the wst€r vcry us€tu!phcdce b.ca$c it do.s nol d.cr.:s. th€ tolal salt load ofpoor quality watq aid plad hav. ro speod mtabolic e$r!y itr citllcti'8 Frc war€r fton th' blad (MiDI2! d al., r9E9). Moreovcr, i( is tot c4ily pncticable urder lh' . sting qn l wat r supPly sysr.n The cvclic u!. of saliE snd €ntl v/dtr proposcd by Rhoad€s (1983) fitr. undcr this sihration Under this smrcgv' laline wat€r is lubtdMld for rolerant c.op in rostion His work provcd that soil sali tv developi!8 in thc root co inous zone fmln the good qualitv water when irriSating a reladvelv salt usc of brackish water did no! ocsr in cvclic usc besus€ salim Mter was u!€d for a lihired tim.- S/hrtevcr salts .ccumulat€d in tb' soil pofl. hotn bnckish r low salirity eatlr wi.r (canal) w.5 us.d. The prcsent t chmlosy so w.re dilu&d duritg $bs.quclt soppinS Friod whe! sMi.s werc pladed t[.r br.ckish Srouldw.Er 10 work out a low cost pracricable may Bafcly be used for s$iaired crcP prcduction eirhour affering thc soil halth advers€ly. For thi! pupos., cyclic use of ca..l ad bmckhh wal.r w.5 conparcd with th. .!d .pplietion in c lting pr.ctic6 likc mixinS of areadnmt!. T[€ cmcicncy of thjs tehriqu. s'l!mer, win r ..d ehole of tb. ye3r (sesoEl .nd what, ri@ rid fodder wcre iDcluded inro study so a to rie are ydly). wa r!...irin d Major doF lite suir th€ cmp rotations of (ri@whcao and c€atral agroclirmtic zon€6 (whcarsuDtr. foddcr) of rlc Punjab Prcvince. Producrion of lhese crcps is nol possible with cel wat r or y duc to its ssrcity- Supplde ari;n wilh ground{,ater is a m!st. Th. cyclic u. strategy can irt the prevailing conditioN of dle area!. Hos|.ver, some oller nlmgcment Echniques like crop €srablishnenr qith canal wat€r. burrying-in tle ri@ straw and inorpohtio! of $sbania wcre repon€d herc wcre l) ds invstiSatcd. Snldi$ being carrid out wirh the ioUowing obj€ctives: To ddise low-cosr and Gadily practicabl. kchnology for we of br&kish groudwaEr which asslr€s sustain€d yields and does nol impair soil propenies advcrsety. 2) Tl'e g€Erarcd t@hniqud shoutd bc cqualy efienvc O. conventioMl onc l) bur trommically more b€@ncia. P.evailing condilions of rhe present farming systems a.c nor siStrificantly disturbed Farmers 5) a de }ale *ith rhe evolved Echniques. nor !o ircur extra noncy. ASricul0trlt envircment is nor polur.d apprecirbty when the tecnnobgi€s arc pur ino pmcricc. CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Agriq turisrs in arid rcgioDs e€rc foE€d io us. bnclh! groundwnen in tie pa$ drc to scarcity of surfac. mr€ aftrs uider plough. 8ur wih *"cr and dcnald ro bring rhc proSressive i[crc€!€ in groudwal.I u!€ divc$c pmblcos spfdr.cd. To overcodc vadous prr.ticd problcos frced by lh. m€ls, rctalchotr dt u. of br.ctish waLr wa3 iliai.rld ald pal|rg. of nDc by rhe scie isrs. Conmedable work otr car.icd our iD Pltjsbn aDd thc *orld uptit nou/ afll ! sr.rJ oi! up witb rlre $p€si h$ bccn volumilorB iDfomadoD ,l In fte talt dc.adc, cropFd a..3 incr€alco ar a lrowcr rat€ thaa rh. popor*ion gro$rh i! Pati!@. Tt grp in dcn d ald proou.uon ei! quic ctc.r wnich might eid€n turuler with thc passagc of tinc (Malik, 1990). Onc of thc biggest coctraints to crop producdon was, rhe limit€d supply of irrigation wal€r (Malik ,r 41., 1984). Water rcsource, prelent as well as tunrre, wd inadequar to mcet llle rcedr of the cultivated area alr€rdy und€r mrlpowcr is evid. i cBity vhich is abod lm % for fte coulrry, wh.r.3s clinrt. @ cmble !o produ@ at lcst two crops a ye3r (Mi.tr, 1992). from tle croppiDg ad id8.tion. T[ft According to amther cstin b' pGcnr warlr suppli€s were about 30 rhon on 16 rnnual basis even for lhe pr$eft cropping inrensity (Baddruddin, 1983). Avail.bl. rcn€srriil warc. ha al@dy beer tuUt dilcrt€d irlo @[als ard disrribulorie. Can l withdrawls for Punjab Provi@ iD rhe ycar 199G91 wcrc 56.699 MAF while irdicating a n t in 1994-95, derc.lc. Hdce rh$e w€re 52.705 MAF (Anonymou!, Sroutrdwsrcr h.3 ro bc punp.d pst€r suppry. Croppiot iniffBity could b. .nlalcql by 2 ro 3 1995) lo iftrcase tttc ritc if 2 bi[ion rcre fc.r of groud waier soor€d in rluvirt d€posiB wrs nor lefr utapp.d. Sate punpagc of 40 million ad. fc.r but also rew hnd! could b. w@td brvc mt only imr.3sed croppinS broughr uder ptough (Armad. 1993). Thc watcr rcquir.meDt of lhe country was tl4.rl4 MAF in rhc ro 120.32 MAI in 19+95 ard irre$ny would go yd io l99G9l phich incresld 126.40 MAF in 200(X)l (Mohradullah .. aL, 193). Th. estinared d.ficir would bc 40.3 MAF et r[! crd of 20rh ccrtu.y (Mohradullah, 1997). Etrofls were nade of tubeweUs itr public as o make up thi! deficidcy through irsElarion well es private secror. Ir was €stimted lhar 43.79 MAF ot Sroundwarer was being purnped by 0.32 (Anonymous. 1995). Therc was a need o n $bewcth upto the year l99t pump morc wa&r under sci.ndfic 2.2 stand.rds ro be .doprcd for ctassificadon of irigarion very difficulr ra!k. If srticr standaids rE iDpos.d, a vart ewoir may obviously be etimin r.d and ifsome$hat lib€rat st rdards are hazards m.y oFrae io aff€ct soit rs vell agree ro use word suitabiliry as crop tealrb. mr.rs is r of groudw.rer fix.d, pocltial Mmy aufton do nor of wareB. Ac@.ding !o then, no w.ter h uisuilable for att sinrations bur onty selecrion of a sel of cotrdirioru tike ryp€ of soil, oops to b€ g.own ad manag€ndr practies a.e imponafl (Rloade€. 1964. Xnrn, 1977 ald Fus.in, l97E). Ctay nia€rrtoSy (ctay ryp6 and concno, climatology (leDpcnturc. lairfall ir!€Nity lrd ftcquency) ald draidg. arc of pdrc be imponance b malc dccision on us. of a wat€r, Livc airh bad waErs should fte stEicgy iD thc light of limired walcr r€sourca. MuScmenr practiB likc frequent irrigation, use of extE water for leaching, d€ep tiuagc, addirion of Etnedmc s ad orSanic matc. My b. hclptul (Rho6.l€s, 196E, Jilani ., aL, 1990 and Snarma, 1989). 2.2.1 Eve! thc pararnctcB unifom every whcre. SAR has on eils and u.d fo. dsip nS cat4oriB ro w.lcr. arc nor b€€n cl.im€d the bes! single predictor of effccrs crQs followcd by TDS (HBeir a af., l9r. Th. pr.dicrion did nor inprove whcn RSC \r"r included in rte modcl. Probl€m of RSC i! rctn€d wirl Iow slitritt (Chauhan "r al., 199,0). U.S. Salinhy r$or ory Gi€hards, 1954) u$d only EC ald SAR qnl @nrirucld a diaSm for pr.dicnon O. eff@r of irrigalion wat€r. However. rhc app@h h nor adaptabl€ univ€$auy affl a the lh@ factoEi TDS, SAR &d classitrcation crireria, as any of these sinSty did nor suffic. and Sabir, 1976 a & b). Cupta (1990) claind ite purpose (eayyum rhar usc of rhis diagram for classifistion of waier is obsot.te due to ib various linitalioG e.g. C, ard C? t ar€rs never havc high (S, or very high (s) sodiun. sd4ndly, c, class warer may crcare Permelbility problcm. i! Al(aliniry mother inportanr harlrd ard relared !o quanriry of catio$ (cal+ + Mg,.) and anioff (COrl ard HCO],). To indease in soil pH, rh€ pdam€ter of RSC calolated ir as (COi + HCqL) it is bcing calculatcd bicarbonares could thar RSC should as - (Ca,+ wa assess the possibl€ suggelted (Eabn, 1950). He + Mg1'). Bur, pr&ticaly in nany cases (HCO,!) - (C!r. + Mg,') when COr:.are abs€nr. Since preipit$e Mg,+ ro a b. simply der€rmincd minimm.nenr, cupta s (1984) suggesred (HCO3) - (Cah) ard callcd it as RSBC (Residual sodium bicnrboD4e). This pa.a{Eer should bc derermincd in waers nalint Lr EC less dan 3 dS nr. The pennissiblc timil ofRSBC fired ea! 10.0 nte provid.d SAR value ws l€$ than 10. For cla$ificrion of \']/alels havinS EC nore orn 5 dS Mt+/Cah ntio hiSher thrn I, amrt€r ,efm SCAR (Sodiun 10 mi and calcium a.tsorpdon ral|o, was sugg€sted (cupta and Abichan&ni. 1970) which proved usetut for $e Indian loils for th€ Aecific condirio$ and can simpry he appli€d elsewhere in similar cass. The SAR can sinply h€ @lcular€d as Na,+/Car+ hiShly witl th€ observ€d vatues of soil ESp (erchan8eabte ed sodim corcsDonds p€rceDtage). Ay€rs ani Wcsrcor ( 1976) ftcommeded srother paraftrer .adj6red SAR' (adj. SAR) to n€asure truc sodicity hazard of irrigation waler, as i ha! nore clos. relalionship virh soil EsP. Tne Imits for rhb @mpurcd ch.racrerisric of utc. ar9l6 thrn 6.0, 6.0 lo 9.0 ad morc thrn 9.0 inporins no problem. ircreaing problen .nd severc problem, rep@lively (Wesrcor and Ayes. 1975). Berides t€ major consrihenrs of iaigarioD warer and d@idin8 panDeler comput€d rhere of, some ninor eleneDrs are also of specific inportance oc.siomlly. Occ1lneme of chloride ions in inigarion water beyod linile is roxic to plar$, rlthough hrve rlo dclerincnial effect otr soil prop€rti€s. Chloride io$ ar€ morc hamtul lhm sulphares, especiaUy for strsitiv€ ptanrs e.g. cirrus root stocL. Il has ben rcporcd tlur cNoride conr.nt less rhan tolicity, 4-10 iffrs!€d thc problem ad more thd l0 citrus (Ay€F and W€srco! 1985). Doneen (1963) i srlinily of inigation and suggcsr.d itri deteminadon Poedial Salinity limits arc, 5-20, 315 p€rmeability, respccdvely. ad = Cl 3-7 ne 4 me Lj c.used no has rhe lcvere problen for roduc€d the es tem polenrial shom below. +tn so;. Rec.mncnded p.nnissible L' for soils of 8ood, rncdium ard low NitEte iotrs are anolhcr conrdluent which are b.neficial in loeer quantiti.s urually 2 to 5 L' d hclp pardy iD tbe subcdnnion of nirogen nc fe.rilizcrs. Howcvcr, excessive amour6. cause specific toic 10 th.n l0 m. Lr t nd lo the plsnls lliehdy above the optimum concentration mdy iEigarion \ratert devclop on more s.tuftive cont6t, gre3ter ion toxicity on pllnr growth (GuPta. 1990). Boton is characreriltic el€m€nt is trot present in lt{rly plm$ and safe upto when crceeds tn€ safc timits Ecomctrd€d for B bu injury nav 3 ng Lr(CuPta, l99O) ln ssitive salinily bboratory staff (Richard, 1954) were 0 I mg L' of ll and 3 and tol.nnt crops bv u s- 2.0 Ing B Lr respectivelv ' 2.2.2 variable stadlrds hav€ b..n adoPted for cat gorization ol wate6 in difi.reni mhly DAns of the world and by dificr€nt orgdizadoB in Pakktan Thse are duc to speific let of condidons, i.e. peroidog to soil' clirote and maraSdcnt, c.g. urder oprimum managemc cotrditions ald farm nanrgemen9 (196) aftcr licld invcstisatios. &llowing limib wec fornuraicd by Hutsain Limill of waEr qudiry sbrdards (HlNitr, lErS) Tablc 2.1 r) b) r) b) Good Y..r'r.l a) Illardol$ TDs (ppm) SAR uplo 1000 upro 750 uplo uFo 7 upto 2.5 upro 2.5 lqx!2000 75Gl5m lo15 2.5-5.O 7-t2 2.5-5.0 > 2m0 >15 > > b) > l5q) RSC l0 >t2 Crit ria st [dardized ondcr anothcr si[iarioo 195) .r. a5 uder 5.0 5.0 (Qayyuxo and Sabir, Wrllr Qu.liry TDs opm) Safe uplo Marginal 100G1500 lGlS 2.5-5.0 > >18 > lom 15@ SAR upro RSC l0 lniSalion {,rtcr of elts upro 860 ppn (ECu ?.5IRSC 1.25 bc Lr dil Dot raiNe thc ECc upto 2.5 l 5.0 23 dS mj} SAR upro or SAR of normal soils ud€r pr€vailing managcnEnt crndilions (Yunu!, 1977). Hoir€v€r, manag.dcnt, EC upto 1.5 dS nl, u er good SAR l0 atrd RSC 2.5 was safc. Evcn RSC bcrwen 2.6 ro 4.0 was not hurdous on mod coarse and nedium texturcd soils (Hussin, 1979). 2.2.3 variou prcdictoD curva, cqualroN Dy scic ists r€cently a|d and hodelt blve ben d€v€lop€d beinS used widcly alongwith comPuler Progrunms for pr€dicdng hazards ot different naturc attached with brackish water' 2.2.3.l lrrigation water is a major source of secondarv salitrity The degree lo which slirutiotr wilt i)@r dePe h itsclf and the balarcc bcrw.en rhe uPoD the @mPosition qulily of inigalion lraler supplied to th. soil surface end r.tnov€d from the lower boundary of the protile. Salimtion of a 8iv€n profil€ might o..ur if EC.. r D., < EC,. x Dn wherc EC anl D itrdicate Elecri@l Conductivitv and d.ptrl of irneatun water (iw) and draiBge {aler (dw) The nte of salimtion this situation can bc express€d as Oe incrs* IAECJ in the fom of cquation-l (Xmphorst ard Bolt, l97E). A (EC,"rD,,)-(EC&rDd.) EC. D soil x SP x BD/100 ir (t) in shich D soil is thc dcplh of thc profile utd.r consid.rarion (cm), SP b oe avengemoi$urcco .ntof th.s.ollaLdpasE(96)adBDisavcrag.bultdcnsitv of tne pmfile (Mg mJ). Un ter laycr, Dd=o st!8@t high and €quatioFl will ground be Mt€r level or impcrn€tble sub'sil cltng.d to BC' x Dk .....(2) A EC. = D soil x SP r BD/100 concentadon of dlaimge wat€r renovcd n ith.r c5n b. conlrolled under na0ral conditiou but ' at mojstuE cotri.dtjustabov€ field viu graduaUy comc io EC, - (KrDphoBt x crsily no. h can fir6t approximario\it h soil solution spaci9 (FC). Hen ! ECd, = F,cnSalinadon stqdy st t€. So s,h.tr A EC. = 0. soil salinity will rcrch a cor$ant lcvcl accordirS FC as be mcasurcd to! ECr - SP FC D_ x EC$ sP - Dd ......(3) rld Boh, lt8). Nct cft.ct of s.li!. lr,:a.r in rcfiftd Lms could be crlc l.red giving allowancc !o all the !oil, witll ard balaNc (SB) k ro bc rak€D i eDvironmcnral hclors. For this purpdc, satr o accounr_ SrltbailDb'|FiDmri .la&.ofproductivityofaoirrigadonrr&r aDd avoidinS b a built-up of lolubb rdts rhe soil. Wilcrx and Re!.h (t%3) {ialc'rht€d salr b6lam! (SB) $lues for irrigition projccts or lpeclfic SB - VfrCn-VnCb !o avoid salt w.cr, r6pcctiv.ly. A posiriv. iw indicite draimgc value s/a! sggcsred mc.ssary lccumlrdor ad rcducdm h crop producriviay. Scva"l sci.trli.i3 h.vc nodifi.d ihc salt bolasc cqustion Caner (19?5) c,rp"d.d thc cq. 4 ++S,+S,+Sd+$ - $ Sr = as: .....(4) where V desiSoat€s volunc, C conccntration and dw and w.ter ald iniSation sils 0o ro rccood for odEr faclots giv€. Sd+S.+SF sal6 h Binfall falling upon &c a.c8. Sdls h inigation rd w.!a divcrtcd ro thc arc. .....(5) Foccss6. s. S. S, ss, S- = = = = = Rdidual soil{8lb Sila dislv.d fr@ .d/on e€s&.riry of Sllts !9plid.s feniliz.r Srlis ir dniuSc s.rer lclyilg tb. .rca sil ni,mls Srlts removcd in the hrv.sted crop S.lB PrcciPittLd. Numb6 of inigatioru vnh sdie w.t r d.p.ods upo lhc nbfall during crop Erowlh. Normdly equilibrium salinily lev€15 arc obtdn d with four !o fivc irrigalioE. Salidty win D€com. st{dy when lh. slQc of rcgrcsrion exceeds ' 0.5. Wh€n leachlng ftactions arc rcaricted, ihc salinity lcvels will codiflr. to ris. liHrly wirh cycry iniSatbn. A nuli-line$ rcgGsion cqMtun wls dclelop.d by Gupta (1985) for s.ndy loan soil which Eq = -2.26 + Dumbcr 0.904 BCh + is 0.235 n of itrigdiotr Th. avmgc Eq c/ilhi! lh. crop rcoaorc r.$ldng ftom lory t iri$rion with a water of BCn ca! be pr€dict€d from l1 rrl Eq = Fc . ECi .....(6) (Rhmills, 1984) vhere Fc is lhe r.lating corE nration facror appropriac for teaching requiremetu !!, (LR). Fc car be cllcular.d Maximum p€rmhible salinity EC. Fc= .....(7) The valuc of EC, ' |l!.d €quatiotr-7 viU be that Siven in crop rolerence tabl€s of 'n Maas O9E6). taching rcquirqncnt (LR) can be calculared as; D,, ECn Di EC& Tonl lrNtrl - ir |?in ${.r and - (Ri:[rflL 1954) of inigrlioo wrtcr for thc Eowlh of a crcP can be Dr+D-=D&+Dwhde (8) .....(e) i. c4drutnptive u!! of croP (cvapooanspinrion). Rain mrlI nay usirS difrcmt cq!!doB of r dt r rhc .fr.cls of salinc l|lr.r lrd ofrm prldicr.d vrlucs of soil Eq do nor mrch th. .tsolu@ oa. TD.r.forc. as ,n rvcnS€ long tin€, the coductivity of irrigation water uscd shoold be a *eiShtcd rvcrage for thc cooductivilid of Ec whcrt D c, r) idbr.s - |!ir !r|!.r (EC;) ard iniS.don D- EC- + D- EC- Dd+Di th! d.plb ot w|lrrs (Rhbd, wrtcr (ECi,) i... .....00) 1954). According lo vaD Schilfaarde and Hoffrnan (197?), the equation'7 ovcr €stirnaaed tb. LR 3 lo 4 tind. A ntio for LR ctlol.lior proF6.d by $€m oJq wb.r€ Qr rrd q .It voluncEic srE corllrt at ficld c.lociiy ,id sauttion. 19 fold ro For !try succcatioa of croF, Ua Drximun filclioo of 3aliit warcr rlrar must De Th. ECdr wsr dro pldbtld llling following cqution! md bc v.ry clo6! !o rhc obacncd o!€. (Muhr EC- - Eo ' |!rd al., l9?). (slsumirS no pr.ciDir.tion or solubiliarior of loil rnb€mh) LF clfr Ece cli PreiPirtion or solurior of soil mincrah) co0ld bc rtltcrnio.d by ci l- LF = whcr. a vrlu6 fifil nd.t nfd .....02) db ro tD. dlo'rrDlc EC of dE driinage (saliE) $tl!r for dlc crop. a rnd s.cord crrp, b (Bcnu&in, 1966). Pr.dicliDg yi.ld. ofrtifbaDt crcpc Drackish w|cr ini$tion .stin&d usirg M||| rd Y E is lmlhr HoffiDt rnlI &bicving 3!.ady-statE urdet chsllcr8c, Rclrlivc crop yicld! (Y) catr b. (lgt) loGB (BC.-A) 20 cqudon .....o3) Itr wNch A = B = Thc aaliDity lhrtshold in dlt Pe.cent nt yi.ld d€ccase per unit salinity soil BC. c.r be P|tdiclcd tt|ing vriou. cqualiodi rlrady ii.r.$c discu&rcd or siEPly fron trc cqodior .5 uldcr. EC. = .....(14) 1.5 ECn (cuFa. 190) 2.2.3.2 Sodicrtion A!1& from s.liEtioo, tbc &nltr cm|tocitim of ttc aoil iolution folowi4 bractish wLr irrignior i! |ho ycly ingontnt. IlEa.rl.3 in quurity of Nat* on lhc cxcbaDgE cor0pler coffi{im sodication. Th€ rvcnS. c.pr.ity My cctiodd by q ! bc beyod thc p.rmissiblc limitr of m im (,ay Nr) in lhe pronb is called n Db l.5 r-xc. Dd (Km0boIsr ad Bo[, r98) tolal .....(15) field in which C. ir &e concc ratio! of an ion spccie io the soil solution and C* is ils conc€ntratiori h irrigation water. A good a8@mDt beiwecn tbe GaPotr\ empi.ical approach and tbermodyMmic approach was obsrv.d by Pmtria and Pal (1979) for four soils varying in te'(nre ard CEC. It wer€ ebs.nt w NaI' indicat€d lbal sPeitic exchange sh.s for blt $ere wa! a little morc Prefereo.. for Ca" ovcr M8'* Indepcndent verificalion of CapoD equNtion at low to noderaE ESP valucs providcd by U.S. Salinity l-ab. Slaff (Richards 1954), who tes&d lhc regression b.twen exchangeable sodiun .ario (ESR or (Nax + Mgx), and wa linqr sodiu adloQtion ratio (SAR). Tlis relatioNhip was ESR = .0.0126 + 0.01475 sAR .....(16) The rclatioNhip bet'rl€€n ESP (erchanScablc sodium percqtage) and soil SAR vas rm (.0.0126 + 0.014?5 sAl) ESP = I ESP + C0.0126 + .....(l?) 0.01475 SAR) of four soil prolilcs co[eled from 22 differenL locadon5 ard inigat d with differc $rlity wab:n, 1{as found following cquation iDvolvinS EC as wcU as SAR, ESP = 14.2 @.ly dE s€re ....(l7a) (Paliwal and Maliwal, l97l) Although. under prcvailing codirions ol steady sbre, a5 vell in sodic iftigalior Mtcr as ad obiaiEd by Imely. + 0.23 EC + 0.18 SAR calio$ in solution 6 exchaBe phase are al equilibrium Nlr witi and other that present erchangc .quations hold Sood !o predict Nah ha?ird but extent of developnc of erctatrgqble Na'' in ioilr depends primadly on SAR, pH., l€achh8 fraction (LF) and nin€ralogJ ot thc soils. Bower r, al. (1966) includ.d solne of the* hctors h an empirical model dcveloped by them for predicion of SAR of draimge water SARiv from SAR,- tF snC' t' + (8 4 PHJI . (18) whcr€ pH. is rhe @lcularcd pH of warer in equilibriun with soil lim€. Thc rmdel of Bow.r was rcftn d by Rhord.s (196E) whcn hc includ€d aoother compomnt known as weatbering c@ffici€nt (Y) indicative of th€ changes thit occur in SAR of the wallr applicd to roil by the proc€sr of soil nirenl wearhedng and fte Dodel becom€ a5 sA&. = tl + (8.4 - ptul ,FsARii Sham {1980) t€ vaiue of 0.75 for waters of .....09) ed rhis model on alluvial soils pE = ofKarnllusing Y ?.50 and Y value of0.80 for wat€r of pH. > 7.50. Good agreenent betweetr the obscry€d and pr€dicated SA&" was obs€ned. However, @l@lated SA&" were slightly hieher tlnn obsefle! on s in upper l0cn soil depfi. Muhamrmd er ar., 1983) in por srudy usd diffcrent equations for prediclion ot SAR6. Thcy foutrd (ha! of irriSalion waler, c.lculatcd a use EC-/EC&, deFding of LF and pH. rb€ tem (Ec./Ec-t4 = r/ sell bur. wh€n LF was pr.di€rion wa rhc bcar. ofsAR (xJ GF)'?, accordin8 to Y=x,& The nigh valuc ofdle lte cb.mical compos'l'on worked cupr, (1987) reponad tlar SAR of correlaled with the producr upon rhe inisaLd soils (Y) is hishy znd salt concenrration faclor (& = tte following €quifon. .....{20) c!.trici.ot ofcoEelation (r = 0.99) idic{ted $at Drocs such as preipibtion, dissolution and inineral wearhering did noi play a signincant role undcr tte prevaili||g cordftions. This showcd dnt ar inigarion valcr after .ntering the soil becom€s more @ff.&lated, the SAR value increased in proportion ro rhe square roor of rhe conc€nnarion facror, ln a deailed alscssnent of validity of SAR, ditinction pracocat SAR (SARJ nor con€c€d for ion complex€s and cone.t€d for ion pair complexer, w6 made by Sposno relatioNhip found affer an lyzing tO5 wale. sanpls SA& = 0 08 + L115 SAR! (/ = 0.9) ad between 'True SAR ,SAR,, Manigod (1977). The wd; .....(21) The valid gen ralizalion made wat sA& > sA$ Effort! wcre trEde to corrclate SAR of waler directly to ESP of soil In ihis r.gard, Rrootlca 09/2) equatioN rcladng pH! and added son€ usctul refmemdfs, s'ho Prc$nted two SAR' to equilibrium soil ESP likely !o develop uPon inigation wih that waer. EsP, = SA&, (l + 8.4 - pHJlr It i! u!.d to predict surhc.-soil ESP. .....Q2) .....(21) whertY= €mpinauy It is detennined mineral w.3then g @fficicnt. ussl lo estimate ESP rlEt will develop in deeper soil profile near rbe bottom of the mt anc. The nnt equation is thc nor€ practical of thc two. Pal ?t al. (1984) formulat€d a model bascd on simple and easily delerminrblc pard€ters to prcdicr $c dislrib tion of solublc and errchangeable l*+ ,d in a soit profite, using capon equrtion for Na'r - tested validity ofdiffcrc cn" + Mg" exchanse models under irrigation \rith hign SAR w.ters. One of lhesc models is as under. Y,+X =& Y,+X Yr = Y, = X = In ial t XyFC I(W.C, +wlc, t X)zFCr'|4 (W"C,+W,C, adsorbed Nal+ (melmsrsoil) Infti.r adrorted Ca" + Mgl' (hc l0O gr soil) Thc mount of carior which gocs on or comes from comptex from or to solution (me 100 g I soil). w" = ....(24) Initial moisture con& (% by l{l€igltt). lh. .xchange Wr = Cr = q - Amou of elurion receiv€d by a sil bycl (m. l0Ogrsoil). Coacc rglion ot Nar' in inirial soturion in a soil layer (me L'). CoEcrb"don of Ca:+ + M8,+ in inirial loludon in a soit layer (nc L). Ct C" Fc Ko = = = = Conccntnrioo ofNa* h i@ning soturion (me L,) C@.Ittldon of Ca', + M8,+ in incotniry elurion (mc Lj). Fi€ld cipocity (% by \'/!i8hr) Capon s.letivity @fficicnt. A$mptioD! to lhe nodel plac..l we.c; l. Only thal a'tloonr of irigalior wal.r diered inro a taycr which moi$.rd layd |o field clpacity. 2. 3. Conplct€ mixing of original and imominS soluriotr. lBr.lletEous clclargc cquilibrium bcrwc.o rlE c.rio$! ir etution ard tb06e on th. .dsorb.d phr!.. 4. No pr.ripihtion, tydrolysis or dissoludoo of minerats in soil. The agr€emcDt b.avroen ob!€rv€d ad predicr.d valucs of ESP aft.r rhe s€cond, third, founh rnd fifth irriSation *2s fair. 27 !di-.rid The valers ftom arid and and a few conlains high concc rstions r6p.ct of CsCOr prccipiat. io HCOi a t* soil on cl'tE4mdon. Wilclt would pEcipiEt€ e! C.COr io tta !.cod ord€r r.gr€$ion line G tunctiotr of (Ca1+) ?O water typ€s reSiom, nc.rlv sdurated with Gq!) = (194E) of SO.'. TlEs. could Poi cd ool eil- Ost r ard Rtloada ( tur Cr!' and 1976) P.oposed 0.8) for predictinC Pr€cipitation of C.r+ as product in inigation water. The equadon was appli€d to e,hd (HCOrt) wd Rclnive Ca:+ ppt = - ld lhan Car+. o.ml l(C!*) (SO.,l t 0. 13 (Ca*) (SO11l + 44.3 .....(25) ConctntntioN wcr. in mc Lr. It wrs noriced lhat for conc.nrnriotr producr of lm. 50% of Car+ vould precipitatc wbich vould increa$ ro 75 and EO% al comenrarion product of 300 and 550. respectively. bngelier ( 1936) dcviscd an iodex to prcdicl pncipiorion ad r.m€d it rs tbe Sanlration lnder (Sl). The cxGnr of CaCq precipilation or dissotution sI = PH. - pH" .....A6) p4 b ihe lh.orctical pH lhlt wh.rc pH. is ecrul pH of a water and would have at.quilibrium with soil C.Cor. Positiv. vahes of the lhat CaCq w the $'.al lricx itdi@te l pr€cipii.le Aon the {,4!er lt]/h€r€ai ieSativc valus irdicac *a1cr will dissolve CaCOi. r.ngeli.r equation for catdlaliDg pH. fron wal''r analvsis pt{ "r,-" (,k; - pkJ + P(ca'?:) + p(Alk) pd'una p en ". *g"tive logirhum ofnolar corcc equivale corc.ntration of litrable ard pK e base ralion or sftrgth. Patt rr al. kDseli.r .quarion and (COi + Hco3'). respectively TrE P K rhc regativc loSrirhlln of s@rd dissolution conssnts of solubility product @nsrant cf tlcor rd of CaCOi r6pcctivcly, both con.ct€d lor iodc (1960) and Bower by .epl.cing pll a al. (1965) suggcsM nodincadotr of by E.4 (pH of hi8hly buffered soil) md pAlk by p(HCO:r) bccaule Ucy foond that ftution of appli.d HCO,I to the acni.l pEcipftation. Thc abovc two .quatioE thB was more ctos. b@D. st 8.4 -pltr .....128) pt{ (p& - pKJ + p(Cah) + p{HCO,r) .....(29) trtcr, Bow.r in p(Cal') at 4r. (196E) suSaBtcd thd bou l.rm. AycB and Wlst dt 09O Ca" and Mdh shdld uscd pH. io d€t tmi[c adlSAR' .....(30) sAR t(r + (8.4 - PtUl rdlsAR be irctudcd Adjuslcd valu6 wcre supposed to b€ eery clo6e io c:n b. made using l.bl4 .qlilibriun pr€parcd by E,sP of wilmx irliSeLd soil- C'lcddiols of PIr. (1966). In atl th6. c{bd!tio6, a soil souce of cdciun from toil line (CaCO) or ofter mine.als such as silicaEs \]va! assuncd ard ro 9r€cipilation of corrccdv potcntid 'Ilorc bfilintion problcm due io rclatively high sodiun (or low calcium) in irriSalion m|g!6ium wa! co$i&rcd vbich could h. o.s.d !o pr.dict warlr ruppli€s (S!!