Hindawi
Veterinary Medicine International
Volume 2020, Article ID 1571947, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1571947
Research Article
Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vectors in Three Selected
Districts of Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Gelaye Gebisa ,1 Kibiru Beriso,1 Biruk Bogale,1 Oda Gizaw,2 and Dawit Chala3
1
School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Awassa, Ethiopia
Department of Animal Science, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
3
National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre, Bedele, Ethiopia
2
Correspondence should be addressed to Gelaye Gebisa; gelayegebisa@gmail.com
Received 16 December 2019; Revised 20 May 2020; Accepted 11 June 2020; Published 25 July 2020
Academic Editor: Sumanta Nandi
Copyright © 2020 Gelaye Gebisa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Trypanosomosis is one of the most economically challenging diseases affecting mammals, and it is a serious haemoprotozoan
disease caused by different species of unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome. The study was conducted to
access the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, its associated risk factors, and vector density on cattle reared in three selected
districts, namely, Chewaka, Dabo Hana, and Meko districts. Blood was collected from a total of 1046 cattle of age groups
extending from 1 to 6 years. The buffy coat technique was used to check the presence of parasites from sampled blood, and the
trypanosome species were identified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films. The packed cell volume of sampled blood was
determined using the haematocrit. A total of 160 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey. Generally, 3.44% of
the studied animal was infected with trypanosomosis, and T. vivax was the dominant species of trypanosomosis in the study
areas. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed due to associated factor viz. body condition and anaemic status of the
animal; however, insignificant differences were also recorded between different districts, age group, and sex. The mean PCV
value of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was 22.22 ± 0.92 and 26.18 ± 0.16, respectively, and significant difference was
P < 0.05. An overall of 1.82 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study areas, and among the total caught vectors, 81.4%
of it was G. tachinoides and the rest was G. morsitans. Therefore, the veterinarians have to continue providing the appropriate
medication/treatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation, and Bedele NTTICC has to take more
measures to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana district than the others due to high flies per trap per
day observed in Dabo Hana district.
1. Introduction
Among the constraints associated with animal health, trypanosomosis is one of the important health factor results for
low or insignificant livestock production in the area of
Africa, which has the greatest potential for significant increases in domestic livestock productivity [1]. It is a serious
haemoprotozoan disease caused by different species of
unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome
found in the blood and other tissues of vertebrates including
livestock, wildlife, and people and is transmitted cyclically by
tsetse flies of Glossina species and many other insects
mechanically [2, 3]. Bovine trypanosomosis is one of the
major obstructions to livestock development and
agricultural production in Ethiopia as causative for insignificant development in general and to food self-reliance
efforts of the nation in particular [1]. It is also a cause for the
severe and frequently fatal disease of livestock mainly in the
poor rural community, and it is fairly considered as a foot
root cause of poverty in Ethiopia.
Vector born trypanosome species are disseminated in
most parts of western and southwestern parts of Ethiopia
[1, 4]. Tsetse flies are the cause for the transmission of
trypanosomosis from one animal to others and widespread
in the western, south, and southwestern lowland regions and
the associated river systems, i.e., Abay, Gibe Omo, and Baro
[5]. Presently, about 220,000 km2 areas of the above-listed
regions are infested with five species of tsetse flies namely
2
Glossina pallidipes, G. morsitans, G. fuscipes, G. tachinoides,
and G. longipennis [6]. A major determinant of the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis is the
availability of suitable habitat for tsetse. Tsetse is restricted to
various geographical areas according to habitat and most of
them distributed in forest, riverine, and savannah areas. The
palpalis and morsitans species are dominantly exist in the
major livestock rearing areas and have great importance in
veterinary practices [7].
The most prevalent trypanosome species in tsetse
infested areas of Ethiopia were Trypanosoma congolense
and Trypanosoma vivax [8]. The reported prevalence varies
from locality to locality depending on agroclimatic conditions, seasons, and as part of activities, which were
intended to control the impact of the disease [5]. Among all
mammals, bovines were dominantly affected by trypanosomosis, and it has more importance in regards to economic point views [7].
The economic loss from crop and livestock production
was directly or indirectly affected by trypanosomosis [8]. It is
a severe problem for agricultural production in widespread
areas of the tsetse infested regions and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis, which affects a considerable number
of animal populations in tsetse free zone of the country [9].
