How To Sound Intelligent in Japanese

HOW TO SOUND INTELLIGENT IN JAPANESE
A VOCABULARY BUILDER
SOUND INTELLIGENT IN JAPANESE

A Vocabulary Builder
Charles De Wolf
HOW TO
KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL
Tokyo New York. London
Contents
Preface
~.k;6;~
7 10
11
Introduction
Chapter 1: Ideas and Theories Chapter 2: Philosophy and Religion Chapter 3: Politics and Government Chapter 4: The Fine Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Chapter 5: Science and Technology Chapter 6: Law and Justice Chapter 7: Business and Economics
15 25 39 53 75 91 109
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011, and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd., Gillingham House, 38-44 Gillingham Street, London SWIV IHU. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa l-chome, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 112, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright 1993by Kodansha International Ltd.
All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. First edition, 1993 97989900 6543
ISBN 4-7700-1747-2
Preface
"Je ne suispas comme une dame de la cour de Versailles, qui disait: c'est bien dommage que l'aventure de la tour de Babel ait produit la confusion des langues; sans cela tout le monde aurait toujours parte francais. " (Voltaire, 1767) .....Seeing that you speak Japanese, they will wag their heads and smile condescendingly, and admit to each other that you are really quite intelligent-much as we would do in the presence of a pig or an ape of somewhat unusual attainments." (Basil Hall Chamberlain, 1904) ''The foreigner in Japan, so long as he is not thought to be a permanentimmigrant, is treated very politely, but always as an Outsider.If he speaks Japanese at all, no matter how badly, he is praised for this remarkable accomplishment, as though we were an idiot child who suddenly shOWed a streak of intelligence." (Edwin O. Reischauer, 1977)
Linguistic chaUVinism,like other human failings, comes in many varieties. Voltaire's apocryphal court lady assumes that ~e pre-Babeliclanguage of mankind must have been French. EOd~yshe might just as well stand for the stereotypical nglish-speak:er who believes that the entire world speak:s-or oUght to Speak-his mother tongue. J 10 harp Contrastto such naive universalism is traditional n:uane~ exclusivity. The notion that it is somehow extraordiI diffiCUltand even "unnatural" for non-Japanese (or at east yDecd tal .. SO 1 en s) to speak: Nihongo IS one that many a seanedreader will have already encountered. of thNeve~eless, the implicit premise of this book-and indeed e entIre Power Japanese series-is that the linguistic status
7
8 Preface
Preface
of the foreigner in Japan has changed and continues to This, of course, means ever more demanding standards. day is past when extravagant praise can be expected for mere ability to use Japanese in ordering tonkatsu or filling forms. More and more intelligent aliens will be expected prove themselves with well-informed and articulate commena on a broad range of subjects: from ideas and theories to ness and economics.
*
As the subtitle suggests, Sounding Intelligent in Japanese i a vocabulary-buildingbook. Each chapter typically begins with single Sino-Japaneselexical elements, combined to form words and compounds, some of which are then repeated in the illustrative sentences that follow. Unlike textbook dialogue drills, these are intended not for memorization but simply for reinforcement-and sometimes even for diversion: J:: < }}j:'(}', J: < iir( yoku manabi, yoku asobe, as the saying goes. Though technical linguistic terminology has been kept to a minimum, a few key concepts remain. Sino-Japanese, just mentioned, refers to words of Chinese origin that have thoroughly assimilated into Japanese. The Sino-Japanese term for Sino-Japanese, for example, is i~~ kango, lit. "Han language." Less obvious are the subcategories go (~) and kan (~). These refer to the two major sets of Sino-Japanesereadings, the second both more recent and generally more common. Note, for example, go "karma" in Chapter 2 vs. gyo ''business'' Chapter 7, both written ~.
ff -? "say," written It, -? in hiragana but pronounced [yuu], is likewiseromanized a la japonaise as iu. Chemical names that appear in Chapter 5, on the other hand, e.g., baryiimu and maguneshiimu, on the other hand, are rendered phonetically. Hyphenationin the romanization is based on both morphological principles and the more practical consideration of appearance.The desire for absolute consistency thus yields to the requirementof readability. Except where minimal pairs are already in the text or come immediatelyto mind, pitch accent distinctions have been ignored.The author trusts that his intelligent readers are also astutelisteners.
Acknowledgements Last-minuterevisions of outdated examples remind me how longthis book has been in the making. To Michael Brase, who ~lfSt~roposedthe idea and patiently nurtured it with sound and mtelli~entad~ice, I am greatly indebted. Special thanks also go to ShigeyoshiSuzuki, likewise of Kodansha International, for ~any hours of astute and careful scrutiny of entries and illustra~ve sen~ences that were either structurally awkward or socially i~Plauslble.To Masako Nakamura, my star pupil, long-sufferg teacher,and wise counsellor, who generously checked each and every chapter and offered invaluable advice, I can only expr~ssenormous gratitude. Responsibility for such errors that rematndespite the heroic efforts of these three are of course my Own. ' , he~nally,.for putting u~ with.kapuseru ni tojikomotta papa, a elt angato to my WifeKeiko Suda and our four children.
*
Loyal partisans of rival romanizations may frown at eclectic conventions followed in this book. For Sino-J words in which [0:] is written as ...... -? in hiragana, I used 0 rather than ou. Thus, :R: "political party" L._,,~""" seitii rather than seitou. The principle of consistency seem to dictate that I write I!!J.!:@ "movie" as ega, but here spelling reflects Japanese conventions: eiga.
Introduction
Hm?i'itUU) Q..A.1.:;It)iI':~~tLQ (7) Ii. I3lNifIf:a: 13 1.:ll\ltLQclt'?I3$t"t"iI'.>Q. ~1f(7)*~tt$5tli. *6.f.U(7)c':0~K giflf~iY-J~a-l'}(7)l!1.'~I'::1C-C ~tL n'Q .: (7)~*. l'tt': c I.:. m:a:+5tA-t!:ttlt'9j..OO..A.:a:~p.c t@il(7)"t" ~QjijiloJtI~1:i:tL.o. .(7)m:a:~ I) ~;U: ? c~;hl ... tr...A.tt ~ J: < tu~i"' Q': ctttl;. I3:$1K li~btL -C~'Q': c tI~i;,~fu c btl'-:> -Clt'-c. ~)iI7)*..A.17) "U l....v,! ." < ~ It'{iI!;t Q (7)tt c It' ; .: c:a:~ l....tfI'fI.:5ttl' -o -c t ~ ; I.:Ii. ~. ttl) (7)~tJ Ht~~ tt < -Clit.l ~ ttlt'.
Jt 1t(7)lt'tI'fu
Barbarlls hie ego sum. quia non intel/igor ulli. (Here I am a
barbarian, for no one understands me.) (Ovid, 43 B.c.-AD ?17)

Sedulo curavi, humanas actiones non ridere, non lugere, neque detestari, sed intellegere. (I have ~ndeavored not to ridi~ule,
bewail, or disdain human behavior, but to understand it.) (Baruch Spinoza, 1632-77) "An intelligent boy!" said Scrooge. "A remarkable boy! Do you know whether they've sold the prize turkey that was hanging up there?" (Charles Dickens, 1812-70)
8*m:a:~l!1.' t. n'Q~*..A.I':iI'.> I) tI~i;,t.l~l&li. iI'.>.oIlif..l"t"ifIf.tm~i"',:c:a:~~-Cl....i:;.:c"t"iI'.>Q.~*(7)~l!1.'~~~~tL.o".~ Ilifcctk~~ ~~ti~tLt~~J:?k~;t.ol....~.:;t.oJ:;k~.o. i";lt'?..A.li. ~m"t"tt.l< 8*~"t"tt.llt',*,:ial~!lIMttY"/{.::.-XI;:: jJ'tQJ: ; l.:t.l.o. fO:""7 -7/j}-(7)mil!!nffl:l:ll.:-::>lt'-c ~; ,\1'.lt'i:i"':!l'J ev'; ftb I) I.:. fO:""T -7/j}-li ..;oil!!..A l:'Iv l....to::.. ~ ;,1 ; ? J c It' ? J: ; I':. .: (7)*li. b~ c~.:a:~iiil.:tIJIl....l:I:ll....to::.J: ; tt C': 0t1;iI'.>.oC~-:>1" J:It' .:tLli. flJl~I':JlPl....tr.~msJ~*:a:~~ l....to::. t (7)"t"lit.llt'. ~II l1it I)il.h-C,ila -c.;z,..o C. Uli~I;!~r.liY-JI.:. ~~"t"fl'ltl,tLQ 8*Jt(7)/{ -7-/-;/''777-( A:a:&:I'I:J-:>-c.:tL:a: It'tr.J: ?1.:,\1'.? 1j!~ifIf-f;J~::t (7).,*i"'.o 0 :a:--rI;!tI> I)tIJIl.....IAIf. "t"~.o,: tt ~~ l....lt,1t;t~-r ltv{-7 - /1.: L -C1l!:1tI.:Jiiil:t J: ;. C It'; (7)tI~f.t.l7)mlt'"t"iI'.> -:> to::.. ~JtI':li. ~mll'fl(7)..A.l.:ti"?"t"ttlt'..A.I.:t fJe.'I,:~I)~i"'lt'J {,Q) :a:iDfutt-::>t I) "t"iI'.>.o.8*.A.1': C -o -c~p. c MD-:> -Clt'.o ~DtJ~~v' .:c~0?~Jt~(7)'*'"t"R;tQJ:;Kbm~~ ~~k':(7)*~ OO~:a:~;t-c.~k.;t.o.:c:a:~~l....~t(7)"t"~ .0. -gm~Jt1t(7)illt'tJ~~r.l~tL.o.: c lillifl.:iI'.>.ol:ttL.!:'t. PJl~ttt-t ~Ii. -~m. -Jt1tm!j~M~1F"t"litllt' t.. ~tJi"'tLl;!I35t(7)~;tt4t!!.OOiflf"t"J!(JJll.... -c4t!!...A. C;lt'ffi"'Qtt#i:a:~~.: c li~~IiJ~t.l(7)"t"iI'.>.o.
c':
Oviddied in exile on the Black Sea. For foreigners in modem Japan, the key to escaping the poet's linguistic fate is greater intelligence. As students of Latin will remember, intelligent- is the present participial stem of the verb intellegere "understand, becomeaware of' or, literally, "gather and choose from among." The adjectivecomes into English relatively late, and its modem meaning C'bright, clever, perspicacious") is still more recent. The various translations found in Kenkyusha's New EnglishJapanese Dictionary include: rikai-ryoku no aru, lit. "having the power to discern, risei-teki na "rational," richi-teki na, lit. "rationaland knowledgeable," mono-wakari no ii, lit. "good at understandingthings," si5meina "sagacious," kashikoi "wis~, ~l~ver,(having)a good head," kenmei na "wise," ki no kiita lit. 'nimbleof wit," and rikii na lit "of agile mouth." Here is an example of rikai-ryoku "intelligence" by itself.
I. *~O)A~~MHi. Tlt,,*i"'.
JJl!MJJJ: IJ ~r.~JJ~~TtO)tt
cm!j!lJ~n
0
Daigalcu no nyugalcu-shiken wa, rikai-ryoku yori kioku-ryoku

11
tame-
12 Introduction Introduction 13
su mono da to hihan sarete imasu.

University entrance examinations are being c::ritici~ for measuring the ability to memorize rather than true intelligence.
Risei-teki na is less likely to suggest a keen mind than the general power of reason. As a noun. risei is used as a philosophical term to translate Greek nous, German Yemunft.
is related to early Japanese animism and the imperial cult. In orne contexts, it suggests less bookish brilliance than practical awareness.
2~~~~~~~~~tt~~J
ttt.l < t.l1J i Lt.:o
i.hM~~t=~~.L~l
6. tt ~Iv I;!:ffl,-'tJ' I? ifJ~.I. ::17t.l~~ i ifJ L C:> -? < C:> I,-'.Mi&frI "t'LJ:-?o Shizue-san wa kashikoi kara ano etchi na kacho 0 ashirau kurai asameshi-mae desha.
I think Shizue is smart enough that handling her lecherous section chief should be a piece of cake. The native Japanese expression atama no yoi is commonly heard in conversation. As a predicate, the form is often aloma ga ii.
7.~Tf~titl;!:{i:m:1Jfl,-' 1,-' It t'$~!J5mL t.l 1,-'0 Ani no kodamo-tachi wa mina atama ga ii kedo benkyo shinai.
Yiibe kanto no "junsui-risei-hihan" 0 yomihajimeta tokoro kOfun shite nemurenaku narimashita. Last night I started reading Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and got
so excited that I couldn't sleep.
Richi-teki smacks of intellectualism, and though intellectuals are reputedly intelligent, appearances can deceive.
3. ifJ~AI;!:~~B9t.lMi L ll,-'.o It t._ ~I~H': I;!:.~1.lt!o Ano hito wa richi-teki na kao 0 shite iru kedo, jissai ni wa baka da:
My elder brother's children are all clever, but they don't study. 'RijI3. kenmei (lit. sagacity + brightness) might seem to suggest the Ideal combination of wisdom and acumen and indeed kenmei na hito may be understood to be both wise and intelligent. Sometimes, particularly in Japan, wisdom embraces prudence. 8. ~f.Ji J!ffi ~ -ttt.: 1,-' t.l "=>~~i13 = ~ t.l 1,-' 1:~ ? t fflYl I.:~"=> ~ 1,-, C t!.~ t! J: 0 Keiya/cu o.koshin sasetai nara tanki 0 okosanai de motto kenmei ni yaranol to dame da yo If you Wantyour contract extended, you'd better guard your temper and act more prudently. J Ki no kiita consists of Sino-Japanese ki "spirit" and native r:::anese ... no kiita (lit. having been effective). The meaning ges from "sensible" to "witty" and "chic"; Ivliv,-:) ~
0
He may have the look of an intellectual, but in fact he's a fool.
Mono-wakari no ii can suggest a worldly-wise lln,1p.r~talla-t. ing but is not recessarily related to intellectual or verbal dexterity.
4.
8*T~ 1v~13 t -? ~ Iv I;!:~ ~b1J' IJ ~I,-'I,-'At!1J'C:>, _ /)v'/.x.-AtMi~T.o-:)~ IJt!C~I,-'l, T<-f~Mi~I~JiI ~Lt.:o Yukiko-san no otiisan wa mono-wakari no ii hito da kara, ga noruwe-jin to kekkon suru tsumori da to kiite, sugu kekkon ni diii shita.
Being an understanding man, Yuriko's father immediately sented when she told him of her intention to marry a rvorwesu ....l. Similarly, as the English gloss implies, somei ~ more ly evokes the fruit of long experience (or innate Wisdom) the power of raw intellect. Note that the more or less meaning is "with ears and eyes wide open."
5. -{ .: I) A ~1!I:E1JrT~ lll!!tlYlt.l~.:Et.: t I;!: I,-,.z i -tt:lvo Igirisu no kokuo ga subete somei na kunshu da to wa temasen:
It cannot be said that all of Britain's monarchs were wise rulers. Kashikoi is one of only two expressions here that are purely Japanese as opposed to Sino-Japanese origin. written with the Chinese character for "wise" (cf. ken- of mei "wise"), the term originally means "awesome, august"
ki kiita nu ISalways telling witty jokes. ~. ~;., "CflJO t.l:!jj ~ r: ante rikOno b _ "- ~ 0
~!~~ ~~fIJI,-'t.:JL~if-? rm-sanWaitsumo no jodan

ao .. oyauu.
iu.
Intelligentboy... ! eXclaimsS . ... en "cl . crOOge 10 Keijiro Okamoto'S translation of the DickChildre~s(sIC .. -: et though typically heard in the praise of small onkO-san ne), the expression can also have a decided-
An
14 Introduction
ly derisive sense. To translate How to Sound Intelligent Japanese, for example, as Nihon-go de riM ni kikoeru ni would suggest sarcasm quite unintended. Yet a further word for "intelligent," though it is glossed as "intellectual, mental," is chiteki: 11. ~iJ!""""iJ' t'-'j iJ'liglj t t.r. $~fJ:~IJM-~'L' ~ ~ ~tll!. ~~Ii-?Iil) ~ l..,'"'t'TPo Atama ga ii ka dO ka wa betsu toshite, gakusei ni chltelcl-/('olctshil
CHAPTER
I
Ideas and Theories
sae areba,jugy6 wa yahari tanoshii desu ne.

Regardless of how "clever" they are, if students have curiosity, classes really are enjoyable, aren't they.
lUU:;U~;UIII
The last example suggests Chiteki-nihongo-kaiwa as own preferred Japanese rendition of the title. With this ing lexical analysis as an appetizer, we may now move on the main course.
It is often suggested that the Japanese are a more practical than philosophical people, disinclined to both abstractness and contentiousness. Be that as it may, the language certainly abounds in Chinese borrowings for argument, reason, and theory. While one must avoid the appearance of being disputatious (O"? 13:' It' rikutsuppoi), developing the ability to "cross swords" in a discussion (~~"'t':;t7Jtr-t;,"'t' ~ J., giron de tachi-uchi dekiru) is certainly one way to sound intelligent in Japanese. . This ~hapter focuses on just three short words that appear Withparticularly high frequency in discourse of a more abstract na.~. These are: ~ ron "argument, theory, ism,"11Il.ri "reason, PnJ_tclple, truth," and setsu "theory, view, statement," all of whic~ are used in both isolated and compound form. As can be ~n In the illustrative sentences, they can also be combined WItheach other. ~11Il.~ ronri-setsu for example is "theory of logi .. " & ~, and, at least hypothetically, one can even speak of 11Il.~ nron-setsu "a theory about theories." th .The key to understanding the meaning of the words is in so: a~tual usag~, not in the English glosses. While there is -sets: egree of lDterchangeability, e.g., between -ron and ous ,as:see~ below, the student must generally learn the varileXicalco~bmat:lOns as distinct, though not entirely idiosyncratic,
Items.
Argument, Theory, Ism
~ RON
As a label f
. English" . Or philosophies and ideologies, -ron corresponds to -Ism" ;;o..*, ii1R113 -ronsha to English "<ist":
15
16 Ideas and Theories
Ideas and Theories 17

nIf:~ _"It-
1f~1 (yiishin-ron) theism (exist-goo-ism) ~~I (rishin-ron) deism (reason-goo-ism) 1!!ti~1 (mushin-ron) atheism (no-goo-ism) -~i (isshin-ron) monotheism (one-goo-ism) ~~I (tashin-ron) polytheism (many-goo-ism) m.~1(hanshin-ron) pantheism (everything-goo-ism) If'OJ~~ (fukachi-ron) agnosticism (not-can-know-ism) lljUJtI(yuiga-ron) solipsism (only-self-ism) IIIUtl (yuibutsu-ron) materialism (only-thing-ism) PI,(.,~ (yuishin-ron) spiritualism (only-heart-ism) ffi~tTil(sotai-ron) relativism (mutual-opposite-ism) .;;1 (fuhen-ron) universalism (common-everywhere-ism) ~~t~ (zettai-ron) absolutism (sever-opposite-ism)
1.
[>.-2:J!I!Wf"C;:~ .oAli~t.til'-? tc:\? L. J; ?

":
no moto-kyosan-koku de mo, marukusu-engerusu no YO~~~fhO-ho-teki yuibutsu-ron 0 rikai dekiru hito wa sukunakatta deshO. E en in the former Communist countries of Europe, there must
vhavebeen few people who could understand the dialectic materialismof Marx and Engels.
Ron can also refer to the discussion or study of something who e existence is not in question. ~,*~ifII imi-ron, for example, means the "study of meaning," i.e., semantics, and ~'iti~ifIIuchiiron the "study of the universe," i.e., cosmology. Likewise, B:<$: .A.ilQ nihon-jin-ron is not a theory about whether the Japanese 'exist, such as would be the case with ~'iti A~ifIIuchii-jin-ron, lit. "space-people-ism," but rather "study of I theorizing about the Japanese." Uneasiness about too much speculative ~ifII ron and not enough empirical ~ gaku may be reflected in the following proverb, in which the former appears by itself: 6. ~ J: IJ ruEoo,. Ron yori shako.
It' < 1?1t:n'/.){iif!H:Ij:tt:;;1~til{~.o t'~V(t, I: lj:ffl~t~~\:T

0
fj.
lkura anata ga ddtoku ni wa fuhen-sei ga aru to shucho shite watashi wa kyiikyoku-teki ni wa sotai-ronsha desu.
You can insist on the universality of morality as much as you . but I am ultimately a relativist.
kyiiJcyoku-leki: in the end, ultimately
Insteadof arguments, evidence. In compounds, we find ron used initially as well as finally:
$ (ronpo) line of argument (argument law)
2.
1!!til$~~tlt'-7.1: I) b, 7 z: ~ A J-- -e Ii ~ It,'/.), t ,!" It' ;t To Oku no nihon-jin wa, mushin-ronsha to iu yori mo, kimatta no nai animisuto de wa nai lea to omoimasu. Rather than call most Japanese atheists, I tend to regard them
~< C1)8:<$:Ali,
animists, without a definite religion as such. 3. j!ft~ilf~~~IDE~H:?\t' "(It'.o t Ii.!', It';t itIvo
Shinka-ron ga kakujitsu na shako ni motozuite iru to wa masen. I don't think evolutionism (the theory of evolution) is based on
law) .Y'J!!! (ronri) logic (discourse principle) IlI.q.(ronsa) controversy (discourse war) (+ suru) lI.~ (ronsen) verbal dispute (discourse fight) tll.r.';i: (ronfen) the point at issue (arguing point)
=~~a"$ (sandan-ronpo) a syllogism (three-step argument
7.r~~~AM~~~~~~~~.
Y~5~~~AM~~.o
convincing evidence.
4. :;
3 -:; . J~-
i- -li~1l
C1)fF(f
0
a-:a~ L. t: C1)\:,
{,~~ t ~.i.0 \: L..t -7 0 Joji bdkure wa busshitsu no sonzai yuishin-ronsha to ieru desha.
"S~~ {!t1;t~~~~~~.QJ ~v\? ~Ii, :ff~t.t=:f.Ii~~\?T. d ete no mngen wa shinu beki mono da. Sokuratesu wa ningen s e ~~. Yue ni kare wa shinu beki de aru" to iu no wa, yiimei na anuun-ronpo desu "All .
hitei shita no de,
ISsluA
tal~7n ~e mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is morIS a lamous syllogism.

)Ut
As George Berkeley denied the existence of matter, one might he was a kind of monistic spiritualist. S. 3 - 0 -:J J"{C1)J[;3l<~OO\: t, ""'<)V 7 A . .I.;.o-7' )VA
n, th . ere,ore, consequently (literary usage)
~a~*9t::j::I;t, kfi L.v\~ifIIl]l~-2:l1J;:~ "(v\;!;T. amoto-sensei wa, atarashii ronri-setsu 0 nobete imasu.
Ideas and Theories 19
Professor Yamamoto is expounding a new theory of logic. 9. !3*I!*~~J~~I:i*:ilT'" ~ t.:"') t: tJ, ~ ~ tJ, C 11\ ~ ~*I.: ~:it:. i tlt:. < t.t 11\0 Jiei-tai 0 wangan-sensii ni haken subeki datta ka dO ka to iu
Reason, Principle, Truth

~RI Ri, more generally known in the West by its original Chinese form (/i), is sometimes called the East Asian equivalent of Greek logos "primeval principle" or, as in St. John's Gospel, "the Word." Unlike logos (or, for that matter, setsu and ron), ri is not derived from a metaphorical extension of a word for "speaking": in its original sense, it means "thread, texture." A similar image-physical and spatial as opposed to verbal-is seen in native Japanese 1$ suji "muscle, fiber, vein, texture, plot": sujiga toru "logical," lit. "the fiber passes through." 15. ~~Q)l1IU;):, t:pOOAQ)~;t:1Jl:*~ t.t~fj!~ &I~ t. i Lt:.o In'yo no ri wa, chiigoku-jin no kangae-kata ni okina eikyo 0 oyoboshimashita.
'*
ni wa makikomaretaku nai.
I don't want to get involved in the controversy of whether the Defense Forces should have been sent to the Gulf War.
Ron is also combined with the bound form of the verb (-jiru) "do," meaning "to discuss": 10. Jt~t:.1? I;):8 *Q)fX1f$lJJtI: -::> 11\ '"(~ t. '"( 11\ iTo Sensei-tachi wa nihon no kyolku-seido ni tsuite ronjiJe imasu.
The teachers are discussing the Japanese educational system.
As a fmal element, ron appears in such compounds as giron "argument, debate" [+ suru], ~~ tiiron "debate" [+ .&~ hanron "counterargument"[+ suru], *6~ ketsuron "~n.n~"'__
dasu], ~~ kiiron "empty theory, speculation," genron "speech, discussion."
0
sion"[+
11. ~~Q)~iltQ)W-f~lI: -::> 11\ '"( I;):, ~~tJft?'tll\ '"(11\ i To Kyoryu no zetsumetsu no gen'in ni tsuite wa,giron ga tsuzuite
There is ongoing debate concerning the cause of the dinosaurs' tinction.

12. iblvt.ti{HJ~t.tWE~I:I;):, &~I;):.lll\o Anna kakujitsu na shako ni wa, hanron wa muzukashii.
thinking. ft/]Q)~..U:@:l.!IltJ{~< t.t1l\blt'"t"I;):ib ~ i-ttIv;6{, .fl.IH:~ L'"( t *fi~'"t"~ i -tt Ivo Anotano r?nten ~i flIiri ga mattaku nai wake de wa arimasen ga, watashi wa doshite mo nattoku dekimasen.
16.
The Yin-Yang principle bad an enormous influence on Chinese
Yourargument is not without reason, but I remain unpersuaded.
Presenting counterarguments in the face of such convincing is difficult. tJ't.tIl\o
Jil! ronri "logic" literally means "discourse principle." If ~e elements are turned around l.!Il~ riron, the meaning shifts to ..~e?ry, specUlation." Thus, whereas ~l.!Il(!9 ronri-teki means ogJcal," J!~(!9 riron-teki merely means "theoretical."
17.4iIi~r"'~~*1? IlT t T <'~m(!9l: t.t? '"( L i 11\ iTo t? t ~ i-ttlvo g:::;:l0'f.tdal 0 mochidasu to sugu kanjo-teki ni natte shimaiWb u. otto ronri-tek; ni kangaenakereba narimasen.
Ho ..,.J!(!9(:~;tt.tIHll;rt.t
Atorantisu-densetsu ni tsuite no shinsetsu ga taterareta ga; de shika nai.

A new theory has been proposed concerning the legend of but it's only empty speculation.
14. ~~Q)!3 El3 I;):, ~::E::E~Q)~*(!9~14Q)--::>'"t"T Genron no jiyu wa, minshu-shugi no kihon-teki-joken no desu.
0
enever I bring th hali . tiona! Y up e w ng Issue, you always become emo. ou must think more logically.
Freedom of speech is a basic condition for democracy.
"fu~ ri we~ ?ot basic enough, W-l.!Il genri literally means nOniniti;ntaVongmal principle." Other words in which ri is the Pie:' ~l! ekyle~~?,t ar~ gakuri_ "s~holarly, scientific princiand 4l! _?n (relIgIOUS)doctnne, it!!J! chiri "geography," " sort "rationality " Adding ad" . WOrd for" .~ectival formant (!9 teki to ~l.!Il gori yields the also be u e~~onal, reasonable, logical," though the word can in the somewhat negative sense of "coldly, ruth-
7l.!1l
Ideas and Theories
21
lessly logical." - JJ-J!lHt giiri-ka "rationalization" is typically in the context of rationalizing or streamlining business prises. (The term for the common practice of inventing excuses or false justifications to hide a guilty conscience is {t-t Q seitii-ka suru.) Riidii-kumiai wa, kore ijo no gori-Iea ni dai-hantai desu. The union is strongly opposed to any further rationalization. The negative nuances of giiri-teki might suggest that the nese prize irrationality, but the question boils down to one usage. After all, in English as well, the colloquial meaning "argument" is not "line of reasoning" but rather "dispute, rel." The same point can be made with regard to . above. Compounds with ri as the initial element include: J!l!EI:J (ri + "cause") "reason, cause"; l!I!tt risei (ri + "nature, "reason, reasoning power"; J!l!;mrisii (ri + idea) "ideal"; rikai (ri + "analysis") "apprehend, comprehend." Note whereas English "apprehend" and "comprehend" mean "catch" and "absorb" respectively, rikai opposite cognitive process, loosening, untying, or dis One word for "intellect" is l!I!~ richi, suggesting reason bined with knowledge, cf. Introduction.
18. 95'1b*Jl-
JJ-I;t, :.n.J;l.J:0)- JJ-J1IHI::I1:*Ei:M~-to
~ "i-kai "board of directors, trustees" and OO:il~~i*I?iJ.ll!..OO koZren-anzen-hoshO-rijikoku "member nation of the UN Security Council." 21. {tKi ~ Ivfi ipIJ: ~ 1f~IJ: !*1.'!iI!,_ M~ lvii, ~~ J: ~ ft~ I:",*~~"? -c, *)1t*=rQ)J.lI!.==r~kA~ L i Lt.:o Soto-sanwa kanari yiimei na gaka desu ga, musume-san wa, bijutsu yori kagaku ni kyomi 0 motte, tokyo-daigaku no rigaku-bu ni nyiigakushimashita.
Mr. Sato is a rather well-known painter, but his daughter took a greater interest in chemistry than art and entered the University of Tokyo's Faculty of Science.
22.*'*)lif'H:It!!Q)J.lI!.$I:: IJ:"? t.:~.l;J.*, tt~ilf~b"? t: J: -:, 1.'-t Kanai wa danchi no riji ni natta loki irai, seikaku ga kawatta yo
0
desu: Ever ince she began serving on our condominium complex's board of directors, my wife seems to have undergone a change of personality.
Theory, View, Statement
SETSU
In C~jn.ee, the meaning of ~ is "speak," and though the pro-
nunciauor, of the word has changed from /siuet/ in the Tang ~asty to ./shuo/ in Modem Mandarin, that is still its primary
nse. In ~mo-Japanese, on the other hand, it usually has the ~re peclfic meaning of "explanation" or "theory," though a road~~sense ~s suggested in /J\~ shiisetsu "novel" (not "small !::ory ), ,~f. mlH~ tanpen-shosetsu "short story," and f~~ nsetsu legend" (lit, passed-on tale).
~itlvo Sasaki-sensei flO riron wa diishlte mo rikai dekimasen.

I am completely unable to comprehend Professor Sasaki's
19. {t;:k*;t;~O)l!I!~ijSl;t.J:? L- -ctJ!l!M~~
Keijirii-san wa ichiryii-daigaku 0 sotsugyii shinakatta shi, na kaisha ni mo tsutomete inai kedo, watashi ni totte risii-teki na shujin desu.
Keijiro didn't graduate from a top-ranking university, and he n't work for a famous company either, but for me he IS ideal husband. Compounds with less transparent meanings are l!I!. which refers not to the "study of reason" but rather to the cal sciences." J!I!~ rihatsu does not mean "reasoning rather "barbering." l!I!. riji, ri + "matter, affair," refers to a tor" or "trustee," especially of a company or university, cf
m.~.~Iv~-.*.~*~~L-~~0kL-, .~ lbWJ-Cv\t,tv\l:r e. f'&l1: C 0 -c ~I;t ~ l!I!;m(t-Jt,t:A ~-to
'. f ongms 0 Japanese, there are all sorts of theories. ~1q.~-flBQ)m./J\~Q) ,*,"t: i t.~!li:fR~ it -c It, IJ:It' b Q)iI!~ \.t 1 "t:T ' ~ rllJtiza!..i iun' o. _ saret1 i l.chlrono tanpen-shosetsu no naka de, mada eiyaku 1'bere e nal mono sa 6i yo desu. yet t~~ t~ belaman~Jun'ichiro Tanizaki short stories that have . ans ted mto English. It I in th tiaI eleme e. sense of "expound" that we find setsu as an inint In Such Sino-Japanese words as ~g.q setsumei
24 "
2384p, . Nihon_ ~"I7)~.71!I::~It'-C'i, 1t'~It'~Q)~iI{a;_, ~ iTo C g. no kigen ni tsuite wa, iroiro no setsu ga arimasu.
oncenung the
22 Ideas and Theories Ideas and Theories 23
"explanation" (lit. speak and clarify), mfJc sekkyii "sermon" clarify and teach), and settoku "persuasion" (lit. and gain). All of these can be verbalized with suru.
mw
30. THK~.::..:z.-Amm~Ji!.-rIt'~~I;t.
n{~v>I.::ifiIt'~ ~
t-ttA,o
*~1::~ ~U~A~~
~.m*~~R~~~~t.X~
0
~ti~~~~~~tt~~
NHK no nyUsu-Ju:!s~tsu.o ~ite. iru no wa, daigaku-sei yori shakaijin no hi5 ga 01 m chigai-arimasen;
No doubt more adults watch NHK news analysis and commentary than do university students. 31.~~:nll. 2o~r,MJJB~Pil~~~~~ -e L-t.:o Ana kata wa, nijii-nenkan asahi shinbun no ronsetsu-rm deshita. For twenty years he was an editorialist for the Asahi Shimbun.
It'? .: t -eT Tantii-i no setsumei ni yoru to, chichi no shujutsu ni wa kiken-sei ga tomonau to iu koto desu
According to the attending physician, there is a high degree of in my father's operation.
~'i> ~ -t;, ~ A,Iii>X~ A,~RW L- -r .1/'\:1 ~ ~~ ~-ttt Kaori-chan wa otiisan 0 settoku shite, tabako 0 yamesasemasnu
26.
32.*B1iB~'::'.:z.-3-7
Ii.
4'OO*~!M'1?5mlt'lU~nf~ ~ t L-t.:o
11AX~T~'Y
H':m1T~1ml':
Kaori persuaded her father to give up smoking.
n ~~~~~tim.h#~~t-ttA,o
Anata no ronbun ni wa settoku-ryoku ga arimasen. Motto teki ni matomete kudasai.

Your thesis isn't persuasive. Please organize it more logically. 28.~~'I? ;jf -1 7 i- / J: o : t -e t t: i>RfJc ~ Pil~~ t1.. t L.
0
< t':'~ It'o
~?t~~~~tt
Kayo-bi no nyiiyoku-taimuzu no chibetto ni kansuru shasetsu ni wa, chiigoku-taishikan kara tsuyoi hanpatsu ga arimashita.
There ~as a strong r~ction. fro~ the Chinese Embassy to Tuesday s New York Times editonal regarding Tibet.
Haha kara biiifurendo no koto de mata osekkyo
I had to listen to another lecture from my mother today about boyfriend. Compounds in which setsu appears as a noninitial include -f&R kasetsu "hypothesis" (lit. temporary view), gakusetsu "(learned) theory," and %:m teisetsu "(widely) cepted theory," illustrated above. Setsu overlaps somewhat ron in meaning and usage. Instead of teisetsu, for example, can say teiron, cf. shinka-setsu for shinka-ron "theory of tion." The difference may roughly correspond to the between theory and discussion/question in English.
~ tTnf, %:mtlt'? ~~Il ~ ? 1.'T Nihon-go no kigen-setsu wa iroiro ari11UJSu ga, teisetsu to iu wa nai yo desu.
29. B*~~~iJ.RliIt'7.:>It'7.:>~
0
There are all sorts of theories regarding the origin of the language, but there does not appear to be any generally ed one. In the sense of "speak" or "elucidate," setsu is found in ~m ronsetsu "discourse, leading cle, editorial," and UR shasetsu "leading article, editorial."
kaisetsu "commentary,"
CHAPTER
II
Philosophy and Religion
The English proverb "One man's meat is another man's poison" is served up in Japanese as Efl(l)i,llil..(l). Ko no kusuri wa otsu no doku "What is medicine to A may be poison for B." Such philosophical relativism seems to offer a certain universal appeal, to both pre-Socratic sophists (~1f* kiben-ka) and modem multiculturalists (~jf;x1t1i1i:fr tagen-bunka-ronsha). Thus, whether you believe in the "marketplace of ideas" or the "battlefield of ideologies," it may be wise to walk armed with an adequate vocabulary. We begin with three compound-formants: .:tft shugi "prin~ple, -isrn," ~ kyo "teaching," and i* ha "faction, sect," with Illustrations largely from the "international" world that Japan ~ known ince the Meiji era. We then move on to more tradibonaI, pecificalIy "Japanese" terms.
Principle, Ism
.:i::.
SHUar
~ th~lmode~ language, .:ttl shugi "-ism" is indispensable, if riaIa ~rervaslve, ranging from *OO.:t~ (teikoku-shugi) "impellul rn t~ -:r l' 1....:t~ (maihOmu-shu_gi) "familY-first:~~m." ~~asluffix IS relatively new, a coinage of the Meiji-era gli h ..lS~F~Chi Gen'ichiro as a translation for (Latinate) Enbe el(pl3Jnedas P?nclple." The literal meaning of the compound might " 'din gui g cause."
*:-
'tJ( E
~.h(rakuten-shugl) optimism (pleasant-heaven-ism)

.Il~, 1: (hilcan-shugi)pessimism (sad-view-ism)
(riso-shugl) idealism (principle-idea-ism)
25
26
Philosophy
and Religion
27
i&it.:~ (ro( 0 )man-shugi) romanticism (wander-ramble_ ism) Despite the clever jeu de mots seen in the choice of ters here for "romanticism," the more common term today 7 :-1- ~ ;;( J,. romanchishizumu. Note that for the three, ~ ron (see Chapter 1) may also be used:
f or Watanabe is an authority on the English empiricists, but Pro r::~ntly he edited a book about German metaphysics.. .. .
... - gaku' metaphysics (beyond-form-study). Note that whereas 10 English it is in the sense of "abstruse." the Japanese are more ~~ to say 1l!JatiJ chiishii-tek:"abstract," h y suru: to edit in the sense of arrange and annotate an author's works (cf. t "edit,"to prepare a completed manuscript for publication)
Uljl";:;;m to' use "metaphysical"

~:::;'jj:
4
rilll.A.3:.~Jc iflJc,.3:..J ~1:8j)IjT~':'c'i,
.L.Ii'<:TQo
U~.:!it (kannen-shugi) idealism (viewing-thought-ism; as

[German] school of philosophy)
';Kojin-shugr"'to "rilw-shugr"' 0 kubetsu suru koto wa, muzukashii desu ne.

