ludcs n lulurc und ccc

gubIshcd n assocaton wth thc

Soccty tor Ltcraturc and Sccncc
dtonBod
C/air.^. Kathcrnc HayIcs, \nvcrsty ot CaItorna, Los ^ngcIcs
]amcs_. Bono, Statc \nvcrsty ot ^cw York at ButtaIo
CIttord Gccrtz, nsttutc tor ^dvanccd Study
Mark L. Grccnbcrg, DrcxcI \nvcrsty
LvcIyn ox KcIIcr, \nvcrsty ot CaItorna, BcrkcIcy
Bruno Latour, LcoIc ^atonaIc Sugrcur dcs Mncs, ars
Stcghcn_. Vcnngcr, Vorccstcr oIytcchnc nsttutc
1idesmmeseries
TransgsssiusFsadiys. TbsTsxtscj!nntKaaandmax!/anc|
by VaIcrc D. Grccnbcrg
AB/sssdFagsjcrOrdsr.Dsccnstcticn,Luc/uticn, andC/acs
by ^Icxandcr_. ^rgyros
OjTwcminds.Hy]srtsxt!sdagcgand!csticsby MchacI ]oycc
T/sArticia/!andiss.Scisncs!icticnandAmsricanFsa/ity
by Sharona Bcn-Jov
Ccnusrxaticns cnScisn, Cu/turs, andTims
by MchcI Scrrcs wth Bruno Latour
Gsmsisby MchcI Scrrcs
T/sNatun/ Ccntnctby MchcI Scrrcs
w1L11 b111b
Hu uluu LOHUuCl
JranslaIcd Oy
IzaOcIh NacPrLhurandYllam auson
HnnHr9cr
JL LWLR L ICHIQ 55
LD_ISD II3DS!3IIOD COQyII_DI ' Dy IDC 1DIVCISIIy O WICDI_3D JO
LII_ID3!y QDDISDCO ID 1ICDCD 3S Ls Ccuttat Aatuts/ ' Dy LOIIIODS
1I3DOIS ODIID 1Z
1! II_DIS ICSCIVCO
1DDISDCO ID IDC 1DIICO CI3ICS O 1HCIIC3 Dy
DC 1DIVCISIIy O WICDI_3D 1ICSS
W3DD3CIDICO ID IDC 1DIICO CI3ICS O PHCIIC3
1IIDICO OD 3CIO-ICC Q3QCI
JO 1 J JO Z J
ClF cata/cgus tscctJ [ct this |cc| is avai/a|h [tcm ths Btitish Li|ta.
LIDI3Iy O LOD_ICSS L3I3!O_ID_-ID-1DDIC3IIOD 3I3
CCIICS, WICDC!.
[LODII3I D3IDIC!. LD_!ISD]
DC D3IDI3! CODII3CI /WICDC CCIICS_ II3DS3ICO Dy LIZ3DCID
W3CPIIDDI 3DO II3H 13DSOD.
Q. CH.
1C -Z-O-O (3K. Q3QCI). ~ 1C -Z-O-J (QDK. .
3K. Q3QCI}
J. LDVIIODHCDI3! SCICDCCS~1DIOSOQDy. Z. LDVIIODHCDI3!
ICSQODSIDIIIy. 1. IIC.
LL.CJ JO
.~OCZ O-ZOO
L11
DC QDD!ISDCI IS _I3ICD! OI Q3III3 SDDVCDIIOD OI II3DS!3IIOD IOH IDC
1ICDCD WIDISIIy O LDIDIC.
1!!DSII3IIOD 3CID_ Q3_C J. Me !ighting with Stic|s Dy LOy3. LOQyII_DI '
WDSCO OC 1I3OO, W3OIIO.
or Robcrt Harrson,
... casuqucdam insi/uirnatus...
(Ly .)
i3DS3tOiS /CKDOwCG_uCDtS
t has bccn both a sgnaI gIcasurc and a dauntng task to transIatc
thc wrtng ot MchcI Scrrcs, hmscIt a consummatc transIator ot
dcas trom onc dom to anothcr. Vc havc trcd to makc our
LngIsh vcrson cIcar and tIucnt, whIc stII grcscrvng somcthng
ot hs nmtabIc styIc, word gIay, and brcadth ot mcanng. Jhc
rangc ot domans to whch Scrrcs rctcrs, ottcn smuItancousIy,
goscs gartcuIar chaIIcngcs to thc transIator, and wc tound our-
scIvcs consuItng saIors and cIasscsts, Iawycrs and mathcmat-
cans. Vc wouId Ikc to cxgrcss our grattudc to thc toIIowng
gcogIc who gavc us advcc: Robcrt Bourguc, H. D. Camcron,
Stcghanc CastIcman, Hcrv san, ]acgucInc Smons, Stcghcn
Smons, Kathcrnc Staton. Vc aIso rcad wth grot cIca
McCarrcn`s transIaton ot chagtcr 2, "^aturaI Contract," whch
aggcarcd n Cr1tica/1nquir 19 (^utumn 1992}: 1-2i.
^bovc aII wc wouId Ikc to thank MchcI Scrrcs tor hs gcncrous
hcIg n a numbcr ot Icngthy taxcs and a sunny convcrsaton n
Santa Barbara. Hs coogcraton cnabIcd us to avod scvcraI ms-
rcadngs and to cIar[ n LngIsh somc dmcuIt gassagcs n thc
orgnaI rcnch. Vc takc tuII rcsgonsbIty tor thc msrcadngs
and ntcIctcs that rcman.
Var, cacc
^aturaI Contract
Sccncc, Law
Castng L
LOD!CD!S
1
'7
51
97
3i, C3CC
/ Q3It O CHCDIC8 Dt3HOI8HIH_ 8\ICK8 I8 D_HIIH_ IH IHC DIO8I O 3
Q3ICH O QDICK83HO. /IICH\IVC IO IHC OIHCt8 I3CIIC8, C3CH 3H8WCt8
DOW Ot DOW, CODHICt3II3CKIH_ 3HO OOO_IH_. LD\8IOC IHC Q3IHI-
IH_8 t3DC, WC 8QCCI3IOt8 OD8CtVC IHC 8yDDCIty O IHCIt _C8IDtC8
OVCt IIDC. WH3I 3 D3_HIDCCHI 8QCCI3CC~3HO HOW D3H3!
HC Q3IHICt, LOy3, H38 QDH_CO IHC ODCI8\8 KHCC-OCCQ IH IHC
DDO. YIIH CVCty DOVC IHCy D3KC, 3 8IDy HOC 8W3OW8 IHCD DQ,
8O IH3I IHCy 3tC _t3OD3y DDtyIH_ IHCD8CVC8 IO_CIHCt. OW
QDICKy OCQCHO8 OH HOW 3__tC88IVC IHCy 3tC. IHC DOtC HC3ICO IHC
8ItD__C, IHC DOtC VIOCHI IHCIt DOVCDCH\8 DCCODC 3HO IHC 38ICt
IHCy 8IHK IH. HC DCI_CtCHI8 OOHI HOIICC IHC 3Dy88 IHCytC tD8H-
IH_ IHIO; tOD ODI8IOC, HOWCVCt, WC 8CC II CC3ty.
YHO WI OIC: WC 38K. YHO WI WIH: IHCy 3tC WOHOCtIH_3HO
IH3I8 IHC D8D3 QDC8IIOH. CI8 D3KC 3 W3_Ct. YOD QDI yODt 8I3KC8
OH IHC tI_HI; WCVC DCI OH IHC C1J. HC D_HI8 ODICODC I8 IH OODDI
8IDQy DCC3D8C IHCtC 3tC IwO CODD3\3HI8, 3HO OHCC OHC O IHCD
WIH8 IHCtC WI DC HO DOtC DHCCtI3IHJ. DI WC C3H IOCHIIJ 3 IHItO
QO8I\IOH, OD\8IOC IHCIt 8QD3DDC. IHC D3t8H IHIO WHICH IHC 8ItD__C
I8 8IHKIH_.
Ot HCtC IHC DCIIOt8 3tC IH IHC 83DC OODDI 38 IHC ODCI8I8, 3HO
DOIH DCIIOt8 3HO ODCI8I8 3tC 3I tI8K O O8IH_ COCC\IVCy, 8IHCC II
I8 DOtC IH3H IKCy IH3I IHC C3tIH WI 8W3OW DQ IHC D_HICt8
DCOtC IHCy 3HO IHC _3DDCt8 H3VC H3O 3 CH3HCC IO 8CIIC 3CCODHI8.
LH IHC OHC H3HO IHCtC8 IHC QD_H3CIOD8 8DDjCCI, CVCty D3H Ot
HID8C; OH IHC OIHCt, IHC DOHO O CODD3I, 8O HC3ICO IH3I II
2 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
IHI3DC8 \HC 3DOICHCC, CH\Ht3CO \O \HC QOIH\ O ]OIHIH_ IH WI\H
I\8 CtIC8 3HO COIH8.
D\ 3tCH\ WC Ot_C\\IH_ \HC WOtO O \HIH_8 \HCD8CVC8, \HC
83HO, \HC W3\Ct, \HC DDO, \HC tCCO8 O \HC D3t8H: 1H WH3\ QDICK-
83HO8 3tC WC, 3C\IVC 3OVCt83tIC8 3HO 8ICK VOyCDt8, IODHOCtIH_ 8IOC
Dy 8IOC: /HO 1 WHO WtI\C \HI8, IH \HC 8OI\3ty QC3CC O O3WH:
/CHIC8, KIH_ O W3t, 8\tD__C8 3_3IH8\ 3 8WCIH_ tIVCt. b\t3H_C,
D3O D3\\C! YC OOH\ KHOW H ODCt, IH DOOK 21 O \HC 1/iad,\3KC8
\HI8 tIVCt \O DC \HC DODH\IH_ \IOC O HtIOD8 CHCDIC8 WHO 3883I
\HC HCtO.
1H 3Hy C38C, 38 HC \HtOW8 \HC IHHDDCt3DC COtQ8C8 O 3OVCt83tIC8
V3HQDI8HCO 3HO KICO IH\O \HC CDttCH\, \HC CVC II8C8 8O \H3\ \HC
8\tC3D, DDt8\IH_ I\8 D3HK8, tC3CHC8 DQ \O HI8 8HODOCt8 \O \HtC3\CH
HID. HCH, 8H3KCH Dy 3 HCW \CttOt, HC C38\8 O DOW 3HO 83DCt; HI8
tCC H3HO8 t3I8CO \OW3tO \HC HC3VCH8, HC Qt3y8. 18 HI8 \tIDDQH 8O
\O\3 \H3\ HI8 tCQD_H3H\ VIC\Oty I8 \t3H8OtDCO IH\O OCC3\: 1H
Q3CC O HI8 tIV38 \HC WOtO 3HO \HC _OO8 DDt8\ IH\O VICW.
I8\Oty, O3ZZIH_ IH I\8 \tD\H, DHVCI8 \HC _Oty O /CHIC8 Ot
8ODC O\HCt HCtO, WHO8C V3Ot CODC8 tOD 3DtC8 WOH IH IDI\C88,
CHOC88y tCHCWCO W3t. NIOCHCC, WI\H I!8 DOtDIO D8\Ct, _OtIDC8
\HC VIC\Ot8 Ot QtOQCIH_ \HC DO\Ot O HI8\Oty. YOC \O \HC V3H-
QDI8HCO!
/ Dt8\ 8\CQ \OW3tO HDD3HIZ3\IOH C3DC tOD QtOC3IDIH_ \HC
VIC\ID8 O \HI8 3HID3 D3tD3tIIy DOtC DC88CO \H3H \HC DDtOCtCt8.
^ 3 8CCOHO 8\CQ, HOW, WH3\ I8 \O DC OOHC WI\H \HI8 tIVCt, OHCC
DD\C, WHICH I8 8\3t\IH_ \O DDt8\ I\8 D3HK8: 1OC8 \HC 8WCIH_ CODC
tOD \HC 8QtIH_\IDC Ot tOD \HC 8QD3DDC: ND8\ WC OI8\IH_DI8H
\WO D3\\C8. \HC HI8\OtIC3 W3t W3_CO Dy /CHIC8 3_3IH8\ HI8 CHC-
DIC8 3HO \HC DIHO VIOCHCC OOHC \O \HC tIVCt: / HCW IOOO. \HC
CVC I8 tI8IH_. Ot\DH3\Cy, OH \H3\ O3y, ODtIH_ \HC tO]3H Y3t, DtC
tOD \HC HC3VCH8 OtICO DQ \HC W3\Ct8; DHOt\DH3\Cy, WI\HOD\
QtODI8IH_ 3Hy 3I3HCC.
VIVCt, DtC, 3HO DDO 3tC tCDIHOIH_ D8 O \HCIt QtC8CHCC.
O\HIH_ CVCt IH\CtC8\8 D8 DD\ 8QICO DOOO, \HC D3HHDH\, CtIDC
8\OtIC8, \HC QOIH\ 3\ WHICH QOI\IC8 \DtH8 IH\O DDtOCt; WC 3tC CH-
\Ht3CO OHy Dy \HC COtQ8C8 O \HC D3\\CDCO, \HC QOWCt 3HO _Oty
O \HO8C WHO HDH_Ct Ot VIC\Oty 3HO \HIt8\ \O HDDII3\C \HC O8Ct8;
\HD8 CH\Ct\3IHDCH\ DOH_Ct8 8HOW D8 OHy COtQ8C8, \HC VIC WOtK
Wa; Fsacs J
O OC3IH IH3I ODHO8 3HO It3VCt8C8 HI8IOty, tOD IHC 1/iadIO LOy3
3HO tOD 3C3OCDIC 3tI IO QtIDC-IIDC ICCVI8IOH.
NOOCtHIIy, 1 HOIICC, I8 DC_IHHIH_ IO IItC O IHI8 O3\H8ODC CD-
IDtC. 1H IHC QtC8CHI Ct3, DDtOCtOD8 WIHHCt8 3tC 3ODItCO 8ODC-
WH3I C88, 3HO OC8QIIC IHC _CC WI\H WHICH KIIH_ DCO8 3tC QDI OH
OI8Q3y, IHCy Ot3W OHy DHCHIHD8I38IIC 3QQ3D8C. IHC8C 3tC, 1 QtC-
8DDC, _OOO IIOIH_8.
1H IHC8C 8QCC\3CC8, WHICH WC HOQC 3tC HOW 3 IHIH_ O IHC Q38I,
IHC 3OVCt83tIC8 DO8I OICH D_HI IO IHC OC3IH IH 3H 3D8It3CI 8Q3CC,
WHCtC IHCy 8ItD__C 3OHC, WIIHODI D3t8H Ot tIVCt. 3KC 3W3y IHC
WOtO 3tODHO IHC D3I\C8, KCCQ OHy COHIIC\8 Ot OCD3IC8, IHICK WIIH
HDD3HIIy 3HO QDtIDCO O IHIH_8, 3HO yOD ODI3IH 8I3_C IHC3ICt,
DO8I O ODt H3tt3IIVC8 3HO QHIO8OQHIC8, HI8IOty, 3HO 3 O 8OCI3
8CICHCC. IHC IHICtC8IIH_ 8QCC\3CC IHCy C3 CDIDt3. 1OC8 3HyOHC
CVCt 83y w/stsIHC D38ICt 3HO 83VC H_HI II ODI:
LDt CDIDtC 3DHOt8 IHC WOtO.
YCI QDICK83HO I8 8W3OWIH_ IHC ODCI8\8; IHC tIVCt I8 IHtC3ICHIH_
IHC D_HICt. C3tIH, W3ICt8, 3HO CID3IC, IHC DDIC WOtO, IHC VOICC-
C88 IHIH_8 OHCC Q3CCO 38 3 OCCOt 8DttODHOIH_ IHC D8D3 8QCCI3-
CC8, 3 IHO8C IHIH_8 IH3I HCVCt IHICtC8ICO 3HyOHC, tOD HOW OH
IHtD8I IHCD8CVC8 DtDI3y 3HO WIIHODI W3tHIH_ IHIO ODt 8CHCDC8
3HO D3HCDVCt8. HCy DDt8I IH OH ODt CDIDtC, WHICH H3O HCVCt
OtDCO 3HyIHIH_ DDI 3 OC3, V3_DC, 3HO CO8DCIIC IOC3 O IHCD.
H3IDtC.
YH3I W38 OHCC OC3IHI8 tIVCt, IH3I 8W3DQI8 HOW _OD3.
3HCI L3tIH.
LID3IC
CI D8 QtOQO8C IWO CQD3y Q3D8IDC IHICtQtCI3IIOH8 O IHC 8I3DC
HI_H-QtC88DtC ZOHC8 OVCt OtIH /DCtIC3 3HO LDtOQC IH 1988 3HO
1989.
HC Dt8I IHICtQtC\3IIOH. 3 8IDI3t 8CQDCHCC O HOI Oty O3y8
CODO C38Iy DC ODHO IH IHC OCC3OC8 Ot WHICH WC H3VC tCCOtO8,
Ot IHCttCO Ot IHC DICHHI3 DCyOHO HDD3H DCDOty. HC CI-
D3\IC 8y8ICD V3tIC8 _tC3Iy, 3HO yCI 3Ity IIIC, DCIH_ tC3IIVCy
IHV3tI3HI IH I\8 V3tI3IIOH8. QDICK 3HO 8OW, C3\38ItOQHIC 3HO DIO,
tC_D3t 3HO CH3OIIC. V3tC QHCHODCH3 3tC IHCtCOtC 8ItIKIH_, DDI
IHCy 8HODOHI 8DtQtI8C D8.
1 7b Aatuta/ Ccutzuct
bODC 8IOHC DOCK8 IH3I H3OHI DOVCO 8IHCC IHC _I_3HIIC IOW8
O IHC tCCCOIH_ 1CC /_C, 3I IHC CHO O IHC _D3ICtH3ty, C3DC OOWH
IH 1957, C3ttICO 3OH_ Dy IHC CXIt3OtOIH3ty IOOOIH_ O IHC LDI,
3H OtOIH3ty /QIHC IOttCHI. YHCH WI IHCy DOVC 3 IHItO IIDC:
CXI yC3t Ot IH IwCHJ IHOD83HO. HCtC8 HOIHIH_ DHH3IDt3 3DODI
IHI8 DHCCtI3IHJ IH3I8 jD8I IHC W3y II I8.
HC t3tC8I O CVCHI8 C3H DC IHIC_t3ICO (Ot 3CCID3ICO, 38 IHCy
83y} IHIO DCICOtOO_y, WHCtC IHC IttC_D3t DCCODC8 3 DDI HOt-
D3. / 8DDDCty WIHICt DI8 IHIO IHC Q3IICt. HOIHIH_ IO WtIIC HODC
3DODI.
YCI DC3HWHIC IHC COHCCHIt3IIOH O C3tDOH OIOXIOC H38 DCCH
_tOWIH_ IH IHC 3IDO8QHCtC 8IHCC IHC IHOD8ItI3 tCVODIIOH, 3 Dy-
QtOODCI O O88I DC8; IHC QtOQ3_3IIOH O IOXIC 8DD8I3HCC8 3HO
3CIOI]IH_ QtOODCI8 I8 IHCtC38IH_; IHC QtC8CHCC O OIHCt _tCCH-
HOD8C _38C8 I8 _tOWIH_. HC 8DH W3tD8 IHC C3tIH, WHICH IH IDtH
t3OI3IC8 Q3tI O IH3I HC3I D3CK ODI IHIO 8Q3CC; 3H OVCty IHICK
OODC O C3tDOH OIOXIOC WODO 3OW IHC 8DH8 t3OI3IIOH IO Q388
IHtOD_H DDI WODO It3Q IHC HC3I t3OI3IIH_ D3CK; HOtD3 COOIH_
WODO IHCH 8OW OOWH, 3HO CV3QOt3IIOH WODO DC DOOIDCO, jD8I
38 IH 3 _tCCHHOD8C. bO I8 IHC C3tIH8 3IDO8QHCtC IH O3H_Ct O
DCCODIH_ DOtC IKC IH3I O NCHD8, DHIV3DC:
HC Q38I, HOWCVCt OI8I3HI, HCVCt KHCW 8DCH CXQCtICHCC8. C-
C3D8C O ODt 3CIIOH8, IHC CODQO8IIIOH O IHC 3It, 3HO IHD8 II8 QHy8I-
C3 3HO CHCDIC3 QtOQCtIIC8, I8 CH3H_IH_. 18 IHC DCH3VIOt O IHC
8y8ICD 8DOOCHy _OIH_ IO DC OI8tDQICO: 18 II QO88IDC IO OC8CtIDC,
C8IID3IC, C3CD3IC, CVCH COHCCIVC, 3HO DIID3ICy 8ICCt IHI8 _OD3
CH3H_C: YI IHC CID3IC DCCODC W3tDCt: L3H OHC OtC8CC 8ODC
O IHC COH8CQDCHCC8 O 8DCH It3H8OtD3IIOH8 3HO CXQCCI, Ot CX-
3DQC, 3 8DOOCH Ot _t3OD3 tI8C IH 8C3 CVC8: YH3I WODO DCCODC,
IHCH, O 3 IHC OW CODHItIC8O3HO, 3H_3OC8H, Ot ODI8I-
3H38DDDCt_CO DCHC3IH 3 HCW OCD_C:
/CCOtOIH_ IO IHC 8CCOHO IHICtQtCI3IIOH, IHI8 I8 8ODCIHIH_ HCW
DHOCt IHC 8DH, 8ODCIHIH_ t3tC 3HO 3DHOtD3, WHO8C C3D8C8 C3H
DC CV3D3ICO DDI WHO8C COH8CQDCHCC8 C3HHOI. C3H II DC 3CCID3ICO
Dy 8I3HO3tO CID3IOO_y:
/I 8I3KC I8 IHC L3tIH IH II8 IOI3IIy, 3HO HDD3HIIy, COCCIIVCy.
LOD3 HI8IOty CHICt8 H3IDtC; _OD3 H3IDtC CHICt8 HI8IOty. IHI8
I8 8ODCIHIH_ DIICty HCW IH QHIO8OQHy.
Wa; Fsacs ^
1OC8 IHC 8I3DC 8CQDCHCC O HOI 3HO Oty O3y8 IH3I LDtOQC tCCCHIy
CH]OyCO Ot WOttICO 3DODI QOIHI IO D3H-D3OC 3Cl8 t3IHCt IH3H IO
V3tI3DC8 COH8IOCtCO H3IDt3: YI IHC OOO8 CODC tOD 8QtIH_-
IIDC Ot tOD 3H 3II3CK: YC 8DtCy OOHI KHOW; WH3I I8 DOtC, 3
ODt KHOWCO_C, WIIH Il8 H3tO-IO-IHICtQtCI DOOC8, COHItIDDIC8 IO
IHI8 DHCCtI3IHJ.
HD8 IH OODDI, WI WC tCt3IH tOD I3KIH_ 3CIIOH: H3I WODO
DC IDQtDOCHI, Ot WC 3tC CDD3tKCO OH 3H IttCVCt8IDC CCOHODIC,
8CICHIIDC, 3HO ICCHHOO_IC3 3OVCHIDtC; OHC C3H tC_tCI IHC 3CI,
3HO CVCH OO 8O WIIH 8KI 3HO QtODHOI\y, DDI IH3I8 HOW II I8, 3HO
II OCQCHO8 C88 OH D8 IH3H OH WH3I WC H3VC IHHCtIICO tOD HI8IOty.
Y3_Ct
YC DD8I 3HIICIQ3IC 3HO OCCIOC. Y3_Ct, IHCtCOtC, 8IHCC ODt DOO-
C8 C3H 8CtVC IO OCCHO IHC IwO OQQO8IH_ IHC8C8. 1 WC ]DO_C ODt
3CIIOH8 IHHOCCHI 3HO WC WIH, WC WIH HOIHIH_, HI8IOty _OC8 OH 38
DCOtC, DDI I WC O8C, WC O8C CVCtyIHIH_, DCIH_ DHQtCQ3tCO Ot
8ODC QO88IDC C3I38ItOQHC. bDQQO8C IH3I, IHVCt8Cy, WC CHOO8C IO
COH8IOCt ODt8CVC8 tC8QOH8IDC. I WC O8C, WC O8C HOIHIH_, DDI I
WC WIH, WC WIH CVCtyIHIH_, Dy tCD3IHIH_ IHC 3CIOt8 O HI8IOty.
OIHIH_ Ot O88 OH OHC 8IOC, WIH Ot HOIHIH_ OH IHC OIHCt. HO
OODDI 38 IO WHICH I8 IHC DCIICt CHOICC.
OW IHI8 C388IC 3t_DDCHI I8 V3IO WHCH 3H IHOIVIOD3 8DD]CCI
CHOO8C8, Ot HID8C, HI8 3CIIOH8, HI8 IC, HI8 3IC, HI8 38I CHO8; II
I8 COHCD8IVC, IO DC 8DtC, DDI H38 HO IDDCOI3IC 3QQIC3IIOH, WHCH
IHC 8DD]CCI WHO DD8I OCCIOC DHIIC8 DOtC IH3H IHC H3IIOH8! HD-
D3HI\y. bDOOCHy 3 OC3 OD]CCI, H3IDtC, OH WHICH 3 DCtCy Q3tII3
8DD]CCI CODO 3CI, DCCODC8 3 _OD3 OD]CCIIVC, 3HCI L3tIH, OH
WHICH 3 HCW, IOI3 8DD]CCI, HDD3HI\y, I8 IOIIH_ 3W3y. HC8C IOI3IZ3-
IIOH8 O DOIH 8DD]CCI 3HO OD]CCI WI tCQDItC DOtC WOtK IH3H W38
C3CO Ot Dy IHC OCCI8IVC 3t_DDCHI O IHC W3_Ct.
DI IHC tCCCHI COHCtCHCC8 OH IHC CHVItOHDCHI IH OtOHIO,
3tI8, OHOOH, 3HO HC 3_DC IC8IIJ IO 3H 3HXIC\y IH3I I8 DC_IH-
HIH_ IO 8QtC3O. 1I 8DOOCHy tC8CDDC8 3 _CHCt3 DODIZ3IIOH!
NOtC IH3H IWCH\y-DVC CODHItIC8 H3VC tCCCHIy 8I_HCO 3H 3_tCC-
DCHI Ot IHC CODDOH _OVCtH3HCC O IHC QtODCD. HC CtOWO I8
D388IH_ IKC CODO8 DCOtC IHC 8IOtD, WHICH D3y Ot D3y HOI DtC3K,
6 7b Aatuzul Ccuttact
HO OHC KHOW8. LO-8\yC _tODQ8 3tC WOtKIH_ \O_C\HCt OH 3 HCW
_OD3IJ, WHI6H I8 8\3t\IH_ \O 6O3C86C IH \HC 83DC W3y \H3\ H3\DtC
8CCD8 \O 6ODC \O_C\HCt 38 3 WHOC IH \HC DC8\ 86ICH\ID6 WOtK8.
/It t3IO W3tHIH_! O\ 3 O3H_Ct 6ODIH_ IH tOD 8Q36C, DD\ \HC tI8K
tDH OH C3t\H Dy \HC 3\DO8QHCtC. Dy \HC WC3\HCt Ot 6ID3\C DHOCt-
8\OOO 38 _OD3 8y8\CD8 3HO _CHCt3 6OHOI\IOH8 O 8DtVIV3. Ot
\HC Dt8\ \IDC, 6ODO \HC YC8\~WHI6H H3\C8 6HIOtCH, 8IH6C I\ QtO-
OD6C8 8O CW 3HO OOC8H\ W3H\ \O Q3y Ot \HC COD63\IOH O \HO8C
tCD3IHIH_~DC 8\3t\IH_ \O \HIHK 3DOD\ I\8 OC86CHO3H\8 DtC3\HIH_:
OH_ 6OHDHCO \O \HC 8HOt\ \CtD, 6ODO \HC YC8\ HOW D3KC 3
OH_-\CtD QtOjC6\IOH: LODO 86ICH6C, OVCtWHCDIH_y 3H3y\I6,
6OH8IOCt 3H ODjC6\ IH I\8 \O\3I\y Ot \HC Dt8\ \IDC: 1H \HC 36C O
\HC \HtC3\, 6ODO HO\IOH8 Ot 86ICH\ID6 OI86IQIHC8 DHI\C, IKC \HC
H3\IOH8: /tC ODt \HOD_H\8, DH\I tC6CH\y tOO\CO CX6D8IVCy IH
\HCIt OWH HI8\Oty, tCOI86OVCtIH_ _CO_t3QHy, C88CH\I3 3HO CXQDI-
8I\C: LODO QHIO8OQHy, OH6C 3OHC IH \HIHKIH_ _OD3y, DC OtC3D-
IH_ HO OH_Ct:
3VIH_ \HD8 8\3\CO IH _CHCt3 \CtD8 \HC 6ID3\C QtODCD, WI\H
I\8 IHOC\CtD1H36y, WC 63H OI86OVCt I\8 IDDCOI3\C 63D8C8, DD\ WC
63H 38O CV3D3\C I\8 OCCQ 3HO tCDO\C 6OHOI\IOH8, 3HO DH3y 8CCK
QO88IDC 8OD\IOH8 \O I\. 1H \HC C6OHODy, IH IHOD8\ty, IH 3 O
\C6HHOO_y, 3HO IH OCDO_t3QHy IC IDDCOI3\C tC38OH8 WI\H WHI6H
WC 3tC 3 3DII3t, \HOD_H WC 3tC HO\ 3DC \O 36\ OH \HCD C38Iy.
YC DD8\ 38O C3t \H3\ \HC 8HOt\-\CtD 8OD\IOH8 QtOQO8CO Dy \HC8C
OI86IQIHC8 WODO tCQtOOD6C \HC 63D8C8 O \HC QtODCD Dy tCIH-
Ot6IH_ \HCD.
HC OH_-\CtD 63D8C8 3tC C88 ODVIOD8; \HCy DD8\ HOW DC 8C\
Ot\H.
Y3t
LCHCt3 DODIIZ3\IOH! 1 QDtQO8Cy D8C \HC \CtD CDQOyCO 3\ \HC
DC_IHHIH_ O W3t8. /It t3IO W3tHIH_! 1 OCIDCt3\Cy D8C \HC 3Ct\
_IVCH IH 3HO Ot 8C3 6ODD3\.
bDQQO8C, \HCH, 3 D3\\C 8I\D3\IOH. b6HCD3\I63y, I\ 8C\8 DQ \WO
3OVCt83tIC8, 3OHC Ot HDDCtOD8, C36H 8IOC CI\HCt 3tDCO Ot HO\
WI\H WC3QOH8 \H3\ 3tC CI\HCt DOtC Ot C88 QOWCtD, ODCI8\8
CQDIQQCO WI\H 8\I6K8, HCtOC8 3tDCO WI\H 83DCt8 3HO DOW8. YHCH
Wat, Fsa 7
thc cngagcmcnt s ovcr, thc day`s or camgagn`s outcomc cntaIs
not onIy dccsvc vctory and dctcat but Iosscs to bc dcgIorcd.
dcaths and dcstructon.
Suggosc that thcsc Iosscs ncrcasc ragdIy, n obvous grogor-
ton to thc cncrgy ot thc mcans that arc mobIzcd. Jhc most
cxtrcmc known casc was thc rcccnt stuaton n whch wc couIdn`t
dccdc whcthcr or not thc nucIcar arscnaI, through antcgaton
ot thc damagcs that wouId bc ntIctcd and sharcd by thc bcIIgcr-
cnIs, was guarantccng thc morc or Icss stabIc gcacc that thc na-
tons that had sct ug thc arscnaI cxgcrcnccd tor torty ycars. ^I-
though wc wcrcn`t surc, wc susgcctcd that that was thc casc.
Jo my knowIcdgc t has ncvcr bccn rcmarkcd that ths growth
wouId ovcrturn thc ntaI schcma oncc t rcachcd a ccrtan gIo-
baIty. ^t thc outsct wc gostcd two rvaIs tacng ott, as n Goya`s
gucksand, to dccdc oncc and tor aII on a Ioscr and a wnncr.
crhags bccausc ot a thrcshoId chcct, thc sharng ot dcstructon
and thc ncrcasc n Is mcans groducc an astonshng rcvcrsaI:
suddcnIy, thc two cncmcs nd thcmscIvcs n thc samc camg,
and, tar trom gvng battIc to onc anothcr, thcy struggIc togcthcr
aganst a common thrd comgcttor. Yhch onc:
t s hddcn by thc hcatcdncss ot thc contIct and thc ottcn
tragc magntudc ot thc human stakcs nvoIvcd. Jhc ducIsIs don`t
scc that thcy`rc snkng nto thc muck, nor thc warrors that
thcy`rc drownng n thc rvcr, togcthcr.
n Is burnng hcat, hstory rcmans bInd to naturc.
DaIoguc
Lct`s cxamnc an anaIogous stuaton. Suggosc two sgcakcrs, dc-
tcrmncd to contradct cach othcr. ^ voIcnt as thcr contronta-
ton may bc, as Iong as thcy arc wIIng to contnuc thc dscusson
thcy must sgcak a common Ianguagc n ordcr tor thc daIoguc to
takc gIacc. Jhcrc can`t bc an argumcnt bctwccn two gcogIc t onc
sgcaks a Ianguagc thc othcr can`t undcrstand.
Jo shut somconc cIsc ug, somcbody suddcnIy changcs dom:
thus doctors oncc sgokc Latn, and coIIaborators durng thc Iast
war Gcrman, ]ust as today`s arsan ncwsgagcrs usc LngIsh, so
that thc good gcogIc, undcrstandng nothng, obcy n a dazc.
^carIy aII tcchncaI words arc harmtuI n sccncc and ghIosoghy;
8 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
IHCy 8CtVC OHy IO 8CQ3t3IC IHC 8CCI3tI3H8 O IHC Q3tI8H tOD IHO8C
WHO 3tC CXCDOCO tOD IHC COHVCt83IIOH 8O IH3I IHC D38ICt8 C3H
HOO OH IO 8ODC OtD O QOWCt.
LVCH DOtC IH3H 3 CODDOH 3H_D3_C, OCD3IC tCQDItC8 IHC
8QC3KCt8 IO D8C IHC 83DC WOtO8 IH 3 8CH8C IH3I I8 3I CBI tC3ICO
3HO 3I DC8I IOCHIIC3. HCy IHCtCOtC CHICt IHIO 3 QtCIDIH3ty COH-
It3CI, 8QOKCH Ot DH8QOKCH, 8IIQD3IIH_ IHC D8C O 3 CODDOH COOC.
HI8 3_tCCDCHI, DO8I OICH I3CII, QtCCCOC8 IHC OCD3IC Ot CODD3I,
WHICH, IH IDtH, QtC8DQQO8C8 3H 3_tCCDCHI; 1 IHIHK IH3I8 WH3I I8
8I_HIDCO Dy IHC ICtD OCC3t3IIOH O W3t, WHO8C WOtOIH_ 3OW8
HO 3DDI_DIJ: 3 C_3 COHIt3CI IH3I QtCCCOC8 IHC VIOCHI CXQO8IOH8
O COHIICI8.
y OCDHIIIOH, W3t I8 3 C_3 8I3IC.
DtIHCtDOtC, IHCtC C3H DC HO VCtD3 8QD3DDC I 3 _I_3HIIC HOI8C,
CODIH_ tOD 3 HCW 8ODtCC, COVCt8 DQ CVCty VOICC WIIH I\8 8I3IIC.
HC D8D3 QtOCCODtC IH D3IIC8 O 3ItW3VC8 3HO ID3_C8. j3DDIH_.
1H IHC CVCHIH_, 3I HODC, ICCVI8IOH8 C3DOt 8ICHCC8 3Hy OI8CD8-
8IOH. /H OO QHOHO_t3QH 3OI8 N38ICt8 NOICC~8HOW8 3 WC-
DCH3VCO OO_ 8IIIIH_ WIIH C3t8 QtICKCO DQ IH tOHI O 3 _t3DOQHOHC
HOtH; WC H3VC DCCODC ODCOICHI QDQQIC8, Q388IVCy I8ICHIH_ IO ODt
D38ICt8 DQtO3t. YC HCVCt I3K 3Hy DOtC, IH3I8 Ot 8DtC. O KCCQ
D8 tOD II, ODt CIVIIZ3IIOH 8C\8 DOIOt8 3HO ODO8QC3KCt8 8CtC3D-
IH_.
/HO WC HO OH_Ct tCDCDDCt IH3I IHC (HOW QDIIC t3tC} WOtO
nciss,D8CO (IH tCHCH} OHy IH IHC 8CH8C O QD3ttC~IH IHC CXQtC8-
8IOH c/src/sr ncus (IO QICK 3 QD3ttC}IH3I IHI8 WOtO, IH IHC LO
tCHCH tOD WHICH II CODC8, DC3HI IDDDI 3HO DtOt. LH_I8H
IOOK tOD D8 IHC 8CH8C O scundWHIC WC KCQI IH3I O /att/.bII
DtIHCt D3CK, IH IHC OtI_IH3 3IIH, IHC HC3VIH_ O W3ICt CODO DC
HC3tO, IHC tO3tIH_ 3HO 3QQIH_. Nauticus.H3Vy, H3D8C3 (OO WC _CI
8C38ICK tOD HC3tIH_:}, HOI8C.
1H 8HOtI, IHC IWO OQQOHCHI8 IH 3 OI3O_DC 8ItD__C IO_CIHCt, OH
IHC 83DC 8IOC, 3_3IH8I IHC HOI8C IH3I CODO j3D IHCIt VOICC8 3HO
IHCIt 3t_DDCHI8. I8ICH IO IHCD t3I8C IHCIt VOICC8, COHCCtICOy,
WHCH IHC DtODH3H3 DC_IH8. 1CD3IC, OHCC 3_3IH, QtC8DQQO8C8 IHI8
3_tCCDCHI. HC QD3ttC, Ot ncissIH IHC 8CH8C O D3I\C, 8DQQO8C8
3 CODDOH D3IIC 3_3IH8I IHC j3DDIH_, Ot nciss IH IHC 8CH8C O
8ODHO.
Wat, Feace
YIIH IHI8, IHC IHI\I3 8CHCD3 I8 CODQCIC. IWO 8QC3KCt8 WHOD
WC 8CC CC3ty 3tC ICH3CIOD8y COHIt3IC\IH_ C3CH OIHCt, DDI IHCtC,
QtC8CHI, UO IHVI8IDC I HOI I3CII 8QCCICt8 3tC KCCQIH_ 3 VI_I. HC
Dt8I 8QCCICt I8 3 DDID3 tICH WHO COHCII3IC8 IHC 8QC3KCt8 Dy IHC
(3I C38I VItID3} COHIt3CI O CODDOH 3H_D3_C 3H CDHC WOt8;
IHC 8CCOH 8QCCICt I8 3 DDID3 CHCDy 3_3IH8I WHOD \HCy 3CID3y
8ItD__C, WIIH 3 IHCIt CODDIHC OtCC8. IHI8 HOI8y HOI8C, \HI8 j3D-
DIH_, WHICH WOD COVCt DQ IHCIt OWH IH IO IHC QOIHI O HDI]-
IH_ II. O CXI8I, W3t DD8I D3KC W3t OH \H3I W3t. /D HO OHC
HO\ICC8 IHI8.
bO IH \HC CH CVCty I3O_DC I8 IKC 3 _3DC Ot ODt Q3yCt8,
Q3yC OH 3 HCW D_DtC, 3 8QD3tC Ot 3 CtO88. HC IWO Q3t\IC8 IO IHC
I8QDIC CXCH3H_C 3It 3t_DDCH\8 Ot OW-OWH IH8D\8 3OH_ OHC
I3_OH3, WHIC OH IHC 8CCOH, 8ICW3y8 Ot 3CtO88, DO8I OICH WIIH-
ODI IHC 8QC3KCt8 KHOWC_C, IHCIt COH\t3CID3 3H_D3_C D_HI8
IHCH Dy IHCH 3_3IH8I IHC 3DDICHI HOI8C IO QtC8CtVC I\8 QDtI\y.
1H IHC Dt8I C38C II8 3 8DDjCC\IVC D3IIC, IH3I I8, OHC DCIWCCH
8DDjCC\8, IHC 3VCt83tIC8; DDI IH IHC 8CCOH C38C II8 3H ODjCC\IVC
D3I\C, DCIWCCH UO H3DCC88 3_CHCIC8 IH3I 38 yCI H3VC HO C_3
8I3ID8, DCC3D8C IHC QHCHODCH3 8QCCI3CC O IHC HOI8y 3H
IH13DC I3O_UC 8II HIC8 IHCD 3H I8It3C\8 ODt 3IICH\IOH.
HC CD3IC HIC8 IHC ItDC CHCDy.
HC 3VCt83tIC8 HO OH_Ct CXCH3H_C WOt8 DDI t3IHCt, WIIHODI
83yIH_ 3 IHIH_, DOW8. bODCOHC D_HI8 8ODCOHC C8C, 8DDjCCI 3CC-
IO-3CC WI\H 8DDjCCI. bOOH, DCC3D8C D8\8 3tC HO OH_Ct CHOD_H Ot
IHCIt t3_C, IHC IWO 3VCt83tIC8 _3IHCt 8IOHC8, tCDHC IHCD, IHVCHI
ItOH, 8WOt8, 3tDOt, 3H 8HIC8, I8COVCt _DHQOWCt, IHCH QDI II
IO D8C, DH IHOD83H8 O 3IC8, 388CDDC IH _I3HI 3tDIC8, DD\IQy
IHCIt D3IICtOH\8, 3I 8C3, OH 3H, 3H IH \HC 3It, 8CIZC \HC QOWCt
O 3IOD8 3H I3KC II IO IHC 8\3t8~I8 \HCtC 3HyIHIH_ 8IDQCt 3H
DOtC DOHOIOHOD8 IH3H IHI8 HI8IOty: YC HCC IO I3KC 8IOCK O IHC
8IID3IIOH 3_3IH HOW IH3I WCVC tC3CHC IHC CH QOIHI O _tOWIH.
CVCt DIH IHC DIIOH8 O C3IH8. 38 8OOH 38 W3t W38 CC3tC,
IHC DCI_CtCH\8 DHCt8IOO IH3I DOO 3H IC3t8 WOD 1OW, 3H
H3 3CCCQIC \HC tI8K. HC ODICODC W38 3DO8I VODHI3ty; IHCtC
W38 HOIHIH_ DHCXQCCIC 3DODI II. 1OC8 IHCtC CXI8I IH IHI8 C3t3_C
3 IHtC8HO O IHC IHIOCt3DC: LDt HI8IOtIC8 OHI IHIC3IC IH3I.
CVCt DIH IHC 8O-C3C D3ICtI3 O88C8 CIIHCt. 8HIQ8, \3HK8 3H
C3HHOH8, 3ItCt3I, CQDIQDCHI, It3H8QOtI8, 3H CIIIC8, 3 3HHIHI-
10 7| Aatun/ Ccutzuct
3ICO. HI8 OC8ItDCIIOD, IOO, I8 3CCCQICO tOD IHC DODCDI IHC
DCI_CtCDI8 OQCD HO8IIIIIC8, D8ID_ WC3QOD8 COD8ItDCICO Dy HDD3D
H3DO8, WHICH IHC CDCDIC8, I 1 D3y 83y 8O, H3VC 3I H3DO.
DI WC DCVCt 8QC3K O IHC O3D3_C IDIICICO OD IHC WOtO II8C
Dy IHC8C W3t8, ODCC IHC DDDDCt O 8OOICt8 3DO IHC DC3D8 O
D_HIID_ _tOW ID 8ItCD_IH. YIIH IHC OCC3t3IIOD O W3t, IHC DCI_Ct-
CD\8 OO DOI COD8CIOD8y 3CCCQI IHI8 O3D3_C, DDI ID tC3IIy IHCy
QtOODCC II IO_CIHCt, ODI O IHC ODjCCIIVC 3CI O DCI_CtCDCC. HCy
IOCt3IC II DD3W3tC8. HCtC8 DO CC3t COD8CIOD8DC88 O IHC tI8K8
IDCDttCO, CXCCQI, 8ODCIIDC8, Dy IHC WtCICHCO, IHC IHItO Q3tIIC8
CXCDOCO tOD DODC 8ItD__C8. IH3I QICIDtC O IHC DCO O O3I8
OCV38I3ICO Dy IHC KDI_HIy D3IIC, WC OODI tCDCDDCt 3DyDOtC I
WC 83W II 38 3D ID8It3IIOD ID OO HI8IOty ICXI8 Ot ID IHO8C DOOK8 IO
WHICH IHC 8CHOO8 O IHC Q38I _3VC IHC D3tVCOD8 D3DC, ODjCCI
C88OD8.
bO DOW WC H3VC 3 ICCI O 8DDKCD OI I3DKCt8, 8CVCt3 _DIICO
3IODIC 8DDD3tIDC8, 3 CW CXQOOCO IHCtDODDCC3t DODD8. IHC
8DDjCCIIVC VICIOty ID IHC 8DDjCCIIVC W3t O 8O-3DO-8O 3_3ID8I 8O-3DO-
8O 8DOOCDy CODDI8 VCty IIIC ID IHC 3CC O IHC ODjCCIIVC tC8D\8 O
IHC ODjCCIIVC VIOCDCC DDC38HCO 3_3ID8I IHC WOtO Dy IHC DC3D8
3I IHC DCI_CtCDI8 OI8QO83. L8QCCI3y DOW IH3I IHC ODjCCIIVC W3t8
ODICODC H38 _OD3 COD8CQDCDCC8.
1OC8 IHC CODICDQOt3ty tCItC3I DCOtC 3 WOtOWIOC CODIICI
CODC tOD IHC 3CI IH3I tOD DOW OD WH3I I8 3I 8I3KC I8 IHID_8
t3IHCt IH3D QCOQC: 3DO IHC _OD3 t3IHCt IH3D IHC OC3: 18 HI8IOty
8IOQQID_ ID IHC 3CC O D3IDtC: /I 3Dy t3IC IH3I8 HOW IHC L3tIH
DCC3DC IHC CODDOD CDCDy.
1DII DOW ODt D3D3_CDCDI O IHC WOtO H38 DCCD C3ttICO ODI
IHtOD_H DCI_CtCDCC, jD8I 38 HI8IOtIC3 IIDC H38 DCCD OtIVCD Dy
8ItD__C. / _OD3 CH3D_C I8 DDOCtW3y. ODt8.
Y3t 3DO NIOCDCC
tOD DOW OD, IHCD, 1 WI C3 su/jsctiusW3t8 IHO8C, WHCIHCt DDCC3t
Ot CODVCDIIOD3, IH3I D3IIOD8 Ot 8I3IC8 D_HI WIIH IHC 3ID O ICDQO-
t3ty OODID3DCC~3 OODID3DCC IH3I WC 3tC 8KCQIIC3 3DODI 8IDCC
WC H3VC DOIICCO IH3I IHO8C WHO O8I IHC 38I W3t, 3DO IHD8 WCtC
OI83tDCO, IOO3y OODID3IC IHC DDIVCt8C. 1 WI C3 c/jsctiusVIOCDCC
IH3I ID WHICH 3 IHC CDCDIC8, DDCOD8CIOD8y jOIDCO IO_CIHCt, 3tC
Wa; Fsacs 11
n oggoston to thc ob]cctvc worId, whch s caIIcd, n an astonsh-
ng mctaghor, thc "thcatcr" ot hostItcs. Jhus thc rcaI s rcduccd
to a sgcctacIc n whch thc dcbatc stands out aganst a cardboard
backdrog that can bc dsgIaycd or dsmantIcd at wII. or thc
sub]cctvc wars, thngs ddnt cxst n thcmscIvcs.
^nd sncc t s customarIy sad ot thcsc sguabbIcs that thcy arc
thc motor ot hstory, oncc agan wc rcach thc concIuson that
cuIturc abhors thc worId.
^ow t war, or armcd contIct, dccIarcd conscousIy, voIuntarIy,
and accordng to thc ruIcs, rcmans a IcgaI rcIatonshg, ob]cctvc
voIcncc comcs to bIows wthout any grcImnary contract.
Jhs Icads to a ncw sguarc, bascd on thc onc skctchcd n my
dscusson ot daIoguc: thc rvaIs ot thc day arc on two oggosng
corncrs, ghtng thcr battIcs aIong a dagonaI. Vc scc onIy thcm:
sncc thc dawn ot hstory, thcy havc groduccd aII thc cntcrtan-
mcnt, guarrcIs, and turor, thc cxctng argumcnts and tragc
Iosscs; thcy havc grovdcd aII thc sgcctacIcs and kcgt ug thc da-
Iogucs. Jhs s thc thcatcr ot daIcctcs, a Iogc ot aggcaranccs,
havng thc rgor ot daIcctcs and thc vsbIty ot aggcaranccs.
But on a thrd corncr ot thc samc sguarc s thc worIdwdc
worId. nvsbIc, tact, rcduccd to a stagc sct, t s thc ob]cctvc
common cncmy ot thc IcgaI aIIancc bcnccn thc dc tacto rvaIs.
Jogcthcr, aIong thc othcr dagonaI, crossng thc rst onc, thc
rvaIs grcss wth aII thcr wcght on ob]ccts, whch bcar thc cttccts
ot thcr actons. Lvcry battIc or war cnds ug ghtng aganst thngs
or, rathcr, dong thcm voIcncc.
^nd, as onc mght cxgcct, thc ncw advcrsary can wn or Iosc.
n thc days ot thc 1/iadand ot Goya, thc worId wasn`t consdcrcd
tragIc; on thc contrary, t wa thrcatcnng, and t casIy trumghcd
ovcr mcn, ovcr thosc who won battIcs, and ovcr wars thcmscIvcs.
Jhc gucksand sucks n thc two combatants togcthcr; thc strcam
thrcatcns to cnguIt ^chIIcs-thc vctor:-attcr havng swcgt away
thc corgscs ot thc vangushcd.
Jhc gIobaI changc now undcrway not onIy brngs hstory to thc
worId but aIso makcs thc gowcr ot thc worId grccarous, nntcIy
tragIc. Cncc vctorous, thc Larth s now a vctm. Vhat gantcr
wII dcgct thc dcscrts vtrcd by our war gamcs: Yhat vsonary
goct wII Iamcnt vIc, bIoody-ngcrcd dawn:
But gcogIc arc dyng ot hungcr n thc dcscrts ]ust as thcy arc
12 7b Aatuta/ Ccuttuct
8DOC3!IH_ IH \HC 8IDy QDICK83HO Ot OtOWHIH_ IH \HC tI8IH_ tIVCt8.
