2 Makabieju Knyga 1932 PDF

VENTASIS RATAS
SENOJO IR NAUJOJO STATYMO arba TESTAMENTO

su Vulgatos tekstu
Vert ir komentori pridjo
Kauno Arkivyskupas-Metropolitas Juozapas Skvireckas
TURINYS
Senojo
Testameto
knygos:
Naujojo
Testamento
knygos:
ANTROJI
MAKABIEJ
KNYGA
Pradios
Mato
1 perskyrimas
Ijimo
Morkaus
2 perskyrimas
Kunig
Luko
3 perskyrimas
Skaitli
Jono
4 perskyrimas
Atkartoto statymo
Apatal darbai
5 perskyrimas
Jozus
Rymieiams
6 perskyrimas
Teisj
1 Korintieiams
7 perskyrimas
Rutos
2 Korintieiams
8 perskyrimas
1 Samulio
1 Karali *
2 Samulio
2 Karali *
1 Karali
3 Karali *
2 Karali
4 Karali *
1 Kronik
Galatams
9 perskyrimas
Efezieiams
10 perskyrimas
Pilypieiams
11 perskyrimas
Kolosieiams
12 perskyrimas
1 Tesalonikieiams
13 perskyrimas
2 Tesalonikieiams
14 perskyrimas
1 Timotiejui
15 perskyrimas
2 Kronik
Ezdro
Neemijo
Tobijo
Juditos
Esteros
1 Makabiej
2 Makabiej
Jobo
Psalmi
Patarli
Pamokslininkas
Giesmi giesm
2 Timotiejui
Titui
Filemonui
ydams
Jokubo
1 Petro
2 Petro
1 Jono
2 Jono
3 Jono
Judo
Apreikimas
Iminties
Ekleziastikas
Izaijo
Jeremijo
Raudos
Baruko
Ezekilio
Danilio
Ozjo
Jolio
Amoso
Abdijo
Jonos
Mikjo
Naumo
Abakuko
Sofonijo
Agjo
Zakarijo
Malakijo
* Taip ios knygos vadinamos

1921 met leidime
=:36C D64F?5FD >2% 2 ? E C @ ; : > 2 < 2 3 : 6 ; F

<?G82&
492C26@:?>&
;% yqLYRL% BLWP^_TYZ^ qbO { WLToVLT 4TRT[_Z qbOLX^%
6L[`_ '% . AkZmkb[nl)jnblngm
i^k <^`rimnf) Dn]Z^bl) lZenm^f
]b\ngm _kZmk^l) jnb lngm bg D^kh*
lherfbl) Dn]Z^b) ^m jnb bg k^`bh*
g^ Dn]Z^Z^)^miZ\^f [hgZf +/ =^*
g^_Z\bZm oh[bl ?^nl) ^m f^fbg^*
kbm m^lmZf^gmb lnb) jnh] eh\nmnl
^lm Z] <[kZaZf) ^m DlZZ\) ^m DZ*
\h[ l^kohknf lnhknf _b]êbnf7
0 ^m ]^m oh[bl \hk hfgb[nlnm\h*
eZmbl ^nf) ^m _Z\bZmbl ^bnl oheng*
mZm^f \hk]^ fZ`gh)^m Zgbfh oh*
e^gmb+ 1 <]Zi^kbZm \hk o^lmknf bg
e^`^ lnZ) ^m bg ikZ^\îmbl lnbl)^m
_Z\bZm iZ\^f+ 2 @qZn]bZm hkZmbh*
g^l o^lmkZl) ^mk^\hg\beb^mnkoh[bl)
g^\ ohl ]^l^kZm bg m^fihk^ fZ*
' [P]^Vb]TXL^% . E^knsZec^

bk En]chl Zerc^`ro^gZgmb^cb [kh*
ebZb r]Zb [khebZfl r]Zfl) ^lZg*
mb^fl <b`bim^) lbngbZ lo^bdbgbf
bk ebgdb `^khl kZfr[l+ / O^lnm^b*
dbZ cnfl ?bôZl `kr[b bk m^Zm*
lbf^gZ lZoh lZg]hk) dnkb cbl
rkZ iZ]Zkl ln lZoh bmbdbfZbl
mZkgZbl <[kZhfn) DsZhdn bkEhd*
[n8 0 m^\enh]b^ cnfl oblb^fl) bk*
]b^l) dZ] c `Zk[bgmnfm^ bk or*
dbgmnfm^ ch oZeb oblZ bk]bfb bk
`^kn ghkn+ 1O^`ne cbl Zmo^kbZ c*
l bk] lZoh lmZmrfnb bk lZoh
lZdrfZfl bkmîZ]ZkhmZbd8 2 m^*
bdeZnlh cl fZe]Zl) m^lnlb]^kb*
gZ ln cnfbl bk m^g^Zib^b]bZ c*
.)./).6+ Ldmh\e\h` g\df` L \ *

J\p_j_\hd`n =dbdkoj f\m\gd o`dfd\*
g`nodijn t_\d kj k\nq`dfdidhj dm gdi*
hjhdn gìbq\ojhdn) ed` k\ndno\o H`*
fedh k\_pj_\ opmdi nìd\p m\toj jiojkjgte`) iòjgd Agdjk)jgd`n) ]\it*
g\fj =dbdkoj t_\hn dm fqd`d\ epjn d) qtmd\pndpjep fpidbp `n\io Kidepd
qnod ]\itdjn k\qìodidhj qì* ER) fpmn ]pqj d\ \o]bn) f\d ej
o %.). .-\&+ =iom\e\h` g\df`) fpmn oq\n Kide\n EEE ]pqj ipp_to\n @\d*
km\nd_`_\ o\dk k\o k\nq`dfdidhp) f\g* ie`+ P\ H`jiojkjgd`n ]\itd\ noj*
]\h\ \kd` Otmdejn f\m\gd\pn =iodjfj qej ipj .2- h+ kdmh Gm+ dfd 4. h+
pqdh %.)..] .4&) \kd` o\d) f\dk J`* kj Gm+ dm noìbnd qdn\dn \oqdgbd\dn
`hde\n \om\_j qìo pbi %.5 03&) npndgtbdiod) np F`mpu\gn ]\itd\+ P`*
f\dk F`m`hde\n ]pqj k\ngkn) f\d i\d t_\d g\df n\qj k\h\g_\n) \p*
F`mpu\g ]pqj k\dho\) n\i_jmjn k\* fj_\qj \pf\n) k`mìb_\hd no\othj
_\ibo) nfmtid\ dm nhdgf\gp \gojmd m`df\g\qdh) f\_ ]o odf qdì\ @d`*
%/). ./&) f\dk ]pqj J``hdej dm Fp_j qj b\m]didhj qdò\ F`mpu\ge` %qu+
Gpi+ .4)08 =of+ ./)2&+ > Xeb f eT` l'
no`dbo\n qìo\n fitbti\n %/).0 .6&+
Uf( P\d t_df\n k\nq`dfdidhj dnd*
%.).& : eb_\T` f( >_\hd ojn k\djn Q
m`dfdh\n+ %1& J T i b fgTgl` h$ L \ *
o\pojn i\md\dn) L\g`nodijn t_\d q\*
_di\ =dbdkoj t_pn ]mjgd\dn %kgb+ . g`nodijn t_\d i`g\df H`jiojkjgd`n
I\f+ ./)3&+ = fTa g\X` f 9 \Z\cgX( Loj* o`dno\ dm odif\h\ \pf qdò\+ no\ot*
g`hdèpn H\bdn ]pqj dq`_n d =dbdko h` ]pqj k\n\fto$ f\_ ejn m`dfd\ \p*
\kd` 0/- h+ kdmh Gm+ _\pbd\p f\dk w fjod odf F`mpu\ge`+ %2& K Xfh f\WX'
.--+--- t_p) fpmd` d\ \kndbtqìj+ E e\a T4 _jq\ij_\h\n f\go`n dm o`df_\*
Turinys
/ H<F+ .) 3}.-
542
e+h+ 3 @m gng\ ab\ lnfnl hkZgm^l D l gêZbfb f^mn 3OZb`b ]Z[Zk
4 M^`gZgm^ ?^f^mkbh) f^l bZ fê]bZfln cnl+ 4FZ*
Zggh \^gm^lbfh l^qZ`^lbfh gh* D kZebZncZgm ?^f^_kbcnb) bfmZl ^*
gh) ghl Dn]Z^b l\kbilbfnl oh[bl c bZl ]^bfmbl ]ôbgmZblf^mZbl [n*
bg mkb[neZmbhg^) ^m bfi^mn)jnbln* ohf^ kZ cnfl f^l) r]Zb)lbê*
i^ko^gbm gh[bl bg blmbl Zggbl) ^q oZkm^ bk lnliZn]bf^) dhdlfnfl
jnh k^\^llbm DZlhg Z lZg\mZ m^k* Zmlbmbdh ZgZbl f^mZbl) ih mh) dZb
kZ) ^m Z k^`gh+ 5 KhkmZf ln\\^g* EZshgZl iZlbmkZnd b o^gmhlbhl
]^kngm) ^m ^__n]^kngm lZg`nbg^f Zeb^l bk b dZkZerlml+ 5Eb^ln]^*
bggh\^gm^f7 ^m hkZobfnl Z] ?h* `bgh ]nkbl bkbeb^ch g^dZem dkZn*
fbgnf) ^m ^qZn]bmb lnfnl) ^mh[* c) f^l `b fê]fl QbîZbnb
mnebfnl lZ\kb_b\bnf) ^m lbfbeZ`b* bk [nohf^ bdeZnlrmb8 f^lZmgZZ*
g^f) ^m Z\\^g]bfnl en\^kgZl) ^m ohf^ Znd bk`^kbZnlb fbem)n*
ikhihlnbfnl iZg^l+ 6 @m gng\ ]^`f^b[nkbnl bkiZ]chf^ ]nh*
_k^jn^gmZm^]b^l l\^ghi^`bZ^f^g* gZl+ 6OZb`b ]Z[Zk cl oldbm^
lbl >Zle^n+ .- <ggh \^gm^lbfh KZ]Zg`b o^gc ]b^gZl dZle^*
oh fg^lrc^+ .- bfmZl ZlmnhgbZl
h\mh`^lbf h h\mZoh+
]^bfmbl ZmngmZbl f^mZbl+
E^knsZec^ bkEn]chc^`ro^gZg*
Khinenl) jnb ^lm D^khlherfbl)
^m bg Dn]Z^Z) N^gZmnljn^ ^m en]Zl) mb mZnmZ) mZkr[Z bk En]Zl dZkZebZnl
<kblmh[heh fZ`blmkhKmhe^fZ^b k^* Kmhe^fb^cZnl fhdrmhcnb <kblmh*
`bl) jnb ^lm ]^ `^g^k^ \akblmhknf [nenb b iZmîmc dngb` `bfb*
lZ\^k]hmnf) ^m abl) jnb bg <^`ri* gl) mZbi iZm <b`bim^ ^lZgmb^fl
mh lngm) Dn]Z^bl lZenm^f) ^m lZgb* r]Zfl lbngbZ lo^bdbgbf bk ebg*
ikh oh[bl+
h\n h\gjid+ G\go ]pqj \ondnftmd*

hò m\to\n g\df\n+ AT m b a T f (((
h\n) ed ]pn k\\gdio\) qg npndqdìdepn F\uji\n ]pqj ipndkdmfn d =iodjfj
kmd` qdìjn F`mpu\gn ]\itdjn+ qtmd\pndjej fpidbj q\m_ dm noìbnd
npk\bjidiod Fp_e %kgb+ `h+ 1)4+++&+
qn_\hd F`mpu\gn ]\itdjn k\*
qìodidhj _dì) =dbdkoj t_\d k\mj* P ]`_d`qdf k\nd`gbdh g\dfj \p*
_tn) f\_ ed` g\dfj o ]\itd odfm\ ojmd\d q\_di\ \okpjgdhp ipj Fp_ejn
dm o\dk bm kmd` @d`qj b\m]didhj qd`*
dm o`jfm\odejn+
#2$ < he\f4 ]\it*
it]n+
%3& D Xf }\T ` X_W { \T ` f4 djn _pmdn+ Ididhd f\d fpmd` nd`g*
q\mo\d) fjfd o`fj k\odmod t_\hn)
f\_ gdifedh\d qtfo+ %4& B T eT '
qd`k\o\pe\io =iodjfpd Of+ Lgb+ .
_\Th]Tag < X` Xge\]h \4 @`hòmdepd EE
Jdf\ojmdpd) fpmn b\qj Otmdejn njno I\f+ .)04+3- 1)0#++8 / I\f+ 5)00+
.13 h+ kdmh Gm+) hdmpn =g`fn\i_mpd %6& Ah f yi f ^ \gX G TWTaZ}$(( =dbdkoj
>\gpd dm Lojg`hdèpd Bdgjhòjmdpd %E t_\d fqd`d\hd qnod F`mpu\gn ]\*
itdjn k\qìodidhj qìo+ Pjgd\p
I\f+ ..).2+++&+
x \` gTf(((4 .11 \m
%.-)3& ]pn k\\dfdio$ f\_ do\ Fp_j
.10 h+ kdmh Gm+ Em / I\f+ fit*
bje` ipmj_jhd hò\d tm\ O`g`pf\d* n\fto\ ]\itdjn k\qìodidhj \m
d `mjn) fpmdn km\nd_`_\ . nk\gd 0./ \kq\gthj qìo opmej ]od qìd\*
h\ o\dk) f\dk L\_\ibd qìo+ Pj*
h+ kdmh Gm+ >ò . I\f+ fitbjn \p*
ojmdpn hò km\_d ipf`gd\) t_ _g o\dk ed d\ dm q\_di\h\) odf kmd*
kmjdp) k\q\n\m) idn\ij hi`nd8 _`_\io k\\dfdidhj j_dpn ^ T f _X i b
F\uji\n bd \m ej omphkdioje\n / I\f+ ` a Xfl ]X %bmpj_dj hi+&) opj o\mkp
fi+ \pojmdpn hòpn nf\ddpje\ ipj f\_ odfmjed L\_\ibd qìo ]pqj
odmdj hi`ndj) mp_ì+ E d\ qdòj* qìd\h\ odmdj %mpbnej*nk\gd& h*
hdn \ondm\i_\ hò ipmj_th` h\\n i`nte`+ %.-& x \` gTf(((4 ./1 h+ kdmh
nfdmoph\n+ Lq_+ . I\f+ 4) .16 h+) j Gm+ H\df\n ]\dbd\h\n ipmj_thp
o\n k\o qtfdn / I\f+ .1)1 .16 h+ dm 8 hò) fpmd\dn edn ]pqj k\m\to\n+ Pj*
f+ : h i b` X eT f X( P\dk d\ kmdh`* e gd\p km\nd_`_\ \iom\n g\df\n) fpmdj
i\h\n fdo\n nìd\p kmd` _`qtidjgdf E m\thj g\df\n iìpmj_to\n+
Turinys
543
/ H<F+ .) ..} .3
mZm^f+ .. ?^ fZ`gbl i^kb\nebl Z

?^heb[^kZmb)fZ`gb_b\^`kZmbZlZ`b*
fnl bilb) nmihm^ jnb Z]o^klnlmZ*
e^f k^`^f ]bfb\Zobfnl+ ./Dil^
^gbf ^[neebk^ _^\bm ]^ K^klb]^^hl)
jnb in`gZo^kngm \hgmkZ ghl) ^m
lZg\mZf \bobmZm^f+ .0 IZf \nf
bg K^klb]^ ^ll^m ]nqbil^) ^m \nf
bilh bff^glnl ^q^k\bmnl) \^\b]bm
bg m^fieh IZg^Z^) \hglbebh ]^*
\îmnllZ\^k]hmnfI Zg^Z^+.1 @m^*
gbf \nf ^Z aZ[bmZmnknl o^gbmZ]
eh\nf <gmbh\anl) ^m Zfb\b ^bnl)
^m nm Z\\bi^k^m i^\ngbZl fnemZl
]hmbl ghfbg^+ .2 >nfjn^ ikhih*
lnbll^gm ^Zl lZ\^k]hm^l IZg^Z^)
^m bil^ \nf iZn\bl bg`k^llnl ^l*
l^m bgmkZ Zf[bmnf_Zgb) \eZnl^kngm
m^fienf) .3 \nf bgmkZll^m <gmbh*
\anl7 Zi^kmhjn^ h\nemh Z]bmn m^f*
ieb) fbmm^gm^l eZib]^l i^k\nll^*
kngm ]n\^f) ^m ihl jnb \nf ^h
^kZgm) ^m ]bobl^kngm f^f[kZmbf)
^m \Zibmb[nl ZfinmZmbl _hkZl ikh*
db lo^bdZmhl+ .. ?bôhb`ê[mb b

]b]êb iZohc f^l eZ[Zb ]b]bZb
cZf ]dhcZf^)dZ] lm^g`f^ dh*
ohmb ikb^ mhd dZkZeb+ ./ I^l cbl
mZb bf^m b K^klbchl mnhl) dnkb^
dhohch ikb^ fnl bk ikb^ o^g*
mc fb^lm+ .0 I^l dZb ZgZl [n*
oh oZ]Zl K^klbchc^ ln ]b]bZnlbZ
dZkbnhf^g^) cbl noh IZgchl
o^gmrdehc^) Zi`ZnmZlIZgchl dn*
gb` lnfZgnfn+ .1 =m^gm) <gmk*
hdZl ln lZoh ikb^mêbZbl Zmch
m ob^m `ro^gmb ln cZ bk `Znmb
]Zn` ibgb` dkZbbh oZk]n+ .2 FZb
IZgchl dngb`Zb [noh iZkh]ib*
gb`nl) bk cbl ln g^]Zn`êbn ch
o^gmrdehl ob])cb^ n]Zk o^g*
mrde) .3 dZbi mbd <gmbhdZl [noh
cl+ KZldnb) Zmb]Zk iZleim
o^gmrdehl Zg`) f^l]Zfb Zdf^*
gbl) cb^ nfn oZ] bk ln cnh
[nonlbnhlbnl) lndZihch dlg^*
ebnl bk) gndbkm `ZeoZl)bf^meZn*
dZg+ .4 P oblZ m^[gbîZ`Zk[bg*
A H Y ^ I H & d\ t_ o\mt]\) nì\*

o\n) bm+ |,`kjjdd\) Rpgb+ o+ hdidh\ kdm*
h f \mo8 . I\f+ ./)3 ed tm\ q\m*
_dio\) ]ò odf bm+ o+8 d / I\f+ 1)11
dm ..)/4 npdijh`) f\_ ed ]pqpnd e\p
=iodjfj EEE @d_djej hòp+ Lm\_dj*
e` ed ]pqj np_\mto\ d nìd\pndp t*
_) fpmd` k\__\q qtmd\pnd\e\h fp*
idbpd q\g_tod o\po k\n\pgdidpjn` _\*
gtfpjn`+ E ojn o\mt]jn qgd\p[k\*
nd_\m t_ ndi`_mdji\n+ 7 \ K H Z &
d\ q\m_de\h\n Fp_\n opmej ]od i`
f\n fdo\n) f\dk odf I\o\odej nipn
Fp_\n I\f\]dèpn+ =iom\ndn g\df\n
h\ojh\d k\m\to\n opje\p kj =iodj*
fj Akda\ij hdmod`n) kj fpmdjn Fp_\n
btqìj _\m fòq`mdpn hòpn+ =mdnoj*
]pg\n) fpmd\h g\df\n ndpid\h\n dm
fpmn d\ q\_di\h\n f\m\gd\pn Lojg`*
hdè\pn hjftojep) o+ t+ k\o\mep) ]p*
qj bdhdhp t_\n+ Fdn btqìj kmd`
=dbdkoj f\m\gd\pn Lojg`hdè\pn R
%/-1 .5-& mh dm ]pqj oj f\m\gd\pn
k\odfdh\n \nhpj dm o\fdib\n k\o\*
me\n+ Fdn tm\ _`_df\qn Lojg`hdèpd
RE Bdgjhòjmdpd %.5- .13& n\qj \g`*
bjmdi Lìo\o`p^cj \dfdidh) fpmd\*
h` edn noìbd\nd np_`mdiod q+ fitb\n
np =mdnojo`gdj adgjnjodg\+ =mdnoj]pgj

k\hdiedh\n g\df` k\mj_j) f\_ edn
m\to\n i` qgd\p) f\dk .13 h+) fp*
md\dn )8LojE`hdèpn RE hdm+ 6 k W H %
[L W [\ R \ U PN \ ,
d qtmd\pnde fpidb
bdhdin) oj_g d =\mjij \didp+ =mdn*
oj]pg\n opmej ]od thd\pnd\n t*
_ \onojq\n =dbdko`) b\g _goj g\d*
f\n e\h dm ndpid\h\n+ % . . & = Y P L k
[V R P R H Y H SPw &
Cm+ o+7 kmd` f\m\gd+
P\n f\m\gdpn) kmd` fpm t_\hn ]p*
qj g\]\d k\qjedib\ fjqjod) opmej ]od
=iodjf\n Akda\i\n+ Lgb+ . I\f+ 3)/+++
} % . / & ; L Z QPZ [H P&&& C`md\p bm+ o+7 J`n
edn %@d`q\n& dhò opjn) fpmd` mì*
b fjq qìo\e\h` hd`no`+
%.0&
0 \ ] V ] H K H Z = L Y Z P Q V Q L Z \ K PK m PH \ Z PH &&&
Cm+ o+7 np iìpb\gdh\ f\mdpjhì`+

Lgb+ . I\f+ 0)04+ ; H U s QV Z & J\i`\
\m J\i\ ]pqj +k\n ]\]dgjid`dpn q\d*
ndibphj _`dq+ % . 1 & 4 ^ ] L U [ P Z \ QH $
o+ t+ e q`nod+ Eo`f_\h\ p f\m\*
gd\pn _`dq opmej \od_pjod e\h n\qj
_d_`g fm\do+ % . 2 & 0 \ ] V W H Y V K p W P%
U P N \ Z , fpmdpjn =iodjf\n ijmej b\pod
f\dkj fm\dod+ B m K H Y s k ] L U [ ^ R S H ,
f\_ =iodjf\n i`b\gop domfod+
% . 3 & = H Z S s W [ H k ] L U [ ^ R S V Z H U N H & =ijo
Turinys
/ H<F+ .) .4}/.
b^\^kngm+ .4 K^k hfgbZ [^g^]b\mnl

5N^\" Z^R mkZ]b]bm bfibhl+ .5 7JL#
mnkb b`bmnk jnbgmZ ^m ob`^lbfZ ]b^
f^glbl >Zle^n inkb_b\Zmbhg^f
m^fieb) g^\^llZkbnf]nqbfnl lb`*
gb_b\Zk^ oh[bl7 nm ^m ohl jnhjn^
Z`Zmbl ]b^f l\^ghi^`bZ^) ^m]b^f
b`gbl) jnb ]Zmnl ^lm jnZg]h I^*
a^fbZl Z^]b_b\Zmh m^fieh ^m ZemZ*
kb h[mnebm lZ\kb_b\bZ+ .6 IZf \nf
bkb K^klb]^f ]n\^k^gmnk iZmk^l
ghlmkb) lZ\^k]hm^l) jnb mng\ \ne*
mhk^l ?^b ^kZgm) Z\\îmnf b`g^f
]^ ZemZkb h\\nem^ Z[l\hg]^kngm bg
oZee^) n[b ^kZm inm^nl Zemnl) ^m
lb\\nl) ^m bg ^h \hgmnmZmb lngm
^nf) bmZ nm hfgb[nl b`ghmnl ^l*
l^m eh\nl+ /- >nfZnm^f ikZ^m^k*
bll^gm Zggb fnemb) ^m ieZ\nbm?^h
nm fbmm^k^mnk Iâ^fbZl Z k^`^
K^klb]bl7 gîhm^l lZ\^k]hmnf be*
ehknf jnb Z[l\hg]^kZgm) fblbm Z]
k^jnbk^g]nf b`g^f7 ^m lb\nm gZk*
kZo^kngm gh[bl) ghg bgo^g^kngm
b`g^f) l^] ZjnZf \kZllZf+ /._bm
*))!
mZl ?bôZl)dnkl b]Zo [^]bôbnl

.5 OZb`b ghk]Zfb ]ob]^bfmi^gd*
m dZleôh fg^lbh ]b^g ol*
mb [Zgrbhl ZioZerf) eZbdf^
k^bdZebg`Z ]nhmb cnfl bgb) dZ]
mZbi iZmbkclolmnfm^ KZ]Zg`*
b o^gml ]b^g bk ]b^g n`gb^l)
dnkb [noh ]nhmZ) dZb I^^fbcZl)
ZmlmZbnl [Zgrb bk Zemhkb) Zm*
gZZoh ZndZl+ $ .6 I^l dZb fl
moZb [noh o^]Zfb K^klbc) dn*
gb`Zb) dnkb^ mnhf^m [noh ?bôh
`Zk[bgmhcZb) iZf m n`g b Ze*
mhkbZnl) leZibZ iZlei legrc^)
dZf^ [noh `benl bk lZnlZl neb*
grl) bk eZbd c m^gZb) mZbi dZ] mZ
ob^mZ[nohoblb^fl g^bghf Z+/- J
dZb) ]Zn`êbnb f^m ikZlebgdnl)
?bônb iZmbdh) dZ] [m K^klbchl
dZkZebZnl ZmlblmZl I^^fbcZl) cbl
lbngm b^dhmb n`gb^l oZbd oZb*
dnl m dngb`) dnkb^ [noh c iZ*
lei8 bk dZbi cb^ fnfl iZlZdhch
cb^ g^kZ]h n`gb^l) [^m mbkmh oZg*
]^gl+ /. Fngb`Zl I^^fbcZl ebî
iejn qìotfgje`+ C\i_\d mj_nd k\*

bm+ o+) o\d opmej ]od k\ngkojn p*
qjd\hjn _pmtn gp]jn`+ 6 Y Z \ Q\ V i\n d od`n) i`n ojgtbd\d ]pqj \ond*
I \ ] \ Z P\ Z &
=ijo ntm+ q`modhj) ]pqn odf =iodjfpd @+ Pd` b\i_\d dm ]pqj
phpo\n odf qdì\n =iodjf\n) i`n odf m\tod g\df+ Rgd\p) f\d b\po\ od*
edn ]pqj en k\o qìotfgjn qd_) fm`nidp did) ejb =iodjf\n Akda\i\n
dndb`g]ej) k\]b_\h\n ipj h\do
ej bd k\gt_jq\d opme k\ndgdfod qì*
otfgjn kmd`\ibte`+ G\n \ondodfj =i* npfgpndjn hdidjn) dm hdm odf qgd\p
f`gte` d >\]dgji) o\n odfm\n did\n
odjfj f\mdpjhì`d) d\ id`fj i`k\n\*
fjh\) i`n dm \kd` =iodjfj pqdh npm\ F\uji\n n\qj q`df\g`) k\f\m*
f\g]\h\ odf kmd` kmjbjn) g\dfj bd ojej dm / I\f+ fi+ \pojmdpn % 6 ) . 7 + + & )
k\gdf_\h\n g\df ojf) fjfn edn ]p*
odfng\n ]pqj ipmj_tod ]\itdjn k\*
qj k\m\to\n =dbdkoj t_\hn+
qìodidhj nq\m]+ @g d\ k\hd*
%.5& 0 H m U ^ n P V Z H W ] H S ^ T p & Lgb+ \pf+
ioj =iodjfj pqdhj \km\thj f`*
6 `+ 2 P L U p \ N U P L Z &&& =]d qìon
gd\h\ i`h\\ bdip+ Rdìd gdif h\*
]pqj qìd\hjn _m\pb+ Cmdidh\n
itod) f\_ =iodjf\n) \kd` fpm d\ f\g*
]\h\) opmen ]od i` Akda\i\n) ]ò fd* no\othj n\ftop \pf ]pqj ntfdp dm
o\n+ q\m_de\h\n o\mk fdo =iodjf\n qìojn pbid`n bmdidh\n %Gpi+ 6)/18
@d_tndn) fpmn d odfme pqn k\i\dp / Gmji+ 4).&+ % . 6 & , = L Y Z P Q p , > \*
]dgji+ L`mnde\ q\_di\nd qg`nidp
]_p) ]ò edn i`]pqj t_ o\pojn kmd`*
kmjdp ojn \gtn) fpmdjn ]pqj \i\kpn
\n+ Pd`n\) \kd` =iodjfj Akda\ij hdm*
od fdo\dk k\n\fje\h\ . I\f+ 3)0+++ dm Apkm\oj %kgb+ . I\f+ 0)0.&+ 8 \ %
U P N H P &&&, b\g km\i\j F`m`hdej m\bdi\*
/ I\f+ 6).+++) ]oìo) f\_ e\h k\ndn`*
f domfod d e\h bmnpndj k\qje\pn+ hd %qu+ `h+ /)2&+ %/-& = L Y Z P Q V Z
=mo\fn`mfnj Hjibdh\ij
R H Y H S PH \ Z ,
C\gd o\o ]od) f\_ g\df\n =dbdkoj t *
_\hn ]pqj k\m\to\n opj hòp) f\d %Egb\m\ifdj&+ Lgb+ / Au_mj /).+++
% / . & 8 \ U PN H Z ; L L T PQ H Z & Cm+ o+7 J``*
Fp_e ]pqj f odf k\nd`f kdmhd b\i*
`hde\n n\f fpidb\hn+ J``hde\n ]p*
_\d) \kd` o\md\h =iodjfj hdmo J\*
Turinys
545
$ 3,1! # $$? %#
bnllbm ^hl aZnkbk^) ^m Z__^kk^ lb[b7

^m lZ\kb_b\bZ) jnZ^ bfihlbmZ ^kZgm)
bnllbm lZ\^k]hl Iâ^fbZl Zli^k*
`b bilZ ZjnZ) ^m eb`gZ) ^m jnZ^
^kZgm lni^kihlbmZ+ // Pmjn^ ah\
_Z\mnf ^lm) ^m m^finl Z__nbm) jnh
lhe k^_nelbm) jnb ikbnl ^kZm bg
gn[beh) Z\\^glnl ^lm b`gbl fZ`*
gnl) bmZ nm hfg^l fbkZk^gmnk+
/0 JkZmbhg^f Znm^f_Z\b^[Zgm hf*
g^l lZ\^k]hm^l) ]nf \hglnffZ*
k^mnk lZ\kb_b\bnf) DhgZmaZ bg\ah*
Zgm^) \^m^kbl Znm^f k^lihg]^gmb*
[nl+ /1 @m Iâ^fbZ^ ^kZm hkZmbh
ang\ aZ[^gl fh]nf7 ?JHDI@
?^nl hfgbnf \k^Zmhk) m^kkb[bebl)
^m _hkmbl) bnlmnl)^m fbl^kb\hkl)jnb
lhenl ^l [hgnlk^q) /2 lhenl ikZ^*
lmZgl) lhenl bnlmnl) ^m hfgbih*
m^gl) ^m Z^m^kgnl) jnb eb[^kZl Dl*
kZê ]^ hfgb fZeh) jnb _^\blmb
iZmk^l ê^\mhl)^m lZg\mb_b\Zlmb ^hl7
/3 Z\\bi^ lZ\kb_b\bnf ikh ngbo^k*
lh ihineh mnh DlkZê) ^m \nlmh]b
iZkm^f mnZf)^m lZg\mb_b\Z+/4 >hg*
`k^`Z ]bli^klbhg^f ghlmkZf) eb*
[^kZ ^hl) jnb l^kobngm B^gmb[nl)
^m \hgm^fimhl ^m Z[hfbgZmhl k^*
lib\^7 nm l\bZgm B^gm^l jnbZ mn
^l ?^nl ghlm^k+ /5 <__eb`^ hiikb*
f^gm^l ghl) ^m \hgmnfêbZf _Z*
\b^gm^l bg lni^k[bZ+ /6 >hglmbmn^
ihinenf mnnfbg eh\hlZg\mhmnh)
lb\nm ]bqbm Hhrl^l+ 0- NZ\^k]hm^l
Znm^f ilZee^[Zgmarfghl) nljn^*
jnh \hglnfimnf ^ll^m lZ\kb_b*
\bnf+ 0. >nfZnm^f \hglnfimnf
^ll^m lZ\kb_b\bnf) ^q k^lb]nZZjnZ
Iâ^fbZl bnllbm eZib]^l fZbhk^l
cb^fl l^fmb bk Zmg^mb lZn8 cbl clZ

d eZdlmrmb mnh oZg]^gbn Zmg^*
mZl ZndZl) fZedZl bk dZl [nohZgm
c iZ]mZ+ // Fnhf^m mZb [noh iZ*
]ZkrmZ bk Zmch f^mZl) dZ]oe ikZ*
]ch ob^lmb lZne) dnkb ibkfZ[n*
oh iZlbleinl n ]^[^lb^l) nlb*
]^` ]b]ê n`gbl) mZbi FZ] oblb
lm^[chlb+ /0Onh mZkin) dhe^b Zn*
dZ ]^`) oblb dngb`Zbfê]lb) Eh*
gZmnb ikZ]^]Zgm) h dbmb^fl ZmlZ*
dbgcZgm+ /1 I^^fbch `b fZe]Z[n*
oh mhdb7 QbîZmb^) ?bô^) obl
NnmokcZn [Zblnlbl bk `Zebg`Z*
lbl) m^blnlbl bk `Zbe^lmbg`Zlbl) mn)
dnkl ob^gZl ^lb `^kZl dZkZebnl)
/2 ob^gZl ]nhlgnl) ob^gZl m^blbg*
`Zl) oblZ`Zebl bk ZfbgZl) dnkl
boZ]nhcbDskZêb oblh ibdmh)dnkl
bkbgdZb fl monl bk cnhl iZ*
o^gmbgZb) /3 ikbbfd Znd n obl
lZoh DskZêbh mZnm) l^k`d lZoh
]Zeb bk iZo^gmbgd+ /4 Nnkbgd f*
lbldeZb]rmnhlbnl)boZ]nhdmnhl)
dnkb^ o^k`ZncZ iZ`hgbfl) bk i Z*
oêd iZgb^dbgmnhlbnl bk g^d^g*
bZfnl) dZ] mZnmhl bghm) ch ` mn
fl ?bôZl+ /5In[Znld mnhl)
dnkb^le^`bZfnlb]b]bZbbkldkbZn*
]bZ+ /6 KZlmZmrd NZoh mZnm lZoh
o^gmhc^ ob^mhc^) dZbi rkZ iZlZ*
dl Hhs+ 0- Fngb`Zb `b `b^]hch
`b^lf^l) bdb ZndZ ln]^`+ 0. <n*
dZb ln]^`nl) I^^fbcZl ebî ebdn*
lbn oZg]^gbn Zibibemb ]b]^lgbnh*
lbnl Zdf^gbl+ 0/ OZb iZ]Zkbnl) b
c nlb]^` ebîlgZ) [^m cb [noh
qj fdgn d Fp_j \didejn) j b\g iò d

@jqd_j bdhdin) oj_g i`]pqj fpid*
b\n+ %/0& A \ V [ H Y W \ &&& =ijo bm+ o+7
dfd \pf\ _`b) h`g_nd dm fpidb\d dm
qdnd fdod) km\_`_\io Fji\opd) j fdod`hn
kmdo\md\io J``hdej k\qtu_dp+ 7 V %
U H [\ P& =ijo Fpju\kj Bg+ Fj^c\i\ipd+
Gdod h\ij) f\_ d\ q\m_de\h\n Fji\*
o\n tm\ o\n k\on \nhpj) fpmn hdid*
h\n / Au_mj ./)..+./+ %/1& C P L k %

Cm+[ o+7 Rd`k\od`) Rd`k\od`)
@d`q`+++ d\ opmdh` qdì\odid k\qtu*
_d h\g_jn) fpmd ]pqj f\g]\h\ \pfj*
edhj hòp+ =ijo bm+ o+) o\ h\g_\ Fj*
i\oj) i` J``hdej+ %/6& = H Z H R q Z
: V _ s & Lgb+ E+ .2).48 =of+ 0-)06+
6R P H \ R H Z \ K L N s & Pp j_dp im\ bm+
o+ %0.& 2 PK L Z U P\ V Z P\ Z H R T L U P Z , b\g
W H [ PL &
Turinys
/ H<F+ .) 0 / * / ) 0
546
i^k_ng]b+ 00 Lnh] nm _Z\mnf ^lm) ikZkrmZ ob^lhl) b[cnlbhl b Ze*
^q ^bl _eZffZ Z\\^glZ ^lm7 l^] U mhkbZnl+ 00 FZb mZl ordbl iZlb]Z*
^q enfbg^) jnh] k^_nelbm Z[ ZemZ* k bghfZl) [noh ikZg^mZ i^k*
kb) \hglnfimZ ^lm+ 00 Pmo^kh fZ* l dZkZebnb) dZ] mhc^ ob^mhc^) dn*
gb_^lmZmZ ^lm k^l) k^gng\bZmnf ^lm kbhc^ bmk^fmb^cb dngb`Zb [noh iZ*
k^Zb K^klZknf jnh] bg eh\h) bg lein`g) iZlbkh]l oZg]nh) dn*
jnh b`g^f Z[l\hg]^kZgm ab) jnb kbnh I^^fbcZl bk ln cnh [nonlb^*
mkZgleZmb _n^kZgm) lZ\^k]hm^l) ZjnZ cb Zibieho ZndZl+ 01FZkZebnl ]Z*
ZiiZknbm) ]^ jnZ Iâ^fbZl)^mjnb erd ZiloZklml bk ki^lmbg`Zb b*
\nf ^h ^kZgm) inkb_b\Zo^kngm lZ* mrkl) iZlmZmr]bgh _^gZb o^gmrde
\kb_b\bZ+ 01 >hglb]^kZgl Znm^f k^q) iZmobkmbgmb mZf) dZl [noh ord+
^m k^f ]beb`^gm^k ^qZfbgZgl) _^* 02 Dmrkl `b) cbl ]Zo dngb`Zfl
\bm ^b m^fienf) nm ikh[Zk^m jnh] ]Zn` `kr[b bk oblhdb ]hoZg)
_Z\mnf ^kZm+ 02 @m \nf ikh[Zll^m) dnkbZl cbl f lZoh kZgdZ bkcb^fl
lZ\^k]hmb[nl ]hgZobm fnemZ [hgZ) b ]Zebgh+ 03I^^fbcZlikZfbgmob^*
^m ZebZ Zmjn^ ZebZ fng^kZ)^mZ\\b* m I^_mZkn) mZb k^bdbZ) Zibiehob*
ib^gl fZgn lnZ) mkb[n^[Zm ^bl+ fZl8 ]Zn`êbh `bcb oZ]bgZfZ I^_b+
03 <iiêeZobm Znm^f Iâ^fbZl
ang\ eh\nf IîamaZk) jnh] bg*
m^kik^mZmnk Knkb_b\Zmbh+ Qh\Zmnk
Znm^f Zin] ibnk^l Iîab+
6L[`_ ;;% . Dgo^gbmnk Znm^f
( [P]^Vb]TXL^% . MZg]ZfZ
bg ]^l\kbimbhgb[nl D^k^fbZ^ ikh* ikZgZh E^k^fbch kZmnhl^)dZ]cbl
ia^mZ^)jnh] bnllbm ^\l b`g^fZ\* u
ebîl iZbfmb n`g mb^fl) dnkb^
\bi^k^ jnb mkZglfb`kZ[Zgm7 nm lb* $ [noh bmk^fbZfb) dZbi cZn [noh
`gb_b\Zmnf ^lm) ^m nm fZg]Zobm D iZrfmZ bk dZbi cbl lZd mk^fmb*
mkZglfb`kZmbl+ / @m ]^]bm beebl e^* u
gbZfl+ /Ebl ]Zo cb^fl lmZmrf)
`^f g^ h[ebobl\^k^gmnkikZ^\îmZ dZ] cb^ g^nfbkm ?bôh lZdr*
?hfbgb) ^m nmghg^q^kkZk^gm f^g* f bk g^lnderlm fbgmbfbl) dZb
mb[nl ob]^gm^l lbmgneZ\akZ Znk^Z) fZmrl Zndlbgbnl bk lb]Z[kbgbnl
^m Zk`^gm^Z) ^m hkgZf^gmZ^hknf+ lmZ[nl bk c iZinhZenl+ 0 Dk dbm
0 @m ZebZ anbnlfh]b ]b\^gl) ahk* iZgZb ]Zerd cb^fl lZdr]ZfZl
opjn) fpmd` ]pqj \gojmd\pn k\fm\on`+
%0/& : h i b c eT el gT yi \Xfb f((( P\d
opmej ]od mj_th\n) f\_ @d`qj
d`]o\ \gojmd\pn pbidn opmej ]od g\d*
fjh\ k\qìodio\+ %00& G Xefh ^ T '
eT_\h\4" =mo\fn`mfnpd E Hjibdh\ipd+
%01& G T fgTgl W \a b gXa T\ yiXagl^_T&(
=ijo bm+ o+7 f\m\gdpn) \koq`m_\h\n o
qdò) k\_\m e qìo+ P\dk ]p*
qj p_m\pno\n kmdedh\n kmd` ejn+ t*
_\d d\ b\gej h\otod o\h odfm kmd*
k\didh d f\m\gd\pn kpnn ep fpgoj+
%02& @ygl ef Z$(( =ijo bm+ o+7 dm
ed`hn %fpidb\hn& f\m\gdpn h _\pb
_jq\ip dm _\q %od`hn) fpmd`hn edn
]pqj k\g\ifpn&+ %03& K T i\XgT(
=ijo bm+ o+7 o\d) o+ t+ m\no nftnodh+
E XYgTeh( =ijo f\d fpmd) o\n j_dn
m`dfop nf\dotod fdo\dk) ]oìo a XV[ YTe

%d `]m+ + a TYT e& q\gtod&) fpmd b\gdh\
dq`mnod j_dp7 kpmdad^\odj) \kdkgjqd*
h\n+ Gdod _\m nke$ f\_ \oqtfpndèd
np J``hdep k`mn\d %J``h+ /)6& odmo
nftnodh k\q\_dij h`_ f\g]jn j*
_dp i\ao\) fpmdpj k\km\no\d q\_di\*
h\n d]\g\n+ Fdn dpj \oqèp pnd_`*
bn ipj n\pgn nkdi_pgdp) ]ò qtf
h\dpndèd t_\d o\d k\g\df tk\odi*
bp @d`qj h\gjin k\ndm`dfdhp+
%/).& AX e X ` \]b eT y gh b fX4 fpmd` ]p*
qj g\dfjhd qd`\h` \m^cdq`+ Cm+ o+7
km\i\\n F`m`hde\n tm\ \om\no\n _j*
fphìopjn`) f\_ edn gd`kn+++) o+ t+ qd`*
pjn` m\opjn` m\i_\h\ did\) f\_
F`m`hde\n tm\ gd`kn+++8 oj_g op m\*
op \pojmdpn ]pqj f\n fdo\n) i` Fj**
Turinys
55-
/ H<F+ /) 1 * 5
mZ[Zmnk g^ e^`^f Zfho^k^gm Z

\hk]^ lnh+ 1@kZm Znm^f bg bilZ
l\kbimnkZ) jnhfh]h mZ[^kgZ\n*
enf) ^m Zk\Zf bnllbm ikhia^mZ ]b*
obgh k^lihglh Z] l^ _Z\mh \hfb*
mZkbl^\nf)nljn^jnh^qbbmbgfhg*
m^f) bg jnh Hhrl^l Zl\^g]bm) ^m
ob]bm?^ba^k^]bmZm^f+ 2 @mo^gb^gl
b[be^k^fbZl bgo^gbm eh\nf liêng*
\Z^7 ^mmZ[^kgZ\nenf)^m Zk\Zf) ^m
ZemZk^ bg\^glb bgmnebm been\) ^m hl*
mbnf h[lmknqbm+ 3 @m Z\\^ll^kngm
jnb]Zf lbfne) jnb l^jn^[Zgmnk)
nm ghmZk^gm lb[b eh\nf7 ^m ghg
ihmn^kngm bgo^gbk^+ 4 Pm Znm^f
\h`ghobm e^k^fbZl) \neiZgl beehl)
]bqbm7 Lnh] b`ghmnl ^kbm eh\nl)
]hg^\ \hg`k^`^m ?^nl \hg`k^*
`Zmbhg^f ihineb) ^m ikhibmbnl
_bZm7 5 ^m mng\ ?hfbgnl hlm^g]^m
aZ^\) ^m ZiiZk^[bmfZb^lmZl ?hfb*
gb) ^m gn[^l ^kbm) lb\nm ^m Hhrlb
fZgb_^lmZ[Zmnk) ^m lb\nm \nf NZ*
ehfhg i^mbbm nm eh\nl lZg\mb_b\Z*
k^mnk fZ`gh ?^h) fZgb_^lmZ[Zm
cbl kZ`bgh cnhl g^Zmlmnfmb lmZmr*

fh gnh lZoh bk]b^l+ 1 OZf^ iZm
kZm^ [noh iZrfmZ) dZbi ikZ*
gZZl ]nhmn lZn ?bôh Zik^bdb*
fn ebî g^mb ln lZobf iZ]Zg`*
m bk ldkrgb bk lfbedZe Zemhkb
bk nmZbl Zg`+ 3 FZb dnkb^ cn*
lb^cb iZldnb ikbch ]kZn` iZlbr*
fmb lZn ob^mhl) [^m g^`Zech chl
kZlmb+ 4 OZb lnbghcl E^k^fbcZl)
[Zk]ZfZl cnhl) mZk7 Qb^mZ [nl
g^bghfZ) bdbQbîZml lnkbgdl b*
ldeZb]rmc mZnm bk [nl cZb `Zbe^*
lmbg`Zl+ 5 Onhf^m QbîZml mZbiZ*
kh]rl) bk Zilbk^bd QbîZmb^l ]b*
]^gr[) bk [nl ]^[^lrl) dZbi cbl
iZlbkh]r]Zoh mZbi iZm Hhs^b bk
dZbi cbl Zilbk^bd) dZb NZebZfh*
gZl fê]) dZ] ob^mZ[m iZo*
lmZ ]b]bZcZf ?bônb+ 6 I^l cbl
[noh Zi]hoZghmZl ]b]bZnlbZ b*
fbgmbfb bk) []ZfZl ibegZl bfbg*
mb^l) ZmgZZoh [Zgrbhl iZo^g*
mbgbfh bkiZ[Zb`bfh Znd+ .-FZbi
Hhs fê]lb QbîZbnb) bk gn*
m`hde\n+ Lgb+ `h+ 1 `dg+ = H P T [ P ,

dm k\ngkod+ % 1 & : V _ s , f\_ k\h\*
oto ijmn d+oj gj \_oe `hb %2
Iu+01).+ 2$+ qìo\ k\_\ibo) fpmd ]p*
qj k\_\mto\ Ijun n\fthp) k\no\dpn
O\gd\hjij ]\itd) ]pqj g\dfjh\
o\h odfmje` qdòje` i\peje` ]\itdje`
f\dk ]m\ibd k\g\df dm k\ndgdfj d\)
dfd J`]pf\_i`^\m\n \kbpg F`mpu\g+
G\d hd`no\n ]pqj k\dho\n) F`m`hde\n
@d`qj n\fthp dm b\g np did\ f\*
mdpjhìn q\_j J\]pu\m_\ij) fpmd\h
km\i\\n ]pqj k\no\h\n %F`m+ 2/)
4+.0&) k\h nìe k\_\ibo _m\pb
np n\i_jmjn nfmtid\ dm nhdgf\g \g*
ojmdphd %2 `+& d ]\itdjn) fjg J`*
]pf\_i`^\m\n _\m i`]pqj _\qn n\*
fthj np_ìbdiod hd`no dm ]\itd
%F`m+ 2/)4 .0&) dm qdn\ o\d db`g]ej
d\ \km\jhp ]_p+ =pojmdpn kmdh`*
i\ o db`g]edh) f\_ _\m g\]d\p d*
f`go \dfoi qìoph F`mpu\gn
]\itdjn) fpmdjn k\qìodidhj _d`*
i\ opmej ]od qìd\h\) i`n o
]\itd opmej bmod db`g]od qì*
od _\gtf\d) o\dk f\dk e\p ]pqj b\po\
qìo\ pbidn %4 `+&+ %2& < SV Z ] P L %
=ijo bm+ o+7 ]po jgjn k\qd_\gp+

fdod`hn k\_`_\io %3 `+&+ H\d*
fj d`hn qìod`hn _\gtf\hn b`g*
]od F`m`hde\n opmej b\i\) i`n ipj
ojn _dìjn) fpmdje` km\i\\n ]pqj k\*
g`dno\n d f\gedhj) dfd F`mpu\gn np*
i\dfdidhpd km\ngdifj qdn\n hipj
%kgb+ F`m+ 06)/+.. .18 1-). dm 1 G\m+
/2+/+5+6&+ %4& C PL [ H U L I \ Z m PU V T H &&&
Lgb+ F`m+ 0).3+++ 6R P x C P L k W H [ Z Z \ %
Y P U R Z &&& P\pojn npndmdifdh\n k\km\n*
o\d npkm\io\hn \kd` >\]dgjij i`g\dn*
qn k\]\db) ]ò i`mò\d edn opmd ]ì*
_m`ni dm kg\o`ni km\nh+ >\]dgjij
i`g\dnq`d k\nd]\dbpn) Vjmj]\]gdj
]\itd i`]pqj bmdiod F`m`hdej
k\ngkodèd _\gtf\d+ U m\ \dfdioje)
fpmd` h\ij) +f\_ k\ngkojndjn qì*
oìt]n qg ]pn \om\nojn) f\d Eum\`*
gdj o\pojn qdnph\ bm kmd` Gmdno\pn+
>ò b\gd ]od) f\_ d\ g\dfj \poj*
md\d ]pqj k\nd_\q o\f\d fjfdj ijmn
\kjfmdadidj \i g\df q`df\gj) fpmd\*
h` i`qdn\d odfngd\d ]pqj f\g]\h\ \kd`
o`jfm\odejn \oi\pedidhj g\dfpn dm iò
km\i\ j_d\d ]pqj fg\d_dib\d \d*
fdi\hd+ %5& / W Z P Y L P R k C P L k W H [ P L Z &&&
[w&
}
t U L k s ,
Turinys
/ H<F+ /) 6} .4
55.
aZ^\+ 6 HZ`gb_b\^ ^m^gbf lZib^g* . ^g` n`gbl b ]Zg`Znl bkln]^*
>4,7 ><,.>,-,>& ^m nm lZib^gmbZf `bgh Znd) mZbi iZm fê]lbbk NZ*
aZ[^gl) h[mnebm lZ\kb_b\bnf ]^]b* ebZfhgZl) bk gn^g` n`gbl b

\Zmbhgbl) ^m \hglnffZmbhgbl m^f* $ ]Zg`Znl bkln]^`bghZnd+ .. Hh*
ieb+ .- Nb\nm ^m Hhrl^l hkZ[ZmZ] s lZd7 FZ]Zg`b gnh]fl Zn*
?hfbgnf) ^m ]^l\^g]bm b`gbl ]^ dZ g^[noh lnoZe`rmZ) cb ln]^`bg*
\Zêh)^m\hglnfilbm aheh\Znlmnf) mZ+ ./ OZbi iZm bk NZebZfhgZl o^g*
lb\ ^m NZehfhg hkZobm) ^m ]^l\^g* m [Zgrbhl iZo^gmbgbfZlmnh*
]bm b`gbl ]^ \Zêh) ^m \hglnfilbm gbZl ]b^gZl+ .0 Ob^ iZmrl ]ZerdZb
aheh\Znlmnf+ .. @m ]bqbm Hhrl^l) rkZ iZiZlZdhmb I^^fbch kZmnhl^
^h jnh] ghg lbm\hf^lmnf jnh] bk Zmlbfbgbfnhl^) bk dZbi cbl) ln*
^kZm ikh i^\\Zmh)\hglnfimnf^lm+ ]Zkr]ZfZl dgr`rg) kbgdh b oZb*
./ Nbfbebm^k ^m NZehfhg h\mh ]b^* kb Zeb dgr`Zl bk ikZgZ) bk
[nl\ê^[kZobm ]^]b\Zmbhg^f+ XDg* ?hob]h) bk dZkZeb eZbdnl) bk mZl)
_^k^[Zgmnk Znm^f bg ]^l\kbimbhgb* $ dnkbhl [noh Zib^ ]hoZgZl+ .1 OZbi
[nl) ^m \hff^gmZkbbl Iâ^fbZ^ iZm bk En]Zl lnkbgdh oblZ mZb)dZl
aZ^\ ^Z]^f7 ^m nm\hglmkn^gl[b[* b [noh ]bg` dZk^) dnkl [nohfnl
ebhma^\Zf \hg`k^`Zobm ]^ k^`bh* bmbdl) bk mZb rkZ iZl fnl+ .2O h *
gb[nl eb[khl) ^m Kkhia^mZknf) ^m ]e) c^b cl c ghkbm^) Zmlbldbm^)
?Zob]) ^m îblmheZl M^`nf) ^m]^ dZl cnfl iZkg^m+ .3 OZb`bk^g`*
]hgZkbbl+ .. Nbfbebm^k Znm^f ^m en* ]Zfb^l olmb [Zgrbhl ZioZ*
]Zl ^Z) jnZ^ ]^\b]^kZgm i^k [ê* erf) f^l cnfl iZkZf^8 mh]e
enf) jnh] gh[bl Z\\b]^kZm) \hg* cl `^kZb iZ]Zkrlbm^) c^b mZl ]b^*
`k^`Zobm hfgbZ) ^mlngm Zin] ghl+ b gZl olbm^+ .4?bôZl `b)dnkl rkZ
.2 Nb ^k`h ]^lb]^kZmbl aZ^\) fbm* b`ê[cl lZoh mZnm bk ln`kb*
mbm^ jnb i^k_^kZgm oh[bl+ .3 <\mn*
kb bmZjn^ inkb_b\Zmbhg^f l\kbilb*
Lgb+ 0 G\m+ 5)..8 / Gmji+ 4).+ %6&

E Xf ]\f 4 O\gd\hji\n+ Rpgb\ojn o`fn*
o\n d\ qdìp fdop j_dp nfdmd\nd ipj
bm+ o+ %.-& B T\c D bm ` X _W f \4 0
Iju+ 6)/1+ %..& D bm f T ^ 4 B T '
WTaZ$(( Em d\ g\dfj \pojmd\d ijmd
k\]mod =dbdkoj t_\hn _d_`gd F`mp*
u\gn ]\itdjn qìoph) f\_ ed op*
md qìo pbi) fpmd\ m`df\g` b\gdh\
np_`bdiod ipj_hn \pfjn gd`f\ijn)
fpmdjn i`qdnjn ]pqj npq\gbtojn+ >ò
hdidhd d\ Ijun j_d\d) k\i\n d
0 Iju+ .-).3+.4) kmdo\dfdiod iòdif\*
h\d+ C\g dm doje` qdòje` k\ndm`dfd\
\kjfmdadidp m\op o\f\+ C\gdh\ o\*
d\p npodfod np ipjhji` op \dfdioj*
ep) fpmd` nke$ f\_ d\ fitbjn o`fno`
tm\ th`nidp omfph+ %./& =*
ghba\Tf W\XaTf( Lgb+ 0 G\m+ 5)328 /
Gmji+ 4)5+++ %.0& 9 gf\` \a\` hbfX( E
e b\g ]pqj np_\mto\ J``hdej fit*
b\+ @y iT\e\ yT_\ ^ a l Z T f( Pd*
fmd\p bm+ o+7 fitb\n \kd` f\m\gdpn+
Rpgb\ojn o`fno` tm\ k`mm\diojep
fg\d_\ _` m`bdjid]pn qdòje` _` m ` *

b d ] p n + < b i \W b 4 kn\gh`n+ C T \y'
^h f \e gTf((( =ijo bm+ o+7 g\dfpn \kd`
_jq\i\n) o+ t+ f\m\gd _jfphìopn
\kd` _jq\i\n F`mpu\gn ]\itd\d+ E
dojn qdòjn k\odmd\h`) f\_ J``hde\n
npmdifj qdì qdò q\dmd\n t_p
o\pojn fitb\n8 ]pqj npmdifojn dnoj*
mdin fitbjn) km\i\p fitbjn)Z Ln\g*
hn) o\dk k\o _jq\i \m pm\p _j*
fphìo\d+ Jpno\otod o\d\p odfngd\p
d fpmd fitb npnd_ej o\n J``hdej
mdifditn) iòpmdio _\pbd\p did) i`*
b\gdh\+ %.1& Ah W T f ( Pdfmd\pnd\d
I\f\]dèpn+ %.2& A X \ ]f abe\gX(((
L\g`nodijn t_\d d\ i`n\fj) f\_ ed`
opmd _\pbd\p fitb) f\dk =dbdkoj[t*
_\d8 ed` odf k\ndn\fj) f\_) i`dmdio
=iodjfj Akda\ij ipfm`dkoj kmd` qì*
o\n t_ fitb\n k`mn`fdjedhj) ed` o`*
]òpmd qdn\n dm tm\ k\ndmt iò e
ipjm\ _pjod =dbdkoj t_\hn+
%.3& I Xa Z W T` \Xf yifg\((( Ru+ \pf+
.)2+ %.4& @y Z X _U ] f 4 L\g`nodijn t*
o+ MZmZl) m+ DQ+
23
Turinys
55/
/ H<F+ /) . 4 */ 2
fnl oh[bl7 [^g^ ^k`h _Z\b^mbl) lb