Distinguishing"individualism" and "egoism" is difficult, isn't it? 5.l1im(7)m~!i5~ EI3~T ~ Iv Ii, 1J 1) 7 :t )v z: 71: 1fJ~ L -c, ~
~~.:~ (keiken-shugi) empiricism (experience-ism)

~f?.:_ ism) (jitsuzon-shugi) existentialism (actual-existence-
tt_~I:
7'd:?
-c Li Ii' i L.tz;
Where theory shades into ideology or life style, is more common than ron:
.3:.!it
1f~.:!it (hakuai-shugi) altruism (broad-love-ism) ~lt.::t_ (saishoku-shugi) vegetarianism (vegetable-eatingism)
Kinjo no seiniku-ten no yumiko-san wa, kariforunia ni ryiigaku shite,saishoku-shugisha ni natte shimaimashita. Yurniko,the neighborhood butcher's daughter, went off to Californiato study and wound up a vegetarian.
i:~ shugi is commonly used to derive new expressions, such as ~ l' A. .3:.. maihomu-shugi above:
*-
tR:~.::t!it(kairaku-shugi) hedonism (delight-pleasure-ism) iIlIA.:!it (kojin-shugi) individualism (single-person-ism) :flJc.::t~ (riko-shugi) egoism (profit-self-ism)
Compounds of a more specifically political nature, e.g.,
.r; I) - I-.::t~ (erito-shugiy elitism i'JJl!..::t_ (kanri-shugi) managerialism '1i'~~-.::t!it tanzen-dai'ichi-shugh safety-first-ism
1*.3:._ zentai-shugi "totalitarianism," are treated in more

in Chapter 3.
I. ~ -:; 1J -;t;~'i&:~ 7'd:':' C ~ J: j3? c:':' ;t -c {> ~1!1,.3:._~t: c .~,Ii' ;t To
~frI.:!it(genbatsu-shugi) martinetism (strict-punishmentism) Note that shugi is not used to describe physical or psycholog!cal ailments such as astigmatism (I!iLt.liranshi) or alcoholism 7)v:I - )v1i'(iHiE (arukiiru-izon-shiiy: Nor is it used in the.sense of action or activity, e.g., baptism (l'$I;:tL senrei), hyp~Otism(fflilllUw saimin-jutsu), plagiarism (~f'F tosaku, lit. steal;ng w~rks): Used in a linguistic sense, -ism is translated as g!rti ht. "language law": '7 T :--~~!rti raten-go-gohii Latinism," ~~!~rti eigo-gohii "Anglicism."
<
L.'I' Ii';t Tt.I{, ~~
Bekkii-sensei wa hiniku ruz koto 0 yoku osshaimasu ga, jissai ni

dokomade mo risii-shugisha da to omoimasu. Professor Becker may make a lot of cynical remarks, but I think is, in fact, a stubborn idealist.
.:gO?~),
2.~-=:--~J:~c, To
*OO.3:..~.*.3:..~
~.~~~~
Renin ni yoru to, teikoku-shugi wa shihon-shugi no saigo no kai da s6 desu. According to Lenin, imperialism is supposed to be the last stage capitalism.
3.
Worship and Teachings
fX
Like sh . S' of . Ugl, mo-Japanese
KYO
iJl:ill;t;~'i -( of 1) A ~ra~.:.~~~~$r'*<:Tt.I{, -{'/~%ffii..t~':"?Ii'-C~*HIUJtL;t L.t.:o
Watanabe-sensei wa, igirisu no keiken-shugisha/ironsha no ka desu ga, saikin doitsu no keiji-jo-gaku ni tsuite no hon 0 san shimashita.
'fg'~ tetsugaku "philosophy" ("study Nis~l~m") is a Meiji-era loan translation, coined by 11!iJj!jJ for" li .ane as an approximation of the Greek term. The word an old Iglon" (*fX shiikyo), on the other hand, is an example of compound given a new meaning. Originally a Buddhist
28 Philosophy and Religion
Philosophyand Religion 29
term, it first meant "worship and teachings" or "the tea,rhi,n_' worship"; later it was used as the equivalent of English gion." ~ kyo, in turn, appears in the names of most though the word for the native religion of Japan is an exception: Shint61$j!! "the way of the gods."
:L 1/ l'~(yudaya-kyo)
tized but I myself am not a Christian.
~~~tl*~~m~~~~~~~~~. ::\'-~A~.~~~~:
7..
1_<'--.C wr~....::: ~ ii' c-? iI'~H'
IJ i -It Ivo
Rin~ ;:~hakai no ml!ndf!i o_chushin ni s~rujU'!Y0 0, kiris_uto-kyo yo bukkyo no yo m shukyo to yobu beki ka dO ka wakanmasen.
Judaism
iMk (dokyi5) Taoism flUx (jukyo) Confucianism :;"\' -{-tfi (jaina-kyo) Jainism f.l.fi (bukkyi5) Buddhism :tf*fi (haika-kyo) Zoroastrianism 4'- I) A I- fi (kirisuto-kyi5) Christianity 7J I- I) ""I 7 fi (katorikku-kyov Catholicism ;f I) :,- "\' lEfi igirisha-seikyo) Greek Orthodoxy trrfi (shinkyi5) Protestantism I:: :/ X-fi (hinzil-kyi5) Hinduism -{ A 7 Afi (isuramu-kyi5) Islam or I!!Jfi kaikyo :,-- 7 fi ishiku-kyii; Sikhism -t IV-t :/fi (morumon-kyih Mormonism
To substitute -ist for -ism, one adds 1t 4'- I) A I- fi~ (kirisuto-kyotoj Christian I:: :/ X -fi~ (hinzil-kyoto) Hindu In the Edo period, Christianity was described as $fi "evil (perverse) religion." ~fi(~) ikyo(-to), lit "alien (-ist)," on the other hand, generally suggests a J u(lCU'-"'_JU'~or Islamic perspective, cf. English "pagan," "infidel." religious dissenters are described as JUili~ itan-sha "h ......tICl though again typically in an Occidental context, so that for Japanese, with their noted tendency toward philosophical religious eclecticism [:tfTlt'~ setchii-shugi "submi middle-ism"], the fine distinction between pagans and is easily lost.)
'l3 :/ A 7 - Iv ~$~ L t.:~t.: t;, liiSHL~~W1I.J: ;f1..EHrli::\,-l) A I-fi~<:li~ IJ 1-ltlvo Misshon-sukuru 0 sotsugyo shita musume-tachi wa senrei 0 mashita ga; watashi jishin wa kirisuto-kyiito de wa a rtrnu-s:r
Idon't know whether one should consider Confucianism, which focuses on ethical and social questions, to be a religion in the sameway that Christianity and Buddhism are.
8. tPOO~iHfic B*~:t!iI7iHi c'-? v' -? mJ{;f-ilr~~~<: i. J: -? iI'o

ChUgoku no dokyjj to nihon no zenshii wa dO iu kankei ga aru no desha ka
What is the relationship between Chinese Taoism and Japanese Zen? 9.4'-') A I-.iI'G5t~lt.:~*~O)~< Ii. ~IiIJ 7 ~ I) 7J<:~ tf.L i U':o Kirisuto-kyo kara bunri shita shin-shukyo no oku wa, yahari arnerika de tanjo shimashita. Manyof the new religions that are offshoots of Christianity originated,as one might expect, in America. Note that such terms as nudism, sadism, and feminism tend to appear as loanwords: niidizumu (nUdisuto), sadizumu (sadisU/o),feminizumu (feminisuto). Kanibarizumu "cannibalism," on the other hand, may be more familiar in its Japanese form: Ait P(7)Il."8l hitokui no fiishii (lit. people-eating practice).
-to "follower,
Factions and Sects
i*HA
Hah (~) is used to describe a variety of sects, factions, and
sc oots,
i!JfI!.~ ~~ilR
(koten-ha) classicism
O? ;., (iait)iJR(roman-ha)
romanticism
(insh6-ha) impressionism }i'~ (shiiha) (religious) sect, denomination
6. ~
'J
t=
(sunni-ha) Sunnism (Sunnis)
,;- 7 ~ (sMa-ha)
Shiisrn (Shiites)
My daughters were graduated from a mission school and were
:: (u-ha) the Right, cf. (uyoku) "right wing" 'PiIl.(sa-ha) the Left, cf. (sayoku) "left wing" iIR (chiid6-ha) moderate faction
11:.
1:i.
3I
1"i'i* (hoshu-ha) conservatives
aiJ~ (kaikaku-ha) reformists

~.:ilt~ (kyashin-ha) radical reformists ~iti:~ (kageki-ha) extremists ~a "J .::\'- i* (torotsuki-ha) Trotskyists
Daigaku-in ni hairu mae wa, inshii-ha no gaka ni wa amari ga arimasen deshita. Before I entered graduate school, I wasn't particularly interested the impressionist painters.
10.:k$I;i;I:,A.om1i, 'I: L... tz;
(:n~i*q)OOH~:I:Ii~ it) 1J!'*"bfcf.>t) i
11.1?-7A~q)~-7i*Ii, 17;/'I:>b177'1:>b~lH:6 \"i1'"bf, 17;/tJi'?"(, 1771:Ii?-;/=-i*q){g;lft> -f -) '1:1' Lsuramu-kyiino shia-ha wa, iran de mo iraku de mo tasii 0
0
imasu ga, iran to chigatte, iraku ni wa sunni-ha no shinja oi so desu. Shiites are the majority in both Iran and Iraq, but unlike Iran, has many Sunnis as well. 12. lRq)m'l:~A ~ ~'? t: t) it-:> t: t) L... t.::~ilXi*q))!I'jJ'i, I:Jttm ~ tt. i L... tz; Eki no mae de rojin 0 naguttari kettari shita kageki-ha no wa, keisatsu ni taiho saremashita. The (POlitical) extremists who punched and kicked an old ~an front of the railway station have been arrested by the police.
'" renchii: set, bunch (often derogatory)
i*. (ha) is combined with $ (gaku) "study, -logy" for

names of schools or sects of philosophy: -17 l- :.--$i*(puraton-gakuha) Platonists T jJ )v l- $i* (delwruto-gakuha),Cartesians jJ :.-- l- $i* (lwnto-gakuha) Kantians 13.
general term for. a. cynic~l ~erson or one ~,oti~e~bly fond of irony is Sl~~ hiniku-ya skin-flesh-person. Hiniku has come to be u ed in the general sense of "irony, sarcasm (from Greek, lit. fle h-tearing)." (On a cross-cultural note, it might be mentioned that the Japanese in general seem less inclined than Westerners to appreciate sarcasm, so that while you may think you are being wittily ironic, the Japanese may judge you as merely ~:ltMt.ijiwaru "mean and perverse.") In referring to the Skeptics as a Greek school of philosophy, you should say ~~i.* kaigi-ha "hold-in-doubt faction," but if youmerely wish to say that you are "skeptical" about a particular idea or proposal, it is more common to say ~tr,,~/~\,' ~*'? ''0' i T gimon/utagai 0 motte imasu "[I] have questions/ doubts" than tJHiEB91:~ '0'.0 kaigi-teki ni mite iru "[I] take a keptical view." tr'{~ tetsugaku is not used in quite the same broad sense as English"p~osophy," which, at least colloquially, can mean "(personal) policy, way of thinking." Whereas a Southern California fibles~, club pr?prietor may speak of his "body-building philosophy,. one.~ght r:fer to such in Japanese by the less loftysoundmg ;f, T l' - ~ n- (7) Jg bodfbiru no michi ("way") Rece II .... f!) n ~.:. one hear~ personal views of life being referred to as (of.!. f .(wa~ashl~,o! tet~ugaku "(my) philosophy," along with I ~JlIlSel-kan life View," but if you want to say "My phi~p y has always been to avoid between-meal snacks" it is IO ~ay simply: itrdH: (J (7)~it""'::lj:\"c7)n{f'!'c7)1Jit'l:1' des n ru mono 0 tabenai no ga watashi no hoshin (= policy) u.
A:
Sho'IIa
14. f1.q) A'tt"H_=
LJ b,~':Ei\"i1't,
~Ji'ij
r~~t.::.o'i~i\!ilHf~'.on{.:"t
> ~$i*q)U~~'~~1.:I)
?-'l:Jt~t.::q),;j:,
7:.--~~itt.q)~-7?-jJ-71~'l:1'o Kanto-gakuha no kannen-ron-shugi 0 igirisu de hirometa sukottorando-umare no tomasu kiirairu desu.

It was the Scotsman Thomas Carlyle who disseminated idealism in Britian.
no
The word "cynic," when used as an historical tenn to the "dog-like" school of Greek philosophy, is kenju-gakuha "Cynics" (lit. dog Confucian school), but
Watashi110 ~ '-- ~ I:.lj: .0:: L... J: -) 0 oyobaza:rnsel-kan O_"llIn~su to, ~ekkyoku "sugitaru wa nao I uppo u ga gotoshl to tu koto nz naru desha. e my Philoso~hy of life . comes down to "Going too far is the same lucius' cf ~ not g?mg far enough." (from the Analects of ConW ' . orace s aurea mediocritas, the golden mean) ordsworth IOphjcmind" may speak of "the years that bring the philo-Uhin in Jan but to peak of 'jg'~B'~lj:*i'H$ tetsugaku-teki na hRisepanese smacks of translatione e. More natural is ' I 1IQ kokoro "aim .." L L C spirit.
cc.i)~q)
'f:"b{~<
lj: '?
-c >b, "JZW-lj:'L.'~*i:>,mlt
Gn.o t
Philosophyand Religion 33
0
lil!JP) i -ttlvo Toshi 0 tori komi no ke ga usuku natte mo, heisei na kokom .tsuzukerareru to wa kagirimasen.
oaII
Advancing age and thinning hair will not necessarily give during serenity.
to the concept of salvation by faith in the Amida Buddha, ~ vow it is to save all. sentient be~gs. In popular usage, the tenD tends to have a negative connotatIon.
Traditional Japanese Philosophical and Religious Terminology
17.fO-f~ Ivli(!J.? t.:~liIt'"? t 1I!!:t.F*Jl-eT A,Jt Ii It' < ; it X. . J:.1 t L- -r b!!l.Jlt~It'"? t ~ -eT Kazu/w-san wa komatta toki wa itsumo tariki-hongan desu. Kondo wa ikura amaeyo to shite mo tasukenai tsumori desu.
0 0
B*O)f~~I19*fX . :gr~fflm NIHON NO DENTOSHUKYO TETSUGAKU YOGO

Even more than the West, Japan may be a largely (this-worldly) society. Everyday Japanese conversation is theless replete with expressions reflecting Japan's ._~.,., ..,_, philosophical traditions, as illustrated in the following of words and idioms. We begin with i!t~ sezoku (lit. ways), the mundane, secular world. Iv Ii ~ b.Y')-C~~(3::.fi)B9~V' t -e. 1flt -J 't~ 1t":d:i!t~B9~':: t I:~ < Jl!I!.,*iI~<fJ ~ i -ttlvo Nomura-san wa kiwamete seishin(-shugi)-teki na hito de, moke ya shusse to itta sezoku-teki na koto ni mattaku arimasen.
16.
WheneverKazuko gets into a jam, she always expects others to bail her out. This time no matter how much she babies up to me, I'm not going to help ber.
13}J jiriki "self-power" is the logical opposite of the tariki concept. Note the go reading of tJ as riki, which is typical of such Buddhist terms, and the contrast with ~tJ dokuryoku, lit. "lonepower." IU~'li, iti),C,-itt t ; bi'l:i3tJ-e (~tJ-e) ~~I:~ ~ i I...t.:o ImO~owa,oya kara issen mo morawazu ni jiriki de (dokuryoku de) ISM ni narimashita. My.youngersister became a doctor quite on her own, without tak109 a penny from our parents. ~er examples of words originating in Buddhism with full
fft-t~
Mr. Nomura is an extremely spiritually minded person who interest in mundane matters such as material wealth or climbing. Originally, i!t~ sezoku was a Buddhist term, referring division between the monastic and the mundane. In a modem sense, however, it refers to the general many societies today toward de sacralization. ...... ~'A"n(nc.. as with English "mundane" (lit. of this world), i!t~i1 teki is also used in a cultural sense, i.e., "unrefined, though :im~B9 tsiizoku-teki (lit. passing through the appears to be more common. The dictionary will tell you that sezoku-ka means zation, but more commonly the term refers to the tion of an institution or custom once limited to other elite circles. Other Buddhist expressions, many of them similarly larized," include: 11!!:t.pf;:Jl{ tariki-hongan "reliance on help." Literally "other-power-original vow," this refers
or partial go readings are: lt~ (jigoku) hell
fl* (gokuraku) Buddhist paradise

stone li:ttlJ:. (fa hi _._) _ C I-OjO stalling, last stand (lit. to die standing; ajo - to go to be reborn) (konjo) this (fleeting) world [kornjO] a,:!: (goshO)afterlife ~11 (konjo) di .. $l'SPOSItlOn, nature, mentality, tenacity [ko1njo] rr (shugy6) tr . . .. " ~~ ammg, novinate, apprenticeship ...... (ku~ai) Worldof suffering, life of prostitution :t: (chllcush6) be . . 1iIilt (unse) p . stial (~ormof) life, damn! 19 revlOUS existence . -ttLl lIi1filli 'lS;;1t't It, -J J: ~ -? Ii ~ litrt!!:(7)~t.: 7:> ? t .1SI,1t' i To ga warutto iu yori yahari zense no go daro to omoimasu.
(go) karma, deeds committed in a previous existence Itlt (konryu) founding, erection of a temple/shrine/tomb-
!1:
~"'a ~
35
I believe it's not so much a matter of bad luck as the result deeds from a previous existence. You will hear older women say ~~&:'t":~'I? gosJuJ da as in the following: 20. ~~&:.t":~' I?, i3 iW a- ~J;. T ~. t.t Ii'"('"< t..: ~ Ii'o Gosho da kara, osake 0 nomisuginai de kudasai. For the love of mercy, please don't drink too much. 21.111=8 (7)~--"('", 1It.~fJLtt&:. L ""(Ii'iTo Kino nofubuki de, densha ga tachi-ojo shite imasu. Because of yesterday's blizzard, trains are now snowbound. 22. r~oo~ttJ Ii, ~L""(8*AI:~l?tL""(Ii'J.,cli1.Ht "Shimaguni-konjo" wa, kesshite nihon-jin ni kagirarete iru ienai. One can by no means say that "insularity" is limited to J ~11.(T J.,) nenbutsu (suru) refers (literally) to prayer Buddha, while ~1i:(T J.,) nengan (suru) has the vaguer ing of "earnestly pray, wish, hope for." D.*$*tt(7)~~(7)A~N~TJ.,~c#~*B(7) To Daigaku-jidai no hatsukoi no hito ni saikai suru koto ga moto-kun no naganen no nengan desu. It has long been Miyamoto's fervent hope to be reunited girl he first fell in love with while a student at university-
It's hard for me to say why I ended my friendship with him, but the
factthat he tried to seduce my wife is not irrelevant.

,uwaku: to tempi, entice, allure, seduce
26.B"*t.lfm~(7)~1!~ -; ~ Iv c *.(7)~.!R$~"('"N~ L t.::(7) Ii, fPJt.I'(1)~,uU' t WtL i -It Ivo MiyamOto ga hatsukoi no yukari-chan to kyonen no konchii-gakkni de saikaishita no wa, nani ka no innen kamo shiremasen. I believeit was fate that Miyamoto met up again with Yukari the firstloveof his life, at last year's entomology society meefutg.
I:onchii (swarm + insect): an insectlinsects; the more scientific equivalent of mush;
(!II.)
If poor Miyamoto should break a leg on his way to

meeting, he may say ~~~f~Ii' engi ga warui, i.e., that unlucky or that the undertaking was ill-omened from the ning. ~ en is used by itself in the sense of "(karmic) ship, fate," cf. I!I~ innen, lit. "cause and . which, for phonological reasons, we find an "extra" n at ginning of the second element. 24. *Uf~r:>""(, ~K&&:.(7)1l* C *1i~ L i L tz; En ga atte, dOkyu-sei no imoto to kekkon shimashita. As fate would have it, I married the younger sister of a of mine in school.
Not surprisingly, ~ en is commonly used in association with marriage, as can be seen in such combinations as ~~ endon "~a~e pro~sal," I*J~ naien "common-law marriage," .. .nen . divorce, and N~ saien "remarriage." An unhappy rel~tJonshlp that somehow cannot be broken is vividly desmiled as a. tL~ kusare-en "rancid relationship." ~e native Japanese reading of ~ is yukari, as in ~(7)1lf yu/canno mono "a relative, a person with whom one has some IIOrt ~f When such ties are cut, however, the Sino-Japanese ltading IS used: *~-IJ.J ~ en-kiri . a DB~o.r~~B! danna "master," cf. danna-san "(your, her) ~~, "IS ongmally fro~ Sanskrit danapati "(rich) patron of (Other Sanskrit elements which have entered "intern se via Chinese include,. ma "demon" [cf. jama IIlagic e~nce" ~d mahii-bin "large thermos bottle" lit. (doll)" t~e), .t:. J.,i [ii1!) daruma "Bodhidharma, daruma """_;t an. ~~ shaba "this world, free society [e.g. as op~~o~~~~ ,
=:
J..!e .
"7"!~
$"
D~~f~~(1)~R~Iv~
I
"
?"(L;t~t.. fIInilco
J
'
~.~t.t":>""(~I?~J.,i(7)l~~~
\' 1IInik'
llii::enohtfanna-san wa, chiinen ni natte kara daruma no yo s imatta. . 0 husband bee IIliddle age. arne fat as a daruma doll when he reached
28.1i;~~$
~"o
25. Wic~a--IJ.J::>t.::~EI3liH:
< li'tJf, j{mH~~ L J::-1
~ C c~if-t.tIi':blr"(,"Iit.tIi'o . _ Kare to en 0 kitta riyii wa iinikui ga, ny6b6 a yuwaku shiJO koto to kankei nai wake de wa nai.
!!!:._ saYinggOOd ~r havmg disturbed

-.q)
excuse me f
~anuzlIashimashita
"'7't.:: L i
Lt.::o
...
you. (as either a polite way
- ye or an apology for an interruption or disrup-
29. ~~Iic'-) -tt'i!;'Ji!.-Z-To Shaba wa dose kugai desu. When you come down to it, the world is nothing but a vale of 30. r~~C7)*tHi{JC7) ~ &'>oJ (If*~Mn "Shaba no eiga wa yume no yume," (From The Tale of the 'The glory of this world is but a dream of a dream." (cf. the known Latin dictum Sic transit gloria mundi!) 31.lWG~& C7)m15LC7) t:p -e, i ~ ~: .:. C7)1!tli'i!;'Ji!.c 1t L t.: Sengo no konran no naka de, masa ni kono yo wa kugai to The chaotic aftermath of the war turned the normal misery world into genuine hell.
ka-suru: to be transformed into, tum into
:tf.l. (nenbutsu) prayer to the Buddha 1v1.l![: < ~.J., i -z-, I: lifMf(1.Ifif.> IJ i -It Iv 't" L tz; Ojiisanga nakunaru made, uchi ni wa butsudan ga arimasen deshita. Until my grandfather died, we didn't have a Buddhist altar in our house. 34.15 t:. ~l
~
Another word for "Buddha," also written 11., is hotoke, apparentlyan older borrowing via an Altaic language. 35. m~ t.l.1.I!1.l.o (A Japanese proverb) Shiranu ga hotoke. Ignorance is bliss. (Lit. Not to know is to be a Buddha.) In a profaner ~nse, ho_toke(-sama) often refers to anyone
who has recently died, specifically to the remains. A policeman at leastof the TV variety, may be heard to say: ' 36. ':h.'('c ~ c -)~C7):9'J~f1.~:~ -o t: b, -) niH' Kore~etoto ano otoko rnahotoke ni natta to iu wakeka. So he s finallymet his maker?
The Sino-Japanese term for nirvana-the state of only from kugai but also from ~~ rinne (Sanskrit "utI"'"""" endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth-is i!E~ nehan. more commonly understood Japanese word in this popularized in English through interest in Zen, is t! ~ derived from the verb t! J., crt J., ) satoru, cf. adjective Jrg~ satoi "clever, perceptive." Kenkyusha's New JQl)anese-c./Ii Dictionary offers the following example: 32.1L~tli.f C7)t!f11!WC7)T ~:,* '? ''It!IJ ~ ~1.ptLt.:o Butsuda wa bodai-ju no shita ni suwatte satori 0 hirakaretoGautarna sat under a banyan tree and experienced spiritual ening. Butsuda, another Indic word borrowed through refers, of course, to Gautama, the historical Buddha. 33. i$i4!\li1WJ5$~t1L Namu Amida Butsu Hail Amida Buddha! Combinations with butsu include the following: 1Ml:(butsuzo) Buddhist statue *11. (daibutsu) great statue of the Buddha :011.(sekibutsu) stone Buddha 11.:$(butsuji) Buddhist memorial service 11.1I(butsudan) Buddhist family altar 11.00 (butsuga) Buddhist painting 11.A(butsugu) Buddhist (altar) articles 11.A~ (butsugu-ya) Buddhist (altar) article shop 111. (jobutsu) Nirvana, Buddhahood
Iyt~te that'/utsu, the kan reading of 11.,refers now exclusive~ ranc~,e.g.,1L)C~ futsu-bungaku "French literature." victi . pnest who will preside at the Buddhist funeral of the sour~li ofEco~e, a tJij: bozu, an older form of which is the ref,......." Or nghsh "bonze." Buddhist priests are usually to as s:;1j ~ Iv b C " . elude' .tJi.=t~ _ 0 o-san. ornbinations With bozu invery 'hort) 'J bo~-atama, lit. bonze head (i.e., hair cropped ferringto tb ~ .::: B:;1j j: mikka-?ozu, lit. three-day bonze, reItsolUtion e ickle and weak-willed, with their easily broken
~ .. \OU
.w-_} : 8 :tJJ.=tt.:n
-"'Jill Wa tabako
37tAI7/~::J~"(o
&'> J., c {iiJ@ ~ -nIH..t.:':' c 1.If~.J., It c\ It''? Qrukedo its 0 yw_neruto nankai mo yakusoku shita koto ga Y bUsb ' umo mikka-bozu da wa. and has pro . d . !leverlastslong. mise to quit smoking many times, but he
'NoM"
'\Jl> and exp' . or obViousth resSlOnsof Shintoist origin are far less pervaliere are an. those deriving from Japan's Buddhist traold prOVideda few examples. WOrdfor "h " . of 7Cmi4- eaven 10 Japanese is ~ ame/ama-, as '" A~ Ama-terasu-o-mikami "heaven-illumi-
name
nating-great-revered-goddess," the sun deity whose Ninigi no Mikoto descends to earth to found Japan. A ously irreverent allusion to the myth is implied in the s~on :::RT.~ ama-kudari, lit. corning down from heaven. nng to high-level government bureaucrats retiring to high-paying positions in private industry. Visitors to a Shinto shrine, e.g., the Grand Shrines of J}:kfi1l'8 Ise Dai-Jingii), are called ~~li~ sankei-sha in Japanese. The native word for such pilgrimages is ~li :m~li hatsu-mode "first (New Year's) shrine visit." has an extended, secularized use: 38. f*4 ~3 !{~..t.OOiJ{g~1.!!:IJ ~*N'>"( 8 *~li~T l.:>o Samazama na hatten-tojo-koku ga keizai-enjo 0 motomete mode osuru. Various developing countries make their way to Japan in econornic aid. Those who find themselves making repeated such help may be described as doing i3sJt~ ~ main "going back and forth one hundred times to pray)." A sirniliar expression, also used in a secularized is i3sJtHWtr ohyakudo 0 fumu "tread one hundred used metaphorically to describe repeated requests for Finally, nothing is more representative of at least one nant theme in traditional Japanese religion and philosophy 1!!Ji1f;. mujo, lit. "no constancy," referring to the transitory of all things. The concept is suggested in some of the above, but the specific term is perhaps best known familiar words that begin .if*!fm~! Heike monogatari or Tale of the Heike, the early thirteenth-century war also cited in example 30:
39.
CHAPTER
III
Politics and Government
Anlhropos physei politikon zoon. If Aristotle had been Japanese, he would have said: .A.lIllli**~mB9JJJ~-C+ if;, l.:> Ningenwa honrai seiji-teki-diibutsu de ar:" "Human beings are by nature political creatures." Thus, while the sagacious foreigner should be prudent (JfI'L'~\t' yajin-bukai) in expressing his or her personal political views (~.Ji!. seiken), a mark of an intelligentcosmopolite (tlt.!1f..A.sekai-jin or OO~.A. kokusai-jin) is the ability to understand and discuss the workings of the bodypolitic (OO~ kokusei), both nationally and internationally. This chapter begins with basic political concepts, then moves on to vocabulary used more specifically to describe the Japanese system of government. We conclude with terms useful to readers Wishing to know how to talk about the political system in their home countries.
Government i& SEI
The old native Japanese
rf!t~m~O)ii'iO)Jl'f,
~tr1!!Ji1f;O)Ilif;,
"Gion-shoja no kane no koe, shogyo-mujii no hibiki ari." "The ound of the Gion temple bell echoe the irnnP.nTIlUle' .... all things." The idea itself has an echo in ayings in many languages, a in the pre-Socratic philosopher famous dictum: panta rhei, widely known in Japanese more or Ie s literal translation: 75!fmiiff.$i; Banbutsu-rutst' thing flow and tum."
term for "government" is matsuri-goto ~~). Which originally referred to the "worship of the gods." lN~o-Japanese ~ sei comes from Anci~nt Chinese c~i~ng, C ch ~lrS~ meant "make straight", a remmder of the spint of soonfuClarusm that entered Japan, along with the new language, theme1,500 years ago. In the following are illustrated some of compounds using the word.
1;'.{7fl (seijl) politics
<itJ* (seiji-ka) politician

I;'.{~ (seiken)
political power
39
40 Politics and Government
41
i&1t (seitO)political party i&. (seisaku) policy Wf.f (seifu) government 1!Ii& (kokusei) government, statecraft ~i& (gyosei) administration 1*Ji&(naiset) domestic politics ~iE.f( (gaisei) foreign (diplomatic) policy ~i&~ (isei-sha) statesman (lit. doing-politics-person)
1. -~B9I:iE.f(ffi*Ii,
In contemporaryJapan, it is very hard to find good domestic help. S X:1j:jjI~4lJI.:lIJ~"(.v'1 It.:o . . Chichi wayiisei-sha ni tsutomete imashita. M father worked for the Ministry of Posts and Telecommuniy . canons. 6 1f1t;?f-fO)Mil3ct!~t':lUtT J.> 0) Ii, ~ t: t) litr"t' L J: .oJ0 YaW ga sono zaisei-hiian ni hantai suru no wa, atarimae desha. II i only to be expected that the opposition parties will oppose the finance bill.
:iiv'**"t"i~
< *O)~~.O)':
tl
~v'o Ippan-teki ni seiji-ka wa, toi mirai de wa naku tsugi no koto shika kangaenai.
Generally speaking, politicians think not of the distant rather of the next election.
yaro: opposition party/parties t Man a bill (before the legislature)
An earlier pronunciation of iI3c is sho, but it is now confined exclusivelyto f?{iI3c sesshii "regency," as in f?{iEf(0)'8 sesshii no miya "Prince Regent."
* senkyo
(choose + raise): election
2. ~@)O)~*"t',
1*;r1l;nfil3c#i ~1k.oJ 1iJ~~11'i Ii t Iv tt.t~,

0
Forms of Government
v'1To Konkai no senkyo de, hoshu-to ga seiken
i&1*
SEITAI
ushinau
hotondo nai to omoimasu. In the upcoming election, I think there is very little chance Conservative Party will lose power.
Both f:!c sei and i&-f* seitai function as suffixes for terms describing"forms of government":
R;I.t (minsei)civilian government

.J!{
* hoshu-tii
It.:o
(preserve-protect party): Conservative Party
(gunsei) military government
3. -IT '/ -1-", -5f;1ttIHi,
-filii,
ili:ft1
1979~n\C;>l991~ ;fl) A "t':fii~-B: <
1 "t'iI3c*l~~'?"( *5tv't.:iI3c#i"t"To
Satchii moto-shusho wa, sen-kyiihyaku-nanajiikyii-nen kara kyiihyaku-kyiijiiichi-nen made seiken 0 nigitte imashita. So" kindai igirisu de mottomo nagaku tsuzuita seiken desu. Former Prime Minister Thatcher was in power from 1979 to It was the longest government in modem British history. Note that seiken can refer both to political power in and to individual governments in particular.
~lDi!&-1*(kyowa-seitai) republicanism -.t"I.t-1* (rikken-seitai) constitutionalism -.t"~.:ti!&-1* (rikken-kunshu-seitat) constitutional monarchy
also~ore co~on,
l\;.Ej:
however, is 1:~ shugi "<ism," whose use is lustrated ill the previous chapter. (minshu-shugi) democracy (people-master-ism)
iI3c sei is also used in the sense of "management":

*i& ikasei) housekeeping *i&jffl( ~ Iv) tkasei-fui-sanl) housekeeper, cleaning lady tllia!: (yiisei) postal system Mi& (wiset) (public) finance
lll.:t (dokusai-shugi) despotism, dictatorship ~f*:t. (zentai-shugi) totalitarianism !!:t (jiyu-shugi) (classical) liberalism ~2:<:t. (shakai-shugi) socialism
~.
(kyosan-shugi) communism (common-property-
Stiu."l'fJj:
B *"t"Ii, J: v'*iI3c~ ~ Iv ~ Jt "?It 7.> 0) li*~"t"-t 0 lma no nihon de wa, yoi kasei-fu-san 0 mitsukeru no wa desu.
4. ~O)
tl:t.*'J
(gUnkoku-shugi)militarism another W Ord -cum-suffix is IfjtJ(/j() sei( do) "system":

tern)
(k
unshu-set) monarchial system (prince-master sys-
Politicsand Government 43
;Rli!i\U(tenno-sei) (Japan's) Emperor system ~ltftjtJ~ (Mken-seido) feudalism, feudal system ing system) ~~ftjtJ~ (kenpo-seidoy constitutionalism ;tH!li1JIj~ (kyowa-seido) republicanism (CO'mnIlODI-ha, ...... system) Zl~ftjtJ~ (gikai-seido) parliamentary system i!nftjtJ~ (renpo-seidoy federalism 7. !R;:t:tll(7)3 lUl!Q);f I) ~ 'Ht, 1967:1j::il'l? 1974:1j:: I I:~ t) ;t Lt.:o Minshu-shugi no hasshii-chi no girisha wa, sen-kvunvas jiinana-nen kara sen-kyiihyaku-nanajiiyo-nen arimashita. Greece, the birthplace of democracy, lay under military 1967 to 1974.
" hassho-chi: place where something first occurs; cradle, hirthplace
.~,,"Wg
parli
amentary system goes back to the Meiji era.

-~ to O ups u_", go back in time; to trace to the past
nt ~~I:-:R:~ftil(~ 1.> t B btl;t 'tilt, -f? lJ.: 3 EI~ i.t@it't~1.> t.~,It'i1tlvil'o. _ . j'issai ni itto-dokusai ga aru to rwaremasu go, soshita ..-mwa, .' ka """"~UJ wa Jcyokutan-suglruto omotmasen . '. , say that Japan has, in fact, a one-party dictatorship but don t 1beYau find that view too extreme?
tn.'
; J6s}rilo: thaI, that kind of, such a
The Major Organs of Japan's Governing Body

B*Q)il&m~:@ NIHON NO SEUI-KEITAI
1be following is a summary of the most important terms you will need to know when discussing the workings of the three major branches of Japan's governing body-executive, legislative. and judicial:
8. ~OO~ 8 *Ii, .3LtI:~:tOO"t"'t 0 Eikoku ya nihon wa, rikken-kunshu-koku desu. Britain and Japan are constitutional monarchies. 9. !R;:tjJj(li, ,JHlljJj(t [ii] t.: "t'~1.> t lill! t) i1tlvo Minshu-seitai wa, kyiiwa-seilai to onaji de aru to wa The democratic form of government does not necessarily republican form of government. 1O.~*q:t(7)8*~, T7-'A' 1-1'J~'A7'-I)/<7)YI:::'.:r. ? I: ~f<$::tllOOJ t 1Jlf-~A( ~ il' t'? il'li, l!jt~* ilf;t t':~*L "( It, 1.> r,,~M"t''t 0 Sensii-chii no nihon 0, nachisu-doitsu ya sutiirin na sobieW ni "zentai-shugi-koku" to yobu beki ka dO ka wa, ya seiji-gakusha ga mada ronso shite iru mondai desu. Whether wartime Japan should be characterized as "toltalltallll the same sense as Nazi Germany or the Soviet Stalin is an issue still being debated by historians and scientists. II. jk839i;~li, 9i;~ 8 *(7)f;tltftjtJ~ I: -::.>\t"'(::kw.:~5~1: t.,: ~t.,:~It'i Lt.:o Nagata-sensei wa, senshii nihon no hiiken-seido ni tsuite benkyii ni naru kogi 0 nasairnashita. Last week Professor Nagata gave a most informative Japan's feudal system. 12. B*(7)~~ftjtJ~li, ~m~ftl:l!lIJ;t 'to Nihon no gikai-seido wa, Meiji-jidai ni sakanoborimasu-
fiQ (gyosei-fu) the Administration riM (naikaku) the Cabinet ~JlIl.ff.f(sori-fu) Prime Minister's Office
it~~ (Mmu-shol Ministry of Justice

~~~ (gaimu-shO)Ministry of Foreign Affairs ki{'\!i (okura-sM) Ministry of Finance X$4li (monbu-shO)Ministry of Education I.J~~ (kOsei-shO) Ministry of Health and Welfare -**M'\!i tnorin-suisan-shih Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (un'yu-sh6) Ministry of Transport ~~1!l (yiisei-sh6) Ministry of Posts and TelecommunicatIons (rodo-shol Ministry of Labor lt~'\!i (kensetsu-shol Ministry of Construction 13 7fl'\!i(jichi-sh6) Ministry of Home Affairs rlM-gN}~-g tnaikaku-kanbii-chokan) Chief Cabinet Secretary
iI.~
91.~
~lJI!ff.f~l1i~-g (sori-fu-somu-chokan) Director General of

the Prime Minister's Office I!l~ (kokkai) the Diet ~~I;t (sangi';n) House of Councilors
44 Politics and Government Politics and Government 45
~~jlji;~*
(sangi'in-gichiiy President of the House Councilors ~.jlji;.Jl (sangi'in-gi'in) Member of the House of cilors 1It~jlji; (shugi'in) House of Representatives lItlllJtJtlll* (shugi'in-gicho) House Speaker lIt~jlji;.Jl ishiigi'in-gi'iny Representative
j'ij i! (shiM)
ate,does not speak any foreign language.