LOHQDCtCO, \HC WOtO I8 DH3y COHQDCtIH_ D8. 1U WC3KHC88 OtCC8
8\tCH_\H \O CXH3D8\ I!8C 3HO \HD8 ODt OWH 8\tCH_\H \O DCCODC
_CH!Ct.
HC CHCDIC8 3_tCCDCH\ \O CH\Ct IH\O W3t OOC8 VIOCHCC, WI\H-
OD\ QtIOt 3_tCCDCH\, \O \HIH_8 \HCD8CVC8, WHICH C3H IH tC\DtH
OO VIOCHCC \O \HCIt 3_tCCDCH\. HC HCW 8QD3tC, WHICH 8HOW8 \HC
\WO tIV38 OH \wO OQQO8I\C COtHCt8, tC8\OtC8 \HC QtC8CHCC O IHVI8-
IDC, C3t8ODC Q3yCt8 IH \HC O\HCt \wO COtHCt8. \HC WOtOWIOC
WOtO O \HIH_8, \HC L3t\H; \HC WOtOy WOtO O COH\t3C\8, \HC 3W.
HC HC3\ 3HO HOI8C O ODt 8QCC\3CD3t 8\tD__C8 HIOC8 \HC8C Q3y-
Ct8.
C\\Ct yC\, COH8IOCt IH8\C3O \HC OI3_OH3 O 8DD]CC\IVC W3t8 38
\HC \t3CC, IH \HC Q3HC O \HC 8QD3tC, O 3 tCVOVIH_ CItCC. ^
DHCODH\3DC 38 \HC OCC3H8 W3VC8, V3tICO DD\ DOHO\OHOD8, 3HO
]D8\ 38 IHCVI\3DC, \HC8C W3t8 WCtC 83IO \O COH8\I\D\C \HC DO\Ot O
HI8\Oty, 3HO IH 3C\ \HCy COH8\I\D\CO I\8 C\CtH3 tC\DtH. HO\HIH_ HCW
DHOCt \HC 8DH \H3\ _O8HD3 8\OQQCO 8O \H3\ \HC D3\!C CODO COH-
\IHDC DH3D3\CO. 1OCH\IC3 IH \HCIt QCtQC\D3y tCCDttIH_ 8\tDC\DtC
3HO OyH3DIC, \HC8C W3t8 _tOW IH t3H_C, 8C3C, DC3H8, 3HO tC8D\8.
HC Q3CC 3CCCCt3\C8, DD\ IH 3H IHDHI\C CyCC.
Hc 8QD3tC \DtH8, 8\3HOIH_ OH OHC O I!8 COtHCt8: 8DCH 3 t3QIO
tO\3\IOH \H3\ \HC tIV38 OI3_OH3, 8QCC\3CD3ty VI8IDC, 3QQC3t8 \O
DCCODC IDDODIC, HOtIZOH\3, IHV3tI3H\ \HtDD_H \HC V3tI3\IOH8 O
HI8\Oty. HC O\HCt OI3_OH3 O \HC _ytO8COQC, OtDIH_ 3 CtO88 WI\H
\HI8 Dt8\ OHC, DCCODC8 \HC 3XI8 O tO\3!IOH, 3 \HC DOtC IDDODIC
\HC 38\Ct \HC WHOC \HIH_ DOVC8. 3 8IH_C OD]CC\IVC VIOCHCC, OtI-
CH\CO DOtC 3HO DOtC COH8I8\CH\y \OW3tO \HC WOtO. HC 3XI8 tC8\8
3HO WCI_H8 OH I\. HC DOtC \HC 8DD]CC\IVC CODD3\ _3IH8 IH DC3H8
O OC8\tDC\IOH, \HC DOtC \HC Dty O \HC OD]CC\IVC CODD3\ DCCODC8
DHIDCO 3HO DXCO.
/ IDI\ I8 tC3CHCO. 3 CCt\3IH HI8\Oty CODC8 \O 3H CHO WHCH \HC
CC3Cy O OD]CC\IVC VIOCHCC, WHICH I8 \t3_IC IH 3 HCW W3y, 3HO
IHVODH\3ty, tCQ3CC8 \HC D8CC88 V3HIIy O 8DD]CC!IVC W3t8, WHICH
IHCtC38C \HCIt 3tD8 3HO DD!IQy \HCIt OCV38\3!IOH IH OH_IH_ QDt-
8DI\ O OCCI8IVC VIC\Oty. HC8C W3t8 DD8\ DC \3KCH DQ 3_3IH 3\ CVCt
CO8Ct IH\CtV38, 8O DDCH OOC8 \HC ODt3!IOH O CDQItC8 OWIHOC.
1I3CC\IC8 C3H DC tCODCCO \O \HC C\CtH3 tC\DtH, 3HO \HC C\Ct3
tC\DtH O W3t8 DtIH_8 D8 \O \HC WOtO. YH3\ H38 Ot 8CVCt3 CCH\D-
Waj Fsacs 1J
rcs bccn caIIcd hstory s rcachng ths Imt gont, ths trontcr,
ths gIobaI changc.
Law and Hstory
Var must bc dcncd as onc ot thc IcgaI rcIatons bctwccn grougs
or natons: a dc tacto statc, to bc surc, but abovc aII a IcgaI, dc
]urc statc. Sncc thc archac tmcs ot thc rst Roman Iaws, and
doubtIcss cvcn carIcr, war has Iastcd onIy trom thc vcry grccsc
groccdurcs ot thc dccIarauon untI thosc ot thc armstcc, duIy
sgncd by thosc n chargc, onc ot whosc grncgaI grcrogatvcs s
grccscIy thc gowcr to dccdc on thc ogcnng and thc ccssaton
ot hostItcs. Var s charactcrzcd not by thc brutc cxgIoson ot
voIcncc but by ts organzaton and ts IcgaI status. ^nd, as a rcsuIt,
by a contract: two grougs dccdc, by a common agrccmcnt on
whch thcy gvc ruIngs, to dcvotc thcmscIvcs to battIcs, gtchcd
or othcrwsc. Vc nd oncc morc, conscous t not wrttcn, thc tact
contract bctwccn thc dcbatcrs ot a momcnt ago.
Hstory bcgns wth war, undcrstood as thc cIosurc and stabIza-
uon ot voIcnt cngagcmcnt wthn ]urdcaI dccsons. Jhc socaI
contract that gavc brth to us s gcrhags born wth war, whch
grcsuggoscs a gror agrccmcnt that mcrgcs wth thc socaI con-
tract.
Bctorc or bcsdc ths contract, n thc othcrwsc ImtIcss un-
Icashng ot gurc and dc tacto voIcncc, toundatonaI and wthout
cnd, grougs constantIy ran thc rsk ot cxtncton, bccausc vcn-
gcancc bcgcts vcngcancc and ncvcr stogs. Jhc cuIturcs that dd
not nvcnt thcsc groccdurcs tor Imtng thc duraton ot voIcncc
havc bccn crascd trom thc tacc ot thc carth and can no Iongcr
tcst[ to ths dangcr. Dd thcy cvcn cxst: t s as t n ordcr to
survvc wc had to gass through thc Itcr ot ths war contract, whch
gavc brth to our hstory by savng us trom gurc and thus truIy
dcadIy voIcncc.
VoIcncc bctorc; war attcrwards; IcgaI contract n bctwccn.
Jhus Hobbcs s oh by a whoIc cra whcn hc caIIs thc statc
grcccdng thc contract a "war ot aII aganst aII," tor bcIIgcrcncc
grcsuggoscs ths gact whosc aggcarancc tcn ghIosoghcs attcmgt
to cxgIan. Vhcn cvcryonc ghts aganst cvcryonc, thcrc s no
11 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
8\3\C O W3t, DD\ t3\HCt VIOCH6C, 3 QDtC, DHDtIOCO 6tI8I8 WI\HOD\
3Hy QO88IDC 6C883\IOH, 3HO \HC Q3t\I6IQ3\IH_ QOQD3\IOH tI8K8 CX-
\IH6\IOH. 1H 36\ 3HO Dy 3W, W3t I\8C QtO\C6\8 D8 tOD \HC DHCHO-
IH_ tCQtOOD6\IOH O VIOCH6C.
_DQI\Ct, _OO O 3W8 3HO O \HC 836tCO, ODVIOD8y 83VC8 D8 tOD
VIOCH6C; _DItIHD8, _OO O \HC C6OHODy, OI8\3H6C8 D8 tOD I\ 38
WC, O 6ODt8C; DD\, \HOD_H I\ DI_H\ 8CCD Q3t3OOXI63, N3t8, _OO
O W3t, 38O D3H3_C8 \O QtO\C6\ D8 tOD I\, CVCH DOtC OItC6\y \H3H
_DQI\Ct 3HO _DItIHD8. DC63D8C W3t D3KC8 \HC jDOI6I3 IH\CtVCHC 3\
\HC HC3t\ O \HC DO8\ QtIDI\IVC 3__tC88IVC tC3\IOH8. YH3\ I8 3
6OH1I6\: NIOCH6C QD8 8ODC 6OH\t36\. /DO HOW 6ODO \HI8 6OH-
\t36\ 3QQC3t I HO\ 38 3 Dt8\ DOOID63\IOH O \HC8C QtIDI\IVC tC3-
\IOH8:
Y3t I8 \HC DO\Ot O HI8\Oty. HI8\Oty DC_IH8 WI\H W3t 3HO W3t 8C\
HI8\Oty OH I\8 6ODt8C. D\ 8IH6C, IH \HC 8\t3I|]36KC\ O \HC 3W, W3t
OOW8 \HC tCQC\I\IVC UyH3DI68 O VIOCH6C, \HC tC8D\IH_ DOVC-
DCH\, WHI6H 3W3y8 OOW8 \HC 83DC 3W8, DIDI68 3H C\CtH3 tC-
\Dt. 38I63y WC 3W3y8 CH_3_C IH \HC 83DC 6OH1I6\8, 3HO \HC
QtC8IOCH\I3 OC6I8IOH \O tCC38C 3 HD6C3t Q3yO3O IDI\3\C8 \HC 36\
O \HC VOD3H 6OH8D Ot \HC L_yQ\I3H QH3t3OH. LHy \HC DC3H8
H3VC 6H3H_CO.
HC W3t8 1 63 8DDjC6\IVC 3tC \HD8 OCDHCO Dy \HC 3W. \HCy DC_IH
WI\H HI8\Oty 3HO HI8\Oty DC_IH8 WI\H \HCD. _DtIOI63 tC38OH OODD\-
C88 83VCO \HC O63 6D\Dt3 8DD8C\8 O WHI6H WC 3tC OC86CHO3H\8
tOD \HC 3D\OD3\I6 CX\IH6\IOH \O WHI6H \HO8C WHO OIO HO\ IHVCH\
I\ WCtC 6OHOCDHCO, WI\HOD\ 3QQC3, Dy 8C-QCtQC\D3\IH_ VIOCH6C.
OW I \HCtC I8 3 3W, 3HO \HD8 3 HI8\Oty, Ot 8DDjC6\IVC W3t8, \HCtC
I8 HOHC Ot ODjC6\IVC VIOCH6C, WHI6H I8 WI\HOD\ IDI\ Ot tDC, 3HO
\HD8 WI\HOD\ HI8\Oty. HC _tOW\H O ODt t3\IOH3 DC3H8 63ttIC8 D8
O, 3\ 3 8QCCO OID6D\ \O C8\ID3\C, IH \HC OItC6\IOH O \HC OC8\tD6-
\IOH O \HC WOtO, WHI6H, IH 3 t3\HCt tC6CH\ D36K38H, 6ODO 6OH-
OCDH D8 3 \O_C\HCt, 3HO HO OH_Ct Dy O63C8, \O 3D\OD3\I6 CX-
\IH6\IOH. bDOOCHy WC 3tC tC\DtHIH_ \O \HC DO8\ 3H6ICH\ \IDC8,
WHO8C DCDOty H38 DCCH QtC8CtVCO OHy IH 3HO \HtOD_H \HC IOC38
O QHIO8OQHCt8 WHO \HCOtIZC \HC 3W, \IDC8 WHCH ODt 6D\DtC8,
83VCO Dy 3 6OH\t36\, IHVCH\CO ODt HI8\Oty, WHI6H I8 OCDHCO Dy
Ot_C\\IH_ \HC 8\3\C \H3\ QtC6COCO I\.
1H 6OHOI\IOH8 VCty OICtCH\ tOD \HI8 Dt8\ 8\3\C, DD\ HOHC\HCC88
Q3t3C, WC DD8\, \HCtCOtC, OH6C 3_3IH, DHOCt \HC \HtC3\ O 6O-
Wa; Fea 1^
C6\IVC OC3\H, IDVCD\ 3 3W Ot ODjC6\IVC VIOCD6C. YC DDO ODt8CVC8
ID \HC 83DC QO8I\IOD 38 ODt DDID3_ID3DC 3D6C8\Ot8 WHCD \HCy
IDVCD\CO \HC OOC8\ 3W, WHI6H \t3D8OtDCO \HCIt 8DDjC6\IVC VIO-
CD6C, \HtOD_H 3 6OD\t36\, ID\O WH3\ WC 63 W3t8. YC DD8\ D3KC
3 DCW Q36\, 3 DCW QtCIDID3ty 3_tCCDCD\ WI\H \HC ODjC6\IVC CDCDy
O \HC HDD3D WOtO. \HC WOOO 38 8D6H. / W3t O CVCtyODC 3_3ID8\
CVCty\HID_.
1 WC DD8\ tCDCW ODt \IC8 WI\H 3 HI8\Oty8 ODDO3\IOD8, \H3\ I8 3
6C3t IDOI63\IOD \H3\ WC 3tC 8CCID_ I\8 CDO. 18 \HI8 \HC OC3\H O
N3t8: YH3\ 3tC WC _OID_ \O OO WI\H ODt 3tDIC8: HI8 38\ODI8HID_
QDC8\IOD H38 6ODC D36K \O H3DD\ ODt _OVCtDDCD\8.
D\ DOtC \H3D \H3\ I8 3\ 8\3KC. \HC DC6C88IIy \O tCVI8C 3DO CVCD
tC-8I_D \HC QtIDI\IVC 8O6I3 6OD\t36\. HI8 DDI\C8 D8 Ot DC\\Ct 3DO
Ot WOt8C, 3OD_ \HC Dt8\ OI3_OD3, WI\HOD\ \HC WOtO. OW \H3\
WC KDOW HOW \O jOID Ot6C8 ID \HC 36C O O3D_Ct, WC DD8\ CDVI8-
3_C, 3OD_ \HC O\HCt OI3_OD3, 3 DCW Q36\ \O 8I_D WI\H \DC WOtO.
\HC D3\Dt3 6OD\t36\.
HD8 \HC IWO DDO3DCD\3 6OD\t36\8 ID\Ct8C6\.
LODQC\I\IOD
1 WC DOVC tOD W3t \O C6ODODI6 tC3\IOD8, DO\HID_ DO\3DC
6H3D_C8 ID \HC 3t_DDCD\. _DItIDD8, _OO O QtOOD6\IOD, Ot Ct-
DC8, WHO QtC8IOC8 OVCt CX6H3D_C8, 63D 8ODC\IDC8 KCCQ D36K VIO-
CD6C DOtC CC6\IVCy \H3D _DQI\Ct Ot N3t8, DD\ \HCy OO 8O D8ID_
\HC 83DC DC\HOO8 38 N3t8. LDC _OO ID 8CVCt3 QCt8OD8, \HCD,
N3t8 638 W3t WH3\ \HC Dt8\ \WO 63 6ODQC\I\IOD. \HC QDt8DI\ O
DII\3ty OQCt3\IOD8 Dy O\HCt DC3D8~CXQOI\3\IOD, 6ODDOOI\IC8,
DODCy, Ot IDOtD3\IOD. LVCD DOtC HIOOCD, \HC tC3 6ODII6\ tC3Q-
QC3t8. HC 83DC 86HCD3 I8 tCDCWCO. Dy \HCIt D_IDC88 3DO Dy \HC
D\H \HCy 366IOCD\3y 8QtC3O 3tODDO, 6HCDI63 36\OtIC8, 3t_C-
863C IVC8\O6K t3I8ID_, DD6C3t tC36\Ot8, 3DO 8DQCt\3DKCt8 DtID_
OD ODjC6\IVC _OD3 VIOCD6C OD6C 3_3ID, WI\H DO 3tD8 O\HCt \H3D
\HC QOWCt O \HCIt 8IZC, DO CDO O\HCt \H3D \HC 6ODDOD 3DO 6OD-
\t36\D3 QDC8\ Ot OODID3\IOD OVCt DCD.
C\8 _IVC \HC D3DC wcr/d-c/jsct\O 3t\I36\8 \H3\ H3VC 3\ C38\ ODC
_OD3-863C OIDCD8IOD (8D6H 38 \IDC, 8Q36C, 8QCCO, Ot CDCt_y}.
3DOD_ \HC WOtO-ODjC6\8 WC KDOW HOW \O DDIO, WC OI8\ID_DI8H \HC
DII\3ty ODC8 tOD O\HCt QDtCy C6ODODI6 Ot \C6HDI63 ODC8, 3-
16 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzcct
IHOD_H IHCy QtOODCC 8IDI3t tC8DI8, IH CItCDD8I3HCC8 38 t3tC 3HO
tCQDCHI 38 W3t8 3HO 3CCIOCHI8.
1C 3CIO 3IC8 Ot IHC 83DC tC38OH8 3HO COHIt3C\8 38 DCOtC, IHC
CODQCIIIOt8 QtC88 WIIH a IHCIt WCI_HI OH IHC WOtO.
YC
DI WHO I8 OH IHC ODtIH COtHCt O IHC 8QD3tC Ot 3I IHC CHO O IHC
_ytO8COQC 3XI8: YHO I8 OOIH_ VIOCHCC IO IHC WOtOWIOC WOtO:
YH3I OO ODt I3CII 3_tCCDCHI8 COVCt DQ: L3H WC Ot3W 3 _OD3
QICIDtC O IHC WOtOy WOtO, O ODt 8ItICIy 8OCI3 COHIt3C\8:
LH 3HCI L3tIH, HCHCCOtIH, 3CIIOH CODC8 HOI 8O DDCH tOD
D3H 38 3H IHOIVIOD3 Ot 8DDjCCI, IHC 3HCICHI W3ttIOt HCtO O QHI-
O8OQHy 3HO OO-8IyC HI8IOtIC3 COH8CIOD8HC88, HOI 8O DDCH tOD
IHC C3HOHIZCO CODD3I O D38ICt 3HO 83VC, 3 t3tC CODQC IH QDICK-
83HO, HOI 8O DDCH tOD IHC _tODQ8 3H3yZCO Dy IHC OO 8OCI3
8CICHCC8~388CDDIC8, Q3tIIC8, H3IIOH8, 3tDIC8, IIHy VI3_C8~HO,
IHC OCCI8IVC 3CIIOH8 3tC HOW, D388IVCy, IHO8C O CHOtDOD8 3HO
OCH8C ICCIOHIC Q3IC8 O HDD3HIIy.
NI8IDC 3I HI_HI tOD OtDII 38 IHC DI__C8I _33Xy O I_HI OH IHC
_ODC, DOtC QOQDOD8 OVCt3 IH3H IHC 1HIICO bI3IC8, IHC 8DQCt-
_I3HI DC_3OQOI8 LDtOQC 8CI8 ODI tOD NI3H, CtO88C8 IHC 1Q8 IH
bWIIZCt3HO, OOW8 IHC VHIHC VI3 LCtD3Hy 3HO IHC OW LODH-
ItIC8, 3H_C8 IHtOD_H LH_3HO 3ICt CtO88IH_ IHC OtIH bC3, 3HO
CHO8 DQ IH 1DDIH 3ICt bI. LCOt_C8 LH3HHC. 1I8 3 8OCI3 DHII
CODQ3t3DC IO IHC LtC3I 3KC8 Ot IHC LtCCH3HO ICCC3Q IH 8IZC,
IH IHC HODO_CHCIIy O II8 ICXIDtC, 3HO IH II8 HOO OH IHC WOtO.
HI8 Q3IC O HDD3HIIy H38 OH_ OI8IDtDCO IHC 3DCOO, IHC CItCD3-
IIOH O W3ICt, IHC DCOI3H ICDQCt3IDtC, 3HO IHC OtD3IIOH O
CODO8 Ot WIHOIH 8HOtI, IHC CCDCHI8~38 WC 38 IHC HDDDCt
3HO CVODIIOH O IVIH_ 8QCCIC8 IH, OH, 3HO DHOCt II8 ICttIIOty.
HI8 I8 IHC tC3\IOH O D3H 3HO IHC WOtO IOO3y.
/ D3jOt COHIt3CID3 3CIOt O IHC HDD3H CODDDHI\y, OH IHC
DtIHK O IHC 8CCOHO DICHHIDD, LDtOQC WCI_H8 3I C38I 3 QD3tICt-
DIIOH 8OD8. OI IH DOOy WCI_HI, DDI IH I\8 CtO88CO HC\WOtK8 O
tC3IIOH8 3HO IHC HDDDCt O WOtO-ODjCC\8 3I II8 OI8QO83. 1I DC-
H3VC8 IKC 3 8C3.
HC L3tIH HCCO8 OHy IO DC OD8CtVCO Dy 83ICIIC, 3I HI_HI, Ot
IHC8C _tC3I OCH8C 8QO\8 IO DC tCCO_HIZCO. _3Q3H, IHC HOtIHC38I
Wa; Tea 1 7
/DCtIC3H DC_3OQOI8 tOD 3\IDOtC \O NOH\tC3, \HI8 CIJ \H3\
I8 LDtOQC, 3H CHOtDOD8 HCtO O DOH8\Ct8 \H3\ 3tI8 8CCD8 \O
W3\CH OVCt IKC 3 8HCQHCtO tOD 33t, 3HO \HC DtOKCH tID O \HC
1t3_OH8. bOtC3, OtDO83, OH_ bOH_, bIH_3QOtC . . .. YHCH I\ I8
DHCVCHy OI8\tIDD\CO, 8KytOCKC\IH_ OCDO_t3QHIC _tOW\H DCCODC8
COHCCH\t3\CO 3HO 8\DCK \O_C\HCt IH _I3H\ DHI\8, COO883 D3HK8 O
HDD3HI\y 38 QOWCtD 38 OCC3H8, OC8Ct\8, Ot ICCC3Q8, \HCD8CVC8
8\OCKQIC8 O ICC, HC3\, OtyHC88, Ot W3\Ct; \HC8C IDDCH8C DHI\8 CCO
OH \HCD8CVC8, 3OV3HCC 3HO WCI_H DQOH \HC Q3HC\, Ot WOt8C 3HO
Ot DC\\Ct.
L3H 3H IHOIVIOD3 3C\Ot, O8\ IH \HC8C _I_3H\IC D388C8, 8!I 83y
"" WHCH \HC OO COCC\IVI\IC8, \HCD8CVC8 8O I_HIWCI_H\, H3VC 3-
tC3Oy DCCH tCODCCO \O D\\CtIH_ 3 Q3\ty 3HO OD\DOOCO `WC:
1H Dy_OHC O3y8, \HC IHOIVIOD3 8DDjCC\ W38 Qt3C\IC3y IHVI8IDC,
DCHOCO IH Ot OI8\tIDD\CO OH \HI8 L3t\H 3DOH_ \HC OtC8\8 Ot
DODH\3IH8, \HC OC8Ct\8 3HO ICC IOC8, I_HIWCI_H\ IH DOOy 3HO
DOHC. HCtC W38 HO HCCO Ot \HC WHOC DHIVCt8C \O \3KC DQ 3tD8
\O CtD8H HID. 3 V3QOt, 3 OtOQ O W3\Ct W38 CHOD_H \O KI HID.
bW3OWCO DQ IKC 3 8IH_C QOIH\, \H3\ W38 D3H O HO\ OH_ 3_O,
3_3IH8\ WHOD \HC CID3\C W38 WIHHIH_ \HC W3t.
1 WC ID3_IHC \H3\ 3 83\CI\C, IH \HO8C Ct38, H3O DCCH IyIH_ OVCt
\HC Q3IH, WH3\ OD8CtVCt, OH DO3tO, CODO H3VC _DC88CO 3\ \HC
QtC8CHCC O \WO QC383H!8 8\3HOIH_ \HCtC 3\ \HC HODt O NIC\8
Ays/us 1DDCt8CO IH DCIH_-IH-\HC-WOtO, IHOI88ODDy DODHO WI\H-
OHC-3HO\HCt, \HCIt QOD_HIH_ \OO8 3\ H3HO, \HCIt CC\ QDH_CO
DH\O OC3\H IH\O \HC IDDCDOtI3 8OI, DCOW \HC HOtIZOH, \HCy-3tC-
\HCtC, QIOD8y HC3tKCHIH_ \O \HC 3H_D3_C O DCIH_ 3HO \IDC, WHCH
\HC 3H_C Q388C8, \HC HODty DC3tCt O \HC WOtO. HCtC8 HO\HIH_
DOtC Ot C88 IH ODt QC383H\ Ot OtC8\ QHIO8OQHIC8 \H3H IH HO8\3_IC
3HO COHVCH\IOH3 Q3IH\IH_8.
/ t3I DCH\ tCCO, D3H \HIHK8, KHOWIH_ \H3\ HC WI OIC O \HI8
DHIVCt8C \H3\, Ot I\8 Q3t\, OOC8 HO\ KHOW \H3\ I\ I8 83yIH_ HID; HC
I8 DOtC HODC, \HCtCOtC, DOtC OI_HIDCO \H3H HI8 COHQDCtOt DC-
C3D8C HC DHOCt8\3HO8 \HI8.
I IH \HC DHIVCt8C, OI88OVCO IH \HC OC3I\y O DCIH_-\HCtC, D3H
\HD8 H3OH\ 3\\3IHCO QHy8IC3 CXI8\CHCC. \HI8 I8 HI8 8\3\C, H3\Dt3y
WCI_H\C88, 3\ \HC HODt O NIC\8 Ays/us Ot O 3tD OH\OO_IC8.
/\ QtC8CH\ HC I8 DCCODIH_ 3 QHy8IC3 V3tI3DC \HtOD_H 3H CX-
CH3H_C O QOWCt, WC3KHC88, 3HO t3_II\y. O OH_Ct 8W3OWCO DQ
IKC 3 OIDCH8IOHC88 QOIH\, HC CXI8!8 38 3 COCC\IVI\y, \t3H8CCHOIH_
18 7b Aatun/ Ccutzuct
IHC OC3 IO CXICHO IHIO IDDCH8C ICCIOHIC Q3IC8, jD8I 38 38ItOHODI-
C3y OD8CtV3DC 38 IHC OCC3H8. OI OHy C3H HC I3KC DQ 3tD8 IO
CtD8H IHC DHIVCt8C, IHtOD_H 8CICHCC 3HO ICCHHOO_y, Ot CQDIQ HID-
8C IO I3KC II8 HCD 3HO 8ICCt II, DDI HC WCI_H8 DQOH II Dy IHC VCty
D388 O HI8 388CDDCO QtC8CHCC. DCIH_-IHCtC CXICHO8 tOD NI3H
IO 1DDIH. 1 IHC V3HQDI8HCO 3CQDItC8 3 OI_HIIy IH3I IHC VICIOt O8C8,
IHI8 I8 3 8I_H IH3I ODt WOtO I8 DCCODIH_ HODC.
HC LtC3I Y3 O LHIH3, II I8 83IO, C3H DC 8CCH tOD IHC NOOH;
IHtOD_H _tOWIH 3HO OCH8C CD8ICtIH_, WC H3VC IHD8 _OHC DCyOHO
3 CtIIIC3 8IZC, 8O IH3I 138C38 QOIHI8, 8IDCK IO_CIHCt, H3VC WODHO
DQ OtDIH_ V3tICIIC8 O CD8ICt8. 8Dt3CC8, VODDC8, D388C8. OW
WC 3tC 8!3tIIH_ IO DHOCt8I3HO IHC tOC O _tC3I 8IOCKQIC8 IH IHC
tC_D3IIOH 3HO CVODIIOH O IHC _ODC, IHC 8QCCIDC 3HO CODDIHCO
DHCIIOH8 O IHC 8C38, IHC 3!DO8QHCtC, _I3HI OC8Ct!8, 3HO _3CICt8.
tOD HOW OH IHCtC WI DC 3KC8 O HDD3HIJ, QHy8IC3 3CIOt8 IH
IHC QHy8IC3 8y8ICD O IHC L3tIH. N3H I8 3 8IOCKQIC, IHC 8ItOH_C8I
3HO DO8I COHHCCICO O H3IDtC. C I8 3 DCIH_-CVCtyWHCtC. DO
DODHO.
/CCOtOIH_ IO QHIO8OQHCt8 O OO, DCH OtDCO 3 _tC3I 3HID3
Dy 388CDDIH_ IHtOD_H 3 8OCI3 COHIt3CI. 1H IHC Q3883_C tOD IHOI-
VIOD38 IO _tODQ8, WC tO8C IH 8IZC DDI C tOD IHOD_HI IO DtDIC
IC, Dt3IHC88 Ot DCCH3HIC3, 8O ItDC I8 II IH3I IH 83yIH_ WC, QDD-
ICIIy, DC3HIH_ IHC C88CHCC O IHC QDDIC, H38 HCVCt tC3y KHOWH
WH3I II W38 83yIH_ Ot IHIHKIH_; 8DCH _tODQ8 D3y DC 8DQCtIOt, IHCH,
IH CtIIIC3 D388, DDI IHCtIOt IH IHC CH3IH O DCIH_.
Lt3ZIH_ OH _tCCH _t388 Ot H3tVC8ICO O3U, OI8QCt8CO 3DOH_ IHC
DCO8 3HO Q38IDtC8, tOD IIDC IO IIDC OOKIH_ Ot 8ODCOHC IO
OCVODt, IHI8 HCtO O CVI3IH3H8, 3DO8I 38 I_HI 38 DCIH_-IHCtC,
CODO DC HC_CCICO IH IHC DH3 D33HCC O IHC Q3HCI8 QHy8IC3
8y8ICD, 3IHOD_H II OIO D3IICt 3 IIIC IH IHC CQDIIDtIDD 3HO CVOD-
IIOH O IHC IVIH_ 8QCCIC8 IO WHICH II DCOH_CO. O_tC8 3DOH_ OIHCt
DOH8ICt8.
y _tOWIH_ DCyOHO CVI3IH3H, Q38I 3 CtIIIC3 D388, IHC COCCIIVC
DOVC8 DQ tOD DOH8ICt IO 8C3, WHIC 3IH_ tOD IHC IVIH_ IO IHC
IH3HID3IC, WHCIHCt H3IDt3 Ot COH8ItDCICO. YC8, IHC DC_3OQOI8C8
3tC DCCODIH_ QHy8IC3 V3tI3DC8. IHCy HCIIHCt IHIHK HOt _t3ZC, IHCy
WCI_H.
HD8 IHC QtIHCC, OtDCty 3 8HCQHCtO O DC38I8, WI H3VC IO IDtH
IO IHC QHy8IC3 8CICHCC8 3HO DCCODC 3 HCD8D3H Ot CyDCtHCIICI3H.
Wat, Feace 1
HC tC3IIOH8 O D3H 3HO IHC WOtO tC36H IHCIt 6DDIH3IIOH, 3tC
It3H8OtDCO, 3HO 3tC CVCH tCVCt8CO.
Hy8I63y HI, 3 IHIHKIH_ 3HID3 O8I 3DOH_ 8QC6IC8 DCIICt
3O3QICO IH3H HI8, IHC IHOIVIOD3 Ot DCIH_-IHCtC H38 38 DD6H CC6I
OH IHC WOtO 38 3 DDIICtIy IH IHC /D8It3I3H OC8CtI, WHO8C DC3IIH_
WIH_8 WI H3VC tCQCt6D88IOH8 OVCt IHC DC3OOW8 O _tCCH LtIH,
QCtH3Q8 IODOttOW Ot IH IwO 6CHIDtIC8, IH IHC OtD O 3 8IOtD Ot
3 _CHIC DtCCZC, 38 D6K WI H3VC II. HC sgcO IHC ccgtcH38 IHC
83DC QOWCt 3HO IHC 83DC tCDOIC 63D83IIy Ot IDQ36I 38 IHI8 ItCD-
DIH_ CQIOOQICt3H WIH_; IHOD_HI I8 CQDIV3CHI IO IHC 8ItIOD3IIH_
CyItOH8 O 3 6HIttIH_ 6tI6KCI. CI D8 83y IH3I II I8 CQDIQOICHI IO IHI8
863C O CVCHI8. HOI DOtC, DDI HOI C88. YHIC II 63H H3QQCH, ID-
QtOD3Dy, IH3I II DHC38HC8 tOD 3 OI8I3H6C IHC QOWCt O 3 6y6OHC,
II8 CC6I tCD3IH8 DO8I OICH~CVCH 3W3y8, CX6CQI Ot IHC t3tC8I
O CX6CQIIOH8~HI. HOD_HI I8 HOIHIH_ Ot ItCDCHOOD8y QOWCtD,
II 3 OCQCHO8.
O DC 8DtC, IHC O63 63D83 6H3IH DC6ODC8 DOtC CC6IIVC WHCH
IHOD_HI I8 IDIICO IO Q3H8 Ot t3I8IH_ 3 8IOHC W3 Ot I3DIH_ 3 QOW
OX. DI HOIHIH_ IH 8D6H Q3H8 6OH6CtH8 _OD3 H3IDtC, WHI6H 3OHC
I8 OC6I8IVC IOO3y.
HC CHIItC HI8IOty O 86ICH6C 6OH8I8I8 O 6OHItOIH_ 3HO D38ICt-
IH_ IHI8 6H3IH, O D3KIH_ 6OH8I8ICHI IHC HI_Hy IDQtOD3DC IHK3_C
O DDIICtIy IHOD_HI IO HDttI63HC CC6I. /HO IHC Q3883_C tOD IHI8
8OI 63D8C IO IHC8C H3tO 6OH8CQDCH6C8 QtC6I8Cy OCHHC8 6OHICDQO-
t3ty _OD3IZ3IIOH.
bII QHy8I63y HI, IHC OO-8IyC _tODQ, 3 IVIH_ CVI3IH3H, H3O
DCtCy DIOO_I63 CH636y 3HO DCtCy DtDIC IHOD_HI. y DC3H8 O
IHC _tC3I 3HID3, WC H3VC 8O Dy WOH IHC 8ItD__C Ot IC 3_3IH8I
OIHCt 8QC6IC8 O HOt3 3HO 3DH3 IH3I, H3VIH_ tC36HCO 3 IHtC8HOO,
WC C3t IH3I VI6IOty, 8DOOCHy, WI DC OVCtIDtHCO IHIO OCC3I.
IH3y WC H3VC tC36HCO 8D6H 8IZC8 IH3I WC CXI8I QHy8I63y. HC
IHIHKIH_ IHOIVIOD3, H3VIH_ DC6ODC 3 DC38I 6OC6IIVCy, I8 HOW
jOIHCO IO OIHCt8 IH DDIIQC W3y8 3HO IDtH8 IO 8IOHC. 1QOH IHI8
tO6K I8 DDII IHC HCW WOtO. HC H3tO, HOI 3t6HIIC6IDtC O DC_3-
OQOI8C8 I8 CQD3 IO D3Hy 3 OC8CtI, IO _tODQ8 O 8QtIH_8, WC8,
3KC8~3t _tC3ICt 8ItC3D8 IH3H IHC tIVCt O /6HIC8, 8HIIIH_ 83HO8
8O DD6H 3t_Ct IH3H LOy38 QDI6K83HO~Ot IO 3H O6C3H, Ot 3 tI_IO
3HO DODIC IC6IOHI6 Q3IC. /I 38I WC CXI8I OH 3 H3IDt3 863C. NIHO
HB _tOWH IHIO 3 DC38I 3HO IHC DC38I I8 _tOWIH_ IHIO 3 Q3IC.
20 7b Aatutu/ Ccuttuct
CHCCOtIH WC I3KC DQ IHC CHIItC CH3IH O DCIH_8, 8QItIID3,
IVIH_, 3HO IH3HID3IC. 1 IHIHK 38 3H IHOIVIOD3; WC D8CO IO IVC 38
COCCIIVC 3HID38; ODt COCCIIVIIIC8 3tC DCCODIH_ 38 QOWCtD 38
8C38 3HO 8H3tC IHC 83DC OC8IIHy. YC H3VC IHV3OCO HOI OHy IHC
8Q3CC O IHC WOtO, DDI, I 1 O3tC 83y 8O, OHIOO_y. It8I IH IHOD_HI
Ot CODDDHIC3IIOH, IHC DC8I IHOtDCO O Ot_3HIZCO DCIH_8, IHC
DO8I 3CIIVC O D3ICtI3 IOI3IIIC8. CIH_-CVCtywHCtC 8QtC3O8 HOI
OHy IH CXICH8IOH, DDI tOD OHC KIH_OOD O DCIH_ IO 3HOIHCt.
Ny CO_II3IIH_ DDIICtIy-WIH_ C3D83IIy I8 CODQCO WIIH ODt VII3
CCCI8 OH 8QCCIC8, 3HO HOW II tC3CHC8 IHC 8I3_C O QDtCy QHy8IC3
3CIIOH. 1H 3Hy C38C, 1 D8CO IO DC 3HO ODVIOD8y 8II 3D 3 OC3 Q3yCt
IH IHC H3tO 3HO 8OI 8CICHCC8; 1OD HOW OH 1 3D 38O 3H 3_CHI WIIH
3 tCDOIC CH3HCC O H3VIH_ CCCI8 OH 3 _OD3 8C3C DC38Dt3DC
Dy IHC QHy8IC3 8CICHCC8; DDI COCCIIVCy WC H3VC QOWCtD 3HO
WCI_HJ CCCI8 OH IHC CHIItC WOtO O 3 IHC H3IDt3 8CICHCC8.
t3_IIIy H38 ]D8I CH3H_CO 8IOC8.
HI8 I8 WHO I8 ODHO OH IHC ODtIH COtHCt O IHC 8QD3tC Ot 3I
IHC VCty CHO O IHC _ytO8COQIC 3XI8. DCIH_-IH-IHC-WOtO It3H8-
OtDCO IHIO 3 DCIH_ 38 QOWCtD 38 IHC WOtO.
/HO IHI8 CQDIQOICHCy I8 D3KIH_ IHC H_HI8 ODICODC OODDID.
HC HCW CODHICtQ3tI O IHC8C HCW Q3IC8 O HDD3HIJ I8 _OD3
H3IDtC, 3HCI L3tIH IH II8 IOI3IIy, IHC 8C3I O tCCIQtOC3 3HO
CtO88CO IHICttC3IIOH8 3DOH_ II8 OC3 CCDCHI8 3HO I\8 _I3HI COD-
QOHCHI8OCC3H8, OC8CtI8, 3IDO8QHCtC8, Ot 8IOCK8 O ICC. HC HD-
D3H Q3IC8 IHCD8CVC8 3tC IHC 8C3I8 O tCCIQtOC3 3HO CtO88CO IH-
ICttC3IIOH8 3DOH_ IHOIVIOD38 3HO 8DD_tODQ8, IHCIt IOO8, IHCIt
WOtO-OD]CCI8, 3HO IHCIt KHOWCO_C, 388CDD3_C8 IH3I IIIC Dy IIIC
3tC O8IH_ IHCIt tC3IIOH8 WIIH Q3CC, OC3IIy, HCI_HDOtHOOO, QtOX-
IDIIy. CIH_-IHCtC I8 _CIIIH_ t3tCt.
HI8 I8 IHC 8I3IC, IHC D33HCCO 3CCODHI, O ODt tC3IIOH8 WIIH IHC
WOtO, 3I IHC DC_IHHIH_ O 3 IIDC WHCH IDC OO 8OCI3 COHIt3CI
OD_HI IO DC ]OIHCO Dy 3 H3IDt3 COHIt3CI. 1H 3 8IID3IIOH O OD]CCIIVC
VIOCHCC, IHCtC I8 HO W3y ODI DDI IO 8I_H II.
/I IHC VCty C38I, W3t; IOC3y, QC3CC.
bHOWIH_
bOIIDOC 8IOC8 8O QDICKy IOW3tO IHVCHIIVC OCItIDD 3HO CttOt IH3I
IHC 8IIC O KHOWCO_C QtOODCIIOH I8 HCVCt 3 tC3IIOH DCIwCCH 3H
Wat, Feace 21
IHOIVIOD3 3HO HI8 ODjCC\, DD\ t3\HCt OHC DC\wCCH 3 _tOWIH_ DOOy
O tC8C3tCHCt8 CHCCKIH_ OH OHC 3HO\HCt 3HO 3 C3tVCO OD\ 8QCCI3\y,
OCDHCO 3HO 3CCCQ\CO Dy \HCD.
YI\H \HC OtI_IH O 8CICHCC, \HC OtDCt ID3_IH3ty 8DDjCC\ O
KHOWCO_C, \3KIH_ tCD_C IH HI8 8\OVC-HC3\CO tOOD \O COHjDtC DQ
\HC 1CVI 3HO \HC LOOO OtO, Ot DCH\ DHOCt HI8 \t3H8CCHOCH\3
COHOIIIOH8, _IVC8 W3y \O 3 _tODQ, DHI\CO Ot OI8QCt8CO IH 8Q3CC 3HO
\IDC, OODIH3\CO 3HO tDCO Dy 3H 3_tCCDCH\. HI8 3_tCCDCH\ H38
DCCH 83IO \O DC COH8CH8D3, Ot C8C, OH \HC COH\t3ty, \O DC CHOC88y
\t3VCt8CO Dy QOCDIC8 3HO OCD3\C8. O\H 3tC \tDC, OCQCHOIH_ OH
\HC 8CCHC O KHOWCO_C Ot \HC HI8\OtIC3 DODCH\, 3HO \HO8C WHO
D_H\ COH\t3C\ \O 3_tCC, CVCH DOtC HCtC ID3H IH \HC C38C OI8CD88CO
QtCVIOD8y.
HI8 W3t Ot \HI8 QC3CC, IH 8DD, I8 D38CO OH 3 \3CI\ COH\t3C\
tC8CDDIH_ \HC OO 8OCI3 COH\t3C\, 3HO I\ DtIH_8 \O_C\HCt 8CICH-
\I8I8, IKC \HC tCDHCO OCD3\Ct8, \HC 8OOICt8, Ot \HC CCOHODIC tIV38
O 3 DODCH\ 3_O. COtC \HI8 \3CI\ COH\t3C\ \HCtC W38 HO DOtC
8CICHCC \H3H \HCtC W38 8OCIC\y DCOtC \HC 8OCI3 COH\t3C\. /\ \HC
DO8\ OI8\3H\ LtCCK OtI_IH8 O \HC DO8\ tI_OtOD8 \HOD_H\, UC Dt8\
8CICH\I8I8, WHC\HCt 388CDDCO Ot OI8QCt8CO, OCD3\CO CVCH DOtC
\H3H \HCy QtOVCO, jDtI8I8 38 DDCH 38 _CODC\Ct8.
HC 8DDjCC\ O KHOWCO_C, \HD8 OCDHCO 38 \HC DOHO DHI\IH_ \HC
Q3tIICIQ3HI8 IH \HC 8CICHIIDC CH\CtQtI8C, I8 DDCH C88 3 D3\\Ct O 3
CODDOH Ot3 Ot WtI\\CH 3H_D3_C, DC\D3\IH_ 3HO V3tICO, \H3H
H38 CODDOHy DCCH DCICVCO. 1\ 3DODH\8, t3\DCt, \O 3 I3CI\ 3HO
8\3DC COH\t3C\ DCHIHO Ot DHOCt \HI8 3H_D3_C, 3 COH\t3C\ WHO8C
C_3 8DDjCC\ I8 \HC 8DDjCC\ O 8CICHCC. VIt\D3, CDttCH\, OtD3,
OQCt3\IOH3.
C\8 jD8\ I8\ \HC 8DCCC88IVC IHC3tH3\IOH8 O \HI8 8DDjCC\. DC_IH-
HIH_ IH IH3HCy, \HC IHOIVIOD3 CH\Ct8 IH\O tC3IIOH WI\H \HC COD-
DDHIIy, WHICH I8 3tC3Oy DODHO Dy \HI8 COH\t3C\; WC DCOtC 8\3t\-
IH_ \O CX3DIHC \HC ODjCC\8 O HI8 8QCCI3IZ3IIOH, HC QtC8CHI8
HID8C DCOtC 3CCtCOI\CO CX3DIHIH_ DO3tO8, WHICH OCCIOC
WHC\HCt Ot HO\ \O tCCCIVC HID 3DOH_ \HC C3tCO; 3\Ct H3VIH_
C3tHCOy WOtKCO, HC QtC8CHI8 HID8C OHCC 3_3IH DCOtC O\HCt
3D\HOtI\IC8, WHO OCCIOC WHC\HCt Ot HO\ \O tCCCIVC HI8 WOtK IH\O
\HCIt C3HOHIZCO 3H_D3_C. HCtC C3H DC HO KHOWCt WI\HOD\ \HC
Dt8\ jDO_DCH\, HO KHOWCO_C WI\HOD\ \HC 8CCOHO. HD8 CXQCtI-
CHCCO Dy \HC OtDCt IHOIVIOD3 8DDjCC\, DC Ot yOD, 3H ODCOICH\
tCCCIVCt Ot \t3H8DI\\Ct 3HO 3 QO88IDC IHVCH\IVC QtOODCCt O KHOW !-
22 7| Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
CO_C, IHC QtDCC88 D KHDWIH_ tDH8 tDD ItI38 ID C38C8 ID C3D8C8,
tDD jDO_DCHI8 ID CHDICC8, 3HO 8D HCVCt C3VC8 IHC jDtIOIC3 3tCH3.
HC 8CICHCC8 QtDCCCO Dy CDHIt3CI8. bCICHIIDC CCtI3IHIy 3HO ItDIH
OCQCHO, IH 3CI, 38 DDCH DH 8DCH jDO_DCH!8 38 8DCH jDO_DCHI8
OD DH IHCD.
HC HI8IDty D IHC 8CICHCC8 DICH DCt_C8 wIIH IH3I D IHC QtD-
HDDHCCDCHI8 D CDDtI8~Dt D 3DIHDtIIIC8, 8CICHIIDC 3HO DIHCt-
WI8C. IHI8 WI DCCDDC 3DDHO3HIy CC3t. HC KHDWCO_C tCCD_-
HIZCO 38 8CICHIIDC CH8DC8 tDD IHI8 CQI8ICDDOICy; 1 DC3H Dy IHI8
HCW WDtO 3 tC3IIDH8 D 8CICHCC 3HO 3W, tC38DH 3HO jDO_DCHI.
HC ItIDDH38 D KHDWCO_C KHDW C3D8C8, WHICH 3tC DICH
CDHIICID3, DCDtC KHDWIH_ IHIH_8, WHICH 3tC DICH QC3CCD, CVCH
I 8CICHII8I8 KHDW IHIH_8 DCDtC D_HIIH_ 3DDDI C3D8C8. 1H 8CICHCC,
3W 3HIICIQ3IC8 3CI 38 8DDjCCI8 QtCCCOC IHC DDjCCI; DDI 3CI 3HIICI-
Q3IC8 3W 38 DDjCCI QtCCCOC8 8DDjCCI.
HD8 IHC C_3 CDHIt3CI IH3I DtIH_8 ID_CIHCt 8CICHII8I8 IHVDVC8
IHIH_8; II OI8CDVCt8 IHCD, 3H3yZC8 IHCD, 3HO CDH8IIIDIC8 IHCD 38
8CICHIIHC DDjCCI8. LHCC 3_3IH 3 WDtOy WDtO tC_D3ICO Dy CDH-
It3CI CHICt8 IHID tC3IIDH WIIH IHC WDtOwIOC WDtO tC_D3ICO Dy
3W8 D 3 OICtCHI KIHO. YC ODHI KHDW HDW ID OC8CtIDC IHC tC3-
IIDH8 DCIwCCH IHC8C 3W8 3HO IHC jDtIOIC3 3W8 D CDDtI8, WHICH
I3KC CD_HIZ3HCC D DDt C3D8C8 Dt C38C8.
1H DIHCt WDtO8, 8CICHIIDC KHDWCO_C tC8DI8 tDD IHC Q3883_C
IH3I CH3H_C8 3 C3D8C IH\D 3 IHIH_ 3HO 3 IHIH_ IHID 3 C3D8C, IH3I
D3KC8 3 3CI DCCDDC 3 3W, OC 3CID DCCDDC OC jDtC, 3HO VICC
VCt83. HC tCCIQtDC3 It3H8DtD3IIDH D C3D8C IHID IHIH_ 3HO D 3W
IHID 3CI CXQ3IH8 IHC ODDDC 8IID3IIDH D 8CICHIIDC KHDWCO_C,
WHICH I8, DH IHC DHC H3HO, 3tDIIt3ty CDHVCHIIDH, 38 I8 3 8QCCD3-
IIVC IHCDty, 3HO, DH IHC DIHCt H3HO, IHC 3IIHD 3HO CX3CI DDjCCIIV-
IJ IH3I DHOCtIC8 CVCty 3QQIC3IIDH.
LDH8CQDCHIy, IHC tC3IIDH D 3W ID 3CI, D CDHIt3CI ID WDtO,
WHICH WC HDICO IH OI3D_DC, tIV3ty, 3HO CDHIICI8, tCHCW8 II8C
DHCH3H_CO IH 8CICHIIDC KHDWCO_C. Dy OCDHIIIDH 3HO IH II8 tC3
DHCIIDHIH_, 8CICHCC I8 3H DH_DIH_ tC3IIDH DCUCCH IHC CDHIt3CI
DHIIIH_ 8CICHII8I8 3HO IHC WDtO D IHIH_8. /HO IHI8 tC3IIDH DC-
IwCCH CDHVCHIIDH 3HO 3CI, DHIQDC IH HDD3H HI8IDty, 8D DIt3CD-
DD8 IH3I 8IHCC b3HI 3HO LIH8ICIH WC H3VC HDI CC38CO ID D3tVC 3I
II, H38 HDI DCCH _IVCH 3 jDtIOIC3 H3DC. 1I I8 38 I IHC VCtOICI8 D
HDD3H8 CDIHCIOC WIIH IHD8C D DDjCCI8. H3I HCVCt H3QQCH8, CX-
CCQI IH DIt3CC8 3HO 8CICHCC8.