Among the total regions of Ethiopia, Amhara, Benishangul
Gumuz, Gambella, Oromia, and SNNPR regions are mostly
infected with more than one species of tsetse flies [10, 11].
Even if trypanosomosis is a very important disease, not
enough studies have been conducted in Buno Bedele zone of
Oromia Region. However, within the same zone, there is no
study conducted so far in Chewaka, Dabo Hana, and Meko
districts. Thus, this study was conducted in the above-listed
three selected districts of Buno Bedele zone with the objectives of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the influence of associated risk factors.
2. Materials and Methods
Description of the study area: the study was conducted in
three selected districts of Buno Bedele zone of Oromia
Region, Ethiopia. Geographical locations of the studied
locations are presented in Table 1. The dominant crops in the
study areas are maize (Zea mays), teff (Eragrostis tef ), coffee
(Coffea arabica), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum spp), rice (Oryza sativa),
different pulse crops, finger millet (Eleusine coracana), fruits,
and different types of vegetables and spices. Most of the
residents in the area are dependent on agrarian activities to a
greater or lesser extent [12], and crop and livestock sales are
the important sources of income for all wealth groups [13].
Study design: a cross-sectional study was conducted to
determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in selected three districts of Buno Bedele zone in the study period
from 4 June 2019 to 5 November 2019. The study constituted
the local cattle of different age groups, body condition
scores, and both sex groups of cattle from three selected
districts of study areas. The age of the cattle was determined
according to the defining characteristics [14] and information from owners of the cattle. The body condition of the
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study animals was categorized based on the criteria described by [15].
Sample size determination and sampling strategies:
multistage random and proportional purposive sampling
techniques were employed to select the representative animal from the study areas. The random sampling method was
employed to select the three districts (Chewaka, Dabo Hana,
and Meko) from the whole Buno Bedele zone of Oromia
Region. The peasant associations (PA’s) involved in the
study areas were chosen using a proportional purposive
sampling method based on the density of cattle population.
Accordingly, from Chewaka district (Waltasis, Jagan, Sire
Gudo, Burka Anani, and Dabena), Dabo Hana district
(Didessa, Loko, and Lilo), and Meko district (Biftu Nega,
Oda Chekorsa, and Kodi Gas) were the involved peasant
associations during the study periods. Finally, the studied
animals were selected using simple random sampling
techniques. The number of animals required for the study
was assessed using the formula given by Thrusfield [19] for
simple random sampling.
N�
1.962 ∗ Pexp 1 − Pexp
d2
,
(1)
where N � required sample size, Pexp � expected prevalence,
and d � desired absolute precision.
The sample size determination was using a 95% level of
confidence, 50% expected prevalence, since there was no
previous study conducted in the selected three districts
(Chewaka, Dabo Hana, and Meko), and 0.05 desired absolute precision. Based on the formula, the sample size
would have been 384 cattle; however, 1,046 cattle were
involved as a sample for increasing the precision of the
study.
2.1. Study Methodology and Procedures
2.1.1. Buffy Coat Technique. Blood was collected from an ear
vein using a heparinized microhematocrit capillary tube, and
the tube was sealed. A heparinized capillary tube containing
blood was centrifuged for 5 min at 12,000 rpm. After the
centrifugation, trypanosomes were usually found in or just
above the buffy coat layer. The capillary tube was cut using a
diamond-tipped pen 1 mm below the buffy coat to include
the uppermost layers of the red blood cells and 3 mm above
to include the plasma. The content of the capillary tube was
expressed on to slide, homogenized on to a clean glass slide,
and covered with a coverslip. The slide was examined under
a ×40 objective and ×10 eyepieces for the movement of the
parasite [20].
2.1.2. Thin Blood Smear. The trypanosome species were
identified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films. A small
drop of blood from a microhaematocrit capillary tube to the
slide was applied to a clean slide and spread by using another
clean slide at an angle of 45°, air-dried, and fixed for 2 min in
methyl alcohol, and then immersed in Giemsa stain (1 : 10
solution) for 50 min. Drained and washed off the excess stain
using distilled water, allowed to dry by standing upright on
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Table 1: Geographical information of the studied districts.