@, 19E1). compedson of sAR shovD out SAR valu.s fall wilhin SAR (Ayers and w€stcot, 196). i .d adj. sAR valu.s n d l0 perccnt of ll€ valucs obtaimd throuSh adi l4cl in nv€r Quahy of eBl w.an @ far b.low watel is excelletrt in Palistan, as salinitvhodicitv tll. limi6 @sid*€d hlzardN for iFitrlion. frcn salt concentration of riv€r wat€rs varics ad RSC d. from 105 io 345 ng Lr whereat SAR 0 to 4.3? (m mol Lr)1': and 0 !o 1.2 me L', respectiv€ly (IbEhiD and Hunain, 1988). Bul unluckily, qualily of 8.ou$dwacr is in @ntr6t to it. Groundwater m 60% of ar.a eithin thc coMdratiotr less $an 1000 ppm Sdmlly, elal @onatrd hrs a salt (ECh L43 dS mr) at d.Plh ol 100'400 f€€! In ab@t 15% area sal6 vari€d from IOOO-2000 ppm (ECo 1 43 to 2.86 dS mn), 5% of tbir t6 200G3mo ppn (EC& 2.66 to 4.28 dS salls above 3000 ppm Gq! nr) $lls and 20% are3 ed wiih 4.28 dsmi) (Alunad, 193). It war dsessed ftal aveBge elt colcentration *6 1252 PPm (EC," l.?9 dS ma) vhilc SAR ard RSC sao8.39 (m mol Lr)rz atd 3.42 me Punjab grourdvaters rgp@nvely. Thirty percdtr or th.s. wat B w€re as C, S, (hish salinity,low sodium) while 20% d c1s, Lj car.gortcd (mediun salinny and low sodiun) under UsDAclassification systlm (Rich.rd, 1954). RenaininS 50 occupicd othcr classcs. Two tlird of scietrtific manaSemenr (Husain in % rhes€ wat€rs wcre not lssble wirho{t .r 41., l99l). GrMdwateE of sindh Provincc werc charactcnzcd in C,S,, C,S,, CaSr, C.Sr, C.Sr, ad Clq @upying C:S, Sindh rd chsscs. Quality is delcriorsting snd CaSa, mrjoritv Am thc sP!€r to lowcr worsl in Karuhi are3 (Choudharv, l9?7) WaeB of NVFP Provirc' were cldsified in C,S,, qS, and ClS, categories indicaling only salinitv probl€m In somc of tcsrcd samplcs, Mgt+ lfi qsr, s"t found .vm morc lhd ca'1 (ltamtA tt al ' rnd Sadcr 4 al- , l98l). BorcD coddr rnoctlv vdicd ftoo 0.39 to 0 96 PPn lisi6 (MuIMad .r at ' sho*ing good to pemissible 1966) Quality of groudwale. hrs also b.c[ found to be s.3son depcDdent' The Ec, SAR and RSC w€rc significandy higher in surnner thar d|at during wintcr, mo6t probably due to co&entration effcct. Thc wat€r table was deepcr dubS preoonsoon pan (Kh.n of groundwtEr in tpccifi€d bctw.cn imr.rs.d Rati and ar€as under specinc cotrditions. SuNev Ih.!8 eMl away from both lh€ mi) in shallo', as well (Aldtlr .r at., a ai., l99l) vrri.don.lso €xisLd ir t!! $alttv a c of area in uPto river Chcoab rcveal€d dEt salt conreDr rls, lveragc beirg > 3000 pPI[ (ECn 4 28 dcep sater. Its quality improved towards 1966). Anothq study of dS fte river Faisalalad distrlct classificd $c S.oordwat r as 23.8 1[ fit, 7.6 % Eargi.aly fit atd 68 6 % onlit for iEiSation (sh3h 4r 41.. lgrl). Bhard er 4l., (199) also notic.d alrnost sirilar paoem of qudity of Faisalabad groun rat€r, dccp water awat fron c43h being adjldged ar mostly unfir. Thc EC and SAR of nodced *thin permi$ible limits Rsc was fairly high except a Pidi Bhanid Srouldw.t r (ECi" 0 22 to 2 5 dS (lrne dal ' few siles m' was g€nerallv and SAR< l0) vh.r6 1992)- Adopling somcwhal libeEl slalxlards of WA?DA (Seclion 2.2.2), qualitv of SCARP ntewell walert of lhe Iftlus Plain (Yunus, 1977). w6 A claim€d lo bc 8ood, 63 % study unden ken for 8 ycas. rubewelts while ll.l 11*s a usabl. % by war no$ced $at 79.5 % salts wer€ conributed bv the clints and 9.2 % due to drv Pcriod cnpilary ris.. I a lrlly which w.s @lculatal to be 0 04 or the roral rec€ived thoush various sources(Aoan et 2.3. regarded of hydro{alinity systen of Pujab P.ovire There was a net additiotr of 0.63 I ha 96 *lrlcB being at.' {992). Effects of Brackish water 2.3.r krigadon wirh p@r quality watd tcnd lo disnd phvsical and chemical properties slowly at first, coNequendv crop MaMgement of $il is as important as lhe quality of water yields stan declininS. itseli Hazardous wateB in the absnc. of prcpcr ttrsdgenent could isreasc ECr atd SAR of noml soils. CondnuoN cullivaion of low detra croPs wil,hout organic naner .ddition did not permit prcper leaching of salls and favoured elination (Uussain' 1977) Soil EC' may incl.3s€ upto 300% i! oG ycar ody s/ib irrigatioN of wacr of EC 4 0 dS iniF'don rate (Bauafiardt 'r 4' ' nitand sAR of 3-97 mair y duc to rednc'd 2 8 ds dn and sAR 2 E to 4 6) lo (Ec l 05 wales salirc Bowcver' 1992). de increased infittradon t vins salt! of 2700 mg of loam soil (Chaudh!ry dt al Lr (3 s? dS m Hydr lic " (Yousaf' snrdi€s. Soil slructurc det€riorated ESP (t21 'rd Sngh ' ' Ec of water in the above 199) wh€n el€'trolvt€s of low pH conc! raiior (0, 2.5. 5.0 m mol L)'r higb clav o salin'-sodic al lgmlclav disp€riion positivelv with correlated with SAR an't RsC and negadvely anal i coDductivirv of nornal soil r"ull of i*r'ascd l9?3, Yousafafil Rhoades, 1988 and Yalin clav 1986) Irngalion waer )c'nventd Domal soil up to a d.pth of 30 cm (BtaBi, 1986)' d.cr.:s€d du€ to clav djspet$ion as a ' (8 0 and 9 0) 'r/€rc rpplied + sit cont'nt of soil ae dir@tlv corrclatcd with salt 1989 and chaudhry and R'nq' acruhulalion (singh and Nanin, l9?9, Timer' 4 ntd elcvated to 3 5 and 2 6' 8 6 ad 8 ?' l8 1983). Soil EC., pH ad F,sP were 21.4, rcsp.ctively whcn waErs of (3.2 erd 1.6 ds ms 2240 ald 1l2o mg hr) ald SAR 12 atd 25 L' werc us€d (Arawi " di '19801 appli@tior' soil EC' ard ESP D.p.flring upo! lcaching ftactioos and tinc of (Haider with increasing EC, SAR and RSC of iEigrtion wat'n ircr€as.d Sr.dualy et al., 1975, \asin et al-,1988, Khandcwal4 4i. 1990 and Ali " 41'1991) Kilds of anioN @nt in l|Jater ar€ inpoiaat too Vcry I'igh in low salidtv w:t€r or mre qumtiliB of chlorid.r n in irrigation @Ecnddion ol bi@bon t s in high salinity watcn increas.d soil EC. and pH (Glpta et 4,., t9E9). Similarlv' !/atErs with high SAR SAR (Qayyum, 1973) (> m) ad L'l'z Im mol caus€d irEr€jsed soil wcre regaded mor! barmtul for crops bigher srlinitics (1.89 to 3.68 ds mr) IHaider t al., pn' tld 19731. EC. ard wate6 with A proponional imres€ in soil SAR was noticed when SAR of inigaaion waler ircrerscd from 5.93 to 23.58 (Haider and Huc$in, 1976). When high Ms?+ water Mg1+ accunulated in soil (Chafoor Higb salinity wat gemilatiotr r, al, rt Ec \r?l used, 1992) (7.5 to 10.0 ds ad grc*tb of plants lcttpt^ et aL, ni) hav€ bad eff@t on 1989) and reduced root developnenr as well as cvapotra$pintion (ET) (Minn t "t 41 , 1989) The reduced ET was at$ibuted to less vatcr absorptiotr caused by osmotic strcsl (Akbsr, 1975). Crop senotypes respord diff€redy io spante ic.ollnt of various crops is pre{. €d. laliff inigation and drus a 2.3.2.1 Wheat whcat yield is rcladv.ly less affcct€d by saliE inigtion 6|licr iniialy upto ltarc 7,5, 1 EcL of 2.4 ds m; it incrca$.d (KDanak 13{@tuc aL, 1t3)- uDdcr stcadv' in grain yicld of wheat was .ccorded wher EC of walcr w4s .5, 2.0 ald 2.85 ds m-r (Chaudh.ry pla er heigh! root lerytn and wa&r Lrs€ a al , 1986) a! r€6ult of reduc€d tillerirg, cfiicicncv (Hollowav and Alstan' 19E2 and zahid .r 4r., l9E6). Statistical relationships indicated that 50% reduction in Srain yi€ld occuned at EC,, of 12-16 dS mr. Thc conespondi4 salinlv hazards or wat€r werc d€siglAt€d l6s tbrn a5 E, 8- 12, 1216 low, n€dium, hiSh atd verv high al resp€ctive valucs ot ad lllorc Oan 16 dS mr for Asn region of India (Pal ard Tripathi, l9?9). The critic.l limiB of ECi for yicld r€ductioD of 10, 25 ad 50 reg€d ftom 2.7 !o9.0, ?.4 to l3.0 and 13.I to l8.0 lrwer valu6 for sardy soils and higher lalues for lomy sih (Cupt! a Yad.v, 19E6). The ESP limits for sinilar yield decr€ases wer€ 22. 33 and 46 (Cupta, 1990). Biomals and grain yield ol wh€ar decrear€d us€d oo s h high Mg: wal.r (CaI-: Mgr' salicsodic soil. lti8h Mgt' wrer Gnded to 1:4 and I:61 decr4e nutieDt (N,P,K 3nd Mgt+) abcorptioD. Tle abaorption was ilnpmv€d when FYM was applicd. IrclE3.i. of ECn fiDm l O to 2.0 dS dj or RSC of wat r iotn 2.5 to 5.0 m. Lldecrcascd whea! yield but uptake of Na'+ by grain ald stlaw was enLnc.d (Yalin.r ar., 198?I Decr€.s€d 8ru and straw vield a! wcll 6 l{' comclradon ot whcst lsv€s was r€co.ded with irErt:sing sodicity (ESP 20 to 60). Wh@t variety Pak-El perfomed betler than Rtwal (Ysin' l99l)' Variety LyalPu_?3 Pcrform.d @nparadvelv beuer at EC. of7 ad 15.0 dS ni follo*ed by Chenab'?9 ald v5444 (Ehsan Nunb.r of tilers, planr height 16 and 24 dS LU4l ind 2.3.2.2 and yield of !r/he3t dccl'rscd m'. Pedornance of sA42,send.l atd PARI-73 (zahid er 4l " 'r" 5 1966)' si8lificrndv ar Eq Puniab-76 *d lower than 1986). R!!9 Ri@ !a! beetr found hiShly cxchanscable rl'i(Abroland toletlnt whilc whcat *"s modcrrnty lo Bhmbla t99) Elrly seNitiv€ to EC ard SAR of soil ad stagB ofthis crop wcre moR irrigation wa&r oun later so8es lEt2). S.€dling €merScrc€ of rice cultivars was dclavcd ro a great extent wirh incrcasing water salinity (EC 12 dS ric! s..dlin86 ws signific.ntly reducld (Almad ,, and nj al, (Juil' re$tivcly affeted onwards) Height of l99O) Pl'nr heignq tilL.., numb€r of graii! p€r poicle and sll.aw ald paddy yiel& ritninca[tly a! salinity/sodicity of soil incre*ed (l .9, 30.!d 64). ftc 6 and 12 dS mi decrea$d or ESP 9, ctrccts s/.re norc merLcd v/her both hclors combin d. No fomflion occun€d ar EC 12 dS sAR 20 (m mol L r)'' did Dt mi with EsP 64 (Javid .r 8r.ir 4I, rg8q.warer ',/ith provc usetul for rice productioD evcn if anended wilh gylnm (Hunai4 l9A2). Vari.tiesnines IR6, V 44935 and Y,146?? were nor€ tolcrant !o salinity (Kbm gr at, 1988). Thc tillcring ard grain and $Ew lield det%e! while a positive correladoD crisLd betweo paddy yield ad K pcrccntage h ric! slrrw whd (Muhafturl d al., l99l). Sroen or talilc soils with EC 5.E to Zn, Fe, Mn ard mt rccorded undcr crrEl w.tcr iriSatioo (Iahn a linit! for the In' B applicalion which war al, ECi" for yicld rcductions of 10, 25 and 50% werc found ESP l2.O dS Brackish water irrigadon changed thc nurient rcquircm€nts of ricc and res?oded dS mn wher rice was o b lgq2}Cntical bc l.q linls of 4 0 and 7.5 SroM iD he.vy lcrNred soil (Cupta and Yad.v (1986) while dtr. yi.ld dercai.s l|€rc 38, 54 atd 72, r€sT.ctivcly (GuPt 1990). l3 , 2.3.2.3 Growth d.v€lam€nt and bionass significandy in lhe was fiFt y.!r of cotton ws not aff@ted lal.r gemiEtioo ed stald of brckish img3tion Drt .eftccd. TrE K'*:Na'* Etio in lcaf tissues chtu8cd and vield decrd€d wirb wat r of EC 9 ed 12 dS mi (Ralston .r ai., 1986) SubliutioD of wat'r witb EC atur crop establisbmenl did not afred ii€ cooon yi€ld sigDific'dv wbilc 4 dS Ej sole ue of this *ater caused a subsbntial loss (Rhoades 'r al' l98E)' 2.3.2.4 An isrca!€ h waGr EC r.dD€d devclopnent of roots' 6p@iallv in deepcr layers. Evapotraospintion (ET) was cunailcd and erghurn Pluts sPcnt morc ind morc mdaDolic uplak€ of 4rsl in all.viating thc adv€rs€ cffc.t of dcessiv€ ioB, othe.wisc this emrgy hd Re$ t ntly, dry mner d€cr€as€d by 6.4 dS rni, b@tr utiliz.d in biomass Ptrduction 18, 32 aDd 68% rapetivcly (Minba ., dr', !989) High played a similar role (Ya!i r, a/., rt water EC of2.5' 4.7 ad SAR and RSC of weters also 1985) due to incrc$cd soil EC and ESP which c@ld panially be @Dtroll€d by providing lercbitg ftactions (Ydir ,t aa., 1988). The SAR more $an l0 (m mol prored detrirnental (ttaider ald Hussarn' L)1' 25 ard 5Or werc I9?O. Thc crilical litnits of EC. for vicld rcduction of l0' repon€d as 8 3, l2.S and textllr€d soib (Cupta ad l? 8 dS n' in loaE soil ard 2 4 6 5ad 13 4 fo' h'3vv YadaY' t9E6) 2.3.2.5 Maic is nore s.$itivc to iniSatiotr watEr ard thc soil higher salinitv al lat€r growrh stagc but can wilhstand relalivcly yicld d€crcascd with increding EC," (Sherazi (Sh'kit nir significaDt at \ atcr EC of 2.16 dS " ' €arlv st!86 Dry mancr ,' al (l9l) 4t EC s/hich becane (1990) However wder wi6 20 was safc and did not arcct TsS l5m pPm (Ecn 2.r4 dS mj)ard sAR 20 d€c@s'd naizc (Qa}}!m, lt3) The SAR t5 'td germnEdon sigtrificandv had a po6itive fodder yield whil€ $tpsum application (Ali er dI 'ff€c! ' 19191) bv passtng sodic water througn conparablc yiclrtt to c.nrl water \rlcrc obtain€d SDsutn $oe plac.d in thc wallr cham€l limits of Ecr* for yield reduction of nrfor s.ndy loim soil and (Gupa and Yadav, 19E6). 1 2, 3 l l0' (Munaffnd d al" lCl5) 25 atrd 50% w€rc 2 and 9 5 dS nn' m' critic'l ? 5'5ald10'3ds r€sp€ctivcly for clay soils Gemimtion of lentil was co@dnrion (ECn 25.5 @Ci 29.0 dS #) dS n) mt atr€ct€d uP to 40% ,h.rpty wilh > but dectased and compleiely inhibit€d above 70t s€a 5e3 walcr 5Ot6 wat€r i.c. sa Mt r Ec 40 ds mr (Bukhtiar ad Sbaln, 1990). All thc t$tcd ir Sram varieli.s colld mt surviv€ at EC above 4 dS mn stxlics of Ktldewal er a4., O99OI U.der a difrercDt sct of cotrdiliotrs chickp.a *i! foud norc sus@ptibl. 10 NaCl wate., a! incrersing RSC up to 10 mc L', at dh NaHcor sllB tn inigation fxed EC aid SAR in rea!€d dla yield (shama et a!., Da9r. Yield of bErsc.m dcclioed significrn0y wilh increasing RSc aom Nil to .xe.ding l0 .l@s.d bcn 2.3.2.1 .tD fodd.r Li (chauhatr d al., 1989) Warer ctBidcEblt (Haid.r ad llussain, SAR 1976). Sutrarcane Uder optir war€r 15 me bving salidty up ir m@g.m.ot conditions, inigation for to 2400 ppm ard sAR lcs, lhar 4 did mt 3 years wilh atr€ct mcdium textured soil higher ECi dr, anl sugerca!. growth. Higfu. SAR vrs Bore (Ari .r al., l9E). Sugarcdc crop duc lo ils r€aron, is adversely affcctcd whcn hrigalcd baDf lhar with 8rc*'ti period itr bot and witn elin€ water comparcd !o ofter kharif crops Eown in rainy s.-a!on (Rchman 4 a/ , 1978) 2.4 E&essive sdls mav accumular. ifotrly consumptive requircnents of @ffllmPnYe crops are met with bractish water. TI|e exlra quantitv of waLr over llle is c.lled LachioS ficdon (LD ard applied lo chect acqmulatioD of salls Th' LF will de?dvl uPon th. quality of brackish water ald lolcnIcc of crop to be growr. lrrigatiotr $/iti wat r having $lls up to 26m PPm (ECSAR l0 did @l aff€c! adv.&ly I ? I dS mi ) and the soil ard croP yiclds whcn 3G40% eJ(tra wat€r (LF = 0.3 - 0.4) ws povid.d (Hridcr end Huss.in' 197E). acEficial eff@ts of LF in t€€ping $alt build-up low ald obtaining sllslain d yields of l'heat, miz. affaff., and sorghum when nrigaled wilh biackisn record€d (Muhninad .tal.,1977,Ytfiltd et ol.,1972 afil^snret al 1987). But it has also been observed that teaching fractions did not nateriallv help !o lech dom th€ salts whe! ECi wd 3.87 dS mr snd SAX' was 12.78 (Bhrtti, l9E6). Sbort but heavv monsootr rais in surnmc. in Pakistar ald otnel couotrid oay caus. signific.nt lqchiDg of salts anar saliDc irigadon RtinfqU mol|nring to 35-45 @ largely rcduccd initial hiSh salt @Mrtation {hic't! ocruned during inigation with salin€ water. Rains convert€d '10 cm of lhc soil surface non-salin . r.Is It of soil fron wbich thc solublc lr/as g€Emliz€d |hat d€ptD (80 pcrce ) may bc Lached durinS nonsoon s'asoD' ctn€spold'd witn tolal lainfall duling da season {GuFaand Abicha ni balaB€ studier of soils inigated wirh srlinc water (Eci l90) F 2 ? ro t2 ds roug v e vears 3!lL mj) in rour difrcrcrt crop s.quqccs' haYe shov,m thc salt concc r.don incr€artd during inigatiotr cyclc, s/hcr€a! moEoon lains prev€rt€d sdt rccumulador in surfacc bver of $il. only 23-27% r€st 8ol l@h€d of added M.nd ci sal|J accmula!€d in the goil whilc doM duii$g crop s.rsoo itsclf. EC. aDd EsP of so s ftcrely The LF wd corduciv' io lox/'r r€sultinS higbtr yields of ctops (Jain. r98l)' G]?sum Bed and Gypsum Stone Lining The SAR and RSC of tubewcll waters was brought down bv costncdon of 8)?sum bcd using differ€nt sizes (5 to 20 kg) of g'?sum Thc rae ofdissolution ofgJpsum stoncs wlt stone found proponional to lhe squate rco1 of velocity of flowing wster and invcrsclv Proponional to the size of the siorc in the b.d (Armad concentrrtiotr preipirado! decr6.d lir.d ofcacq vs tub€w€ll The L' b.d (P.l and Poonia' 199) Simildlv RSC arso by Palsing th. slitb'sodic s/rtcr brouS[ $tP$rn siorc a a/., 1984. soil infiltrilion applicd t{. .tur palring tbmugh gnstlm w$ si8lificandv highcr whcr lincd cltarEl a! cotnpar€d !o Pure {,.!cr of rnargiml qudity (Ech 1 14 ds mn' SAR 5 and RSC Eci, throogh nc in g)?$m Do @urs. 138 D lotrg. Ar iocrss. in solublc Ca'* + M8'* *as ob6efled too (chsfoor *atcr of calbotrac and bic:rbonaa rcmei!€d uncbanged' snoving by 2-3 vr'arer PSC of 3.dic water d'creased from 5 57 to afte. passinS througn E gvpcum bed of mixcd fragments The Lr o.?5 me ,t ai., lqtg) Tllc 5 me L' SAR atld RsC v/.r€ 1.48 dS mr,6.E and 0, r.sp.ctivelv afreT Pasing $/psu slom b€d (Ctaudhry affl Hmid, l9E4) 2.4.3 Advene effect! of sodic watlrs can b€ minimiz.d by soil application of inorganic and organic cm u.ndmc s. Tobl volwnc of l.ichir8 wat€r tbrough 30 soil columtr incr@sed when line grade gypsum was mixcd in soil (Ghafoor et al., \988). Good ueliorative effecrs of gypoum were notic€d when i|s qumtiti€s wer€ workcd out on water rcquircment basis of the toral consurnprivc usc of inigation watcr for ditrerc crop6. It was possible !o k ep soil SAR at a d€$ired level but EC. inscased over a p€riod of rim€ for which leaching fiicrions w.rc also to bc iEluded (Salem er ai., 1992). lf $?srn coltrolled ad is appticd crops crn bc .4ivat.d to tm G.R. of soil, ESp caD bc grom succeicfrrlly (Sh.ma e, at, 1989). Soit- applic*ion of $tpsum w.s digndy superior ro rhal dislolv€d in lrarer bur with lo!-sigdficlDl ditrer..c.s, borh su..r.ding h cootroling ESp buitd up irrigatior of *aref hAvirS RSC t4 nc t;t (p.[1ia a solubl€ salt but irs solubility incrcasdfour s:trral.d resh conpared ro purc wlrcr. of $/p6urn iDcfcrscd linearly lrih at_, 1990). ad a lrtf timcr iD rh. h C,"su utrdcr i, a tcss pr.s€nc€ of Na,+ lhc soil sysr.m, th. di$olved quadity incrcasilg Esp (Abrot ", a/., lr9). Atr incr€a!€ in EC., pH and ESP of soil du€ to saline-sodic wa&r use was damg€d by the addition of gypsun and H'SO. (Alawi d, a?., Sinilarlygypsun, FYM, sulphor aId ad r..ult prcpcni4 indicat€d sret imProvenent in soil ntly whc.! ard @tloo yi.lds s@ slso irErcas.d (Bhasi, 1986). High soil infiltr.don to 7. I E me Hfq Ll prolided U.t I!l. *as laiDtain d witb inigation wat r of RSC 2.07 |he grp6um requircmenl of Boil was Haidcr, 1979). Howevcr, gylsus r.quircnent of botl the soil b. tulfiltcd u!d.r amrhcr s€i of Hwin,1978). Usen effets coditios of $/psu Soil lime cruld b€ solubiliz€d and iriFrior nel (Hussain and ad waler was !o to achicvc similar r.sulls (Haidcr and wcre also mticed in otler studies {Hanif and Jabb&, 1974, Haider and Farooqi, 1972 and Chaudtary lpplicd dolg wirh l9E0). ad R.fiq, ca1' + Ms:* cod!trts iacr.ased wh.n warer (AluDrd .r al., 1985)- Soil 1985). HC I was crrdirio!.n induc.d aggreSatioD and prcmoted bydraulic condwtivity of soit (Yousaf, 1991). Crop production was o!rurc (Jilani favoud with soil .t 41., 1990) .nd h.lpcd a lot ir nititarir8 poor qudity water (Cbludh.Iy and R incEas.d wifi applicarion of ni, dlc advce 1975). LJiltr.tion tutn yard .ffcc6 of rar! of warer organic mallcr whercas very liBle wat€r p{ss€d in irs ablence (Allnad, 19?8). High.r EC of lechac wrs r.cordcd idisriDg rcmoval or morc sal6 in rh. pEscrc of orgadc matrlr (Maqsud, 1982). Af'pr@bbtc lecling of ctr_and Nar' v6 Mcndmenl. Soil which t obsened wl,en E\i (GtonoPslt tettuSo@toPa) was used C!" + Mg1+ co ent ii.r6cd @nfid.d dbsolutio! thtougn ircorporation of alfalfa of CaCO, bv the evolutiotr of improve{t and ESP of soil was d@re.sd (ttq 6 and COl Soil sttucture wa! Dabin l9El)' 2.4.4. intemitv @n be Water suppli€al at farm-ga€ and croPping if canal znd bmctish wat€r aE used @fljnt$v'lv With the crop intensity can and Sroundwaier r€lources, lhe present increstd uliliation of surfae !e almolt doubled in and lloo't water has been proPosed tor Pakistan (Ahmad, 1987) Use of salire witb (BaLhsh and Hussain' 1975) occasional irrigatiotrs desen land! developnent higlly safe for wheat vield and soil saline sodic water were rega'ded (Qureshi "t af, l9?7 and *aler \tas also found ro Aslan dr be usetul to al nai lg?7) Mixing of backish prope es and canal ain soil propeni€s (Bba11i' 1985)- 2.4.5. When bnckish croP and @nal/good qualrty for irriSating a ElaliY€ly salt tcierant subseque crop, il is called !s cvclic (19E3) Work in USA use. This strst€8y was proDos€d by Rhold€s brackish and Sood quality wat€r can t!€ us.d in a idicat'd $'r cvclic manner without signiticad redlction io ticlds of what, slrgarbels, caDtaloupe' cotton dd alfalfa while salt (Iuoad6 acsrmulation in soil rcDrin€d within pcrrfssible limits for tb€s' croPs er 41.. 1988). Acclhulat€d salts in $rhc. ard $b-$rfac€ with bracLish waler inigation le5.hed ino dowtr laycs !o . gr..tcr extent durinS thc subceqMt cvcles of good qudily watcr {Sd and BsndvoP:d[va 1979) Ir was porsible io use salin€ wal€r for crop productioa with good quality cEt€r srlin Dilinum yi.ld (DiE e&.pt crop cst btsbm.nt which could z, t., .lsto! .t al-, wh€t lnd batlev zcro) in Rabi ed @Miaurirslhanf c-a!!€d Dtlagsn'nt 1986). UDd.r lh€ PreuilioS co..litioN in Prtista!, supply of dtcwell wat r (EC up to 3.0 12 and RSC bc obtailed 1986). water uslir for a singl. se3son for locs (R odv dS mr ' SAR up to produccd no adv€rsr effect! on Irlmal soih. Th. LF ard nrnuring provcd favourable for lnliat 'r@e of soil proFnics (Yuus, l9?7). SoiI EC, ald SAR was sig ficadv ircrt !€d up !o 90 crn soil depth wher. nrbewell w4 used continuously. w.tcr of EC 2.6 dsmr. sAR 9 rnd Rsc 2 Ody sliSht inc.cas€ in these Parameters v.r 8 me L I obsened wb€re tubcwell and canal water wcr€ used in cycl€s for cach cmp or mixed. SorShh fodd.r ad whal 8nh yicld nthcr incre.se! in Ocsc tre$meots co'!P.nd !o bn lllb v|t r rloE. ftDr hmltt coDlroll.d .vcn oo loD8 t nrfiSaocot ldrtcsf ini8rtilg ric, rld cffccrs of rD b.!ir (Ctndtrry vith brscti3b srrcr 3igri6c.al crop yicld rcductiod w€r. oD.crv.d r9O). $cccssftl crop robtioo! wis rDd vb.ar with crral rd lh|n coDtilro{s usc of bra.5rlt wilcr or rnirnllt of l9l a al, ud.r d.c-eL{.d aoalocrr!.lt cocoD bnclllh g3er wcE mt r. No rdt! in roil rtdriD.d lowcr boab (Hu!s.ir a ar., 1990. r,b,cd). 2.4.6 M|ngcncn! of bmctirh wilcr priEirily .ims rt irlprovcortrt of soil-u/dcr lin .v.iLbility io sops. Malic pot otid is ly iniSrtioo, !o thl wrt.r is m iF rt d by adlqun .nd mt rcd.nd Dhyriolqic.Uy u.v.ihbb. 2.4.6.1 Slrficc inignion Dttod. irvc |r ovll:ll loc/€r cfAcicEy rcsdtinS in qgnvrtion of roil s.IDity .!d alt litrjty. Itrcirc lcvcli4 ,pplic|tior |[d .Io\l.lci. ofipplictrion, wbict ml.Is dcpth Flrlrolr, irigador FrmiB oDly w€tring of rid8c. rnd hcb6 lc5s t lFiD untlom dditioG ofsdr!. ir b.o.r Scrniurioo of seens, particularly of crops salr blcrant at lat€r gro*,th srages (Gupta, 1990). Alplicadon of saline water (EC = t I dS mr) throu$ sprinkler, reduced whcal yield by only 3 % whilc watcr of EC 6 dS accumulatioo war 30 to 40 % application (ASarwal ,t al., l.$ in mj wa! safe for pearl millet. The sall sp.intl.r iri8.tiotr compared with surhc€ 1982). Drip irriSation has givetr good reitulrs eveD whetr using relatively nore salinc walcrs. High salt conc.ntr.tion which would built-up eitn conve ional irrigation va! avoided. To obtain similar yield6, drip irrigation re{uired 50 % lcss water |an tunow irrigation (Gu a, l99o). Mean Ec. was found a! 6.0 dS m" uder sprinller inigation with salim 5.0 dS mj urdcr drip iFiSaiion vhnc wa@r agahsl respectiv€ yicld dccremenis were 60 ald 3o%,rcrp€ctivcly (PasErDat, 1984). 2.4.6.2 Sdhily of soil-v,/atlr changB fieqErt nrigltion with decr.:!€d continuously afier iniSalior. More deptn of watcr w.re suppos€d ro maintain b€fier water availability in thc uppcr p€n of tlc root zonc if lhe lolrl amoufi of wale. applied was almost tn€ same a! in cas€ of lcss Freque inigation favoured plant height l%9). ftin ft€que bul morc de€p inigations. and €ars in barley (Patel ard Dasrare, and frequenL irrigation with saline war€r gave highrr wheal yield. FrcqueEy of t0 days g.ve q h!' 3l q har vhdt 8Eirs .rmpr|d ro 21,23.6.!d2r wiih rJ, 20 and 25 days frequcrcy, rgpedvely (Statu et al., 191). Daily inigation stor€d 6E% of applied water in th€ top 30cm deFh conparcd to 59% itr two .lays frcqudcy. Th€ rcsp.ctive aod 7.1% (Gupta ad Tyagi, los of waLr bclow 60 m wd z.rc 1964). 