Wat, Feace 2J
YCtC I3KIH_ 3DODI 3 3W, IHD8 3tDIIt3ty 6OHVCHIIOH. DI II
6OH6CtH8 36I8, C8I3DI8HCO 3HO 6HC6KCO~IHO8C O H3IDtC. bO 8IH6C
II8 C8I3DI8HDCHI, 86ICH6C H38 Q3yCO IHC tOC O H3IDt3 3W. HI8
IIDC-HOHOtCO CXQtC88IOH 6OH6C38 3 QtOODHO 6OHIt3OI6IIOH, IH3I
O IHC 3tDIIt3ty 3HO IHC HC6C883ty. b6ICH6C 6OH6C38 IHC 83DC 6OH-
It3OI6IIOH, IH CX36Iy IHC 83DC Q36C8. Hy8I68 I8 H3IDt3 3W. II H38
Q3yCO IHI8 tOC 8IH6C II8 O3WHIH_. HC 63tOIH38 WHO OCCHOCO
H3IDt3 3W WCtC DC3ICH 3I IHCIt OWH _3DC Dy L3ICO, WHO HCO
IO QHy8I68.
YHO IHCH 63H DC 8DtQtI8CO IH3I IHC QDC8IIOH O H3IDt3 3W
IOO3y OCQCHO8 6O8Cy OH 86ICH6C, WHI6H 38O OC86tIDC8 IHC Q36C
O _tODQ8 IH IHC WOtO: Ot, WH3I I8 DOtC, IHC 86ICHIID6 6OC6IIVIIy,
3 DIHD86DC 8DD8CI O IHC V38I HDD3H Q3IC, HHO8 II8C 36IH_
OIHCt 6OC6IIVIIIC8 WIIH WHI6H II D3IHI3IH8 6388I63 tC3IIOH8, 6OH-
8CH8D3 Ot 3__tC88IVC, IO DC OCICtDIHCO Dy OtOIH3ty 6OHIt36I8.
LOH8CQDCHIy, IHC D38I6 6ODD3I 8IID3IIOH tC3QQC3t8 IH KHOW-
CO_C. HCtC, jD8I 38 WC HOICO QtCVIOD8y, 3 6OC6IIVIIy DHIICO Dy
3H 3_tCCDCHI HHO8 II8C 36IH_ IHC WOtO IH 3 tC3IIOH, HCIIHCt
OODIH3ICO HOt D3H3_CO, O DH6OH86IOD8 VIOCH6C. D38ICty 3HO
QO88C88IOH.
HC OtI_IH O 86ICH6C tC8CDDC8 IHC OtI_IH O HDD3H 8O6ICIIC8 38
I IHCy WCtC 8I8ICt8. IHC Q36I O KHOWIH_, 3 IyQC O 8O6I3 6OHIt36I,
6OOQCt3IIVCy 6OHItO8 IHC CXQtC88IOH8 O KHOWCO_C. DI IHI8 Q36I
OOC8 HOI D3KC QC36C WIIH IHC WOtO, CVCH IHOD_H II I8 6O8Ct IO II.
YHy 8HODO WC DC 8DtQtI8CO IOO3y IO HC3t 6OHIt3OI6IOty 3t_D-
DCHI8 3DODI IHC DCHCH6I3 Ot O3D3_IH_ CC6I8 O KHOWCO_C Ot
tC38OH, WHI6H H38 II8C DCCH Q388IH_ jDO_DCHI8 Ot DOtC IH3H IwO
DICHHI3: NOtC IH3H IHtCC HDHOtCO yC3t8 3_O, 3 DD6H-V3DHICO
T/scdiOC6IOCO OH IHC 63D8C O 8DCtIH_8 3HO CVI 3HO 6OH6DOCO
IH3I IHC LtC3IOt W38 It3_I63y tC8QOH8IDC. YC OO HOI KHOW DCOtC
WH3I 6ODtI Ot IH WH3I OtD8 IO 3t_DC 3 8IDI3t 638C, 3 638C WHCtC
II I8 OH6C DOtC 3 D3IICt O _OOO 3HO CVI, DDI WHCtC IHC t3IIOH3
QtOOD6Ct 3HO 3t-8I_HICO QCt8OH IH 6H3t_C H38 OH_ 8IH6C tCjOIHCO
IHC HDD3H 6OC6IIVIj. L]istsmcdi, IH3I I8 3H CX36I 3HO QO88IDC
IIIC O IHI8 DOOK, IHOD_H II I8 IOO D_y IO DC 3OOQICO.
b6ICH6C DtIH_8 IO_CIHCt 36I 3HO 3W. WHCH6C IU HOW OC6I8IVC
Q36C. b6ICHIID6 _tODQ8, IH 3 QO8IIIOH IO 6OHItO Ot OO VIOCH6C IO
IHC WOtOWIOC WOtO, 3tC QtCQ3tIH_ IO I3KC IHC HCD O IHC WOtOy
WOtO.
21 7b Aatura/ Ccuttact
Bcauty
Jhc vcry bcng ot bcauq, nothng s as bcauttuI as thc worId;
nothng bcauttuI comcs torth wthout ths gracous gvcr ot aII
sgIcndor. ^md thc atroctcs ot thc Jro]an Var, bInd Homcr
sngs ot rosy-ngcrcd dawn; trom thc grdc ot buIIs comcs thc
strcngth ot Goya, whosc gantngs bcmoan smIar and morc rc-
ccnt horrors. Jo anyonc who dctachcs hmscIt trom batdcs
c-
causc cvcn avcragc wsdom makcs thcm sccm van, t not nhu-
man, or who docs not want to gay tor hs worst dcsrcs wth ntamy,
thc worIdwdc worId today ottcrs thc gantuI tacc ot mutIatcd
bcauq. VII thc strangc and tmd radancc ot dawn bc harmcd
by our brutaIty:
Cut ot thc cguvaIcncc, thc dcntty, thc tuson ot thc worId-
wdc worId and thc worIdIy worId arscs bcauty. Jhus t surgasscs
thc rcaI n thc drccton ot thc human and thc human n thc
drccton ot thc rcaI, and n both cascs subImatcs both. LgstcmoI-
ogy and csthctcs, thc Iattcr n both ts mcanngs, hcId torth about
thc harmony ot thc ratonaI and thc rcaI wthout bcng abIc to
cxgIan ths mracIc, whch, rcgcat, astoundcd Kant and Lnstcn,
othcrs too, and Ictt thcm sgccchIcss.
rom an oId word ot thc sacrcd tonguc, whch sgncd stan
and grotanaton, nsuIt, voIaton, and dshonor, wc caII thc brcak-
down ot ths cgugoIIcncc ]cduticn.How havc dvnc Iandscagcs,
thc sandy mountan and thc sca wth thc nnumcrabIc smIcs ot
thc gods, how havc thcy bccn transtormcd nto scwagc tarms or
horr[ng dumgng grounds tor corgscs: By scattcrng matcraI
and scnsory garbagc, wc arc covcrng or crasng thc worId`s bcauty
and rcducng thc Iuxurous groItcraton ot ts muItgIctcs to thc
dcscrt and soIar untormty ot our Iaws aIonc.
Morc tcrr[ng than thc gurcIy sgccuIatvc grobabIty ot a
tIood, such a wavc ot gosons goscs, though n nvcrsc torm, thc
samc grobIcm ot hstory, Iaw, ghIosoghy, cvcn ot mctaghyscs,
that bcauty`s cngma goscd not Iong ago. n bygonc days, thc
cguvaIcncc or mcctng ot two worIds, song ot harmony and cIa-
ton, markcd thc ogtmsm and haggncss ot our anccstors-amd
thc horror ot combats or dcbatcs, no onc couId dcgrvc thcm ot
thc worId-]ust as now thc rugturc ot thcsc two worIds awakcns
our anxcq.
t our ratonaI couId wcd thc rcaI, thc rcaI our ratonaI, our
Wa; Fea 2^
tC38OHCO DHOCt\3KIH_8 WODO C3VC HO tC8IODC; 8O I _3tD3_C QtO-
ICt3\C8 IH \HC _3Q DC\wCCH \HCD, I\8 DCC3D8C \H3\ _3Q QtOODCC8
QOD\IOH, WHICH D8 IH \HC OI8I3HCC DC\wCCH \HC t3\IOH3 3HO \HC
tC3. bIHCC \HC D\H I8 _tOWIH_, \HC DtC3CH DCIwCCH \HC \WO WOtO8
DD8\ DC _C\\IH_ WOt8C. 1_IHC88 CH8DC8 tOD OI8COtO 3HO VICC
VCt83. 1O WC 8\I H3VC \O QtOVC \H3\ ODt tC38OH I8 OOIH_ VIOCHCC
\O \HC WOtO: 1OC8 ODt tC38OH HO OH_Ct CC UC VII3 HCCO Ot
DC3D\y:
C3D\y OCD3HO8 QC3CC; QC3CC OCQCHO8 OH 3 HCW COH\t3C\.
C3CC
HC OHy 8\tOH_ Ot COHCtC\C tC38OH \H3\ QCOQC8 3HO 8\3\C8 H3VC
ODHO \O jOIH OtCC8 3HO IH8II\D\C 3 38IIH_ \tDCC 3DOH_ \HCD8CVC8
I8 \HC OtD3 IOC3 O QCtQC\D3 QC3CC, 3H IOC3 \H3\ H38 3W3y8 DCCH
3D8\t3C\ 3HO IHCOH8CQDCHII3 DCC3D8C H3\IOH8 H3VC DCCH 3DC \O
COH8IOCt \HCD8CVC8, 38 3 _tODQ, 3OHC IH \HC WOtO. O\HIH_ 3HO
HODOOy 3HO HO COCC\IVIIy W38 3DOVC \HCD, 3HO IHD8 HO tC38OH.
bIHCC \DC OC3\H O LOO, 3 WC H3VC C\ I8 W3t.
D\ HOW \H3\ \HC WOtO II8C I8 CH\CtIH_ IH\O 3 H3\Dt3 COH\t3C\
WI\H \HC 388CDDCO QCOQC8, HOWCVCt COHIIC\D3 \HCIt 388CDDy
D3y DC, I\ _IVC8 \HC tC38OH Ot QC3CC, 38 WC 38 \HC 8OD_H\ 3\Ct
\t3H8CCHOCHCC.
YC DD8\ OCCIOC OH QC3CC 3DOH_ ODt8CVC8 \O QtO\CC\ \HC WOtO,
3HO QC3CC WI\H \HC WOtO \O QtO\CC\ ODt8CVC8.
3!Di3 LOD!i3C!
IDC 3HO YC3IHCt
y CH3HCC Ot WI8OOD, IHC tCHCH 3H_D3_C D8C8 3 8IH_C WOtO,
tsm]s, Ot IHC IIDC IH3I Q388C8 3HO Ot IHC WC3IHCt ODI8IOC, 3 QtOO-
DCI O CID3IC 3HO O WH3I ODt 3HCC8IOt8 C3CO DCICOt8.
OO3y ODt CXQCtII8C 3HO ODt WOttIC8 IDtH IOW3tO IHC WC3IHCt,
DCC3D8C ODt IHOD8ItIOD8 KHOW-HOW I8 3CIIH_, QCtH3Q8 C3I38ItOQHI-
C3y, OH _OD3 H3IDtC, WHICH IHO8C 83DC 3HCC8IOt8 IHOD_HI OIOHI
OCQCHO OH D8. tOD HOW OH, HOI OHy OOC8 II OODDIC88 OCQCHO
OH D8, DDI, IH tCIDtH, ODt IVC8 OCQCHO OH IHI8 DODIC 3IDO8QHCtIC
8y8ICD, WHICH I8 IHCOH8I3HI DDI 3Ity 8I3DC, OCICtDIHI8IIC 3HO 8IO-
CH38IIC, DOVIH_ QD38I-QCtIOOIC3y WIIH tHyIHD8 3HO tC8QOH8C
IIDC8 IH3I V3ty COO883y.
OW 3tC WC 3OOIH_ IO II8 V3tI3IIOH: YH3I 8CtIOD8 OI8CQDIIDtI3
WI OCCDt, WH3I _OD3 CH3H_C DD8I DC CXQCCICO IH IHC WHOC
CID3IC tOD ODt _tOWIH_ IHOD8ItI3 3CIIVIIIC8 3HO ICCHHOOgC3
QtOWC88, WHICH QODt IHOD83HO8 O IOH8 O C3tDOH DOHOXIOC 3HO
OIHCt IOXIC W38IC8 IHIO IHC 3IDO8QHCtC: ^ O HOW WC OOHI KHOW
HOW IO C8IID3IC _CHCt3 It3H8OtD3IIOH8 OH 8DCH 3 8C3C O 8IZC
3HO CODQCXIIy. /DOVC 3, WC 8DtCy OOHI KHOW HOW IO IHIHK
3DODI IHC tC3IIOH8 DCIWCCH IIDC 3HO WC3IHCt, tsm]s 3HO tsm]s.3
8IH_C tCHCH WOtO Ot IWO 8CCDIH_y OI8Q3t3IC tC3IIIC8. Ot OO
WC KHOW 3 tICHCt 3HO DOtC CODQCIC DOOC O _OD3 CH3H_C, O
CQDIIDtI3 3HO IHCIt 3IIt3CIOt8, IH3H IH3I O CID3IC 3HO IHC 3IDO-
8QHCtC: YC 3tC It3QQCO IH 3 VICIOD8 CItCC.
27
28 7b Aatum/ Ccutmct
1D OIHCt WOtO8. WH3I tI8K8 3tC WC tDDDID_r /DOVC 3. DCyODO
WH3I IHtC8HOO 3DO 3I WH3I O3IC Ot ICDQOt3 IDII WI 3 D3jOt tI8K
3QQC3tr bIDCC, Ot IHC IIDC DCID_, WC OODI KDOW IHC 3D8WCt8 IO
IHC8C QDC8IIOD8, QtDOCDCC3DO QOIIICI3D83tC 38KID_. WH3I IO
OOr WHCD IO OO IIr HOW 3DO WH3I IO OCCIOCr
It8I O 3. WHO WI OCCIOCr
C383DI 3DO b3IOt
1D O3y8 _ODC Dy, IWO DCD IVCO ODI ID IHC OICD IDICDQCt3IC
WC3IHCt. IHC QC383DI 3DO IHC 83IOt. OW IHCy 8QCDI IHCIt IIDC,
HODt Dy HODt, OCQCDOCO OD IHC 8I3IC O IHC 8Ky 3DO OD IHC 8C3-
8OD8. YCVC O8I 3 DCDOty O WH3I WC OWC IHC8C IWO IyQC8 O
DCD, tOD IHC DO8I tDOIDCDI3ty ICCHDOO_IC8 IO IHC HI_HC8I 8DD-
ICIIC8. / CCtI3ID 3DCICDI LtCCK ICXI OIVIOC8 IHC C3tIH IDIO IWO
ZODC8. ODC WHCtC 3 _IVCD IOO W38 tC_3tOCO 38 3 _t3ID 8HOVC 3DO
3DOIHCt WHCtC Q388Ct8Dy tCCO_DIZCO IHC 83DC IOO 38 3D O3t. 1D
IHC YC8I, IHC8C IWO QOQD3IIOD8 3tC _t3OD3y OI83QQC3tID_ tOD
IHC 3CC O IHC C3tIH; 3_tICDIDt3 8DtQD8C8 3DO HI_H-IODD3_C VC8-
8C8 3tC IDtDID_ IHC 8C3 3DO IHC 3DO IDIO OC8CtI8. HC _tC3IC8I
CVCDI O IHC IWCDIICIH CCDIDty IDCODIC8I3Dy tCD3ID8 IHC OI83Q-
QC3t3DCC O 3_tICDIDt3 3CIIVIJ 3I IHC HCD O HDD3D IC ID _CD-
Ct3 3DO O IDOIVIOD3 CDIDtC8.
OW IVID_ ODy IDOOOt8, IDDCt8CO ODy ID Q388ID_ IIDC 3DO
DOI ODI ID IHC WC3IHCt, ODt CODICDQOt3tIC8, Q3CKCO IDIO CIIIC8, D8C
DCIIHCt 8HOVC DOt O3t; WOt8C yCI, IHCyVC DCVCt CVCD 8CCD IHCD.
1DOICtCDI IO IHC CID3IC, CXCCQI ODtID_ IHCIt V3C3IIOD8 WHCD IHCy
tCOI8COVCt IHC WOtO ID 3 CDD8y, 3tC3OI3D W3y, IHCy D3IVCy QODIC
WH3I IHCy OODI KDOW, WHICH t3tCy HDtI8 IHCD 3DO DCVCt CODCCtD8
IHCD.
1ItIy 8QCCIC8, DODKCy8 3DO DOIOtI8I8, OtOQ IHCIt DIH 38I, DC-
C3D8C IHCy OODI IVC ID IHC 8Q3CC IHCy Q388 IHtOD_H 3DO IHD8 CI
IHCD8CVC8 OD II.
LDCC 3_3ID. WHO OCCIOC8r bCICDII8I8, 3ODIDI8It3IOt8, jODtD3I8I8.
OW OO IHCy IVC, 3DO, DOtC IDQOtI3DI, WHCtCr 1D 3DOt3IOtIC8,
WHCtC IHC 8CICDCC8 tCQtOODCC QHCDODCD3 IO OCDDC IHCD DCIICt;
ID ODCC8 Ot 8IDOIO8. 1D 8HOtI, IDOOOt8. HC CID3IC DCVCt
IDIDCDCC8 ODt WOtK 3DyDOtC.
OW OO WC KCCQ ODt8CVC8 DD8yr YIIH DDDCtIC3 O3I3, CQD3-
Aatutu/ Ccutnct 2
\IOH8, OO88ICt8, !C_3! \CX\8, HCW8 DD!!C\IH8 HO\ O \HC QtC88 Ot \HC
WItC. IH 8HOt\, !3H_D3_C. tDC !3H_D3_C Ot 8CICHCC, HOtD3\IVC
!3H_D3_C Ot 3ODIHI8\t3\Ot8, 8CH83\IOH3! !3H_D3_C Ot !HC DCOI3.
tOD \IDC \O !IDC 8ODC CXQCt\, 3 C!ID3\O!O_I8\ Ot 3H C3t\H 8CICH-
\I8\, _OC8 O OH ODCI3! DD8IHC88 \O _3\HCt OH-8I\C OD8CtV3\IOH8, !IKC
8ODC tCQOt\Ct Ot IH8QCC\Ot. D\ \HC C88CH\I3!8 \3KC Q!3CC IHOOOt8
3HO IH WOtO8, HCVCt 3_3IH OD\OOOt8 WI\H \HIH_8. YCVC CVCH W3!!CO
UQ \HC WIHOOW8 IH OtOCt \O HC3t OHC 3HO\HCt DC\\Ct Ot 3t_DC
DOtC C38I!y. YC CODDDHIC3\C IttCQtC88ID!y. YC DD8y ODt8C!VC8
OH!y WI\H ODt OWH HC\WOtK8.
HO8C WHO 8H3tC QOWCt \OO3y H3VC Ot_O\\CH H3\DtC, WHICH
COD!O DC 83IO \O DC \3KIH_ I!8 tCVCH_C DD\ WHICH, DOtC \O \HC
QOIH\, I8 tCDIHOIH_ D8 O I!8 CXI8\CHCC, WC WHO !IVC IH \IDC DD\
HCVCt tI_H\ OD\ IH \HC WC3\HCt. YC C!3ID \O \3!K DC3HIH_D!!y
3DOD\ \HC WC3\HCt; HOW WC H3VC \O D3KC OCCI8IOH8 3DOD\ I\.
YC H3VC !O8\ \HC WOt!O. YCVC \t3H8OtDCO \HIH_8 IH\O C!I8HC8
Ot CODDOOI\IC8, \HC 8\3KC8 O ODt 8\t3\3_CD8; 3HO ODt 3-CO8DIC
QHI!O8OQHIC8, Ot 3!DO8\ H3! 3 CCH\Dty HOW, H3VC DCCH HO!OIH_
Ot\H OH!y OH !3H_D3_C Ot QO!I\IC8, WtI\IH_ Ot !O_IC.
/\ \HC VCty DODCH\ WHCH WC 3tC 3C!IH_ QHy8IC3!!y Ot \HC Dt8\
!IDC OH \HC _!OD3! L3t\H, 3HO WHCH I\ IH \Dt I8 OODD\!C88 tC3C\IH_
OH _!OD3! HDD3HIIy, WC 3tC \t3_IC3!!y HC_!CC\IH_ I\.
OH_ CtD 3HO bHOt\ CtD
D\ CVCH I WC 3tC tCODCCO \O !IVIH_ OH!y IH \IDC, HO\ IH WC3\HCt
IH WHICH \IDC, OHCC 3_3IH, 3tC WC !IVIH_: HC DHIVCt83! 3H8WCt
\OO3y. IH \HC VCty 8HOt\ \CtD. O 83C_D3tO \HC C3t\H Ot tC8QCC\
\HC WC3\HCt, \HC WIHO 3HO t3IH, WC WOD!O H3VC \O \HIHK \OW3tO \HC
!OH_ \CtD, 3HO DCC3D8C WC OOH\ !IVC OD\ IH \HC WC3\HCt, WCVC
DH!C3tHCO HOW \O \HIHK IH 3CCOtO3HCC WI\H I!8 tHy\HD8 3HO I!8
8COQC. LOHCCtHCO WI\H D3IH\3IHIH_ HI8 QO8I\IOH, \HC QO!I!ICI3H
D3KC8 Q!3H8 \H3\ t3tC!y _O DCyOHO \HC HCX\ C!CC\IOH; \HC 3ODIHI8-
\t3\Ot tCI_H8 OVCt \HC D8C3! Ot DDO_C\3ty yC3t, 3HO HCW8 _OC8 OD\
OH 3 O3I!y 3HO WCCK!y D38I8. ^Ot COH\CDQOt3ty 8CICHCC, I\8 DOtH
IH jODtH3! 3t\IC!C8 \H3\ 3!DO8\ HCVCt _O D3CK DOtC \H3H \CH yC3t8;
CVCH I WOtK OH \HC Q3!COC!ID3\C tCC3QI\D!3\C8 \CH8 O DI!!CHHI3,
I\ _OC8 D3CK !C88 \H3H \HtCC OCC3OC8 I\8C!.
1\ I8 3!! 38 H \HC \HtCC COH\CDQOt3ty QOWCt8~3HO Dy QOWCt8 1
J0 7b Aatuta/ Ccutzuct
DC3H !HO8C IH8!I!D!IOH8 !H3! OOH! tDH DQ 3_3IH8! CODH!CtQOWCt8
3HywHCtCH3O Ct3OIC3!CO OH_-!CtD DCDOty, !HC !HOD83HO-yC3t-
OO !t3OI!IOH8, !HC CXQCtICHCC 3CCDDD3!CO Dy CD!DtC8 !H3! H3VC
jD8! OICO Ot !H3! !HC8C QOWCt8 3tC KIIH_.
CtC WC 3tC 3CCO WI!H 3 QtODCD C3D8CO Dy 3 CIVIIZ3!IOH !H3! H38
HOW DCCH IH Q3CC Ot DOtC !H3H 3 CCH!Dty 3HO !H3! W38 I!8C
CH_CHOCtCO Dy !HC OH_-!CtD CD!DtC8 !H3! QtCCCOCO I!; I!8 O3D3_-
IH_ 3 QHy8IC3 8y8!CD DIIOH8 O yC3t8 OO, 3 8y8!CD !H3! 1DC!D3!C8
3HO yC! tCD3IH8 tC3!IVCy 8!3DC !HtOD_H t3QIO, t3HOOD, 3HO DD-
!ICCH!Dty V3tI3!IOH8. COtC D8 I8 3H 3H_DI8HIH_ QDC8!IOH, WHO8C
QtIHCIQ3 CODQOHCH! I8 !IDC, C8QCCI3y 3 OH_-!CtD !IDC !H3! I8 3
!HC OH_Ct WHCH !HC 8y8!CD I8 COH8IOCtCO _OD3y. NIXIH_ !HC
W3!Ct8 O !HC OCC3H8 tCQDItC8 3 CyCC C8!ID3!CO 3! HVC !HOD83HO
yC3t8.
YC 3tC QtOQO8IH_ OHy 8HOt!-!CtD 3H8WCt8 Ot 8OD!IOH8, DCC3D8C
WC IVC WI!H IDDCOI3!C tCCKOHIH_8, DQOH WHICH DO8! O ODt QOWCt
OCQCHO8. LOH!IHDIIy DCOH_8 !O 3ODIHI8!t3!Ot8, !HC O3y-Dy-O3y !O
!HC DCOI3, 3HO !O 8CICHCC DCOH_ !HC OHy Q3H8 Ot !HC D!DtC WC
H3VC C!. HC !HtCC QOWCt8 H3VC COH!tO OVCt !IDC, 8O HOW !HCy
C3H tDC Ot OCCIOC OH !HC WC3!HCt.
OW C3H OHC HO! DC 8DtQtI8CO, Dy !HC W3y, Dy !HC 8I!D3!IOH IH
HCW8 tCQOt!IH_, WHCtC !HC tCODC!IOH O !IDC !O !HC 3-IDQOt!3H!
Q388IH_ IH8!3H! I8 Q3t3CCO Dy !HC ODI_3!Oty tCODC!IOH O HCW8
I!CD8 !O Q388IH_ C3!38!tOQHC8, 388DDCO !O DC !HC OHy !HIH_8 O
IH!CtC8!: 1!8 38 I !HC VCty 8HOt! !CtD WCtC IHKCO !O OC8!tDC!IOH.
DD8! WC DHOCt8!3HO, COHVCt8Cy, !H3! DDIOIH_ tCQDItC8 !HC OH_
!CtD: HC 83DC !HIH_ IH 8CICHCC. WH3! 8CCtC! tC3!IOH8 OOC8
tCDHCO 8QCCI3IZ3!IOH H3VC WI!H 3H3y8I8, WHICH OC8!tOy8 !HC ODjCC!,
3tC3Oy C3tVCO DQ Dy 8QCCI3IZ3!IOH:
1! 8O H3QQCH8 !H3! WC DD8! OCCIOC 3DOD! !HC _tC3!C8! ODjCC! O
8CICH!IDC KHOWCO_C 3HO Qt3C!ICC, !HC 13HC! L3t!H, !HI8 HCW H3-
!DtC.
O DC 8DtC, WC C3H 8OW OOWH !HC QtOCC88C8 3tC3Oy DHOCt W3y,
C_I83!C tCODC!IOH8 IH O88I-DC COH8DDQ!IOH, D388IVCy tCQ3H!
!HC OCV38!3!CO OtC8!8 ... 3 DHC IHI!I3!IVC8, DD! !O_C!HCt !HCy
3DODH! !O !HC ID3_C O 3 8HIQ 83IIH_ 3! IwCHIy-DVC KHO!8 !OW3tO
3 tOCKy D3t OH WHICH I! WI IHCVI!3Dy DC 8D38HCO !O QICCC8, 3HO
OH WHO8C DtIO_C !HC ODCCt O !HC W3!CH 3OVI8C8 !HC CH_IHC tOOD
!O tCODCC 8QCCO Dy 3 !CH!H WI!HOD! CH3H_IH_ OItCC!IOH.
Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct J1
O DCCODC CCC\IVC, \HC 8OD\IOH \O 3 OH_-\CtD, 3t-tC3CHIH_
QtODCD DD8\ 3\ C38\ D3\CH \HC QtODCD IH 8COQC. HO8C WHO
D8CO \O IVC OD\ IH \HC WC3\HCt8 t3IH 3HO WIHO, WHO8C H3DI\D3
3C!8 DtOD_H\ Ot\H OH_-38\IH_ CD\DtC8 OD\ O OC3 CXQCtICHCC8
QC383H\8 3HO 83IOt8~H3VC H3O HO 83y Ot 3 OH_ \IDC HOW, I \HCy
CVCt H3O I\. 1\ I8 WC WDO 8\I H3VC 3 83y. 3ODIHI8\t3\Ot8, ]ODtH3I8\8,
3HO 8CICH\I8!8, 3 DCH O \HC 8HOt\ \CtD 3HO O HI_Hy OCD8CO
8QCCI3IZ3\IOH. YCtC Q3t\y tC8QOH8IDC Ot \HC _OD3 CH3H_C IH
\HC WC3\HCt, DCC3D8C WC IHVCH\CO Ot OI8\tIDD\CO \HC DC3H8 3HO
\HC \OO8 O QOWCtD, CCC\IVC, DCHCHCCH\, 3HO H3tDD IH\CtVCH-
\IOH; WCtC IHCQ\ 3\ DHOIH_ tC38OH3DC 8OD!IOH8 DCC3D8C WCtC
IDDCt8CO IH \HC DtIC \IDC O ODt QOWCt8 3HO IDQtI8OHCO IH ODt
H3ttOW OOD3IH8.
1 \HCtC I8 3 D3\CtI3, \CCHHOO_IC3, 3HO IHOD8\tI3 QOD\IOH,
WHICH CXQO8C8 WC3\HCt \O COHCCIV3DC tI8K8, \HCH \HCtC I8 38O 3
8CCOHO QOD\IOH, IHVI8IDC, WHICH QD!8 \IDC IH O3H_Ct, 3 CD\Dt3
QOD\IOH \H3\ WC H3VC IH1IC\CO OH OH_-\CtD \HOD_H\8, \HO8C
_D3tOI3H8 O \HC L3t\H, O HDD3HIIy, 3HO O \HIH_8 \HCD8CVC8. 1
WC OOH\ 8\tD__C 3_3IH8\ \HC 8CCOHO, WC WI O8C \HC D_H\ 3_3IH8\
\HC Dt8\. YHO \OO3y C3H OODD\ \HC CD\Dt3 H3\DtC O WH3\ N3tXI8\8
D8CO \O C3 \HC D38C:
OW 3tC WC \O 8DCCCCO IH 3 OH_-\CtD CH\CtQtI8C WI\H 8HOt\-
\CtD DC3H8: YC DD8\ Q3y \HC QtICC O 8DCH 3 Q3H Dy 3 H3ttOWIH_
tCVI8IOH O \OO3y8 CD\DtC, WHICH tC8\8 OH \HC \HtCC QOWCt8 \H3\
OODIH3\C ODt 8HOt\-\CtD OD8C88IOH8. 3VC WC O8\ \HC DCDOty O
\HC 3H\COIDVI3H 3_C WHCH 3 Q3\tI3tCH, tOD WHOD WCtC OODD\C88
OC8CCHOCO, H3O \O COH8\tDC\ 3H 3tK, 3 8D3-8C3C DOOC O \HC
\O\3IJ O 8Q3CC 3HO \IDC, \O QtCQ3tC Ot 3H OVCt1OW O \HC 8C3
C3D8CO Dy 8ODC \H3W IH \HC ICC C3Q8:
1H DCDOty O \HO8C WHO H3VC 3CH 8ICH\ OtCVCt, C\ D8 \HCH
_IVC OH_-\CtD DCH \HCIt 83y. 3 QHIO8OQHCt C3H 8\I C3tH tOD
/tI8\O\C, 3 ]DtI8\ OOC8 HO\ DHO VOD3H 3W \OO OO. C\8 I8\CH \O
\HCD 3 DODCH\, DCOtC Q3IH\IH_ \HC QOt\t3I\ O \HC HCW QOI\IC3
C3OCt.
HC HIO8OQHCt O bCICHCC
38K8. DD\ WHO, \HCH, I8 IH1IC\IH_ OH \HC WOtO, WHICH I8 HCHCCOt\H
3 CODDOH OD]CC\IVC CHCDy, \HI8 H3tD \H3\ WC HOQC I8 8\I tCVCt8-
J2 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
IDC, IHI8 OI 8QICO 3I 8C3, IHI8 C3tDOH DOHOXIOC 8QtC3O IH IHC 3It
Dy \DC DIIOH8 O IOH8, IHC8C 3CIOIC 3HO IOXIC CHCDIC38 IH3I CODC
D3CK OOWH WIIH IHC t3IH . . . WHCHCC CODC8 IHI8 DID IH3I I8 CHOKIH_
ODt IIIC CHIOtCH WIIH 38IHD3 3HO COVCtIH_ ODt 8KIH WIIH
DOICHC8: YHO, DCyOHO QtIV3IC 3HO QDDIC QCt8OH8: YH3I, DCyOHO
CHOtDOD8 DCItOQOI8C8, COH8IOCtCO CIIHCt 38 3__tC_3\IOH8 O IHOI-
VIOD38 Ot 38 HCIwOtK8 O tC3IIOH8: LDt IOO8, ODt 3tD8, ODt
CDC3Cy, IH IHC CHO ODt tC38OH, 3DODI WHICH WCtC 8O C_IIID3ICy
V3IH. ODt D38ICty 3HO ODt QO88C88IOH8.
N38ICty 3HO QO88C88IOH! IHC8C 3tC IHC D38ICt WOtO8 3DHCHCO
Dy 1C8C3tIC8 3I IHC O3WH O IHC 8CICHDC 3HO ICCHHOO_IC3 3_C,
WHCH ODt YC8ICtH tC38OH WCHI O IO COHQDCt IHC DHIVCt8C. YC
OODIH3IC 3HO 3QQtOQtI3IC II. 8DCH I8 IHC 8H3tCO QHIO8OQHy DHOCt-
yIH_ IHOD8ItI3 CHICtQtI8C 38 WC 38 8O-C3CO OI8IHICtC8ICO 8CICHCC,
WHICH 3tC IHOI8IIH_DI8H3DC IH IHI8 tC8QCCI. L3tIC8I3H D38ICty
DtIH_8 8CICHCC8 ODjCCIIVC VIOCHCC IHIO IHC, D3KIH_ II 3 WC-COH-
ItOCO 8It3IC_y. LDt DHO3DCHI3 tC3IIOH8HIQ WIIH ODjCC\8 CODC8
OOWH IO W3t 3HO QtOQCtIy.
Y3t, LHCC /_3IH
HC 8DD IOI3 O H3tD IHIICICO OH IHC WOtO 8O 3t CQD38 IHC
t3V3_C8 3 WOtO W3t WODO H3VC CI DCHIHO. LDt QC3CCIIDC CCO-
HODIC tC3IIOH8, WOtKIH_ 8OWy 3HO COHIIHDOD8y, QtOODCC IHC
83DC tC8D\8 38 WODO 3 8HOtI _OD3 COHIICI, 38 I W3t HO OH_Ct
DCOH_CO IO 8OOICt8 3OHC HOW IH3I II I8 QtCQ3tCO 3HO W3_CO WIIH
OCVICC8 38 8CICHIIDC 38 IHO8C D8CO Dy CIVII3H8 IH tC8C3tCH 3HO IH-
OD8Ity. HtOD_H 3 KIHO O IHtC8HOO CCCI, IHC _tOWIH O ODt
DC3H8 D3KC8 3 CHO8 CQD3.
YC 8O-C3CO OCVCOQCO H3IIOH8 3tC HO OH_Ct D_H\IH_ 3DOH_
ODt8CVC8; IO_CIHCt WC 3tC 3 IDtHIH_ 3_3IH8I IHC WOtO. IICt3y
3 WOtO W3t, 3HO OODDy 8O, 8IHCC IHC WHOC WOtO, DC3HIH_ 3
DCH, IDQO8C8 O88C8 OH IHC WOtO, DC3HIH_ IHIH_8. YC 8H3 IHD8
8CCK IO COHCDOC 3 QC3CC ItC3Iy.
1ODIH3IC, DDI 38O ]csssss: IHC OIHCt DHO3DCHI3 tC3\IOH8HIQ
WC H3VC WIIH IHC IHIH_8 O IHC WOtO CODC8 OOWH IO QtOQCtIy
tI_HI8. 1C8C3tIC88 D38ICt WOtO 3DODHI8 IO IHC 3QQIC3IIOH O IHOI-
VIOD3 Ot COCCIIVC QtOQCtIy tI_HI8 IO 8CICHIIDC KHOWCO_C 3HO
ICCHHOO_IC3 IHICtVCH\IOH.
HC L!C3H 3HO IHC 1ItIy
Aatum/ Ccutzuct JJ
1VC OICH tCD3tKCO IH3I, jD8I 38 CCtI3IH 3HID3!8 QI88 OH IHCIt ICttI-
IOty 8O IH3I II 8I3y8 IHCIt8, D3Hy DCH D3tK 3HO OItJ IHC IHIH_8
IHCy OWH Dy 8HIIIIH_ OH IHCD, IH OtOCt IO KCCQ IHCD, Ot 8HII OH
OIHCt IHIH_8 IO D3KC IHCD IHCIt OWH. HI8 8ICtCOt3CCOD8 Ot CXCtC-
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WH3I WC C3!! QO!!D\IOH, WHICH, 3t tOD DCIH_ 3H 3CCIOCHI3! tC8D!I
O IHVO!DHI3ty 3CI8, tCVC3!8 OCCQ IHICHIIOH8 3HO 3 QtID3ty DOIIV3-
IIOH.
CI8 H3VC !DHCH IO_CIHCt. WHCH IHC 83!3O DOW! I8 Q388CO, 3!!
OHC O D8 H38 IO OO I8 8QII IH II 3HO II8 3!! HI8, 8IHCC HO OHC C!8C
WI!! W3HI 3Hy DOtC O II. C WI!! H3VC QO!!DICO IH3I OOD3IH 3HO
WC WI!! COH8IOCt OItIy IH3I WHICH, DCIH_ C!C3H OH!y IO HID, HC HOW
OWH8. O OHC C!8C VCHIDtC8 3_3IH IHIO IHC Q!3CC8 OCV38I3ICO Dy
WHOCVCt OCCDQIC8 IHCD IH IHI8 W3y. HD8 IHC 8D!!ICO WOt!O tCVC3!8
IHC D3tK O HDD3HIJ, IHC D3tK O I\8 OODIH3IOt8, IHC OD! 8I3DQ
O IHCIt HO!O 3HO IHCIt 3QQtOQtI3IIOH.
/ !IVIH_ 8QCCIC8, ODt8, I8 8DCCCCOIH_ IH CXC!DOIH_ 3!! IHC OIHCt8
tOD I\8 HICHC, WHICH I8 HOW _!OD3!. HOW COD!O OIHCt 8QCCIC8 C3I
Ot !IVC IH IH3I WHICH WC COVCt WIIH D!IH: 1 IHC 8OI!CO WOt!O I8 IH
O3H_Ct, II8 IHC tC8D!I O ODt CXC!D8IVC 3QQtOQtI3IIOH O IHIH_8.
bO Ot_CI IHC WOtO snuircnmsnt,CODDOH!y D8CO IH IHI8 COHICXI.
1I 388DDC8 IH3I WC HDD3H8 3tC 3I IHC CCHICt O 3 8y8ICD O H3IDtC.
HI8 IOC3 tCC3!!8 3 Dy_OHC Ct3, WHCH IHC L3tIH (HOW C3H OHC
ID3_IHC IH3I II D8CO IO tCQtC8CHI D8:}, Q!3CCO IH IHC CCHICt O IHC
WOt!O, tC1!CCICO ODt H3tCI88I8D, IHC HDD3HI8D IH3I D3KC8 O D8
IHC CX3CI DIOQOIHI Ot CXCC!!CHI CD!DIH3IIOH O 3!! IHIH_8. O. HC
L3tIH CXI8ICO WIIHODI ODt DHID3_IH3D!C 3HCC8IOt8, COD!O WC!! CXI8I
IOO3y WIIHODI D8, WI!! CXI8I IODOttOW Ot !3ICt 8II!!, WIIHODI 3Hy O
ODt QO88ID!C OC8CCHO3H\8, WHCtC38 WC C3HHOI CXI8I WIIHODI II. HD8
WC DD8I IHOCCO Q!3CC IHIH_8 IH IHC CCHICt 3HO D8 3I IHC QCtIQHCty,
Ot DCIICt 8II!!, IHIH_8 3!! 3tODHO 3HO D8 WIIHIH IHCD !IKC Q3t38IIC8.
OW OIO IHC CH3H_C O QCt8QCCIIVC H3QQCH: y IHC QOWCt 3HO
Ot IHC _!Oty O DCH.
VCVCI83!
HtOD_H ODt D38ICty, WC H3VC DCCODC 8O DDCH 3HO 8O !III!C D38-
ICt8 O IHC L3tIH IH3I II OHCC 3_3IH IHtC3ICH8 IO D38ICt D8 IH IDtH.
J1 7b Aatuzu/ Ccuttact
HtOD_H I\, WI\H I\, 3HO IH I\, WC 8H3tC OHC \CDQOt3 OC8\IHy. LVCH
DOtC \H3H WC QO88C88 I\, I\ WI QO88C88 D8, jD8\ 38 I\ OIO IH \HC Q38\,
WHCH OO HC6C88I\y, WHI6H 8DDDI\\CO D8 \O H3\Dt3 6OH8\t3IH!8, W38
8\I 3tODHO, DD\ I\ WI QO88C88 D8 OICtCH\y \H3H D36K \HCH. HCH
O63y, HOW _OD3y.
YHy DD8\ WC HOW 8CCK \O D38\Ct ODt D38\Cty: C63D8C, DHtC_D-
3\CO, CX6CCOIH_ I\8 QDtQO8C, 6ODH\CtQtOOD6\IVC, QDtC D38\Cty I8
\DtHIH_ D36K OH I\8C. HD8 OtDCt Q3t38I\C8 H3VC \O DC6ODC 8yD-
DIOH!8; \HC CX6C88C8 \HCy 6ODDI\\CO 3_3IH8\ \HCIt HO8!8 QD\ \HC
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QC3t, Ot 36K O 63ttICt8 Ot \HCIt QtOICt3\IOH.
O\ OHy I8 \HC HCW H3\DtC, 8D6H, _OD3, DD\ I\ tC36!8 _OD3y
\O ODt O63 36\IOH8.
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QO8CO Dy 1C863t\C88 QHIO8OQHy. C63D8C O \HC8C 6tO88CO IH\Ct36-
UOH8, D38\Cty OHy 38\8 Ot \HC 8HOt\ \CtD DCOtC \DtHIH_ IH\O
8CtVI\DOC; QtOQCt\y, 8IDI3ty, H38 3 t3QIO 386CHO3H6y Ot C8C CHO8
WI\H OC8\tD6\IOH.
HI8 I8 HI8\Oty8 DIDt63\IOH. CI\HCt OC3\H Ot 8yDDIO8I8.
YC\ \HI8 QHIO8OQHI63 6OH6D8IOH, OH6C KHOWH 3HO Qt36U6CO
Dy 3_t3tI3H 3HO D3tI\IDC 6D\DtC8, \HOD_H OH 3 O63 863C 3HO IH
H3ttOW \CDQOt3 IDI\8, WODO tCD3IH 3 OC3O C\\Ct I I\ WCtC HO\
IH86tIDCO IH 3W.
HC _DtI8\. HtCC L3W8 WI\HOD\ 3 YOtO
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\HC 6OC6\IVIIy \H3\ D3OC D8 \HC DCH WC 3tC. b\t3H_Cy 8ICH\ 3DOD\
\HC WOtO, \HI8 6OH\t36\, \HCy 83y, D3OC D8 C3VC \HC 8\3\C O H3\DtC
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OH_Ct tOO\CO IH 3Hy\HIH_ DD\ I!8 OWH HI8\Oty.
HI8 8ODHO8 IKC \HC O63 3HO HI8\OtI63 OC86tIQ\IOH O \HC tDt3
CXOOD8 \OW3tO \HC 6I\IC8. 1\ 6C3ty DC3H8 \H3\ tOD \H3\ QOIH\ OH
WC Ot_O\ \HC 3OtCDCH\IOHCO H3\DtC, WHI6H I8 HOW OI8\3H\, DD\C,
Aatuzu/ Ccutnct J^
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\CXI8, 3HO tOD QDDICIJ. y QDDICI\y 1 DC3H \HC C88CHCC O \HC
QDDIC, WHICH HCHCCOt\H COH8II\D\C8 \HC C88CHCC O DCH.
11b LN. HC 83DC QHIO8OQHCt8 C3 H3\Dt3 3W 3 COCC\IOH
O tDC8 83IO \O CXI8\ ODI8IOC O 3Hy OtDD3\IOH; DCIH_ DHIVCt83,
\HI8 3W WODO OOW tOD HDD3H H3\DtC. HC 8ODtCC O D3H-
D3OC 3W8, H3\Dt3 3W OOW8 tOD tC38OH IH38DDCH 38 tC38OH
_OVCtH8 3 DCH.
3\DtC I8 tCODCCO \O HDD3H H3\DtC, WHICH I8 tCODCCO \O CI\HCt
HI8\Oty Ot tC38OH. HC WOtO H38 OI83QQC3tCO. NOOCtH H3\Dt3 3W
I8 OI8IIH_DI8HCO tOD C388IC3 H3\Dt3 3W Dy \HI8 HDIDC3IIOH.
bC-IDQOt\3H\ DCH 3tC C\ WI\H \HCIt HI8\Oty 3HO \HCIt tC38OH.
LDtIOD8y, tC38OH 3CQDItC8 IH IHC C_3 8QHCtC 3 8I3\D8 QDI\C 8IDI3t
\O \HC OHC I\ H3O 3CQDItCO IH \HC 8CICHCC8. \HC 3W8 3tC 3 OH I\8
8IOC DCC3D8C I\ ODHO8 3W.
HC 1CC3t3IIOH O \HC VI_H\8 O N3H
1H t3HCC WC CCCDt3\CO \HC DICCH\CHHI3 O \HC VCVODIIOH, 3HO
3\ \HC 83DC IIDC, \H3\ O \HC 1CC3t3IIOH O \HC VI_HI8 O N3H.
HO8C tI_H\8, 3CCOtOIH_ \O \HC \CX\, I88DC CXQICIUy tOD H3\Dt3
3W.
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tCD3IH8 8ICH\ 3DOD\ I\. YC HO OH_Ct KHOW \HC WOtO DCC3D8C WC
H3VC COHQDCtCO I\. YHO tC8QCCI8 VICIID8: HC 3OtCDCH\IOHCO
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CDOCO, IVCO OD\OOOt8, ODI8IOC, 8DDDCt_CO WI\H 3 H3HO8 IH \HC
WIHO8 3HO t3IH, \HO8C Ot WHOD \HC IIDC O IC Q388IH_ W38 DODHO
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O 3 ID3_IH3DC W3t8 WHO OWHCO HO\HIH_.
NOHOQOIZCO Dy 8CICHCC 3HO Dy 3 \HC \CCHHOO_IC8 388OCI3\CO
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3 CODD3\ \H3\ H38 38\CO 8IHCC QtCHI8\Oty, DD\ IH3\ 8QCO DQ tCCH\-
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38 \HC tCVODIIOH WHO8C DICCH\CHHI3 WC CCCDt3\CO, \HC OHC \CCH-
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O \HC O8Ct8, Dy Ot3\IH_ \HC tI_H\8 O DCIH_8 WHO H3VC HOHC.
J6 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
YC CODCCIVC 3W 38 D38CO OD 3 C_3 8DDjCCI, WHO8C OCHDIIIOD H38
QtO_tC88IVCy DtO3OCDCO. 1D IHC Q38I DOI jD8I 3DyODC CODO 3II3ID
IHI8 8I3ID8. IHC 1CC3t3IIOD O IHC VI_HI8 O N3D 3DO O IHC LIIIZCD
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IHC 3W. HC 8OCI3 CODIt3CI W38 IHCtCDy CODQCICO, DDI CO8CO
DQOD II8C, C3VID_ IHC WOtO OD IHC 8IOCIDC8, 3D CDOtDOD8 COCC-
IIOD O IHID_8 tCODCCO IO IHC 8I3ID8 O Q388IVC ODjCCI8 IO DC 3QQtO-
QtI3ICO. DD3D tC38OD W38 O 3_C, CXICtD3 D3IDtC 3 DIDOt. HC
8DDjCCI O KDOWCO_C 3DO 3CIIOD CDjOy8 3 tI_HI8 3DO II8 ODjCCI8
DODC. HCy H3VC DOI yCI 3II3IDCO 3Dy C_3 OI_DIIy. YHICH I8 WHy,
8IDCC IH3I IIDC, 8CICDCC H38 3 IHC 3W8 OD II8 8IOC.
HD8 WC DCCC883tIy OOOD IHC IHID_8 O IHC WOtO IO OC8ItDC-
IIOD. N38ICtCO 3DO QO88C88CO, tOD IHC CQI8ICDOO_IC3 QOIDI O
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D8 38 HO8U, 3DO WIIHODI IHCD WC WODO OIC IODOttOW. LXCD8IVCy
8OCI3, ODt CODIt3CI I8 DCCODID_ QOI8ODOD8 Ot IHC QCtQCID3IIOD
O IHC 8QCCIC8, II8 _OD3 3DO ODjCCIIVC IDDOtI3IIy.
YH3I I8 D3IDtC: It8I, 3 IHC CODOIIIOD8 O HDD3D D3IDtC II8C,
II8 _OD3 COD8It3IDI8 O tCDItIH Ot CXIIDCIIOD, IHC HO8ICty IH3I
_IVC8 D8 OO_ID_, HC3I, 3DO OOO. DI D3IDtC 38O I3KC8 IHCD 3W3y
tOD D8 38 8OOD 38 WC 3DD8C IHCD. 1I IDDCDCC8 HDD3D D3IDtC,
WHICH, ID IDtD, IDDCDCC8 D3IDtC. 3IDtC DCH3VC8 38 3 8DDjCCI.
18C 3DO /DD8C. HC 3t38IIC
1D II8 VCty IC 3DO Dy II8 Qt3CIICC8, IHC Q3t38IIC tODIIDCy CODD8C8
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ID_ II8 HO8I, 8ODCIIDC8 WIIHODI 3Dy 3OV3DI3_C Ot II8C. HC Q3t3-
8IIC WODO OC8ItOy IHC HO8I WIIHODI tC3IZID_ II. CIIHCt D8C DOt
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3DO OCVODt8 IHCD. HC Q3t38IIC I8 3W3y8 3DD8IVC.