^`^kbmbl ahl ]b^l+ .4 ?^nl Znm^f)
jnb eb[^kZobm ihinenf lnnf) ^m
k^]]b]bm a^k^]bmZm^f hfgb[nl) ^m
k^`gnf) ^m lZ\^k]hmbnf) ^m lZg\*
mb_b\Zmbhg^f) .5lb\nm ikhfblbm bg
e^`^) li^kZfnl jnh] \bmh ghlmkb
fbl^k^[bmnk) ^m \hg`k^`Z[bm ]^
ln[\Zêhbgeh\nflZg\mnf+ .6@kb*
inbm ^gbf ghl ]^ fZ`gbl i^kb\n*
ebl) ^m eh\nf ink`Zobm+
gl oblb^fl moZbgrlm) dZkZerlm)

dngb`rlm bko^gmrde) .5 dZbirkZ
Z]cl lmZmrf^) mbdbfl) o^bdbZb
iZlb`Zbel fl bk lnkbgdl fnl
b obl Zeb ih ]Zg`nfb o^g*
mc ob^m+ .6I^lcblb`ê[chfnl
b ]b]êb iZohc bk ZioZe ob^m+
4`_Z]TL`^ <LcZYZ VYbR{ _]`X[TY_ZUZ! []LVLWML%
/-
?^ Dn]Z o^kh HZ\aZ[Z^h) /-
<ib^ En] HZdZ[b^c bk ch
^m _kZmkb[nl ^bnl)^m]^m^fieb fZ`* [khebnl) Zib^ ]b]bhlbhl [Zgr*
gb inkb_b\Zmbhg^) ^m ]^ ZkZ^ ]^]b* bhl ZioZerf bk ZemhkbZnl iZ*
\Zmbhg^7 /. l^] ^m]^ ikZêbbl)jnZ^ o^gmbgbf) /. mZbiiZm bk Zib^ dh*
i^kmbg^gm Z]<gmbh\anf Ih[be^f) oZl ikb^ <gmbhd NdZblmc bk ch
^m _bebnf ^bnl @niZmhk^f7 // ^m lg @niZmhk) //Zib^ Zilbk^bdb*
]^ beenfbgZmbhgb[nl) jnZ^]^ \Z^* fnl) lnm^bdmnl b ]Zg`Znlmb^fl)
eh _Z\mZ^ lngm Z] ^hl) jnb ikh dnkb^ ]klbZb dhohch n r]nl)
en]Z^bl _hkmbm^k _^\^kngm) bmZ nm mZbi dZ] cb^) ghkl[nohg^`Znlbg*
ngbo^klZf k^`bhg^f) \nf iZn\b `b) Zmlbf obl Ze) ikbo^kmiZ*
^ll^gm) obg]b\Zk^gm) ^m [Zk[ZkZf [`mb lo^mbfZeb ]Zn`r[) /0 Zm*
fnembmn]bg^f _n`Zk^gm) /0 ^m _Z* `Zoh `^kbZnlb oblZf^ iZlZnerc^
fhlbllbfnf bg mhmh hk[^ m^f* [Zgrb) boZ]Zoh fb^lm) ln`k*
ienf k^\ni^kZk^gm) ^m \bobmZm^f eb* bgh lmZmrfnl) dnkb^ [noh iZ*
[^kZk^gm) ^m e^`^l) jnZ^ Z[hebmZ^ gZbdbgmb) g^l QbîZml [noh cb^fl
^kZgm) k^lmbmn^k^gmnk) ?hfbgh \nf fZehgbg`Zl obln iZeZgdnfn)
hfgb mkZgjnbeebmZm^ ikhibmbh _Z\mh /1dZbi mb^ ]ZerdZb rkZ iZkZrmb EZ*
beebl+ /1 Dm^fjn^ Z[ DZlhg^ >rk^* shgh Fbk^gb^bh i^gdbhl^ dgr`h*
gZ^h jnbgjn^ eb[kbl \hfikâ^glZ l^) f^l f`bghf^ lnmknfibgmb
m^gmZobfnl ghl nghohenfbg^[k^* ob^g dgr`+ /2I^lmnk]Zfbikb^
obZk^+ /2>hglb]^kZgm^l^gbf fne* Zdbldgr`]Zn`r[ bk]e f^]bZ*
_pn d ntm f\m\gd q`mbdejn+ %.5&
f gT gl ` X 4 2 Iju+ 0-)02+ %.6&
M \XgT4 F`mpu\gn ]\itd+
/)/-00+ Lm\f\g]je` fitbjn \p*
ojmdpn n\fjnd ijmn _pjod nf\dotoje\hn
npomphkdio k\n\fjedh \kd` opjn
_\gtfpn) fpmdpjn edn m\_n k\m\topn
kìfdjn` F\ujij fitbjn`) dm k\\dfd*
i\) f\dk edn h\ij n\qj _\m] \ogdfod+
%/-& 9 c\X AW((( LEb+ I\f+ /)
/2+ : T { a l }\b f TciT_l` ((( Lgb7
. I\f+ 1)14+++ %/.& J ^T \fg ]4 Akd*
a\m)+ = h c Tgbe4 =iodjf Apk\ojmd+
%//& 9 c\X Tc f\eX\y^\` h f(((4 \kd`

@d`qj npo`dfo bgj]) ]ì_m\d dh\io)
dm \kd` no`]pfgdibpn ìfgpn dm k\*
b\g]jn npo`dfdh d \pfot]d+ %/1&
AT m b a b ( Ppj q\m_p q\_dijnd i`qdì\n
t_\n I\f\]dè g\df\dn8 epj b\g ]p*
qj k\f`dd\h\n odfm\d t_df\n q\m*
_\n7 Fjup+ B \eXa \X}\b& o+ t+ fd*
gpndj d Gdmìn+ Gdmì tm\ Gdm`*
i\dfjn %Lìo\kjgd`n& hd`no\n d\pmd*
ie` =amdfje`+ Fd kmdfg\pn =dbdkoj
Lojg`hdè\hn+ Gdmì\dfje` btqìj b\*
i\ _\pb t_+ Lgb+ . I\f+ .2)/08
Turinys
/ H<F+ ;) /3}00
mbmn]bg^f eb[khknf) ^m ]b__b\nemZ*

m^fohe^gmb[nlZ``k^]bgZkkZmbhg^l
ablmhkbZknf ikhim^k fnembmn]bg^f
k^knf) /3 \nkZobfnl ohe^gmb[nl
jnb]^f e^`^k^) nm ^ll^m Zgbfbh[*
e^\mZmbh7 lmn]bhlbl o^kh) nm _Z\bebnl
ihllbgm f^fhkbZ^ \hff^g]Zk^7
hfgb[nl Znm^f e^`^gmb[nl nmbeb*
mZl \hg_^kZmnk+ /4 @mgh[bl jnb]^f
bilbl)jnbah\hinl[kôbZg]b\ZnlZ
lnl\îbfnl) ghg_Z\be^f eZ[hk^f)
bffh o^kh g^`hmbnf ie^gnf ob*
`bebZknf) ^mln]hkbl Zllnfilbfnl+
/5 Nb\nm ab) jnb ikZîZkZgm \hgob*
obnf) ^m jnZ^kngm Zebhknf oheng*
mZmb iZk^k^ ikhim^k fnemhknf`kZ*
mbZf) eb[^gm^k eZ[hk^f lnlmbg^*
fnl+ /6Q^kbmZm^fjnb]^f ]^ lbg*
`nebl Zn\mhkb[nl \hg\^]^gm^l) bi*
lbZnm^f l^\ng]nf ]ZmZf_hkfZf
[kôbmZmblmn]^gm^l+ 0- Nb\nm ^gbf
ghoZ^ ]hfnl Zk\abm^\mh ]^ ngb*
o^klZ lmkn\mnkZ \nkZg]nf ^lm7 ^b
o^kh) jnb ibg`^k^ \nkZm) jnZ^ Zi*
mZ lngm Z] hkgZmnf) ^qjnbk^g]Z
lngm7 bmZ Z^lmbfZg]nf ^lm ^m bg
gh[bl+ 0. @m^gbf bgmêe^\mnf \he*
eb`^k^) ^m hk]bgZk^ l^kfhg^f) ^m
\nkbhlbnl iZkm^l lbg`neZl jnZl*
jn^ ]bljnbk^k^) ablmhkbZ^ \hg`knbm
Zn\mhkb7 0/[kôbmZm^f o^kh]b\mbh*
gbl l^\mZkb) ^m ^q^\nmbhg^l k^knf
obmZk^)[kôbZgmb\hg\^]^g]nf ^lm+
00Cbg\ ^k`h gZkkZmbhg^f bg\bib^*
fnl7 ]^ ikZ^_Zmbhg^ mZgmnf ]b*
qbll^ ln__b\bZm) lmnemnf ^m^gbf ^lm
Zgm^ ablmhkbZf ^__en^k^) bg bilZ
Znm^f ablmhkbZ ln\\bg`b+
=k_+ /).-+ %/2& BalZ( Cm+ o+7

nf\dd %fpmd\dn ]pqj ipmj_jhd h*
o\d) fd`f ]pqj fjqje\idp) pqpnd
fjqjn` dm o+o+&+ %/5& @e fgXa Z\Tf\
cTgXa^\ag\((( Cm+ o+ hdiodn7 dm fpmd`
d`fj fdop i\p_jn dm opmd kmd` \fdn
_\pb`gdj k\oìfdidh+ #,3$ K \^ f '
_Xfa Xf {\a\Tf((( =ijo bm+ o+7 f\g]od
odfngd\d \kd` fd`fqdì \onfdm _\gt*
f k\gd`f\h` \pojmdpd+
500
c `hl `Znlnfh lngd^gr[ mb^fl)

lb`bebgmb blmhkbchl iZ*
lZdhcbfnl) /3 f^l iZlbkibghf^)
dZ]ghkbgmb^flmbdmZbldZbmrmbmZb[*
m]oZlbhlfZehgnfZl) dZ] fhdl*
ehf`cZbe^gòbZn `Zem lb]mb
Zmfbgm) bk dZ] oblb ldZbmrmhcZb mn*
km gZn]hl+ /4 <gm lZol f^l)
dnkb^ iZlbf m mknfibgbfh]Zk*
[) ndkhof^ gê^gò oZk`)
[^m n]Zobg) dnkbZf k^bdbZ ]Zn`
[n]cbfh bk ikZdZbmh+ /5FZbi mb^)
dnkb^ k^g`bZ ihdre bk lm^g`bZlb
iZm^gdbgmb dbm ghknl) dZ] lb`rm
]Zn`êbhfZehgl)mZbibk f^l fb^*
en ghkn bfZfl ]Zk[h+ /5Obdl*
e^lg^l bgbZl Zib^ Zmldbknl ]Zer*
dnl f^l iZeb^dZf^ZnmhkbZfl)iZ*
mrl `b lm^g`bZfl mknfibgmb) b*
k]Zfb mknfibgbfh mZblrdeb+
0- I^l dZbi gZnc gZf lmZmrmh*
cnb k^bdbZ kibgmbl obln iZlmZmn)
mZf `b) dnkbZf iZo^lmZ cnhl gn*
mîmb)k^bdbZ b^dhmb) dZlmbgdZcb^fl
iZ`kZbgmb) mZbi k^bdbZ liklmb bk
Zib^ fnl+ 0.I^l lnlmZmrmbbmbkmnl
]Zerdnl) lnmoZkdrmb dZe[ bkki^*
lmbg`Zb lb`bebgm ZmldbkZl db^d*
ob^gh ordbhZiebgdr[^l mZb blmhkb*
chl ZnmhkbZnl]ZerdZl) 0/ mknfibg*
mhcnb`b k^bdbZiZebdmbiZk^b`Zkibg*
mblblbk^bdbf mknfinfnbk o^g`*
mb be` iZlZdhcbf+ 00 OZb`b f^l
bZikZ]lbf^ iZlZdhcbf+ KkZdZe*
[Zb m^[gZ `ZgZ mh) dZl iZlZdr*
mZ8 g^l [m iZbdZ ]Zn` dZe[mb)
]Zk gîkZ]cnlblmhkbchl) c `biZ*
b mknfibgmb+
< dnkb^ ghkb
0). 1)3+ Ldmh\h` npomphkdioj F\*

ujij q`df\gj nftmdpe` %0). .-)6& \p*
ojmdpn qdn kdmh\ k\n\fje\ \kd` t*
_ k`mn`fdjedhpn k\nfpodid\dn O`g`p*
fj ER hò\dn dm qd`k\o\pe\io =iomj*
fpd Akda\ipd+ L`mn`fdjedh\hn _pj_\
kmjbjn Odhjij dnfpi_dh\n) ]dmf F`*
mpu\gn ]\itdje` `n g\]\d _\pb
opmo) fpmd k\dhod f\m\gd\pn \ondpi*
d\h\n Adj_jm\n %0). .1\&8 o\d\p
Turinys
551
/ H<F+ 0) .}3
BPYVT{ <LcZYZ VYbR{ _`]TYTZ ^LY_]L`VL% '% pbO{ T^_Z]TUL#

VL]LWTLÙLY_ DPWP`V`T ;G T] 4Y_TZV`T 8[TQLY`T% L! pbO{
[P]^PVTZUTXLT DPWP`VZ WLTVLT^%
6L[`_ DDD+ . D`bmnk \nf lZg^*
) [P]^Vb]TXL^% . FZbo^g*
mZ \bobmZl aZ[bmZk^mnk bg hfgb iZ* mZcZf^ fb^lm^ [noh `ro^gZfZ
\^) e^`^l ^mbZfZ[an\ himbf^\nl* ibeghc^ kZfr[c^) dZb ]Zk bk lmZ*
mh]bk^gmnk) ikhim^k JgbZ^ ihg* u
mrfZb ]e orkbZnlbhchdngb`hJgb*
mb_b\bl ib^mZm^f) ^m Zgbf^l h]bh ch iZfZe]nfh bk ]e ch g^Zir*
aZ[^gm^l fZeZ) / _b^[Zm nm ^m bilb dZgmhl oblZf) dZl ibdmZ)[noheZ*
k^`^l) ^m ikbg\bi^l eh\nf lnf* [Zb `^kZb eZbdhfb) / Zmlbmbd]Zoh)
fh ahghk^ ]b`gnf ]n\^k^gm) ^m dZ] g^m dZkZebZb bk dngb`ZbdbZb
m^fienf fZqbfbl fng^kb[nl be* eZbd ob^mZndbZnlbhl iZ`Zk[hl
enlmkZk^gm7 0bmZ nm Nê^n\nl <lbZ^ o^kmZ bk inh [Zgrb ]b]bZn*
k^q ]^ k^]]bmb[nl lnbl ikZ^lmZk^m lbhfbl ]hoZghfbl) 0 mZbi dZ] bk
hfg^l lnfimnl Z] fbgblm^kbnf <sbchl dZkZebnl Nê^ndZl ]nh]Z*
lZ\kb_b\bhknf i^kmbg^gm^l+
oh b lZoh iZcZf oblZl eZl)
k^bdZebg`Zl Zndhfl ]Zkrmb+
1
Nbfhg Znm^f ]^ mkb[n =^g* 1 =^m NbfhgZl b =^gcZfbgh
bZfbg ikZîhlbmnl m^fieb \hglmb* `bfbgl) iZldbkmZl [Zgrbhl obk*
mnmnl) \hgm^g]^[Zm) h[lblm^gm^lb* bgbgdn) ikZ]ch oZb]) ghkl cZf
[b ikbg\bi^ lZ\^k]hmnf) bgbjnnf ikb^bghlb orkbZnlbZl dngb`Zl)dZ]
Zebjnb] bg \bobmZm^ fhebkb+ 3 N^] g^]Zkrmgb^dh g^m^blbg`h fb^lm^+
\nf obg\^k^ JgbZf ghg ihll^m) 2 I^lm^g`]ZfZl gn`Zemb Jgbch)
o^gbm Z] <iheehgbnf OaZklZ^Z^ cbl gnordh iZl OZklcZnl lg
_bebnf) jnb ^h m^fihk^ ^kZm ]nq <ihehgbc) dnkl mnh f^mn [noh
>hê^lrkbZ^) ^mKah^gb\bl73^mgng* >ê^lrkbchlbk K^gbdbchloZ] Zl)3 bk
t_\hn f\mo\d h`g_d\iodn) Agdj_j*
m\n k\ndmj_dpndp \ib`g nf\p_d\d
ipkg\f\h\n %0).1]*0-&8 dgd`f\ edn
btq\n) odf qtmd\pnd\h fpidbpd Kidepd
po\md\io) dm k\on nf`g]d\ @d`qj qdn\*
b\gt] %0)0.1-&+ Pj k\od`n Odhj*
ij f\godi\h\n Kide\n qtfno\ k\n f\*
m\gd %1). 3&+
%0).& B T\ yi Xa gT ]T ` X(((4 O`g`pfj
Bdgjk\ojmdj g\df\dn+ Jjmn km\f\g]je`
\pojmdpn \_ej k\n\fjod odf \kd` Fp*
_j I\f\]dè\pn dm ej ]mjgd _\m]pn
dm \kd` e fjq\n kmd` =iodjf Akd*
a\i dm =iodjf Apk\ojmd) ]ò \kd`
opjn _\gtfpn edn km\_n f\g]o odf
2 k`mnf+ 0 dm 1 k`mnf) ej nfdmd\hd
qtfd\hn d k\nfpodid O`g`pfj ER
hò+ Fa\]b( Kide\n EEE k\nojej
qtmd\pndpjep fpidbp .63 h+ kdmh Gm+
Fdn _g n\qj k\h\g_phj ]pqj[ b`m*
]d\h\n iò Otmdejn f\m\gd\pn mhpj*
n`+ %/& EXg ^ T eT _\T \ \e(((4 kq_+) Loj*
g`hdèpn EE Bdg\_`ga\n) Lojg`hdèpn EEE
Aq`mbò\n %Fpju\k\n Bg+&+ %0& 9 m\'
]b f ^TeT _\h f( Otmdejn f\m\gd odopg\n+

. I\f+ 5)3+ J X _X h ^ T f 4 O`g`pf\n ER
Bdgjk\ojmdn %.54 .43 kdmh Gm+&) =i*
odjfj @d_djej k_didn) qtm`nitndn
=iodjfj Akda\ij ]mjgdn dm ej kdmh\o\*
fdn Otmdejn njno`+ | M \fTf _ yT f( >`
\pf) fpmdjn ]pqj _\mjhjn f\m\gd\pn
gjhdn) ]pqj dm fdo) fpmdjhn gjn
]pqj dh\hjn d ]\itdjn d_j+ >`
oj) f\m\gd\d) dm k\\_e g) i` qd*
npjhò n\qj k\\_pn kdgi\d \odo`n*
_\qj+
%1& : T { a l }\b f i\ey\a\a^h( Odhji\n
i`]pqj d fpidb bdhdin8 edn b\g ]p*
qj k\nfdmo\n ]\itdjn km`ftqdòn
pq\du_p) oj_g odf g\]\d kg\d\ km\n*
h` b\gej q\_diodn ]\itdjn qdmd*
idifp+ G eT W ]b iT\Wh((( =ijo bm+
o+7 npndfdqdmdej np qtmd\pndpjep fp*
idbp _g no\othj k`mìbdh %\ijo
fdo7 _g hd`noj km`ftqdòn kmd`d*
mjn _\gtf&+ %2& 9 cb_ba\]( C\g ej
nipn =kjgjidepn ]pqj qgd\p @`h`*
omde\pn k\nfdmo\n oj k\od`n fm\oj q\*
Turinys
/ H<F+ 0) 4}.0
552
\bZobm ^b) i^\ngbbl) bggnf^kZ[beb* cZf ikZg^) dZ] E^knsZel b]Zl

[nl ie^gnf ^ll^ Z^kZkbnf D^kh* ibegZl g^ZildZbmhfhlibgb` ]Zn*
lherfbl) ^m\hffng^l \hibZl bf* `r[l) dZ] [^g]kb^cb mnkmZb g^Zi*
f^glZl ^ll^) jnZ^ ghg i^kmbg^gm lZdhfZb ]b]êb) dZ] cb^ gîkbdeZn*
Z] kZmbhg^f lZ\kb_b\bhknf7 ^ll^ lh Znd ehfl bk ^l`ZebfZiZ*
Znm^f ihllb[be^ ln[ ihm^lmZm^ k^* ]Zkrmb) dZ] oblZ mZb iZm^dm dZ*
`bl \Z]^k^ ngbo^klZ+
kZebZnl kZgdZl+
4
>nfjn^k^mnebll^m Z] k^`^f 4
FZb <ihehgbcnl ikZg^ dZ*
<iheehgbnl ]^ i^\ngbbl) jnZ^]^* kZebnb mZb) dZl cZf[noh iZlZdrmZ
eZmZ^ ^kZgm) bee^ Z\\bmnf Cêbh]h* Zib^ ibgb`nl) cbl) iZlbdob^ml lZ*
knf) jnb ^kZm lni^k g^`hmbZ ^bnl) oh k^bdZe obkbgbgd @ebh]hk) iZ*
fblbm \nf fZg]Zmbl) nm ikZ^]b\* lbngm cc ln lZdrfn Zm`Z[^gmb
mZf i^\ngbZf mkZgihkmZk^m+ 5 NmZ* fbgmnhlbnl ibgb`nl+ 5 @ebh]hkZl
mbfjn^Cêbh]hknl bm^k^lmZ``k^l* mnhcZn bdêbZoh) ]^g`]Zfhl gh*
lnl) li^\b^ jnb]^f jnZlb i^k kn ZieZgdrmb >ê^lrkbchl bk K^gb*
>hê^lrkbZf) ^m Kah^gb\^g \bob* dbchl fb^lmnl) bmbdkc`b)dZ]or*
mZm^l ^ll^m i^kZ`kZmnknl) k^ o^kZ dbgm dZkZebZnl lnfZgrf+ 6<m*
Znm^f k^`bl ikhihlbmnf i^k_^\mn* cl E^knsZe bk f^bebZborkbZnlbh*
knl+ 6 N^]) \nf o^gbll^m D^khlh* chdngb`h ikbbfmZl fb^lm^) cbl iZ*
erfZf) ^m [^gb`g^ Z lnffh lZ* iZlZdhch) dZl [noh ikZg^mZ Zib^
\^k]hm^ bg\bobmZm^ ^ll^m ^q\îmnl) ibgb`nl bk iZlZd) dh cbl bZ Zm*
gZkkZobm ]^ ]Zmh bg]b\bh i^\ngbZ* ordl8 deZnl `b)Zk mZbirkZ b mbd*
knf7 ^m) \nbnl k^b `kZmbZ Z]^ll^m) kc+ .- Onhf^m orkbZnlbZl dngb*
Zi^knbm7 bgm^kkh`Z[Zm Znm^f) lb o^* `Zl iZZbdbgh) dZ] mZb iZ`ne]rmb
k^ aZ^\ bmZ ^ll^gm+ .- Ong\ lnf* ibgb`Zb bk iZldbkmb gZefl bk gZ*
fnl lZ\^k]hl hlm^g]bm ]îhlbmZ eZbbZfl beZbdrmb) .. ]Zebl ibgb`)
^ll^ aZ^\) ^m ob\mnZebZ ob]nZknf) Zib^ dnkbnhl [noh ikZg^l [^*
^m inibeehknf7 .. jnZ^]Zf o^kh ]bôbl NbfhgZl) ^lZgmb eZ[Zb r*
^ll^ Cbk\Zgb Oh[bZ^ obkb oZe]^ fZnl fh`Znl Oh[bchlgZnl Dk*
^fbg^gmbl) bg abl) jnZ^ ]^mne^kZm dZgh) oblh `b ^ld^mnkb bfmZb mZ*
bfibnl Nbfhg7 ngbo^klZ Znm^fZk* e^gm lb]Z[kh bk ]n bfmn Zndlh)
`^gmb mZe^gmZ ^ll^ jnZ]kbg`^gmZ) ./ dZ] chdbn []n g^`ZebfZ Zi*
^m Znkb ]n\^gmZ7 ./ ]^\bib o^kh ^hl) obemb m) dnkb^ iZmbdch ob^mZbk[Z*
jnb \k^]b]bll^gm eh\h) ^m m^fieh) grbZ) dnkb ]elZoh `Zk[bg`nfh
jnh] i^k ngbo^klnf fng]nf bk o^gmnfh `^k[bZfZ oblZf^ iZ*
ahghkZmnk) ikh lnb o^g^kZmbhg^) ^m lZnerc^+ .0 =^m cbl) lneb`]nhmnlZn
lZg\mbmZm^ hfgbghbfihllb[be^ ^l* dZkZebZnl iZebîbfn) lZd) dZ] ib*
l^+ .0<m bee^ ikh abl) jnZ^ aZ[^*
_p+ . I\f+ .-)36+ %3& B TW U Xa W e\X'

]\(('4 f\_ od`f kdidb i`m`dfd\ \pfjhn
dm i` ejhn ed` nfdmod+
%5& = _\b W b e ( G\m\gdpn O`g`pf\n
]pqj ipp_to\n f\difjfdj Agdj_jmj)
fpmn ijmej k\dhod n\p ej qdò+ >ò
\m d\ f\g]\h\ \kd` o k\od Agdj_jm)
i`kdbp k\n\ftod+ %..& 9 c\X ^Te\h bf(
=ijo bm+ o+7 i` f\dk+ _e^ T a b ( E fd*
opm i`dijh\n \nhpj+ B Xghe\ y\` '
gT\((( Od_\]mj o\gìo\n ]pqj q`mo\n

\kd` .4+--- gdo) \pfnj \kd` /30+---)
oj_g qdn\n opmo\n ]pqj q`mo\n \mod
3-+---+--- gdo+ F`d d\ f\g]\h\ \kd`
ntmdfpn o\gìopn) o\d ed` ]pqj k`m*
kpn h\`nid) oj_g dm qdnj opmoj q`m*
ot] m`dfo k`mkpn nph\diod+
%./& E XZT_\` T Tci\_g\( Jò dm k\bj*
id \fdhdn dmdio) _d_`gdn ]pqj ip*
ndf\godh\n \odhod d ]\itdjn kdid*
Turinys
503
/ H<F+ 0) .1}//
[Zm bg fZg]Zmbl Z k^`^) ]b\^[Zm

hfgb `^g^k^ k^`b ^Z ^ll^ ]^_^*
k^g]Z+ .1 >hglmbmnmZ Znm^f ]b^bg*
mkZ[Zm ]^ abl Cêbh]hknl hk]bgZ*
mnknl+
Ihg fh]b\Z o^kh i^k ngbo^k*
lZf \bobmZm^f^kZmmkîb]Zmbh+.2NZ*
\^k]hm^l Znm^f Zgm^ ZemZk^ \nf
lmhebl lZ\^k]hmZeb[nl bZ\mZo^kngm
l^) ^m bgoh\Z[Zgm ]^ \Zêh ^nf)
jnb ]^ ]îhlbmble^`^f ihlnbm) nm
abl) jnb ]îhln^kZgm ^Z)lZeoZ \n*
lmh]bk^m+ .3DZf o^kh jnb ob]^[Zm
lnffb lZ\^k]hmbl onemnf) f^gm^
oneg^kZ[Zmnk7 _Z\b^l ^gbf) ^m \hehk
bffnmZmnl ]^\eZkZ[Zm bgm^kgnf
Zgbfb]hehk^f 7.4 \bk\nf_nlZ ^gbf
^kZm fh^lmbmbZ jnZ^]Zf obkh) ^m
ahkkhk \hkihkbl) i^k jn^f fZgb*
_^lmnl Zlib\b^gmb[nl ]hehk \hk]bl
^bnl ^__b\b^[Zmnk+ .5 <ebb ^mbZf `k^*
`Zmbf ]^ ]hfb[nl \hg_en^[Zgm)
in[eb\Z lniieb\Zmbhg^ h[l^\kZg*
m^l) ikh ^h jnh] bg\hgm^fimnf
eh\nl^ll^mo^gmnknl+.6<\\bg\mZ^*
jn^ fneb^k^l \beb\bbl i^\mnl) i^k
ieZm^Zl \hg_en^[Zgm) l^] ^m obk`b*
g^l) jnZ^ \hg\enlZ^ ^kZgm) ikh*
\nkk^[Zgm Z] JgbZf) ZebZ^ Znm^f
Z] fnkhl) jnZ^]Zf o^kh i^k _^*
g^lmkZl Zlib\b^[Zgm7 /- ngbo^klZ^
Znm^f ikhm^g]^gm^l fZgnlbg\Z^*
enf) ]îk^\Z[Zgmnk7 /.^kZm^gbf
fbl^kZ \hffblmZ^ fnembmn]bgbl) ^m
fZ`gblZ\^k]hmbl bg Z`hg^ \hg*
lmbmnmb^qi^\mZmbh+ //@m ab jnb]^f
bgoh\Z[Zgm hfgbihm^gm^f ?^nf)
nm \k^]bmZ lb[b abl) jnb \k^]b]^*
kZgm) \nf hfgb bgm^`kbmZm^ \hg*
l^koZk^gmnk+
bpn) k\nfdmopn i\ghn dm i\g\dd\hn
dg\dftod+ +
% '+& @e y T h ^ \y((( I\g_\ ]pqj qd`*
i\odi \kndbtidhj kmd`hji) fjfd
opmej fpidb\d+ fgTgl` & T c \X c T '
Zh_Wlghf((( E+ //)48 Gpi+ 3)/+ % '/&
D bgXe\y^f((( Rd`\n k\ndmj_th\nZhj*
o`m&) fpmdjn k\km\no\d g\]d\p g\dfnd
gb`Zb k^bdbZ [mbgZbgn`Z[^gmb iZl

dZkZeb+ .1 OZb`b iZldbkm ]b^g
@ebh]hkZl ch ob] ]nhmb lZoh $
gnkh]rf+
Onh mZkin oblZf^ fb^lm^ [n*
oh g^fZZl lncn]bfZl+ .2 Fngb*
`Zb dngb`bdnhl^ Zi]Zknhl^ iZk*
inhe mb^l Zemhkbnfb bk Znd b
]Zg`Znl m) dnkl[noh ]Zol lmZ*
mrf Zib^ iZ`ne]rmnl ]Zerdnl)
dZ] blZn`hm cnhl gîZeb^lmnl
mb^fl) dnkb^ [noh cnhl iZ`ne]+
.3 FZl fZm orkbZnlbhch dngb`h
o^b]) [noh ln^blmZl bdb bk]bZb)
g^l ch boZbs]Z bk o^b]h liZeoZ
ebn]bch Zib^ ob]ncbg lbêhl ldZn*
lf+ .4 I^l eb]^lrl [noh c Zi*
lnil bk bnkiZl ch cZf i^k d*
g) b dh bkbgmb^fl ]Zklb fZ*
mhfZl ch bk]b^lldZnlfZl+ .5Fbmb
oe [kbZbl [`h b gZf bk ]Z*
eroZoh ob^hl^ fZe]hl^) g^l ob^*
mZ mnkch [mb bgb^dbgmZ+ .6 Hhm^*
kbdl) lnlbcnhlnlbhldkmbg Zn*
mbgfbl) ldn[bghlb `Zmofbl) g^m
bk f^k`Zbml) dnkbhl iZikZlmZb eZb*
dhfhl n]Zkrmhl) ob^ghl [`h
iZl Jgbc) dbmhl ikb^ lb^g)dbmhl
bkch ikh eZg`nl8 /- oblhl `b)
mb^l]Zfhl kZgdZl ]Zg`) fê*
]lb8 /. g^l fbkbhl fbgbhlbkfbk*
mbgh b`lbh Zibfmh orkbZnlbhch
dngb`h eZndbfZl [noh o^kmZl iZ*
lb`Zbecbfh+ // OZbi cb^ Zndlb
oblZ`Ze ?bô) dZ] mZb) dZl cZf
[nohiZmbdmZ) [m beZbdrmZ oblZb
gîZeb^lmZ mb^fl) dnkb^ [noh iZ
mbdc+
n\qj i\hp btqìdhj) e b`_pgj \k*

_\m\d ]pqj ìfg\d _d_`gdj qdnp npnd*
e\p_didhj _g bmnd\idj qìotfg\d
k\qje\pn+ M \Xabf U Z b c T f Fa\](((
Cm+ o+7 qdìjn ]bj kmd` n\qj i\hp
_pm) fdojn \io ndì %fpmdjhdn ]pqj
\knpkod i\h nj_\d&) fdojn qg dm*
ej kmj g\ibpn+
Turinys
/ H<F+ 0) / 0 *0 .
554
/0
Cêbh]hknlZnm^f) jnh]]^* /0J @ebh]hkZl) d [noh gn*
\kô^kZm) i^k_b\b^[Zm ^h]^f eh\h mZkl) ordbgh mhc^ iZbhc^ ob^mhc^)
bil^ \nf lZmêebmb[nl \bk\Z Z^kZ* iZml ln iZer]hoZbl []ZfZl bZ
kbnf ikZ^l^gl+/1N^] libkbmnlhf* iZm ikb^ b]bgl+ /1=^m oblZ`Zebh
gbihm^gmbl ?^b fZ`gZf _^\bm ln* ?bôh ]oZlbZ Zilbk^bdeZ[Zb fZ*
Z^ hlm^glbhgbl ôb]^gmbZf) bmZ nm mhfZb) mZbi dZ] oblb) dnkb^ [noh
hfg^l) jnb Znlb _n^kZgm iZk^k^^b) b]kl deZnlrmb @ebh]hkh) ?bôh
kn^gm^l ?^b obkmnm^) bg]bllhenmbh* `Zer[l bmbdmb) lndgbn[h) gnlmhc
g^f) ^m _hkfb]bg^f \hgo^km^k^g* c`bk[Zbfl Zibf mb+/3I^l cb^fl
mnk+ /2 <iiZknbm ^gbf beebljnb]Zf iZlbkh] bk`Zl ln l]bgbn Zgm
^jnnl m^kkb[be^f aZ[^gl l^llh* ch [Zblbn kZbmêbn) iZinhmZl `^*
k^f) himbfbl hi^kbf^gmbl Z]hk* kbZnlbZbl ]Zg`ZeZbl) bk cbl lfZkdbZb
gZmnl7 bljn^ \nf bfi^mn Cêbh* n`Zoh @ebh]hk ikb^Zdbgb dh*
]hkh ikbhk^l \Ze\^l êblbm) jnbZn* c dZghihfbl8 mZlZb `b) dnkl Zgm
m^f ^b l^]^[Zm) ob]^[Zmnk ZkfZ ch l]ch) kh]lb mnkl Zndlbgbnl
aZ[^k^ Znk^Z+ /3<ebb ^mbZf ZiiZ* `bgdenl+ /3 =^ mh) ]Zk iZlbkh]]n
kn^kngm ]nh bno^g^l obkmnm^ ]^* cZngbdZbbn) gîZikZlmh lmbiknfh)
\hkb) himbfb èhkbZ) li^\bhlbjn^ inbdbZb iZlbinh bk `kZbZbl Zi*
Zfb\mn7 jnb \bk\nflm^m^kngm ^nf) ]ZkZbl) dnkbnh]n Zilmhch c bk b
^m ^q nmkZjn^ iZkm^ _eZ`êeZ[Zgm) Z[b^c hgieZd)ln]nh]ZfbcZf
lbg^ bgm^kfbllbhg^ fnembl ieZ`bl [^ iZebhohl ]Zn`r[d bkb +/4@eb*
o^k[^kZgm^l+ /4 Nn[bmh Znm^f C^* h]hkZl fZblndgbn[h Zgm ^fl
ebh]hknl \hg\b]bm bg m^kkZf) ^nf* bk [noh ZilnimZl mbkmhl mZflr*
jn^ fnemZ \Zeb`bg^ \bk\nf_nlnf [l8 c ldn[bZb iZf bk) iZ]c
kZin^kngm) Zmjn^ bg lêeZ `^lmZ* g^Zfc d]) bg^ eZndZg+
mhkbZ ihlbmnf ^b^\^kngm+ /5 @m bl) /5 OZbi mZl) dnkl [noh cl fb*
jnb \nf fnembl \nklhkb[nl) ^mlZ* gmc b]bg ln ]Zn`êbn iZlbng*
mêebmb[nl ikZ^]b\mnfbg`k^llnl^lm mbgb bk iZer]ho) [noh bg^mZl)
Z^kZkbnf) ihkmZ[Zmnk gneehlb[bZn* gôb^gZfg^m^bdbZgmcZf iZ`Ze[hl)
qbebnf _^k^gm^) fZgb_^lmZ ?^b\h`* g^l [noh iZlbk^bdnlb Zbdb ?b^*
gbmZ obkmnm^7 /6 ^m bee^ jnb]^f i^k oh `ZebZ+ /6 ?bôh `ZebZ cbl `ne*
]bobgZf obkmnm^f bZ\^[Zm fnmnl) ch [^ Z]h) oblZb gnlmhcl obemb^l
Zmjn^ hfgb li^ ^m lZenm^ ikboZ* blb`ê[mb+ 0-Jr]ZbehobghQb^*
mnl+ 0- Cb Znm^f ?hfbgnf [^g^* iZm) dnkl bZndmbgh lZoh ob^m8
]b\^[Zgm)jnbZ fZ`gb_b\Z[Zm eh\nf [ZgrbZ) dnkb d mbd [noh ibegZ
lnnf7 ^mm^fienf)jnh]iZnehZg* [Zbfl bk lnfbbfh) Zilbk^bdnl
m^ mbfhk^Z\ mnfnemn^kZmie^gnf) oblZ`ZebZf QbîZbnb) iZlb]Zk
ZiiZk^gm^ hfgbihm^gm^ ?hfbgh) ibegZ ]bZn`lfh bk ebgdlfr[l+
`Zn]bh ^m eZ^mbmbZ bfie^mnf ^lm+
0.Onhf^m dZb dnkb^ @ebh]hkh
0. Ong\ o^kh ^q Zfb\bl C^*
ebh]hkb jnb]Zf kh`Z[Zgm \hg_^l* ikb^mêbZb ldn[bZbikZJgbcZnd*
mbf JgbZf) nm bgoh\Zk^m <embllb* mbl <ndbZnlbc) dZ] ]hoZgh*
%/1& B _Thflg\((( Cm+ o+7 `dod %np

Agdj_jmp&+ < \Xib Z T _l U f((( Lgb+
P`dn+ 3)//8 @\i+ 5).4++ %/2& G T f\'
e b W ' ( G\dk bdifgpjo\n fjqjoje\n _g
Eum\`gdj ]pqj k\ndmj_n o\dk k\o km\*
i\pd Agdndèpd+ 1 G\m+ 3).4+ %/3&

: hib Tc fh c gTf(((4 ip\gkj dm ipnojej
nhjin+ %/5& E i\XaT` a XgX\'
^\Tag((( =ijo bm+ o+7 i`b\g_\h\n k\on
n\p k\_od+
Turinys
*8%
/ H<F+ 0) 0 / * 1 ) .
fnf) nm obmZf ]hgZk^m ^b) jnb bg U m `ror[ mZf) dnkl cZn f^k]*
lnik^fh libkbmn ^kZm \hglmbmnmnl) c ch+ 0/ QrkbZnlbZl dngb`Zl) mnk]Z*
0/ >hglb]^kZgl Znm^f lnffnl b fZl `Zeohc^) dZ] dZkmZbl dZkZebnl
lZ\^k]hl g^ _hkm^ k^q lnlib\Zk^* D g^mZkm) ch ` r]Zb iZ]Zk @ebh*
mnk fZebmbZf ZebjnZf ^q Dn]Z^bl ]hknb d ghkl ibdmZ) ZmgZZoh n
\bk\Z Cêbh]hknf \hglnffZmZf) mh fh`Znl iZ`bcbf b`Zgbg`
h[mnebm ikh lZenmôbkb ahlmbZf lZ* Znd+ 00 QrkbZnlbZf dngb`nb [^lb*
enmZk^f+ 0
0 >nfjn^ lnffnl lZ* fê]bZgm) mb^ iZmrl cZngbdZbbZb)
/
\^k]hl^qhkZk^m)bb]^f bno^g^l^bl* mZbl iZbZbl Zi]ZkZbl Zilbobed)Zm*
]^f o^lmb[nl Zfb\mb)ZlmZgm^lC^* lblmhch ikb^ @ebh]hkh bk mZk7 ?*
ebh]hkh) ]bq^kngm7 JgbZ^lZ\^k]h* dhd dngb`nb Jgbcnb) g^l ]e ch
mb `kZmbZl Z`^7 gZf ikhim^k ^nf QbîZml ]hoZghch mZn `ror[+
?hfbgnl mb[b obmZf ]hgZobm7 010
mn 01On `b ?bôh gnieZdmZl ldê[d
2
Znm^f Z ?^h _eZ`êeZmnl) gng\bZ oblb^fl ]b]bnl ?bôh ]Zk[nl bk
hfgb[nl fZ`gZebZ ?^b) ^m ihm^l* `Zeb+ OZb iZlZd) cnh]n bgrdh+
mZm^f+ @m abl ]b\mbl) ghg \hfiZ*
kn^kngm+
02
Cêbh]hknl Znm^f) ahlmbZ 02
@ebh]hkZl)ZmgZZol ?bônb
?^h h[eZmZ) ^m ohmbl fZ`gbl ikh* Znd bk iZ]Zkl ]b]êbZ]mZf)
fbllbl ^b) jnb obo^k^ beeb \hg\^l* dnkl e^b]h cZf bebdmb `roZf) ]*
lbm) ^m JgbZ^ `kZmbZl Z`^gl) k^* dh]ZfZl Jgbcnb) iZlbf lZoh
\îmh ^q^k\bmn) kî^]Z[Zm Z] k^* dZkbnhf^g bk `kh Zm`Ze iZldZ*
`^f+ 03 O^lmZ[Zmnk Znm^f hfgb* kZeb+ 03Ebl ebn]bch oblb^fl Zib^
[nl ^Z jnZ^ ln[ h\nebl lnbl ob* mnhl ]b]bhch ?bôh ]Zk[nl) dn*
]^kZm hi^kZ fZ`gb ?^b+ 04 >nf kbnhl [noh fZml lZoh Zdbfbl+
Znm^f k^q bgm^kkh`Zll^m Cêbh]h* 04 J dZb dZkZebnl iZdeZnl @ebh*
knf) jnbl ^ll^m Zimnl Z]an\ l^* ]hk)dZl mbdm [mb ]Zk dZkm lbng*
fê D^khlherfZf fbmmb) Zbm7 05 Nb bZfZl E^knsZe) cbl ZmlZd7 05 E^b
jn^f aZ[^l ahlm^f) Znm k^`gb mnkb dhd gîkb^mê Zk[Z mhd) dnkl
mnb bglb]bZmhk^f) fbmm^ been\) ^m_eZ* mrdhcZ mZoh dZkZerlml) lbld m bk
`êeZmnf ^nf k^\bib^l) lb mZf^g `Znlb c Zm`Ze gnieZdm) c^b mZbZn
ôZl^kbm7 ^h jnh] bg eh\h lbmo^k^ cbl bmkndl) g^l mhc^ ob^mhc^ mbdkZb
?^b jnZ^]Zf obkmnl+ 06 IZf bil^) rkZ dZbgdhdb ?bôh c`Z+ 06 I^l
jnb aZ[^m bg \Zêbl aZ[bmZmbhg^f) mZl) dnkl `ro^gZ ]Zg`nc^) eZgdh
oblbmZmhk) ^m Z]bnmhk ^lmeh\b beebnl) m ob^m bk cZb iZ]^]Z) Zm^bgZgbnl
^m o^gb^gm^l Z] fZe^_Z\b^g]nf `b ibdmZ ]Zkrmb cbl n`ZngZ bk ln*
i^k\nmbm) Z\ i^k]bm+1-D`bmnk ]^ C^* gZbdbgZ+ 1- Ohdl mZb [noh Zmlbmbdb*
ebh]hkh) ^m Z^kZkbb \nlmh]bZ bmZ k^l fZl ln @ebh]hkn bk b]h ZilZn*
l^ aZ[^m+
`hcbfn+
6L[`_;G % .NbfhgZnm^fikZ^*
* [P]^Vb]TXL^% . =^mfbg*
]b\mnl i^\ngbZknf) ^m iZmkbZ^ ]^* mZlbl NbfhgZl) dnkl [noh ibgb`
%0/& @yZTa\aZ( Pj + im\ bm+ o+
t_\d k\i\d\dn \oqè\dn \pfj_\qj
ipj_hn \pf+ %00& : Xf\` X_W{\Ta g(
Cm+ o+7 _\m\io k`mh\g_\qdh) o+ t+
\pfjej \pf+
%02& 9 ga TyTif( =ijo bm+ o+7 gd`*
kn \oiòd+ Lgb+ Of+ .2).0+ %04&
B Tf g\^g((( G\m\gdpn b\g h\i) ejb

k\on Agdj_jm\n ]pqj f\go\n) f\_ e\h
tbdn i`k\ndn`f+ %06& C T a ^ b g
i \Xg \e((( =ijo bm+ o+7 opmd \fdn \io
ojn qdòjn dm e$ bdi\+ Lgb+ / I\f+ 5)03+
%1).& J \` ba Tf( Ru+ \pf+ 0)1+
K T\ WTelg\'& q`modn d qìotfg+
Turinys
/ H<F+ 1) /}4
eZmhk) fZe^ ehjn^[Zmnk ]^ JgbZ)

mZfjnZf bil^ Cêbh]hknf bglmb*
`Zll^m Z] aZ^\) ^m bil^ _nbll^m
bg\^gmhk fZehknf7 / ikhoblhk^f*
\cn^ \bobmZmbl) Z\]^_^glhk^f `^g*
mbl lnZ^) ^mZ^fneZmhk^f e^`bl ?^b
Zn]^[Zm bglb]bZ_hk^f k^`gb ]b\^*
k^+ 0 N^]) \nf bgbfb\bmbZ^ bg mZg*
mnf ikh\^]^k^gm) nm ^mbZf i^k
jnhl]Zf Nbfhgbl g^\^llZkbhl ah*
fb\b]bZ _b^k^gm7 1 \hglb]^kZgl
JgbZl i^kb\nenf \hgm^gmbhgbl) ^m
<iheehgbnf bglZgbk^) nmihm^ ]n*
\^f >hê^lrkbZ^) ^m Kah^gb\bl) Z]
Zn`^g]Zf fZebmbZf Nbfhgbl) Z]
k^`^f l^ \hgmnebm) 2ghg nm\bobnf
Z\\nlZmhk) l^] \hffng^f nmbeb*
mZm^f Zin] l^f^mbilnfngbo^klZ^
fnembmn]bgbl \hglb]^kZgl+ 3Qb]^*
[Zm ^gbf lbg^ k^`Zeb ikhob]^gmbZ
bfihllb[be^ ^ll^ iZ\^f k^[nl ]Z*
kb) g^\ Nbfhg^f ihll^ \^llZk^ Z
lmnembmbZ lnZ+
556
bk morgl b]ZobdZl) dZe[ch ibd*

mZb Zib^ Jgbc) er` dZ] cbl [m
iZdnklml mZb ]Zkrmb @ebh]hk bk
cbl iZml [nol gêZbfb ikb^Zl*
mbl8 / cbl ]klh oZ]bgmb dZkZerlml
b]Zocn fb^lmh `^kZ]Zk) lZoh
mZnmhl `rgc bk nhe ?bôh lmZ*
mrfh l^k`mhc+ 0 FZ]Zg`b mZbZn
mZ gîkb^mêrlm ch mZbi mheb) dZ]
g^m ord]Zoh gnn]rf i^k dZb
dnkbnhl Nbfhgh l[knl) 1JgbcZl)
ZiloZklml) dZbi mZl oZb]Zl rkZ
iZohcbg`Zl) bk mZb) dZ] <ihehgb*
cnl) dZbih >ê^lrkbchl bk K^gbdb*
chl oZ]Zl) lZoh ]dbfn ]b]bgZ
Nbfhgh irdm) gnordh iZl dZkZ*
eb) 2 g^ dZbih ibeb^b ldng]cZl)
[^m iZml mnk]ZfZl `Zeohc^ oblhl
]Zn`r[l gZn]+ 3I^l cbl fZm)
dZ] [^ dZkZebZnl mZkibgbgdZobfh
g^[noh `ZebfZ ln`kbgmb mZbdbk
dZ] NbfhgZl g^lbebZnl ]Zkl iZb*
dr[b+
M! pbO{ [P]^PVTZUTXLT 4Y_TZVZ 8[TQLYZ WLTVLT^%

4
N^] ihlmNê^n\b obmZ^ ^q\^l* c
4=^m fbknl Nê^ndnb bk ikZ*
lnf) \nf lnl\îbll^m k^`gnf u ]cnl obîZmZnmb <gmhdnb) dnkl
E X_T\` \4 Agdj_jmj ipkg\fdhj+ %0& b\ k\ndi\p_jen) f\g]\ f\m\gd\pn qd`*
G X e ^ T \ ^he\hbf((( Cm+ o+7 k`m qdì+ odidifpd =i_mjidfpd ipp_tod ]pqpn
%1& 9 cb_ba\]hf( Ru+ 0)2+ %3& E Xf qtmd\pnde fpidb Kide+ =iodjf\n
]\f ` Tg((( =m Kidepd k\qtfj g\dhod +ip]\p_d\ =i_mjidf hdmodhd) ]ò)
f ijmn k\n f\m\gd) i`did\+ J`dgb\d fdgpn ]tg\d _g ipndf\godh Iì`g\e\pn
k\q\_pjojej Hdudh\^cj) fpmn qdn\ _\*
ompfpn f\m\gdpn O`g`pf\n ]pqj ipp*
m Iì`g\e\pn fpmnojh\n) f\m\gdpn
_to\n+ Kide\n opmej npbmod F`mp*
do`dndi\ Iì`g\e %1)/02-&+ =ono\ot*
u\gi7 qtmd\pndpjep fpidbp e\h i`]`*
o\n\d qtmd\pnd\n fpidb\n F\uji\n) kmj*
dgb\d o`fj ]od+ G`gòpd hò km\ngdi*
fpn dm Kide\n ]pqj ipp_to\n %qu+ b\ k\ndi\p_jen) k\dh\ F`mpu\g) ip*
p_j _\pb ejn btqìoje) ]ò kmdq`mn*
`h+ 01 `dg+&+
1). 4)1/+ Lm\_epn qd`k\o\pod =i* o\n ]bod hmo\ nqòdhje` \gte` %2)
odjfpd Akda\ipd) qtmd\pndjej fpidbj . .-&+ =iodjf\n) o\mn t_pn i`dod*
fdht]`) k\dh\ F`mpu\g)
\kdkgd\
]mjgdn F\uji\n ipndk`mf\ n\p d f\*
]\itd dm q\mbdi\ t_pn k`m n\qj
m\gd\pn qtmd\pnde fpidbtno dm km\*
_`_\ q`nod d F`mpu\gn t_ btqìdh k\no\otopn qdmdidifpn %2).. /4&8 i`*
k\bjid kmjdpn %1)4/ /&8 omèd`hn dgb\d ompfpn) km\_`_\ q\mp q`mnod t*
_pn kmddhod k\bjid no\othpn %3).
hò\hn km\ngdifpn) qtmd\pnde fpid*
btno k\q`md\ d F\ujij Iì`g\epn) .4&) ipf\ifdi\ _g dodfdht]n t_
fpmn iìjmd hjfod k\\_op f\m\gdpd no\othpd Ag`\u\m %3).50.& dm n`k*
kdidb) opmd qtfod k\n =iodjf dm) kmj* ; otidn ]mjgdpn _m\pb np e hjodi\ %4)
E .1/&+
Turinys
x6-
/ H<F+ 1) 5}.0
<gmbh\anl) jnb Ih[bebl ZiiêeZ[Z* oZ]bghlb NdZblmnlbl) Jgbch [khebl

mnk) Zf[b^[Zm DZlhg _kZm^k JgbZ^ EZshgZl lm^g`lb `Znmb orkbZnlbc
lnffnflZ\^k]hmbnf7 4
5Z]bmh k^* dngb`rlm+ 5Ebl gnordh iZl dZ*
`^) ikhfbmm^gl ^b Zk`^gmb mZe^gmZ kZeb bk iZZ]ch cZf mkbl bfmnl)
mk^\^gmZ l^qZ`bgmZ) ^m ^q k^]]bmb* ^bZl ]^bfmbl mZe^gm lb]Z[kh)
[nl Zebbl mZe^gmZ h\mh`bgmZ) 6%eJ
&' ln* h b dbm iZcZfZmnhgbZl]^bfm
i^k aZ^\ ikhfbmm^[Zm ^m ZebZ\^g* mZe^gm8 6 [^ mh) cbl Z]ch cZf
mnf jnbgjnZ`bgmZ)lbihm^lmZmb ^bnl ]Zk dbmnl bfm i^gdbZl]^bfmbl)
\hg\^]^k^mnk`rfgZlbnf)^m îa^* c^b cZf [nl e^blmZlblm^b`mbfZgd*
[bZf lb[b \hglmbmn^k^) ^m ^hl) mhl fhdrde bk cZngbfh eZobgbfh
jnb bg e^khlherfbl ^kZgm) <gmbh* Zbdm bk kZbgmb E^knsZel `r*
\a^ghl l\kb[^k^+
o^gmhcnl <gmbhdbchl ibeb^bZbl+
.-
Lnh] \nf k^q Zggnbll^m) .-
FZkZebnb lnmbdnl) dZbi mbdEZ*
^m h[mbgnbll^m ikbg\biZmnf)lmZmbf shgZl `Zoh ibkfcob^m)cblmnh*
Z] `^gmbe^f kbmnf \hgmkb[ne^l cZn ikZ]ch o^lmb lZoh ob^g`^g*
lnhl mkZgl_^kk^ \hîbm7 .. ^mZfh* b mZkiiZ`hgbikhbnl+ .. KZ*
mbl abl)* jnZ^ anfZgbmZmbl \ZnlZ Zebgl mZb) dZl dZkZeb fZehgbg*
en]Z^bl Z k^`b[nl _n^kZgm \hglmb* `nfn [noh ikbiZbgmZ r]Zfl)
mnmZ) i^k DhZgg^f iZmk^f @nih* mZkibgbgdZncZgm Ehgnb)monb mh@n*
e^fb) jnb Zin] MhfZghl ]^Zfb* ihe^fh) dnkl ]ZeroZoh iZlbngmb*
\bmbZ) ^m lh\b^mZm^ _ng\mnl ^lm e^* grlmc^ iZl khfgnl ]e ikb^m^*
`Zmbhg^ e^`bmbfZ) \bobnf bnkZ ]^* erlml bb lZg]hkhl) bk iZgZbdbgl
lmbmn^gl)ikZoZ bglmbmnmZ lZg\b^[Zm+ m^blmZl ibeb^bm^bl^l)ieZmbghikb^*
./ @m^gbf Znlnl ^lm ln[ bilZ Zk* bg`nl lmZmrfnb ikhbnl+ ./ I^l
\^ `rfgZlbnf \hglmbmn^k^) ^m hi* cbl b]klh lm^b`mb ih iZm ibebfb
mbfhl jnhljn^ îa^[hknf bg en* fZgdmhl fhdrde bk o^lmb obl
iZgZkb[nl ihg^k^+ .0 @kZm Znm^f `^kbZnlbnl cZngbdZbbnl gîZ]h*
ah\ ghg bgbmbnf) l^] bg\k^f^g* kbZl ob^mZl+ .0 =noh `bmZbg^ ikZ*
mnf jnh]]Zf) ^m ikh_^\mnl `^g* ]bZ) [^m lo^mbfh iZ`hgb ê`^*
mbebl) ^m Zeb^gb`^gZ^ \hgo^klZmbh* lbh ]b]cbfZlbk iZZg`Z]e [cZn*
gbl) ikhim^k bfibb) ^m ghg lZ\^k* kbZnlbhbk g^`bk]mh [^]bôbh) g^*
%4& 9 ag\b^h\( Lgb+ . I\f+ .).. .4+ bq\o8 \ijo Bg+ Fpju\kj) o`dn bt*
AT m b a T f ( t_df\n q\m_\n opmej qìod n\qj no\othp) \og`d_dh fp*
idb\hn dm ]\itdjn o\mi\hn ipj
]od Fjup %Fupn& npbm\dfdij o n\*
hpdo) k\\_ hjfod d f\m\*
qj q\m_ odfmd\pnd\d edn k\on+ %5&
K e\f y\` ghf((( P\d opmej ]od qdì\* gd\pn d_j ]\itd\d o\h odfm\n np*
h\n+ G Tf\h a g\a l fg]X(' Ru+ . I\f+
f\modn hjf`nidn8 kdidb b\pod F\uj*
5).4+ % '(& G b c Tg c\_\` \( Ru+ . I\f+
i\n odfejnd d ]\itdjn d_j+ % /&
.)02+ M Xfg\ i\f((( =ijo bm+ o+7 no\*
D Ta ^ygbf ` b ^ l ^ _ 4 np\pbpnd`hn+ .
I\f+ .).2+ 9 a g\b^\]bf c \_\X}\T \f( ot_\h\n b`md\pndpn e\pidf\ddpn kj
m\todèd =iodjfdejn kdgd`d\dn) o\dk kò\np) epjn q`_) o+ t+ \pfgej k\*
bjidf\d+ Lò\n q\_dijnd nfmt]g np
k\o f\dk dm bdepndèd Njhjn kdgd`dp
q\m_) b\p_\qj tk\odib) b\i\ thd kg\djhdn ]md\pijhdn) fpmdjn _ìb
q`d_ ipj n\pgn nkdi_pgd+ P\h` k\*
o`dnd dm gìbq\o+ E o o`dnd k\m*
bjidf\h` e\pidhj \pfgedh` adudidj
_\qdiedhj F\uji\n b\g odfejnd np*
g\qdidhjn \dfoe` Rpgb\ojn o`fnoj
mdifod \pfd\p k\hdiopn .2- o\gìo+
\pojmdpn h\o _d_d\pnd k\qje dj
%gK& G \e` ] i \X g 4 qtmd\pndjej
_jmjq`d+ * % ')& EX^h a \Z b 4 i`n o`*
fpidbj q\m_+ % g g e B TeT_\((( =i*
odjf\n @+ dm kj ej O`g`pf\n ]p* ]`]pqj btq\n odfm\n qtmd\pnd\n fp*
qj npo`df t_\hn tk\odib gì* d idb\n Kmdde\n+ % '*& @e fê\\` Xf ` \'
Turinys
/ H<F+ 1) .1}/-
56.
]hmbl DZlhgbl g^_Zkbnf) ^m bgZn* dngb`h EZshgh gnlbdZembfh).1 mZbi