Variables
Altitude (m)
Highland (%)
Midland (%)
Lowland (%)
Latitude
Longitude
Rainfall range/average (mm)
Temperature range/average (°C)
Distance from Addis Ababa (km)
Sources
Dabo Hana
1773
10
66
24
N08°67′30″–N08°71′21″
E36°41′89″–E36°40′33″
1131
18–24
534
[16]
the rock, and examined under the microscope with the oil
immersion objective lens. This technique is the most sensitive of the parasitological tests for the detection of T. vivax
and T. congolense [21, 22]. However, the microcentrifugation
technique [23] is several times more sensitive than thinstained blood smear for diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis.
2.1.3. Measurement of Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Blood
samples were obtained by puncturing the marginal ear vein
with a lancet and collected directly into a capillary tube. The
capillary tubes were placed in a microhaematocrit centrifuge
with sealed end outermost. The tube was loaded symmetrically to ensure good balance. After screwing the rotary
cover and closing the centrifuge lid, the specimens were
allowed to centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. Tubes were
then placed in haematocrit, and the readings were expressed
as a percentage of packed red cells to the total volume of
whole blood. Animals with PCV ≤24% were considered as
anaemic [24].
2.1.4. Entomological Survey. A total of 137 monopyramidal,
11 Ngu, and 12 biconical traps were positioned in twelve
peasant associations of the selected three districts. Each of
them was placed with an approximate interval of 100–200 m
for 48 hrs in watering and grazing points, in which the fly
and the vector are believed to have frequent contacts. A
mixture of acetone, octanol, and cow urine was used as a bait
to attract the flies. Then, after 48 hrs of deployment, tsetse
flies in the cages were counted and identified based on their
habitat and morphology to the genus and species level [25].
The sex of tsetse flies was identified by observing the posterior end of the ventral aspect of the abdomen using a hand
lens. Male flies were identified by their enlarged hypopygium
in the posterior ventral end of the abdomen. The apparent
density of the tsetse fly was calculated as the number of tsetse
catch/trap/day [26].
2.1.5. Data Analysis. The collected data were analyzed using
SPSS (version 20 : 0). Descriptive statistics was employed to
measure the prevalence of trypanosomosis and existing
parasite species in the study areas. The chi-square test was
employed to test the significant difference of prevalence of
trypanosomosis and mean PCV values in association with
Buno Bedele zone
Meko
2226
53.3
23.3
23.3
N08°41′25″
E36°1′44″
1200
8–28
566
[17]
Chewaka
900–1400
11
22.4
66.6
N08°54′40″
E36°09′18″
1000–1100
24
552
[18]
factors such as sampling areas (districts), age, body condition, sex, and anaemic status of the studied animals. The
independent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCV
values of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals. A single
factor ANOVA was employed to test the mean PCV values
of an animal infected with different parasite species and
noninfected animal. Differences between parameters were
tested for significance at probability levels of P < 0.05 and
95% confidence interval. The apparent density of the tsetse
fly was calculated as the number of tsetse catch/trap/day.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Result
3.1.1. Parasitological Findings. From a total of 1046 cattle, 36
of them were diagnosed as positive for infection using a buffy
coat technique with an overall prevalence of 3.44%. Among
the overall infected animals, 2.78, 2.82, and 4.49% of them
were found in Chewaka, Meko, and Dabo districts. T. vivax
(52.78%) was the most prevalent trypanosome species, and
the rest (47.22%) was recorded as T. congolense species
(Table 2).
3.1.2. Prevalence in Association to Different Factors.
Effect of different associated factors on the prevalence of
trypanosomosis is indicated in Table 3. The prevalence of
trypanosomosis in sampling areas of Chewaka, Meko, and
Dabo Hana districts was 2.78%, 2.82%, and 4.49%, respectively, and it was not significantly different (P > 0.05)
across the districts. Similarly, there was no significant difference among the different sex and age group of cattle in
trypanosomosis infection. Among 1046 sampled animals,
5.47%, 2.84%, and 1.47% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded as a poor, medium, and good body
condition, respectively. The difference (P < 0.05) between
poor, medium, and good animals in body condition was
statistically significant. Among the total examined animal,
630 and 416 of them were nonanaemic and anaemic cattle,
and they were diagnosed as a positive for trypanosomosis
with the proportion of 1.75% and 6.01%, respectively. The
association between being anaemic and nonanaemic animal
significantly influence the prevalence of trypanosomosis at
P < 0.05.