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jDOICI3, OD IHC OIHCt H3DO, IDVCDI8 3 OODDC, IWO-W3y 3ttOW IH3I
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Aatutu/ Ccuttuct J7
3\ C38\ IH QtIHCIQC, I\ OCHODHCC8 OHC-8IOCO COH\t3C\8, _I\8 WI\HOD\
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tI3 Ot 3QQtOQtI3\IOH, CVCH COCC\IVC 3QQtOQtI3\IOH. 3W \tIC8 \O
IDI\ 3DD8IVC Q3t38I\I8D 3DOH_ DCH DD\ OOC8 HO\ 8QC3K O \HI8
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3HO D3IH\3IHCO Dy tCI_IOH, 3W8, Ot QOI\IC8. D\ 8ODC\HIH_ I8
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IHO 3HO DD\C, H3\Dt3 3\3I\y HC_CC\CO, D3CK \HCH, \O 8I_H
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3tC 8DCICH\y 3VCH_CO Ot \HI8 3tCH3IC 3DD8C Dy 3 tCCIQtOC3 DOO-
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J8 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
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HI8 I8 \HC DO8\ _CHCt3 C_3 OtOCt Ot \HC DO8\ _OD3 8y8\CD8.
HC 3\Dt3 LOH\t3C\
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WOtOWIOC, \HC COCC\IVIIy IH\O \HC QHy8IC3. 1\8 3 DI\ IKC \HC Ct3
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\O OO WI\H \HC tCCCH\ Q3883_C tOD \HC OC3 \O \HC _OD3 3HO WI\H
ODt tCHCWCO tC3\IOH8HIQ \O \HC WOtO, WHICH W38 OH_ 3_O ODt
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QtOCIIy IH WHICH ODt tC3\IOH8HIQ \O \HIH_8 WODO 8C\ 38IOC D38\Cty
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8O OOIH_, IH3I 1 W38 OCDHIH_ IOO3y8 QOIIIC3 8CICHCC, _COQOIIIC8
IH IHC 8CH8C O IHC tC3 L3tIH, QHy8IOQOIIIC8 IH IHC 8CH8C IH3I IHC
IH8IIIDIIOH8 IH3I _tODQ8 CtC3IC WI HCHCCOtIH OCQCHO OH CXQICII
COHIt3CI8 COHCDOCO WIIH IHC H3IDt3 WOtO. HC H3IDt3 WOtO
WI HCVCt 3_3IH DC ODt QtOQCtIy, CIIHCt QtIV3IC Ot CODDOH, DDI
ODt 8yDDIOHI.
I8IOty, 3HCW
OWCVCt DyIHIC3 II D3y DC, IHC 8OCI3 COHIt3CI IHD8 D3tK8 IHC
DC_IHHIH_ O 8OCICIIC8. CC3D8C O 8ODC HCCO8 Ot OIHCt, _IVCH DCH
OCCIOC, OH 3 _IVCH O3y, IO IVC IO_CIHCt 3HO IHD8 IO jOIH OtCC8;
8IHCC IH3I IIDC, WC HO OH_Ct KHOW HOW IO OO WIIHODI OHC 3H-
OIHCt. YHCH, HOW, WHy IHI8 COHIt3CI W38~Ot W38 HOI~8I_HCO, WC
OO HOI KHOW 3HO WI OODD\C88 HCVCt KHOW. YH3I OOC8 II D3IICt:
bIHCC IH3I C_CHO3ty IIDC, WC H3VC DD\IQICO IHC HDDDCt O
C_3 COHIt3CI8. YC C3HI OCCIOC WHCIHCt IDC8C COHIt3CI8 WCtC C8-
Aatun/ Ccutzuct 1^
I3DI8HCO OH IHC DOOC O IHC Dt8I OHC, Ot WHCIHCt WC ID3_IHC IHC
DCIIOH O IHC OtI_IH3t COHIt3CI OH IHC DOOC O IHC 8I3HO3tO
COHIt3CI8 8CIICO Dy ODt 3W8. /_3IH, WH3I OOC8 II D3IICt:
DI IHC8C 3W8 H3O 3HO H3VC IHC _CHID8 O OCIDIIIH_ ODjCCI8,
WHICH 3tC 3IItIDDI3DC Dy IHC8C 3W8 IO 8DDjCCI8 IHC 3W8 38O OCDHC.
YC ID3_IHC IH3I IHC 8OCI3 COHIt3CI jOIHCO IO_CIHCt, QDtCy 3HO
8IDQy, D3tC IHOIVIOD38, WHCtC38 3W8, 8IHCC IHCy IHVOVC C38C8 3HO
C3D8C8 3HO tCCO_HIZC IHC CXI8ICHCC O IHIH_8, IHIC_t3IC IHIH_8 IHIO
8OCIC!y. 3W8 IHD8 8IC3Oy 8OCIC!y Dy D8IH_ QOHOCtOD8 ODjCC\8 IO
WCI_H OOWH DCKC 8DDjCC\8 3HO IHCIt DH8I3DC tC3IIOH8HIQ8. O
HDD3H COCCIIVIJ CXI8I8 WIIHODI IHIH_8; HDD3H tC3IIOH8 _O
IHtOD_H IHIH_8, ODt tC3IIOH8 IO IHIH_8 _O IHtOD_H DCH. IHI8 I8 IHC
8I_HIy DOtC 8I3DC 8Q3CC OC8CtIDCO Dy 3W8. bODCIIDC8 1 ID3_IHC
IH3I IHC Dt8I C_3 ODjCCI W38 IHC COtO, IHC DOHO, /isnIH tCHCH,
WHICH WC tC3O OHy 3D8It3CIy IH IHC ICtD8 c//igaticn3HO adian,
DDI DOtC COHCtCICy IH attac/msnt, 3 COtO IH3I D3ICtI3IZC8 ODt
tC3IIOH8 Ot CH3H_C8 IHCD IHIO IHIH_8. 1 ODt tC3IIOH8 IDCID3IC,
IHI8 8OIOIDC3IIOH 8CIIC8 IHCD.
38CO OH IHC DOOC O IHO8C COHIt3CI8, 3 HCW COCCIIVIJ jOIHCO
IO_CIHCt, IHI8 IIDC OH KHOWH HI8IOtIC3 O3IC8, IO 8I3DIIZC ODjCCI8
DCIICt 8II. HC COHIt3CI O 8CICHIIDC ItDIH 8yHIHC8IZC8 3H CXCD-
8IVCy IHICt8DDjCCIIVC 8OCI3 COHIt3CI O COH8I3HI tCCIQtOC3 8DtVCI-
3HCC 3HO 3_tCCDCHI IH tC3 IIDC 3DODI WH3I II I8 3QQtOQtI3IC IO
83y 3HO OO, WIIH 3 ItDy jDtIOIC3 COHIt3CI OCDHIH_ CCtI3IH ODjCCI8,
3HO 8QCCIJIH_ CODQCICHCIC8, CXQCtIDCHI3 QtOCCODtC8, 3HO IHC
3H3yIIC3 3IItIDDIIOH O QtOQCtIIC8. HCH IHIH_8 _t3OD3y C3VC
IHC HC!WOtK O ODt tC3IIOH8 IO I3KC OH 3 CCtI3IH IHOCQCHOCHCC;
ItDIH OCD3HO8 IH3I WC 8QC3K O IHIH_8 38 H WC WCtC HOI IHCtC. /
8CICHCC, tOD II8 IHCCQIIOH, IHOI88ODDy 388OCI3IC8 IHC COCCIIVI!y
3HO IHC WOtO, IHC 3CCOtO 3HO IHC ODjCCI O 3CCOtO.
HC COHIt3CID3 3CI D3KC8 IHC8C IHtCC !yQC8 O 388OCI3IIOH (8O-
CI3, C_3, 3HO 8CICHIIDC} tC8CDDC OHC 3HOIHCt, CVCH IHOD_H IHC
8OCI3 COHIt3CI I8 _OD3y COCCIIVC, IHC IHOD83HO V3tICUC8 O 3W
OI8QCt8C 388OCI3IIOH IHIO 3 IHOD83HO 8DD_tODQ8, 3HO 8CICHIIDC COH-
It3CI8 3tC 3I OHCC OC3 3HO _OD3. DI IHC tC3IIOH8 O IHC8C 388O-
CI3IIOH8 IO ODjCCI8 OI8IIH_DI8H IHCD. HC WOtO, WHICH I8 IOI3y
3D8CHI tOD IHC 8OCI3 COHIt3CI, 38 tOD IHC 8OCI3 8CICHCC8, I8
8OWy QCtDC3IIH_ COCCIIVC OCCI8IOH8. IHtOD_H C3D8C8 IH3I H3VC
16 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
DCCODC \HIH_8, \HCH \HtOD_H \HC C3D83IIy O \HIH_8 \HCD8CVC8.
LHy DI\ Dy DI\ OOC8 \HC WOtO D3KC I\8 W3y IH\O \HC8C COCC\IVI\IC8.
OW CW QHIO8OQHIC8 COHCCIVC \HC COCC\IVIIy 38 IVIH_ IH \HC
_OD3 WOtO!
tOD HOW OH 1 DC3H Dy H3\Dt3 COH\t3C\ 3DOVC 3 \HC QtCCI8Cy
DC\3QHy8IC3 tCCO_HI\IOH, Dy C3CH COCC\IVIIy, \H3\ I\ IVC8 3HO
WOtK8 IH \HC 83DC _OD3 WOtO 38 3 \HC O\HCt8; HO\ OHy CVCty
QOI\IC3 COCC\IVIJ jOIHCO Dy 3 8OCI3 COH\t3C\ DD\ 38O CVCty O\HCt
KIHO O COCC\IVIIy~DII\3ty, CODDCtCI3, tCI_IOD8, IHOD8\tI3,
3HO 8O OH~OIHCO Dy 3 C_3 COH\t3C\, 3HO 38O \HC COCC\IVIIy O
CXQCt\8 jOIHCO Dy \HC 8CICH\IDC COH\t3C\. 1 C3 \HC H3\Dt3 COH\t3C\
DC\3QHy8IC3 DCC3D8C I\ _OC8 DCyOHO \HC OtOIH3ty IDI\3\IOH8 O
\HC V3tIOD8 OC3 8QCCI3\IC8, QHy8IC8 IH Q3t\ICD3t. 1\ I8 38 _OD3
38 \HC 8OCI3 COH\t3C\ 3HO IH 3 W3y D3KC8 \HC 8OCI3 COH\t3C\ CH\Ct
\HC WOtO, 3HO I\ I8 38 WOtOWIOC 38 \HC 8CICH\IDC COH\t3C\ 3HO IH 3
W3y D3KC8 \HC 8CICH\IDC COH\t3C\ CH\Ct HI8\Oty.
NIt\D3 3HO DH8I_HCO IKC \HC Dt8\ \WO COH\t3C\8, 8IHCC I\ 8CCD8
\H3\ \HC _tC3\ DHO3DCH\3 COH\t3C\8 tCD3IH \3CI\, \HC H3\Dt3
COH\t3C\ tCCO_HIZC8 3HO 3CKHOWCO_C8 3H CQDIIDtIDD DCIWCCH
ODt CDttCH\ QOWCt 3HO \HC OtCC8 O \HC WOtO. _D8\ 38 \HC 8OCI3
COH\t3C\ tCCO_HIZC8 8ODC CQD3IIy DC\WCCH I\8 HDD3H 8I_H3\OtIC8,
jD8\ 38 \HC V3tIOD8 C_3 COH\t3C\8 8CCK \O D33HCC \HC IH\CtC8\8 O
\HC Q3t\IC8, 3HO jD8\ 38 \HC 8CICH\IDC COH\t3C\ CtC3\C8 3H ODI_3\IOH
\O tCQ3y IH tC38OH WH3\ I8 tCCCIVCO IH IHOtD3\IOH, 8O \HC H3\Dt3
COH\t3C\ 3CKHOWCO_C8 3DOVC 3 \HC HCW CQD3IIy DCIWCCH \HC
OtCC O ODt _OD3 IH\CtVCH\IOH8 3HO \HC _OD3IJ O \HC WOtO.
HC \HIH_ \H3\ 8\3DIIZC8 ODt tC3\IOH8 3HO \H3\ 8CICHCC DC38DtC8
tCD3IH8 OC3, C3tVCO DQ, IDI\CO; 3W 3HO QHy8IC8 OCDHC I\. OO3y
I\ I8 _tOWIH_ \O \HC OIDCH8IOH8 O \HC L3t\H.
IH3y, \HC 8CICH\IDC \tD\H COH\t3C\ 8DCCCCO8 DtII3HUy IH 8HOW-
IH_ D8 \HC ODjCC\S QOIH\ O VICW, 38 I\ WCtC, jD8\ 38 \HC O\HCt
COH\t3C\8 8HOWCO D8, Dy \HC DOHO Ot I_3\DtC O \HCIt ODI_3\IOH8,
8O \O 8QC3K, \HC QOIH\ O VICW O \HC O\HCt Q3t\HCt8 IH \HC 3CCOtO.
HC H3\Dt3 COH\t3C\ C3O8 D8 \O COH8IOCt \HC WOtO8 QOIH\ O VICW
IH I\8 \O\3IIy.
/Hy COH\t3C\ CtC3\C8 3 COCC\IOH O DOHO8, WHO8C HCUOtK C3H-
OHIZC8 tC3\IOH8; \OO3y H3\DtC I8 OCDHCO Dy 3 8C\ O tC3\IOH8 WHO8C
HC\WOtK DHIDC8 \HC WHOC L3t\H. HC H3\Dt3 COH\t3C\ COHHCC\8
\HC 8CCOHO 3HO Dt8\ HCIWOtK8 IH\O OHC.
HC VCI_IOD8
Aatun/ Ccutzuct 17
YC 3tC COH8I3HIy O8IH_ ODt DCDOty O IHC 8It3H_C 3CI8 IH3I
QtIC8I8 D8CO IO Qt3CIICC 3OHC IH 8ODDCt 3HO 8CCtCI HOOK8, WHCtC
IHCy WODO OtC88 IHC 8I3IDC O 3 _OO, 3OOtH II, tC3Oy II, t3I8C II DQ
Ot !3KC II ODI, QtCQ3tC 3 DC3 Ot II 3HO I3K IO II COH8I3HIy. HCy
WODO OO IHI8 CVCty O3y 3HO CVCty HI_HI, 3I O3WH 3HO 3I OD8K,
WHCH IHC 8DH 3HO IHC 8H3OC tC3CHCO IHCIt 3QO_CC. YCtC IHCy
3t3IO IH3I 3 8IH_C Q3D8C IH IHI8 COHIIHDOD8, IHDHIIC DQKCCQ 3HO
COHVCt83IIOH WODO OQCH IHC OOOt IO ItCDCHOOD8 COH8CQDCHCC8:
/DHC8I3C8 IH3I WC 3tC, WC DCICVC IH3I IHCy 3OOtCO IHC _OO Ot
_OOOC88 8CDQICO IH 8IOHC Ot WOOO. O. IHCy WCtC _IVIH_ IO IHC
IHIH_ II8C, D3tDC Ot DtOHZC, IHC QOWCt O 8QCCCH, Dy COHCttIH_
OH II IHC 3QQC3t3HCC O 3 HDD3H DOOy CHOOWCO WIIH 3 VOICC. bO
IHCy DD8I H3VC DCCH CCCDt3IIH_ IHCIt Q3CI WIIH IHC WOtO.
IKCWI8C WC 3tC Ot_CIIIH_ WHy IHC CHCOICIIHC DOHK8 _CI DQ
DCOtC O3WH IO 8IH_ D3IIH8 3HO 3DO8, IHC DIHOt HODt8 O QtIDC,
ICtCC, 3HO 8CXI, Ot QDI O IHCIt tC8I DHII 3IC IHIO IHC HI_HI IH
OtOCt IO CH3HI 3_3IH, 3I CODQIHC. YC OOHI tCDCDDCt IHC8C
HCCC883ty Qt3yCt8 Ot IHC8C QCtQCID3 tIIC8. /HO yCI HOI 3t tOD D8,
t3QQI8I8 3HO L3tDCIIC8 8II 83y IHC OIVIHC ODCC WIIHODI tC8QIIC.
HCy 3tC HOI OOWIH_ IIDC, DDI 8D8I3IHIH_ II. HCIt 8HODOCt8
3HO IHCIt VOICC8, tOD DIDIC3 VCt8C8 IO OtI8OH8, DC3t C3CH DIHDIC
IHIO IHC HCXI IHtOD_HODI ODt3IIOH, WHICH I8 t3_IC 3HO WODO
DtC3K WIIHODI IHCD. /HO WHO, COHVCt8Cy, COHVIHCC8 D8 IH3I IHCtC
3tC HO _3Q8 IH IHC IHtC3O8 Ot 3DtIC8 O IIDC: 13y 3HO HI_HI,
CHCOQC HCVCt CI HCt OOD. 1H IHC 83DC W3y, tCI_IOH QtC88C8,
8QIH8, KHOI8, 388CDDC8, _3IHCt8, DIHO8, COHHCCI8, II8 DQ, tC3O8, Ot
8IH_8 IHC CCDCHI8 O IIDC. HC ICtD rs/igicnCXQtC88C8 CX3CIy IHI8
It3jCCIOty, IHI8 tCVICW Ot QtOOH_IH_ WHO8C OQQO8IIC I8 C3CO HC_I-
_CHCC, IHC HC_I_CHCC IH3I IHCC883HIy O8C8 IHC DCDOty O IHC8C
8It3H_C 3CIIOH8 3HO WOtO8.
HC C3tHCO 83y IH3I IHC WOtO tCI_IOH CODO H3VC IWO 8ODtCC8
Ot OtI_IH8. /CCOtOIH_ IO IHC Dt8I, II WODO CODC tOD IHC 3!IH
VCtD rs/igars, IO 3II3CH. 1OC8 tCI_IOH DIHO D8 IO_CIHCt, OOC8 II
388DtC IHC DOHO O IHI8 WOtO IO 3HOIHCt: /CCOtOIH_ IO IHC 8CCOHO
OtI_IH, WHICH I8 DOtC QtOD3DC, IHOD_H HOI CCtI3IH, 3HO tC3ICO
IO IHC Dt8I OHC, II WODO DC3H IO 388CDDC, _3IHCt, II DQ, It3VCt8C,
Ot tCtC3O.
18 7b Aatuzc/ Ccutzcct
But thcy ncvcr say what suo!imc word our !anguagc oQQoscs
to thc rc!igious, in ordcr to dcny it: nsg/igsn.Vhocvcr has no
rc!igion shou!d not oc ca!!cd an athcist or unoc!icvcr, out ncg!i-
gcnt.
Jhc notion o! ncg!igcncc makcs it Qossio!c to undcrstand our
timc and our wcathcr.
n thc tcmQ!cs o! LgyQt, Grcccc, or a!cstinc, our anccstors,
oc!icvc, uscd to sustain timc, as i! thcy wcrc anxious aoout Qossio!c
gaQs. Hcrc wc arc today, worricd aoout disastcrs in thc acria!
Qrotcctivc !aoric that guarantccs not timc Qassing, out thc
wcathcr. Jhcy uscd to conncct, asscmo!c, gathcr, !i!t uQ, ncvcr
ccasing a!! day !ong, !ikc monks. ^d what i! it turcd out that
human history and tradition cxist simQ!y occausc mcn dcvotcd to
thc !ongcst tcrm conccivao!c havc ncvcr stoQQcd scwing timc oack
togcthcr:
Modcrity ncg!ccts, sQcaking in aoso!utc tcrms. t cannot and
wi!! not think or act toward thc g!ooa!, whcthcr tcmQora! or sQa-
tia!.
Jhrough cxc!usivc!y socia! contracts, wc havc aoandoncd thc
oond that connccts us to thc wor!d, thc onc that oinds thc tmc
Qassing and t!owing to thc wcathcr outsidc, thc oond that rc!atcs
thc socia! scicnccs to thc scicnccs o! thc univcrsc, history to gcog-
raQhy, !aw to naturc, Qo!itics to Qhysics, thc oond that a!!ows our
!anguagc to communicatc with mutc, Qassivc, ooscurc things
things that, occausc o! our cxccsscs, arc rccovcring voicc, Qrcs-
cncc, activity, !ight. Vc can no !ongcr ncg!cct this oond.
Vhi!c wc uncasi!y await a sccond !ood, can wc Qracticc a di!i-
gcnt rc!igion o! thc wor!d:
5omc organisms, it is said, disaQQcarcd !rom thc !acc o! thc
Larth as a rcsu!t o! thcir cnormous sizc. Jhis sti!! astonishcs us,
that thc oiggcst things shou!d oc thc wcakcst, !ikc thc who!c Larth,
Man as mcga!oQo!is or Bcing-cvcrywhcrc, cvcn God. Having !ong
cn]oycd thc dcath o! thcsc grand and !ragi!c cntitics, Qhi!osoQhy
today is taking rc!ugc in sma!! dctai!s, which givc it a scnsc o!
sccurip.
Vhosc di!igcnt shou!dcrs can hcncc!orth sustain this immcnsc
and hssurcd sky, which wc !car, !or thc sccond timc in a !ong
history, wi!! !a!! on our hcads:
ovc
Aatuzu/ Ccutnct 1
Vithout !ovc, thcrc arc no tics or a!!ianccs. Hcrc, hna!!y, arc thc
two douo!c !aws.
ovc onc anothcr, this is our hrst !aw. or two thousand ycars,
this is thc on!y onc that has occn ao!c to hc!Q us avoid, at !cast !or
a !cw momcnu, hc!! on carth. Jhis contractua! oo!igation is di-
vidcd into a !oca! !aw asking us to !ovc our ncighoors and a g!ooa!
!aw rcguiring us to !ovc at !cast humanity, i! wc do not oc!icvc in
a God.
t is imQossio!c to scQaratc thc two QrcccQts, undcr Qcna!p o!
hatrcd. oving on!y onc's ncighoors or onc's own kind !cads to
thc tcam, thc scct, to gangstcrism and racism, !oving mcn as a
grouQ, whi!c cxQ!oiting onc's ncighoors and kin, is thc tyQica!
hyQocrisy o! Qrcachy mora!ists.
Jhis hrst !aw rcmains si!cnt aoout mountains and !akcs, !or it
sQcaks to mcn aoout mcn as i! thcrc wcrc no wor!d.
Hcrc thcn is thc sccond !aw, which asks us to !ovc thc wor!d. Jhis
contractua! oo!igation is dividcd into thc o!d !oca! !aw that at-
tachcs us to thc ground whcrc our anccstors !ic, and a ncw g!ooa!
Iaw that no !cgis!ator, as !ar as know, has yct writtcn, which
rcguircs o! us thc univcrsa! !ovc o! thc Qhysica! Larth.
t is imQossio!c to scQaratc thc two QrcccQts, undcr Qcna!ty o!
hatrcd. oving thc who!c Larth whi!c !aying wastc thc ncighooring
!andscaQc, this is thc tyQica! hyQocrisy o! mora!ists who rcstrict thc
!aw to mcn and to !anguagc, which mcn a!onc usc and mastcr,
!oving on!y onc's own !and !cads to incxQiao!c wars causcd oy thc
Qassions o! oc!onging.
Vc uscd to know how to !ovc our ncighoor somctimcs, and
o!tcn thc !and, wc havc !carncd with dimcu!p to !ovc humanity,
which was oncc so aostract, out which wc arc starting to cncountcr
morc !rcgucnt!y, now wc must !carn and tcach around us thc !ovc
o! thc wor!d, or o! our Larth, which wc can hcncc!orth contcm-
Q!atc as a who!c.
ovc our two !athcrs, natura! and human, thc !and and thc
ncighoor, !ovc humanity, our human mothcr, and our natura!
mothcr, thc Larth.
^0 7b Aatun/ Ccuttact
t is imQossio!c to scQaratc thcsc two douo!c !aws, undcr Qcna!ty
o! hatrcd. Jo dc!cnd thc !and, wc havc attackcd, hatcd, and ki!!cd
so many mcn that somc o! thcm camc to oc!icvc that thcsc ki!!ings
wcrc thc motor o! history. Lonvcrsc!y, to dc!cnd or attack othcr
mcn, wc havc !aid wastc thc !andscaQc without thinking aoout it,
and wc wcrc QrcQaring to dcstroy thc who!c Larth. 5o thc two
contractua! oo!igations, socia! and natura!, havc thc samc so!idar-
ity ocnccn thcm as that which oinds mcn to thc wor!d and thc
wor!d to mcn.
Jhus thcsc two !aws makc uQ on!y onc, which is inscQarao!c
!rom ]usticc, at oncc natura! and human. Jogcthcr thcsc !aws ask
cach o! us to Qass !rom thc !oca! to thc g!ooa!, a dimcu!t and oad!y
markcd trai!, out onc that wc must o!azc. Icvcr !orgct thc Q!acc
!rom which you dcQart, out !cavc it ochind and]oin thc univcrsa!.
ovc thc oond that unitcs your Q!ot o! carth with thc Larth, thc
oond that makcs kin and strangcr rcscmo!c cach othcr.
cacc thcn octwccn thc !ricnds o! !orms and thc sons o! thc
Larth, octwccn thosc who Qronouncc thc !aw and thosc who arc
attachcd to thc !and, Qcacc ocnccn thc scQaratcd orothcrs, oc-
twccn thc idca!ists o! !anguagc and thc rca!ists o! things thcm-
sc!vcs, and !ct thcm !ovc onc anothcr.
Jhcrc is nothing rca! out !ovc, and no othcr !aw.
bCICDCC, 13w
Crigins
Lb N1. Jhc hrst !aws on Larth. Givcn norma! wcathcr, thc
Ii!c's t!oods suomcrgcd thc oordcrs o! ti!!ao!c hc!ds in thc a!!uvia!
va!!cy !crti!izcd oy thc grcat rivcr. ^t thc rcturn o! !ow watcr, roya!
omcia!s ca!!cd /arsdcna]tai, who wcrc survcyors or gcomctcrs,
mcasurcd ancw thc !and mixcd with mud and si!t to rcdistrioutc
or attrioutc its Qarts. i!c got going again. Lvcryonc wcnt homc
to gct oack to work.
!oods takc thc wor!d oack to disordcr, to Qrima! chaos, to timc
zcro, right oack to naturc, in thc scnsc o! things aoout to oc oorn,
in a nasccnt statc. Lorrcct mcasurcmcnt rcordcrs naturc and givcs
it a ncw oirth into cu!turc, at !cast in thc agricu!tura! scnsc. ! thcsc
cvcnts givc oirth to gcomctry, as Hcrodotus, who tc!!s this story o!
cmcrgcncc, suggcsts, thcn gcomctry has thc Qowcr o! ocginning,
!or thc origins o! gcomctry arc !css imQortant than thc gcomctry
o! origins.
n anothcr contcxt, it is writtcn in Gcncsis that God dividcd thc
dry !and !rom thc Qrimordia! watcrs and gavc it !orm. ^t thc
ocginning o! timc, in thc samc way, thc t!ood's chaotic huoouo is
!o!!owcd oy Qartition: thc conditions o! dchnition, mcasurcmcnt,
and cmcrgcncc aQQcar togcthcr, dcQarting !rom chaos. "OcQar-
turc, which mcans ocginning, a!so mcans Qartition, as wish to
dcmonstratc.
Occiding on markcrs and oordcrs indccd aQQcars to oc a mo-
^1
^2 7| Aatuta/ Ccutnct
mcnt o! origin, without such dccisions, thcrc is no oasis scparatc
!rom thc dcscrt, no c!caring in thc !orcst whcrc pcasants sct thcm-
sc!vcs to !arming, no sacrcd or pro!anc spacc, iso!atcd !rom cach
othcr oy pricst!y gcsturc, no dchnition cnc!osing a domain, and
thcrc!orc no prccisc !anguagc on which to agrcc, nor any !ogic,
and hna!!y, no gcomctry.
But, sti!! morc origina!!y, who makcs this dccision: Jhc tcrm
dscisicna!so cxprcsscs cutting, thc crcation o! an cdgc.
^ssigning !imits stops disputcs among ncighoors, thc right o!
propcrty, thc right to cnc!osc prccisc!y a p!ot o! ground and attri-
outc it to somconc, givcs risc to somc civi! and privatc !aw. Morc-
ovcr, thc samc dc!imitation oy markcrs pcrmits thc roya! cadastrc
to put cach pcrson in his p!acc and to asscss thc various taxcs,
which givcs risc to puo!ic and hsca! !aw. Vithout appcaring cx-
prcss!y in thc Histcrisso! Hcrodotus, !aws pro!i!cratc in this origin
!cgcnd, and thcsc !aws a!onc makc dccisions and dividc thc hc!ds,
whocvcr thc physica! pcrson isthc haraoh's cnvoy, thc mystcri-
ous /aqsdcna]tss-who actua!!y rcstorcs thc hc!ds to thcir owncrs.
Vho dccidcs: Jhc !cgis!ator or whocvcr dictatcs thc !aw and has
it app!icd.
5o this is thc pcrson who carrics out thc !oundationa! act that
givcs oirth to gcomctry, which wi!! thcn producc a ncw agrccmcnt
among thosc who do proo!s, as i! accuracy or ]ustncss surpasscd
cvcn ]usticc in its succcss. But ]usticc, on this scorc, camc oc!orc
]ustncss, and idcntihcd ]ustncss with itsc!!. Bc!orc thc scicntihc
conscnsus on thc prccision o! thc cut or thc nccd !or proo!, a !cga!
contract imposcs itsc!! and hrst orings cvcryonc conccrncd to an
accord.
But, oncc again, sincc thc t!ood crascd thc !imits and markcrs
o! ti!!ao!c hc!ds, propcrtics disappcarcd at thc samc timc. Kcturn-
ing to thc now chaotic tcrrain, thc /ar]sdcna]taircdistrioutc thcm
and thus givc ncw oirth to !aw, which had occn crascd. aw rcap-
pcars at thc samc timc gcomctry, or rathcr, ooth arc oorn a!ong
with thc notion o! !imit, cdgc, and dchniton, with ana!ytic
thought. Jhc dchnition o! prccisc !orm imp!ics propcrtics: !or
gcomctry, thosc o! thc sguarc or thc para!!c!ogram, !or !aw, it
imp!ics thc proprictor. ^na!ytic thought takcs root in thc samc
word and thc samc opcration, !rom which grow two oranchcs,
scicncc and !aw.
Jhc /ar]sdcna]tss or survcyor draws, ho!ds, and tics thc cord,
Scieuce, Law ^J
his mystcrious titIc can oc orokcn down into no words, a noun
cxQrcssing thc oond and a vcro dcnoting his act o! attaching it.
n thc ocginning is this cord. Jhc onc, !or cxamQIc, that in a
tcmQIc scQaratcs thc sacrcd and thc Qro!anc. Jhc onc cvokcd oy
thc word ccntnct.
Jhc hrst Qricst hoIding this Qiccc o! string who, having cn-
cIoscd a QIot o! ground, !ound his ncighoors satishcd with thc
oordcrs o! thcir common cncIosurc, was thc truc !oundcr o! ana-
Iytic thought, and thcncc o! Iaw and gcomctry. Jhat is so occausc
o! thc Qcrmancncc o! thc contract, concIudcd !or a vcry Iong timc
Qcriod, occausc o! thc cxactitudc and rigor o! thc out!inc, and
occausc o! thc corrcsQondcncc octwccn thc outIinc's Qrccision
and thc contract's staoiIity. Jhc contract is a Qact that occomcs aII
thc octtcr as its tcrms arc rchncd, as vaIucs arc hxcd, as Qortions
arc cxactIy dcIimitcd. Jhcsc rcguisitcs charactcrizc thc contract
dchncd oy thc ]urist no Icss than thc onc !rom which scicncc is
oorn. rom this simiIarity wc gct thc douoIc usc o! thc tcrms
attn/uand ]rc].
Gcomctry in thc Grcck manncr gocs oack to thc LgyQtian maat.
Jhis word signihcs truth, Iaw, cthics, mcasurc, and Qortion, thc
ordcr that comcs out o! disordcrcd mixturc, a ccrtain OaIancc o!
]ustncss and ]usticc, thc smooth rcctitudc o! a QIanc. ! somc LgQ-
tian chronicIcr, and not Hcrodotus, had writtcn this story, wc
wouId havc concIudcd that this was thc oirth o! Iaw, !or it is as H
a singIc Qroccss o! thc cmcrgcncc o! ordcr, which thc LyQtians
had occn oricnting toward IcgaI Qrocccdings, had occn drawn
toward scicncc oy thc Grccks.
aw Qrcccdcs scicncc and QcrhaQs cngcndcrs it, or rathcr, a
common origin, aostract and sacrcd, ]oins thcm. Bc!orchand, onIy
thc dcIugc is imaginaoIc, thc grcat QrimaI or rccursivc rising o!
watcrs, thc chaos that mixcs thc things o! thc worId-causcs,
!orms, attrioutions-and that con!ounds suo]ccts.
Jhis sounds ]ust Iikc thc QrooIcms wc havc today.
Jhus was concIudcd a sociaI contract-wiII wc cvcr oc surc o!
this:-out o! which QoIitics and Iaws wcrc oor. Jhis contract may
oc a mythic or aostract notion or cvcnt, out it is !undamcntaI and
indisQcnsaoIc to undcrstanding how thc ooIigations that oind us
to onc anothcr wcrc oorn, assuming that wc don't want to scc
thcm as oorn o! originaI sin or o! our vcry naturc. Jhc cord o! thc
^1 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
contract camc oc!orc thc cord o! oo!igations. t is said that thc
socia! contract !ormcd a!! traditiona! socictics, inc!udng thc onc
wc'rc !iving in.
/ sccond contract !oundcd a tota!!y ncw socicty, which must
havc occn oorn in Grcccc, hvc ccnturics oc!orc Lhrist, or sti!!
car!icr in thc Ii!c va!!cy, and which orought togcthcr somc QcoQ!c
whosc gua!itics wc can't rca!!y dchncQricsts, omcia!s, ]urists:
oy rcguiring thcm to oow to thc ncccssity o! cxact mcasurc and
thcn o! QrooI. ^!! scicnccs !o!!owcd !rom this contract, ]ust as
socictcs wcrc oorn o! thc hrst onc.
^ !ong as it conccrncd on!y mathcmatics, thc sccond Qact
didn't di!!cr much !rom thc hrst, !or it was simQ!y an agrccmcnt
in which a common dccision cou!d givc oirth Qcr!ormativc!y, oy
ocing statcd, to thc mattcr in gucstion. ^ soon as wc ooth want
this to oc my QroQcrty and that to oc yours, it is immcdiatc!y so.
n mathcmatics, thc contract gocs on!y s!ight!y !urthcr, wc havc
to agrcc on thc QroQcrtics o! a statcmcnt or a gcomctric hgurc,
and whcrcas a statcmcnt can indccd dcQcnd on our dccision
a!onc, a hgurc ochavcs !ikc an oo]cct indcQcndcnt o! us. Jhis
nccd !or agrccmcnt aoout QroQcrtics is ochind 5ocratcs' rca!-tmc
dcmand to his Qartncrs in dia!oguc, which wc hnd so tircsomc,
conccrning cvcry sing!c word and thing. n !act, hc's rcguiring
that thcy continua!!y sign this sort o! contract, which undcr!ics, in
minutcst dctai!, !ato's dia!ogucs.
Jhc scicnthc socicty, or thc Qhi!osoQhic socicty o! o!d, is oor
o! thcsc intcrminao!c signaturcs, without which no dcoatc cou!d
takc Q!acc. But, on thc othcr hand, this socicty can on!y oc oorn
in oQQosition to traditiona! socicty, as i! thc ncw contract didn' t
usc thc samc tcrms as thc o!d. Jhc connccton that oo!igatcs us
can go ocyond us, as do thc hgurc and its QroQcrtics. ^ a rcsu!t,
a!most a!! thc signatorics o! thc scicntihc Qact, wc sha!! scc, aQQcar
oc!orc courts !oundcd oy thc socia! contract, c!aiming that thc o!d
Qact has no ]urisdiction in thc ncw dccisions. Jhcrc cxists anothcr
wor!d, that o! mathcmatcs !or cxamQ!c, which gocs ocyond thc
Qcr!ormatvc domain.
Jhc Qroo! oy contradiction, or rsductic ad a|surdum, thc hrst
Qroo! that can oc sad to oc conc!usivc, un!o!ds !kc an advcrsaria!
tria!, in which, Qrior to thc ]udgmcnt, a ccrtain thing oc!ongs ooth
to a sct and to its comQ!cmcnt: a dccision must oc rcachcd. Jhc
Scieuce, Law ^^
ad]cctivc a]agcgic, which dcscriocs this Qrima! Qroo!, a!so comcs
!rom a !cga! vcro, mcaning to arrcst a wrongdocr or Qay o!! a hnc.
But in this casc thc dcciding authority is ocyond our contro!, thc
numocr imQoscs on us its !aw.
Vhcncc thc cnormous oc!atcdncss o! Qhysics with rcsQcct to
mathcmatics. it is inhnitc!y hardcr to agrcc on a !act than on a
statcmcnt or on a hgurc that wc havc at !cast constructcd, it's cvcn
!css casy to agrcc on thc agrccmcnt o! a !act with a statcmcnt.
^t that Qoint thc contract wi!! introducc a third authorip. thc
wor!d. ^!rcady, Qhysics givcs an idca o! thc natura! contract.
LHL b Y1. 5tanding oc!orc thc Qyramids o! LyQt, !acing thc
sun, Jha!cs is said to havc invcntcd thc !amous thcorcm o! QroQ or-
tiona!ity. cnormous LhcoQs is to its shadow as !css gigantic
LhcQhrcn and Myccrinus arc to thcirs, and cvcn as my ordinary-
sizcd oody and that !itt!c stakc in thc ground arc to thc dark
strcaks thcy Qro]cct. mmcnsc tai!s !or thc hugc tomos, a tracc !or
thc minuscu!c stakc, o! coursc, out thc QroQortion o! thc mark
on thc sand to thc things thcmsc!vcs is Qrcscrvcd !or whatcvcr and
whomcvcr, ]ust as a sca!c can oa!ancc two wcights, onc hcavicr and
onc !ightcr, oy varying thc !cngth o! its ocams.
Hcrc, thcn, is thc o!dcst, Qrc-^ristotc!ian dchnition o! distriou-
tivc ]usticc. Jo cach according to his sizc and caQacity, what is
dicrcnt turns out to oc thc samc, thc !orm rcmains stao!c !or
cvcry sizc. Lach drinks his !u!! mcasurc, whatcvcr thc sizc o! his
g!ass: cvcry ocing has what it is. Bcttcr than thc o!d mcasurcmcnt
o! crisscrosscd hc!ds, this aoso!utc mcasurc cxhausts and inc!udcs
a!! rc!ativity, or discovcrs an invariancc !or a!! variations.
Oocs Jha!cs turn maat, LgyQt's mcasurc and ]usticc, into gc-
omctry: 5ocratcs shouts at Gorgias. "Ou want to Qrcvai! ovcr oth-
crs occausc you don't know gcomctryl ndccd, know!cdgc o!
QroQortiona! cgua!ity Qrovcs, !or a!! to scc, that in thc !ight o! thc
samc sun wc disQ!ay shadows QroQortiona! to our sizcs. Jhc wor!d
as such writcs simi!itudc uQon itsc!!, !ikc a natura! !orm o! ]usticc.
How, thcn, can anyonc c!aim suQcriority:
Jhat which is writtcn undcr thc sun, in !incs and shaQcs on thc
sand, and which comQc!s gcncra! agrccmcnt through Qroo!, must
havc soon Qasscd !or natura! !aw. Hithcrto unknown, aoscnt !rom
a!! human archivcs, not writtcn down oy thc scrioc's rccd Qcn, this
^6 7b Aatuta/ Ccutzuct
!aw was automatica!!y Qro]cctcd ocncath thc sundia!'s gnomon, as
ocncath thc Qyramids, at cvcry hour o! day and night. Vhat is
natura! !aw: Gcomctry: it !a!!s !rom hcavcn.
rom its origins, thc gucstion o! ]usticc marchcs in stcQ with
that o! scicncc.
/LV1b N1 n thc !ast dccadc o! thc h!tccnth ccntury, ranois
Nictc was rccognizcd oy a!! his contcmQorarics as thc !athcr o! thc
ncw a!gcora, distinct !rom thc a!gorithms and ca!cu!ating mcthods
that wcrc standard in thc Midd!c ^gcs. ts invcntor, a high-ranking
civi! scrvant and a soocr sQccia!ist in Grcck mathcmatics, ca!!cd it
S]scicus Ant/mstic|, !rom thc atin s]sciss, which wc trans!atc oy
q]s.
n his Ttsatiss cnA/gs/ta,which aQQcarcd toward thc cnd o! thc
scvcntccnth ccntury, ]ohn Va!!is, an Lng!ish a!gcoraist and mathc-
matica! ana!yst, says, citing othcrs, that thc S]scicusAtit/mstic| o!
Nictc, who was himsc!! a ]urist, has its origin in a custom Qracticcd
oy sQccia!ists o! Koman and civi! !aw, who wou!d writc Jitius or
Gaus, ]ohn or ctcr, say, or, in othcr words, so-and-so, ^ or B or
L, to dcsignatc thc suo]cct o! a sQccia! casc and dcscrioc him
morc casi!y.
Koman !aw thus uscs a Qarticu!ar hrst namc to sct !orth a somc-
what gcncra! situation, in thc samc manncr a!gcora uscs, in Q!acc
o! numocrs, !cttcrs, whosc va!ucs arc !css sQccihc than thosc o!
arithmctic' s numocrs, out which vary within !orcsccao!c and
dchncd !imits. t's a tyQc, in thc ordinary scnsc, or sQccics, in thc
usua! !cga! scnsc: a knowao!c singu!arity, i! you wi!!, a !orma! and
concrctc individua!, maniQu!ao!c as an indcx, morc unknown
than known. n concrctc cascs o! gui!t orought oc!orc thc courts,
Jitius must oc madc into an individua!. Jhis is a dicrcnt aostrac-
tion !rom thc univcrsa! onc uscd oy gcomctcrs.
Jhc routc !rom thc cguation to its so!ution mimics thc Qath
!rom thc !cga! tcxt to thc ]udgmcnt, !rom ]urisdiction to ]urisQru-
dcncc. S]scicus Ant/mstic| rcscmo!cs a work o! casuistry, in thc
scnsc o! a gcncra! dcscriQtion o! Qarticu!ar cascs. n thc cnd, at
thc conc!usion o! thc Qrocccdings, 7 cgua!s +5]ust as Jitia cgua!s
^nnc.
^ momcnt ago, !aw Qrcccdcd gcomctry, now hcrc it is at a!gc-
ora's origins. Oocs this Qrcccssion ncvcr cnd in thc scicnccs: Lan
it oc gcncra!izcd to a!! know!cdgc:
Scisucs, Law ^7
1b N1 n thc ocginning, God sQcaks thc !aw, Q!ants thc
gardcn octwccn two scas, disQ!ays cvcry trcc Q!casant to thc sight
and good !or !ood, amid which arc a!! thc ocasts o! thc hc!d and
thc !ow! o! thc air, and hna!!y dictatcs to thc hrst man his conduct:
o! this thou maycst cat, o! that thou sha!t not cat.
But ^dam disoocys, and nudip, unhaQQy sc!!-consciousncss,
cxc!usion, wandcring, !aoor, Qain, and Qain in chi!doirth Qunish
him !rom gcncration to gcncration down to oursc!vcs. Cur story
and his tcars can oc cxQ!aincd oy an ancicnt tria!. oc!orc thcrc
was origina! sin thcrc was !aw and a !cgis!ator, and !rom thcm
camc thc scntcncc and cvcrything that !o!!owcd.
Vas it rca!!y aoout cating: C! coursc, out not in thc way onc
cats !rom hungcr, sincc in thc oosom o! Qaradisc cvcrything was
ocrcd in aoundancc, out rathcr in thc way onc gocs on snacking
a!tcr ocing satcd. Ocsirc is oorn ocyond nccd, a!tcr thc ca!ming
o! thc oody and thc scnscs. ! you cat o! this !ruit, you sha!! havc
know!cdgc, which shcds !ight on thc gucstion o! cvi!, and you sha!!
o

as God. t's aoout comQarison and know!cdgc.
^ sing!c word makcs c!car thc naturc o! know!cdgc in its vcry
!oundations and origins. knowing comcs !rom imitating. You sha!!
know, you sha!! oc as God. Jo oc surc, know!cdgc a!ways makcs
comQarisons to a modc!, in this casc a suo!imc and aoso!utc onc,
out morc imQortant, know!cdgc, dynamic and a!!-consuming,
which runs !rom thc rcaring o! thc human chi!d to thc g!ory or
miscry o! thc c!dcr, on!y ocgins and dcvc!oQs occausc it is drivcn
oy thc incxtinguishao!c hrcs o! imitation. Iow imitauon orings
us to ooth good and cvi!, ]ust as ^csoQ said our !anguagc docs.
no onc !carns without imitating, out it !cads to morta! ]ca!ousy.
Jhus thc know!cdgc o! good and cvi! is idcntihcd with know!cdgc
or scicncc itsc!!, which Qrocccds !rom thc dcsirc to oc and to act
as God, this divinc dcsirc !cads irrcsisuo!y to cvi!. Jhc gucstions
o! cthics and !aw that wc havc occn asking aoout our own ccctivc
and comQcttvc know!cdgc arc a!rcady imQ!icd in this Qrima!
sccnc. Jo imitatc, and thus to dominatc, to Qrcvai!, and thus to
dcstroy.
aw and scicncc !acc o. thc commands o! !aw and thc dcsirc
to know.
How can it oc that thc know!cdgc o! good and cvi! wi!! comc
!rom thc !ruit o! thc trcc o! know!cdgc, whcn thc Ocvi! and thc
^8 7b Aatun/ Ccutzuct
Good ord wcrc a!rcady opposcd, through thc woman and thc
man, as thc vcry namcs o! good and o! cvi!: Vhat c!sc is thcrc to
!carn:
n thc gardcn octwccn two shorcs, among thc pro!!crcd !ruits
and thc pcaccao!c ocasts o! thc hc!d, thc /i/idc ssntisndi, a drcam
o! !ovc and !casts, happy, modcst, si!cnt, and scorncd, scrvcs as a
oackdrop, a sourcc, and surc!y a!so as an cxcusc !or thc transhis-
torica! con!rontation o! two othcr !ioidos: thc /i/idc scisndiand thc
/i/idc dcminandi.Jhc /i/idc scisndi is a craving !or know!cdgc so
much morc powcr!u! than thc /i/idc ssntisndi that thc who!c hu-
man racc docsn't hcsitatc to sct asidc, in !avor o! its curiosip, and
!or a!! timc to comc, thc cntirc Ldcnic satis!action o! thc scnscs,
though that gratihcation was within rcach o! thc oody. Jhc /i/idc
dcminandi is a ncvcr cnding wi!! to dominatc, thc most dcvastat-
ing o! thc thrcc, thc incontcstao!c mistrcss o! univcrsa! history.
Jhc scnscs arc thrown to thc winds so that orains and dominancc
can hght it out at thcir !cisurc.
Vhat i! thc thrcc charactcrs o! thc prima! sccnc simp!y cmood-
icd thc thrcc !ioidos: God, powcr, thc ma!c, know!cdgc, and thc
!cma!c, p!casurc: Jhc !attcr is pushcd asidc so that thc hrst two
can hght as much as thcy want, thc way no oi!!y goats prctcnd to
want thc samc nanny, thc octtcr to sats] thcir truc passion, that
o! disma! and monotonous domination.
Oo not cat o! that !ruit, thc product o! aroorcsccnt know!cdgc.
Jhc mastcr !awgivcr dictatcs thc scnsory conduct o! thc pcrson
who wants to know. ^nd thc tcmptcr, going ocyond thc cxguisitc
dc!ights o! thc tastc ouds, ocyond thc ccstacy o! know!cdgc, immc-
diatc!y pushcs man toward domination: you sha!! oc as God. ikc
him, you wi!! organizc and !cgis!atc. mitation guick!y passcs ovcr
thc /i/idc scisndi, !carning, to aim dircct!y at thc dcminandi, thc
amoition o! powcr and g!ory. 5cnsua! dcsirc, in its !cmininity, is
out o! thc gucston hcrc, and guick!y takcs !cavc o! thcsc mockcr-
ics: thc oody makcs its rcgucsts in hormona! innoccncc. ^mid a
candid and yct a!rcady dcccptivc disp!ay o! dc!ights, thc hrst tria!
opposcs and oinds togcthcr thc wi!! to powcr and thc wi!! to know!-
cdgc, !aw and scicncc.
Bcing a !ord a!mighty, God givcs and spcaks thc !aw, which is
so pcr!ormativc that it crcatcs or carrics out what it says whcn it
says it. !iat!Jhc wor!d itsc!! is oorn o! this command. cma!c and
ma!c togcthcr, in suomission, wcak, trcmo!ing with dcsirc, thcy
Scisucs, Law ^
scck to know, and thus Qut at risk, through imitation, thcir Qcacc,
ca!m, Q!cnty, and innoccncc, and thcir Qostcrip. Vhat uttcr, rav-
ing madncss to givc uQ what was ccrtain in ordcr to oct on thc
un!ikc!y, and a!! !or on!y a hoQc. ca!! this ha!!ucinatory insanity
QroQhctic, sincc it announccs a!! o! timc to comc. Hcrc is thc hrst
o! thc mcctings that con!ront kings and QroQhcts, throughout
history sacrcd and Qro!anc.
n thc ocginning, know!cdgc contcsts !aw and comcs into
cont!ict with it. aw wins, o! coursc, sincc scicncc is sti!! !au!p or
sin!u!, out scicncc Qroduccs thc wandcring o! history, thc dri!t o!
timc. Jhc ocginning o! thc scicnccs cngcndcrs univcrsa! history.
Vhat is know!cdgc, what is scicncc: Jhc sct o! dcviatons !rom
!aw and its stao!c cgui!iorium, thc oo!iguc worrics that !cad to
cvcry cvo!ution. think, wcigh, distancc mysc!! !rom !aw, which
havc no right to do.