]bmnf l\ênl7 .1 bmZ nm lZ\^k]hm^l dZ] dngb`Zb nlbbf]Zoh cZn g^*
bZf ghg \bk\Z ZemZkbl h__b\bZ ]^* [^ ZemhkbZnl iZk^b`hfbl) [^m iZ*
]bmb ^ll^gm) l^] \hgm^fimh m^f* gb^dbg Zemhkb bk iZf^m ZndZl)
ieh) ^m lZ\kb_b\bbl g^è^\mbl _^lmb* ldn[bg]Zohlb ]ZeroZnmb lmZmrfnb
gZk^gm iZkmb\bi^l _b^kb iZeZ^lmkZ^) ikb^bg`Zf^ kng`mrgb fhdrdehl
^m ikZ^[bmbhgbl ^bnl bgbnlmZ^) ^m oZb]bgbf^ bk ldkbmbgl fmrf^+
bg ^q^k\bmbbl ]bl\b7 .0 ^m iZmkbhl .2 Ib^dn eZbdr]Zfb)dZl [noh`Zk*
jnb]^f ahghk^l gbabe aZ[^gm^l) [bg`Z morgc^) cb^ eZbd `^kbZn*
LkZ^\Zl èhkbZl himbfZl Zk[bmkZ* lbZbl `kZbd ihrfbnl+ .3 ?e b*
[Zgmnk7 .5 jnZknf `kZmbZ i^kb\neh* m [noh c mZki^ iZohcbg` oZk*
lZ ^hl \hgm^gmbh aZ[^[Zm) ^m ^h* rmbgb8 cb^ nhebZb l^d Zg ikh*
knf bglmbmnmZ Z^fneZ[Zgmnk) Z\ bZbl bk mkhdh [mb oblZbl Zmobe*
i^k hfgbZ abl\hglbfbe^l ^ll^ \n* `bZbl iZgZl mnhl)dnkbnhlZgdl*
ib^[Zgm) jnhl ahlm^l) ^m i^k^fi* bZn eZbd gîkb^mêbZbl bk n]rmh*
mhk^l aZ[n^kZgm+ .4 Dg e^`^l ^gbf cZbl+ .4I^lê`mbl[^]bôbdZb ikb^
]bobgZl bfib^ Z`^k^ bfing^ ghg ?bôh lmZmrfnl gîZlbeb^dZ [^
\^]bm7 l^] ah\ m^finl l^jn^gl [Znlfl8 [^m mZb iZkh]rl mhe^l*
gbh eZbdh ordbZb+
]^\eZkZ[bm+
FZb Obk^ [noh o^gbZfb
.5
>nf Znm^f jnbgjn^ggZebl .5
Z`hgOrkb \ê^[kZk^mnk)^mk^qikZ^* i^gdf^bh Zb]bfZb bkbZiZm [n*
[^gl ^ll^m) .6 fblbm DZlhg _Z\b* oh dZkZebnl) .6 [^]bôbl EZshgZl
ghkhlnl Z[ D^khlherfbl obkhli^\* lbngm b E^knsZel fhgb gnlb*
\Zmhk^l) ihkmZgm^l Zk`^gmb ]b]kZ* ]ceb gng^mb mkbc bfm ]b]kZ*
âfZl mk^\^gmZl bg lZ\kb_b\bnf \af lb]Z[kh ZndZb C^kdnebnb8mZ*
C^k\nebl) jnZl ihlmneZo^kngm ab) bZn iZmrl g^cZb ikZgôZkmh*
jnb ZlihkmZo^kZgm g^ bg lZ\kb_b\bbl mb c Zndhfl)g^lgîkb]^kch)[^m
^kh`Zk^gmnk) jnbZ ghg hihkm^k^m) iZldbkmb cZl dbmhdbhfl beZb]hfl+
l^] bg Zebhl lnfimnl ^Zl ]în* /- OZbi chl [noh) mb^lZ) lbngmch
mZkb+ /-N^] aZ^ h[eZmZ^ lngm jnb* ZmgZZnmhlC^kdnebhZndZb) [^m ]e
]^f Z[ ^h) jnb fbl^kZm) bg lZ\kb*
gl ` X( =ijo bm+ o+7 kj nfmdodin k\*

nf`g]dhj+ P\h odfmd q\d_didh\d \m
\d_dh\d h\ifojn i\hpjn` km\nd_*
_\qj k\nf`g]dhp dm k\fqdòdhp _\*
gtq\pod i`_d_`gn \fhìdin \m b`g`*
din nfmdodin hoth`+ H\dh_\qj)
f\n iph`n_\qj e\ fpjojgd\pnd\d+
%.2& B Tf Uhib Z T eU \a Z T 4 qtm`nide)
no\othj dijqp q\m_\d) qtmd\pndjej
fpidbj qdò\ dm+ ]ì_m\d n\f\io) qdnd
t_p o\pojn kmjd\d+ %.3& < _ y\g(((
\ijo bm+ o+7 oj_g epjn npodfj d qd*
npm npifd i`g\dh) dm ipj op) fpmdp
kmjd\dn n`f dm fpmdpjn ijmej ]*
od k\i\n) ed`hn o`fj fìood) f\dk
ipj kmd`p dm f\ifdiojep+
%.5& G Xa ^ ` X}\b {T\W\` T\( C\g o\d
]pqj jgdhkdfp \d_dhp k\hbu_dj*
edh\n+ Fd` ]pqj qìd\hd f\n fòqdm*

od hò\d) ]ò df\ddpn \]èpn bmòd*
hpn \d_dhj hòpn) q\_dijnd kìf*
h`dj \d_dh\dn+ %.6& @y AX e h m T _ f
{`ba\((( =ijo bm+ o+7 d F`mpu\gn
\iodjfd`d %o+ t+ opmepndp =iodjfdejn
kdgd`dp o`dn`n+ Ru+ 3 `dg+& dmojep)
o+ t+ hd`noj k\ndpiodid dfdgh`n+
K e\] y\`g W\WeTV[` ( Cm+ o+7 _m\^c*
h+ >ò b\g d\ odfm`nidn Rpgb\ojn
nf\doth\n) i`n omtn dho\d _m\^ch
np_\mj g\]\d i`_d_`g kdidbp nph
%\mod 2-- gdo&8 0-- _d_m\^ch ]pqj
q`mojn e\p \mod /--- gdop+ Otmdf+
o`fno` f\g]\h\ \kd` 00-- _m\^ch+
? Xe^h_\h\( D`mfpgdp d\ q\_di\h\n od*
md`dp n\pgn _d`q\dodn I`gf\mo\n+
%/-& J gT gl g\4 b\g k\kpjod dfdghd
kmjb\+
Turinys
56/
/ H<F+ 1) / . */ 2
_b\bnf C^k\nebl7 ikhim^kikZ^l^g* g^c [noh Zmb]nhmhl mkbbkdebZfl

m^l Znm^f ]ZmZ^ lngm bg _Z[kb\Zf eZboZfl lmZmrmb+
gZobnf mkbk^fbnf+
/.
H bllh Znm^f bg <^`rimnf /.
Inlbngmnl Hg^lmcZnl lg
<iheehgbh Hg^lma^b _bebh ikhim^k <ihehgbc c <b`bim ]e dZkZebZnl
ikbfZm^l Kmhe^fZ^b Kabehf^mhkbl Kmhe^fb^cZnl Abehf^mhkbh ]b]b*
k^`bl)\nf \h`ghobll^m <gmbh\anl g) dZb <gmbhdZl iZmrk) dZ] cbl
Zeb^gnf l^Zg^`hmbbl k^`gb ^__^\* iZ]ZkrmZl lo^mbfZl dZkZerlmlk^b*
mnf) ikhikbbl nmbebmZmb[nl \hgln* dZeZfl) kibg]Zfhl lZoh gZn]Z)
e^gl) ikh_^\mnl bg]ô^gbmDhii^g) cbl Zmordh Ehi bk b bZ E^*
^m bg]^ D^khlherfZf+ // @m fZ`* knsZe+ // KnbdbZb EZshgh bk fb^l*
gb_b\^ Z[ DZlhg^) ^m \bobmZm^ lnl* mh ikbbfmZl cblch ormnkb bk`r*
\îmnl) \nf _Z\neZknf enfbgb* kbZnl db er]bfZl) h b bZgn*
[nl) ^m eZn]b[nl bg`k^llnl ^lm7 lbo^] dZkbnhf^g K^gbdbc+
^m bg]^ bg Kah^gb\^g ^q^k\bmnf
\hgo^kmbm+
/0 @m ihlm mkb^ggbb m^finlfb*
/0Ok^cb^fl f^mZflikZlebgdnl)
lbm DZlhg H^gêZnf lnikZ]b\mb Nb* EZshgZl lbngm ZndbZn fbgmh*
fhgbl _kZmk^f ihkmZgm^f i^\n* ch Nbfhgh[khe H^gêZc gng^mb
gbZl k^`b) ^m ]^ g^`hmbblg^\^llZ* ibgb`dZkZebnb bk `Znmb ZmlZdrf
kbblk^lihglZ i^keZmnknf+ /1 <mbee^ Zib^ loZk[bnl k^bdZenl+ /1 =^m cbl
\hff^g]Zmnl k^`b) \nf fZ`gb_b* lb`bch dZkZebZnl iZeZgdnfh eZ[Zb
\Zll^m _Z\b^f ihm^lmZmbl ^bnl) bg iZ`^k[]ZfZlc lZoh k^bdfl iZ*
l^f^mbilnf k^mhklbm lnffnf lZ* lbkh]rfn) iZo^k lZn orkbZnlb*
\^k]hmbnf) lni^kihg^gl DZlhgb c dngb`rlm) iZlber]ZfZl mkbfbl
mZe^gmZ Zk`^gmbmk^\^gmZ+ /2 <\\î* bfmZbl mZe^gm lb]Z[kh ]Zn`bZn
mbljn^ Z k^`^ fZg]Zmbl) o^gbm) n EZshkb+ /2 BZol b dZkZebZnl
gbabe jnb]^f aZ[^gl ]b`gnf lZ* lZdrf) cbl ln`kh) g^mnk]Z*
\^k]hmbh7 Zgbfhl o^kh \kn]êbl mr* fZl lZorc^ gb^dh) dZl [m dngb*
kZggb) ^m _^kZ^ [ênZ^ bkZf `^k^gl+ `rlmlo^kmZ) [^m mnk]ZfZl gnh*
%/.& 9 cb_ba\]( do\n =kjgjidepn

b\g nfdmodi\n +ipj P\mne\pn ni\pn
=kjgjide\pn %kgb+ 0)2+48 1)1&+ <_
W\W{\a( =ijo bm+ o+7 _g kdmhj kj*
n_dj+ G\_\ibd opj g\dfp Lojg`hd`*
epd Bdgjhòjmdpd ]pqj npf\f .1 h`*
op %.40 kdmh Gm+&) edn b\g ]pqj o _d`*
i k\nf`g]o\n kdgi\h`dp f\m\gdphd+
Efd d\h g\dfpd edn ]pqj bgj]je\h\n
n\qj hjodijn Gg`jk\omjn) j kj ejn
hdmod`n Apge\pn dm Hìe\pn+ J i X'
g\` Tf((& =iodjfj @d_+ _pfo dm =iodj*
fj Akda\ij n`npj Gg`jk\om\ ]pqj hj*
odi\ _qdèp =dbdkoj f\m\gd Lojg`hd`*
e\pn Bdnfjij dm Lojg`hdè\pn Bdgjh`*
ojmdj+ Fjn oq\n) e\d do`f\io p L oj*
g`hdè\pn Akda\ij) ]pqj k\nftmn e\d
f\dkj fm\dod ?`g`ntmde) Lìdfde dm
L\g`nodi\+ G\d Bdnfji\n ]\i_ k\nd*
dhod n\p njno) k\\gdi_\h\n Bdgjh`*
ojmd) =iodjf\n Akda\i\n k\ndpio d =d*

bdko =kjgjide+ Opdijen k`m ed)
f\_ \dbdkod`d\d ijmd \onddhod Gg`jk\*
om\d k\\_o _\g eb\) =iodjf\n \o*
qtfj d Fjk) b\g ijm_\h\n e np*
nodkmdiod) d d\ bd \oej d F`mpu\g) f\_
t_\d k\ndgdfop e\h dodfdhd+ %//&
, G X a \^ \] 4 f\_ n\pbjop e ipj =d*
bdkoj f\m\gd\pn kpjgdhj+
%/0& K eX]\X` f(((4 ipj oj hòj) f\d
edn ]pqj k\nfdmo\n qtmd\pndpjep fpid*
bp+ J\` bab( Lgb+ 0)1+ EhaXyg\
c\a\Zh( Lgb+ 5 dm 6 `dg+ %/1& f\Z \'
]f((( Cm+ o+7 \oq`no\n k\n f\m\gd+ I`*
i`g\epn btm f\m\gd) k\on no\ot_\hjn
g\]\d thdp dm o\fdibp \nhìdhd+
%/2& B Tf Ug ^h a \Z l fgf i XegT( I`*
i`g\epn) `di\io no\othp) iòpmej ej*
fdjn o`dnn ]od qtmd\pndpjep fpidbp)
i`n ]pqj d >ìe\hdij bdhdin) i`
Turinys
/ H<F+ 1) / 3 *0 0
/3 @m DZlhg jnb]^f) jnb ikhikbnf

_kZmk^f \ZimboZo^kZm) bil^ ]^\î*
mnl ikh_n`nl bg <ffZgbm^f ^q* c
inelnl ^lm k^`bhg^f+
/4 H^gêZnl Znm^f ikbg\biZ*
mnf jnb]^f h[mbgnbm7 ]^ i^\ngbbl
o^kh k^`b ikhfbllbl) gbabe Z`^[Zm)
\nf^qZ\mbhg^f_Z\^k^m NhlmkZmnl)
jnb Zk\b ^kZm ikZîhlbmnl+ /5 gZf
Z] ang\ ^qZ\mbh o^\mb`Zebnf i^k*
mbg^[Zm7 jnZf h[ \ZnlZf nmkbjn^
Z] k^`^f lngmôh\Zmb+ /6@m H^*
gêZnl Zfhmnl ^lm Z lZ\^k]hmbh)
ln\\^]^gm^GrlbfZ\ah _kZmk^ lnh7
NhlmkZmnl Znm^f ikZêZmnl ^lm >r*
ikbbl+
0- @m \nf aZ^\ Z`^k^gmnk) \hg*
mb`bm) OaZkl^gl^l) ^mHZeehmZl l^*
]bmbhg^f fho^k^) ^hjnh] <gmbh*
\ab]b k^`bl \hg\n[bgZ^ ]hgh ^l*
l^gm ]Zmb+ 0. A^lmbgZgm^kbmZjn^k^q
o^gbm l^]Zk^ beehl) kêb\mh ln__^\*
mh ngh ^q \hfbmb[nl lnbl <g]kh*
gb\h+
0/ MZmnl Znm^f H^gêZnl Z\*
\îbll^ l^ m^finl hiihkmngnf)
Znk^Z jnZ^]Zf oZlZ ^m^fieh_n*
kZmnl ]hgZobm <g]khgb\h) ^m ZebZ
o^g]b]^kZm Orkb) ^m i^k ob\bgZl \b*
obmZm^l+ 00 Lnh] \nf \^kmbllbf^
\h`ghobll^m JgbZl) Zk`n^[Zm ^nf)
bil^ bg eh\h mnmh l^ \hgmbg^gl
<gmbh\abZ^ l^\nl ?Ziag^f+
./)
fZnl [n]êbh ]oZlb bk eZndbgbh

okb^l ibdmnf+ /B OZbi EZshgZl
dnkl [noh Ziorel lZoh mbdk[kh*
e) iZml [noh Zi`ZnmZl bk boZkr*
mZl iZ[`h Zfhgbm Ze+
/4
H^gêZcnl orkbZnlb oZe]b)
mb^lZ) `Zoh) [^m Z]mc ibgb`
dZkZebnb g^]Zo) ghkl ibeb^l obk*
bgbgdZlNhlmkZmZl k^bdZeZoh bfh*
dcbfh) /5 g^l cZf)ikbdeZnl fh*
d^lb bb^dhcbfZl8 mh]e Z[n]n
H^*
[noh iZZndmb iZl dZkZeb+ /60
gêZcnl [noh ZmlmZmrmZl gnh dn*
gb`Zobfh) lmhcZgm ch ob^mhg ch
[khebnb GbsbfZ\anb) NhlmkZmZl `b
[noh iZldbkmZl dbikb^b obkbgbg*
dn+
0-
Ob^fl ]ZerdZfl ordlmZgm
Zmlbmbdh) dZ] OZklh bk HZeh `r*
o^gmhcZb lnde fZbm) g^l [noh
iZ]hoZghmb dZkZebZnl`neho^b <g*
mbhd^b+ 0. OZb`b dZkZebnlbch ldn*
[bZb c fZebgmb) iZebd]ZfZl ob^*
mbgbgdn ob^g lZoh iZer]ho <g*
]khgbd+
0/
H^gêZcnl) mZk]Zfhl lnlb*
eZndl ]Z[Zk lZn iZmh`Znl eZb*
dh) iZ]hoZghch <g]khgbdnb dZb
dnkbnhl b [Zgrbhl iZoh`mnl
Zndlbgbnl bg]nl) dbmnl `b iZk]Z*
o Obk^ bk Zkmbfnhl^ fb^lmnhl^+
00 ObdkZb lnbghcl Zib^ mZb Jgb*
cZl) [Zk c) iZml iZlbebd]ZfZllZn
`bhc^ ob^mhc^<gmbhdbchc^ ikb^?Z_*
gl+
i`dijh\n \nhpj+ F\h f\m\gdpn) d*

d =\mjij \didejn+ >ò =iodjf\n d*
mej kdidb) i` o`dnn+ %/3& : hib qtf_\h\n d Gdgdfde) b\g ]pqj k\q`*
_n o\dk k\o dodmod Iì`g\e\pn dm Oj*
Tc i l _f((( Lgb+ 4 `dg+ dm ojg+
%/6& : hib TgfgTglgTf((( E 06)10 `dg+ Oom\oj ]tg+
%0/& @y U T { a l }\b f cTibZghf((( C\g
dm 2)2 b\gdh\ h\otod) f\_ Iì`g\epn)
o\mkdidif\pe\io n\qj k\q\_pjojepd
qtf_\h\n d =iodjfde) k\ndgdfj qt*
Hdudh\^cpd+ %00& G e\X < T\af( @\a*
md\pndpjep fpidbp+ Pj_g d\ odfm`n*
i ]pqj g\dfjh\ =iodjfdejn kmd`hd`n*
idn bm+ o+7 Iì`g\epn k\gdfj k\q\_pj*
ojep n\qj ]mjg Hdudh\^c) Ojnom\o\n dp+ P\mk ejn dm njnodin ]pqj Kmji*
bd Gdkmj qdòdidif Gm\o+ Gdkm\n odf oj pk+ Fd ]pqj b\mnd n\qj qìotf*
omphk g\df kmdfg\pn Otmde\d %kgb+ g\ dm qìo\ bdmd\) opmej kmd`bg\p_jn
. I\f+ .2)/0&+ Gm\o\n b\g ]pqj ]p* hd`noj o`dn`n8 oj_g dm \ono\oto\n ipj
k\m`dbp qtmd\pnd\n fpidb\n Kide\n
qpndn \m ]ndh\n Gdkmj qdòdidif\n+ O
%0-& K T efb \e D T_b 4 Gdgdfdejn E b\gej d\ n\pbd\d +btqìod+
%01& L{`hyg\ Fa\]( P\dk Iì`*
hd`no\d+ %0.& 9 aWeba\^( E fdopm
Turinys
561
/ H<F+ 1) 01}11
%
01 Oh]e H^gêZcnl) ikbcl
01
Png]^ H^gêZnlZ\\^g]^gl
Z]<g]khgb\nf) kh`Z[ZmnmJgbZf c <g]khgbd) ikZ nfnmb Jgbc+
bgm^k_b\^k^m+ Lnb \nf o^gbll^m Z] u
OZlZb) Zmcl iZl Jgbc bk iZ]Z*
ol cZf kZgdln ikb^lZbdZ) %ghkl
JgbZf) ^m ]Zmbl ]^qmkbl \nf bn* u
k^bnkZg]h %jnZfobl ^ll^m ^b ln* D [nohZgZf mZkbZfZl&dZe[chb^b*
li^\mnl& lnZlbll^m ]^ Zlreh ikh* 7 mb b ikb^èZn]hlob^mhl bkmnhcZn c
\^]^k^) lmZmbf^nf i^k^fbm) ghg D gnn]) g^[bch]ZfZl m^blr[l)
o^kbmnl bnlmbmbZf +02J[ jnZf \Zn* c 02Onh [noh ln^ksbgmb g^ mbd r*
lZf ghg lhenf en]Z^b) l^] ZebZ^ ]Zb) [^m bk dbmhl mZnmhl bk [noh
jnhjn^ gZmbhg^l bg]b`gZ[Zgmnk) > eZ[Zb gîZm^gdbgmb g^m^blbg`n mZbi
^m fhe^lm^ _^k^[Zgm ]^ g^\^ mZgmb c rfZnl fh`Znl gnn]rfn+
obkb bgbnlmZ+
03
N^] k^`k^llnf k^`^f c ]^ 03Nn`knl b Fbebdbchl dkZ*
>beb\bZ^ eh\blZ]b^kngm en]Z^bZin] 7 m dZkZeb ikbch r]Zb ikb^ <g*
<gmbh\abZf) lbfne ^m BkZ^\b7 \hg* mbhdbchl) mZbi iZm bk `kZbdZb) ldl*
jn^k^gm^l ]^ bgbjnZ g^\^ JgbZ^+ ]Zfb^l ]e g^m^blbg`h Jgbch gn*
04 >hgmkblmZmnl bmZjn^ Zgbfh <g* n]rfh+ 04 OZb`b <gmbhdZl) gneb*
mbh\anl ikhim^k JgbZf)^m _e^qnl ]l ]oZlbhc^ ]e Jgbch bk iZlb*
Z] fbl^kb\hk]bZf)eZ\krfZl _n]bm) ]nh]ZfZliZlb`Zbecbfnb)eb^chZZ*
k^\hk]Zmnl ]^_ng\mb lh[kb^mZm^f) kZl) Zmlbfbg]ZfZl fbknlbhch lnlb*
^m fh]^lmbZf7 050
Z\\^glbljn^ Zgb* eZbdrf bkdndenf+ 05KZldnb n*
6
fbl <g]khgb\nf inkinkZ ^qn lb]^`l klmr[^ cblebî)bobednl
mnf) i^k mhmZf \bobmZm^f bn[^m 8 <g]khgbd b inkinkhl) o^lmb c
\bk\nf]n\b7 ^m bg ^h]^f eh\h) bg b i^k obl fb^lm bk mhc^ iZm ob^mh*
jnh bg JgbZf bfib^mZm^f \hf* c^) dnkbhc^ cbl [noh iZ]Zkl [^*
fbl^kZm) lZ\kbe^`nf obmZ ikboZkb) ]bôrlm ikb^ Jgbc) gnn]rmb m
?hfbgh beeb \hg]b`gZf k^mkb[n^g* o^gmoZ`+ OZbi QbîZml Zmlber*
`bgh cZf gniêgrmZ [Znlf^)
m^ ih^gZf+
06GbsbfZ\anb H^gêZcZnl iZ*
06 Hnembl Znm^f lZ\kbe^`bbl bg c
m^fieh Z GrlbfZ\ah \hffbllbl mZkbZfZf iZ]Zkbnl ]Znò^gmoZ*
H^gêZb \hglbebh) ^m ]bone`ZmZ _Z* `rlb [Zgrbhc^ bk`Zg]nb Zib^
fZ) \hg`k^`ZmZ ^lm fnembmn]h mZb iZlder]nl) ikb^ GbsbfZ\a
Z]o^klnf GrlbfZ\anf fnemh bZf lnlbkbgdh ]b]ê fbgbZ) dZb cZn
Znkh ^qihkmZmh+ 1- Onk[bl Znm^f ]Zn`Zndlh[nohb`Z[^gmZ+ 1-Hb*
bglnk`^gmb[nl) ^m Zgbfbl bkZ kî* gbhfl lndbenl) dZb fhgl cZn
e^mbl) GrlbfZ\anl ZkfZmbl _^k^mkb* [noh ibegb klmr[l) GbsbfZ\aZl)
[nl fbeeb[nl bgbjnbl fZgb[nl nmb Zi`bgdeZol Zib^ mkbl mdlmZgbnl)
\hîbm) ]n\^ jnh]Zf mrkZggh) `kb^[lb lfnkmh) oZ]hoZncZgm dZ
Z^mZm^ iZkbm^k)^m ]^f^gmbZ ikho^\* bgdhdbZf ObkZgnb) er`bZb iZ^g*
mh+ 1. N^]) nm bgmêe^q^kngm\hgZ* `nlbZf Zfbnfb dZbi g^]hknfn+
mnf GrlbfZ\ab) Zebb eZib]^l) Zebb 1. =^m dZbi mbd fbgbZ lnikZmh Gb*
g\epn ijmej \of`mtod Kidepd) f\h
o\n\d n\f od`n+ @yX\g\((( Em k\*
bjitn mò\d g\pt_\qj kmd`bg\p_jn
o`dn`n %dpn \ nt gd&8 ed` k\km\no\d
nh`mf_\qj dm \kb\pgdib d kmd`bg\p*
_jn qdòjn dqtgdjedh+
%04& J h f\_T\^l ` \e((( Lgb+ 0).+ w
%05& @y chechebf( P`dn _qod kpm*

kpm\ ]pqj f\m\gd\pn npo`dfd\h\ ej
_d_di\hn+ Cm+ o+ _\m kmd_o\7 dm
np_m\nftod ej _m\]pdpn+
%06& D XaX_T]Thf c TgTe\T` T` ( =ijo
bm+ o+7 Iì`g\e\pn kmdo\mdhp+ %1-&
K \eTah\4 Cm+ o+7 =pm\ipd+ %10& G e\Xy
Turinys
/ H<F+ 1) 1/}2) /
/0,
_nlm^l oZeb]hl Zkkbin^k^7 jnb]Zf sbfZ\[h lnfZgrf) ob^gb lmok*

o^kh \bg^k^f \a C l f\` T V[ h ` \X' . f \ T ^ ` X a & ^ \ g \ W \ W X _ \ i m W & ^ T \
\^k^+ 1/ @m fnemb jnb]^f oneg^kZ* dnkb^ `b [k GbsbfZ\a iê^*
mb) jnb]Zf Znm^f^mikhlmkZmb)hf* gnl+ 1/ ?Zn` [noh ln^blm) dZb
g^l o^kh bg _n`Zf \hgo^klb lngm7 dnkb^ bk nfnmb) oblb`b [nohikb*
bilnf ^mbZf lZ\kbe^`nf l^\nl Z^* o^klmb [`mb8 g^m bk iZm o^gmoZ*
kZkbnf bgm^k_^\^kngm+ 10 ?^ aul ^k* `b cb^ nfn ikb^ b]bgl+10 OZb*
`h \hîbm bn]b\bnfZ]o^klnl H^* `b ]e b ]Zerd [noh ikZ]mZl
gêZnf Z`bmZkb+
mZk]rfZl ikb^ H^gêZc+
11
@m \nf o^gbll^mk^q Orknf) 11
FZkZebnb Zmordnl Obk) mkrl
Z] bilnf g^`hmbnf ]^mne^kngm ork^lgbc lblmb orkZb b]lm cZf
fbllb mk^l obkb Zl^gbhkb[nl+ 12 @m m ]Zerd+ 12 H^gêZcnl) fZmr]Z*
\nf lni^kZk^mnk H^gêZnl) ikh* fZl) dZ] cbl ikZeZbfl) iZZ]ch
fblbm Kmhe^fZ^h fnemZl i^\ngbZl Kmhe^fb^cnb ]nhmb ]Zn` ibgb`)
]Zk^ Z] lnZ]^g]nf k^`b+ 13 DmZ* dZ] mZlZb iZe^gdmdZkZeb+ 13 OZb*
jn^ Kmhe^fZ^nl bgjnh]Zf Zmkbh `b Kmhe^fb^cnl iZlbf lnlZobf
ihlbmnf jnZlb k^_kb`^kZg]b `kZmbZ dZkZeb ob^g ikb^Zg` mZklb ikZ*
k^`^f Z]bbm) ^m ]^]nqbm Z l^gm^g* lbo]bgmb bk iZd^bm ch gnlblmZmr*
mbZ7 14^m H^gêZnf jnb]^f ngb* f+ 14OZbi mZlZb bm^blbgh H^g^*
o^klZ^ fZebmbZ^ k^nf \kbfbgb[nl eZc) dnkl [noh iZ]Zkloblnlgn*
Z[lheobm7 fbl^khlZnm^f)jnb)^mbZf lbdZembfnl) gêZbfbg`nhlbnl `b)
lb Zin] N\rmaZl\ZnlZf]bqbll^gm) dnkb^ [m [ o ikbiZbgmb g^dZe*
bggh\^gm^l bn]b\Zk^gmnk) ahlfhk* mZbl) ghkl [m [rebgclbl bk iZl
m^ ]ZfgZobm+ 1_b >bmh ^k`h bgbnl* ldbmnl)cbl iZlf^kd fbkmb) 15 OZbi
mZf ih^gZf ]^]^kngm) jnb ikh mb^) dnkb^ `rg fb^lmh) mZnmhl bk
\bobmZm^ ^m ihineh) ^m lZ\kbl oZlbl o^gm bg] k^bdZe) mnhcZn [noh
\ZnlZf ikhl^\nmb Nngm+ 15 LnZf g^m^blbg`Zb gn[Znlmb+16 Oh]e g^m
h[ k^f Orkbb jnhjn^ bg]b`* mbkb^bZb) ird) iZlbkh]eZ[Zb ]nh*
gZmb) ^k`Z lînemnkZf ^hknf eb[^* lgl c eZb]hmnol^+
kZebllbfb ^qlmbm^kngm+
H^gêZcnl ]e `h]nfh m)
2-
H^gêZnl Znm^f) ikhim^k 2-
^hknf) jnb bg ihm^gmbZ^kZgm) ZoZ* dnkb^ [noh `Zebg`b) iZlbebdh oZe*
kbmbZf) i^kfZg^[Zm bg ihm^lmZm^) ]bhc^ bk Zn`h ibdmnfn) dZ] ]Z*
\k^l\^gl bg fZebmbZZ] bglb]bZl \b* krm lelm ibeb^bZfl+
obnf+
+
[P]^Vb]TXL^% . Onh iZ*
6L[`_ G% . @h]^f m^fihk^
<gmbh\anl l^\ng]Zf ikh_^\mbh* bn eZbdn <gmbhdZl k^g`ZgmkdZ*
g^f iZkZobmbg <^`rimnf+ / >hg* kbd r` <b`bim+ / Onhf^m
mb`bm Znm^f i^k ngbo^klZf D^kh* Zmlbmbdh) dZ] oblZfÊ^knsZelfb^*
lherfhknf \bobmZm^f ob]^kb ]b^* lm^ [noh fZmhfb hk^ i^k d^mnkbZl$
[nl jnZ]kZ`bgmZ i^kZ^kZ ^jnbm^l ]^bfmbl ]b^g ldkZchc dnhih*
D Xa X_T] 4 i`n Hdudh\^c\n \kdkg
]\itd ej kmdo\mdhp+
%12& G gb_X` \X]h \ Whbg\( Cm+ o+7 @j*
mdhìj nipd Lojg`hdèpd+
Lgb+ .
I\f+ 0)05 dm f+ %13& G e\XTa Z\( Cm+7
k`mdnodgd+ d\ edn b\gej f\g]odn np
f\m\gdphd ]` gdp_toje+ %14& G Tf
f^\ghf( Cm\df\d dm mjhi\d g\df

nfdopn ]\m]\m o\po\+
%2).& 9 age ^ T e \y ^ { l Z 4 .4- h+
kdmh Gm+ Lgb+ . I\f+ .).4+++ %/&
G Xe ^ Xgh e\Tf WXy\` g\f((( Of\ddpn 1-
opmd tk\odibjn m`dfhn @d`qj \k*
q\du_jn
k\ndm`dfdhpjn`+ Fdn b\gd
Turinys
563
/ H<F+ 2) 0 * 6
]bl\nkk^gm^l) ZnkZmZl lmheZl aZ* fbl kZbmêbZb ZndlnhmZbl Zi]ZkZbl

[^gm^l) ^m aZlmbl) jnZlb \hahkm^l) bk Zilb`bgdeZo b^mbfbl8 0[^mh) kZb*
ZkfZmhl) 0 ^m \nklnl ^jnhknfi^k mêb [kbZb) dnkb^ [`h ob^gb ikb^
hk]bg^l ]b`^lmhl) ^m \hg`k^llbh* 7 dbmnl) lnlbkfbfZb) ob^gb^fldbmnl
g^l _b^kb \hfbgnl) ^m l\nmhknf e lb^dbZgm) ldr] cn]cbfZl) ]Zn`r*
fhmnl) ^m `Ze^Zmhknf fnembmn]b* [l Zefnhm ln obmknhcZgbZbl
g^f èZ]bbl ]blmkb\mbl) ^m mêhknf dZeZobcZbl) Zn]rfZl oberbhfbl)
bZ\mnl) ^m Znk^hknf Zkfhknf Zndlbgb `bgde [ebs`cbfZl bkob*
lie^g]hk^f)hfgbljn^ `^g^kbl eh* lhdbhl kb^l Zko+ 1 Oh]e oblb
kb\Zknf+ 1 LnZikhim^k hfg^l kh* u
fê]) dZ] mb^ ikZchoZb b^bm c
`Z[Zgm bg [hgnf fhglmkZ \hg* `^kZ+
o^kmb+
e
2 N^] \nf _Zelnl knfhk ^qbl*
2
FZ]Zg`b mZbZn iZlder]h g^
l^m) mZfjnZfobmZ ^q\^llbll^m<g* c mbdkZl `Zg]Zl) [d <gmbhdZl fb*
mbh\anl) Zllnfimbl DZlhg ghg fb* kl) EZshgZl) iZlbfl g^fZbZn
gnlfbee^ obkbl) kî^gm^ Z``k^llnl ) dZbi mdlmZgm ork) fZb inhe
^lm \bobmZm^f7 ^m \bob[nl Z] fn* b fb^lm+ Ihkl ibeb^bZb Zm[`h b
knf \hgoheZgmb[nl Z] nembfnf oblnk ikb^ lb^g) mZbZn fb^lmZl
Ziikâ^glZ \bobmZm^) H^gêZnl _n* [noh `Ze `Ze^ iZbfmZl) h H^*
`bm bg Zk\^f7 B DZlhg o^kh ghg gêZcnl iZ[`h c ibe+ 3 Onh mZk*
iZk\^[Zm bg \Z^]^ \bob[nl lnbl) in EZshgZl g^lb`Zbech n]rgl^
g^\ \h`bmZ[Zm ikhli^kbmZm^f Z]* lZoh [^g]kZibeb^b bk g^Zmlbfbg)
o^klnf \h`gZmhl fZenf ^ll^ fZ* dZ]iZlbl^dbfZlikb^ ob^g`^gbnl
qbfnf) Zk[bmkZgl ahlmbnf ^m ghg b rkZ ]b]bZnlbZ gêZbf8 cbl mZklb
c iZlbbflbl b gîkb^mêb) h g^ b
\bobnf l^ mkhiaZ^Z \Zimnknf+
[^g]kZibeb^b dZkbd `kh[+
4
OZbZn cbl gîZlb^d orkbZn*
4 @m ikbg\biZmnf jnb]^f ghg
h[mbgnbm) _bg^f o^kh bglb]bZknf lbhl oZe]bhl) ck oblZl ch lelm
lnZknf \hg_nlbhg^f Z\\îbm) ^m oZblbnl [noh ln`]bgZfZl7 dZbi
ikh_n`nl bm^knf Z[bbm bg <ffZ* u
iZ[èbl cbl oe iZlbmkZnd Zfh*
gbm^g+ 5 <] nembfnf) bg ^qbmbnf c gbm Ze+ 5 ?Z[Zk cZf Zmch`ZeZl)
lnb \hg\enlnl Z[ <kmZ <kZ[nf c g^l lneZbdrmZl ZkZ[ oZe]hoh
mrkZggh _n`b^gl]^\bobmZm^bg\bob* D <k^mh) cbl oe [`h b fb^lmh
mZm^f)hfgb[nlh]bhlnl) nm k^_n`Z c fb^lm8 obl g^d^gbZfZl) dZb*
e^`nf^m ^q^\kZ[bebl) nm iZmkbZ^ ^m c ih lmZmrf eZnrmhcZl)bk ikZd^bd*
\bobnf ahlmbl) bg <^`rimnf ^q* u
mZl fh`nl) dZbi morgl bk[^g*
mknlnl ^lm7 6 ^m jnb fnemhl ]^ iZ* ]kZibeb^b gîkb^mêbl) cbl [noh
g`hod g\dh dm i`g\dh+ J ^ e T ]b ]T

^hbcb` \f((( =kd` k\i\dpn \kndm`d*
fdhpn d _\ib\pn f\g]\ Fpju\k\n
Bg+8 ed` qtf) f\d e\p ]pqj \mod F`*
mpu\gn npbmdjqdh\n+ Em qgd\p tm\
]pq ojgtbdp \kndm`dfdhp %qu+ Gi\*
]ì]\p`m+ / I\f+ 2).&+ %1& B TW g\X
c eT]bi T$(( Rdnd h`g_) f\_ f\m\n)
fpmd od` ìfg\d nf`g]) ]\dbond ed`hn
g\dhdib\d+
%2& AT m b a T f 4 d fpmdj =iodjf\n
]pqj \ohn qtmd\pnde fpidbtno)

k\m_pj_\h\n e Iì`g\epd+
%4& G T f\geTh ^((( C\gd ]od) f\_
F\uji kmdq`mo k\]bod Iì`g\epn)
fpmn) ]_\h\n kdgte`) b\gej kmd` ed
fjqjod) \m]\ did$ f\_ =iodjf\n bm*
o\ d =dbdkoj+ %5& < TUTe ]T ` T g'
]b ZT_Tf((( =ijo bm+ o+7 _\]\m e\h
\oej ej$ kdfoj `gb`ndj b\g\n+ Fdn ]p*
qj npb\po\n k\n \m\]p fpidb\dfod
=mo+++ 8 , 9 \Z\cg4 fpmdj f\m\gdpd
Turinys
) >2<& ,$ ('` (.

mkbZ lnZ ^qine^kZm) i^k^`k^ i^kbbm)
GZ\^]Z^fhgZl ikh_^\mnl) jnZlb
ikh \h`gZmbhg^ b[b k^_n`bnf aZ*
[bmnknl7 .- ^m jnb bglînemhl fne*
mhl Z[b^\^kZm) bil^ ^mbeeZf^gmZmnl)
^m bglînemnl Z[bb\bmnk) lînemnkZ
g^jn^ i^k^`kbgZ nlnl) g^jn^ iZ*
mkbh lîne\akh iZkmb\biZgl+
.. Cbl bmZjn^ `^lmbl) lnlib\Z*

mnl ^lm k^q lh\b^mZm^f ]^l^kmn*
khl Dn]Z^hl7 ^m h[ ah\ ikh_^\mnl
^q <^`rimh ^__^kZmbl Zgbfbl)\bob*
mZm^f jnb]^f Zkfbl \îbm+ ./ enl*
lbm Znm^f fbebmb[nl bgm^k_b\^k^)
g^\ iZk\^k^ h\\nklZgmb[nl) ^mi^k
]hfhl Z\\^g]^gm^l mkn\b]Zk^+
.0 Ab^[Zgm ^k`h \Z^]^l bno^gnf)
Z\ l^gbhknf) ^m fneb^knf) ^m gZ*
mhknf ^qm^kfbgbZ) obk`bgnfjn^ ^m
iZkonehknf g^\^l+ .1 @kZgmZnm^f
mhmh mkb]nh h\mh`bgmZ fbeebZbgm^k*
_^\mb)jnZ]kZ`bgmZfbeebZ obg\mb)ghg
fbgnl Znm^f o^gng]Zmb+
.0 N^] g^\ blmZ ln__b\bngm7 Zn*
lnl^lm ^mbZf bgmkZk^m^fienf ngb*
o^klZ m^kkZ lZg\mbnl)H^gêZh ]n\*
mhk^) jnb e^`nf) ^m iZmkbZ^ _nbm
ikh]bmhk7 .0 ^m l\ê^lmbl fZgb[nl
lnf^gl lZg\mZ oZlZ) jnZ^ Z[Zebbl
k^`b[nl) ^m \bobmZmb[nl ^kZgm ihlb*
mZ Z] hkgZmnf eh\b) ^m èhkbZf)
\hgmk^\mZ[Zm bg]b`g^) ^m \hgmZfb*
gZ[Zm+ .4 DmZ Zeb^gZmnl f^gm^ <g*
mbh\anl) ghg \hglb]^kZ[Zm jnh]
ikhim^k i^\\ZmZ aZ[bmZgmbnf \bob*
=iodjf\n ]pqj i`nì\d k\nf`g]n f\*
m+ %6& < _ Z\` \a lfgf( Ru+ . I\f+
#$$ $# &
%..& B TeT_\h f4 =iodjf\n+ C T U T \

g{f( =ijo bm+ o+7 qmdf\d on+
G T ` ` \Xfg(((4 .35 h+ kdmh Gm+
Lgb+ . I\f+ .).3/5+ %./& Jhg\a'
^ T ` h f4 b\oqn`+ %Q & : hib h{` hy'
gT Tyghba\bf((( =ijo bm+ o+7
pqj
/0.
boZkrmZl <b`bim+ 6 Ebl)dnkl [n*

oh ]Zn`ê boZklb morgl) n*
oh lo^mbfhc^ Zerc^) gnordl
GZd^]^fhg) er` dZ] mbd]Zfhl
`Znmb m^gZb ]e `bfbgrlml ikb^*
èZn]+.-Ebl)dnkl iZf^m]Zn`ê
gîZeZb]hm) iZml [noh iZf^lmZl)
g^ZikZn]hmZl bk gîZeZb]hmZl) g^
iZlbgZn]h]ZfZl g^b lo^mbfZeb
eZb]hmnofbl) g^b `Zn]ZfZl ob^m
mo dZinhl^+
..
b^fl]ZerdZflmZbi ordnl)
dZkZebnl mZk r]nl) dZ] cb^Zmlb*
f^lb gnh lZg]hkhl ln cnh8 mh*
]e cbl eZ[Zb ml bordh b <b*
`bimh bk iZf fb^lm `bgde c*
`Z+ ./Ebl ebî dZk^bobZfl nfn*
bgmb [^ iZlb`Zbecbfh lnmbgdZ*
fnl bk `ZeZ[rmb [`Zgbnl gZ*
fnl+ .0 OZb`b [noh nfnZfb
cZngbdZbbZb bk l^gbZb) gZbdbgZfb
fhm^krl bk oZbdZb) n]hfb f^k*
`Zbml bk d]bdbZb+ .1 K^k+mZl mkbl
]b^gZl [noh nfnmZ Zmnhgbhl
]^bfmrl mdlmZgb) d^mnkbhl ]^*
bfmrl mdlmZgb iZbfmZ gêZbl*
og bk g^fZbZn iZk]nhmZ+
.0
=^m bk mh g^`ZgZ Ebl]Zk b*
]klh ^bmb o^gmrde) o^gbZn*
lb oblhl ^flob^m) o^]ZgmH^*
gêZcnb) dnkl [noh lmZmrf bk m*
orgl b]ZobdZl+ .3 Df]ZfZl ibd*
mZ]Zkbdhfbl kZgdhfbl o^gmnl
bg]nl) dnkb^ dbm dZkZeb bk fb^l*
m [noh iZ]mb ob^mZb iZinhmbbk
chl `Zk[^b) cbl bnibgch cnhlg^*
o^kmZb bk lnmî+ .4 OZbiikhmhg^*
m^dl<gmbhdZl UMgPlXiQV$ dZ] ?b^*
oZl [noh nlbklmbgl mknfiZf
5-+---7 1-+--- phpo dm 1-+--- k\m*
_pjo d q`mbde+ Fpju\k\n Bg+ n\fj)
f\_ k\m_pjo q`mbde ]pqj .-+---+
%.2& @yW efb X\g\((( Lgb+ . I\f+
.)/0+++ %.3& B\gh ^TeT_\ ( Lgb+ \pf+
0)/+ A \ f }\hc\a]b((( =ijo bm+ o+7
_pj_\h\n epjn %o\mi\hn iòd&) epjn
npo`k_\h\n n\qj i`q\mdjhdn m\ifj*
hdn+ %.4& G eb gb a XgX^ f( Cm+ o+7
24
q+ N\o\n) o+ ER+
Turinys
./.
/ H < F + 2) 0 5 * / 0
mZm^f) fh]b\nf ?^nl _n^kZm bkZ* eZbdnb ]e fb^lmh `ro^gmhc gnh*
mnl7 ikhim^k jnh] ^m Z\\b]bm \bk* ]fb) bk dZ] ]e mh Zmlbmbdh mZb
\Z eh\nf ]^li^\mbh7 .5 Zebhjnbg ob^mZb iZgb^dbgbfZl+ .5 FbmZbi `b)
gblb \hgmb`bll^m ^hl fnembli^\\Z* c^b cb^ g^[m lbiZbgbhc ]Zn`r*
mbl ^ll^ bgohenmhl) lb\nmCêbh]h* [ gnh]fb) bk cbl) dZbi@ebh]h*
knl) jnb fbllnl ^lm Z Nê^n\hk^* kZl) dnkl [noh dZkZebZnlNê^ndh
`^ Z] ^qihebZg]nf Z^kZkbnf) ZmlblmZl Zibiemb b]bgl) [m
^mbZf ab\ lmZmbf Z]o^gb^gl_eZ`ê* [nol mnhcZn ^b]ZfZlgnieZdmZl)
eZmnl) ^m kînelnl nmbjn^ _nbll^m bk mbdkZb [m [nonlb lnmknd]rmZ
Z[ Zn]Z\bZ+ .6Q^knf ghg ikhim^k ch ]klZ+ .6 OZbZn ?bôZl bkbg*
eh\nf) `^gm^f7 l^] ikhim^k`^g* dh mZnmZl g^ ]e ob^mhl) [^m ]e
m^f) eh\nf ?^nl ê^`bm+ /- D]^h* mZnmhl cbl bkbgdh ob^m+ /-Oh]e
jn^ ^m bil^ eh\nl iZkmb\îl _Z\* bk iZmb ob^mZ ]ZeroZoh mZnmhl g^*
^mnl ^lm ihineb fZehknf) ihlm^Z eZbfc^) mZbi dZbi]Zk]ZeroZnlch l
Znm^f _b^m lh\bnl [hghknf) ^m `^khoc^8 cb) dnkb ]Z[Zk Zie^blmZ
jnb ]^kêb\mnl bg bkZ ?^b hfgb* ]e oblZ`Zebh ?bôh klmr[l)oe
ihm^gmbl ^lm) bm^knf bgfZ`gb ?h* [nl bZndmbgmZ bklnlbeZndl ]b]^*
fbgb k^\hg\bebZmbhg^ \nf lnffZ el `Zk[l) dZb ]b]rlbl QbîZml
èhkbZ ^qZemZ[bmnk+
[nl i^kfZe]ZnmZl+
/.
D`bmnk<gmbh\anl fbee^ ^m h\* /.
OZb`b <gmbhdZl) iZfl b
mbg`^gmbl Z[eZmbl ]^ m^fieh mZe^g* [Zgrbhl mdlmZgmZmnhgbl bf*
mbl) oêh\bm^k <gmbh\abZf k^`k^l* mnl mZe^gm)ldn[bZbln`kh <g*
lnl ^lm) ^qblmbfZgl l^ ikZ^ ln* mbhdbc) mZk]Zfhl lZoh inbdr[c^
i^k[bZ m^kkZf Z] gZob`Zg]nf) i^* `Zel ieZndmb lZnlnfZ bk iZ]Zkr*
eZ`nl o^kh Z] bm^k Z`^g]nf ]^* mb b ckhl lZnl dêb8 mZbi eZ[Zb
]n\mnknf ikhim^k f^gmbl êZmbh* Zndmbghlb ch bk]bl+ //Ebl iZebdh
g^f+ // Mêbjnbm Znm^f ^m ikZîh* mZbi iZm noZbs] mZnmZb oZk`bgmb7
lbmhl Z] Z__eb`^g]Zf `^gm^f7 D^* E^knsZec^ Kberi) dbef^ _kb`b^m)
khlherfbl jnb]^f Kabebiinf `^* cZnlfZbl gnhf^lg n m) dnkbh
g^k^ Kakr`^f) fhkb[nl \kn]êbh* cbl [noh iZlmZmrmZl8 /0 BZkbsbf^
k^f ^h bilh) Z jnh \hglmbmnmnl `b <g]khgbd bk H^gêZc) dnkb^
^lm7 /0bg JZkbsbfZnm^f <g]khgb* lfZkdbZn dZbi dbmb [noh gnlblmZ*
\nf) ^m H^gêZnf) jnb `kZobnl m ikb^ ibeb^bnl+
jnZf \^m^kb bffbg^[Zgm \bob[nl+
kdgi\n kpdft]n+ B TW < \XiTf Uh'

ib h{f\efg\af((( =pojmd\pn hdiotn)
fj_g i`]pqj @d`qj ip]\pno\n =iodj*
f\n) opj o\mkp f\_ _g k\i\\pn k\*
ndfndidhj o`fj nf\p_d\d ipfìood
Agdj_jmpd+ @d`q\n ijmej ip]\pnod
o\po) fpmd _\]\m ]pqj g\]\d ipndf\g*
opnd) tk\ bd ]pqj ipndf\gon qt *
md\pnd\n fpidb\n+ Lgb+ 0).4+ %.6&
EX W _ i \X gb f 4 gtb f\_ @d`qpd ]po
kmdm`df qdòjn %]\itdjn& `he`)
f\_ eje` btqìo+ < _ gThgbf((( Lgb+
Eb\itojej j_dpn \kd` np]\o+ If8
/)/4+
%/.& K^fgTag\&(((4 _\pbd\p f\dk 0-
hdgdeji gdo) e`d d\ f\g]\h\ \kd`

t_dfpn o\gìopn) kpn od`f) e`d \kd`
ntmdfpn+ Gjfdpjn _\gtfpn =iodjf\n
k\h) k\n\fto\ . I\f+ .)/. /0+
%//& G \_l c ( Lgb* . I\f+ 3).1+
B h e\b4 =iodjfj+ %/0& > Te\m\` X4
kmd` Odf`hj+ d\ ]pqj n\h\mdoji
qìotfg\+ 9 a W eba \^4 i` o k\od)
fpmn k\hdio\n 1)04+++ @e D XaX_T'
]((( =ijo bm+ o+7 j ]` do %Ldgtkj
dm =i_mjidfj& dm Iì`g\e) fpmn kdf*
d\p p qdnpn fdopn \fdkgdf\d f*
gnd kpdft] kmd` kdgd`dpn) %/1&
]_\h\n ipndno\on kmd` t_pn+
%/1& 9 cb_ba \] 4 o k\o) fpmn k\*
Turinys
/ H < F + 2 ) / 1 * 3 ) 1
/1 >nfjn^ Ziihlbmnl ^ll^m
/1
566
=]ZfZlgnlblmZmlikb^r*
.98><, Dn]Z^hl) fblbm h]bhlnf ]nl)cbl Zmlbngmg^d^gbZf oZ]
ikbg\bi^f <iheehgbnf \nf ^q^k* <ihehgbc ln ]ob]^bfm ]ob^f

\bmn ob`bgmb ^m ]nh[nl fbeeb[nl) mdlmZgbZbl dZkbnhf^gl bk ]Zo
ikZ^\bib^gl ^b hfg^l i^k_^\mZ^ cZf lZdrfnfnmb oblnl lnZn*
Z^mZmbl bgm^k_b\^k^) fneb^k^l) Z\bn* `nlbnl) fhm^kbl `b bk cZngbdZbbnl
o^g^l o^g]^k^+ /2 Lnb \nfo^gbl* iZk]nhmb+ /2 <mcl E^knsZe bk
l^m D^khlherfZf) iZ\^f lbfn* Zilbf^l]ZfZlghklmZbdhl) cbl eZb*
eZgl) jnbôbmnljn^ Z] ]b^f lZg\* dlb kZfbZb bdb o^gmZb ln[Zehl
mnf lZ[[Zmb7 ^m mng\ _^kbZmbl Dn* ]b^gZb) h dZb r]Zb ikZ]ch o *
]Z^bl ZkfZ \Zi^k^ lnbl ikZ^\îbm+ lmb) cbl ebî lZob^lb^fl iZlbbfmb
/3 Jfg^ljn^ jnb Z] li^\mZ\nenf `bgdenl /3 bk oblnl) dnkb^ [noh
ikh\^ll^kZgm) mkn\b]Zobm7 ^m \bob* bc bdbef) gnn]8 [^ mh) cbl
mZm^f \nf ZkfZmbl ]bl\nkk^gl) ch ln `bgdenhmZbl i^k fb^lm bk
gn`ZeZ[bch eZ[Zb ]b]ê ]Zn`r[+
bkb`^gm^g fnembmn]bg^f i^k^fbm+
/4 =^m En]Zl HZdZ[b^cnl) iZml
/4 en]Zl Znm^f HZ\aZ[Z^nl)
jnb ]^\bfnl _n^kZm) l^\^ll^kZm bg ]^bfmZl) iZlbmkZnd ]rdnfhl
]^l^kmnf eh\nf) b[bjn^ bgm^k _^* ob^m bk m^gZb ]kZn` ln lZoZblbZbl
kZl obmZf bg fhgmb[nl \nf lnbl `ro^gh dZegnhl^ mZki okb8 cb^
Z`^[Zm7 ^m _h^gb \b[h o^l\^gm^l) iZlbebdh m^g) fbl]Zfb Zn`ZeZbl)
]^fhkZ[Zgmnk) g^ iZkmb\bi^l ^l* dZ] g^]ZeroZnm lnlbmîbf^+
l^gm \hbgjnbgZmbhgbl+
3
[P]^Vb]TXL^% . I^]Zn`
6L[`_ G;% . N^] ghg ihlm
fnemnf m^fihkbl fblbm k^q l^g^f eZbdh ikZlebgdnl) dZkZebnl Zmlbngm
jn^g]Zf <gmbh\a^gnf) jnb \hf* ob^g l^g Zgmbhdb^m) dnkl mnk*
iêe^k^m Dn]Z^hlnm l^mkZgl_^kk^gm ch ikbo^klmb r]nl ZmlblZdrmb gnh
Z iZmkbbl) ^m ?^b e^`b[nl7 / \hgmZ* mo bk ?bôh lmZmrf) / [^ mh)
fbgZk^ ^mbZf jnh]bg D^khlherfbl lnmîmb [Zgrb E^knsZec^ bkikZ*
^kZm m^fienf)^m\h`ghfbgZk^ Dh* fbgmb c Enibm^kbh Jebfib^bh oZk*
obl Jerfibb7 ^m bg BZkbsbf) ikhnm ]n) h BZkbsbf^ Enibm^kbh No^mbg*
^kZgm ab) jnb eh\nf bgaZ[bmZ[Zgm) `hch oZk]n) bkbgm m) dnkb^ mhc^
ehobl ahlibmZebl+ 0K^llbfZ Znm^f ob^mhc^ `ro^gh+ 0OZbi [eh`nf
^m ngbo^klbl `kZobl ^kZm fZehknf Zgmie]bl [noh ibdbZnlbZl bk ob*
bg\nklbh7 1 gZf m^fienf enqnkbZ) lb^fl lngdnl) 1 g^l[ZgrbZ [n*
^m \hf^llZmbhgb[nl B^gmbnf ^kZm oh ibegZ iZ`hgb bmobkdbfh bke*
ie^gnf) ^m l\hkmZgmbnf \nf f^* [Zobf) mZbi iZm m) dnkb^ iZe^bl*
k^mkb\b[nl7 lZ\kZmbljn^ Z^]b[nl 7 mnoZoh ln d^dfbl8 fhm^krl ^b*
fbneb^k^l l^ nemkh bg`^k^[Zgm) bg* be ]Zoh o^gmnl kfnl) gb^dhg^*
hdio\n . I\f+ .)/6+ %/2& @^ \ yi Xa '

gT\ fh U Tgbf W\Xa T\( =kjgjidepn dij*
ej) f\_ t_\d np]\ojn _dì i`nd*
kmd`din+ Lab+ . I\f+ /)01+ %/3&
, \y ^ \_` X4 k\nddmod q\d_hdh+
%/4& G Tgf W Xy\` gTf( Fp_j oq\n
i`q\m_de\h\n+
Rdn\n fjq\n kmd`
ntio f\m\gdpn \pojmdpn md\ np Fp_j
I\f\]dè\pn q\m_p+ Op Fp_p ]pqj)
]` \]èj) dm ej ]mjgd\d) o\dk k\o _\m d
f`gò\n fdop qdìhdid+ Lgb+ . I\f+

/)/4+
%3).& E XWThZ((( do\h` k`mnftmd*
h` f\g]\h\ \kd` \onfdmpn qtfdpn d
oj g\dfjo\mkdj) fpmn \kd]_dio\n ]ì*
_m`nid\dn kjn\fd\dn . I\f+ .)1.31+
%/& JhgXcg\ UT { a l }\ ( Lgb+ . I\f+
.)1.8 /)21+ > Te\m\` X( Lgb+ 1 G\m+
.4)/1+++8 . Au_mj 1)/+ %1& , yi Xa '
ghf eh` hf( =ijo bm+ o+7 d qìojmdpn+
Turinys
0''
( > 2 < $ ," + # ' (
mkh _^k^gm^l ^Z) jnZ^ kbhg eb\^[Zm+

2 <emZk^ ^mbZf ie^gnf ^kZm beeb\b*
mbl) jnZ^ e^`b[nl ikhab[^[Zgmnk+
lbdeZnl]Zfhl) bk lbg^]Zoh ln lZ*

obf ob]gê^blmnl]Zerdnl+23OZbi
iZm Zemhkbnl [noh ibegZl gê^blm
]Zerd) dnkbnhl lmZmrfZl ]kZn]+
3
I^jn^ Znm^f lZ[[ZmZ \nl* c3
Nn[Zmhl g^[noh eZbdhfhl
mh]b^[Zgmnk) g^jn^ ]b^l lhbe^f* g bdbefbg`hl morgl ]b^ghl
g^l iZmkbb l^koZ[Zgmnk) g^\ lbf* o^gbZfhl) g^m gôb^gZl lmZbZb
ieb\bm^k en]Z^nfl^^ll^jnbljnZf b gîkblbiZbg]Zoh^llr]Zl+ 4=n*
\hg_bm^[Zmnk+4 ?n\^[Zgmnk Znm^f oh `b cb^ o^]Zfb ln dZkbZ ikb^*
\nf ZfZkZ g^\^llbmZm^ bg]b^ gZ* . oZkmZ dZkZebZnl `bfbfh ]b^g
mZebl k^`bl Z] lZ\kb_b\bZ7 ^m) \nf ZndZl) hdZb [noho^gbZfZ =Zd*
Gb[^kb lZ\kZ \ê^[kZk^gmnk) \h`^* \ah o^gm) [noh o^kbZfb ]Zer*
[Zgmnk) a^]^kZ \hkhgZmb Gb[^kh oZnmboZbdmrgl^ZilboZbgbdZoob*
\bk\nbk^+
chdebZbl =Zd\ah `Zk[^b+
5
Kmhe^fb^cZfl iZmZkbZgm) [n
3 ?^\k^mnf Znm^f^qbbmbgikh* L
qbfZl B^gmbebnf \bobmZm^l) ln``^* $ oh be^blmZl gnmZkbfZl ZkmbfbZn*
k^gmb[nl Kmhe^fZ^bl) nm iZkb fh* . lb^fl iZ`hgb fb^lmZfl) dZ] bk
]h ^m bilb Z]o^klnl Dn]Z^hl Z`^* c cb^ ê`mlb mher`bn []n ikb^
k^gm) nm lZ\kb_b\Zk^gm7 6^hlZnm^f) . r]nl) mZbi dZ] bmb^ mnkm Zndh*
jnb ghee^gm mkZglbk^ Z] bglmbmnmZ c mb) 6 mnhl `b) dnkb^ g^ghkm iZ*
B^gmbnf) bgm^k_b\^k^gm7 ^kZm ^k`h c lb]nhmb iZ`hgb ikhbZfl) dZ]
ob]^k^ fbl^kbZf+ .- ?nZ^ ^gbf c nfnm+ Oh]e `ZebfZ[noh fZ*
fneb^k^l ]êZmZ^ lngm gZmhl lnhl P mrmb mbd ]^cZobf+ .-I^l [noh
\bk\nf\b]bll^7 jnZl)bg_Zgmb[nl Z] ldlmhl ]ob fhm^krl) dZ] Zib*
n[^kZ lnli^glbl) \nf in[eb\^ i^k 7 icZnlbnlbhl lZohoZbdnl8 bmhfl
\bobmZm^f \bk\nf]nqbll^gm) i^k c cb^ iZdZ[bgh oZbdnl Zgm dkmbgl)
fnkhl ikZ^\bibmZo^kngm+ .. <ebbo^* o^] ob^Zb i^k fb^lm bk gnf^*
kh) Z]ikhqbfZl \h^ngm^l liêng* m ^frg gnh lb^ghl+ .. Fbmb) dn*
\Zl) ^m eZm^gm^k lZ[[Zmb ]b^f \^* kb^ [noh lnlbc Zkmb ^lZgbnl
e^[kZgm^l) \nfbg]b\Zmb^ll^gm Kab* nkonl bk leZibZb o^gm ln[Zmhl
ebiih) _eZffbl ln\\^glb$lngm) ^h ]b^g) dZb Zib^ cnhl ikZg^mZ Kb*
jnh] o^k^[Zgmnk ikhim^k kêb`bh* erinb) [noh ln]^`bgmb ebîlghl^)
g^f ^m h[l^koZgmbZf) fZgn lb* g^l ]e o^gmhl iZk^b`hl eZbdrmb
ln[Zm cb^ ]khochlb `bgmbl lZoh
[bf^m Znqbebnf _^kk^+
kZgdhfbl+
#$ J[l^\kh Znm^f ^hl)
./ < ikZZn ikbfr`mbgZb mnhl)
jnb
%2& E X_X\fgh W T _l ^ h 4 fd\pgd dm pi
\pf dm k\i\d _\gtf %kgb+ . I\f+
.)2-&+
%3& JhUTgbf((( Ru+ . I\f+ .)142.+
E XU Xc e\f\c T {\a W Ti b4
i`]`ndg\df
t_ m`gdbdejn ipjno\o dm km\fodf+
%4&$ > \` \` b W\Xa T( Cm+ o+ _\m kmd*
_o\7 f\n hipj+ qnod f\m\gd\pn
bdhdhj _dì f\n hipj ]pqj ipj
=g`fn\i_mj @+ g\df d\fto\ Otmdejn
f\m\gtnoe`+ L\i\pn k\kmjotn ]pqj
dm fdojn` \gtn`+ : T ^ V[ b yi X a g4
]\f^c\i\gdejn) _djidudejn %@djiduj
qìo& ]pqj \ogd`f\hjn f\nhò mp*