~ ,hllUhlll provenance;. i.e., place of birth, permanent re idence, alma mater, former Ipnncipal) occupeuon. etc.
I . ff!4lf,~0)*AA:i;;tU t: -:> t.:tt5C.li,

II ~ IJ.:o
:i:1j:.0)~~"t"1ft~*
L "( L i
the Judiciary
fi;\lli~!IJm(saiki5-saiban-sho) Supreme Court -Al:iii~(*Um)*-g (saiko-sailban-shol-chokan) Chief Justice .iii~*IJ.

14.
Gunma-kenno shuin-gi'in datta itoko wa, kyonen no senkyo de rlkusen shite shima ishita. My cousin, who was a member of the House of Representatives fromGunma Prefecture, was defeated in the last election.
19
of the Supreme Court tsaiko-sai-hanji) Supreme Court Justice 7:J.

I)
Sangi'in IIi IVa,geinii-kai-shusshin no gi'in ga nannin gurai iru

deshii ka.
* rakll'fIl: elceloml defeat t, j;tt.: Ii, ~fj~W.tl:l'#O)~jH~fiiJ A <.t;, It' It' 1.> "t"L .t 1-n'o
B*O)~l:!I!_*I~Ji,
j]o)*~~litfl1Jt~*-:>'t
In the House of Councilors, how many members do you suppose

originallywere from the entertainment world?
-It Ivo Nihon no sori-daijin wa, amerika no daiuiryii hodo motte imasen. Japan's prime minister does not wield power to the same do US presidents.
20.l$1it/lI~~,0)~~iii~A$f4"t"9EJflnIJi**~~ltt.::lJDii.iEmli, 'k~ iJRL"(ftl~~A~IJji.ITt:_Ufi:tLi Lt.:o
t kenryoku:
15.
"daitoryO: president (of a republic; formal head of a parliamentary govemllllilll) power, authority, influence
.!}1t."t"~ 1.> f3~1t0)1t*~"t"~'!tL1.>~1l1Ui, I:t.: I'J iTo
f3lJJ(I<J
Kanagawa-kenno goto-satsujin-jiken de shikei-hanketsu 0 uketa katomasahiko wa, mujitsu 0 shucho shite saiko-saiban-sho ni j6so shimashita. Masahiko Kato, sentenced to death in an armed robbery and homicide c~se.in. Kanagawa Prefecture, appealed to the Supreme Court,10 I ring on his innocence.
...'~ikei.hankelsll: death sentence t /010: appeal
Yotii de aru jimin-tii no to-taikai de erabareru siisai wa, ni sori ni narimasu. The president of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, chosen party convention, automatically becomes prime minister.
* YOlO: ruling party
21.~IQI'~j~fljp.IT';j:, --;OO)$~, 1fIl'%, ;mJIUXli~:5tiJ{~$I:~ "T 1.>-n' L t.: It'-n' ~i*~T 1.>fl~Rt~.ffT 1.> *~~~*ljji.IT"t"~ 0 *OO)f.$, ~J\ -t-~)
.sJo_J ~
16.
-gJ}H~-g-n{~?'!.i1iHE Lt.:J.lEI3li i t.:~ t;, -n'I:t.: -:> 'tlt'~ L, -f O)I;l;r_~ ~ -:> "( It' 1.> 0) Ii, Ii Iv 0) :bi'iJ' t.t iEf t;,tL"(It'1.>"t"LJ: 10
Kanbo-chokan ga totsuzen jinin shita riyii wa mada natte imasen shi, sono uchimaku 0 shitte iru no wa, wazuka na seiji-ka ni kagirarete iru desha. The reason for the sudden resignation of the Chief Cabinet tary is still not clear, and those who do have the inside probably limited to a handful of politicians.
shobsaiban-sho wa, issai no hiiritsu, meirei, kisoku mata wa gen :"}a kenpo_ni !ekigo suru ka shinai ka 0 kettei suru kendai-h }Lhl-.~~:U ~hushm-saiban-sho de aru. " (Nihonkoku-kenpo, '""ac LJULChL-jO) I lie SUpremeC . minethe O~rtI.Sthe.court of last resort with power to detercia!act ,,(cThStItutIO~ali~y of any Jaw, order, regulation or offi ~('6 ', e ConstItutIOnof Japan, Article 81)
t
22.
n1lekigoSu . be' ~ .. . lutiOnal ro. an con orrmty With, agree With, the constitution; be consti~gen: (auth '. 7 j. 1 oozed limits of) power, authority
* uchimaku:
"behind-the-scenes S(OI)'''
L~tiJ~
) n O)\i'B'1!lt"'p,c ~ ~Blti,.$O).~~~"t"tit.:<,
~i!~~
B*O)~~~
17. **tl:l~O)t1ffH1-~*l'2li,
91-00~iJ{~-It i
-It Ivo
Todai-shusshin no shinnin-gaimu-daijin wa, gaikoku-go ga semasen. The newly appointed foreign minister, a University of
~h~ii;~t~ffl~B<J~{~~*~*t.: L "(1t'iTo ~rjka 110 S .:_C.'+t!.1JH~h,,(It'i-ltlvo
llaJcu, rip a~ a:-salba,!-sho wa, kenpo no kaishaku dake de wa hatashit:o nt kans~l(e mo kanari sekkyoku-teki na yakuwari 0 tmasu, Nihon no saikii-saiban-sho wa, sore hodo
47
kenryoku 0 motte imasen. The US Supreme Court plays a rather activist role, not interpretation of the Constitution but also in the laws. Japan's Supreme Court does not wield such POwer.
* sekkyoku-teki na yakuwari: activist role
to the great majority of Japanese-and to be still in exisknOwn when this book is published. (Note that the 8 *U~5t ::: shakili-to has changed its English name from the "Japan ~st party" to the "Social Democratic Party of Japan.")
Under the authority of the ~;[17t sori-fu "Prime Office" are IT cho "agencies" and ~~~ i'in-kai sions," which include:
13 JB~.:ER; (jiyu-minshu-to) Liberal Democratic Party

B*f~R; (nihon-shakai-tiis Social Democratic Party of
Japan ~IJ~ (kOmei-to)Clean Government Party ~.1f~R; (minshu-shakai-tih Democratic Socialist Party (oftenabbreviated as .I~;tR: minsha-tih B*~~ tnihon-kyosan-to) Japan Communist Party !f~ (yotO)party in power It~ (yato) opposition party
~tmJH . 'iljJko1llm~1T (hokkaido-okinawa-kaihatsu-chO) Hotkaido and Okinawa Development Agencies
*IilHtOOIT (keizai-kikaku-chdi Economic Planning Agency IlJiltJIT(boei-chO)Defense Agency ~ijlIT (kankyo-chO)Environment Agency
The heads of these agencies (B:' eMkan) are cabinet ters, but those of the following are not.
25.i3m.tl;;.:ER:li, 19551F1: El35t c 8 *~.=E5t-nfi:-;b ~"? -C.*fi
~~hk*~5t~,
~h~*8*~45t~To
.~IT
(keisatsu-chO) National Police Agency -si*JIT (kunai-chO) Imperial Household Agency (lit. palaceinterior agency)
OO:l'L*~m.fiJf~~ /':$' -Ii, ~:IjlITI:J;!iI;L -Cit'i To _ . Kokuritsu-minamata-by6--kenkyu-senta wa, kankyo-cho m shite imasu. The National Institute for the Minamata Disease is part of the vironment Agency.
23. 24.
Ijyii-minshu-to wa, sen-kyiihyaku-gojiigo-nen ni jiyii-tii to minshu-to ga awasatte kessei sareta hoshu-to de, sore irai nihonno yoto desu. The LiberalDemocratic Party is a conservative party, born of the amalgamationof the Liberal Party and the Democratic Party in 1955and, since then, Japan's ruling party.
aWQSaru: to come together combine t Ussei: form
~B*li*2~,
kUkUr~1F~2J
c~~hiTo
g-i*J1TIi, ~I:~T
J., ..
Kunai-chii wa, koshitsu ni kansuru jimu 0 tanto shite imasu. The Imperial Household Agency is in charge of matters the Imperial Household. ~lE~51~jl sion ~ (kOsei-torihiki-i'inkai) Fair Trade CommiS(kokka-kiian-i'inkaiy
~~m~ L -Cit'i To
Nihon-shakai_wwa, tabitabi "mannen-yatii'' to yobaremasu. The Soci~ ~mocratic Party of Japan is often called the "permanent OPPOsition party."
1!I*~'tC~~~
Commission
27~ ~~~Cg!JfiHj~~ c ~fl!H*H~.~ L -c < t!. ~ It'o ~-to to soka-gakkai to no kankei 0 setsumei shite kudasai. ~e expl~n the relationship between the Clean Government any (Komel-to) and Soka-gakkai,
National Public
~:a;*:R:~i, 19591F1:8 *U~5t ~ Hlt5t L t,:t~.i*~T
Japanese Political Parties

B *0)l&5t NIHON NO SEITO
Political parties in Japan are more numerous-and les lived-than in many of the other advanced industrial des. The following is a list of those which are likely
29 13
"l"::~to ~a, sen-kyuhyaku-gojukyu-nen ni nihon-shakai-tii 0 The 0 Shlla onken-ha desu. :m~ratic SOCialistParty originated in a moderate faction .~~ t off from the Japan Socialist Party in 1959.
ha. mOderate faction
n\~~~:R:7.lrC~'.1EJ.l")V7A.
, t.:h{,5H' ~ i -it!vo ga dono teido marukusu-renin-shugi
v-'::'/'.:E~~:a~L--CIt'J.,
0
hitei
Politicsand Government 49
shite iru ka wa dare mo wakarimasen. No one knows to what extent the Japan Communist Party avowed Marxism-Leninism.
Administrative offices for such purposes as the notification
r:J deaths, marriages, and divorces are either ~~ffl'(yakusho) or

ftil (yakuba), the one ~ing used for municipalities and wards, die otherfor towns and Villages. lK~m (ku-yakusho) ward office Jf~ti (machi-yakuba) town office #~ti (mura-yakuba) village office
Local Japanese Administrative Bodies

8:<$:0)
EI i61*
$~m (shi-yakusho) municipal office
NIHON NO nCHI-TAl
Jichi-tai literally means "self-governing body," a misleading term in Japan's highly centralized system, to local government. At the highest level, there are administrative units, consisting of forty-three ~ ken tures," one ~ do "province" (i.e., Hokkaido), one tropolis" (i.e., Tokyo), and two Iff fu "municipal (i.e., Kyoto and Osaka). Below these are shi machi/ichii "towns," and ft mural-son "villages." cipalities are also grouped into W gun "districts" or fectures," but these have no local government functions.) large cities are divided into IR ku "wards," within which are IlIJ chii "municipal districts," an administrative unit used in the smaller cities.
:n
30."'ilf:~m-rB:;1q:~IU.:~, *J?:;jI~$li~iAUIl~ Ivl:1.J.:o -f q)~li, ~*~lvl:~ ~i Lt.:o WallJShi ga hajimete nihon ni kita toki, toky6-to-chiji wa minobesan deshita.Sona ato wa, suzuki-san ni narimashita. When I first came to Japan, Mr. Minobe was the governor of Tokyo.Later came Mr. Suzuki.
31.$t;f1 q)m~~Q)~~I:~~ Lt..:ft .l; ~ lvii, ? -t;, Q)T~t.: 4-:>"(It, t.:/J'''Fti(Q)~-!Hf;lo I: L t..:o tkshita.
-t;, iJf
Stngets~no shi-gikai no senkyo de tosen shita murakami-san wa, uchi!,O kodomo-tachi ga kayotte ita shOgakki5no kochii-sensei
Mr. M~,
~~. (ken-chiji) governor (of any of the forty-three tures called ken) iMo$ (do-chiji) governor (of Hokkaido) W~$ (to-chiji) governor (of Tokyo) Jff~.(ju-chiji) governor (of either Kyoto or Osaka) ii!.:JiiUtmrIH~(musashino-shi-shichoy Mayor of Musashino ~IRIR-B: (minato-ku-kuchO) Minato Ward Chief mPIJPIJ -B: (minami-machi-chOchO) Head of Minami pal District LlJilltftttt-B: (yamazaki-mura-sonchoy Yamazaki V Chief Cities, towns, wards, and villages all have their "assemblies" and ~jt gi'in "assembly representatives."
who was elected in last month's municipal assembly election, was the principal of the primary school our children attended.
32.1j.OOA~ifHiE~.~~~ I':fi~ iT
L -r. L i?
t.-Q)I:
,'-
~ tL1J';rtH~m
~ku-jin-ti5~?ku-shOmeisho 0 funshitsu shite shimatta no de, re kara sht-Yakusho ni ikimasu. ve lost my alie " . muru . al n registration certificate, so I'm now going to the
CIP fiuuhllSU Suru: mislay, misplace, lose
office.
International Politics
KOKUSAl-SEill hOn-Japan ~ of th ~se ar~ often called upon to describe the political of those elf. ~at:IVecountries, we conclude with a selected ~ gika' h political institutions and offices. Some terms, e.g., 8i11trika_ IiJ;~e general applicability, so that the 7 ;I. I) 7J ~~ 8ri~Sh ~ref~rs to the US Congress, ~OO~~ eikoku-gikai arhament, ]-'1 /nl~ doitsu-gikai to the German , and 1" A:7 .I.)v~~ isuraeru-gikai to the Israeli
r.a~
As
OOI~H&m
miilfnl~) (shi-gikai{-gi'inJ) city assembly (re[)res,en~IILI" PlJiilf~~) (cho-gikai{-gi'inJ) town assembly tive) lRiilf~~) (ku-gikai{-gi'inJ) ward assembly tative) ttiilf<~~) (son-gikai{-gi'inJ)villageassembly(rP.rlfese[l1l~
PoliticsandGovernment 51
il.g..:EOO rengii-iikoku the United Kingdom "fAA: (ka'in) House of Commons _tAA: (join) House of Lords !iff! (shusho) Prime Minister
fT~~-g (gyosei-chokan) chief executive = **t~ (daitoryO)president
T~ (ka'in) House of Representatives
fJf:;t'R:(hoshu-tO)Conservative Party 9l1bR: (rOdo-tO)Labour Party U~~.:ER: (shakai-minshu-tih Social-Democratic Party

:Hi (shu) county, e.g., 'r :;,I-:Hi (kento-shu) Kent
C1; (to) isle (of), e.g.,
""'l :;,-t::,
.t~ (join) Senate ~.f:Il:R: (lcyowa-tO) Republican Party R:::R: (minshu-tO)Democratic Party
'::';:J.. - 3 - 7 tIi (nyuyoku-shu) New YorkState m (gun)county, e.g., -c > I- . 0 - t- :;,- (sentoriirensu-gun) St. Lawrence County
ffl (shu) state, e.g.,
(man-tO)Isle of Man
Am
11+ :Sfiln kanada-renpii the Dominion of Canada .I;AA:(join) Senate "fAA: (ka'in) House ofCornmons *E:fi- (sotoku) Governor (Jeneral !iff! (shushO)Prime Minister
nA*?11-~7~#.;t'2Q)ft.tL~~*~.~ili.~
Q't~'1Iftt ~~,~It'i~1.If, Illvt1-C:L~ 11.1'0 Misu-howaitoheddo ga hoshu-tO no daihyo to shite gikai-senkyo ni shutsubasuru to iu uwasa 0 kiite il1UlSU go, honto desha ka. rve beenhearing a rumor that Miss Whitehead is going to stand as a Conservative candidate in the parliamentary elections. Is it true?
Jludsuba suru: stand for election
jjt*fJf:;t'R: (shinpo-hoshu-tiiy Progressive Conservative

Party !3 EBR: (jiyu-to) Liberal Party
1ii (shU)province, e.g., :t :;,-'7 1) :tfli (ontario-shu) i1!:Hi (junshu) territory, e.g,. .:z.- :J :;,i1!:Hi (yukon-junshul
Yukon Territory
34~ ~~1tl: J: ~ '1[J4B9~fHt, ili::q:.~ i -? t: -f 1 -c:~ 0 IitIo-to ni yoru sayoku-teki-eikyo wa, kinnen yowatta so desu. Left-wing influence emanating from the Labour Party is said to haveweakened in recent years.
'" .w>ru: by (through the agency or action of)
:t -
I- '.7
1)
7 iln
osutoraria-renpii the
of Australia
_tAA: (join) Senate "fAA: (ka'in) House of Representatives it'B' (sotoku) Governor General !iff! (shushO)Prime Minister !3 EB R: (jiyu-to) Liberal Party
OO~R:(kokumin-to) National Party 9lillJR:(rodo-to) Labour Party ~.:E#fIb:R: (minshu-rodo-tO) Democratic Labour PartY
ffl (shu) province (state), e.g., ~
A""'l'::'
3S '"IJt-'/Q)'r'77t1iQ)ffiifili, 8*Q)2f1i1.l'3f1itIt'i~1.If, ~li700JjA': ~ ~ t) i-ltlvo 10 .. no kebekku-shu no menseki wa, nihon no nibai ka sanbai ~~u ga, jinkO wa nanahyaku-man-nin ni mo narimasen. in~ <te~ Province is two or three times larger than Japan 36 a, ~t Its population does not reach seven million. h.. ~ ~7 1) 7Q)*-7:JC!iff!Ii ;;41.&1.~-c:~1.I' '4lUorana hoku ' 7J I~/U 0 ~ ,no =moto-shusho wa rodo-tO desu ka. Patty? a s former Prime Minister Hawke a member of the Labour
*_
7ffl (tasumania (hokubu no
shu) Tasmania
i1!ffl ijunshii) territory, e.g.,
~raria ~ia'
~t$Q)*:Hi
junshii) Northern Territory
7~
I)
11.g.~OO amerika-gasshiikoku the United StateS
America
JilfmfflH:~~4=-"" ;"-''.7m-c:~o ~: ~hut~wa, tiinan-bu ni aru kyanbera-shi desu. ., ;I. pttaliS Canberra, located in the Southeast. I) n 1- liI!(ol!<. t1i:1Jr&~a- >(.1.I't:.< ~1v~1J i~i.1r, ~1~H:li~W1tt~ ni ~ ~~~ 7.> tit' 1=::ki&2$1J,: t..: -? ""(It,1 ~ 0 10 lllinsh a S~ltO ga takusan arimasu go, jissai ni wa kyowa-Io IIGtte ;,.. ~~.to ga seiken 0 kotai suru to iu ni-dai-seitii-sei ni -....,u.
*-7.~-71) 7Q)WtlSli,
52
Politics
and Government
There are many political p~es in the United States, bu~ cal reality is that there IS a two-party system, ill which publicans and Democrats alternately hold power.
.. ni-dai-seito-sei: two-party system
CHAPTER
39. A ~ A_tj!)\;~jUW::, i*JiE.f(. J: IJ ~3(:t~:lJQ.,*~~-:>
n .{,
IV
The Fine Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
sumr~-jOin-gi'in wa, naisei yori gaisei ni kyomi 0 motte desu. Senator Smith seems to be more interested in foreign domestic policy. t gai"":
.. naisei: domestic politics foreign policy
II IS often said that for the Greeks, arts, sciences, crafts, and lades were one, all contained in the single concept of techne.
Not coincidentally, again thanks in part to Meiji-era wordjutsu has a similarly broad meaning, IppCaring in compounds ranging from bijutsu "(fine) art" -.I ItJi gijutsu "technology" (lit. skill-art) to 1(11&* saimin"hypnotism," 11l* majutsu "witchcraft," and ilIlII* ziien;.. "landscape gardening." Jutsu. like techne, refers more to practice than to theory, in ~t to i!f- gaku "study, knowledge, (branch of) learning." ~ ':::u. ~orexample, refers to the beaux-arts, ~i!f- bigakuto C i.e., "the study of the beautiful." Gaku is in this reI ~e Greek mathema, so that the Sino-Japanese equivalent r-'Iymath"-from Greekpo[ymatheus "knowing much":~~ Originalmeaning, a dai-gakusha (now replaced In A hakugaku na hito "person of broad knowledge"). the and the following chapter, we shall look at words Worldof learning, divided between the fine arts, the ~lIIlthelfl"O and the social sciences (:>c* bunkei) on the one natural sciences (IL"* rikei) on the other. We begin ."",,,r.e .. x.am_Ples of jutsu and gaku, adding to them a third Word, to "craft" . ~ gei, which refers somewhat more e in the sense of "trade. " We then turn to the ~~~Ples of terms from six representative fields hist~ raj arts: the beaux-arts, music, literature, linlin ry, ~d sociology. Though some of these, partiegUIS1tcs, may be of greater interest to specialists,
mIitbs. Sino-Japanese
~*
thl
*~*
53
54
Arts. Humanities.
Social Sciences
Arts. Humanities. Social Sciences 55
the great majority are likely to tum up in "intelligent" sation as well.
~llifl:1llit":C ~1tJf~ rt,'{'=F~~~llt.:.lIl, ~~~hiL~~ .~~~@.L,{,~~:~~t'o koifuku shite kita yo esu.
=FlInt..: c~:lf
Art, Knowledge, and Crafts
o;chi t ki te-okure da to isha ni iwaremashita ga, kiseki-teki m "uta 0, . -d

. father was diagnosed three years ago WIth cancer and WbeO m~ on, we were told by the doctor that it was too late to ::ahim, but miraculously he seems to have recovered.
1-~ wa sannen mae ni gan da ~o shindan. sarete ~hu.i_uts,,: ~
WI . ?!f. . ~
JUTSU, GAKU, GEl
~~ (gakujutsu) learning, arts and sciences ~~ (geijutsu) the arts ~~ (bijutsu) fine arts (senjutsu) (military) tactics ll!~ (wajutsu) (art of) storytelling/conversation (bujutsu) martial arts ~~ (ijutsu) the practice of medicine (but see below) =F~ (shujutsu) (surgical) operation (jujutsu) jujitsu (lit. the soft art; but see below) IR* (jujutsu) incantation, sorcery ~~ (shinjutsu) acupuncture ~~~ (biyo-jutsu) cosmetology Jllll!~ (fukuwa-jutsu) ventriloquism
!G*
~*
41831~l:re~Lt.:.7'o-{-l!;"'-(7):777-e71' '/'/f.li, Wi$ q).bffttt.t.$J.lI!~*~~II'Ii~~*~t'o Sm_lIIJppyaku-sanjilichi-~e_n ni shikyo shif'!_pu_roisennl!.~rauzewinsu-shogunwa, setyo no mottomo yumet na gunji-rinronka tuIliwa senjutsu-ka desu.
GeueraI (Karl von) Clausewitz of Prussia, who died in 1831, is the West'sbest known military theoretician or strategist. s fD* ~ A., Ii, ~U ~ ~ao '{'~m ~ 'm 11', A ~ -{ ;...A(7)J!,~ A., c -flI:/~ JH: a -j- ~.:{:I: A., ~, ~~:lf c L'{'*RX;~ L 1: L t: 0 lDzMyuki-san wa, kaisha 0 yamete shinjutsu 0 narai, supein-jin no okusan to issho ni baruserona ni sunde, hari-isha to shite daiseikO shimashita. Quittinghis company, Kazuyuki studied acupuncture, settled in Barcelona with his Spanish wife, and became quite successful as an acupuncturist.
~*
When English-speakers use "technique" as a "trick," they come close to expressing the - __ L'_ .._la ..... Japanese-speakers have toward jutsu. Modem doctors when they hear their profession referred to as 12i-wT adepts of the "soft art" prefer ~~ jUdo "judo," the which it was first called by ;a~m1if!~ Kane Jigor6 1938).
l. iIplllft~.: b,
hasu appears as the initial element in a limited number of COIIlpounds and may also be used by itself.
6..~
t: B*Ailfll' 1: L tz;
.~.~;m
L '{'W7$(7)I2i~~':'?II''{'~.
A.,"hft: < t.t .:Jt.:~*, ~EEI ~ Iv 'i"P:ttWl'~mti(7)~.~:~'B -o '{' 2flp:j 't-lIV:>tL 1: L t: ~~ g.a nakunatta ato, kaneda-san wa josei-sagi-shi no jus_" m ochiitte nioku-en 0 toraremashita.
0
Edo-jidai ni mo, rangaku 0 tiishite seiyo no ijutsu ni tsuitt o ete ita nihon-jin ga imashita. Even in the Edo period, there were Japanese, who, via studies," had knowledge of Western medicine.
rangaku: Dutch studies
After.his wife died, Mr. Kaneda fell for the scheme of a female con Irti t, who took him for 200 million.
}IUs,,*":
artifice. ruse (lit. craft-sheme)
2.
fI~H"j(7)~~~:liA1=.ilffit' ~.~
~t.tt':'(7)J: -J ':~ilt(7)~~~-::>,{,II'~Ali, 4-(7)r,,~:l\!!~c'-J ~\ L -C~~'t' ~ ~ lii'~t' 0 dai ~o ~i shosei (no)jutsu 0 shine iru hito wa, ima no monL..... 0 m ka shite kaiketsu dekiru hazic desu.
"Ijutsu no shiitoku ni wajinsei ga mijika-sugiru." Life is too short for the task of mastering the art of me4:lICU.... This is the original meaning of a comment by whose Latin form is Seneca's well-known ars [techne] brevis "Art is long, life is short."
-oeone as . IbIe t WIseas you are to the ways of the world ought to be
.,,-0 COmeup with some way of solving the current problem.

I.
to make one's way in society
~~ay
.~e~ise appear by itself and, more often than up in lIUtJalposition as well.
56 Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences
Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences
57
8. iJi:illJt;~IH;IJ:J,'(7)':' ~ J:: IJ ~~ii!;; l..,-et*fL)c~:1h:
~~
t.:.o
Watanabe-sensei wa yoshii no koro yori gaku 0 kokorozas~ futsu-bungaku-sha ni narimashita. Professor Watanabe had his mind set on learning from the was small and became a renowned French literature scholar.
yOshii: childhood, early years t kokorozasu: aspire to
1 El*li5Id':I:i'lli~-g~",,(7)lHli~i5*~~lli1.>':' 1 . I:;~' oj ~ltH~1.'"T 0
C n'C:Jttfl1 1.>
0
Nihonwa imoda ni kOkyii-kanri e no michi wa yumei-daigaku derukoto kara hajimaru to iu gakureki-shakai desu.
Japan even today is a "name-school"-conscious society, in which

the way to a career as a high-level bureaucrat passes through thegates of a famous university . 12. *Q):I{-:tz:liJIO?:~~*~1.'"OO)c~~, *-:tz:liJIO?:~~*~1.'".:g. *~$Jj: L -ell' 1 To Uchino chiijo wa tokyo-gakugei-daigaku de kokubun-gaku 0, jijo watokyo-geijutsu-daigaku de ongaku 0 senko shite imasu. Our eldestdaughter is specializing in Japanese literature at Tokyo Gakugei[Arts and Sciences] University; our second daughter is specializingin music at Tokyo University of Fine Arts. 13. ~QIJ t L""C 7:J. I) 71(7)*~1.'"~~I: tj:1.> 1:litt-ij-~~~ L "(Ii't.dttLlitj: IJ 1-tt A-o Gensokuto shite, amerika no daigaku de kyoju ni naru ni wa lttUrose-go 0 shutoku shite inakereba narimasen. As a rule, one must hold a doctoral degree in order to become a professorat an American university.
slu.tolcu: acquire. gain
q:r", (gakumon) learning, scholarship $~ (gakuen) educational institution, academy $!;i; (gakuin) academy $~ (gakkO)school IJ'$~ (shogakkol primary school q:.$~ (chugakko) middle school $i(~$)~ (kO[to-gaklkO)(senior) high school *$ (daigaku) university *$!;i; (daigaku-in) graduate school $$ (gakubu) (university) college, faculty $-ij- (gakushi-g6) bachelor's degree ${iL (gakui) (higher) academic degree ~ (shiishi) MA ~ (hakushi) PhD (cf. 1*-ij- hakase-g6) (gakuhi) school expenses $I!f. (gakureki) school career $~ (gakumei) scientific name $~ (gakugei) arts and sciences
$.
14. B*Q)*~<7)AJt~$1.'"li, . ffl ~ tL ~ (7) n!tt::im 1.'"""90
~jU(lt~gH~.ztj:It'i
1~
9. 1:t-DJt;~liq:r,,'(J(JI: li-fl~tj: Ntmn' >b I.., tL 1-tt A-n{, >b Ar.ij~n{..@ IJ tj:It' J:: ? tj:1n.nf 1..,1""90 Taniguchi-sensei wa gakumon-teki ni wa yiishii na j~nb~ISu shiremasen ga, do mite mo ningen-mi ga tarinai yo na shimasu. Professor Taniguchi may be an outstanding person ~ a he seems somehow lacking in a sense of humaruty. 10. 77 "/(7)rut3Ll..,t':'*C7Ctmr4i!!:,j'C<7)771T~- (~III 7 T~' I: ili:II'IJ' ~ tj:~I:<b? t.:.-t? 1.'"""90 Puraton no setsuritsu shita kigen-zen yon-seiki n~ (gakuen) wa, atene ni chikai chiisana mori ni atta so Plato's Academy of the fourth century B.C. is said to located in a grove not far from Athens .
setsuritsu suru: to found, establish t kigen: an epoch or the first year in any epoch; here refering to the
Nm: n.odaigaku no jinbun-gakubu de wa, kyiiin ga hakushitel 0 oenat mama saiyo-sareru no ga futsu desu. In ~ 0rcolleg~of humanities at Japanese universities, it is normal teaChingpersonnel to be hired without completion of the <Ioc toral course. IS.!lI~'-::>i: ~k Ktusu (7)-r-o Ii katsuwonus pelarnis 1.'"""90 The ~ no.Kakumei wa katsuwonus pelamis desu. SCientIfic name for the [oceanic] bonito is katsuwonus pelamis. dis,jGpat':u commonly appears as a suffix for names of academic IDes: ~~ (tetsugaku)philosophy ~Ilf;bungaku) literature 't. (gengo-gaku) linguistics l!!"1: ( ronrl-gaku) . 10D"ic l..'l!-;: ( o ~_~ ~~inri-gaku)psychology ~'i: (j:n":i-~aku) anthropology ( ekishl-gaku) history
ff'~
Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences 59
H!!E~ (rekishi-gaku) history

~~ (hogaku) law t!~~ (keizai-gaku) economics *~f4~ (shakai-kagaku) social sciences j!J(ra~ (seiji-gaku) political science I~ (kOgaku)engineering ~~~ (seibutsu-gaku) biology M:~~ (shokubutsu-gaku) botany (dobutsu-gaku) zoology ::.RJt~ (tenmon-gaku) astronomy ~'f{~ (chishitsu-gaku) geology ~JlI!~ (chiri-gaku) geography ~~ (igaku) medicine
.u~~
~~ (bungei)literary arts ..L~ (kOgei)industrial arts 1Ii~ (togei)ceramic arts lt~ (mingei)folk art 'f~ (shugei)handicrafts ~~ (engei)performing arts !Ib~ (kyokugei)acrobatics ~.A (geinin)artist, performer it;- (geisha)geisha it~W (geinii-kai) entertainment world, show business
To all of these words, a further suffix, :'If -sha, is yielding the equivalents of English philosopher, literary (or writer), linguist, logician, psychologist, anthropologist, torian, economist, etc. 16. "i!i~~!J imi
0
-?""(1r\j; I..-t.:. "Mathetes"I, ~~:'If""(It.t
Kodai-girisha no "logistike'' wa, ronri-gaku de wa naku

motte imashita. "Mathetes" wa, siigaku-sha de wa seito deshita. Logistike in Ancient Greece did not signify the art of rather arithmetic; a mathetes was not a mathemaltlCU18 rather a pupil.
~,. Q)")ogistike"I, :~JlI!~""(It.i: < ~~ < ~tE"t'
~ t? -r ~ i 1..-1':0 "lhmgei-shunju"wa hiroi dokusha-sii 0 motte kimashita. Bungei-Shunju[lit. Literary Spring and Autumn] has acquired a broadreadership. 20.'.Alj:I~.fiJf~ml:tlJ16-r 131") i To ShMjin wa kiigei-kenkyii-jo ni tsutomete orimasu. My husbandworks for a polytechnic institute. 21. *ff~'Iq)Il.!R:Wi ilfiliJj!tjail', l.:.t!.rl) 'M)I; .J ii' C Ii' -? r,Ul! ~, 19.f:UHH:kJ liJt:v'~:'If~
6.ro:kantoku no eiga ga zen' ei-geijutsu