Jhis, at !cast, is thc ta!c o! thc singu!ar cmcrgcncc o! ]udaic,
and thus Lhristian, cu!turc, in which know!cdgc asscrts thc right
to contcst !aw. t has so contcstcd it that it has ki!!cd it. Jhc dcath
o! God amounts to that o! thc !cgis!ator.
Oocs our contcmQorary gucstion rcvcrsc thc originary onc:
Vhat right wi!! our rights o! contcsting our know!cdgc congucr:
Cur Koots
Gaus says somcwhcrc that cvcry oo!igation is oorn o! a contract
or a !au!t. !, in thc tcrm c//igaticn, wc rcad a oond that orings
togcthcr or that suo]ccts, wc shou!dn't hcsitatc to scc, at thc origin
o! thc tcrm ccntnct, a simi!ar cord that draws or tracts us togcthcr.
Jhus thc thcory o! thc socia! contract on!y rcQcats, tauto!ogica!!y,
thc ncccssity o! co!!cctivc conncctions. oond to oond. Morcovcr,
Gaus Qrovcs its cguiva!cncc to thc thcory o! origina! sin.
Koman !aw sccu!arizcs this Qrima! !au!t. Cncc again, mctaQhys-
ics or !orma! discourscs corrcsQond to myths. ana!yzc thc statc o!
naturc or rccount thc wondcrs o! thc hrst gardcn and on!y thc
modc o! cxQrcssion di!!crs, not thc mcaning. Co!igaton imQ!ics
cithcr !au!t or contract, it docsn' t mattcr which.
Hcrc, thcrc!orc, as is o!tcn thc casc, a story is as good as Qhi-
!osoQhy.
60 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
Vc'rc imQ!antcd in cu!tura! soi!, which was oncc idcntihcd with
thc natura! carth, oy at !cast !our !ong roots. Grcccc, srac!, Komc,
and LgyQt. Jhc usc o! scicntihc !anguagcs awakcns thc mcmory
o! thc sti!!-!iving thought o! thc ancicnt Grccks who dchncd thcm,
thc vaguc !cc!ing o! !o!!owing thc t!ow o! history orings oack thc
mcmory o! thc QroQhcts o! srac!, whosc writing Q!ungcd us into
it, wc tcnd to !orgct our Koman oirth, and a!most !rom thc ocgin-
ning wc !ost track o! our distant Lg_tian origin.
5tuck in thc Qast uQ to our waists and in thc Qrima! somctimcs
uQ to our cycoa!!s, cvcn as wc t!y !rcc and un!cttcrcd aoovc thc
atmosQhcrc, wc havc 5cmitic and ndo-LuroQcan traditions cours-
ing through thc o!uish o!ood vcssc!s and thc Qa!c ncrvcs o! our
!cgs, and various!y tang!cd mixturcs o! thcsc traditions rcach our
hcads and mouths.
Lvcry statc sincc ancicnt LgyQt and Komc has tricd to cmu!atc
thc duraoi!ip o! thcir immcnsc and stao!c cmQircs, oy !ar thc
most !ong-!asting o! a!! Vcstcrn history. t is imQossio!c cvcn to
imaginc riva!s to thcm in this rcgard. immooi!c and ctcrna! stonc
statucs, LgyQt and Komc arc and rcmain ocings o! !aw. Jhc Jwc!vc
Jao!cs sustaincd Komc and thc maat, LgyQt. t's not cnough to
congucr, onc sti!! has to administcr, and thc strongcst is suc-
cccdcd oy thc most ]ust. urc !aw rcmains Komc's invcntion. t
rcduccs ooth thc mythic and thc sQccu!ativc to its own aostraction.
Vc think wc'vc !ost thc mcmory o! a !orm o! organization that
in !act sti!! surrounds us, occausc it's casy to !orgct what cndurcs,
and on!y thc suQcrhcia! agitaton o! what changcs awakcns us and
dc!vcs into our mcmorics. Most o! our rc!crcnccs !ic in darkncss.
L_t and Komc did not Qroducc much know!cdgc. Vhat thcy
had thcy did not dcvc!oQ, and thus thcy rcmain in ooscurity.
Jhcrc, !aw Qrcvai!s ovcr scicncc, which is why !aw Qrcccdcd gc-
omctry and a!gcora, thc scgucncc mcntioncd car!icr.
n contrast, ^thcns and ]crusa!cm arc ocings o! know!cdgc,
sma!! city-statcs without thc Qossioi!ity o! occoming cmQircs, thcy
arc torn, chaotic, morc ottcn ocsidc thcmsc!vcs than ca!m insidc
thcir wa!!s. ^!though thcy rcmain oound to !aw, csQccia!!y mora!
and rc!igious !aw in thc casc o! ]crusa!cm, thcy sQcnd thcir history
contcsting thc right o! !aw.
romcthcus, whosc namc signihcs Qrimordia! !carning, thc ori-
gin or archaco!ogy o! our know!cdgc, ncvcr stoQs dying, ticd down
Sc, Law 61
to a rock on Mount Laucaus. 5imi!ar!y condcmncd, 5ocratcs, thc
tcachcr o! tcachcrs, drinks hcm!ock, a sQcctac!c !or his admiring
disciQ!cs. Jo Qromotc its own !aws, cvcry !orm o! know!cdgc gocs
to tria!. in onc casc against Zcus, king o! thc gods, in thc othcr
against thc city's]udgcs or archons.
^dam, thc origina!!y rcQroduccd man, invcnts history and
throws himsc!! into it a!ongsidc Lvc by staking Qaradisc against
know!cdgc, by contcsting thc hrst divinc!y sQokcn !aw. Hc hcra!ds,
wou!d say, thc cncountcrs bctwccn QroQhcts and kings, thc Qcr-
Qctua! tria!, thc motor o! historica! Qroccss. Jhc tria! o! ]csus
rcQriscs and rcncws this tradition, !u!h!!ing it and sQ!itting it into
two Qaths. ^ ccrtain kingdom is not o! this wor!d, this wor!d o! !aw.
n cach o! thcsc cascs what mattcrs is not Qarticu!ar !cga! ac-
tions but thc !undamcnta! tria! that shakcs thc !oundations o!
!cga!ity. ^ choicc must bc madc bctwccn !aw and know!cdgc, !or
know!cdgc bcgins at thc samc timc as thc gucstion. what is ]usticc:
Vhcrcas in LgyQt or Komc, on!y ]usticc has thc right to ask gucs-
tions, thc gucstion "what is ]usticc: is thc hrst onc askcd by ]crusa-
!cm and ^thcns. ccausc thcy !orsakc asking this gucstion, ncithcr
Komc nor LgyQt rca!!y Qroduccs a body o! know!cdgc, convcrsc!y,
by asking it, ^thcns and ]crusa!cm !orsakc thc kingdoms o! thc
carth. 5cicncc Qrcvai!s ovcr !aw. Grcck sagcs, Hcrodotus and
Jha!cs, had to travc! through LgyQt, and Nictc, a Lhristian ]urist,
had to tcar himsc!! away !rom Koman !aw.
Jhc contcmQorary dcbatc that oQQoscs, somctimcs vio!cnt!y,
thcsc two authoriticsscicncc and !aw, rationa! rcason and Qru-
dcnt ]udgmcnt-has dccQ!y movcd our t!csh and our word sincc
thc bcginning o! our history. Jhc history o! our know!cdgc !o!!ows
thc tcmQora! tra]cctory sct in motion by this tria!, sti!! vigorous
today, an originary sourcc and a QcrQctua! motor.
Gcncra! History o! Jria!s
Jhc two !ounding hcrocs o! chcmistry and mcchanics, avoisicr
and Ga!i!co, who wcrc chargcd bc!orc thc rcsQcctivc tribuna!s o!
thc Kcvo!ution and thc Lhurch, and thus cc!cbratcd in thc ]udg-
mcnt o! history, cast shamc on thc ]usticc o! thcir timc. Yct thc
Larth docs movclcvcryonc hcars scicntihc truth hna!!y burst
62 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
!orth in thc !acc o! aosurditythc KcQuo!ic has no nccd o! scicn-
usts! aw oncc Qrcvai!cd ovcr scicncc, scicncc now wins against
!aw.
Vho today douots this c!car division octwccn !ight and dark-
ncss, this dccisivc vcrdict in !avor o! scicncc, this striking rcvcrsa!
o! what thc ocnch o! o!d had ru!cd: But who susQccts that to
acccQt this vcrdict is not to chamQion thc causc o! a dc!cndant or
victim, as might oc oc!icvcd, out to occomc Qart o! thc ]ury in a
ncw tria!: Jhc magistratcs o! 179+ and thc cardina!s condcmncd
scicntists, wc, in turn, condcmn thc rcvo!utionarics and thc
churchmcn. in !orma! tcrms, what has changcd: Kca! or virtua!, a
triouna! thus sits in Qcrmancnt scssion, thc tria! gocs on. Lan' t
truth do without ]udgmcnt:
aw madc Qronounccmcnts on scicncc. on thc oasis o! what
know!cdgc: 5cicncc dccidcs on !aw. oy what right:
Jhus ncithcr Ga!i!co nor avoisicr can or shou!d oc sccn as an
cxccQtion, !or wc hnd ]udgmcnts and tria!s in aoundancc through-
out history. rom thc ocginnings o! scicntihc know!cdgc, so hard
to QinQoint, thc hrst dia!ccticians, astronomcrs, or Qhysicists aQ-
Qcar oc!orc thc triouna!s o! thc Grcck cip-statcs, on counts simi!ar
to thosc !accd oy modcrn scicntists. Jhcy comc through oad!y or
not at a!!.
Jhc scicnccs ocgin in such !cga! actions, thcy cntcr history
through thc courtroom door. Jhis shou!d oc no surQrisc, whcn
scicncc gocs oc!orc thc triouna!s, a synthcsis is a!rcady achicvcd
octwccn its two historics, intcrna! and cxtcrna!. Jhc intcrna! his-
tory rcguircs a]udgmcnt o! truth, a dccision aoout whcthcr ^nax-
agoras and Ga!i!co and yscnko arc wrong or right, this is a Qoint
on which cvcn ^naxagoras and Ga!i!co scck assurancc. Jhc cxtcr-
na! history has thc scicnccs ]oin or dcvc!oQ into schoo!s or Qrcs-
surc grouQs, and it dcmands that thcir truth oc socia!!y canonizcd.
ndividua!s or associations aQQcar oc!orc a givcn court, and !ragi!c
truth is thcrcoy rcin!orccd, !or thc dccision handcd down casts it
into an o!hcia!!y sanctioncd timc. n thc hna! ana!ysis, thcrc is no
gcncra! history o! scicncc that is not ]udicia!!y rccordcd. Io sci-
cncc without tria!s, no truth without ]udgmcnts, whcthcr intcrna!
or cxtcrna! to know!cdgc. ts history can't do without triouna!s.
5cicncc ncvcr again !cavcs thc courtroom. Michc!ct saw guitc
wc!! that sorccry or witchcra!t tria!s, !ar !rom tcsti]ing to thc ao-
surd cruc!tics o! dark cras, cxQrcss timc and again thc incvitao!c,
Scuce, Law 6J
!undamcnta!, incscapao!y rituaIizcd cncountcr octwccn know!-
cdgc and !aw. Know!cdgc is a!ways ooscurc and nocturna! oc!orc
rcaching thc !ight o! day, a!ways sy!van prior to ocing givcn voicc
in thc city's puo!ic sguarc, whcrcas !aw is a!ways c!car and distinct
unti! know!cdgc, in its turn, drivcs it oack into thc shadows o!
ignorancc. Ycs, cvcry natura! scicncc, whcthcr o! thc sorccrcr or
thc sorccrcr's apprcnticcin any casc taking no rcsponsioi!ity !or
socia! a!!airscvcry scicncc indu!gcd !or a whi!c, or is sti!! indu!g-
ing, in thc witch' s saooath. t cuts circu!ar !urrows in thc grass, it
tcars a round ho!c in thc ozonc !aycr, it cxposcs thc wor!d to grcat
dangcrs . . .
n this rcspcct, Michc!ct, oc!orc Bcrgson, and Bcrgson, oc!orc
our contcmporarics, ooth succccd in skctching thc insidc and
outsidc o! socictics, thc wor!d!y wor!d and thc othcr!or instancc,
wor!dwidcwor!d, out o! thc two on!y thc romantic historian
scnscs thc importancc o! thc triouna! as a p!acc o! contact or
rccording, a sicvc, tickct window, or scmiconductor octwccn thc
two wor!ds. Jhcrc is on!y onc tria!, o! a sing!c witch, thcrc is onc
casc and a sing!c scicntist, and through this cxcmp!ary !cga! action
thc history o! our know!cdgc and its mu!tip!c oi!urcations is con-
tinuous!y dccidcd.
Jria!s, Continucd
ZL Lt L. Hc shook up thc Grcck phi!osophcrs o! his day,
diaoo!ica!!y ski!!!u! though thcy wcrc, thc mathcmaticians o! c!assi-
ca! ca!cu!us, and modcrn !ogicians, a!though ncw mcthods havc
givcn thc !attcr an apparatus supcrior to his. who has cvcr occn
morc ingcnious than Zcno o! L!ca: 5tarting at thc origins o!
mathcmatics, hc managcd to givc thc most aostract thinkcrs somc-
thing to pondcr !or at !cast hvc timcs hvc hundrcd ycars. Vho
cou!d oc morc ingcnious than hc, thc invcntor o! dichotomy, thc
division o! an itincrary into two parts, thcn a ncw division into two
scgmcnts o! thc part sti!! to oc covcrcd, and so on inhnitc!y, so
that thc travc!cr ncvcr rcachcs his goa! and thc thinkcr ocgins to
conccivc what is ca!!cd aostraction:
Hc had occn givcn, it sccms, thc cpithct "^mphotcrog!ossos,
which mcans hc was accuscd o! having a rcady and !orkcd tonguc,
!ikc a vipcr's, to spcak pro and con, yca and nay, whitc and o!ack,
61 7b Aatutu/ Cuttact
!a!sc and truc, with cgua! Q!ausioi!ity and rigor. n !act, hc in-
vcntcd dia!cctics, thc !cga!istic art o! winning in dia!oguc or o!
con!ounding onc's advcrsary through intcrrogation. Jhis mcthod
was douot!css oorrowcd !rom him oy 5ocratcs and oy a!! thosc !or
whom truth is dchncd oy dc!cating somconc c!sc. this is oo!igatory
conduct in ]udicia! dcoatc, and it !cd Zcno incxorao!y into court.
Oiogcncs acrtius rc!atcs that Hcrac!idcs onticus rcQortsa!!
o! which mcans that 'm tc!!ing this without knowing what's truc
and what's !a!sc in thc string o! criticism conccrning thcsc ta!cs,
which havc occn !ost and thcn !ound in such a !ragmcntary mcm-
ory that, !ikc Zcno, you can a!ways hnd an intcrmcdiatc Qoint
octwccn whcrc you comc in and thc goa! you'rc trying to rcach-
rcQorts, in any casc, that Zcno was arrcstcd !or Q!otting against a
tyrant, whosc namc varics according to thc sourcc, i! it's mcn-
tioncd at a!!. How Qaradoxica! that this tcstimony managcs to
rcach us, whcn cvcrything suggcsts that !orgcdu!ncss shou!d win
out! n short, hcrc hc is on tria!, thc vcry crcator o! thc most
!carsomc wcaQon in]udicia! ]ousting.
Iamc your accomQ!iccs, thc king ordcrs. Your guards, answcrs
Zcno, your !ricnds, thc who!c Qa!acc cntouragc. ^ aQQa!!ing
stratcgy on thc Qart o! ^mQhotcrog!ossos, who shrcwd!y iso!atcs
thc ho!dcr o! Qowcr !rom a!! thosc whom hc oc!icvcs !ovc him.
Morcovcr, this !ic !rccs thc cip, sincc thc tyranny, wasting no timc
in Qutting to dcath its own suQQortcrs and immcdiatc Qrotcctors,
is so wcakcncd that it !a!!s. t's a victory o! know!cdgc, invcntcd
oy thc Qhi!osoQhcr, and a victory o! courtroom !orm ovcr thc man
who instigatcs, dominatcs, and organizcs thc tria!. ^ triumQh o!
dichotomy, whosc sca!Qc! cuts dccisivc!y through a!! oonds, cvcn
human oncs. ^ ana!ytica! succcss.
But suddcn!y Zcno o! L!ca dcc!arcs that hc has conhdcntia!
rcvc!ations to makc, which hc can and must givc on!y oy whisQcr-
ing to thc QroQcr authority. \n!cttcrcd, hc aQQroachcs thc tyrant,
thc on!y onc cntit!cd to hcar what hc has to rcvca!, and his mouth
touchcs his car. Io, hc's not sQcaking, out attacking and oiting.
His ]aws c!cnchcd, a !ccch, a vamQirc, a tick, thc invcntor o! dia!cc-
tics wou!dn't !ct go unti! hc was dcad. You can hcar thc roya! crics
o! Qain h!!ing thc courtroom. 5ocratcs ca!!s himsc!! a gadt!y in his
A]c/cg, and says that his !c!!ow citizcns wi!! havc no Qcacc !rom
his stings and oitcs unti! hc orcathcs his !ast. s it Qossio!c to
imaginc a !iving organism, a horsc, stag, or Qasscroy, who wou!dn' t
Scieuce, Law 6^
oc drivcn crazy and wou!dn't try to gct rid o! this Qidd!ing inscct
oy crushing it: Jcaring thc !ccch !rom its ho!d on thc skin, ki!!ing
thc Qarasitc:
Oocs know!cdgc rca!!y Qarasitizc thc !aw, with which it chooscs
to maintain a rc!ationshiQ: But o! coursc: it imitatcs it, mimics it,
thcorizcs its !orm, rchncs it, and hna!!y hghts it to thc dcath-its
own or thc ]udgcs' . Jhc who!c history o! thc Grcck ocginning o!
thc scicnccs tc!!s o! thc sharcd and tragica!!y cvcnt!u! !i!c o! thcsc
cncmy twin sistcrs, ]usticc and ]ustncss (or accuracy) , rcason that
]udgcs and rcason that Qrovcs. Joday's gucstion is: whcn and how
do thcy occomc symoionts:
Cnc o! thc hrst scicnccs common to a!most a!! thosc who havc
!atc!y occn ca!!cd rcsocratics, !ogic, cntai!cd a !orma!ization o!
]udicia! dcoatc. Both !ogic and thc arts o! !anguagc camc !rom
thc courtroom, !rom thc various triouna!s, in othcr words
!rom thc rc!ationshiQ ocnccn wc!!-conductcd argumcnu and
dcath. ^!! thc rchncmcnts o! rigor-contradiction, Qroo!, reductic
ad asurdum come !rom ocing cxQcricnccd and tcstcd !css with
rcsQcct to cxtcrna! or natura! !acts than with rcsQcct to human !aw,
which is inhnitc!y morc Qrcscnt and dangcrous than natura! !acts.
rom thc tragic comcs thc ]udicia!, !rom thc ]udicia!, !ogic, and
!rom thcsc thrcc /cgci, thc scicntihc /cgcs.t had occn somc timc
sincc watcr, hrc, or hcrcc ocasts-naturc, in othcr words-had
Qut thc ancicnt Grccks in dangcr, whcrcas dcath sta!kcd thcm in
Quo!ic asscmo!ics. Jhc dia!cctic and !ogic taught !or a sma!! !or-
tunc oy thc soQhists answcrcd thc nccd to dc!cnd oncsc!! in dc-
oatcs whosc outcomc, somctimcs, !cd to cxi!c or dcath.
^ variant. ^nothcr story tc!!s that Zcno cut o his own tonguc
and sQit it in thc tyrant's !acc. Io morc tonguc to sQcak, no morc
car to hcar: thc mcssagc or dcoatc, rhctoric or dia!cctic, can no
morc Qass through thc sQacc o! thc courtroom than ^chi!!cs, thc
arrow, or thc tortoisc can cross thc intcrva! that scQaratcs thcm
!rom thcir goa!. Vhat Qarasitc, in thc scnsc o! static or noisc,
intcrccQts thc transmission o! thc mcssagc: But sincc ^mQho-
tcrog!ossos ha a !orkcd tonguc, which scgmcnt did hc cut o!! to
throw in thc !acc o! Qowcr: Hc sti!! has anothcr !c!t, so hc can go
on sQcakingl
t is said that thc citizcns, sccing this, wcrc ocsidc thcmsc!vcs
with ragc and togcthcr stoncd thc tyrant. Jhis timc thc rocks
rcachcd thcir targct.
66 7b Aatuzc/ Ccutzcct
! Zcno invcntcd dia!cctics, hc succccdcd in iving dcoatc, in-
tcrrogauon, and a!! thc convcntions o! tria!s thcir canonica! !orm.
! hc Quts a stoQ to thc circu!aton o! mcssagcs, oy cuttng uQ
tonguc and car, scnding and rcccivng, with his tccth, hc dcstroys
thc Qossioi!ip o! any Qrocccding, any dcoatc, any rcQrcscntaton,
thus any contract, thus thc co!!cctivip's !oundaton. Jhcn thc ]udi-
cia!, undonc, s!iQs oack oc!ow its conditions, toward thc origin, thc
sacrihcc, thc tragic. ]ust as tragcdy Qrcccdcs cvcry authorty, cvcry
Qrocccding, so thc dcath Qcna!ty !o!!ows !ynching.
Jhc !orcgoing ana!ysis !cavcs a rcsiduc: thcrc's st!! a mouth
and a tonguc, thc tyrant's, to cry out in Qain, and an car, Zcno's,
dca! to thcsc crcs. But !or thc tcxts o! our sourccs, thc circu!aton
o! mcssagcs in this dirccton docsn' t count. Jhc Qhi!osoQhcr
sQcaks, not thc king, thc king !istcns, not thc Qhi!osoQhcr. Gucss
who Qarasitizcs whom, hgurc out !rom thcrc who comcs out
ahcad. 5cicncc Qrcvai!s ovcr !aw.
^L1LL Lt 1171LLV Lt LLLN1. "Oocsn't your
country intcrcst you: onc o! his contcmQorarics askcd thc Qhi-
!osoQhcr ^naxagoras, whom hc saw !ivng aQart, in so!itudc, attcn-
tivc to cc!csta! doings. "Ycu cou!dn't havc Qut it octtcr, hc an-
swcrcd, Qointng uQward, "it's my on!y conccrn. n othcr words: my
kingdom is not o! this wor!d, wor!d!y, out o! thc othcr, wor!dwdc.
Oo wc !ivc within thc wa!!s o! our citics or undcr thc starry domc:
which o! thc two: Oo wc dwc!! in onc morc than thc othcr:
^naxagoras contrasts thc scicnccs o! naturc with thosc o! thc
cip, whi!c ocaring wtncss to a stao!c timc whcn cvcryonc was
conccrcd on!y with city scicnccs. Jhc socia! scicnccs Qut astron-
omy on tra!. By what right:
]ust a momcnt. Ouring his Qassion, ]csus Lhrist, too, sQcaks o!
anothcr wor!d, dit!crcnt !rom this onc, whcrc thc trouna! that's
]udging him has no standing. Hc ca!!s it a kingdom. Vhcrcvcr a
kng rcigns, Qo!itics and !aw cxist, and thus triouna!s, ]ust as thcy
do hcrc oc!ow. n !act, cvcrything w!! cnd wth thc ast ]udgmcnt,
a!tcr thc cnd o! history, whcn today's vctm wi!! rcturn to sit at thc
right hand o! thc athcr and to ]udgc, in his tur, thc !ivng and
thc dcad. Jhc !ast triouna! o! thc othcr wor!d rcscmo!cs, in its
!orm, thc hrst triouna!, in this wor!d, !or in ooth wc hnd thc
customary aQQca! to a suQrcmc authorp, thc !ast, which is wthout
aQQca!. ^t !cast mc wor!d ocyond !o!!ows !aw.
Sc, Law 67
n thc court cascs orought against scicncc at its oirth, thc samc
aQQca! is hcard, out on a tota!!y dicrcnt !cvc!. Ycs, Ga!i!co and
^axagoras !odgc an aQQca!, out it is to thc carth that dcssmovc,
or to thc sky, thc Qh!osoQhcr's country. Jhcsc wor!ds arc not
kingdoms cguiQQcd with triouna!s, out rathcr Q!accs outsidc !aw,
wthout Qo!itcs or kings. Jhcrc it is, gcnt!cmcn o! thc ]ury, naturcl
and without ru!cs, truth without ]udgmcnt, thing without causc,
oo]cct wthout suo]cct, !aw without king. s scicncc's historic task
to invcnt a ncw !orm o! ]usticc in this !and without a contract:
Jhc gucstion o! country Qut to thc Qhi!osoQhcr-Qhysicist rc-
guircs morc !rom him than you might think, !or it criticizcs him
and attacks him morta!!y. Vhatl you don't givc a damn aoout any
Qo!itica! and socia! commitmcnt: You don't rcad thc ncwsQaQcrs,
you don' t say your morning Qraycr: t sounds !ikc 5artrc or thc
Qo!itica! mora!izcrs who camc oc!orc and a!tcr him. ^nd nooody
darcd to rcQ!y to thosc tcrrorists that thcy wcrc ignorant o! Qhys-
icsl ^ncicnt Grcccc somctimcs gavc thc namc Qhi!osoQhcr to thc
hcro who rcsistcd to thc dcath thc oo!igation to oc Qo!itica!,
whcrcas 5artrc dcmandcd con!ormity to thc Qo!itica! so as to sccm
a Qhi!osoQhcr. n thc agc o! my !athcrs and thcir succcssors, thc
sagcs had takcn (and st!! ho!d) thc Q!acc o! Quo!ic Qrosccutor,
dcmanding condcmnation in thc namc o! thc cip's dominant
!orccs. Jhc oastardsl
By what right, thcn, docs somc citizcn criticizc ^naxagoras: By
this !undamcnta! !cga! right that !ounds thc cxistcncc o! thc city
and that is somctimcs ca!!cd thc socia! contract. !, occausc you'rc
ooscrvng thc Q!ancts, you !osc intcrcst in your country, thcn you
orcak thc contract that unitcs us, and thus socicty must !ogica!!y
cxc!udc you, condcmn you at !cast to cxi!c and at most to dcath.
Jhc conc!usion is rgorous, in ooth scnscs o! thc ad]cctivc.
Jhis conc!usion suQQoscs, indccd, that thc socia! contract con-
ccrns cvcryonc, without cxccQtion. How can thc gcncra! wi!! oc
dchncd, cxccQt as thc wi!! o! cvcryonc, and not as that o! cvcryonc
minus a !cw, such as ^naxagoras and scicntists: ! you'rc not con-
ccrncd with thc city's a!!ars, you'rc cxc!uding yoursc!! !rom it oy
your own choicc, occausc you rcmovc yoursc!! !rom thc gcncra!
wi!!, you Qronouncc your own scntcncc. ikc thc contract, this
tra! can rcman virtua!, out it can a!so occomc rca! at any timc.
^ can thc dcath scntcncc. Jhc contract, in its !ogc, knows no
mcrcy.
68 7b Natutu/ Couttuct
Vhat's thc mcaning o! this hnc tota!izing o! thc group's compo-
sition and o! cvcryonc's activitics, without gap or cxccption: t
mcans this, which is a !ot. that thc virtuous citizcn's know!cdgc
and his constant occupation consist o! knowing in rca! timc what
thc othcr citizcns arc doing, and o! makng it his own ousincss.
Lvcryoody knows cvcrything aoout cvcryonc, and cvcryoody is
ousy with cvcrything that cvcryonc is thinking, saying, and doing.
Jhis is aoso!utc know!cdgc, or rathcr aoso!utc in!ormation, tota!
commitmcnt, a contractua! oo!igation or a comp!ctc systcm o!
cords and chains, thc tota! transparcncy that is thc aim o! thosc
who writc and rcad ncwspapcrs, whcthcr thcy'rc printcd or spo-
kcn or in imagcs: this is thc idca! o! thc socia! scicnccs. Hcgc! was
on!y o oy a !itt!c. thc phi!osophcr rcading thc ncwspapcr is in-
dccd praying, out to thc ido! o! aoso!utc in!ormation: nothing, in
princip!c, cscapcs him. Jhis univcrsa!ity !oundcd thc city-statc o!
antiguity and cxprcsscs its idca!. Jhosc, !ikc Kousscau, who dc-
scrioc it as somcthing to oc rcgrcttcd, arc concca!ing, or arc un-
awarc o!, thc co!ossa! pricc at which it is purchascd. ct's makc a
distinction, oy thc way. thc in!ormation givcn oy socia! scicncc
rcmains oana!, !or it rcpcats what cvcryoody knows aoout cvcry-
oody, thc in!ormation givcn oy natura! scicncc, on thc othcr hand,
can oc ca!cu!atcd and is proportona! to rarity, and wc ca!! it
know!cdgc.
Vhcn cvcryonc knows cvcrything right now aoout cvcryoody
and !ivcs oy this know!cdgc, you havc antiguity's notion o! !rcc-
dom and thc idca! city, and a!so thc idca! o! modcrn phi!osophcrs
sincc Kousscau, thc idca! o! thc mcdia and socia! scicncc, o! thc
po!icc and ourcaucracy. po!!, c!ari), in!orm, makc known, cxposc,
rcport. ^ tcrri)ing nightmarc, onc that, i! you'vc !ivcd in sma!!
vi!!agcs or !argc triocs, you'!! want to avoid a!! your !i!c, !or it is thc
hcight o! cns!avcmcnt. rccdom ocgins with thc ignorancc havc
and wish to prcscrvc o! thc activitics and thoughts o! my ncigh-
oors, and with thc rc!ativc indi!!crcncc that hopc thcy haroor !or
minc, !or want o! in!ormation. Cur !i!c in cnormous mctropo!iscs
makcs us drcam, as i! o! a !ost paradisc, o! thcsc appa!!ing
^thcnscs whcrc contnuous and tota! in!ormation madc cvcryoody
thc s!avc o! cvcryonc c!sc. ^n astronomcr, ^naxagoras, or any
othcr physicist, congucrs !rccdom in naturc's spacc.
Jhc city-statc o! antiguity kncw no po!icc. t nccdcd nonc, sincc
cvcryoody's in!ormation su!hccd to monitor cvcryonc's conduct
Scieuce, Law 6
in rca! timc. Jhat citizcn whosc virtuc was cc!coratcd throughout
history, !rom !utarch to thc rcnch Kcvo!ution, wou!d aQQcar to
us, i! hc wcrc orought to !i!c at our sidc, to oc nothing !css than a
!u!!-timc tatt!cta!c or snitch, an insu!!crao!c charactcr, an in!ormcr
or rcQortcr, a!ways running around tc!!ing cvcryoody whatcvcr can
oc !ound out aoout cvcryonc. Jhis aoso!utc and tota!itarian in-
!ormcdncss, contro!!ing and dangcrous, oc!ongs nowadays, in thc-
ory, to thc Qo!icc chic!. Lontrary to tradition, no !ongcr Qraisc
thc ancicnt city, condcmn it, condcmn thc Qo!iccman's aoscncc,
which shows that cvcryoody took on thc tasks o! survci!!ancc and
rcQrcssion. Vhcrc thcrc arc Qo!icc, grcat, thcrc's somc chancc o!
!rccdom.
^thcns rcmaincd ignorant o! thc ro!c and o!hcia! !unction o!
a Quo!ic Qrosccutor. Lach citzcn cou!d h!! this o!hcc, and, in thc
Quo!ic intcrcst, accusc anothcr oc!orc thc court. Jhis is yct !urthcr
Qroo! that cvcryoody Q!aycd thc Qart o! sQy and inguisitor !or
cvcryonc c!sc. LontcmQorary thought inhcritcd !rom this. How
!cw Qhi!osoQhcrs, indccd, in thc !ast ha!!-ccntury, havcn't scizcd
and cQoycd thc ro!c o! statc's attorncy, Qrosccutor, accuscr,
thcy'vc dcnounccd aouscs, crimcs, crrors, hyQocrisics, as i! thcy
wcrc ]ourna!ists: this is thcir right!u! Q!acc. Io, our Qhi!osoQhy
shou!dn't oc ca!!cd that o! susQicion, out that o! dcnunciation.
But oy what right docs it givc itsc!! this ]oo: sn't it cvcr wrong,
docsn't it cvcr makc a mistakc: n thc city-statc o! antiguity, cvcry-
onc cn]oycd this right.
Vhcn an organ aQQcars, in thc coursc o! cvo!ution, it !rccs thc
organism as a who!c !rom thc crushing wcight o! thc !unction it
carrics out. Bcttcr to havc thc Qo!iccman and thc Qrison, thcsc
high!y vsio!c, sQccia!izcd organs, rccognizao!c oy thc uni!orm and
thc oars, than thc omniQrcscnt cycs and cars o! onc's associatcs
and o! thosc a!!-sccing strangcrs who rcQrcscnt thc virtua! contract
and act on its ocha!!. Cur !iocrty is dchncd in oQQosition to this
monstrous idca!, and it dcQcnds on a dcgrcc o! ignorancc, on
missing in!ormation. Jhc !iocrty o! thc modcr cra rcvcrscs that
o! antiguity oy !rccing us !rom thc crushing wcight o! that aoso!utc
and g!ooa! in!ormation, hcncc!orth cithcr usc!css or Qrcscrvcd in
data-Qroccssing rccords. Vc don't know how !ucky wc arc that our
minds arc rc!icvcd o! this socia! cord. as a rcsu!t, thcy can turn to
rca! scicnccsl
Hcrc, oncc again, wc scizc a rca!-!i!c Qossio!c origin o! scicnthc
70 7b Aatutu/ Ccuttact
know!cdgc, in rc!ation to thc socia! contract. Vc douot!css !carncd
or invcntcd scicnccs in invcrsc QroQortion to thc ancicnt modc
o! ocing in!ormcd. thc !css wc ousy oursc!vcs with othcrs, thc
octtcr wc !ikc thcm, thc !css wc gossiQ, thc morc wc know thc
wor!d. Jhc !css wc know o! what's oana!, thc octtcr wc grasQ what's
rarc. Jhc mcthods and cnds o! thc socia! scicnccs arc on!y thosc
o! Qo!icing, thcir contcnt is mcrc in!ormation and thcir history
Qurc!y archaic. Jhc cmQty Q!acc !c!t oy co!!cctivc Qctty trivia has
occn h!!cd oy know!cdgc, a modcrn crcation. Jhis is onc o! thc
!cssons o! ^naxagoras, !caving his o!d country !or thc ncw.
Iow !ct's suQQosc that thc idca! o! tota! socia! !ami!iarip is
rca!izcd, thc way ^thcns, to somc cxtcnt, and 5Qarta, douot!css
much morc, oncc kncw it: wc can immcdiatc!y undcrstand how
cach o! thcsc oncc virtuous citizcns, un!ikc us, might hnd it mon-
strous that a sing!c onc o! thcm cou!d aoandon such know!cdgc
and such activity, !or hc wou!d oc dcstroying, oy this vcry act and
on his own, that univcrsa!ity. ! somcoody stoQs knowing and say-
ing cvcrything aoout cvcryonc c!sc, not on!y docs hc !cavc thc
gcncra! wi!!, hc dcstroys it. Jakc ]ust onc Q!anct away !rom
thc so!ar contract, and this changc thrcatcns thc movcmcnt and
thc staoi!ity o! thc who!c systcm, at cach and cvcry Qoint, !or it can
on!y kccQ this cgui!iorium and thcsc oroits oy rcmaining as is.
maginc a Qcr!cct systcm, it turns out to oc thc most !ragi!c systcm
Qossio!c, and it must maintain its univcrsa! !aw, thc samc through-
out. Lonvcrsc!y, !or it to adaQt to changcs, it must oc conccivcd
and oui!t with Q!ay, in thc scnsc that cogs havc Q!ay, or givc. ^ny
cvo!ution can on!y oc oorn o! !ragi!ity. Cur modcrn contract o!
!rccdom thus dcmands somc ignorancc. don't know what my
ncighoor says and docs, and don't rcQort any o! it i! do haQQcn
to hnd out, un!css c!aim to oc a socia! scicntist or sign uQ as a
Qo!icc in!ormant. ^nd count on my ncighoor's thinking and
acting thc samc way toward mc. ^ a rcsu!t, thc contcmQorary
contract Qartia!!y rcvcrscs Kousscau' s ancicnt-sty!c onc, writtcn or
not. Vc makc uQ a !imitcd-!iaoi!ip corQoration, and our !rccdom
rcsidcs in this !imitation. t comcs in Qart !rom sQaccs o! non-!aw,
whcrc naturc can gct through.
5o, thcn, ^naxagoras studicd thc sun and thc moon, thc Larth
and thc !ormation o! thc who!c, thc Mi!ky Vay, thc wor!d' s movc-
mcnt, !or naturc was morc intcrcsting than Quo!ic aairs to this
Qhysicista Qhysicist in thc vcry o!d scnsc.
Scuce, Law 71
ct's turn !or a momcnt to thc !amous tria! o! 5ocratcs. Mc!ctus
accuscs him, oc!orc thc court stagcd in thc A]c/cg, o! ocing !ikc-
wisc morc dcvotcd to Qhysics than socio!ogy, to usc our tcrms.
5ocratcs dcnics rcsQonsioi!ity and countcrs oy accusing ^naxago-
ras o! this misdccd: "5o go sQcnd a drachma on his oooks, hc says,
"whcrc you can rcad that thc sun is a stonc and thc moon is carth
( 2ds)as !or mc, 5ocratcs, 'vc ncvcr said anything o! thc sort.
^ usua!, 5ocratcs rcQ!accs thc intcrrogation hc was suQQoscd to
undcrgo oy an intcrrogation that hc conducts: thc vcry Qcrson
!ato casts in thc ro!c o! victim now occomcs thc inguisitor, and
thc tria! o! thc Qhysicist ^naxagoras can oc disccrncd, !ikc a Q!ay
within a Q!ay, in thc tria! dcscriocd in thc A]c/cg.Lvcn oc!orc a
court in scssion, thc Qcrmancnt 5ocratic triouna! ncvcr rcccsscs,
it is sti!! morc incscaQao!c than thc onc that wi!! condcmn him.
Lvcn on thc dc!cndant's stand, 5ocratcs can' t stoQ accusing. Hc's
a Qcrmancnt Quo!ic Qrosccutor, carrying his Qortao!c triouna! on
his shou!dcrs in thc strccts and Quo!i . sguarcs, and thus Q!ungcd
uQ to his ncck in thc aoso!utc in!ormation rcguircd oy socia!
scicncc. Right in thc midd!c o! his tria!, an ordinary tria! sincc thc
gucstion is on!y whcthcr or not hc orokc thc !aws o! thc city,
5ocratcs oQcns thc conditiona!, transccndcnta! tria! o! thc man
who rcmovcs himsc!! !rom thc city and its !aw, a casc so !undamcn-
uthat it irrcsistio!y orcaks through thc 5ocratic Q!ca, which !ato,
noncthc!css, makcs into a !oundationa! discoursc in thc A]c/cg.
Jhc ]uridica! gadt!y cou!dn't carc !css aoout thc moonl
^ccuscd o! having c!aimcd that thc sun is ourning, ^naxagoras
was condcmncd, that gocs without saying. Cn !caving thc court-
room, did hc cry, ``Yct it dcss ournl : n !act, hc !ikcncd it to an
incandcsccnt stonc, oiggcr than thc c!oQonnisos, !rom this stonc
!c!! thc orown, chariot-sizcd mctcoritc, whosc imQact, around
^cgosQotami, assurcd his !amc, occausc hc had !orcsccn it: how
can a thing !ikc that oc Qrcdictcd:
^ oig chunk o! naturc !a!!s in thc midd!c o! thc city, a hnc
Qhysica!-scicncc oo]cct suddcn!y droQs into socia! scicncc's tcr-
rainl Jcrror in thc city as in thc hc!ds, not, onc might think,
occausc o! thc cxccQtiona! mirac!c that camc incxQ!icao!y !rom
thc hcavcns, out occausc thc wor!dwidc wor!d is rcvca!ing itsc!!
to thosc who know on!y thc wor!d!y haoitat. Jhis is what's rarc.
Jhis is thc mirac!c, to tc!! thc truth. that naturc managcs to orcak
through cu!turc's !ast cnc!osurc. Jhc stonc !a!!s !rom thc hrma-
72 7b Aatutu/ Ccuttcct
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Scieuce, Law 7J
wisdom or madncss o! !anguagcs in which insurancc contracts arc
ca!!cd c/iciss) . Vc ought to admirc thc madncss or wisdom o! our
anccstors thc Gau!s, who !carcd, it is to!d, that thc sky wou!d !a!!
on thcir hcads: indccd, that cou!d haQQcn this morning, unan-
nounccd, and what's morc it w!! surc!y haQQcn somc hnc morn-
ing. Jhcir madncss or wisdom is ]ust !ikc ours, a!ivc and oric!, thc
ctcrna! anguish o! thc king in hc!!, thrcatcncd oy thc rock.
_ucstion: whcrc do you !ocatc this hc!!: Right hcrc, as !ar as
know, undcr thc st!! constc!!ations, undcr thc incandcsccnt stonc
o! thc ^naxagorcan sun, in thc worricd timc whi!c thcsc hcavcn!y
oodics rcmain dc!icatc!y oa!anccd, !or thc duration o! our short
!i!c or o! thc hc!!ish and mcdiocrc history that strctchcs around it.
Hc!!, considcrcd as a thing aQart, guitc nicc!y dchncs thc Q!acc
o! naturc, undcrstood as thc sQacc o! cxi!c and oanishmcnt: i! thc
stonc thrcatcning Janta!us !a!!s on his hcad, thcn it rcturns to its
natura! Q!acc.
Vc kccQ !orgctting aoout mctcors, wc'rc a!ways attriouting hu-
man causa!ity to thousands o! cvcnts that arc actua!!y dctcrmincd
oy c!imatc. Cur anccstors thc Gau!s, !ikc mysc!!, wou!d havc Qrc-
!crrcd gcograQhy, which is so scrcnc, to history, so chaotic, and
Qrc!crrcd Montcsguicu to Kousscau. Jhc !attcr must oc takcn
!itcra!!y whcn hc says that, a!tcr thc contract, thcrc is no morc
naturc cxccQt !or thc so!itary drcamcr, whom socicty has !orgot-
tcn. Mctcors vanish in Qo!itica! Qhi!osoQhics, which arc cvcry oit
as a-cosmic as socia! scicncc, a!tcr a !cw initia! momcnts that arc
indccd cvokcd or thought o! as originary, thc octtcr to c!iminatc
thc wor!d.
Jhus, cvcn though cric!cs at thc hcight o! his !amc dc!cndcd
him, ^naxagoras !ound himsc!! condcmncd to cxi!c and oanish-
mcnt !rom thc cip !or having said that thc sun was nothing out a
rock that cou!d !aI!. But hc had a!rcady occn !iving outsidc Qo!i-
tcs. n thc words o! an unknown scho!iast: "Having occomc a
Qhi!osoQhcr o! naturc, Janta!us was condcmncd !or dcmonstrat-
ing that thc sun was on hrc. His Qunishmcnt was to oc cxQoscd
to its rays unti! hc was immooi!izcd oy thc shock o! its ourning.
OoxograQhy is somctimcs cohcrcnt in its historiatcd chaos, it tc!!s
us that hc!! is no dicrcnt !rom thc wor!dwidc sQacc undcr thc
sun. 5o Janta!us was cast out.
Vhat is naturc: Jhc city's or cu!turc's hc!!. Jhc Q!acc whcrc thc
oanishcd kng was cast out, thc city's outskirts, suouros. Jhis cxc!u-
71 7b Aatuzc/ Ccutzcct
sion shows that thc distinction octwccn two sQaccs or worIds,
worIdwidc and worIdIy, naturc and cuIturc, QrcsuQQoscs a]udiciaI
dccision. Jhis is no customary or routinc dccision drawn !rom
]urisQrudcncc out an cxtraordinary ]udgmcnt handcd down oy a
!undamcntaI triounaI in thc coursc o! an originaI or transccndcn-
taI triaI: a irst ]udgmcnt, as in ast ]udgmcnt, Qronounccd oy
this triounaI, scatcd on thc ooundary octwccn thc two sQaccs.
C! this hcII, Anaxagoras said, "Jhc dcsccnt to Hadcs is much
thc samc !rom whatcvcr QIacc wc start. " Vhcthcr you Icavc !rom
5Qarta or 5an rancisco, dying is donc thc samc way. Vhcthcr
you'rc cxiIcd !rom aris or isa, thc worId outsidc Iics undcr thc
samc imQcrishaoIc sky. Jwcnp citics and onc cxtcrnaI worId, un-
dcr thc sun, thc samc !or aII thosc cxcIudcd. ^ hundrcd scts o!
Iaws and a singIc dcscrt cxiIc, aII suouros Iook aIikc. ^ thousand
cuIturcs, onc naturc. ^ hundrcd ooscssions, onc way to orcathc.
^ hundrcd thousand sociaI scicncc oooks Qrcscnting miIIions o!
Qicccs o! in!ormation, onc knowIcdgc and rarc thought.
^ muItiQIicity o! divcrsc Iivcs and mourn!uI grimaccs !or a sin-
gIc kind o! dcath. Vhcrc do wc gct thc univcrsaI: rom dcmisc.
rom cxQuIsion. rom thc outdoors. rom thc hcII o! !aIIing
stoncs. Ycs, !rom ourning stars. rom thc othcr worId. rom a
worId without mcn.
Anaxagoras was condcmncd to dcath in aoscntia, as wcrc his
chiIdrcn, anothcr sourcc sQccihcs. "Lasy docs it, hc cxcIaimcd,
"naturc had aIrcady Qromiscd us to dcath !rom thc momcnt o!
our oirth. " Lvcn i! a hundrcd authoritics hastcn its coming, sincc
thcy'rc incaQaoIc o! dcIaying itwas thc dcath QcnaIty invcntcd
oy this arrogant imQotcncc:a singIc authorip, o! Iast rcsort, onc
that wc do not know, hoIds thc Qowcr to dccidc thc cnd o! human
Ii!c. 5o many untimcIy condcmnations !or onc univcrsaI dcath.
A i! thcy wcrc unawarc o! thcir common !atc, mortaIs arc in
thc haoit o! asscmoIing in communitics to QrocIaim to onc an-
othcr that thcy'vc invcntcd dcath. Lommon, thcn, i! it is aIIowcd
to takc its coursc, and onIy communaI i! thc day o! rcckoning is
hastcncd, dcath Iics at thc intcrscction o! man-madc Iaws and
naturaI Iaws. n thc samc way, suouros or thc dcscrt o! cxiIc, hcII,
outsidc, thc sQacc undcr thc stars, aII tracc thc sQatiaI intcrscction
o! man-madc vcrdicts and naturaI QIaccs. Jhc triounaI and dcath
arisc on thc samc sQot.
Vho or what thcn condcmns mc to dcath: My oody, my human
Scieuce, Law 7^
and !iving conditon, thc !aw o! !a!!ing oodics i! thc sky droQs on
my hcad, thc !aws o! comoustion i! sct mysc!! on hrcor Qcrsccu-
tion oy somc triouna!: Jhc Qcna! codc, thc gcnctic codc: Iaturc,
or my cu!turc: Jhcir con!rontation takcs Q!acc oc!orc a triouna!,
as i! on!y thc ]udicia! cou!d rccord thc unicity o! thc !aws o! thc
wor!d and o! dcath in thc !acc o! thc mu!tiQ!c and rc!ativc dcci-
sions o! socia! codcs. ^!tcr a!!, ^naxagoras says that cvcn naturc
condcmns him to dcath, as i! thcrc wcrc rca!!y a triouna! outsidc,
and thus a !cga! ordcr that can suomit to its ru!cs thcsc two pQcs
o! !aws, thosc o! natura! scicncc and thosc o! socia! scicncc. ^nd
thus !aw Qrcvai!s ovcr scicncc.
Jhc cip casts out ^naxagoras, or c!sc hc dics, !or having said-
and thc ]ury uQhc!d thc chargc against him-that thc sun is a
ourning stonc. Vc !ivc in cxi!c, wc dic condcmncd, hcavy oodics
!a!!, inc!uding mctcors coming !oosc !rom thcir oroits, hrc ourns
and h!!s thc univcrsc with its hcat. Jhcsc arc thrcc natura! !aws
that havc occn Qronounccd as such, canonizcd, oc!orc thc triou-
na! o! man-madc !aws. aw Qrcvai!s ovcr scicncc, and thc Grccks,
mathcmaticians though thcy arc, wi!! not invcnt Qhysics.
LxccQt !or orutc !orcc and thc unvci!ing o! g!ory that history
ocrs, thc on!y truth, in thc ocginning, is ]udicia!.
aw ncvcr givcs ordcrs and rarc!y writcs or sQcaks in thc im-
Qcrativc, nor docs it dcsignatc, that is, writc or sQcak in thc in-
dicativc. t uscs thc Qcr!ormativc. Jhis mcans that truth, thc con-
!ormity o! thc sQokcn or thc Qrcscriocd with thc !acts, cnsucs
immcdiatc!y !rom its QrcscriQtion or its sQcaking. Jhc Qcr!orma-
tivc makcs sQcaking an c!hcacious act, a sort o! hat. in thc ocgin-
ning o! thc wor!d, God thc crcator uscs this kind o! Qcr!ormativc
uttcrancc. hc sQcaks and things haQQcn in accordancc with his
word, as i! thc crcation o! thc wor!d had occn conccivcd as a
!aw. Jhus thc !aw docs not crr, cannot crr. Jhcrc is no ]udicia!
crror, or rathcr, a triouna! can oc mistakcn aoout thc !acts that
it is authorizcd to ]udgc, out thc !aw that it rcQrcscnts is not
mistakcn. Jhc aroitcr, in!a!!io!c occausc Qcr!ormativc, is a!ways
right. ! hc is wrong, hc has givcn uQ aroitrating.
Jhc socia! contract gcncra!izcs this !aw o! truth, whcn Kousscau
says that thc gcncra! wi!! can ncvcr crr. C! coursc. ! thc contract
!ounds socicty, Qo!itics, in turn, is !oundcd on !aw, sincc thc con-
tract is its !undamcnta! act. Lonvcntion, as thc agrccd-uQon com-
76 7b Aatun/ Ccutzuct
ing togcthcr o! many mcn, is !oundcd tauto!ogica!!y on convcn-
tion, in thc scnsc o! a contractua! and convcntiona! agrccmcnt.