_ìd qtipjb\qdhj hòp+
%5& G gb _X ` \X]T ` f4 @jmdhìj n*
ipd Lojg`hdèpd) \kd` fpmd f\g]\h\
1)12 %bm+ o+& dm . I\f+ 0)05+ G\d fp*
mdpjn` bm+ m\ifm\dpjn`7 Lojg`hdèpd+
%6& GTZba\( Cm+ o+7 bm\df+ Lgb+
. I\f+ .)2/+ %.@& Pf^ fgbf( Cm+ o+7
\oq`nojn+ Lgb+ . I\f+ .)30+ %..&
G \_lch\( Ru+ 2)//+ E Xf W_((( Lgb+
. I\f+ /)05+++
%./& E Xf\UbWg\( Lm\nh 7 iìpnd*
hdiod+ EX gT` & ^TW((( Lgb+ 4+007
Turinys
/ H<F+ 3) . 0 */ .
0'(
ang\ Gb[knf e^\mnkb lngm) g^Z[* dnkb^ ldZbmrl bm dgr`) g^lb[h*
ahkk^l\Zgm ikhim^k Z]o^klhl \Z* ]mb ]e gêZbfbg` ordb) [^m
lnl) l^] kînm^gm) ^Z) jnZ^ Z\\b* Zmlbfbgmb) ch ` mZb)dZl Zmlbmbdh) [n*
]^kngm) ghg Z] bgm^kbmnf) l^]Z] oh g^ mZf) dZ] fl mZnmZ m)
\hkkîmbhg^f ^ll^ `^g^kbl ghlmkb+ [^m dZ] [m ln]kZnlmZ+ .0I^l
.0 @m^gbf fnemh m^fihk^ghg lb* gê^blmb gnlb]cebZfl ê`mbl be`
g^k^ i^\\Zmhkb[nl ^q l^gm^gmbZ eZbd lneb` lZoh ghkn)[^m mnhcZn
Z`^k^) l^] lmZmbf nembhgbl Z]ab* iZoZkmhmb ikb^ cnhl d^km) rkZ
[^k^) fZ`gb [^g^_b\bb ^lmbg]b\bnf+ ]b]êbhiZeZgdnfh^gdeZl+ .1I^l
.1Ihg ^gbf) lb\nm bg Zebbl gZmbh* c^b dbm mZnm Zmobe`bn QbîZml
gb[nl) ?hfbgnl iZmb^gm^k ^qi^\* dZgmkbZb eZndbZ) dZ] cZl gn[Znlm
mZm) nm ^Zl) \nf en]b\bb ]b^l Z]* gnh]fb ibegr[c^) dZb Zm^blm^b*
o^g^kbm)bg ie^gbmn]bgî^\\Zmhknf lfh ]b^gZ) .2 mZb dbmZbi cbl rkZ
ingbZm7 .2 bmZ ^m bg gh[bl lmZmnbm) fnfl gnlblmZml7 fnfl d^krmb
nm) i^\\Zmbl ghlmkbl bg _bg^f ]^* cbl gêZndbZ) dZb fnl gnh]fl
ohenmbl) bmZ ]^fnf bg ghl obg]b* iZlb^dlZndbZnlb eZbilg+ .3O h*
\^m+ .3 Kkhim^k jnh] gnfjnZf ]e cbl gb^dnhf^m g^ZmbfZ bf*
jnb]^f Z gh[bl fbl^kb\hk]bZf l lZoh `Zbe^lmbg`nfh8 ln]kZnl*
lnZf Zfho^m7 \hkkbib^gl o^kh bg ]ZfZl `b lZoh mZnm gêZbf^) cbl
Z]o^klbl ihinenf lnnf ghg]^* chl g^Zie^b]bZ+ .4 =^m mZb m^[*
kêbgjnbm+ .4 N^] aZ^\ gh[bl Z] gZ fl mknfiZb iZlZdrmZ ldZb*
\hffhgbmbhg^f e^`^gmbnf ]b\mZ mrmhcZfl ikbfbgmb+ ?Z[Zk `b k^b*
lbgm iZn\bl+ DZf Znm^fo^gb^g]nf dbZ `kmb ikb^ iZlZdhcbfh+
^lm Z] gZkkZmbhg^f+
OZb`b ob^gZl b rfbZnlb
.5
D`bmnk @e^ZsZknlngnl]îkb* .5
fhkb[nl l\kb[Zknf) obk Z^mZmîkh* MZmh bgho) @e^ZsZkZl) l^groh
o^\mnl) ^m onemn ]^\hknl) Zi^kmh ZfbZnl bk `Zk[bg`hl boZbs]hl)
hk^ abZgl \hfiêe^[Zmnk \Zkg^f [noh o^kbZfZl oZe`rmb dbZneb^g
ihk\bgZf fZg]n\Zk^+ .6 <m bee^ fl) c bbh]bnl+ .6OZbZn cbl)
èhkbhlbllbfZf fhkm^f fZ`bl iZlbkbgd]ZfZloêrd`Zk[bg`fbk*
jnZf h]b[be^f obmZf \hfie^\* m) dZbi gîZd^gbZf `ro^gbf)
m^gl) ohengmZkb^ ikZ^b[Zm Z] lni* ch lZoh ghkn dZgb+ /- <i*
ieb\bnf+ /-Dgmn^gl Znm^f) jn^f* loZklmr]ZfZl) dZbi cZf k^bdl
Z]fh]nf hihkm^k^m Z\\^]^k^) d^gmmb bk dZgmkbZbd^gm]ZfZl) cbl
iZmb^gm^klnlmbg^gl) ]^lmbgZobmghg gnlblmZm g^]Zkrmb gê^blmbg ]Z*
Z]fbmm^k^ beeb\bmZ ikhim^k obmZ^ erd ]e f^bel `ro^gbfnb+
Zfhk^f+
bZ iZm [nonlb^cb) iZlb]nh*
/.
Cb Znm^f) jnb ZlmZ[Zgm) bgb* /.
jnZ fbl^kZmbhg^ \hffhmb) ikhi* ]Zfb gnh]fbg`Zf iZlb`Zbecb*
Eh+ ..)68 ./)//+ %.3& K b W _ ]\f(((

Lgb+ Eu+ 21)4+++
%.5& M T_Zlg\ ^\Th _\Xa ( P\d ]pqj
t_p no\othj p_m\pno\) Gpi+ ..)4+
%.6+/-& K T }\T h ]\f((( =ijo bm+ o+7
k\ndmdif_\h\n q`gtf b\m]dib hdmo)
f\dk b_jn npo`ko btqìdh) edn d*
nkejq e dm kj oj ej n\qj ijmp
%o`fdidj& f\id) o\dk f\dk kmdodif\
kmd`dod od`hn) fpmd` ijmd doq`mhdib\d

npndg\dftod ipj fd`fqdìj h\dnoj) fp*
mdj m\b\qdh\n t m\ i`g`dno\n) ijmn o\d
qtfop d bdhoj k\hbdhj btqìod+
%/.& | \T c T g Uhihf\X]\((( =ijl bm+
o+7 od`) fpmd` ]pqj k\nfdmod kmddmod
no\othpd kmd`dib \pfp kjftg+
P\n f\ifdidh\n b\g ]pqj qtfdio\n
=iodjfdeje`+
Turinys
6-/
/ H<F+ 3) //}/6
/0 <m bee^ \h`bmZk^ \hîbm Z^*

mZmbl Z\ l^g^\mnmbl lnZ^ ^fbg^g*
mbZf ]b`gZf) ^m bg`^gbmZ^ gh[b*
ebmZmbl \Zgbmb^f) Zmjn^Z in^khhi*
mbfZ^ \hgo^klZmbhgbl Z\mnl7 ^m l^*
\ng]nf lZg\mZ^ ^m Z ?^h \hg*
]bmZ^ e^`bl \hglmbmnmZ) k^lihg]bm
\bmh) ]b\^gl) ikZ^fbmmb l^ oêe^ bg
bg_^kgnf+ /
1 Ihg ^gbf Z^mZmb ghl*
0
mkZ^ ]b`gnf ^lm) bgjnbm) _bg`^k^7
nm fnemb Z]he^l\^gmbnf) Zk[bmkZg*
m^l @e^ZsZknf ghgZ`bgmZ Zggh*
knf mkZglbll^ Z] obmZf Zeb^gb`^*
gZknf7 02 ^m bilb ikhim^k f^Zf
lbfneZmbhg^f) ^m ikhim^k fh]b*
\nf \hkknimb[bebl obmZ^ m^finl
]^\bibZgmnk) ^m i^k ah\ fZ\neZf)
Zmjn^ ^q^\kZmbhg^f f^Z^ l^g^\*
mnmb \hgjnbkZf+ /3 IZf) ^mlb bg
ikZ^l^gmb m^fihk^ lniieb\bbl ah*
fbgnf ^kbibZk) l^] fZgnf Jf*
gbihm^gmbl g^\ obonl) g^\ ]^_ng*
\mnl ^__n`bZf+ /4LnZf h[ k^f
_hkmbm^k obmZ ^q\^]^g]h)l^g^\mnm^
jnb]^f ]b`gnl ZiiZk^[h7 X Z ] h *
e^l\^gmb[nl Znm^f ^q^fienf _hk*
m^ kêbgjnZf) lb ikhfimh Zgbfh)
Z\ _hkmbm^kikh`kZobllbfblZ\ lZg\*
mbllbfbl e^`b[nl ahg^lmZ fhkm^
i^k_ng`Zk+
Cbl ]b\mbl) \hg_^lmbf Z] lni*
ieb\bnf mkZa^[Zmnk+ /6 Cb Znm^f
jnb ^nf ]n\^[Zgm) ^m iZnehZgm^
_n^kZgm fbmbhk^l) bg bkZf \hgo^k*
fnb ]e l^ghl ln fh`nfb ikb^*

mêrlml) iZf cc Zebg) leZibZ
iZikZ Zmg^mb flhl)dnkbhl cZf
[noh oZebZ oZe`rmb) dZ] cbl Zilb*
f^lm oZe`l) dZbi dZkZebnl [noh
lZdl) Znd flhl) // dZ] mnh
[m b`ê[mZl gnh fbkmb^l+ ?e
l^ghl ikb^mêrlml lnmnhfh`n*
fb) cb^+ê`lb ln cnh mZbi fh*
gbdZb+
/0 =^m cbl iZ`ZeohchZib^ Znd*
m lZoh ZfbZnl bkl^gZmolo^k*
mr[) Zib^ `bfm behl`Zeohl dbe*
gnf bk Zib^ g^lnmîmh lZoh `r*
o^gbfh o^bdlfnl gnh iZm d]b*
drlml bk) bk]ZfZl o^gmh bk
?bôh ]nhmh lmZmrfh gnhlmZm)
`k^bmZb ZmlZd ghkl [mbiZlblmZl
fbknlbc ob^m+ /1Ebl mZk7 I^*
ln]^kbgZfZ ln fl Zfbnfb
o^b]fZbgbZnmb) g^l ]Zn` cZngnh*
eb `Zem iZfZgrmb) ch ` ]ôrgb
]^bfm f^m @e^ZsZkZl i^kcl
lo^mbfZeb `ro^gbf8 /2 cb^ ]e
fZgh o^b]fZbgbZobfhbk]e mknf*
ih ikZ^bgZgbh `ro^gbfh eZbdh
[m lno^]bhmb) bk mZbi Z iêgr*
bZnl lZoh l^gZmo^b `] bk iZ*
gb^dbgbf+ /3I^l) c^b ]Z[Zkmb^l
f^mn Z bk [bZn b`ê[mZl b
fhgb dZgb) Z cnd g^bo^g`*
bZn g^b `roZl) g^b fbkl QblZ*
`Zebh kZgdhl+ /4 Oh]e ]klbZb iZ*
ebd]ZfZl `ro^gbf) Z iZlbkh*
]rlbn o^kmZl lZohl^gZmol)/5 cZn*
gbdZbbZfl `b Z iZebdlbn ]klhl
iZors]) c^b ln iZlbkrbfn bk ]k*
lbZb fbklbn `Zk[bg`Z fbkmbfb ]e
eZ[Zb `^k[bZf bk o^gbZnlb
lmZmrf+
Kh m h]b cblmnhcZn [noh
gno^lmZl dZgb+ /6 Ob^ `b) dn*
kb^ c o^] bk mkninmZgdlbZn[n*
oh oêg^lgb) iZlb]Zo irdbnb
%/0& G Tf\ fgTf (((4 ]od phpo\n+

%/1&Jh `f T` {\h` \4 np \hdp*
hd hjid) fpmd` tm\ o\dk dgb\d bt*
qì) f\dk \+
%/5& : h ib ahiXfgTf((( =ijo bm+ o+7
ej+ %0.& G Ti l mW ( q+ Cmdb\gdpn
m^k ZgmbjnZf obkb Zfb\bmbZf) mhe*

e^gm^l ^nf l^\k^mh kh`Z[Zgm Z_*
_^kkb \Zkg^l) jnb[nlo^l\b ^b eb\^*
[Zm) nm lbfneZk^mnk fZg]n\Zll^)
lb\nm k^q bfi^kZo^kZm ]^lZ\kb_b\bb
\Zkgb[nl7 // nm) ah\ _Z\mh) Zfhk*
m^ eb[^kZk^mnk7 ^m ikhim^k o^m^k^f
obkb Zfb\bmbZf) aZg\ bg ^h _Z\b^*
[Zgm anfZgbmZm^f+
Turinys
/ H<F+ 3) 0-}4) 2
lb lngm ikhim^k l^kfhg^l Z[ ^h

]b\mhl) jnhl beeb i^k Zkkh`ZgmbZf
ikheZmhlZk[bmkZ[Zgmnk+0-N^])\nf
ieZ`bl i^kbf^k^mnk) bg`^fnbm) ^m
]bqbm7 ?hfbg^) jnb aZ[^l lZg\*
mZf l\b^gmbZf) fZgb_^lm^ mn l\bl)
jnbZ) \nf Z fhkm^ ihll^f eb[^*
kZkb) ]nkhl \hkihkbl lnlmbg^h]h*
ehk^l7 l^\ng]nf ZgbfZf o^kh
ikhim^k mbfhk^f mnnf eb[^gm^k
aZ^\ iZmbhk+ 0. @mblm^jnb]^fah\
fh]h obmZ ]^\^llbm) ghg lhenf
bno^gb[nl) l^] ^m ngbo^klZ^ `^gmb
f^fhkbZf fhkmbl lnZ^Z] ^q^f*
ienf obkmnmbl ^m _hkmbmn]bgbl ]^*
kêbgjn^gl+
6L[`_ G;;% . >hgmb`bm Znm^f
^m lîm^f _kZmk^l ngZ \nf fZm*
k^ lnZ Ziikâ^glhl \hfiêeb Z
k^`^ ^]^k^ \hgmkZ _Zl \Zkg^lihk*
\bgZl) _bZ`kbl) ^mmZnk^bl \kn\bZmhl+
/ Pgnl Znm^f ^q beebl) jnb ^kZm
ikbfnl) lb\ Zbm7 Lnb] jnZ^kbl) ^m
jnb] obl ]bl\^k^ Z gh[bl; iZkZmb
lnfnl fhkb) fZ`bl) jnZf iZmkbZl
?^b e^`^l ikZôZkb\Zkb+ 0 DkZmnl
bmZjn^ k^q bnllbm lZkmZ`bg^l) ^m
heeZl Z^g^Zl ln\\^g]b7 jnb[nl
lmZmbf ln\\^glbl) 1 bnllbm) ^b) jnb
ikbhk _n^kZm eh\nmnl)ZfinmZkbebg*
`nZf7 ^m) \nm^ \Zibmbl Z[lmkZ\mZ)
lnffZl jnhjn^ fZgnl ^m i^]^l
^b ikZ^l\bg]b) \^m^kbl ^bnl _kZmkb*
[nl) ^m fZmk^ bglib\b^gmb[nl+ 2@m
\nf bZf i^k hfgbZ bgnmbebl _Z\*
mnl ^ll^m) bnllbm b`g^f Z]fho^kb)
^m Z]an\ libkZgm^f mhkk^kb bg lZk*
mZ`bg^7 bg jnZ \nf ]bn \kn\bZk^*
mnk) \^m^kb ngZ \nf fZmk^ bgob*
J\ud\iu+ q\_di\ ed kdmhpjep ì+
Pno+ fìoojep) i`n edn kdmh\n qd`\d
]pqj ipp_to\n _g i`\ktf\iojn od*
fedhpd+
%4).& JXc gl a \ U eb_\T\( Fd` k\km\no\d
q\_di\hd n`kotid\dn ]mjgd\dn I\f\*
]dè\dn) i`n ed` f\dkk odfedhj f\mt*
bd\d hdm[fìoojep hdmodhd opj h`*
op) f\d Fp_\n I\f\]dèpn dm ej ]mj*
6-0
]e ch iZlZdrm h]b) g^l cb^

fZg) dZ] cbl cnhl iZlZdl b inb*
dr[l+ 0- =^m [Zb`bZfZl nfnmb)
cbl Zmlb]nlh bk mZk7 QbîZmb^mn)
dnkl mnkb o^gm bghcbf) mn cnd
mbdkZb bgZb) dZ] Z) ghkl `ZebZn
blb`ê[mb gnh fbkmb^l) d^gbn
]b]êbnl dgh ldZnlfnl) [^m lZ*
oh bk]rc^ ]e mZoh [Zbfl ZmZb
d^gbn fbên ghkn+ 0. OZbi bmZl
i^klbldrk ln bnh `ro^gbfn) iZ*
ebd]ZfZl g^mbd cZngbdZbbZfl)[^m
bk oblZb mZnmZb lZoh fbkmb^l Zmlb*
fbgbf) ]hkr[l bk ]klhl iZ*
ors]+
- [P]^Vb]TXL^% . <mlbmbdh
mZbi iZm) dZ] [noh ln`Znmb lî*
mrgb [khebZb ]kZn` ln c fhmbgZ
bk kbf[Zbl [^b cZnbhh]hl ]bkZbl
[noh dZkZebZnl o^kbZfb oZe`rmb
ikb^ lmZmrf dbZneb^g fl+
/E ob^gZl) dnkl [noh ibkfZl)mZbi
mZk7 Fh b^dZb bk dh ghkb b f*
l lnbghmb; H^l ^lZf^ iZlbkr*
oêrd fbkmb)dZbii^k^g`mbf*
l mobk ?bôh lmZmrfnl+ 0Onh*
f^m irdl dZkZebnl ebî dZbmbg*
mb+ ldZk]Zl bk oZkbgbnl dZmbenl) h
dZb chl [noh mnhcZn dZbmbgmhl)
1 ebî gnicZnmb mZf) dnklibkfZl
dZe[ch) eb^no bk gnfhonl `Ze*
ohl h]) gndbklmb cZf mZbi iZm
kZgd bk dhc `Zenl) mZb fZmZgm
ch [khebZfl bk fhmbgZb+ 2 FZb cbl
cZn [noh oblZl lnZehmZl) ZgZl
ebî ikblmnfmb c ikb^ n`gb^l bk
]Zk doinhcZgm dîbgmb ZgmldZk*
]hl8 mZbZn dZb cbl m^g [noh be`Zb
gd\d fjqjej _g m`gdbdejn g\dnqn dm

_goj) f\_ e ipf\ifdidh\n k\n\fje\*
b h\n I\f\]dè fitbjn`+ Jpf\ifdid*
) h\n ]pqj qtfdio\n odfmd\pnd\d =iodj*
fdeje`) f\h` q+ Fd`mjith\n tm\ h\*
7 on e f\k) dm f\h` q+ =pbpnodij
g\df\dn ]pqj k\q\_dio\ e q\m_p qdì\
8 ]\itd\+ %/& Bhef Uhib c\e` Tf(
d =ijo bm+ o+7 fpmn kdmh\n \ondgd`k+
Turinys
6- 1
/ H < A + 4) 3 } .1
\^f l^ ahkmZ[Zgmnk fhkb _hkmbm^k) dZgdbgZfZl) dbmb]kZn` ln fhmbgZ

3 ]b\^gm^l7 ?hfbgnl ?^nl Zlib* kZ`bgh ob^gb dbmnl fbkmb ]klbZb)
\b^m o^kbmZm^f) ^m \hglheZ[bmnk bg 3 lZdr]Zfb7 QbîZml ?bôZl fZ*
gh[bl) jn^fZ]fh]nf bg ikhm^l* mrl mb^l bkiZlb`Zbel fl) dZbi
mZmbhg^ \Zgmb\b ]^\eZkZobm Hhrl^l7 rkZ iZk^bdl lZoh ebn]bcbfh`b^l*
@m bg l^kobl lnbl \hglheZ[bmnk+
fc^Hhs7EbliZ`nhllZohmZkgnl
OZb`b fbknl mnh []n ibk*
4
Hhkmnh bmZjn^ beeh ikbfh) 4
ah\ fh]h) l^jn^gm^f ]^]n\^* fZcZf) cb^ o^] dbm iZlbmrbhmb
[Zgm Z] been]^g]nf7 ^m) \nm^ \Z* Infho ch `Zeohl h] ln ieZn*
ibmbl ^bnl \nf \Zibeebl Z[lmkZ\mZ) dZbl) cb^ deZnl) Zk cbl oZe`rl) Zk
bgm^kkh`Z[Zgm)lbfZg]n\Zk^mikbnl) oêrl [mb dZgdbgZfZloblZf^ d*
jnZf mhmh \hkihk^ i^k f^f[kZ g^) db^dob^gZf^lgZkrc^+ 5 =^mcbl)
lbg`neZ ingbk^mnk+ 5 <m bee^) k^l* ZmlZdr]ZfZl mo dZe[Z) mZk7 I^*
ihg]^gl iZmkbZ oh\^) ]bqbm7 Ihg ]Zkrlbn+ Oh]ebk bmZl Zgmkhc^ ob^*
_Z\bZf+ Kkhim^k jnh] ^m blm^) l^* mhc^ bd^gmch ibkfhch dZgbZl+
jn^gmb eh\h) ikbfb mhkf^gmZ lnl* 6 KZldnmbg doZi Zmb]nh]ZfZl
\îbm7 6^m bg nembfh libkbmn \hg* cbl mZbi lZd7 On) ]b]bZnlbZlibd*
lmbmnmnl) lb\ Zbm7 On jnb]^f l\^* mZ]Zkr) mb^lZ) n]Zb fnl bZf^
e^lmbllbf^ bg ikZ^l^gmb obmZ ghl `ro^gbf^) [^m iZlZnebh dZkZebnl
i^k]bl7 l^] M^q fng]b ]^_ng\mhl Zfbghch `ro^gbfh ikblbdebf^
ghl ikh lnbl e^`b[nl bg Z^m^kgZ^ iZZ]bgl fnl fbknlbnl ]e ch
obmZ^ k^lnkk^\mbhg^ lnl\bmZ[bm+
lmZmrf+
Kh bmh [noh mrbhcZfZlbb
.-
Khlm ang\ m^kmbnl been]bmnk) .-
^m ebg`nZf ihlmneZmnl \bmh ikh* mk^bh8 iZk^bdZeZonl cbl `k^bmZb
mnebm) ^m fZgnl \hglmZgm^k ^qm^g* bdbh eb^no bk bmb^l bmo^kfbg*
]bm7 .. ^m \nf _b]n\bZ Zbm7 @ \Z^* `Zb kZgdZl) .. lZdr]ZfZl ln iZ*
eh blmZ ihllb]^h) l^] ikhim^k?^b lbmbdcbfn7 D ]Zg`Znl ^ln `Zol
e^`^l gng\ aZ^\ bilZ ]^lib\bh) mnhl ]Zerdnl) [^m ]e ?bôh lmZ*
jnhgbZf Z[ bilh f^ ^Z k^\îmn* mrf ]Z[Zk eZbdZn cnhl gb^dn)
knf li^kh7 ./ bmZ nm k^q) ^m jnb g^l mnkbn obemb^l oe b ch cnhl
\nf bilh ^kZgm) fbkZk^gmnk Z]h* `Znlbl8 ./mZbidZ] dZkZebnl bk ln
e^l\^gmbl Zgbfnf) jnh] mZfjnZf cnh [nonlb^cb lm^[chlb cZngbdZb*
bh ]klnfn) g^l cbl dZgbZl eZb*
gbabenf ]n\^k^m \kn\bZmnl+
d mZklb gb^dn+
Dk bmZf mZbi fbknl) cb^ iZ*
.0
@m ah\ bmZ ]^_ng\mh) jnZk* .0
mnf o^qZ[Zgm lbfbebm^k mhkjn^g* gZbn []n n] bk dZgdbgh d^m*
m^l+ .1 @m) \nfbZf ^ll^mZ] fhk* obkmc+ .0 12'4EZn Zkmb fbkmb^l []ZfZl
m^f) lb\ Zbm7 Khmbnl ^lm Z[ ahfb* cbl mZbi dZe[ch7 B^kbZn rkZ [mb
gb[nl fhkmb ]Zmhl li^f ^qi^\mZ* fhgb Zmb]nhmb^fl fbkbZbbk mn*
k^ Z ?^h) bm^knf Z[ bilh k^lnl* kmb obemb^l) dZ] ?bôZl oe ikb*
\bmZg]hl7 mb[b ^gbf k^lnkk^\mbh Z] dêl b gnfbknlb7 g^l mZn g^*
[nl Zmlbdebfh `ro^gbf+
obmZf ghg ^kbm+
%2& B T\ ]\f gXa \_ZT\((( Cm+ o+7 f\d b\* %5& K i ^ T _U T 4 \m\h\df\d+
m\d d nf\m_jn ojgd kgond+ %3& A \ f Q
%6& G e\f\^ _\` X cT{TW\af((( Lgb+ Fj]j
cTZhbf((( Ru+ 2 Iju+ 0/)03 %H T T q`m* .6)/38 Eu+ /3).68 Au+ 04).+++
%.1& < \XiTf i _ c e\^X_f((( Lgb+ @\i+
odh`&+
./).+/+.0+
%4& 9e ]\f i T _Z l f 4 fd\pgdì hn+
Turinys
( > 2 <$ -" '+d (*
0',
.6 @m \nf Z]fhobll^gm jnbg*

.2
Kh mh cb^ Zmo^] i^gdm
mnf) o^qZ[Zgm ^nf+ <m bee^) k^l* dZgdbgh c+ OZlZb `b) bk]ZfZl
ib\b^gl bg ^nf) .3 ]bqbm7 Khm^lmZ* c) mZk7 .3 Onk]ZfZl oZe]bhl
m^f bgm^k ahfbg^l aZ[^gl) \nf fhgl^) ghkl ^lb fZknl) mn ]Z*
lbl \hkknimb[bebl) _Z\bl jnh] obl7 kZb) dZbi ghkb8 g^fZgrd mZbZn)
gheb Znm^f inmZk^ `^gnl ghlmknf [d fl `bfbg ^lZgmb ?bôh
Z ?^h ^ll^ ]^kêb\mnf+ .4 mn Zn* Zie^blmZ+ .4 KZeZnd mbd mkninmb bk
m^f iZmb^gm^k lnlmbg^) ^m ob]^[bl mn fZmrlb ]b]ê ch `Zeb) dZbi cbl
fZ`gZf ihm^lmZm^f bilbnl) jnZ* [Znl mZo^ bk mZoh Zbgbc+
ebm^k m^) ^m l^f^gmnnf mhkjn^[bm+
.5
Khlm ang\ ]n\^[Zgm l^q* .5
Kh bmh o^] ^m) bk cb
mnf) ^m bl) fhkb bg\bib^gl) lb\ Zbm7 cZn fbk]ZfZl) lZd mZbi7 I^derld
Iheb _knlmkZ ^kkZk^7 ghl^gbf ikh* [^ k^bdZeh) g^l f^l mZb d^gbZf^
im^k ghlf^mbilhl aZ^\ iZmbfnk) ]e fl iZb) g^l ^lZf^ gn*
i^\\Zgm^l bg ?^nf ghlmknf) ^m lb]c fl ?bônb) bk mh]e ord*
]b`gZ Z]fbkZmbhg^ _Z\mZ lngm bg lmZ fnfrl^ lm^[mbg ]Zerd+
gh[bl7 .6 mn Znm^f g^ ^qblmbf^l .6 =^m mn g^fZgrd) dZ] mZn g^*
mb[b bfing^ _nmnknf) jnh] \hg* [nl [Znlfl) g^l mn b]klZb dh*
mkZ ?^nf in`gZk^ m^gmZo^kbl+
ohmb ikb^ ?bô+
/-
=^ `Zeh lm^[mbgZ bk`^k
/- NnikZ fh]nf Znm^f fZ*
m^k fbkZ[bebl) ^m [hghknf f^fh* Zmlbfbgbfh o^kmZ [noh fhmbgZ)
kbZ ]b`gZ) jnZ^ i^k^ngm^l lîm^f dnkb) fZmr]ZfZ gZgbnl lîmr*
_bebhl ln[ ngbnl ]b^b m^fihk^ \hg* gbl lgnlob^ghl ]b^ghl f^mn) mZb
lib\b^gl)[hghZgbfh_^k^[Zmikhi* iZde ]klbZb ]e obemb^l) dnkb
m^k li^f) jnZfbg ?^nf aZ[^[Zm7 mnkch ?bônc^+ /. Fb^dob^g c cb
/. lbg`nehl beehknf ahkmZ[Zmnk oh* mobkmZb kZ`bgh mo dZe[Z)ibegZ b*
\^ iZmkbZ _hkmbm^k) kîe^mZ lZib^g* fbgmb^l bk) cng`]ZfZ fhm^kl cZn*
mbZ7 ^m) _^fbg^Z^ \h`bmZmbhgb fZl* mknf ln orkh ]klZ) // cb cb^fl
\nebgnf Zgbfnf bgl^k^gl) // ]b* dZe[ch7 < g^bgZn) dZbi cl Zm*
qbm Z] ^hl7 I^l\bh jnZebm^kbg nm^* lbkZ]hm^ fZgh lbhc^) g^l g^ Z
kh f^h ZiiZknblmbl7 g^jn^ ^gbf ]ZobZn cnfl ]oZlb) lbê bk `r*
^`h libkbmnf ^m ZgbfZf ]hgZob or[) bk g^ Z lncng`bZn cl
oh[bl ^m obmZf) ^m lbg`nehknf db^dob^gh lgZkbnl) /0 [^m iZlZn*
f^f[kZ ghg ^`h bilZ \hfi^`b) ebh NnmokcZl)dnkllnmoZkdfh*
/0 l^] ^gbf fng]b >k^Zmhk) jnb `Znl `bfbf bk dnkl gnlmZm ob*
_hkfZobm ahfbgbl gZmbobmZm^f)jnb* l ]Zerd ikZ]b) cbl oe ln`Zb*
jn^ hfgbnf bgo^gbm hkb`bg^f) e^lmbg`nfn ln`kbgl cnfl ]oZ*
^m libkbmnf oh[bl bm^knf \nffb* b bk `ror[) mZbi dZbi cl eZb*
l^kb\hk]bZ k^]]^m ^m obmZf) lb\nm dhm^ lZo^ gb^dn ]e ch lmZmrf)
gng\ohlf^mbilhl]^lib\bmblikhi* b /1 <gmbhdZl `b) lnikZl]ZfZl) dZ]
m^k e^`^l ^bnl+ /1 <gmbh\anl Zn* cbl gb^dbgZfZl) oblZb g^deZnlr]Z*
m^f) \hgm^fgb l^ Zk[bmkZmnl) lb* 8 fZl ]ZkZgbh ikb^dZbmnl [Zelh)
%.2& = f\ ` Teh f4 \ifnd\p \m qgd\p

npno\]_tn o\q` @d`qj qdn\b\gt]+
%.5& E Xf ` X f4 t_ o\po\+ J gX'
Ug\a 4 k\nd]\dnodi+
%/.& Aha ZWT` T((( =ijo bm+ o+7 nodk*
Turinys
mdi_\h\ hjo`mdfn e\pomph qtmd*

f\ _mn\+ %//& JaTe\hf( =ijo bm+
o+7 h`_d\b) d fpmdjn np_\mjh\n
hjb\pn fi\n+ %/1& J h gX\^f\f
]T` ((( Cm+ o+7 k\q`dn e\h %\pfo\n&
0'-
) >2<& .$ ),%**
fne ^m ^qikh[kZgmbl oh\^ ]^li^\* Q dZ]Zg`b ]Zk [noh ebdl cZngbZn*
mZ) \nf Z]an\ Z]he^l\^gmbhk ln* b lbZl) kZ`bgh c g^ mbdh]bZbl) [^m
i^k^ll^m) ghg lhenf o^k[bl ahk* b bk ln ikb^lZbdZ mobkmbgh) iZ]Zkr*
mZ[Zmnk) l^] ^m \nf bnkZf^gmh D lbl c mnkmbg` bk eZbfbg`) eZbdr*
Z__bkfZ[Zm l^ ]bobm^f ^m [^Zmnf lbl c ikb^mêbn bk lnm^bdlbl cZf
_Z\mnknf) ^m mkZgleZmnf Z iZmkbbl 8 oblZ) dh k^bdbZ) c^b cbl blbZ]l
e^`b[nl Zfb\nf aZ[bmnknf) ^mk^l c lZoh mo lmZmrf+ /2 =^mdZbcZn*
g^\^llZkbZl ^b ikZ^[bmnknf+/2N^] 7 gbdZbmbl oblZb g^lb]Zo iZe^gdbZ*
Z] aZ^\ \nf Z]he^l\^gl g^jnZ* fZl) dZkZebnl iZZnd fhmbg bk
jnZf)bg\ebgZk^mnk)oh\Zobmk^qfZ* b dZe[bgch cZbbfmbl cZngbdZbbh `ê*
mk^f) ^m lnZ]^[Zm ^bnmZ]he^l\^gmb c [cbfh+ )/3 J dZb cbl [noh c cZn
_b^k^m bg lZenm^f+ /3 >nf Znm^f iZkZ`bgl ]Zn`êbn h]b) cb iZ*
fnembl ^Zf o^k[bl ^ll^mahkmZmnl) ) Z]ch i^kdZe[mb lZoh lg+
ikhfblbm lnZlnkZf l^ _bebh lnh+ c /4 OZb`b iZlbe^gdnl ikb^ch)bcnhd*
/4 DmZjn^ bg\ebgZmZ Z] beenf) bkkb* c ]ZfZ gnhf [n]ê) cb mZk m *
]^gl \kn]ê^f mrkZggnf) Zbm iZ* . o dZe[Z7 HZgh lgZn) iZlb`Zb*
mkbZ oh\^7 Abeb fb) fbl^k^k^ f^b) c ed fZgl) dnkb g^bhcZn mZo^]^*
jnZ^ m^ bg nm^kh gho^f f^glb* orgbl fg^lbnl lbhc^ bk mk^cnl
[nl ihkmZob) ^m eZ\ mkb^ggbh ]^]b f^mnl bg]bZn mZo^ bk fZbmbgZn
^m Zenb ^m bg Z^mZm^f blmZf i^k* u
bk nZn`bgZn bmZfb+ X K kZ *
]nqb+ /5 K^mh) gZm^) nm Zlib\bZl Zn mZo^) fZgh oZbd^ iZoêd
Z] \hênf ^m m^kkZf ^mZ] hfgbZ D ]Zg` bk ^fbk oblZ) dZlcnhl^
jnZ^ bg ^bl lngm7 ^m bgmêeb`Zl) 8 rkZ) bk lnikZld) dZ] ?bôZl cnhl
jnbZ ^q gbabeh _^\bm beeZ ?^nl) ^m 7 bkfhgb `bfbg rkZ iZ]Zkl b
ahfbgnf `^gnl7 /6 bmZ _b^m) nm gb^dh8 /6 mnh []n Zmlbmbdl) dZ]
ghg mbf^Zl \Zkgb_b\^f blmnf) l^] c mn g^[bchlb bh [n]êbh8[^m []Z*
]b`gnl _kZmkb[nl mnbl ^__^\mnliZk* 8 fZl o^kmZl lZoh [kheb]ZebgbgdZl)
mb\îl) lnl\bi^ fhkm^f) nm bg ikbbfdfbkm) dZ]mZfîZbZfîZ*
beeZ fbl^kZmbhg^\nf _kZmkb[nl mnbl lb`Zbecbf^ Z ZmlbbfbZn mZo^
m^ k^\bibZf+
]kZn` ln mZoh[khebZbl+
0- EZb mZb ]Zk m^[^lZdZgm) cZn*
5- >nf aZ^\ beeZ Z]an\ ]b\^*
k^m) Zbm Z]he^l\^gl7 Ln^f lnlmb* gbdZbmbl mZk7 Fh cl eZndbZm^; <
g^mbl; ghg h[^]bh ikZ^\îmh k^* g^deZnlZn dZkZebZnl lZdrfh)[^m
`bl) l^] ikZ^\îmh e^`bl) jnZ^]Z* lZdrfh mh lmZmrfh) dnkl rkZ
mZ ^lm gh[bl i^k Hhrl^g+ 0. On fnfl ]nhmZl i^kHhs+ 0. On `b)
o^kh) jnb bgo^gmhkhfgbl fZebmbZ^ dnkl ^lb bkZ]cZl oblhdbhl ibd*
_Z\mnl^l bg C^[kZ^hl) ghg ^__n* m^gr[l ^[kZcZfl)g^bo^g`lb ?b^*
`b^l fZgnf ?^b+ 0/ Ihl ^gbf oh kZgdhl+ 0/ I^l f^l mZb d^g*
ikh i^\\Zmbl ghlmkbl aZ^\ iZmb* bZf^ ]e fl gnh]fb) 00 bk
fnk+ 00 @m lb gh[bl ikhim^k bg\k^* c^b QbîZml) fl ?bôZl) ghk*
iZmbhg^f) ^m \hkkîmbhg^f ?hfb* ]ZfZl ln]kZnlmb bk gn[Znlmb)
q\gnot]n k\m`dbqdò`n+ %/2& E Xf\' F gjhdn dm g\]d\p odfdi\id\d+ K eX]h f
W T i c T_Xa ^\T` Tf( Cm+ o+7 i`fm`dk . ` Xghf((( Nto \gtn` q\df\d di_jhd
dfd om`d) iò dfd fòqdmop hò+ Lgb+
_h`ndj+ @` g\f ]Th a \^T\}\b((( Cm+ o+7
Lm\_+ /.)58 E+ /)6+++ %/5& J hceTf^&
]od e\pidf\ddj k\o\me\ e\h dndb`g*
^TW((( @d`qj Opoqmej qdn\b\gt] k\*
]od+ %/3& G T { T W ]b c X e ^ T _U g\4 \k*
no\h\ ej fmdid \knq\mnothp+
ndhò npodif\iod k`mf\g]od+ %/4&
%0/& B Xa }\T` X W _ `hfh((( Lgb+ \pf+
G T f\_Xa ^ h f4 b\g ijm_\h\ f\g]od ot *
Turinys
/ H<F+ 4) 0 1 * 5 ) .
gl ?^nl ghlm^k fh]b\nf bkZ*

mnl ^lm7 l^] bm^knf k^\hg\bebZ[b*
mnk l^kobl lnbl+ 01 On Znm^f) h
l\ê^lm^) ^mhfgbnf ahfbgnf _eZ*
`bmbhlbllbf^) gheb _knlmkZ ^qmheeb
oZgbl li^[nl bg l^kohl ^bnl bg*
_eZffZmnl) 02 ghg]nf ^gbf hf*
gbihm^gmbl* ?^b) ^m hfgbZ bglib*
\b^gmbl) bn]b\bnf^__n`blmb+ 0BIZf
_kZmk^l f^b) fh]b\h gng\ ]hehk^
lnlm^gmZmh) ln[ m^lmZf^gmh Z^m^k*
gZ^ obmZ^ ^__^\mb lngm7 mn o^kh bn*
]b\bh ?^b bnlmZl lni^k[bZ^ mnZ^
ih^gZl ^qheo^l+ 04 @`h Znm^f)
lb\nm ^m _kZmk^l f^b) ZgbfZf) ^m
\hkinl f^nf mkZ]h ikh iZmkbbl
e^`b[nl7 bgoh\Zgl ?^nf fZmn*
kbnl `^gmb ghlmkZ^ ikhibmbnf _b^kb)
m^jn^ \nf mhkf^gmbl ^m o^k[^kb*
[nl \hg_bm^kb jnh] bil^^lm ?^nl
lhenl+ 05Dg f^ o^kh ^m bg _kZmkb*
[nl f^bl ]^lbg^m hfgbihm^gmbl
bkZ) jnZ^ lni^k hfg^ `^gnl ghl*
mknf bnlm^lni^k]n\mZ^lm+ 06Ong\
k^q Z\\^glnl bkZ bg ang\ lni^k
hfg^l \kn]êbnl ]^lZôbbm) bg]b`*
g^ _^k^gl l^ ]^kblnf+ 1- @m ab\
bmZjn^ fng]nl h[bbm) i^k hfgbZ
bg ?hfbgh \hg_b]^gl+
1.
Ihobllbf^ Znm^f ihlm
ebhl ^mfZm^k \hglnfimZ ^lm+ X D` b*
mnk ]^lZ\kb_b\bbl) ^m ]^ gbfbbl\kn*
]êbmZmb[nl lZmbl ]b\mnf ^lm+
6-4
fnfl klmbgZlb g e h ` c eZbd) mZb

cbl oe lnlb]^kbgl ln lZoh mZk*
gZbl+ 01 On `b) i ibdmZ]Zkr bk ]b*
]bZnlbZ erdmrg obl fhgb
mZki^) g^lbZndmbgdobembfbl) lbZnl*
]ZfZl ikb^ ch mZkgnl) 02 g^l mn
]Zk g^bo^g`^b oblZ`Zebgbh bkob*
lZ fZmZgbh ?bôhm^blfh+ 03I^l
fZgh [khebZb) bd^gmc ]Z[Zk
mknfi ldZnlf) mZih ]ZerobZbl
iZZ]mh Zfbghch `ro^gbfh8 mn
`b ?bôh m^blf^ d^gmlb m^blbg`
[Znlf ]e lZoh inbdr[l+ 04 <)
dZbi bk fZgh [khebZb)Zmb]nh]nlZ *
oh `ror[ bk dg ]emo lmZ*
mrf) fZe]Zn]ZfZl ?bô) dZ]
cbl `k^bbZn iZlb`Zbemfl mZn*
mhl bk dZ] mn dZgbhl^ bk ieZdb*
fnhl^ biZbgmnf^b) ch ` cbl ob^*
gZl rkZ ?bôZl8 05fZgrc^ bk fZ*
gh [khebnhl^ iZlb[Zb`lQblZ`Zebh
klmr[) dnkb rkZ m^blbg`Zb Zmo^*
lmZZgm oblhlfl mZnmhl+ X O n h *
f^m dZkZebnl) nlb]^`l klmr[^)
gnhfbZn lbnmh ikb^ bm) dZbi
ikb^ oblnl dbmnl) g^`Ze]ZfZl
iZdlmb)dZ][nohbcnhdmZl+ 1-OZb*
`b bk bmZl fbk g^lnmîmZl) ibe*
gZb iZlbmbd]ZfZl QbîZbn+
BZe^ `b ih lZoh lg [
_b* 1.
oh gnn]rmZ bk fhmbgZ+ 1/OZb`b
Zib^ZndZlbkZib^ [^`Zebgbnlgnh*
fnfnl iZlZdrmZ `ZgZ+
N!% pbO{ WLTXwUTXLT# 4Y_TZV`T 8[TQLY`T aTPo[L_LÙLY_%

6L[`_ QDDD+ . En]Zlo^kh HZ* b
5 i ^ kl d r kbf Z l + .En]ZlHZ*
\aZ[Z^nl) ^m jnb \nf beeh ^kZgm) dZ[b^cnl bk ln cnh[nonlb^cb ^b]Z*
.4 `dg+ %04& B Ta }\bfX \e((( LEb+ 6)
2/5+
%1.& E h{hWlgT \e ` bg\aT( O`kotid
]mjgdp dm e hjodijn ipf\ifdidh\n)
\ijo nìjqn gdp_dedhj) qtfn =iodj*
fdeje`) d\ k\o `n\io f\m\gdpd =iodj*
fpd) =pojmdpn) m\t_\h\n d\ n\*
qj k\n\fjedh dgb`ni`n f\d fpmd \n*
hì km\f\g]\n) opmej) ]` \]èj) i\p*
Turinys
_jodn nìjqe` qdnp kmdk\dio\ m\t*

oje\hn _d_`ni` g\dnq`) i`n m`df\gdi*
b\d od`n\d dm`dfod tm\ b \i \)F`d km\*
f\g]\ \o\odif\ f\g]\idp ]_) tm\
kmdo\dfdio\ g\dfj ngtbjhn dm tm\ o\mnd
bdhpnd d qtfdp od`njn %Gi\]ì]\p`m+
/ I\f+ 4)1.&+
5). .-)6+ Fp_\n) km\_en fjq\ np
i`_\pb`gdp dodfdhe) ipb\gd =iodj*
0'/
/ H<F+ 5) / * 5
bgmkhb[Zgm eZm^gm^k bg \ZlmêeZ7 ^m oh leZibZc fb^lmêbnl) lnZnd]Z*

\hgoh\Zgm^l \h`gZmhl)^m Zfb\hl) b oh `bfbg^l bk ikb^mêbnl) iZlbbf*
^m^hl) jnb i^kfZgl^kngm bgen]Zbl* ]Zoh mnhl) dnkb^ iZlbebdhbmbdbfb
fh) Zllnf^gm^l) ^]nq^kngm Z] l^ c r] lmZmrfnb) bk mZbi cb^ bo^]
l^q fbeebZ obkhknf+ / @m bgoh\Z* iZl lZo^ ^bl mdlmZgbnl ork+
[Zgm ?hfbgnf) nm k^lib\^k^m bg / Eb^ Zndlb QbîZm) dZ] iZ*
ihinenf)jnbZ[ hfgb[nl \Ze\Z[Z* oê`m mZnm) dnkb [noh obl
mnk7 ^m fbl^k^k^mnk m^fieh jnh] . fbg]hfZ)dZ]iZlb`Zbemo^gmrd*
\hgmZfbgZ[Zmnk Z[bfibbl7 0 fbl^* ehl) dnkb [noh [^]bôb lnmîZ*
k^k^mnk ^mbZf ^qm^kfbgbh \bobmZmbl) fZ) 0 dZ] iZlb`Zbem mZbiiZm ln*
jnZ^ ^ll^m beeb\h \hfieZgZg]Z) ^m u
gZbdbgmh) fb^lmh) dnkl mnkch [mb
oh\^f lZg`nbgbl Z] l^ \eZfZg* mnhcZn lner`bgmZlln ^f^) bkdZ]
mbl Zn]bk^m7 1 f^fhkZk^mnk jnh* b`bklm ZndbZgm lZo^ dkZnch
jn^ bgbjnbllbfZl fhkm^l iZkon* [Zel) 1 [^ mh) dZ] Zmlbfbgm g^*
ehknf bggh\^gmnf)^m[eZlia^fbZl m^blbg`bZnlbZl g^dZemd]bdbfbk*
ghfbgb lnh beeZmZl) ^m bg]b`gZk^* mbl bk lZoh oZk]nb mZkmnl ibdmZ*
mnk lni^k abl+ 2 <m HZ\aZ[Z^nl) h]bZobfnl bk dZ] d^krm ]e
\hg`k^`ZmZ Xfnembmn]bg^) bgmhe^kZ* m ]Zerd+ 2 HZdZ[b^cnl `b) ln*
kbgdl ]Zn`r[) ]Zklb iZ`hgbfl
[bebl `^gmb[nl ^__b\b^[Zmnk7 bkZ
^gbf ?hfbgb bg fbl^kb\hk]bZf [Zblnl) g^l QbîZmb^l klmr[
\hgo^klZ ^lm+ 3 @m lni^ko^gb^gl [noh obkmnlb `Zbe^lmbg`nfn+ 3I^*
\Zlmêebl) ^m \bobmZmb[nl bfikhob* mbdmZb ine]ZfZl fb^lmêbnl bk
lnl) ln\\^g]^[Zm ^Zl7 ^m hiihk* fb^lmnl) cbl cnhl ln]^`bg]Zoh) h
mngZ eh\Z h\\niZgl) ghg iZn\Zl iZbf]ZfZl iZmh`bZl ob^mZl) ln*
ahlmbnf lmkZ`^l ]Z[Zm7 4fZqbf^ ]nh]Zoh gîkb^mêbZfl g^fZZ
Znm^f gh\mb[nl Z] anbnl\^fh]b lf`b+ 4 SiZ `b gZdmbfbl cbl
^q\nklnl _^k^[Zmnk) ^m _ZfZ obkmn* Zmebd]Zoh mhdbnl r`bnl) bk `Zg*
mbl ^bnl n[bjn^ ]b__ng]^[Zmnk+ ]Zl Zib^ ch ]kl lder]h oblnk+
Onhf^mKberiZl) fZmr]ZfZ
5
Qb]^gl Znm^f Kabebiinl iZn* 5
eZmbf obknf Z] ikh_^\mnf o^gbk^) b dZ] mZl fh`nl ^bgZiZfZnlmbi*
Z\ _k^jn^gmbnl k^l ^b\^]^k^ ikhl* . krg bk dZ] ch r`bZb cZf obl ]Z*
i^k^) Z] Kmhe^fZ^nf ]n\^f > h^* b gbZn iZordlmZ) iZkZ >ê^lrkb*
e^lrkbZ^) ^m Kah^gb\bl l\kbilbm nm c chl bk K^gbdbchl ob^mbgbgdnb Kmh*
.-0#8 ./ k`mnf) dm . I\f+ 2 k`mnf+8
fj q\_pn Jdf\ijm dm fdopn %5).03&+
/ I\f+ 6). /6 dm+ . I\f+ 3). .38 /
G\m\gdpn =iodjf\n) bm_\h\n d L `m*
ndejn) @d`qj dodfo\n) dk\no\ n\qj I\f+ .0 k`mnf) dm . I\f+ 3).4368 /
I\f+ .1).1+++ dm . I\f+ 4 k`mnf+
ipndf\godhpn t_\hn) m\j ed`hn m\*
%/& : h i b UXW\Xi$(( Lgb+ . I\f+ .)
o dm hdmo\ f`gdjie` %6).,3$Q Fp*
_\n \kq\gj hd`no dm ]\itd %.-) /0 32+ %0& B eT h ]b 4 fìoojep
fm\pej+ Lgb+ Lm\_+ 1).-+ %1& E X'
. 6&+
%5).&
Ah W T f((( d\ t m\ onditn k\*^T_g ^W\^\((( Lgb+ 3).- dm . I\f+
.31+ %4& K b ^ \h b f { l Z \h f4 k\nd`f*
n\fjedhj) km\_oj 2)/4+ G\g]\h\ kg\*
_\h\n qdò\n dm p L\g`nodijn md]+
d\p \kd` opjn k\o qtfdpn) fpmd`
Lgb+ . I\f+ 0)6/2+
omphk\d k\hdiod . I\f+ 0)/+ Htbd*
%5& G \_l c T f( Ru+ 2)//+ G gb _X` \X'
i\io / I\f+ fi+ k\n\fjedh np . I\f+
]h\( Lgb+ 1)12 dm . I\f+ 0)05+ P\n
fi+) gtbd\bm`djhdn qdòjhdn m`dfop
Lojg`hdèpn ]pqj g\]\d k\odfdh\n f\*
g\dftod d\n7 / I\f+ 5). 02 dm .
m\gd\pn kmdò`gdn8 d ej o\o ]pqj g\p*
I\f) 0). 1)/48 / I\f+ ..). ./ %.0
.5& dm . I\f+ 1)/0 028 / I\f+ .-) fd\h$ f\_ edn g\]d\p i`bp f\n fdo\n
mkdi\nd f\m\gd\pn m`df\g\dn dm oj_g
. 5 dm . I\f+ 1)03 3.8 / I\f+ .-)
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ." / # ' +
Znqbebnf _^kk^m k^`blg^`hmbbl+6 <m

bEE^ oêh\bm^kf blbm Ib\Zghk^f KZm*
kh\eb ]^ ikbfhkb[nl Zfb\nf) ]Z*
mbl ^b ]^ i^kfblmbl `^gmb[nl) Zk*
fZmbl ghg fbgnl ob`bgmb fbeeb[nl)
nm ngbo^klnf Dn]Z^hknf `^gnl
]ê^k^m) Z]bng\mh ^b ^m Bhk`bZob*
kh fbebmZkb) ^m bg [êeb\blk^[nl ^q*
i^kb^gmbllbfh+ .- >hglmbmnbm Znm^f
Ib\Zghk) nm k^`b mkb[nmnf) jnh]
MhfZgbl ^kZm ]Zg]nf) ]nhfbeebZ
mZe^gmhknf ]^ \ZimbobmZm^ Dn]Z^h*
knf lniie^k^m7 .. lmZmbfjn^ Z]
fZkbmbfZl \bobmZm^l fblbm) \hgoh*
\Zgl Z]\h^fimbhg^f Dn]Zb\hknf
fZg\bibhknf) ikhfbmm^gl l^ gh*
gZ`bgmZ fZg\bibZ mZe^gmh ]blmkZ\*
mnknf) ghg k^lib\b^gl Z] obg]b\*
mZf) jnZ^ ^nf Z[ Jfgbihm^gm^
^ll^m \hgl^\nmnkZ+
/&/
./ en]Zl Znm^f n[b \hfi^kbm)

bg]b\Zobm abl) jnb l^\nf ^kZgm)Dn*
]Z^bl Ib\Zghkbl Z]o^gmnf+ .0 @q
jnb[nl jnb]Zf _hkfb]Zgm^l) ^m
ghg \k^]^gm^l) ?^b bnlmbmbZ^) bg
_n`Zf o^km^[Zgmnk7 .1Zebb o^kh lb
jnb] ^bl lni^k^kZm o^g]^[Zgm)lb*
fnejn^ ?hfbgnf ]îk^\Z[Zgmnk
nm^kbi^k^m^hlZ[bfibh Ib\Zghk^)
jnb^hlikbnl jnZf\hfbgnl o^gb*
k^m)o^g]b]^kZm7 .2 ^m lb ghg ikhi*
m^k ^hl ikhim^k m^lmZf^gmnf mZ*
f^gjnh]^kZmZ]iZmk^l ^hknf)^m
ikhim^k bgoh\Zmbhg^f lZg\mb ^m
fZ`gb_b\b ghfbgbl ^bnl lni^k bi*
e^fb^cnb) dZ] ^bm oiZ`Ze[ dZ*

kZebZnl k^bdZeZfl+ 6 bmZl Zmlbngm
ldn[bZb KZmkhdeh lg IbdZghk)
ob^g b ibkfc lZoh ikb^mêb)
bk ]Zo cZf b oZbkb mZnm g^*
fZbZn dZbi ]ob]^bfm mdlmZgb
`bgdenhm ork) dZ] lngZbdbgm
obl r] mZnm8 cbl iZldrk cZf
mZbi iZm dZkbnhf^gl oZ] Bhk*
`bc) fh` eZ[Zb ikbmrknl dZkh
]Zerdnhl^+ .- IbdZghkZl `b gn*
lblmZm lnkbgdmbb iZk]nhm r]
[êZblob dZkZebnb ]nhde)dnkb k^b*
dch ]nhmb khfgZfl)]nmdlmZg*
bn mZe^gm+ .. Oh]ecbl mnhcZn iZ*
lbngm iZckbh fb^lmnl) dob^l*
]ZfZl ibkdmb r] o^k`) Z]*
]ZfZl Zmb]nhmb ]ôrgbZl ]^bf*
mbl o^k` n ob^g mZe^gm) g^Zm*
lboê`]ZfZl d^km) dnkl mnk*
ch c iZlb^dmb b QblZ`Zebh+
./ FZbimbd En]Zllnbghch Zib^
IbdZghkh Zmordbf) cbl ikZg^
mb^fl r]Zfl)dnkb^ ln cnh [noh+
.0E dZb dnkb^) gnlb`Zg] bkgîZ*
lbmbd]Zfb ?bôh m^blr[^) iZ[`h8
.1 =^m dbmb iZk]Zobgch) c^b]Zk mn*
kch d Zmeb^dZfZ) ]kZn` fZe]Z*
oh QbîZm b`ê[mb cnhl b [^*
]bôbh IbdZghkh) dnkl [noh iZk*
]Zol ZgdlbZn) g^`n [noh iZml
Zmcl) .2c^b g^ ]e c iZb) mZb
[^gm ]e lZg]hkhl) iZ]Zkrmhl ln
c moZbl) bk ]e ZndbZfh Zgm c
o^gmhbk`Zk[bg`hcoZk]h+ .3HZ*
dZ[b^cnl) lnZndl lîmrgbl mdl*
k\ndnoìbn npi\dfdiod Fp_j I\f\]d`*

e\pn ]mdpn+ %6& E \^Ta be( Ru+ .
I\f+ 0)05+ EX ` T{\Th ^ T \c W i \W X'
y\` g((( =ijo . I\f+ 0)06 Jdf\ijm\n
opmen 1-+--- knodidifp dm 4--- m\d*
o`gdp+ C\gd o\o ]od) f\_ d\ nf\dd\d
k\f`dnod k`mm\diojep i`\knddmed*
hp+ %.-& E \^TabeTf((( Fdn ]pqn
t_\hn g\]\d i`k\g\ifpn+ . I\f+ 4)
/3+++ < h b^_X) ^he\(((4 /--- o\gìop
f\n hò\d+ Lgb+ . I\f+ 0)1.8 5)3+4+
< Xila \Tf W Xy\` g\f(((4 oj_g g\]\d
kdbd\ f\di\7 p qdì q`mb ijmej
b\pod odf \kd` .5- gdop) j e`d opmo\

b\gqje` ntmdfd o\gìo\d) o\d odf kpn
od`f+
%.1& A X \ W T e gh e]b((( Fp_j \gdidi*
f\d e\p ]pqj iò`f thdjn n\qj gj*
]dj _\gd`n) ]ò dm o\d) f\n _\m ]pqj
gdf) ed` k\m_\qdiej) f\_ k\otn opm*
op _\pbd\p g fjqjhn dm f\_ kmd`*
\d kpg_\hd m\nop fpj h\d\pnd\ bmj*
]dj+ %.2& < _ yTh ^\T` b((( F`d Rd`*
k\on) fpmdpj t_\d k\ndodfd) ed`hn i`*
k\_n) o\d kmd`\d otdjndn i` odf d
t_p) ]ò dm d e Rd`k\od`n) fpmd g\d*
Turinys
6.-
/ H < F + 5) .3} / /
lhl+ .3 >hgoh\Zmbl Znm^f HZ\aZ* mZgbnl m) dnkb^ ch eZbdlb) kZ`b*
[Z^nl lîm^f fbeeb[nl) jnb \nf gh cnhl g^lbmZbdbgmb ln gîkb^m^*
bilh ^kZgm) kh`Z[Zm g^ ahlmb[nl ebZbl bk g^[bchmb g^m^blbg`Zb ikb^
k^\hg\bebZk^gmnk) g^jn^f^mn^k^gm cnhl Zm^bgZgb gîkb^mêb ]Zn`r*
bgbjn^ o^gb^gmbnf Z]o^klnf l^ [l) [^m dhohmb ]klbZb) .4 mnkbgm
ahlmbnf fnembmn]bg^f) l^] _hkmb* ikb^ Zdbl c g^m^blbg`Zb iZ]Zkrm
m^k \hgm^g]^k^gm) .4 Zgm^ h\nehl o^gmZb ob^mZb ^b]bf) mZbi iZm bk
aZ[^gm^l \hgmnfêbZf) jnZ^ eh* bgb^dbgmh fb^lmh ldkbZn]) [^ mh)
\h lZg\mh Z[ abl bgbnlm^ ^ll^m ]Zk bk iZgZbdbgmnl l^gc gnh*
beeZmZ) bm^fjn^ ^m en]b[kbhaZ[bmZ^ lmZmnl+ .5 I^l cb^) lZd cbl+ mb^lZ)
\bobmZmbl bgbnkbZf) Z]an\ ^mbZf iZlbmbdb `bgdeZbl bkZdbiebdnfn)
o^m^knf bglmbmnmZ\hgonelZ+ .5IZf f^l `b iZlbmbdbf^ oblZ`Zebgbn
beeb jnb]^f Zkfbl \hg_b]ngm) Zbm) QbîZbn) dnkl ob^gn fhlmêcb*
lbfne ^m Zn]Z\bZ7 ghl Znm^f bg fn `Zeb lngZbdbgmb bk Zm^bgZgbnl
hfgbihm^gm^ ?hfbgh) jnb ihm^lm ikb^ fnl bk obl iZlZne+ .6 Ebl
^mo^gb^gm^l Z]o^klnf ghl) ^mngb* ikbfbg cb^fl bk ?bôh iZ`Ze[)
o^klnf fng]nf ngh gnmn ]ê^* = lnm^bdm ikhmobZfl) bk dZbi N^*
k^) \hg_b]bfnl+ .6 <]fhgnbm Zn* gZd^kb[h eZbdZbl noh bfmZl Z*
m^f ^hl ^m ]^ Znqbebbl ?^b) jnZ^ mnhgbhl ]^bfmrl i^gdb mdlmZg*
_Z\mZ lngm ^k`Z iZk^gm^l7^m jnh] bZb) /- bk m dho) dnkb cb^fl m^*
ln[ N^ggZ\a^kb[ \^gmnf h\mh* dh dhohmb ikb^ `ZeZmnl =Z[behgb*
`bgmZ jnbgjn^ fbeebZ i^kb^kngm7 $ chc^) dZbi) dhoZb ikZlb]cnl bkl*
/- ^m ]^ ikZêbh) jnh] ^bl Z]o^k* cng`bgbgdZfl
fZd^]hgb^bZfl
lnl BZeZmZl _nbm bg =Z[rehgbZ)nm lorknhcZgm) cb^ iZmrl ob^gb) ^b
hfg^l) n[b Z]k^f o^gmnf ^lm)HZ mdlmZgbZb) lnfn bfb ]ob]^*
\^]hgb[nl lh\bbl aZ^lbmZgmb[nl) bfm mdlmZgb ]e ]nhmhl cb^fl
bilb l^q fbeebZ lheb i^k^f^kngm b ]Zg`Znl iZ`Ze[hl bk mnhXeZb*
\^gmnf ob`bgmb fbeebZ ikhim^k Zn* fcheZ[Zb]ZnìZmh`nf +/.bZbl
qbebnf beebl ]Zmnf ]^ \Zêh) ^m h]bZbl cb^ [noh iZ]klbgmb bk
[^g^_b\bZ ikh abl ienkbfZ \hgl^* iZlbkrh fbkmb ]e lmZmrfh bk m*
\nmb lngm+ /. Cbl o^+k[bl \hglmZg* orgl+
m^l ^__^\mb lngm) ^m ikh e^`b[nl)
^m iZmkbZ fhkb iZkZmb+
OZb`b cbl iZldrkZmldbk[n*
//
>hglmbmnbm bmZjn^ _kZmk^l //
lnhl ]n\^l nmkbjn^ hk]bgb)Nbfh* kb oZ]Zbl lZoh [khebnl Nbfhg)
ftn i`b\gdidp npo`dfod k\b\g]jn n\*
qd`nd`hn+ %.3& JXcgla\f((( C\g od*
fmd\p bm+ o+7 3---+ Lgb+ // `dg+8 . I\f+
0)24+3-71)3+ E Xf\gT\^\ag\ fh a X'
c e\XgX_\T\f( =ijo bm+ o+7 iìpndbnod
kmd` ]\dnphj+ +%.5& D Xf c T f\g\^ \'
`X((( Lgb+ Ln+ .6)5+ J Xa T ^ X e\U b _T \'
^T\f((( Ru+ 1 G\m+ .6)02+ %/-& G e\Xy
ZT_Tghf((( C\g\o\d ]pqj dijhd n\qj
f\mdibphp8 ed` _\i\d `d_\qj e n\h*
_to nqòdh \gd f\mdpjhì+ >ò
\kd` fjfd d\ fjq kmd` b\g\opn
f\g]\h\) i`qdn\d \dfp+ >\]dgjidejn
k\hdiedh\n g`d_d\ nkgdjod) f\_ o\d
b\gej ]od =iodjfj @+ f\m\n kmd`
h\do npfgpnd I`_dejn qdòdidif