IU mondai 0,
~iOO~~*'.: It 1:1f:-tt J: -? C v' -? Jl~ I: li.ocM"t"T
ka, tada no poruno ka to eiga-hyoron-ka dake ni makaseyii to iu iken ni wa
bantai desu. Idon',t .goalong with the view that we should leave it up to cinema coucs to decide whether Director One's films are of the avant~ard.eorare merely pornography.
Un tI: vanguaro, avant-garde
17. ~~.:r~IvQ)~f.J:'If;6;**~~$~ilit.:-?""(, 111v~; i"";6>. Sumiko-san no kon 'yaku-sha ga todai-hogaku-bu 0 deta ne,
nan desuka. Is it true what I hear, that Surniko's fiance is a graduate of Faculty of Tokyo University?
22. :*I.:t:1ft,.I..-J:
-? C l..--rv'I.:~t*q)EIIl~ilifjli,
~!6-r1fflOOI..-
IL.~.~*~Q)I~.*~~~*~I..-""(, }...~ j; I..tz,
~~~~-
NilrQ 1..-:-':iI_\ ~ nil' c;, C-? ~ J.,"t"I..-J: -? iI'o b0'!ll!1 shiyo to shite ita pekin no kyokugei-shi wa, aki'!be . te kikoku shimashita ga, kore kara do naru desho ka. acrobat who tried to seek asylum in Japan has given her~ returned to China. I wonder what will become of himI
r:,z
""("
1I;run~se
?.A-l
~ r- ~
23
~,
suru'. take reruge < ' " 10 another COUDtry; go IOtO exile
Otiito wa keiii-daigaku no kiigaku-bu-daigaku-in 0 konpyiita-gaisha ni hairimashita. My younger brother graduated from Keio University'S School of Engineering and entered a computer
1" }lo~-::t".B;;Ii, lt~iliJl:::~ilifj C I..--r 8 :<tq:*
lIoui,~ti"I':,:,~W.C ~~H'F IJ, ~~~
~ v:/ ~ I:~ I") i 1..-1':0 the g:::bag~-shi wa, siinen-mae ni senkyo-shi to shite nihon ni IIQrj ... ~_eh~ nt geinij-kai to kankei 0 tsukuri, yiimei na tarento ni ......, Ita.
Tilberg . . ilapp;;ned came t~ Japan some years ago as a rrussionary, to get himself involved in the world of Japanese
If gaku suggests theoretical knowledge-staid, and somewhat remote-gei, even more than [utsu.
60 Am. Humanities. Social Sciences
Am. Humanities. Social Sciences 61 o~ '/1- ,/;X

IJ 7 I) ;(. J,. J,.
show business, and became quite a celebrity.
(romanchishizumu)
Romanticism (cf. Ch. 1)
~*i
bijutsu fine arts
~iiID
(kaiga) painting, pictorial art @i:E (gahO) (art of) painting
(riarizumu) realism ~ '1::';(. J,. (modanizumu) modernism $l~ (insM-ha) impressionism (cf. Chapter I)
k~ (e) (a) painting, drawing i!II~ (abura-e) (an) oil painting 7k~@ (suisai-ga) (a) watercolor
IUI$.iJR (kOki-insho-ha)
.:f;L
painting 7 VA ::r@ (juresuko-ga) (a) fresco painting
8 *@ (nihon-ga) (a) Japanese-style painting
7k @ (suiboku-ga) (same as above) *ifX@ (shukyo-ga) religious painting itU~ (ukiyo-e) ukiyo-e, color print UJ7kiiID(sansui-ga) (a) landscape painting ~ft(@) (shOzol-gaJ) (a) portrait (painting)
~@ (hekiga) (a) mural, mural/fresco painting II&@ (hanga) woodblock printing, (a) woodblock print II&@* (hanga-ka) woodblock printer :011& (sekibanlsekihan) lithography :Oll&@ (sekiban-galsekihan-ga) lithograph ~~J (chOkoku) sculpture, carving, engraving mft (sozo) modeling ~~ (togel) ceramic arts (see above) (toki) pottery
*~
Post-impressionism -I::' ;(.J,. (kyubizumu) Cubism, also s: f*i* rittai-ha :.t;L -)V V 7 I) ;X J,. ishiiru-rearizumui Surrealism -t I) ~ T -{ 7'7 - l- (purimitibu-iuoy primitive art ;f.1 -17 - r (poppu-iito) pop art
(sumi-e) (an) India (East Asian) ink painting
Al~~ (gushO-bijutsu) representational tIIIl~* (chushO-bijuIsu) abstract art

24. 8*Q)it!tk~'i,
3 - 0 'Y
art
/~O)fOn~U~~:*~ ~J3Il~l};t
0
tz; Nihon no ukiyo-e mashita.

J~
t lalae-
wa, yoroppa no inshii-ha ni iikina eikyo influence on European
siomsm.
ukiyo-e had considerable
impres-
lS.
*~i-.? t:.16 ~:, ~,'(",tl-t:.o

nenkan shOw-ga
lIrti:9ll-i*O) 7:/:Y)v Ii, 18~rdll!fft@Hili
tame ni, shin-koten-ha no anguru wa, jilhachi0 kaite imashita. 1be Neo-cl~sical painter [Jean Auguste Dominique] Ingres painted POrtraits for eighteen years in order to support his family.
Kat.oku 0 yashinau
mu (iiki) porcelain
~u
26. r~~Q)': t I-{PJ~7t1J'i:> ~")1Jf, El7to)~~ ~f'FJ'b'i7tt)'J.>J C Ii, l- )v-~ :/***!~0)1f~ ~~-g\."T ~" no koto wa nani mo wakaranai go, jibun no suki na saku0
~I (tokal potter. ceramist *i$~~ (toyo-bijutsu) East Asian art ggi$~~ (seiyo-bijutsu) Western art '2l:!IlI-~*T (koten-bijutsu) classical art r:pt!t~*f (chiisei-bijutsu) medieval art
:fJ!ft~~ (gendai-bijutsu) modern/contemporary :r..:/ 7' ~~*f (ejiputo-bijutsu) Egyptian art
)V;f. ':l1f' /' A~~
':1 ~;;:\
J.~_ Wa wakaru" 'lUlSUgen desu.
to wa, toriiman bei-daitiiryo no yiimei na
anything about art, but Own Words of US President , Ongaku Music
don't kn WeU-know
I know what I Harry Truman.
like" are the
art
(runessansu-bijutsu) Renaissance art ibarokku-shikii Baroque style ':f'/ ':I ~;;:\ (goshikku-shiki) Gothic style o ~ ;f. A ~ ;;:\ (romanesuku-shikiy Romanesque style fIf'2l:!lll-.:I:. (shin-koten-shugiy Neo-c1assicism
(yo k) ga u traditional Western music traditional Japanese music ... (ongaku-riron) musicology ... (senrit ) fajlr it. su melody (cf. ;I. 0 T -{- merom) _ \. ) (waseil-h6j) harmony (kodo) chord (onkai) scale (onpU) note
.,;ogaku)
if, JK,
~ifr.f (zen-onpu) whole note =-ifr.f (han-onpu) half note lZQ7tiff.f (shibu-onpu) quarter note ~~if (soshoku-oni grace note 1*ll:f.f (kyushi-fu) rest ~ . =-. 1ZQ7t1*ll:f.f (zen-/han-Ishibu-kyushi-fu)
half/quarter rest
7' /' ~ (tenpo) tempo rtflJ (ritsufio) rhythm (cf. 'J X;... rizumu)
t/'{7 (opera) opera '}+ ~ (sonata) sonata

J(t1 " 7 tr~ (barokku-ongaku) Baroque music Zi~~tr~ (koten-ha-ongaku) Classical music
Jttif~
(roman-ha-ongaku) Romantic music (gendai-ongaku) modem music ') '\' :X (jazu) jazz 017 (rokku) rock
0'7
;.ti%tr~
<* . ~)~
-1
0 I\'='
([chO-ltan-JchO) (major/minor) key A, ~ (i-ro-ha-ni-ho-he-toi ABC D E F G
~ (el) sharp ~ (hen) flat ~/\~~ (ei-ha-tanchO) C# minor
.t (bugaku)court music and dance

I@ (biwa) biwa, Japanese lute '(koto) koto,Japanese zither
I.
_.
Japanese Music hiigaku
n~
(kiJgura) Shinto music and dancing
(gagaku)court music
l- if311C (to-on-fuhyo) treble clef 15:if$~11C (tei-onbu-fuhyii) bass clef 77 J (sopurano) soprano 7 Iv l- (aruto) alto 7' J - !VI7' T - (tenorultenii) tenor I~ A (basu) bass
"J
=~Ut (shamisen)shamisen, plucked lute RJ\ (ShakUhaChIJ shakuhachi, bamboo flute t (tsuzumi)hand-drum tt (taiko) drum It (suzu)bell
(SM") (Chinese)gong
* -?'
l- 7 (okesutora) orchestra (mokkan-gakki) woodwind instruments jr:~~n (kinkan-gakki) brass wind instruments tt~n (gen-gakki) string instruments tr~n (da-gakki) percussion instruments
A
*~~n
.:r (hayashz)percussion and flute ensemble

";':/~<~')~/\i.i~\'H:1~HInl:, 8:<$:1.'.1:< i.~~tti1'o
_': et-ha-tanchO-genso_kyoku wa, nihon de yoku
enso sare-
Western Music yiigaku i-F~
Oiopm's "Fantasyin C# minor" is often performed
in Japan.
if~~
ia~ (ensO)performance [+ suru] ia~~ ienso-kai) a recital, concert
(ongakkal) concert (cf.
:J /'
-IT - r
konsiito)
~~/'~~I!!l!J(7)91I.', -1Hf~ Jj:(7)'ic'tt 1.'1'1.1'0 dtsu ka. Icyo-kyoku no naka de, ichiban suki na no wa dore
is your f . ;. aVOnteBeethoven symphony?
""(/)l'r.~~
~.!I!J (kOkyo-kyoku) symphony ~~~!I!J (kangen-gakkyoku) orchestral music m~!I!J(kyoso-kyoku) concerto (also :J /' 'f:L
ruto)
t~~~ (7).M.~z~*~~-~7z~~~~,.fi
~ t Lt.- T ':'*iE~ft(7)1f~I: 110 ong--;ku hi "?It'-C i3 b lJ::>-f -? ~:<$:~
wa,
0
Iv
""._lrn
n~!I!J (kigaku-kyoku) instrumental music *p;j~!I!J(shitsunai-gakkyoku) chamber music

~'IJ(kageki) lyric drama, opera
'__"''''-- ~ c ushzn to suru taisho-jidai no ongaku ni tsuite, S' I no han 0 kakimashita. Ie efeld . . . what' a Specialist 10 the history of Japanese music, has Centerfueems to be an interesting book about Taisho-era g Onpopular songs.
h~'.no
senmon-ka veruneru-bfreJeruto-shi
Arts, HUmanities,Social Sciences 65 ttt'b~-?-C\t'l.>~LJ: 10 /Ii}Ion no wakamono wa, seka~-bungaku mo nihon-bungaku mo omori yomanai kamo shiremasen ga, natsume soseki no "botchan" ya "kokoro" gurai nara dare de mo shitte iru desha.
X$
bungaku
ilii~$ engei-gaku
General
Literature Performing Arts
iltW-)($ (sekai-bungaku)
world literature
1fX)( (sanbun) prose (lit. scattered writing) jlH'F (sosaku) fiction /HII. (shosetsu) novel (cf. Chapter 1) 13U;/J'~(tanpen-shosetsui short story
J :/ 7 -(~:,3 :/ (non-fikushon) nonfiction 'Gft)( (inbun) verse (lit. rhyme writing)
Japanese yo~g people may ~ead very little w?rld literature or Japanese literature, but VIrtually anyone WIll know Soseki Natsume'sBotchan or Kokoro.
~~~-~~~7ti, *~~IQ) r~~~-~~iltJ t~t; i::'lvt.tl~JiSilFT~ L J: 1 ~'o

ShibLrupiawa, oribie no "richiido-sansei" donna hanna 0 shimesu desha ka. Richard Ill?
Q).Wi.
no enshutsu 0 mitara
~m~ (joji5-shl) lyric poetry (lit. description-feeling
How wouldShakespeare react if he saw Olivier's interpretation of
~.~ (joji-shi) epic poetry (lit. description-thing (ii{)'~ (fenJgeki) drama lI!:'tl (higefa) tragedy (lit. sad drama) l1,J (kigeki) comedy (lit. joyful drama)
!JH: (gengo-gaku) Linguistics
m~(gogaku) language study

Jtlli"f: (eigo-gaku) English language and linguistics ml!i~ (kokugo-gaku) (traditional) Japanese linguistics
fjlf~ (onsei-gaku) phonetics (the study of the production and perceptionof speech sounds) fa'!} (boin) vowel (lit. mother sound) 1-'!} (shi'in) consonant (lit. child sound) Mil'!} (heisa-on) stop (e.g., p, t, k, b, d, g) fl~'l} (haretsu-on) plosive (same as above) (masatsu-on) fricative (e.g., f, s, sh, h, z) EI (hasatsu-on) affricate (e.g., ch, ts, dz) :: (ryuon) liqUid(e.g., I, r) (bion) nasal (e.g., m, n, ng) &1.." (on' also Itl1ll~ga~u) phonology (the study of sound sytems,
Japanese
OO)(~ (kokubun-gaku)
Japanese literature (as an
subject)
tale (shOsetsu) novel (zuihitsu) essay (lit. follow-the-pen) 1iiiJfX(tanka) 31-syllable Japanese poem (lit. short poem) EJfX (kyoka) comic tanka 1O*, (waka) same as tanka (lit. Japanese poem) -YF1i](haiku) haiku (17-syllable Japanese poem" [5-7-5)
~m (monogatari)
/J'~
J!Jfi.
:li! li
fT.
JII ~
(senryu) satirical haiku (kabufa) Kabuki (kyogen) interact, comedy, Noh farce (lit. mad (bunraku) Bunraku, puppet theater
fj~ (nO) Noh (drama)
.:r.
JfX#1t
E~
)(~
liIt*-il.. n ~. oneme (e.g., Iv tnt, the syllabic nasal) -if. (on m-soshikl) sound system
IiiJft
(Ion) allo h (d6ka p. o~e (.e.g.,lNt
.. on moron) (on'j) h
[m], [n], [ng] ...)
30. ~:A:$~f
ri.Mi~~~J ~ftJiX: L t.:Q)li, Ililt*2.Q)~
Murasaki shikibu ga "Genji monogatari" 0 kansel jidsseiki no hajime-goro deshita. Murasaki Shikibu completed The Tale of Genji at the
" .lIrA\j ) ~SSllllllatlOn (e.g., fJTllIl shimbun "newspaper" .fl:. shmgkon "newly-wed") (Ika) diss 1 . hie) nru atJon (e.g., Latin marmor > English mar'&~A
(SQkujo) d
the eleventh century.

31.
8*Q)t=ifli, iltWX$b 8*)(~ba;;i i~~~ .~EQ) rW~.~J~r~~~
IJ~Ji~
ele~on (e.g., know> [no:]) sann~ochu-on-s6nyu) epenthesis (e.g., W san +
Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences
67
~J{f (jo'on) excrescent sound (e.g., coat _. kOto) gft~{fi~1JD (goto'on-tenka) prothesis (addi~on of an initial sound, e.g., Latin scutum "shield" > Sparush escudo) {fM~~ (on'in-tenkan) metathesis (lit. s~.~~d P,?sitioD
switch, e.g., rt.:. arata vs. r Lit' atarashii new )
f,,*~ (imi-ron) semantics (lit. meaning theory) !t~ (hiyu) simile, metaphor
i1!~
(chokuyu) simile (lit. direct figure of speech) ~~ (in 'yu) metaphor (lit. hidden figure of speech) ~~ (kochi5) hyperbole
%~~
(keitai-gaku) morphology (the study of word and phrase structure; also %~~ keitai-ron) fJJ~P]mm (doshi-katsuyo) verb conjugation ~~1t (kaku-henka) case inflection IlBfJi'N~ (kussetsu-gengo) inflecting language IJ;;((N~ tkiichaku-gengo) agglutinating language IDLiLN~ft (koritsu-gengo) isolating language (togo-gaku) syntax (the study of phrase and sentence structure; also ttgft~ togo-ron) .:t~ (shugo) subject :im~ (jutsugo) predicate ~~P] (meishi) noun ft~ ~P] (dai-meishi) pronoun fJJ~P] (doshi) verb llJJf)J~P] (jo-doshi) auxiliary verb %~~ (keiyo-shi) adjective liiJj~P] (jukushi) adverb llilll~ (zenchi-shz) preposition 1lm~ (setsuzoku-shi) conjunction ~~~P] (kantan-shi) interjection
ileilll3!C:m
(enkyoku hyogen) euphemism ~ 7"-gft (tabu-go) taboo word
1glH! (sabetsu-go) discriminatory language

TraditionalJapanese linguistic terminology
OO~~ il'ft!
(kokugo-gaku) national language study
*X~~
(onbin) euphony, contraction, e.g., kikite > kiite "listening";sumite > sunde "living"; nemurite > nemutte "sleeping" l!IJ~ (josh!) (postpositional) particle, e.g., wa, ga, ni, 0, no, etc. (also known as '( I:~Ii te ni 0 ha, four representative
examples) ~:gfbNP] (keiyo-doshz) nominal adjective (lit. adjectival verb), . e.g., ~Hl.'" ~f~ (kirei na e) beautiful picture mffl (katsuyo) conjugation (of verbs and adjectives) (mizen-kel) imperfective (e.g., kuwanai "does not eat") i!ffl~ (ren 'yo-kei) conjunctive (e.g., kuitai "wants to eat") ~1I:~ (shushi-kei) predicative (e.g., kuu "eats") it1*~ (rentai-kei) attributive (e.g., kuu hito "eating person") (katei-kei) hypothetical (e.g., kueba "if ... eats") 1fI;" ~ (meirei-kei) imperative (e.g., kue "eat!")
*~~
1Fi!~
:ilI~1! (zogo-hi5) word formation 1l~~ft (setto-go) prefix 1l~gft (setsubi-go) suffix
~.~
CdIn classical Japanese, the form represented by kue- is treat'lJaas. Btf.\Jf~izen-kei "perfective"; kueba, for example, means VlOg eaten." 33<POO~lil:: _ 8:,tqIfli[i'ij t.:~~I:~ L '('''\~''' L, {f$,m.I::Jtit ChiigOku~'I?>i!.'(' ~, ~ L < J., ~ ~"t'T 0
.~D"
*fDg.
(goi-ron) lexicology (yamato-kotoba) native Japanese ~~ (kango) Sino-Japanese (Chinese loanwords
wa onaji gozoku ni zoku-shite inai shi, aru g sos iki to bunpo-kOzo kara mite mo, ichijirushiku sai no ~ engodesu.
Oll'in_gOht~'!Ihon-go
~~.(7)~
written in kanji)
;rHf:gft (gairai-go) foreign words (in reference to

. (e.g. G~fIf m (hon 'yaku-shakuyo) loan-translatIOn e word kaku-kazoku, translated from th "nuclear family") usually non-Chinese)
lIld:
~L
d Japan:s~ do not belong to the same language family, also Strikingly different in regard to sound system and
7 :7 / ~ ;J.. :J tftiL:;'] v'/ V T"t'I::t!,*~~1:: L'('~I?tt.'('''\
.IG/: <hft
1i,
. ere_, a difference
~*~
.:~~~ft(7)1969ij::I: -IT /
t z- ~S.I./\,\,:;,] '7~li,
(7)~*
Arts, Humanities,Social Sciences 69
Daigaku-funso-jidai
no sen-kyuhyaku-co~jiikyu-nen
ni
.:EM (ochO)dynasty
0-7#:;: (roma-ho'o) Roman Pontiff, pope (also ~
kyokO) (00): ({koku]o) "monarch" / je: (jo'o) queen tililiiJll (hOken-seido) feudalism (feudal system) .. ~ (kil.oku) aristocracy ~Al (kOshaku)duke ~Al (kOshaku)marquess fsAl (hakushaku) earl, count Tal (shishaku) viscount ~Al (danshaku) lord, baron
shisuko-shiaitsu-karejji no gakucho m natta S. l.

shi wa, sude ni imi-ronsha to shite shirarete imashita.
When S. I. Hayakawa became president of San Francisco College at the time of the .c~pus upheavals of 1969, he already known as a semanticist. 35. i1{-tB*~q)JlJ~mJfH:li, ~lI:J~eil1*%i,){tt.tJ.>
iF:> I)
iTo ~J;Ur, ~1t B
Kodai-nihon-go no doshi-kotsuyo m wa. shiishi-kei to ga kotonaru baai ga arima~u. Tato~~?" " ... "momiji ga ochiru" to "ochiru momijt to wa, moml)1 to "otsuru momiji" ni narimasu. In the verb conjugations of Old Japane~e, the predicative and attributive are sometimes different m form. For ~~ample, forms corresponding to Modern JaI?~ese. momtji ga [autumn leaves fall] and ochiru ~ml]l [falling autumn are momiji otsu and otsuru momijt.
n~J
eli,
rn~1tt0J
*~q) rn~Ut1tt -t;, J.> J t

e !~0J.>n~J
fit, ~:t.t.1) r r,
Japanese
* kotonaru:
to be different
~~~
rekishi-gaku History
.,U:~ft (jomon-jidai) Jomon period (10,000 B.C.-300 B.C.) ~1:.~ft (yayoi-jidai) Yayoi period (300 B.C.-A.D. 3(0) *'ftl~ft (yamato-jidai) Yamato period (3@...550) ~,~~ft tasuka-jidait Asuka period (550-710) ~Jlt~ft tnara-jidaii Nara period (710-794)
General
~~.:E.
(Marxist)
*~ iheian-jidaiy
Heian period (794-1185)
~t+*li.(shiryo-hensan) histo~?grap~y.
. .
(rekishi-shugi) historicism, historical relatlV1S~ . ~agllj!Im~ (shiteki-yuibutsu-ron) historical matenahslll
.:t~ft (kamakura-jidai) Kamakura period (1185-1333) *1BT~ftimuromachi-jidaiy Muromachi period (1333-1568) Ji!.flJ~ft (ashikaga-jidal) Ashilcagaperiod (same as above) *tJtllJ ~ft (al.uchi-momoyama-jidai) Azuchi-Momoyama
period (155'8-1600)
~1t
(jidai) age, era IB::o~~ft (kyu-sekki-jidai)
. . toDII palaeolithic age (Old S . .

StOlll
~::O~~ft (shin-sekki-jidai) neolithic age (New

Age)
Age)
WjfJ~~ft (seidoki-jidaii Bronze Age ~~~ft (tekki-jidai) Iron Age oft (kodai) ancient (times) J:jJ1!t (chiisei) mediaeval (times) l1ift (kindai) modem (times) ;fl.ft (gendai) contemporary (times) Jt~ Jtft
(bunmei) civilization (bunka) culture *00 (teikoku) empire
t[j:i~ft (edo-jidai) Edo period (1600-1868) ~1I1~ft (tokugawa-jidal) Tokugawa period (same as above) lJJifi~ft (meiji-jidai) Meiji period (1868-1912) A:iE~ft(taishO-jidai) Taisho period (1912-26) :fllleyft (SMwa-jidai) Showa period (1926-89) Itleyft (heisei-jidai) Heisei period (1989-present)
~~ (tenno) Japanese emperor (Shogun)Shogun .J(f (b ku~ a ~u) shogunate (lit. tent government) (shi-no-ko-shO) warriors, farmers, artisans, trades-
t4lt
:1:.
If!
gUnate) ii;_ _ffi (m '" . ~iE el}l-lshin) Meiji Restoration 7' 't: '7 '7 :...- (taishO-demokurashf) Taisho Democracy
rn;illi shon (the four hierarchical classes under the Tokugawa
.oo..~ (gunkoku-shugiy
militarism :t:5:jl~~~ itaiheiyo-sensiii the Pacific War .sm*ft (senryo-jidaii the Occupation ~f~*ft (sengo-jidai) postwar period
)dJ (jinkol population
All
(jinshu) race
Nihon ni okeru rekishi-gaku-kenkyii wa, l1U1l1a marukusu-shll81 dokudan-teki na kettei-roti no eikyo 0 komutte imasu.
36. 8 *,: i3lt .o)!if9:~m~'i, it!.""?)v 7 A3::~(J)~ItJfI-J~ ~(J)J3"~~ '? "C.'" i To

Historical research in Japan is still suffering from the determinism of Marxism.
~~B9jfH~fl (minzoku-teki-shildan) ffifX (shilkyo) religion !f~ (nenrei) age .~ (shokugyo) occupation f*1f (kyoiku) education (shilnyil) income
ethnic group
J...
* eikyo
0 kiimuru:
be subject 10, or come under, the influence of
37. JfI9c3-o
/,/~Q)~~~ft'i, c'liiJQ)'::c"t'T
0
8*Q)~~~{tJ:
I')t
1110
Ii*& (kaikyii) social classes J:.ilAU& (joryii-kaikyii) upper class ~iilEq)J:.)iHf~(chiiryii no joso-kaikyii)
class
upper middle
Chilo-yoroppa no tekki-jidai wa, nihon no tekki-jidai yon nen hodo mae no koto desu.
~ill!i~
(chiiryii-kaikyii) middle class (chiiryil no kasii-kaikyiiy
Central Europe's Iron Age predates Japan's by a millennium. 38. r~3?:1'/J c"'-?/HlicI!!R:OO(J) .. tlt'iI', ~}I*ftq)B
"Shogun" to iu shosetsu to eiga no sei ka, hoken-jidai fU! . gokai shitari, mukashi to ima no nihon 0 kondii shltan obei-jin ga oi yo desu.
~iiftq)"f~I!i~ class
lower middle
~1WLt.: -? "t'T
1'),
tfcA,(J)8*~nHi]Lt.:
I')T.oW::l:,A
T"I!i~ (kaso-kaikyil) lower class, underclass
There seem to be many Europeans and Americans who, because of the novel and film Shogun, misunderstand feudal period or confuse the Japan of long ago with the of today .
.. /condo suru: 10 treat two separate things as one and the same; mistake 0lIl' another
l!l.IIi~ (chishiki-kaikyii) the educated classes *l'illi~ (tokken-kaikyii) the privileged classes lf~lIi~ (yiisan-kaikyil) property-owning classes ~~IIi~ (musan-kaikyil ) propertyless classes, proletariat ~11J1!i~ (rodo-kaikyii) working classes Jlfti:t:1l JlftilBq,.
(kaikyii-ishikl) class consciousness (kaikyii-toso) class warfare (Marxist)
U~~ shakai-gaku Sociology

~~*,HIt (shakai-soshiki) social organization
.a;~(minzoku) ethnos, people .a;~~il (minzoku-ishikl) ethnic identity

1-'l!c.R;Mi (shosii-minzoku) ethnic minority :~Mil!l* 5!_a-minzoku-kokka) multiethnic state .R;MiI!l~ (tan'itsu-minzoku-kokka) ethnically homo-
U~~*
(shakai-chitsujo)
social order
U~.M(shakai-jij6) social conditions U~~ffi (shakai-seikatsu) social life 1fH;Ij~ffi (shiidan-seikatsu) life in a group 1WA~ffi (kojin-seikatsu) life as an individual
ffi(.,J]!_ (shildan-shinri) group psychology U~ilflJ(shakai-undoy social movement
geneousstate 1IIJ~t1.t."~A . 1lII"" ~ :z:; (hlrakareta shakai) open society 'II(~HA (h . . . :z:; e,sa[-tekij-shaka,) closed society
~(~
** (taishii) mass(es) **ilflJ (taishii-und6) mass movement

~~~.r:l:~ (shaka-teki-siisiiy social aggregates
(j' . mshu(-tekl)-sabetsu) racial discrimination tt~~') (sogail-kanj) (sense of) alienation ., it~ (shakai-teki-rentai) social solidarity
Aft(~)ll:gU
~'el
JI, :J - )t.-~fj:~
(~:uk6ru-izon-shO) alcoholism (maYaku"'}oshii) drug addiction
72
Arts, Humanities,
Social Sciences
M;**~(kakudai-kazokuy extended family ~*~tkaku-kazokui nuclear family

pl;j*i~-I* (naien-kankei) common-law marriage .RI (rikon) divorce ~RI(saikon) remarriage
fMt!)1!./:I:IM (shisei-ji-shussan) illegitimate birth *RlO)ilJ: (mikon no haha) unwed mother J\:m~\M. (fozoku-binran) offense against public morals \M.3C (rankif')promiscuous sexual relations tt~{I:lJiri(seiyoku-tosakus sexual perversion i!i:affi~ (kinshin-sokani incest Ililttf: tdosei-ai) homosexuality
CHAPTER
Science and Technology
i!t~~1t (yoron-ehOsa)public opinion poll A OJ)J1illtut (jinkii-dotai-tiikeis vital statistics

AO$ (jinkii-gaku) demography
39. 19i!t~I:U~~0)36)JH:t~I.J.:.:r..~
-Iv'
T;:J..lv?,-J...q)
:fD:~~tj:{'F~"t'",;t, iElfiJ ~l&~moJ-Cl,,\iTo Jiikyii-seiki ni shakai-gaku no hatten 0 shudii shita emlruQ}'III'r, kemu no iehiban yiimei na sakuhin de wa, "jisatsu" 0 atsukatte imasu. In the best known work of Emile Durkbeim, who led the ment of sociology in the nineteenth century, the subject of cide is treated. 40. iJ:j:lv1H~J ~ i.!j!- .a:D~U t L -c 0) 8 *O).{ .f. - :In! t'~Jt'k~"t'" ~ 1.> ~,,;t, i t':ilil~0)iR:~~r01,,\-C*I,,\i -It s: "Chiiryii-shakai" ya "ron'itsu-minzoku" to shite no ninon ga dore hodo genjitsu de aru ka wa, mada giron no kete tsuite imasen. The debate continues on how much the image of Jap~ as a dle-class, ethnically homogeneous society" is a reaury-
'l:.
...ketchaku ga tsuku: come to a conclusion, an end; be settled
41.
oJ -C, 8 *O)f~"t'"~*~~fiJi~*':;oj: oJ t: I1J t"t'"T 0 Obei to chigatte, nihon no shakai de kaku-kazoku ga natta no wa saikin no koto desu. In contrast to Europe and America, it is only recently that clear family has become prominent in Japan .
:* t i
0):::'
In Western European languages, words for "science," including the English term, originally referred to knowledge in general, d. German Wissenschaft wissen "know"), When J. G. Fichte published his Wissenschaftslehre in 1794, for example, his concernwas the "theory (study) of knowledge," and his work is thusliterally translated into Japanese as ~~$ chishiki-gaku. Nevertheless, when Meiji-era Japanese scholars looked for a term to represent the more specific meaning the word ~is,~ens~haft has in our own day, they settled on #$ kagaku, Ill. sectIon study." The appropriateness of the choice may not be apparent until we remember that acquiring knowledge or llllderstanding is, in part, a process of dividing and sorting, as is reflectedin the native Japanese word 7t~,1.> wakaru. Though ~Iated as "know, understand," it literally means "(be) divide (d!. cf (transitive) 7tlj 1.> wakeru "divide." Not coincidentally, ~~n~i~ scire "know") itself derives from Indo-European J~ 'cut, divide, separate," which yields schedule (cf. she h se ~r.utlJjikan-wari, lit. time-breakup) and schism, shed, ~t ,~d even the vulgar English word for excrement. this ~ this cha~ter, we continue to look at the world of learning, a me focusmg on the realm of #~ kagaku. We begin with tIbi~ of the major fields in the natural sciences, some of tiith are also found in the previous chapter. We then continue ~~Ies and illustrations of terms which specialist and e can expect to encounter.
kencho: conspicuous, striking. remarkable
73
74 Science and Technology
Science
.t1I.!1tJJJ$ (bishi-but~uri-gaku) microphysics (also ~ 7o!!1lJ

JJ$ mikuro-butsun-gaku) ff~$ (shokubutsu-gaku) botany jb~$ (dobutsu-gaku) zoology i!i4=.~$ (koseibutsu-gaku) paleontology 13~}..M$ (shizen-jinrui-gaku) physical anthropology ~l$ (kishO-gaku)meteorology iii'f$ (kaiyo-gaku) oceanography
1. _*itli,
f1-~ KAGAKU
The J.!I!g!:$ rigaku-bu "faculty (college) of science" in a university includes both the ''bard sciences" and mathelllalical one institution, we find the following departments and
f~ft (silgakka) mathematics department ftf~ (daisil-gaku) algebra ~fPJ~ (kika-gaku) geometry rr;.fflf~(oyo-silgaku) applied mathematics k;tjjtf~ (tokei-silgaku) statistics !!1IJ~~ft (butsuri-gakka) physics department ~~!!1IJ~~ (riron-butsuri-gaku) theoretical physics Jjjl T!!1IJ~~ (genshi-butsuri-gaku) atomic physics !!1IJtt!!1lJ~~ (bussei-butsuri-gaku) solid state physics ~~!!1IJ~~ (jikken-butsuri-gaku) experimental physics ft~ft (kagakka) chemistry department !!1IJ~ft~ (butsuri-kagaku) physical chemistry ~ilft~ (muki-kagaku) inorganic chemistry ;ff.ft~ (yilki-kagaku) organic chemistry ~ft~ (sei-kagaku) biochemistry
ftf:1JlJ:t~~
;1-It Ivo
< <7.Hi..t-'F"t'i"-b
f,
.:iL1*t~fiiJg!:li
t? l"'( t"t' ~
Ktnji-kun wa, daisu-hOtei-shiki 0 toku no wa jozu desu ga, rittaikika-gaku wa doshite mo dekimasen. Kenji is good at solving algebraic equations, but he cannot for the lifeof him do solid geometry.
e/Wttishiki: equation
t rinm: cubic, three dimensions, solid
2. '\ / 7')\1 7 :kg!: "t'*I-s-*Img!: ~Ml5~ L -c It' t.:II~" -'i'i5' L -b'"? t.:(f) Ii ~ Ii I) k;tgt (f) g!:"t' L tz; Hanburuku-daigakude keiei-keizai-gaku 0 benkyo shite ita toki, ichiban kurushikatta no wa yahari tokei-(su)gaku deshita. WhenI was studying business economics at the University of Hamburg,the greatest ordeal was, after all, statistics. Even if quadratic equations (=*:1JfiJ:t niji-hotei-shikii are
!lOt.your cup of tea, you will need to know the basic terms for
~!Ito~n (seibutsu-gakka) biology department