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Table 2: The overall prevalence of trypanosome in the study areas.
Variables
Districts
Parasite species
Description
Chewaka district
Meko district
Dabo district
Total
T. vivax
T. congolense
Total
Number of examined
432
213
401
1046
Prevalence in number (%)
12 (2.78)
6 (2.82)
18 (4.49)
36 (3.44)
19 (52.78)
17 (47.22)
36 (100.00)
Table 3: The prevalence of trypanosome and effect of associated risk factors in the study areas.
Factor
Study sites
Chewaka
Meko
Dabo Hana
Status
Nonanaemic
Aneamic
Sex
Male
Female
Body condition
Poor
Medium
Good
Age
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
Number of animals examined
Prevalence in number (%)
χ2
P value
432
213
401
12 (2.78)
6 (2.82)
18 (4.49)
2.146
0.342
630
416
11 (1.75)
25 (6.01)
13.705
0.000∗
652
394
20 (3.53)
16 (3.30)
0.729
0.393
274
704
68
20 (5.47)
15 (2.84)
1 (1.47)
16.705
0.000∗
58
265
425
211
85
2
5 (6.90)
13 (4.15)
12 (3.29)
6 (3.32)
0 (0.00)
0 (0.00)
10.207
0.070
χ 2 � chi-square, P ≥ 0.05 � nonsignificant, and P < 0.05 � significant. ∗ indicates differences along the column.
3.1.3. Hematological Results of Infected and Noninfected
Animals. The recorded mean PCV value of aparasitaemic
and parasitaemic animals indicated that out of 1,046 examined animals, 36 of them were found as anaemic
(parasitaemic) animals, and their mean PCV value was
statistically (P < 0.05) lower than that of aparasitaemic
(noninfected) animals. The observed mean PCV value of
animals infected with T. vivax and noninfected animal was
statistically different at P < 0.05, and insignificant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between animal infected
with T. congolense and T. vivax as well as noninfected
(Table 4).
3.1.4. Entomological Survey. A total of 160 traps were
deployed for two consecutive days at 12 peasant association’s
(PA’s) in three selected districts, and a total of 1,751 Glossina
species of flies were caught. Among the caught flies, 18.6%
and 81.4% of them were G. morsitans and G. tachinoides,
respectively. The overall apparent tsetse fly density was 1.82
flies/trap/days. The flies’ density per different study sites was
2.73, 0.33, and 11.65 flies/trap/days in Chewaka, Meko, and
Dabo Hana districts, respectively. The highest density of flies/
trap/days was recorded in the Dabo Hana district and lowest
in Meko district. Among the caught flies, 32.9% and 67.1% of
the flies were male and female, respectively (Table 5).
4. Discussion
This study had revealed the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas was 3.44%. The result of this
finding was almost in line with Adane and Gezahagne [27]
who reported a 3.5% prevalence of trypanosomosis in Dejen
district, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The result of this finding
was lower compared to other studies conducted somewhere
else within the same country, which varies from 4.43 to
14.97% in a year between 2012 and 2019 [1, 28–33]. The
overall low record of the prevalence of trypanosomosis may
be due to the impact of parasite, and vector control practices
have been working by Bedele NTTICC (Bedele National
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control
Centre) and the geographical location of the study areas,
which have equal access for getting an extension service to
the farmers regarding how to control the distribution of
vectors (tsetse flies), disease control, and treatments used for
treating the infected animal. The suggestions are similar with
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Table 4: Mean PCV value of aparasitaemic and parasitaemic animals and parasite species.
Variable
Description
Parasitaemic
Aparasitaemic
T. vivax
T. congolense
Noninfected
Result of BCT
PSANI
Mean PCV ± SE
22.22 ± 0.92
26.18 ± 0.16
21.526 ± 1.20a
23.412 ± 1.27ab
26.179 ± 0.17b
Frequency
36
1010
19
17
1010
t
F
P value
0.000∗
4.462
0.000∗
9.532
The values across the column with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). BCT � buffy coat technique and PSANI � parasite species and noninfected. ∗ indicates differences along the column.
a,b
Table 5: Apparent density of flies caught during the study period.