Ijgji %Ljgt]+ 2)20)5&+ D T ^ XW b a \X'
}\T ` f4 fpmd) \ijo bm+ o+) ]pq 1---+
I\f`_jid`d\dn d\ q\_di\hd Otmdejn
bm\df\d) fpmd _\pbph\ ]pqj h\f`*
_jid`d \did\d+ x Xy\ g^fgTa}\T\(
Cm+ o+7 5+---+ Jh` hy y\` g((( Pd`f
b\g\o nqòdhje` f\mdpjhìe` ejfdp
]_p i`b\gej ]od+ C\g ojfn _d_`gdn
nf\ddpn ]pqj k\m`ho\n odf Fp_ k\*
nd`fpnd\dn b\i_\dn) \m]\ b\g edn \ond*
m\_j _g k`mm\dioje k\_\mtojn
fg\d_jn+ /. `dg+ b\g` bm+ o+ _\m kmd*
_od j_d\d7 k\_\gdij f\mdpjhì
fòpmd\n _\gdn+
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ." ( ) d )&
/''
g^f)^mDhlîanf)^mDhgZmaZg)ln[* EnhsZi bk EhgZm) iZo^l]ZfZl

b^\mbl ngb\nbjn^ fbee^gbl ^m jnbg* b db^dob^gZf ih ob^g mdlmZgm
`^gm^gbl+ /0 <] ah\ ^mbZf Z[ @l* i^gdbl bfmnl+ / 0Kh mh) dZbcb^fl
]kZ e^\mh beebl lZg\mh eb[kh) ^m]Z* 8 [noh A+s]kh iZldZbmrmZ b o^gmhl
mh lb`gh Z]bnmhkbb ?^b) bg ikbfZ dgr`hl bk [noh]nhmZl ?bôhiZ*
Z\b^ bil^ ]nq \hffblbm \nf Ib* `Ze[hl ^gdeZl) cbl iZml) o^l]Z*
\Zghk^+ /1@m _Z\mh lb[b Z]bnmhk^ fZl ibkfc [k) ikZ]ch dho
*Jfgbihm^gm^) bgm^k_^\^kngm lni^k D ikb^ IbdZghk+ /1 Dk QblZ`Zebnb
gho^f fbeebZ ahfbgnf7 fZbhk^f " cb^fl iZ]^]Zgm) cb^ nfn ]Zn*
Znm^f iZkm^f ^q^k\bmnl Ib\Zgh* `bZn) dZbi ]ôrgbl mdlmZgbnl
kbl oneg^kb[nl ]^[be^f _Z\mZf_n* fhgb8 ]b]^lg `b IbdZghkh dZ*
`^k^ \hfine^kngm+ /2K^\ngbblo^* kbnhf^gl ]Ze) Zbs] lnlbeigbg*
kh ^hknf) jnb Z] ^fimbhg^f bi* m) cb^ ikbo^km [`mb+ /2 <mf`b
lhknf o^g^kZgm) ln[eZmbl) bilhl 8 ibgb`nl b m) dnkb^ [n o h Zmcc
nljn^jnZjnî^kl^\nmbln g m)/3l^] 7 ibkdmb) cb^ obchlb cnhl oblZl in*
kô^klb lngm ahkZ \hg\enlb7 gZf ll8 /3 [^m cb^ ln`kh ]e eZbdh
^kZm Zgm^lZ[[Zmnf7 jnZf h[\Zn* = lmhdhl) g^l mnkch ikZlb]mb ln*
lZf ghg i^klô^kZo^kngm bgl^* b [ZmZ8 mh]e cb^ g^[^lbobch be`bZn+
jn^gm^l+ /4<kfZ Znm^f bilhknf) ) /4 Nnkbgd Zg `bgdenl bk `kh[)
^m lihebZ\hg`k^`Zgm^l)lZ[[Zmnf cb^ o^gmln[Zm)ehobg]ZfbQb^*
Z`^[Zgm7 [^g^]b\^gm^l ?hfbgnf iZm) dnkl b`ê[ch cnhl m ]b^*
jnb eb[^kZobm ^hl bg blmh ]b^) fb* g) beb^]ZfZl Zgm c ibkfnl iZ*
l^kb\hk]bZ^ bgbmbnf lmbeeZgl bg ^hl) D lb`Zbecbfh eZnl+ /5 Kh ln[Zmhl +
/5 Khlm lZ[[Zmnf o^kh ]^[beb[nl) 8 cb^ iZ]Zebgh `kh[bh ]Ze lbeigb^*
^m hkiaZgbl) ^m ob]nbl ]bobl^kngm lb^fl) gZeZbbZfl bk gZefl) eb*
lihebZ7 ^m k^lb]nZ bilb \nf lnbl dnl `b iZlbflZn bk lZobdbZfl+
aZ[n^k^+/6 Cbl bmZjn^ `^lmbl) ^m /6 OZb iZ]Zkbnl bk oblb^fl [^g*
\hffngbm^k Z[ hfgb[nl _Z\mZ h[* D ]kZb iZlbfê]nl) cb^ ikZ `Zbe^l*
l^\kZmbhg^) fbl^kb\hk]^f ?hfb* mbg`c QbîZm lnlbmZbdbgmb bdb `Z*
gnf ihlmneZ[Zgm) nmbg_bg^f l^k* enb ln lZoh mZkgZbl+
obl lnbl k^\hg\bebZk^mnk+
0- D m) dnkb^ dhohch ikb^
0- @m ^q abl) jnb \nf Obfh*
ma^h) ^m =Z\ab]^ ^kZgm \hgmkZ l^ cnhl ]kZn` ln Obfhmb^cnfbbk =Z*
\hgm^g]^gm^l) lni^k ob`bgmb fbe* db]n) cb^ nfn ]Zn`bZn dZbi
ebZ bgm^k_^\^knnm) ^m fngbmbhg^l ]ob]^bfm mdlmZgb) iZfZnd*
^q\êlZl h[mbgn^kngm7 ^m ibnk^l mZb [nonlbZl mobkmho^l bkiZlb]Z*
%//& Ah b m T c ( >mjgdj opj q\m_p
Fp_\n iòpmej) oj_g b\g d\ m`dfop
nf\dotod7 Fji+ Lgb+ . I\f+ 0)228 /)
/ 2+ %/0& = mWeb( Cm+ o+7 Ag`\u\mj+
Em edn ]pqj Fp_j ]mjgdn8 _\]\m kmd`
f\mdpjhìn edn opmej \ogdfod fpidbj
k\m`db\n+ Lgb+ =of+ /-)/ 1+ < \X'
i b c T Z T _U b f { X a ^ _T f 4 ìfg\n n\qd`*
nd`hn k\diod) o\mnd ng\ko\j_dn7 @d`*
qj k\b\g]\ %kgb+ .0).2&+ %/1& <Th'
Z\Th ^ T \c WXila\f((( . I\f+ 1).2 omdn
ofno\idpn+ G e\i X eg U Z g$ Gjq\
qtfj kmd` Ah\pnj+ . I\f+ 0)1-8 1)
3 .4) %/4& Bhef \yZ X_U ]b ((( =ijo

bm+ o+7 fpmn ed`hn k\__\qj dfd o\d
_dì\d dm qg ]pqj km\_en mj_tod
ed`hn b\dg`nodibphj+ %/5& G T W T _\'
a bp Lgb+ . G\m+ 0-)/1/3+
%0-& Jh K \` bg\X]h ` \ \e : T^\W h (
Pdhjodèpn dm >\fd_\n ]pqj k\ndpnod
kmd` Fp_e opj k\dp hòp) f\dk dm
ep qtmd\pnd\n f\mj q\_\n Jdf\ijm\n+
F didje` ]pqj _\pb nodkm`ni f\*
mdpjhì) f\dk o$ fpmd\d q\_jq\qj
Jdf\ijm\n+ Pdhjodèpn ]pqj Fp_j np*
hpo\n %. I\f+ 2)3&) fpmn ]pqj k\*
Turinys
6./+
/ H<F+ 5) 0 . * 6 ) /
ikZ^]Zl ]bobl^kngm) Z^jnZf ihk*

mbhg^f ]^[beb[nl) inibeebl) ^m ob*
]nbl) l^] ^m l^gbhkb[nl _Z\b^gm^l+
0. @m \nf ZkfZ ^hknf ]beb`^gm^k
\hee^`bll^gm)hfgbZ\hfihln^kngm
bg eh\bl hiihkmngbl) k^lb]nZo^kh
lihebZ D^khlherfZf ]^mne^kngm7
0/ ^m KabeZk\a^g) jnb \nf Obfh*
ma^h^kZm) bgm^k_^\^kngm) obknfl\^*
e^lmnf) jnb bg fnembl Dn]Z^hlZ_*
_ebq^kZm+ 00 @m\nfîbgb\bZ Z`^k^gm
D^khlherfbl) ^nf) jnb lZ\kZl bZ*
gnZl bg\^g]^kZm) b] ^lm) >Zeebl*
ma^g^f) \nf bg jnh]]Zf ]hfb*
\bebnf k^_n`bll^m) bg\^g]^kngm)
]b`gZ ^b f^k\^]^ ikh bfib^mZmb*
[nl lnbl k^]]bmZ+
01
AZ\bghkhlbllbfnl Znm^f
\Zghk) jnb fbee^ g^`hmbZgm^lZ] Dn*
]Z^hknf o^g]bmbhg^f Z]]nq^kZm)
02 anfbebZmnl Znqbebh ?hfbgb Z[
abl) jnhl gneehl^qblmbfZo^kZm)]^*
ihlbmZ o^lm^ èhkbZ^) i^k f^]bm^k*
kZg^Z _n`b^gl) lhenl o^gbm <gmbh*
\abZf) lnffZf bg_êb\bmZm^f ]^
bgm^kbmn lnb ^q^k\bmnl \hgl^\nmnl+
03 @m jnb ikhfbl^kZm MhfZgbl l^
mkb[nmnf k^lmbmn^k^ ]^ \ZimbobmZm^
e^khlherfhknf) ikZ^]b\Z[Zm gng\
ikhm^\mhk^f ?^nf aZ[^k^ en]Z^*
hl) ^m h[ bilnf bgoneg^kZ[be^l
^ll^) ^h jnh] l^jn^k^gmnk e^`^l
Z[ bilh \hglmbmnmZl+
> Z i n m DR+ . @h]^f m^fih*
k^ <gmbh\anl bgahg^lm^ kô^km^*
[Zmnk]^K^klb]^) /DgmkZo^kZm^gbf
bg ^Zf) jnZ^ ]b\bmnk K^klîhebl)
^m m^gmZobm ^qihebZk^ m^f ienf ) ^m
l d b k m Z l o b^ mbg bg d n ) [ n o h ? ^ f ^ m k bcZ n l
N h m ^ k h d ^ e^ m d Z k mn l bn g bZ f Z l i k b^
2 ] PK L k PT [
r ] n l %. H Z d + 4 ) 5 & +
}
[ v R Z [ H U n Pw , o b l h d ^ e b h l ^ d h o h l ^ + }
% 0 / & = P S H Y R p & D d b m n k g ^ b g h f Z l Z l *
f n h 8 ` Z e cb l [ n o h o b^ g Z l b O bf h m b^ *
c Z n l i Z ] c c + } % 0 0 & ; \ N H Ss Q P T p &&&
O Z l g n ` Z e cbf Z l bo r d h o ebZ n i h d h *
o h l i k b ^ G r s b c + } 0 v [ L U [ 8 H SPZ [ L %
U p &&& < g h m ` k + m + 7 b k F Z e b l m ^ g + } O Z b *
ebgh ]Zn` `kh[bh) ldbk]Zfb er*

`b ]Ze lbeigb^lb^fl) gZeZbbZfl
bk gZefl) mZbi iZm bk ork^lgb^*
lb^fl+ 0. Nnkbgd ki^lmbg`Zbc
`bgdenl) cb^ oblZ iZlb]ch mbgdZ*
fhl^ ob^mhl^) ebdnl `b `kh[ gn*
g^ E^knsZe+ 0/ Eb^ nfnmZbi
iZm KbeZkd) dnkl [noh ln Obfh*
mb^cnfb) fh` ibdmZ]Zk) dnkl
]Zn`^kbhiZb [noh gnldkbZn]lr*
]nl+ 00ol]Zfb gn`Zecbf E^ *
knsZec^) cb^ ln]^`bgh m) dnkl [n*
oh iZ]^`l o^gmnl oZkmnl) [*
m^gm) FZeblm^g) dZb cbl [noh ikb*
lbèZn]l ob^gnhl^ gZfnhl^) mZbi
cZf Zmb]nh]Zfb m^blbg` nfh*
d^lg n ch [^]bôrlm+
?b]bZnlbZl `b ibdmZ]Zkrl
Ib* 01
IbdZghkZl) dnkl [noh Zmlbo^]l
mdlmZgm ibkdeb) dZ] cb^fl iZk*
]nhm r]nl) 02 ?bôh iZ`Ze[Z
iZ^fbgmZl m) dnkbnhl eZbd gb^*
dn) gnlbobedl `Zk[l ]kZ[nbnl)
[`]ZfZl Zeb^l ob]nkbn) iZml ob^*
gZl Zmordh <gmbhdbc) lnlbeZn*
dl ]b]bZnlbhlgêZbfl ]e lZoh
dZkbnhf^gl nobfh+ 0%2Ebl) dnkl
[noh iZZ]cl nfhdmb khf*
gZfl ]nhde b E^knsZel [êZbl*
ob) ]Z[Zk ldê[) dZ] r]Zb mnk
èh[c ?bô bk ]e mh ^l g^*
ln^b]bZfb) g^l cb^ eZbdhlch ]nh*
m lmZmrf+
, KBLMFQLDH >M! .OnhiZbn
f^mn <gmbhdZl `kh g^`Zk[bg`Zb
b K^klbchl+ /I^l cbl [noh cl
K^klîhebfb oZ]bgZf fb^lm bk
f `bgh Zibiemb o^gmrde bk ikb*
bd edn opmej ]od qdì\n d k\_`be)

b\g npk\bjien t_\n+ Fdn np_`bd*
i\h\n) i`n ijmej np_`bdiod qìotf*
gjn _pmdn+
% 0 1 & 0 \ ] V H [ Z P ] L K s Z &&& Q s + Z n d + ..

^ b e + } % 0 2 & ; \ Z P] PSR s Z N H Y I s Z K Y H I \ %
m P \ Z , d Z ] g b^ d Z l ch [ ` Z g bh g ^ i Z *
bg mn +
6 k = L Y Z P Q V Z &&& K e ` + . H Z d + 3 )
% 6 ). &
b .} . 3 + } % / & = L Y Z L W V S P T P , o r k b Z n l b Z l
Turinys
( > 2 < $ 3& ) # .
0(*
\bobmZm^f hiikbf^k^7 l^] fnembmn*
le`mb fb^lm8 [^m fhgb ]Zn`r*

[^b inhenl c e \ X ( `bgde) cb^ [noh
`Zf o^klb lngm7 ^m bmZ \hgmb`bm nm ikbo^klmb [`mb)bk mZbi Zmlbmbdh) dZ]
<gmbh\anl ihlm _n`Zf mnkibm^k <gmbhdZl iZ[`l `kh ln `]Z
k^]bk^m+
<mordl Zkmb @d[ZmZghl) cbl
0
@m \nf o^gbll^m \bk\Z @\[Z* 0
mZgZf) k^\h`ghobm jnZ^ ^k`Z Ib* lnbghch) dZl [noh Zmlbmbd IbdZ*
\Zghk^f) ^m Obfhma^nf `^lmZ ghknb bk Obfhmb^cnb+ 1Krdbh iZ*
lngm+ 1 @eZmnl Znm^f bg bkZ) Zk[b* `ZnmZl cbl mZklb`Zelbl gn`kmb
mkZ[Zmnk l^ bgbnkbZf beehknf) jnb ikb^ r]nl cZf iZ]Zkrm ^b]b*
l^ _n`Zo^kZgm) ihll^ bg Dn]Z^hl f m) dnkb^ [nohikbo^km c[`*
k^mhkjn^k^7 b]^hjn^ bnllbm Z`bmZkb mb8 mh]e cbl ebî iZ`k^bmbgmb lZ*
\nkknf lnnf) lbg^ bgm^kfbllbhg^ oh oZbZobf bk oZbnhmb g^ln*
Z`^gl bm^k) \Zê^lmb ^nf bg]b\bh lmhcZgm) mnh mZkin dZ]cZf cZn `k*
i^knk`^gm^) ^h jnh] bmZ lni^k[^ l ]Zg`Znl m^blfZl) g^l cbl ibdm*
eh\nmnl ^lm l^ o^gmnknf D^khlh* h]bZn]ZfZllZdlb Zm^blbl E^*
erfZf) ^m \hg`^kb^f lîne\akb knsZe bk iZ]Zkrlbl b chl r]
Dn]Z^hknf ^Zf _Z\mnknf+
+ dZinl+
2=^mmZl)dnkl oblZ fZmh) Qb^y

2 N^] jnb ngbo^klZ \hglib\bm
?hfbgnl ?^nl DlkZê) i^k\nllbm iZml) DskZêbh ?bôZl) bmbdh c g^*
^nf bglZgZ[beb) ^m bgoblb[beb ieZ`Z+ iZ`r]hfZ bk g^fZmhfZ leh`Z+
Pm ^gbf _bgbobm ang\ bilnf l^k* 7 I^l dZbi mbd cbl iZ[Zb` bmnhl
fhg^f) Ziikâ^g]bm ^nf ]hehk 8 h]bnl) c lnf [Zblnl ob]n*
]bknl obl\^knf) ^mZfZkZ bgm^kgh* L kb ldZnlfZl bk dZkbhl dZgbhl
knf mhkf^gmZ7 3 ^m jnb]^f lZmbl = ob]nc^) 3bk mZb oblZb m^blbg`Zb) g^l
bnlm^) jnbii^ jnb fnembl) ^m gh* cbl ]Zn`êbngZncdZgdbgbf ]kZl*
obl \kn\bZmb[nl Zebhknf mhkl^kZm d dbm ob]nkbnl bk iZml chdbn[*
obl\^kZ) eb\^m bee^ gneeh fh]h Z ]n g^[noh blbZ]cl lZoh ibd*
lnZ fZebmbZ \^llZk^m+ 4Nni^k ah\ mnfh+ 4Kkb^bg`Zb) ibegZl inbdr*
Znm^f lni^k[bZ kîe^mnl) b`g^f [l) fbgmrl^ n`gbfb doinh]Z*
libkZgl Zgbfh bg Dn]Z^hl) ^m ikZ^* fZl ikb^ r]nl) cbl ebî iZ`k^b*
\bib^gl Z\\ê^kZkb g^`hmbnf) \hg* mbgmb oZbZobf8 [^m Zmlbmbdh) dZ]
mb`bm beenf bfi^mn ^ngm^f]^\nk* cbl) oZbnh]ZfZl obln `k^bmnfn)
kn \Z]^k^) ^m `kZob \hkihkbl \he* bdkbmh b o^bfh bk ]e lfZkdZnl
eblbhg^ f^f[kZ o^qZkb+ l Dljn^ dgh lnmk^gdbfh ch lgZkbZb [n*
jnb lb[b ob]^[Zmnk ^mbZf _en\mb[nl ohln^blmb+ 5OZbi mZl) dnkl []Z*
fZkbl bfi^kZk^) lnikZ anfZgnf 7 fZl ibegZl g^fhgbdhl inbdr*
fh]nf lni^k[bZkîe^mnl)^mfhg* D [l)mZklb `Zel ]Zobgmb lZdrf
mbnf Zembmn]bg^l bg lmZm^kZZii^g* b ckhl [Zg`hfl bk iZlo^kmb loZk*
]^k^) gng\ anfbebZmnl Z] m^kkZf $ lmrdec^ dZeg Zndmr[^l) ]Z[Zk
bg `^lmZmhkbh ihkmZ[Zmnk) fZgb_^* b iZ^fbgmZl bdb ^f^b [noh g^Z*
]bg^) Z] ZkfZ
V b a V h e e X a gX & \a _n*
K ^ k l b ^ l i k h o bg \ bch l f b^ l m Z l er ` n f h *
c ^ b b Z n k g n h < k Z d l h + . H Z d + 3 ).
m Z l f b^ l mZ l d eZ b] bg ` Z b i Z o Z ] bg mZ l @ eb*
f Z b] Z + @ ebf Z b] h l o Z k ] n [ n o h o Z ] b*
g Z f Z l d k Z m Z l mZ k i H ^ ] bch l bk H ^ s h *
i h m Z f bch l +
g ^ mh eb g n h
%0 & / Y [ P 3 R I H [ H U V Z ,
< g h m
K ^ k l ^ i h e b ^ l + } % 1 & / [ L PZ P p Z &&&
` k ) . 7 Z i Z ] Z k r l b n b E ^ k n s Z e l d Z *
i bg ^ l r ] Z f l ) d Z bi mbd m^ g g n ^ bl bn +
%5 & ; L m T V U P k R V Z , i k Z ` Z k b d h l + }
u Z H R ^ T w Q v Y V Z I H U N V T P Z &&&, l m Z m r ] Z *
25
o + M Z m Z l ) m+ DQ +
Turinys
0(+
/ H<F+ 6) 6} .4
lmZf ?^b obkmnm^f bg l^f^mbilh

^hgm^lmZgl7 6 bmZ nm ]^ \hkihk^
bfibb o^kf^l l\Zmnkbk^gm) Z\ ob*
o^gmbl bg ]hehkb[nl \Zkg^l ^bnl
^__en^k^gm) h]hk^ ^mbZf beebnl ^m
_h^mhk^ ^q^k\bmnl `kZoZk^mnk7 .-^m
jnb iZneh Zgm^ lb]^kZ \Zêb \hg*
mbg`^k^ l^ Zk[bmkZ[Zmnk) ^nf g^*
fh ihm^kZm ikhim^k bgmhe^kZgmbZf
_h^mhkbl ihkmZk^+
fZl g^mnonhl^)iZkh]r]ZfZl lZ*

orc^ iZlbk^bdnlb ?bôh `Zer[;
6 g^l b [^]bôbh dgh kbmhlb dbk*
fbgZb) bk ]Zk `roZf m^[^lZgm
ldZnlfnhl^ dkbmh dgh flZ `Z*
[ZeZbl) h ch doZih bk ]ohdbfh
[nohoZk`bgZfZ dZkbnhf^g+ .-Dk
mh) dnkl g^l^gZb mZklb `Zel iZ*
lb^dmb ]Zg`Znl oZb`]^l) ]e g^*
iZd^gbZfh ]ohdbfh gb^dZl g^*
`Zech g^mb+
..
Cbg\ b`bmnk \hîbm ^q `kZob ..
OZb`b ]Z[Zk) gnlbe^bl]ZfZl
lni^k[bZ ]^]n\mnl Z]Z`gbmbhg^f b ]b]êl lZoh inbdr[l) cbl ikZ*
lnb o^gbk^) ]bobgZ Z]fhgbmnlieZ* ]ch ^bmb ikb^ lZol iZbgbfh))
`Z) i^k fhf^gmZ lbg`neZ ]hehkb* ]bôbdh lf`bh limZl) dZl oZ*
[nl lnb Zn`f^gmZ \Zib^gmb[nl+ eZg]Z ^bgZgm]b]rgch ldZnlfZfl++
./ ^m \nf g^\ bil^ bZf _h^mhk^f ./I^[^`Ze]ZfZlcZn g iZml iZ*
lnnf _^kkîhll^m) bmZ Zbm7Dnlmnf dlmb lZoh ]ohdbfh) cbl mZbi lZ*
^lm ln[]bmnf ^ll^ ?^h) ^m fhk* d7 O^blbg`Z iZlb]nhmb ?bônb bk
mZe^f ghg iZkbZ ?^h l^gmbk^+ ^lZgm fZkbZf) gêZbdrmb lZol er*
.0JkZ[ZmZnm^f ab\l\ê^lmnl ?h* `bn ?bônb+ .0Dk bmZlibdmZ]Zkrl
fbgnf) Z jnh ghg ^ll^m fbl^kb* fê]lb QbîZbnb) b dnkbh cZf
\hk]bZf \hgl^\nmnknl+ .1 @m \b* g^[noh e^fmZ lnlbeZndmb iZlb`Zb*
obmZm^f) Z] jnZf _^lmbgZgl o^* ecbfh+ .1 O fb^lm) dnk cbl
gb^[Zm nm ^Zf Z] lhenf ]^]n* ldn[bghlb ordmb) dZ] c lner`bgm
\^k^m) Z\ lîne\aknf \hg`^lmh* ln ^f^ bk iZo^klm c dZibg*
knf _Z\^k^m) gng\ himZm eb[^kZf fbl) ]Z[Zkcblmkhdh iZ]Zkrmb eZbl*
k^]]^k^7 .2 ^m Dn]Z^hl) jnhl g^\ o+ .2 Onhl r]nl) dnkbnhl Zgd*
lînemnkZ jnb]^f l^ ]b`ghl aZ* lbZn lZdlb gêZbdrlbl o^kmZbl
[bmnknf) l^] Zob[nl Z\ _^kbl ]bkb* g eZb]hmnob) Zmb]nhlbl `b ln*
ib^g]hl mkZ]bmnknf) ^m \nf iZk* ]kZldrmb iZndbZfl bk okbfl
onebl ^qm^kfbgZmnknf ]bq^kZm) Z^* bk bgZbdbglbl ]kZn`ln d]bdbZbl))
jnZe^l gng\ <ma^gb^glb[nl _Z\mn* ]Z[Zk cbl Z]ch iZ]Zkrmb er`bnl
knf iheeb\^mnk7 .B m^fienf ^mbZf Zmgb^bZfl) .3h o^gmc [Zgr*
lZg\mnf) jnh] ikbnl ^qihebZo^* c b) dnkb ZgdlbZn [noh Zibie*
kZm) himbfbl ]hgbl hkgZmnknf) ^m c l) iZinhmb`^kbZnlbhfbl ]hoZ*
lZg\mZ oZlZ fnembieb\Zmnknf) ^m u
ghfbl) iZ]Zn`bgmb o^gmnl bg]nl
i^kmbg^gm^l Z] lZ\kb_b\bZ lnfimnl . bk mb^dmb k^bdZebg`Zl Zndhfl eZl
]^ k^]]bmb[nl lnbl ikZ^lmZmnknf7 Q b lZoh iZcZf8 .4[^ mh) Z]ch
.4 lni^k aZ^\) ^m en]Z^nf l^_n* 7
f h l e r ` b n ? b ^ o n b + K D ` + E h [ h 0 5 ) . . 8
K l + 3 1 )5 b k d +
% . . & 3 PU H U [ K P K ^ U &&& N i c Z f Z ) d Z ]
< g mbh d h eb` Z [ n o h a ^ ef bg ma bZ l bl + }
% . / & A L P Z P U N H & K e ` + Z n d + 4 ) 0 4 8 . H Z d +
3 ). . } . 0 + } % . 2 & / [ s U P L n P H T Z &&& < g h m
1 )6 ) r ] Z b ` Z e c h l b ` r m b Z g m b h d b ^ b n
m ^ b l ^ l ) ] Z [ Z k Z ] Z f Z i Z ] Z k r m b cn h l
de
er ` b n l Z m g b ^ b Z f l ) m+ r + l n m ^ bd m b m h *
d b g ^ i k bd eZ n l h f r [ ) d h d b m n k ch
Z m g b ^ b Z b + } % . 3 & 0 \ ] V H W PW S s k q Z &&&
K e ` + 2 ) . 3 b k . H Z d + . )/ 0 + } A P L R [ P
Y L P R H S P U N H Z &% , d Z b i d Z ] [ n o h ] Z k d Z *
k Z e b Z b N ^ e ^ n d Z l Y b k < g m b h d Z l ? + K e ` +
0 )0 + } % . 4 & 0 v [ P m ^ K \ ,
mZ i kZlf ^)
d Z ] [ n o h i Z l bk r l i kbi Z bg mb r ]
Turinys
/ H<F+ 6) .5}/2
mnknf) ^m XVWNV UXL^V m^kkZ^

i^kZf[neZmnknf) ^m ikZ^]b\Zmn*
knf ?^b ihm^lmZm^f+
.5 N^] ghg \^llZgmb[nl ]heh*
kb[nl %lni^ko^g^kZm ^gbf bg ^nf
bnlmnf ?^b bn]b\bnf& ]^li^kZgl
l\kbilbm Z] en]Z^hl bg fh]nf]^*
ik^\Zmbhgbl îblmheZf aZ^\ \hgmb*
g^gm^f7 .6JKODH DN \bob[nl Dn*
]Z^bl ienkbfZf lZenm^f) ^m [^g^
oZe^k^) ^m ^ll^ _êb\^l) k^q ^mikbg*
\îl <gmbh\anl+ /- Nb [^g^ oZe^*
mbl) ^m _bebb o^lmkb) ^m ^q l^gm^gmbZ
oh[bl \ng\mZ lnkbm) fZqbfZl Z`b*
fnl `kZmbZl+ /. @m ^`h bgbg_bkfb*
mZm^ \hglmbmnmnl) o^lmkb Znm^f f^*
fhk [^gb`g^ kô^klnl ]^ K^klb*
]bl eh\bl) ^m bg_bkfbmZm^ `kZob Zi*
ikâ^glnl) g^\^llZkbnf ]nqb ikh
\hffngb nmbebmZm^ \nkZf aZ[^k^7
// ghg ]^li^kZgl f^f^mbilnf)
l^] li^f fnemZf aZ[^gl ^__n*
`b^g]b bg_bkfbmZm^f+ /0 M^lib\b^gl
Znm^f jnh] ^m iZm^k f^nl) jnb*
[nl m^fihkb[nl bg eh\bl lni^kbh*
kb[nl ]n\^[Zm ^q^k\bmnf)hlm^g]bm
jnb ihlm l^ lnl\bi^k^m ikbg\biZ*
mnf7 /1 nm lb jnb] \hgmkZkbnfZ\*
\b]^k^m) Znm ]b__b\be^ gng\bZk^mnk)
l\b^gm^l ab)jnbbgk^`bhgb[nl^kZgm)
\nb ^ll^m k^knf lnffZ ]^kêb\mZ)
ghg mnk[Zk^gmnk+ /0 <] aZ^\)\hg*
lb]^kZgl ]^ ikhqbfh ihm^gm^l
jnhljn^) ^m ob\bghl m^fihkb[nl
bglb]bZgm^l) ^m ô^gmnf ^qi^\mZg*
m^l) ]^lb`gZob _bebnf f^nf <g*
mbh\anf k^`^f) jn^f lZî^ k^*
? 7b^ o o b l Z ` Z e b n ? b^ o n b k b b l d ^ e [ m b +
% / - & : L Z SH I H P K s R V Q H T L & } % / . &
< N P &&& B k + m + 7 Z k ^ b d b n ] b ] b Z n l b Z
] d b g ` n f ? b ^ o n b ) m n k ] Z f Z l o b e m b ^ l
] Z g ` n c^ 8 Z ` b ` n ebn e b` h g bl b k Z m l b *
f ^ g n l n f ^ b e ^ c l i Z ` Z k [ b k i Z *
e Z g d n f + } % / 0 & / \ R k [ L Z U s Z L ] PL [ V %
Z L &
O Z bi [ n o h o Z ] bg Z f Z l d k Z mZ l
Z g Z i n l n i k Z m h ) r i Z ` b < k f g b cZ +
} % / 1 & 7 L P H [ Z P[ PR [ w R H Z W Y P L k P U N H ,
c ^ b f b k m + } % / 2 & 4 H SPv U H P&
< g mbh *
d Z l @ i bm Z g Z l ` Z e bZ m n k ch ` Z e o h c^
6.2
iZml [mb r]n) i^k^bmb oblhl ^*

fl ob^mZl bk ldê[mb ?bôh `Zeb+
DN
=^m ldZnlfZfl g^lbebZncZgm)
%g^l cZf [noh Zmcl m^blbg`Zl
?bôh m^blfZl&) obemb^l g^m^dliZ*
kZ r]Zfl ZmlbikZrfh []n
mhdbh mnkbgbh eZbd7 .6 B^kbZn*
lb^fl ibeb^bZfl r]Zfl dZkZebnl
bk dngb`Zbdmbl <gmbhdZl lbngbZ
]Zn` lo^bdbgbf bk ebgdb `^khl
lo^bdZmhl [^b eZbfl+ /-E^b cl bk
cl oZbdZb ^lZm^ lo^bdb bk oblZ
cnfl l^dZlb) dZbi ghkbm^) f^l eZ*
[Zb ]dhcZf^+ $ /. < `b ^ln eb`h*
gbl) [^m Zmlbf^gn cnl fZehgbg`Zb+
Bk]ZfZl b K^klbchl ob^m bk
lngdbhl eb`hl ikble`mZl) Z eZb*
dbZn k^bdZebg`Z iZlbkibgmb [^g*
]kZbl k^bdZeZbl+ /* I^gnlbfbg]Z*
fZl ]e lZol) ]Zk `b mnk]ZfZl
]Zn` obemb^l iZ`rmb b eb`hl) X mZ *
bZn Zmlboê`]ZfZl mZb) ch` bk
fZgh moZl mnh f^mn) dZb cbl oZ*
]hoZoh dZkbnhf^g^b Zndm^lg*
l^ ob^mhl^) gnkh]) dZl ih ch mn*
kl iZbfmbobîZmZobf) /1dZ]) c^b
Zmlbmbdm dZlikb^bg`Z Zk [miZ*
ldê[mZ dhdb g^`^kZbgbZ) Zeb`r*
o^gmhcZb bghm) dZf iZeb^dZfZ
orkbZnlbhcboZe]bZ) bk g^mnkm g^*
kZfnfh8 /0[^ mh) ZiloZklmr]Z*
fZl) dZ] oblb ZiebgdbgbZb `ZebgZb
bk dZbfrgZb mrdhcZ iZmh`Znl eZb*
dh bk eZndbZ ordb) Z ldbkbn dZ*
kZebnfb lZoh lg <gmbhd) dnk)
ord]ZfZl Zndm^lgblbZl dZkZ*
o b l n i b k f Z N ^ e ^ n d h l g ? ^ f ^ m k b c )
d n k b Z f i Z m l [ n o h i Z l m h c l d ^ e b b
l h l m bk d n k l ] Z [ Z k ` Z e ch l b^ d m b mh
l h l m h )
i Z Z ebg ] Z f Z l @ i b_Z g h l g
< g mbh d @ n i Z m h k c+ O Z b` b ` Z e d Z k Z ebn l
bZ g h k ch i Z e^ g d mb r ] n l l Z o h l *
g Z n l i n l g ++ } @ H ] V Z v U w / U [ P V R p ,
cc d n k l m n h f ^ m [ n o h . / f ^ m % Z g h m d b *
Du
E b l [ n o h i Z ebd mZ l G r s b ch
m ) 6 f +& +
` e h [ h c^ ) [ ^ m d Z k Z e b n l f b k ] Z f Z l [ n o h
i Z l d r k l cZ f d b m ` e h [ c ) K be r i )
bb d n k l m n k c h [ m b b k d Z k Z e r l m l o Z e ] r *
Turinys
0(-
/ H<F+ 6) /3}.-) 0
\nkk^gl bg lni^kbhkZ k^`gZ fne* erlm^l) ^ln g^dZkm iZo^]l ]Zn*
mbl o^lmknf \hff^g]Z[Zf7 ^m `êbnb b cl8 cZf Z iZkZbZn)
l\kbilb Z] ^nf jnZ^ ln[b^\mZ dZl bZ b]lmrmZ+ /BOZb`b Zfê*
lngm+ 03Jkh bmZjn^ ohl) ^m i^mh ]bn bk ikZZn cnl Zmlbfbgmb [^g*
f^fhk^l [^g^_b\bhknf in[eb\^ ^m ]kZl bkdb^dob^gZf ZmldbkZb lnm^bd*
ikboZmbf) nm ngnljnbljn^ \hgl^k* mZl `^kZ]Zkrlm^l) dZ] db^dob^gZl
o^m _b]^f Z] f^ ^mZ]_bebnff^* eZbdrm bmbdbfr[ fZg bk fZgh
nf+ /4 >hg_b]h ^gbf) ^nf fh* lgnb+ /4I^l Z iZlbmbdbn) dZ]cbl
]^lm^ ^m anfZg^ Z\mnknf) ^m l^* ê`lbl fZehgbg`Zb bk fhgbdZb)
jn^gm^f ikhihlbmnf f^nf) ^m eZbdrlbl fZghiZmZkbf bk[nlcnfl
iZeZgdnl+
\hffng^f oh[bl _hk^+
/5
D`bmnk ahfb\b]Z) ^m [eZlia^* /5
OZbi mZl fh`n]rl bkibdm*
fnli^llbf^ i^k\nllnl)^m nm bil^ h]bZnmhcZl) [Zblbhl leh`hl b*
Zebhl mkZ\mZo^kZm) i^k^`k^ bg fhg* mbdmZl) lo^mbfhc^ Zerc^ dZegnhl^)
mb[nl fbl^kZ[beb h[bmn obmZ _ng\* mZbi) dZbi cbl ê`lb ln dbmZbl) iZ*
mnl ^ l m+/6 OkZgl_^k^[Zm Znm^f\hk* [Zb` lZoh `ro^gbf Zi`ZbembgZ
inl Kabebiinl \heeZ\mZg^nl ^bnl7 fbkmbfb+ /6 Eh dg `Z[^gh mhebZn
jnb) f^mn^gl _bebnf <gmbh\ab) Z] ch ikb^g[khebl KberiZl) dnkl iZl*
Kmhe^fZ^nf Kabehf^mhk^fbg <^* dnb) [bch]ZfZl <gmbhdh lgZnl)
`rimnf Z[bbm+
bordh c <b`bim iZl Kmhe^fb^c
Abehf^mhk+
0>KON R + . HZ\aZ[Z^nl Zn*
$# KBLMFQLDH >M! . Onh mZk*
m^f) ^m jnb \nf ^h ^kZgm) ?hfb* in HZdZ[b^cnl bk ln cnh [non*
gh l^ ikhm^`^gm^) m^fienf jnb* lb^cb) QbîZbnb èh[hcZgm) Zmlb*
]^f) ^m \bobmZm^f k^\îbm7 /ZkZl f [Zgrb bk fb^lm) /Zndn*
Znm^f) jnZl Zeb^gb`^gZ^ i^k ieZ* knl `b) dnkbnhl lo^mbfZebZb [noh
m^Zl ^qmkZq^kZgm) bm^fjn^ ]ên* iZlmZm `Zmol^) mZbi iZm lmZ[
o^gmrdeZl cbl ln`kbho+
[kZ ]^fhebmnl ^lm+
0
@m ink`Zmh m^fieh) Zebn] Ze* 80<ioZe o^gmrde) cb^ iZlmZ*
mZk^ _^\^kngm7 ^m ]^ b`gbmbl eZ* m dbm Zemhkb bk) blde n`gb^l
cZ n i h I bd Z g h k h bk O bf h m b^ cZ n l g n *
` Z e cbf h +
< i b^ m i Z mb eZ bd ) Z g h m
6 ) . ) [ n o h l n l b k ` l < g m b h d Z l ) ` k ] Z *
i k Z l mb) d Z ] $b k d Z k Z ebZ n l < g mbh d h eZ b *
f Z l b K ^ k l b c h l 8 ch e b ` i Z l n g d bg n l b
d Z l c h l k bn b [ n o h E Z s h g h o ^ b d Z e ^ +
b g b Z Z i b ^ [ Z g r b h l Z i o Z e r f %.
K e ` + / )/ 1 +
H Z d ) 3 )4 & + O Z l [ Z g r bh l Z i o Z er f Z l
% / 5 & @ ] L [ P T V Q L k H S ^ Q L , O Z [ c ^ + .
r r d l ) Z g h m . H Z d + 1 ) 2 / ) . 1 5 f + N ^ *
H Z d + 3 ). 0 + } % / 6 & = P L U I Y V S P Z , ` Z e
e ^ n d Z b b ^ k h l ) Z g h m . H Z d + 3 ). 3 ) < g *
] k Z n ` l n d Z k Z e b n f b n Z n ` l + K e ` + .
m b h d Z l f b k l . 1 6 f + m h l i Z b h l ^ k h l +
H Z d + 3 ). 1 + } 8 \ Y Z ] s SPH \ &&& < g h m .
O Z b ` b b Z / H Z d + d g + Z n m h k bn l i Z l Z *
H Z d + 2 )2 3 ) K b e r i Z l ) f b k n l < g m b h d n b )
d h cbf ^ f Z mh f Z b g ^ l beZ bd ` k b^ mZ b
` k b h ln d Z k bn h f ^ g ^ b H ^ ] bch l bk
d k h g h e h ` b g l ^ b e l ) k b^ l [ Z g r b h l b k
K ^ k l b ch l ) g h k ] Z f Z l i Z bf mb l Z n o Z e *
f b^ l m h Z m l b f bf f bg b i h < g mbh d h
] b ) b k Z i ` n e < g m b h d b c ) [ ^ m [ n o h g n *
f b k m b ^ l + } % / & @ [ H I w k ] L U [ ^ R S H Z & B k +
` Z e m Z l G r s b ch ) d n k l ) d Z bi mbd ` Z o h b *
g b Z i b ^ d Z k Z e b Z n l f b k m ) m n h cZ n i Z * b m + 7 l m Z [ ` b k b Z l % o ^ g m h f b l i Z l d ^ e [ *
l d ^ e[ ch l g < g mbh d @ n i Z mh k b d Z * $ m Z l Z i m o ^ k mZ l o b^ mZ l &+
% 0 & 8 P[p H S[ V YPw & Q s + . H Z d + 1 )1 4 +
k Z ebn f b8 K ber i n b m^ d h [ ` mb) bk cb l b *
o ^ g mh l
} 6 k Z R s Ss \ N U PL Z , o b^ m h g
K e ` + . H Z d + 3 ) . 4 8
o r d h b < b ` b i m +
n ` g b^ l %/ H Z d + . ). 5 &) d n k bh l cb ^ g ^ *
3 )3 0 +
/ [ Z P s T s I H m U ^ n P p PY T PL Z [ p & ` Z e c h $ b e Z b d r m b + } 2 ] L Q P L T Z T L [ H T Z &
%. - ). &
< g h m . H Z d + . ) 2 4 8 1 ) 2 / ) Z e m h k b n l i Z *
< g h m 5 )0 . +0 0 E ^ k n s Z e [ n o h Z m l b b f m Z
m h cn % e H Z d + 3 ). 1 +++& + } 8 H Z n PH Pk %
K s Z [ ^ [ \ &
D b h ] bn k ^ bd mn N n *
Turinys
(
H<F+ '&" * # /
+#)
i7]b[nl b`g^ \hg\îmh lZ\kb_b\bZ b n`gbgb Zdf^g) oe Zndhch

h[mne^kngm ihlm [b^ggbnf) ^m bg* ZndZl) ]o^cb^fl f^mZfl ikZlebg*
^ìnph) `Qp^`mi\n) ò k\i`n T^\" bk iZ]ch \VRUTJUt" b[nkbnl
ikhihlbmbhgbl ihln^kngm+ 1 Lnb* bk iZ]mbg^l ]nhgZl+ 1 OZb iZ]Z*
[nl `^lmbl) kh`Z[Zgm ?hfbgnf k) cb^ fZe]Zoh QbîZm) dgb*
ikhlmkZmb bg m^kkZf) g^ Zfiebnl ilmb Zgm ^fl) dZ] g^[îZm^dm
mZeb[nl fZebl bg\b]^k^gm7 l^] ^m mhdbZl gêZbf^l8 [^m) c^b bk dnh*
lb jnZg]h i^\\Zll^gm) nm Z[ bi* f^m ghkl gnlb]m) dZ] [m ch
lh fbmbnl \hkkbi^k^gmnk) ^m ghg oêgbZn ln]kZn]bZfb) h g^[m
[Zk[Zkbl) Z\ [eZlia^bgbl ahfbgb* Zmb]nh]Zfb [Zk[ZkZfl bk ibdmh*
[nl mkZ]^k^gmnk+ 0 LnZ]b^ Znm^f ]bZnmhcZfl+ 0<mlbmbdh `b) dZ] m
m^fienf Z[ Zeb^gb`^gbl iheenmnf iZb ]b^g) dnkbhc^ [ZgrbZ [n*
_n^kZm) \hgmb`bm ^Z]^f ]b^ inkb_b* oh lo^mbfZeb lnmîmZ) ordh bk
\Zmbhg^f _b^kb) ob`^lbfZ jnbgmZ chl ZioZerfZl) [m^gm ]ob]^bfm
f^glbl) jnb _nbm >Zle^n+
i^gdm dZleôh fg^lbh ]b^g+
B @m \nf eZ^mbmbZ ]b^[nl h\mh
3
Eb^ c o^gm ln ]bZn`lfn
^`^kngm bg fh]nf mZ[^kgZ\neh* i^k ZmnhgbZl ]b^gZl) dZbi KZ*
knf) k^\hk]Zgm^l jnh]Zgm^ fh* ]Zg`b o^gm^l) Zmlbfbg]Zfb) dZ]
]b\nf m^fihkbl ]b^f lhee^fg^f ]Zk oblZb g^l^gZb bdbefbg` KZ*
mZ[^kgZ\nehknf bg fhgmb[nl) ^m ]Zg`b o^gm cb^ [noh o^gm
bg liêng\bl fhk^[^lmbZknf ^`^* dZegnhl^ bk nkonhl^) dZbi eZndb*
kZgm+ 4 Kkhim^k jnh] Oarklhl) ^m gbZb okrl+ Oh]e cb^ g^ obchd*
kZfhl obkb]^l) ^m iZefZl ikZ^_^* ebZbl ZibibgmZl eZs]ê^l) Zebnh*
k^[Zgm ^b) jnb ikhli^kZobm fng* cZgbZl Zdê^l bk iZef^l `Zk[^b
]Zkb eh\nf lnnf+ 5 @m ]^\kô^* mh) dnkl iZ]ch eZbfbg`Zb ZioZ*
kngm \hffngb ikZ^\îmh) ^m ]^* ermb cZf iZolm ob^m+ 5Eb^ gn*
\k^mh) ngbo^klZ^ `^gmbDn]Z^hknf mZk [^g]knlZdrfn bk iZebîbfn
hfgb[nl Zggbl Z`^k^ ]b^l blmhl+ oblZb r] mZnmZb olmb mZl ]b^*
gZl dZl f^mZb+
6
@m <gmbh\ab jnb]^f) jnb Zi* 6
Ohdl mZb [noh `ro^gbfh `Z*
iêeZmnl ^lm Ih[bebl) obmZ^ ^q\^l* eZl <gmbhdh) dnkl oZ]bghlb NdZbl*
lnl bmZ l^ aZ[nbm+
mnlbl+
llbebd h l n m ^ i m Z l e r ` b Z b Y m k ^ c n l f ^ m n l 8
[ ^ m i b k f Z b l f ^ m Z b l E Y ] Z l ] Z k g ^ o Z *
] h o Z o h r ] m Z n m Z b8 En ] n b ^ l Z g m mZ n *
m h l i k b ^ Z d r c^ ) c b l b m bd k c i Z l bebd h
l n m ^ i m Z l ] o ^ cn l f ^ m n l + } % 2 & 2 ] P K L %
k PT [ &&& K e ` + . H Z d + 2 / + 2 1 +
% 3 & = L Y H k [ \ V U PH Z K PL U H Z &&& K e ` + .
H Z d + . ) 6 8 1 )2 6 +
. - ). - } . 0 )/ 3 + H b k n l < g m b h d n b @ i b *
b Z g n b b k i k Z ] c n l d Z k Z e b Z n m b c h l g n b
@ n i Z mh k bn b) E n ] Z l g n ` Z eb ch o Z ] n l
B h k ` b cZ ) Z g m k l r d O bf h m b^ c b k G r *
s b c ) bk mZ b ln Z b d bZ ? b^ o h i Z *
` Z e[ Z
% . - ). - } . . ). / & ) G r s b c h i Z *
mZ k bZ f Z l )
cZ n g Z l
d Z k Z ebn l
l n m^ b*
d bZ
] Z[ Zk
r] Zf l
m^ bl ` r o ^ g mb
l Z o h l m Z m r f Z bl 8 mZ f ] Z er d n b i k bmZ *
k b Z b k k h f g Z b %. . ). 0 } 0 5 & +
F Z bf r *
g r l m c^ ^ l Z g bh f l mZ n mh f l g ^ ] n h *
] Z g m r ] Z f l k Z f r [ l ) E n ] Z l d h o h *
cZ b i k b ^ c Z l b k g n [ Z n ] b Z ch i b b n l b k
cZ f g b cb ^ b n l ) g n ` Z eb d Z l i b^ bn l ) mn *
[ b Z g b ^ b Z e r c ^ O b f h m b ^ c ) F Z k b e b h g h
b k @ _ k h g h f b ^ l m n l ) D ] n f ch l o b k b g b g *
d B h k ` b c b k i Z l b k i b g Z ) d Z ] [mn+
Z n d h mZ Z n d n n o n l bn l d h o h l ^ r *
] n l %. / ). } 1 3 & +
< g mbh d n b @ n i Z mh k bn b
bk G r s b cn b ln d Z k bn h f ^ g ^ o e Z m o r *
d n l b E n ] c b k n o n l [ n o n l b Z f o r *
k b Z n l b Z f d n g b ` n b H ^ g ^ e Z cn b ' i k Z l b ] ^ *
] Z g Z n ch l d h o h l 7 [ ^ m Z i e b g d r [ b o ^ k *
bZ f Z l @ n i Z mh k bl l n l bmZ bd h ln En ] n
b k ` k m Z b < g m b h d b c % . 0 ) . } / 3 & +
Turinys
0(/
/ H<F+ .-) . . *. 3
%! >! \QAc G>DH ÈDH >D . INDJFJ 2OK>NJLDJ G>DF>DM!
.-
Ing\ Znm^f ]^ @niZmhk^ .-
?Z[Zk `b iZiZlZdhlbf^)dZl
<gmbh\ab bfibb _bebh) jnZ^ `^lmZ [noh iZ]ZkrmZ [^]bôbh <gmbhdh
lngm gZkkZ[bfnl)[kôbZgm^l fZeZ) lgZnl @niZmhkbh) mknfiZb lnfb*
jnZ^ bg [êebl `^lmZ lngm+ .. Cb\ g]Zfb gêZbf^l) ordnlbZl dZ*
^gbf lnl\îmh k^`gh) \hglmbmnbm knhl^+ ..I^l mZlZb) ikZ]cl ob^*
lni^kg^`hmbZ k^`gb GrlbZfjn^g* iZmZnmb) iZldrk dZkZerlml k^bdZ*
]Zf) Kah^gb\bl) ^m NrkbZ^ fbeb* eZfl dZbgdhd Gbsbc) K^gbdbchl
mbZ^ ikbg\bi^f+ *./IZf Kmhe^fZ* bk Nrkbchl dZkbnhf^gl obkbgbg*
^nljnb ]b\^[Zmnk HZ\^k) bnlmb m^* d+ ./I^l Kmhe^fb^cnl) oZ]bgZfZl
gZq ^k`Z Dn]Z^hl ^ll^ \hglmbmnbm) HZdkhgn) [noh gnlblmZml [mb
^m ikZ^\bin^ ikhim^k bgbjnbmZm^f) oblZb m^blbg`Zl r]Zfl) riZ ]e
jnZ^ _Z\mZ ^kZm bg ^hl) ^m iZ\b_b* iZ]Zkrmhlbhl cb^fl g^m^blr[l) bk
\^ Z`^k^ \nf ^bl+ .0 N^] h[ ah\ ê`mbl ln cZbl mZbdbZb+ .0=^m ]e
Z\\nlZmnl Z[ Zfb\bl Zin] @niZ* mh dZkZebZnl ikb^mêb ldng]bZ*
mhk^f) \nf _k^jn^gm^k ikh]bmhk fZl @niZmhkbnb) [^ mh ]ZgZb `bk*
Zn]bk^m) ^h jnh] >riknf \k^]b* ]]ZfZl) ch` c oZ]bgZ b]Zobdn)
mZf lb[b Z Kabehf^mhk^]^l^knbl* g^l cbl [noh iZebdl Abehf^mh*
l^m) ^m Z] <gmbh\anf Ih[be^f kbh lZn iZo^lm Fbik bk) i^kcl
mkZgleZmnl ^mbZf Z[^h k^\^llbl* <gmbhdh NdZblbhch inlg) oe
gnh ch Zmlmhch) cbl iZ[Zb` lZoh
l^m) o^g^gh obmZf _bgbobm+
`ro^gbf gnh]Zbl+
.1
Bhk`bZl Znm^f) \nf ^ll^m .1Bhk`bcZl `b) []ZfZl mh
]nq eh\hknf) Zllnfimbl Z]o^gbl dkZmh ob^mbgbgdn) iZlbfl Zmc*
_k^jn^gm^k Dn]Z^hl ]^[êeZ[Zm+ g) ]ZgZb dhohch ikb^ r]nl+
.2 Dn]Z^b o^kh) jnb m^g^[Zgm hi .2OZb`b r]Zb) dnkb kZgdhl^ [n*
ihkmngZl fngbmbhg^l) _n`ZmhlZ[ oh iZmh`bhl mobkmhol) ikbbf]Zoh
e^khlherfbl lnl\bib^[Zgm) ^m [ê* boZkrmnhlbnl b E^knsZel bk f*
eZk^ m^gmZ[Zgm+ .3 Cb o^kh) jnb `bg]Zoh dZkbZnmb+ .3Ob^) dnkb^[n*
^kZgm \nf HZ\aZ[Z^h) i^k hkZ* oh ln HZdZ[b^cnfb) ikZr]Zfb
mbhg^l ?hfbgnf kh`Zgm^l nm ^l* D fZe]hfblQbîZm)dZ][m cb^fl
% . - & 2 H I H Y N P W H W H Z H R V Z P T L &&& K e ` +
H Z d + 3 ) . 4 } 4 )1 + } % . . & 8 H m PU R V R u&
G r s b cZ l [ n o h eZ [ Z b bg h f Z l bk r f n l
Z l f n h 8 o Z ] bg Z ` b c Z n mh k bn l d Z bg *
d h d bn G r s b cn ) g h k ] Z f Z l b k ^ bd m b
c Z f l Z o h i Z g b ^ d + } % . / & ; L Z & I h k l
G r s b cZ l [ n o h < g mbh d h @ n i Z mh k bh ` eh *
[ cZ l bk d Z k Z er l m l o Z e] r mh cZ l ) cb l [ n *
o h ] k Z n ` ^ i Z l d bk m Z l bk N r k b ch l [ ^ b
K ^ g b d b c h l o b ^ m b g b g d n ) $g ^ l K m h e ^ f b ^ cn l )
d n k bZ f [ n o h i Z o ^ l mZ o Z e] r mb > ^ e^ l r *
k b c Z b k K ^ g b d b c Z % 5 ) 5 & ) [ n o h g n l b n ] l +
} : H R Y V U \ , D e ` Z ` Z e o bn + E b l f bg bf Z l
m Z b i i Z m $1 ) 1 2 b k 3 ) 5 8 m ^ g ` k + m + c b l o Z *
] b g Z f Z l ? h k b f b g h l g n f b +
F Z ] Z g ` b
cb l [ n o h i Z eZ g d n l r ] Z f l ) cb l [ n o h
mZ k bZ f Z l bk l d n g ] bZ f Z l d Z k Z ebn b+
< g d l bZ n cbl r k Z [ n o l o b^ mbg bg d n F b*
.
i k h ) d n k l i k bd eZ n l < b` bi m h d Z k Z eb n b
K m h e ^ f b ^ cn b A beh f ^ m h k bn b b k d n k H Z *
d k h g Z l l Z n o Z eb d Z b Z mb] Z o N r k b ch l
d Z k Z ebn b < g mbh d n b @ i b_ Z g n b+ } %. 0 &
2 H m U H P , i k h ` Z b i Z l b m Z b d b n l + } C s S U \ V
QV H [ Z [ V QV &&& HZdkhgh i Z e Z g d n f Z l r *
] Z f l [ n o h Z b d bg Z f Z l ch m Z k bZ f Z g ^ *
b mbd bf r [ ^ N r k b ch l d Z k Z ebn b+ = ^ m ` k +
m +) d n k l b Z g ^ o b l Z b Z b d n l ) k h ] h l b )
g h k mZ i Z l Z d r mb d Z l d b m Z 7 bk d Z ] Z g ` b
cZ f g ^ i Z o r d h mZ n k bn ^ e` ^ l bn k h ] r mb)
d Z ] ch i Z k ^ b` n Z m ebd bf Z l r k Z mZ n k n l )
c b l g n l b g n h ] b ch b k i Z ] Z k ` Z b l Z o h
` r o ^ g bf n b'
% . 1 & 4 V Y N P Q H Z N P &&& K e ` + . H Z d + 2 )
= ^ m l n k Z %.
2 6 +++ } % . 2 G A ] P Y [ V ] s Z ,
H Z d + 1 ) 3 . & + D ] n f cb ^ b Z b e Z b d l Z o h
k Z g d h l ^ > a ^ [ k h g ) d n k [ ` h g ^ b *
Turinys
/ H<F+ .-) .5}/2
6.6
lm lb[b Z]bnmhk)bfi^mnf_^\^kngm iZ]ccZl) inhe b]nfcb^b mobk*