%1Ll\~ (keitai-gaku) morphology(also a term in linguisticS)
~~~ ~~~ (seiri-gaku) physiology (seitai-gaku) ecology *k;t~ (keito-gaku) systematics :I&~ft (chigakka) earth sciences department :I&'.iI(~ (chishitsu-gaku) geology ti;!!1IJ~ (kObutsu-gaku)minerology Needless to say, the list is hardly exhaustive. missing, for example, is the entire field of 7Z.Y:.$ "astronomy." Of other subjects that readily come to might mention the following ten: ='flljt isankaku-hii) trigonometry trlt5tfJ5t~ (bibun-sekibun-gaku) differential and calculus ;R{<t.:!!1IJ~~ (tentai-butsuri-gaku) astrophysics
ordinaryarithmetic (~f sansiiy:

.@t (tasu) add OE. L~ tashizan "addition")
51< (hiku) subtract (51~. hikizan "subtraction") .It~(kakeru) multiply (m-It. kakezan "multiplication") ~~ (waru) divide (WJ. warizan "division") 3.!~;51;l: 151:t.t 0 83- mi66l:
J,-
5.51:t.t o
t.t
12X91i 1081:t.t 0 22-:-
..r':; g? Wajiigo ni naru. Hachijii-san hiku jiinana wa rokujiiIVa nt naru. Jiini kakeru Icyilwa hyakuhachi ni naru. Nijii-ni na:::' yon wa go-ten-go [the vowel of the first go elongated] ni 10+5_ - 15. 83 - 17 :::66. 12 x 9::: 108.22 -;- 4::: 5.5. ~o Words for "ratio," one native Japanese, the other Sinose, are 1lJ- ll-wariai and .lt$ hiritsu. ~t71 Iv 7:'- )-'(7) 7' 0 T A ~ :,- )-g:;-li, 7J )- I) -:; ::7 g:;-I:j;j
77
l""( 2 tt 1 O)~-g- (Jt$)
-e-t
Kita-airurando no purotesutanto-shinja wa, katorikku-shinja iii taishite ni tai ichi no wariai (hiritsu) desu. The ratio of Protestants to Catholics in Northern Ireland is two .. one. tlJ wari is used by itself in the sense of "share, rate, ratio. cf. (Sino-Japanese) $ ritsu:
"Buttaino undo-ryii wa, sono shitsuryo to sokudo 10 iu fU) wa, nyiiton-butsuri-gaku no h - hi desu. c u.s tn-te
sr:
. de aru" na gensoku
That"the momentum of an object is the rod . velocity"is a central principle of Newl'o . ucthof I.tsmass and its buttai: physical object man p ystcs. t undO-ry6: momentum
(I sokudo:
shit.luryo: mass velocity
5. ~.:r ~ Iv Ii, -i.rdl50nP:) O)~J-e jO:X:~ Iv O):iftilH..~$1l-:> l111'1lt.:o
+ stki: product
Suiuko-san wa, isshukan goju-man-en no wari de otiisan no isaft zenbu tsukatte shimaimashita. Suzuko squandered all the money she inherited from her father. the rate of500,OOOa week. As a unit of measurement, wari means 10%, in contrast
lo.'*H?lJl.!I!~I::iII';t-tI::, t: [~.:r J : flf'tt.:r J
. flt.:r J 0)':: I::f,zIt-e ,0)
;fL.;/)f~?""(II'1.>O)'i.:r~
p;j-
1-'8/?
Gtnshi-butsun-gaku to iimasu to wat h . ~ . -t 0 kodomo no toki ni naratta "yoshi " ,fl~! g.a hS~~lfetru no wa kotodake desu. ' c uset-s I, "denshi" no all I len . was small about protons l~~utrons dwliS what I learnt when I , , an e ectrons *Q) 3 ?to) 2 li*~, 3 '51-0)1 'i~*t -e..,J- . mlZU nosanbun no n " ,~ 0 Water consistsof tw~ ~su~so, sanbun no ichi wa sanso desu. 'suiso: hydrogen p s ydrogen and one part oxygen.
If youmention atomic physi
'51bu 1%. 6. 9EJflJ O)~J.!:lI11J ~:Ji:~ L ""(II' 1.> B:<$:AIi, ""(1I't.tIl'-r- -) -e-t
0
~!:
1 t':3t1J5?tl: b t
Shikei no haishi-undo 0 shiji-shite iru nihon-jin wa, mada go-bu ni mo natte inai so desu. The number of Japanese supporting the movement to abolish tal punishment reportedly still stands at less than 35%. Fractions (?tf bunsii) are expressed in English as tor/denominator ('51-.:r. '51--ffJ: bunshi-bunbo); in Japanese. order is reversed. so that instead of "two-thirds," one says 0) 2 sanbun no ni, i.e., "of three parts, two." The word cent" is borrowed from English as I ~- ~ / \- piisento I~ - ~ / l- sanjii-ni piisento 32%).
t </lJIJO: oxygen
lQiseki de kUki s~ utsu wa sanso 0 tayori ni ikite imasu ga ~o desu. no go un no yon hodo 0 shimete iru no wa chis~
(.'?t1l\0)5.a. '~~~i'i~I:~~-C1I'1-t;/)f Chikva ho .IJ0)4Iic~6a6""(II'1.>0)Ii2l>.$t...,...,J. no tondo no 'b

.al.>'f.:
12lt!!~Q)1i I::~ 1::'0)~!fWia
,
~ 0
~m
I..
life forms on arth atmospherecons~sts01e~nd on oxygen, but four-fifths of the ~ Iais.h, volume ru ogen.
<lUsso: nitrogen
7. 4-BO)~~I:J:.1.> 1::, ;f-)v1-~Tm~0)3'51-0) r.x~~t': -r- -) -e-t

0
11i,
"i!Hn ~... ,;.ItA.""(II't.tIl't.>lll'o '1IIrIada. ? -c ii' 1.> 0);/)' L t.>o

Ions kun Wa ne h .
13 IliBlttttllt ' tlQ),: t i'L'!tl!X~#.J~~t':'t
e. ~ < ljl.mJl?!B<Jt.tA-e
-~Ard]O)tl!<JOSt..,J-,;fa" ,lfi71!! ~ 1.> 1J
Kyo no shinbun ni yoru to, boruchimoa-shimin no san-bUll wa, kino-teki-hi-shikiji-sha da so desu. According to today's newspaper, one-third of Baltimore' are functional illiterates. 8. 7 1) 7J I: jOlt 1.> 1990~0);fMI:.9r.$li26% I:..t;/)O) ~ Amerika ni okeru sen-kyuhyaku-kyuju-nen no nijuroku-pasento ni agarimashita. In 1990 the rate of illegitimate births in America rose to 9. r#.J~O)lItfJ _tli, -r-0)1i + I::i!13t00)ll\+"t'"<fJoJ Ii, .=.;1.-\- /#.J~~O)If"LAI<Jt.trnUIIJ-e-to
" 'as ~~botekin:~i:~ '; b,-seibutsu-gakusha da kedo, mattaku kashh~l. llta; ningen ne, hkekkohn knokoto 0 zenzen kangaete inai 0 ans 0 u suru hoho- 0 sh I itt e tru . no IIIIadaIra. ~:~: s~g~:~%~ ~crobiologist, but he's totally oneIIIab be~g llIarried. I wo~ aphar~ntly doesn't give a thought lngs reproduce. er weer he even knows how huSingle cell
bniding
""('!iei; ~ i -tt
Iv;/)f,
;R~ii;I:
J:.1.>!l&jtt;/)f1
t.:
79
.*:~It'r,,'~IH:Ij:"? "(It.' 1.> il' t'';;' iJ';W ~ t: It, t .'~,It' i T Seitai-gakusha de wa anmasen ga, roten-saiko ni yoru shoku ga mada okii mondai ni natte iru ka do ka omoimasu. Even though I'm not an ecologist, r should like to know soil erosion caused by strip-mining is still a big problem.
t daja-shinshoku: soil erosion 15.fit!\m~~G')t~iF4>~Jt;~(;;I:, Xrt.'i'tiil.it.*G')ntrt Ij: 0 ~ 7 It'OO~~ 'b"? -Cit' i To
* roten-saikii: strip-mining
Kobutsu-gakusha no hashimoto-sensei wa, tennen-shigen 110 na roshia-kyowa-koku niJukai kyomi 0 motte imasu. Professor Hashimoto, a rninerologist, has a deep interest II Russian Republic with its wealth of natural resources.
...tennen-shigen:natural resources t hOfu: rich
Notethat ~ ~oku. "genus" should not confused with ~ "!ribe. group," which IS used to refer to chemical groups, e.g., 8 hakkin-zoku "platinum group." tl Knowing the preference among English-speaking sci entiSIS for the Latin names given to families and genera, one alight expect the Japanese names to use Sino-Japanese termiaoIogy. In fact, as can be seen here, ordinary native words pedominate,though they are written in katakana, cf. 1~ f4 1IIll-1ea "Canidae."
18.{:ilft~:li, jt,~, ~lj:t'b-a-itt.-CIt'iTo bw-kll ni wa, inu, okam; kitsune nado mo fukumarete imasu. 1becanine family [Canidae] includes dogs, wolves, and foxes. 19.1ffili, *~;'6, }j(Jil(;;'6, ~Jil(;;'6tlt'';;' 3-?G')ft~~:5}iI'tt."( \'iTo i11U ..';i', ft:Olij(Jil(;;'6, t5:tti;'6li}j(Jil(;;'6, ~MlJ:O (r-..f-1'.:c /'~) li~Jil(;;'6"t'T 0 Gtweki wa, kasei-gan; suisei-gan; hensei-gan to iu mittsu no shurui ni wakete imasu. Tatoeba, karuishi wa kasei-gan; nenbangan wa suisei-gan,
tx:
Much of the task of science, true to the etymology name, consists of sorting and categorizing. Some i word elements to be mentioned in that regard are: 'f# (kai) realm r~(mon) phylum *IilJ (mo) class (moku) order # (ka) family .Y.ii (zoku) genus .tt (shu) species m (rui) a cover term for class and order (cf. M!$ shurui variety") ~ (zoku) family,group
t'G')J1J!\m(;t~i.liA."t'<l; I), !\m"t'T 0 Gyorui ya hachii-rui nado no diibutsu wa hen'on de an, honyii-rui wa teion-dobutsu desu.
16. ~~~Jf~.!:ll,mlj:
kongo-seki
(daiyamondo)
wa hensei-gan
desu. We divi~erocks into three categories: igneous (volcanic), aqueous
(sedimentary), and metamorphic. Pumice is an example of igDeOUS rock, slate of aqueous rock, and diamonds of metamorphicrock.
larulJhi: pumice (liL light stone)
~ tt~~U\Jb~W-ip5}~T
~butsu-kai
Coldblooded animals include fish and reptiles; birds and are warmblooded. 17. *G')Wiil{~ ::lf4;:f<:lJilt ~:~ i.r It' 1.>'::' t L;I:;W"? -c ~,;i tmil"i5}iI'l) i 1tIvo Uchi no neko ga neko-ka neko-zoku ni zoku-shite iru shitte imasu ga, nani-shu ka wa wakarimasen. I know that our cat belongs to the cat genus (felis catus) Felidae family, but r don't know its species.
1.> (1)ilfft L It'~!\m 'b <l;1.> ka diibutsu-kai ka bunrui suru no ga muzukashii I utsu mo aru. ~or8anisms do not fall neatly into the categories of vegetable 21 g om and animal kingdom. i?'-Hi ~m.BI:O ~:~~H;f?"( It' t: 71 l- ~ Ivilf:lt!! rodO':;' I-Ij:? t: (1)Ii, :if'.~,l\ft "t' Ii Ij: It' railono toki kara karuishi ya kokuyo-seki ni kyiimi 0 motte ita 1Iai. 'san ga chishitsu-gakusha ni natta no wa, fushigi de wa
0
;!:~~n\
~risingly W'ng h t, w h 0 was interest . ed ill . pumice . and obsidian fr' M'ISS. list. om the ume she was a child, has become a geoloIf Wefa' lOOk be _ y.ondearth and its resources to the solar system w:y~-kel) and interstellar space (Illl~rdl seikanS all need at least a rudimentary lexical knowledge
81
of the heavenly bodies, beginning with the planets sei, lit. fluctuating star). Their Sino-Japanese names are re~ember. Those of the inner five, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn, are based on East Asia's five elements-wood, fire, earth (soil), gold, and WHrl'r_~ correspond to names of the days of the week. Romance languages will know that Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday correspond to "Mars-day," day," "Jupiter-day," and "Venus-day." English SaturdllV wise originally referred to "Saturn's Day.") The ':)1[IO-JIIIII names for Neptune, Uranus, and Pluto reflect mythology.
any part of them strike earth, they become 1!ft:Einseki
...-orites."
:r-~Q)~, ~1:lIbtt-"t It' J., 1fi:J1U:~~ !}to;6f It, J., Q)-C:Ii~ ~~,c:JfEill~~tL"tIt't..:;6r, .Jli:-fQ)~Q)*OO;6{ IJt!1.~J Ii t'tlt'': t ;6frvl ~;6\ I: ~ ::>1":0 .,. . .. no kodomono tokiokuma ni owaret~ tru kins~1 .m ikimono ga ~ no de wa nai ka to suisoku-sarete Ita go, salki.n sono .waku~ no/lyomenga "jigoku" hodo atsui koto ga akiraka ni natta. ,:: Iwas a child, there was speculation that there might be life
011
cloud-enshrouded Venus, but recently it has become clear

iII:~lt!!lit ennetsu-jigoku, the hot part of
Buddhist bell
that thesurface of the planet is a virtual inferno.

jigoku: hell, hades; here referring to
7.Ic (suisei) Mercury (lit. water star)

~ (kinsei) Venus (lit. gold star) )< (kasei) Mars (lit. fire star) (mokusei) Jupiter (lit. wood star) (dosei) Saturn (lit. earth star)
23.flit ~h,,( It' J., 30001lJ;J...t.Q)IH1ili, 3:. t L"t)< t * Q)filiRt Q) rdll: ~ I'J iTo Mtimtisarete iru sanzen-ko ijo no shii-wakusei wa, shu to shite
buei to mokusei rw kidii no aida ni arimasu.
The asteroids,more than 3,000 of which have been identified and

named,are found mainly between the orbits of Mars and Saturn.
mtimti suru: to name
::R.:E (ten'a-sei) Uranus (lit. heavenly king star) ~.:E (kaia-sei) Neptune (lit. sea-king star) ;!l!;.:E (meio-seiy Pluto (lit. Hades-king star) The Japanese term for asteroids or planetoids is simply
t kidO: orbit
shiiwaku-sei, lit. "small planets."

Earth's moon is, of course, }J tsuki, commonly affectionately as io}J ~ otsuki-sama "Mr. Moon," moons of other planets are called m eisei "satellites," ct. m jinko-eisei "artificial satellite," ;mFa~ "telecommunications satellite." There are three words for "sun" or "solar": native 8 hi (or io 8~ ohi-sama "Mr. Sun"), as in 8~lt "sunburn," and Sino-Japanese taiyii and 8 nichi-. ter appears in such compounds as 8 Bl8 nichiyo-b! B i9: nichibotsu "sunset," and 8 jt nisshoku "solar "sun eating." The word for "lunar eclipse" is, logically }J jt gesshoku. Identical in pronunciation to suisei "Venus" is sei "comet." Meteoroids, i.e., small pieces of matter space, are called VIE1* ryiisei-tai, lit. "floating star When these enter the earth's atmosphere as meteors, or ing stars," they are called VIE ryiisei or VlEtt-
24. iJQ 7 ;I. 1) tJ Q)ti~!}to~~I: J: J., t, ~it;6ff.J6000JJiFlltrl: ~~t Lt,,:Q)li,e:*~IlJ{:E;6f:l&oo l:fIj~Lt..:~;'d':-f -j -c:-t 0 An. amerikano koseibutsu-gakusha ni yoru to, kyoryil ga yaku ~okusen-man-nenmae ni zetsumetsu shita no wa, kyodai na UlSekigajimen ni shototsu shita kekka da so desu. According to certain American paleontologists, the dinosaurs ~ame extinct as the result of a gigantic meteorite crashing mtothe earth's surface.
~ ~,.)'u: dinosaur (lit. terrible dragon) U:!~ISU: extinction
'nolotsu: coUision
*~
*
~. AJa~fJ.JQ)AImli,
1957iFl:
'J t:.I.
r ;6ftr "G..t. 1ft..:
1.7."/
~-~a~Sh7 J -c.' ~t~k'~ . . ky-h k .- hi hi . bl 0 no lin o-etset wa, senu ya u-gojus IC t-nen m ~eto ga uchiageta "supiitoniku" deshita. So ~'s first artificial satellite was the Sputnik, launched by the VIet Union in 1957.
For sC.ientists interested in learning Japanese for work in specIalized fields, recourse to technical dictionaries is, of
. essential. Still, the following representative list of terms
III a Widely used middle school science textbook should
82 Science and Technology Science and Technology 83
be of general use. A few have already appeared in tive sentences above.

~}.!I[~
the
(hutsuri-gaku) physics
~{<$: (huttai) physical body, object ~X (husshitsu) matter i!tt (sokudo) velocity
lit (ondo) temperature iiIt (shitsudo) humidity It (nodo) concentration 1ft (mitsudo) density
26. /\A:&r~.I:.!l::1':' C, ."it? -CvlM~~Ij:m11(7)hl: J:? -ClifJl: flt/Loo /laSu ga kyil ni to~ru to, tatte iru jokyaku wa kansei no chikara ni votte mae ni taoreru. When a bus comes to a sudden stop, standing passengers are thrown forward by the force of inertia.
l.mi!tt(kasoku-do) acceleration ~i!tt (gensoku-do) deceleration h (chikara) power, force (read -ryoku in Sino-Japanese
pounds) 1I!h (jilryoku) gravity Ff.h (atsuryoku) pressure r!f.h (juryoku) buoyancy
Z1.11* J: t) aJEfliI !;';i)~rfft Itl 0 S/Iiomizu wa mamizu yori gyoko-ten ga hikui.

SIlt waterhas a lower freezing point than fresh water. 11.', Jjj(T:1J~'itfflIj:i!1~ ~ ~ Hi ?:brlllvl C!,l oJ :t:J!7.Jr~l1? -c ~ 1 L tc; Ntztnsei rw mondai 0 kaiketsu suru made, genshi-ryoku.-hatsuden28 1i~f1(7)r~'A'IH Mi:R:t-.:,
I;!:n*
iltE(m (kansei[-ryokuJ) inertia 1ltE~m (kansei-teikoy inertial resistance ii{,h (enshin-ryoku) centrifugal force
;j({,h (kyilshin-ryoku) centripetal force
silowafuyasanai h6 ga ii to iu iken ga tsuyomaue kimashita.
ocn (karyoku) thermal power, caloric force

Sh
(jiryoku) magnetic force IJiFfh (genshi-ryoku) nuclear power
The viewthat nuclear power plants should not be increased until the
question of their safety is resolved has been gaining ground.
'lralsudensho: power plant
tt';: (kagaku)chemistry
MI#;(kot~l) solid ll#; (ekitai) liquid ~#; (kilai) gas
:It!!~
(jinetsu) terrestrial heat, geotherm (also prolnol1JlCl1Ij chinetsu)
Jil.h (foryoku) wind force i1f.h (haryoku) wave force ifl9h (chOseki-ryoku) tidal force. 11th (denryoku) electrical power Ef. (den 'atsu) voltage
.. f- (genshi)atom
.. H~(genshi-kaku) atomic nucleus

ftf
(bunshl) molecule it); (genso)elements
11m (denkai) electrolysis

(denji-ryoku) electromagnetic force VIE (denryil) electrical current (fit)S:;O ([den-Jjishaku) (electro)magnet .I.:;f-)v - - (enerugi) energy
lISh
:l
(suiso) hydrogen (lit. water stuff) (tanso) carbon (lit. coal stuff) (sanso)oxygen (lit. Sourstuff)
:;f)v -- (ichi-enerugi) potential energy iltb.I. ;t, )v -- iundii-enerugiy kinetic energy ~tE(7).I.:;f- )v -- (dansei no enerugi) elasticity
fiLtl't.I.
~fliI..i: (gyoko-ten) freezing point M..i: (yilten) melting point
~ (r;n)_PhO~Phorus (voso) IOdine
*'
(chisso) nitrogen (lit. suffocating stuff) (shilso) bromide (lit. stink stuff) 1'-:j- / (neon) neon '\ I) ? 4 (h _ ,~ eryumu) helium (ri + u --+ ryil) (hoso) boron Q -
ocience ana I ecnnotogy
85
t- " 1) ? A
(natoryumu) sodium (ri
+ u --+
ryu)
:t:l~ (enso) chlorine SE:~ (aen) zinc

7 J\I ~ =-? A (aruminyumu) aluminum(ni + u --+ nyU) 11 1) ? A (karyumu) potassium (ri + u ryu) 11J\I ~ ? A (karushiimuy (kin) gold ~ (gin) silver
kilra narimasu.
is the combining of oxygen and another substance. Rust, forexample,consists mainly of ferric oxide and ferric hydroxto.
~go:
chemical combination
calcium (shi + u --+ shU)
_':i11J1;l:~~~(7)L', tt:imli:f.I:A I'J 1~Ivo. Sfis/DI-kari wa modoku na no de, futsii wa te nt harimasen.
*iR (suigin)
mercury
~ (su,u) tin (not to be confused with ~ suzu "bell") ~ (Ietsu) iron
AspolllSsium cyanide is a deadly poison, it is not easily available .. I fl:!.lI.I;l:, :tl11:-t 1-1) rJA(NaCI), -::)1 I'J-t 1-1) rJAttal~C(7) ftfr;tL'T S/Iokutll wa, enka-natoryiimu (NaCl), tsumari natoryiimu to enso
m (dO) copper
/~ 1) ? A (baryUmu)
"'l ?,,;:f-
tonokagii-butsu desu.
Table salt i sodium chloride (NaCl), i.e., a compound of sodium and chlorine. 't~"f: (seibutsu-gaku) biology
f';t ~ ~ 1) ;f-~~ ic acid (DNA)
J. 7 v;t
barium (ri + u --+ ryu)
WIt. (iO) sulfur

Jt~
~ ? A (maguneshumuy magnesium (shi + u -+ "'l /' 7f /' (mangan) manganese 7 J\I::f /' (arugon) argon (keiso) silicon
(deokishiribo-kakusan) deoxyribonucle-
T '" (nukureochido) nucleotide
1til-4m(kago-butsu) chemical compound lit1t~ (ryuka-tetsu) iron sulfide ~1t~ (sanka-tetsu) iron oxide ~ 11 1) (seisan-kariy potassium cyanide li~ (ryusan) sulfuric acid :t:l~ (ensan) hydrochloric acid -~1t~;t (issan-ka-tanso) carbon monoxide =~1t~~ (nisan-ka-tanso) carbon dioxide (also
tansan-gasui (san to enla) acids and bases 7 J\I 11 1) (arukari) alkali rplll (chuwa) neutralization [+ suru] 1t~.&Jz. (kagaku-hannO) chemical reaction 1t~~1t(kagaku-henka)chemicalchange 1t~,H1f (kagaku-bunseki) chemical analysis -1 ;t /' (ion) ion
ilfi;T- (iden-shi) gene (cf. iliz; iden "heredity") ~f!ol* (senshoku-tai) chromosome (lit. staining body)
II!:! (saibo) cell
*i11ll?H~(saibO-maku) cell membrane $1I'il~ (saibO-heki) cell wall

$1I'r!5t~ (saibo-bunretsu) cell division ft;\Jf~. (genkei-shirsu) protopla m ~It("assei) development, generation, breeding Jil (seishoku)reproduction 1jfl'tflt! (yiisei-seishoku) sexual reproduction It 11'tflt! (musei-seishoku) a exual reproduction (shokllbUlsu)plants . (sorui) algae iHa (kokerui) lichen '(;. I(shida-rui) Pteridophyta, ferns 1ti (kinrLli) fungi till . (saikin)bacilli,bacteria(morecolloquiali IiI,'m baikin) :t- .~ (ShLlShi-shokubutsu) seed-bearing plant
~ (lie) rOOt
~t :t:l
29. ~1tli,
~~ilf1t!!(7)#J~
t 1til-T.o,:,
t L'To ~;(..
Lfli3:.I:~fl:~ t *~11:~ t ii' I? ~ I'J iTo

Sanko wa, sanso ga hoka no busshitsu to kago suru Tatoeba, aka-sabi wa omo ni sanka-tetsu to
'f! (kLlki) tern

. (ha) leaf
Scienceand Technology 87
;ft (hana) flower, blossom .~~ (y6roku-so) chlorophyl J't- ll-JiX:(kO-g6sel) photosynthesis W* (jumoku) trees, arbores ;f8 (kashiwa) oak 8. (kaede) maple ~ (tsubaki) camellia ff( (sakura) cherry ~ (matsu) pine ~ (sugi) cedar ~/fjfj (kusu[nokiJ) camphor ~ (yanagl) willow il~ (ichO)gingko ~ (kin) paulownia 1ji:;ft (kusabana; s6ka) flowering plants *i (kiku) chrysanthemum ~ (aoi) mallow, hollyhock (hasu) lotus II (ran) orchid Ki (fuji) wisteria (hagi) bush clover !;liIf (shObu) iris (ashi; yoshi) reed, bulrush I (at) indigo plant ~ (tade) polygonum, smartweed tIJ~ (d6butsu) animals ~:w:tfU')J~(mu-sekitsui-diibutsu) invertebrates ml~tb~ (gensei-d6butsu) Protozoa Jl.!l~tb~ (kiicho-diibutsuy Coelenterata (lit. hollo'" testine) ~Bltb~ (kyokuhi-diibutsuy Echinodermata (lit. skin) (kaimen-dobutsuy Porifera (lit. sea cott~) m%f)J~ (henkei-dobutsu) Plathelminthes (ht shape) J.l%tb!Jm ikankei-dobutsu) Annelida . ) ~d*f)J~ (nantai-dobutsu) Mollusca (lit. soft bOdY . ..I !lllJEtb~ tsessoku-dobutsu) Arthropoda (ht. JOin
It.!ll.1Si (konchii-rul) Insecta
m~1Si (kumo-rui) Arachnida

IJlfi1Si (kOkaku-rul)Crustacea ff*f)J~ (sekitsui-d6butsu) vertebrates ffl,1Si (gyorui) Pisces (fish) iJifl$ (ry6sei-rui) Amphibia ~.!Il.1Si (hachii-rui) Reptilia (lit. scratching vermin)
.~$ (chOrui)Aves (birds)
IlIIn1Si (honyii-rul) Mammalia 31jf;'frJiX;li,m~i1{::tIll;.I.~ )v.: - ~ m ~\ "(i);:t5} H'FJ!H!\:.'1'

0
l6-g6seiwa, shokubutsu ga taiyii-enerugi 0 mochiite denpun 0 tsukurukatei desu. Pbotosynthesis is the process whereby plants produce starch, using solarenergy. 33~1:I:~ t .t Oil ,:,it -rv- ~~!lWJli,:J3-t G < 7:J. -/'(\:.'1' 0 GGkusei ni mottomo yoku shirarete iru bi-seibutsu wa, osoraku amibadesu. The microorganismmost familiar to students is probably the amoeba. l4 tli, 7 "E:~~t*5$1' 1: \:.'7 "E:i1{~!Y.~iH:~ t... "(~\t,,:~\.::. II U.. 1: it Iv -e Ltc; Q~hi ~a, kumogaku-sha to kekkon suru made kumo ga UotiI IIChu-.TUI ni zoku-shite inai koto 0 shirimasen deshita. be~mamed an arachnologist, I was unaware that spiders do not ong to the insect family.
**
m~
'*
~ t ll-:>-c, -{)V 7J Uii!liflMJi\:.' Ii t,,: < ~.1LtIJ!lWJ \:.'1'0 ",;:~o chigatte, iruka to kujira wa gyorui de wa naku honyii-utsudesu alike . Illals~e shark, the dolphin and the whale are not fish but mam-
~**tb~
Chapter
VI
Law and Justice
Corruptissima republica plurimae leges, wrote the Roman historianTacitus: oo*ilfm~TnifT 1.> II c'ofQ)t:HIl:ilf~ 1.> Kokka ga daraku sureba suru hodo sono hiiritsu ga iiku naru "The more corrupt the state, the more numerous its laws." To Uo Tze, Tacitus' senpai by some seven centuries, is attributed sayingwhich, if turned around, sounds somewhat similar: ~ till~~l!!l~~. Translated into Japanese, this becomes ~-% ilk~il": L -c, ~JlOC~ L Hiirei masumasu akiraka ni shite, I6zoku oshi "To specify the laws is to multiply the bandits." If all this is true, we modems certainly live in evil times! As ~ put it, 0 tempora, 0 mores! or .: Q)~ft c of Q)1i't'g/ J: ! Kono jida, to sono kanshii yo! "Oh these times and their manners!" \_\'hilethis chapter will make of no one a lawyer, it should JIIOvlCle the basics for making one's way (in Japanese) through aur: legally complex world. Once again, we begin with a few ::al buil~g blocks. As in other chapters, these are predomibo y of Smo-Japanese origin, for much as the English have ~wed their legal vocabulary from Romance sources !lese. h and Latin), so the Japanese have taken theirs from Chi-
<~
Laws, Ordinances, Orders, and Regulations it HO. fit RITSU. % REI. Jllj SOKU
semantic range of ~ ho, whose meaning in Ancient (*Piap) was originally "constraint, confinement," ex_, the arm of the law to include "method, Buddhist are th Examples more relevant to our immediate concerns e follOwing:
89
90 Law and Justice
Law and Justice 91
it(~) (hO[ritsu]) law it% (hOm) legislation, laws

it~ (hOan) legislative proposal it(J1I!)~(hO[ri-]gaku) jurisprudence, cf. it't1f~ hOtetsu-gaQ itlN(!Jf) (hOso[-kaiJ) (the world of) the legal profession it~4jj (hOmu-sh5) the Ministry of Justice
itw
itl! fiit :itit
(hochi) constitutional government (hOtei) court of law (gohO) legality (ih5) illegality $Lit (ripp5) lawmaking, legislation ~ it (shih5) administration of justice
The multiple uses of 1:t; ho make for some unpredictability inthe meaning of compounds. One of these is as the Chinese ~ tation of Sanskrit dharma "cosmic law, principle," referring to Buddhism or Buddhist teachings. Thus, for example, $ 'Ii h6ji does not refer to legal affairs but rather to a Buddhist memorialservice. Another problem is the difference between "law"and "method," which, though seemingly minor, is crucial in uch terms as ~izf$ hinin-hii, which pertains to birth control methods,not to laws regarding contraception. In the case of ~ r! s}whO, context alone will determine whether the meaning is "commerciallaw" or "way of doing business." In the following, $: -hii is used to designate categories of thelaw,along with statutes and legislative acts . lflJ('J+)i! (kei{ji-]hO) criminal law
it
(kenp5) constitution
1. #,:;Q)Jru-r-li)J Anr-'~-r-T 0 Ho no mae de wa bannin ga byodO desu.
All are equal before the law. 2. !Ilf1tn{$~ i-mtl:l L""( 'b, 1iJ#C. ~ ttl.> 1iJll~ttli Ii t Iv 1::'1, -It Ivo Yatii ga hoan 0 teishutsu shite mo, kaketsu sareru kana-sei hotondo arimasen. Even if the opposition parties submit legislative proposals. chances of their passage are virtually nil.
3. lvii, $.!Jf-r-;ff;tlj:AIlm-r-To Akimoto-san wa, hoso-kai de yiimei na jinbutsu desu.
R:('J)it (min[ji-ho]po) civil law l~it (gunpo) military law

~Uit ikaisha-hii) corporation/company law IHUit (horei-ho) case law .fit1'r~i* (juhO-koi-hO) tort law fl(llt(kokuhO)nationallaw(s) OO~it(kokusai-hO) international law
JflJ :)JilIFID:i* tkeiji-sosho-hoy Criminal Procedure Act
f**~
* kaketsu:
approval, adoption
fd~ffij}Jl!Jj.LI::r:!;thakai-katsudo-boshi-hih the Anti-SubversiveActivities Act
Mr. Akimoto is a well-known person in Japanese legal circles. 4. 1j(li, ~1&Q)~$i- r*I!H:jl L#lt C;, tteJ t~.(... i Tnt, ilJ:li, ]f.$lJIUiJlifi'J.JQ)AA'L,lj:3tt.f~-eT 0 Sofu.wa, sengo no kenpo 0 "beikoku ni oshitsukerareta." to shite imasu ga, haha wa, kenpo-yogo-undii no nesshmnil
shadesu.
1cMJi.LI::i* tbaishun-biishi-ho) the Anti-Prostitution Act ,lj-lt~Ji.LI::i* (oshoku-boshi-ho) the Corrupt Practices PreventionAct
~.s~~.LI::i* (dokusen-kinshi-hO) the Anti-Monopoly Act ~~~~& Uj~OOf( ~1lfJ1l!~ (gaikoku-kawase-oyobi-gaikokuCantrol Act ct
ekl-kanrz-hO) the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade
Grandfather denounces Japan's postwar Constitution as by the Americans," but my mother is a zealous supporter movement to protect and preserve it.
... oshitsukeru: to force upon
It~A~~it(tatemono-hogo-hO) the Building Preservation fllltl!it lII! r.\ (sha.kuchi-hO)the Land Lease Act , Iit~ :L<f~~ it (chih6-komuin-hO) Local Officials Act A:Ifflii* (mayaku-torishimari-hO) the Narcotics Control
~~:fi'HJj andR J!1=.~ (hanmisha-yobo-kosei-hoi the Corrective eformatlve Treatment of Criminals Act
5. ':Q):i&jJQ)IUHi, :it$It"Hlt~~,L ""(It'l.>J: -7 t.t.~-IJ{ Kono chiho no keisatsu wa, ihii-chusha 0 mokunin shlte ki ga shimasu. My impression is that the regional police turn a blind eye
ly parked cars.
92 Law and Justice
Law and Justice
93
ill AOOWJ.!I!& r.rlft~~)E$ shutsunyu-koku-kan nanmin-nintei-hO) Immigration Control and Refu ognition Law gee
~ :kJi.fflft~~~$
6. 7/-
(danjo-koyo-kikai-kinto_hO) the Employment Opportunity Law (men and women)

I) jJ
'"ilt (seibun-ritsu) statute, established law if"ift (jubun-ritsu) unwritten law Itiflt (ogon-ritsu) the Golden Rule ~flt (kairitsu) religious precepts (Buddhist)
To
O).I. I) - H!!'=$ ~ Il t':5IW:, :if'-ti;~T~rF:Jl).11IIiI
,1;1; (rippo) = kairitsu
Amerika no ertto-hogaku-ou 0 deta ototo wa, fuM-kOi-IW mon-ka desu. My younger brother, a product of a top American law specialist In tort law. 7. 8 *O)7E*fljjll:-ti;;OfJiX:.1tL.. t: 0) Ii, 1956if:1.' L.. 1.Nihon no baishun-boshi-ho ga seiritsu shita no w~oSen!'kvliiIIIIIi gojiiroku-nen deshita. Japan's Anti-Prostitution Law was passed in 1956.
(Buddhist); Torah (Judaism), Shariah (Islam) iI~~ (dotoku-ritsu) moral code &lttt::t1l (hanrippo-shugl) antinomianism Greek anti + nomos "law") LikeGreek nomos, ritsu extends beyond the social or politi-
cal senseof law to include musical and poetical form, e.g., 1itE~ stnrilsu "melody" (cf. Ch. 4), %~ onritsu "tune," and ml~
witsu "rhythm, meter." This helps to explain why a ~~ffiIi tMritsu-shi is not an "investigative legalist" but rather a "piano
llmer."
8.OO~;OfJ.j:kJiiLE!H~~~~-ti;I:fil.all~~lt t.d\? t.:t o, xt.:. c \"? ~j!;Of~ IJ iTo Kokkai ga danjo-koyo-kikai-kinto-ho ni bassoku 0 mO,km. 1U! de, kiibun da to iu iken ga arimasu.
As the D!et did not put any teeth into the Equal EmnloV1llll. Cl portunity Law, some are of the opinion that it is a mere paper.
, ~soku: penal regulations mokeru: establish, lay down
10. tfJrJ Ii, ~-~O)~$O)~*1.'T 0 :/ikkai"wa moze no rippii no kihon desu. The TenCommandments are the foundation of Mosaic Law.
JilcJcaj: the Ten Commandments, also the Ten Buddhist Precepts
II fl(1)tt~O)~tfli,
., -c-\"
110
9. 7/- I) jJ..g-*OOO)*-ti;;Of~flc T J.,.1t-ti; . fi~ .1t.0) 891i, OO~O)13E1H:''W:~TJ.,':: C 1.'T 0
. Pl
Amer!"'!.-gasshu-koku no kenpo ga tokucho to suru rippO, shiho no sanken-bunritsu no mokuteki wa kokumin no hosho suru koto desu. ' The pll!P~s~ of the separation of powers-legislative, and judicial-s-a characteristic of the Constitution of the States, is to ensure the liberty of the people.
'" sanun-bunritsu: separation of powers
tetsugaku no kyoju wa, niche 0 in 'yo shite dotoku-ritsu 0 usumn azakette ita ga; okusan ga wakai koshi ni yiiwaku sare iedeshita toki, kanojo 0 fushidara na onna da to hinan shita. My philosophyprofessor was wont to quote Nietzsche and ridicule moralcodes, but when his wife was seduced by a young lecturer and ran away from home, he denounced her as a slut.
!l~ 1v;O{;G'\"~iUili I:~~ t J.. L t.:. G ~:k t.:. c i1l=fil L..t:

t':';Of,
0
':='--T.r.a-51.fflL..-c):g~~~\"-::::>b~~lt ~ nt*tl L..t.:~, Wi:k
~':..~ru: sneer (jeer) at, ridicule ~a,,"suru:tempt, seduce
12. fiiJ
~ ritsu "law, discipline," Ancient Chinese vliuet, prominent in Japanese no later than the beginning of the century, thereby predating by several hundred years the duction into English of Old Norse lagu [> law]. An historical significance is ~% ritsuryo/ritsurei, the term laws and ordinances of the Nara and Heian periods. 1,lfll: (kiritsu) order, discipline .qrfll: (gunritsu) martial law, martial discipline
M '.? i!~Ii,
"ritegotoku seyo"
t A I: -It G n,lv- c .[I_ ? .:: t Ii A I: b -f 0) .:::c < -It J: J c r1il~~J ciJlF-iiniTo an'-goto mo hito ni seraren to omou koto wa hito ni mo sono
to iu kotoba wa, "iigon-ritsu" to yobaremasu. yWords "All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to au, do ye even so to them" are known as the "Golden Rule."
~rar~n=:: saretai
~ rei "order, command" which as Ancient Chinese *lieng )~rity ," is used as a' prefix in such polite expressions a reljo "your daughter, young lady" and %.@, reisoku "your
94 Law and Justice
Law and Justice 95
son," but in %~ reijo, the meaning is not "fine COlllillti,Oli'f. "your letter" but rather "warrant," as in )!ffl!%~ "arrest warrant" Above we also saw the historical f]I!:%, "laws and ordinances," read as either ritsurys or Other compounds include:
$~ (meirez) command
fJJ~ (chokurei) Imperial edict

i&~ (seirez) government ordinance, cabinet order ~II~ (kunrei) directive ji]~D:-g (shirei-chOkan) Commander-in-Chief ra~~ (chOhei-rei) conscription/draft d~ (kaigen-rei) martial law --IT-1fq)j1!*OOJlllLM:iWii'iJ%'li, it t: 0 Makkiisii zai-chosen-kokuren-gun saiko-shirei-kan wa, senhyaku-gojiiichi-nen ni toriiman-daitoryo no meirei ni tame, kainin sareta. (Douglas) MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the United Forces in Korea, was dismissed in 1951 for defying Truman's orders.
13.
? -;; iJ
*k;iCUi(J)1fn~I: Wv' t: t.:."N),
ma~
IS:Q)ffi:lt!!"(,li, *~~HpJ?':' t lilUU t I.., "(~J.I:~ it -n'i .tnt, ~I~H': lijj -? "( v' J., A;6{m:ili:~< ;oj: -o "( v' iTo fono nanchi de ~a, inu y~. ne~ ? kau koto. wa ~ensoku. toshite kinshisa rete tmasu ga, jtssai m wa kane tru hito ga saikin oku nalte imasu. Keeping dogs or cats in this apartment complex is, in principle, prohibited, but in fact the number of such pet owners has recentlyincreased. 16. :P:l1tl7 7 7"(J)~jt I:;oj: -? "( Ii Ht;oj: v' t v' ? mJiIJli~ ~ ~T ,,~t':I::~D:I:~~~~v'i I..,t.:o Josei ga kurabu no kai'in ni natte wa ikenai to iu kisoku wa kangaenaasubeki da to kaichii ni iken 0 iimashita. Itoldtheclub president that in my opinion the rule barring women as membersshould be reconsidered. 17.Elf!.':Q)i*JiIJIi, A fill (J)i*~ J: IJ l' -? t m~J; I: -c ~ "( v' J., t .I!'-v'
ITo
Shizen no hosoku wa, ningen no hiiritsu yori zutto seimyii ni dekite iru to omoimasu. The laws of nature are vastly more subtle and intricate than the lawsof men. Twonative Japanese words that should be included here are
14. ?)II::Z A . 7 -( I) t: /'*itUi;6fI972~I:flX.n%~fklt't.:~. t 7c (J)7 -(I) t: /' A(J)~ ~ ,4" Ii?.::. 7 1:'(1,4" "('v' i L t:;
nori and okite. The first derives from ~ J., noru "utter, declare ~ofa god or emperor)," cf. Jilj J., nottoru "follow, live up to, con-
Marukosu jiripin daitiiryo ga sen-kyuhyaku-nanajuni-nen ni gen-rei 0 shiita toki, ani to sono jiripin-jin no okusan wa ra ni sunde imashita. When Philippine President Marcos declared martial law in. my elder brother and his Filipina wife were living in ManiJa.
-:n
JiIJ soku "rule, law, regulation," derived from Ancient nese *tsak "conformity, pertinence," occurs, with one nent exception, in noninitial position. JjIJ7<:::*fJ.. (sokuten-kyoshi) selfless devotion
to beaven, abandoning self)
(lit. subnUssioll
to (a rule)." The second is a nominalized form of okitsu resemblance =::n.law [lay] and okite [oku "lay"].) Nori, particularly as it _. in personal names, is written with a variety of charac"'~, Including Jilj so ku ,1t!J. m k en, -* hii -1;1;; . 1IIe") IX;; 0, an d even lE'. to k u (" virttith . E~~nmore than Sino-Japanese ho, it is closely associated lOr. religiOUS, especially Buddhist, exhortations to good behavI forth and build up." (Note the etymological 7.> '" ~ Ii ~ it t'b -? 0-1: Ii jiiJ t.: ttf IJ t f' ~~M~:jf;jfUlHfX;t) / sai' "!Ichi / iru-beki kado wa / kaware-domo / tsui ni wa onaji lion ZOo kiku." tShingoshid-wakashic New Later Collec'I1.ough eamngs, fourteenth century) the rnthegate that leadeth into the Way to the Law may vary, .""", essage of enlightenment remains the same.
8.
~ <j
r?to)~.
J!!
'l
/\.
r,
W-JjIJ(gensoku) principle 'JlJjIJ (kisoku) rule jiJJjIJ (bassoku) penal regulations ~JjIJ (gokusoku) prison regulations ;jJ(JjIJ(kOsoku) school regulations "/HIJ (hosoku) (scientific) law
~f df
the Way to the Law = Buddhist teachings 1 !J no ""ehi.
'-II\e
n . o;,n, okite tJE has a somewhat archaic ring to it. The

ered by Kenkyusha suggest a broad range of mean-
Law and Justice 96 Law and Justice
'JI
ing: "rule, law, regulation, mandment."
statute, institution, decree,
19.-m-i&Q).' ll. I:t;llv'.o t Q)iJ{A;;>< ~Q)!iEt":o Isshuku-ippan no ongi ni mukuiru no ga yakuza no okue cia.
A precept of Japanese gangsterdom is that (so small an act of ness as) a single night's lodging and a meal should be .. warded .
ongi: a favor, a debt of gratitude t mukuiru: to requite, repay
(;!:t-Q) ji'ijN!l~li~~i*Q) TO ffl'JlJ I:it~ L.. t.:tiJ' C"Z', tlt1521. .; t I..- "( ~*,]I: iJ' It I? tt t:0.:: CiJ{~ t) '1 T iJ{, *1ir.u 1l!!i~*,] ik: ~~IHL..t.:o .
f,lusuko no di5~u-sei ~a kage!d-ha. no ter?-katsudo ni renza shita

kadode, hilwku-mn
kakerareta koto ga ariukemashita. A university classmate of my S~)D was once implicated in terrorists activitiesand brought to tnal. In the end, he was found innocent.
nt
masu ga, kekkyoku muzai-hanketsu
to shite saiban
20. :J '" ;... ~ )vQ)!iEli, r~~~5jtitJ c \".oJ mUll]1:-:1\,,"'CIt', Janguru no okite wa, "jakuniku-kyoshoku" to iu gensoku ni mototJIIr
iru. The law of the jungle is based on the principle that the strong. vour the weak.
kage/ci.ha: (l~ft:~in&)extremis~ . .. trtllW suru: lit, to Sit together' ; to be Involved, Implicated (cf. il&$I1 renza-sei "guilt.by-associationsystem" + kado: grounds,suspicion, charge o soihan ni kakeru: take to court, put on trial
Law and Order

#:; t ~Ff HC>TO CIDTSUJO
Having looked at various rather abstract words for "law," now turn to the legal "order" (M chitsujo) itself. We begin. the courtroom. t!;l! (hotei) court of law (also ~*,mT saiban-sho) (saiban) trial IDf~ (soshii) lawsuit ~*,J-g (saiban-kan) judge (also *,J$- hanji) ~ (kenjl) prosecutor ~~ (kensatsu) prosecution IDf (ldso) indictment (+ suru) 4rillA (bengo-nin) defense attorney 4rill (bengo-shi) lawyer tlt15-A (hikoku-nin) the accused, defendant IDE~(shOko) evidence ~iEA(shOnin) witness IDE' (shogen) testimony (+ suru) >ltfftJ (kyukei) prosecution's penalty recommendation *,J~ (hanketsu) verdict :fl~*,J~ (yuzai-hanketsu) verdict of guilty 1l!!i~*,J~(muzai-hanketsu) verdict of innocent :g15- (senkoku) sentence ~il1f (kOso) appeal
~*y
22.8*"1.1' G~ttl;f\ 7;j. I) :fJ Ali~F1tI:IDf~~~ ~OO~"Z'T 0 Nihon-jin kara mireba, amerika-jin wa hijo ni soshii-ruki na kokumin desu. From the Japanese point of view, Americans are a terribly litigious people. 23. ~~*Q)m*eiJf~TI:~'? "(\,,t.:':' C tJf, ~~1lllJI: C '? "( ~~B9 ~IDE~I: ~ '? t: I? 1..-\"0 Yogi-shano shimon ga h6cho ni nokotte ita koto ga, kensatsugawa ni totte kettei-teki na shoko ni natta rashii. The prosecutionseems to regard the fact that the suspect's fingerprintswere left on the knife as decisive evidence.
yiigi'sha: suspect t shimon: fingerprints +luichO: kitchen knife
24.I~li, tF7iJ{~AI:fi ~ ttt.: Q)"Z'li~ v iJ' C ~ '? "( \".0 tJ, (> Ltl.~ \"tJf, @:1lQ)IDE~tJ{~ \"1lHt) .of Q)~ ~ l!1iIlT.o .:. C Ii "Z'
~~\"o
KtisatsuIVa,mayumi ga aijin ni korosareta no de wa nai ka to utagalle iru kamo shirenai ga, chokusetsu no shiiko ga nai kagiri 1'beso~otoko 0 taiho suru koto wa dekinai. :alice may suspect that Mayumi was murdered by her lover, ~~ long as they have no hard evidence, they can't arrest
25. -EAtJftlt~~.~mtJ' -:~A.\"'1T~ . lei mn ga higai-sha
I?~ ~ 'it C L..t.:
c IDE'''Z'~ .0 EI~t'i
"
hashi kara tsukiotoshita to shiigen de1'ber ru nwkugeki-sha wa ju-su-nin imasu. ~ are more than ten eyewitnesses who can testify that the hcusedpushed the victim off the bridge.
0
t ':::"SIra: victim 8~Icislra: eyewitness
98 Law and Justice
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99
26.;ff~
tflJiR:~
n -It 7 'J
~jtQ)~"t"T
0
n~ i "t"1tH1iA~1!!JJJ\t":t~~T
~ Q)Ii,
~7j~~Q)~~~~*.~m~~n,..t~"t"*.~ni.
. tiJf, B*"t"I;tJ*JM"t"if1ft;~niTo
Amlrika no saikii-sai-hanji wa daitiiryo ni shimei sare, join de sMninsaremasu ga; nihon de wa naikaku de ninmei saremasu. America's Supreme Court justices are nominated by the president andconfmned by the Senate, but in Japan they are appointed by the Cabinet. 30.IRIlT~~, *Jl1UltflJPJT I: !flHlIDF~ ~ ~.: T ~ Q)A '/.)tJ'liili: jf~ '( ~ t.:-f oJ"t"To Rikon suru toki, katei-saiban-sho ni yiiiku-ken-sosho 0 okosu otoko no hito ga saikinfuete kita s6 desu. There has apparently been a recent increase in the number of men filingchild custody suits with the family courts at the time of divorce.
yOi/(uun-sos!W: child custody sui!
Yiizai to hanketsu sareru made hikoku-nin 0 muztli da to suru no wa, angurosakuson-ho no kiso desu. The presumption that a defendant is innocent until proven ..., lies at the foundation of Anglo-Saxon Law.
27.
iR1T~.ftE"t"~Wf~ nt.:Ll.J83MHIH51:~;j' t. -C ~.lilS~'" ~5t ~ *1fIJ L i l- t:

0
GinkiJ-g6to de kiso sareta.y~ ~sut?mu h.ikokuni taishile,.., wa jiigo-nen no choeki 0 kyUkel shimashita. The prosecution proposed fifteen years at forced labor for T'_ Yamada, under indictment for bank robbery.
gala: mugging, armed robbery
t ch6eld: imprisonment at forced labor
As in the preceding example, the media typically refer the accused as .. , flt1' ... hikoku. For more on l!1~ cMIIi "forced labor," see "Crime and Punishment" below. 28.
-rn-i{{J..tQ)l:IEl3I:J: ~ ~U:itQ)~~I:~1JDT
~5t.~~ltt.:*~~I;t, -~"t"l&Wf L i Lt.:'/.)f, l.I4~:aJI'" ~"t"LloJo ShinkiJ-j6 no riyii ni yori kendo no jugyo n~ sanka s.uruna 0
watta tame taigaku-shobun 0 uketa daigaku-sei wa, haiso shimashita ga, tozen koso suru desho. The students who were expelled from the university for refuSll, II~ participate in Japanese fencing classes because of ~ gious faith have lost their lawsuit, but they are sure to iIPJ-
~ Q) ~wr'? 1.:1.:
Crime and Punishment

~(~~~) l:: OflJ)fri TSUMI (HANZAI) TO (KEI)BATSU
the Japanese translation of the title novel, the semantic range of ~ tsumi IIICludes "crime" as well as "sin." Still, the usual word for the fOlTnec is Sino-Japanese ~[!,~ hanzai, lit. "doing wrong." The characters themselves have an ominous air about them: the first contai~s the "beast" or "dog" radical, the second the "net" radi:; ~~ reminders of the nature and destiny of ~[!,~* hanzaicnrrunals" in traditional East Asian society.
?" Dostoevski's famous
As suggested by
r~ t iilJ,
* shobun: disposal, punishment
The hierarchical structure of the Japanese court from the highest to the lowest, is as follows: Supreme Court
'HI' (keizai) minor offense (not to be confused with *Ii1i

keizai "economics")
i:1!l (juwi) grave offense
~~1!lt*,JPJT saiko-saiban-sho
Q~th'"(seu6-zai) larceny, cf. native Japanese eft"
~}j.
nusumi
!:t~
tIil~~flJPJT kan'i-saiban-sho
7.i5i~ (manbiki) shoplifting 't I) (sun) pickpocket(ing) r>? t.: < IJ (hittakuri) purse-snatchinglpurse-snatcher (sagi) fraud, cf. ~AAJlili sagi-shi "swindler" 'it (/wbai) dealing in stolen goods IJ (kinko-yaburi) safecracking "'!lti --) armed robbery, mugging ~. (goto ~~I!A (g6t6-hannin) armed robber, mugger
:lIJ;:
100 Law and Justice
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101
31. :B.i.G"'~IvQ),~,T"t"~m"'i-tt-lvo V'~~lril~li T .1:0 Oerai-san no musuko de mo kamaimasen. Hikinige-unten waJillt desuyo. I don't care if he's the son of a big shot. Hit-and-run driving grave offense.
" oerai-san: bigwig; from the adjective erai "admirable, great, highly placed"
If you are looking for an insecticide or a germicide, you must ask for fi!R~J satchii-zai or ~m~J sakkin-zai.
n*r~~""?~tL"t~,~~Q)*A~~T.~1:.tttfiaat"tLli, ~I;t ~ _~t Q)~mi}"t" L n'tj II' t,Ij!I,?bo

ShOdnku ga atta to shite mo, yonjussai no otona ga joshi-kiiko-sei 10 sei-kiii 0 sureba, yahari isshu no giikan de shika nai to omou
32. 7""'< Ht1:.Q):BJ~IvI;t, il"FBQ)~*~7n'G1ij}""?-C*J.,i' "t"V'-::d:. 1:/\/ ~'/'\,/ 7'a-~Gn-c Li"'i Lt:.o
Amato-sensei no okiisan wa, kino no yoru opera kara kaette bnr tochii de hiuakuri ni handobaggu 0 torarete shimaimashua; Professor Amato's mother had her handbag taken by a ~ snatcher on her way home from the opera last night.
<~
wa. Even if it is consensual, I think that when a forty-year-old adult has

sexualrelations with a high school girl, it is nothing other than a form of rape.
shOdaku: agreement, consent t isshu: a kind, sort, variety
~~~!Jl! (kyoyo-zai) extortion .:t.J~l!.n iboryoku-hanzaiy crime of violence t1Jl!.!Jl!(sei-hanzai) sex crime ~.!Jl! (waisetsu-zai) lascivious behavior, indecent exposure
~IAQ).A*~"t"*.~~~~m.=~, to
8~a-~""?~~?"t"
Aijin nosatsujin-misui de taiho sareta yoshida tetsuji wa, jisatsu 0 hakatta so desu. Tetsuji Yoshida, arrested for the attempted murder of his lover, has allegedlyattempted suicide.
35.
~.m!IJUMl!.!Jl! (kyosei-waisetsu-eaiy indecent assault XtJ>I[I.~.!Jl! (yoji-waisetsu-zais child molestation
~nliil~"t"*.~ nt:...t.mmmJG,;[.JI~I;t, 9E~"t'~IDF ~ n 1 L t:.o
~~..t.~~X
~m~(gokan) rape
Like English "assault," :l:fT bokO (lit. violent action) used as a slightly less stark term for rape. Recently, Ants Japanese t- -1 7 reipu has also become "fashionable," partJ:II" larJy in the media. Meanwhile, the lamentable catalog of human crime ~ ues:
is.
Inshu-~nten ~e taiho sareta ueda yuji moto-densha-untenshi wa, gyomu-jo kashitsu-chishizai de kiso saremashita. Fonner. tr~ operator Yuji Ueda, arrested for operating a train in ~ mtoxicated condition, has been indicted for dereliction of utyresulting in death.
~:@ (gizo) forgery, counterfeiting; cf. ~:il:g- gizd-sha "forg-
fiAW (satsujin-zai) homicide ~fi (bOsatsu)premeditated murder 1IiJbfiA (shodo-satsujin) murder on impulse fiA*~ (satsujin-misui) attempted murder ~~~9E (kashitsu-chishi) involuntary manslaughter l1U~1:.~~~9EW (gyomu-jo kashitsu-chishizai) derelicriCJII of duty resulting in death _~ L -goroshi "killing" corresponds to English :cide: chichi-goroshi "patricide," ~~ L kyodai-gorosl" and ~)'i:J.~ L eiji-goroshi "infanticide." Note, however, suffix is used only in reference to the termination of
er,counterfeiter" ~tJ (yuka!) kidnapping, cf. ~ffi~l!. yiikai-han "kidnapper" (Mica) arson, cf. 1b:k11l. hoka-ma "arsonist, pyromaniac" }'-1 -. /' -v "7 '7 (haijakku) hijacking, cf. -::> llJ(~ nottori same meaning 'T 0 1) :A. A (terorizumu) terrorism :-(0))llJ(.51 ~ imayaku {no] torihikiy drug trafficking A (musu-yunyu) smuggling
~*
36. ~~~fi::
~~=m L t:.~I!.An{~*
0
L "t",
-!tft~"I;t
2 if.f!1t':~
l'he .
~:::;:h:u:hi5 yiikai shita hannin ga yokyi; shite iru minoshiroa fIl-oku-en da so desu.
de~~'!fpers of Company President Kaneda are said to be .""'" hi IDg 200 million in ransom.
s Iro-kin: ransom
) 02 Law and Justice
Law and Justice
103
37. ::. tLli*A "t' t T <.1n.? < J: -J ~~iU~m="t'T Kore wa shiroto de rna sugu kizuku yo na gizo-shihei desu; This, as even a layman will irnmed.iately realize, is a COUlIlteJrfeit_
0
ni makikomarenai ga, seiji-ka ni nad0 suru oshoku-jiken ., 15Uile wa so wa lenal. . .
~.3M~?~-~7"t'.~~.~~LJ:-JtL~~
lJP3? [ved in
~::1!i-~tLt.:::t-A 1-'7 I) 7Ali,*i6I&JflJ~tL~ , Sannen mae ,!i ~re~hia de mayaku 0 m!_tsu-yunyu shiyo tsukamari, shikei 0 senkoku sareta osutoraria-jin wa, shokei sareru yotei desu. The Australian who was caught trying to smuggle narcotics Malaysia and sentenced to death is scheduled to be next week.
.. shikei 0 senkoku sareru: to be sentenced to death t shoket sareru: to be executed
e e civil servants ~ave a good reputation and are s~ldom 10bribe taking and other forms of corruption. The ;~me,however, cannot be said of politicians.
If you look up Wfj~~B chino-han in Kenkyusha's Japanese-English Dictionary, you may be perplexed or at
amused to find it glossed as "intellectual [mental] offense." fact, the term refers neither to .~;tt!~B shisii-han ..,,,....... offense" under Japanese militarism nor to violations of correctness on today's American university campuses but~ to what the American criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland bact. in 1949 called "white collar crime," of which 71 l- 'h 7(7)~B~ howaito-karii-zoku no hanzai is a more literal but lea common translation. Examples include ~:@ gizo and jij:lt" (above) as well as the following:
"Are there no prisons?" asks Dickens' Scrooge of his portly gentlemenvisitors. In Japanese, with due consideration for the setting,this is rendered as ri,iml;tt~v'lv "t:'i";6>~~J Kang?~u 11'0 nai n' desu ka ne. Yet though the term for p~son law. IS stillknown as lfimr! kangoku-hii, of the actual incarceration facilitiesthemselves, at least in official usage, are called tflJ~fiJT ktimu-sho "penitentiary" and jljjft1fiJT kiichi-sho "detention center." The lockup for persons being held in police custody for interrogationis called a W~~ ryiichi-jd. Japanese law provides for three primary classes of punishment:death (?EtflJ shikei), imprisonment (:J)tm togoku), and fines(fil~ bakkin). Of the second form, two subcategories are distinguished: confinement (~Iim kinko) without forced labor and imprisonment at forced labor (JtI:~ chiiekii.
tl~ (oryO) embezzlement -1 / ofT -1 l'-.lj)( 51 ~ tinsaidii-torihikiy insider trading 'lrff: (hainin) breach of trust &m. (datsuzei) tax evasion RtllJXlIfi(zoshu-wm) giving and accepting bribes RtllIfi (z6wai) offering bribes lJXlIfi (shuwai) accepting bribes
;;r-lEj(~ifjl-1t ifusei-shikin-jokay money laundering in the public sector is The general term for corruption
40.-1lF>f'ii~OO*c!::53i~(7)~vyt:'tm* :>t~:!J3I;t, !JltEf,i]~)iJTfL ~\iT;6', OO"%t*,JJli~t~nQ7;iE"t'i"o Ototoshi fuhii-nyiikoku to goto no utagai de tsukamatta otoko wa, genzaikiichi-sho ni imasu ga, raigetsu jikoku e kyosei-siikan sareruyotei desu.
*Jl
The man Who was caught illegally entering Japan and committing
~ed robbery is still in the detention center, but next month he IS to be deported to his country of origin. t k)'ose"Sokan: deportation
..fu~o.n)'iikoku: illegal immigration
41. B*\:'I;t, ?EJflJrEJ ~~tflJi" Q t~ bf) fLf;tr!5::k ~;6;?EJflJ*AfT~~* N' l'::EIl~i1fIi"~'J!;6';b I) *i"o
ihonde wa, shikei-shii 0 shokei suru lame ni wa homu-daijin ga In shikei-shikk6_reijoni in 0 osu hitsuyo ga arimasu.
Japan, it is necessary for the justice minister to affix his seal to the death warrant before a condemned convict can be executed.
.. shikei-shikJcij.reij6: death warrant
oshoku, lit. "sullying (one's) office," cf. ~~I!Ji.JJ::~ boshi-hii "Corrupt Practices Prevention Act" (above). 39. 8*(7)~~~li~:fJJ~{.& <, iJt~l:lIfiM-~~ltt.: I');j: C'..,.. ~$#I:~ ~~ t tL;j: 1t\~{,i&m*l: "?It\~ lif: -J li'6 Nihon no kiimuin wa hyoban ga yoku, metta ni wairo 0 nado suru oshoku-jiken ni makikomarenai ga, tsuite wa s6 wa ienai.
42. ~~ilI!~~ L- "(~~J.lc?EmHaJ:lbnt~*I*J.~km;t, IlI.shL9ljflH'::~itl:>n* L-t~to
2iF-(7)~
CIt IVa, ninen no kinko-kei ni shoseraremashita.
u'Unten 0 shite kashitsu-chishi-zai ni towareta naitii nanae
~ged with involuntary manslaughter while driving drunk, anae Naito was sentenced to two years in prison.
104 Law and Justice tsumi ni towareru: to be accused of (charged with) a crime
Law and Justice
t 05
t shosuru: condemn, sentence
43. tJT!3E13Jtj{;iiitl~ *fti:HU'dtili,
~~~.~~~ 46 t-f ~Iv I: '::)1.,\
,,(,
iD*:if(&"t'~~3:hJl
7*1~Q).flJ~~~lt~Gte.
Shin-jiyu-to moto-fuku-kanjichii sato toshiki wa, senkyo-ihantk "" san-ka-getsu; shikkO-yiiyo ichi-nen no hanketsu 0 ukemashita. Toshiki Sato, former deputy secretary general of the New Fl'eI!daa Party, has been sentenced to three months imprisonlllelt it election violations, with a one-year suspension.
shilckO-yiiyo: sentence suspension
JJisIlISU
~3!Et ~ h -:> "( Ii\}., of ? 't'T
~~~fi~~~~:~-:>~~~A.~
0
wa hantoshi-mae ni hokkaido-ryokii-chii ni yukue-fumei ni natta ginkii-in hayase mitsuko-san ni tsuite sosa 0 okonatte iru so desu. '!be police are reportedly conducting an investigation concerning MitsukoHayase, a bank employee who disappeared on a trip to Hokkaidoa half year ago.
yukue_-fumei: become a missing person t sOsa: mvesllgabon
44. :ij!"t'~)lI!160:\=-tl ~I:i:! GtdV;t,
~l&~nte.
,.u*I~#Il~ -o "( 15J1fI1Q.>1
Kuruma de jisoku hyaku-rokujukkiro 0 dashita ani wa, keisata tsukamatte jiigo-man-en no bakkin 0 torareta. My elder brother was caught driving at 160 kilometers per hour the police and fined 150,OOO. The policeman who clocks you or your elder brother speeding is most likely to be an ordinary 3'Eim~::fE kiitsii'_ "traffic cop." In the fictional world of Japan's many policeD mas, the dashing investigator may be called 'Iflj$ ~ Iv keift lit. "Mr. Detective," at least by some of the shadier characllll. but in reality, the term is closer in spirit to the Americanthan the Japanese system. A junsa's superiors, in asee'" order, are as follows:
To end on a more positive note, we might consider some of the rights (fffflj kenri) secured by the postwar constitution to all
persons charged with criminal offenses:
iBif t.t.1!l~j~ ~
It }.,~flj (jinsoku na saiban 0 ukeru kenri) theright to a speedy trial 1t'.IA ~ iRMi-t }.,~flj (bengo-nin 0 irai suru kenrii the right to counsel 0Il1lm*,jQ)~flj (kokai-saiban no kenrit the right to a public trial ~ftltl (mokuhi-ken) the right to remain silent -$IfNJI (ichiji-fu-sairi) protection against repeated prosecution
iiK1!E:ll(jullsa-chif) senior policeman iiK1!E$:ll (junsa-buchif) police sergeant
.$~(keibu-ho) assistant police inspector .$ (keibu) police inspector
The difference between -$~:j'I}lI ichiji-fu-sairi and the Anglo-Saxonconcept of double jeopardy is that in Japan the JlIOsecution is allowed to retry a defendant in the higher courts onthebasis of judicial error.
7. t 1vt.t.~M~~[!J~'t'll1F~ ~:dl.t.:A't'
'b, :1f-~A~ftt~-t
J.>fffflj
.m (keislti) superintendant
.m:ll
miE (keishi-sel) senior superintendant
.mttt (keishi-kan) superintendant supervisor .m~m(keishi-sokan) superintendant general