2.4.6.3 Adoption of suitlbl€ crop rotaliol' croppin8 system and fallowinS, helps in economicll ad sutained yields. Two .otations, fallow-wheat' Ll-5"J '! ald fruow'wh€.1-millccbarley-grc! E noringg@n muring-whca./ what w@ foud Yields of whst suitable ulder afr€r hllow, sline s/ater irrigadoo (Mchte legr)me, scsamum or miuet wer€ a dL, 1973). mt siStrificantly different 6howin8 th.r crop rotation would be Soven d by rct profit. Cuar-whc3t crop rootion prov.d ro be (Jab ,r rl, ahe no6t economical for sslitrc *1rt r ar€as of Rajasdr|n 1976). Saline wat€$ could b€ us€d morc ratiomlly by growing t{,o diffcrcnt crops simulbneously in strips. The irrigation of main crop helped to the uriniSated intercrop and tbus both th. crops played w{.r ad aMulatio! a conpl€mcrtary role !o iavc of salt6. bt€r{rop of uninigated g|!m or nllslard could 51 b€ mis€d succcsslllly u/irh wt€tbcinS irriga|€d through satim warer (coyal, t98r''\. Ir hr b€low thc soDre sillarions or in sol[€ y@rs avd8e. Fallowing of lh€ lands itr ninf.I $ch may be unduly low evcnr fo in did or s.mi-a.id regios,nay be a b.n tcial pracric. in regeneradng bnclisl wai.r inigated rd rhc soils. Soih irrierted with war.rs b€low EC 5 dS mn may be doubl. cropp€d wher€as rhoac wirl ligte. sdirity Eay bc u!.d in roatior wirh a fallow period for mtural ametioEtioD @hn ald Bh.trir, 19?5). The huge salinity build-up during tlE inigarion cycl€ h rakcn carc of by one above yearly Eidau or nro subnormal raiDy s€aso'ls. (Dbn, 1t?). Soit EC. duriDg bhcti.sh war.r irigatio+car bc brougti at suifacc lay.r (Jain, 1981). N.turuI prefcrnbly more cfknve do*! and ESp incrssed by mo$ooD ranxt es?@'a rainjil or iDi.rmicr. y pording prcv.s bccause tlle lcrching occurs pr€dominanrly in uisa$rated soil at a slow rat. which alovs glarcr exchange by dilurion of salrs berwe.n Eglors of va.ying velaili€s @iggar end Nielsor, 1962). 2.4.6.4. Phc€m. of s€.d5, highe. s..d nte, dccp rilla8., eviDg insid. rhallov turrows or double-rovr rais.d or slopiDg b€(!t iri$tioqaEc1 ural ad ard plaDdDS pr.cticcl mst appropriale ole (Erovic ,, al., 1982 and K!rn, lt7). Sowitrg of Btl.y hcivy Prsowilg udcr br.ckish waler by ridt. ..d turow Bettod at high sced nte in saline,wat r-loSgcd soil gave a yield of22.2 q ha' compared !o 1?.1 q har by crop was so\ra ftar rhe fllt as $owing with lower seed ratc. Itr thh ncthod, the botlom of thc ftrmw otr borh !id6 of thc rid8c. Thc sal$ moved on rl|€ rop of rhe ridSc r€suldng in lower salt conceo@tion ncar rba bottom ofth. rid8. Naluwar ard Das|aiE, 1966). orie ation ofridS€s in th. lonh-€ast to south-vcat dircction on saline soil inducC dcsalin tion oD thc d a rsutl m h-west slope of salr movement of sourh -wdt slop€ re.tiving Sreater i €Nity ad duntion of solar ndiatioD. Ttc ridg6 lvere 25 cn high, crNtructcd with a bas€ alsle of 60 erd spacrd 60 cn apan. Eq of 15.5 wr$ihlls,Educcd io 6.7 dS mr o! ttc nonh-w€st slop. (Bairs fid Singh, 1966). The ch.mical, physical and aSro-physical treltmmls of s.€ds s..dlings inducd salt tol@ncc (Sorgonov, 1964). On€ of dle rmin poor 8€rmbation o. sadof rhe crop in sodic (Mang.l ios for the cotrdirio$ of soil is ilt. disruprion in dle pemabiliry of roors duc ro which it hils ro conrrol absor ion. Calciu caus ad balanced ion hav€ been rcpon€d to nainrain Inmbrane irregrity ad Kirkby, 1979 , Cla.kson an l Barson, 1980). Sc€d rr€arhetrt with calcim salb incrq!€d s.lt lcllerrnc. of i/heat (Chiudhuri and Wicbe, Wheat s..d soating in 3% NaSq soludon eave highe$ yi€ld und.r inigarion \rirt saliE w.t r (PunrrrDkar ., ai., saed l9l) bor no good r€sToDsc wes obliin€d whcr so.kiq of wtet ald badcy was carri.d our (Mmbarda .nd Bh.ndari, 1976). Hoecvcr, water, usually rcsulted 1968). i! pFwld.g in higher gnin yield tbrn c,o.r sat elutions in loe saliniry tubeweU seeds prcsoak€d in NaCl or 2.4.6.5. MarnB aDd fcrtiliz.rs cnhrlce the suilability of bnctirh wal€r for inigatior. Drerring of FYM anil fcnilizers showed b.n ficial cfecl on wh€at minelS.ovn under slire SAR (Malival Mtd ad Paliwal, berlcy (Paliwal irrigarion, up to a modcrd,. lcv.l of 3alility ard 1971a, 1972). Similar v,/as rhe respo$c of maize and .rd Maliwal. l97li Maliwlt ard Paliwrl, paricl.s, scaw ad p.ddy yi.lds |!ru i[crc.ld with cmbind 1971b). Plad hei8ht, appticnriors of po'dry ald f.niliz.r undd brackilh groud waler irri8arioa (Hueir ?r l99te). Wheal yield also incftased by tle addiiion of 5 to 20 t sandy clay loam soil irigared with ttCOrL feflilizer decreied :s $. ad h|i at., of dung io a domi[alr warlr. Ho\rcvd, respotr!€ of l€vcl of EC ard SAR of \l"Lr i*.c.!.d 0d ald Sileh, 192) and $erc war no (Sharma and l2l, response of wheal and bartey al EC 6.3 dS mr or SAR 32 1975). Application of N beyond 90 k8 ha" did not incrcase Srain ald srover yield of Mizc to my appmiable al., l97l ). Application of q h.r on noml eil .ie undd $lirc *!cr (vertu 4, ZD (20 kg har) inffeased wn€at yield from 28 6 io 33 idigated si$ saliE sodic walcr Cre€tr matruring is also one of the useful (kl 4 ar', 1 1980). practiG in the manageme of saline *aler and therefore. it should find an inponant place in crop rotation S6bania grw lN€U ard Prcvidcd complec coler to thc loil compar.d to other green manuf€ crop6 even wilh fron higlly salin€ waler irdgation. wheal yield 15.7 to 20.8 q h?raffer Ploughing und€r sesbania gEn incrded nanurc wDen ini8rrion water h.d EC 10.5 dS nr (Gupt!, l9E5) 2.5. R€cldation of salt afteted soil requires a lo! of wa&r for l"chirg qua ities of Sood of salt!. lf bBckish Sroundwater is ussl for tbis Purlose, huge quality water can be $v€d lor crop produdion from normal gy?sum ald limc in sih, soil For solubilizinS salire water vould b€ very much helPtul A salinc-sodic roil with ECe of 25 dS mr alrd ESP 60 % w6 relailn€d when simplv irrtgated and l..ch.d with saline mtural gypsum and lime *n h r duc to sohbili2atiotr of subsiadial qu: iti€s of the soil prcfile. HiSh Pem€abilily duitrg l€aching eil w.s maidaimd (Jury a a/., eil rcduc€d to rql9. Tte sAR, ESP and pH of r saliFsodic laf€ limits by eddition of orSdic nattcr and 8Jr'sM slbsequent leaching wilh salinocodic to r€.laim the soil (Khan ,t at, (Muhamsad 1990). Combination of sub"soilirt. SJp6urn rnd ir .€cbining art., and *[ter. I-..chitr8 with distiU.d *ate. hil€d laching with b.ackish ercudwa&r (Ec I 8 dS nr', sAR 9 prolcd efi€.tive of E and RsC 7 2 me th€ "Khunirnwda' atrd 'Galdllra' Ln loil seri.s 1990). Growing salt tol€rant grarse.vgecn manur$ with saline *ater and iMrpor?tion hto tb€ salt r€clanadon. Surlan Sor8huln ad afrcicd soils is amlhcr $.v of uing brackish water for grN, Rhode.e gnss, Bermuda grass, Sesbdit' lrplochloa' Bajra Mplcr hybnd erc' werc 0le por.odal biotic oat riels which nr) Incoryoration of thcsc into sodic soils imProved physic.l lnd cbcmic.l Propeni6 (ALei tr ai., were groM witl| saline or sodic watcrs (ECh 0 55 to 3 2 dS l9EO, AlMd .r 4t., glscs wa' hclptul Lg%lim, d a a!., l9E4 and AnDad ,r aa, lt90). Growing iD an increase of organic maner contdt, inPmvene of infiltr.tion ratelsadrat€d hydnulic coductivity ard reducdon in EC., pH, SAR and EsP of a satt ar@ted soil (Akhrarur al., l99o). I4ptehloa l6ca k t \..s,,jle hdophvtic' Prinrry coloDizcr' cas y propagabblc, P.rEnnid, thctDopbilic, nnrinvc spociec which @n be c.' dd p.lalrble forage pl'nt growr with Poor qulity waer otr soils ratgiflg in pH 3'0 to from 11.0, nay bc salim, sodic or salinc-sodic or wat'rlog8'd' It depl€t$ salis root zoo. and Provides bcn r rool cnviroDn !t for dlc 8mw$ of o&€r Plara (Abdurlah ,r 41., 1989, Sid{tiquc st a/., 1990. Abdullah improvenent brougnt by the growth of gnlss, .' r( 'ras obGer€d that alhlh 89* of lotal slts wlt ' l99o) 4ftlr the subs'quent cropt of ricc ald wh'3t cvcl€ of tieldcd satisfactorilv. $hscqu€nt !o ricc-v'/hat fodders such as r€ociDt , naize anir al 5 vcars' less tolen could abo b€ gto\tm (K|ll!ar' add€d bv poor qualiiv w!t'r 1990)' '!!licd le'ch€d down b€low 2m soil layer!o grow L€ptochloa ald 96% of total ouFut Th. role ol roots of bi5 Pla i! aff€ctiDg pbvsr2l ard cheolcal prcp€nies' (Akhtar al €speially lrydraulic Propcnics,\ras vcry itnporunt 'r ' 1990)' .,. '.: ..:' ,,,.[}ffp,' .:,, '::. .,,.. l::,. ,,., -: :.:, r:rti., .,t:,ttrr ,.l:,,- I ., r, f,i,;1;; ,,t;;,; ::-t,, ::::litr .. ltltli:'rl . .:,,1 -- -,' i:i'i.tl:.,rii:l:l:: .r. rirr.+irilirl;:::,r,:,:lrli:r r:, r.rir METHOgg,::l',,',i" ::' a:a: :t': : ::: :::l):.: :..:: ,.,:l:,r-. 'l::tii r' r:tllt.' li:i:liar' 1,. .. .:...': .... :.t:. ..tt,. :::::: :::;:::, .,::::,:::,:'.al .: CHAPTER-III MATERIALS AND METHODS R.sarch sodies rePoned in this mano$ripr Salinity R.s.arch *'r' @dud'd at soil lstitute Piidi Bhanian Disrrict H'nzlbad P'listrn with lhe Universilv of Ag'iculhrre' official approvat of Direcbr, Advanced Studi€s' experme s studics comPdsed of otre field md two lvsimetcr Fasalabad. Thc Various smtcFes on uE Details of each cxPerinetrt are dscribed rcpantelv of bnckish v.l.r ue for crcp production werc inv€stiSat'd Lysimel'r exPerimeots were plam€d to invesdgate a long lht ol ftahcnts while rclettcd t€chniqu6 *erc verifi€d under fi€ld @ndi1io6 3.1 two Bulk soil was collccted from rhc turfacc (Glscm) or out in th€ diff€rent fieldr for sludv 1 and 2 studv 3 was carried field ( PdsulPur soil series ). Chcmical by tmlvsis obBining rcPreidlldYe emplcs ( Tlble 3 l 5E of soil wd omp|eted ) Th€ Pnysicd TJ} '.I lr.ti. a.ryb-d d C) t s.N Nlr Nil Nil 5,b afi t.35 * r ,h , x,/, 59 1,6! propertics wete determin d fiom the undistubod loil corc dEwn simulta&oalv (Table 3.1). Values of Eq, and Sodim Adsorptiotr sMy I & ktio of 2 bad Do salinity/sodicity problcm- Soils had a m.dium t.xnre (sarry- clay loam) and Sood hydrsulic conducrivitv similarlv. 3dlr, msrodic wi$ Study l: sil TcxtuE Sood hydraulic coDductivilv clay loan) itr surface O-15 3.2 indicrt€d fiat lhc soil m sil of trudv 3 *a! non_ s/r! nediun (sandv dcP$ snd lieht (sandv loam) h 15-30 cm Managing hackish water for sustained rice ard wheat Droduction. ror'tion for lwo This snrdy was conducied in lvsim€ten on rice-wheal 3.2.1 Trcametrs of |hb er(periElnt vcre: Tr = 'fz = Canal watcr alon for all tDc cmpc in dle btaiion Bnc*ish waar alorc for a[ tbe dops b dE rotadon' 60 Tr = Blending of canal and brackish waer T. = Altemte irigation cach oi (l:l) tor all the croPs in lhe caBl and br&kish warer for atl thc ctoPs in rhe rctatioD. Tr = Ri@ idgaied wilh bractish waler ard elE2t witb canal (s€iloul To = Mt'r cYcle) Fi.sr two c.ops irri8lt d *irh brackish water and subs€qu€nt rwo with caMl water (Yeady cycle). Tt = crop esbblishment with canal wa1er (liret two inigatioru) in v€arlv cYcle (T6) Tr = Btutish $il Tc = water (T,) + rice straw {@ l0 t har) iicorpont'd ino 0l. at hawat of €ach rice cmP. Brscxish waLr (T,) + SyPsum cdculatcd bv E3tont formuh on ro dE soil Sypsuln r€quiEn€nt basb ol wat€r used and added afi.r the hrwest of €ach crop, To - Brackish water (T) + H1sO4 added to the soit (with equivale lo mtralize COrt + HCOi of waler T,' = Y€srly cyclc (TJ + each ndBation) us€d grcen mnurc (Ssbania) @ l0 I beforc.ice tntrpladarion. 6l har 3.2.2 Soil in bulk % brouglt to greeGhous. atd Packcd in cemenl tlne lysin.ters wirhout grinding and sieving Dinensios of lysimrcrs were I x 0 m. Unifom packing of soil columG (disrilled water) ad (9r0 l cn) were ach'evcd through allernate vel ad dry cycls. Occdional wa drv cycl6 w€r. follo*.d uril well developed soil colum$ werc oblained. Experinent was start.d after oh'inin8 a bulk density of 1.5 Mgni (n@rer 10 the oriSiml otre) The tvsimelers were arnnS€d accordiry to Complet ly Randomi4d D6i8n (CRD) with thre€ rcpeals al|d irrigation tr€atmed! wert imposed durirS growth of crops The cxp€nment was started wirh rice transpladatiot and followed by wheat' other derails regsdin8 crcps ar€ nc ioncd in seclion 3 6 1 Tlvo crops of ric. as weu .s wheat were nhed Soil wplcs (Gt5 cn) *.rc obhiDed for aEtysis of chemical md phvsical PrcPcnies ar han€$ of ric. ald *hst, whole ol tie ly3iwters *G@ s.mPl€d $ tlE €d (4th crop). Lysimcte6 lrerc oPcn for leching at the bottom I of th' w'U o$cnmnl as 1o rainfall $$ughout th. cxperimental P€riod R.infall data w€rc rccorded scpanrclv (APp' l5). 62 3.3 SustaiDable wbrx and fodder productivity brackfuh w.ter. Surdy 2: Thir stlldy was dso ud.rt*cn h lysimetm or v/h.n-.orghum (fodd.r>whc.r-Daie (ftdd.r) rot rlod for two yc{rs. The 3!rdy lrr! wla! i[ wier s.$or 3.3.1 Tr = Tr = T, T. - which C{nal water aloE for all th. crops Bnctbh v{€r .loE fo..ll tb *a. snrud b alen .. h ttc rot tioL crop6 ir th. roa.tioD. Bk djrg ot c.El !!rt bnctid x,rt r (r:r) for rll th. cnp. io rh. Alcmar€ inigador csch of c|n|l ard bractilh $&cI for rll rh. cropt rcs{io[ W).ar irrig$cil wi6 brrcldlh ,rl To = stdy-l itirind fi![r TreaErcnts in rh! Tr - itr cooF.sr ro l,ith neizc) witt nrcr aod &|mm!f foddl(| (rorghum c.el rrt r. Finr tm cro!6 iniSd.d yidr bn tieh wirh ca[al war.r (Y..rty cych). 6l etl.r.rd $!.cqu!Dr tm Tt = Crop €srablishlDcnt with canalMlcr (fint tm irigtionr) in v..rlv cycl. (T6) Tr = AncEsh Tr = Snckish wacr (T:) tt.t r (Tr) + + Ferm vard nnnrr€ @ 20 t htr an€r wEst gvpcun crlculat d by F'ton's formula on gypton r.quircment besis of {'.lcr ulcd ald rddcd to thc aoil rftcr lhc harcst of crch crcP. To = Brlckish war.r (T,) + H,sq addcd to th. ioil with cach iniS.tion cquivaldt !o tr.utnliz. Trr = Y€$ly cyclc (TJ + COi + HCqL of !t:t€r ul.d' Srccn manuI! (s€sbrnia) @ lo'rh'n rfr'r hrrvat of wh..l. 3.3.2. Melhodology Almo.t slE mcthodoloty !5 dcsribcd utdd snldv-l was tdoPted wnh chanSc of crop rotniotr to wl|€.t-sotglNm (fodd.r)'wh.al-st!izc(foddc.). variour irrillion trcstrEnB alonSwith anendrn.nts (wh.r€ nc.dcd) wct apllicd ar daailcd abovc. Thc flrm yrrd manur. (FYM) appli.d in Tr $/.! 'rEll dccomposcd and K ehich sd collcct d ftoln mircd aninds. lt hrd 0 6, 0.4 ard l wc€ countcd in fcniliz€r elculations for lhis tr.ament. g 3 * N. P 3.4 Sndy 3: Soil herlth care duriDg groudwater inigatiod of ric€-wheat system. A filu crFrilaoa oo rtcc-wh..! roaali@ of Soil s.lid(y R...d.h l!.th., 'I!b ,t &r. dy cortinFd for 3.4.1 s|! cooins.d |t lh. Frtu Pidi 8brh4 Dildica Hrftrb{d, I'*irar' ycaE. Tr€rm€m Ifd, crpcdd wi! c.nicd art wflt lh. 6lovl4 Ea@ fiw lyli@r !.lcccd crpcrhc.!. Tr - crd wu.f itdgd@ to ri..!d {,n n T, = ftb.wll w.ar inigrtid to ricc id *n .a. Tr - S..6@il Cyclic ur€: ltballcl ruat fot rica ald calal ertar for Tr - S.rond Cyclis u!. ricc + S€b.dr Crcn Duu! @ l|ntphothS, 6J r0 a !. r) b.forr Tub.e€u vater T, (T, + thc balis of delta of rucwaf4sq T6 Cypdun (c5lothLd vr|.r tv Eabn's formoln on for crops adil added beforc lowing of ealh cai'"renr to cq! + Hcorr of v/ .r (applicd with cach inigalion). 3.4.2 Methodoloqy Ficld $! pEparld by plougbirg !!d F ldliDg $ t!qui..d for low land rice. sesb€ni. was ircorporated 30 days blforc s|3nhg $llag. op€mtions in ihc plo{s ofT.. All r.aments wcrc lrraogcd in rccoid.e compLL Block D6igD (RCAD) cobprbing of4 rtplicatic E x3 as ni Recombeded culNral praclices with R do@b.d td sub-plor siz. of and fertilizer applicatioN wcrc followed d6.rib€d in lh! lder s€dioo on croF. 3.5 IRRICATION WATERS: 3.5.r Cs||!l .5 q€ll a! br.cthb ivater wcr! u.td to ilrigetl diffcr€n crops. 66 calat water had etecrical cotrductivilv (EC) 0 21 ds mr and sodiun Adsorptpn Ratio (SAR) O.t ( n (RSC) (Tablc mol L')rn and no r$idu,l sodium carboM€ 3-2). Bnckish water us.d iD .t!dv I & 2 was prcPared bv dissolving NaCl' an EC Na,sor. Caclr and MgsO. salls into distill€d t aer in Proponions to attain of2.0 dS sAR,Rsc mr ad SAR of 180 (nnol a ni, warer 15.s8(m mol ws Characteri4tion criteia lik€ (Table 3 2) t adjusted SAR (Adj sAR) were $en compuied Deternin€d vltues ds L)'' Li)r',3.3 of Ec. SAR, Rsc me and 30 33 (m Lr and Adj sAR wete 1 99 nol L)rn (Table 3 2) This Relrmation adjudged untit in @tlSoriz2don bv Dircctodte of Mona (Haider and Farooqi. 1974) and narginal under libelal clssification ofwAPDA' (YuNs,1977). Thc gadc altotEd to lhis warer undcr FAo classification 'ra! "increasing problems (Westcot and oi salinily and spccific ion toxiciry Nar+ and HCOi) Aye6, 195, AveE and w6t@t, The suiobility for iniSation 1985) uder U S' Salinily t'ab (1954)wasCt S, ftigh saliniry ald high sodicitv) The mgniudes of adjusted SAR for nixture of synlhetic 8.39 (m mol L')'2, 2 5 me Lr' ltd SAR RSc caml wat'r ( l : I ratio) wec 14 44 (In mol category Cr S, (bigh salinilv, medium Ec L')r" I aDd l I dsm which Placed it " und€r todicitv) margiml with moderaE Por'Dial problem of salinity^odicity. Similar was the qMlny of ntbewetl 61 *'ter (EC = I 43 ^dra ' ^d SrR _ p4 - - .r SAR" ld.ro. w& ll (r) + (3.4-Dg,}| o(-p{) + plo+M, a p(^lL) 6E iniSate tte field dS mr. SAR=6.50, RSC=5.70 md Adj SAR 15 86) applied to crops undd slu(ty 3. Th. values of water wcre nore thatr 9 Mi sAR for svnthctic' nirt'lrc ard tubew'll 0 (criiical) which uder classification of Wesrcor ard Aye6 (19?5) could rmpoF were prcbl.m of sodicitv if nol managcd- Ouantities of canal and brackish water. Study- I Totd volumc of cinal and brackish water used $lelv to grow cfops of tb. rotadon under v&ious trcattmnts {Fis. 3.1). Only €nal and brukish watcr @mparc thcir inPact also lpplied *4 us€d in ves kePt utrifo'm T, and T: tespecdvelv to eilh other inigtion st€r.gics. Bmcrth eater alorc h T!. T, and Ttu bul it .qul was effbd was countemcted wilh rice straw tEd 50% stEre in rypsum and H,SOI rcspecively Both w.lers mix€d in or conjunctivelv T,6 dtese wcre ratio. Alternde nritation with each water was donc in T. bv urilizing 53% caDal and 4?% brackish water. In seasonalcvclic use (Ttonlv 12% @tr,l wacr vas suPpli€d wheres its share wa! nised &T,'). When crcP establishme t() 50 496 in w$ obtaired wnh canal water i! CIr). its proponion was increased 10 51 6% 69 vorlv cvclc T. 'bc verlv cvcl' 3.s.2.2 str.&gies of water usc in T,' Tr, Tt' T., Tr' T, and Tre sanc r! clrborrtEd sboYc (st$t-l). h s.a$Ml cvcL Or) onlv 38 *qc canrl u' wdlr in ttris crop roarlon !va! ulcd whilc it! volune v,/as reduced to 36% in ycarly cycle (Fis 3.2). wrEo 3t'!d e.tablishEd \t/at also cyclc (T'), its shflc was rabed to4l% Stid with c$al w'lq in lc{rlv Thus' 62,64and59% brackish water udlizal for crop ProduclioD udcr thc.. lhr€€ iniStlion tam€ w$ s' Thc c.ops wer€ iniglt€d wirh canal ard tubewell water alom trouShout ir Tr rid T, r.spaivclv. Unds s"soBl cyclic ulc Or) rice ctop shffing 24 % and was growD with bra.Xith \rater a!)d \^'h.ar wilh canil watrr, €ach 7696 of dE rot l dcta in .rch croppinS v@r of tl|c vhoL Friod ln dE reo'ining high re.rEmnrs, only orbew€ll !r/st r was u!.d. To neutrdize the €ffect of sypsum.qu.l 10 warer rcquir.ment was Rsc' applid io T5 Whcr'zs fl,SO. ald Srtt|r rn€rurt (s.sbcdr) {l€re addcd in T. md T' r.spcctivelv b€forc rice trll$Pbnlltion to s.t aside the ill eff€cts ?0 500 Ec.n.t w.ld EBrlckrsh w.t.r p *: t 300 E 200 E 9 100 T1 12 lll f4 T5 T' T7 T8 T9 TIO T11 T16atm6nts Caial and brackish water uscd in sMy-l Fig.3.ll 120 Eced wabr ABr.cklsh wat.r t0o E 460 E10 E 20 f2 T3 T4 T5 i6 T7 m Tl, Tto T11 Tr6atm€nts Fig.3.2: CaMl ald brrckish wa@r u!.d iD sMy-2 1l Crops. Cultural Practices. Fertilizer and Crop Data 3.6 Seven seedlings of ricc \l€re but fou ww transpla ed were mintained ait€r establishm.nt. Inigation with resp@tive wares given daily to kecP th€ lysim€ters Perln neniy uprmt€d in@ch lvsineler ofsfidv_l mmutly, Ri@ \tas after h@ing the sil harv€sled at wet Weeds' if maurity wheat were s€eds were PlaDted in lysimel€rs upto l0 cm- Four wheat Plant! \rere Mhciined in e2ch lysimercr. Uniform quantitv of l|alcr 1ras aPPlied one week. Crop was hrvestcd anir T,0 uy' l 4 per r€amelts atur maturhv. Gvpcum atd H,SO. *€re aPPlied in Te rsp€.rively, while !i@ smw ad s€sbrnia were imorponred i! T! ard T,I lysineters- Subs€que rice and wtEal croP! weE grown accordine to |be tebniquB explained abolc. Itrfomatio. on v.ricti€s' sowing aid hanstins dats and qwlily of feniliEls apPli€d has b€en prcsenk'd anat talf N was applied at sowing and half in Teble 3 N wa! 3 All P a t K loPdressed 25 d'vs atur traNptandng of dce. S4ond dosc of N to wl€at wG added afler 20 d'vs of swing. Das on fenile liller6 plant hcight and vield was r@rded at 12 mluritv of 3.6.2 This s dy was skrred f.on wheat in winter season BeiDg aho ihe lysiner.ric sMy, almost similar, pr@cdure on crops ard cultunl pr&rics oas .dopted as under study-l Whea! sotBhutn dd maiz crops were Smwn n rnc seqMce of wbear-sorghum (fodder)-wheat'maize (fodder) FYM, Svpsum and H,SO. wcrc aPplied in Tr, T' ad Tn rcsPccqvelv ehilc *sbania w$ i@rPora|al in T1, lysinel.6. Th€ information on varietios swing $€ll 6 fcdilizer ha5 b€en presenGd in Table 3-l ed harvesting dat$ as Wbcat crop6 w'r€ harvArcd at mandty and dalA on tertile 1ille6. plant hei8h1, 8r'in a d straw vield were recorded. Dry 3.6.3 biona$ of sorgbum and maize wa! rccorded Study-3 This study was staned b ueld tiom rice Thie crops each of rice and whar *ere grown in 3 l99l yars and followed bv wheal' The cmp rotation wa5 ptoughing and Puddling for rice-wheat as under siudy_I. Field was prcPared bv plots d@. Sesbatria was ircorporat€d 30 davs before $aning tiUage op€rations in of T.- Cypsun ald HrSOr wcre applied h T, and Td rcsPecdvelv Per requirmcnl prcpared of rh6e rreatrnents. Rice c.oP was haivested al maturity Seed bed was 7l Cr.g otl tF|& rb h.of Sdtld or dttr.- d. Dr. ofxrt tdta E duElfr-ldl &l 10 t2.t2,tgx 20.It,lrl g|&2 &&:r 23,ll.t99l 22A,t9t1 14 or subs€qued whe-at tbmuSl plougling ard pla*irg .!d croP *"r sovn !t dE moisur€ of field qpacity. lnfo@don on varieli.s, sowing and hflesliDg dat€s and fenilizer i! 8iv€n in Table 3.3- TiUcrs and pltnl heignr of rice ard whear were .ecord€d iom I x I hnnested dd m nndon at 3 places ftoh sch !lo1 wbile whole plot vas tharhed for srlaw atd grain yield dall. 3.7 .1 Soil sarnpl.s w.rc @Ued.d fron G15 cln (lyslneter expc.irne s) after ftc hd.st study -l and 2 of scb crop. At rhc eni of expcriEe s, whole of tne soil colurms wcre sampl€d ar deprh! of $npling at trcc depinr (0-15, h Gls, 15-30 and 30{0 cn. 15,30 and 3G6O cm) al prc-sowing ard pcsr harv$t of @cn crop was complet€d in sMy-3 (fi.Id experim€ot). Th6e sarnltes wcre airtied aid par!€d tbrcugh 2nu[ sicv.. Utrdishrbed s1mpt6 wdc simultan€ously obtlined using sp€cially derigmn cnre augcrs ald analysed for physicrl p.op.niB. An lysis woik was clrrid @t ir thc labontorics of Soit salinity Research hsrinrte! Pindi Bhr ian, Disr. HatEabad, pujab, pakisran. M€6ods enployed were thos€ d€scrib.d by the U. 75 S_ Satinity lrborarory S6ff h 6e text. All t|i€ calculadoN soil werc *!i8l 3.?.1.1 z. rt p|r rod ol s.tunred sol Fstq (Method 2). pll ol lrlur cd loll lanc (pIIs): By PH mct r Mod€l Orion Rc$rrch Microprocc.rsor 3. q) usins combimdon clecuodc (M€Ood 2l) ELctricrl conductivlty ot srturation Bridg. Modcl XARL KOLB WTW ellr*t LFl9l (ECJ: with th. h€lp of s,olu cottducrivitv m€tcr using 0 01 N KCI for $andardiation (Method 3a and 4b) Sohble cqlcium + |nrgE€slum: By lhtadon against slardad EDTA usin8 Ntt CI+NH.OH b{tf.r ald Eri6hrcmc Black T indistor (Medod ?). 5. Soluble sodiud. From s.$ration exmcl bv naN- pholotnctcr (Mcthod rra). 6. Cerbor.le . bk!.bon{e: By itration vitn slatdard HrSO. utittg phcmlphtlnl.h ad mcthyt ormgc itxlic4oE rarpeclivelv (Method l2)' ?. Chloridc: By timrion wift stad.rd AgNO' using K:COI indicator (Mdhod l3). 8. Sulphrt : By differcirc.. tTSs TSS usin8 gnph fl = Torll soluble page 12 of USDA inmcl-r-(CO; +HCO1r+cl'l slt5 in mc Lr oblaircd from EC. in dsnr H!fllhx)k No 60 9. SAR: Nar'(Ca + Mg)'2. wh.n the concentration of soluble cations is giv.n in m 10. ml Lr (M.thod 20b). GyDrutr rcqoh.ment (GR): By Sctoomver\ m.lhod (MctIDd 22O. 3,7.1.2 P[ysicnlPrcpetia! l. PardclFsiza sD.sbBis: Ilydrometer mclhod as d$crib€d by Moodie er ar. (1959). rnrc@doMl riarglc 2. wa us.d for d€sigutitrg EJ(fur.l class. Burr tleDsig (d!)r By obbinins @rE $npl€N, ovcn dryrng and weighinS (Mcrhod 38). 3. 4. Pdlde det|slly (d!): UsinS pycmrnd.r (Method 39). Porstty (r)r &lculat€d from bolt dcDsity .!d panicb ddrsity (M.thod 40). D 5. = dF:-d! Itydndic corductivity E): Fron Modcl DIK-4050 (Method 34d. 6. vold rdio (c): c = qt'L 77 soil corer in r hlling-b€3d penncator 3.7.2 Ele{rricEl conductlvlty: With the help of Solu BridS€ Model KARL l KOLB WT\v LF l9l CoDductivit, neler uing 0.01 N KCI soldion for staldardizltion (Mcthod ?2)Calclum + magn€slum: By titralioD with EDTA using NI{.CI+ NHpH 2. buffer ard Eriockome Block T idicator (Mebod 7). Sodirm: By Flamc phototut r (M€tbod 3. C.Ibomtes rrd 8Ob). bicarbonater: By litratiotr t{ith standard H$O. using phenolphthalein and methyl orang€ idicators respectively (Method 82). illdi.ator (Mettod 84). 5. chrortirc: By dratiotr wift ABNoj ushg 6, SAR: Na/(Ca + Mg)ra. WLn thc coocedrtioD of €IPnss€d in n mol + RSC: (CO, 7. Lr &cro. soluble etions i5 (Melhod 20b). HCOJ - (Ca + Mg). corc€ntrador beiry i! mc (Esron, 1950). E. Adjusted SAR (rdi. SAR): Qlculated uins Adj. sAR wlercpH" = pfr 's pK-pri obraiad frorn p(Ca,+ + Mg,+) + = SA&" thc followins tl + (8.4 - pHJ p(cf* + M8,) + pAlk_ Ca r M8F + NaF. is obrained Aom Ca,+ p Alk is obtained rrom + Mg1+. COI + HCoJr (wil@4 ?8 1966). forlular, Ll 9. Gnm ttSrrh.!.d of eda! OR ofv.lcr - A + B + C wt.Ic A = Nr't X 0.43 - (C.,+ + lrs+1h@ I'r, B-(Cq'+HCO,'.)X0.7 C = 0,5 (Brron, l95()). 