bgfngbmbhg^lD]nfZ^hknf7 .4fne* mho^l+ + 1 ?b]êfbl iZlmZg`hfbl
mZjn^ ob bglblm^gm^l) eh\Z h[mb* cb^ iZf mZl ob^mZl) lnmbgdZfnl
gn^kngm) h\\nkk^gm^l bgm^k^f^* nfn bk oblh ]kZn` gn`ZeZ[b*
kngm)^mhfg^llbfneghgfbgnlob* ch g^fZbZn dZbi ]ob]^bfm mdl*
`bgmbfbeeb[nlmkn\b]Zo^kngm+.NLnb* mZgb+ .5 FZ]Zg`b mZbZn dZb dn*
]Zf Znm^f) \nf \hg_n`bll^gm bg kb^ ln[`h ]n eZ[Zb lnlmbikbgmn
]nZl mnkk^loZe]^fngbmZl) hfg^f [hdmn) dZf^ cb^ mnkch oblZ) dZl
ZiiZkZmnf Z] kîn`gZg]nf aZ* k^bdZebg`Z`bgmbl) .6mZb HZdZ[b^cnl
[^gm^l) .6 HZ\aZ[Z^nl Z] ^hknf iZebdlcb^fl Zi`nemb Nbfhg)Enh*
^qin`gZmbhg^f) kêb\mh Nbfhg^) ^m sZi bk TZdb^c bk `ZgZ ]Zn` ln
ehlîah) bm^fjn^TZ\aZ^h7 ^bljn^ cZbl [nonlb fhgb) iZml ch
jnb \nf bilbl ^kZgm lZmbl fnembl) dhohmb m^g) dnk [noh ldn[bZn+
bil^Z]^Zl) jnZ^Zfiebnli^knk`^* /- =^m ebdnlb^cb ln Nbfhgn) iZlb*
[Zgm)in`gZl\hgo^klnl ^lm+ /- Cb ]Zo `h]nfnb)dZb dnkb^fl [hd*
o^kh)jnb \nf Nbfhg^ ^kZgm) \nib* mnhl^ [nonlb^fl ]Zolb iZi^kdZ*
]bmZm^ ]n\mb) Z jnb[nl]Zf) jnb bg fb ibgb`Zbl bk iZf lîmrgbZl
mnkkb[nl ^kZgm) lnZlblngmi^\ngbZ7 ]^bfmblmdlmZgb]b]kZ\af)e^b*
^m lîmnZ`bgmZ fbeeb[nl ]b]kZ\a* ]h dZb dZf iZ[`mb+ /.FZb HZdZ*
fbl Z\\îmbl) ]bfbl^kngm jnhl* [b^cnb [noh ]nhmZ bgbZ Zib^ mZb)
]Zf ^__n`^k^+ /. >nf Znm^f HZ* dZl [noh ord) cbl) lnlbkbgdl
\mbZ[Z^h gng\bZmnf ^ll^m jnh] mZnmhl oZ]nl) ZidZembgh) dZ] Zgb^)
_Z\mnf ^lm) ikbg\bib[nl ihineb iZe^bl]Zfb c ikb^nl) iZk]Zo
\hg`k^`Zmbl) Z\\nlZobm) jnh] i^* [khebnln ibgb`nl+ // OZb`b mnhl)
\ngbZ _kZmk^l o^g]b]bll^f)Z]o^k* dnkb^ [noh obkm b]ZobdZbl) cbl
lZkbbl ^hknf ]bfbllbl+ // Chl b`b* ebî nfnmb bk iZf Z[n]n
mnk ikh]bmhk^l _Z\mhl bgm^k_^\bm) ^m [hdmn+ /0 Onk]ZfZl iZlbl^db*
\hg_^lmbf ]nZl mnkk^l h\\niZobm+ fh `bgdeZbl oblhl^ lZoh iZlmZg*
/5 <kfbl Znm^f Z\ fZgb[nl hf* `hl^) cbl gn`ZeZ[bch]ob^chl^ mobk*
gbZ ikhli^k^ Z`^g]h bg ]nZ[nl mhol^ ]Zn`bZn dZbi ]ob]^bfm
fngbmbhgb[nl ienl jnZf ob`bgmb mdlmZgb+
fbeebZ i^k^fbm+
=^m Obfhmb^cnl) dnkl [noh
/1
<m Obfhma^nl) jnb ikbnl Z /1
Dn]Z^bl _n^kZm lni^kZmnl) \hgoh* ZgdlbZn r] gn`ZemZl) lnkbg*
\Zmh ^q^k\bmn i^k^`kbgZ^ fnembmn* dl dZkbnhf^g b ]Zn`r[llo^*
]bgbl)^m\hg`k^`Zmh^jnbmZmn <lbZ* mbfZeb bk lnmkZndl <sbchl kZb*
gh) Z]o^gbm jnZlb Zkfbl Dn]Z^Zf mZkbc) Zmordh) fZgr]ZfZl iZbf*
\Zimnknl+ /2 HZ\aZ[Z^nl Znm^f) mb En]c `bgdeZbl+ /2 HZdZ[b^*
^m jnb \nf bilh ^kZgm)Ziikhibg* cnl `b bk ln cnh [nonlb^cb) ZgZf
jnZgm^ beeh) ]îk^\Z[Zgmnk ?hfb* ZkmbgZgmbl) fZe]ZohQbîZm) `Ze*
m b d b f b r ] Z b %. H Z d + 2 ) 3 2 & +
L k + m + 7
] kZ n ` ln bmZ bl ] Zn ` o Z k ` h ] Z k r ] Z *
o h r ] Z f l b ] n f cb ^ b Z b ) d n k b ^ e Z b d
lZ o h kZ g d h l ^ i Z mh ` bh l ^ o b^ mh l ^ ^ l Z g *
bZ l mo bk mh o ^ l ) i k bbf ] Z o h b o Z k r mn l b
E ^ k n s Z e l r ] n l bk l m^ g ` ] Z o h l b i Z eZ b*
d r m b d Z k + K e ` + . H Z d + 2 ) 0 } 3 2 + }
% . 5 & 8 H P R \ Y P L &&& B k + m + 7 6 + - - - + } O b ^ d
f h g b i Z i k Z l mn h l ^ [ h d m n h l ^ l n *
mbei mb g ^ ` Z e ch 8 mh ] e bZ [ h d mZ bl i Z *
o Z ] b g m Z g ^ f Z h l i b e r l + K e ` + . H Z d +
2 )2 + } % . 6 & 7 \ V _ H W p & B Z e l Z o h [ k h e
E h g + K e ` + 5 )/ / + T Z d b ^ c n l ` Z e [ n o h
En ] h ` bf bg Z bm bl +
} % / - & 9 P R \ Z P L Q P ,
[ k b o b k b g b g d Z b + } @ L W [ ^ U P H Z K L k P T %
[PZ &&& B k + m + f b g b f h l ] k Z \ a f h l ) d n k b
d b^ d o b ^ g Z o ^ k m Z Z i b^ i n l Z g m k h ebmh +
% / 1 & / U R Z n P H \ &&& K e ` + 5 ) 0 - ++ + b k . / )
Turinys
+$"
/ > <F+ .-) /\}02
gnf)\Zinmm^kkZZli^k`^gm^l)enf*
[hljn^ \beb\bbl ikZ^\bg\mb) /3 Z]
ZemZkbl \kîb]bg^f ikhohenmb) nm
lb[b ikhibmbnl) bgbfb\bl Znm^f^h*
knf ^ll^mbgbfb\nl) ^m Z]o^klZkbbl
Z]o^klZk^mnk) lb\nm e^q ]b\bm+ /4 @m
bmZ ihlm hkZmbhg^f) lnfimbl Zk*
fbl) ehg`bnl]^\bobmZm^ ikh\^]^g*
m^l) ^m ikhqbfb ahlmb[nl ^__^\mb
k^l^]^kngm+ /N Kkbfh Znm^f lhebl
hkmn nmkbjn^ \hffbl^kngm7 blmb
jnb]^f ob\mhkbZ^) ^m ikhli^kbmZmbl
lihglhk^f \nfobkmnm^ ?hfbgnf
aZ[^gm^l7 beeb Znm^f ]n\^f [êeb
Zgbfnf aZ[^[Zgm+ /6 N^]) \nf
oâ^f^gl in`gZ ^ll^m) ZiiZkn^*
kngmZ]o^klZkbbl]^\Zêh obkb jnbg*
jn^ bg ^jnbl) _k^gbl Znk^bl ]^\h*
kb) ]n\Zmnf Dn]Z^bl ikZ^lmZgm^l7
0-^q jnb[nl ]nh HZ\aZ[Z^nf
f^]bnf aZ[^gm^l)Zkfbl lnbl \bk*
\nflîmnf bg\henf^f \hgl^k*
oZ[Zgm7 bg Z]o^klZkbhl Znm^f m^*
eZ) ^m _nefbgZ bZ\b^[Zgm) ^q jnh
^m \Z^\bmZm^ \hg_nlb)^mkîe^mb i^k*
mnk[Zmbhg^ \Z]^[Zgm+ 0. Dgm^k_^\mb
lngm Znm^f ob`bgmb fbeebZ jnbg*
`^gmb) ^m ^jnbm^l l^q\^gmb+ 0/ Ob*
fhma^nl o^kh \hg_n`bm bg BZsZ*
kZf ikZ^lb]bnf fngbmnf) \nb
ikZ^^kZm>aZ^k^Zl+00 HZ\[Z[Z^nl
Znm^f) ^m jnb \nf ^h ^kZgm) eZ^*
mZgm^l h[l^]^kngmikZ^lb]bnf]b^*
[nl jnZmmnhk+ 01 <m ab) jnb bgmnl
^kZgm) eh\b _bkfbmZm^ \hg_blb lnikZ
fh]nf fZe^]b\^[Zgm) ^m l^kfh*
g^l g^_Zg]hl bZ\mZ[Zgm+ 02 N^]
\nf ]b^l jnbgmZ been\^l\^k^m) ob*
`bgmb bno^g^l ^q abl)jnb\nf HZ*
\aZ[Z^h ^kZgm) Z\\^glb Zgbfbl
ikhim^k [eZlia^fbZf)obkbebm^k Z\*
\^ll^kngm Z] fnknf) ^m _^kh\b
o Zilb[Zklm ]nedfbl bk eZn*

gbl lnlbcnhl Znmbgfbl) /0 ln*
dgbn[ ikb^ iZm ZemhkbZnl iZfZ*
m) dZ] cbl [m cb^fl fZehgbg*
`Zl) c `b gîkb^mêbZfl [m g^*
ikb^mêbg`Zl bk ikb^bgmlb c ikb^*
Zfl) mZbi dZbi Z]Z lmZmrfZl+
/4OZbi ih fZe]hl) iZlbf `bg*
denl bk bc `ZgZ mheb b fb^lmh)
lnlmhch) dZb [noh oblZb Zkmb g^*
ikb^mêb+ /5FZbi mbd lZne ikZ]*
ch m^dmb) Z[b dZkbnhf^gl ikZ*
]ch dho) ob^gb) [^ lZoh gZkln*
fh) mnk]Zfb gn`Zecbfh bk iZ*
lbl^dbfh eZb]nhmhc) QbîZm) db*
mb `b dhohl oZ] mnkch ]kl+
/6 =^m dZb dhoZ iZlb]Zk eZ[Zb
lfZkdb) ikb^Zfl iZlbkh] b]Zg*
`Znl i^gdb orkZb Zgm bk`) iZ*
inhm Zndlbgfbl dZfZghfbl)
bkikZ]choZ]hoZnmbr]Zfl+ 0-?n
b c) iZf HZdZ[b^c ob]nk)
]^g` c lZoh `bgdeZbl bk ]Zk c
gêb^bZf8 ikb^nl `b cb^ fm
oberbZl bk Zb[nl8 mh]e Zgb^ dkb*
mh Zdenfh bmbdmb bk ibegb lnfbb*
fh+ 0.=noh `b nfnmZ ]ob]^*
bfm mdlmZgb i^gdb bfmZb il*
mbgbgdbk^bbfmZbkZbmêb+ 0/KZml
Obfhmb^cnl iZ[`h lnlmbikbgm
mobkmho BZsZk) dnkbhl obkbgbg*
dZl[noh >a^k^Zl+ 00HZdZ[b^clbk
ln $ cnh [nonlb^cb ]bZn`]Zfb^l
eZbd Zi`nemobkmho d^mnkbZl ]b^*
gZl) 01mnh mZkin ob]nc^ [nonlb^*
cb) iZlbmbd]Zfb ob^mhl lmbiknfn)
ibdmh]bZoh [^ lZbdh bk dZe[ch
[cZnkbZnlbZl dZe[Zl+ 02<nmZgm `b
i^gdmZb ]b^gZb) ]ob]^bfm cZngb*
dZbb b m) dnkb^ [noh ln HZ*
dZ[b^cnfb) ^ksbgmb ibdmh]bZob*
fZbl) ]klbZb ikblbZkmbgh ikb^ lb^*
mh+++ } / _ P Q V Z , Z n d m ^ l g b h l b h l < s b * 2 ) 0 - } 0 1 + } % / 6 & = H Z P Y V K s Pk K H U N H \ Z &&&

c h l ) m + r + H ^ ] b c h l ) d n k b [ n o h ` Z k l b b K e ` + 0 ) / 2 + + + 2 ) / + } % 0 / & , 4 H _ H Y p & Q *
l m b i k b Z b l Z k d e b Z b l + } % / 3 & 8 H PW m H K H + e b Z n m h c ^ i b e r c ^ ` r o ^ g h E h g Z l H Z d Z *
u Z [ H [ ^ T H Z & D + / 0 )/ / % G R R o ^ k m b f ^ & ) b [ b ^ cn l + . H Z d + . 0 )2 1 + } 1 O L Y L H Z , O b *
} % / 5 & = Y H K s Q V R V ] p &&& K e ` + . H Z d + 8 f h m b ^ c Z n l [ k h e b l % ; 4 ^ b e + & + } % 0 2 & = Y H %
Turinys
/ H<F+ .-) 0 3 *. . ) 2
6/.
Zgbfh bg\^]^gm^l Zl\^g]^[Zgm7 ghl bk eZ[Zb ird ikZ]ch dhimb

03 l^] ^m Zebb lbfbebm^kZl\^g]^gm^l) Zgm chl+ 03=^m mZbi iZm bk dbmb)
mnkk^l) ihkmZljn^ ln\\^g]^k^ Z`* dhi]Zfb T h ^ y g l a & iZ]^`bgch [hd*
`k^llb ln g m) Zmjn^ bilhl fZe^]b* mnl bk oZkmnl bk iZbnl ibdmh*
\hl o bohl \hg\k^fZk^+ 04 K^k\hg* ]bZnmhcnl ]^`bgh `ronl+ 04Nn*
bmblZl ]b^*
mbgnnf Znm^f [b]nnf ikZ^lb]bh gZbdbg i^k ]ob
oZlmZmh) Obfhma^nf h\\nemZgm^f gZl mobkmho) cb^ gnn] ZmkZlm
l^ bg jnh]Zf kî^kmnf eh\h i^* b Obfhmb^c) dnkl [noh iZlbleil
k^f^kngm7 ^m_kZmk^f beebnl >aZ^* D ob^ghc^ ob^mhc^) nfn mZbi iZm
k^Zf) ^m <iheehiaZg^f h\\b]^* ch [khe >a^k^ bk <iheh_Zg+
kngm+ 05 Lnb[nl `^lmbl) bg arfgbl 05Kh b ordb cb^ `Zk[bgh `r*
^m \hg_^llbhgb[nl [^g^]b\^[Zgm kbZnl bk ]dhcbfh `b^lffbl Qb^*
?hfbgnf) jnb fZ`gZ _^\bm bgDl* iZm) dnkl [noh iZ]Zkl ]b]b
kZê) ^m ob\mhkbZf ]^]bm beebl+
]Zerd DskZêrc^ bk lnm^bd cb^fl
gn`Zecbf+
0>KON ;3! . N^] iZkoh ihlm
$$ KBLMFQLDH >M! .=^m mknf*
m^fihk^) GrlbZl ikh\nkZmhk k^`bl) iZf eZbdnb ikZlebgdnl) dZkZebZnl
^m ikhibgjnnl) Z\ g^`hmbhknf èh[cZl) ch `bfbgZbmbl bk k^bdZe
ikZîhlbmnl) `kZobm^k _^k^gl ]^ obkbgbgdZl) GrsbcZl) eZ[Zb gîZ*
abl) jnZ^ Z\\b]^kZgm) / \hg`k^`Z* m^gdbgmZl mnh) dZl [noh Zmlbmbd)
mbl h\mh`bgmZ fbeeb[nl) ^m ^jnbmZ* /lnkbgdlZlmnhgbZl]^bfmblmdl*
mn ngbo^klh) o^gb^[Zm Z]o^klnl mZgb bk obl kZbmZkbc) ch ikb^
Dn]Z^hl) ^qblmbfZgl l^ \bobmZm^f $ r]nl) mbd]Zfhl iZ]Zkrmb b iZ*
jnb]^f \ZimZf B^gmb[nl aZ[b* bfmh fb^lmh `ro^gZf ob^m iZ*
mZ\nenf _Z\mnknf) 0 m^fienf o^* `hgbfl) 0b [Zgrbhl `b mnkmb
kh bg i^\ngbZ^ jnZ^lmnf) lb\nm iêgh Zembg) dZbi b dbm iZ`h*
\^m^kZ ]ên[kZ B^gmbnf) aZ[bmn* gb o^gmrde) bkdZlf^m iZk]nh*
knf) ^m i^k lbg`nehl Zgghl o^* ]Zf dngb`rlm+ 1Ebl oblZb g^*
gZe^ lZ\^k]hmbnf7 1 gnljnZf k^* `Zeohch Zib^ ?bôh `Zeb) [^miZ*
\h`bmZgl ?^bihm^lmZm^f)l^]f^g* lb]Zol g^lnoZe]hfZb inbdr[^b)
m^ ^__k^gZmnl bg fnembmn]bg^ i^]b* iZlbmbdch ilmbgbgd ]Zn`r[^)kZb*
mnf) ^m bg fbeeb[nl ^jnbmnf) ^m mêb mdlmZgbZbl bk Zlmnhgbhfbl
bg h\mh`bgmZ êîaZgmbl \hg_b]^* ]^bfmbfbl ]kZf[eb+ 2cl `b
[Zm+ 2 Dg`k^llnl Znm^f Dn]Z^Zf) En]c bk ikblbZkmbgl ikb^ =^m*
^m ZiikhibZgl =^malnkZ^) jnZ^ lnkhl)dnkb[nohmZkindZegc^)i^g*
K s Q V R V W [P H U [ QV Z & < g h m ` k + m + 7 n *
] d b^ d o b^ g ) d n k l n m bd ] Z o h + } %0 3 &
0 L [ [H PW W H [&&&
O bd l ebZ n ` k + m + 7 d bmb
mZ bi i Z m d h i ] Z f b i Z g Z bn [ ] n d bm h *
c ^ i b e b ^ l ] Z e r c ^ i k b ^ m ) d n k b ^ [ n o h
o b ] n c^ ) i Z ] ^ ` [ h d m n l b k ) l n d k
n ` g ) l n ] ^ ` b g h i b d m h ] b Z n m h cn l ` r *
o n l 8 % 0 4 & d bm b l n eZ n o Z k m n l bk ) e ^ b *
] ebd n l b d Z k bn h f ^ g ) i Z f f b^ l *
< g h m ` k + m +7
m + } C P L U V Q L ] PL [ V Q L &
o b ^ g h c ^ ] n h [ c^ % n e b g r c ^ & + Q n e ` Z m h *
c^ ` Z e r k Z i ^ k k Z bg mh cn d e Z b ] Z 7 eh *
\ h o b ^ m h c ^ . Z \ n + } / W V S V M V U p , b
d bmn k g ^ bg h f Z l Z lf n h +
Turinys
% . . ) . & A Y \ T W H T SH PR \ P&&& < g m b h d Z l

@ i bmZ g Z l [ n o h i Z l d r k l G r s b c eZ b*
d bg bn d Z k Z e r l m l o Z e ] r m h cn bk l Z o h l *
g Z n l < g m b h d h @ n i Z m h k b h Z n d e m h c n %.
H Z d + 0 )0 / & + K bk f Z l
G r s b ch
r ` bl
i k b^ r ] n l g ^ [ n o h cZ f eZ bf bg ` Z l
%. H Z d + 1 ) / 5 - 8 b Z %. } . 2 & i Z l Z *
d h cZ f Z
Z i b^
ch
Z g mk
f ` bg bf
i Z o ^ k ` m b E ] c + } % 1 & / Z [ \ V U PV T PZ &&&
N d Z b b Z b g n k h ] h f b ` Z g Z ] b] ^ eb8 Z k cb ^
] Z [ Z k m bg bZ f ^ m ^ d l m ^ r k Z m h d b^ i Z m )
d h d b^ [ n o h d g r ` h l Z n mh k bZ n l k Z r m b)
g ^ i b ` n i Z l Z d r m b + } % 2 & = L U R P H PZ ] L Y %
bZ
Z b d b
] Z [ Z k mbg bh
Z SPH PZ H [Z [ \ &
/((
( > 2 < $ ''" , d '+
^kZm bg Zg`nlmh eh\h) Z[ D^khlh* dbZbl oZklgZbl Zmlmn gnh E^knsZ*
erfZ bgm^koZeeh jnbgjn^ lmZ]bh* el)cblZi`nemmobkmho+ 3FZbimbd
knf) been] ikZ^lb]bnf ^qin`gZ* HZdZ[b^cnl bk ln cnh [nonlb^cb
[Zm+ 3Pm Znm^f HZ\aZ[Z^nl) ^m `Zoh bgb) dZ] mobkmhol Zi`ne*
jnb \nf ^h ^kZgm) \h`gho^kngm mhl) cb^ ln o^kdlfn bk ZZkhfbl)
^qin`gZkb ikZ^lb]bZ) \nf _e^mn mZbi iZm oblZ fbgbZ ]kZn`^) ikZ*
^m eZ\kbfbl kh`Z[Zgm ?hfbgnf) QbîZm) lblmb `^k Zg`ê
^m hfgbl mnk[Z lbfne) nm [hgnf `ê[mb DskZêbh+ 4 HZdZ[b^cnl iZml
Zg`ênf fbmm^k^m Z] lZenm^f Dl* ibkfZl) iZlbfl `bgdenl) kZ`b*
kZê+ 4 @m bil^ ikbfnl HZ\aZ* gh dbmnllmhmb ]kZn` ln cnh c iZ*
[Z^nl) lnfimbl Zkfbl) \^m^khl ohc bk ^bmb iZ`Ze[ lZoh [kh*
Z]ahkmZmnl ^lm lbfne l^\nf i^kb* ebZfl+ 5OZb`b dZb cb^ ]b]êbn iZ*
\nenf ln[bk^) ^m _^kk^ Znqbebnf lbkrbfn ch ]kZn`) ikb^ E^knsZ*
_kZmkb[nl lnbl+ l >nfjn^ iZkbm^k el iZlbkh] ^bgl c ikb^Zdrc^
ikhfimh Zgbfhikh\^]^k^gm)D^kh kZbmêbl) [ZemZbl ]kZ[nbZbl) Zndlb*
lherfbl ZiiZknbm ikZ^\^]^gl ^hl gbZbl `bgdeZbl bk obmknhcl b^mb*
^jn^l bg o^lm^ \Zg]b]Z) Zkfbl fb+ 6Onhf^m oblb ]kZn`^ ehobgh
Znk^bl aZlmZf ob[kZgl+ 6 Ong\ `Zbe^lmbg`c QbîZm bk lnlmbik*
hfg^l lbfne [^g^]bq^kngm fbl^* ch ]oZlbZ8 cb^ [noh iZlbkr ine*
kb\hk]^f ?hfbgnf) ^m \hgoZ* mb g^ mbd fhg^l) [^m bk iekbZn*
en^kngm Zgbfbl7 ghg lhenf ahfb* lbnl okbl bk `ê^bg^l lb^gZl+
g^l) l^] ^m [^lmbZl _^kh\bllbfZl) .-OZb`b cb^ ch ]klbZb) mnk]Zfb
^m fnkhl _^kk^hl iZkZmb i^g^mkZ* iZ]cc b ]Zg`Znl bk c iZlb*
k^+ .- D[Zgm b`bmnk ikhfimb) ]^ `Zbebgm QbîZm+ ~ I^lneZbdhfb
\Zêh aZ[^gm^l Z]bnmhk^f ^m fb* dZbi ebmZb cb^ inhe ikb^nl bk
l^kZgm^f lni^k ^hl ?hfbgnf+ iZ`ne]c ob^gnhebdZ mdlmZgb
.. G^hgnf Znm^f fhk^ bfi^mn ilmbgbgd bk mdlmZgm ^bl bf*
bkkn^gm^l bg ahlm^l) ikhlmkZo^kngm mnl kZbmêb8 ./ oblnl `b dbmnl ikb*
^q ^bl ng]^\bf fbeebZ i^]bmnf) o^km [`mb8 c ]Zn`nfZ bmkdh
^m ^jnbmnf fbee^ l^q\^gmhl7 ./ ln^blmb bk [^ `bgde8 [^m bk iZml
ngbo^klhl Znm^f bg _n`Zf o^km^* GrsbcZl mnkch `ê[mbl) g^`Zk[bg*
kngm) ibnk^l Znm^f ^q ^bl oneg^* `Zb iZ[`]ZfZl+
kZmb gn]b ôZl^kngm+ N^] ^m bil^
GrlbZl mnkibm^k _n`b^gl ôZlbm+
.0
@m jnbZ ghgbgl^glZmnl ^kZm) .0
FZ]Zg`b cblmnkch `ZgZikh*
l^\nf bil^ kînmZgl) _Z\mZf ^k* mh) ZiloZklml iZml ob^gZl iZ]Z*
`Z l^ ]bfbgnmbhg^f)^m bgmêeb`^gl krmnl lZn gnhlmhebnl bk lnikZl*
bgob\mhl ^ll^ C^[kZ^hl)hfgbih* ]ZfZl) dZ] r]Zb g^gn`Zebfb)g^l
m^gmbl ?^b Znqbebh bggbm^gm^l) fb* k^fbZlb oblZ`Zebh ?bôh iZ`Ze[Z
lbm Z] ^hl7 .1ikhfblbmjn^ l^\hg* cbl lbngm iZl cnhl iZlbngmbgb)
l^glnknf hfgb[nl) jnZ^ bnlmZ ~ iZlbZ]ch ikbmZkmb oblZf) dZl
lngm) ^mk^`^f \hfinelnknf Zfb* m^blbg`Z) bk iZo^bdmb dZkZeb) dZ]
\nf _b^kb+ .2 <ggnbm Znm^f HZ* cbl [m c ikb^mêbl+ .2HZdZ[b^*
m^ d l mh
d eZ b] Z )
g ^ l b E ^ k n s Z e l b d b + i b k f Z = ^ m l n k Z + } > X e 4 ` e h [ c + }
= ^ m l n k Z b r k Z Z i b ^ . 2 - o Z k l g % Z k m b d % 4 & : e b _\ T ` f 4 Z i ` n e m b ^ l b ^ f l = ^ m l n k h *
o b l n . c ^ + } % 5 & G T f \e b W X\a f((( K Z g Z n l
0 - d b e h f + & + } % 3 & K i \e g b i f 4
Z i l b k ^ b d b f Z b 0 )/ 0 b k . - )/ 6 +
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ''" ',d ( ,
0)(
\aZ[Z^nl ik^\b[nl GrlbZ^)bg hf*

gb[nl nmbebmZmb\hglne^gl7 ^m jnZ^*
V h ` ;?0*,.3,-,0?= =.<4:=4> Gr*
lbZ^ ]^ en]Z^bl) ^Z k^q \hg\^llbm+
.- IZf ^kZgm l\kbimZ^ en]Z^bl
îblmheZ^ Z GrlbZ jnb]^f ang\
fh]nf \hgmbg^gm^l7 GSND<Nih*
ineh Dn]Z^hknf lZenm^f+ .4 eh*
Zgg^l) ^m <[^lZehf) jnb fbllb_n*
^kZgm Z oh[bl) mkZ]^gm^l l\kbimZ)
ihlmneZ[Zgmnm^Z)jnZî^k beehl lb*
`gb_b\Z[Zgmnk) bfie^k^f+ D5LnZ^*
\nfjn^ b`bmnk k^`b ihmn^kngm
i^k_^kkb) ^qihlnb7 ^mjnZ^ k^l i^k*
fbmm^[Zm) \hg\^llbm+ .6 Nb b`bmnkbg
g^`hmbbl _b]^f \hgl^koZo^kbmbl) ^m
]^bg\îl [hghknf oh[bl \ZnlZ
^ll^ m^gmZ[h+ /- ?^ \^m^kbl Znm^f
i^k lbg`neZ o^k[h fZg]Zob ^mbl*
mbl) ^m abl) jnb Z f^ fbllb lngm)
\heehjnb oh[bl\nf+ /. =^g^ oZe^*
m^+ <ggh \^gm^lbfh jnZ]kZ`^lb*
fh h\mZoh f^glbl ?bhl\hkb) ]b^
ob`^lbfZ ^m jnZkmZ+
/0 M^`bl Znm^f$ îblmheZ blmZ
\hgmbg^[Zm7 M@R <gmbh\anl Gr*
lbZ^ _kZmkb lZenm^f+ /0 KZmk^ ghl*
mkh bgm^k ]^hl mkZgleZmh) ghl oh*
e^gm^l ^hl) jnb lngm bg k^`gh
ghlmkh lbg^ mnfnemn Z`^k^) ^m k^*
[nl lnbl Z[ab[^k^ ]beb`^gmbZf)
/1Zn]bobfnl en]Z^hl ghg\hgl^g*
lbll^ iZmkb f^h nm mkZgl_^kk^gmnk
Z] kbmnf BkZ^\hknf) l^] m^g^k^
oêe^ lnnf bglmbmnmnf) Z\ ikhi*
m^k^Z ihlmneZk^ Z gh[bl \hg\^]b
lb[be^`bmbfZ lnZ+ /2 Qhe^gm^l b`b*
mnk aZg\ jnhjn^ `^gm^f jnb^*
mZf ^ll^) lmZmn^gm^l bn]b\Zob*
cnl lnmbdh ln GrsbchiZlberfZbl)

kibg]Zfhl [^g]kZ gZn]Z) bk d
HZdZ[b^cnl iZkZ Grsbcnb Zib^
r]nl) mZb dZkZebnl lnm^bd+
.3 I^l Grsbch [noh iZkZrmZl
r]Zfl eZbdZl mhdbhmnkbgbh7 Gr*
sbcZl r] mZnmZb lbngbZ lo^bdb*
gbf+ .4EhgZl bk <[^lZehfZl)dn*
kb^ [noh cl lblmb) Zmb]Zo eZb*
d bk ikZ fZg^ ordbgmb ]Zer*
dnl) dnkb^ [noh cZf^ bk^bdmb+
.5OZb`b oblZ) dZl [noh `ZebfZ
ikZg^mb dZkZebnb) Z b]lbZn) bk
d Ziebgdr[l e^b]h) cbl lnm^bd+
.w E^b mZm cl eZbdrlbml bmbdbfr*
[l k^bdZenhl^) Z bkmhebZn lm^g`*
lbnhl [mb cnfl`^kh ikb^Zlmbl+
0- <ib^ dbmnl ]Zerdnl Z ]ZobZn
h]bn Zmldbk gnkh]rf cl bk
fZgh iZlbngmbgbZfl) dZ] dZe[*
mlb ln cnfbl+ /. =dbm^ lo^bdb
bfmZl d^mnkbZl ]^bfmbl Zmng*
mZbl f^mZbl]ob]^bfm d^mobkm ]bh*
ldhkh fg^lbh ]b^g+
//FZkZebZnl `b eZbdh mnkbgrl
[nohmhdl7 FZkZebnl <gmbhdZl[kh*
ebnb Grsbcnb lbngbZ lo^bdbgbf+
/0 Hl monb^lZgmi^kdêmZfmZki
]bô) f^l) ghk]Zfb) dZ] mb^)dn*
kb^ rkZ fl dZkZerlmc^) `ro^g*
m kZfr[c^bk nlbbfm ki^lmbg*
`Zb lZoh k^bdZeZbl) /1b`bk]hf^)
ch` r]Zb g^lnmbdh ln fl m*
on) dnkl ghkch) dZ] cb^ iZlb]nh*
m `kZbd ikhbZfl) [^m ch` cb^
ghkb eZbdrmbl lZoh ikhb bk mh*
]e ikZh fnl e^blmb cb^fl eZbdr*
mbl lZoh lmZmrf8 /2mZb`b ghk*
]Zfb) dZ] mZbi iZm bmZ mZnmZ [*
%/ . & x \ ` g T f ( ( (
.15
N ^ e^ n d Z b b
^ k h l f ^ m Z b [ n o h g n h . 3 2 f + l i Z e b n
f g ^ l b h b d b l i Z e b f e b + . 3 1 f + i b k f
F k + F Z ] Z g ` b m Z b Z n . H Z d + d g + Z n m h *
k bn l N ^ e^ n d Z b b ^ k h l f ^ mn l l d Z b bn h *
c Z g ^ g n h k n ] ^ g l ) [ ^ m ) r ] i k h b n )
g n h i Z o Z l Z k bh ) mZ b i Z l c d h g ^ i n l
. 1 5 f + r f b f Z c Z n . 1 6 f +
D bZ
Z m l bk Z g ] Z d Z b d n k d k h g h e h ` b ch c^ o b^ *
g f ^ m l d b k m n f Z l m Z k i . b k / H Z d +
d g + % i e ` + . H Z d + 3 ) . 3 & + } < \ b f ^ b e b (
B k + V _ \ b f ^ b e \ a g [ \ b h 4 E n i bm ^ k bh F h k bg *
m b ^ b h + }. F n k b l b Z f g n h o Z ] b g Z *
f Z l bmn h o Z k ] n ) g ^ o bl Z b Z b d n + N r k +
o ^ kmbf ^ g n kh ] h f Z l f g n h mb k b+
%/ / & : e b _ \ h \ 4 ` bf bg Z b bn b+ } %/ 0 &
= f T a g c X e ^ X _ g T ` g T e c W \X i h ((
KZ`h*
g b d Z l b l bk ^ b d bf Z l Z i b^ d Z k Z ebZ n l
Turinys
/(*
( > 2 < $ ''" ( - d )+
fnl) m^fienf k^lmbmnb beebl) nm

Z`^k^gm l^\ng]nf lnhknffZbh*
knf \hgln^mn]bg^f+ /- =^g^ b`b*
mnk _^\^kbl) lb fbl^kbl Z] ^hl)
^m ]^qm^kZf ]^]^kbl7 nm \h`gbmZ
ghlmkZohengmZm^)[hgh Zgbfhlbgm)
^m nmbebmZmb[nl ikhikbbl ]^l^kobZgm+
/4 <] en]Z^hl o^kh k^`blîbl*
mheZ mZebl ^kZm7 M@R <gmbh\anl l^*
gZmnb En]Z^hknf) ^m\^m^kblDn]Z^*
bl lZenm^f+ /NNb oZe^mbl) lb\ ^l*
mbl nm ohenfnl7 l^] ^m bilb [^g^
oZe^fnl+ /6<]bbm ghl H^gêZnl)
]b\^gl oêe^ ohl ]^l\^g]^k^ Z]
o^lmkhl)jnb lngmZin] ghl+ 0- Cbl
b`bmnk) jnb \hff^Zgm nljn^ Z]
]b^f mkb`^lbfnf f^glbl RZgmab*
\b) ]Zfnl]^qmkZl l^\nkbmZmbl)0. nm
en]Z^b nmZgmnk \b[bl) ^m e^`b[nl
lnbl) lb\nm ^m ikbnl7 ^m g^fh ^h*
knf neeh fh]h fhe^lmbZf iZmbZ*
mnk ]^ abl) jnZî^k b`ghkZgmbZf
`^lmZ lngm+ 0/ Hblbfnl Znm^f ^m
H^gêZnf) jnb ohl ZeehjnZmnk+
00 QZe^m^+ <ggh \^gm^lbfh jnZ*
]kZ`^lbfh h\mZoh) RZgmab\b f^g*
lbl jnbgmZ]^\bfZ ]b^+
01 Hbl^kngm Znm^f ^mbZf Mh*
fZgb îblmheZf) bmZ lâZ[^gm^f7
LPDIOPN H^ffbnl) ^m Obmnl
HZgbebnl e^`Zmb MhfZghknf) ih*
ineh Dn]Z^hknf lZenm^f+ 02 ?^
f bk m+
< g mbh d Z l @ i b_Z mbZ l ) bk ` r o Z l
[ ] Z f Z l ) e Z b d l Z o ^ e r ` b n ] b ^ o Z f l +
K e ` + 6 +. - +
%/6& D Xa X_T ]h f( < k b m Z l H ^ g ^ e Z cn l
[ n o h r ] g ^ i k bi Z bg mZ l bl o r k bZ n *
l bn h cn d n g b` n % 1 +/ 0 +/ 4 +2 - & ) l n g d n i Z *
c T f fT i h b f \h f(((
l Z d r m b + } 9 gX\g\
< g h m ` k + m + 7 ` k m b % b E ^ k n s Z e l & bk
n l bbf mb l Z o h k ^ bd Z eZ bl + } F h d b bZ
e ^ g ` o Z m Z d Z k Z eb Z n l l n m ^ bd bZ f Z ) g ^ o e*
$l Z b Z b d n +
B Z e ] n h ] Z f Z . 2 ] b^ g
eZ bd h ) d Z ] o bl b ` Z e m i Z ] mb ` bg d en l
b k o e i k Z ] m b k Z f ` r o ^ g b f + } %0-&
B fT a g\^ b ( O Z b ^ m Z l f Z d ^ ] h g b ^ b
m kZfb) f^l gnlblmZmf^ bk gn*

mZkf^) dZ] cb^fl [m `kbgmZ
[ZgrbZ) dZ] cb^ `ro^gm lZoh
ikhmob ikhbZbl+ /3 OZb`b mn `^*
kZb iZ]Zkrlb) c^b lblb iZl cnhl bk
iZ]Zkrlb mZbd) dZ] cb^)iZmrk f*
l oZeb) [m kZfl bk kibg*
mlb) dZlcb^fl iZmb^fl gZn]bg`Z+
/4 FZkZebZnl eZbdZl r]Zfl
[nohmhdl7FZkZebnl<gmbhdZl r]
mZkr[Zb bk dbmb^fl r]Zfl lbng*
bZ lo^bdbgbf+ /5E^b cl ^lZm^
lo^bdb) cl ^lZm^ mhdb^) dZbi f^l
ghkbf^)mZbiiZm bkf^l ^lZf^lo^b*
db+ /6t fnl dk^bilb H^gêZcnl)
lZdr]ZfZl) dZ] cl ghkbm^ Zm^bmb
iZl lZonhlbnl) dnkb^rkZ iZlfnl+
0-OZb`b mb^fl) dnkb^ ^bl bdb mkbl*
]^bfmZb dlZgmbdh fg^lbh ]b^*
gZb) f^l eZb]nhcZf^ lZn`nf)
0.dZ] r]Zb `Zem gZn]hmbl lZ*
oh fZblmn bk lmZmrfZbl) dZbi l^*
gbZn) bk dZ] gob^gZl c g^[m
oZk`bgZfZl chdbn []n ]e mh)
dZl [noh iZ]ZkrmZ g^bgbhfbl+
5/H^l lbngbZf^ mZbi iZm bk H^*
gêZc)dnklmZklbl lncnfbl+ 00=*
dbm^ lo^bdb bfmZl d^mnkbZl]^bf*
mbl ZmngmZbl f^mZbl) i^gdbhebdm
dlZgmbdh fg^lbh ]b^g+
01
MhfgZb mZbi iZm Zmlbngm
eZbd mhdbh mnkbgbh7 FobgmZl H^*
fbcnl bk ObmZl Hgbebcnl) Mhf*
g iZlbngmbgbZb) r] mZnmZb ebg*
db lo^bdZmhl+ 0
2F dZkZebZnl `b*
1
f ^ mn f g n h ) Z m Z m b g d Z f Z ] Z n ` r ]
g bl Z g %d h o h i Z [ Z b` bk d h g ^ o bl
[ Z e Z g ] & + } % 0 . & B T\c fXa \T h ( O Z b i
[ n o h i Z g Z bd bg mb < g mbh d h @ i b_Z g h b *
e ^ b l m b ^ cb g n mZ k bf Z b i k b^ r ] k ^ eb` bc +
% 0 1 & B i \a gT f
D X` \]h f((( M h f h l
i Z l bn g m bg bn o Z k ] Z b g ^ o b^ g h ] Z b k Z h f b
` k Z bd + bk l r k + m^ d l mn h l ^ +
E b ^ d bmn k
g ^ f b g b f b + = ^ m r k Z b g h f Z ) d Z ] mn h
eZ bd n M h f Z l b l ] Z o h eZ [ Z b ] Z n ` i Z *
l b n g m b g b o b l n l d k Z m n l ) b k m h ] e g ^
o b l n c o Z k ] Z b i Z l b e b d h b g h f b + K ^ m
mn h l i Z l bn g mbg bn l M h f Z l m ^ g ` l b ] Z *
k r m b m Z d h l l Z o h l cn g ` bg bg d Z f l + }
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ''" ) , # ' ( " +
/(+
abl) jnZ^ GrlbZl \h`gZmnl k^`bl

\hg\^llbm oh[bl) ^m ghl\hg\^llb*
fnl+ Z-?^ jnb[nl Znm^f Z] k^*
`^f bn]b\Zobm k^_^k^g]nf) \hg_^*
lmbf Zebjn^f fbmmbm^) ]beb`^gmbnl
bgm^k ohl \hg_^k^gm^l) nm ]^\^k*
gZfnl) lb\nm \hg`knbm oh[bl7 ghl
^gbf <gmbh\abZf Z\\^]bfnl+
04 e]^hjn^ _^lmbgZm^ k^l\kb[^k^) nm
ghl jnhjn^ l\bZfnl \nbnl ^lmbl
ohengmZmbl+ 05 =^g^ oZe^m^) <ggh
\^gm^lbfh jnZ]kZ`^lbfh h\mZoh)
jnbgmZ]^\bfZ ]b^ f^glblRZgmab\b+
fbgZbmbl GrsbcZl cnfllnm^bd) ikb*

iZlmZf^ bk f^l+ 03<ib^ mnhl
`b ]Zerdnl) Zib^ dnkbnhl cbl eZb*
d k^bdZebg`Z ikZg^mb dZkZebnb)iZ*
lbmZkdbm^ ki^lmbg`Zb mZki lZol bk
mnhcZndghkl Zmlbldbm^) dZ] f^l
gnmZkmnff) dZbi cnfl gZn]bg*
`Z) g^l f^l ordlmZf^ <gmbh*
dbc+ 04Oh]e iZlbldn[bgdbm^ iZ*
kZrmb ZmlZdrf) dZ] bk f^l bgh*
mnff) dhdbôkZclghkZb+ X = *
dbm^ lo^bdb bfmZl d^mnkbZl ]^*
bfmbl ZmngmZbl f^mZbl i^gdbh*
ebdm dlZgmbdh fg^lbh ]b^g+
> Z i n m RDD+ . Cbl _Z\mbl iZ\*
./ i ^ kl d r kbf Z l + K Z] Zkbn l
mbhgb[nl) GrlbZl i^k`^[Zm Z] k^* mZl lnmZkmbl)GrsbcZl `kh iZl dZ*
`^f) Dn]Z^b Znm^f Z`kb\nemnkZ^ kZeb8 r]Zb `b nlbf ^f]bk*
hi^kZf ]Z[Zgm+ /N^] ab) jnb k^* [rlm^+ /=^m iZlbebdnlb^cb) Obfhmb^*
l^]^kZgm) Obfhma^nl) ^m <iheeh* cnl bk B^g^cZnl lgnl <ihehgb*
gbnl B^ggZ^b _bebnl) l^] ^m Cb^* cnl) mZbi iZm E^khgbfZl) h [^ b
khgrfnl)^m?^fhiahmblni^kahl) ?^fh_hgZl bk Fbikh ob^mbgbgdZl
^m Ib\Zghk >rikbZk\a^l) ghg lb* IbdZghkZl gê^b]h cb^fl `ro^gmb
g^[Zgm ^hl bg lbe^gmbh Z`^k^) ^m kZfr[c^ bk mZbdhc^+
jnb^m^+
0 DhiibmZ^ o^kh mZe^ jnh]]Zf
0Onh mZkin chib^bZb iZ]Zk
_eZ`bmbnf i^ki^mkZkngm7 kh`Zo^* mhdb gb^drlm+ Eb^ iZlbdob^m ln
kngm en]Z^hl) \nf jnb[nl aZ[b* cZbl `ro^gnlbnl r]nl llmb c
mZ[Zgm) Zl\^g]^k^ l\ZiaZl) jnZl ikbk^g`mZl oZembl ]kZn` ln iZbh*
iZkZo^kngm) \nf nqhkb[nl) ^m _b* fbl bk oZbdZbl) er` dZ] mZki c
ebbl) jnZlb gneebl bgbfb\bmbbl bgm^k g^[mchdbhlgîkb^mêrlml+ 1OZb*
^hl ln[bZ\^gmb[nl+ 1 N^\ng]nf `b ^bgZgm [^g]kn fb^lmh gnmZkb*
\hffng^ bmZjn^ ]^\k^mnf \bobmZ* fn) bmb^ ikbmZk) ]e mZbdhl g^*
mbl) ^m bilbl Z\jnb^l\^gmb[nl) iZ* mnk]Zfb chdbh mZkbfh8 [^m dZb
\bljn^ \ZnlZ gbabe lnli^\mnf aZ* cb^ gnieZnd Zmobk ck) Zgb^
[^gmb[nl7 \nf bgZemnf ikh\^llb* iZldZg]bgh c g^fZbZn dZbi ]n
l^gm) ln[f^kl^kngm ghg fbgnl bfmn) 2FZbi mbd En]Zl `Zoh b*
]n\^gmhl+ 2 LnZf \kn]êbmZm^f gb Zib^ m bZnknf) iZ]Zkrm
% 0 3 & , 9 a g \b ^ \] T ( M h f h l i Z l b n g m b g b Z b
l Z o h e Z b d f Z m h f Z b i Z k Z m n h cZ n )
d Z b i m b d Z m o r d h b K ^ g b d b c +
% . / )/ & K \` b g \X ]h f (
Ebl [noh d Z *
k Z ebZ n l o b^ m bg bg d Z l i k h o b g \ b ch l ^ Z g Z *
i n l E h k ] Z g h % i e ` + . H Z d + 2 ) 3 + . . & + F b *
mh O bf h m b^ cZ n l n o bf Z l i Z f bg mZ l
Z n d + . - )0 4 + } 9 c b _ b a \] h f 4 > ^ e ^ l r k b *
ch l o b^ mbg bg d Z l +
F b m b Z l f ^ g r l mn h
i Z b n o Z k ] n i Z f b g m b Z n d + 0 ) 2 ) 4 7 O Z k *
l cZ n l
l g n l
< i h e h g b cn l ) b k 1 ) / . 7
H g ^ l m c Z n l l g n l < i h e h g b cn l + } _ X '
e b a \` T f ((( < X ` T Y b a T f 4 b d b m n k g ^ b *
g h f b Z l f ^ g r l + } E \^ T a b e T f 4 d n k l
< g mbh d h @ i b_Z g h eZ bd Z bl r k Z [ n o l
d n k b e Z bd F bi k h o b^ mbg bg d n + E b l l d b k *
mbg Z l g n h K Z m k h d eh l g Z n l I bd Z g h k h )
d n k bh bg bh c^ ? ^ f ^ m k bcZ n l e Z bd Z bl [ n *
o h ] k Z f [ e b Z b % 5 ) 6 8 . 1 ). / & + } E X _ X \ W b ((((
g ^ g h k ch i k bi Z bg mb
r ] Z f l cb ^ f l
< g mbh d h @ n i Z mh k bh l n m^ bd mn e^ g ` o Z m +
% *& K T \ Z \ X \a T a g U X a W e h (((
B Z e
d o b^ bZ f b r ] Z b i k Z ] bh c^ m n k ch Z [ ^ *
ch g b b k l o r k Z o h 8 [ ^ m cn h l g n k Z f b g m Z
Turinys
/(,
( > 2 < $ '(" , d '*
+en]Zl bg lnZ^ `^gmblahfbg^l _Z* c ch mZnmhl fhgfl) cbl ]Zo lZ*
\mZf nm \h`ghobm) ikZ^\îbm obkbl) D drf lncnh [nonlb^fl fhgfl
jnb ^kZgm \nf bilh7 ^m bgoh\Zmh b bk)Znd]Zfhlm^blbg`h m^blch?b^*
bnlmh bn]b\^ ?^h) 3 o^gbm Z]o^k* 8 oh) 3Zmch ikb^ [kheb nfn*
lnl bgm^k_^\mhk^l _kZmknf)^m ihk* cnl8 cbl iZ]^` gZdbZ nhlm bk
mnf jnb]^f gh\mnln\\^g]bm)l\Z* ln]^`bgh oZembl) mnhl `b) dnkb^b*
iaZl ^qnllbm) ^hl Znm^f) jnb Z[ mkdh b n`gb^l) gn`ZeZ[bch dZeZ*
b`g^ k^_n`^kZgm) èZ]bh i^k^fbm+ obcn+ 4'OZb iZ]Zkl) cbl iZlbmkZnd))
4 @m \nf aZ^\ bmZ ^`bll^m)]bl\^l* mnk]ZfZl lnfZgrf oe `kmb
lbm jnZlb bm^knf kô^klnknl) ^m bk bgZbdbgmb oblnl chib^bnl+
ngbo^klhl bhiibmZl ^kZ]b\Zmnknl+
5 N^] \nf \h`ghobll^m ^m^hl)
l =^m) lnbghcl) dZ] bk EZf*
jnb ^kZgm DZfgbZ^) oêe^ iZkb fh* gbchl `ro^gmhcZb ghkb m iZm iZ
]h _Z\^k^ aZ[bmZgmb[nl l^\nf bn* ]Zkrmb `ro^gnlb^fl iZl cnhl r*
]Z^bl) 6 eZfgbmbl jnhjn^ gh\m^ ]Zfl) 6'cbl inhe mZbi iZm gZdbZ
lni^ko^gbm) ^m ihkmnf \nf gZob* cZfgb^bnl bk ln]^`bgh nhlm ln
[nl ln\\^g]bm7 bmZ nm enf^g b`gbl eZboZbl)mZbi dZ]n`gb^l ob^lZ fZ*
ZiiZk^k^m e^khlherfbl Z lmZ]bbl )b m^lb E^knsZec^ n ]ob^c bfm
d^mnkb ]^bfm oZklg+
]n\^gmbl jnZ]kZ`bgmZ+
.- Dg]^ \nf bZf Z[bbll^gm gh*
.-
FZb cb^ cZn [noh iZc b
o^f lmZ]bbl) ^m bm^k _Z\^k^gm Z] m^g ]ôrgbl oZklgnl bk r`bZoh
Obfhma^nf) \hffbl^kngm\nf ^h ikb^ Obfhmb^c) c ninhe ZkZ*
<kZ[^ljnbgjn^ fbeebZ obkb)^m^jnb* [Zb) i^gdb mdlmZgbZb ilb bk
m^l jnbg`^gmb+ .. >nfjn^ in`gZ i^gdb bfmZb kZbmêb+ ..FhoZ [n*
oZeb]Z _b^k^m) ^m Znqbebh ?^b ikhl* oh lfZkdb bk ?bônb iZ]^]Zgm iZ*
i^k^ \^llbll^m)k^lb]nb <kZ[^l ob\* lb[Zb` eZbfbg`Zb8 ebdnlb^cb b gn*
mb) i^m^[Zgm Z Dn]Z ]^qmkZf lb[b `Zem ZkZ[ ikZ En] bmb^lmb
]Zkb) ikhfbmm^gm^l l^ iZl\nZ ]Z* cb^fl ]^bg) Z]]Zfb ]nhmb `Z*
mnkhl) ^m bg \^m^kbl ikh_nmnkhl+ grde bk [mb gZn]bg`b dbmZbl ]Z*
./ en]Zl Znm^f) Zk[bmkZmnl o^k^bg erdZbl+ ./En]Zl) mbd]ZfZl) dZ]
fnembl ^hl nmbe^l) ikhfblbm iZ\^f7 cb^ b mbdkc `Zeb [mb gZn]bg`b
]^qmkbljn^ Z\\îmbl) ]bl\^ll^k^Z] ]Zn`êbn ]Zerd) iZZ]ch cb^fl
mZ[^kgZ\neZ lnZ+ .0 <``k^llnl ^lm mZbd) h cb^) iZ]Zo cZf kZgd)
Znm^f ^m \bobmZm^f jnZg]Zf _bk* ln`kh lZoh iZ]Zg`m^l+ .0Ebl
fZf ihgmb[nl fnkbljn^ \bk\nf* inhe mZbi iZm ob^g lmbik fb^l*
lîmZf) jnZ^ Z mnk[bl aZ[bmZ[Z* m) FZlibg)Zilnim mbemZbl bk lb^*
mnk `^gmbnf ikhfbl\nZknf) \nb ghfbl)dnkl [noh `ro^gZfZloZb*
ghf^g >Zliabg+ .1 Cb o^kh) jnb kb mZnm fhgb+ .1=nonlb^cb ob*
bgmnl ^kZgm) \hg_b]^gm^l bg lmZ[b* ]nc^) iZlbmbd]Zfb lb^g lmbikn*
o b ^ n f b ^ l m h g n m Z k b f n ) d n k b n h [ n o h
eZ b] n h cZ f Z l
bn
l Z n ` n f Z l + } %3 &
L b fg 4 n h l m h k ^ g ` b f n l + } K h b f Z\&
^ h e\X((( < g h m ` k + m + 7 g n ` Z e Z [ b ch d Z e Z *
o b c n m n h l ) d n k b ^ m ^ g % n h l m & [ n o h
Z m [ ` + } % 4 & K T \ c T W T e f ((( B k + m + 7
d Z ] Z g ` b o b^ mZ %f b^ l mZ l & [ n o h n ] Z *
k r m Z ) c b l i Z l b m k Z n d ) m n k ] Z f Z l +++
% 5 & A T ` a \] b f 4 i b ^ m n l g n h E h i N l )
. H Z d + 1 ) . 2 + } % 6 & < i \X] y\` g (((&