45. r.j:R~ttQ)/',f'I;t, to~b I) ~ IvtiJ
;6;-g-o "( It'"~ T;6;, ;;$: ~lH;t ~ Q) -=f Q) to~
(keishi-chO)chief superintendant
~~::,:: t ~$n "('i~ ~ i-tt/vo .. Ulnkokuna hanzai de uttaerareta hito de mo, bengo-nin 0 " II'Qi suru kenri ga aru koto 0 wasurete wa narimasen . e rnu t not forget that no matter how heinous the crime with whichone is charged, everyone has the right to counsel.
C: Ij\ ~ Iv l;t,
"t't' J:. "Kentarii-kun no papa wa, omawari-san da" to sei no jinan ga itte imasu ga, hontii wa ano ko no keishi-chii nan desu yo. Our second son, a second year primary schoolboY, says
Chapter
VII
Business and Economics
In theLi Chi (:tLllc,1. raild) or Record of Rituals, the last of the Chinese Five Classics (second Century B.C.), we find the following: ;tMmHHL~UB;;~U. Rendered into Japanese and English, Ibis becomes:
Itt-$t~:L:tLH~~:-ttt~i.a;;~UJ.:,o Zai 0 saki ni shi rei 0 nochi ni sureba tami musaboru. When (the ruler) places wealth above virtue, his subjects will likewise grow greedy. Whetherthis admonition has any relevance to contemporary Japan, there is clearly no doubt about the importance of M zai "tnoney,wealth, assets, finance" as one of several word eleIllents crucial to the world of Japanese business and economics. IttJlc (zaisei) public finance, economy (cf. Ch. 3) 1tt1J (zairyoku) financial resources Itt~ (zaimu) financial affairs Itt W. (zaikai) business/financial world Itt~ (zaisan) property, estate Ittl{ (zaika) money and property, commodities Ittli.!!(l.aidan) foundation, endowment Ittil (zaigen) financial resources
lli"1Bl (zaibatsu) financial combine/clique, zaibatsu
~ (rizai) economy, finance
tr.lit (ka~zai) administration of assets
:lIt *lIt
lit (sh1zai)private funds (kazaOhousehold belongings (shihon-zai) capital goods