^d !aw, ocing Qcr!ormativc, docs not crr, thcrc!orc thc gcncra!
wi!! can ncvcr oc mistakcn. Kousscau succccds in dcmonstrating
this Qaradoxica! out oovious !act on which thc !i!c o! thc ancicnt
city-statc dcQcnds: thc convcntiona!, ocing in!a!!io!c, is a!ways
truc. ^ntiguity kncw on!y truth Qroduccd oy convcntion and g!ory,
what wc wou!d ca!! today thc mcdia and managcmcnt. Jhc truc,
which wc think shou!d oc !oundcd on somcthing othcr than an
aroitrary convcntion, is !oundcd, on thc contrary, Qrccisc!y on this
convcntion. Jhc aroitrary is in!a!!io!c. Jhis is a !undamcnta! thco-
rcm o! Qcr!ormativc !aw, though it aQQcars Qaradoxica!. thc aoso-
!utc ncccssip, thc organic oo!igation o! aroitrating. Ocath or this
thcorcm.
Jhc history o! our know!cdgc starts !rom this thcorcm, cngagcs
in ruscs with it, hghts it and acknow!cdgcs it, hatcs it out cannot
do without it. Vhat is scicncc, know!cdgc, and cvcn thought: Jhc
sct o! con!rontations octwccn a!! thc othcr !oundations o! truth
and this !undamcnta! act o! aroitrating. Lvcry ccrtainty, thcrc!orc,
must Qrcscnt itsc!! to oc rccordcd and conhrmcd, to oc canon-
izcd, oc!orc a triouna!.
Jaxonomy o! Jhcsc Lascs and Lauscs
1N AO 1bLH. ^ tria! a!ways cnds oy givng a ru!ing, oy con-
c!uding aoout thc casc, ]udgcs aQQ!y tcxts and ]urisQrudcncc in
such a way that thcir scntcnccs contrioutc to nourishing, in rcturn,
]urisQrudcncc and thc cvo!ution o! !aw. Jhc triouna!'s dccision
thus oQcns uQ a ncw timc. Iot timc that Qasscs and s!iQs oy, as i!
!cH to itsc!!, out a timc worthy o! rcQorts and documcnts: a history.
crhaQs wc havc nothing out !aw to trans!orm timc into history,
or to canonizc thc !ormcr in thc !attcr. Bcttcr sti!!, history docs
not so much un!o!d oy tria!s as act as a Qcrmancnt triouna! itsc!!.
^n cvcnt crcatcs a oi!urcation, convcrsc!y, a oimrcaton counts
as an cvcnt. 5incc thc Qronounccmcnt that conc!udcs a !awsuit
makcs a choicc among various Qaths, it c!oscs uQ Qossioi!itics in
ordcr to oQcn a sing!c onc, !ikc a scmiconductor, a !ock, or a tckct
window. Jhc scrics o! this kind o! tria!s Qroduccs thc grouQ or
succcssion o! oi!urcations a!ong which history t!ows, a!ong which
timc Qasscs so as to oc thcrcoy canonizcd. Jhcsc arc thc ]udicia!
Sc, Law 77
vcrticcs or nodcs distrioutcd in thc nctwork traccd oy thc history
o! scicncc. 5Qacc, !ogic. Lvcry dccision, as thc word indicatcs,
dchncs a rcgion o! sQacc, concrctc or aostract. Lvcry dccision not
on!y cuts a ti!!ao!c Q!ot out o! thc chaos !c!t oy thc !urious swc!!ing
o! thc rivcr or war, and attrioutcs this Q!ot without usu!ruct to a
givcn Qcrson, out a!so and csQccia!!y, cvcry dccision dc!imits con-
ccQts and thcir QroQcrtics ana!ytica!!y. Jhc hrst ]urist o! Koman
!aw, thc inaugura! !ogician or sct thcorist, was thc augur who,
oc!orc ooscrving thc ausQiccs, markcd out t]/aor zoncs with his
ritua! sta!! among thc Qossio!c !ocations in thc sky. aw dcscriocs
what haQQcns in any kind o! sQacc, whcthcr rca!, matcria!, !orma!,
or !inguistic. thc discovcry and thc division o! this origina! sQacc
arc thc vcry origin o! !aw. ts !anguagc, not QrcscriQtvc out Qcr!or-
matvc, oy dcscrioing sitcs and attrioutcs, that is, Q!accs and QroQ-
crtics, makcs thcm into what thcy arc.
Jimc occomcs canonica! and is trans!ormcd into history oc-
causc wc ascrioc it to thcsc sitcs as soon as thcy cxist. Jhc ]urist
invcnts this tyQc o! aostraction. Iot constraint, not mora!ip or
Qo!icing, out an ana!ytic cartograQhy: in this, !aw !ooks !ikc Qroto-
gcomctry. A i! thc no !orms o! rcason, scicntihc and ]uridica!,
startcd out oy ana!yzing or carving uQ an cxistcntia! and catcgori-
ca! Larth, !undamcnta!, transccndcnta!, archradica!.
LxamQ!cs. n thc ocginning is thc rc!igious. 5uQQosc that a
givcn socia! grouQ Qracticcs givcn ritcs. ^t thc s!ightcst dcviation,
thc co!!cctvip rcacts and corrccts to rcstorc thc cgui!iorium o!
thc norm, i! thc divcrgcncc grows, a choicc must oc madc octwccn
orthodoxy and hcrcsy. Vhcncc thc rc!igion-rc!igion conUict that
on!y a tria! can dccidc. ]csus oc!orc thc chic! Qricsts and c!dcrs,
Lounci!s vcrsus Kc!ormcrs-uthcr, La!vin, or Michac! 5crvctus.
But a givcn rc!igion somctimcs Qromotcs !aws contrary to thosc
o! thc king, or o! whatcvcr rcgimc is in Qowcr. Vhcncc thc rc!i-
gion-Qo!itics cont!ict, a!so dccidcd oy a t1ia!, that o! QroQhcts !acc
to !acc with kings, or that o! ]csus, oncc again, oc!orc ontius
i!atc, during which thc Kcdccmcr Qronounccd thc canonica!
words: my kingdom is not o! this wor!d.
Vith cvcry vcrdict, a sQacc oQcns uQ and a tmc is oorn.
Lhurchcs and sccts arc dchncd and thrivc, cach with its tcrrain
and history. n thc samc way, thc tria! o! ^ntigonc against Lrcon
dchncs in sQacc and cngcndcrs in timc a ccrtain mora!ity in rc!a-
tion to Qo!itica! Qowcr, or a Qrivatc right in rc!aton to Quo!ic !aw.
78 7b Aatutul Ccuttuct
Cnc attcr anothcr, thc sccnccs arc born, cach scckng to mark
ts orgnaI Imts and grcrogatvcs ( was about to say ts ]ursdc-
ton) . Vc wII surcIy ncvcr know how or whcrc or by whosc chorts
thcy rcaIIy bcgan, but wc cannot torgct thc IcgaI actons that sanc-
toncd thcr cntry both nto hstory and nto truth, thc groccss
that couId bc caIIcd thcr canonzaton.
Jhc sccnccs sgIt oh trom goItcs, thcr tcrran s dstngushcd
trom coIIcctvc sgacc, thcr contract dttcrs trom thc socaI con-
tract, thcr Ianguagc s ncthcr sgokcn nor wrttcn Ikc gubIc ds-
coursc, and thc hstory ot thcr truths s tuII ot bturcatons. Jhus
cach sccncc has ts traI aganst thc tyrant or gowcr: that ot Zcno
at thc orgn ot mathcmatcs, that ot ^naxagoras at thc taIcd
bcgnnng ot ghyscs, that ot GaIIco at ts succcsstuI cmcrgcncc,
that ot Lavoscr whcn chcmstry startcd, and so many IttIc ant-
Darwnan cascs whcn modcrn boIogy was Iaunchcd.
Jhc sccnccs arc dstngushcd trom rcIgon: thcr tcxt dttcrs
trom sacrcd wrtng, thcr truths do not havc thc samc rctcrcnccs.
Jhs cxgIans GaIIco`s traI, oncc agan, tor astronomy and mc-
chancs, and aIso thc cascs that str ug bbIcaI tundamcntaIsts
taccd wth thc thcory ot cvoIuton.
Vhat do thc sccnccs havc to do wth moraIty: MoraIty s wrt-
tcn n thc mgcratvc and knowIcdgc n thc ndcatvc, Ikc Iaw,
but wthout bcng gcrtormatvc, as Iaw s. Joday IocaI and natonaI
commttccs ot mcdcaI cthcs arc tormng, scckng to conccvc
Iaws as yct unwrttcn, Ikc thosc unwrttcn 1aws ot Iovc to whch
^ntgonc rctcrrcd. SmIarIy, wc nccd a coIIcctvc cthcs n thc tacc
ot thc worId`s tragIty.
Jhcsc succcssvc traIs dcImt thc rcsgcctvc sgaccs ot thc sc-
cnccs and thcr grcrogatvcs, by dstngushng thcm trom thc
othcr domans and tygcs ot truth, whch had aIrcady bccn dstn-
gushcd by othcr traIs. Jhs muItgIcty ot cIds (rcIgons, goI-
tcs, moraItcs, sccnccs, and so on) dcncs grctty wcII what wc
caII sccuIarsm, a gIobaI and gIuraIst conccgt gutc cIosc to ths
dstrbutvc ]ustcc. Sant Jhomas ^gunas, who rst ntroduccd a
man-madc IcgaI ordcr ndcgcndcnt ot a unvcrsaI dvnc IcgsIa-
ton, nvcntcd thc cttcctvc usagc ot sccuIarsm, though ccrtanIy
not thc conccgt.
Vc know socctcs n whch cvcrythng s rcIgous, othcrs n
whch cvcrythng s goItcaI, and so torth. n thcm, cach socaI
tact tcnds to bccomc a totaI socaI tact. Jhc IocaI nvadcs thc
Scieuce, Law 7
_OD3 3DU DCCODC8 !O!3I!3II3D OI DDU3DCD!3I8!. _D8!ICC 3DU
8CCD3II8D ICVCI8C !DI8 !CDUCDC 3DU 8!ID__C 3_3ID8! I! D 388I_D-
ID_ 8QCCIHC Q3CC8 3DU QICIO_3!IVC8. A 3 !O!3 8OCI3 3C!, QOI!IC8
UIC!3!C8 !O DIOO_ I!8 8CDKOVI3D OI wICDDIIDI3D tID!D8, I ICI-
_IOD DCCODC8 3 !O!3 3C!, I! WI IDQO8C I!8 UO_D3 OD IDDO,
L3ICO, OI L3IWID8 UI8CIQC8. YDCDCC !DC 8C3DU3OD8 !II38, WDICD
!DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC UOC8 DO! 8O DDCD 8DHCI IOD CDCI_C
IOD.
D! I, 8DUUCD, !DC 8CICDCC8, WDICD DCDCH! IOD !DC 3DI3 O
83CIIHCI3 VIC!ID8 3DU IOD !DC _D8!1HCU !IIDDQD O !DCII OWD
tQC O IC38OD ID !DC !IDC O DI8!OI 3DU !DC 8Q3CC O !DC WDOC
13I!DI !DC 8CICDCC8 WCIC !O !3KC OVCI D DCCODID_, ID !DID, 3
!O!3 8OCI3 3C!, 3DU UIC!3!ID_ !DCII !IDtD8 !O C!DIC8, !O 3W8, !O
QOI!IC8, !O ICI_IOD8, !O QDIO8OQDIC8, !DCD ID_D8!ICC WODU IC-
!DI, 8DDC!IIC3, IOD !DC O!DCI 8IUC O DC3DID_, 8Q3CC, 3DU
!IDC, QD!!ID_ !DI8 8CCD3II8D ID!O QCII ODCC 3_3ID. YI WC 8CC
!DC 8!3I! O 8ODC !II3, 8!I IDCODCCIV3DC 38 O DOW, 8ODC COD-
QC!C UICICD! DCW C_3 3C!IODr 1! 8ODC!IDC8 D3QQCD8 !D3!
!D3! WDICD CODtIIDD!C8 !O IDCI3!IOD !DID8 3IODDU 3DU DCCODC8 3
QOWCI !O CD83VC D8.
CC3D8C O !DI8, !DC 8CIIC8 O C3DODIZ3!IOD tII38 COD!IDDC8, IIIC-
8I8!1D, II_D! ID8IUC !DC 8CICDCC8, ODCC !DC 3IC C3DODIZCU. 1D O!DCI
WOIU8, !DC 8CQ3I3!C IOD ODC 3DO!DCI, UI8!ID_DI8D 3DOD_ !DCD-
8CVC8, 3DU !DIIVC D ID8!I!D!ID_, 38 ODC O !DCII DDU3DCD!3 C3-
!DIC8, 3 DC!wOIK O _DII8UIC!IOD8 8DCD !D3! DODC O !DCD _DU_C8
I!8C CODQC!CD! OD!8IUC I!8 OWD !CII3ID. DI8 QIOCCUDIC, 8ODC-
!IDC8 C3CU 38IHC3!IOD, ID 3C! QDI!C IC8CDDC8 3_IICD!DI3 QIOQ-
CI! 3W, !DC CODQC!CDCC O 3 !IIDDD3, OI 8ODC QOI!IC3 OI DII!3I
Q3I!I!1ODID_. 1I8!OIIC3 DIU, !DC C388IHC3tIOD O !DC 8CICDCC8
!3KC8 !DC OID O C3I!O_I3QD.
bO !DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC IC8CDDC8, IKC 3 !wID 8I8!CI, tDC DI8!OI
O ICI_IOD8 CI!CU 3DOVC, 3DU ODI CCC I8 CODQC!C. DC OU ICI-
_IOD-ICI_IOD CODIC!8, WI!D !DCII CODI!IOOD8 OI DCIC!1C8, tDCII
DDIDID_ O 8OICCICI8 3!CI CX!OCU 38 83ID!8~!DC8C CODIC!8 3IC
ICDCWCU ID ID!CIDID3DC 8CICDCC-8CICDCC CODICt8, 8C!!CU D !DC
QCID3DCD! ID!CI3 !IIDDD38 !D3! IC_D3!C 8CICD!IHC IC. DD8
!DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC C3VC8 DCDIDU I! 38 D3D OD!C38!8 UOC8 tDC
DI8!OI O ICI_IOD. O!ZD3DD KI8 DID8C OD 3D 1UII3!1C DC3CD,
1DC UIC8 OI_O!!CD ID DI8 QIIDC, WC 3IC OICVCI ICC3ID_ ODCC-
UC8QI8CU QICCDI8OI8.
80 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutnct
1DIO8O[DCI8 D8CU !O UIC3D O 3 8CICDCC O 8CICDCC8, WC D3VC
HD3 3W3KCDCU IOD !DI8 UIC3D. 1VCD C[I8!CDOO_ UOC8 DO!
CXI8!, CXCC[! 38 3 ICUDDU3D! UI8CODI8C, 3 OID O 3UVCI!I8ID_. 1 I!
WCIC ICDOI ID !DC OID O 3D C[I8!CDOUICy, WDO WODU DC 3DC
!O UC8CIIDC !DC IC3!IOD8 DCIwCCD _DU_DCD! 3DU !ID!Dr
DD8 !DC !II38 O bOCI3!C8, _C8D8, L3ICO . . . 3IC DO! CXCC[!IOD8,
DO! D 3 OD_ 8DO!. LD !DC COD!I3I, !DC DIID_ OD! 3 3W O ODI
DI8!OI. !D3! !DC 3W8 O !DC CI!y, !DC ID8!I!D!IOD8, !DC 8OCI3, ICI-
_IOD8, 3DU [OI!IC3 OIUCI 3 3_ICCU 3! 8ODC [OID! !O O8C 3! !DCII
OWD _3DC. DC 3ICDOD8 O 1!DCD8, !DC [OD!IH8 3DU 1OD!ID8 1I3!C,
!DC C3IUID38 O !DC CDII3ODI DI8!OI COD8CD!8 !O [D!!ID_ !DCD
ID !DC [IOI, WDCIC !DC 3IC _OIDCU D !DC DCDDCI8 O !DC ICVOD-
!IOD3I !IIDDD3 !D3! D3U !DC CDCDI8! L3VOI8ICI8 DC3U CD! O1, OI
!DO8C O !DC 1D_I8D _DI !D3! UIOVC !DC O_ICI3D DIID_ !O 8DICIUC,
CVCD !DOD_D DI8 IDVCD!IOD8 ID COD[D!CI 8CICDCC D3U CODtIIDD!CU
UCCI8IVC !O [IC8CIVID_ !DC II!I8D 18C8 IOD 3ZI IDV38IOD, OI !DC
bOVIC! _DU_C8 WDO8C I_DODID [D! !DC DI3KC8 OD DIOO_y ID !DCII
CODD!I ID !DC L8CDKO 3H3II.
1D !DI8 O8CI-!3KC8-3 _3DC, !DCD, I! I8 DO OD_CI !DC CODUCDDCU
[CI8OD WDO I8 UOODCU. LDI DI8!OIy I8 3D 3[[C38 CODI! ID WDICD
!DC8C CODUCDD3!IOD8 D3CKIC 3_3ID8! !DCII _DU_C8. bDD_CC! !O !DC
V3_3IIC8 O [3CC 3DU [OWCI, OC3 3W8 ODCC C3IIICU !DC U3, DD!
!DC COCC!IOD O 3[[C38 !O !DC8C _DU_DCD!8 CIC3!CU !DC !IDC WC
IVC ID. !DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC I8 UIIVCD D !DC COD!IDDOD8 ICCOD8IU-
CI3!IOD O !DC8C !II38, 3W38 ID !DC 83DC UIICC!IOD. DI8 I8 ODC O
!DC 8CCIC!8 O 1C_C8 [DIO8O[D. !DC [IO_IC88IVC IC3IZ3!IOD O
!DC ICI_D O 8[III!, !D3! I8, O !DC 8CICDCC8, D38 UI3CCtIC8, !D3! I8, !DC
O_IC O !IIDDD38, 38 I!8 !CD[OI3 3W.
1! HI8! 3W8 [ICV3I OVCI !DC 8CICDCC8, !II3 3!CI !II3, !DCD 8CI-
CDCC [ICV3I8 OVCI 3W8, 8IDCC C3CD I8 ICCOD8IUCICU ID !DC I_D! O
IC38OD, DD! 3W [ICV3I8, 8IDCC !DC ID!CID3 O_IC O DI8!OI, CVCD
O !DC 8CICDCC8, ICD3ID8 !D3! O !DC 3W, DD! 8CICDCC [ICV3I8, 8IDCC
I! 3W38 UCC_3!C8 CX[CI!8 !O !DC CODI!5, DD! . . . . DC DC!3-[OCDIC
O 8CICDCC 3DU 3W, O IC38OD 3DU _DU_DCD!, C3DDO! DC UCCIUCU
UCHDI!IVC 3DU COD8!I!D!C8 !DC !IDC O ODI DI8!OI.
1D !DC OVCI3 D33DCC 8DCC!, !I3UItIOD3 DI8!OI UCD3!C8 CDU-
C88 3DOD! KDOWCU_C 3DU 3W, 3DOD! !DC 3W8 O KDOWCU_C O
!DC WOIUWIUC WOIU CODIOD!CU WI!D !DC 3W8 !D3! OI_3DIZC !DC
WOIU WOIU. 1! I8 3D O[[O8I!IOD DCIwCCD IwO KID_UOD8, !D3! O
Scieuce, Law 81
!DI8 WOIU 3DU !D3! O !DC O!DCI WOIU, WD3!CVCI !DC O!DCI WOIU
D3 DC.
D3! DCID_ !DC C38C, ODC C3D DDUCI8!3DU !DC QIOODDU UIVOICC
WI!DID WDICD WC 3IC 8!ID__ID_, WI!D DO QO88IDC W3 OD!. LD lDC
ODC D3DU, DI8!OI 3W38 VIDUIC3!C8 8CICD!IHC IC38OD, W3!CDCU OVCI
D I!8 ODDUID_ DCIOC8, 3 O WDOD WCIC VIC!ID8 O _DUICI3 CIIOI
3DU UICU IDDOCCD!. DC O!DCI WOIU, !DC OD_CC!IVC WOIU, !DD8 D38
IC38OD8 !D3! 3IDI!I3I IC38OD 3DU !DC 3IDI!I3!IOD O !DC COCC!IVI!y,
DCID_ UCHDI!IVC UI8QD3IHCU, D3VC DO DD8IDC88 KDOWID_. 1 !DC
D3!!C8 !D3! 8CICD!IHC !3C!IC8 O8C OC3 ICDODDU ID!O 3 _OD3
!IIDDQD ID !DC W3I W3_CU D 8CICD!IHC 8!I3!C_y. C8, 8CICDCC I8
QICV3IID_ OVCI 3W, 3DU !D3! DC3D8 lD3! !DC 3W8 O !DC WOIU O
!DID_8 3IC QICV3IID_ OVCI !DC 3W8 O !DC WOIU O DCD. 1D lDC CDU
!D3! WI DC3D !D3! QCOQC WI OOK UOWD OD !DC WOIU O DCD.
D!, OD !DC O!DCI D3DU, !DI8 OD_ W3I I8 8!I C3CU DI8!OI, 3DU
I!8 3W I8 UI3CC!IC8, OI !DC O_IC O !IIDDD38, WDICD D38 DO!DID_ !O
UO WI!D !DC WOIU, OD WI!D !DC CXQDI8I!C UI8QD!C8 IDUD_CU ID D
ICHDCU DCD 3DOD_ !DCD8CVC8. bO 3W QICV3I8 OVCI !DC 8CICDCC8,
CVCD _OD3, 3DU lD3! DC3D8 !D3! !DC 3W8 O !DC WOIU O DCD
QICV3I OVCI !DC 3W8 O !DC WOIU O !DID_8. 1D !DC CDU !D3! DC3D8
!D3! QCOQC WI OOK UOWD OD !DC WOIU O lDID_8.
DC _IC3! C_I83!OI8 O ODC WOIU 3IC DD3W3IC O !DCII CODD!CI-
Q3Il8 ID !DC O!DCI. wD8! WC ICCODCIC !wO !_C8 O 3W, DO C_I83-
!OI8, DD8! WC DIDU !O_C!DCI !wO WOIU8r
L3ICO
L]]ur, si mucus| LODUCDDCU, L3ICO OD_CC!8 OI 8CCD8 !O OU_C
3D 3QQC3. DD! DCOIC WD3! !IIDDD3r I3D83!ID_ DI8 3DOD8 CXC3-
D3!IOD ID!O 1ICDCD D3KC8 I! 3QQ3ICD! !D3! I! OQQO8C8 !DC 3HID3-
!IOD O DOVCDCD! ( sds tous, I! UOC8 DOVC ) WI!D 3D 3UVCID ( L
]sndant, C!) , WDICD, OD D33DCC, UC8I_D3!C8 8D8QCDUCU ICQO8C.
D! !DCIC I8 DO C8!3DI8DCU _DII8UIC!IOD OI !DC DCW DCCD3DIC8.
DC C3IUID38 UCCIUC 3DU Q388 _DU_DCD! ID lDC D3DC O C3DOD
3W, O VOD3D 3W, 3DU O 1II8!O!C, !DC QD8ICI8! _DII8!. O IC8QODU
!O !DCD, L3ICO !IIC8 !O C8C3QC IOD !DC8C !CX!8 3DU CODVCD!IOD8
D QO8I!IODID_ DID8C OD!8IUC !DCII 3W8. D KID_UOD I8 DO! O
!DI8 WOIU, DC 838, ID 8DD8!3DCC, OI, CD3D_ID_ QOID! O ICCICDCC.
82 7b Aatun/ Couttact
!DC WOIU I8 DO! WI!DID !DC_DII8UIC!IOD O !DI8 CODI!. 1C I8 3QQC3-
ID_ !O 3 DODCXI8!CD! 3D!DOII!y.
18 !DC CODI! II_D! OI WIOD_r YD3! UOC8 I! D3!!CIr bIDCC _D8!ICC
8QC3K8 QCIOID3!IVC 3DU 8IDCC WD3! I! 838 DC_ID8 8DUUCD !O
CXI8! D !DC 8OC 3C! !D3! I! 838 I!, 8IDCC _D8!ICC _IVC8 II8C !O _DII8-
QIDUCDCC ID 3D C38C, WD3! IDUCCU UOC8 I! D3!!CI, DCIC, !O DC
WIOD_ OI II_D!r _DUICI3 !ID!D I8 I!5 OWD QOID! O ICCICDCC, I! I8
ODDUCU OD I!8C. 1 I! WCIC O!DCIWI8C, I! WODU DC DCCC883I !O 38K
CVCI CODI! !DC OOWID_ QDC8tIOD. D WD3! II_D! 3IC OD
_DU_ID_r~3DU !DD8 !O OID, DCDIDU !DC CODI!, 3 DCW 3D!DOII!y
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_IVCD _DU_C QIODODDCC8 !DC 3W D VII!DC O D3VID_ !DC II_D! !O
QIODODDCC I!. !DI8 CO8C8 !DC IDHDI!C IC_IC88 ID!O 3 CIICC 3DU I8
C3CU CODQC!CDCC.
L3ICO8 ICQ, IKC !D3! O _C8D8, C38 ID!O QDC8!IOD !DC CODQC-
!CDCC O WDOCVCI I8 _DU_ID_. 1DU DOtD _C8D8 3DU L3I!CO C3ID
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!DI8 WOIU, 3 D3!DI3 C3ItD ID DOVCDCD!, WDICD C3D 8CIVC 38 3 QOID!
O ICCICDCC, !DD8 !DC CD3CD_C tDC 3DtDOII!y DCOIC WDICD !DC
3IC 3QQC3IID_ 3DU WDO8C CODQC!CDCC CODCCID8 CIIDID3 OI QOI!I-
C3 3H3II8 ID !DC HI8! C38C, 3DU C3DODIC3 ODC8 ID !DC 8CCODU. 1! I8
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!DC CODVCDtIOD8 3IC UICICD!. tDCIC !DI8 CODI! D38 DO CODQC!CDCC.
DI8 !CID I8 D8CU, CVCD ID !DC 8CICDCC8, OI !DC II_D! !O _DU_C, tD3!
I8, tDC II_D! !O CXCICI8C _DII8UIC!IOD. bO 3QQC38 3IC UIICC!CU !O
3DO!DCI CODQC!CD! 3D!DOII!.
1 !DC CODI! ID 8C88IOD C3D _D8!I] !DC C_3 D38I8 8DQQOI!ID_ I!8
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D UCHDI!IOD, UOC8 DO! CXI8!, 3! C38! DO! C!. 1 I! CXI8!CU, !DC
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ID UCD3DUID_ IOD DID 8ODC 8I_D OI !C8!IDOD !D3! WODU D3KC
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1D IC8QOD8C, !DC DCIO C3D CDOO8C !O UI8Q3 OI DO! !DC CXI8!CDCC
O !DID_8 OD!8IUC !DC !CX!, !DID_8 OD WDICD DC D38C8 DI8 CD3CD_C
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8Q3CC O !DC 3W IDCDUC8 !DID_8 !D3! 3IC CQDIV3CD! !O C38C8 OI
C38C8 tD3! 3IC !DC 83DC 38 !DID_8, WDCIC38 !DC 8Q3CC O DOD-3W
COD!3ID8 !DID_8 tD3! 3IC DO! C38C8, !D3! 3IC DO! C! C38C8, OI CVCD
Scie, Law 8J
!D3! DCVCI WI DC. DI8 IC8CIVOII O ICCICDCC8, O !DID_8 !O ICCI
!O ODLIUC !DC 3W, C3D DC C3CU !I3D8CCDUCDCC. 1D VOD3D 3W, !DC
UCCDU3D! I8 C3CU ns3DU DI8 C3D8C OI C38C res.C! D8 C3 rea/!DC
8Q3CC !O WDICD DC ICCI8, WDICD C3DDO! DC _D8!IHCU D 3D !CX!.
1ID3 3DU 3DOVC 3, L3ICO, IKC 3D O!DCI 3D!DOI, DCCU8 8ODC
!IIDDD3 8O !D3! DI8 !DCOI, WDICD I8 QIOD3DC, DCCODC8 C3DODIZCU,
8O !D3! DI8 IC3 DCCODC8 I3!IOD3 3DU DI8 !CX! 3!!3ID8 !DC 8!3!D8 O
!ID!D. 1D3DC !O UCCIUC DC!WCCD CQDIV3CD! 38!IODODIC3 DQO!DC-
8C8, 3DU ID !DC 3D8CDCC O 3D ex]ermtumccis, 3 UCCI8IVC CXQCII-
DCD!, CCC8!I3 DCCD3DIC8 ICQDIIC8 3 HD3 _DU_DCD! ID !DC CODI!
O 38! IC8OI!. bCICDCC 3W38 ICQDIIC8 !D3!.
L]]ur, si mucue!L3ICO OD_CC!8, OU_C8 3D 3QQC3. 1C IDVOKC8 !DC
WOIU O !DID_8 !DCD8CVC8, !DC C3I!D 3DU I!8 IO!3!IOD, QC3CCD,
DDC3D8CU, DO CODI! C38C. VCI_IOD8 D3_I8!I3!C8 QIC8IUC OVCI !DC
1D88CII3D 13I!D !D3! UOC8 DO! DOVC, 3DU OVCI !DC 1CIUC__CII3D
13I!D !D3! CDVCOQ8 !DCD 3DU _IVC8 !DCD 3 ODDU3!IOD. LODIOD!-
ID_ !DC C3IUID3, !DC 38!IODODCI C3IVC8 OD! !wO 8Q3CC8, O 3W 3DU
DOD-3W. IOD !DC HI8!, COD!I3C!D3 OI CODVCD!IOD3, 3QQC38 3IC
D3UC !O !DC 8CCODU, D3!DI3. 1D !DI8 COD!I3C!D3 8Q3CC, 3D 13I!D
!D3! DOVC8 8CCD8 38 3ICD 38 3 _OD3 CD3D_C UOC8 !OU3. I8 I! 3
!DID_ WI!DOD! OI WI!D 3 C3D8C, 3 C38C !D3! C3D! OI C3D DC D3UCr
1IID_ 3D OD_CC!IOD OD !DC QDC8!IOD O CODQC!CDCC, !DC QD8I-
CI8! OU_C8 3D 3QQC3 !O !DI8 D3!DIC. O 3 D3!DI3 3W. YDICD I8
_OID_ !O DC DOID, DD! WDICD I8 DO! C! DOID. DCIC 3IC DO QCIOI-
D3!IVC8 ID D3!DIC.
18 I! IC3 3 8Q3CC O DOD-3W, OI 8IDQ 3 CODI! O 3QQC38r _C8D8
3QQC38 !O 3DO!DCI WOIU, L3ICO, !OO, DD! 8O UO 1ODDC8, wOD-
!C8QDICD, OCKC, 3DU VOD88C3D. _C8D8 3DU L3ICO QDC8!IODCU OI
WCI_DCU 3 _IVCD QICCI8C _DU_DCD! QIODODDCCU D 8ODC Q3I!ICD3I
_DII8UIC!IOD, DD! 8IDCC !DCD C_3 QDIO8OQDCI8 D3VC QODUCICU !DC
_CDCI3 I88DC O D3D-D3UC 3W8, COD!I3Ct8, OI CODVCD!IOD8, ID OI-
UCI !O ODDU OI CD_CDUCI OI 3DCDU OI UC8!IO !DCD. LIKC _C8D8
3DU L3ICO, !DC 3QQC3 !O D3!DIC, WDICD I8 ICQDIICU !O UCCIUC
3DU _DU_C, 38 3 CODI! O 38! IC8OI!. YI!DOD! CODVCD!IOD, 8C-
ODDUID_, !I3D8CCDUCD!3. 1CIC, WI!DOD! COD!I3UIC!IOD, 3IC
DID_CU !DC D3!DI3 3DU !DC 8DQCID3!DI3, 3C!D3 DI8!OI 3DU OI-
D3, _CDCI3, OI O_IC3 CODUI!IOD8, UCI8!8 3DU 3!DCI8!83 DC3I-
KCDID_ !O !DC D!ID3!C ICCICDCC QOID!, DCODU WDICD DO DI!DCI
3QQC3 I8 QO88IDC.
81 7b Natuzc/ Ccutnct
DI8 CODI! O 3QQC38 OI O 38! IC8OI! QIODODDCC8 8DCD WC3K,
_CDCI3, 3DU COD!I3UIC!OI _DU_DCD!8, ID !DC WOIK O IC8QCC!CU
QDIO8OQDCI8, WDO 3IC QCIQC!D3 8D8QCC!CU D !DCII COD!CDQO-
I3IIC8 3DU 8DCCC88OI8 O CODD8ID_ !DI8 CODI! WI!D !DCII OWD COD-
VCD!IOD8, !D3! DOUCIDI!y CO8C8 UOWD D3!DI3 3W 3DU DO OD_CI
D38 3! I!8 UI8QO83 3 D3CK-WOIU OI O!DCI QOID! O ICCICDCC. 1D8!C3U
I! C3D OD D3VC ICCODI8C !O !DC DC!D3!ID_ UCCI8IOD8 OI !DC _3DU
VIOCDCC O DI8!OIIC3 CIICDD8!3DCC8. LDI_3!CU, D !DC ODI!CI3!IOD
O 3D O!DCI WOIU, !O UO WI!DOD! !DC QO88IDII! O 3QQC3, WC
CO3Q8C OI COD!I3C! !O_C!DCI !DC HI8! 3DU 38! 3D!DOII!, 3DU !DI8
COD!I3C!IOD UCHDC8 D8 3. YC 8DIVIVC 3DOD_ D3D-D3UC 3W8,
!O88CU 3DOD! D !DC DI8!OI O UODID3!IOD8.
LDIID_ !DI8 !IDC, L3ICO`8 3QQC3 D38 ICD3IDCU OD HC, DD! I!
D38 CDCODD!CICU DO CODQC!CD! CODI! WI!DID WD3! I8 8!I C3CU
3W. PU !DC D3!DIC DC 8DDDOD8 DCCODC8 !D3! O DCCD3DIC8 3DU
I!8 CODQC!CDCC. DCD D3!DI3 3W I8 IUCD!1HCU WI!D !DC QD8IC3
8CICDCC8. !DC !3KC !DC Q3CC I! C3VC8. YC DO OD_CI ICCI !O 3D-
!DID_ DD! KDOWCU_C8 CXQCI! !C8!IDOD. DD8 I! I8 !D3! WC KDOW,
DD! C3D DO OD_CI UCCIUC.
bCICDCC 3ODC DOW D38 3 !DC II_D!8. LII_ID3, 3W QICCCUCU
I!, UDIID_ DI8!OI, !DC8C !wO 3D!DOII!IC8 OQQO8CU ODC 3DO!DCI, C3CD
388DDID_ !DC O!DCI8 QICIO_3!IVC8 ID !DID, ID !DC CDU, 8CICDCC,
WDICD 3ODC I8 CODQC!CD!, I8 C! DOUID_ !DC HCU, 3DU !DC 13I!D.
YC !DD8 OIDIU ODI8CVC8 DCW DC88I3D8 OI L3ICO8. 1DC88 WC
ICOQCD !DI8 CO8CU-UOWD D3!DIC, DDC88 WC IDVCD! 3 DCW _OD3
D3!DI3 3W. 1OI !DC 13I!D I8 DOW DOUID_ D8.
CC3D8C O I!8 U3ZZID_ 8DCCC88, 8CICDCC DOW OCCDQIC8 !DC 8Q3CC
O D3!DI3 3W. L3ICO 3QQC38 !O !DC 13IU !D3! DOVC8, WDO8C
DOVCDCD! CODU DO!, ID !DC CC8 O !DC _DII8!8 O DI8 !IDC, 388DIC
3 HXCU ICCICDCC OI 3D _DU_DCD!, !DI8 3QQC3 _IVC8 8ODC!DID_
IKC 3D OWDCI8DIQ COD!I3C! !O CX3C! KDOWCU_C8 CODQDC8! O !DC
!CII3QDCOD8 _ODC.
L3ICO I8 !DC HI8! !O QD! 3 CDCC 3IODDU !DC !CII3ID O D3!DIC,
!3KC I! ID!O DI8 DC3U !O 83, !DI8 DCOD_8 !O 8CICDCC, 3DU HDU
QCOQC 8IDQC CDOD_D !O DCICVC !D3! !DI8 I8 O DO COD8CQDCDCC
OI D3D-D3UC 3W8 3DU CIVI 8OCIC!1C8, CO8CU ID OD DDD3D IC3-
!IOD8 38 !DC 3IC. 1C ODDU8 8CICD!IHC 8OCIC!y D _IVID_ I! I!8 QIOQ-
CI!y II_D!8. ID 8O UOID_, DC 38 !DC UCCQ ODDU3!IOD8 O DOUCID
8OCIC!y. DC KDOWCU_C COD!I3C! DCCODC8 IUCD!IHCU WI!D 3 DCW
Scuce, Law 8^
8OCI3 COD!I3C!. 3!DIC !DCD DCCODC8 _OD3 8Q3CC, CDQ!y O DCD,
IOD WDICD 8OCIC| WI!DUI3W8. DCIC !DC 8CICD!I8! _DU_C8 3DU C_I8-
3!C8, D38!CIID_ !DI8 8Q3CC WDCIC D3D-D3UC 3W D3U DOIC OI C88
C! !CCDDICI3D8 3DU IDUD8!II3I8t8 3ODC, ICC !O _O 3DOD! IDDO-
CCDt1 3QQID_ !DC 3W8 O 8CICDCC~DD!I !DC U3 WDCD !DC D3!DI3
8!3KC8 DC_3D !O WCI_D DOIC 3DU DOIC DC3VI OD D3D-D3UC UC-
D3!C8.
3!DIC IC8 ODt8IUC !DC COCC!IVI!y, WDICD I8 WD !DC 8!3!C O
D3!DIC ICD3ID8 IDCODQICDCD8IDC !O !DC 3D_D3_C IDVCD!CU ID 3DU
D 8OCIC!yOI !D3! IDVCDt8 8OCI3 D3D. bCICDCC CD3Ct8 3W8 WI!DOD!
8DD_CC! ID !DI8 WOIU WI!DOD! DCD. It8 3W8 3IC UIHCICD! IOD C_3
3W8.
DC CXQCIIDCD!3 8CICDCC8 D3KC !DCD8CVC8 D38!CI8 O !DI8
CDQ!y, UC8CI!, 83V3_C 8Q3CC. 1DIO8OQDCI8 !DOD_D! !D3! 8DCD 8Q3CC,
H I! CXI8!CU, COD!3IDCU !DC CODUIUOD8 O QO88IDII!, !DC 8ODICC, !DC
ODDU3!IOD, !DC DI8!OI, !DC _CDC8I8, !DC _CDC3O_y O 3 3W, 3DU
CVCD IDQICU It8 UI8!IIDDtIOD 3DOD_ 8CVCI3 3D!DOIItIC8, 3 O WDOD
IC8QODU !O !DC IDUCHDI!C QDC8!IOD D WD3! II_D!r 3DU CODVCI_C
!OW3IU 3 HD3 ICCICDCC QOID!. DCCODID_ OWDCI8 O !DC 8Q3CC O
DOD-3W, !DC 8CICDCC8, WI!D !DCII CODQC!CDCC, DIDI8D CXQCI!8 OI
CODIt8 3DU !DD8 UCCIUC DCOIC !DC UO, 3DU ID !DCII Q3CC.
3!DI3 3W I8 UID_ DCC3D8C 8CICDCC D38 CODQDCICU It8 8Q3CC.
bCICDCC Q38 !DC IOC, DOW, O ODI 38!_DU_DCD!. 1CDCCOI!D 3W
3DU 8CICDCC 3IC OQQO8CU 38 !DC D3D-D3UC 3DU !DC D3!DI3 ODCC
WCIC, 3W38 !O !DC DCDCH! O !DC D3!DI3. LDC IC8D! O L3ICO8
!II3 I8 !D3! IC38OD WI!DOD! 3 8DD_CC!, OD_CC!IVC IC38OD, QICV3I8 OVCI
!DC IC38OD 3 8DD_CC! C3D 8QC3K, 8O I! UCCIUC8 WI!DOD! OD OI DC
D3VID_ 3D!DID_ !O UO OI 83.
1OW CODU WC DO! ICCO_DIZC 3_3ID, ID L3ICO8 !II3, !DC IDDCDO-
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D 3W UCD3DU O !DC DCW 3IIIV3, WDO C3D8 !O 8QC3K O 3DO!DCI
WOIU, 3 DII3CDOD8 8I_D 8DOWID_ !ID !D3! DC CODC8 IOD C8C-
WDCIC, IOD LOU OI 3DO!DCI WOIU.
DCD, D I3I8ID_ DI8 D3DU, !DC QD8ICI8! 8Ct8 !DC WDOC 13I!D ID
DOUOD. bDDQOCD3CU OI CI!CU D !DC CODI!, DC CI!C8 !DC 13I!D,
3QQC38 !O I!, 3DU D3KC8 I! DOVC~38 WC KDOW, !DC VCID tc cits
DC3D8, ID 3DCICD! 3D_D3_C8, !O 8D3KC. P IDDCD8C 38!ODI8DDCD!
!D3! WI CD3D_C DI8!OI. I! I8 DOVD_ YD3! I8 3 DII3CCr DC !DID_
86 7b Aatuzu/ Ccutzuct
8DUUCD] DDI8!ID_ ID OD !DC C38C, !DC WOIU D3I_ID_ ID!O !DC CODI!-
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!ID DII3CDOD8 8!B!D8 O DCCD3DIC8, !DC DCW 8CICDCC O DOVC-
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3IDI!I3I. 1DU DOW, WD3! 3IC WC !O UO 3DU DOW 3IC WC !O UCCIUC,
D WD3! II_D!, ID 3 WOIU 3DU 3 !IDC !D3! OD KDOW8 DOW !O KDOW
3DU OD UOC8 !D3! WDICD CD8DC8 IOD KDOWCU_Cr 3 WOIU WDCIC
8CICDCC 3ODC I8 DCICVCUr WDCIC OD I!8 CODI!8 _DU_C ID 3 UODD
CODQC!CD! W3, DDI!ID_ 3W 3DU DOD-3Wr
D! DOW WC CDCODD!CI 8ODC!DID_ DCW. 1! !DC DOIUCI8 O CHCC-
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!IOD, WC HDU DO! OD I_DOI3DCC OI CIIOI DD! DOI!3 U3D_CI.
bDOWID_ I8 DO OD_CI CDOD_D.
1OI, 38 O !OU3, !DC 13I!D I8 QD3KID_ 3DCW. DO! DCC3D8C I! 8DI!8
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!I3D8OIDCU D ODI UOID_. 3!DIC 3C!CU 38 3 ICCICDCC QOID! OI
3DCICD! 3W 3DU OI DOUCID 8CICDCC DCC3D8C I! D3U DO 8DD_CC!.
OD_CC!IVI! ID !DC C_3 8CD8C, 38 ID !DC 8CICD!IHC 8CD8C, CD3D3!CU
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WDICD WC UCQCDUCU UC _DIC 3DU UC 3C!O. C! DCDCCOI!D I! UC-
QCDU8 8O DDCD OD D8 !D3! I! I8 8D3KID_ 3DU !D3! WC !OO 3IC WOIIICU
D !DI8 UCVI3!IOD IOD CXQCC!CU CQDIIDII3. YC 3IC UI8!DIDID_ !DC
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!O !DC 13I!D, WDICD IC8QODUCU D DOVID_. bO !DC QIOQDC! DCC3DC
KID_. 1D ODI !DID, WC 3IC 3QQC3ID_ !O 3D 3D8CD! 3D!DOII!y, WDCD
WC CI, IKC L3ICO, DD! DCOIC !DC CODI! O DI8 8DCCC88OI8, OIDCI
QIOQDC!8 !DIDCU KID_8. !DC 13I!D I8 DOVCU. DC IDDCDOII3,
HXCU 13I!D, WDICD QIOVIUCU !DC CODUI!IOD8 3DU ODDU3!IOD8 O
ODI IVC8, I8 DOVID_, !DC DDU3DCD!3 13I!D I8 !ICDDID_.
DI8 CII8I8 O ODDU3!IOD8 I8 DO! 3D ID!CCC!D3 CII8I8, I! UOC8 DO!
3CC! ODI IUC38 OI 3D_D3_C OI O_IC OI _CODC!I, DD! !IDC 3DU
WC3!DCI 3DU ODI 8DIVIV3.
1OI !DC HI8! !IDC ID !DICC DDDUICU C3I8, 8CICDCC I8 8QC3KID_
!O 3W 3DU IC38OD !O _DU_DCD!.
Scieuce, Law 87
1I8!OIIC3 wCC!ID_8 O bCICDCC 3DU 3W
C! !DC D3VC 8ODC!IDC8 IVCU !O_C!DCI.
1X3DQC8. 1II8!O!C UCHDC8 _D8!ICC D !DC 3W O CQDIIDIIDD,
WDO8C !CCDDIC3 DOUC I8 CXQIC88CU D !DC H_DIC O !DC 8C3C8, 3DU
WDO8C DDIVCI83 CQD3!IOD I8 _IVCD D !DC QIOQOI!IOD3 3D3O_y 3/D
C/U. YCIC !DCIC, ID !DC 3DCICD! LICCK WOIU, !wO DOIC _CDCI3
8!3!CDCD!8 !D3D !DC UC8I_D O !DC DO8! CODQCX O !DC 8IDQC
D3CDIDC8 3DU !DC DO8! CHCICD! `3_CDI3IC DC!DOUr LI8!IIDD!IVC
_D8!ICC D38 3IC3U C! DCDIDU 8!IIC! CQD3I!, WDICD I8 !OO D3IVC,
3DU !DID8 !O CODQCD83!IOD. !wO DDCQD3 WCI_D!8 3IC D33DCCU
!DIOD_D !DC DDCQD3 CD_!D O !DC 3ID8 O !DC 8C3C, D3D UICI-
CDCC8 3IC !DCICD IC8QCC!CU. DC DI_DC8! 8CICDCC O !DC !IDC CX-
QIC88C8 !DC DC8! 3W.
wOIC !D3D !wO !DOD83DU C3I8 3!CI, CIDDIZ IDVCD!8 !DC ID!C_I3-
!IOD O UIHCICD!I3 DD!IQICI!IC8. L CODI8C !DCIC 3IC UICICDCC8,
DD! ID!C_I3 C3CDD8 QIOVIUC8 OI !DCD. DC DO8! _OD3 8DD I8
3W38 !DC DO8! COIICC!, DCC3D8C I! C3VC8 ID!3C! !DC DO8! QDI3I-
!IC8. DI8 I8 !DC DO8! _CDCI3 DC!DOU O !DC 3_C, 3DU DCIC I8 I!8
!CCDDIQDC. CVCI!DID_ ID D3!DIC OOW8 !DC CX!ICD3 Q3!D8
UCHDCU D !DC C3CDD8 O V3II3!IOD8. LOU CIC3!C8 DCCD3DIC3 !DC
DC8! O 3 QO88IDC WOIU8, _D8! 38 3ID_ DOUIC8 OOW !DC _IC3!C8!
8OQC 3DU !DC 8QDCIC O I3IDUIOQ8 CODOID8 !O !DC _IC3!C8! VODDC
OI !DC QCDUDDD CODOID8 !O !DC CDIVC O !DC C38! !IDC. DI8 I8
3 UCCI8IVC 3I_DDCD! OI 83VID_ LOU, DCOIC !DC !IIDDD3 O DCD,
IOD !DC 3CCD83!IOD O D3VID_ CIC3!CU CVI. DC DO8! _CDCI3 D3!D-
I3 3W I8 3QQICU !O !DC DDIVCI83 _DIIUIC3 QIODCD 3DU 8OVC8 I!.
_DU_ID_ I8 CQDIV3CD! !O WCI_DID_. 38 3C!8, !DC D3VC C3CD3!IOD
ID CODDOD, WOIU8, !DC 8D3IC !DC DC3DID_ O t/in|iy. 1II8-
!O!C8 _D8!ICC 8CCK8 3 CCI!3ID CODQCD83!CU DC3D, WDCIC38 !D3! O
CIDDIZ8 LOU OOW8 !DC CX!ICDC CU_C8. DC !wO !DCOIIC8 IC_D-
3!C !DC DDIVCI8C !DIOD_D !DC 8ID_D3II!1C8 O DC3D 3DU CX!ICD3.
DC8C 3W8 O D3!DIC 3DO8! 3W38 CODC UOWD !O CXQIC88IOD8
O CQDIIDII3 OI O IDV3II3DCC !DIOD_D V3II3!IOD8, !O 8!IDC!DI3 3W8,
IDCDUID_ !DO8C !D3! _IVC !DC 3I_C8! 8D3IC !O !IDC, !DC 3W8 O
CVOD!IOD. YC CODU C3 !DCD, I!CI3, 3W8 O _D8!ICC. 1D !DC8C
C38C8, !DC DC!D3!ID_ 3DU UICICD!I3!CU CQDIIDII3 O ID3DID3!C
DD!IQICI!1C8 3DU O V3II3DC DD! UCHDCU 8QCCIC8 3IC CQDIV3CD!
!O CQDI| ID COCC!IVC 8I!D3!IOD8.
88 7b Aatun/ Ccutzuct
3!DI3 3CCDI3C, OI _D8!DC88, !DCD, I3I8C8 CX3C! !DC 83DC QDC8-
!IOD8 38 UOC8 8OCI3, C_3, OI DOI3 _D8!ICC. DI8 D3!DI3 3W, ID-
8QIICU D !DC D3!DI3 8CICDCC8, 3DU WDO8C DIO3U OD!IDC8 3IC
8D3ICU D 3 DOW _OD3 !CCDDOO_, !DI8 D3!DI3 3W I8 DO! DDIKC
DDD3D 3W8 DD! ICD3ID8 Q3I3C !O !DCD.