3.8 STAflI'UCALANALYSIS: fh! &!r of vrbD coucct d (ANOVA) (SEd t|a@b *!rr |bot rolt |Id crt0. slfc nbitLd b id Drd. rlcoitfbS!o Tdtir, 1960) DlM'. n ely.ir ldividld c{D|rlbol bcwc.r MultiobR.!8.T.!t(DuDr, 195t. CHAPTER - IV RESULTS crenhoue sudi6 cohprissl of two pot expe.imenq wh€3t and the other on wheaHorglum continued for two ye6. Ther. ih. @mpt€tio! of om '€. $,ere (foddet-whe3t-mi4 (foddet rotations and cl.v.n t@tments i! pot exPerimcnt c crop6 but after crpcrim.nEtiotl, six tr.a6€ors w.r. s€lect d for v.rificaior ulde ttc fEH coDditions. Th. rlll onc on ncc- fiGld trial contioed for 3 vcats atd ach of rie ald vb.at q/er. 8mM in rice-wb€at oration. Th. results obbincd aE pEseDted under difrcrent s.ctions. 4.1 Study-l: Managing brackish water for sustained rice and wheat production. 4.1.1 4.l.l.l ruers Tillerin8 of bBckbh w.ter te apdi@non (Tl to T,,). 80 waler enhanced it a lil (s@ond crcp of rctation) were almGr |he siSnifica! difrer€,aA *.re ot6.Ned in 54e lM ol in all rhe ireatdeols Howevcr' s@|d .ice coP robrion). Canal iriSanon G,), alrcmt€ krigalion gypsum (T,), H:SOI fiat whsr c bur non-siSnilicandy (Table_4.l) Tiue6 of (ahi.d crcp of (Tr, s6ond th. cvcle (TJ' (Tr) attd geen manuring (TL') werc sinilar soislicallv while mixing (Tr), yearly cycle (T.), slatd establishnent (T') atrd rice sra* itr@rporation Co inuous (\) ue of were at par among dremselves brackish water (T, was at lhe blt inferior ro lhe tbmer gloup' bolbm wi$ wheres yearly cycle + green manuring (T, J surnout€d a neatr value of c.anal water bv 53 @rding 8,3 tille6. This par-.meter was not found to be siSniircant a82in in s€cond wheat (fdrl crop) allh@$ rrE numerical valucs werc lower @DPated t(, nut whcd 4.1.1.2 sraw Yield: The differences in various trestncnis were mn_significa for rhe fisl rice crop (Table 4.2). Hol'ever, siraw of ssond c.op (wheat 1990'91) signifi@ntly highe. it g@n manurcd pot5 (T,L) |han waler iriSation. Altemale irriSation (T.) (T, bur wa snl| better $an sole as well N btukish of brackish water cmpaFbl. with caEl w.rer !s well N 8@n mmnng 8l d ws (I") All rhe T.bL 4.l 'n[.!trg d croF fio, n Tillc.r d) b &4fl Phd' Ric+1991 Ri€-1990 r99G9l 12.6 r9r-92 ?.3 ABC 6.6 n t2.6 7.1 5.3 D 5.1 T, 13.4 7.O 6.9 BC 5.6 T1 !0.5 ?.E 7.5 ABC 6.2 T, 10.9 7.6 t.2 AB 6.7 n ll.5 7.8 6.8 BC 10.4 6.7 CD 6.2 5.8 r0.E 7.3 6.2 CD T, ll.5 7.3 7.1 ABC T,o It.5 7.O ?.5 ABC 6.4 TN 12.2 NS 7.5 NS E.3 A 6.5 NS = NS NoHigrtfi.ad Vducs stl8ri!8 sane lat r in €8ch cdunrr diffcr noD-singnific|ntly n Tablc 4.2 Slmr yl.ld (oren-dded 8 Dlul ')of c.oF in sludv'- Ricl990 Ricc-1991 1990-91 26.6 AB t99l-92 ?,6 AB T, 26.3 8.E BC T, 25.0 8.0 Tr 29.4 9-6 ABC 22.9 B{: 7.6 A3 10,' AB 23.4 ABC 6,5BCD T. c l?.9 c 5.8 D A T, 24.6 8.5 C 24.9 T. 26.O 8.2 C 25.9 AB 6.9 A3C T, 25.3 8.7 C 24.3 AB 6.6 AECD 26.5 9.2 AaC 25-3 A3 6.3 CD 3l-6 9.6 ABC 24.0 AB 6.6 ABCD 27.6 7.7 C 24.E AB 6.1cD 28.7 10.9 A 21.9 BC 6,6 ABCD T. T" NS NS - NS NoFsigEifica Valu6 shainS $ne lerer in €ach @tumn differ 83 other tr€atment! statisticllly beh.ved alike The differcnces c €nddl in 6e of mosl inferior third crop (second rice) wher sole use ot brackish water b€clrne fte with a mstr valu. of l?.9 I planrr against 26.6 g Plaff' for canal *aLr' The sle us. was sBtisliglly comparable witl mixing, alternarc iniSalion and grctn naNring ehereis all $e orher ftaunentr were supenor' Tnc b'$ srnegv seNDl cycle whh a value of 28 9 g plaDcr' This cven in cde of sccond wh@t Condnuous use itr 4 quc r€nained at the toP (fount h the robtion) Minng, altemte iniSation' yclrly cycle, cmP essb[snnent. gvpsun a par anong $emselves teh was d Iten masrinS wcre s|ltjsli@llv at well as with canal waEr ar rhe end of the experiment' of blackish waler remained at th€ bo(om while rice sra$' .poration and H2SO. matched with it 4.1.1.3 Adverse etrdr ol bBckish water wd slower and it might take som' rime !o delinc croP yields- The differcnccs atnong varioos irriEation sEategia w€re nor found to be si8nifi@n1 for yield of the (Tr. M@ lhid n$t two croPs (Table 4 3) However' paddy crop was affeded negadvelv bv brackhh waler applicadon alone yield of9.? I Plaff' was obtaincd *ilh bnckish water ir'igded polr to be the most againsr 13 2 g Planr' for qnat wate. This treameri was adjudS€d 84 T!b|.4.3 Prddy/grrh treE of cmPs (g plsnt \ ir Siudv-r Ricel99t Ric.-199O t99t-92 l99G9l L 14.0 7.4 l3-2 AB 7.2 T, r3.9 5.9 9.7 E 4.4C TJ 14.0 6.4 11.8 CD 6,2 AB T1 11.9 6.5 ll.4 6.2 Tr l4.o 6.t r3.E 6.1 tz.1 w: 5.5 AB n r3-8 6.1 I3.O AB 6.5 AB Tr t3.7 6-2 lr.8 CD 6,4 AB T, 14.0 7.3 l2-8 BC 6.4 AB 13.6 6.E 13.2 AB 5.6 BC 13.8 NS 6.2 t2.9 B{: 6.7 A3 Ns = D 6.9 AB NS Non_signifi@trt valu.s sharing same letler in 4h |3 column diffG' non-singnilica 65 ly inferior {hilc sea$nrl cvclic use 6 w$ the nost suP'rior {14 0 8 welt as rie straw incorPomtion (Tr) was found (T) / aller$tc iniSarion CIr) signiircandy hiShq than T1 A statistic{l sinilaritv warcr (T), application *3 record€d among seasoml cycle (Tr)' establishment with caral water (T'J. Ther e trearmen6 excepl seasoMl cvcle wete also similar to o'4r'cd ol brackish warer bur cul shod und'r vdious t€cbniques- Thc calcula@d losses were 10 6, 13 6 atrd 10 6 % for nixinS' alttrnate irrigalon and better ricc straw imorPoratiotr respccilely R6t of ole reann'nts wcre of aforc"mention€il and yield locrls were not siSnificlnt An incrcase obscrved in seasonal cycle 6c |ne 6 % eas of founh croP €nd wheat in lhc lolldon) ard grain yiel.l losses were raised to 39 % itr lignifica.tly higher lhat all the orher tteatnents except with role u!. of bnckisb wa&r wnh a and tbd (TJ but it was nor_signiffcant stathti€ally Hamtul effect! of bnckish {arer intensified in o T, c:Ml (T, and Hlso' y€arly cyclc, gypsm aod 8rc€r n|2nure A lots of26 5 % Paddv vield with conliNos Mixing Plalr) bs of 22 % 86 Thes€ losses IlSq {cr€ which was ai par AU th€ oth'r T,') prcved su@stul in minimizinS lhe vi'ld can l wa(er staliltically Tl retlnens (Tt' losser md match€d wi|n 4.t.2 sical 4.1.2.1 Bulk desity indic{.s mass of utrit bulk volume whilc poroaity ard void tatio are the derived propcniG cipressing rrrio of por€s !o paniclc dcnsity ald bt k d€nsity, rerPectivcly. Th. htlk dentity PrcDpdy hrigatiotr with satine sodic water and rftcr only oE ircrd.d aE r.sult of crop (nce-1990) a significa incr€ase was recorded. (Table 4.4). krigalion of successive oops in lhc rotation kcpr it coNtaDtly increasing ard at $e b. 1.6E Mg Dr agsi$! l.5o Mg bracbsi warer hr cld of f@ih crop for c{al at the harvest of each crop lr,erc its Yalue was found to war.r. valus for sole usc or sigific.!fly bigh€r tu[ d||t of $c Mixing, alrernate irrigation, yearly cycle, crop eslablishme md gr€en manure were at par wilh sole ure of brackish vatcr at hrrvest of the lirst and se.ond crops- Afte. third cmBvalu6 w.rc signific€lily lowet th.n solc of br.ctirh Mter. S.isoral cyclc, ricc st aw imorporatioA Bypcun ard tca[ne s r@he s afiecled mD{igrificady crccpt w€rc com?arabl€ with canal &Sq *ar.r aff.r sc.ord crop. Howcvcr, all hrryest of third crop. Al dlc .trd of thc N 87 thc *Lr alorc ar U. cyclic w (Tr, T6 ard T'), of hactiah clp.rinmt, use sol dry burk 'htrsiiy nl) h (Ms Studv-l Ricc-1991 Riel99O 199091 1.50 B 1.51CD l.6r A 1.63 T1 l 54 AB T. TI t99t'92 1.48 B 1.50 l Bc 67 A I.6E A t.55 ABCD l.116 B 1.55 B t.55 A3 r.57 ABCD l 47 B l-54 B TJ L56 A.B 1.52 BCD l.5t B t.45 C n 1.61 l 1.49 B |.47 C T, 1.55 AB 1.59 ABC l rA7 C Tr 1.54 AB 1.52 BCD l.5l B l T" 1.56 AB L52 BCD 1.46 B l.45 C I,57 AB 1.48 D t.47 B 1.49 BC L55 AB L60 ABC L47 B l -46 C T,. A A 52 AB valu€s slEring sainc letFr in eact column ditrer 68 49 B mcsinSlifisndy 52 BC &?6m od green canal wa€r. Miiing nfiure eerc clsrty and altemate betG. dBn otber rrealmen|s ald similar to irigatun proved suPcrior to sole !e or bBckish *ater bur comparable {ith .ice sraw incorporation, HISO., and canal water to kEp tbe bLllk density favourable. 4.t.2.2 Porosity of thc sil gnduUy decre.scd wilh continuou E or brackish water (Table 4.5). It was significanny lower in backish warer r€3rmenl (31.3 %) as compared with canal water (38.9 %) at tle end of oe experim€nt (afi€r four cropt. All han€st of fist tne r€atlncnls were comparable to bractish warer an€r the crop cxcQt a@l watcr. Imper of t@trnc s soDewhal changed at th€ h.rvest of sccond crop and seasonll cycle. rice straw incoQoation, SJpsun ,nd H,SO. became bett r ftahents than sole use of brackish water and other straregies. The trc{rnents eere $aisiically sinila. ro rhat wirh similiiude eist€d bdwee. atl rhe ramenc exc?t use c@l valcr, A of caMl water aner lhe third crop. Season l cycte and gypsum wefe foDnd io be the besl trearments with Gp.cr lo porority bur identi@l stadsti@lly to atl th. otEE mixing md alterna| irrigalion afier wzler w6 $€ foud crop. How.vcr, mosl inferior. 89 b€sides sole us. sole use of btukish Table 4.5 Soll Foroday (S) ll| Sludt-r $[ Ricc-l99l Ric€-1990 1990-91 t99t92 T, 38.74 A 38.37 AB 39.70 A 38.93 ABC n 34./15 C 33.43 D 3r.93 B 31.27 D '._ 37.10 ABC 36.57 ABCD 40.53 A 36.70 C T{ 36.ElABC 36.03 ABCD 40.13 A 37.00 BC 5.34 ABC 3't.97 tiBC 38.3? A 4.61 A T6 34.53 BC 33.87 CD 39.t7 A 40.00 ABc T, 36.46 ABC 34.97 BCD 19.17 A 2to.l3 AEc T, 37.m ABC 37.93 ABC 38.2! A 3?.93 ABC T, 36.23 ABC 37.% ABC ().€ A 40.67 A 35.98 BC 39.57 40.00 A 39.33 ABC 36.56 ABC 34.70 BCD To Valucs shrnng soe l.tEr A €.13 A in €ach @lurnn difier noo-siI8niir€nfly 90 40.27 AB 4.t.2.3 of firsr Void Brio was nor affecteil significa lv duriDg irrigstior crop, alrhouSh ib 4 values srane{t gr.duauv dccreasing with lime clable 6) This ard Frshl€d till th' cnd d*rcase was signifiBnt at th€ hrlvst of thc aecof,d crop brlckith wrLr' Th' advcne of cxlcrincot whcn sour.c of inigatioD $/" odv eft.ts u5€ ricc sEaw were panblly coDtroued bv $asonzl cvc[c gypson and ElSq ii'lrpoBtiou' This mitigation was aP?lic.tion bv tbe end of rbc sccord crop the exp€rimcnt rt turthcr ioEnsifi€d with aI the stategies of lwv€st;f fte thnd patt€m remained sigrdficantlv lower' The crop and only sole use of brackish walcr crop ard sole ust' mixing atrl of variadon changed again at the end of founh ell $e otlrcr Erttrcnrs aher.le irrigrtioN became sitnilar but difrcrent $a! 4.t.2.4 Thc €prcity of soil ro coDd$l us.d Ml't d'c@6'd ihe quanrity 's lnitialv' it mh'n"n ! fide bmckish wal.r irErdsed $'irh lap6t of tine (Tablc 4 its quanMs was noFsignificant mric€d b To and T,, eveD 7) Howcver' an of but 4pp'r'nt dccreac wu crop afler {be harvelt ot fi$r crop W}en tbe sccond was hancstcd, HC hat been d€cres€d signiftcantly 9l wlh the u3€ of brackisb vrter soll void ntlo (mr cm Tlble 4.6 ) ir Sludy'l Rice Ricll990 l99l l99G9r A t99t-y2 0.64 AB T, 0.63 0.62 AB 0.66 T, 0.53 0.50 D o_4t B 0.5E C o.59 0.56 ABCD 0.68 A 0-58 C T{ 0.5E 0.56 ABCD 0.67 A 0.59 C TI 0.57 0.61 ABC 0.62 A 0.69 T" 0.56 0.51 0.65 A 0.67 A T, 0.57 0.54 BCD 0.65 A 0.6? 0.59 0.61AEC 0,62 A 0.6I B o.57 0,6' ABC 0.68 A 0.65 AB T, cD 0.57 T! 0.53 BCD 0.58 NS 0.6? A values are m€at of thr€. rcPears NS = Non si$ifiort valucs sbariq same lctEr ir erch calumn differ rlon'sinenifictnUv 92 A A 0.58 A in T,, T? and T,,, ln lpb tne lll cld of seconl crop with non-signifi@nl direrenc€s G)?sm was tr..ment in which th. Thc gyPsun the other tEaments this proPerty was maintainsl at lcast ad value of lhis Daramete. was even higtur tuments *itb hiShcsr HC aner thid 1he tha canrl besr nater- crcP were seasoBl cvcle gr@tr manu.ing which w€r. statistically ar pdt witn qnal watcr afir ye.rly cycle but beter thatr lhe others. Mixing and alternate irigation \tere ju3t above rh€ sole use of bncldsh waler and inferior than rest of the u!., mixin8 and altema& iriSadon wcrc the n6t ratncnE. Sole inferior $ntegi.s which fin llv failed in lpkeep of this imponant soilproperty. A decrease of 80 % was €corded wirh sole us€ of brackhh waler (0.?9 cm hr) was obtained agairsl 3 96 cm hr' lor canal water. Tlc dccrea$ was 68 % for mixing atd 56 % for alemte irrigadon. Gypsum was ft€ only qnal vanr d lreatme which could rhe harlest of founh s€asonal cyclic us not be diffemciated ftom crop. Ir wd nill suthdcally comParable *ith (T<) and H?SO{ (TD) b $penor to au ftc olhe. t esnncnis Itl €ff€cts of sodic water {erc exteded to the lo*er profile (60 cm) by tne .ld of fourltt crop. Sole use of bBckish *ar.r was at Par wttl mixinS ard alteMt inigaion at bot! the lower dephs 05_30 and 3G60 alt€rn te inigalion werc st tislically similal 9.] b cn) Mixing and yeady cycle, rice stra* sol sy&rllic co&dttat ((n hri) b $unr_r Tr. T, T, T, n TJ Ti T? Tt r! To T,, &ic! l99l Rlcc 1990 6.12 AaC 5,5? AB 5.52 AE ,4.38 C n 30'60 0.9r cD 0.116 0.?9 F 0.08 E 0.$E cd 5.34 AB 3.96 A r.xt E 1991-P 15-3od O-r5 l99G9r l'hat cDE 5.86 AS 3.66 D r,2E BF 0.60 DE 0.42 CDE 6.61A 5.56 AB 4.31CD 1.75 DE 0.49 DE 0.35 DE 5'30 AB 5.52A3 5.494 2.73 BC I.N 0.a2 5,4E AB 4.5t C 4,61 BC 2.59 CD 0.92 qD 0.98 ABCD 4.43 C 4.9 Arc 2.1aCD r.25 DC 0.9, AacD 5,3I AE 4.60 tc 2.X@ 0.47 DE 0.43 CDE 5,t A 3.54 AB 1_6aB r.63 A 0_8? 6.25 6.66 Aa A 5.2! AA 6.53 AB 5.16 C 5,6' AB 4.55 C 2.7aEc 5.52 BC 4.65 C 5.53 A 2.52CD Vrhs rbrtry sEc ldt r i! 4h sllm drlfd @n4i4!ifi'8dv BC cD cD 1.03l.Ec l,5l Al iftorpoEtiotr and &Sq r5 wcll as carl|l wa&r tEatnena for tlE 15-30 cm laye.. Scasoml cycl€, gypsm, stand Grablishn.Dt k€ep hydraulic onductivity of *hil. grd lme T., thb layer even better than that with canal wate. rcm.itEd &€ bcsr. No st.tbdql oba.rycd b€rwcd caml incorpoEtior for w{!r, were diff.lcM in HC *a mixing, alrernal!, irrigation and ric€ straw rhe 3G60 cm layer. Cyclic lse includitrg T7) ard H:SO. w€.e sbtisrically valuc were ud gt!.! nalurc wcr e@sstul to $rld .stablishmcnr (I5, simild ro canal war€r alrhough nuncriel hidcr in tlcsc lrejuncnrs. Hoeever, diff.renccs of $me ElrheDrs signinca lhan sole use of brackish waler. Gypsum and gre.n manure Frfo.mcd Uc b.st conparcd ro all th. orhcr r.ametus cxct?r ycarly cyct. (T6 atrd Tt. 4.t.2.5 Clay dirp.rsion is $e basic property whicb dir€ctly affectr other pbysical pro?.ni.s. DisFrsio! ot clay sBned wirh che ure of saliE sodic wate. which exleldcd with time (Table aI 4.8). Iusi after the firsr crop CD inseascd with the treah€nrs excepr Tr, T. ard To bot diffcrcDces werc Dltssignifiona wilh canal waer. Afrer rhe sccord scasoDal ald hird crops (whcar 19190-91 and ric€ 191). cyclc, gl/Fsun and H,SO. were comparable 95 wift catral waler. Cl.y dbpcrs.td (S) In StudY'r Tlblc 4.E Tt. li.c Rb. l9m !991 Gl5 l99G9r T, Tr r, n n T. T, d 14.0 DE wllr l99l-9 lt3ocn 3G60o 15.8 BC 15.3 B ?.EBC 10.3 EF 11.0 CD 9.4 AB m.4 n.3 A 30.9 7.E BC l:l.t @ u.5 N.2B 20.1D t1.4 E ?.E BC 15.3 ACD rE.OB rE.5 BC IE.8B lt.9a 9.5 AE 8,E F 15.2BCD 13,2 DE 13.6BC l5.t B 9.4 AB l?.0 A3c 17.6 B 15.6CD 14.7 BC t7.l B 9.4 AA 16.6 AAC 17.3 B 14.4 CDE 14.0 r5.5 BCD l9-9 B 8.2 BC ?.E F 10.3 D Tb T,, 7.0 C 12.7 DE 8.4 BC 18,9 AB V.t6 sblrirg Tr ^ ,.r ld.. in ac.b E A 32.9 A 29.9 A Bc 15.3 B 16.? BC u-6 A 10.9 E 11.7 C l6.tl B 15.7 BC 14,9 CDB 10.9 C 16.2 B 17.68 14.7 CDE l0-2c 15,8 B cohm difict Dcti!€rifedlv 96 trehcnt! Effecliv€ne$ of oth€r was Lss $an lhc .bov. and solc use of brackish water remained ar thc bottom. Dispcrsion also incrcascd with can l watd bul salirc sodic watcr was th€ vorst and value of 30.9 % CD wr. record€d at the agai$t 14.0% with qtral barvest of fourth crop 60 cn ar the . vd.r. Th. crcct! d€€p€a€d upro ad I$O. tr.atnents of the cxp.rincnt. S€.sonrl cycl., 8'?tun irdic:t€d thcir p€$ilt€ot us.tulftss lhrougnou dlc grov/th pcriod ard doM to dle lo*er profilc. Otlcr strat Sics .lso prov.d bclcficill comper.! !o bEctish wat r but thele w4 inferior to aforemcntion€d orcs and wcre statistiauv sim0ai tl|effslv6. Al amotrg th€ dd of th. cxperimcnt, rice strae irEorporadon wcn a3s.ss.d itr thc th! lowcst in cff.cdvefts surf4. lrycr. A staltsticrl sitnilarity w!"r rccttdcd at |latrMls .ic.pr layer 0r niiinS, alt rn3t iniSatior ald b th. solc u of br$tbh *{.r. Srmc reSardiry CD 15-30 cm livd in all wa ltu. for :X}@ cm hcrc ricc sraw incorpor.tion slso sbtr€d tbc dception. 4.r.3 4.1.3.1 Soil ECc incr.ascd inig.tion (Iable 4.9). ne eitl tratme solc usc of b.ac,kish \*aar for croPs cffccts on salinizliion was, howcvcr, non- signifimt upto thc hanest of first two crcp6. Al lhc end of fiird crop n EC. Solt EC. (dS Tr. Ric. n't) h StsdY_r. Rice 1991 1990 199q9r Gl5co lt3o 1,43 D 2.2t cd @ 30-60 cfr 2.5t8 l.!t t.25 l,38CD T, 1.65 2.14 3.34 T, 1.29 1.43 2.03 BC z.aB 2.44BCD 2.93 T. \.23 1.50 2.2t B 2.66rc. 2.61rc 2.92l\B 1,68 t.32 l.82BCD 1,55 D 2.t6 CD 2.@B l.E3 t.t4 BcD 1.36D 2.4 CD 2.27 B l.4l D 2.03 CD 2.31 B 2.94 AB T. ,AA A t\B T1 1,38 l,a9 1.64 BCD T, l.,lO 1.59 2,96 A 3.7t A 3.11AB T, l,(B l,6l 2,116 DC 2.62aC 2.44 9cD 2./A B t.39 1.43 I.9E BCD 2.23 C 216rcD 2.@B 1.32D L46 D 1.65 D 2.n Ttr t.52 NS NS - 1.91 NS NGsirdfic.r. v.lB lhrti8 s.G lctlx in @i @lu@ difcr n@3ingdfl.ldv 98 B incssed significantly wnh brackish water conpar€d to imorpontiotr of rice saa* (T,) green manu.ed po6 colplcd wit! @uld rcr lower thc saliMtion a1l Minimum EC. of I -32 dS ue (?). y€arty cyclic ffhcr Ece wd of the rrcarne s werc sratbtically sirnild n' was recordd for Anemate irriSalion (T.) higher tlun dont lhe tleatnen$ except $c control (T,) Rest them!€lve and rcsembl.d @al water. Use or brackish walcr atone and incorPoration of rice stBw reghlered the highsr EC. aft.r $e fourh crcp. These trcatmeDts w€re found similar ro @h oder but sigtrificantly higier ftan all the others The recorded value in ule or bBckish waer alone w6 4. l0 dS mi against w6 thus, 17? % inc.ense in EC. over can I -4E dS mn wi$ caEl water. There l water dd th€ valu. wd thte fold higher than that at the sia( of the experimenl. Mixing, altemte irtigadon, SvPsm snd H,SO, appli@riotr w€rc panially lower lhan |be sol€ us $@sstul iD @ rouing 8C.,6 valocs of b6ckish water but still signilicandv hiSbcr ftan seasoml or yearly cyclic use, stand establishmenl (T') or lour t.eatnents eere similir statistically with 8mn maflring (T,,) e.al TXe larer water. In th€ lower pronb, rhe Parem of variatiotr rbe ECe rcre wd somewhat diffcretrt' of 15'30 cn layer vas the hiShest wilh brackish waler alone. Soil ECe in this lr€atment vras only at par witb rice $raw ircorPoraiion which wa! in turn sutisically sinilar o mixing. altcrnalc irigation' gvpsuttr ald H'SO. applidtion' A sratistical sinilalily was obs€rvd be(we€n canal water and I all the othel Feasnmts except sole use of brackish watcr aDd incorporatior of ricc straw soil ECc valucs at 3G6O cm indicaled thc ctrccts of sole us€ qultd to tbis dcPrb Mixing, slternal! iriSlaing.rd ric, $r.w incorpor.tior could. not cotrnol th. tsts iccuulation of salts ai this d€pth and bmckish water. All other tr€atments r.main d we.e jun sihilar to $le non-sigrtrticant e of with.&h othcr' 4.1.3.2 soil pH" sbntd incusing wa&r (T, was eveD after the harvcat non{ig ficant. At as e r6ult of irrigation with sline of first crop (Table 4 10) tlowever' thb incrcase the en l of sccond crop, soil PHs higher rhan caral watct. Miring or altern te water kept similar it sotrewhat low to.dal c.nal Mtcr a5 wcl t'! bu valus for lh€s' trtaimed't srrategv h T.' T' goG significadv iniSati4 of @!|al ald poor qualirv 3s brackish \re.ter' S€asonal cvclic u!.. Inigador sodic v/erc stadslicdly ult vas jBi litc sl' and T,, for the lirst two crops was pH' was also lhc same as thc contiNon! utiliation of brackilh waer (T,), so down pHs shtistically th3 sane GyPsum .nd H:Sq addilions wer' helptul to kecP Thc lowest valucs we'c and fte eff@t was sushined during |hird and fourth croPs recordeal for thes€ amcndments at lower dcpts (uplo 60 ltu €rd of ihc cxp€rimcnt in sutibc' cf,). soil pH, as was rris€d to 9'17 and 9 37 at the lm wc[ as ctd of sol pH! in studJ-r. T.ble4.l0 rr. Rbt990 Ric. l9G9l 8.37 C E.37 CD 8.40 D E.ro C 8.33 C 8.53 AE 9.17 A 9.9 A 8.47 AEC 8.63 C E,6? B 6.6? B 6.70 AB E,4? ECD 8,t c E,7OB 8.67 B E.63 B 8.43 CD 8.63 C E.43 C a.n cD 8.37 C 8.60C E.50 BC 8.23 CD a.n cD 6.63 AB E-t c 8.50 BC E.23 8.53 ABC E.63 B E.?O E./() CD E.23 E E.I? D E.OO 8.60 8.30D 8.23 E 7.90 E 1.92 F E.M F 8.60 NS E.5O A.N DE 8.30CD 8.13 DE 8.M DE T, E.l3 T2 8,53 \ 8-43 T. 8-4t Tr E.40 T. 8.50 T, 8.t Tr 8.6? T, 8,50 Tb 1r, l9lr2 tt3oco 3G6O d wbar !91 Ns = E.5O 6.6? A ABC B tm l.'lt.r i! ah 8.30 A @ E.7T AE EF E.IO EF @lum difi.f mn{itrgniftdd, 10r CD 6.80 8.7r AE Ndsisdfic. v.lu6 dt rir8 A $ird and founh crops rospectivelv indicating m appr'ciable allalizatioo {'hd $e sourc. of iniSation was brackish watcr only. This cffcct 15-30 and 3G60 cm lay.rt All thc othcr u@tndt5 ws also mlic€lblc in t[e w€rc h€lptul Pardv or tuUv io r€cdry ftis hrzlrd Thc bui lov.r vtlu. of rhi! pord€ta! wss si$ifi"D'lv hi$T tho crtal ihan brackish s/.L. io 15'30 cm bvcr at harv€ll of croF wh.n wat€6 w.r. us.d a! nntur. (T, or artttD,tdy of solc u!. ad mirinS s/.! sinil.r pH. *as wiolars.d by cyclic us. fourih croD ad 3G6O founh croDs. Gr..l| co dcptb A signifidt ris' in soil (IJ prcvcd Plnlv i E !udn8 u!' mal titv of dird 'fcctivc tld P4 of lhis of br'crnh wat'r was practis'd b'fore !"oid ricr third dtd ric! (third crop n |l|e narlr.lit d th. ill eff.crs of bnckish wat'r produc'd h ttms or pH, itrrc.s€ dunng inigation of ft6t two cro!6 Thc lhe end of Ho\{'€v6' inpac' ailr 6ird crcp bul I wentd :r vas sigtrificdrly lowcr than solc rotatio!) aid bird ald f@rltl lhe lhis Param€t€r b..am. quilc similrr io canal lrlaar tlroughout protlc. Ri@ sme it$orPoniion rsmmt i! Gr' *lt'r ltlud for tbis and founh crop wcr€ statisdcally similsr {tior caDrl 102 lteEn' wacr' al 4.1.3.3 lrigation with salinc sodic waLt Bisld SAR of thc soil cvd aher tirst crcp but differ.mcs werc (h mol noNiSnifidt Lr)t' recorderl fist crop incr€$ed 10 13 06 (m mol crop, r[. difftrence, beue $atisdcal $ird crop ad to 24.67 (m nol L)r'at of6 20 Li)r' second io 4l afttr The vdue was edarS€d almost thee fold of thal obs€rved in canal ro the profire. (Table 4 11) As the valuc 19 mahrrity of fourth croP Thus' *der- Thb i *a ttetrd was observcd down Minng CIr) ard altenat irigation (T.) ofqral and brackith wat€r was partly usetul lnd values of SAR w€re hiSher filn c"tl brackish water afrer harv€st of atl the crop6 Such effecls whol€ of tb. profd. at th. termination of thc exFrincnt wat€r but lower |nan *ore notic'd in the The SAR in $ssonal cyclic use (Tj) ircrcased due to lhe use of saliE sodic wal.r for ricc (ftrst and third crop) but it r.vened duing subsiqueot irrigalion eirh canal water to fte whcar (s€..rd and founh croP) ard r.maired statbtically al par with caDal valcr rhroughour the study period. same tfend was recordcd for the lowcr layers at lhe cnd of the c4erim€nt. SimiLt rc$Its were also fourd and s|and stablishmenr CI'). Incorporalio of i! verly ric, ttlaw (IJ B cyclic w (I, Panly bcnefici.l to coDtrol SAR increase. Differenc€s during fust two crops were noHigmficalt .rd theFaner b€.me higher than @El *?ter but lowcr l0l tbd sole us! of bnctish Soil SrR (E Tr. Ric. @l Lr)B h Study-1. Whan 1991.9 Ric. l99l 1990 l99G9l Tr 6,15 T1 9-52 T, 1.49 T. 7.43 T, 6.5E 16 8,80 T1 a,s2 Tr E-90 T, 6.23 T, 8.91 T,, 8.61 6,204c 13.06 A 15.30@ 6.,10 D 19,41 A 7.17 D 8.08 C 1,n c 4.67 A t9.ll A t6.92 9.23 ABC 12-55 AC 15,30c 13.43 B 12.91AB 6.76 AAC 12.588C 13,99 C 14.708 10.208C 6-99 BC 9-12 CD 7.bD 9.A C E.86 EC !0,9 Al 9.85 CD 7.48D 9.58C E.03 C 9.83 ABC E.01CD ?,48 D 9.40 C E.00 9-2a AEC 15.:!a AB p.{a E t5.16 AB 13.23 AE 6.03 C ?.05 D 6.29 D 7,03 C 6.?r 6.36 8C 8.l8CD 7_4D 8.54 C 8.08 C 12.01A 7.79 CD 7.35D r.98 C 7.tt NS Ns - L N@SL f..d V$E $|ti!8 3!n Llt.l i! a.l colum difcr d!_sit8Dift$ly l@t c c c waer. The usetul effects werc not found i! ihe lower laycrs APPlicatiod or gypcun (Tr) lDd I!SO. CIr) wi0t salirc sodic water kcpt SAR conParabl' cel $alisticdly wiih green manurc 4.2 (T!) Sordy 2: wab. at brrvdt of ach croP simild was the crect of excePt at thc harvest of se@d crop Sustailable wheat ard fodder productioD with brackish water. 4.2.r Tiilers 4.2.1.1 Salim sodic wat r did nol supPress dleriry of firsl wh€at crop tor signifi$ntly (App. E). Daia rcSarding thn coEpo'ent {/'rc lot r6ord'd $bscque sorghus becsus! till.nnS babit of Lhis cmP i.s nor so How.ver, .dv.rse effecis of bscktuh wal.r be.mc siglificant which was tlird @trs€cutiYe crop in the .otadon Canal wat€r (Tly6rly wcrc found ro (T, secood wh€'t sd'asoml cvcle H,sq G$) ald b' statitticlly dikc bul sjlpcrior lo r.sr of rh€ treatroE s- sole lj!€ of btlclish warer irrigation CIi cycle (T6), stand eitablishnem Cr?)' gwsun CIJ' sba!& tr..n tmudnS G'J ir cffnsrve' cIJ' miiing (T!)' alt€atate and larm yard manure (Tr) indicated statistical similaritv among themselves. Moreover, difierence, of nixing ud hm significani wiu canal water. S,olc usc ofbrackjsh water 105 ad yard manurc were mt altcrnatc inigation (T, bodly affect d tu iillcring of s€cond whe2t Th€re w* m data on lill'ri4 of results for whcat tillcrins were maize due to non'tiUering habit of lhis croP Th€ rimiln but ro snrdy'l in resP€c. of s.asoDal cvcle, diffd slighgy for vwlv $?sum' H'sq a'd malurilg green in cvcle which provcd @mParativ'ly less eff€ctive study-2. 