107
108
Business
and Economics
109
Of the two readings for the character, zai and sai, the by far the more common. In fact, the only major exception ~ saifu "purse, wallet."
I) ;fJ Cl) ~ 'b :k ~ ~ r,,"IHi ~~#~~L~tLi?~~c~~~~~ Onfru-.~en~ei.ni yoru to, amerika no n:wttomo okina mondai'" akaji-zaisei de wa nakute, kazoku-seido ga h6kai shite s~ koto da so desu. Acco~g to Professor O'Neill, America's biggest problem is deficit finances but rather the breakdown of the familysystem
1.
:t.::. - Jv$t;:. I: J: 1.> C, 7 j.
~~~<~,
~*'Itt
shellfish, money) sugthe meaning of the first character in it: zaisan may be ~e~tood as "financial assets." The second character, which contains the "lifelbirth" radical (:.), may be glossed as "proper" though in other contexts it means "production." No less at, it is a common element in words related to business.
IS
As the semantic element in .!If (~
tn
net_
akaji: deficit t hOkai suru: to collapse, disintegrate
2. B:;$:Cl):kH:kc 7 j. I) ;fJCl)M~*-gCl)P1i'i':iI:~i'1.>.l* ~L~\t'~\t'~cli~?'!.:~LJ: 10 Nihon no okura-daijin to amerika no zaimu-chokan no endoJra II kansuru iken ga itchi shite inai koto wa tozen desho. It would seem only natural that the Japanese Finance Ministtt II1II the American Secretary of the Treasury would have differeII views regarding the appreciation of the yen. f1.l:it:Cl);tltlW~ < t.:.~ "'0 J "Otosan, watashi ni zaisan no wakemae 0 kudasai." "Father, give me the portion of the property that is to be l1li& (Luke 15: 12, The Prodigal Son)
3.
$tit (shisan) property, assets iii (isan) inheritance :ftJJi (judosan) immovable property, real estate lit (dosan) movable property 1f1t~k& (yusan-kaikyu) bourgeosie, propertied classes (cf.
Ch.3)
"i~k& (musan-kaikyiq proletariat jfii (kyosan) common property, Communist

The more active sense of the word is illustrated in the following:
r i3~ ~,A."
!l:.i (seisan) production !tBt::t.J(tl) (seisan-ryoku/-sel) productivity l~ (sangyo) industry

illIll-fr1* (sangun-fukugo-tai) military-industrial complex ''ll-fr1* (sankan-fukugii-tai) government-industrial complex i~ (sanbutsu) product .~ tno-sanbutsuy agricultural products *Bt~ (sui-sanbutsu) aquatic products ~~ (kai-sanbutsu) marine products ~~ irin-sanbutsuy forest products ti:!!m (kO-sanbutsu)mineral products i/:li (sanshutsu) output iii(sangaku) amount of production iiJ!J(I!l) (san'yu[-kokuJ) oil producing (countries) .~ (beisan) rice production .~ (chi/cusan) animal husbandry ~l (kokusan)Japanese-made I!ll: (gaikoku-san) foreign-made
* wakemae: share, portion
i t':'~~I:M ~ nt~ c lii';t i -It Iv. Semen no zaibatsu wa, mada kanzen ni kaitai sareta to wa iemtUIIL It cannot be said that the financial combines of the prewar period have been entirely liquidated.
4. ~lWCl)itlfjlli,
* kaitai suru: dismantle, dissolve
5. ::t-i$~~~, JlX~m-I:;iln~,,';?'nt~7 j. I) :tJ@ifJ~Q) ACl)t~~I:, 7Jv7v:/ r+' T7f7.::.~;?qiJ.it~~t"(' 1 c L ~\t'1.>1llI~~li, ~? c~mCl)t)cO;?rt~-t;, 1.1...1.: Taiheiyo-senso-chii, shiiyii-jo ni tsurete ikareta amen~-sIri kaigan no nikkei-jin no tame ni, arufureddo-nagata:w shizai 0 tojite tateyo to shite iru hakubutsu-kan wa, y gen no medo ga tachimashita. Alfred Nagatani, who has invested his own money i~ an build a museum for West Coast internment camps during the Pacific War, is on the realizing his dream .
shiiyO-jo: a concentration (internment) camp t 16jiru: throw. cast, inve I jitsugen: materialization,realization '0 medo: aim, goal; medo ga tatsu goal comes into sight
110 Business and Economics
III
6./~7")v:bflitltt.:1~, IICIvt'(7)lf'th~Ii1t.~idIi.'l-* Ifi Lt.:o Ba~u:u ga hajiketa ato, hotondo no fudiisan wa okiku sagemashita: sm~anta.l Since the bubble burst, property values have fallen enormOUSly
7. 82f;:c
fora shift in emphasis from the defense to the aircraft industry. Thesecond element in ~~ sangyii also has a wide range of gtaning:"business, trade, enterprise." 1-1')'[." jy Iv :1"10
'./"t"T Qo
J-:1' './t.lt~TtLlt,
t: IiV'
-::> t.:? l~
EI(7)t.t It'$~* ~;W:b{, ~::bt,
t_:?
t:; :;:I. l'
#tIJ~~l1:bfi'itIt'(7)'i"'I"h ,- ..../
Nihon to. do~tsu 0 hikaku-sureba, rod6-seisan-sei ga lakoi yahari doitsu desu ne. 110
,I13.? -c
In a ~o~paris<:mbetween Japan and Germany, it is GennanYIhll

still higher
In
, A (7)lfi.:btb ~(,fI..(7)$~t':? tz; ~ff:b\ bt.:L(7)$~t':?t.:o J
t: L (7)$~t_:?
t: (7)t.:o ~~(7)tMfIJ
"lff::bt, !::'tL{J
labor productivity.
8. .:r ~ Iv Ii, li 7 :7 './ A (7)'7 l' './ ~~jt!H: 11Iv t_: .: Ufl) T:bf, '7 l' './ I: -::> It' l Ii J: < 9io I? t.t It, J: -7 "t"To Tsuruko-san. wa, minamifu~ans,! no wain-seisan-chi ni .... koto ga anmasu go, wam ru tsuite wa yoku shiranai yo de.. Although Tsuruko has lived in the wine-producing region of", ern France, she does not seem to know very much about wiDe. 9..8 2f;:g!t"t" Ii fOO~t~~J c ~It' i T:bt, fGNPJ tim (; tt Nihongo de wa "kokumin-so-seisan" to iimasu go, "GNP" molJifi-
"Shikashi, anta wa itsu datte nukeme no nai jigyo-ka datta, jtikobu ... " "Jigyodatte..., hito no michi ga watashi no jigyo datta no da. KOIcyo nofukuri ga watashi no jigyo datta. Jizen go, jihi ga, kan 'yo fO. hakuai ga, doremo watashi nojigyo datta. " These, in Japanese translation, are well-known words from OJarIes Dickens' Christmas Carol: "Butyou were always a good man of business, Jacob ... " "Business!"cried the Ghost. .. "Mankind was my business; the common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, IIId benevolence,were, all, my business." ligyo is but one of several business-related words contain-
masu.
The Japanese term ~ku"!in-so-seisan [gross national product] used [when speaking In Japanese] but "GNP" is also IIJIIIrr. stood. ' 10. 7.f. 1) :tJ:b'I? (7)#E~~(7)~A tft~l: E! 83ft L l t, lii\*t 7.1{~ < t_: 7:J -70 Amerika kara no no-sanbuu no yunyii 0 kanzen ni jiyu-ka s/iII 1M, kokusai-shushi wa kuroji ga tsuzuka dard. Even if imports of American agricultural products were totally. eralized, the Japan-US trade surplus would probably contiDIJI.
'" kokusai-shiishi: balance of payment t kokuji: surplus
oo.U
ing I. Here, for example, are the first four words entered under
"business" in Kenkyusha's New English-Japanese Dictionary:
'~ (jilsugyO) industry, business
illi~ (shOgyo)commerce, trade, business

I~ (shokugyo) occupation, business, line of work ~~ (kagyo) family business
I canalso appear by itself:

~t~~,*."t"D~7~.i.*L~.G~i~cL~0 aoml ~a, daigaku de roshia-bungaku 0 senkii shita ato hon 'yaku o KYo 10 shita. Afterspecializing in Russian literature at her univer ity, Naomi tOOk up translating as a profession. Other Compounds with the character include:
1'- 1) A (7)~~!lt~frJ.l;I.mr(7)*&!~ffil:i*HI'~,*~~? iTo Watashi wa igirisu no sangyo-kakumei-izen no kalei-seikJJISII fukai kyomi 0 motte imasu. I have deep interest in English family life as it was before die dustrial revolution.
) 1. fl.li
L l, /, ~ )v " './fW:lijt}jitT ~~~U~I::1J t AtL.:!>': c t.:E~ L lit' i To Reisen ga_owaru koto 0 yoso shite, haminuon-hakass wa sangyo kara kOkU-ki-sangyo ni chikara 0 ireru koto 0 shite imasu. Sensing the end of the Cold War, Dr. Hamilton has been
12. /'f1~:bf~.:!>.: c t7~
W. (gyo/cai) the business world ~ (gyomu) business (matters), work . (gyoseki) business results
1P~ (kigyo) enterprise, corporation
Business and Economics 112 Business and Economics
113
-g~ fF~
(kilngyo) govemment enterprise, monopoly (sagyo) work, operation (hongyo) main occupation
,kPil;l:, 1f7J'; iffi-.t1Sm c L "( ~;
tl "( It';t:"t
wa, mukashi kara shogyo-toshi to shite shirarete imasu.
*_
jlHl
I_ I~ ftI~
(sogyO) starting a business -g~($) (eigyo{-buJ) running a business / sales department .f*~ (kyiigyo) suspension of business operations, holiday ~_ (shiigyO) employment (kOgyo) manufacturing industry (jii-kOgyo) heavy industry (kei-kOgyo) light industry ~ (nogyO) agricultural industry (gyogyo) fishing industry
osaka has long been known as a commercial city. 16IJ,$t:R L 7J'til t.d' -? t: mill ~ ":7Jf':: Iv;oj:1::ll:.i*;oj:l-'* I:;oj: 1.> I:: 1;1: r t .I(!.I, b ;oj: 7J'-? t: "t' L .t '? 0 ShOgakko shika denakatta tanabe-san ga konna n~ rippa na kigyolea IIi naru to wa dare mo omowanakatta desha. Who wouldhave thought that Mr. Tanabe, a mere primary school graduate,would wind up such a captain of industry? 17. t-7';; /\ 17-~!f7J{8 *Q)~M-'Q): l~~~JilI: 01t' "( ~,t.:*li, 8*~I:t~~tl"(It'1.>-t"-?"t'"to
(Jdenilaimii-kyojuga nihon no tekko-gyo no kigen ya hatten ni (suitekaita hon wa, nihon-go ni mo yakusarete iru so desu.
iI_
~~
#~ (ringyo) forestry industry k.It~ (sen'i-gyo) textile industry
~' I:_ ~jiJ_

~:ii~
~~~ ~~~
(kOgyo) mining industry (yosan-gyO) sericulture, silk industry (tekkOgyo) steel industry
k seem that Professor Odenheimer's book on the origins and development of Japan's steel industry has even been translated intoJapanese. 18. 'J I) ;; I- :/jJ;!(lili, 7:J. 1):tJQ)~!l~W~:-:~ L "(It' i "t7Jf, to) J: ? ;oj:~Fll1i$~ J: ~ 1 T:t a .: -I:~-?It' "( It' 1.>c .I(!.I, It'
Kurintoll-seiken wa, amerika no seiyaku-gyokai 0 kogek: shite imasuga, sono yo na hinan wa jijitsu yori ideorogi ni motowife iru to omoimasu.
i i'
il!l:ii_ (shuzo-gyo) brewing/distilling industry cf. iil

jozo-gyo brewing industry (seizo-gyO) manufacturing industry (seitetsu-gyO) iron industry (seishi-gyO) paper-making industry ~~!l (seiyaku-gyO) pharmaceutical industry ;r- ~7-. ~ (siibisu-gyO) service industry
The Clinton administration is blasting the American pharmaceuticalindustry, but I think such attacks are based more on ideology than on facts. i!li7t shobai (lit. commerce-sale), yet another word for "trade, business,"contains two more important word elements. "The ~gs of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehenSive ocean of my business!" says Marley's ghost to Scrooge. ~ Japanese translation reads: riffi?l:..tQ)~~ I;oj: 1vi'li, Jt:k1!!J; "LO)*iIt 1: 'b It' -? '" ~.-. Q)-~ Q)* I:"t >g;oj: 7J> -o t.: Q)t: 0 J
~ShObai-jono torihiki nanzo wa, kOdai-muhen no taikai to
Read as native Japanese waza, -. also meanS "act, cJced, works, trick." The older Sino-Japanese (go-on) reading go bill ~uddhi~~ meaning quite removed from ordinary co~ k~a. Thus, whereas yadoya-gyo refers to the ..busmess, shukugii refers to one's fate, as influenced by dID consequences of a previous existence. 14.~li, 7:J.1):tJQ)*~;oj:~:;;f,7-.' 7-.:7-)vQ)~~~H. "(7J';, :m!6"(~~,w.~:[ti]It,"(It';oj:It'':: c 1:~7J{-?~ 1. t. Imoto wa, amerika no yiimei na bijinesu-sukiau no .
m-.
mJ.:-'
mo
I14belci jigyo no itteki no mizu ni suginakatta no da ." Compounds 'Nllh if!j sho include iffi~ shogyo "commerce," illustrated above, as Wellas the following:
Illili (shOsha)trading company Illi~ (shamu) commercial affairs

iIlitfl, (shahin) merchandise iIli16 (sholen) shop, store illi16lj(shaten-gai) shopping area
oete kara, hajimete jitsugyo-kai
ni muite inai koto nI
tsukimashita. My younger sister got an MA from a famous businesS America and realized only then that the business world for her.
Businessand Economics 115
ifljii; (shOho) way of doing business / commercial law (cl Ch.6) ifljA (shonin) merchant imiflj(tsilsho) commerce, trade imiflj~*~ (tsiish6-sangyo-shO) Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI = tSilsan-shO) ~ifIj (oroshisho) wholesaler +J'ciflj (kouri-sho) retailer ~~ifIj (bijutsu-shO) art dealer
The native reading of if!jis akina(u) "trade, deal in": f1.Ii.:.:-eiO$J;J...tif!j"'>a:~'?-cv'i-to .

~~tashj wa koko de jii-nen iji5akinai 0 yatte lmasu. Ihave been doing business here for over ten years. The (somewhat archaic) native word corresponding to i6i_A sJrijnin "merchant" is likewise written if!j A, but the pronunciation is akindo, a contraction of akibito (akinau hito). ~e~er anakindo of yore or a modem if!jU7 /' shiisha-man trading company employee," those engaged in the world of commerce areever dependent on (the state of) the economy or *Im(t't~) keizai(-jotai). Here are only some of the many compounds in which this key term appears:
~7~H ...ll!J~1...t.::WEB ~ lvIi, *~>a:$~ l-c~'t;,iffitl:l:A '? -C, 2$1&1: li.:c A 7 '7 I:i*:lft ~ t1.. i L tz; Roshia-go 0 senki5 shita yamada-san wa, daigaku 0 sotsugyO sIrR 19.
0
kara sIWsha ni haitte, ni-nen-go ni wa mosukuwa ni haken.JeWmashita. Mr. Yamada, a Russian major, entered a trading company whenbe graduated from university and was posted to Moscow two years later.
fl~w. (keizai-kai) economic world/circles

i~A (keizai-jin) homo oeconomicus
i~*OO (keizai-taikokui economic giant i~'I!IIJjtkeizai-hiisoku) economic law/principle fl~1*-iUlJtkeizai-taiseii economic system i~Jilt~ (keizai-seichO) economic growth flifi:1J (keizai-ryoku) economic strength iifiB;!(. (keizai-seisaku) economic policy iifilllm (keizai-kikoj economic structure iifi-f*IDEtkeizai-hoshiiy econornic security iifim:lIl (keizai-kiki) economic crisis iifi~~ (keizai-kyoko) economic panic iififtllG(~) tkeizai-sen]so]) economic warfare
20. ~B3 ~ 1v17):J!: ~ lvIi, 7'7 /' A ~l7)r~17)7 Jv-rllliii;I:fUil, i t1.. -c, '::-''AI7)~UI: It' 0 It' ~~~>a:iJ'lt-c L i v' i t.,t
Tomita-san no okusan wa, furansu-sei no shitagi no maruchi-Bllilli ni makikomarete, go-shujin no kaisha ni iroiro meiwalal0 kakete shimaimashita. Mr. Tomita's wife got involved in a pyramid scheme to sell FreocIl underwear and wound up causing her husband's companya lot of trouble.
Ii , jJ T 7'" 17) if!j it 17).ll!J -e -t 0 Kaneda-sensei wa, kanada no shoho no senmon-ka desu. Professor Kaneda is an expert on Canadian commercial law. 21. 16: B3
*1:.
r, *
n~1-7A~717) r~=AI7)if!jAJ~. l' A ~ t;,v' Ht~' I:'&1J9(; t rIt'.o ii' >b ~t1.. i 1t Iv~{. Hl.i" 1!tR,17) &~ 7'" l'A..1l!.~.C -c Ii 7J: ~ i 1t Ivo ..NrtIIIShekusupia no "Benisu no shiinin" wa, erizabesu-lidai no '- __ jin-girai 0 tashika ni han 'ei shite iru kamo shiremasen ~ wa nijusseiki no han-yudaya-shiso to machigaete wa sen. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice may very well reflect bethan antipathy toward Jews, but such should not be with twentieth century anti-Semitism.
~~~~A~~~~' 25.r*!~*OO8*J
;t_, ~
0
r"'~;t
U)1:.m7kr!ilcf t1..li c'(;1:j < Ii 7J: It, c ~ t. -c It'.o 8 *AiI{~'"
b,-?~~)C/pJ>a:v'<
t;,fiI'IiI'~t1..-C>b, El5t
t!.
Nippon" to iu kimari-monku 0 ikura kikasa~ete no seikatsu-suijun ga sore hodo takaku wa nal to kanjiteiru nihon-jin ga oi daro. o ~tte~ how often they may hear the cliche "Japan, econon;lic ~ant, many Japanese must feel that their own standard of liv26 lUg is not very high.
'ttizai-~oku
mo, jibun
23.
0 atsukau bijutsu-sho desu. My wife is an art dealer dealing in East Asian art.
*p;j liJtn$~.wjH& Kanai wa toyo-bijutsu
-?~*llli-e-t
~~~~~IvI7)~~~Iv~,
8*I7).mWI7)~~~-el~0
IIcdhlko-san no otiisan wa, Nihon no keizai-kai no yuryoku-sha eshita.
J 16 Business and Economics
Machiko's father was a powerful figure in Japanese economic

27.
=E7RJIU)~*W.*, iTo
t:pOO'i~ffi,\!t:m.t
~*I~JiX;iH'~.
Mo-taku-to no shikyo irai, chiigoku wa seiji-shiso yori seicho 0 kyochO shite imasu: Ever since the death of Mao Zedong, China has been puttiua.. nomic growth ahead of political ideology. Those who remember learning from introductory counea the "dismal science" (lit. ~~t.,:~r,,' inki na gakumon) dill "economy" derives from Greek oikonomia "household ~ ment" may well wonder how the combination of *I "lonsitude. warp; pass through, govern" and ~ "end, settle" can yield die Sino-Japanese term for the same. In fact, *~ keizai is nally a contracted form of gt!t~.a: keisei-saimin, lit. "gown the world [nation], save the people." As an advocate of laissez-faire (13 El311l1:f:.t.*jiyii-hiJrD. shugi), Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations (r fukoku-ron) and founder of classical economics (J!J .... koten-keizai-gaku), might have thought that the idea smacbGf "controlled economy" (~fIjIJg~ tiisei-keizaii. One can oaIy wonder what he might have thought of the following: (keikaku-keizai) planned economy 7 g~ (burokku-keizai) bloc economy g~'1Jtf (keizai-kanryo) economic bureaucrat *afl ~::tft (hogo-biJeki-shugi) protectionism ./:l:i~Iilb~ (yushutsu-shorei-kin) export subsidy Il~Hlti!l!r (kanzei-shOheki) tariff barrier ;lF~fJilll!r (hi-kanzei-shOheki) non-tariff barrier MA!JJ~ftlU (yunyu-wariate-sei) import quota system ~tfj (/) ::t~$iJ (yushutsunojishu-kisel) voluntaryexport~ "/0
'l
g;.kIPIzei-shOhekimo fukumete subete no hogo-boeki-shugi no shudan0 haishi subeki desu. . " trade protection in all its forms, including fie Sbould eliminate non-tariffbamers.
". 7j~~0).*~~t""(, i To
~ [... "(It'
B*O)~.~~~.lliO).t.
AJntrika no Yo.ky~ni ojite: nihon no jidii-sha-sangyo wa yushutsu nojishu-kisel 0 shite tmasu. . . In responseto American demands, the Japanese automobile industry bas accepted voluntary export quotas. No discussion of matters related to mammon would be complete without mention of 1fi "gold, metal, money," w~ose many compounds relevant to our subject include the following:
~*{it (kin-hon'ii gold standard
ittg~
(kindate) the gold basis, quotations in gold (kin-yushutsu) gold export ~iI! (kinsen) money, cash ~. (kingaku) amount of money ~flJ (kinri) interest ~ti (kinken) power of money ~~i!;!(ro (kinken-seiji) money politics ~jj{ (kinsaku) raising money ~M (kin'yu) circulation of money, money market
~}l""(
~.1iI
. The last example here, 1fi1H (lit. "gold melting / liquidalion"), is itself a phrase-formant:
~MjI!. (kin 'yu-kai) the financial world
iMll~
(kin 'yii-kikan) financial institution
.7..f.':li, U~.t.~~""t'~J., iI'c'? iI'b-/),t} !vii!, lilil'I::6tg~0)~,~tt ~.t.~ [...""(v' i To J. K. garubureisu-shi wa, shakai-shugisha de aru ka dii '!JJ masen ga, tashika ni keikaku-keirai no hitsuyo-set 0 shite imasu. I don't know whether John Kenneth Galbraith is a socialist but he certainly insists on the necessity of a planned 29. ilFlllIfJilll!r ~ ~N')""(~""( O)f(~,*iIi.t.~O)~Ei ~~Jl: 28. J.K. ff )v/v1
ilUIUl (kin 'yii-soshikii banking system i_i!;!(1!i (kin'yu-seisaku) financial policy titJf:<$: (kin 'yii-shihony financial capital i_~lO (kin 'yu-kanwa) easy money t.SI*t1l'.> ikin'yii-hikishimev tight money
31 .t.1 ;q~~.(/)"'" ""/' ~ _ /'""t' Ii ii' t.,: ~ Q)1fitfiilf i
0
t: C ,~,
~~'ITo
To
bOkumetsuno kyanpen de wa kanan no kingaku ga atsumatta to omoimasu.
I think a lot of money was collected in the cam . AIDS. paign to

.. bokumetsu: destruction, stamping out
I wanted to go to the bank and withdraw s?me money, ~I~ouldn't find either my cash card or my dePOSItbook.
...-la
(7)if;f(m*Ii. B*O) r 1fiffiif;f(mJ ~ It'"? 'b~F. L"t 13~(7)if;f(m~~Ii c'':' 73' (7)il'l_1? ~, Ano seiji-ka wa, nihon no "kinken-seiji" 0 itsumo hi
32. ~
I?*~
,tl.- -rlt' ~tLr~ Ivt.:. -s ilf, ~ Iv ~:rr.i*~*(7)~Jb'fi~ "" 'cfl':.AtLt.:.(7) il' L I?o. . .
~n
~J
.~
no ni,jibun no seiji-shikin wa doko kara kuru no lIIall That politician is constantly deno.uncing Japanese "mone but I wonder where he gets his own political fundinl
. ':t:f~ ~~ikin "~~ds, in noninitial position:
capital" is one of many examples fi
*1t (taikin) an enormous sum of money ~1t (genkin) cash Hi1t (yokin) bank deposit J...1t (nyiikin) payment, deposit JlT1t(chokin) savings flj1t (shakkin) debt ilK1t(kenkin) contribution ~1t (atama-kin) down payment ~1t (shikikin) deposit (e.g., for rent) fL1t (reikin) honorarium, esp. as moving-in money to a IaDdlord
shite iru rei,,?~san-tachl g~ anna nppa na Ie no atama. ideringthe debts that Reiko and her family have, I wonder ~w they got hold of the money for the down payment on such asplendidhouse. It\( 1?8*(7)'ill/1ftt.:c B"?-r'b. '::(7).): oJ ~5!1./J,~(7)t.:.bOl': 6 17. 11 JJ ~(7) rtL~J ~:f.l.oJ ~ Iv -r c oJ L -r b_;;f~ c .~.It' i 1" 0 Jhua ninon no shiikan da to itte mo, kono yo na usagl:go~a no tame ni rokka-getsu-bun no "reikin" 0 harau nante, doshite mo Jut6da to omoimasu. . No matterhow much they say that it's a Japanese custom, I think the idea of paying six months "courtesy money" to the landlord for such a rabbit hutch is outrageous. 38 . m:~1t~i]1 ~.t.lf~':: c Ii, -{ /'7 vt':11"t'"Ii;>j: < :.J;tj(~~
kin 0 do yatte te m Ireta no kashira.
t.:
~~.$~.bO~.~~~~~i1"o
__
Sai/ei-chingin 0 hikiageru koto wa, injure dakede ~a nakushosiiminzokuno shitsugyo-ritsu 0 takameru gen'in nl mo nanmasu. Raising the minimum wage not only causes inflation but also raises the rate of unemployment among minorities. The words for compensation with which most readers of
~1t (nenkin) annuity, pension it1t (chingin) wages (note the shift from k to g)
33.f.l.t.:. -s ilftjl L t: (7) li*1fi"eli ~ It' 11c'. ~Ii I') #it Lit' b J: Watashi-tachi ga son shita no wa taikin de wa nai kedo. yoJtIIi kuyashii wa yo. Even though the money we lost was no great fortune, it hurtsjull the same. 34.7 v:J'Y l-:lJ-l-H~oJ B*Ailf"1Q::ilI::!.t1.z.iLt.:.ilf. fa =!L1t'<:Ii i t':~~"t'"T 0 Kurejitto-kiido 0 tsukau nihon-jin ga saikin fuemashita gao JulSi til shiharai de wa mada genkin desu. The number of Japanese using credit cards has increased but the usual means of payment is still cash. 35. II"F BiIHl'il' I?.t3~~"51 ~ Iil-f oJ c.\!'. :d.:. (7)I':. ;:f",,"1 ~ ~ Kino ginkO kara okane 0 hikidaso to omotta no ni, ",,,,, .. n..-mo yokin-tsiicho mo mitsukaranakute kmnnl-1masnIIiU.
this book will be familiar are likely to end in ~ kyu "supply,"

read~ oJ tamau "give, grant" in native Japanese.
~.!j. (kyiiyo) allowance, wages
~f!I. (kyiiryo) pay

8 ~ (nikkyii) daily wages
i~ (shiikyii) weekly pay
Jl ~ (gekkyii) monthly salary

~~ (nenkyii) annual salary ,Il!,~(onkyii) (civil service) pension ilt~ (kOkyii)high salary ~~ (mukyU)unpaid ll~ (yiikyU)paid ll~f*1fjl (yiikyii-kyiika) paid holiday 39. 1ii-J!i.~Q)~ftli7)'~ I') 1!3:1t'~, b ~tL~ It'ilt. ~ ~ Iv 'b III It' -r I "'J..il'I?-*(7)ttll:LJ...'i!!:< Iif.:It't':~-)o. . 8arashi_kunno kyiiryo wa kanari hikui kamo shirenai ga, okusan
~~Hi*~~'b."?~I?~<"tml')iL~o
121
mo hataraite iru kara ikka no so-shunyu wa waruku daro. "Igarashi's pay may be rather low, but as his wife is also w their combined gross income is probably not all that bad.
* s6shiinyii: gross income

}v7
40. 25~rdnl(*"t'"7
~)E~I:
-)-e+,
~?
t.:llif,
A3::fHf~~~~x. "(It't,:~:t9G~I;l fJ 1:307Jp:jq),'eI,*ft~ b I? -? .: c I.:>:t~~t
!J1.$i1 (zeisei) tax system jjI,$ (zeiho) method of taxation I tax law jjiJfX (zeishii) tax revenue ~$ (zeiritsu) tax rate jjI,~ (zeimu) tax affairs lJI.f~li (zeimu-sho) tax office jjl,JIIl (zeikan) customs
Nijiigo-nenkan tiidai de marukusu-shugi-keizai-gaku 0 oshie~ iIrI takakura-sensei wa, kyonen teinen ni natta toki, tsuki ni StlIIji. man-en no onkyu 0 morau koto ni natta so desu.
When Professor Takakura retired last year after teaching Mania economics at the University of Tokyo for twenty-five years,he reportedly received a (civil service) pension of 300,OOO I month.
~m(kazei) liable for taxes

.,lJI. (muzei) tax-exempt *,lJI.(.l"o) (menzeil-hin] duty-free (goods)
rJllm (kanzei) customs duty

IRlJI. ("ozei) payment of taxes ~fli (genzei) tax reduction r&m tdatsuzei) tax evasion
ijf~fJl. tshotoku-zei) income tax oom (kokuzei) national taxes It!!nfJI. (chihO-zei)local taxes l~fJI. (jiimin-zei) resident taxes l!I~fJI. itomin-zei) metropolitan taxes lR~fJI. (kumin-reiy ward taxes m~fJI. (shimin-zei) city taxes ImJEJtilf& (kotei-shisan-zei) real estate tax tb1l!fJI. (jidosha-zei) automobile tax
41. fi,.liB~ fJ *ft~ Q)"t'"-f*ao Ii of nt':ltJIXA Ii~Q Q)"t'"T Watashi wa nikkyu-gekkyu na no de yasumeba sore dake shiitryii
0
wa heru no desu. My monthly salary is calculated on a day-to-day basis, so the IDII'C time I take off, the less money I get.
* shiinyii:
income. earnings
Native Japanese verbs for "earn" and "reward" are. (' Ir.asegu and falt'Q mukuiru, respectively. ilif*~'TQ de-/cQsegJ suru refers to the act of leaving one's home in the countrySide to work in a metropolis. I~~T Ii Ell? fa~ J "tokkii wa mizukonl mukuyu" is, in classical or literary form, the Japanese counterpart of "Virtue is its own reward." rWQ)faHHE~ ~J "Tsumi no mukui wa shi nari" says 51 Paul: "The recompense of sin is death," The Greek .wo~ be uses (opsonia) refers originally to soldiers' halleyU "rations." , A similarly grim, albeit more secular, message today .~ be: #~'Q)faHiti~~ ~ kasegi no mukui wa zeikin nan tioIl recompense for earnings is taxes." As we neglected t? men Jjst this further example of a compound containing ~ ill the above, we basten to remedy the omission with detail.ed :: pies, for unless you are a god-like politician, taxes, like are as inevitable in Japan as anywbere else. miJtdIl' The character & zei contains the "grain" radical, a re that the first form of taxation was agricultural. The many it helps to form include the following:
~*S
ffi*1CfJI. (s6zoku-zei) inheritance tax i*AfJI. thojin-zei) corporate tax ~.l1fJ1. ibuppin-zei) excise tax i~.tI. (shOhi-zei)consumer tax ~iltfJI.it:; (ruishin-zeihii) progressive tax system JEtiifJI.$ tteigaku-teiho) flat tax system it1JCfiHifl[& (fuka-kachi-zei) value-added tax (V AT) il;lJtml~tI. (gensen-shotoku-zei) taxation at the source, withholding taxes
il;lJt~~~ii (gensen-ch6shii-gaku) amount of tax withheld il;lJttlllX'fJI.$ (gensen-chOshii-zeiritsu) rate of tax withheld 42lf.X.A1J{'l!r Ii c'&$~~ < t.t 0 cit' -? 1IlIJJ3E(i, ~:it!JJI. , Il'Q ~tn'i-Erlt' I'll
#.;tlij-lih "(It'Qo
Business and Economics I] 4'Q)imOit~~.li$'j:,
123
it; .!::JllI"in "t"1r'.Qo
I!X*O)~OO i::: J:tfi-th'i-~':15;v'o
Shiinyii ga takakereba takai hodo zeiritsu mo takaku ishi . hnaruto;' wa, ruts Im-zel- 0 to yobarete iru. The ~ystem ~hereby tax rates rise as income rises is called sive taxation. ~
~" nogells~n-:c~shu-ritsu wa, iibei no shokoku to hikaku sureba ippan ni hikui. '!be rate at which taxes are .withheld in Japan is generally lower than in Europe and Amenca. On that happy note, we tum finally to various means to let
43. ~ti~uJ.ai4-O)mllilJJ: .Q .!::,1[l.Ir',*To
l:?it;b>Ir.AA$"t', l'iU~ll%::li~lJl~
~.
one's assets grow, ranging from savings accounts to the stock

JJl3fket. Here first are a few essential terms for getting around at one'sneighborhood bank or post office:
.:~~~~~'
koto tu narimashita. ;b> "?tc,
Teigaku-zeihti wa ima no zeisei yori tashika ni kantan d teki ni wa kiihei de mo aru to omoimasu. e, sai.rllif. A flat-~ s~s~em is ce~ain1y simpler than the present system, aadl believe It IS also ultimately fairer.
*~~;~.O)~m$"t'~<~.!::K~~tL
Rumiko-s~n w~, rai?etsu kara kilko no menzei-ten de hatlllYlb Ru~o is going to be working in the airport duty-free shop beginrung next month. 45.:t;~7 f 1) ;b;b> ;M'''? "t"*tc::J:/ ~ .:L -?' 1r.liOOm;6':b>J~1l Kyonen amerika kara motte kita konpyiita ni wa kanzei ga IcaJrimInakatta. I didn't have to pay any customs duty on the computer I l>rou&I' from America last year, 46. OOmli~ 'l?~ .!::tk"?"t"Ir'"t"'b, ~l\';m~rPl\';mHJ.,,?/t~!:1) Kokuzei wa kichinto haratte ite mo, kumin-zei ya shimin-%,Ii 0 haratta koto no nai gaikoku-jin ga oi yo desu. There appear to be many foreigners who pay national taxes as ~ should but who have never paid ward taxes or metropolitlP taxes.
iJ!fi'J:J.1ti:[J~ (ginki5-yakin-koza) bank account iEltIlffi1ti: (teiki-yokin) fixed deposit, time deposit timffi1ti: (jutsii-yokin) ordinary account ~~ffi1ti: (toza-yakin) checking account fJli:1ti:flJ (yakin-kinri) interest rate on savings account fJli:~i'ii (yakin-zandaka) bank balance li:i2>.;Ij. (jurikami) bank transfer 'f'fit-+ (tesii-ryO)handling fee ~ L1ti: (kashikin) loan, cf. it L tI:l L kashidashi, 0 -;,- ron
"loan"
:t'ttl:l1ti:flJ (kashidashi-kinri) loan rate