A !DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC 3UV3DCC8, !DC DO!IOD O CQDIIDIIDD
QIO_IC88C8 3DU DCCODC8 ICDDCU, C3Q3DC O ID!C_I3!ID_ DOIC 3DU
DOIC UI8CQDIIDII3 ID!O 3 DIO3UCI 3DU DIO3UCI CODCCQ!. 1DV3II3DCC
WI!DOD! UIHCICDCC8 I8 OOI8D. 13!O D3KC8 D8 3D_D D DI8 ID3DII!y
!O CODCCIVC !D3! 3 !OQ DOVC8 C88 OD I!8 D38C !DC 38!CI I! !DI8 OD
I!8 3XI8, !DC !DID_ 8CCD8 COD!I3UIC!OI !O DID. !DC QIOQOI!IOD3
3D3O_, OD !DC O!DCI D3DU, 1II8!O!C 8DD8DDC8 !DC IDCQD3I! O
!DC 8C3C8 3ID8 DDUCI 3 QIIDCIQC O 8!IIC! CQD3I|. 1IOD 1II8!O!C
!O LCIDDIZ, WC Q388 IOD 8!3!IC8 !O !DC C3CDD8 O V3II3!IOD8, ID
WDICD 8!3DII! !3KC8 ID!O 3CCODD! 3 CCI!3ID DOVCDCD!. DI8 !CD-
UCDC WI COD!IDDC OICVCI. 3 OIDCI IDDODII!y 388IDI3!C8 !DC
DO8! !DIDDCD! V3II3!IOD8, 38 I 3 I3CC WCIC UCVCOQID_ DC!wCCD
3D CVCI DIO3UCDID_ 8!3!IC8 3DU !DC CODQC!C 8C! O CODCCIV3DC
DOVCDCD!8. 1 DCW UCVI3!IOD 8D3KC8 DQ 3 88!CD, WDICD 8ODC DCW
IDV3II3DCC !DCD IC8!OIC8 !O C3D.
1 CDICOUC, OI CX3DQC, DIID_8 !O !DC OIC !DC _OD3 CQDIID-
IIDD O 3 DODIC OW. I OD DOVC 3 IIVCI 8 DOID3 DCU 8IUCW38,
I! WI CODC D3CK !OW3IU I!8 OIDCI CD3DDC8, !DC OIDI! O DOVC-
DCD! I!8C 8CCK8 ICQO8C. A OI CD3O8 !DCOI, I! UI8!IIDD!C8 I!8 3!-
!I3C!OI8 3OD_ I3C!3 CDIVC8, WDCDCC !DC UI8COVCI O 3 ICHDCU
OIUCI DCDC3!D !DC 3QQC3I3DCC O !DC DO8! UI8!DIDID_ UI8OIUCI.
DI8 CODU DC 3 _OOU !DCOI O DI8!OI. 1CIC !DCD 3IC DIO3UCI 3DU
DIO3UCI CODCCQ!8 !D3! D3KC D8 DDUCI8!3DU COD8!3DC ID DOVC-
DCD!, OI, DCDC3!D !DC 3QQ3ICD! CD3O!IC Q3VID_-8!ODC8, !DC 83DU
DC3CD O 3 UI8!IIDD!IOD.
1 ID3_IDC !D3! CID3!C ICCI8, ID !DC 83DC W3, !O _CDCI3 IDV3II-
3DCC8 !D3! 3D8OID !DC DIIC UCV38!3!IOD O !DC DO8! 8DUUCD DDIII-
C3DC8 3DU !DC 8OWC8! CCC8 O D3IIDC CDIICD!8. YC UO DO! C!
KDOW 3 !D3! I8 COVCICU D !DC !CID g/c/a/ c/ays, DOI CVCD
WDC!DCI !DI8 UC8I_D3!IOD D38 3D DC3DID_. LDC C3D ID3_IDC !D3!
!DC DO8! UI38!IC CD3D_C8 DI_D! CDU DQ DCID_ ID!C_I3!CU ID!O 3
3II 8!3DC DI_DCI 8D!DC8I8, ODC !D3! DIID_8 !O_C!DCI QD8IC3
QDC8UOD8 3DU 8OCI3 OI QOI!IC3 QIODCD8. !DCD, 3!DOD_D DO!D 3IC
CD3O!IC ID !DC DO8! ICDDCU 8CD8C, _CO_I3QD WODU CODQICDCDU
DI8!OI 3DU DI8!OI _CO_I3QD. L3D ODC !DIDK, C8!ID3!C, 3DU C3CD-
Scieuce, Law 8
3!C ID OIUCI HD3 !O 8!CCI !DC CD3D_C8 O 13DC! 13I!D, WI!DOD!
ID!C_I3!ID_ ID!O 3 _OD3 DOUC 3 !DC OC3 DOUCID_8 3DU !DCII
COD8!I!DCD! Q3I!8, CODDIDID_ V3II3DC8 DO!D D3!DI3 3DU DDD3Dr
1! I8 3W38 !DC 83DC QDC8!IOD, O IDV3II3DCC8 3DU V3II3!IOD8, O
UI8OIUCI 3DU OIUCI, DIOD_D! !O !DC DI_DC8! CVC O ID!C_I3!1OD.
IKC QDIO8OQD OD_ 3_O, 8CICDCC I8 HD3 !DIDKID_ DDIVCI83,
DO!D KCCQID_ 3DU O8ID_ 3 !DC UIVI8IOD8 !D3! DI8!OIIC3 CIC3!CU
I!8 QOWCI 3DU CHC3C, DCC3D8C I! I8 !IID_ !O DIID_ !DCD !O_C!DCI.
bCICDCC !DIDK8 D C38!1D_ OH IOD !DC OC3 !O !DC _OD3.
DC IUC3 O _D8!ICC UC8I_D3!C8 QICCI8C !DC IUC3 IDI! QDI8DCU
D 3 COD!1DDOD8 WOIK O CXQ3D8IOD, !DIOD_D WDICD 3D CQDIIDIIDD
I8 3DC !O 3D8OID CVCI 3I_CI UCVI3!IOD8, WDIC 3OWID_ !DCD !O
8DD8I8!. bO I! CODU DC 83IU !D3! !DC DI8!OI O 8CICDCC OOW8, ID
!DI8 IC8QCC!, !DC 8CIIC8 O C_3 3QQC38 IOD !DC OC3 !OW3IU 3
_OD3.
1D 8DOI!, CODU 3 O 8CICDCC DC QI3C!ICCU WI!DOD! ODC OI 8CVCI3
_CDCI3 COD8!3D!8 !D3! 388DIC !DC IC_D3!CU DDC!IODID_ O IC38ODr
A I !DC8C COD8!3Dt8 ICCIICU 3! 38! IC8OI! !O !DC DDU3DCD!3,
IDDD!3DC 13I!D, WDICD 8CICD!IHC WOIK UI8!IIDD!C8 ID!O DDUQICI-
!IC8 O V3II3DC8 CXQIC88ID_ QIOQCI!1C8 OI QO8I!1VC 3W8r
LOC8 8CICDCC D3VC !DC 83DC ODDU3!IOD 3DU !DC 83DC 38QCC! 38
3Wr 18 !DCIC !DD8 3 8ID_C IC38OD, WDICD WODU DC UI8!IIDD!CU ID!O
UOD3ID8 3!!IIDD!3DC IC8QCC!IVC !O _D8!DC88 3DU_D8t1CCr
1IIDCIQC O VC38OD
CIDDIZ 8!3!C8 ID I!8 3!ID OID !DC ]nnci]ium rsddsndas nticnis,
3CCOIUID_ !O WDICD DO! OD UOC8 C3CD !DID_ D3VC I!5 8DHCICD!
IC38OD, DD! 38O IC38OD8 DD8! DC _IVCD D3CK OI nndrsd.A WC
KDOW, !DI8 QIIDCIQC ODDU8 8CICD!IHC KDOWCU_C 3DU !DD8 _D8!IHC8
I!8 D3DC.
O D KDOWCU_C DODOU D38 DO!ICCU !DC D8C, DCIC, O !DC VCID
rsndsr IOD !DC QCD O ODC O !DC CDIDCD! _DII8!5 O !DC CI3. DI8
ICDUCIID_ OI IC!DID CXQIC88C8 CI!DCI 3 ICCIQIOCI! OI 3 COD8C-
QDCDCC WI!D IC8QCC! !O 3 QIIOI 3C!IOD 3DU !DD8 IDQIC8 !D3! DC WDO
ICDUCI8 DD8! HI8! D3VC ICCCIVCU 8ODC _I!. DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD
ICQDIIC8 DID !O UO I!, I! !DD8 C8!3DI8DC8 !DC D8D3 CQDIIDIIDD
3I 38 COD!I3C!8 3IC CODCCIDCU, 3DU I8 ODDUCU OD CQDI! ID CX-
CD3D_C8. 1!8 3D CQD3!IOD O OQ!IDIZ3!IOD, 8DDC!I, 3DU _D8!ICC,
0 7b Aatun/ Ccuttuct
3DU 8O !DCIC DD8! DC, QICCCUID_ I!, 3 IC3 OI VII!D3 COD!I3C!.
VC38OD I8 ODDUCU OD 3_DU_DCD!.
D! WDO _IVC8 WD3!, 3DU !O WDOD DD8! WC ICDUCI IC38OD8r DC
3D8WCI C3VC8 DO UODD!. !O 3 !DID_8. 1 CVCI !DID_ D38 I!8
8DD CICD! IC38OD, WC DD8! ICDUCI !D3! IC38OD !O !DC VCI !DID_,
WC D3DCU, !D3! WC C3 !DC _IVCD. DC WOIU, _OD3, 3DU QDC-
DODCD3, QIOXID3!C, OC3, OI ICDO!C, 3IC _IVCD !O D8, I! WODU DC
3D IQD8!ICC, 3 UI8CQDIIDIIDD, OI D8 !O ICCCIVC !DI8 _IVCD ICC,
WI!DOD! CVCI ICDUCIID_ 3D!DID_ ID IC!DID. 1QDIt !DCICOIC UC-
D3DU8 !D3! WC ICDUCI 3! C38! 38 DDCD 38 WC ICCCIVC, ID O!DCI
WOIU8, !D3! WC UO 8O 8DHCICD!.
YD3! C3D WC ICDUCI !O !DC WOIU !D3! _IVC8 D8 !DC _IVCD, !DC
!O!3I| O !DC _Ir YD3! C3D WC ICDUCI !O !DC D3!DIC !D3! _IVC8 D8
DII!D 3DU ICr DC D33DCCU 3D8WCI WODU DC. !DC !O!3I!y O ODI
C88CDCC, IC38OD I!8C. 1 1 U3IC 83 8O, D3!DIC _IVC8 !O D8 ID KIDU,
3DU WC ICDUCI !O DCI ID C38D, ID DDD3D 8I_D CDIICDC. DC _IVCD
I8 D3IU, ICCIQIOCI!, 8O!.
DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD !DD8 COD8I8!8 ID !DC C8!3DI8DDCD! O 3
3II COD!I3C!, !DC ODC WC D3VC 3W38 3_ICCU OD, !DC ODC WC OD-
8CIVC ID IC3 !IDC WI!D D3!DIC.
DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD UC8CIIDC8 !DC D3!DI3 COD!I3C!, WDICD
CDDOUIC8 DO!D IC38OD 3DU _DU_DCD!.
1! !DC !IDC O !DC C388IC3 I3!IOD3I8!8, !DC QIIDCIQC DI!DCICU
OD !DC CODCCI !O C8!3DI8D 3W8. !DO8C O QD8IC8 OI O!DCI D3!DI3
8CICDCC8 3IC 8DDOIUID3!C !O !DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD, 38 3IC !DC 3W8
O 3D Q3I!ICD3I D3D-D3UC C_3 OIUCI WI!D IC8QCC! !O !DC DDIVCI-
83 3DU QD38I-D3!DI3 QIIDCIQC O !DC CQDIt O CXCD3D_C8 OI !DC
CQDIIDIIDD O COD!I3C!8. DD8 QO8I!IVI8D OI CVCD I3!IOD3I8D 3IC
QDIO8OQDIC8 WI!D 3 _DIIUIC3 ODDU3!IOD.
DI8 I3!IOD3 COD!I3C!, WDICD D33DCC8 !DC _IVCD WI!D IC38OD,
DIID_8 !O 3 CO8C !DC !I3D8DI8!OIIC3 CODHIC! DC!wCCD !DC WOIU 3DU
D8, 3 W3I D3IKCU D 3 !DOD83DU UCC3!8 OI 3 CW I3IC VIC!OIIC8, 3DU
38 D3D 8!I3!C_IC8 O 8D3D ODCUICDCC 3DU IC3 CODD3DU.
DD8 !DI8 COD!I3C! CXQIC88C8 3 Q3C!, 3 8OI! O 3IDI8!ICC, WC CODC
D3CK !O !DC W3I WI!D WDICD WC DC_3D. YC WODU DCVCI D3VC 8I_DCU
I! 38 OD_ 38 WC WCIC DCID_ UCC3!CU UDIID_ !DC8C CODIOD!3!IOD8.
COIC !DC COD!I3C!, !DC _IVCD _3VC D8 DOIC D3ID !D3D _I!8, 3DU
WC ODDU ODI8CVC8 ID !DI3 !O D3!DIC. DD8 !DC COD!I3C! ID3D_D-
I3!C8 3 DCW CI3, UDIID_ WDICD WC WI 8DDDI! !DC WOIU !O 3 IC3-
Scu, Law 1
8ODCU ID8QCC!IOD. L CODI8C WC ICDUCI IC38OD !O I! HI8!, DD! WC 3IC
38O DIID_ID_ I! OICID !O IC38OD. V3!IOD3I8D 3DU QO8I!IVI8D 3IC
CIOWID_ OVCI !DCII VIC!OI. DC 8O! I8 _C!!ID_ !DC DC!!CI O !DC
V3IIOD8 D3IUDC88C8. DC WOIU I8 CD!CIID_ !DC DOOK. DC 3IDI8!ICC
CO8C8 3 W3I WOD D IC38OD.
O !DC VCID rsndsr, WDICD CODC8 IOD 3W, I8 3UUCU !DC WOIU
rsascn, WDICD 38O CODC8 IOD 3W, DCC3D8C I! 8I_DIHC8 QIOQOI!IOD,
UI8!IIDD!IOD, DOUCI3!IOD ID CQDIIDIIDD. DC COD!I3C! C8!3DI8DCU
D !DC QIIDCIQC O 8DHCICD! IC38OD WODU DO! DC !O!3 I3!IOD3
I I! WCIC DO! IC38OD3DC 38 WC. LDC DD8! 8DIC ICDUCI !O D3!DIC
DCI!DCI C88 IC38OD !D3D !DC _IVCD UCD3DU8, DOI DOIC. 1 IC38OD
CXCCCU8 !DC _IVCD, !DC COD!I3C! I8 DIOKCD, 38 8DIC 38 OI !DC
OQQO8I!C IC38OD. DC QIIDCIQC ICQDIIC8 !D3! 3D CQDIIDIIDD DC
IC3CDCU. 1D !DC 83DC W3, 3 DCCC883I CODUI!IOD DCCODC8
8DHCICD!, 38 WC, I 3DU OD I !DC IDQIC3!IOD !D3! _OID8 I! !O !DC
CODUI!IODCU !CID !DID8 D3CK, ID D33DCCU ICCIQIOCI|, IOD !DC
CODUI!IODCU !OW3IU I!8 CODUI!IOD. 1D 3 W3 !DI8 UODDC 3IIOW UI8-
Q38 3D CQDIIDIIDD.
1D CIDDIZ 8 !IDC !DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD W38 !DC CXQIC88IOD O
!DC I3!IOD3 COD!I3C! ODDUID_ !DC D3!DI3 8CICDCC8, 38 I IC38OD
WCIC HD3 IC3CDID_ !DC QOID! O D33DCID_ !DC _IVCD, 3!CI 3 OD_
QCIIOU ID WDICD IC38OD _O! !DC WOI8! O I!. OW, CODVCI8C, !DC
_IVCD I!8C I8 UI83QQC3IID_ DDUCI !DC WCI_D! 3DU QOWCI O IC38OD8
QIOUDC!IOD8. DD8 WC !CDU !O ICID!CIQIC! !DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD
38 3 IC38OD3DC COD!I3C!.
YD C3 I! 3 D3!DI3 COD!I3C!r 1D CIDDIZ 8 U3, !DC 3WyCI ID
!DI8 C38C QC3UCU OD !DC 8IUC O IC38OD 3DU DCVCI ID 3VOI O !DC
_IVCD, WDICD W38 8O QIOD8C !D3! I! IDDDU3!CU D8 IOD 3 8IUC8. 1D
3 W3, D3!DIC I!8C OICCU D8 !O ICDUCI IC38OD8, 38 ODC D3KC8 3
O8CI 8DIICDUCI 3 DC D38. OU3, WC ODI8CVC8, IC38OD3DC DCD,
3IC DIOD_D! !O QC3U OD !DC 8IUC O !DC _IVCD, WDICD, OI 8ODC
!IDC, D38 DCCD 3ID_ UOWD I!8 3ID8. DC DOOK I8 _OID_ D3CK ID!O
!DC WOIU WI!DOD! !DC WOIU C3VID_ !DC DOOK.
DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD CODC8 UOWD !O 3 I3!IOD3 COD!I3C!
WDCD IC38OD !IQ8 !DC D33DCC ID I!8 C38C 3_3ID8! D3!DIC, 3DU WODU
CODVCI8C CODC UOWD !O 3 D3!DI3 COD!I3C!, I D3!DIC, !DIOD_D
ODI VOICC8, !IQQCU !DC D33DCC 38 DDCD ID !DC C38C !D3! OQQO8C8 I!
!O IC38OD. DIOD_D IC38OD3DC IC38OD, !DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD
DIID_8 D33DCC !O I!8 IC38OD. DIOD_D DOUCI3!IOD, I! UI8!IIDD!C8
2 7b Aatunl Ccutzcct
QOWCI CQDI!3D, 8IDCC IC38OD DC3D8 3! ODCC !DC CXCC88 O QOWCI
3DU I!8 IDI!3!IOD. 1D !DI8 QIIDCIQC, HD3, !DC I3!IOD3 8CICDCC8
IC!DID !O _D8! 3W, 3DU IC38OD DCC!8 _DU_DCD!.
1CtID_ 38 !DC LOOU OIU8 3WyCI ID !DC C38C DIOD_D! D DCD
3_3ID8! 1ID, OD !DC QIODCD O CVI, CIDDIZ CODQC!CU DI8
T/scdi.bIDI3I, 38 3 UCCDUCI O IC38OD 3DU IICDU O !DC !ID!D
_IVCD D LOU, DC DC_3D, WI!D !DC QIIDCIQC O IC38OD, !DI8 L]irts-
mcdi !D3! WC D3VC COD!IDDCU, CXQ3IDID_ !DC IC3tIOD8DIQ O
IC38OD !O _DU_DCD!, 8O IDCVI!3DC !D3! LOU DID8C CODU DO! C8-
C3QC I!.
DC QDC8!IOD O CVI I8 DCID_ I3I8CU ODCC 3_3ID, _IVCD !DC IC-
8QOD8IDII!y O ODI 8CICDCC8, ODI !CCDDOO_IC8, ODI !ID!D. YD3! 3IC
WC !O UO 3DOD! I!r
bODC QDIO8OQDCI8, IDCDUID_ CIDDIZ, 3IC 3WyCI8 D VOC3!IOD,
O!DCI8 3IC QIO8CCD!OI8, IKC bOCI3!C8 3DU ODI COD!CDQOI3IIC8 ID
!DC 8OCI3 8CICDCC8, WDO 3IC IC3U 3DU WIID_ OI QOICC UD!,
O!DCI8, HD3, _DU_C, IKC b3D! . . . 1D LICCK, 13I3CC!C, !DC 3WCI,
C3IIIC8 !DC D3DC O !DC 1O LDO8!, 3DU ID 1CDICW, !DC QIO8CCD-
!OI I8 C3CU b3!3D.
L3D QDIO8OQD C8C3QC !DI8 CODI!IOODr YD3! 8DODU DC 83IU
!DCIC !OU3, WDCD 8CICDCC I8 8QC3KID_ !O 3W 3DU IC38OD !O _DU_-
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106 7b Aatun/ Ccuttact
!IOD, 3DU 3I3DCC, OI CX3DQC, 8QC3K !O D8 C!yDOO_IC3 O I_3-
!DIC8, !1C8, DODU8. !DCIC, ODI I3I8OD8 OI CODDCC!IOD8 3IC ODCC
3_3ID !DIC3U8.
1 COIU, WDICD, WDCD KDO!!CU, C3D DOU !DID_8 38!, 8!IIKC8 DC
!DC D.I8! !OO, WDC!DCI I! I8 D8CU OI DCD, 3DID38, OI !DID_8.
YI!DOD! I!, DOW !O DIDU !DC 8!ODC !O !DC D3DUC OI !C!DCI !DC DC38!
!O I!8 QO8!, DOW !O !IC !DC QII8ODCI8 WII8!8, WC3VC 3 OIDCO!D OI
!3KC !O !DC 8C3r LI CD!WIDC ODC8 OVCIr DC COIU I8 OI QDID_,
UI3WID_. LI3WID_, _IIQQID_. !O_C!DCI !DC D3KC 3D 3ID, WDICD
C3D IC3CD, 3DU 3 D3DU, WDICD C3D _I38Q. DC DODU ICD3ID8 CHCC-
!IVC, WI!DOD! !DC DOUI OI_3D, 3DU WOIK8 OD I!8 OWD.
I!8 CXIDII|, WDICD C3VC8 3 UC_ICC O ICCUOD !O WDOCVCI
I8 DODDU D I!, !DC COIU QIOVIUC8 _IC3!CI 3!I!DUC !D3D !DC 3ID OI
!DC 8!1CK, WDICD C3D DIID_ 3DOD! OD II_IU IC3!IOD8. IKC 3 _O3!
!D3! C3D _I3ZC !DC CIICC 3IODDU I!8 QO8!, WI!DID !DC CIICDDCICDCC
!I3CCU D I!8 !C!DCI OI D3!CI, 3DODC 3!!3CDCU D 3 COIU C3D DOVC
3DOD! WI!D ICC D3DU8 3DU CDOW IOOD WI!DID 3 8DOI! I3UID8, 3DU
WI DC DCU 38! OD 3! !DC IDI! O !3D!DC88.
3W D3IK8 IDI!8. DC DODU D3KC8 I! QO88IDC !O CC !DC8C
DOIUCI8, DD! OD WDCD I! DCCODC8 !3D!, 8!I3I_D!. !D3! I8, WDCD I!
DCCODC8 3W. 1IIOI !O !D3! I! UCDDC8 3 8Q3CC, Q3DC, OI VODDC,
ICC 3DU DDDODDU. LI 3 ZODC O DOD-3W WI!DID 3W.
DD8 !DC V3II3!IOD DCOIC !DC IOD!ICI I8 IC3CDCU I8 _D8! 38 ID-
QOI!3D! 38 !DC DOIUCI I!8C. 1 !DC COIU _C!8 D3IU 3DU 8!I1, !DCD I!
IDI!3!C8 8OIU8, 3! IC8!, 8O!, COICU, OUCU, 8CCQID_, ID_ OOQCU
OD !DC UCCK, I! DCCODC8 IDV3_ID3!CU, 3D8CD!. 1 8!I3D_C DC!3DOI-
QDO8I8, 3 D3!DI3 3DU 8CICD!IHC CD3D_C DIDK O I! 38 8ODC V3II-
3DC IQDIU WDO8C UCD8I! I3D_C8 IOD DI_D VO3!IC !O !DICK 3DU
ID!I3C!3D VI8COD8. OD C3D DC ID_ 3DU 8WIDDID_ ICC OD
QC38C, DD! 8DUUCD !DC ICC !3KC8 3DU ODIC 8!DCK ID I!8 _IIQ.
ODDU D3DU 3DU OO!, ODI_3!CU. LOIU8, DOICOVCI, OID !DC D3ID
CODQODCD! O ODI CO!DID_. ODI WC-DCID_ IDD3DI!8 3 3I_C CO3!,
WDICD 8DUUCD 8!I3Q8 OD ID. IDI!8 IDVCI! !DC QIOQCI!IC8 !DC
CDCO8C 3DU QIO!CC!. DODII! ID8IUC 3DU DXI! 3! !DC IOD!ICI8,
3D8CDCC ID8IUC, 8DUUCD QIC8CDCC OD !DC DOIUCI8. IQDIU IIQQC8
ID !DC WIDU, CO!DC8 DIOW, 3 COIU D3KC8 OU8, OOQ8, 3DU DI3IU8,
DD! CI8!3IZ3!IOD CODDDC8 IKC 3 8!I3I_DQ3CKC!, 3DU DODU8 DC-
CODC !I_D! 3DU II_IU. 3W8 8!I3I_D!DC88 8DIIODDU8 3DU OI_3DIZC8
!DC OOQCU 3DU OUCU 8Q3CC8 O DOD-3W.
DC !CCDDIC3 UC8CIIQ!IOD O DODU8 3DU !DCII KDO!8 CD3DC8 D8
Casti_ D_ 107
to oring togcthcr and grasQ ooth continuous sQacc and its cata-
stroQhic !imit, t!cxio!c-string toQo!ogy and sti-cord gcomctry (gc-
omctry a!onc can mcasurc, Qartition, distrioutc, and attrioutc) ,
variation and invarianccand thcrcoy comoinc !rccdom and con-
straints. t's as i! wc wcrc watching scicncc, tcchno!ogy, and !aw
ocing oorn simu!tancous!y.
a!so !ikc to say that oonds ccm]rs/snd, sincc thcy ]oin or grasQ
or scizc scvcra! things, ocasts, or mcn togcthcr. Jhc oond is douot-
!css thc hrst guasi-oo]cct suitcd to making our rc!ations visio!c and
concrctc, thc rca! chains o! oo!igation, which arc !ight and unour-
dcnsomc within a sQacc, wcigh us down at its cdgcs.
Oocs a contract mcan that togcthcr wc arc Qu!!ing or drawing,
griQQcd and yokcd to thc samc trait or dra!t, thc way two oxcn,
oound togcthcr, uscd to draw or tract thc Q!ow: Jhis cord attachcs
us to othcr mcn and to thc thing Qu!!cd a!ong. Jhc s!ightcst
movcmcnt within cithcr Qcrson's sQacc o! !rccdom can havc im-
mcdiatc c!!ccts on thc thing, within thc !imits o! its constraints,
and thc thing's rcaction in turn acts unoQQoscd on us. Jhis is a
systcm o! rc!ations, a sct o! cxchangcs. Jhus cach c!cmcnt o! thc
grouQ, oound, turns out to comQrchcnd-mcchanica!!y, oy !orcc
and motion, in rca! timc-thc sitc o! thc othcrs, occausc it is
constant!y in!ormcd oy thcm.
1 contract, thcrc!orc, docsn' t ncccssari!y QrcsuQQosc !anguagc:
a sct o! cords can oc cnough. Jhcy thcmsc!vcs comQrchcnd with-
out words. Ltymo!ogica!!y and in thc naturc o! things, a contract
comQrchcnds. Vc arc aQQrchcndcd togcthcr and wc aQQrchcnd
onc anothcr, intcrcordcd, cvcn whcn mutc, octtcr yct, thc con-
tract o!cnds our constraints and our !rccdoms. Jhc in!ormation
that wc cach rcccivc through our tiQ o! thc cord in!orms us, in thc
cnd, not on!y aoout cvcryonc c!sc who's cncordcd, out aoout thc
ovcra!! statc o! thc who!c systcm to which wc oc!ong. Jhc oond
runs !rom Q!acc to Q!acc out a!so, at cvcry Qoint, cxQrcsscs thc
tota!ip o! sitcs. t gocs, to oc surc, !rom thc !oca! to thc !oca!, out
aoovc a!! !rom thc !oca! to thc g!ooa! and !rom thc g!ooa! to thc
!oca!. Jhc contract thus ai!ccts us as individua!s oy making us
immcdiatc QarticiQants in our cntirc communip. t o!cnds so!itar-
ics into a co!!cctivity.
Jhis cord has thrcc !unctions. irst, thc cord o! thc /aqsdcn-
a]tss marks out a hc!d and with its t!cxioi!ip surrounds it: can
anything oc dchncd without itr Jo this oo]cct, sccond, it attachcs
108 7b Aatuml Ccutzcct
!DC SDD_CC!, 3S I !O ItS KDOWCU_C OI !O I!S QIOQCI|. 1DU !DIIU, I!
IDOIDS O!DCIS, COD!I3C!D3y, O !DC SI!D3!IOD QIOUDCCU Dy !DC
CDCOSDIC. C3D !DCIC DC COCC!IVC OIDS O DCD3VIOI WI!DOD! !DISr
DCSC QI3C!ICCS CODCCID, ICSQCC!IVCy, OID, CDCI_y, 3DU IDOID3-
!IOD, !DCy 3IC, I yOD WI, CODCCQ!D3, D3!CII3, 3DU _DUICI3, _CO-
DC!IIC, QDySIC3, 3DU C_3. ODUS O KDOWCU_C, O QOWCI, 3DU O
CODQCXI|. 1 ID 3, ItS !IIQC !ICSS IDKS DC !O OIDS, !O !DID_S,
3DU !O O!DCIS, 3DU !DDS IDI!I3!CS DC ID!O 3DS!I3C!IOD, !DC WOIU,
3DU SOCIC!y. DIOD_D It5 CD3DDC Q3SS IDOID3!IOD, OICCS, 3DU
3WS. 1D 3 COIU C3D DC ODDU 3 !DC OD_CC!IVC 3DU COCC!IVC 3!!II-
DD!CS O 1CIDCS.
YDCD CXIDC, I! CDDI3CCS !OQOO_y, ODy !O UCSCIIDC _CODC!II-
C3 OIDS ODCC I! S!ICDS. y DC3DS O DIIC I!!C QDS, I! CODVCyS
IDOID3!IOD, 3! OW CDCI_y CVCS, WDCIC3S, WDCD COD!IDDODSy
QDCU !3D!, I! !I3DSDI!S OICC OI QOWCI, DI_D CDCI_y CVCS. 1! I!S
CODS!I3IDID_ IDI!S I! IDQIISODS, DD! I! C3VCS CDOW IOOD QIIOI !O
!DIS D3XIDDD. 1D !DC COIU, WC DDU !DC SCICDCCS O SQ3CC 3DU !DC
_CDCSIS O !DCII OD_CC!S, 3S WC 3S !DC !CCDDOO_ICS O OICC OI
CDCI_y. WDO C3D DC SDIQIISCU !D3! !DC COIU 3SO DIDUS !O_C!DCI
II_OIODS KDOWCU_C 3DU 3Wr
NOICOVCI !DC WOIU tmit, ID ICDCD, IKC dm]ID LD_ISD, DC3DS
DO!D !DC D3!CII3 DODU 3DU !DC D3SIC S!IOKC O WII!ID_. UO! 3DU
OD_ D3IK, 3 DID3Iy 3QD3DC!. 1 WII!!CD COD!I3C! ODI_3!CS 3DU !ICS
!DOSC WDO WII!C !DCII D3DC, OI 3D X DCOW ItS C3DSCS. 1D !DC
3DSCDCC O CODCIC!C DODUS, DCDQ y3ID OI IIOD CD3IDS, 3DU O
!I_D!CDCU KDO!S, 3 !IC3ty, ODCC UI3!CU, ICD3IDS C!CC!IVC 3DU DDC-
!IODS Dy I!SC, Dy !DC DUCIly O 3 WOIU _IVCD OI !DC SOCDD Q3C!
DCOIC 3 DO!3Iy. YC 3IC 3QQICDCDUCU Dy !DC COD!I3C!, WDICD ID
!DO CODQICDCDUS DS. WC IDD3DI! I!S DC!WOIK, OC3 3DU _OD3,
DCU Dy I!S SyS!CD 3DU Dy 3 !DC Q3I!DCIS WDO D3VC CODD!CISI_DCU
I!. 1! C3D DC C3SICI !O _C! OD! O 3 D3IDCSS !D3D OD! O 3 QCDS!IOKC.
OW !DC DIS! _IC3! SCICD!IDC SyS!CD, CW!ODS, IS IDKCU !O-
_C!DCI Dy 3!!I3C!IOD. !DCICS !DC S3DC WOIU 3_3ID, !DC S3DC !I3I!,
!DC S3DC DO!IOD. DC _IC3! Q3DC!3Iy DOUICS _I3SQ OI CODQICDCDU
ODC 3DO!DCI 3DU 3IC DODDU Dy 3 3W, !O DC SDIC, DD! 3 3W !D3! IS
!DC SQI!!ID_ ID3_C O 3 COD!I3C!, ID !DC QIID3Iy DC3DID_ O 3 SC!
O COIUS. DC SI_D!CS! DOVCDCD! O 3Dy ODC Q3DC! D3S IDDCUI3!C
CCCtS OD 3 !DC O!DCIS, WDOSC IC3Ct1ODS 3C! DDDIDUCICU OD !DC
DIS!. DIOD_D !DIS SC! O CODS!I3IDtS, !DC L3I!D CODQICDCDUS, ID
3 W3y, !DC QOID! O VICW O !DC O!DCI DOUICS SIDCC I! DDS! ICVCIDCI-
Cati_ D_ 10
3!C WI!D !DC CVCD!S O !DC WDOC SyS!CD. DIS, !DCD, IS 3 COD!I3C!
O DDIVCIS3 3DI3!IOD. CW!OD DIDSC WODU DO! D3VC ICQDUI3!CU
!DIS 3QQIO3CD, WDICD ICQIISCS !D3! O 1DCIC!IDS. D3!DI3 3WS CUCI-
3!C !DID_S _DS! 3S SOCI3 IDCS DIDU DDD3D DCID_S.
YDCD ODI !OOS WCIC OC3, 3DU KCQ! DS WOIKID_ OD ODy ODI
OWD D3yDCU, WC WCICD! CODS!3D!y IDOIDCU O !DC L3I!DS _OD3
CD3D_CS. 1 I!!C D3IDCSS W3S CDOD_D OI DS, SO !D3! 3OD_ WI!D 3
CW DCI_DDOIS WC CODU _DS! D3D3_C !O UI3W OI !I3C! 3 D3IIOW
QOW. DC ODy ID!CICS!ID_ IDOID3!IOD D3U !O UO WI!D !DC QO! O
_IODDU. 1D !DOSC U3yS, OD!SIUC !DC DCU 3DU UC VI3_C WC KDCW
ODy O !DC UCSCI! 3DU O V3_DC QCOQCS. LDI SOCI3 COD!I3C! COD-
QICDCDUCU DD! 3 CW OD_CC!S, UI3WD Dy 3 DOUCS! DDDDCI O DCD-
DCIS. DCIC WCIC 3W3yS DOIC DOD!DS !D3D DIC3U, 3DU !DCICOIC
DOIC WOIUS !D3D !DID_S, DOIC QOI!ICS OI SOCIOO_y !D3D OD_CC!S
O CODSDDQ!IOD. DCIC W3S DO D3!DIC, ID !DC _OD3 SCDSC O !DC
WOIU, !DC SO-C3CU DOUCID SOCI3 COD!I3C! IS DD3W3IC O D3!DIC,
SIDCC OI I! !DC COCC!IVIty IVCS ODy ID I!S DIS!OIy, 3DU !D3! DIS!OIy
IVCS DOWDCIC.
1 ICDCDDCI, SIDCC 1 W3S DOID !DCIC 3DU 3DSOIDCU I!S CD!DIC,
!DIS OIDCI WOIU WI!DOD! WOIU, WDCIC WC WCIC ODy OC3y
DODDU, WI!D DO ICSQODSIDII!y DCyODU ODI D3IIOW DOIUCIS.
YDCDCC !DC OICI_D 3DU WOIU W3IS WDOSC DD!I3DDCCU I3V3_CS
3DU 3!IOCI!ICS D3UC O DS 3 _CDCI3!IOD O WOIU CI!IZCDS.
OU3y !DC _OD3 QOWCI O ODI DCW !OOS IS _IVID_ DS !DC L3I!D
3S 3 Q3I!DCI, ODC WDOD WC CC3SCCSSy IDOID WI!D ODI DOVCDCD!S
3DU CDCI_ICS, 3DU WDO, ID IC!DID, IDOIDS DS O I!S _OD3 CD3D_C
Dy !DC S3DC DC3DS. LDCC 3_3ID WC D3VC DO DCCU O 3D_u3_C OI
!DIS COD!I3C! !O DDC!IOD, IKC 3 Q3y O OICCS. LDI !CCDDOO_ICS
D3KC DQ 3 SyS!CD O COIUS OI !I3I!S, O CXCD3D_CS O QOWCI 3DU
IDOID3!IOD, WDICD _OCS IOD !DC OC3 !O !DC _OD3, 3DU !DC
L3I!D 3DSWCIS DS, IOD !DC _OD3 !O !DC OC3. 1 3D SIDQy UCSCIID-
ID_ !DCSC COIUS SO 3S !O SQC3K, ID SCVCI3 VOICCS, O SCICDCC, !CCDDO-
O_y, 3DU 3W.
LDCC !DC 3D_CIC DC3ICI O QCISOD3 DCSS3_CS, !DC _OU 1CIDCS
DSCU !O CIOSS OIDCSS IC_IODS !O SQCCU IOD SID_D3IIty !O SID_D-
3IIty, !DCD 3D 3DDDDCI3!IOD~!DC 1D_CDS~W3S QDI!C 3D CVCD!.
D! IOD DOW OD, !DC D3DC 1CIDCS ICCIS !O !DC !O!3I!y O DODUS
O CVCIy KIDU !D3! 3!!3CD 3 O DDD3DI| !O !DC WOIUS _ODC, 3DU
VICC VCIS3. LODDDDIC3!IOD DDC!IODS 3IC DCCODID_ ID!C_I3!CU,
3DU, ID SO UOID_, 3IC SQCCUID_ !OW3IU 3 KIDU O DC!3S!3DII!y. DC
110 7b Aatutu/ Ccuttuct
QIO_ICSSIVC CI3SDIC O OC3 CVCD!S CODS!I!D!CS !DC _IC3!CS! COD!CD-
QOI3Iy _OD3 CVCD!.
ODDU !O_C!DCI Dy !DC DOS! QOWCID WCD O CODDDDIC3!IODS
IDCS WC D3VC CVCI SQDD, WC CODQICDCDU !DC L3I!D 3DU I! CODQIC-
DCDGS DS, DO! _DS! OD !DC CVC O QDIOSOQDIC SQCCD3!IOD, WDICD
WODUD! D3VC DCCD 3 !D3! IDQOI!3D!, DD! ID 3D CDOIDODS Q3y
O CDCI_ICS !D3! CODU DCCODC UC3Uy !O !DOSC WDO IDD3DI! !DIS
COD!I3C!.
YCVC DCCD IVID_ COD!I3C!D3y WI!D !DC L3I!D OI ODy 3 I!!C
WDIC. A I WC WCIC DCCODID_ I!S SDD OI I!S S3!CI!C, 3S I I! WCIC
DCCODID_ ODI S3!CI!C OI ODI SDD. YC UI3W C3CD O!DCI, WC DOU
C3CD O!DCI !I_D!. 1D 3ID WICS!ID_, WI!D 3D DDDIIC3 COIU, ID !DC
SCXD3 DODU: 1 !D3! 3DU DOIC. DC COIUS !D3! !IC DS !O_C!DCI
OID, ID 3, 3 !DIIU KIDU O WOIU. !DCy 3IC DD!II!IVC, D3!CII3,
SCICD!IDC 3DU !CCDDOO_IC3, IDOID3!IOD3, 3CS!DC!IC, ICI_IODS.
LQDIQO!CD! !O !DC L3I!D, WC D3VC DCCODC I!S DIQ3DC!, 3DU I! IS
IKCWISC DCCODID_ ODI DIQ3DC!, DO!D DODDU Dy 3D CD!IIC Q3DC!
O IC3!IODS. 1 DCW ICVOD!IOD, ID !DC LOQCIDIC3D SCDSC, OI ODI
_I3DUCDI 3DU ODI ICSQODSIDII!ICS. DC D3!DI3 COD!I3C! ICSCDDCS
3 D3III3_C COD!I3C!, OI WOISC 3DU OI DC!!CI.
1D3ySIS DDS! DC DDUCIS!OOU 3S !DC SC! O 3C!S 3DU !DOD_D!S
!D3! DDDIDU. 1 3OD_ CVCIy DODU, WDCICVCI I! Q3SSCS OI _IIQS, I!
!I3DSDI!S OICC OI IDOID3!IOD, SODC KIDU O ICVCIDCI3!IOD. NOU-
CI SCICDCC CD! DQ !DCSC DODUS SO 3S !O IDS!I!D!C QICCISIOD 3DU
CX3C!I!DUC, 3DU, Dy DC3DS O !DCSC Q3I!I!IODS, I! ICDSCU DDIVCIS3
ICVCIDCI3!IOD, !DC SCICD!IDC IUC3 ICVCISCU !DC COD!I3C!S DDC!IOD.
DC _OD3 QIODCDS QOSCU Dy !DC SCICDCCS 3DU Dy COD!CDQOI3Iy
DCCUS 3IC ID !DID OVCI!DIOWID_ !DIS IUC3 O UIVISIOD 3DU CD!!ID_,
SO !D3! !DCy 3IC IC!yID_ DODUS !D3! 3D3ySIS D3U DD!ICU. YC 3IC
IC!DIDID_ !O !DC COD!I3C!.
\D!I !DIS VCIy DOIID_ D3!DIC CDUCU DS. CI!DCI WC IDI!CU I!
!O !DC OC3 CXQCIICDCC O !DC I!!C D3yDCU, OI CSC WC D3UC I! 3D
3DS!I3C! CODCCQ!, SODC!IDCS 3QQICU !O D3D. 1FU I WC S!DUICU I!,
ID !DC SCICDCCS, WC CD! I! DQ ID!O CVCD SD3CI QO!S, ODC O !DC
CIISCS ID ODI KDOWCU_C CODCS IOD I!S ID3DIIly !O DDC!IOD WI!D-
OD! !DCSC UIVISIODS 3DU IOD !DC DCCU !O SOVC !DC QIODCDS QOSCU
Dy !DCII ID!C_I3!IOD. 1CIC, !DCD, IS D3!DIC !OU3y, DCW 3DU ICSD,
DCID_ DOID. _OD3, WDOC, 3DU DIS!OII3!CU DCOIC !DC CyCS O
_OD3 DDD3DIly 3S 3 WDOC, !DCOIC!IC3, SOOD, QIOVIUCU !D3! !DC
UISCIQIDCS 3IC WIID_ !O _OID ID CUCI3!IOD, CODCIC!C 3DO !CCDDO-
Casti_ D_ 111
O_IC3 II_D! DOW, SIDCC ODI DC3DS O ID!CIVCD!IOD 3C! OD I! 3DU I!
ID !DID 3C!S OD DS, 3 DCUOIK O DD!IQC DODUS WDCIC 3 !DID_S,
COD_IDCD!, CODSQIIC 3DU CODSCD!, 3 WCD !ICU, Dy 3 3!!ICC O IC3-
!IODS, !O !DC DCDCCOI!D DDI!CU SOCI3 3DU DDD3D 3DIIC.
DC SDD O !DCSC COIUS, S!I!CDCS, 3DU KDO!S, 3SSCDDCU ID V3II-
ODS 3!!ICCWOIKS, ID!CICODDCC!CU !DIOD_DOD!, UCDDCS D3!DIC ID 3
SIDQC, CC3I, UIS!IDC!, SQCCD3!1VC, 3DU !CCDDIC3 D3DDCI, ID 3 W3y
!D3! W3S SODC!IDCS UIC3DCU O ID !DC Q3S! DD! !D3! W3S CCI!3IDy
DCVCI CODCCIVCU OI QD! ID!O QI3C!ICC. 3!DIC IS 3 SC! O COD!I3C!S.
LDIIODSy, I! IS ODy ID !DIS CCD!DIy !D3! D3!DIC D3S DCCD DOI,
IC3y, DCOIC ODI CyCS, 3! !DC S3DC !IDC 3S 3 DDD3DIty DODDU ID
IC3 SOIU3IIty, DO! !DC VCID3 SOIU3IIty O ODCI3 SQCCCDCS. DC
SIDODC!!C O !DC _IC3! 13D, !DC UCDOD O _OD3I|, 3QQC3IS 3! 3S!
DCDIDU DIS 3!DCI, 1CIDCS, _OU O DODUS. IIS!, DIS SD3UOW.
L3S!ID_ L OI !DC IIS! OI 3S! IDCr
LO OOK OI UC3!D WDCIC I! IS QIOWID_, ICC 3DU D3KCU, 3C!1VC 3DU
SC3!!CICU ID 3 UIICC!IODS, 3!!CD!1VC, DCVCI S3!CU, 3DU yOD WI UIS-
COVCI !DC O!DCI WOIU, OI_3DIZCU 3DU UCDDCU Dy I!5 CODS!3D! UII-
_CDCC. OWD ID !DIS WOIU yOD 3OW yODISC 3 !DODS3DU QC3CCD
3C!S. !O SCCQ, UIC3D, !3K OD 3DU OD, IC3X yODI 3!!CD!1OD, 3
U3D_CI DOVCS 3W3y IOD yODI S!CQS SO D3!DI3y !D3! yOD UOD!
!DIDK 3DOD! I!. 1ODSCS 3DU _3IUCDS, DCU_CS, QOWCU DCUS, S!OICS,
SCDOOS. CVCIy!DID_ IS SCCQID_ OI QDIIID_, DCIC UC3!D S!IIKCS
I3ICy, 3S I I! C3DC IOD CSCWDCIC, 3DU WDCD I! UOCS CVCIyODC IS
3S!ODISDCU. D! ID !DC WOIU DCyODU, I! ICI_DS ID CVCIy UC!3I 3DU
SQ3CC, IKC 3 UCDSC QICSCDCC.
CyODU !DC QOI!. SDIQWICCK OI !DC SD3CS! CIIOI, ODCC Q3S! !DC
DODD!3ID DD!. 3! !DC SI_D!CS! DIS!3KC yOD WI 3, C3S! O IOD
!DC 3DDCDID_ Q3U. 3! !DC DIS! DODCD! O ID3!!CD!IOD !DC IOCKC!
WI CXQOUC, KIID_ !DC SCVCD CICW DCDDCIS, OI 3 DIDID3 3DCI-
I3!1OD 3D 3CCIUCD! ICSD!S. NIDOI C3DSCS, _IC3! CCC!S. 1D ODCS
DCUCD3DDCI, CVCIy!DID_ IS OI_IVID_, !DC DCU 3DU !DC QIOW, !DC
3IDCD3II 3DU !DC ID_, SDQQC 3DU SO!. 1 !DODS3DU C3DSCS WI!D
DODCXIS!CD! CCC!S.
Y3S, CI!1CS, 3DU QOI!S, D3VCDS IOD WDICD UC3!D KCCQS I!S UIS-
!3DCC.
CyODU, UC3!D IOVCS !DIOD_D SQ3CC, QIOWID_. CVCI S3!CU, I!
112 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
DCS!S ID OW, D3CK C3VCIDS, CVCIyWDCIC I! ICS ID W3I! 3DU y3WDS.
LDCC yOD C3S! O, CVCIy!DID_ yOD UO C3D DC DCU 3_3IDS! yOD. DC
WOIUS O !DC CX3DIDID_ D3_IS!I3!C ICSODDU. 1I_D Q3CC. DI_D
CODI!. 1CIC !DC C3DS3 SQ3CC O C3SCS IS OQCD, WI!D DO 3QOO_ICS
OI OI_IVCDCSS. LVCIy 3C! CODD!S, CVCIy WOIU 3DU CVCD ID!CD!IOD,
UOWD !O !DC SI_D!CS! UC!3I. 1IKC 3 _DUICI3 QIOC3D3!IOD, 3D 3C!
3CCODQISDCU DCIC IS IDDCUI3!Cy QCIOID3!IVC. VC3I!y CID_S !O
I!. DO SOODCI IS 3D 3C! DC_DD !D3D I! IS SDD_CC! !O S3DC!IOD. XOD DO
OD_CI D3VC !DC II_D! !O 3. XOD DC_ID !O IVC ID 3DO!DCI W3y.
CI!DCI DCU, DOI W3, DOI DCU_C KCCQS yOD IOD UC3!D.
1OW !O UCDDC ODI OIUID3Iy WOIUr D3! UOCSD! CODD!. !DIS
IS !DC ODy IDC OI, DC!!CI, !DC _3Q ID I!S 3WS, !DC COIUS DI3IUS 3DU
OOQS. 1 !DODS3DU !DID_S W!DOD! IDQOI!3DCC 3IC DCI!DCI ODI_3-
!OIy DOI QDDISDCU DCIC. XOD UO DO! D3VC !O Q3y OI CVCIy UC!3I
O CODDOD IC. 1 DDDUICU SQ3CCS DCyODU !DC 3W C! yOD UO, S3y,
OI _C! !DIOD_D 3S yOD WSD. LDS!OD3IIy, DOD-3W QICV3IS OVCI 3W.
DC C3SC O ODI DOUICS CODCS IOD !DIS CDOW IOOD. YDO WODU
CODQ3ID 3DOD! !DCSC UC_ICCS O ICCUOD, !DIS _I3!DI!ODSDCSS !D3!
D3KCS DQ IC I!SC: 1CIC !DC COIUS O COD!I3C!5 _O S3CK, OVCI
!DCIC !DCy 3IC !3D!.
O O!DCI WOIU IS OI_IVID_. UC3!D IS W3!CDID_ 3DU QDDISDCS 3
SOI!S O DIS!3KCS. YDCDCC !DC UCD3DU OI CODS!3D! COD!IO, WDICD
!C3CDCS VII!DOSI!y Dy OICC. DC _uIUC CODCS 3W3y IOD !DC W3 O
VCI!IC3 ICC WI!DOD! D3KID_ 3 DIS!3KC. ID O!DCI WOIUS, DC UOCSD!
UIC, DC D3DCDVCICU ID 3 C3DS3 SQ3CC WDCIC CVCIy!DID_ CODD!S, 3DU
!DCIC DC QI3C!ICCU VII!DC, WDICD DDS! DC UCDDCU 3S !D3! WDICD
QCIDI!S VII!DOSIty. CC3DSC DCS 3! !DC DC3U O !DC IOQCU Q3I!y, DCS
DDDODDU. ODy !DC CODDCC!IOD OI !DC COD!I3C! _VCS SCCDIIty, 3OD_
WI!D ODI_3!OD. 1SSDI3DCC CODCS ODy IOD CODQC!CDCC, OI 3Dy-
ODC WDO DDUS DIDSC 3ODC, D3VID_ DO DODUS CXCCQ! WI!D !DC
!DID_ I!SC. YI!D !DC SDCCI W3 O !DC WOIU.