4.2.1.2 Grain yield of wleal 199G91 afi€ct€d siSnific-andv due decre$d the ovcn dried teame yielded lo (fi$' croP in the rotatior) was not brackish wat€r us€ biomass (T$le 4 12) Howcver' it This of c€cond crop (sorghuD{g9D bv 33 % tiSnific{tlv loecr than all the othcr of c$at aid bracrish $/at r (TJ' v€.rlv cvd' trstmclt! erc'pt mtinS (Trr) wbich Crt) ald sr€ea oaruring (T)'seasonal cvcle were staristicdly similar. Allernate irrisation and HISO. CI'd aPplic2tion rcE crt' gvpsum lDn'significatr anolg tb'o!'lY€s tht orh'r treatm'nt! crnal $aar (TJ- Thee v/crc $pcrior ro all $ (rt s'en ar lhc vield loss to t5 % and 16'6 of 33 % by sole uw of brackish water wat cut short r.sp€ctivcly \vith {ad qtablisbnent (T?) ald fam yard mlnure CIr} 106 % Table 4.12 Yield (a pLrt'r) of.rop h Srudy-2, M!izc sorghntn Tr. l99G9l 1991 t99t'92 1992 (crain (Ovcn dricd (Gnin yi.ld) (Ov.n dricd Yi€ld) T, T, T, T. T, T. T7 T. T, T0 T,, A 15.78 A 10.?2 25.93 A 10.38 lO.Or 17.33 E 6.10 F E.14 C 9.59 21.13 DE 8.76 BCD 13.34 AB 9.76 23.M ABCD 7.8,DB 13.94 AB r0.3? 26.75 9.72 20.?6 DE 8.67 BCD 15.@A 10.90 2l.98 BCD 9.52 ABC 15.47 9.83 21.62 CD 6.EO EF 11.43 BC 9.62 25.t1 ABC E.8? BCD t4.73 A 9.E9 25.69 AB 8.18 CDE 13.98 AB 10.00 NS 19.80 DE E.9 BCD 14.E6 A Ns = L 9.68 t3 15.16 Noo-Sigrificrnt Values sharil8 ssrne letter in cs.b column difler noHlnS4ficaDdy N7 A A The gnin yield of whcrt l9l_v2 (3rd crop of lhc rostion) of bEckish waLr rcituc€d lo 6.tO 8 planrr with continuou! us€ of 4l % 6 againsr 33 % in second crop onlv FYM prgmmg apPlicadon (I) wd a cul was all o$er treatmcnls w're sraGtically similar to sole us€ of br.ckhh water wnihr S€asoMl suc..sstul to abridSc the vield 8aP siSDifrc{tlvcycle + star.l dablistment cycle (Tdt Cypsum (T, (Tt (T' 0t well ts y'lrlv (Tr)' yearlv were at par wiih @nal wattr' Mixins and grecn manur€ (Tr) werc tle inferior reit'n€nis irrigrtion (T') conpar€d with dlc afoFmennon d oncs Alt'roat€ were the most inferior bur stil Yicld lo!5 of 4l significan'lv b€trer lhan % in hc croP $lc u!' ad IIdq Od of br&kish *ater e8 irEras'd to 48 * in the 'bird wa brackish wanr alon' fourth coP (naiz€-1992) wheD the sour@ of irigtdon Results H'SO' fiom cyclic use were positive conparcd with $'psun and of resPo$€ lo diffcrcnt application but diffcrenc€s were mn-siglrficant' Patt'm t€atmetrts io sol(ly'2 wa' similar rc sdldv-l but r08 icld lo$ \ra' coDlarativclv l6s 4.2.2.l Bulk deniity gradDaUy inc@s.'d wilh irrigation of salinc sodic waer dwing nllt crop whil$ trealrne differ€ne! were non-significant (Table 4 13) After ttEhad6rofwond c.op, t e.une cffectsbecaresi8!ifi@|, Bulkd€nsity of 1.55 Mg mr was recorded for sole use of brackhh waler (TJ Mg m' with c{ul watd (T,). Sole u$ altemtc irrigation (Tr, y.arly cyclic Hlsq Oo) re sEthtlelly sinilar use (T6 and Tt, changed 10 minng (Tr, farm yard manure (TJ, ctltl water- This Patrem atur Uc third crop (wheat 1991-92) md only $le llsc of bEckbh wal€r was fowNl inferior to rest of the rcaments. The was ryaiml and green manure (T,,) but inferior 10 seasonal cycle and sypsun. Thc laier two treatme s alonS with mixing werc identical to wd 1.45 as farn yard manurc. AU olher treatme re s denoted a statisti@l $emselves as well as wiih canal water. Sole use etrhamed (aner f@ih less effective treattn€nt crcp) bult de$ity to 1.63 Mg sinil.rity don8 of brackish water nndly nr which es siSnmsndy higher than all lhe other treatments. Sole usc (n) of brackish wster was fouow€d by altcmt idigllion. mixing and H$O. in effecriveness but only al:ermte irrigation statislically proved 109 T$lc 4.13 sofl &y Do|r drtiry (Mg Tr. WLal 19q!91 n1 b 8'udv-2' Sotghrn t9r-y2 rry2 (..........................Gr5 cn .. ." '" 1991 .) 1.46 C 1.47 CD Tr t.44 1.45 C T, 1.52 1.55 f_ 1.48 r.50 ABC l,5l Bc 1.52 BC T. l.5l t.52 AB 1.53 BC 1.54 B n r.52 l.48 BC l.5l 1.14 D T6 l.5l r.52 AB 1.50 BC 1.45 CD r.5l 1.53 AB 1.51BC r.4a cD r.51 1.52 AB r.$ 1.49 BCD T, 1.50 l.4a BC t.47 C t.{t cD Tro t.52 1.52 AE 1,52 BC l.50Bc T,, 1.53 NS l.53 AB l.5l Bc l NS = Notr-SigDitu nt var'r.s 3[atiD8 s.l!€ lci.r iD A 1,59 A BC B l 63 A 49 BCD c!.h coludn ttifrcr m.liognificadv ll0 diffcrent to caml water. All the othe. treauncD6 r€mained similar alEms€lvcs as well as csnal water. The of l 44 Mg ni dong rroment wilh mililnum numerical valuc was the selsond cyclic use 4.2.2.2 Pomshy of soil decreased with iEiSation of elinc s.dic vater (Tt io first crop bul significant eff@t occurred during lhe second crop (Sorghum1991). Iis value was 35.4 % for thc aole use of bBckish watd {ilh canal waer (Table s agairst 397 % 4l4lBrackish water limil|r lo all rhe other maEtents ex@pl ser5onal cyclc, gyp$m and canal *"ter which were identical in nrm wilh each oth€r and sup.rior ro tne resr of rstrnents. Th* resulls changed Post harven oi the third crop (wheat 1991-92) and only alternate irrigation farm yard manurc and II:SO. reatments renaired infenor lo lo sole usc ofbrackish water. The value ofporoshy lse and placed this treame c@l eater deu$d bur sril suPcrior upto 33.6 % in solc atrhe bottorn. This Patt€m chatrged a line.al hfvcsr of fte foudl crop (Maiz€1992) and HfO. alotrg with all orh.r nsdtrcds becamc ar par with caml wate. whiht only atter.ate irrigation aDd sote use remained inferior lo @Mt warcr. Hoeever, sole use of llt bnckisb waler was again the low€st Tablc 4.l4 Tr. Soit poro6ity (%) i[ sMy-2. l99G9l 1991 ( ........................G15 L t99t92 l99Z cm..........................) 39.2 A A3 T, 40.0 39.7 Tr 36.5 35.4 C 33.6 C 32.r D T, 38.3 37.5 BC 37.1AB 35.? BC 36.5 BC 36.4 B 35.E C T. 3E.6 36.8 3E.3 A3 37.7 tB 39.9 A t7.\ 36.7 rc 37.5 AB 39.6 A T, 37.2 36.3 BC 3?.148 38.3 AS T! 36.9 36.7 BC 36.2 B 37.E ABC n 37.4 38.3 AB 38.8 AB 3E,E AB 36.8 x.7rc 36.6 E 37.4 ABC 36.1C 37.t A 3?.9 ABC T! 36.1 NS NS = NoFsignificad vdu.s 3D.ring s!n! l.o!r h €ch columD dificr ll2 lon-sirtlifo.Ddy 4.2.2.3 Void Ratio: Void 6tio was dra88€d down during iriSation of bnckish water to siSniticant ar $e han€st of third crcp (wh€1 the firsl rwo crops bur t wd 92) when its value wa! 0.S with (Table 4.tg). This magnitud€ solc us€ (T, l99l' conpared with 0 64 for casl water ot void lario was the lowst and siSnifiqnt ompar€d all lhe other treaments. The n€xt hi8he. values weE record€d in alternare idigation, farm yard m.nure and Hlso! which were non-significa lo eacl ofier but lower lhar canal waler and gypsum Rest of the treatrnenis were sinilar statsrically among ttEhsclves and with the calal water' MdimM void flio (0.6n ws fourd ins.alonal cyclc (I) at lr|c but ir eas statistically alike to canrl water (0 @orded for sole resr w c'd ofcxperine (fourd' crop) 63) Minimum valE of 0.47 was of brackish wat€r which was dE nost inferior @mpared Pith ofthe treatmenb. Alrernae irrig ion and sole use ofbrackish wate. were the only rreatnent! cau.sing void ratio lower thrn that {ith (lel harvest of founh crot, 4.2.2.4 Hydraulic conductivity of water througn rpper affectd n€eatively during iniSation of lirst crop with sole 3 water aiier the Tablc 4.15 So[ tord r1rl0 ln $rdy-z. wb.at Sor8hun 199192 l99G9l l99l (..........................G15cm Tr. A 1992 ) 0.63 ABC T, o.a 0.66 0,64 T, 0.57 0.55 0.51c 0.47 E Tr 0.62 0.60 0.59 AB 0.5E CD T1 0.55 o.@ 0.57 B 0.56 D T, o.5E o.62 0.59 AB 0.6? 0.59 0.5E 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.59 AB 0.63 ADC 0.59 0.58 o.57 B 0.52 BCD 0.60 0.53 0.63 A 0.63 ABC 0.59 0.5E O,5E B 0.t 0.57 0.59 NS NS T7 T, TU Ns = valu$ Al A3 A 0.66 AB 0.60 cD 0.61 BCD Non-stgnificint sharinS same lettlr in cach coluEn ditr r mn-cir8lificalluy It4 The *ater (Table 416) but differcd non-significandv wirh all fte tr€$nents (T') 1|,as denor'd due to prolonged usc of brackhh wat€r prosressivc decr€ase 6rou8h lhc valus of $ird ald founh 1 croFs were 1.753, 1.53I, I 25, 0 14?, 0 O99 end r€s?etilelv Thc 438 ad I.337 cm O ol5 cm br' aficr ii6t' s!@d' ra'5Pecnve n2Snitudes nr' for c.lal waer so' hydrdlic conductivitv at ihe end wat€r' lt was siSnificandv lower of the experinent was olry 3.3% thai of caMl $asonal cyclc' Svpsum and riatr crnal water, mixing allern'l. inigatioD afrer secod crop a t atl tbe tEmcnts c'GePr H'so' FYM afttr tbid iDd founh crops' of the experiment profdc at the h was evcn inferior io FYM in thc lower 'nd bractish water Mixing (TJ and alErnat' irriedion (Ta) of canrl a'd ser sinilar i[ ctrect thrdShout tc exp'rim€ al Period Ttt6t lrarmeD6 could mt mtiSllc tu[y &e deldlrious cffccB of brackish wlltr and rcnailed infetior Cvclic use' to clnal $,.tcr but beuer than sole usc of brackrsh wder' i! Senetal canal v/aer poved cfrecdve to keeP hydmulic c,nductivitv comPd'blc with reah€' . s.lsonal cycling (TJ was superior the s.cond aD.l Oird crops but becatn€ The numcrical values with (his o vearlv cvcling CLlai hdesr ot stitisticdly lhc samc eff'r th€ f@rfh croP' trcatnc \rere highei yearly cyclc was couPled with stand establitbnent h lhc lower profile Whetr (T')' a sligh b€neftt was i! oboilsd bur n was nol sigDificant cypsun fTJ *a5 tbc bet tr"En'nt values but it wa! rcither aPParent sigrifisni to c:nd water nor se3lonal cyclc St{phuric l15 Sotl Table 4.16 Hydr$rlc conducitvlty (c6 brr) ln Sludv-2. Ric€ Tr. (0115 cm) r99G9l (Gl5 cn) (Gl5 l9l cm) wlEn l99l-9 G15 cm 15-30 cm 3&60 cm 1.159 A 1.049 AAC T! l.?53 1.531A l.438 AB t.337 A T1 !.250 0.147 C 0.099 E 0.045 c 0.051 D 0.044 F T1 1.447 0.570 B 0.496 D 0.450 B 0.?33 B 0.666 DE T. L.3n 0.514 B 0.474 D 0.460 B 0.3E2 C 0.465 EF 1.353 l_2El l.2lo o.llr c 0.456 D 0.96 A 0.93 AB 0.815 D l.o5o 0.144 c 0.467 D l 0.969 AB 0.851 l m7 0.lrt4 c 0.149 E 0.t2E BC 0.395 C 0.497 G l-043 1.526 A 1.484 0.950 0.544 B 0.987 NS 0.146 Tr T6 T, T, T, T$ Tt, A c 0.806 c 1.163 136 A A 1.154 1.213 A3 Ll2l I l.oE6 r.204 B 1.017 A l A A Ns = Non-siqnificant Valu6 shdinS saDc ld.r5 b ech crlunn diffcr non-significanUy ll6 cD 0.944 AB A 196 Bc A 1.219 c A 1.040 1.250 A 0.915 A 126 AB acid (T{) .ff.cive also proled its wonh to @mporcd wiih slpsum decB. d\tterionrion in HC bur it .r th. cld or the rhird croP. lt ws l€ss equdized lo gypsun.fter rhe fourlh crop. More or les, sde results w.r€ ob6in€d under the study- l w3 slightly lower However, effetiveness of treamenG in sIudy-l (Rice- otlo!-:. 4.2.2.5 An increale in clay disp€rsion was mticed wilh irrigation of saline sodic water even for the fust c.op (\theat 1990-91) bul the not rcach rhe in T. and n signifiol level (Tablc 4.l?). Dispersion and signiticandy higher than a All its value surpassed aU lhe found to be mdimm the other treattnents and canal statistical similarily During tne irrigation of thnd croP {whear l99l-92). clay dispersion incr€aied to *alcr whcr.as v6 th.t with @nal Pal.r and g'?sum at hirvest of th€ s€cond crop (Soqhum-1991). waler, however, depict€d tre3dn€ diffelence did w412.2 t@mdts bu 613 % in solc usc of bmctish % in@@lwatcr. Sote equatl.d alt A similariry cxisM belw@tr miiin8, water mte inigation G, atd FYM (Tr' wlon l and green manuring a! well as canal water. us of bhckish cycle, sland establishtncnt, H,so. Y6ly cycle caus€d more disPeBiotr rlan that with caml water but was similar to o$er better reatnents Re.orded l7 Tablc 4 17 Clay Dsperslon (%) ln StudY-2 Tr. Solghun 199G9t MdriE tw2. t99t-92 1991 cm 30{0 cm (Gl5 ch) (G15 cn) (els Tr 30.2 35.2 BC 32.2 D 33.2 CD 29.4 E 25_2 D T1 4'l-7 5l-7 AB 6l_3 A 6.3 A 71.3 A 53.2 A 45.6 BCD 54.3 Aa 57.3 ABC 44-1 ABC AJc 50.2 ABC 57.3 A 53.2 ASCD q.9 39.2 ABC 2t4.6 ECD 34.3 CD 33.9 DE 38.9 ABCD 53.2 A 47.3 BC 34.3 CD 3',7 50.2 AE 45.3 BCD 39.2 BC ,u.5 BCDE 34.3 gCD 53.8 A 56.3 AB 55.3 l7.t \ 42.5 T1 39.2 T, 13.2 T6 45.2 T1 q.2 T. 41.3 T, 50.2 T0 40.2 Tr, 4E.2 43- I ABC a-t 26.r c Gl5 cm) E crtr 15-30 .2 CDE 38.5 ABCD 60.I A3 46,8 AB 2r.8 D n.9 28.9 CD 28.I E A 44.2 AB 42.2 CD 31.5 CD 48.5 AB 41.6 CD .2 CD 37 E .2 CDE 26.1D 37.5 ABCD NS Ns = Non-sicnific$t Valucs shrring sde lenlrs in e3ch AB cttun llE ditrcr noD-signiftc{ndv' valuc of di$P.nion was wa6 evetr lorrer tbln miDimu (17.1 *) for gyFrm applied lysineEts which csal wat r. of brackish watlr (66 3 Values of clav dislersion doubled in sole usc %) c.npareir with card N,.ter (33 crop). Tbis s€9lrated tre3h€ significldv 2 %) at rhc end of the elpcrincd (fotlrlh was sinilar lo mixi!8, allernate inigalior and FYM bui au iltc others atd its €ffcd de€Pcn'd to tb' dowr profilc (up wd not beyod th€ to 60 cm). InPact of $line sodic 'r,aler or clay dispersion war'r' Minimum of other r@tn€nts aDd result! wer€ ju$i sinihr io calal compss Fe3r value of 2!.8 % wa5 r@rded with $tpsum Cvclic ue' HrSO' aDd 8r"o nanurc w€rc at pal with glpum as well as canal walcr in thc whole Profil'Albost sd€ trcrds wcr. raorded in stldv'l excqt tho!' for 30_60 €m lavcr' 'he 4.2.3 4.2.3.1 ELctricrl @Dductivity of soil wat$ inig ion (Tt compa.ed other to a valuc of 4.73 dS mn at thc.d be:n. siSnifictntlv bigb'r witb bnckish lratncnb &rirg of €xpcriEcn the fi-r$ crop aDd rcach€d .grinlt 1.88 dS water (Tabl. 4.l8). An increase was noticed do*n to 60 cm $9 Dr with calal profilc MixioS' Tablc ,t.lE Sofl Eq (rrs rr) b Srudy-2 Sorghun wtu Tr. l99l t99t-92 (Gl5 d) l99&91 (Gr5 crn) (Gl5 TI t.62 B 1.70 T- 2.8r AB 2.90 AB 3.94 T, 2.m cDE l.El c T. cm) c l Maiz. 1ry2 0'15 cn 15'30 cd 3G@ cm t.25 C 1.88 DE I,36 DE 4.n A 3.19 1.94 EF 2.m cD 1.85 CD 1.58 C 2.03 BCDE 1.93 C 2.16 DB 2.6 1.95 C l.89 BC T, 2.73 ABCD 2.39 ABC 2.96 BC 1.59 E 1.49 CDE r.39 C T6 2.88 2,92 AB 2.5E CD t.72 E t.19 E 1.22 C 2.55 AECD 2.81 AB I.E8 EF r.56 E 1.Ol B t.23 C Tr 2-A AB{:D 2.96 3.2t B 3.7E B 2.78 B 2.61B T, l.99 DE 2.16 BC l.90 EF 1.90 DE 1.53 CDE 1.35 C TI 2.79 2.A ,aC 2.01EF l.5l 1.30 DE t.n c 2.N AB l 1.50 E l-54 CDE l-73 A AtC 2.70 ABCD Valuca starirS A 1.82 EF 56 A F C E A 3.63 sDc lctta! ir c{n colun[ ditrer ml.sigdfislny. r20 A c altcma iri8ation ECe and grlsum aPPlicadon wcre abl€ to miliSatc $ch incrss' in which p€rsisEd to the end of thc experitrnt. All.mte iriga[on was er€ctive only up to third crop. After fourtn crop, salt accumulation in lhis neamenr b@!n€ signifimtly higb.r tbd cslal water. Howder, it dtAn sole use of brackish wat€r at the hrrvest of e3cn was lov'! c.oP with the exc'ption or lirst crop, grSO. checked si8o1fi@nt incr4€s in EC, thloughout the exP€rime al period a! w.lt as to 60 cm layer and it! usetulness was just likc gvPsm Farm yard maiure (T,) paflly mtralizcd the advers€ effets of b'rckisb warer beciuse thd lower ditrerenc€s in EC, for this tre.6lent! were staosticallv €nd sole UIt at th' of third md founh crQs and in tlte lower laye$' s€a-rood very etrecliv. to k the end of the tlird sratjsticaly 3t lhrougb@t (Ir) ard vcdlv cvclic cp the salt com. use (TJ of brackirh wa@r provcd ration si8trificsntly lowcr th.n and fourti crops, allhough during pd with lolc Be of th. profile ar sbrisri@Uy similar to the rhe br.ckish was *aer. Nct sdr accuhulation €d of th. cxp€riment (fouh (T) sole us' at initi'l cropc it cltal wr.r trc5tddt C€tting &e with canal waLr in yearly cycle ill crcP) t{'5 jurl stand stablishm. was uleful aDd it kept lhe salt level equal to calal vr'ai.r !ffer third croP. Us.tuln6s of greeD Danulc was .lso similar to it' t21 4.2.3.2 Whcn bnclilh wncr wi5 us.d for inig|tio!' soi! PH, iErcas'd durin8 thc 6rst cnp with mF€iific.lt difrcrd.3 :no!8 lrc'h'ots Grbl? watcr oflhis psra'ncEl vas rri!'d siSnilic$dy !rb'n u$ ofbrr'Iish 4.I). V.lu6 for tb. lacood crop w:s pncti!.d vittout sny odrcr sfelelJ or tuppho'olrtion CIr T., T?, T. lnd lrc.!n. inigstioo s T"). Ttis nrvcrsc cfrccl f,''s N' fouDd to b' iiiftc|n' b 0|!'r vtich r€rc fal'diurt sinilar to crBl srttr' Miritg GJ ad dl.rD'c (I) rErc similsr ro c$rl wr|.r I {!ll u!' as solc of bn'Iis! \Nncr' pE incr"!' ad whiki !c.!odl cycl. (I!), $fpsun rld H'SO. did mt pcrnit $/cr€ b.!.r tban th. rst of ut{@trts Afflr ibird crcp' mEof lE !te@ 5 glpsum vrs $adlricslly sinihr wilh solc u!.. Ho{tvcr. only strld 6trblbbncDl' H,Sq srd 8r..n oror& s!r. sirihr s3 i!ftrior oo c$rl w{.r {/ilh 6fl1 c/at.r' Cvclic u!' CIr tld T') with r.sPcct !o chtcr ptt' rcr.nhlcd tb. rbovc 8r!|p. MidoS, .ft.rnll. kiSrtiod Do6itiv. ctrecl hlt stitl bcttcr thc[ TtE oo by FfM, da!D|t. iniSrdon.Dd hol tolisticdly FYM rnixiDg bfl'lt'd trc.tncrt. l2z Bnclbh in ttd tlt l'a$ wlr.r' 9.1 wilh lolc ||sc of bnctish watcrwhcn fdrihcrop slr! vilhcllrl "d solc r|!c of sdiD' sodic pI! in ra!.d !p S.3 bcr"lt *||r 'fftcrivcoB! wrll '8riEt srs folb*ld All lb' otDtr Table 4.19 So[ 'tt. Soryhum 1990'91 (cl5 T, T, Tr T. TJ T! T1 T, n T0 T,, cm) pH, in Study -2 1991 t99t-92 (Gt5 cm) (G15 cn) t992 cb Gl5 cn 15-30 a.2t E 8.23 CDE 30{o cm 8.23 BC 8.fr/ 8.30 CDEF 8.23 DE E.4O 8.60 AB 8.90 8.20 8.43 BCD E,53 B E.53 CD 8.33 BCD 8.33 ABC 8.03 8.3? BCDE 8.60 B 8.67 BC 8.60 B 8_20 BC E'30 8.M DEF E.43 BC 8.34 DE E,IO DEF 8.20 BC 8.23 8.53 ABC 8.50 BC 8.33 E 8.TO DEF 8.17 BC 8,23 8,53 ABC 8.33 CD 8.30 E 8.IO DEF s.io AB 8.30 8.70 8.60 B 8.73 B 8.50 BC E,33 ABC E.m 8.13 EF 8.33 CD 7.8? F 7.E7 F 8.10 E.20 8.lo F 8.33 CD 8.03 F 7.90 F 8.10 C 8-3O NS 8.73 A E.I3 E a.2t E 8.00 EF E.27 BC Ns = A A 9.13 A 9.20 A 6.60 A Non'si8nificanl Values sbariDg same letters in.rch column diffcr non-significannv- t23 c treatnents indicaEd a n2tisrical similatily whilc gyPsum and H:sq had thc PH, values even lower Oan canal wat€f. Almost similar pattem in soil pH, €xined at 15-30 cm sratlti@l dd Ii,SO. Pere sihilar in tlyer wirb ti€ exccption tlut gr?sum r.@ wirh cyclic usc alore o. olplcd wi|h stad qrablishmc a.d tt€€n narurinS. At 30{0 cm tBtucnt incrcdirg eil dcplh, ele usc of $o pHs signin@ndy hiShcr bnctjsh val4r ws lh. onlv crn trcarmenrs were srarislcally simjlar among oemselves Soil SAR irclmed significadly wift rft.r ore c.op (wheai l99G9l)all the other reamefts but nor lo*d thm btukish th* Magrnude of Ois w€re ncithcr l mr.r. All thc ollcr ald canal water. solc lse of bracxish waarjun paleeler ale ircrssed Pilh significe0y higher thin canal water wat€r alore exccPt Tr and To Gable 4.20). Thc SAR with gypsum appti@tiotr was lower than canal water. Sane held good for gypsun treuncnr afte. s€lond dop with O. .xc.ption thlt s.aond cyclic H?SO. shtrcd sinilarity eith it as wcll u canal vater. The values surpssdl the pemissible Imn of 15 (for clasinS a trcah. s (T1, T6, Tr & Tn) whcrc salinc sodic sccond crcp. The SAR eil (T) rnd of SAR Io be sodic) in wacr wa apPlied valu$ were jusr Deaffi to tle t24 e crnid 4 tne far as lo the value when canal Tabl€ 4.20 So Tr. So.ghun T1 T, n Tr TJ T6 T' Tr T, T! Tr SAR ( l99G9l (Gl5 cm) l99l (Gl5 cm) 7,23 Baa a.32 A 11.67 n DE 1E.97 A mol Lr)'' r99t-92 iD Study -2 Maize t99:2 cm Gl5 cn 15-30 8.08 EF 8.62 D 6.47 C 24.92 29.42 A 25.11 A 22.18 A (0-15 cn) ^ 3G6O cm 7,E6 DEF 9.74 AB 13.41 ABCD 15.10 BC n.34 C 18.66 B 15.56 B A3 14.05 ABCD 15.85 BC t7 -t4 c m.35 B 15.38 B 9.04 10.99 A 9.64 CDE 14.80 BCD 8.16 D 9.51C 10.6r DE 9,98 AB 16.63 AB 12.99 CDE E.4O D 8.53 C 10.27 DE A3 15.71 ABC 9.93 DE ?.90 D 8.94 C 11.74C l8.n 21.20 B 20.51 B 15.44 B 9.E6 9.55 AB 5.46 C 11.40 A 9.O7 AB A 6.15 E 18.34 B 4.51 F 10.95 BCDB 9.64 DEF 18.95 A 9.90 De 7 .84 C 8.24 D 9.22 C E.97 D 11.@ 8.59 CDEF 6.65 EF c V.lucs sharing same leden in cach colum differ non-siglific'ndv' r25 tt.24 CD Mlcr vd applicd for stand dablishment linir c@l ad salirc wb€n sodic wa|er (Tr. wc SAR wd mircd or applicd alt nEtcF G: Tr). The crnical linit \!as crossed aft r the lhird crop in FYM (TJ 9las abo similar to them. sigtrificandy beter 6atr ar Uis $a8c- Yerly elc The aboor to aPproach rhis ahesc rwo & t@uncnls atd three tcchniqud Crr, T. and T!) use, Sedonal cyclic us. was rhe ncxt bettcr cycle, suld €slablishn€nt, SyPsum, HISO. aid w.re tr.a[ne gtm 'Mure were lll€ slrategics $atistically similar with canal waler' SAR was imr€as€d by 342 % at maiimM bdest of thc f@rlh crcp becae valu€ of 29.4 (m mol Lr)ra was reched wh€rc bnckish warer m$ist ntly (T, agEinst valuc of E 6 (m mol w$ u$d Lr)r4 in c"il war'r' BEikish waler vas follow€at by FYM. Next in thc incrding ordcr of .ffetivencss rcre mixing rd aliemate inigation- Trea!trenb renaining sotistically similar trere cyclic use(sealonal and veartv) alonc e$ablislmcnUgreen maNre and 6t c,(eF gj?rum which w4 or wih c:ml wal€r coupled with H:Sq . The$ sere statisdcallv ttter the best with sAR statd than the ol5 2 (m mol L \'' ' AtrGi similar rr€nds were noriccd at d.pb of 15'30 cm with the cxeption that FYM itllio&d a srarisiql simitinde eith mirinS gJ'pslun wa! c sinild *ith 6 w.ll 6 all other treaunenis sole altetut€ irriSation while ue of bnckish $/ater (T) also (6 mol s.d sodication at the soil layer of 3S60 cm because valu€ of SAR 22 8 L)'a vas ob{ensl lr was.iu$ et $c mryio or 15 (m mol r26 L')'2 h mirins' rltemte idgalion nftig inS i[ and FyM application. AU the othct E.tDe.Is wcrc @rabie of cffets .nd kepiog SAR valuc ju$ cor0panble wirh canal *at r ag nuch as 60 cn soil d€Pth. 4.3 Study-3: Soil health care during groundwater Lrigation. Thb ltudy wai consecudvely conduct€d for three veas in ue iteld and $r€€ uartnenr! oul of elev.n €stilnldons ,s ric€ were grown However' six selected the lysin.reF w.c veriticd only imPoidt sil crops of vheat as w€ll Gq, ir pH. SAR, A-D and lt C.) werc det'mircd after handt ofcach 4.3.1 Dala of Table 4 21 indicared ahat paddy yields of li6t rice crop due lo bnckish waler iniSation compa.ed cantl water (1991) wd rather ennatced .refl r!SO. appli€aion wh€re it was slightlv lesttn€d How€ver' vield wa! 0|e all the rcnttnent €xccpt gYPsum ehich produced maiinum This ftatnc was sisnificantlY b€tt.r rhan t21 c@l $ weU as cnp yidd l9l ,r.E5 AB (t hi lds ) SndY'3 r9t243 r93 r9'9 t99l-y2 1992 3.??C 1.9! B 2858 2.948 2nB 1.n a 4.r2A 4J?A 421A 4_16 B 4.65 B ! 858C 4.83 4,o vd@ lbrin8 4.s9 3.36 4.62 s* ld.* i! 4t dm difid MsiSr nc'!dv' !28 r 99 g:SO.. Grain yield of sc{and crcp (whe!t-1s9l-92) was decr€.led E€jsurrbly ude. irigatioD of r b.ackish wat whilsl ItSq Cnsu separa&n sigdficddy from calal w.ler. us€ aloDe (TJ or oupld with gre€l manudng (T.jr Th€ eff€cl of bmckilh wate. crop (Rice-1992). Thc the successive The yicld s wd carral 1a.4, 33.3, X7.3 founh (W_h.at 1992-93), nfth Gic! ro t. Both Mbled cel \rrer. became very wald ad ^d alik applietioo and s€aeMl cyclic dcpBing ctrcct war si8lifitut for crcF whd mparcd witl d@rde alde apFired cldr froD thc thnd this crop as well as all rest of lhc treamenls 46.a % for third (Ric€'19r92), 1993) and sixth (What 1993-94) crops respectivcly. Henc€, fte yield l€!61 was just approaching balf of canal water at the dd of tnr.c ye3rs tbftc crops of rice and consisht blackilh wat€r ini8adotr. Overall nca! as Yalu€s for w€ll a! whe.r for $is treahcnt were calculaEd to b€ 3.91 2.94 t har aSai$t 4.74 and 4.2? t ba' in 17.5S man decr.3s! in yield of ricc catral water. Thus, lture was ad 40* in whea! This idicared rhar p€rforltran@ of wheat und€r conrinuous brackirh water inigation was relatively Ovenll trestrnent n.ans for @ch crop indicaLd that yield of succEsivc crop w.s lcss.r tbar the prccediq rhird ricc crops werc 4.83 . 4.52 and or. a4O t29 me3r yield of irst, s.cotd 3nd t hai respectively wh'le respec(ive mean yiekts of wh€at were 4.08 t 3 S ad3 86 t ha'' TNs indicat dasadual dereasing trend in yield of rice a! well a! {,heat All the EeaEnens cxccPl solc ur. of brackislr \{?@r wcr€ $atsic:llv sitnibr vilh 4cb other 6 wcll ar can l w:ler h yicld 6poDs€ of aI thc sir cropo except the $Eotrd H'SO. reorin€rr brer iha! caoal oE whcr€ onlv w!l€r' Apfsrcdry's4fun application sidc bv sid. bEckisD wat r irriSalior was thc b.$ t cah.nt. Usc of bnckish w:tcr for rice ard canal waftr fo. what (T,, cvclic us.) did not whereac loss of subseque wheai vas only 4 caw anv vicld locs to ricc wtich was of m signiircancc' 96 inferior in Benefit! of geen manurinS werc nominal Application of Hrso. was absolutc terns of croP yieldt but diffcrcnces wcre slatisticzllv nonaignificant' Thus. lhe r€sults obtained i. .csp.cl of cff€.tireie{s for th'se ire3tnents n lysirDdlric studies lavc bcctr venfied b lh. ficld 4.3.2 4.3.2.r Bulk de$ity of soil st.rlld inEreasing just an'r br'ctish water *tl.r ad oth.r trealmc ! wcte non-signilidt eic.?t lLSq which kcpt h slatistic{lv low€r Oabb a 22)' Sittcc irriS*iotr of fisl crop but difierdrccs vith c.nal tt€ cnd ofthe s€cond crcP to th€ end of.Ip.rih€ (nmtuntv ofsir0r crop)' tltc 130 n|nr d.& Ola D) d rrhd Llt 1}r5 @) n lbdtn 1.55 AB I,63B 1.55 B 1.65 E 1.65 B 1.658 t.64B 1.65 B 1.66E 1.658 1.648 1.648 t-65 B 1,65 B t,6aB 1.648 !.648 1.65 BC 1,668 1,64C r.64 C r_64 r.6J AC 1,668 1,63 r.64 CD r.6'r EcD v.rL. t[$i!s rc let h D a.i lit diftr Dr.