Z i b^ 2 - d beh f +
% . - & 9 eT U T \((( E b ^ m n k c h [ m b O b *
f h mb^ cZ n l
Z ebg bg d Z b+
K e ` + . H Z d +
2 )0 6 + } % . . & > T a l ^ _ ( B k + m + 7 ` r o n *
e b + } % . 0 & B T fc \a ( O b d k b Z n l b Z b m Z l
i Z m f b ^ l m Z l ) d n k l . H Z d + 2 ) / 3 +0 3 o Z *
] bg Z f Z l F Z l i h k n b k F Z l [ h g n + }
% . 1 & = _Z f \ a Xe c Xfg\a Z T \( < g h m ` k +
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ' ( " ' + # ( (
/(-
ebmZm^ fnkhknf) ^m ZiiZkZmn Zeb* fn bk fZblmh Zilmnfn) ê`lb g^*
J LKF NQJ V ND J FOOFQ O EDA KPV fZ* ki^lmbg`Zb) ^ksbgh En] d^bdl*
e^]b\mbl eZ\^ll^gm^l en]Zf)^m [eZl* fZbl)ibdmh]bZohbk dZe[ch [cZn*
ia^fZgm^l) Z\ ehjn^gm^l jnZ^ kbZl dZe[Zl+ .2HZdZ[b^cnl `b Zn*
_Zl ghg ^lm+ .2 HZ\aZ[Z^nl Zn* dlb ]b]bhch iZlZnebh Fngb`Zbd*
m^f) bgoh\ZmhfZ`gh fng]b Kkbg* bh) dnkl [^ lb^geZnb bk dZkh
\bi^) jnb lbg^ Zkb^mb[nl) ^m fZ\ab* iZ[de Ehsnl eZbdZbl ln`kbho
gbl m^fihkb[nl e^ln ikZ^\bibmZobm c^kbd) bk inhe dnhlfZkdbZnlbZb
e^kb\ah) bkknbm_^kh\bm^kfnkbl7 .3 ^m lb^gZl+ .3KZfl QbîZmb^l oZ*
\ZimZ \bobmZm^ i^k ?hfbgb oheng* ebZ fb^lm) cbl iZ]Zk g^ZilZdh*
mZm^f bggnf^kZ[be^l \Z^]^l _^\bm) fZl n]rg^l) mZbi dZ] bZ iZm
bmZ nm Z]bZ\^gl lmZ`gnf lmZ]bh* [nol mo^gdbgrl) ]ob^f oZklgZbl
knf ]nhknf eZmbmn]bgbl) lZg`nb* ieZmnl) kh]lb iZie]l nfn*
g^ bgm^k_^\mhknf _en^k^ ob]^k^mnk+ mc dkZncn+
.4
Dg]^ ]bl\^ll^kngm lmZ]bZ .4
Dm^g cb^ iZch lîmrgbl bf*
lîmbg`^gmZ jnbgjnZ`bgmZ) ^m o^* mnl i^gdbZl ]^bfmbl oZklg bk
g^kngm bg >aZkZ\Z Z] ^hl) jnb Zmch >aZkZd iZl mnhl r]nl)
]b\ngmnk On[bZg^b) Dn]Z^hl7 .N ^m dnkb^ oZ]bgZlb mn[bZgb^bZbl+ .5 Ob*
Obfhma^nf jnb]^f bg beebl eh\bl fhmb^cZnl mhl^ ob^mhl^ cb^ g^[^*
ghg \hfikâ^g]^kngm) gneehjn^ kZ]h) g^l cbl) gb^dh g^gno^bdl)
g^`hmbh i^k_^\mh k^`k^llnl ^lm) [noh ln`kl) iZebd]ZfZl ob^gh*
kêb\mh bg jnh]Zf eh\h _bkfbllb* côb^mhc^ eZ[Zb lmbikb`ne+ .6?h*
fh ikZ^lb]bh+.6 ?hlbma^nlZnm^f) lbmb^cnl bk NhlbiZm^kbl) dnkb^ [n*
^m NhlbiZm^k)jnb ^kZgm]n\^l \nf oh oZ]Zb ]kZn` ln HZdZ[b^cnfb
HZ\aZ[Z^h) i^k^f^kngm Z Obf h* nfn Obfhmb^cZnl iZebdmnhlbnl
ma^h kêb\mhl bg ikZ^lb]bh) ]^\^f mobkmhoc^) ]^bfm mdlmZgb or*
fbeebZ obkhl+ 0- <m HZ\aZ[Z^nl) k+ H ZdZ[b^cnl `b) lnmoZkdl
hk]bgZmbl \bk\nf l^ l^q fbeeb[nl) Ziebgd lZo^ ^bl mdlmZgbnl bk
^m \hglmbmnmbl i^k \hahkm^l) Z]* lnldbklml dnhihfbl) bch ikb^
o^klnl Obfhma^nf ikh\^llbm) aZ* Obfhmb^c) mnkcnl ln lZobf bf*
[^gm^f l^\nf \^gmnf ob`bgmb m ]ob]^bfm mdlmZgb ilmbgbg*
fbeebZ i^]bmnf) ^jnbmnfjn^ ]nh d bk ]n mdlmZgbn i^gdbl bf*
fbeebZ jnbg`^gmhl+ 0. >h`gbmhZn* mnl kZbmêb+ 0. BZol bgb Zib^
m^f Dn]Z^ Z]o^gmn) Obfhma^nl En]h Zmcbf) Obfhmb^cnl blbngm
ikZ^fblbm fneb^k^l) ^m_bebhl) ^m k^ fhm^kbl) oZbdnl bk dbmhdb fZgm
ebjnnf ZiiZkZmnf)bg ikZ^lb]bnf) mobkmho) dnkb oZ]bgZlb FZkgbh*
jnh] >Zkgbhg ]b\bmnk7 ^kZm ^gbf gn) g^lcb [noh gîZbfZfZ bk oZk*
bg^qin`gZ[be^) ^m Z\\^lln ]b__b\b* `bZb ikb^bgZfZ ]e mZkindZegb+
e^ ikhim^k eh\hknf Zg`nlmbZl+ 00 KZlbkh]bnl ibkfZb En]h dnh*
m + 7 c b ^ ^ e ` l b ` Z g Z e b Z b i k b ^ E n ] h
d Z k bn h f ^ g +
% . 4 & , ; [ T e T ^ 4 B Z e Z Z ] ^ Z g Z i n l
E h k ] Z g h + } B h e\X i T W \a b f \(((4
d n k b^
` r o ^ g h O n [ bg h Z k O h [ h d k Z m ^ + K e` +
. H Z d + 2 ) . 0 + } % . 5 & E \X^ b a Xa h i X\'
^ f 4 g ^ o r d bg l l Z o h ln f Z g r f
i k b ^ r ] n l + } : h i b f h Z e { f 4 b f h *
Z [ b m Z e + K e ` + . H Z d + 2 ) 3 ++ + } % . 6 &
: h i b i T W T \ W e T h Z (4
[ n o h H Z d Z [ b^ *
cZ n l i Z l m Z m r m b d Z k bn h f ^ g l ] Z eb o Z *
] Z bl bk ] Z [ Z k o ^ bd Z m l d bk Z b g n h ch +
} % / - & x \` g((( O b f h m b ^ c Z n l d Z k b n h *
f ^ g l l d Z b b n l e Z [ Z b ] b ] ^ e b l ) [ ^ m m h *
c ^ d Z k b n h f ^ g c^ [ n o h e Z [ Z b ] b ] ^ e ^
] Z n ` n f Z g h f Z ] mZ n m^ eb ) d n k bh l ch
o b l n k l n l Z o h ^ b f r g h f b l $ b k o b l Z
f Z g m Z +
K e ` + . H Z d + 2 ) 0 4 + 7 } % / . &
Turinys
6/5
/ H<F+ ./) //}0-
// >nfjn^ \hahkl Dn]Z^ ikbfZ iZb) ikb^nl Zif [Zbf ]e ob*
ZiiZknbll^m) mbfhk ahlmb[nlbg\nl* lZ fZmZgbhch ?bôh bZ[nobfh)
lnl ^lm) ^q ikZ^l^gmbZ ?^b) jnb bk cb^ f [`mb ob^gZl gnh dbmh)
ngbo^klZ \hglib\bm) ^m bg _n`Zf mZbi dZ] cb^ [noh i^k[ehdbZfb
o^klb lngm Zebnl Z[ Zebh) bmZ nm ]Zn`bZn lZoc bk [noh nfnZ*
fZ`bl Z lnbl ]^bb\^k^gmnk) ^m èZ* fb lZoh dZeZobc dbkbZbl+ /0En*
]bhknf lnhknf b\mb[nl ]^[bebmZ* ]Zl `b obchlb cnhl eZ[Zb lfZkdbZb)
k^gmnk+ /0 en]Zl Znm^f oâ^f^g* ieZd]ZfZl ibdmZ]Zkbnl) bk iZ`ne*
m^k bglmZ[Zm ingb^gl ikh_Zghl) ^m ] b c mkbl]^bfmbl mdlmZgb
ikhlmkZobm ^q ^bl mkb`bgmZ fbeebZ ork+ /1KZml Obfhmb^cnl iZm^dh
obkhknf+ /1 Dil^ o^kh Obfhma^nl ?hlbmb^cZnl bk NnlbiZm^kbh kZg*
bg\b]bm bg iZkm^l ?hlbma^b) ^m Nh* dZl8 cbl eZ[Zb fZe]Zoh) dZ] [m
lbiZmkbl7 ^m fnembl ik^\b[nl ihl* iZe^blmZl`roZl)g^l cbl mnkch ]Zn*
mneZ[Zm nm obonl ]bfbmm^k^mnk) ^h `êbh r] monl bk [khebnl) dn*
jnh] fnemhknf ^q Dn]Z^bl iZ* kb^) cZf fbknl) oblZb g^m^dm obe*
k^gm^l aZ[^k^m) Z\ _kZmk^l) jnhl mb^l blb`ê[mb+ /2FZb cbl ]Zoh*
fhkm^ ^bnl ]^\bib ô^gbk^m+ /2@m ] `kbgmb cnhl lneb` lnmZkmbfb)
\nf _b]^f ]^]bll^m k^lmbmnmnknf cb^ iZe^b]h c gîZeb^lm) ghk]Z*
l^ ^hl l^\ng]nf \hglmbmnmnf) fb b`ê[mb [khebnl+
beeZ^lnf ^nf ]bfbl^kngm ikhi*
m^k _kZmknf lZenm^f+
/3
en]Zl Znm^f ^`k^llnl ^lb /3Kh mh En]Zl ch ikb^ FZk*
Z] >Zkgbhg)bgm^k_^\mblob`bgmbjnbg* *gbhg bk nfn ]ob]^bfm i^g*
jn^ fbeeb[nl+ /4 Khlm ahknf _n* dbl mdlmZgbnl+ /4Kh Zg iZ[*
`Zf) ^m g^\^f) fhobm ^q^k\bmnf `bfh bk nobfh cbl o^] dZkbnh*
Z] @iakhg\bobmZm^f fngbmZf) bg f^g ikb^ lnlmbikbgm A+_khgh
jnZ fnembmn]h ]bo^klZknf `^gmb* fb^lm) dnkbZf^ `ro^gh ]b]ê
nf aZ[bmZ[Zm7 ^mkh[nlmb bno^g^l ]Zn`r[ b oZbkb mZnm+ Nmbikl
ikh fnkbl \hglblm^gm^l _hkmbm^k cZngbdZbbZb) lmho]Zfb ikb^ lb^*
kîn`gZ[Zgm7 bg aZ\ Znm^f fZ\* g) ]klbZb `rglb) ob]nc^ `b [n*
abgZ^fnemZ^)^m mêhknf^kZmZiiZ* oh ]Zn` dZkh iZ[de bk ]b]êbl
kZmnl+ /5N^]) \nf Jfgbihm^gm^f oberb bm^debnl+ /N=^m cb^ Zn*
bgoh\Zll^gm) jnb ihm^lmZm^ lnZob* dlb <ndbZnlbhch)dnkl lZoh`Z*
k^l ahlmbnf \hg_kbg`bm) \î^kngm ebZ eZnh ikb^ c`Zl) bk iZf
\bobmZm^f7 ^m ^q^bl)jnbbgmnl ^kZgm) fb^lm) h b m) dnkb^ [noh ob]n*
ob`bgmbjnbgjn^ fbeebZ ikhlmkZo^* c^) cb^ iZ`ne] ]ob]^bfm i^gdbl
kngm+ /6 Dg]^Z] \bobmZm^f N\rmaZ* mdlmZgbnl+ /6D bZ cb^ gnch
knfZ[b^kngm) jnZ^Z[ D^khlherfbl Ndbm fb^lm)dnklrkZ ^bZbl bf*
l^q\^gmbl lmZ]bbl Z[^kZm+ 0- >hg* Dc mZbl oZklg Zmlmn gnh E^knsZel+
m^lmZgmb[nl Znm^f abl) jnb Zin] 0-=^b mb^fl r]Zfl) dnkb^ [noh
iZl ldbmhiheb^bnl) iZebn]bcnl)dZ]
N\rmahihecmZl^kZgm)Dn]Z^bl) jnh] u
B T ea \b a h 4 F Z k g Z b f n + . H Z d + 2 ) / 3 +1 1 + ^ b e + B k + m+ ] Z k i k b ] m Z 7 b k i k b ^ < m ^ k *
` Z m b ^ l o ^ g m r d e + } % / 4 & > l i X a b W \'
} % / 0 & K e \f W X y \` g \f (4( B k + m + 7 Z i b ^
W X _ W T h Z l U (4 B k + m + 7 ` r o ^ g h G r *
0 - +- - - +
. H Z d + 2 c0 1 d Z e [ Z f Z Z i b ^
s b cZ l b k ] b] ^ e +7 } O Z f ^ f b^ l m^ mn *
5 + - - - n o n l b n + } % / 1 & C T U T \ ` T _W T '
k ch l Z o h g Z f n l b k d Z k Z er l m l o Z e*
i b ( B k + m + 7 f Z e ] Z o h e Z [ Z b Z i l b f ^ l *
] r m h c Z l G r s b c Z l + } % / 6 & J ^ \g ` \X f '
] Zf Zl+
gT(4 N d b m h i h e b ) d n k l d b m n k i Z i k Z l m Z b
#, 0 $G e \X y B T ea \b a ( Q s + Z n d + / . Q
Turinys
/ H<F+ ./) 0 . * b5
/(/
[^gb`g^ Z[ ^bl aZ[^k^gmnk) ^mbZf bmb^ [noh cb^fl iZeZgdl bk dZ]
g^m gêZbfl eZbdZbl ê`lb ln cZbl
]^lm^ l^\nf ^`^kbgm7 0. `kZmbZl dndebZb) 0. cb^ iZ]dhch cb^fl bk
Z`^gm^l ^bl) ^m^qahkmZmb ^mbZf ]^ iZkZ`bg [mb mZbi iZm mhebZn iZ*
\^m^kh ^k`Z `^gnl lnnf [^gb`* eZgdb^fl c mZnmZb) Zmordh E^kn*
ghl ^ll^) o^g^kngm e^khlherfZf sZe ikb^ iZm NZoZbb o^gm+
]b^ lhee^fgb lîmbfZgZknf bg*
lmZgm^+
0/
@m ihlm K^gm^\hlm^g Z[b^* 0/
Kh N^dfbgb cb^ ch ikb^
kngm\hgmkZ Bhk`bZf ikZîhlbmnf D]nfchlobkbgbgdBhk`bc+ X O Z *
D]nfZ^Z^+ 00 @qbobm Znm^f \nf lZb `b bch ln mkbfblmdlmZgbZbl
i^]bmb[nl mkb[nlfbeeb[nl) ^m ^jnb* ilmbgbgd bk d^mnkbZbl bfmZblkZb*
mb[nl jnZ]kbg`^gmbl+ 01 Lnb[nl mêb+ 01Eb^fl lnlbkfnl) Zmlbmbdh)
\hg`k^llbl) \hgmb`bm iZn\hl kn^* dZ] dkbmh g^]Zn` r]+ 02?hlb*
k^ en]Z^hknf+ 02 ?hlbma^nl o^kh mb^cnl `b) ob^gZl b =Zd^ghkh kZb*
jnb]Zf ]^ =Z\^ghkbl ^jn^l) obk mêb) orkZl ]klnl) gnmok B hk*
_hkmbl) Bhk`bZf m^g^[Zm7 ^m \nf `bc bk dZb cbl ghkch lnbfmb c`r*
oêe^m beenf \Zi^k^ obonf) ^jn^l o) cb inhe ob^gZl mkZdb^b kZb*
jnb]Zf ]^ OakZ\b[nl bkknbm bg mêbl bk gndbkmh cZf ]^bg i^m8
^nf) anf^knfjn^ ^bnl ZfinmZ* mZbi Bhk`bcZl iZ[`h HZk^l+
obm7 Zmjn^ bmZ Bhk`bZl ^__n`bm bg 03OnhmZkin be`bZn dhohcZgmmb^fl)
HZk^lZ+ 03 <m beebl) jnb \nf @l* dnkb^ [noh ln @s]kbgn) bk cb^fl
]kbg ^kZgm) ]bnmbnl in`gZgmb[nl iZoZk`nl) En]Zl Zndlb QbîZ*
^m _Zmb`Zmbl) bgoh\Zobm en]Zl ? h* mb^l) dZ] cbl [m iZ]ccZl bk dh*
fbgnf Z]bnmhk^f) ^m ]n\^f [ê* ohl oZ]Zl8 04cbl ikZ]ch lZoh m*
eb _b^kb7 04 bg\bib^gl oh\^ iZmkbZ) o dZe[Z `b^]hmb dZkbd Zndl*
^m \nf arfgbl \eZfhk^f ^qmhe* f bk `b^lf bk ikbo^km Bhk`bch
e^gl) _n`Zf Bhk`bZ^ fbebmb[nl dZk^bobnl [`mb+
bg\nllbm+
Kh mh En]Zl) lnkbgdl dZ
05
en]Zl Znm^f \hee^\mh ^q^k* 05
\bmn o^gbm bg \bobmZm^f J]heeZf7 kbnhf^g) Zmch J]heZfh fb^l*
^m) \nf lîmbfZ ]b^l lni^ko^gb* m+ <mcnl l^dfZb ]b^gZb) cb^ Zi*
k^m)l^\ng]nf \hgln^mn]bg^f in* lbieho lneb` ikhbn bk o^gm m^g
kb_b\Zmb) bg ^h]^f eh\h lZ[[Zmnf iZm ln[Zm+ 06Fbm ]b^g En]Zl
^`^kngm+ 06 @m l^jn^gmb ]b^ o^gbm ln lZoZblbZbl Zmch iZbfmb dkbmn*
\nf lnbl En]Zl) nm \hkihkZ ikh* lbc eZohg bk c iZeZb]hmb ln c
lmkZmhknf mhee^k^m) ^m \nf iZk^g* `bfbgfblc modZinhl^+ 1Onh*
mb[nl ihg^k^m bg lîne\akbl iZ* f^m cb^ kZ]h ih nfnmc cnih*
m^f ihkb[nl bg_êb\bmZmbl jnh] f h*
q\_di\h\n >òn\ip+ . I\f+ 2)2/+

%0.& J TiT\}\ yi Xa g4 O`fhdi`n) fp*
mdjn ]pqj qìd\hjn n`kotidjhn n\*
q\dohn km\ngdifpn kj R`gtf+ E+
/0).2+++
%02& : T ^ Xa b eb ( P\d ]pqj I\f\*
]dè\pn f\mdpjhìn _\gd`n qdmdidi*
f\n+ P\d _\gd\d kmdfg\pn dm m\do`gdn
@jndod`dpn) ]` \]èj) nfdmodi\n ipj
@jndodè\pn) k\hdioj \pf+ .6 dm /1
`dg+ K eT ^ \X}\ eT \gX_\f( Pm\fdejn

m\do`gd\d nìjqe` ]pqj b\mnn f\md\d+
D TeXf( Lgb+ Fju+ .2)11+ %03&
=mWe\ah( P\d o\dk k\o Fp_j f\mdpj*
hìn _\gd`n qdmdidif\n+
%05& F Wb_T` b( K_jgjn hd`no\n O`*
a`gje`+ Lgb+ Fju+ .2)02+ Jh f T i T \'
f\T\f( Cm+ o+ _\m kmd_o\7 f\dk g\df\n
m`df\g\qj) o+ t+ np$ g\d_jopqhdn i`*
]`]pqj b\gdh\ dgbd\p g\pfod) i`n g\*
26
o+ MZmZl) m+ DQ+
Turinys
0*'
/ H<F+ //) 1-* 12
m^kgbl+ 1- Dgo^g^kngm Znm^f ln[

mngb\bl bgm^k_^\mhknf ]^ ]hgZkbbl
b]hehknf) jnZ^ Zin]DZfgbZf_n*
^kngm) Z jnb[nl e^q ikhab[^m Dn*
]Z^hl7 hfgb[nl ^k`hfZgb_^lmnf
_Z\mnf ^lm) h[ aZg\\ZnlZf ^hl
\hkknbll^+ 1.Jfg^l bmZjn^ [^g^*
]bq^kngm bnlmnf bn]b\bnf ?hfb*
gb) jnb h\\nemZ _^\^kZm fZgb_^lmZ+
1/ <mjn^ bmZ Z] ik^\^l \hgo^klb)
kh`gZo^kngm nm b]) jnh] _Z\mnf
^kZm) ]êb\mnf h[ebobhgb mkZ]^k^*
mnk+ <m o^kh _hkmbllbfnl en]Zl
ahkmZ[Zmnk ihinenf \hgl^koZk^
l^ lbg^ i^\\Zmh) ln[ h\nebl ob*
]^gm^l jnZ^ _Z\mZ lngm ikh i^\*
\Zmbl ^hknf) jnb ikhlmkZmb lngm+
10 @m _Z\mZ \heeZmbhg^) ]nh]^\bf
fbeebZ ]kZ\afZl Zk`^gmb fblbm D^*
khlherfZf h__^kkb ikh i^\\Zmbl
fhkmnhknf lZ\kb_b\bnf) [^g^ ^m
kêb`bhl^ ]^ k^lnkk^\mbhg^ \h`b*
mZgl+ %11Iblb ^gbf ^hl) jnb \^\b*
]^kZgm) k^lnkk^\mnkhl li^kZk^m)ln*
i^k_ennf ob]^k^mnk) ^m oZgnf hkZ*
k^ ikh fhkmnbl&) 12^m jnbZ \hglb*
]^kZ[Zm jnh] ab) jnb \nf ib^mZ*
m^ ]hkfbmbhg^f Z\\î^kZgm) himb*
fZf aZ[^k^gm kîhlbmZf `kZmbZf+
fbl EZfgbchc^ ^lZgmb^fl lmZ[Zfl)

iZolm ]hoZg) dnkbZl lmZmr*
fZl r]Zfl ]kZn]bZ) bk mnhf^m
mZb oblb^fl iZZbdch ikb^Zlmbl)
dh]e cb^ [noh dkbm+ 1. OZb`b ob*
lbehobghm^blbg` QbîZmb^l m^bl*
f) dnkl Zmb]^g` iZleimnl ]Z*
erdnl+ 1/Kh mh cb^ oe `kh fê*
lmbl bk ikZ) dZ] iZ]ZkrmZlblgn*
lbdZembfZl [m nfbkmZl8 dZk*
r`rl `b En]Zl kZ`bgh mZnm eZb*
drmbl [^ gnh]fl) iZfZbnl lZ*
oh Zdbfbl) dZl [noh ord ]e
nonlbc gnh]fb+ 10 KZ]Zkbnl
kbgdebZo)cblgnlbngm ]orebd md*
lmZgb ]kZ\af lb]Z[kh E^ *
knsZe) dZ] [m iZZndhmZ gnh*
]fl ZndZ n fbknlbnl) mnk*
]ZfZl `^k bk iZfZe]b fbgb
Zib^ Zmlbdebf+ 11%I^l c^b cbl g^*
[m mnkcl obemb^l) dZ] dkbmnlb^*
cb dêlbl) mZb kh]rmlb [^k^bdZebg*
`Z bk mnbZ fêlmbl n fbknlbnl&+
12 =^ mh) cbl mnkch `Zeohc^) dZ]
mb^fl) dnkb^ nfb`h iZfZe]bZb)
rkZZmb]mZ`^kbZnlbZfZehg+ X O Zb*
`b o^gmZ bk b`Zgbg`Z rkZ fbg*
qji\d ]pqj km\_e b[nod+ %1-& G b

_h c b` \f4 \io kgdfj fij+ P\d opmej
]od fjfd` ijmn k\bjid _d`q\dd
ìfg`gd\d8 fmdopndèd t_ f\m`dqd\d)
n`f_\hd k\bjid kmdò\m\dn) g\df
epjn \hpgò\dn) b\gdid\dn \kn\pbjod
epjn ipj F\hidejn _d`q\dd f`moj+
>` \]èj) ojfn$ e `gb`ntn ]pqj kmd`*
dib\n no\othpd+ L+gb+ =of+ 4)/2+/3+
%1/& :g h{` \eygTf( =ijo bm+ o+7
]o qdn\d d_dg_to\n) o+ t+ f\_ _g
ojn ipj_hn @d`q\n i`]\pno gdfp*
nde btq+ Lgb+ E+ 01)48 Fju+ 4).+7+
%10& < i l _\^ g^fgTa}$ Gdopjn`
o`fnopjn`7 /+--- \m]\ 0+---+ Rdì\
_m\^ch\ kpn\iomj gdoj+ L{ ` \eh'
f\hf( Pj + im\ bm+ o+ G\_ \pf\ op*
mej ]od \pfje\h\ p hdmpndpn dm f\_
o\ Fp_j hdio) dm ipndno\oth tm\ k\*
m\n fitbjn \pojmdpn) \dfd\d k\nd*
mj_j d 11 `dg+ %11& B TW ^ e\gh f\T \
^ X_f\f ((( E dojn qdòjn k\\dfe$
f\_) t_ dndodfdidhp) hdmpndèd b\*

gej m\nodn ojfdje` k\_ote`) fpmdje`
b`md _\m]\d b\gej ]od ed`hn i\p_di*
bd+ Fp_j f\md\d) od`n\) ]pqj k`mndnft*
m np dpj btqìdhp npo`kod ipj_*
h`) o\d\p o\d i`]pqj ed`hn odfmd\p*
nd\d npifd) hdmodi\ ipj_h) ]` oj)
ed` \okdmfj n\qj ipndf\godh) \od_pj*
_\hd n\qj btqt]) dm pqj bdi_\hd
qìopn _\etfpn dm o`dn`n+ P\dbd ed`
i`b\gej ]od q`mod \hdij k\nh`mfd*
hj) dm Fp_\n opmd qdgod`n) f\_ h\g_jn
dm \pfjn ]pn ed`hn i\p_dibjn) dm f\\
btqdèd b\gd dkm\tod d @d`qj od`hn)
fpmd` tm\ hdm Rd`k\ote` %k\h\g*
_d\d phdb&) \og`d_dh o\h odfm
ipj_hd) fpmdjn ]pqj epjn k\no\dp*
ndje i` \hdi fìoedh ]fg+ +
d\ tm\ qdì\n mdho\n nf\dnotfgjn
]pqdhj dm h\g_ p hdmpndpn i\p_di*
bphj mj_th\n+ %13& K T\Z \ yiXagT(((
=ijo bm+ o+7 qìo\ dm k\h\g_d hdi*
Turinys
/ H<F+ ./) 1 3 *. 0 ) 4
60.
13 NZg\mZ ^k`h) ^m lZen[kbl ^lm 8 mbl fêlmbl n fbknlbnl) dZ] cb^
\h`bmZmbh ikh ]^_ng\mbl ^qhkZk^) [m boZ]nhmb b gnh]fb+
nm Z i^\\Zmbl lheoZgmnk+
')[P]^Vb]TXL^% 'bfmZld^*
> Z i n m RDDD+ . <ggh \^gm^lb*
fh jnZ]kZ`^lbfhghgh) \h`ghobm mnkbZl ]^bfmbl ]ôbgmZbl f^mZbl
en]Zl <gmbh\anf @niZmhk^f o^* En]Zl `Zoh bgb) dZ] <gmbhdZl
gbk^ \nf fnembmn]bg^Z]o^klnlDn* @niZmhkblZm^bgZln]Zn`r[^ ikb^
]Z^Zf) / ^m \nf ^h GrlbZf ikh* En]c) /h ln cnh èh[cZl bkk^b*
\nkZmhk^f) ^m ikZîhlbmnf g^`h* dZe obkbgbgdZl GrsbcZl) mnk]Z*
mbhknf)l^\nf aZ[^gm^f i^]bmnf fZl ln lZobf bfm ]^bfm md*
\^gmnf ]^\^f fbeebZ) ^m ^jnbmnf lmZgb ilmbgbgd) i^gdbl md*
jnbgjn^ fbeebZ) ^m êîaZgmhl ob* lmZgbnl kZbmêb) mkbl ]^bfmbl ]n
`bgmb ]nhl) \nkknl \nf _Ze\b[nl ]kZf[ebn bk mkbl bfmnl dZkbd
mk^\^gmhl+
o^bf ln ]Ze`bZbl+
0 >hffbl\nbm Znm^f l^ beebl^m
0Kkb^ c ikblbieZd bk H^g^*
H^gêZnl7 ^m \nf fnemZ _ZeeZ\bZ eZcnl bk eZ[Zb o^b]fZbgbZn]ZfZl
]îk^\Z[Zmnk<gmbh\anf) ghgikh fZe]Zoh <gmbhd g^ morgl eZ*
iZmkbZ^ lZenm^) l^] li^kZgl l^ [nb) [^m mnk]ZfZl obemb^l `Znmb
\hglmbmnb bg ikbg\biZmnf+ 0
1N^] ZndbZnlb oZe]b+ 1OZbZn dZ*
M^q k^`nf lnl\bmZobmZgbfhl<g* kZeb FZkZebnl iZZ]bgh <gmbhdh
mbh\ab bg i^\\Zmhk^f7 ^m ln``^* gZkl ikb^ gnlb]ce bk) Grsbcnb
k^gm^ GrlbZ ang\ ^ll^ \ZnlZf iZdbnl fbgm) dZ] bmZl rkZ obl
hfgbnf fZehknf) bnllbm %nm ^bl gêZbfb ikb^Zlmbl) cbl ebî gn*
^lm \hgln^mn]h& Ziikâ^glnf bg moknl gnn]rmb c) dZbi rkZ iZl
^h]^f eh\h g^\Zkb+ 2'@kZm Znm^f cnhliZikhmrl) mhc^ iZbhc^ ob^mhc^+
bg ^h]^f eh\h mnkkbl jnbgjnZ`bg* 2=noh`bmhcôb^mhcî^gdbhfbl]^*
mZ \n[bmhknf) Z``^lmnf ng]bjn^ bfmbfbl fZlm ZndmZl [hdmZl)
aZ[^gl \bg^kbl7 aZ^\ ikhli^\mnf Ziebgd dnk [noh lnibemb dkoh*
aZ[^[Zm bg ikZ^\îl+ ^ Dg]^ bg \b* fbl iê^gZb8 b ch obkZnl fZmlb
g^k^f ]^bb\b bnllbm lZ\kbe^`nf) [^]n`g+ BD m^g cbl ebîgnf^l*
hfgb[nl ^nf ikhiêe^gmb[nl Z] mb ^frg iê^gnl o^gmoZ`)ob*
bgm^kbmnf+ 4 @m mZeb e^`^ ikZôZkb* lb^fl lmnfbZgmc ikZinem+ 4OZbi
odn Pj_g edn k\mkdij k`mh\g_\qdhj

\pf p phpopjndpn) f\_ ed` ]op
dq\_pjod d n\qj ipj_hn+
%. 0 )- x\` gT\(((( =dfdiojep _\p*
bph\ h\ij) f\_ d\ \km\jh\n t*
bdn tm\ o\n k\o) fpmn k\k\n\fjo\n .
I\f+ 3)/5 30) dm ]pqj \ogdfo\n) h`*
o\hn km\ngdifpn kj =iodjfj Akda\ij
hdmod`n+ =pojmdpn qdnpm k\n\qdi\ e\p*
i\h f\m\gdpd =iodjfpd Apk\ojmdpd
q`dfnhpn) fpmdpjn _\m ej q\m_ f\*
m\gtnon
q\g_toje\n dm ej bgj]e\n
Htude\n+ %/& x\` g W Xy\` g\(( .
I\f+ 3)0- nf\dd\d
ipmj_jhd fdod+
>ò `di\idjn kmd` t_pn ntm f\*
mdpjhìn nf\ddpn i`b\gej ]od qd*
n\d k\nojqpn8 ed ]pqj mìf\h\ dm _d*
_di\h\ f`gte`+
%0& D Xa X_T\h f4 qtmd\pnd\n fpidb\n)

w
$ fpmn ]pqj ndbden o\n k\m`db\n i`*
o`dnt]` dm bm`do\d opmej ep ipnojod+
+ Lgb+ 1)/1+ /6+ %1& B TeT_\ B TeT_\h f4
@d`q\n+ A \ f _\Xc ( Cm+ o+7 f\m\gdpn
gd`k q`nod e >`me dm oì\d ipp*
_tod e qdòjn k\kmjdp+ * >`me\ ]p*
qj hd`no\n o\mk E`m\kjgd`n dm =iodj*
fdejn) b\g oje` qdòje`) fpm _\]\m tm\
=g`kkj+ Ididh\n o`fno` k\kmjotn
\km\jh\n 2 dm 3 `dg+ : b ^ y gT f (4
=ijo bm+ o+7 ]jfo\n) kdgi\n f\mop
k`gìp8 edn opmej o\dnth) fpmn npf*
_\qjnd dm fpmn d qdnp jip ]pqj k\*
fd]n \io k`gì) %b& F`d f\n ]pqj
w
ipndf\gon qìoq\btno`) \m ]pqj k\*
c _\mn ]ò fpmdpjn fdopn ipndf\godhpn)
qdnd noh e oì\d) f\_ ipp_top+
Turinys
/)(
/ H<F+ .0) 5}.2
\Zmhk^f e^`bl \hgmb`bm fhkb) g^\ mZb m^dh fbkmb mZf lmZmrfh eZn*
m^kkZ^ ]Zkb H^gêZnf+ l @m jnb* rmhcnb) bk H^gêZcnl g^m g^[noh
]^f lZmbl bnlm^7 gZf jnbZ fnemZ iZeZb]hmZl+ 5Dk mZb oblZb m^blbg`Zb)
^k`Z ZkZf ?^b ]êb\mZ \hffblbm) g^l) iZ]Zkl ]Zn` gnlbdZembf
\nbnl b`gbl) ^m \bgbl^kZm lZg\mnl7 ikb^ ?bôh Zemhkb) dnkbh n`gbl
bil^ bg \bg^kbl fhkm^ ]ZfgZmnl bk iê^gZb o^gmb) iZml [noh iZ*
^lm+
lf^kdmZl fbkmb iê^gnhl^+ $
6
N^] k^qf^gm^ ^__k^gZmnlo^* 6
Onh mZkindZkZebnl chlng^
gb^[Zm) g^jnbhk^f l^ iZmk^ lnh lneZbdhfngbkmbfn)ghk]ZfZliZ*
En]Z^bl hlm^glnknl+ .-Lnb[nlen* lbkh]rmb r]Zfl ibdm^lgbl n lZ*
]Zl \h`gbmbl) ikZ^\îbm ihineh nm oh mo+ .-OZb iZmrkl En]Zl lZ*
]b^ Z\ gh\m^ ?hfbgnf bgoh\Z* d mZnmZb Zndmbl ]b^g bk gZdbc
k^gm) jnh) lb\nm l^fi^k) ^m gng\ QbîZmb^l) dZ] bk ]Z[Zk) dZbi ob*
Z]bnoZk^m ^hl7 .. jnbii^jnb e^`^) lnhf^m) cb^fl iZ]m) .. g^l cb^
^m iZmkbZ) lZg\mhjn^m^fiehikboZ* mnkch [Zbfl g^m^dlb lmZmrfh)
kbo^k^k^gmnk7 Z\ ihinenf)jnb gn* morgl bk o^gmhl [Zgrbhl) bk
i^k iZnenenf k^libkZll^m) g^ lb* dZ] gê^blm ibdmh]bZncZgmb^fl
g^k^m [eZlia^fbl knklnl gZmbhgb* iZ`hgbfl oe iZo^k`mb mZnm) dn*
[nl ln[]b+ ./Jfgb[nl bmZjn^lb* kb d mbd [noh mkninm Zmlbdoinl+
fne b] _Z\b^gmb[nl) ^m i^m^gmb[nl ./OZb`b oblb^fl ]kZn` mZb ]ZkZgm
Z ?hfbghfbl^kb\hk]bZf \nf_e^* bk fZe]ZncZgm QbîZm `Zbe^lmbg*
mn) ^m b^bngbbl) i^k mkb]nnf \hg* `nfh ln o^kdlfn bk iZlgbgdZbl)
mbgnnfikhlmkZmbl)ahkmZmnl^lm^hl `nebgm dgbnilmb^fl i^k mkbl bmb*
en]Zl nm l^ ikZîZkZk^gm+ .0 Dil^ lZl ]b^gZl Zgm ^fl) En]Zl iZ*
o^kh \nf l^gbhkb[nl \h`bmZobm kZ`bgh cnhl [mb ikblbk^g`nlbnl+
ikbnl jnZf k^q Z]fho^k^m ^q^k* .0Ebl `biZml gnmZk ]kZn`^ ln or*
\bmnf Z] Dn]Z^Zf) ^m h[mbg^k^m k^lgbZblbZbl b^bmb) ibkfZ g^`n dZ*
\bobmZm^f) ^qbk^) ^m ?hfbgb bn]b* kZebnl o^l dZkbnhf^g En]cbk
\bh\hffbmm^k^^qbmnf k^b+ .1?Zgl iZbfl fb^lm) bk iZo^lmb QbîZ*
bmZjn^ ihm^lmZm^f hfgbnf ?^h mb^l m^blfnb) dnh mZl ]ZerdZl mn*
fng]b \k^Zmhkb) ^m^qahkmZmnllnhl km [Zb`mbl+ .1OZb`b iZebd]ZfZl
nm _hkmbm^k ]bfb\Zk^gm) ^m nljn^Z] b oblnl]Zerdnl ?bôh) iZlZnebh Nn*
fhkm^fikhe^`b[nl)m^fieh)\bobmZ* mokch) `ZebZb bk iZkZ`bgl lZonh*
m^) iZmkbZ) ^m \bob[nl lmZk^gm) \bk\Z $ lbnl ]klbZb dhohmb bk lmhomb bdb
Hh]bg ^q^k\bmnf\hglmbmnbm) .2 @m fbkbZb n lmZmrfnl) [Zgrb
]Zmhlb`ghlnbl ?^bob\mhkbZ^)bno^* fb^lm) morg bk ibeb^bnl) cbl ln*
%5& E hf\^T_g\` ce\Xy <\Xi((( Lgb+ e qj oj _d_`gdj ipndf\gogdj b\g\n+
%.1& M\fhf W T_l ^h f( =ijo bm+ o+7
1)06+ G T gf Uhib c T f` Xe^ gT f((( E
Fpju\kj Bg+ j_dp b\gdh\ nkod) f\_ w
nkmì_dh+ G e\X D bW\ab( Otm f\*
mdpjhì b\gej `dod _qd`h ]md\dn7
Iì`g\epn) Htudepd e\p k\_\mdpn o\d*
f np t_\dn %`h+ /0 `dg+&) qg fpmn* qdì\n) np fpmdpj ]pqj f\m\gdpn) b\*
o f\m\gd kmd` t_pn dm opj n\qj gej `dod k\emdp8 fdo\n bd) b\g Htudej
q`_\h\n) k`m E_phe) d kdòpn ipj
`gb`ndp o\dk ktfdij f\m\gd) f\_ o\*
n\d k\nh`mf Iì`g\e hdmod+ Pj_g Idmod`n emjn+ Ij_di\n) fpmd\h` ]p*
\pfd\p \km\to\n Iì`g\e\pn ip* qj npnojen Fp_\n) ]pqj odif\h\ qd`*
p_th\n epibd\h\n) i`ndg\df\io fmj* o\) d fpmdjn ]pqj b\gdh\ n`fod) f
_\mtn kmd`\d) \o`di d d\pmn7 >ò*
ijgjbdin qtfdp `dgdjn) np kdmhp I`*
i`g\e\pn k\ndmj_thp k\n f\m\gd) f\_ u\f\mje` bd) f\h` t_\d) \ijo . I\f+
nf\dotoje\d opje\p npdijop) fjfn ]p* ad)0/) ]pqj k\nd_\m nojqtfg) ]pqj
Turinys
( > 2 < $ ')" ',d (&
gb[nl _hkmbllbfbl ê^\mbl) gh\m^

Z``k^llnl ZneZf k^`bZf) bg \Zl*
mkbl ,.*)2*)',* 6,2/3 1 5 % 445 / 2 fbe*
ebZ) ^m fZqbfnf êîaZgmhknf
\nf abl) jnb lni^kihlbmb _n^kZgm7
.3 lnffhjn^ f^mn) Z\ i^kmnk[Z*
mbhg^ ahlmbnf \ZlmkZ kîe^gm^l)
k^[nl ikhli^k^ `^lmbl) Z[b^kngm+
.4Ch\+ Znm^f _Z\mnf ^lm ]b^ been*
\^l\^gm^) Z]bnoZgm^ ^nf ?hfbgb
ikhm^\mbhg^+
.5 N^] k^q) Z\\îmh `nlmnZn*
]Z\bZ^ en]Z^hknf) Zkm^ ]b__b\nemZ*
m^f eh\hknf m^gmZ[Zm7 .6 ^m=^ma*
lnkZ^) jnZ^ ^kZm en]Z^hknfikZ^*
lb]bnf fngbmnf) \ZlmkZ Z]fh*
o^[Zm7 l^] _n`Z[Zgmnk) bfibg`^*
[Zm) fbghkZ[Zmnk+ /- Debl Znm^f)
jnb bgmnl ^kZgm) en]Zl g^\^llZkbZ
fbmm^[Zm+ /. @gng\bZobm Znm^f
frlm^kbZ ahlmb[nl Mah]h\nl jnb*
]Zf ]^ Dn]Zb\h ^q^k\bmn) jnb k^*
jnblbmnl \hfikâ^glnl ^lm) ^m
\hg\enlnl+ //Dm^knf k^q l^kfh*
g^f aZ[nbm Z] ^hl) jnb ^kZgm bg
=^malnkbl7 ]^qmkZf ]^]bm7 Z\\îbm7
Z[bbm7 /0 \hffblbm \nf Dn]Z) ln*
i^kZmnl ^lm+
Pm Znm^f \h`ghobm k^[êeZll^
Kabebiinf <gmbh\abZ^) jnb kêb\*
mnl ^kZm lni^k g^`hmbZ) f^gm^\hg*
lm^kgZmnl Dn]Z^hl]îk^\Zgl) ln[*
]bmnljn^ ^bl) bnkZm ]^ hfgb[nl)
jnb[nl bnlmnf oblnf ^lm7 ^m k^*
\hg\bebZmnl h[mnebm lZ\kb_b\bnf)ah*
ghkZobm m^fienf) ^m fng^kZ ih*
k\ojbp npg\dftod kmd`pn) \o`di\idpn

d kdò+
%.6& : Xgfh eb f(4( Lgb+ . I\f+ 3)0.+
=pojmdpn k\n\fje\ d\ g\]\d omphk\d)
iìpmj_t_\h\n \dfd\d qtfd `dgdjn)
f\d f qdn\d \kg`dn_\h\n7 oj_g) ij*
mdio o k\n\fjedh np_`mdiod np opj)
f m\i_\h` k\n\fto\ . I\f+ fi+)
gd`f\ d`f od`f i`\dfph+ %/.&
G T f_T c g\f4 f\mdf\n k\ng\kodn+ %/0&
/) )
lmZm lZoh dZkbnhf^g ikb^ Hh]b*

gh+ .2?ZollZob^lb^fl d7 ?b^*
oh gn`ZecbfZl lnkbgdmbgbZbl ]k*
lbZnlbZbl cZngbdZbbZbl cbl gZdbZ
inhe dZkZebZnl lmhm bk nfn
lmhordehc^ d^mnkbl mdlmZgbnl or*
k)mZbiiZm]b]bZnlb]kZf[e]kZn`
ln mZbl) dnkb^ Zgm ch [noh+ .-Kkb*
ibe] ]b]bZnlbhl [Zbfl bk lnfb*
bfh ikb^ lmhorde bk eZbfbg`Zb
Zmebdmr`)cb^ iZlbmkZnd+ .4or*
dh `b mZb) ]b^gZb ZnmZgm) QbîZ*
mb^l èh[Zb cZf iZ]^]Zgm+
.5
Kh mh dZkZebnl) `Zol iZkZ
`Znmb r] ]klhl) f`bgh `n*
]knfn gn`Zemb ob^m lngd^gr[^l+
.6Ebl iZlmZm lmhorde ikb^ lmbi*
kbhl r] mobkmhol =^mlnkhl)[^m
[noh ZmlmnfmZl)mnkch gnhlmheb)
[noh$lbeigbgZfZl+ /-Ob^fl`b)dn*
kb^ [noh ob]nc^) En]Zl lbngm) dh
cb^fl k^bdch7 /.OZbZn ob^gZl
fh`nl b r] dZkbnhf^gl)Mh*
]hdZl) b]Zo ikb^Zfl iZleZimbl8
cbl [noh lnl^dmZl) lnbfmZl bk n*
]ZkrmZl+ //FZkZebnl oe ]^kchlb
ln mZbl) dnkb^ [noh=^mlnkhc^) iZ*
lbe mZbd) lnlbmZk bk gnch lZn+
/0Ebl lnlbkf ln En]n bk [noh
gn`ZemZl+
BZol `b bgb) dZ] <gmbhdb*
chc^ lnde fZbm k^bdZe o^]*
cn iZebdmZl KberiZl) cbl eZ[Zb gn*
lb`Zg]h8 cbl dk^bilb `^knhcn Ur*
]nl) cb^fl gnlbe^bl]ZfZl) ikblb^*
d iZ]Zkrmb oblZ) dZl kh]lb m^b*
lbg`Z) bk lnlbmZbdlZmgZZoh Znd)
iZ`^k[ [Zgrb bk ]Zo ]hoZ*
@ \ Z P Y s T s &,&
L\gdfn >ònpm\) f\m\gdpn

ej kmd` ]\itdjn f\gk %g I\f+ 3)
3.&+ : hib ahZT_gTf( Lgb+ . I\f+
3)24+7+ f\h` \dfd\p d_noto\) fj*
_g f\m\gdpn i`]`b\gej onod f\mj+
I X\^T_ i XW ]h c T _\^ gT f G \_lcTf(
G\m\gtnon q\g_tojep) Htudej qdòji)
Ldgtk\n ]pqj k\nfdmo\n =iodjfj Akd*
a\ij+ =oqtfn np f\mdpjhì` d L `m*
ndejn) edn kmdnd\modij kmd` =iodjfdejn
Turinys
/)*
( > 2 < $ ')" ( * d '*" )
lnbm7 /1 HZ\aZ[Z^nf Zfie^qZmnl g+ /1HZdZ[b^c cbl ZidZ[bgh bk

^lm) ^m _^\bm ^nf Z Kmhe^fZb]^ iZldrk c oZ]n bk dngb`Zbdbn
nljn^ Z] B^kk^ghl ]n\^f ^m gnh Kmhe^fZb]hl bdb B^k^g+
ikbg\bi^f+
FZb cbl Zmch Kmhe^fZb]
/2
Pm Znm^f o^gbm Kmhe^fZb* /2
]Zf) `kZobm^k _^k^[Zgm Kmhe^f^g* `ro^gmhcZb[noh gîZm^gdbgmbikb^*
l^l Zfb\bmbZ^ \hgo^gmbhg^f) bg* mêbg`ZlnmZkmbfb bkdZkbnh]Zfb^l
]b`gZgm^l g^ _hkm^ _h^]nlbkknf* lZd) dZ] cb^ mnkm lnZk]rmb m
i^k^gm+ /3Ong\ Zl\^g]bm GrlbZl lZg]hk+ /3Onhf^m GrsbcZl ebih
mkb[ngZe) ^m ^qihlnbm kZmbhg^f) ^m mkb[g) b]lm ikb^Zlmbl) gn*
ihinenf l^]Zobm) k^`k^llnljn^ kZfbgh fhg^l bk ln`kh <g*
^lm <gmbh\abZf7 ^m ah\fh]h k^* mbhdbc+ OZbi mZb [noh ZmebdmZl
`bl ikh_^\mbh) ^m k^]bmnl ikh\^llbm+ dZkZebZnl bordbfZl bk ` kbfZl+
M! pbO{ Y`RLWwUTXLT# 7PXPT]TU`T ; DZ_P]`TaTPo[L_LÙLY_%

6L[`_ H;G% ' N^] ihlm mkb^g*
gbb m^finl \h`ghobm en]Zl) ^mjnb
\nf ^h ^kZgm) ?^f^mkbnf Nê^n*
\b \nf fnembmn]bg^ oZeb]Z) ^m gZ*
ob[nl) i^k ihkmnfOkbiheblZl\^g*
]bll^ Z] eh\Z hiihkmngZ) / ^m m^*
gnbll^ k^`bhg^l Z]o^klnl <gmbh*
\anf) ^m ]n\^f ^bnl GrlbZf+
0 <e\bfnl Znm^f jnb]Zf) jnb
lnffnl lZ\^k]hl _n^kZm) l^]oh*
engmZkb^ \hbgjnbgZmnl ^lm m^fih*
'* [P]^Vb]TXL^% ' =^m mk^*

cb^fl f^mZfl ikZlebgdnl) En]Zl
bk ln cnh [nonlb^cb `Zoh bgb)
dZ] Nê^ndhlgnl ?^f^mkbcnlln
lmbikbZ dZkbnhf^g^ bk eZboZbl Zm*
ordh i^k Okbiheb^l nhlm iZmh*
`bZl ob^mZl /bk lb`Zech Zerc^
ikb^ <gmbhd bk ch oZ] Grsbc+
0FZbgdhdl `b <edbfZl) dnkl
[noh [nol orkbZnlbnhcn dngb`n)
[^m[nohlZoh ghknlnlbmîl[^g*
dm hbdij eb\ k\dhod q\g_d dm k\*

\gdiod Htude) ]ò o\d e\h i`k\ndn`f+
Lgb+ . I\f+ 3).1+.2+228 / I\f+ 6)/6+
%/1& D T^TU\X] Z $4( Cm+ o+ f\d fp*
md o\dk q`md\h \n7 I\f\]dè edn
kmdh
_m\pbdf\d dm k\gdfj q\_p
ipj Lojg`h\d_jn dfd b`mi kgjopd
%nìj kdgdnodh hd`noj C`m\mjn) d kd`*
opn ipj C\ujn& D`b`hjid_Z
%/2& : h ib aXcTgXa^\ag\( Fp_\n ]p*
qj epjn ip]\p_n) . I\f+ 2).2+//+
.1). .2)1-+ J\pe\n Otmdejn f\*
m\gdpn @`hòmdepn Ojo`m\n) =gfdhj
k\fpmnoto\n) ndpid\ Jdf\ijm Fdd_j
I\f\]dè\pn npdhod %.1). .4&+ =o*
qtfn d Fp_e) Jdf\ijm\n km\_dje`
`gbd\nd np Fp_p _m\pbdf\d) ]ò b\qn
bmdò f\m\gd\pn n\fth \ondnod
\kf\go Fp_ =iodjfde) hbdi\ np*
dhod ed fg\no\ %.1).5 0 - &8 ktfdio\n
i`k\ndn`fdhp edn bmhje\ t_ qì*
otfg\d dm hbdi\ npdhod qdì t_
qtm`nide) N\ude) fpmn k\on ipndp*
_j %.1)0. 13&+ Lj oj Jdf\ijm\n h*

bdi\ kpggd Fp_ np]\ojn _dì8 o\n\d
bd mìbd\nd kmd` fjqjn) \pf_\hjn
@d`qj k\b\g]jn %.2)./ 1 &8 fjqje`
Jdf\ijm\n i$ t_\d bd qìd\ np
_d\pbnhp n\qj ipb\gedh %.2)/2
04&+ Gitb\ ]\db\di\ omphkdiojej k\*
no\]jhdn \kd` n\qj \ogdfo _\m] %.2)
051-&+
%.1).& : Xg ge X]\X` f (((4 kj qtfd)
8 fpmd` k\hdiod .0).++ Iò\d km\_od
d\ g\dfjhd kdgi\dn hò\dn+ Pj_g d*
E o\h` k`mnftm+ f\g]\h\ \kd` o\d) f\n
E qtfj .2. h+ O`g`pf\dd `mjn+ Ru+
8 1 `dg+ bm+ o+ dm . I\f+ 4).7 >\fd_j
tbdn %. I\f+ 4)2 /2& / I\f+ fit*
bje` qdn\d i`hdidh\n) opj o\mkp f\_
\kd` Jdf\ijmj tbd %g I\f+ 4)/3+++&
k\n\fje\h\ thd\d kg\d\p+ J X '
_Xh ^ b fahf((( Lgb+ . I\f+ 4).+
.
%0& 9 _^\` Tf(4( =kd` e qu+ . I\f+
4)6+/2+ : h i f ile\Thf\hb]h ^ha\Zh(
E F ]pqj k\nftmn Apk\ojmdn kj I`*
Turinys
/ H<F+ .1) 1 }.-
602
kb[nl \hffblmbhgbl) \hglb]^kZgl ]kZobfh ln iZ`hgbfbl eZbdZbl)

gneeh fh]h lb[b ^ll^ lZenm^f) 8 fZmr]ZfZl) dZ] cZf chdbn [*
g^jn^ Z \\^ lln g k Z] ZemZk^) 1o^* ]n gkZ blb`ê[cbf h) g ikb*
gbm Z] k^`^f ?^f^mkbnf \^gm^* cbfh ikb^ ZemhkbZnl) 1Zmch iZl
ndh j jnbgjnZ`^lbfh Zggh) h__^* dZkZeb ?^f^mkbc bfmZl i^gdbZl
k^gl ^b \hkhgZf Znk^Zf) ^m iZe* ]^bfmZbl f^mZbl)Zmg^ cZf Znd*
fZf) lni^k aZ^\ ^m maZeehl) jnb lbg oZbgbd bk iZef) [^ mh Zer*
m^fieb ^ll^ ob]^[Zgmnk+ @m bilZ o Zdê^l) dnkbhl kh]lb ^lZg*
jnb]^f ]b^ lbenbm+ 3O^finl Zn* bhl b [Zgrbhl) bk m ]b^g cbl
m^f hiihkmngnf ]^f^gmbZ^lnZ^ gb^dh g^lZd+ 2KZlb`Zol `b iZ*
gZ\mnl) \hgoh\Zmnl Z ?^f^mkbh mh`bhl ikh`hl lZoh [îkhmrlm^b)
Z] \hglbebnf)^m bgm^kkh`Zmnl jnb* ?^f^mkbcZnl iZZndmZl iZlbmZkb*
[nlk^[nl ^m \hglbebbl Dn]Z^b gbm^* f bk iZdeZnlmZl) dZbi rkZ gnlb*
k^gmnk) 3 k^lihg]bm7Dilb)jnb]b\ng* m^bd r]Zb bk dhdb mnkblnfZgr*
mn k <llb]Z^b En]Z^hknf) jnb[nl f) 3cbl ZmlZd7 Ob^ r]Zb) dnkb^
ikZ^^lm en]Zl HZ\aZ[Z^nl) [êeZ oZ]bgZlb Zlb]Zbl) dnkb^fl oZ]h*
gnmkbngm) ^m l^]bmbhg^l fho^gm) oZncZ ch]Zl HZdZ[b^cnl) iZeZbdh
g^\ iZmbngmnk k^`gnf ^ll^ jnb* dZk) dêbZ fZbmnl bk gîZd^gbZ
^mnf7 4gZf ^m ^`h ]^_kZn]Zmnl dZ] dZkZerlmc^ [m kZfn+ 4 I^l
iZk^gmnf èhkbZ%]b\hZnm^flnf* bk Z) g^m^blbg`Zb g^m^dl fZgh
fh lZ\^k]hmbh& an\ o^gb7 5 ikb* mo `Zk[l %[m^gm orkbZnlbhl
fh jnb]^f nmbebmZmb[nl k^`bl _b* dngb`rlml&) ZmcZn bZ) 5oblibk*
]^f l^koZgl) l^\ng]h Znm^f fZ)dZ] beZbdrbZnbmbdbfr[mZf)
^mbZf \bob[nl \hglne^gl7 gZf be* dZl dZkZebnb gZn]bg`Z) mhebZn dZ]
ehknfikZobmZm^ ngbo^klnf `^gnl iZlbkibgbZn fZgh [^g]kZibeb^*
ghlmknf ghg fbgbf^ o^qZmnk+ bZbl) g^l ]e Zg ibdmnfh oblZ
6 N^] hkh abl lbg`nebl h k^q \h* fl mZnmZ g^fZZbd^gbZ+ 6OZb*
`gbmbl) ^m k^`bhgb) ^m `^g^kb l^* `b Z ikZZn mZo^) h dZkZebZn)iZ*
\ng]nf anfZgbmZm^f mnZf i^k* mrkl Zib^ oblnl bmnhl ]Zerdnl)
one`ZmZf hfgb[nl
ikhlib\^+ iZlbkibgd bk Zebfb bk mZnmZ) b*
.- gZf) jnZf]bn lni^k^lm en]Zl) k]ZfZl lZoh oblb^fl bghfh
bfihllb[be^ ^lm) iZ\^f ^ll^ g^* `^knfh+ .-I^l dhe^b m^[kZ En*
`hmbbl+ .. OZeb[nl Znm^f Z[ ah\ ]Zl) g^`ZebfZ) dZ] [m kZfr[
]b\mbl) ^m \^m^kb Zfb\b) ahlmbebm^k k^bdZenhl^+ .. FZb bmZl iZlZdmh*
dbnhl ]Zerdnl) bkdbmb ch ikb^mêbZb
i`g\e\pn ipp_thj %Fpju\k\n BE+&+ %3& "9f\WT\f( Lgb+ . I\f+ /)1/+ %4&
C T \^ T \f 4 f\d F\uji\n k\q`m d D Tab gi Z T eU f( =ijo Fpju\kj Bg+)
n\qj ]mjgdj Kidej qtmd\pnde fpid* =gfdh\n ]pqn d =\mjij bdhdin)
btno+ %1& x \` gTf c Xa ^ \T f W Xf\` ' ]ò i` d* ojn ejn `dhtijn) fpmd\d dfo
gT\f( Cm+ o+7 .2.+ =gfdh\n ]pqj kmd* d\h g\dfpd kmdfg\pn qtmd\pndjed fp*
en f\m\gd _p f\mop %. I\f+ 4)2+/2&7 idbtno+ Lgb+ . I\f+ 4).1+ Jjmn edn
d\ f\g]\h\ \kd` \iom k\ndh\oth ]pqj Otmdejn f\m\gd\pn k\nfdmo\n qt*
np f\m\gdphd+ =ijo /3 `dg+) =gfdh\n md\pndpjep fpidbp) ]ò t_\d) tk\ bd
]pqj qgd\p _\m ntfd \oqtfn d =i* Fp_\n I\f\]dèpn) iìjmej ej kmdk\*
diod+ %6& \e gThgT( Cm+ o+7 dm hpnp
odjfde+ 9 h^f\a i T\a \^((( R\did*
f\n ]pqj f\m\gdfjn b\m]n th %. kmdngbo\ o\po\+ %EE& A b c e\XgX_\T \4
f\m\gd\pn kmdò`gd\d+ Em =gfdh\n ]p*
I\f+ .-)/6&8 k\ghn \f\ ipb\ged*
hj ìfg\n %g I\f+ .0)04&8 \gtq 8 qj _\]\m g\dfjh\n f\m\gd\pn kmdò`*
\f`g ìfg\n bgj]jn o\dfjn hòp+ Q gdp+ G T^h efg( =ijo bm+ o+7 _\m g\*
E ]d\p k\fpmno+
Turinys
/),
> 2 < $ '*" ' ( # ( &
l^ aZ[^gm^l Z]o^klnl en]Zf) bg* g^]kZn`bg`Zb gnlblmZm ikb^ En*

_eZffZo^kngm ?^f^mkbnf+
]) iZdnklm ?^f^mkbc+
./
Lnb lmZmbf Ib\Zghk^f ikZ^* ./
Ebl mnhcZn gnlbngm oZ]n
ihlbmnf êîaZgmhknf ]n\^f En]c IbdZghk) ]kZf[eb obkb*
fblbm bg Dn]Z^Zf7 .
0 ]Zmbl fZg* gbgd) .0]Zol lZdrf ln`Znmb
/
]Zmbl nm bilnf jnb]^f en]Zf\Z* iZm En]) ln cnh `b [nonlbnl b*
i^k^m7 ^hlo^kh) jnb \nfbeeh^kZgm) ldeZb]rmb bk iZlmZmrmb <edbf or*
]bli^k`^k^m) ^m \hglmbmn^k^m <e^b* kbZnlbnhcn ]b]bZnlbhl [Zgrbhl
fnf fZqbfb m^fieb lnffnf dngb`n+ .1Onhf^m iZ`hgrl) dn*
lZ\^k]hm^f+ .1 Ong\ `^gm^l) jnZ^ kb^ [noh iZ[` b En]chl gnh
]^ Dn]Z^Z _n`^kZgm en]Zf) `k^* En]h) ]chlb [kbZbl ikb^ IbdZgh*
`Zmcf l^ Ib\Zghkb fbl\^[Zgm)fb* kh) eZbdr]Zfb r] gêZbf^l bk
l^kbZl) ^m \eZ]^l Dn]Z^hknf ikh* lf`bnl lZoh eZbf^+ .2OZb`b r*
li^kbmZm^l k^knf lnZknf ^qblmb* ]Zb) b`bk] Zib^ IbdZgikh Zmor*
fZgm^l+ .2 <n]bmh bmZjn^ Dn]Z^b dbf bk iZ`hgb lnlb[kbf) Zi*
Ib\Zghkbl Z]o^gmn^m\hgo^gmngZ* lb[k ]nedfbl) fZe]Zoh m) dnkl
mbhgnf) \hgli^klb m^kkZ kh`Z[Zgm bkbgdh lZoh mZnm bk dnkl ZbdbZb
^nf) jnb ihinenf lnnf\hglmbmn* fZmhfZbl ^gdeZbl èh[hcZ lZoh
bm) nm bg Z^m^kgnf\nlmh]bk^m)jnb* ]Zeb) lZn`hmbc i^kZfbnl+ .3 NZ*
jn^ lnZf ihkmbhg^f lb`gbl ôb* oh oZ]h lZdrfn cb^ mnhcZn iZlb*
]^gmb[nl ikhm^`bm+ .3 Dfi^kZgm^ mkZndb m^gbk lnlbkbgdh ikb^ ?^*
Znm^f ]n\^) lmZmbf bg]^ fho^* lZoh ibeb^l+ .4En]h [khebl Nbfh*
kngm) \hgo^g^kngmjn^ Z] \Zlmê* gZl [noh lnlbkfl ln IbdZgh*
enf ?^llZn+ .4' Nbfhg o^kh _kZ* kn)[^m[nohb`l]bgmZl fh ikb^*
m^k en]Z^ \hffbl^kZm \nf Ib\Z* Zmordbfh+
ghk^) l^] \hgm^kkbmnl ^lm kî^gmb*
gh Z]o^gmn Z]o^klZkbhknf+
.5
Ib\Zghk mZf^g) Zn]b^globk* .5Onh mZkin IbdZghkZl) b*
mnm^f \hfbmnf en]Z^) ^m Zgbfb `bk]l Zib^ E]h ]kZn` ]kl
fZ`gbmn]bg^f) jnZf ikh iZmkbZ^ bk Zib^ ]b]orkbdnf) dhdbnh cb^
\^kmZfbgb[nl aZ[^[Zgm) lZg`nbg^ dhohch ]e morgl) [bchch likl*
bn]b\bnf _Z\^k^f^mn^[Zm+.6LnZf mb ]Zerd dkZncn+ .6Oh]e cbl ibk*
h[ k^f ikZ^fblbm Khlb]hgbnf) ^m fZ blbngm Khlb]hgbc) O^h]h*
Oa^h]hmbnf) ^m HZmmabZf) nm]Z* mbc bk Hhmb^c iZlbermb mZbdhl bk
k^gm ]^qmkZl Zmjn^ Z\\bi^k^gm+ chl iZ]Zkrmb+ /-Kh mh) dZb be`Zb
/- @m \nf ]bn ]^ abl \hglbebnf [noh mZkbZfZlb Zib^ ]Zerd bk
Z`^k^mnk) ^m bil^ ]nq Z] fnemb* iZml oZ]Zl [noh mZb ikZg^ldZ*
mn]bg^f k^mnebll^m) hfgbnf ngZ kbnhf^g^b) obl [noh ob^gZ gnh*
%./& E \^Ta be((( Cm+ o+7 fpmn \ifn*

d\p tm\ ]pqn _m\h]gdp qdmdidifp+
P\n k\m`db\n edn ej =iodjfj Akda\ij
g\df\dn) fpmd\h hdmpn) edn ipqtfj d
Njh k\n @`hòmde+ Lgb+ . I\f+
0)05 dm 4)/3+ %.0& JhZThg$ Mm+ o+7
k\\gdiod+ %.2& D Tgb` T\f { Xa ^_T\f(
Ru+ 0)/27.-)/6 dm ..)5+ %.3& < XfTib
c\_\Xf( Fjn qdò\ i`dijh\+ %.4&
: hib \yZ fW \a gTf((( =ijo bm+ o+7 h
nqtmpjod _g hj dbndj+