Study sites
No. of PA’s
Altitude range
No. traps
No. days
Chewaka
Meko
Dabo Hana
Total
6
3
3
12
1129–1355
1420–1593
1268–1506
—
60
40
60
160
2
2
2
6
G. morsitans
Male
Female
81
124
6
20
27
67
114
211
Glossina species
G. tachinoides
Male
Female
52
70
0
0
410
894
462
964
Total
F/T/D
327
26
1398
1751
2.73
0.33
11.65
1.82
F/T/D � fly/trap/day
[5, 8] who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to
locality depending on activities, which were intended to
control the impact of the disease.
The present study in terms of Trypanosome species is in
agreement with the findings reported by Tewodros [34] who
reported the highest proportion of T. vivax from Hawa
Gelan district, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. According to his
report, 45.85% and 33.33% of T. vivax and T. congolense
were recorded, respectively. In contrast to this, the highest
proportion of T. congolense was recorded on the report of
Megersa et al. [33] and Marta et al. [30] who reported a high
proportion of T. congolense from Botor Tolay and Chora
districts of Oromia Region, Ethiopia, respectively.
The significant difference was not observed in the
prevalence of trypanosomosis between animals sampled
from the study districts during a study period (P > 0.05). The
finding of this study is in agreement with the study of
Zemedkun [35] and Abayneh [1] those who reported from
Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone and three selected
districts of Wolayita Zone, Ethiopia. In contrast to this, a
significant difference among different study site was reported by Abebayehu and Biniam [28] from two districts of
Bench Maji Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. The observed
insignificant result could be due to alike controlling measures that had been taken to control the tsetse flies densities
by Bedele NTTICC, the geographical location of districts
being adjacent to each other and having the same flies belt
and the same treating strategies. This is similar with the
suggestion provided by [5, 8] who stated that the prevalence
varies from locality to locality depending on activities, which
were intended to control the impact of the disease and way of
treating the infected animal.
Among the total (37) infected animals, 69.44 and 30.56%
of them were anaemic and nonanaemic cattle, and the
difference was statistically significant at P < 0.05. The result
of this finding is in agreement with the finding of Marta et al.
[30] who reported that the highest prevalence of
trypanosomosis from anaemic cattle in Chora districts of
Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The higher prevalence of infected
animal in association to being anaemic might be attributed
to the sampled animals which got diseases such as helminthosis, tick-borne diseases, and nutritional imbalances,
and it is in accordance to the suggestion provided by [28].
The significant difference was not observed in the
prevalence of trypanosomosis between the different age
groups of cattle during the study period. The finding of this
study is in line with the study reported by [1, 31, 34]. They
found an insignificant effect of age on prevalence of trypanosomosis on cattle sample from three selected districts of
Wolayita Zone, Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone, and
Hawa Gelan district of Oromia Region, Ethiopia, respectively. However, the study reported by [30, 33] indicated that
there is a significant difference in the prevalence of trypanosomosis among the different age groups of sampled animals in the study areas. This might be due to similar
regulatory measures that had been taken to control the tsetse
flies densities by Bedele NTTICC and similar extension
services concerning disease control and treating all age
groups of infected animals. The suggestion is alike to [5, 8]
who stated that the prevalence varies from locality to locality
depending on activities, which were intended to control the
impact of the disease.
There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between
animals of different sex group. The result of this finding is in
agreement to the study reported by Eskziaw et al. [31] from
Gimbo and Guraferda districts of southern Ethiopia,
Megersa et al. [33] from Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone,
Ethiopia, and Marta et al. [30] from Chora district of
southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia. However, a significant
difference was recorded by Zemedkun et al. [35] from three
selected districts of Wolayita Zone, southern Ethiopia. This
could be attributed to similar controlling measures that had
been taken to control the tsetse flies densities by Bedele
NTTICC and alike extension services concerning disease
6
control and treating all sex groups of infected animals. The
suggestion is similar to [5, 8] who stated that the prevalence
varies from locality to locality depending on activities, which
were intended to control the impact of the disease.
The prevalence of trypanosomosis was statistically different (P < 0.05) across a different group of body condition.
The result of this finding is consistent to the study reported
by Zemedkun et al. [35] and Megersa et al. [33] who reported
that there was a significant difference in the prevalence of
trypanosomosis among cattle categorized according to their
body condition from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita
Zone and Botor Tolay district of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia,
respectively. In contrast to this, the insignificant effect of
body condition on the prevalence of trypanosomosis on
cattle from Kindo Koysha district of Wolayita Zone,
Ethiopia, is recorded by [1]. These differences might be due
to the disease which itself results in progressive emaciation
of infected animals [36–38].