{dn€dv l3l C valucs of thh pardeter for groundwattr wcr€ sbthriczlly more thm c.lal Mtcr as wcll as all oter Eealncnts. E mj in canal wn€r. values werc 1.65 Mg mi at agai$t 1 65 Mg Cyclic us€ of canal and brackish wa€r neb'd to kceP lxis propcny ctmpanble *ith caral watlr 4etr ri.r rice croPs \{h1ch w€re imgatld with blaclish water. Thc stighr incr€ase during bnckish wat€r itriSation was rcvd€d an€r eDal waEr inigatioD lo the treatrne was found !o be 1 66 subsequent \!h€at crops Th€ fitrd value in Mg mi. Gretr manurins Geforc nce crop in cvclic of Crr) ald H.SO. CI.) wcrc baving lowcr values as compar€d with canal waler- Ito\r'cver. afrcr 6$. crop th6. ad gr! r mNing Elatmmt 6a M8 rni r6p€ctivcly agailst valuc of I ' bult dcnsity afrtr w€re TJ gvp6'rm ' a1l tbe crops mt significant cxctPt H$O. afier thc lalt values of bulk deosity for gr€€n manure, glpsum and l us€ strate$' (siih) crop Thc ed HrSq were 65 M8 m_' 1 63, 1 64 and h c.ral vatcr. HeEgnot only thes thr€€ trertrndt w€re vcry muct cficcdve against bracl$h water but cyclic ur€ ako @ud€tlct d tbe ill cffecls srcccssftUv. The obA€rv€d rdults lcnd a support 10 th€ lysihct.r sMi€s. t32 4.3.2.2 Conductiviry of w er thmgh surhce and lower lave6 stin d decreasinS after irrigalion of first crop with subsBndard wa|er (Table 4-13) bur eached a sigincel @El wat€r. @h crcp it lower levcl aner third croP Gic€'199) as crmPecd with Since then, th. differcdcq and penisted *ith cinal wlt€r lo the end of the sigt|incd at hdcst of expertrncnt. Sole use was also signinc$dy lo*cr in r6p€cr of hydBulic conducliviry when complred with all olher lretnent!. The magninrde of decrcase was initially extcd.d Io lower layers (upro 60 m) duitrg noE in s'rrface layer but dird crop inigation. Ed valud for G15, 15'30 and 3G60 cm wefe 0.23 , 0.64 ald 0.7E cm hfr tespecdvely agaist 1.76 . as 1.45 and 1.16 cn brr for crnal waler- Thus, Gpcctiv€ hydraulic conductiviry at $ese depths wd obsetred to be 13,44 {td 67 % of clnal water irrigared plots. Tt'is also indicatcd that reductioo was very much pronounced in surface while qunrun of dercise shofl.ned down*ards. Use or poor quality eatcr for dce wheat crops (Tr, cyclic use) for rhre ad eMl watc. for $bsquenr years proved an affective smt€gy for upkep of hydBulic conducdvny. It slighlly decrear€d during rice but Scr|cmlly edanced during irrigation of canal water to wheal. Differences wilh l3l sml water a1 all the Ilydn'ilc Coldr.deiiy (@ b/) ofso! Dntr. i! r, 1,85 1.36 r.8l lc l,82CD 1.82C t.76 C 0.65 E 0.21D t-39 E 1.37 B l.&Ec 1.71C r.50c r.45 CD l.3a t.42 D r.@E t.6, 1.80c t.&2 D r.86 r_88 EC 1.85 t.92 TI T. Studv-3 1.3? B 1.8? 1.92 NS NS |.53 t.53 t.56 B 1,50 t.214 1,63 t.51 r.54 B 1.41D 1.43 D t.62 t.6l Ln |.64 r.5? B l.tB t,$B t.6t 1.52 B l.48BC NS 1.62 NS 1.25 r,26 r_u B t.2oa l.16cD |,25 t.24 r.o5 D 0.9t |.25 r.u Dc c l.2o! 0-78 E r,25 c r.uB t.26 r,26 r.23 a t.r2c 1.22 B 1.23 t.25 L?4B t.214 l.l7 1.20 1.304 NS NS VdD.! rhrring !,* ldGE in 1.03 B l.14 €h col@ 0.85 E 1.15 D l.l?Bc r.29 A unds ah ty d.fln diFd mHipjnc,trv d.ptls rtur e.ch crop werc mn-significanl exc.F fiffn crcp (Ric+ | 993) whe. HC y lo*cf in Gl5 was siSnihcan and t5-30 cm dcFns- At tb€ cnd of d|€ ery€ritrent, canal wat€r and cyclic use had identical values conducriliry. CE hydraulic nrnuring (TJ in cyclic usc prcv.d very urctui aid values of di,s parrmeter were evcn higha th.n can2l positive ar 15-30 of cn afier third crop w.l.r which rcdircd 3ignif@tly (Rice- 1992) and all the thr€e depth! at th€ cnd of Oe expenmenl (6th crop, v/hea( 1993-94). Gypau (TJ) applicirion wa! also 4 ctrrtive tre.tne (Tr) which kept bydrfllic coductivity of the soil similar or higher Oen can geftEl. it {as waler' In found to tE statiltieuy sinilar but high€r afler rice 1992 atd wheat 1992-93 which werc third and fourth crcp Espectivcly H.SO" (TJ eas used alone with bmckish conducrivity in l Gl5 in dE rotarion. wh€n *a&r, lhe rc.orded valus of hvdraulic cm soil depth w€te nore thanall$e lreaments at the end of lan lwo crops. These wcrc evcn siSrificnnny higher tlun catal water afler lall three crops. Eydraulic coductivity wd gerErally qhrnc€d o!e. odEr t@h€n|! .r this stage. Rcsults of lysimeter exp.rime s were, ftN, @nfirmed in ll5 rhe ficld 4.3.3 4.3.3.1 Soil EC. Effccl of variols o* bur not of signifrdt on soil Ec. wd found to b' ircr'rsing .fr.r inigation of tust crop During ihe seclnd ft.ficnts quantum plots (Gt5 cm) boclme crop (,rhent 1991-9) EC. of Poor q'ialitv $ater inigat'-d sigrific$tly highcr ttan c.El w.t r as w.ll as all othcr r'sonents Clabb da4) of up lo th! Ttis delerlrioui cff.ct of sub$aidard watcr persisLd thtrcan€r 'nd ftc to 4' 15 as agailst exp€rimcnt and the value of EC. was finatly rais'd m' h eml I 49 dS initid on€' watcr. Th€ record€d value e/as alrnost four dmes of the (15{O cm) $/'rc mt Ill €ff€cls of bad qudity val.r regirdinS aC. of lower depdN significart uP to two crop6. SirEc significantly higher than ciral watcr fld tnid r€st ws biShcr th,[ the soL usa as wc sil Eq bccarE oflhc trea[ncnts Ttte onlv exc'Pnon was 3q6O cm d€pth iD gEsum application which croP otrwdds' aff'r sccod crop (Whtar a$ at same 1991-92) d'pth ailcr thtud crop (Ric!' tt92) wb€n gypsum dd H?Sq wer. stalisticaly siEild to nrbew€ll watlr' Surfact soil (G15 cm) ECe was @mlar€d crn l wat r aloE removed during canal water foud to b' hi8h" itr cvclic u!€ (TJ after rice crop6 (1991, q2 rDd 93) but lb€ s3t's wcre idgltion of sub!€quent whcat crops aod diffcrcmes 136 EC! (ils 6 ) oa FI Fonh b Sludtn l9t9a rtn-g, t991-92 L12 D l.21c 1.29 D 1.36C 1.49C 1.63 1.23 CD t-?l E 1.42 BCD t.33 B r.tc 1.52 LlSD r.tr a l.35CD 1.698 r,l9 t-4? B r.598 l-5? B 1.52B l.5l c l,9l B 1.38 NS l.40Bc 1,52 B l.6l Bc l.J7 BC 1.33 B t.36 t.17 1.39C r_4oc r_56 E 1.4 D 1.69 2,/2 A r.17 1,59C L89 BC l.62CD L0l 1.63 T. t_52 1.60 NS '1.37 D ac 1.39C l.82BC l.t l.52EC t-?9 B t.918 t.a2 Bc l.7t 1,89 B r.928 r.6? D I,9EB 1.63 B 1.66 D l-58 C t.72C t,63 NS t.5? B 1.56 t.66 8 t.62 1.63 B 1.12 B r,82 BCD t.944 l.?3 c r.61 1,63 B 1,69 B l,?5 cD t.39 B 1.35 D l,8l AB r-92 W r.98! t.95 B r.89BC 2.t28 l.9J A l.?0 1.65B NS vrlE ib,nns 'd l.116 ir .r! d@ ud.r ad d.g! difrd t37 ffiisi'ic'dlt - or thh panmerer became statistielly snnitd to qnal water. Eowevcr, eil EC. in lower depths (15.30 and 30{o cm) in this reatm€nt was never stltisically high.r ltrn c@l walcr cxccpt after Rice'1993. Gre.n manuring in cyclic us wa Eq was digndy usetul but irs cffels were noi supe.ior 10 sol€ cyclic usc. Th€ g€n€rally hisher than canal water wheD sypsun (T, or ESOa OJ were aPplied but lcss tlan the rubcwell warer irrigated plots. This st t€ment was truc for EC€ .tur sch dop but srf@ $lts in loqer dcpths, in g.neral, were similar to ':@l waicr in these rwo treahenrs as w€ll, The varialion trends observed in field .rpcrimed were oor wdely diffelng Lhr lysim{er eryerinenb. SoiI Surface soil pH, was increased during brackish water irriganoD of evm fiKt crop Gable 4.25) but h aptroached a signific$dy higner bvel after third crop (Ric€-1992). Fmm third crcp to the end of lh. experimcnt, pH. was found not only hiSher than (!ml water but ds cyclic use + 8.een mature (TJ, gypsun {T5) ard H:SOI G.). Soil pHs rcnaind shlisdcally simil.r in cyclic (TJ and poo. quality water (T1) at Oe end of rice 199 inigation of q@l water. After whd crops, c@l bu1 w .overt€d back during water and cyclic usc were sinilar in pH,. Tbe end valu€s for this paEreter wer. 8.3, 9.2 and 8.3 in c@l l3E T$lc r, T. 4.25 p4 .l rd F.!|. h tudtn 8.1c 8_3 8,3B E,5 B 8,3 B 8,0 c 8.1c 8,28 8.0 a Ll EC 8,! C 8.2 B 8-0 E t.r Bc 8.0c 3-l B a.2B 3.3B 8.2 BC 8,3B 8.0 3.3 8.4 8.3 4,2 8.3 4.2 8.18 8,1 8.1 4.0 NS NS 4,2 TI a.2N. E a.t E-O 1*";-] 8,2 8.3 8.' 8.3 E.'B 8.3 B 8!B a2B E.2 3.1 8.3 E E-2 BC 1,2 BC 8.r E a.7 8,2 8.!D 8.1c 6.2 EC 8.1 8.t 8,2 B 8-r c 8,2 EC 82B &28 NS NS E.3 4.2 8.2B 8,2 B a.2B 4.3 3.3 8.t B 8,2B E,l c 8.3 8.2 a.2N 8,t B 6.t BC a.tB 3.0c 8.1 8.2 8,1c 8.1a a,2D 8.1 BC 8.1 NS 8.2 NS 8.3 AB 8,18 E.0c 8.r EC 4.2 T. E v.hE !h'iq @ Lda. i! ch ol@ udl. a.6 dainditu 139 ffilt i6'dlv' water, tub€w€ll *a&r and cyclic ule retpectively. A bctwetr canal wat r, cyclic use + 8re€n sinilariry maflre, gvpsum Thc values of this parametcr in and x/as also otaded HiSq aft.r a[ ltre 15'30 cm soil d.Pth were sigrilicadly diffcr.nt under various trcatmcds otly rff.. third ctop of lD' rolldon (Rie-19E2). Consist€m use of tubcw.ll wal.r Eis€d the PE ofthis soil depth whicb w6 hieher thao a[ tbe tfe{lncnb. Ttis ir€Id cotrdm€d to the hst crop A control on pH, incr.3sc v,/rs tbe bcst io fouflh crop ($/h.at 19192-93) for Sltp6um ad &SO. but ther.ater it b€sm. sinilar with canal wate' tcatrne 5. Cyclic ut crn l waEr. Vadation a ecU 35 o|rler aloE and c![bid with gr.!n mandngjust b'iav€d like tlds v/€r..lmost simdir h 30-60 m dcpth. Howcvcr' rftcr rice-192, cyclic u!€ ard H,Sq wer. c.uing more PH, of this coDpar€d calal water. At the haryest of rh. in l6t rnd ligdfiertly lo{€r gEtr ninuritlg ttcahcni rie-r993, thar crnal *at r. at thc cnd of the PH. in Such tl'sor laver aPplicd plots was obscmrior n'$ $lo mt d exP.rimc (wheat 193-94). The ovcrall lield resulrs for ptts weG not eJGBiYely diffcrcDt than lvsim.&r sn!di6. l,lO 4.3.3.3 IXc SAR of soil was siSnificannv rais€d €vcu after first crop whd $e sourcr of iffigadoD was tubcwell waler alonc (Table appr€ciably duinS iniSalior of each crop lnd approa.h.d a nol 435') lflel Lj)r' ir clnal traler. Thus, SAR vrs .too$ four a! agaidl 8.15 (E timq that of canal waler at rhe end of lhc cxPerinent. sole use of r€n6€ it vas sinilar rvith cyclic u5. wat€r was dissimilar wi|h crop increased of 32.76 (n mol L)'2 mat h€d none of thc lt s al th. cDd of all tlrc crops cxc.pt (t' and TJ 'Ixc SAR ud.r sole irb\tcll wate' ftr$ crop whetr u!' ot nlbcveu a[ of the trcltrnenB at 15'30 cm layer exccpt afrc| first wbd n r.s.mbLd cycltc usc, SJeer E!nur., $rPsum and Hfq A (Ricesigtrificant rise in SAR of 30-60 cm soil d.Ptb wss oba.rvd aft.r tbird $op 1992) in tub€welt watcr' It wa, found hignet ths any of the tie.trnen$ lher€afrer- Tb! €d vatu€s of SAR for 15-30 .td 3G60 crn d€ptlB were 30.40 atrd 29.59 (m ml Lr)'z cp.ctiv€ty 7.52 (m mol wheres Gpectivc valu.s utdcr c.inal warer sn 7 80 aDd Lr). Us. of nlbc*dl ud c@l eater in |o tubewell water aft r fist a cyclic crop, retdbled csml |lI.Nr w .r (Tr) wss similar afr.r secod croP bul tEreafrer, SAR of this tratrnent in soil surfa., (0'15 cm) was lcsscr than l4l S4B (n dol L )u oa so! Drot|r. h Saldy3 ?.808C 7.95 D 3.n2C ?.87 D 8,15 B 3.05 BC 9.3? E 8,5? B 10.69 E 3.9J B a-228 3.92C 3.21BC 9.62 C 8t2B 6.95 D ?.65 D 7.15 D 7.OJ D 6-?3 B 8.t2DC 8.?9 C 8.32 BC a,l? D 7.85 B 6.4t B 7.31 DE 1.65 C ?.308 582D 7.?0c 1.02 AB 8.20 B 8.r5 AC 8.51 B 8,48 A 8.5? B 6.84 AB 1.92\ 8.72B ?_81c 1,92Er, 7.95 B 7.69 EC ?.82 B 5.53 Al 6.69 AB 7.1t aD 1.12C 7.tt B 1.4C 7.15lc ?,65 D ?,15 BC 1,N B 1.t5 C 1.41C 1,528 9.128 t.25 B 9.31 B 7.rJ DC a.o? 7.55 A 7_O2C 6.43 B vdB lhdiDt 1.fi B 7.t5 BC !ft l.tcs in .5h olm 7.51 C 7.@ B 1.65 C ?.56B u!d.i ceh d.pd diff4 @Bldfc.|nlv t12 a $beweU warer and more rhan @@l water' lt wa! al par with can l war.r al !1. etrd of rhe expe.iment. The SAR in lhis trqtme was ideDrical with canal waler al 15-30 cm depth at lhe hanst of first croP but bigher $atr crcps o(cefl rhe ld varB weE crQs SAR al 3G the Nbe\tell watd values recorded at the end of experiment for j5-a and 3G60 cE depths werc 8.5? and 9-31 (n mol L non-sigrilicaot dev'ation ftotn (I) mdurine in cyclic use bur the €nd result afier all other om *hen $is \la! slaristicalthe sme. Tbese significanlly lower than tubewell wat€r alore' During la$ $ree 60 cm was also less I {ar the )u which indicated c.ml $,.tcr.Gere wcr. small bcneft of and observed valu€s were sligltlv lower in SneD Seneral. sme. Gypsun appli@tion kept Oe SAR of soil even low€r fian canal wa1er a3 wetl as other rea(hetrts. Effe.l10 &SO. was iDferior than $psun and g.nerally closer lo cyclic use ard gr€€n with a le\l variatio$ in 1he cours€ nafl]ring. However. of cxperime , SAR in all tlE trqoneoL' was sinilar in the sanpled dep$s ercePt sole use of tubewell waler which strtisticallv sumounred the Esi. Tte nMeri@l values *ere even less than 10 (m mol Li)rn in lhc prolilc of variow plots cxcePr obwell wat r which had SAR thinv or slightly nore. These reds suPpolted the lysinetet obscrvatioB for SAR, 143 CHAPTER - 5 DISCUSSION 5.1: Inigaled arc.! of $e Punjab Rovince miily @nsist of tuee 4ro' trological &ncsi rice, central micd, add cotton, Rice - Whet, whet-fodder/ maie and co$on-wheat a.c the tlft€ rnajor and distinctive crop rotstio$ of lhes. zones rcsp@tively. RotatioN of rice and central mir€d zotr€ wer€ s€l€cled for the sntdis b€ause cliMric condirioE of the study sile did mt cottotr zore war lituaM ar a fd @noD crop and flunged dishnce. Ric€ and wh€at are the najor fo.d crcps whilc the fomcr is ale loreien orchdge te najor su feed for cattle of rhese ars. arer. Sumer foddcN e Ric€ is sowr on 0.85 M ha in rice zom and 0.30 M ha in central mixed zon€, the rcapective lnean yields are 0.965 and 1.401 r hr'. whcrt is grown otr oixed bne with respecdve 0.79l{ba in ri@ zoll. ad meaD yields of l-89 1.26 M ha in c€ntral and 2.13 t har(Prcvincial Res.arch Masbr Platr, 1996). Thu!, yield! of rwo crops are vcry low and 72 84 % unacbieved pote ial of wb@r .nd nc€ g MeI.r Assoc.. ad 1991) is a 8H1 ch.ll€nge. Scarcity of irigational water esp€cially at rhe sowinSlraGplading dm t44 and quality of groudwater a@elefating salinnybodiciry a.e the major factors ror low yields. crops itr Rice and central Mixcd Zon€ are irrigated with p.rennial cinab and oftenly suppldmrd whh pu'npage of groundwarer. Therefore, ricc' wh.!r ard wh€ar-fodder roorions were scl@r.d for tltes€ investieations. a r. Ratio Bulk dedry itrdical€s rario ol bult volune to w€ight, porosity .xp.eies rclatioB of mco ard micrc por€s in toul lo rhe roill solids atd void r.tio tcus abor the Erio of toral po6 to t[€ bulk volDe- The* ae ako m.rlure of air ad warer possage rhrouSh soil and roor pemtnrlon. irdiEl Th. higlEr bulk d€nsiry shows the s|rre of compaction ald is likely to inhibit thc rool p.mr.atiodproliferation and also responsible for mpeded d6imge. Alotr8wi1h th. othcr factoB @sistenl use of sodic water withour any mNn g€m.nt or anclioration may cause signilica increas€ itr bulk deBity and a deEasc in por$ity co .nt 4 well as void ratio. Th. cxrc of effect *iU depend upon of clay, amounr of salt5 and rype of elts (ca.io$ ald typ. |ld dioN) 4 vcll as qurnnty of vaer u|ed (Somani, 1988). Similar etr€cts of saline sodic w.lcr w€re also noliced Mg iI m'aier the pBenl studies. Bulk deNny of the hanesr of lourth crcp 145 in l 50 Mg Ini ircreased to L68 study-l (Iable 4.4). Thig paraftcrer ircr€a3.d lrom 1.44 to 1.63 Mg observation M8 oj w4 mr in sMy-z (Iablc 4.13). Sibilar also rc$rded in field (study-3),when a truerical vduc of 1.84 w!5 obiaio€d l|/ith blackish vai.r as alaiost l.65Mg m-' in caDal wat r (Trb|.4.22). According to th€ classification of Pi.rcc e, dl. (1983)rlouy soils with bulk derrity above 1.63 to 1.67 Mg could de'€4 nj ver€ criiical and root dev€lopmenl upto 20%. The rar. of infiltldion and p.rmeability were low in medium or texturcd soil whe! tie bqtt demiry exc..ded l 65 Mg mi (Dargan gl nm aL, l9A2). Th€ cau!€ of incr.asc in bulk deruiry could be disp€rsion of clay in respode ro hiSh ESP built up by high SAR of water (Cupfa and Vc.ma. 1984). A signilicant rise in clay disp.rsion was also notic€d in lysimelcr sMics of lhcse invcstigldoN (Tablc 4.8 and 4.17). The conelations betw@n bulk dcaity was siSnifiBnl and pornive (Table density wa! arso positive but srudy 2 and 3. Thus, a 5.l). clay dhpenion The relatioNhip betwetn SAR mHitnifient ris. in SAR ed in c3se of sMy-l €l€vared soil ESP (Yasin .r but ,1. , @us.d an ircr@se in clay dispesion and blrk demily incrcded upro od bulk signific. in l98E) *hich l 68 Mg m r. Porosity and void mtio are deriv€d soil pnysiel charadeB and inversely related to bulk density. As the numerical valu€ of bulk de$ity increased due to @ntinuoa ur€ of saline sodic water, porosity all(l void t46 ntio werc cJ(leled to r!dlrc.. IlcE, 31.3 I .trd 2 n pcdiwly (TlbLt 4.5 4. l5). |!d .d {ri6t 4.14). 32.1* Porc t!3Dc.rivc Sinfirty, voU GDI .d Nrnio O9|l) sprc6 vtlu6 db v€t of 38.9 rcttucqt miDly tccontld in lysim.tcr sidv rd 38 6 S for crtrl w'6t drotp.d coallcnblv (Lblc 4 6 |nd rccord.d 45.8 to 37 6 lotu which d.cftrlat b 39.t to 3?.9 inilaEd loil *!r! *o f bol poft6ily for mrllul sodic.lioo. Th. porc sF ca of bccu.. ot th. stuclll|l dd.riorr'ioo rd nE corracrion of lh. $boolficc loil fu. !o tn8loc.tioo of ibc chy with tbe ult of sodium ircn of rict vd.r (SiDfD.d Shrnr, l9t0). rcd siidn .Dtly b lh.sc soni6' bolt d'$ity |!d voith w.r. d.s!.6cd xdlicl w.t fiucn|rrl dccdorraioo t47 .t indi'lct irdic|'ion Trble 5.1 CorrelalloDs bct\reen qurDtlties of bracush water, crop yield soil pmpcrlt€3 (r rrru.s) 148 lnd Clay dispcnion w.s Poshively @.relati4 wilh U€ quandlv of brackbh wat€r used (Table 5. porosity or void ratio wer€ of s.line sodic wat rs catlAl and a l). Therefore, lanir.l uds dse in bulk densitv and a decreale in qua ny coNequcncc with proportioDal ro the niuged propcrly (Fig. 5 l' 5.2 ard 5 3) lnckjsh warer were mixcd (TJ or urd alterMtcly (T.). efi4ls when on clav dbpeBion. bulk detrsity, porosity and loid ratio were lessen€d a! conpared wirb rhe sol€ use of poor qudity water keep th€se par3mct!6 bctt causing negative cffets on r thao CIr' Us.tul etrecs of canrl waer th. $ole u!€ these prop€ni.s of sutFsandard warer' soil SAR wd l€ss than thc sole reatnents in study-t as well as study-2 (Table 4 ll and h sotdy 2 ad 3 Hct M for thcsc 4.20) The conelatior betw€en SAR and bulk deNity vas po6itive but mn'siSnificant ir was sigtrificad helped to it sndv-l whil€ €, magdtrde of ther€ physical ProPerli's did nol rcach $e lcvel recorded uDd€r alone use of brackish watcr' such co$€quence was even more pronounc€d in cyclic use treatnents (T, a T6 and T?) where yalu€s of th€s€ physicil Propeni€s wcrc similar with canal waler in lvsmiter studi6. Ficld sMi€s (Smdt_3) $Ppon d this h)"olhais wbcn sinilar values of butk desity aftcr ir.igation of six crops wcE obtain€d itr cyclic use ard canal walcr (Table 4.22). The idlial delet€rioN effects of Poor qualilv water mav b€ .lleviated during subs€quent inigadon with canal watcr (S.n 1979). Y6in ,, ai. ( ad Brndvopadhva lgEE) observcd that tolel Period of applicatioN of poor quahv water wa! import3nr in aff@ting soil Prope.lis. chnudhry 149 ,, d, (1990) also trr, OT2OBE!. trr! IDr. On Es EDOrloArr1 6* E 5 S.il ttdk dccity .tur Fig.5.l: On tr12 h.nel Bn Nr. ER Er6 En Or EB Er'o 6* 2 Fig. 5 2: Soil bdl <t D!ir, lner trr' Or, BE SroE nrF6r ID16 Ere E soil bllk deNiry .ner hancsr of !50 Ar, reponed harmtul effects of brackish water bur rhey were able to corrrol ev€n on lonS l.m bdis ad thrcugh cyclic use of brackish 6 Organic matrer whetr added 2) prov€d useful ad k€pr soil canal waler. rice straw or FYM (T! in sody I ard 8.D., porosiry and void ratio (Tables 4.4. 4.6 & 4.13-4.15) comlanblc wirh canal warer b€cause sotid panicles of orSeic marer might oot oDly kepl Oe nicrcpoF open bur ale cr..r.d on decay aDd wcre .ele.sed upon bio{xidarion. A5 a resutr, ctay dispenion ws H't iols rcduced (Tabt. 4.8 and 4.17 and Fig. 5.4 and 5.5). However, usetul effecb of orgeic marler were not so high to prl T! compamble wilh scstanja gr€n rnanu.ing G,, in sndy I & c.ul warer. Cyctic use copled wilh 2 and Tr in study 3) proved even be&er sl|:t%y in ke.ping np ft6e prqe.ri.s becaus us.tut effdrs ot organic Mner were suppiemnrd wirh caDt wa€r. FyM w6 fourd ro telp nnigarirg thc advetr efiecls ofpoor quality water in studies of Chaudhary and Ram (19?5). In Ocn srudy ircrea$d soil Ca?' + Mg'. conr€ of alhlfa which cont]mcd di$oturion of due to decMse in ESP (Haq b€neficial etfecb were obtaine<l rhrough apptiQion cacor. ad Dorbin, I Soit struturc *a5 gZE). cupra gl 4t ale improved (1984) obs€ncd riat ol FYM were limired to low ESp. However, Mancnanda s, at. (1985) did nor record any usetut effecls of FyM. The in tlEir exrJerimed \ras tire r.xored ard warer l5l 6 reason may be tlBr soil us€d having higher RSC. -Rrc.19oO 35 +Wi..t 1gooo1 +Rc.10ei av/lr.dt 199t'94 30 8r" E20 .q 10 o ti t2 Flg. 5,+ 'll] T'l T! r5 It Dc8rec of cl.y dispdsio rtt brw6t ot croF iu 3tudyn -Wrrdr 1s$91 +Soaghuh 1991 tl T10 T1l r *!Ytd lael.se .aMdz. il02 tso Fa0 -a 20 n Fi8. lt 12 55i D.tF b.ror 16 t7 of cl.y .tl,F.ato. ol rlt{ g.p. h .trdy-2 152 tt lt T10 Ttl Appli@tion of g)'!su (Tt ald H$O. CId alo"8 with bnckish wat!. in lysint€rs decrcared cl.y dispcBion (TsDlc 4.8 .nd 4.l7) ani r€sultantly, butk density, porosity ard void ratio were kept comparable or even b€ter than clnal waler. Th€ Car+ .nd n'+ ions fron gyNuln and n?SOa played coagulatioD effect which induc€d porosity in soil. Rection of acid wilh soil Cacor CC' availabl€. Alnad d dl. (1985) abo Mgr+ tuough solubilirrtion of water- Maxinum $il tho made r.poi€d ircr€:scd contcm of Cah + lime wher HCI w4 appli€d eilh irrigalion Ca:i + Mg:' co lnt h soil werc rMrded for dE gyl ru and H,SO. trcaunenls in the pr€s.nt ssdi€s (App. 2 and l0) which are in agreement with th€ir resulls. In continucd us€ of sodic *aEr,Na-clay may have dcyeloped which caused dispenion while Ca-clry tended to r€main ag8regat€d (Sbainberg and Ostcr, l97E). Good areliolative .ff@ls of gypsm werc nodced when its qutitics werc worted our on ear.r requircme basi! of th€ lolal consmplive usc (Salccm et rJ., 1992). Hulsain and Haider ( 1979) report€d tlat high infiltErion rlte can be maintained even if irrigalion watcr is sodicrprovi&d (hat gy?sum requircnenl is b.ing met. Yousaf 0991) wa! able to induc€ agSregation of sodic soil Orougb lhc applic*ion of soil @ditioocrs. Thus, rygrcgalion would counr€ract $. advcrs€ .ftcts uy sourcc causing of poor quarity \ratcr atrd physical prop€rti$ (bulk deNity, porosity, void ratio and clay disp€rsion) mi8hl be maintained. The resulrs of rhese sndies hvoul rhis hypotiesis. l5.l 5.2.2: The nydmulic conduclivity sitnificar @ w inuoE 4.1, 4.16 ^tt of brckish wat€r (T,) ir lysimten 4.23J. Differcnt srrat€gies in ths v d€.r.ased as r€sult of as wcU a! field sNdies (Table Mirtain it studi€s help€d to panially or tully (Fig. 5.6, 5.7 atld 5.9). lncGascd clay disPeBion density *irh dc.reas.d poruity water. rd @us€d a dccrcas tu HC vrith sole and Sir8h (19?3) observ€d decrerred HC ad bolk ul. ofbracbtb of a mm.l sil whetr irrigated with saline sodic water. Similar results wcre obtained by L-al aDd Singh (1974) ard Sbam. .r o!. (1961). Thc euscs werc irc@!.d 199$)&clay disp€nion (Youlaf and Rhoades, 1988 and perme.bility to water is tnown to be a ESP (YGin Yoef, ,r al. 1992). Soil tuEtion of porc ndius. Thu, any prces which results imo rcduction of por. size will havc r dnstic .trect on tb. (Gupra. 1990). Soil hydraulic @rductivity conelared oeSariv€ly HC *ith quaniry of brackish water used. bulk de6iry, clay disp€rsion and SAR of soil (Table 5.1). H€nc.ran incrcale in these propeni€s r€sulted a proponioMl d@s. in Hc. Mixitr8 GJ omllermle ftigation (T, of caral ad bnckish water was helptul lo mi ain the HC of soil bettcr Om solc usc of inf€rior ro dle orher trc.trndns (Fig. 53 , 5.7 ald 58). quali(y water were pait'ally renoved when can l 154 btrkhh walcr but Advcrse effccrs of poor vaier was blended lrilh it i ;' *. i l' @ \ti! y.n . h|w6r of cr.?6 ln rn dyl Soil hy&rolic a :'" Fi8.571 soil hydhulic coduclivit, lft.. hrryest of.rcps in study-2 5"" € f;m I !* Fig.5€: Soil hydrulic 6nductivl!, narv..t ol crcps In sndy-3 t55 b€cause fte values of HC werc ncgatively con€lat€d with th€ quelity of brackish var.r applied (Tabl€ 5.l). Mixing mainiain soil IIC. Cyclic wa5 dso found usetul bv Bhatti e' 4l (l9E6) to usc of btrckish water (Tr, Td and Tr) was still morc cretive due |o alleviatior cffccr by c$al e.rer in ibe subd€quc ir'igtionSupply of orbcw.[ advcrsc Mrer iD Pabi and c:tal *aler during Kharif produccd cffets in slrdie of Yuus incorporation of rice straw (IJ d cyclic us. (T,, in study I and 2 ed (l9n) no Addition or fam vad Mnurc or trell a! sesbania 8en Tr in sndv 3) were manuriDs couplcd wirh ale beneficial to improv€ $is parameter. Similar wer€ lhe resulB of sulpburic &id while gvpsum r€main€d rb€ b€st. Sodium salt otionr showed lc.$ effecr atr t solulioB rccordcd mbitnum Fnoeabilitv where3r divale high6t pcddbility. Atno!8 dioos, crnorids ald sulphlies had carbo@t s th€ maritnult| in r€ducing perm3bilitv (Sbah ard Palel' 19?4, Palel and Slah l9?9) Thcir r.sult! hclP to erplah tbe effets of organic m!$er and mendments. Thus, apPlication of 8vp6um suppti€d Ca wh€r'es acids (applied or produced during d€.omPosidon of organic materials) reacted wirh th€ soil lime, rcleased ca?', decrea!