%.5& G Tf\ _l g\ gT \^ b f(((
. I\f+
4)/3 k\n\fto$ f\_ Jdf\ijm\n ]pqn
g\]\d _d_`gdn t_ kmd`\n+ E d\
k\\dfe\) f\_ \oqtf_\h\n edn i`]p*
qj kmd` epjn ipndno\on dm km\_ej e
i`fnod odf qgd\p+ Ru+ /6 `dg+ dm ojg+
%/-& G Tgf i T W T f(4( Fp_\n k\n\f
n\qd`nd`hn ntm q\_j k\ndgthpn) fp*
md` ]pqj e kmddhod+ %/.& A \ X 4 F*
Turinys
/ H<F+ .2) /.}/6
_nbm l^gm^gmbZ Zfb\bmbbl Zggn^k^+

/. DmZjn^ ]b^f \hglmbmn^kngm) jnZ
l^\k^mh bgm^k l^ Z`^k^gm7 ^m lbg*
`nebl lêeZ^ ikheZmZ^ lngm) ^m ih*
lbmZ^+ // KkZ^\îbmZnm^f en]Zl Zk*
fZmhl ^ll^ eh\bl hiihkmngbl) g^
_hkm^ Z[ ahlmb[nl kî^gm^ fZeb
Zebjnb] hkbk^mnk7 ^m\hg`knnf\he*
ehjnbnf _^\^kngm+ /0 HhkZ[Zmnk
Znm^f Ib\ZghkD^khlherfbl) gbabe*
jn^ bgbjn^Z`^[Zm) `k^`^ljn^mnk*
[Zknf) jnZ^ \hg`k^`ZmZ^_n^kZgm)
]bfblbm+ /1CZ[^[Zm Znm^f en]Zf
l^fi^k \aZknf ^qZgbfh) ^m^kZm
obkhbg\ebgZmnl+ /2Mh`Zobmjn^^nf
]n\^k^ nqhk^f) _bebhljn^ ikh\k^*
Zk^+ InimbZl _^\bm7 jnb^m^ ^`bm)
\hffngbm^kjn^ obo^[Zgm++
604
/%b <e\bfnl Znm^f)ob]^gl \aZ*

kbmZm^fbeehknfZ]bgob\^f) ^m \hg*
o^gmbhg^l) o^gbm Z] ?^f^mkbnf)
^m ]b\^[Zm) Ib\Zghk^fk^[nl Zeb^*
gbl Zll^gmbk^) Dn]Zfjn^ k^`gb bg*
lb]bZmhk^f ln\\^llhk^f lb[b ]^*
lmbgZll^+ /4DmZjn^ k^q ^qZli^kZ*
mnl) ^m i^llbfbl anbnl \kbfbgZmbh*
gb[nl bkkbmZmnl) l\kbilbm Ib\Zghkb)
]b\^gl) `kZobm^k jnb]^f l^ _^kk^
]^ Zfb\bmbZ^ \hgo^gmbhg^) bn[^k^
mZkmb^f HZ\aZ[Z^nf \bmbnl obg\*
mnf fbmm^k^ <gmbh\abZf+
/5 Lnb[nl \h`gbmbl) Ib\Zghk
\hglm^kgZ[Zmnk) ^m `kZobm^k _^k^*
[Zm) lb ^Z) jnZ^\hgo^g^kZgm bkkb*
mZ _Z\^k^m) gbabe eZ^lnl Z obkh+
/6 N^]) jnbZk^`b k^lblm^k^ ghgih*
m^kZm) hiihkmngbmZm^f h[l^koZ[Zm)
jnZ ikZ^\îmnf i^k_b\^k^m+
fhg) ikbmZkmb lnmZkbZb+ /.OZb`b

cb^ iZldrk ]b^g) dZ] iZlbmZkm
mZki lZol leZibZ) bk db^dob^gZf
[noh Zmg^mZ bk iZ]mZ d]b
// OZbZn En]Zl lZd `bgdenh*
mb^fl orkZfl [mb mbgdZfhl^ ob^
mhl^) dZ] dZkmZblg^dbem dZl ghkl
ibdmZ b ikb^ inll) bk mZbi cb^
iZ]Zk ZmZmbgdZf iZlbdZe[cf+
/0IbdZghkZl iZlbebdh E^knsZec^)
gb^dh ibdmh g^]Zkr]ZfZl) bk iZ*
iZe^b]h [kbZbl lnlbkbgdnlbZl fb*
gbZl+ /1Ebl oblnhf^m f`h gnh*
bk]bZb ch] bk [noh cZf eZ[Zb
iZeZgdnl+ /2Ebl dZe[ch cZf o^l*
mb fhg bk mnkmb oZbd+ OZb`b
mZlZb bde o^lmno^l) `ro^gh kZ*
fbZb bk cnh]n iZeZbd ]kZn`bdnl
lZgmrdbnl+
/3
=^m <edbfZl) iZmrkl Zib^
cnh]ob^c ikb^mêrlm bk lnmZkm)gn*
ordh iZl ?^f^mkbc bk lZd) dZ]
IbdZghkZl iZeZbdl lo^mbfnl k^b*
dZenl bk dZ] cbl bkbgdl chch iZ*
i]bgbgdn En]) dZkZerlml ikb^*
bgbgd+ /4 OZb`b dZkZebnl) irdbg*
mZl bk ^ksbgmZl [cZnkbZbl mh fh*
`Znl f^bmZbl) iZkZ IbdZghknb)
iZk^bd]ZfZl) dZ] cZf eZ[Zb g^*
iZmbgdZ ikb^mêbdZ lnmZkmbl bk dZ]
cbl lZdh Zmlblmb g^Zmb]ebhcZgmZi*
dZem HZdZ[b^c <gmbhdbc+
/5 BZol m bgb) IbdZghkZl
gnlb`Zg]h bk cZf [noh eZ[Zb lng*
dn eZnrmb iZ]Zkrm lnmZkm) g^l
cbl En]h oblZb g^[noh ^blmZl+
/6=^m g^`Ze]ZfZl ikb^bgmbl dZ*
kZebnb) cbl eZnd mbgdZfhl ikh`hl
lZdrfnb ordbgmb+
_\n dm Jdf\ijm\n+ %//& G T f\^ T _U '

]\`( P\n k\ndf\g]edh\n h\ojh\d
k\nd]\db o\dfjn k\_\mthp+ %/0&
E \^Ta beTf c T f\_\^ b ((( . I\f+ 4)/5+/6
d\ k\n\fje\hd %dfd /6 `do+& n\iotfd\d
o\mk Fp_j dm Jdf\ijmj qjn k\hdiod+
%/1& A \f i\fh b` Xg(4( =ijo bm+ o+7
edn ipjg\o npndodf_\qj np Fp_p %opm*
ej Fp_\ od`n n\qj q`d_p&) ]pqj e\h
ipjdm_d\d k\g\ifpn+ |
%/2& M Xfg\
{` ba( P\d opmej ]od mj_th\n) f\_
i`]`h\ijh\ \kd` fjq\n dm f\_ qd`*
k\o\pe\ odfm\ o\df\+
%/3& A b ] b cTcW\a \a ^h 4 k\k_didi*
fp =gfdhj) fpmn g\df n\q` qtmd\p*
ndpjep t_p fpidb+ =m o\n f\godid*
h\n ]pqj k\bmdno\n od`n\) d\ i`k\*
n\fjh\+
Turinys
/).
( > 2 < $ '*" ) & # ) .
0-OZbZn HZdZ[b^cnl) iZfZ*

0- <m HZ\aZ[Z^nl) ob]^gl l^*
\nf Znlm^kbnl Z`^k^ Ib\Zghk^f) ml) dZ] IbdZghkZl ê`bZlb ln cnh
^m \hgln^mnf h\\nklnf _^kh* bnkdbZn bk ikZlmnhl^ lnlbmbdb*
\bnl ^qab[^gm^f) bgmêeb`^gl ghg fnhl^ kh]lb e^lgbl) lnikZmh)
^q [hgh ^ll^ Znlm^kbmZm^f blmZf dZ] mZl bnkdmnfZl g^ b `^kh
iZn\bl lnhknf \hg`k^`Zmbl) h\* bk lnkbgdl g^]Zn`ê lZoc) iZ*
lblei gnh IbdZghkh+
\nemZobm l^ Z Ib\Zghk^+
0.OZlZb `b) lnbghcl) dZ] En *
0. Lnh] \nf bee^ \h`ghobm
_hkmbm^k l^ Z obkh ikZô^gmnf) ]Zl [noh ]klbZb n[`l cZfn
o^gbm Z] fZqbfnf ^m lZg\mbllb* Zdb)Zmch ]b]bZnlbbk o^gbZn*
fnf m^fienf7 ^m lZ\^k]hmb[nl lb[Zgrbbk)dngb`Zfl ZndhcZgm
lhebmZl ahlmbZl h__^k^gmb[nl) bnl* ikZlmZl ZndZl)o ebî b]nhmb lZn
lbm lb[bmkZ]bobknf7 0/jnb[nl\nf m fh`+ 0/bmb^fl lZdZgm ln
bnkZf^gmh ]b\^gmb[nl g^l\bk^ l^ ikb^lZbdZ)ch ` cb^g^bgh) dZf^rkZ
n[b ^ll^m jnbjnZ^k^[Zmnk) ^qm^g* b^dhfZlbl)cbl) bmb^llkZgd[Z*
]^gl fZgnf Z] m^fienf) 00 bn* grb) 00 ikblb^d) mZk]ZfZl7 E^b
kZobm) ]b\^gl7 dIblb en]Zf fbab cl g^b]nhlbm^ fZg lnkbmhEn]h)
obg\mnf mkZ]b]^kbmbl) blmn] ?^b_Z* Z lner`bglbn ln ^f^ bm ?b^*
gnf bg ieZgbmb^f ]^]n\Zf) ^m oh [Zgrb) bZk]rlbn b iZfZm
ZemZk^ ^__h]bZf) ^m m^fienf ah\ Zemhkb bk iZolbn m [Zgrb
Gb[^kh iZmkb \hgl^\kZ[h+ 01 @m monb =Zd\anb+ 01OZb iZlZdl) cbl
abl ]b\mbl Z[bbm+ NZ\^k]hm^lZnm^f gnch lZn+ Fngb`Zb) mb^l]Zfb kZg*
ikhm^g]^gm^l fZgnl bg \Zênf) dZl ]Zg`) Zndlb mh) dnklob*
bgoh\Z[Zgm ^nf) jnbl^fi^kikh* lnhf^m [noh c mZnmhl `rgcZl)
in`gZmhk ^ll^m `^gmbl bilhknf) lZdr]ZfbmZbi7 02Qbl ]ZerdQb^*
aZ^\ ]b\^gm^l7 02 On ?hfbg^ngb* iZmb^) dnkl gb^dh gîkboZeZb) mn
o^klhknf) jnb gneebnl bg]b`^l) ghkcZb) dZ] [ZgrbZ mZn `ro^gmb
ohenblmb m^fienf aZ[bmZmbhgblmnZ^ [m iZlmZmrmZ fl mZki^8 03h
_b^kb bg gh[bl+ 03 @m gng\ lZg\m^ ]Z[Zk) o^gmc o^gmZlbl) obl
lZg\mhknfhfgbnf ?hfbg^) \hg* ]ZerdQbîZmb^) beZbdrd i^k Zf*
l^koZ bg Z^m^kgnf bfiheenmZf bnl g^lnmîmnl bmnhl gZfnl)
]hfnf blmZf) jnZ^ gni^k fng* dnkb^ d mbd ZioZermb+
]ZmZ ^lm+
Onh f^mn IbdZghknb [noh
04
MZsbZl Znm^fjnb]Zf ]^l^* 04
gbhkb[nl Z[ D^khlherfbl ]êZmnl ldlmZl ob^gZl E^knsZel ork^l*
^lm Ib\Zghkb) obk ZfZmhk \bobmZmbl) gbc) MZsbcZl) fh`nl frel lZ*
^m [^g^ Zn]b^gl7 jnb ikh Z__^\mn oh fb^lm) mnkl `^k oZk]) dnkl
iZm^k Dn]Z^hknf ZiiêeZ[Zmnk+ ]e lZoh `^khl bk]b^l [noh oZ*
0N Cb\ fnembl m^fihkb[nl \hgmb* ]bgZfZl r] mon+ 05K^k be`
g^gmbZ^ ikhihlbmnf m^gnbm bg Dn* lnlbeZbdrfh eZbd cbl `kb^mZb eZb*
%0-& E XWThZX_\( Cm+ o+7 i`h\\+
+%0.& K f` b Z 4 Fp_+ %00& G T '
yifgh((( Cm+ o+7 k\no\otndp kpdfd
]\itd >\f^cpd+ %02& E \X^b aX'
ce\iT_T\( Lgb+ 0 G\m+ 5)/4+ %03&
B he\X ^ g\^ (4( Lgb+ .-)0+
%04& I Tm\]Tf( Cm+ o+7 N\udn+ K h'
ef Z Xe i TeW (((4 f\dkj pjgpn) dodfd*
h\n no\othpd t_\n+ %05& Jhf\_T\'

^ l ` b 4 ipj ]ì_m\qdhj np k\bjidhdn)
ipj npndo`kdhj e kmjd\dn+ 9g\'
Whbg\ â \e((( C\g N\ude\n ]pqj
k\ndmtn k\\pfjod n\q` p fdopn+
=ijo fdop %=pb+ Pjh\n&) N\udej k\*
nd`gbdh\n ]pqn k`dfodi\ n\qdp_t]+
Fd b\gop ]od k\o`dndio\ odf b`m\ N\*
Turinys
/ H<F+ .1) 0 6 *. 2 ) .
606
\eZblfh) \hkinljn^ ^m ZgbfZf dlb r]bdnfh bk ]e bmo^kfl

mkZ]^k^ \hgm^gmnl ikh i^klô^* [noh iZlbkrl Zmb]nhmb dg bk
kZgmbZ+ - 3 Qhe^gl Znm^f +4.,89< `ror[+ 06IbdZghkZl) ghk]ZfZl
fZgb_^lmZk^ h]bnf) jnh] aZ[^* iZkh]rmblZoh g^ZirdZgmr]Zfl)
[Zm bgDn]Z^hl) fblbm fbebm^ljnbg* iZlbngm i^gdbl bfmnl dZk^bob
`^gmhl) nm ^nf\hfikâ^g]^k^gm+ ch lnbfmb) 1-g^l cbl mbdch) dZ])
1- inmZ[Zm ^gbf) lb beenf ]^\îbl* c^b iZordm ikb`Znmb m fh`)
l^m) l^ \eZ]^f en]Z^bl fZqbfZf mnh cbl ln]nhlbl r]Zfl ]b*
beeZmnknf+ 1.Onk[blZnm^f bkkn^k^ ]bZnlb lf`+ 1.=^m dZb fbgbZ
bg ]hfnf ^bnl) ^m bZgnZf ]bl* ghkch lbo^kmb ch gZfnl) b*
knfi^k^) Zmjn^ b`g^f Z]fho^k^ eZnmb ]nkbl bk iZ]^`mb) dZb cbl cZn
\nib^gmb[nl) \nf bZf \hfik^* mnkch [mb mnhcZn gnmo^kmZl) cbl
a^g]^k^mnk) èZ]bh lî^mbbm81/ êb* i^k]k lZo^dZeZobcn) XiZlbkbgd*
`^gl gh[bebm^k fhkb+ihmbnl) jnZf ]ZfZl oêrd `Zk[bg`Zb fbkmb) dZbi
ln[]bmnl _b^kb i^\\Zmhkb[nl) ^m iZlb]nhmb gnlb]cebZfl bk iZdêmb
\hgmkZ gZmZe^l lnhlbg]b`gblbgbn* bgb^dbgbfnl) gô^kmnl ch dbefl+
kbbl Z`b+ 10N^]) \nf i^k _^lmbgZ* 15 =^m dZ]Zg`b i^k `k^bmnf iZ*
mbhg^f ghg \^kmh b\mn ieZ`Zf ]Zk lZn Zbs] g^mbdkn lf`bn
]^]bll^m) ^m mnk[Z^ bgmkZ hlmbZbk* bk fbgbZ cZn o^klb ikh ]nk Zg*
knfi^k^gm) k^\nkk^gl Zn]Z\m^kZ] `) cbl ZmdZdebZb ikb[`h ikb^ lb^*
fnknf) ikZ^\bibmZobm l^f^mbilnf ghl bk ]klbZb dkbmh ^frg Zgm
obkbebm^k bg mnk[Zl7 11jnb[nloêh* fbgbhl+ 11 EZb `^bmZb iZlbmkZndnl
\bm^k eh\nf ]Zgmb[nl \Zlnb ^bnl) b ob^mhl gnh dkbgmZgbh) cbl gn*
o^gbm i^k f^]bZf \^kob\^f7 12 ^m dkbmh likZg]n^frg+ 12J dZ]Zg*
\nf Z]an\libkZk^m)Z\\^glnlZgb* `b cbl ]Zk m^[^[noh `roZl) ]^`*
fh) lnkk^qbm7 ^m\nflZg`nbl^bnl ]ZfZl ]klZ) cbl Zmlbde) bk dZb
fZ`gh _enqn ]^_en^k^m) ^m `kZ* c ch dkZncZl m^dm^ m^dch bk iZml
obllbfbl oneg^kb[nl^ll^mlZn\bnl) [noh lnZehmZl lngdbZnlbhfbl
\nkln mnk[Zf i^kmkZglbbm7 13 ^m Zbs]hfbl)cbl i^k[`h fbgb 13 bk
lmZgl lnikZjnZg]Zfi^mkZfikZ^* D Zmlblmhcl Zgm ob^ghl lmZb`bhl nh*
knimZf) ^m bZf ^qlZg`nbl ^__^\* ehl bk cZn g^m^dl dkZnch) ln*
mnl) \hfie^qnl bgm^lmbgZlnZ) nm* e fl lZoh ob]nkbnl) f^m cnhl
Z[b^f kZgdhf fbgb) Znd]Z*
kbljn^ fZgb[nl ikhb^\bm lni^k u
mnk[Zl) bgoh\Zgl]hfbgZmhk^fob* b fhl `ror[l bk ]oZlbhl QZe]h*
oh) dZ] mZb cZf oe `kbgm) bk
mZ^ Z\ libkbmnl) nm aZ^\ beeb bm^* u
knf k^]]^k^m7 Zmjn^ bmZ obmZ ]^* c mnh []n cbl fbk+
_ng\mnl ^lm+
6L[`_ GH% ' Ib\ZghkZnm^f)
'+
[P]^Vb]TXL^% ' IbdZgh*
nm \hfi^kbm en]Zf ^ll^ bg eh\bl D kZl `b) `Zolbgb) dZ] En]Zl rkZ
NZfZkbZ^) \h`bmZobm \nfhfgbbf* D NZfZkbchl ob^mhl^) gnmZk inemb c
i^mn ]b^ lZ[[Zmb \hffbmm^k^ [ê* b obln lfZkdnfn ln[Zmhl ]b^g+
udej dioì^de\+ Gitbjn \pojmdpn bd* + %13& B TW gT \ ]T ` ((( Lgb+ 4)/0+
[%.2).& J T ` T e\]b f i \X gb fX ((( =ijo
md\ i` k\d N\udej n\qdp_t]) ]ò d
ej _mn dm ej nd`gjn fdgiph+ b . I\go+ 4)06) o\mk Cjaijn dm >òcjmj*
ij) f\h` qtfj fjq\ kmd` Jdf\ij*
%1-& A X \ c T i l ^ g ce\ZTh g\((( =ijo bm+
o+7 e`d edn b\gop ed npdhod+ %11& m+ J h UTgbf W\Xa ( =ijo bm+ o+7
]` ejfdj k\qje\pn+ Jdf\ijm\n odf*
J ceTaWh((( =ijo bm+ o+7 d opd \df*
ejnd) f\_ t_\d i`ndbdin+ Lgb+ . I\f+
o+ %12& D \a\4 k`mn`fdjojep ]m+
Turinys
61-
/ H<F+ .2) /}..
Dnf+ / en]Z^bl o^kh) jnbbeenf i^k / r]Zb) dnkb^ ikbo^klmb ch iZl*
g^\^llbmZm^f l^jn^[Zgmnk) ]b\^g* dnb c) lZd7 I^lbêd mZbi ebZb
mb[nl7 I^ bmZ _^kh\bm^k) ^m [Zk[Z* bk g^fhgbdZb) iZkh]rdiZ`Zk[hl
k^ _^\^kbl) l^] ahghk^f mkb[n^ iZo^gmbgmZb ]b^gZb bk iZ`^k[d m)
]b^b lZg\mb_b\Zmbhgbl) ^m ahghkZ dnkl oblZ fZmh 0OZl gêZbfbg*
^nf) jnbngbo^klZ \hglib\bm7 0bee^ `Zlbl iZdeZnl7 <k rkZ BZebg`Z*
bg_êbq bgm^kkh`Zobm) lb ^lm ihm^gl lbl ]Zg`nc^)dnkl ebî eZbdrmb ln*
bg \Zêh) jnb bfi^kZobm Z`b ]b^f [Zmhl ]b^g+ 1J dZb cb^ ZmlZd7
lZ[[Zmhknf+ 1@m k^lihg]^gmb[nl SkZ iZml `roZlbl QbîZml) `Z*
beebl) @lm ?hfbgnl obonl bil^ bg ebg`Zlbl ]Zg`nc^) dnkl ebî eZb*
\Zêh ihm^gl) jnb bnllbm Z`b lî* drmb l^df ]b^g) 2cbl mZk7)DkZ
mbfZf ]b^f+ 2<m bee^ Zbm7 @m ^`h ^ln `Zebg`Zl ^fc^) dnkl lZdZn
ihm^gl lnf lni^k m^kkZf) jnb bfmb `bgdenlbk Zmebdmb dZkZebZnl k^b*
bfi^kh lnfb ZkfZ) ^m g^`hmbZk^* dZe OZbZn cZf gîZlbl^d or*
`bl bfie^kb+ OZf^g ghg h[mbgnbm mbgmb lZoh lnfZgrf+
nm \hglbebnf i^k_b\^k^m+
3
@m Ib\Zghkjnb]^f\nflnf* BIbdZghkZl) iZlbdel ]b*
fZ lni^k[bZ ^k^\mnl \h`bmZo^kZm ]bZnlb inbdr[) fZg iZlmZmrmb
\hffng^ mkhiaZ^nf lmZmn^k^]^ ob^ iZfbgde ]e gn`Zemh En*
bn]Z+ $H Z\aZ[Z^nl Znm^f l^f* ]h+ 4HZdZ[b^cnl `b oblZ obembfb
i^k \hg_b]^[Zm \nf hfgb li^ iZlbmbdch oblnhf^m) dZ] [nl cZf
Znqbebnf lb[b Z ?^h Z__nmnknf+ iZ`Ze[hl b ?bôh+ lEbl kZ`bgh
5^m ahkmZ[Zmnk lnhl g^ _hkfb]Z* lZonhlbnl g^gnlb`lmb ]e iZ`h*
k^gm Z] Z]o^gmnf gZmbhgnf) l^] gbZmcbfh)Zmlbfbgmblnm^bdmcb^fl
bg f^gm^ aZ[^k^gm Z]bnmhkbZ lb[b iZ`Ze[ b ]Zg`Znl bk ]Z[Zk mb*
_Z\mZ ]^ \Zêh) ^m gng\li^kZk^gm dmbl) dZ] oblZ`Zebl lnm^bdl cb^fl
Z[ Jfgbihm^gm^ lb[b Z__nmnkZf gn`Zecbf+ 6 KZfhdl cnhl b
ob\mhkbZf+ 6 @m Zeeh\nmnl ^hl ]^ lmZmrfh bk ikZgZ) ikbfbglmZbi
e^`^)^mikhia^mbl)Z]fhg^gl^mbZf iZm dhoZl) dnkbZl ZgdlbZn [noh
\^kmZfbgZ) jnZ^ _^\^kZgm ikbnl) dhohc) cbl cnhl iZ]klbgh+ .-OZbi
ikhfimbhk^l \hglmbmnbm ^hl7 .- ^m iZdel c ]kl) cbl ]kZn` iZkh*
bmZ Zgbfbl ^hknf ^k^\mbl lbfn ] iZ`hgb g^bmbdbfr[ bk ikb^*
hlm^g]^[Zm B^gmbnf _ZeeZ\bZf)^m lZbd bZnrf+ ..OZbi cbl Zi`bg*
cnkZf^gmhknf ikZôZkb\Zmbhg^f+ deZoh c db^dob^g g^ ldr]h bk
.. Nbg`nehl Znm^f beehknf ZkfZ* b^mb^l ZilZn`Z) [^m`^kbZnlbZblh*
obm) ghg \eri^b) ^m aZlmZ^ fngb* ]bZbl bk iZkZ`bgbfZbl) iZiZlZdh*
mbhg^) l^]l^kfhgb[nl himbfbl)^m ]ZfZl mbdcbfh o^km lZig) dn*
^qahkmZmbhgb[nl) ^qihlbmh ]b`gh kbnh oblnl ikZ]bn`bgh+
_b]^ lhfgbh) i^k jnh] ngbo^klhl
eZ^mb_b\Zobm+
/)03 1.+ #,$ B he\X c e\i Xefg\ ]b (((4
]pqj kmd`q\mo\ k\dhod d ntm f\mdpj*
hì+ G T e b W l ^ c T Z T eU b f ((( =ijo
bm+ o+7 k\mj_tf k\b\m]jn o\d _dì\d)
fpmd o\n) fpmn qdn\ h\oj) k\b`m]
qìophp+ %0& B hef _\Xc ((( Jdf\*
ijm\n iìjmd odfod) f\_ np]\o\ ]p*
qpnd @d`qj) %ej ipjhji`) fpmdj ijmn
_d`q\ddj& d\fto\+
%3& G T f\^ _f ((( =ija bm+ o+7 f\fg

%b\gq& dfgn+ | G T` \a ^_ 4 ipb\*
gedhj qdòje`+ %5& G T Z T _U \y W Ta '
ZThf( Lgb+ .1).2+ %.-& G TZba \ a X'
\yg\^ \` l U X \e((( Lgb+ . I\f+ 3)//8 /
I\f+ 1)0182)/28./)0 dm f+ >pqj qdnp
]ì_m\n ndodfdidh\n) f\_ kmd`n\dfjn
g\ptoje\n i`b\gd opmod k\ndn`fdhj
ejfdpjn` n\qj nph\ithpjn`+ %gg&
Turinys
) ;29% (,# ()T)'
0+(
./
@kZm Znm^f ancnl\^fh]bob* ./
M^`cbfZl `b [noh mhdl7
lnl7 JgbZf) jnb _n^kZm lnffnl JgbcZl) dnkll e T [nol orkbZnlbnh*
lZ\^k]hl) obknf [hgnf ^m [^gb* cn dngb`n)`^kZl bkfZehgnl fh*
`gnf) o^k^\ng]nf obln) fh]^* `nl) `Zk[bg`hl boZbs]hl) dndenl
lmnf fhkb[nl) ^m êhjnbh ]^\h* ikhbZbl) `kZbhl bdZe[hl bkdnkl
knf) ^m jnb Z in^kh bgobkmnmb[nl gnh iZm cZngrlml [noh blbeZob*
^q^k\bmZmnl lbm)fZgnl ikhm^g]^g* gl ]hkr[l^) bmb^lmhfbl kZgdh*
m^f) hkZk^ ikh hfgb ihineh Dn* fbl fê]lb n obl r] mZnm+
]Z^hknf7 .0 Khlm ah\ ZiiZknbll^ .0 Kh mh iZlbkh] bk dbmZl orkZl)
^m Zebnf obknf Z^mZm^) ^m èhkbZ lm^[mbgZl Zfbnfb bk boZbs]Z)
fbkZ[be^f) ^m fZ`gb ]^\hkbl aZ* ZilnimZl ]b]bg`n `Zk[bg`nfn+
[bmn]bg^ \bk\Z beenf7 .1 M^lihg* 1<mlbebî]ZfZl `b JgbcZl mZk7
]^gm^f o^kh JgbZf ]bqbll^7 Cb\ bmZl rkZ [kheb bk DskZêbh mZnmhl
^lm _kZmknf ZfZmhk) ^m ihineb Dl* fremhcZl) cbl rkZ)dnkl]Zn` fê*
kZê7 ab\ ^lm) jnb fnemnf hkZm ikh ]bZlb n mZnm bk n obl o^g*
ihineh) ^m ngbo^klZ lZg\mZ\bobmZ* mc fb^lm) ?bôh ikZgZZl E^k^*
m^) e^k^fbZlikhia^mZ ?^b+ .2 @ q* fbcZl+ .2E^k^fbcZl `b bmb^l ]^*
m^g]bll^ Znm^f e^k^fbZf ]^q* bg bk iZ]Zo En]nb Zndlbg dZk*
mkZf) ^m ]^]bll^ Dn]Z^ èZ]bnf ]) mZk]ZfZl7 .3Kkbbfd o^gm
Znk^nf) ]b\^gm^f7 .3 <\\bi^ lZg* dZeZobc) ]hoZg b ?bôh)dnkbnh
\mnf èZ]bnf fngnl Z ?^h) bg gnmk^flb fZghmZnmhlDskZêbhikb^*
jnh ]^bb\b^l Z]o^klZkbhl ihineb nl+
f^b DlkZê+
.4 @qahkmZmb bmZjn^ Dn]Z^ l^k*
.4 OZb`b iZkZ`bgmb eZ[Zb `^kh*
fhgb[nl [hgbl oZe]^) ]^ jnb[nl fbl En]h dZe[hfbl) dnkbhfbl `Z*
^qmheeb ihll^m bfi^mnl) ^m Zgbfb ech [mb iZdêmZ cZngbdZbb ]k*
bno^gnf \hg _hkmZkb) lmZmn^kngm lZ bklnlmbikbgmZ c ]oZlbZ) cb^ gn*
]bfb\Zk^ ^m \hg_eb`^k^ _hkmbm^k7nm mZk lfZkdbZb inemb bk ]klbZb dh*
obkmnl ]^ g^`hmbbl cn]b\Zk^m) ^h ohmb) dZ] liklm ]Zerdnl ]klZ)
jnh] \bobmZl lZg\mZ) ^m m^fienf g^l [noh iZohcnc^ o^gmZl fb^l*
i^kb\ebmZk^gmnk+ .N @kZm ^gbf ikh mZl bk [ZgrbZ+ eNI^l fZ^lgbl
nqhkb[nl) ^m _bebbl) bm^fjn^ ikh [noh lnlbkibgbfZl iZbhfbl bk
_kZmkb[nl) ^m\h`gZmbl fbghk lheeb* oZbdZbl) mZbi iZm [khebZbl bk `bfb*
\bmn]h7 fZqbfnl o^kh ^m ikbfnl gfbl) ]b]bZnlbZ bk ibkfZ [n*
ikh lZg\mbmZm^ mbfhk ^kZm m^fieb+ oh [Zbf ]e [Zgrbhl o^gmn*
.6l^] ^m ^hl) jnbbg \bobmZm^^kZgm fh+ .6=^m bkmb^) dnkb^ [nohfb^l*
ghg fbgbfZ lheeb\bmn]h aZ[^[Zm m^) g^fZZ [noh lnlbkibg mZbl)
ikh abl) jnb \hg`k^llnkb ^kZgm+
dnkb^ mnkch lmhmb dho+
/- FZb cZn oblb eZnd Zkmbfh lik^g*
/-
@m8 \nf bZf hfg^l li^kZ*
k^gm bn]b\bnf _nmnknf) ahlm^ljn^ ]bfh) ikb^Zb[nohbZiZm) dZkbnh*
Z]^ll^gm8 Zmjn^ ^q^k\bmnl ^ll^m f^g [noh lnmoZkdrmZ) ]kZf[ebZb
JTca( P\n n\ki\n ]pqj m`bedh\n+
%./& F a\]Tf& ^h ef((( Lgb+ 0). dm
1)01+ %.1& A \ f l eT & ^ h ef((( G\_\i*
bd Kide\n ipmj_j fdo o\pojn po\me)
o\d o\n\d tm\ b\gdib`nidn p Kide dm
ej h\g_\ tm\ odfm\n ipb\gedhj g\d*
_\n+
%.4& J ` Te^\T\ ch_g\((( =ijo bm+ o+7

i`_\mtod nojqtfgjn) ]ò _mnd\d kpgod+++
%.5& < _ U T { a l } \b f4 fpmd\d bmhj*
ej Jdf\ijm\n %.1)00&+ %.6& B he\X
gh e]b fgbg\ \ ^ b i T 4 i`n Jdf\ijm\n
\_ej dp_tod qdnpn t_pn+
Turinys
0+)
) >2<& (,$ )(` *'
hk]bgZmnl) [^lmbZ^) ^jnbm^ljn^hi* bk kZbmêbZb iZlmZmrmb mbgdZfhc^ ob^*

ihkmngh bg eh\h \hfihlbmb) X \ h g * mhc^) /.HZdZ[b^cnl) bk]ZfZl c
lb]^kZgl HZ\aZ[Z^nl Z]o^gmnf Zm^bgZgb ]Zn`r[) oblhd^kbh*
fnembmn]bgbl) ^m ZiiZkZmnfoZkbnf inl `bgdenl bk c ]kZf[eb ibdmn*
Zkfhknf) ^m _^kh\bmZm^f [^lmbZ* f) iZdel kZgdZl c ]Zg`) Zn*
knf) ^qm^g]^gl fZgnl bg \Z^bnf) dlb lm^[ndenl ]ZkZgbhch Qb^*
ikh]b`bZ _Z\b^gm^f ?hfbgnf bg* iZmb^l) dnkl ]nh]Z o^kmb^fl gn*
oh\Zobm) jnb ghg l^\ng]nf Zk* `Zecbf) bk]ZfZl g^ `cgde
fhknf ihm^gmbZf) l^] ikhnm bi* `Zebhl)[^mdZbicZfiZmbgdZ+ XZnd*
lb ieZ\^m) ]Zm ]b`gbl ob\mhkbZf+ ]Zfhl `b cbl mZbi fê]lb7 On)
// ?bqbm Znm^f bgoh\Zgl ah\fh* QbîZmb^)dnkl En]hdZkZebZnl@s^*
]h7 On ?hfbg^) jnb fblblmb Zg* dbch eZbdZbl lbngm^b lZoh Zg`ê
`ênf mnnf ln[ @s^\abZ k^`^ bk nfn^b b N^gZd^kb[h lmhord*
en]Z) ^m bgm^k_^\blmb ]^ \Zlmkbl N^g* ehl bfmZmnhgbZl ]^bfmbl i^g*
gZ\a^kb[ \^gmnf h\mh`bgmZjnbg* dbl mdlmZgbnl) /0 lbld bk ]Z[Zk)
jn^ fbeebZ7 /0 ^m gng\ ]hfbgZmhk ]Zg`Znl oZe]ho^) lZoh `^kcZg*
\Zêhknf fbmm^ Zg`ênf mnnf `ê fl ikb^Zdrc^ ln [Zbf^
[hgnf Zgm^ ghl bg mbfhk^) ^m bk ]k^[cbfn ikb^ mZohiZmb^l `Z*
mk^fhk^ fZ`gbmn]bgbl [kZ\abb mnb) eb) /1dZ] [m Zibfmb [Zbflmb^)
/1 nm f^mnZgm jnb \nf [eZlia^* dnkb^ Zm^bgZ ln ibdmh]bZobfn
fbZ o^gbngm Z]o^klnl lZg\mnf ikb^ mZoh o^gm mZnm+ OZbi mZb
ihinenf mnnf+ @m ab\ jnb]^fbmZ cbl fê]lb+
i^khkZobm+
/2
Ib\Zghk Znm^f) ^m jnb \nf /2IbdZghkZl bk ln cnh [non*
bilh ^kZgm) \nf mn[bl ^m \Zgmb\bl lb^cb ch Zkmrg ln mkbfbmZbl bk ]Zb*
Z]fho^[Zgm+ /3 en]Zlo^kh) ^m jnb ghfbl) 0%2En]Zl `b bkdnkb^ ln cnh
\nf ^h ^kZgm) bgoh\Zmh ?^h) i^k [noh) lmhch dho) Znd]Zfb^l
hkZmbhg^l \hg`k^llb lngm7 /4 fZ* ?bôh bk fêl]Zfb^l+ /4 OZbi dh*
gn jnb]^f in`gZgm^l) l^] ? h* oh]Zfb kZgdhfbl) [^m bk]rl^
fbgnf \hk]b[nl hkZgm^l) ikhlmkZ* fêl]Zfb^l QbîZbnb)cb^ iZ`ne*
o^kngm ghg fbgnl mkb`bgmZjnbgjn^ ] g^fZbZn dZbi mkbl ]^bfmbl
fbeebZ) ikZ^l^gmbZ ?^b fZ`gb_b\^ i^gdbl mdlmZgbnl) ibegb ]bZn`l*
]ê^\mZmb+ /5 >nfjn^ \^llZll^gm) fh ?bôh bZ[nobfn+ /5J dZb
^m \nf `Zn]bh k^]bk^gm) \h`gh* cb^ iZ[Zb` bk `kh ln ]bZn`*
o^kngm Ib\Zghk^f knbll^ \nfZk* lfn) cbîZmrk)dZ] IbdZghkZl[n*
fbl lnbl+ /6 AZ\mh bmZjn^ \eZfh* oh dkbml ln lZoh ZkoZbl+ /6OZb*
k^) ^m i^kmnk[Zmbhg^ ^q\bmZmZ) iZ* `b) iZde Zndlf bk eZ[Zb ln*
mkbZ oh\^ hfgbihm^gm^f ?hfb* lbcZn]bg cb^ ehobgh mo dZe[Z
oblZ`Ze QbîZm+
gnf [^g^]b\^[Zgm+
0-En]Zl) dnkl dgn bk lbêZ
0- KkZ^\îbm Znm^f en]Zl) jnb
i^k hfgbZ \hkihk^ ^m Zgbfh fh* [noh oblnhf^m iZlbkrl fbkmb
kb ikh \bob[nl* iZkZmnl ^kZm) \Zinm n ibeb^bnl) ebî gndbklmb IbdZ*
%//& @y J Xa T ^ Xe\U b ((( Lgb+ 5).6+

%/4& | \TUhi\` h( Cm+ o+7 m`bdh\
k\b\g]\+ %/5& Jh fT i b yT e i T \f4 d
fpmd t_\d b\gej k\diod f\mdpjh`*
in q\_+
d
%0-& Bhef âh \e((( =ijo bm+ o+7
7 fpmn qdn\dn \oqdgbd\dn) fpip dm nd`g\)
]pqj kdmhje` qdòje` n\qj ]ì_m\kd*
d gd`dp btie\n dm ipj k\o n\qj e\p*
. itnon dodfdh\d dg\df k\g\ifph
Turinys
/ H<F+ .2) 0.}1-
0+*
Ib\Zghkbl) ^m fZgnf \nf anf^* ghkh `Zeo bk kZgd ln i^mbfb bk
kh Z[l\bllZf ) e^khlhbrf Zf i^k* gng^mb E^knsZe+ 0.<mcl m^gZb
_^kkb+ 0. Lnh \nf i^ko^gbll^m) bk lnZndl [^g]kZmZnbnl ]kZn`
\hgoh\Zmbl \hgmkb[neb[nl) ^m lZ* ln dngb`Zbl ikb^ZemhkbZnl) cbl iZ*
\^k]hmb[nl Z] ZemZk^) Z\\^klbbm ^m dob^m mnhl) dnkb^ [noh iberc^8
^hl) jnb bg Zk\^ ^kZgm+ 00 @m hl* 00iZkh]l IbdZghkh `Zeo) mZbi
m^glh \Zibm^ Ib\Zghkbl) ^m fZgn iZm ikZd^bdmkZgd)dnkb bmb^ll
g^_ZkbZ) jnZf ^qm^g]^gl \hgmkZ ikb^ o^gmnl oblZ`Zebh ?bôh
]hfnf lZg\mZf hfgbihm^gmbl gZfnl)ZgZl b]b]bZb `rklb) 00cbl
?^b)fZ`gb_b\^èhkbZmnl^ l m+00Gbg* ebî ]Zk bk bicZnm [^]bôbhIb*
`nZf ^mbZf bfibb Ib\Zghkbl ik^* dZghkh eb^no Zmb]nhmb dlgêbZbl
\blZf bnllbm iZkmb\neZmbf Zob[nl iZndbZfl) [îkhbh `b kZgd
]Zkb7 fZgnf Znm^f]^f^gmbl \hg* iZdZ[bgmb mb^l [ZgrbZ+ 01OZb`b
mkZ m^fienf lnli^g]b+ 01Jfg^l oblb ehobgh ]Zg`Znl QbîZm)lZ*
b`bmnk \Zêb [^g^]bq^kngm ?hfb* dr]Zfb7 KZehobgmZl m^[gb^ mZl)
gnf) ]b\^gm^l7 =^g^]b\mnl) jnb dnkl beZbd lZoh ob^m g^lnmîm+
eh\nf lnnf bg\hgmZfbgZmnfl^k* 02Ebl mZbi iZm ebî iZdZ[bgmb Ib*
oZobm+ 02 Nnli^g]bm Znm^f Ib\Z* dZghkh `Zeo obknc^ ibeb^l) dZ]
ghkbl \Zinm bg lnffZ Zk\^) nm [m Zbdnl bk fZmhfZl ?bôh
ôb]^gl ^ll^m) ^mfZgb_^lmnf lb`* iZ`Ze[hl ^gdeZl+ 0-J oblb [^g*
gnf Znqbebb ?^b+ 03 DmZjn^ hfg^l ]kn lnmbdbfn gnmZk chdbn []n
\hffngb \hglbebh ]^\kô^kngm gîkZe^blmb mhl ]b^ghl [^ bdbe*
gneeh fh]h ]b^f blmnf Z[ljn^ fl) 04olmb `b m bdbef mkr*
\ê^[kbmZm^ ikZ^m^kbk^704 aZ[^k^Zn* ebdm ]b^g mh fg^lbh) dnkl lr*
m^f \ê^[kbmZm^f m^kmbZ]^\bfZ ]b^ k dZe[Z oZ]bgZlb Z]ZkZl) ikb^
f^glbl <]Zk) jnh] ]b\bmnk oh\^ iZm HZk]hdb^cZnl ]b^g+
NrkbZ\Z) ikb]b^ HZk]h\aZ^b ]b^b+
OZb`b mZbi ]ZerdZfl ordnl
05
D`bmnk abl ^k`Z Ib\Zghk^f 05
`^lmbl) ^m ^q beebl m^fihkb[nl Z[ ln IbdZghkn bkgnh mh f^mh fb^l*
C^[kZ^bl \bobmZm^ ihll^llZ) ^`h mnb iZlbeb^dZgm r] oZe]bhc^)mZbi
jnhjn^ bg abl _Z\bZf _bg^f l^k* iZm Z [Zb`bn mZbl ]ZerdZbl lZoh
fhgbl+ 06 @m lb jnb]^f [^g^) ^m iZlZdhcbf+ 06E^b cbl`^kZl bk mhdl
nm ablmhkbZ^ \hfi^mbm) ah\ ^m bi* dZbi k^bdZeZncZ blmhkbcZ) mh ghkbn
l^ oêbf7 lbg Znm^f fbgnl ]b`g^) bk Z8 h c^b gôblZb `^kZl) mZb mbd
\hg\^]^g]nf ^lm fbab+ 1- Nb\nm mb^d Z m^`ZecZn iZlb^dmb+ 1-I^l
^gbf obgnf l^fi^k [b[^k^) Znm dZbi rkZ [h]n`^kmb oblnhf^mQr*
n ` h k ` m \ l p \ h ) ^ j i om d\ m p h `no7
g) Zk oblnhf^m oZg]^g) gZn]h*
%06& F ]X \ a Xi \fT\ Z Xe T f ((( =ijo
n\qj ]ì_m\bìd\hn+ %0.& Khbf&
^h e\X Uhib c \_l ]X4'fl k bpg dm kmd` bm+ o+7 j e`d edn \ogdfo\n ]ò f\dk dm
b\i\ hìf\d) o\d odf od`f \ o`b\g*
e kmdnd_epndpn npk\bjiepndpn t*
_pn+ %00& K \Xf U T { a l }\T 4 i` ]\* e\p k\nd`fod %_\pbd\p k\nd`fod \ i`*
itdjn qìojmdp`) ]ò o\dk) f\_ ed b\ge\p&+ =pojmdpn q`modi\ n\qj
]pqj h\ojh` d qìojmd\pn+ %02& \ogdfo\ _\m] b\i\ fpfgd\d, %1-&
M \eyh]X c \_\Xf4 g\]\d \pfo\d kmd` k\o E ThWbg\f Z\ i\Xah((( Cm+ o+7 h\dtod
kdgd`n ndìjn+ Lgb+ Fp_+ .3).+
%03& bd qdì np fdop+ Ntop \gtn` km\n*
@y^\_` f( Lgb+ . I\f+ 4)16+ %04& o\ kj qtij opje\p b`mod q\i_ìn) \m*
J l e ^ T _U T & o+ t+ o\ f\g]\) fpmd\ \ipj e ]\ b`md\h\n qti\n) \onfd`no\n q\i*
hòp f\g]ej t_\d+ D TeW b^\X' 7 _ìdh+ M \fhb` Xg i \Xa b W T f((( J`d
k\on qtfd nphdiedh\n ]` ipmj_t*
]T h f(4( Ru+ no+ 6)/0)0.+
Turinys
/ **
( > 2 < $ '+" *&
Zem^kgbl Znm^f nmb) ]ê^\mZ[be^7bmZ

e^`^gmb[nl lb l^fi^k ^qZ\mnl lbm
l^kfh) ghg ^kbm `kZmnl+ Cb\ ^k`h
^kbm \hglnffZmnl+
mbl `b ob^gn bk dbmn rkZ fZehgn)

mZbi bk ldZbmrmhcZfl) c^b iZlZdh*
cbfZl oblnhf^m ob^gh]Zl) cbl g^*
iZmbgdZ+ OZb`b bZ cbl [Zb`bZfZl)
nhpfdh\n) o\dk k\o dm t_p o\pojn

hj @d`qj k\b\g]jn) i`d ipjg\odidn k\*
n\fjedh\n \kd` o k\b\g]) iìpmj* k\fmdfdh\n m`gdbdejn dm _jmjqn \o*
qdgbdp+ Idmpn Fp_pd =mdnoj]pgpd) njno
_\io dqtfd) i`b\gop k\oìfdiod nf\d*
b\pi\ ej ]mjgdn =g`fn\i_m\n F\iepn)
otoje+ : T\Z \T` Tf( =pojmdpn ojg`n*
in t_p dnojmdejn i`]`k\n\fjo\) i`n) k\ndq\_din =mdnoj]pgp E+ Fdn ]pqj)
pqpn Jdf\ijmpd) F`mpu\g e\p b\gej od`n\) _mnpn fjqjn` kmd` f\dhtipn)
]ò o\dk k\o _d_`gdn kdfo\_\mtn n\qj
k\ndgdfod t_p m\ifjn` dm ed`hn i`]`*
o\po\d+ Ojno edn k\gdfj n\qj i\g`d
bmn fdod =iodjfj Akda\ij npf`god k\*
qje\d) ijmn o\po\d _\m o`fj npndg\pfod %45 36&+ d\d hdmpn) opje\p _p ejn
_d_`gdp npifìt]d dm k\d\h Fp_pd nin Emf\i\n EE dm =mdnoj]pg\n EE km\*
I\f\]dèpd ]pqj g`ho\ bm`dop g\dfp _ej q\mtodn _g q\g_djn+ Cdipd
nkmnod ]mjgd\d k\ndfqdò mjhipn)
od i\pe\h` f\m`+
fpmd` e\p ]pqj ndb\ge \modhje` Ot*
Pj f`gdj) fpmdpj Fp_\n ]pqj km\*
_en `dod n\qj k\nfpodid\dn hò\dn) mdeje`+ G\_\ibd Ljhkepn ijmej p*
nojod Emf\i) =mdnoj]pg\n km\_ej kmd`
g\dfnd dm nojepndèd ej qdòji ej ]mj*
gd\d+ Fd` fjqjej _g q\gnot]din t_p ed f\m+ 30 hò\dn Ljhkepn k\h
F`mpu\g dm ndq`m ]\itd+ Em*
o\pojn i`kmdfg\pnjht]n) fpmd) Odhj*
ipd `n\io qtmd\pndpjep fpidbp) ]pqj f\i\n k\nd_\m kmdfg\pnjh\n ipj mj*
dm ntm kmdk\dio\ %.1/ h+ kdmh Gm+&+ hip dm opmej hjfod ed`hn _pjfg+
N`df\g\n o\modn dm npndo\mod np ntm L\b\gd\p \oej dqtfdidh\n km\i\tn*
q\g_jq\dn np\modij[ t_pn np bm\dfp on) fpmd k\omd\mf\n Fjf]\n kdmh
_q\nd\+ Odhjij nin Fji\n Emf\i\n .6-- hòp ]pqj k\nf`g]n n\qj npipd
%.02 .-2 h+ kdmh Gm+& nojej \dfd\d FK_pd7 G\m\gdfjed g\u_\ %nf`kom\n&
bm\dfdf\d ipndo`dfpndp n\_pfdèp kp*
]pn d Fp_j \odho\+ R`gopd hbdij
=mdnoj]pg\n EE dm ej nipn =g`fn\i*
ni+ P\dk dod` b\qj qdm dm i`no`*
]odi\) f\_ _\m Eb\itojej g\df\dn _m\n bmdiod Fp_e\d o\podi i`kmd*
thd\pndjn bdhdin) ]oìo) fpidbp fg\pnjht]8 mjhi\d k\no\o Emf\ipd
`dhtijn %=k_+ 2).4&) ej F\ujij)
EE k\o\me %kmjfpm\ojmd&) qdì d_p*
Iì`g\e\pn dm =gfdhj o\f\dn+ Gdo\dn hed`d _d_di) =iodk\o`md) fpmn d
odfme ]pqj \gd`n q\g_tojep %13 h+
f`gd\dn ipej \nd_\d) k\h\g_dèd t*
_\d) fpmd` ]pqj \ondn\f fjqjod _m\pb kdmh Gm+&+ Jjmn edn ]pqj ipipj_t*
o\n dm e\pi`nid\e\h =mdnoj]pgj EE np*
np Fp_p8 ed` np _qdbp]p pjgphp h*
nd g\dftodn no\othj) id`fdi_\hd qd*
ipd =iodbjipd k\qtfj k\dhod njno\n)
npn fdopn t_pn) fpmd` i`noìb `dod ]ò =iodk\o`mdj nipn Amj_\n hjfej
k\nfpd epjn \pfd\pndj oj]pgphj f`*
Njhje` o\dk k\fm`dkod m`df\gpn) f\_
gd\dn+ Fd` qdmoj k\mdndèp %dmdifoe) edn 05 h+ kdmh Gm+ ]pqj k\nfdmo\n
dnfdmoe& n`fo\+ P\mk qdìp dm fdop t_p f\m\gdphd+ Fdn) mjhip k\_`*
k\ndgdfj o\pmd\pnd\ o\pojn _\gdn) omjf*
_\h\n) pf\md\qj Fp_e) k\h 02
o\iod @d`qj dm ej f\m\gtnon dm _g ejn h+ F`mpu\g) ipfdmn_dij =iodbjipd
k\ndmtpnd k\f`god qdnjfd\n \pf\n+
b\gq dm di\dfdij qdn I\f\]dèp
k\_`mh+ @\]\m) f\d nf`kom\n ]pqj
H\df\n o\mk Fjij Emf\ij) fpmn k\*
d odfme \odho\n d Fp_j) e\p ]pqj
nfpodidn q\g_ o\po) dm_\h\n no\*
othj %. I\f+ .3)/+0&) dm Eb\itojej \oen g\df\n) f\_ k\ndmj_top \_*
\oedhj) ]pqj t_p o\po\d kdgi\n _d*
o\ndn dm g\pfd\h\ndn Eb\itoje\n) qd`*
_`gdp nhbdp+ Op qtm`nidpjep Fjij i\odidn bdhpndn @d`qj Oipn) Fupn
niphd dm k\k_didifp Fp_p =mdnoj* Gmdnopn) fpmd\h b\m] o`]id` k`m
\hdpn+
]pgp %.-1 .-0& km\nd_`_\ I\f\]dèp
Turinys

2 Makabieju Knyga 1932 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

2 Makabieju Knyga 1932 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

VENTASIS RATAS

SENOJO IR NAUJOJO STATYMO arba TESTAMENTO

* Taip ios knygos vadinamos

=:36C D64F?5FD >2% 2 ? E C @ ; : > 2 < 2 3 : 6 ; F

' [P]^Vb]TXL^% . E^knsZec^

.)./).6+ Ldmh\e\h` g\df` L \ *

/ H<F+ .) 3}.-

h\n h\gjid+ G\go ]pqj \ondnftmd*

/ H<F+ .) ..} .3

mZm^f+ .. ?^ fZ`gbl i^kb\nebl Z

db lo^bdZmhl+ .. ?b^ohb`^e[mb b

A H Y ^ I H & d\ t_ o\mt]\) n`i\*

np =mdnojo`gdj adgjnjodg\+ =mdnoj]pgj

Cm+ o+7 np i`ipb\gdh\ f\mdpjh`i`+

/ H<F+ .) .4}/.

b^\^kngm+ .4 K^k hfgbZ [^g^]b\mnl

mZl ?b^oZl)dnkl b]Zo [^]b^obnl

iejn q`iotfgje`+ C\i_\d mj_nd k\*

$ 3,1! # $$? %#

bnllbm ^hl aZnkbk^) ^m Z__^kk^ lb[b7

cb^fl l^fmb bk Zmg^mb lZn8 cbl clZ

qj fdgn d Fp_j \didejn) j b\g i`o d

h\n / Au_mj ./)..+./+ %/1& C P L k %

m`dfop nf\dotod fdo\dk) ]o`io a XV[ YTe

mZ[Zmnk g^ e^`^f Zfho^k^gm Z

cbl kZ`bgh cnhl g^Zmlmnfmb lmZmr*

m`hde\n+ Lgb+ `h+ 1 `dg+ = H P T [ P ,

=ijo bm+ o+7 ]po jgjn k\qd_\gp+

aZ^\+ 6 HZ`gb_b\^ ^m^gbf lZib^g* . ^g` n`gbl b ]Zg`Znl bkln]^*

aZ[^gl) h[mnebm lZ\kb_b\bnf ]^]b* ebZfhgZl) bk gn^g` n`gbl b

Lgb+ 0 G\m+ 5)..8 / Gmji+ 4).+ %6&

fg\d_\ _` m`bdjid]pn qd`oje` _` m ` *

o+ MZmZl) m+ DQ+

fnl oh[bl7 [^g^ ^k`h _Z\b^mbl) lb

gl oblb^fl moZbgrlm) dZkZerlm)

4`_Z]TL`^ <LcZYZ VYbR{ _]`X[TY_ZUZ! []LVLWML%

%//& 9 c\X Tc f\eX\y^\` h f(((4 \kd`

/ H<F+ ;) /3}00

mbmn]bg^f eb[khknf) ^m ]b__b\nemZ*

=k_+ /).-+ %/2& BalZ( Cm+ o+7

c `hl `Znlnfh lngd^gr[ mb^fl)

< dnkb^ ghkb

0). 1)3+ Ldmh\h` npomphkdioj F\*

/ H<F+ 0) .}3

BPYVT{ <LcZYZ VYbR{ _`]TYTZ ^LY_]L`VL% '% pbO{ T^_Z]TUL#

]b f ^TeT _\h f( Otmdejn f\m\gd odopg\n+

/ H<F+ 0) 4}.0

\bZobm ^b) i^\ngbbl) bggnf^kZ[beb* cZf ikZg^) dZ] E^knsZel b]Zl

_p+ . I\f+ .-)36+ %3& B TW U Xa W e\X'

gT\((( Od_\]mj o\g`io\n ]pqj q`mo\n

/ H<F+ 0) .1}//

[Zm bg fZg]Zmbl Z k^`^) ]b\^[Zm

gb`Zb k^bdbZ [mbgZbgn`Z[^gmb iZl

n\qj i\hp btq`idhj) e b`_pgj \k*

%/1& B _Thflg\((( Cm+ o+7 `dod %np

i\pd Agdnd`epd+ 1 G\m+ 3).4+ %/3&

B Tf g\^g((( G\m\gdpn b\g h\i) ejb

/ H<F+ 1) /}4

eZmhk) fZe^ ehjn^[Zmnk ]^ JgbZ)

bk morgl b]ZobdZl) dZe[ch ibd*

M! pbO{ [P]^PVTZUTXLT 4Y_TZVZ 8[TQLYZ WLTVLT^%

/ H<F+ 1) 5}.0

<gmbh\anl) jnb Ih[bebl Zii^eeZ[Z* oZ]bghlb NdZblmnlbl) Jgbch [khebl

/ H<F+ 1) .1}/-

]hmbl DZlhgbl g^_Zkbnf) ^m bgZn* dngb`h EZshgh gnlbdZembfh).1 mZbi

gl ` X( =ijo bm+ o+7 kj nfmdodin k\*