Among the total (1046) examined animal, 36 of them
were parasitemic, and they were found to be anaemic
(PCV ≤ 24%) compared to aparasitemic animals, and the
difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The result of
this finding is in accordance to the study reported by Van
den Bossche and Rowlands [39] who stated that the average
PCV of parasitologically negative animals was significantly
higher than that of parasitologically positive animals. Thus,
trypanosomosis may be involved in adversely lowering the
PCV value of infected animals. The low PCV value of infected animals may be due to the animals that were getting
sick with diseases such as helminthosis, tick-borne diseases,
and dietary disparities. It is similar to the suggestion provided by [28]. Similarly, the mean PCV value of animal
infected with parasites T. vivax, and noninfected animals
were significantly different (P < 0.05). However, insignificant difference (P > 0.05) was also recorded between an
infected animal with T. congolense and the rest noninfected
and animal infected with the T. vivax. The result of this
finding is in agreement with the study report of Zemedkun
et al. [35] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone,
southern Ethiopia. This can be due to T. vivax attacks other
tissues beside to blood such as the lymph node, eyes, and
heart, but T. congolense limited in the blood that might be
resulted for low PCV value compared to the T. vivax, and
this is in line with the suggestion given on the study report of
[35, 37, 40, 41].
The apparent density of tsetse flies was about 1.82 flies/
trap/day. Different types of traps were designed to catch
different species of tsetse flies. The traps availability is indicated based on their efficiency for those species for which
the trap has been tested and recommended [42]. Among the
total 1751 (Glossina species), 18.6% (G. morsitans) and 81.4%
(G. tachinoides) were caught during two consecutive trapping days. Among a total of 160 traps, 137, 11, and 12 of
them were monopyramidal, Ngu, and biconical traps, respectively, and each of them had different efficiency in
catching different species of Glossina species. The apparent
tsetse fly density recorded from Chewaka district (2.73) is
close to the report of Abebayehu and Biniam [28] who
reported 2.83 from two districts of Bench Maji Zone, western
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Ethiopia. However, the highest density was observed in
Dabo Hana district (11.65 F/T/D), and it is also in agreement
to the finding of Megersa et al. [33] who reported (11.6 F/T/
D) from Botor Tolay district, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. The
overall finding of this study is lower than the finding of Ayele
et al. [43] from Daramallo district, Ethiopia, with flies/trap/
day of 19.14 and 14.97 recorded from selected different study
sites of Arbaminch by [44]. In contrast to this, the lower
(0.14 flies/trap/day) density was recorded by Zemedkun et al.
[32] from three selected districts of Wolayita Zone, southern
Ethiopia. This difference might be ascribed to somewhat
agroecological differences and season in the study area.
5. Conclusions
The finding of this study showed that trypanosomosis is one
of the challenging diseases affecting the agricultural activity
of farmers, and it results in getting low income from cattle
rearing in the study areas. T. vivax and T. congolense were
the type of parasite species recorded in the study areas, and
the highest proportion was observed as T. vivax. This study
also indicates that there was a significant association between the prevalence of trypanosomosis and risk factors viz.
body condition and anaemic status of the animal. However,
age group, sex, and study sites (districts) did not significantly
affect the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study areas.
The mean PCV value of infected animal was lower compared
to that of the normal animal, and significant differences were
recorded. The Glossina species, particularly G. tachinoides
and G. morsitans were the type of Glossina species existing in
the study areas, and the former has dominantly existed in the
study areas. Therefore, the veterinarians have to continue
providing the appropriate medication/treatment for the
infected animals per appropriate recommendation, and
Bedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control the
density and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana district
than others due to high flies per trap per day observed in
Dabo Hana district.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Disclosure
The research was performed at National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre, Bedele,
Ethiopia, as part of the employment of one author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend special thanks for financial
support received from NTTICC of Bedele, Ethiopia, and all
staff members of National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis
Veterinary Medicine International
Investigation and Control Centre, Bedele, Ethiopia, who
contributed to this study. The authors also register special
thanks for Dr. Bikila Tolera, Shibiru Alemayehu, and Biruk
Bosore, at NTTICC of Bedele, Ethiopia, for their guidance
and special supports.
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