DC !I3DSCCDUCD! VII!DOSO Q3SS3_C OD !DC VIOID OI !DC QI3DO
IS CXCCD!CU WI!D QICCISIOD Dy !DC D3S!CI, WDCIC3S 3DO!DCI Q3yCI
WODU _C! DDD_ DQ OD I!. L CODISC DO ODC D3S CVCI UICU IOD
Q3yID_ 3 WIOD_ DO!C, DODC!DCCSS !DC WDOC C3ICCI O 3Dy VII!DOSO
IS UCCIUCU 3! C3CD IDS!3D! ID SDCD Q3SS3_CS. 1C IS DO! Q3yID_ 3D
IDS!IDDCD!, DD! 3W3yS Q3yID_ 3DU DC!!ID_ DIS WDOC CXIS!CDCC. 1
!DC !3D! S!ID_ C3!CDCS, !DC Q3I!I!3 IID_S 3SC, CSCWDCIC, ID SCI-
CDCC, OI CX3DQC, OSID_ 3D CU_C D3KCS DC3SDICDCD! 3I 3DU
!ID!D V3DISD, C! !DC SD3CS! VOWC _C! OD! O Q3CC 3DU SCC DOW
Casti_ D_ 11J
!DC Q3_C _IOWS D_y, UISD3yID_. 1IOOS, !DC SC3, _IC3! 3I!, 3DU ICC
UO DO! 3OW 3SC S!CQS. C3Dly DCVCI CD_OyS !DC II_D! !O CII. 1!
!DC DIS! SID, DC OQCDS I!S D3W.
b3DC!IOD 3DU S3DC!IDC3!IOD, DO!D UCIIVCU IOD !DC S3CICU,
WDICD IS QIOUDCCU Dy UC3!D, _O D3CK !O !DC S3DC OII_ID. O!DCI
WOIUS QIOVC, WIy DIy, !O DC S3DC!IODCU SQ3CCS, Q3CCS O 3W 3DU
C3DS3I!y, S3DC!IDCU Q3CCS, SDCD WOIUS 3IC !DC DODSC O !DC SOI!3I-
ICS, DCIDI!S OI 3DCDOII!CS, IDDCISCU ID !DC WOIUWIUC WOIU.
I_DCI D3!DCD3!ICS, DDC 3I!S, DI_D VII!DOSIly, DI_D-CVC COD-
QC!I!IOD, DI_D DyS!ICISD, 3 COIICSQODU ID CVCIy W3y !O DI_D
DODD!3IDS OI !DC DI_D SC3S, WOIUS WDCIC !DC COIUS ICD3ID !3D!.
1DS!I3C! OI CODCIC!C. !DC DOS! CODCIC!C, SC3 3DU DODD!3ID,
SCCD 3DS!I3C! !O SODC, 3DU !DC DOS! 3DS!I3C!, 3_CDI3 OI DDSIC3
DO!3!IOD, SCCD CODCIC!C !O O!DCIS, !DOSC WOIUS SDIIODDU !DIS ODC,
_DS! 3S OD_ 3_O, DCOIC LDIIS!OQDCI LODDDDS, DOUC O VII!DOSI,
DDKDOWD COD!IDCD!S DOIUCICU !DC Q3CCS !DOD_D! !O DC !DC ODy
ODCS IDD3DI!CU. b!I3D_CDCSSCS SDIIODDU ODI SQ3CC. L3S!ID_ O
C3US DS !O !DCD.
LDI !I3DQDIIly CD3SCS UC3!D O !O !DCSC DCI_DDOIID_ 3DU IC-
DO!C WOIUS, !O !DCSC !DIIU WOIUS. LVCIyODC CODSIUCIS !DCSC
WOIUS U3D_CIODS, DD! WD3! !DCy 3C!D3y C3 OI IS SIDQy QICS-
CDCC, DCC3DSC !DCIC ODC DDS! ICSQODU, 3! CVCIy QOID! 3DU ID IC3
!IDC, !O !DC 3C!IVC 3!!CD!IOD O UC3!D, ODC DDS! DC 3S 3CI! 3DU
QICSCD! 3S I! IS, ID OIUCI !O ICQy !O I! !I! OI !3!. LI3D!CU, UC3!D
UOCS DO! 3C!D3y 3!!3CK~3__ICSSIOD DDS! DO! DC I!S CD3I3C!CI
DD! I! IS Q3SSIVC IKC 3 D3CK DOC, I! !3KCS CVCIy!DID_ !D3! IS DC-
_CC!CU 3DU QDDISDCS WI!DOD! 3I. D3! D3KCS yOD VCIy SDQQC,
VCIy ID!CI_CD!, !D3! KCCQS yOD 3W3KC. II_CDCC 3_3IDS! DC_I-
_CDCC.
1D !DIS WOIU, CVCIy!DID_ SCCQS. 1D !DC O!DCI WOIUS, 3 !DC
SOI!3IICS KCCQ 3 W3KCD W3!CD. YDCIC C3D ODC DIC3!DC 3II DOIC
3IVCr DC SCCQCIS _OID !O_C!DCI ID !DC CODDOD WOIU. LSCWDCIC
!DC WIUC-3W3KC UISQCISC.
DDS WDCD 1 !DIDK, 1 IC3y ODy !DIDK ID 3DU !DIOD_D ODC O
!DCSC O!DCI WOIUS, WDCIC ODy OIDS O VI_I3DCC C3D UWC, _C!
!DIOD_D, OI CVCD CXIS!. ID!D, !DOD_D!, DC3DID_, CVCD 3W3KCDID_
DDS! DC WOD IOD UC3!D, OI DO!DID_ IS DC!!CI !D3D UC3!D 3! IDV3U-
ID_ 3 SQ3CC CODQC!Cy 3DU ODI_ID_ yOD, 3! CVCIy S!CQ, !O DC 3
VII!DOSO. P IDS!IDC!IVC IDS!I_3!OI, 3D IDS!IDC!OI, UC3!D 3ODC, IKC
DDD_CI, !C3CDCS DS WD3! WC DDS! KDOW. DC ICS! UOCS DO! CVCD
111 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
dcscrvc thc namc know!cdgc. Jhc vcro tc sduca mcans indccd
to !cad c!scwhcrc, out o! doors, outsidc o! this wor!d. in !act, to
cast o!!.
Hcrc, 1 dozc o!!, in this wor!d 1 rcst. Hcrc !ics.
5o a!! my storics and thc who!c univcrsc arc rcvcrscd: assurancc
Quts us to s!ccQ, ordinary !i!c givcs itsc!! ovcr to dcath, thc dcath
in which norma! stuQidity, rcQctitivc and !imitcd, s!umocrs,
druggcd and oound-whcrcas thc othcr wor!ds arc QoQu!atcd
wth thc !ivc!y and hardy. Jhc taut. ^!! in a!!, no morc o! thcm dic
than o! thc s!ccQcrs. Ocath vivihcs !i!c, which dics !rom !ack o!
dcath. OcQart-toward naturc-to oc oorn.
5own cvcrywhcrc, ochind cach rock, undcr thc crcst o! cvcry
wavc, rcady to niQ at your outtocks, dcath is a morc than Qcr!cct
training, driving you to continuous!y cxcc!!cnt action. Icvcr !cav-
ing dcath's imQ!acao!c schoo!, thc strong and hca!thy !i!c is dcdi-
catcd to work. Jhis is thc sccrct o! a!! Qroduction, this is why
cu!turc on!y hnds rc!ugc in third wor!ds. i!c that is good is intcr-
cstcd on!y in dcath, which, in cxchangc, shaQcs it.
Cncc Qast thc othcr wor!ds that stimu!atc our own, wc wi!! cast
o ancw toward dcath, our origin. Jo oc rcoorn.
a!o ^!to, a!tcr Cctoocr 17, 1989, at 5:0+ P.M.
or thc Qast twc!vc to h!tccn nights hcrc, cvcryonc, in thc Qrivacy
o! his ocdroom, has sct at thc ocdsidc, ]ust oc!orc turning in, a
swcatcr, a t!ash!ight, and a Qair o! s!iQQcrs, cmcrgcncy cguiQmcnt
in casc o! a strong carthguakc. 5cicntists and cxQcrts advisc Qrc-
Qarcdncss.
^nd so, cvcry cvcning, 1 !ay out and !ook at thc wrctchcd !itt!c
Qi!c o! rags on thc t!oor, thc oarc csscntia!s onc can grao uQ in a
sccond, rcady !or dcQarturc, and 1 Q!ay out this sccnc in my hcad:
gct uQ hasti!y, rcmain ca!m, Qut on s!iQQcrs, guick!y turn on thc
t!ash!ight . . .
. . . out why, to go whcrc, and csQccia!!y whcn, at what tmc, !or
a shock o! what intcnsity: ^dmittcd!y, thc Larth has not stoQQcd
shaking hcrc !or morc than two wccks, out as !ar as 1 know any-
thing can haQQcn at any timc, and not ]ust a!tcr an carthguakc.
Must onc a!ways c!ing to an cmcrgcncy kit, a viaticum:
Casti_ D_ 11^
YD3! S!IOD_ 3DU SIDQC SCICDCC WI !C DC !DC DODCD! O
UCDODCDCD!, O DCID_ St1IQQCU D3IC 3DU DD!ICU, !DC DODCD! O
!IDC C3S!ID_ O, 3DU !C DC !O !3KC DO!DID_, !O _O CODQC!Cy
D3KCU, OVCIWDCDCU, DDIDID_, !ICDDID_ ID 3 Dy IDDS, IOD
!DIS L3I!D !OW3IU !DC VOIU, OI !OW3IU WD3! !ICDCDUODS _OU O
OVCr
1DDC, NO!DCI O N3Iy
13IU 3DU _CDCIODS, S!I, SDIy, CODQC!Cy ODI_ID_, DDSCD3I 3DU
DI3SD ID !DC CODD!Iy W3y, QOOI, DCVCI D3IIICU, !DC CUCS! D3U
DCVCI C! !DC !OWD DOI !DC DODSC O DCI Q3ICDtS, WDICD SDC D3U
IDCU OVCI II_IUy 3DU DD3IID_y CVCI SIDCC DCI DO!DCI, WDOSC
CDQIIC D3U 3S!CU 3 D3-CCD!DIy, DC_3D !O _IVC W3y. A 3I 3S
3DyODC KDCW, SDC D3U D3U DO 3!3IIS, 3DU D3U DO Q3I!ICD3I 3D!S
OI DO!3DC !3CD!S, DO CDO!IOD3 IC. \Q !O !DC 3_C O SIX!y OI
DOIC, DCI IC OWCU Dy, CODQ3C! 3DU IDCXIDC, WI!DOD! 3DyODC
SCCID_ DCI CyCS DIS! OVCI WI!D !C3IS. 1 CCI!3ID KIDU O ICI_IODS 3DU
DOI3 CUDC3!IOD SDQQICSSCS !DC QCISOD, OI DC!!CI 3DU OI WOISC.
C3I !DC LDIISU3S DOIU3yS !D3! yC3I, DCI DO!DCI, WDOSC DIDU
D3U OD_ SIDCC _ODC D3CK !O !DC _OyS 3DU D3VC!CS O Q3I3UISC, !OOK
!O DCI DCU !O SC! 3DOD! UyID_. LDC O !DOSC QOWCID CD3I3C!CIS
WDO DCVCI !3KC D3QS 3DU WDOSC DIS! ICS! COIDCIUCS WI!D UCII 3S!,
SDC SQCD! 3D ID!CIDID3DC !IDC Q3SSID_ 3W3y. 1DCK WODU D3VC I!
!D3!, O DCI CI_D! CDIUICD, !DC DVC _IIS WCIC 3!!CDUID_ DCI QIODSy
ID !DC SIDQC 3DU SOCDD DODCDtS WDCD IC DCSI!3!CS !O IISC ID
!DC 3II 3DU C3VC DCDIDU !DC ICDC!3D! DOI!3 ICD3IDS yID_ !DCIC.
IU 3 SDUUCD SDOCK DI! DCIr bD3!!CICU Dy !DIS DOW, !DC CUCS!
_O! DQ, !OOK DCI DO!DCI ID DCI 3IDS, 3DU DC_3D !O W3K 3IODDU
!DC IOOD, C3ICDy, WI!D IDy!DDIC S!CQS, SID_ID_ 3 CDIUDOOU DC-
OUy WDOSC DODO!ODODS CD3D! UIOWDCU OD! DO!D !DC DyDD SDD_
Dy !DC SIS!CIS, OD !DCII KDCCS QI3yID_, 3DU UC UC3!D I3!tC.
bDC W3S IOCKID_ DCI DO!DCIS QI!ID DOUy !DIS W3y, 3_3IDS! DCI
S!OD3CD 3DU ID !DC CI3UC O DCI CDOWS, WDCD !DOSC W3!CDID_ S3W
DCI 3CC, COSC !O !DC DOD!D DIC3!DID_ ItS 3S!, !I3DSD_DICU. _CD!C,
VCIy SOIIOWD, I3UI3D! WI!D _OOUDCSS, !I3DgDI, SDDIDC . . . . bDC
W3S _IVID_ DII!D, SDC W3S OQCDID_ DCI DO!DCIS W3y !O 3DO!DCI IC,
Dy DII!D OI Dy ICSDIICC!IOD, 3DU SDC 3CCODQ3DyID_ DCI Q3-
116 7b Aatun/ Ccuttcct
!ICD!y ID !DIS SDQICDC COI! IKC !DC WOD3D WDO _3SQS 3DU QDSDCS
ID 3DOI DD! SCCKS !O ICUDCC !DC VIOCDCC 3DU !DC OICID_ ID OIUCI
!O SQ3IC !DC DOUy O DCI I!!C CDIU.
DCD !DC CI3Zy _I3DUDO!DCI UICU ID !DC DOSOD O DCI S!CIIC
U3D_D!CI, !DIOD_D SDQCID3!DI3 D3!CIDI!y, WDIC !DC UC3!D I3!!C
3DU !DC D3Dy DID_CU WI!D !DC DyDD O !DC ODI O!DCI U3D_D-
!CIS, D3!DI3 DO!DCIS, WDOSC !ODCCSS VOICCS OOWCU !DCSC !WO
DyS!CIIODS Q3SS3_CS, DyS!IC3y _OIDCU.
YI!DOD! WOIUS, 3DIU IDCD, SC3!!CICU !OWCS 3DU D3D_ID_
SDCC!S, DDOUCU WC! D3DUKCICDICS, UII!y CO!DS, 3 O !DIS D3Q-
QCDCU II_D! 3! !DC CVC O IC 3DU UC3!D, CU Dy !DC DOUy, DIOO_I-
C3y, S3V3_Cy, 3ICD3IC3y, UODD!CSS Dy ICQC!I!IOD O WD3! DDID3_-
ID3DC 3DCCS!OIS DDS! 3W3yS D3VC UODC WI!DOD! KDOWD_ WDy, OI
SIDQy DCC3DSC D3VID_ !wO CC!, !WO DS!S, 3 SCX, 3DU 3 DC3U, !DCy
WCIC C!!ID_ !DCDSCVCS OW 3OD_ ID !DC DODIDIU IDC3_C !DIOD_D
!DC CDIDIDC CD3DDC, !DIOD_D !DC DII!D C3D3.
DC DO!DCI _OCS D3CK OI C3VCS !DIOD_D !DC DCy O DCI VII_ID
U3D_D!CI. PDDC N3Iy.
1D 3 ICDO!C LDIDCSC OICS!, SIX OI CI_D! WOOUCD!!CIS 3IC QICQ3IID_
!O I! DQ 3 DODS!IODS O_, IOD ODC O !DOSC !ICCS WI!D WOOU 3S
UCDSC 3S !CDQCICU S!CC, 3 !IDDK yID_ !DCIC OD !DC _IODDU,
S!IIQQCU 3DU ICCSS, WDOSC UI3DC!CI Dy 3I CXCCCUS !DCII DCI_D!.
DCy WI DCVCI DC 3DC !O C3IIy !DIS _I_3D!IC D3SS. LCD!y !DCy
3QQIO3CD I!, 3S I !O !3DC I!, !DCy !ODCD I! ID CCI!3ID Q3CCS !D3!
!DCy SCCD !O ICCO_DIZC, CX3DIDC I! ID SICDCC, VCIy SOWy !IC I! WI!D
SIDQC COIUS, 3DU COVCI !DCII SDODUCIS WI!D OU OUCU S3CKS WIUCI
!D3D !DCII OOSC, !3!!CICU OIDCO!DS.
DCy 3IC 3DOS! D3KCU, 1 ICDCDDCI DOW, 3DU !DCII D3II IS
_I3yID_, !DCII QOID!CU DC3IUS WDI!CDID_. LCICDODI3 DOVCDCD!S
UCIC3!Cy COSC !O !DC WOOU, 3DU D3IDODIODS D3DDCIS IDDDI!Cy
COSC !O ODC 3DO!DCI. OW !DCy 3IC DCD! OVCI, !DC IDCS SCCD !O
DCCODC !3D!, !DC O_ UOCS DO! DDU_C.
DCD 3 SDCC! O SODDU, 3 SOD_, D3!DCS !DC WDOC SCCDC, I! CODCS
IOD WDO KDOWS WDCIC, IOD !DC OICS!, QCID3QS, !DC COQSC, !DC
SDIIODDUID_ OI3_C. 3ICy SODOIODS, DDSKy, OW, SWCC!, I! CD3-
D3!CS, S!I SDDDCI_CU ID !DC CD!I3IS. IS I! QOSSIDC !D3! 3 DOISC C3D
Q3I!3KC CSS O !DC 3DUIDC !D3D O !DC ID!ID3Cy O !DC IVID_ DOUICS
DC3IDyr D3! 3 SODDU C3D ICD3ID S!I IDDCISCU ID !DC D3SSr DC
QIOS!I3!C D3CKS WCIC SID_ID_, QI3yID_, _IO3DID_, SCCDID_ !O CDI
Casti_ D_ 117
DQ I D 3 CDIUDOOU D3D, !DC WCIC C3ID_ !DC DC3D, OI D3UIICI,
WDICD W38 IC8QODUID_ !O !DCD WI!D 8ODC D8!IC3 LIC_OII3D
CD3D!. DC !IDDK QD! OD! DCW IOO!8 ID !DCII !DI_D8 OI C3DC OD! O
!DCII OID8.
1 3D !CID_ OD WD3! 1 83W 3DU DC3IU. D3!!CI I3I8CU I!5C. C8,
!I3D8QOI!CU D !DC 8CVCD 8!OCK OIC8!CI8 ID !DC CI3UC O I3D3,
WDICD VIDI3!CU IKC !DC 8!IID_8 ID !DC OW DO!C8 O !DC QI3DO. D!
DO. w3!!CI CVI!3!CU. OIDC DQ D !DC DICCZC O !DC DD8IC, !DC
DC3D !OOK !O 83I, I! C38! O.
1 3D IC3!ID_ DCIC 3 VCI 3DCICD! 3CCODD!. 1 UO DCICVC !D3! ID
ODI 3DCC8!I3 3D_D3_C8, !DC !CID8 madne3DU matteDC3D! DO!D
WOOU 3DU DO!DCI.
D! !DC WOIU CODC!D 3W38. 3! !DC VCI DODCD! WDCD !DC _I3DU-
DO!DCI UID_, UCIVCICU D DCI VII_ID U3D_D!CI, DOIDC O D
!DC D3U WIDU O !DC DDD8, !DC UOOI !D3! DO ODC D3U !DOD_D! !O
_D3IU OQCDCU VIOCD!, QD8DCU D 8ODC ID8DID_ DI_D| !CDQC8!,
3DU !DC CUC8! O !DC _IC3!-_I3DUU3D_D!CI8, 3_C 8CVCD, ICU-
DC3UCU, ID__CU, 3DU D3IU, C3DC ID, D O HIC, DI38D 3DU DD8CD-
3I, DOUID_ ID DCI D3DU 3 8DCC! 3 8CIIDDCU OVCI. 1CIC, 8DC
CIICU, DCIC8 !DC C!!CI 1 VC _D8! WII!!CD OI _I3DUDO!DCI WDO
CODUD! 3DDOIC. 1! D38 !O DC QD! ID !DC COHD 8O !DC LOOU OIU
C3D IC3U I! WDCD 8DC 3IIIVC8.
YOIU8 3DU C8D, !DC COIQ8C C38! OH CQDIQQCU WI!D !DC QIO-
_I3D.
bCQDC DCODU !DC LI3VC
18CDOQODQD8. !DI8 I8 ODC O !DC D3DC8 DDUCI WDICD 1D!IQDI|
VCDCI3!CU 1CIDC8, D !DI8 tI!C !DC DC3D! !D3! DC 3CCODQ3DICU
UC3U 8OD8 !O DC. 1C W3!CDCU ID 8ICDCC OVCI ODI DOI!3 3_ODIC8,
_DIUC O DC88CD_CI8, DODU8 3DU COIU8, 3D_C ID_ ID IDQIU
3II, DIDDC 38 3 IOCKC!, !DCD CU D8 !OW3IU !DC O!DCI WOIU. 1I8
D3DC, DI8 3C!8, DI8 D!D 8DD DQ 3 !DC8C 8!OIIC8.
1C W38 DODOICU, 38 WC, 38 3D IDDOV3!OI. DC D3U IDVCD!CU
OD_CC!8, !DC IC 3DU !DC Q3DQIQC, D3DCU OI DI8 8OD, DD! 38O !DC
C!!CI8 3DU 8I_D8 O WII!ID_, 3DU QCID3Q8, !OO, IO3U DIC8!ODC8,
!DO8C !3 IOCK8 !D3! ID 3DCICD! LICCCC DOIC DI8 D3DC 38 WC 38 3
3CC 3DU 3 8CX, OI_3D8 O CODDDDIC3!IOD !D3! 8DDOIZC IO3U8.
118 7b Aatun/ Ccutzcct
LODS!IDC!OI O IC3!IODS, O OD_CCtS, CODUDC!OI 3!CI UC3!D, _OU
O DCSS3_CS 3DU QIOUDC!IVC Q3SS3_CS, DIS SICD! 3DU !I3DSDCCD!
QICSCDCC CODU DC UIVIDCU 3! !DC !wO !wII_D!S O U3WD 3DU UDSK.
1D SDD, 1CIDCS CODU D3VC Q3SSCU OI !DC 3ICD3D_C O C3S!ID_ O.
DC OVCIS 3QQC, 3 !OKCD CXCD3D_CU DC!wCCD ODI DIS! Q3ICD!S,
WC3VCS SOIU OI I3_IC DODUS !D3! 3UVCISI!y O!CD SCVCIS, CODDCC-
!IODS DDIU !DC SDIQ, 3DU !DC SDD!lC-IDI! !I3CCS IC3lIODS ID SQI-
UCIS !DIC3US, CODDDDIC3lIODS !CCDDIQDCS QIOUDCC Anam, WDICD
DD!IQICS !DCD 3DU D3_DIDCS !DCD ID!O !CCCODDDDIC3!IODS S3!-
CI!CS. 1D _CDCI3, IC3!IODS, SODC!IDCS UC _DIC, CODS!IDC! OD_CC!S,
3W3yS UC 3C!O, WDICD QCIDI! IC3!1ODS, WDICD, ID !DID, QIOUDCC
O!DCI OD_CC!S. WC IDD3DI! !DIS SQII3 CDIVC, CODlIDDODS, DIOKCD OI
!DIDDCD!.
YD3! CODU DC DOIC ODVIODS !D3D !DC _OU O DCSS3_CS 3DU
ID!CIQIC!CIS DCCODID_ 3 SKICU 3I!IS3Dr IU DC D3KC !DC DIS!
COIUS: DIOD_D IUCD!IC3 SODDUS, ODI 3D_D3_C S3yS. lI3DS3!OIS
3DU CODUDC!OIS QDICKy DCCODC 3DIIC3!OIS 3DU CODS!IDC!OIS. DC
_DIUC DIUUCD DCDIDU !DCSC IDyDCS OI IOO!S D3DUS DC 3 DODU, 3
3DIIC3!CU OD_CC!, 3 ICI3DC IC3!IOD, !DCD 3 COD!I3C!.
L3S!ID_ O !DIOWS DS CSCWDCIC, OI !OW3IU 3DU ID!O 3DO!DCI
WOIU, SO !D3! !DIS IC3!IOD C3DSCS 3 CI3! OI QICCC O _C3I, 3D
OD_CC!, !O 3QQC3I. ID !DC I!CI3 SCDSC, 3 !DID_ C3S! DCOIC DS. L
CODISC I! DDS! D3VC C! ODI DOUICS, !O DC yID_ DCOIC DS IKC !D3!
YDCIC WODU I! CODC IOD, O!DCIWISC, !DIS C3S!ID_ !D3! DDIS!S OI!D
3DU !3KCS O: bODCt1DCS !DC WDOC OI_3DISD DDIS I!SC OD!w3IU,
!DC DDC!IODS O I!S OI_3DS C3S!ID_ O !O DCCODC !OOS. DC QIO_CC-
!IOD CODCS IOD !DC SDD_CC!, ODCC 3_3ID WC D3DCU. 1D COD!I3S!
!O 3DID3S, CDCOSCU ID !DC S!3DC 3IDOI O !DCII IDS!IDC!S, C! DS
C3D D3D !DIS 3DID3 WDOSC DOUy C3KS, I!S OI_3DS DCCODID_ OD-
_CCtS.
bO DCDIDU !DCSC SyDDOS, !DCSC QCOQC 3DU !DCII 3C!S, IS DIUID_
!DC ODC IOD WDOD !DC _DIUC QIO!CC!S DS 3DU WDO CUDC3!CS ODI
S!CQS, WDO C3US DS 3DU 3! !DC S3DC !IDC ODI_CS DS !O QIOUDCC.
UC3!D. LDI C3S!ID_S O !OW3IU I! OICC DS !O D3KC !OOS !D3! D3VC
C3S! O IOD !DID_S, WOIUS !D3! D3VC C3S! O IOD 3I!I3C!S, DDSIC
!D3! D3S C3S! O IOD WOIUS, D3!DCD3t1C3 SI_DS !D3! D3VC C3S! O
IOD DDSIC . . . . CQ3I!DIC !OW3IU UC3!D IDOIDS 3DU SDDS DQ 3
!DC O!DCI UCQ3I!DICS.
LX3DQC. 3!CI !DODS3DUS 3DU !DODS3DUS O DICDDI3 O IDCI-
Casti_ D_ 11
D3 COI!S, bISyQDDS SDCCCCUS ID QDSDID_ !DC !ODDS!ODC OD! O !DC
C3I!D, !DC UC3U DOUy O 1CS!I3, DDCIC3 _OUUCSS, 3QQC3IS OD ODI
IO3U, 3 C3IID, DDS!, OI QIC O IOCKS, 3 !ODD, !DC 3!!CI DCCODCS ODC
U3y 3D CDOIDODS QyI3DIU, 3 S!3!DC OI 3 COOSSDS, 3 !OWCI, 3!CI,
C3IVCU, D O DOCS, UCIC3!Cy WIOD_D!, 3S I CD3CI3!CU, !ICDCD-
UODSy 3DID3!CU, 3 SOI! O LIC OWCI C3S!S O, ID !DC DDIIIC3DC
3DU CODUS~!DIS IS !DC IOCKC! 3DIU !DC S!3IS. DDS !DC UC3!D O
1CS!I3, VII_ID 3DU DO!DCI, C3!CDCS DQ WI!D !DC 3DDCDID_ O
Anam, DIDUID_y SDOI!ID_ !DC CDUCSS 3DU Q3!ICD! CIICDI! O
DODIDIZ3!IOD. LDI DOS! SOQDIS!IC3!CU OD_CC!S ICSD! IOD 3 SDCCCS-
SIOD O C3S!ID_S O, WI!D UC3!D 3W3yS II_D! DCDIDU. DIS OD_ 3DU
!IDC S!OIy UCVCOQS !DC DOS! 3ICD3IC CD3Q!CI O !DC OVCI3 CQIC O
!DC _OU 1CIDCS, !DC OOWID_ CD3Q!CIS, !DC C3SICS! ODCS, SID_ O
DDSIC, SQC3K O 3D_D3_C, 3DU UCCIQDCI !DC SCICDCCS, DD3y IC3CD-
ID_ ODI QICSCD!-U3y 3CDICVCDCD!S.
L3I!D 1Ol
D! 3UVCISI!y, WDICD SODC!IDCS SCVCIS DODUS, IS DO OD_CI 3!!3CK-
ID_ _DS! ODI DOUy, 3IC3Uy UCS!IDCU OI UC3!D SIDCC !DC U3WD O
!IDC, 3DU UCCDUID_ 3_3IDS! UC3!D Dy QICCISCy !DIS W3y OD!SIUC
I!SC OI !DCSC CODDCC!IODS~3QQC, COIU, OI D3S!CIQICCC, !DC Q3_C
WII!!CD ID 3 Q3!DC!IC OI D3D3 !ODC. 1UVCISI!y IS DOW 3!!3CKID_ !D3!
WDICD 3!!3CDCS 3DU DIDUS DS 3 !O_C!DCI 3DU CODDCC!S DS DDIVCI-
S3y, ODI C3I!D 3DU ODI SQCCICS, CODQC!C SDDS O ODI COIUS 3DU
3I3DCCS. bIDCC 3_3S3KI WC D3VC ODI UIS3QQC3I3DCC ID ODI QOWCI,
3DU !DC U3D_CI CDIVC IS IISID_ CXQODCD!I3y. DOD_D 1 D3VC DCCD
UC3 CVCI SIDCC !DC UODID3!OIS O !DIS WOIU DC_3D !DDDUCIID_
SD3DCCSSy, 1 DC3I, 3DU 1 D DO! !DC ODy ODC, !DC ICVC3ID_ DISSID_
O 3II S!I3!3 UIIVCD UOWD Dy CDOIDODS 3ID_ IOCKS. 1DUIVIUD3,
OC3, 3DCICD!, 3DU QIIDI!IVC UC3!D IS DCID_ SDCCCCUCU Dy 3 DOU-
CID, SQCCIDC, 3DU _OD3 UC3!D, ODI COCC!IVC WOIUWIUC DOIIZOD.
1S !DIS DOUCID UC3!D _OID_ !O 3W3KCD DS IOD SCICD!IDC SCCQ,
3DU OI WD3! O!DCI C3S!ID_ O !OW3IU WD3! CXCCCDCC OI VII!DOSIlyr
YI I! _IVC D3CK !O DS 3S DDCD ID!CI_CDCC !DC IDVCD!OIS O !DC
SCICDCCS ICCCIVCU ID !DC Q3S! IOD I!S 3ICD3IC SIS!CIr DC DOIC
QIC_D3D! !DC UC3!D, !DC DOIC C3Q3DC ODI COI!S, !DC _IC3!CI !DC
SCOQC O ODI OD_CC!-WOIUS.
120 7b Aatuta/ Couttuct
O DDIVCIS3 UC3!D COIICSQODUS, !DCD, !O QDSD !DC QOID!, !DC
DDIVCISC 3S OD_CC!. L3S! DCOIC DS, DCIC IS L3I!D. OCS SDC CODC
OD! O DS, UO WC CODC OD! O DCIr
IOD !DC D3!DIC WC DSCU !O SQC3K 3DOD!, 3D 3ICD3IC WOIU ID
WDICD ODI IVCS WCIC QDD_CU, DOUCIDI| C3S!S O, ID ItS _IOWID_
DOVCDCD! O UCIC3IZ3!IOD. 13VID_ DCCODC 3DS!I3C! 3DU IDCXQCII-
CDCCU, UCVCOQCU DDD3DIty !3KCS O !OW3IU SI_DS, ICQDCD!S ID-
3_CS 3DU COUCS, 3DU, yID_ ID !DCII DIUS!, DO OD_CI D3S 3Dy
IC3!IOD, ID CI!ICS, CI!DCI !O IC OI !O !DC !DID_S O !DC WOIU.
1OID_ 3DOD! ID !DC SO!, DDD3DIty D3S OS! !DC D3IU. L3U3DOD!
3DU _3IIDODS, IDOIDCU. YC 3IC DO OD_CI tb.YC W3DUCI,
OD!SIUC 3 Q3CCS.
L3S! O 3I CDOD_D IOD ODI L3I!D, WC C3D DD3y OOK 3! DCI
WDOC. DC 3IDCI WI!D DIS DCD! D3CK IVCU OD !DC DIIOW 3DU S3W
DO!DID_ CSC, !DC S3V3_C S3W ODy DIS CC3IID_ OI !DC !I3IS 3CIOSS
!DC OICS! I3D_C, !DC DODD!3ID UWCCI, DIS V3Cy, VISIDC IOD !DC
DODDt3ID Q3S!DICS, !DC CI!y UWCCI, !DC QDDIC SQD3IC, ODSCIVCU
IOD DIS OOI O !DC DDIUID_, !DC 3IIQ3DC QIO!, 3 QOI!IOD O !DC
1!3D!IC. . . . 1CIC IS 3 D3Zy D3 SDIIODDUCU Dy !DIDDCDCC. 13DC!
L3I!D 3S S3!CI!CS QDO!O_I3QD DCI. YDOC.
1OW 3I DQ DDS! WC DC yID_ !O QCICCIVC DCI !DDS, _OD3yr
YC D3VC 3 DCCODC 3S!IOD3DtS, CODQC!Cy UC!CIII!OII3IZCU. DO!
3S ID !DC Q3S! 3 OICI_DCI CODU DC WDCD 3DIO3U, DD! WI!D ICSQCC!
!O !DC L3I!D O 3 DDD3DKIDU.
1D Dy_ODC U3yS, C3CD IDUIVIUD3, 3! ODCC 3 SOUICI 3DU 3 !ICI
O !DC SOI, DSCU !O UCCDU DIS QO! O C3I!D, DCC3DSC DC IVCU O
I! 3DU DCC3DSC !DCIC DIS 3DCCS!OIS 3y. !DC QOW 3DU !DC _DD D3U
!DC S3DC OC3 DC3DID_ 3S !DC !ODD, OD_CC!-DODUS !O !DC SOI.
1DIOSOQDy IDVCD!S !DC DCID_-!DCIC, !DC DCIC-ICS, 3! !DC VCIy DO-
DCD! WDCD !DIS OC3DCSS IS UIS3QQC3IID_, WDCD !DC C3I!D CODCS
!O_C!DCI 3DU DOVCS IOD QO! O _IODDU !O DDIVCISC, WDCD I!S
D3DC IS 3UOIDCU WI!D 3 C3QI!3 C!!CI. IOD !DIS SD3 OC3 QOI!
3DU I!S OIUID3Iy OD_CCL WC D3VC C3S! O. LDI DOS! ICCCD! VOy3_C
DIOD_D! DS IOD C3I!D !O L3I!D.
1 DDD3DI!y IS yID_ IKC SQ3CCW3KID_ 3S!IOD3DtS. OD!SIUC !DCII
C3QSDC, DD! !C!DCICU !O I! Dy CVCIy 3V3I3DC DC!WOIK, Dy !DC SDD
O ODI KDOW-DOW 3DU O CVCIyODCS DODCy, WOIK, 3DU C3Q3CI!ICS,
SO !D3! !DCSC 3S!IOD3DtS ICQICSCD! !DC CDIICD! DI_Dy UCVCOQCU
DDD3D CODUI!IOD.
Casti_ D_ 121
bCCD IOD 3DOVC, IOD !DIS DCW DI_D Q3CC, L3I!D COD!3IDS 3
ODI 3DCCS!OIS, IDUIS!ID_DISD3Dy DID_CU. !DC DDIVCIS3 !ODD O
DDIVCIS3 DIS!OIy. YD3! DDCI3 SCIVICC UO 3 !DCSC V3QOI QDDCS
DCI3Ur 1DU SIDCC, IOD DQ DCIC, DO ODC QCICCIVCS DOIUCIS, WDICD
3IC 3DS!I3C! ID 3Dy C3SC, WC C3D SQC3K OI !DC DIS! !IDC O 1U3D
3DU LVC, ODI DIS! CODDOD Q3ICD!S, 3DU !DDS O DIO!DCIDOOU. LDC
DDD3DIly 3! 3S!.
1CIC IS WDCIC ODI CXQDSIOD IOD C3I!Dy Q3I3UISC CU DS. !DIS,
!DCD, IS !DC QIOVISIOD3y DD3 ICSD! O DODIDIZ3!IOD 3DU DIS!OIy,
O ODI WOIK, O !DC Q3IDD _CDCI3!IODS UI3WD OI!D Dy IDUIVIUD3
UC3!D. O !DC DDIVCISC-OD_CC! COIICSQODUS, !DCD, ID 3 I!S DC3D-
ID_S, DDIVCIS3 UC3!D. O CODISC I! !DIC3!CDS DS DCIC, DD! I! IS 3SO
yID_ ID W3I! CVCIyWDCIC CSC, WD3! 1 C3CU !DC O!DCI WOIU DOW
COVCIS !DC WDOC Q3DC!.
OI !DC DIS! !IDC, QDIOSOQDy C3D S3y D3D IS !I3DSCCDUCD!.
DCOIC DIS CyCS, !DC WDOC WOIU IS OD_CC!IJID_ I!SC, !DIOWD DC-
OIC DID, OD_CC!, DODU, _C3I, OI CI3!, D3D, OI DIS Q3I!, DDUS
DIDSC !DIOWD OD!SIUC, !O!3y C3S! O IOD !DC _ODC, DO! IOD
!DC QOI! O ICS!, !DC )ODIOD D3SC, !DC DODD!3ID DD! O
LD3DODIDCOD, OI IOD DIS UC3!D DCU, DO! IOD 3 _IVCD Q3CC, DCIC
OI !DCIC, DO! IOD !DC DDDDS O DIS IC, DIS Q3I3UISC, DO OD_CI
IOD DIS DO!DCIS CD!I3IS, DD! IOD !DC WDOC L3I!D . . . .
. . . DC 3I_CS! 3QQC. DC DOS! DC3D!ID SQDCIC OI !DIDDCD! D3.
DC DOS! I3VISDID_ DO3!, ODI C3I3VC DCW 3DU C!CID3. DC 3S!CS!
SDD!!C. DC DOS! _I_3D!IC IOCKC!. DC _IC3!CS! SQ3CC SDIQ. DC
UCDSCS! OICS!. DC DOS! CDOIDODS IOCK. DC DOS! CODOI!3DC
ICD_C. DC DOS! DODIC S!3!DC. DC CODQC!C COU O C3I!D OQCD
3! ODI CC!, S!C3DID_.
1DUCSCIID3DC CDO!IOD. DO!DCI, Dy 3I!DD DO!DCI, ODI
DO!DCI WDO D3S DCCD 3 CCDODI!C OI 3S OD_ 3S !DC WOIU D3S
CXIS!CU, !DC DC3VICS!, !DC DOS! CCDDU, !DC DOICS! O D3!CID3
UWCID_S, CD3S!C DCC3DSC 3W3yS 3ODC, 3DU 3W3yS QIC_D3D!, VII_ID
3DU DO!DCI O 3 IVID_ !DID_S, DC!!CI !D3D 3IVC, IIICQIOUDCIDC
DDIVCIS3 WODD O 3 QOSSIDC IC, DIIIOI O ICC OCS, SC3! O
SDOWS, VCSSC O !DC SC3S, IOSC O !DC WIDUS, !OWCI O IVOIy, DODSC
O _OU, 11K O !DC LOVCD3D!, _3!C O DC3VCD, DC3!D, ICD_C,
QDCCD SDIIODDUCU Dy CODUS, WDO WI DC 3DC !O DOVC DCI, WDO
WI DC 3DC !O !3KC DCI ID !DCII 3IDS, WDO WI QIO!CC! DCI, I SDC
122 7b Aatun/ Ccutnct
risks dying and whcn shc ocgins hcr morta! agony: s it truc that
shc is movcd: Vhat havc wc not dcstroycd with our scicntihc
virtuosity:
Lmotion: that which scts in motion. How wi!! wc movc, on thc
day whcn wc no !ongcr !can on hcr: How can wc rock hcr in our
arms without anchoring our !cct on hcr stay: Cr cast o !rom hcr
without hcr: How, thcn, to oc movcd: Jhosc who !osc thc Larth
wi!! ncvcr again oc ao!c to cry. Jhcy wi!! ncvcr again oc ao!c to
oury thcir anccstors. Vc ncvcr wccQ !or anything out thc !oss o! a
mothcr, shc who rockcd us in hcr arms, thc on!y conso!cr o! a!!
our a!t!ictions. Hcroic, surc!y, intc!!igcnt, o! coursc, ori!!iant, why
not, out inconso!ao!c and unconso!cd.
!ying high cnough to scc hcr who!c, wc hnd oursc!vcs tcthcrcd
to hcr oy thc tota!ity o! our know!cdgc, thc sum o! our tcchno!o-
gics, thc co!!cction o! our communications, oy torrcnts o! signa!s,
oy thc comQ!ctc sct o! imaginao!c umoi!ica! cords, !iving and
artihcia!, visio!c and invisio!c, concrctc or Qurc!y !orma!. By cast-
ing ot! !rom hcr !rom so !ar, wc Qu!! on thcsc cords to thc Qoint
that wc comQrchcnd thcm a!!.
^stronaut humanity is t!oating in sQacc !ikc a !ctus in amniotic
t!uid, ticd to thc Q!accnta o! Mothcr-Larth oy a!! thc nutritivc
Qassagcs.
rom thc highcst Q!acc wc havc cvcr rcachcd, in a!! thc castings
o o! history, thc univcrsa!-suo]cct, humanity, in so!idarity at !ast,
is contcmQ!ating thc oo]cct-univcrsc, Larth, out a!so, thc in!ant
suck!cs its mothcr, sti!! attachcd to hcr oy so many cords and
thrcads. Jhus thc oonds o! !i!c or o! !ood and thosc o! thought
or o! oo]cctihcation occomc a!ikc in cmotion.
rom this sitc, our hcrc and now, thc ncw Q!acc o! our contcm-
Qorary cxistcncc and know!cdgcs, !rom this Q!acc, whcncc Qhi!oso-
Qhy now ooscrvcs and thinks, tcchno!ogy is occoming morc !ikc
organic !i!c and scicncc morc !ikc naturc, in thc scnsc in which
naturc mcans an uQcoming oirth. Jhrough thc cana!s and chan-
nc!s o! thcsc mu!tiQ!c oonds, hard and sott, who wi!! givc !i!c or
dcath to whom:
or this ncw suo]cct oound to thc ncw oo]cct, !i!c and dcath
tradc ro!cs oncc again, dangcrous!y, to rcach an cvcn highcr !cvc!
o! virtuosity. Must wc not occomc, in c!!cct, thc mothcr o! our o!d
dying mothcr: Vhat unhcard o! mcaning wou!d this ncw oo!iga-
Casti_ D_ 12J
!IOD D3VC. !O _IVC DII!D 3_3ID !O !DC D3!DIC !D3! _3VC DII!D !O DS:
1S L3I!D 3 II_ID WDO _3VC DII!D !O DCI LIC3!OI, 1ID OI 1CI:
XCS, L3I!D IS O3!ID_ ID SQ3CC IKC 3 C!DS ID 3DDIO!IC DIU, !ICU
!O !DC Q3CCD!3 O NO!DCI-bCICDCC Dy 3 !DC DD!II!IVC Q3SS3_CS.
YDO WI _IVC DII!D !O WDOD 3DU OI WD3! D!DIC:
L3S!ID_ O OI Q3I!DII!IOD, QIOUDC!IOD OI CDIUDII!D, IC 3DU
!DOD_D! ICCODCICU, CODCCQ!IOD ID DO!D C3SCS. WODU _IC3! 13D,
SOD O 1CIDCS, IC!DID ID !DIS DOI!3 U3D_CI:
DCSC SyDDIO!IC DODUS, SO ICCIQIOC3 !D3! WC C3DDO! UCCIUC ID
WD3! UIICC!IOD DII!D _OCS, UCDDC !DC D3!DI3 COD!I3C!.
1D IS!ICSS,
!DIS IS Dy SI_D3!DIC, OI, DOS! O!CD, 1 IVC 3DU CC DySC ID
UIS!ICSS, _DS! 3S 3DIU !DC C3ISODC DDIIIC3DC 3DU SC3, 3 VCSSC
QDICKy OSCS 3 I!S _C3I, !DC W3VCS I3V3_C !DC !OQS, !DC D3S!S DIC3K,
!DC DC!WOIK O IOQCS !C3IS, CVCIy!DID_ _OCS ID!O !DC W3!CI, 3DU 3
!D3! ICD3IDS IS !DC U3DCID_ DD, D O DOCS, WDICD !DC SDIVIVID_
CICW CID_S !O. 1 D3VC DCCD SDIVIVID_ ID UIS!ICSS OI SO OD_ !D3! 1
D3VC OS! 3 UC3UWOIK O Dy OWD, 3_ 3DU !I!C, !ICS, S3IS, CO3!,
3UUICSS 3DU QOI!, D3DC, 3CC, DC3IID_, 3DU OQIDIOD.
O C3S! O DC3DS !D3! !DC DO3! 3DU I!S S3IOIS CD!IDS! !DCDSCVCS
!O !DCII !CCDDOO_ICS 3DU !DCII SOCI3 COD!I3C!, OI !DCy C3VC !DC
QOI! Dy 3IDCU, IOD DC3U !O !OC, WI!D QIODU y3IUS 3DU DOOD
3IDCU !OW3IU !DC D!DIC. 1! 3QQC3IS !D3!, Dy !3KID_ !O !DC W3!CI,
!DCy 3IC !3KID_ !DC SC3 ID !DCII CI3!S _C3I 3DU !3CKC. !DC SDIQ
IDD3DI!S I!S IOQCS 3DU WD3CDO3!S, SDIIODDUCU Dy I!S QIOW 3DU
IDUUCI, QIO!CC!CU ID !DC C3_C O I!S KDO!!CU IOQCS, !DC DCDSD3D
IDD3DI!S !DC DO3!. D! 3 !DCSC DDC QCOQC, SO WC QICQ3ICU !D3!
!DCy 3DDODDCC, 3! !DC S!3I!, !D3! S!CQS D3VC DCCD !3KCD 3_3IDS!
CVCIy IISK~!DCy C3S! O 3 SCCODU !IDC WDCD !DC S!OID IIQS OD!
C3DCS 3DU C3QS!3DS 3DU DDUICSSCS !DC SKI Dy !C3IID_ !DC 3DIIC
O I!S II__ID_. DCDCCOI!D UIS3DCU 3DU ID UIS!ICSS.
1 UO DO! W3D! !O ICDCDDCI !DC U3yS WDCD 1 CIOSSCU !DIS SCCODU
S!3_C, CSSCD!I3 3DU !IDC, SIDCC !DCD, 1 D3VC DO DOIC _C3I OD Dy
CI3!~I! CVCD SCCDS !O DC !D3! 1 DCVCI D3U 3Dy. bIDCC !DC !DIDOI
O Dy yOD!D 1 D3VC _ODC D3KCU. VCUDCCU !O !DC D3IC C!OVCIS. 1
CVCD DISSID_ DDCD O !DC IDUISQCDS3DC D3__3_C OI IVID_
121 7b Aatura/ Ccutmct
CODOI!3Dy. 1 IVC ID SDIQWICCK 3CI!. 1W3yS ID UIIC S!I3I!S, DD!ICU,
yID_ !O, IC3Uy !O ODDUCI.
OCS 3 DC3D!ID 3DU _OOU IC UCVO!CU !O QOWCID WOIKS IC-
QDIIC !DCSC IIICDCUI3DC OSSCSr O SCICDI!y 3DU _IC3! DC3!D QOSI-
!IVCy OVC !DC !CIIIDC DOOUC!!ID_S !D3! CODC WI!D CDUID_S 3DU
DDUOID_Sr
D3!S WDy 1 !3S!CU _Oy UDIID_ !DC C3I!DQD3KC !D3! !CIIIDCU SO
D3Dy QCOQC 3IODDU DC. 1 O 3 SDUUCD !DC _IODDU SD3KCS O
I!5 _C3I. W3S !ICDDC, IC3Uy !O CO3QSC, IOOS DDCKC, QCOQC
3, CODDDDIC3!IODS 3IC ID!CIIDQ!CU, DOISC KCCQS yOD IOD DC3I-
ID_ C3CD O!DCI, !DC !DID !CCDDOO_IC3 DD !C3IS, SQDC3ID_ 3DU
SD3QQID_ IKC DC!3 OI CIyS!3, !DC WOIU, DD3y, CODCS !O DC,
ICSCDDCS DC, 3 ID UIS!ICSS. 1 !DODS3DU DSCCSS !ICS CODC DD-
UODC, IQDIU3!CU, WDIC OD! O !DC SD3UOWS DCDC3!D DDD33DCCU
CC! IISCS CSSCD!I3 DCID_, D3CK_IODDU DOISC, !DC IDDDID_ WOIU.
!DC DD, !DC DC3D, !DC KCC, !DC QOWCID SKCC!OD, !DC QDIC
QDICKWOIK, !D3! WDICD 1 D3VC 3W3yS CDD_ !O. 1 IC!DID !O Dy 3DI-
I3I DDIVCISC, Dy !ICDDID_ SQ3CC, !DC OIUID3Iy DDUI!ICS, Dy CS-
SCDCC, QICCISCy !O CCS!3Cy.
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1C D3S SCIVCU 3S VISI!ID_ QIOCSSOI 3! _ODDS 1OQKIDS \DIVCISI!y
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\DIVCISI!y O NICDI_3D 1ICSS 3IC !I3DS3!IODS O DIS WOIKS Ls
Tisrs-1nstit 3DU Statuss.lizabeth MacArthor IS 1SSOCI3!C 1IO-
CSSOI O ICDCD, \DIVCISI!y O L3IOIDI3, b3D!3 3ID3I3. William
Paolson IS 1SSOCI3!C 1IOCSSOI O ICDCD, \DIVCISI!y O NICDI_3D.