€d disp€rsion atd helled to improve HC dctcriorated b.caus€ of poor quality wat r itriSation' 156 5.3: soil Eq SBduauy ircrcased *ith bnckish waLr irrigation to 4 4.?3 ad n' 4.15 dS in study-t, study-2 ald $e sbrdv-3' r.spectivelv while rcsp€cdve values for @trAl v,/aler lllcre 4.18 and 4.24). Thus. th€ criticd y€ars in lysinters and tbft. yed I 48, I linit of 88 and I 49 ds mr (Tablcs 4 9' 4 0 dS m'r was just crosr€d in lhe field (1992) with water .tur rwo sndis. Soil ECe ilcre3s€d uplo 3m% onry in (Baunhard,ral- t' on gow,!8 s6on ofEC l.6 ds mi abd SA&* 3 9? An el€vation of ECe was also r.corded \tith water of TDS I 120 ng Lr (ECt" I 6 dS m r, Alawi et aL l98o). Similar w.re oe retults of Yasin ai 1991, Khandewal er4l-, 1990 and cups erzl., a 1988' AIi e, al 1989). The salls pres€nt in brackish waEr accuulat€d in thc soil dowlv and slowly at first ad more rapidly afi.r inPairmcnt of physicsl prof'eni€s (S@tion 5.2). Soil ECe was positiv€ly correlat€d with the qua hy ofwater applied (Table 5.1). This relation wd rcduced where brackish found to bc vr!.r hig y siSnific:nt Tbe EC. was sub6tituted bv caual wat€r t57 w4 Senerallv' (Tr' T.' Tr' T6 and T,). Howcvd, tl|.,B orthi! $bGribrtion 6 .ls eflets- CMI ald blrckish sal€r shai.d b alnd inpoflant *hich ttrodificd 50 % c.cb in niring alcml. iEigation (T.) e n ad TJ in whicb btuLish wat r wa u.d (T, Ec. vah6 w@ hi8!€r 4.1E, Fi8, 5,9 ald 5.10)- Aeunulai.d 3alt5 we@ profile with cyclic w strdegy. ObaenatioB in in tt* and traunents ttEn cyclic le[cd dry! ari sil r[rough rhc t!. ftdd Gtudy-3), Table ssoff G, upro 65 % (T{ble 4.9 Fig. 5. I L were also simitar. Eence, apPlistion of c@l of brackish wat r (on€ or 1wo crcppin8 thN 4 24 and w.t r .ffer lors itt nals ech) corld b. noG b€neficial thrn ryplicadon for shon Priodr (alted€ nriSatiotr or mixino. Sen Bardyopadhya (19?9) dd Rhordes (1983) tached at alnost sinilar hvpolh€sir sahc observarioN 'rcre Bord.d by Dindt Rloades ,r ar., (198s), and chrudbry d, er at, (1985)' LNlsior .t ,1 , ( 1986) al., (190) atd Husain .t 4/ , (190' ' l9l a,b,cd). Mixing of bnctish altd caml {ater war, howev€r' found ns€tuI bv Bhatti ,l al., (1980 bur lhcy did nor conpqrc it vith cvclic /de lncorpontion of F Y M use' smw (Ir) kcPt soil Eq bver tur 0tal sle ua of brackilh 'Nder b.@se oqa$c naterials mitigated the advese thc .ffccis ol n hrcugh Mintli.ing Phvsi@l propcni€s of soil Sinitrr wcrc wirh effclrs eith s.sbada lre&mamring (I!). lmprovcd sil PrcP'ms ald incrcrsed FY wheat aixl cotton yields w.r€ oboiled bv Bh.oi (19E6) with gypsun dudng lodic wter irigdon M alongwirb ttiSher Ec of lechne indi@ltd removal of r58 morc salts from thc lysimeters wirt orSaoic rottq in stltdiq of Maqsood 0982). Thh may also be $e cogmr reason in th€ prerenr rc$lts. Hrq ald Dorbin noriced appreciable leaching of Nar' and Clr whcn gre€n maNring was pmctised. Thcir Fsulr. suplon thc bcneficial eff€.ts .€corded herc for sBbdia 8@d 'mlrirg CTI'). Cypsum (T,) and H:SO, (T$) appii@tior wilh continu@s use of p@r qudity waler kepl thc sil EC. signincady lowei dd 6olc e by mintlinlng physic.l prcpenid (Table 4.9, 4.18 atd 4.24 and Fig. 5.9, 5.10 aDd 5-l l). But it was sdll highcr lhan dat with canal waer. This @uld be dre to sm.ll ircrcas. in ECe aner $/psum application and time dependent but slow dissolution of CaCOI with .cid tErnc (AhrEd ?r al., 1985). Hider valus of ca?+ + M8:+ (App. 2 and lO) as well a! Nar+ (App. 3 and I Sql (App. ? ald la) as anions l) d dions sd Cl' (App. 6 ad 13) and favour this ht?oths's. However, bicarbonat€s did not corcentrate in these trqtrnents (App. 5 and l2). Collcciion of nore lscbate volume firough 30 cm soil colunn after sil ntudng of gypsm iD lysin crperiment (Gh!f@r .r dl-, 1988) lend connmiry ro Uc Irclae h H:SO. t6on Lr mentiored above. EC, duc to use of saline sodic water was cortrolled by S/psum and (Ala*i ,r al., l9E0). An incrca* in (1992) tuou8h ECe 6 obsen€d by Salem .r al. gypsu additios whd SAR *"s co rolbd nrly bot rccon nend€d inclusion of laching fnclion to obiah 159 ! oEy tull control of ECe. Abrol Soil EC, an r h.ne of cioF in sMy-l s' Fi8.5. t0: Fig,5.I l: soil Ec. an r n Soil EC. rcr .tur hrNet of crc!. in 3My-2 of cmp! in t@ a al, (1!t9) noticcd that dislolved quardry of typsum incrqscd linearly with increasing ESP of soil which may contribute Io ircrcas. in Ece (sal@n er al., 1992), as ako noticed in pr€sent sNdies. 5.3.21 Soil SAR osisiedy ircrcas€d (Tt and r@ch€d lr salire sodic water crop in srudy I c a rcsrlt of 24.67 , Ntd 29.42 iriSniotr to cbps *ith ^trer h^rvql of ihe fourth atrd 2 resp€ctively. The SAR value was 32.76 (m mol Ln) r in field @trdilions at the manrrity of sl(th crcp (Srudy 3). The Hp.ctive soil SAR for canal waler were 7.17, 8.62 and 8.ls 4.26). lt wa! also obscrv€d thal Ca1* (n nol Lt) + Mgl' did no! " (Table 4.1l, 4.20 ilcree signifimdy 2 and l0) but incrc.se in Na'+ content was bighly significdt (App.3 irdicaring rhar Ca?' to + Mg'+ and (App. ad ll) wa! goine out of the soil 3olution. This might be due preipiation @cdotr givetr betow when pHc of nriSation water is less lhan E.4 (Table 3.2). ca,, + 2HCO,'= C.COj + H:O+CO, (G!F., l99O ard E3ron, 1950). As this rectiotr proc.eded, thc coft€ntration of reduced aDd relalive prcportiotr sil c:* + Mgh of Nar' irc@ed c.osing hereby an sAR and ultiMtely EsP. l6l ircl6c in To predict whcthd lhis r@ction {1966) used tlE conccpt of wil shifr to righ or lcft' Wilcox PIl. Ac.ordirg to him. itrdic.&d tend€ncy lo dissolvc value of PE abov. E4 li[e fron soil through which fte water mov€d (reaction shif.ed towar.ls ihc lcft): tlere wa! teodesy to prcciPitate time from Mt rs applicd (reactio! Pro...dcd to the ri8h0 The elculaled pI{ valu€s udng if values of pH. eerc bclow 8.a brckish wat€r analvsis (Iabl. 3.2) for lysinEeN md lhe field were 7.5 and ?,0 while for the mixture wai 7.7 B@aus. all values *erc bclow aIXl E.4 so n iocttG Na'' as ws exp€ded rhaa thes€ wales will decrase CaF + Mg1* wel d SARdue to stift of abov. E3.tion lo thc righl Soch resulb were practically oblained. Iffrease in soil SAR lnd ESP wa! also obtain€d by Alawi r, ai., (1980), Yasin er al., (198E), Qayyun (1973) atd Haider and HNssib (19?6) wh.n ssliG sodic wat is werc us€d fo. iriSdion of croF W @x (1966) actually refhed p.oporcd by dislution lrngli.t Cve value) of Satuntiotr (Sl (1936). His equadon = us. of pll! concept tiBtly pr.cipitrtion (+ve valuc) or cacor tr"t bd€(SI) = Satuntion index PH, _ PtI" ad pH. = acnd t62 pH of varcr). Calculared Sl value for all the three waters Gynlhelic & tubew.ll = 1.4) used for irrigalion in pr€cipitation and mt $e dissotutioD supponed by acNal resulB b€t3ue Mg,+ war obtaircd {App.2 = 0.9, mix r€ = 0.7 Prcse sndies wcrc positive of lime was pr.dict d. This Prcdiciion m significant iftrcase in soil toluble dlier foltow.d by SAR and ESP incr€ale. As discussed ($udyl ald 2) a! wcll d = w6 Po€hive 0.91 to 0.99) in all the three exp€rinenls (Tabl€ 5 Cupra (198?) @rrelated ECe atd Y=X,x, wtEre & = Caz+ + Na'') was ECc of soil ircre$€d in field crdidons (Tabl€ The conclalion fou.d b€twen ECe and SAR G wa5 & l0). Solrble sal$ a@umulation (doninaDtly chloridc and sulphat€ of lysineters Hence 49' .d 4.18 aA hiShlv 4.Ur' signifie l) 8c,", sARi,(x,) and SAR of soil (Y} .....(20) Concentration fador =(Ece/ECb)'" With this relationshiP, calcular.d valu€s for bnckish water reament in sodyl. 2 aDd 3 wcre obsened vrlue it 22.79, 24 48 order weie 24 ad I1 73 (m mol L')rz 61 , 29 42 tt rcsp€ltivelv while the 32 76 (m mol Lj)'2 X it cle' $at calculated ad ohB.fled lalu€s of soil SAR serc cloaer in soldv-l , indietDg rhat the above equtiotr i5 only valid under arc high€r than 15 (m nol Lr)"' as in produnion (study-2) was not vcry ricc-whsl svstem P.ovidcd tbat SARi ftis case Predicrioo elined Allhough 163 under wheat fodder smdv-3 was also on nc+ wheat rystem bur mcl Li. SA&, itr ttis when calculatior in 6e fii! was 6.5 (m mol L ')rz wher.as RSC was 5.7 calc was Mde replacing SAR- with AdisAL, rhc calculated values for soil SAR was 27.02 which was clorer to Oe observed $'c (32.76t. The SAR wrs also higt{:orr.lated wilh clay dilp€rsion , bulk deNilv and hydraulic conductivity (Iable 5. us€ of brackish Mtlr l). Thrs, ft. soil dispert€d due ro continuous . Conr€quently, Porocity of soil decd.!.d {hich r6uted curiailment in leaching of soluble salts including Na- Evennnlly, $il SAR was Thc r.lationship berw€en the quantity of salim sodic Mlcr used and SAR was found ro be dir€cr ald highly rignificant G= 0.896 lo 0.976). Hence, SAR ircrEa$ \r,/ould h.v. shoncned io lie trsunents where salinc sodic waler ws subsrituted or nixed wilh Evidcnce fton tratnent (TJ data % crDl saer to rcduc. ohaiD.d iI the ner quantity of th€ former. suppon of tbji hypothcsis. The SAR in mixing and alternate iniSaion of bolh Oe wate6 (T.) was less thaD that with the sole use of biackish wat r bot hi8ler than canal water (Tablcs 4 4.20). Bhatti ( 1986) claim€d thar nixing of brackish and canal water Proved io mainlah soil sAR whilc regarded Qureshi €, al., @4ioMl inilations ot poor quality l& 09n and Aslam water sare ll & Ntul ,, al., (1977) Under cyclic usr stat gv both the waten w.re utili4d for poor comparatively longer Periods and lalt built'up occurrinS durinS qulirv waler of canal water was \r,ash€d and reverted durinS prolonS€d subscquc irrigation (Rhoades.ral., l98S) This tyP! of rev€rsion wa! also noticed in |hes sludietas canal waet sAR incresed during irrigation of brackish water was lowet€d during application ro oE or !*o crops subscquently (T,, T. and T' in studv I & 2 Tr in sNdy-3 and Fi8. 5.15, 5.16 ald 5.17). Rcauhs are in agr€'ment ar {irh Rhoades e/ (197?)' (IgEE). s€n ard BandvoPh.dhva (19?9), Diiar et 4i'(1986)' Yunus chaudhary .r al. (1990) and Hu{sdn .r dl (1990 and t99l)' use SAR WheD scsba$a 8r€cn mal|urilg was combin€d with cvclic after suhBequent crop was lowcr rhrn thal s/irhout Sreen maiuring lrtis with poasibly due to miriSadon of advcrs. effc'ls of brackish waler througn was ors4ic mtter lbking c3:' avrilabl. from soil limc poiitiv€ effec6 on c)rchtnge to the pafiar complci and improved phvsical propcdies Same reasons applv atteviadon in r€sp€ct of SAR notic€d for FYM applicanor or nce $raw ihrough reduciDg Gypsum and HrSOa maintained physicd proP€nies conducfvnv to clay dispersion, keeping fte soil porous and improving hvdraulic encouiage leacblng of salts Divale cations released from gvpsum or soil lilne t65 sD Fig.5.l5l soil SAR aft€r haflesl of t" Fig.5.l6: Fig 5.17: Soil SAR afilr h:rv.sr ot crops in s0dy-2 Soil SAR rnlr harvesr of crop6 in sMy-3 disoludon did nor favour SAR incre$. and €xcbaqe compler wts domimled *ith ca!* aid M8t' (\ and not Na!+. Thc sAR ob6.rved for cvPaurn -.1 H)SO, (To. TJ trcatneds suppo{drE hvpotltesis bec2u!€ rh€ eme or .ven less $an tbat with caMl waer- An tjs and Ti dd paramdcr w'! incre's in soluble jut Ca" + waler Mg ':* was observed by passinS saline sodic water thougb Svpsun lin€d chalEl (Y!qub, wlrc otr SAR 1984) and Pal and Poonia (19?9) Efrelts of sodic water rctnovcd by $tPsun i! srlldics of chafoor ?t (1992), Shairta .r ar' (1989)' Poonie ., aa(1992), at (1988) Salcsn Husin ard d al' Haider O9?9) T 'd saider and Hussain (1978) Th€ p4 of the soil was 9.4 ad 9.t in studv-l ad resp€ctiv€ly with sole use of brackish wate' ro four was 9.2 at the co t'utive sludv-z, crops while pH6 harvql of silth crop in study-3 The r€spective maSniddes lbr canal wat r werc 8.4, E.3 r@orded incredsl pH, a t E-3 Clablcs 4-10' 4 ad t@on for i!' t9 ald 4 25)' Qavlm (19?5) accordinS to inipdon water. Similarlv, Alawi .t al (l9E0) him wa' high SAR of reponed ilEres€ in DH' with water experim€nls Gludv of SAR 12. SAR in idgation {rat€r of prcsenr lvsimeter I& Adj sAR was (sodv_3) 6 5 bur herc 2) was l5.E while lhat of field cxpcrinent 15-6. Prcs.or re$lts agree ro dt€ir worl SAA of soil was Bis'd in all the snldi4 t6? (section 5.1.2.)Thus. an iffr€ase in The RSC ptlwas expected iniSation varer was of p€ruisliblc linits (Table 3.2) with tendencv lery high and bevond $c 1Ct incr€aae PH, The r$idual vhicb €rbonatB might havc t@t d win sodiu atd formed sodi@ bicarbonalc (Cup6, l99O and Elton' 1950) afteruards was converted ioto sodium caftoM|e soil ard cau& raisc Tljc sodium cartolat . lhus, formcd mav re1c1 with Dormil CaCO3 in soil pH, (alkalirrtion). The Ca" afftr r€plac€nent witb NaL' forDed ard ESP willgo higl ultirnatclv. tn5Pit€ and 4.18), v€ry lidc ofsignifica increns€ rook place valuer of Nar* (App. 3 and I elevations inECe (Tabl' 4 9 h Cri' + Mg'+ (App 2' l) ard relative! loi{er HCO,! l0) High concentration (App ard HCOr' 5 ard 12) co!trrm€d the o.crlr€n c of such rc'clioc,therebv Caz* \rent out of equlibiium paniallv thmugl pr€cipitatitrg as Cacor' With progr€stive shift of Pr€cipitation rerctioN to righ, the soil PE (Tr/T4) giaduElly imreas.d. However, be stntegies lik€ mixiDg/alternae nrigadon ard cyclic usc CT', T6 and T) of bractilh c/aar slow€d down $is completiotr and pH, increaF was co roll€d to slifi !o\'/ads the worth of a specific t'chnique (Fig. 5.12, 5.13 atd 5-14). Miing dilut€d thc amout of diliereit cations and anio co aineil io irrigation and incMse in pH, wa *aer, formadon of Narcoi ard NaHCOT d€crcased comParadvelv curtlil€d Similarlv' in r68 case of aterute Itrr, Ar: Br! Elr. trr! mr! P' EB Ai.oro arrl Soil pH, afar hadsr ol crops In sLuut_' Orr Er.trBN! OE []sEt OE0E Efto@n1 qq Fig.s.l3: Soil p4 ailcr h.nsr of croF Or Br, trE SLOE lDr Fig.5.l4l t69 i! study-2 l irriSation. precipitation rcactiod kcpt shifiing towards dght or slowed dowo during backish atd caml wat€r inigation r$p€ctively ltr cyclic use ol bolh lhe inigation mteE. HCqr, Cl ad SO.'of Nak accuulatcd du.ing bnctish wel.r apliBtion bu during $bsequent ca l wabr-irrigalion for a longer p€riod (one or t1fo crops) rh€se salts leached do\tn wd rcv.rr€d. O9EO Rhoades dd n'Nin ", ., at. (19EE), S€n ald temporary incl€e in soil pH, dd Badyopadhya (lg7g), Dii^r a a!. ar. (1990, 191) also rcponed such.eversion. Addition of organic marler (rice stnw or FYM) was panielly eflectiv€ !o mitigate an imreae in pE thougt' thc reacliom of organic acid fomation and hvourablc eff€.l on soil physical properties. Ar a resuh soluble salts l€.chcd ald highcr Car+ acron ol seebanla 8retr o! thc exchanSc c.inplcx was kept. Sinilar w.s ndure (I,, rtr ssrdy I & 2 and Tlstudr'l). rle The rcason! wcre more supponivc he.c b€.ause therc was lofal control on pH" increale in this trutment. Sulllric acid applications (T,J hrd diEct efiect on thrcugh eil pH. a wcll at slubiliziry of C.Cor to increa& Ca" coocentrador. Effecr of 8t'p6un CI') wa Ca ioo! in the soil solution. Mor€ aho very much poshive du€ ro edph.c lr€re food ptsn@ of hore as compared to bicarbon le iom itr this treauncnt (App. 5, 7, 12 ald 14) b€.aue in the prcsercc of gypsum, lodium carbonaE is convcned inlo sodium bicarbond..Thus, pH.remain€d similar to th.l wilh catral water. Calciun sulphaL is sparingly t70 $luble salt bul its solubility (Abrol e' ol wa! f@nd four tincs io th. prq€tr€ of Na sallr (1980) also controllcd soil pH ' 1979) ' iNre.le tbough aPPlicaton of 8v!6un at'd Hfo.. pH Situild vere the results of Bh.ti (19E6) who s"r able to conuol agplicalion of glTsum + FYM witlt Yield of crops ar. mt sigDilica$dv affet€d *hen irrigated br&kish vater untll soil Prcp€nie go b'vod tbeir tol€r'nce limit'provided oth€r such factoF remaitr coostad Thus' yield losses ar€ Sndual a gcneraliation wa! when data were exarnined Yield made aboul yield of crops in thc Prescnt studies but ftereafter ii was of fint crcp in each rotatioo was nol affectcit significantlv reduced apPr€ciably. Yield lots of h$ crop (founh) was 3E % in riewhea! rotadoD Reduction rotrtion (Study-t) and 48 % in wh€at'sorglum_wheat'maize field condiliont (Snidv'3) \96 47 % M^ize in final croP yicld (wh€at 1993'94) of 1936 was a comparativefv salt scnsitive crop(Mals' ' Sher.azi et at ' r91t aad in ils yield wcrc brsh'r than whcrt shakir d al., 1990) Tb€r.fo9loss€s occuing of in Sudy{ and just aPproaching a criti@l lcvel rgard€d moderatelv s.h tolerrnt (Ma"' 50 1986' chaudhrv reductiot- whcr *as ,| al'' 1986 ald zabid mtatio! ndic't'd a cul in ticld jtrst ,r .1, l9E6) but bcing sirlh (filal) cro! in thc mtation' (s0dy'3) tlE critical lcvel was n afer to $€ criticrl lcvcl. Hencc in hi! l?l almst attaineat affd condnu.d inigatior of brackish lrater for l}'r€€ y€as O/e.all mean losses in field experiment were @lculated as l? % in ro rice and 30% in wh€at. So ric€, prov€d reladvelv more tolerant than wheat water salinity and sodicity Thclc was a d€ctease of 33 % in sorghum bionass althougl ir was only secod crop in fte SMy'2 Hence' sorghum and nalze were fomd more secitive thd wh.aL Khattak .r 4i.(1973) noded thal vield of wheat is reladvcly less arected by salit€ losses upro irigatioo Qnudhrv t3 % in wll€3i with wai€r of EC 2 was onty saline ad 85 dS 't dt mj. Thc (1986) obse(ed water b tbeir $udv trol salitr sodic. More loas€s io Pra,ent studies mav b€ due rc water sodicity couplcd \tirh salinity. wh.al varict! r*-81 Performed bdrer b€c$se studies of Ehsar e, cr. (1986) which supponcd thc prcs€nt sfirdies variery was invqtita&d. Ric. was more (Abrcl and Bhunbla, 199). bor. promnc.d to ric€ (Javid A ,, oL, (Ianil, lE72) thit oLra lo cxchanS@blc Na tbd 'n see wheal if lalinitv was alto combiDed, the effecrs became 1966). The sA\" 16 (m mol L')'" w3 injuriou value was about lhc same a! that of Present studis Minhas .r ol. (1989) recordcd 32 % rcducdon in dry ma[er vield of sorghum wirh water EC of 2.5 dS m'. Thcs. lo$ss were just simil* with observed her€. High sAR and RSC of \l]at€r in sNdies of Yash " the ones t'/ (1985) also idicated sdne results on sorgh m. Dry maner yield of naiz' decreased with ircreasing saliniry (sh€razi ., al. , l97l ) which t72 becam€ signincant at EC " of 2 16 dS hr 20 (Qayyu, 193) .r 4t., l99O). Gemil|alion of this crop (ShAkir was nor tff.ded SARi at but foddcr yicld was affectcd evcn at SA&' or 15 (Ali e' a' , l9l). Variou l4ons for yield decr€.& under brckish *acr irdgatiotr may b€i r€duced seedlitrg .m.rgen@ (Ahnad,ra, l99O)' lilleiing root length, wAter us€ efficiency (Hollolv.y and Alstan, l9v2 Mg*, B Clr'adHCO:!). 1936), spe.ific ion eff€cr (Na'+, upiake (Yasin ofgrains/e ,r 41., (Javid 198?, Yasin, 4 al., l99l and Ohafoor er ^ plant heiSh d zzhi'd et al ' imbalarced nuoienl al.. 1994)' less number 19EE) and curtailed evaporation (Minhas "al ' 1989) Decre$.d lillering of ric€ and wh.d Clable 4) and teiShl of rice' whea! sorgnum and rnaize crops (Table 4.2 and 4. would have ben tratslated itto l?) vcrc obt'n'd in thc Prdtnt studies *hich less biomat$ ad gBin vields Th' facror causing dajor r.duction in vield was deterioiadon chemical prop.nies. tt has rlredy b..o obssrvcd lhat d other inpolt8nt of soil phvsiql ard a resul of coninued incrcas€d' poros'rv bnckish watcr irrigarion, soil bulk dentitv ard ctav disFrsion and hydraulic cotrductivitv decre$d, EC' pH and SAR raised and ihe rhizosphere obtained' chanSed adversely Hence, decreased crop yicld wer€ various coiielatioDs be$cen soil prop€nies and crop vields *ere mostly liSnificant (Table 5 l) iffli@ting m impai'netrt of soil Propcnis eirh l?3 Esp€ct lo crop yields. Total yi.ld the crop Gable 5. a t rhis t) wh€re this qua ity ofbr&kish water codelat€d n€Sativelv with Elationship wls found to be siSriircant Mt iD ileld experinent r \r"s uscd for tongest Friod. This rad indi@tld lhar qMntrry atry srateg)l \rhicb either shon ned the period of @ntin'rous use or rord of brackhh waier will be effecrive to nitiSlte advene brackish waLr brlckish (n) or Oeir alEmate krigation *al.r u!d. ln cyclic u!€ ofbrackish water (T) cff€cl! Mi)dng of caml decre3!€d total quanuv (Tr, T6' T7) the iolal timc ol wd decrca!€d Thetefote' vield inigation wcre cut shon. Losses w€rc and co inucd of Nge loss€s in miring and alErnae bt lly controlled in cyclic use (Table 4 2' proved 4.3, 4.12 ald 4.21) and Fig. 4.18, 4 19 and 4.20). Cvclic use sraEgv sup€rior duc to longer pcriods of can l water iEigation subs'quent to brackish plants water during whrch aleviatior of advcrs€ effecl! occun€d In this strategy' did not have !o spetrd bioemrsJ to extract waler froh 1989) lh' bl€nd (Minha " a' rnd sav€d energy was tililized in yield formation Yield of sugar bee!' caDtaloupe , cotton and alfalfa \fa. not siSnilican{v dect'ascd with cvclic strategy (Rhoad€s 4 ar', 1988) Sorghum fodder ircree!.d in anothcr snrdy (Chaudhary 4 (1990, al. use ald whc'l Slain vi'lds mther lgg0)'Results of Hu$ain €' 4l l99t !,b,cd) w€re also sirnilar' Appli@tion of orsanic nattcr (Ts), $Tsum green manuring (TJ (Tt' rLso. (Ts) or bclp.d to mdntain loil coditions farbur'blc for crcps' 114 Or, EP Er. ora trr, Er6 Or Br. ETo orr afir Eroo Fig.s. 18 | Yield comparisotr or crcps in snldy- I trr! Er2Or. : o.o i tor Fi8.5. l9r Nra Or! IDr. En trr. mre Yield comparison of crops in snldy-2 Or! OP Dr! Sr. Er5 mr6 I Frg.5 20: Ero ATrl Yield cmParkon of crcps in srudy-3 Slccc$tuI crcp gro*$ us obt ined rhough 8vP51|m aPplicalotr lfith b'ackilh vat r by Shatm d al. (1989). The na.ior rctsn'ac'ordinS to lb€m, wa.s codror m inttna@ of soil of ESP ircrc3s. Yield! of whar and couotr sust'in'd tbr@gb (Bhttti' 19E6) prcpcnid wt€n ryFllm wa! appli.d along witb satiE sodic water atr{t soil wa! ke under petmare cultivarion (Atghat, 196l) Similer r6uls w're obraincd with acids du. to solubiliation of Ca1' good aggregation attd hydtaulic conductivily (Yousaf' l99l favour€d with FYM suPpleme atio' ai r96t Md Crop produc[on wa + Mgl* (Almad ) er 4 dl ' l99o) due !o saline sodic vater (Iilani ad Ra ' 19?5) and ircr€aseo Gupla rat (Alnrd' l9?8) These results go with the prcs' firdins to countcractior of advers4 eff€cts (Cbludliry bf r&ion (1985) repon d dtt sasbanja gow v/cll even if inigl'd (EC lO.5 dS n-r) and $b6.quc wheat ,ield @uld with higblv salinc waler upto 20 8 q iDras' r'sulr' obtaincd conpatcd to l'o green manuriry' Thus, lositi\,c cyclic use Ct') *th h'r sesbdis + agrecd to thos. of GuPo (1985)' J.J: A trcatrn.nt adjudg.d eff@tivc rcchnic'lly rligh no! be c'ononical eclnomic analvsis is d|e if cos$ are morc than the benents ohaincd Tterefore' The cconomics work'd out for the ultimzie vard .tick ro reconrmend a techiology IiISO' field sludies (Table 5 2) indiet€d that t76 (T' w$ the ueadnc wlich cost T.!L5.2 DMlaoadr F-.:+r l'37 r7?J0 dbd nsrldt3 i5621 l35rl 2. +35,5 -- i@m +y.a +31.7 rit iturae/dBtw e t17 in Rs. h.r Bard$oeodltie 1991 115 t9t7 190 193 .zl0 5 9 r94 t55 15 165 l6 t7l 20 Bals-ellrDrb Cost of iri@tion {b{\ Cosr of R!. 100,00 Rs. ?5.00 &6-d-ao&g!ec4|l k. 500 f'I R3. 1700 r 178 oEn ro 6rrl Ldl @lliv.don = n5. 140.00 To0l = Ils. lJO.00 = r|3. 750.m = &J@!0 !0.!0 = e maximum (R!. 67000 har) while use of tubewell water alone (Tt cost minimum (Rs. l5l8? ha r). Gro6s iMmc decr.rsed gradutl, with the use of oibe*€ll Mrer alodc and for sl( c.oPs sts P.s 82399 The Sross imom. for canal water tr€rnnent was Rs.1,29434. The high€st ne1 incomc (Rr'l,11'684) eith caml warcr inigalion Thus, $er€ ws (TJ followed by cyclic ule wa CI, with Rs. t.11036 a nominal d.crease of P-s 648 in cvclic use over a crops which motlitled only 0.6 % and placed tbis trcatrnetu creer manuring treatmcnt coupl€d with cyclic use (T, recordcd tle perid of six mo6l economic3l- added nothing bwards net retum, rathcr decre:!. of 2.1% ovcl canal wal6r was oboed.d- The cost imurred on $/psum application Placed lhis treatnent (TJ inf€nor o cyclic wralthough it w3! Rs. 1,31517. The net d.crw dlc hi8hdt in gross renjrus with a over canal water was 13.3 % *hich was $iu berc. tian sole u!. of orbcacU wacr whcrc a rct Application of H,Sq (TJ w6 nlue of lN of 26.2% ws! obtcded the l.ast .commical with a ner loss of 49.? % over ca[al water tradnent, Canal water was 35,5 % more paying $an iubewell water wbne cyclic use wrs 34.E % mrc b€ncficial tb8 solc us. of poor qualiry walcr' Nei increale of 32.7 % was comput€d for cyclic urc which wd slightly id..ior + sesbania green manure !o ryclic us. alorE- A bdEfit of 17.5 % over nrbcwell water wa! obtained wilh application of gyPsum. However, *ar to b€ bome if H$O. is alplied . net along with Nb€well wat€r' r79 los of 31.8 Muimun % value; Cssr r.|io (E.ll) lr'a! foond wiib cyclic us! follow€d by r6p.qiv. ntio of7.29. Cyclic rsc + gr..o nmurc GyP3M v,/ar irfcrior €vm !o orbc cll erter was canal v/ner with inf.rior h thir r%ard. .loE wb.d djodg€d wittt this p.rlEet€r b€clul€ VCR (Valu. Cost Ra[o) wa! 3.?9 for thc forn€..nd 6.42 lor v|! lh. lader. Itowevcr, th.re whd crop yi€lds wodd brlclish u,lt.r. lf r pocsibility oftbq.rse ir lbis rnio al |tler bavc curbiled soil deErioratkh is hvoutabl€ on lotr8 t m stages tuih€r due to continue{t irrigation with rho to D€ coonr€drrhis ncarm.nt is rDr basb. Gypsum is Dccdcd lo slt3ab thc yields ard m.inain loil h€alth if can l v/ar.r is rol Nvailiblc to practisc the cyclic use- Acirl 'fplicrrion idica4.l imurr€d in cyclic v.s $! lcast the lc.5t vah€ of YCR. It c.tr bc corclrd.d rhlr usc ecomical phc€d thi! ir€aElclt the moat.conomical. on l$s cosr cyFum slod lelm b6sir bot bng r.m cfi€cts will b. h.!r.r than the sol€ use of brackilh w.t.I. Applictior of H,Sq ftcld lr.atm.nr v/ar nor fcasiblc al !ll, 180 a mr loss md 0|c CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY AND CONCULSIONS Thes€ studics wcre corduct d ro crop produclionr 2nd avoid l]l@tc sigrilica chln86 ir bmckish watlr for staintd soil hcalth. For this purpose,onc held anl lwo lysimder sMi€s wer. caEied out. Soil of all the three experimenB wd Dotul frod slirity/iodicity point of via ad mcdiM t rtured. Wat r ul€d for iniSalion of lysimelers was of suhtandard quality (EC 3.3 ne L' SAR = l5-EE ard vater of neb ep€rimc me Lr s,{R = 99 dS m r RSC = Adj. SAR = 30.33 Bol L')rz. Simildly, 8rund- was of poor quality (EC 6.5 and Adj. SAR house sodies vcre dclelopcd =l = = 1.43 dSm'RSC =5.7 15.86 m mol Lr)rn- soil h c.mcnt lysineters of I i crlumN for sre.n 0.3 m dimeNion d.ough altemate \{€tting ald drying cycles. Crop roiation of lysimet€r sludy -l was rice- en€ar-ricc-wber whilc that of lysirDcr.r stldy-2 was whear-sorghum (fodder)whet-maiz€ (ftdder). To veriry ftc conducted u/ilh selected lleidnent! o[ rice-wh61 rotrliotr fo. gr€€n house results, three crops each of ricc and sb€3t wcrc obtaired. tEl a ficld snldy thc y€4. was Thus, Elev.n rednents wcle €sted in Study-l which vere; canal bnckish \rater, minng in *tter, 1:l atio, altemte ifiSnion of eMl ad b@ttuh water, scasonal ctcle (brackish water for .ice and can2l water for whcal). ye$ly cycle Orackish *ater for firu two crops and caMl wat€r for subseque two), stllld cs!.btishmcDt wi(h €Ml wller iD y€any cycle, ri@ $nw i@rPoration + conrinuous ule of bnckhh water, applicdion of gypsum, subnuric acid artd grccn mNring along\rith yearly cycl€. Samc ueatrn nls werc includ€d in Study-2 erc.Pt rtEt rice straw incorporation in Study-I, was r€plac€d by farm ya.d manue ard vrhear was iniSarcd with clllal *at€r in $alonal cycle. Ficld compris€d of six trealm.nts; canat water, tubewell valcr, exFrimc season (Sordy'3) l cycle (ar in Snldy-l), sbania green rnanuring alonS w'th sasonal cycl€, eypsun and Four pla s were rnainuined in lysinet€r studi€s. Crops wer. ini8ated p€r featments ar explained !bo!e dd nanst€d at maturity (in case ol fodden after 65-70 days). Recomtnended fenilizer doses and the culnlal practiccs wcE dopr.d for .ach crop. Soil $mpl.s were oblaiffd ftorn surfac! soil (Gl5 cm) after hffvest of each crop and whole of tbe soil colurnt! (0"15, 15-30, 30-60 cm) al tcmimdoD of lysim€ter studies. Sampling .tur hand a1 thcse deptbs was pactised of e3ch crop in freld sMies. An lysis for soil physictl and chemcial propeni.s wa! carried out- lry'our design in lysim€l€r crQerimenb was complelely Randomted lnd Randonis€d conplete Block 182 ir neH cxperime The.e were tbrce rcp.a6 in lysincLr stlrdi€s ard four rcptictioB ir field elperiment. Th€s€ sMies w.rc pcrfo.mcd |1 Soil Saliniry R€s.arch Itrsriture, I,indi Bhattia!, Districr Hafiabad, Punjab, Palisran during 1990'94. Collecr.d soil and crops were subjected 10 analysis of variance (ANOVA) ad dn of Duncan's Mulliple Range Test was ryplied for individual comparirons. S€l€cted coftlarions betwen brekirh wat r, crop yields and soil propenies were also wort€d our. Ecomnic analysis of ficld expcriment wa! c.rri€d out as well. Th€ conclusioo dram in ech eJe€riment wcE. Sody - I Managhg brackish water for sustained dce atrd wheat Droduction. BEctish water was ucd mDtin ourly in most of Oc Eerh€trrs but substihtiotr of caDl wdcr was 12 % in 5r.6% in $and €sbblishn ue of cyclc. 50.4% ir yqly cycle ard . Tillering of only contiluous s.$orrl ihtd crop wa affeted signifcanrly due to rt! k pt il @mpanble wirh brackish walcr, All thc other tt€atn 183 Yi.ld of tust two crop6 vas mt affcct d signifim y bul 2,6.5 % @addy) ^nd ad rou 39 % (vh€ar Eaios) @urred in the lhird r€sp€ctivcly due !o sole usc of brackish Bt higler than :ll the tr.ah.Dls. Yield ir val.r. Thcs. lors of h crop losses were sigficandy of thc tr@6ldrs werc c4Dprablc wilh no or mn-rignincant lo6ses. Soil bulk d.nsity ilcresed whilst po.osiry and void ffio d.cr€eled lignifrcandy by brackish water jult after firsr c.op. Mixing ard attemre irriSarion of canrl snd btutish watcr prcved b.u.r rh.o cominuo$ rest, All othd ream€nts R€ductiotr wq. h similar statislacally wirh hydrnulic conducriviry w c$rl bu! inferior to thc waler. of soil war sigtrifrcrnr afrer harvd of second crop with bnckish warer irdgarion. This effect war exEnded down Io 60 cn. Mixing *tt and alrcmre inigarion werc jsl@mparable with brickish r. Ody $'psurb wa similar wih caDal w.Gr. Cyctic e ard HfO. wer. Disp.niotr of clay enhaff€d in bEckish water ttedlcnt. Th€ ditrer€trce! bctwccn canal water, cyclic use, H:SO. and Eeen manuring werc rcn- signincrot, GypsM w.s tlrc b6r rrah.nr in which clay 184 dispersion ws Soil BC. gEdually increased with the us€ of bnckish wa1er and b€came signilicalt ailer rhid crop. Ir approach.d I value of 4.1 ds m ' at thc ed ot foxnh qop. Cyclic use and grc.n mNr. were simil.r whilst gypsun and rcmailed irfcrio. to calal \ra|cr, Alternat imgadoo w.r bdter An ilcr€2s€ of soil ad the eDd of snldy. The incr€ar€ iras 8.8 in 015, 15-30 and 30{O N cn of deplhs significridy controUed itr H,SO., cyclic at|d 8reen mnure {,hich wrae conpanblc with can sigifica solc pll' Gcun€d with contiNou irtation of salirc sodic watcr and r€ach€d to 9.4, 8.9 .! lha H,Sq l 6. water. Other Be3me 5 incr.ases in sAR were obsrv€d afler second crop which pcrsisted lo th. €nd in brackilh rvarer tr..ltncDt. Ric€ straw incotporalion, and altenlarc irrigation wcn better H:SO. and gleen rnaNic r€nuin€d mixint tnan bracti,sh walcr. Cyclic us€, gnsum, mn-sigitimt wiih canal valer. Quantiti€6 of lpplicd br.ckish wa|er significandy conelatcd with crcp yi.lG, soil bulk d,lDsity. hydnulic crnductivity. clay disp.6ioD, EC. and SAR. The relationthip lr€s ncgative with crop yi€ld and nydEulic conductivitv and posirive with other soil prope.lies. tdividual @nelations of 185 these prop. ies with sisoifi(,nt. Crop SMy'2 Sustainable wheat ard fodde. Droduction wilh brackish h wtet 36 %. ann 4l sorgb0tn (foddct-whcat-mti7t (foddcr) crop rotaion 38 %, % canal u/rEr was us.d in seasoml cycle, yearly cycl. Arablishncnt r€spcctively. Efllcl 33, 4l ad cyclic use 48 % ol lirst crop was not signifiqnt. Yield reducLio! ot otr yicld h s.cord, third rnd wa mminal. Th. wa sml w.lc. = alternae irrigdior f@rt cmp *3 recorded. Ls ir sclsonal order of overall cffecliven ss of various treatrneDts s€alolal cyclc = mixiry > - gT6urn > HrSq = ycarly cyclc > brackish *ater. Vlrious tr..tm.or. @Dtrolled dccno..don of physicrl proDenics of soil (bulk density, porosity void ratio, clay dispersion and hydraulic conductiviiy) caured by lhe salin sodic watcr. Scasonal cycle ard S|psum prov€d thc mosl cfectivc. Other tre3oneots r€nain€d inf€rior 166 i,o c.!al *ater but superior to sole Soil Ec. significanny increas€d just affer incrersiq dudng $b6cqucnr crops rod finl crop' remianed of 4.73 dS mr in aPProochcd a valua brrckhh water tre.unent. Mixing and altema& nrigadon cunail.d th€ ircrca!€ lft.r iqitial crop6 but diflere@ with clnl wat r bccanlc significlrr at rt€ end. Rice straw incorporatioo prov€d panially effectivc. oth€r tr€adn€nts indicaEd a statisrical sinilarly eith enrl war€r. Efrccrs or soil pH, ody affer first increase was signincant !frdwardr. The value cro'p wcrc r€ach€d to 9. not- siSnift@t bur I at the end of founh crop inigat€d with salin sodic wacr. Values wcre ev€n lowcr tbatr c,nrl w.lcr whcn gy!,stm lnd H,SO. we.c applied and comparable with cyclic us€. Mixing, altcmtc inigation and ric! sEaw incorporation pmv€d panly efl€clivc. Soil SAR gntlually i[crca$ed as the cumuladvc volune of bncthh water enlarg€d. A value of 29.42 wa! recorded at the etd of four$ crop as aSai$t 8-62 (m not Lr)'a in crral v.tcr. After third crop mE of the treunetrrs ws similar ro br..kish wdcr. only nixing. alEmat€ inigarion and rice straw illcorpontion reEian€d infcrior lo caoal watcr at lhe ed of the eiperimc . Qudrily of bn4kish wrtcr did nor signifr.{rll! corclatcd with crop yiclds in thi! sody but it! relationship with soil propenies \rere siSnificant. These I87 w€rc rcgatilc with soil hydraulic conductivity and posidve with other' CroP vields sE nc8rrivcly correlatcd with soil pmp.nis cicepl bydnulic coiductivirv wbich was Dosirive. The @u€latioos anonS eil bult d€nsiry, hvd6ulic corductivity, chy dispersion, EC. and SAR werc found to be hiShly signi'icanl' Study-3 Soil healh cale under groundwater irrigation: Bnckish ald canal water w€rc used to the extent of 76% and 24% for iBigation of rice and wheal crops respectively in the rctation hbcwell wat r did mt cau!. significart vield lo$'s to lh' initial two crops. Howcvcr, lca!€s b€can siSDifient aturwards and anounted to 37.3 and 46.8 % in th€ thiid, fouih, fift t 8'4 atd sixth croPs resp€clivcly There was l?.5% m€3n decr€as. in ric€ and 40% in whe.t bss€s were nominal ftalneoB (cyclic ute, greer mure, 33 3 gvPsum and H,Sq) atd all h ouer Proved supetior Tub€well \rater caus€d siSnificlnt increas€ in bulk denstlv while cyclic us lnd o$er rreatdents co roll€d its etevadon and remained similar wirb l8E Hydraulic conduclivity of soil protile decrcar.d after i.riSation of firsl crop vith 8roundqt.r bur I .ech.d r signiticanrly tow.r crcp a3 compafed with canal warer and alt other prmunc.d h $c surlace. All the orher r@!trcnts |rstrndt!: vat@ |icr rbird Eff€ct was mo.€ dit .or diff.r wilh .3ch odE. Soil ECe increased gradually bur quanrus was nor significanr atler fint crop. INr.ssing effccr ofpoor quliiy warer pcB'sLd iicrefl.r d rL.!d valu€ was almosl four rimes of rhe initiat o!e. Surface ECc w$ highcr in cyclic l|s. ar conparcd b €nal \{rcr aft.r rie crop bor b.caDc noftiSrifica rn subr€quent wheat crop. S*bania grecn manure si8rificant in dtis r.spcct. Cypsm ad ua sligh y r helptul but mt H?SO. werc abo efecdve. EFccts on soil pHs werc almsr sinilar. SAR of soit war signifisnlty rali€d cven aft€r fte finr crop with luDcwcll watcr and finally rpproa.hcd ro a vatue of 32.76 (m mol L )'z . All rh€ oth.r rr.allnenrs wcre atmost similar wi$ canal war.r, Quantiry of rub€well water was corfelar€d Egatively ad wiil crop yietds soil hydnulic corducriviry ard positivety virh bott dcnsiry, ECe ard SAR. rE9 Crcp yi€lds correla@d significa ly with soil properties Ooly positiv€ conelation wd with hydnulic conductiYity. Cyclic use of brckish and catal water wd $e tr€adnent |Mt @mmicd with !|le hiShqt ret rcturDs and value cost ratio, It was comparable \{ith calal water. Cieen manLrre dded nothitg to nct incomc applicado! was th. En @@mical @Nmic:l than sol. use of brckish trcatlnent. SuPhric &id alrno6r CvPsm was even l$s wacr' Conclusions: l Continuous use of bnckish watct qus.d yield years and deteriorated physical as well z. 4 llNs !p!o 48% after t\ro chenical Ptop€ni€s of soil. Cyclic use of bmckish and canal water was found ftc ecommicd sraregy to obtah $sbincd yieldt of ri@, most eff€ctivc whd rld ad fodtlcB (srgbrn lrd dizc) eilhout signirtca chalga i'aloit ProP!!d6. S.r.o!.1 cyclic was a lide $perior to yeady. Combining stand csiablisln€nt or 8En 3. manurinS with yedly cycl€ ldded. nothing itr dtone|qry terns In ric.'whet mtarion, bEckjlh waEr EE% and 50% @ral i! ssonal ad yarly cycle r6?etiY€ly. R$pccrive *crc 62% ald 64% in wh@t-fodder rotation. 190 mt r wa! 3ubstituted by valB 4. Gypsum ad sulphrnc acid appliotiotr wd cficcrivc lo ov€rcome yicld alongrritb sole ua of bnckish valer locs.s and nai ain soil prop.ni6 but were nor €conomical. Mbdng, altemat irrigadon and rice stBw incorporatioit farm yard manurc {ere the most infcrior t€.hnique. 5. 6. Thc 6ults miSh mol Lr)r' be valid for watcr h.ving EC! uplo 2 0 and SAR 15 (m wher us€d o! liSht to mcdim ieinfed soils Water eirh dorc !€verc p.oblcm! or to bc u!€d on h.avv t xtur.d soils n€d. tunher inv€stigntions. simihrly2 climatic changes are also to 0e Need for fufiher research: Cyclic ule of brackish !d canal waler is a cheap and Pracicable technioue to overcome scarcitv of cand water It ald increase cropping intcnsifies' is n€.dcd tha! inv6tisatioN \r,ith other sPecinc coDdiliont of quality be c:tried o (frcqsrcy !d .. CliMiic ch.4cs sil and saler espeially teDPcraturc atd rainfau int nsty) nty abo b. iovolv€d in rhe tu'lher s0dies Sinilarlv' some othcr crop rotations of thc countrv r|rv l9l be ircluded in cvclic usc s$dies' LITERATT]RE CITEI) Alllm l9E9 I"pro'ltoar8d grass used for biologi€l an€lioniion fo sall-aff.ct d soil lhk J Soil sci Abdulan, M., R.H- Qur6hi and M. 4r 15-18. 1990 The role of Kauar Srass itr so'l reclahariotr. P 495_507 Io Proc ltdcPak workshoP on soil AbdulLlt. M. ald R.H. Qu6ti Salinily and Watel Mang lslamabad, 10-14' 1990 Pakislan Agric. Rer. council (PARC) Islan bad Paki{rn' Abrol, LP., R.K- Gupta and S.B. singh, 1979. Note on the solubilily of gypsum and sodic soil recla$ation. J lnd Soc. Soil Sci 27(4): 482_ 4E3. Abrcl. LP. hd D.R. Bhmbla l99 Crop resPoru€ to differ€ntial gvpsum applicrtion iD a highlv sodic soil and the lolennc' of sevenl crops to exchegeable sodium utder field ltt Alnad, M. @nditioff Soil Sci' 70'85 1978. 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Lahorc Mdch 2G22, 19'90 Soil Sci- Soc. Pak. l2hore. Patisbn- 2t9 Timcr, v. 1989. Eff€.t of br.ckish groundwater on rhe Productilitv of coarsc and f'ne ExNr€d soils in .€tation to kiretics of sEadv sste M sc. Thesh soil Sci DePtt. univ. of Agric Faisalabad J. tloffiDar. 197?. Managiq salt bv dnimS' in igated agriculturc. P 8+86 In proc 3rd Naiional DBi- C Yar Schilgaarde, J. ald i l-7 SYnP. ASAE. Pub. Vcrma, K. S., G- S. BhaDdsli Canga ad B. R SinSh 197r. RcapoNc of miz' ldictv l0l todtrogeDurderbrukishwaler irnga'ion' I Res ttisar, 1: 2$32. wat r for W.stcot, D.N. and R.S. AYels 195. Int rpreation of quahly of irrigatior. P 249'263 h Intermliooal Con!. Water Loggitrg ad Salinity, Laior€, Univ. Engg. Tcch L3hoE Pakisbn wilcox, L. V. 1948 Thc quality ofveter for iniSation P 40 USDA T€ch BuU 962' of '^aiet' P E rn Minoo-of u.S. Salbity, kboratory, Us. DePtt' Agdc' 1966. Tabla! for calcul.iti!8 the PH" values WdbingtoD, D C. Ysin, M., S. Muhamm.d ad A. Paut r9E5. Sorghun yield water quality, leachinS fracdoff and influcncd bv !t! corelation wilh idic€s of saliniiy. Pak- I. soil. Sci l:12' 2m $ Yasin, M.. A. Rruf ard M. S. SarFaz. 19E7. Effect of fie yield and chemical conposirion of whcat. amerdments on I. Agric. salift ir.igation eaters and Rer- 25: El-91. Yasin) M., S. Muhanrned R. H. Qur€shi and A. Rauf, 1988. Effect of saline- sodic wate6 on crop yield. P. 408414. Proc. Firsr Nation Cotrg. Soil Sci. l L:lore. 1985. Soil Sci. Soc. Pak. tihorc, Pakistan. Yasin, M-, S. Muhamn€d ad S.M. Mian, ofsoila! 1990. Hydraulic coducrivity and affected by sodic water. Pak. J. Agdc. EIP Rq. I lr 99- 103. Yasin, M. l99l . hteracdve effecr of sodiciry atd nirrog€n on yield ald chenical composition of two what varicties. Pat. J. Soil Sci. 6: 6972. Yousaf, M. and J.D.nbodc$- 1966. Clay dispersion 6 m indcx of hydaulic @nducnvity reduction. p. 479{85 In Proc. Firsr Narional con8. Soil Sci. L.hore, Oct. 19E5. Soil Sci. Soc. I-ator., Pa&istan. Yousaf, M. t991. Effeci of soil coditio on aggr€garion @nductiviry of a pak. and hydaulic slruclElN soil wder sub,hunid oDdirions. Pak. J. Soil S.i. 6: 17-20. 221 YotEf, M. r9q2. Chy diQcr'ln t! bfrr.oc.d by €lc.tolylr cocntrtiofl. Chv cod.d ed pH .h.rs.a.ritics of !oil!. P.395_399 In Proc Ttird Nalio!.I Cotrg. Soil Sct. Lrborc Mrrcb, 2G22, Soil sci. soc. YoDs, M. M. r9n. W&r 1990 Prt. llhor€, P8ldst|n. $iliry b ldui W|cr 19?- Do(oN Cb.6h.l Pl2in. P. 243-292 In Proc. MrEgemtd Agth, S.oi@ Paki.stan ud.. Ferozlo6. Prid.r, Kltlcbi. Atid, M.A., A. Rl|lf ud A. M. HuINri, et 1986. SMhs on srlr iob!.ac io at. Pbt- J. Agric. R6. ?: 160'164. /22 Appedir-l @Dr or s.F G0) in Stdt'r Rictl99l Rical99o 199G91 Bc t99l-92 7E.3 ABC T, r05.3 m.o tB.o T, 105.0 71.7 7a.1 C &.7 D 1 ul.7 19.3 82.0 BC 78.3 A3C 101.7 80.0 9l.0AB EI.O A T, 105.0 19.3 .1 A 81.0 A T. l.7 15.7 95.7 A 7E.3 ABC T' 1r0.0 11.7 EE.3 ABC 75.7 ABC Tr 111.7 77.7 80.7 BC 72.3 C T, l@3 ?9.0 88.3 ABC 71.0 ABC T'o 113,3 TN 105.? NS NS - 9t .7 A 92.0 AB 19.3 NS Non-siSniffcrnt valud shtri4 sanF ldcr itr.arl cohDn differ m!_litrglificartly D3 79.7 r\B 73.7 BC glil Tr. Ric. cc' + Md' (E Ll b sadt-1. Wt r.i.c !91 1990 199G91 n l99l-92 15-30 cm 2.53 3.(B C 3.vt * 4.03 CD 4.t7 C 8.4? AE 3.aO 3.7t BC 4-{t w 1.72CD 4.70c 5-8EC 2.11 1.23 C 3.v c 4,3t CD 4.n c 5.87C 2,83 3.37 C 4.m BC 4.83 CD 4.33 C 6.72 TJ 3,43 T62 1.23 C 4.17 BC 4.30CD 4.33 C 6.73 BC 1.30 BC 3.:lO D 4.9,rc 6.27 RC 3_l7C 4.40 BC 3.83 CD 4.08 C 6.E3 EC 3.53 BC {57 rc 5.@C 1.37 C 6.9E C 6.63 A 10.3? 't| T: 't, T1 Tr Tr 3.10 3.{t w 2.4 4.33 AB T,, 3.01 NS NS = 3.40 BC A E.E3 9.39 A t3 A8C 5.53 AB 7.t2R ?.3? AB E. 1.13 C 3.53 CD 5.l0Bc 7.03 BC NcsiSoif.{d Vd|ld sbtilg ,so. Ld.r h ac! A rc colunD dificr s!-sit€lifcrdrv n4 SoU Tr. Ric. N.'' (R Lr) ln Strdy-I. Rh. l99l 1990 1990,91 TI 6.9r B 7.63 D 9.06 D 24.@ A 12,38 A E-22 AE 8.E4 AB A TJ 11.64 T. 10.69 AA Tl T,, t0.13 DE h 15-Jocn 30{0 11.58 E t5_03 BC 28.lEA 29.09 21.55 ABC A l1_6E A.BCD t5.2ZCD 22.67 C !9-03 BCD \l.n l?.51Bc 21.70c 21.37 rc 18.68 BC 8.?7 CD 13.clcD 10.61 DE 14.56 DE 16.56 BC 14.25 A8C 13.92 CD 9.67 DE 14.69 DE 14.51 C ll.8? cD 9-46 E 13.43 E 14.?8 BC Ar 3r.38 B 23.91Ab 22,E0 AB 14.72 DE t4.52 C 16.49 CDE 16.23 BC 12.15 E 14.83 BC B<:D 10,29 A8 12.93 ABCD It.lt AB 12.30 ABCD 23.33 1.24 B 9.35 BCD t2.52 CD r4.3E D 9.98 AA 9.]l 13.72 CD 14_06 10.6r AB 15.41AB BCD vdEs shlnrg slm Lrcr i! each 10.65 cD DE 9.64 E cotunn diffcr mn*inSflRcantly 225 8d cql F.tl b g!+l h'a.a of rle.r rqqr4l Ar T, o.o D T, 4.O Tr 3.3 ABC T. 3.0 ABC T, 2.t rc 2.7 AW T, 2,O C T. 2-7 IiB T, 2.0 c T! 2.0 c 2.O C Vt ibrhf @ A kd!.r dlftr m.itltrhdy. fi sol HCO,! (D Lr) ln StudY.r. Ric l9l Wn{ 191-9 Tr. Ric. Tr T? n Tr 1.6?D 2.03 F 2.61C 6.6t D 4.00 ABC 4.EO ABC 10.43 A 1?,33 3.@CD 1.61 CDE ,t.50 Bc I1.6? BC 4.23 CD 4.53 C 3.33 BC 3.83 BCD 4.57 rc 11.67 BC 4.E3 C 4.41CD 4.33 A3C 2.50 EF 4.43 BC 6.67 D 4.qr cD 2.33 E a33 AAC 4.fl rc +qrc ?.mD 21.60 3-67 AaC 4.00 BcD 4.n ?.33 CD 4.50CD 3.t0cDE 5.00 A 6.m A 4.80 BC 15.33 AB 8.?08 8.13 B 3.q' CD 3,(D DEF 4.g)!c 5.33 D 3.13 CD 2.E3 DE 3.33 BC 3.67 CDE 4-30 BC 5.00D I.E7 D 2.70 E 5,00AB 5.07I 5.33 D 2,41cD 2.61E 1990 l99G9t n T. T, T. Te Tb vNluer rc A 3.00 't2.37 .bdng 3&€ lc!.r in ah @brlrn difrd trott-sinSofiodlv 227 cD A c 2.fiC l0.EoA 2.Q E Soil Clr' Tr. (D L) Ri.. l99o in SddY_l Ric! l9l r99G9l 15-30 T, 1.50 D T, 2.83 A 1 1.67 CD T{ 2.e BCD t3 2.13 Arc T6 2.17 AICD 1, 2.17 ABCD Tr 2.00 BCD T, 2.00 BCD TD 1,83 BCD T,, 2.50 AA NS = 2.50 CD 3.1? B E.43 A 2.63 CD @ E.63 AA 9.67 .06A 9.92 1.vt A 2.fiCD 4.00B 3.@ CD 5.42 C tt.75 3,M ABCD 3.33 B 2.31D 6.09 BC I 2.at D 3.33 B 2.t7 D 5.42 C 9.5E 3-90 AE 4.@ B 2.50D ?.50 EC 9-t7 AacD 3.67 B 2.t7 D 5.33 C 7.75 2.83 ECD 5.1? B 5.OB 7.5E BC 9.83 2.8! ACD 4.33 B 3.4 7.t1 rc, 7.25 2.t7 D 3.17 B 3.17 CD 6.0E BC 8.t? 3.6? ABC 3.33 E 2.11D 5.6? C 8.5? NS 3.00 C NoFsiSlifi..d Vduls srwirg lrmc eo.r in.sh @bnt dircr notl6'n€Erfqfllv 228 t.25 e,ppenaix 7 Sulpheta (SOr1 itr soll ol Sltuily_l wl..t l9gl-9 Tr. Ric. Ricc Gl5 15-30 30S 1990 r9r'92 l9or TI 1.9 E.O 7.E 5.3 lO.3 12.9 T, 9,7 12.4 14.6 15.7 1l.l 15.? E.l l Tr 13.5 14.8 13.l l.8 12.5 r5.4 12.5 TI 1.O 4.2 13.5 T, 1.2 8.4 10.5 T, 6,2 9.7 8.9 T, 1.8 7.9 8.5 6.6 12.1 l4.l 4.1 11.3 10.9 4.6 10.5 12.9 7.O 7.1 19.6 17.0 r4.8 lr.5 5.8 10.3 ll.5 15.6 14.l 14.7 8.8 8.4 12.3 16.6 15.1 8.0 lt.l 7.1 11.s T, TN v 4.8 u.! uc me!! of lhrcc r.pcrtt 229 10.3 App€ndix E. Nunber or Ttl rme.rr OIcn plmrr ln Study-2 wll..l l99G9l What r99l-gt2 ll.6 r0.8 ABC T, 10.8 7.2 D T! 10.7 8.7 CD T. 9.2 ?.E D 9.E ll.5 n 4.1 12.8 A T1 10,4 1l.E A3 T. ll.5 9.3 gCD T, 10.8 12.8 A TF 10.6 13.3 A T,, 10,5 NS 10.9 ABC NS = Vrlu6 NGsiSlifictd sbaring s.nc Ltt rs diftr mn_sigrific|dly' zto AB Appendix-g Heighl (c|[) ofcrop6 Tr. b Srudy'2' Mrit Sor8ntm l99G9l l99l L9,r-92 t92 T, 78.3 t42.3 A a).0 Ec 140.0 A T, 75.7 t24.3 B '70.1 C 121.3 c T, 79.3 116.7 ?6.0 ABC l/o.9 A T. 76.0 136.? AB 73.3 BC 132.7 ABC T5 Tt.7 r37.? AB ?9.3 AB 139.5 AB T6 79.O 133.0 AB 80,0 A 134.9 AB T, 7E.0 133.0 AB 80.0 A 136.8 AB TI 80.0 l3?.0 AB 73.3 BC tTt.7 BC T, 7a.l 136.? AB 75.0 ABC 140.7 A Tre 71.7 136.0 AB ?5.0 ABC 141.6 A T,. El.3 126.3 B ?3.3 EC l4l.l A A NS NS = NoesiSDific.d Values sharing 3am€ leBer in €.ch colunn dilTer nol.3ingnificantly 23t soil cd' + Mtr* (nc L'r ) lr study-2 Ma!',e sorglurn Tr. t99t-92 l99G9l (0-15 qn) (el5 5-03 4.m BC 4.13 BC 6.E1 3.{1RC 3.92 5-65 1.93 C 5.64 2.! 7.17 1991 cm) (Gl5 om) Gl5 ch tqz cm 15-30 3G60 cm 2.80 ABCD 4.68 B 3.10 B 3.36 B 3.33 2.63 D 2.40 D 1.63 B 2.85 CD 3.20 CD 1.50 8 2.03 CD 2.&B 4.53 B 4.08 BC 2.m B 2.r0 cD T" 8.00 "r, 7-31 T, ?-15 'te 1.19 Tp 1.aZ 3.9 aC 1.17 B 4.49 B 2.33 B l 4.mac 4.30 BC 4.42 B 1.67 3.@ BC 4.30 DC t1.33 B 2.93 B 3.qr ABC 8.6? A 8.9 A 7.17 L 5.15 A 3.37 BCD 5.27 B 4.40 8C 4.fi BC 1.90 B 3.73 AB T! 3.n 4.50 D 3.t cD 2.43 B I.60 D T, T, n 't. "r5 7.67 NS NS = C rc rcD A3 B 3.95 l 5? D 8? CD 1.57 D Non-sig!1ficlnt. valucs shsring sam€ l€ters in es.h column 232 A diffd noNignifical lv' Soir Na'* (Ee Tr r99G9l (0-15 cm) T, T1 Tr T. T, T6 T, T' T, .49 DE L' ) h st'dy'z 1992 15-30 1991 t99t-92 (Gl5 cm) (0'15 cn) Gl5 12.07 D 12.03 GH t3.14 D 33.59 A 43.38 A 33.23 I7.M DEF 18.61 c 16.26 CD 13.54 B 18.77 CDE 2t.&c 17.38 C 15.54 B A cm cn 8.56 E A 30{O cm 9.10 B 31.02 A 21.36 A 24.94 16.20 BCD t3.22 D 15.17 CDE 14.90 20.80 AB 14.95 CD 22.29 BC u.?0 D 9.97 E 10.99 B 19,94 ABC 23-31 AB 19.28 CD t2.59 D 9.21E 9.80 B 11.71 D 7.X E 10.41 B 31.20 B 24.39 B 15.53 B 10.t4 D 10.46 E 9.38 B 14.28 EFG u.?6 D 9.67 E 9.02 B 11.21 GH 11.47 D 12.03 DE ro_03 E cD 18.54 ABC 22.m ABC 20.?l AB 24.57 AB 10.49 E t2.24 D Trc 19.71 ABC t?.m BcD T,, 1?.52 A3C 23.51 AB 11.60 FcH 25.99 B valu€s sharing same letters in each crlumn differ noHignificantlv. 233 soil HcqL (mc Tr. T, T, Tr T1 TJ T. SorghM l99l t99rn l99G9l (Gl5 cm) (Gl5 cm) (Gls cm) 1.67 D ?.33 CD 4.m 4.33 A 5.57 L L' c ) in snldy-z Miize t99:l cm Gl5 cn 15-30 3.50 C 2.27 D 7.@A 1.20 A 5.67 30-60 cm 2.10 cD L 2.6? BCD 3.m cD 5.m BC 4,70 BC 3.60 BCD 3.17 ABC 3.33 AB 3.33 CD 4.33 BC 4.50 EC 4.23 ABC 3.m ABC 3.00 BC 3.m cD 5.33 AEC 4.83 BC 3.33 BCD 2.67 2.00CD 4.m BCD 6.M AB 1.73 BC 3.07 BCD 2.t't cD 3.m BC 4.33 BC 5.33 A8C 1.57 B{: 2.93 BCD 2.67 BCD 2.67 BCD 6.00 AB 4.00 5.17 B 4.50 AB 4.00 AB 2-67 BCD 2.00 D 3.67 C 4.13 BC 3.80 BCD 2.23 CD T,o 3.33 AB 2.X3 CD 3.67 C 3.47 C 2.13 CD l.l7 D T,, 2.33 BCD 4.33 BC 5.33 ABC 5.00 B 3.8? BC 3.8:] AB T, T! T, Valuca sharing sarne lettds ir c cach colunn ditrcr 2v ooFsignifica ly BcD ApFdir l.l Sloll Clts Tr. sorgnum (ne Ln ) h Stdy-2 Mrire t9s2 (Gl5 cm) l99l (Gls co) t99t-92 (Gr5 cn) 0'15 cD l5-30cm T1 3.83 C 1.50 D 2.67 D 4.13 D 4.O7 T, T, T. Tr T6 T, Tt T, 7.m ABC I1.8:t 4.50 BC l.&t cD 3.67 C 2.1? 6.33 ABC 3,83 BCD 6.6t A 12.83 199091 D 3G60 cln 4,5E B .nA l4.m A 13.52 3.17 CD 6.30 CD 7.m BC 6.58 B 3.50ACD 9.43 C 9.m B 7.58 B 3.83 BC 5.9 5.r0 cD 5.12 B A 4.fl) A3C 6.13 CD 4.48 D 5.EE B lo.m A 3.33 BCD 5.(}) D 4.23 D 5.15 B 7.m ABC lo,m A 4.33 AB t4.43 B 12.5E 7.5O AB 2,83 BCD 4.33 AB 5.53 D 5.OE D 1 Tlo 6.50 ABC 5.5? B 4.m ABC 5.8? D 6.it3 CD 5.58 B T,! 6-17 ABC 4,57 BC 3.&t BC 5.5? D 6.42 CD 4.Ot B 9.67 A ValB sDArinS A cD 5.m A t s. lcr.6 in c.c) coluetr 235 D A diff.r nm€igtrrfkrndv 12.4 A A .47 B &?.dh $ble @j, t ,o[ CSn4.2 14 Trc.@ Vh.d t9l-vl s(&|m l99l l,,j''T,'2 WLd t99t-92 G15 15-30 30{{) TI 10.7 13.2 ll5 ll.2 1.2 5.8 .1, lt.8 10.5 n.1 13.0 28.r lE.l 12.8 t3.3 I.2 ll.0 13.8 l!.8 to.7 6.2 4.3 T. 5.9 T, It.0 17.l m.5 5.1 6.1 5.9 T. 18.l t2-1 l5.t 6-4 L3 {.1 T, t2.8 t3.t r0.2 6.0 3.0 1-1 Tt t4,5 13.6 u,5 8.2 l0,a 9.7 T, 9,7 16.8 11.0 9.4 6,4 3_8 lE.l t6.2 12.4 3.9 5.9 It.5 19.7 6.5 4.1 9.5 T,, vabaa 1.1 i! Eir of rtula nparta zx &6tuly tt bl.ll Drr. YE 57.6 16,a 22.3 t7.o 3.3 142.3 2a.a 0.5 1.0 11,0 3.0 355.r 658.7 237 568.9

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Use of Brackish Water for Sustained Crop Production while Maintaining Soil Health. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture / University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Use of Brackish Water for Sustained Crop Production while Maintaining Soil Health. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture / University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

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