{!~ 0 - ;,-(jiitaku-ron) housing loan )'j.OO~t!} (gaikoku-kawase) foreign exchange i!1ti: (sokin) (lit. send-money) remittance (+ suru) t61~ltT~(yiibin-chakin) postal savings t3t)r~:t.l..~(jidi5-shiharai-ki) automatic teller machine
tllr'9I-OO}...;6:;~Ir'J: ? "t'To
~.~m~~~m~m~U?k~K~O) ~*~.O)e~~~
Noda-san wa siizoku-zei a harau tame ni ano warabuki-yane no II o utte shimaimashita. Mr. Noda wound up selling that straw-thatched roof house in atIItI to pay inheritance taxes.
warabuki: thatched with straw
5O.~i'l!:r~A,0)It-J:_,7j:.:."'Jdj:, i:< t."'('-~7'F~~t.:"?t.:~, ~~~~-t(8~0)~MmQ~:L~.~~:-a'~b~7j:~0
of
1..., '* Ir' '* 1..., tc.
48. ~.m;6:;~A
~ ntc*p;fO)5[iIr'&mi,
fiiJp;fO)r.llIr.:b>1I'I;t "(
Shohi-zei ga donyii sareta told no tsuyoi hantai wa, itsu no ka kiete shimaimashita. The strong opposition with which the consumer tax was met it was first introduced faded away all too soon.
,*Ir''* 1...,tco
t::.o E1Sllko~san no kechi na go-shujin wa, takara-kuji de itto ga atatta toki,sono okane 0 sugu jibun no teiki-yokin ni shite kanojo ni Issenma tsukawasenakatta. WhenEtsuko's tight-fisted husband won first prize in the lottery, he promptly put the money in his own time deposit account and wouldn't let her touch a penny of it. 51.A;f-- '/7 '7 70)~jtR'HIHi:fj6h- "'('~jL"? ~v'J., 0)"'(', v' S S ~t;.:O)i,)':iEit~:'j:1tx. ~v'i~A,o U[JOtsu-kurabu no kai'in-hi wa ginkii-furikomi de shiharatte iru As ~o de, ikura na no ka seikaku ni wa oboete imasen. pay the sports club membership fee by bank transfer, I don't
remember the exact amount.
lf (sh6ken) securities
52. 9G~ (7)Fl. r Jv ~ ~ t- - l- *t.n: -b' :d.:: 1.1' L?, ~ ~:400 ,_. IV LJ: oJt.Ijl;I,?t.::~Hl.t" ~~;fH{iWiv'::' t1Pjt7J\?t:JJ)~ ;I- I) 7J (7)~~'l1t~:>a:-f~? -c tjvW~>a:-*J.>::' t~: Lilt.: '
Senshii no en-doru kawase-reto ga yokatta kara, 01010 hyaku-doru sokin shiyii to omotta keredo, tesu-ryo ga ,: koto ga wakatta no de, amerika no toza-yokin 0 tsukatte Icogme o okuru koto ni shimashita. Since last week's yen-dollar exchange rate was favorable, I wanted t~ wire $400 to ~~ younger broth~r, but when I realized how high the comrmssion was, I decided to send him a check instead, using my American checking account.
i!l-
(kokusai) government bond
~. (tash!) investment (+ suru)
;i
5dHIl ~ Iv I;!:, 15~mr~:~? t.:**nffIRJ:n{ ~ L -c 4-'t'~i~~ -eit..-(-Cv' iTo
t!It
Morita-san wa, jiigo-nen mae ni katta kabu ga ne-agari shite ima dewa hailo dake de tabete imasu. lbe stock that Mr. Morita bought fifteen years ago has gone up so muchthat he now lives off the dividends.
* kawase-reto:
exchange rate
53. I3jjJ3t}.M~>a:-f~oJA-b{~v\7J'L?, 1l;f4t&~T J.>(7)';l:f}jn{;,~ i -It Ivo lido-shiharai-ki 0 tsukau hito ga oi kara, tokidoki kosho suru 110 wa shikata ga arimasen. Since the automatic teller machines are used by so many people,I suppose it is only to be expected that they will break down once in a while. What British English speakers call "shares" and American English speakers "stocks" goes by the name of l* kabu (lit stump, root). Those brave or shrewd enough to dabble in the market (l*~: ~ >a:-I\ T kabu ni te 0 dasu) will need to know far more than is provided here. The following are only a few basic terms:
55.B*I:Y '7 -'~n' I? JUl.li, 9G~n' L?~v' -c 1".' J.>FliWi li**3:.I: '?-c#CL -C~IiLv'':='~-A 't'Iit.tv''t' L.):. oJ
0
c!::
Nikkei-dau-heikin kara mireba, senshii kara tsuzuite iru endaka wa kabunushi ni totte kesshite yorokobashii nyiisu de wa nai
desho.
Tojudge from the Nikkei Dow Jones average, the rise of the yen that has continued since last week is by no means good news forshare holders. 56. ~1!l* 'b OOfl 'b ~ b t.t 1".' (7)7J' c!:: Il6 7J'nJ.>ft ~:, fl,.(7)tj(lifiiJ~
'~x-~A~7(7)~o-':='7At~t~ti.?~0
~~'bRL~~'bt.tJ.>t.toJ~o-':='7A~.~.~'bLnt.t ~\n{, m:X:liN~t.t$~*t!? tz;
r.~
l*.:l:.(kabunushi) shareholder
tl<J'\m~ (kabushiki-shij6) stock market l*l&51 ~ (kabu-torihiki) dealing in stock l*fiHi(kabuka) stock prices
ftc.~ (haif6) dividend JIO?-IDE~l&5Iji.IT(t6ky6-sh6ken-torihiki-jo) Tokyo Stock Exchange B ~ -7' 7 'f:l$] (nikkei-dau-heikin) Nikkei Dow Jones average l*:itrlliR. (kabushiki-shiky6) stock market situation l*J'\~:t (kabushiki-gaisha) joint stock company tfillil* (futsii-kabuy ordinary stock J:~l* (j6j6-kabu) listed stock ~FJ:~l* (hi-j6j6-kabu) unlisted stock Ji5~1CAl* (tent6-baibai-kabu) over-the-counter rock
Naze kabu mo kokusai mo kawanai no ka to kikareru tabi ni, watashi no sofu wa itsumo shekusupia no porimiasu to onaji koto 0 itta. "Kari-te ni mo kashi-te ni mo naru na." Poriiniasu wa bakamono kamo shirenai ga, sofu wa kenmei na jigyo-ka datta. Whenever my grandfather was asked why he bought neither company shares nor government bonds, he always used the words of Shakespeare's Polonius: "Neither a borrower nor a lender be." I suppose Polonius was a fool, but Grandfather was a wise manof business.
Index. 127 bribes, 102 British Parliament. 49 bromide, 83 bu ~)', 76 bubble (economic), I10 Buddhahood. 36 Buddhism. 28, 29, 32 Buddhist (altar) article shop, 36 Buddhist (altar) articles, 36 Buddhist family altar, 36 Buddhist memorial service, 36 Buddhi t painting, 36 Buddhist paradise, 33 Buddhist statue. 36 bugaku .'~. 63 Building Preservation Act, The, 91 bujutsu .i!::lIf, 54 bukkyo 1Mx. 28, 29 bulrush,86 bungaku t.'{:, 57, 64 bungei $(~. 59 bunkei $(~, 53 bunraku,64 bunraku X'~, 64 bunshi ~} 83 bunsii ~}r.c,76 buoyancy, 82 buppin-zei ltJ~MII., 121 burokku-keizai /,0 ., 7 Rrn, 116 bush clover, 86 business, I II. 112, 113 business results, II I business chool, 112 business/financial world, 107, III bussei-butsuri-gaku ltJ11~~ calcium, 84 calm spirit, 3 I caloric force. 82 camellia, 86 camphor. 86 cannibalism. 29 capital,51 capital punishment, 76 capitalism, 26 carbon, 83 carbon dioxide, S4 Cartesians, 30 case law, 91 cash, 117, 118 cash card, I19 Catholicism, 28 cause, 20 cause and effect, 34 cedar, 86 cell,85 cell divi ion, 85 cell membrane, 85 cell wall, 85 centrifugal force, 82 centripetal force, 82 ceramic arts, 59, 60 chamber music, 62 check (bank), 124 checking account, 123 chemical analysis, 84 chemical change, 84 chemical combination. 85 chemical compound, 84, 85 chemical reaction, 84 chemistry, 83 chemistry department, 74 cherry, 86 Chief Cabinet Secretary, 43, 44 chief executive (president). 51 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 44 chief superintendant, 104 chigakka Jll!/J:#, 74 chih6-k6muin-h6 Jll!JJ~:rftt iE,91 chihii-zei JII!)Jl!I., 121 chiji)3J ,48 chikaral), 82 chikusan {5~, 109 chikushii tti 1. 33 chikyu JII!~, 77 child custody suit, 99 child molestation. 100 childhood, 56
~EX~----------------~--_
A absolutism, 16 abstract, 27 abstract art, 61 abstruse, 27 abura-e iili~, 60 academic degree, 56 academy, 56 acceleration, 82 accepted theory, 22 accused (the), 96, 97 acidic, S4 acrobatics, 59 acupuncture, 54, 55 addition, 75 adjective, 66 administration of assets, 107 administration of justice, 90 administrative office, 49 aen 'U!i[1.84 affricate, 65 agencies, 46 agnosticism, 16 agricultural industry, 112 agricultural products, 109 ai~,86 akaji ",1'1', 108 aka-sabi 'R<it/V', 84 alcoholism, 27, 71 algae, 85 algebra. 74 algebraic equations, 75 alien registration certificate, 49 alienation, 7 I alkali, S4 allophone, 65 alma mater, 45 Altaic.37 alto, 62 altruism, 26 aluminum. S4 ama-kudari X f t). 38 amerika-gasshiikoku 7'/' 'J tJ M'ltikJ,50
amerika-gikai 7 J.
1) 711 ~.
Anglicism, 27 animal,86 animal husbandry, 109 animal kingdom, 79 animi ts, 16 Annelida, 86 annual salary, 119 annuity, 118 anthropology, 57 Anti-Monopoly Act, The, 91 Anti-Prostitution Act, The, 91 Anti-Subversive Activities Act, The, 91 antinomianism,93
anzen-dai'ichi-shugi
1<.'~l(l-
49 Amida Buddha. 33 Amphibia. 87 Analects of Confuciu .31 analy is, 20. 23
B baburu ,</,I'v, 110 bachelor's degree.56 bacteria. 85 baishun-b6shi-hO 91 bakkin tllSt. 103 bakufu Jl.l(f. 69 110 arukoru-izon-shii 7 I~::1 - I~ balance of paymen~ iMf.I.i, 27. 71 aruminyiimu 7 )v ~ .::.?)..., 84 bamboOflute. 63 bank account. I~3 aruto 71~~, 62 bank balance. I~ asexual reproduction, 85 bank deposit, I18 ashi~, 86 bank transfer. 123 7 ashikaga-jidai h!..fI)lIHt. 69 banking system. II Ashikaga period, 69 baptism. 27. 28 as ault, 100 barium,84 II" assembly, 48 barokku-on.~aku assembly representative. 48 :le.63 assets. 109 assets (administration 01), 107 barokku-shiki I'" 126
~,27 aoi lI, 86 appeal, 45, 96 applied knowledge, 58 applied mathematics, 74 apprenticeship, 33 aquatic products, 109 aqueous, 79 Arachnida, 87 argon, 84 argument, 15 argument (line 01), 17 aristocracy, 69 arithmetic, 75 armed robbery, 99 arrest warrant, 94 arson, 101 Arthropoda, 86 article (leading), 22 artificial satellite, 80, 8 I arts and sciences, 54, 56, 59 arugon 7 I~:f;.-, S4 arukari 7 I~'"'J , 84
assimilation,65 assistant policeillStlec:lor. asteroid, 80 astigmatism.27 astronomy,58. 74 astrophysics,74 asuka-jidai lI\!~I$ft. 69 Asuka period,69 atama-kin :il{~, 118 atama no yoi 'lII<1Jlh 13 atheism, 16 atmosphere.77 atom. 83 atomic nucleus,83 atomic physics.74,77 atsukau t& ,), 114 atsuryoku If.}), 82 attempted murder,100.101 attributive,67 authority.44. 45 automatic teller machine, 123,124 automobile tax. 121 avant-garde.59 Aves, 87 awakening(spiritual), 36 azuchi-momoyal7Ul-jidtli ttWillft. 69 Azuchi-Momoyama period. 69
r,
''1'.74 busshitsu butsudan Butsuda butsuga
~ ft. 82, 84 {l.li,36. 37 i.l.Jtt, 36 i.l.i!!i, 36 butSUgll i1.H, 36 butsuji i.l. ,36 butsuri-gaku !ItJ~'j':, 82 butsuri-kagaku
~JjlHtL;\ 74
bursuz6 i.l.ICt, 36 buttai ltJt<I',82 C C# minor, 62 Cabinet. 43 cabinet order, 94
industry,
Index chingin ~ ~, 118 clever, 13.36 chino-han llJliM~, 102 closed sociely, 71 chiri .ll!!lt, 19 Coelemerala. 86 chiri-gaku .II!!.Jt,),:, 58 collapse, 108 chishiki-gaku llJilFr-, 73 college, 56 chishiki-kaikyii E me, 71 combined gross income, 120 chishirsu-gaku.ll!! ?, 58, 74 comedy, 64 chisso li'!X,77 83 corner, 80 chiteki EI)'~, 14 . comic lanka, 64 chireki-kOki-shin ~1(J(Jll%H', command (legal). 94 14 Commander-in-Chief.94 chlorine, 84, 85 commandmem. 96 chlorophyl, 86 commentary, 22. 23 chO lIT, 48 commerce, III, 114 chO fl', 46 commercial affairs. 113 choeki 1112:, 98, 103 commercial city, 113 chohet-re! IlU~f.-, 94 commercial law, 114 chokin 1If:i, 118 commiSSions,46 chokoku ~l!J, 60 commodities, 107 chokurei !Jf.-, 94 common-law marriage, 35. 72 chokusetsu 110 shoko ,1l1leT);IjE common propeny, 109 ~,97 Commonweallh of Australia, chokuyu 1i'(IIIl1t, 67 50 chord,61 communism, 41 chorui .rIM, 87 Communisl, 109 (chO-Iran-)chO (ll: . ll!)~, 62 compound (chemical), 84, 85 Christian, 28 comprehend, 20 Chri tianily, 28, 29 concencration, 83 chromosome, 85 concen,62 chrysamhemum, 86 conceno,62 chiido-ha tjlj{fj}f(, 29 conclusion (to an argument). chiigakko ""i"lli:, 56 18 chiiryii-kaikyii IjJillJllfe,71 condemn, 103 currency chiir)'iinojoso-kaikyii 'PilleT) condemned convict, 103 customs, 121 J:,llfJllfe,71 conformily.94 custom duty, 12 ci'iiryii no kaso-kaikyii tjljleT) Confucianism, 28, 29 Cynics (Gred nlJIIUi,71 conjugation, 67 lhough!).3O chiisei-bijursu tjl ffUiifi, 60 cOnjunction, 66 cynic, m. 26.30 chiisei-shi 'Ptt f, 77 conjunctive, 67 chiishO-bijursulIUUHli, 61 conscription, 94 chiishO-reki!JIJt!Il'J, 27 Conservative Party, 40, 50 chiiwa 'NO, 84 conservatives, 30 cinema critic , 59 consonant, 65 circulation of money, 117 constitution, 90 city, 48 Constitution of Japan. 45 city taxes, 121 constitutional. 45 civil law, 91 constitutional government, 90 civil service pension, 120 con titutional monarchy, 41, class, 78 42 cia s consciousnes , 71 con titutionalism, 41, 42 class warfare. 71 consumer lax, 121, 122 classical an, 60 contraction, 67 classical economics, 116 contribution, 118 clas ical music, 63 controlled economy, 116 classicism, 29 concroversy. 17 Clean Govemmenl Party, 47 convict (condemned), 103 directive, 94 Director General of the Prime Minister's Office, 43 discipline, 92 discourse, 19,22 discriminatory language, 67 discuss, 18 disintegrate, 108 disposition, 33 di pute,20 dissimilation, 65 district, 48 District Couns, 98 dividend, 124 division, 75 divorce, 35, 72, 99 doilt,48 do ill, 84 dobursugaku IIJ!!"", 58, 75 dobutsu-kai IIJ!!W-,79 doctrine, 19 doctorate (PhD), 56 doitsu-gikai t: l' '/ ~,49 dojii-shinshoku J:Ulit:tt, 78 doka 1"l1t, 65 doku..G,85 dokuryoku ~)J, 33 dokusai-shug! ~nj.: , 41 dokusen-kinshi-ho iIl.s, .LI: ~,91 dokyo iltf.t:, 28, 29 dome tic policy, 52 domestic politics, 40 Dominion of Canada, 50 dori iltllf, 19 dosallllJfI, 109 dosei tIlt, 80 diisei-ai 1"11'1::1:, 72 diishi IIJ.. J, 66 doshi katsuyo j}],ii)tliJJl, 68 diitoku-ritsu ilt~fJ, 93 double jeopardy, 105 doubts, 31 down payment. 118 draft (conscription), 94 drama, 64 drawing, 60 drug addiction. 71 drug trafficking, 101 drum. 63 duke. 69 Durkheim (Emile). 72 Dutch studies. 54 duty-free (goods). 121 duty-free hop. 122 E
129
e *2, 60
earl,69 earn,I20 earnings, 120
eanh,77
earth sciences department, 74 easy money, 117 Echinodermata, 86 eclectici m, 28 eclipses, 80 ecologist, 78 economic bubble, 110 economic bureaucrat, 116 Economic Planning Agency, 46 economic strength, 115 economic warfare, 115 economics, 58 economy, 107 economy (bloc), 116 economy (controlled), 116 editorial (newspaper), 22, 23 edo-jidai iIfi/l1jft, 69 Edo period, 69 educated classes, 71 educational institution, 56 egoism, 26, 27 ei 1&,62 ei-ha-tancho 1&":Il!III, 62 eiga-hyoron-ka ~(!Ij,Wiii*, 59 eigo-gaku~. ';:',65 eigo-gohO 'lfj,m,lf~, 27 eigyo(-bu) 'it (M), 112 eikoku-gikai 'lfj,[lJ::lf<, 49 eisei iti ftl, 80 ekitai illUo, 83 election, 40 electoral defeat, 45 electrical power, 82 electrons, 77 elements, 83 elitism. 27 embezzlement, 102 emperor system. 42 empiricism. 26 empiricists, 27 employment. I 12 empty theory, 18 ell .35 endowment, 107 tllgei~Z,59 engei-gaku ~ ~'(:, 64 engi ga warui ~n<~;,'. 34 engineering, 58
3111--_
Index fee (handling). 123 feminism, 29 ferninisuto 7 :L ~ ::. A ~, 29 enka-naJoryiimu tlHt1- ~ I) ? feminizumu 7:L .< ::.;;(, 1., 29 1. (NaC!), 85 fern ,85 enki tJl.;, 84 ferric bydroxide, 85 enkyoku hyogen IIII1111<lJl, 67 ferric oxide, 85 ensan t.lill, 84 feudalism, 42, 69 enso tJl., 84, 85 fiction, 64 ensoi1(~, 62 finance, 107 enterprise, II I financial combine/clique, 107 entenainment world, 59 financial resources, 107 Environment Agency, 46 financial world, I17 epenthesis, 65 fine arts, 53, 54 epic poetry, 64 fishing industry, I 12 Equal Employment Opponufixed deposit, 123 nity Law. 92 flat (in music), 62 erection of a temple. 33 flat tax system, 121, 122 erito-shugt .J:. I) - ~ 1:41, 27 flower. 86 essay. 64 flowering plant, 86 estate, 107 folk an, 59 W.) ethical,29 follower, 28 91 ethnic identity, 7 I force (of energy), 82 gaikoku-san ~IG ethnic minority, 7 I forced labor, 98 gaimu-sho ethnically homogeneous state. foreign eXChange,123 gairai-go ;~*III, 66 71 Foreign Exchange and Forgaisei ~lt. 40 ethnos,71 eign Trade Control Act, 9 I gakko 'lt1. 56 euphemism, 67 foreign policy, 40, 52 gaku ? 17.30. Sl.JI euphony, 67 foreign words (loanwords), gakubu 79, 56 evidence, 18, %, 97 66 gakuen 'f.Nf. 56 evolutioni m, 16 foreign-made, 109 gakugei '!f.:. 56 exchange rate, 124 forest products, 109 -gakuha 'til,30 excise tax, 121 forestry industry, I 12 gakuhi dt.56 execution. 102 forgery, 101 gakui '(':{.):. 56 existentialism, 26 former prime minister, 5 I gakuin ();i:. 56 experimental physics, 74 foundation (institution), 107 gakujutsu '7 Ifi. 54 explanation. 2 I, 22 founding of a temple, 33 gakumei ;>'1',. S6. S1 export subsidy. I 16 fraud,99 gakumon "fm!. 56 expound,21 free society, 35 gakureki 56 expulsion (from school). 98 freedom of speech, 18 gakureki-shaull extended family, 72 freezing point, 83 gakuri (J'Il, 19 extortion, 100 fresco, 60 gakusetsu ill.. 22 56 extremists. 30 fricative (e.g. f, s. sh, h, z), gakushi-gd eyewitness, 97 65 ganuki IIU, 79 fu I{f. 48 gas. 83 F fubun-riuu '" xflt. 93 Gautama.36 factions, 25. 29 fudiisan ~;IbK. 109 gei;', 53. ~ faculty, 56 fuhen-ron 'I\'.,~, 16 geijulsu-gaku Faculty of Science, 2 I [uh6-kOi-hO ~;iEhlHl, 91 geinill ;lA, 59 Fair Trade Commission. 46 [uhO-nYI,koku NkAliJ. 103 geino-kai Ztl! family, 78 fuji it, 86 geisha," If. S9 family couns, 98, 99 [uku-kachkei f.tlmiififll._ geU."i If . 119 family-first-ism.25 121 gtlllXJlsu-,hu14 family-run business. I I I gelldai-bIJUIS# Fukoku-ron f1.'l'IJifo1QJ. 116 fate. 34. 35. I12 [ukushi 1iiI1.... 66 gmdai-()l/Ra/UI federalism, 42 [ukulVa-juISu IlILoJiili. 54 gene. 85
English language and linguistics, 65 engraving, 60
131
gogaku .It,]:, 65 gohO .lfiE..~7"" got-ron .Il"'~",66 gokuraku ~'~, 33 gokusoku UliIJ, 94 gold. 84 gold basis. 117 gold export, 117 gold standard, I 17 golden mean. 31 Golden Rule. 93 go :l. 33 gohO ~il.90 gokun'illif.,IOO gong, 63 -goroshi -f): L, 100
:f'./ ) ~ A, 60 goshOlt'i'" 33 goshO da kara Itlf,f':1)'C" 34 gothic style, 60 gOlo'illlti.99 government. 39, 40 government (forms 01), 41 government bonds. 125 government enterprise, I 12 government-indu trial complex,I09 government ordinance, 94 governor, 48 Governor General. 50 grace note. 62 graduate school, 56 grave offense. 99 gravity, 82 great statue of the Buddha, 36 gross national product, 110 grounds (suspicion), 97 group psychology, 70 gun m;, 48 gunji-rironka 1j['IJUii<. 55 gunkoku-shugi lJ[OO 1:..t, 41. 70 gunpii iE,91 gunritsu 1IIf1':, 92 gunsei [It, 41 gushii-bijutsu J~8! '1Ii,61 gyo ,8 gyokai I'J!, III gyo/co-Iell .11>11.');, 83 gyornu l'*, III gyomu-jo kashitsu-chishizai Hi t~"ftJE~\, 100 gyorui f!\Ji, 87 gyosei 1i'lt,40 gyosei-chOkun hltlHi, 51 gyosei-fu lTl!clff, 43 goshikku-shiki
gyoseki
M, III
~"',43
H -ha~, 29, 30 ha ,85 hachii-rul 1(!!k 1.78.87 hagi -11<. 86 haijakku "-( :l '\" ')~. 101 haika-kyol~:k~. 28 haiku lJH,),64 Hail Amida Buddha, 36 hainin 1HT:. 102 hailo l'i! "" 124 hakui-kalSudii-boshi-hOliIiij! iliJllJ'Ji.tl:i.t,91 hakuai-shugi 1$(' I: .26 hakugaku na hito I$<~t.. A. 53 hakushaku InA, 69 hakushi 1$1:. 56 half note, 62 hana iE, 86 hand-drum, 63 handicrafts, 59 handling fee. 123 hanga !:lilli, 60 hanketsu 1'lJ~, 96 han-onpu .!j'.Tl'f.f, 62
hanrippo-shugi btUtilil:
93 han ron &~, 18 hanshin-ron iJl~iOi, 16 hanshoku ~JA. 77 hanzai ~~:II', 99 hanzai-sha ~~'l1l.g-, 99
hanzaisha-yobo-kosei-hii
~~'l!
42
./';f~lI!lf,iE, 91 hard evidence, 97 hard sciences. 74 haretsu-on liIi~", 65 harmony. 61 hasatsu-on liIil*Tl', 65 hassei ~'I. 85 hasu;l,86 hatsuden-sho R:1IlT, 83 hayashi a {-. 63 head of a municipal district. 48 heaven, 37 heavenly bodies, 80 heavy industry, 112 hedonism, 26 heian-jidai '!,'l(!CYft,69 Heian period, 69 Helke, The Tale of the, 36, 38
132
Index
Index
133
Heike monogatari 4'*~;m,

36,38
hogo-boeki-shugi i..Ifl W, 1,
~,116
icho iI!~i,86
ideal,20 idealism, 25, 26
until proven guilty,
heisa-on f~Jjllif, 65 heisa/-Ieki/-shakai I!IlSn(l',Ht ~, 71 heisei na kokoro '1'1" ~ .c., 31

Heisei period, 69
hOji W'Il, 91 hojill-zei WAffI., 121 hOka }I.(:k, 101 hokai sum )iljJ')li'.Q, 108 hoken-seido UillIlilJ!lt,42, 69
Hokkaido and Okinawa Developmem Agencies. 46
iden-shi Jilll.
ideology, 15
s. 85
igaku YJ,;?,58
igneous, 79 ignorance is bliss, 37 iI,o iIliJ:, 90 i'in-kai ~11~. 46 ijutsu Y"lIr, 54 ika 'aft, 65 illegal immigration, 103 illegality, 90 illegitimate birth. 72. 16 illiterate. 76 imi-ron .Ci:I\l.~.17.67 immigration (illegal), 103 Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law. 92 immovable property, 109 imperative. 67 imperfective, 67 imperial edict, 94 Imperial Household. 46 Imperial Household Agency. 46 imperialism, 25, 26 import quota system. 116 impressionism. 29. 30,61 imprisonment, 103 inbun MJt, 64 incest, 72 income, 120 income tax, 121 indecent exposure, 100 Lndic,36 indict, 101 indictment. 96 indigo plant. 86'6 '1 individuahsm, - .industrial arts. 59 110 industrial revol~~~'12 industry, 109, I inertia. 82, 83 82 inertial re istance. inflation. 119 influence.44 119 illJlire {;,o'1 ~ inheriW11ce. I 21 122 inheritance tax. I ' ink painting. ~ 12 innate wisdo 35
heisei-jidai '1'I!I<~ft, 69 hekiga l~i\!Ij,60

helium, 83 hell, 33, 36 hell 'B.:, 62
Hokkaidii-Dkinawa-kaihatsucho ~tifj:ill . ill'l4llr~J~Ii'. 46

holiday, 112 hollyhock, 86 homicide, 100 homogeneity (ethnic). 72 homosexuality, 72 homu-shii i.U;Ji1'i,43, 90 hOllgyo 4<!l', 112 honorarium, 118
henkei-diibutsu Irrl~tb!lt. 86 hensei-gan ~Jj)tti, 79

Heraclitus, 38 heretics, 28
,14
heryumu ",) ? L., 83 hi 11,80 higai-sha I!ft'./'i', 97 higeki ;(i;.'J,64

High Courts, 98 high salary, 119 high school, 56 (higher) academic degree, 56 hijacking, 101 hi-joj6-kabu ~~.tljflo, 124 hikan-shugi :!r.l!1 bl, 25
Iron'yaku-shakuyoll!.JIttJltl.
66
110 okite '/"1" / -:t it-IT) ~,96 Japan Communist Party, 47, 48 Japan Socialist Party, 47 Japanese (native), 66 Japanese educational system, 18 Japanese emperor, 69 Japanese linguistics, 65 Japanese lute, 63 Japanese-made, 109 Japanese music, 63 Japanese poetry, 64 Japanese-style painting, 60 Japanese zither, 63 jazu '/"1";(,63 jichi-sho (J m1'i, 43 jichi-tai OifiU>. 48 jidosha-zel RJbll[ffI.. 121
janguru
joji-shi ~'Ilt.l', 64 jojo-kabu t.tt)l*, 124 jojo-shi ~fI'l~, 64 jomon-jidai ~Jt"'jft, 69

Jomon period, 69
jo'o k E, 169 joryu-kaikyu .tiUU&, 71 joshi JllJiiil, 67 jdso .tiUf, 45

Judaism, 28 judge, 96 judiciary, 44 judo, 54 judo \tin, 54 jujutsu IRlIi, 54 jiijutsu iJ<lIi. 54 jukyo f*:,28
jiimin-zei ttRffI., 121 jumoku JI..j.:, 86

jungle, law of the. 96
honyii-rui ~n1l.1li, 78. 87 horei i-l'.t, 90 horei-hii i:l;lIIili, 91 hO(ri-)gaku i:l;(JII!),,{:, 90 hO(rilsu) i-l(nt), 9Ohoshill )j
jt,31
jido-shiharai-ki gJ!J:li1J.~,
123,124 jiei-tai 0 lti", 18 jigoku JtI!~, 33 jigyo IJ~'!l'!:, III manslaughter,
junsa-buchii ;!BU!lR, 104 junsa-chii ~1f:G, 104

Jupiter, 80 jurisprudence, 90
hi-kanzei-shoheki iI'IlIlffl.lIl:!llt hoshu-ha U'j'iJit, 30 hoshu-tii f.Il1':l'i:, 40, 50 116 hoso 1Ill1, 83 hikinige-unten v- ~ ~Ifini, MsO(-kai) i:l;.t'i(!Jtl),90 100 hosoku iliUII, 94 hikizan ~ I ~ 11:,75 hotei ilil;!';, 90, 96 hikoku-nin lItt,A, 96, 97 hotel business, 112 hi-shikiji-sha JI;il1'''''', 76 hO10 chitsujo i:l;I:.f1f., 96 Hindu, 28 hotoke fL, 37 Hinduism, 28 House of Commons, 50 hiniku I!i~, 26 House of Councilors, 43, 45 hiniku-ya &:I*lli!, 31 House of Lords, 50 hinin-hii ilifi:l;. 91 House of Representatives, 44, hin~u-kyolo 1:: / ;( - f*:~, 28
Hippocrates, 54
jikim~,6O jikkai -holt, 93 jikken-butsuri-gaku ~"'!It!!l!
jiiryoku lfUJ, 82 jussaku lIT_, 55

justice (administration of), 90 ju tify (justification), 20 jiitaku-ron tf.~ [1- /, 123 JUIsu~, 53, 54
'-r:, 74
jinkii AlJ, 71 jinko-dolai-Iokei AL 1t1J1!]*I: lit, 72 jinko-eisei AJ.:*~]., 80. 81 jinko-gaku Allq:, 72 jinrui-gaku A1li?, 57 jinsei-kan A'l:lll, 31 jinshu A ii,71 jinshut -tekit-sabetsu A fi(l'l\J)
&.811,71
jutsugo .I!l!illi, 66 jUllli illilll, 99 K -ka t, 78 kabuflo, 124, 125 kabuka l*fdIi, 124
kabuki,64
hirakareta shakai IJII1)'j1.t~U ~,71 hiritsu It'tl, 75

history, 57, 68 hit-and-run accident. 29 100
hitokui nofiishu Att~'IT)II.?!. hittakuri v- '" t: < ~. 99 hiyu 11::1Q, 67 hO i1i. 89 hOan i:l;;t:, 41, 90 hOehi $ia, 90 hogaku i1i"t, 58 hOgaku /II~, 61, 63
45,50.51 House Speaker, 44 household belongings, housing loan, 123 humanities, 53 humidity, 83 husband,35 hydrochloric acid, 84 hydrogen, 77. 83 hyperbole, 67 hypnotism, 27, 53 hypothesis, 22 hypothetical, 67
107
jinsoku Ila saiban 0 ukeru kenri i!l;i~lill:tIIZc~ltoti .fII,105 jiriki n)), 33

jisatsu fl +It. 72, 101
jitsugyo ':k::t, III jitsuzon-shugi <JH? t~, 26 jiyt,-hOllin-shugi rt IlJ}I.(lf jiyii-ka rnun, 110 jiyu-minshu-IO n w!" 1::;;;, 47 jiyti-slrligi n III t4lt,41 jiyu-Io i'I LU:;;;. 50 jobulsu illi.IL.36 jo-doslri WJIb';';I, 66 joill H..t. 50, 51
joint stock company. 124 4lt,116
1 ;l;5L.*x.
28
I ichiji-Ju-sairi -IH'Il}J!I!,
illnen t!I .34,
105
kabuki :!X.ft, 64 kabunushi floE, 124 kabushiki-shijol*",rfJ.II, 124 kado 1)'(::,97 kaede IIJ!, 86 kagakka ft!),:H, 74 kagaku It't, 83 kagaku Hq:. 73 kagaku-hanng ft'),:Et:Li::. 84 kageki :!XJIIJ.62 kageki-ha iAiltiJit, 30 kago-bulsu It~!It, 84, 85 kago suru ft1l'i'.Q, 84 kaglira fII~, 63 kagyo lit , III kai w., 78 kaiga tlphj. 60 kaigell-rei ~*l'.t, 94
134
Index
Index kashikoi P, II, 12 kashitsu-chishi iA"ft:Jf, 100 kashiwa .fA. 86
135
ka'in ~~, 50, 51
kai'in-hi ~U'If, 123 kaikaku-ha 1!I:~i.!t, 30 kaikyii RHl, 71 kaikyii-Ioso IIIUIIo\ll 'P-, 71 kaimen-diibutsu ~.IIJ~, 86 kaiii-sei iffEl.., 80 kairaku-shugi tJ!' t ,26 kairitsu (Buddhist) IIl(f~,93 kai-sanbutsu ~i!f~, 109 kaisetsu Niiill., 22, 23 kaisha-ho ~Hil;,91 kaiyo-gaku ~i't;:. 75 kakezan It! HJ. 75 kakudai-kazoku l1Lk*bli. 72 kaku-henka .fl\$:1t, 66 kakujitsu na shiiko if~ t,df 1l.18 kaku-kazoku tU1bli, 72 kamakura-jidai .ft~ft, 69 Kamakura period, 69 kanbo-chokan W.iHHi. 44 kanemoke 1< i> ? It, 32 kangae-kata J!; 7._)i, 19 kangen-gakkyoku '\"fiJli~llIJ, 62 kango jlli. , 66 kallgyo 'U!f;, 112
kenselsu-sho:lt ~r;. 43 ketsuron Ms, 18 kettei-ron ~)aIi. 70 key (major/minor). 62 kaso-kaikyii fll lIlJa, 71 kasoku-do 1Jui!l!llf. 82 ki no kiita ~\(1)l1l~'tc, I I. 13 kiben-ka r.l't1flit.25 katei-kei ililE~, 67 kidnapping, 101 katei-saiban-sho jl;:I)UtflJm, kido ~iB, 81 99 katorikku-kyii tJ ~ I) ./ ? IX. kigaku-kyoku ?::'lilll. 62 kigeki "f1I, 64 28 kigen-setsu iEi.w.olI.. 22 kalsuyo tlilll. 67 kigyo ~l<, III kawase-reto ~~ v - l-, 124 kihon-teki-joken Jt4<Il'J41f1', kazai jl;:iM', 107 18 katei ~1lI., 121 kiku 1ii, 86 kechi na Itt,~, 123 kin~, 84 (kei)balsu (lflJ)liI. 99 kin-hon'i 1<4:lit 117 keibu .$,104 kin-yushutsu ~.Wl. 117 keibu-ho $l!I, 104 kind,78 keiUi-)hOIfIJ(~)i.!:, 91 kindate 1<:It-c, 117 keiji-jo-gaku Jf~ilIi I-!iI', 27 keiji-sosho-hii JflJ~Wfz:it. 91 kingaku ~II. 117 kinkan-gakki ~'A''t~. 62 keikaku-keizai I1tl!lliftii'l. 116 kinken ~lI. 117 keiken-shugi ft"'-~, 26 keiken-shugi-sha/-ron-sha ft kinken-seiji iZllr!till. 117. 118 Iltt:,IH;'lilh~,26 kinko t'lflil, 103 keimu-sho IfIJ.tJilfr, 103 kinko-yaburi 1l'WIti II,99 keisatsu .r,~, 104 kinri 1l'.fIJ. I 17 keisalsu-ch61flltJj,,46 kinrui liliJi.85 kanibarizumu 11.=./{');( u; keishi lUll, 104 kinsaku ~tll, I17 keishi-sei IftJlJE, 104 29 killSei ~)~,. 80 keishi-sokan .1Jl~r.:. 104 kanjo-Ieki Iif,i1iO<J. 19 kiflsen iZSJI, 117 1 keiso IF.:I1. 84 kankei-dobulSU ~~IIJ!It, 86 killshin-sokan ,fr 1lI1U1i. 7. keilai-gaku lf~~'l:. 66 kankyo-chO ~.t:rtlj\ 46 kill'yii ~ . 117 ," keiyo-doshi JfH;IIJ"l. 67 kannen-shugi ll!~_t ,26 kin 'yii-llikishune keiyo-shi ~'8.'1, 66 Kano Jigoro ll'iitiJillJl,54 117 keillli ft:)!!, 99 kanri-shugi 'I'f!! I: ,27 kin'YLI-kai 't.Iii.W. 117 117 keillli-gaku ftill? 58 kansei no chikara ill:i't(1)JJ. kifl'vLI-kanll'a ~Ioi ~J, 7 keillli-jin ftii'l A, 115 83 keillli-kikaku-chO f.fii'l~pllilj" kin')'ii-kikan 't.MUlllII. 11111 kamall-slli !t\~"I, 66 kill'yLI-seisaku 't.1Itl~, 'J17 46 Kanlo-gakuha no karnlellkin 'YLI-sllillo". ~1Ii.}("'. 1)7 ron-shugi 11;,- ~ '1'i.!t(1)ll!!.<: keillli-kyokO ftii'l~1i. 115 kill'WI-soshlkl 1'.~I . keillli-ryaku tfn1i JJ, 115 .. _t .30 keillli-laikoku *-tflikt<J, 115 kanllli '\"flit. 107 kir;'lIoI. 86 _ 1 A ~It. 28 ktrtslllO-kyo '" ) ken ~,\. 48 kanzei !lIl.fJI.. 121. 122 ken 'fl. 12 kan;:.ei-shOheki !lIl.fJI.1Il ,116 29 _ IJJ.~ft kirisulO-l0'olO kengen ~!H. 45 karma. 33. 112 28 kenji lit'I~, % karuishi ff(j, 79 kirilSU lllfl'.92 '7~ ketlju-galwha kl ""t-i.!t, 30 karushiimu tJ JI.. " ? h. 84 kishO-gakll ~ (,kenkin ~~, 118 karyiimu 11 I) ? h. 84 kiso ~.Ji:. %.101 kenmei 'JtIJ]. II. 12. 13 kasegu ('. 120 kenpo IIi lekigo suru ;,11ftl:AI kisoku );tLU~.94 kasei :k lQ. 80 kilai ~ll 83 -fri'.o.45 kasei-gan :kJ&:l'L 79 kizoku iHL 69 kenpo ~it. 90 kaselsu i!l.Jt 22 knowledge. 53. 5-l I kenpO-seido . '-itl\lIJJt. 42 kashidashi-kinri nlll~fl]. knowledge (appl",d ken ryoku ti)J. 44 123 kobai Itd'i, 99 kellSalsu litf.f, 96 kashikin 1l L 1l. 123
Ji>/luISII-gakll 1i..!It'f:. 74 Ji>/luulI-gakuslla.t!.!It.'l:.r.'. 78 - haku-geflgo !;l.(i. lilt. 66 lJ(hi-sho I'Jir(,fr. 103 LtKho II!;I~~. 67 ",hO,dobLIISU!,/,IIIH1J~, 86 oOJo:J-r.61 wgakll 1/(:.58 WK,i L';:;,59 uigei-kellkYII-jo 1.'::-1iJft.!lii,
koritsu-gengo Jill , lOll,66 ko-sanbutsu 1i..K:!It. 109 koseibutsu-gaku ....,!:!It'f:. 75
kyo)'O-lIli ~:II'iII'. 100 k)'ii tt. 119

kyiibizumu '1'.:>.- 1::;(1.. 61 kyiigyo t.j.; ., 112 kyiikei ;1<IfIJ, %
koseibutsu-gakusha ,';'U!oJ? ./"j,81 kosei-slJO l'/.'I1'i, 43 kosei-torihiki-i'lnkai 1':IEIf~'J I ~ll~. 46

kiishaku
koshaku
koshitsu
59
~.,II'.
sa
wgille ,J'I;I) 124 IJj-goseiJ\:;{\'loc, 86, 87 ItIjin-seikatsll ~A'I,ili, 70 lfI)in-shugi1I'j A 1:.&, 26. 27 uikaisaiban 110 kenri i~OO.lt 4'llifIJ. 105 "ilnku-rlli 11'~1SI.87 rllit,1S1.85 wki-inshO-ha IUJrm!li.!t. 61 li&il-'l~.43 wUa-k6an-i'inkai r'llit~'t<~ lit.46 lliiiit!Y-l.56 "'Ieorowsu '.!.'i'. 56 "'Iublln-gaku 1'1 X,?, 64 ",Iugo-gaku l'IRlt'j':, 65, 67 "~IIMl'lit, 91 lokuji !,t,t'i:, J 10 lIJ!umin-so-seisafl r'I!(~lE .110 umin-IO 1<IKi'i:. 50 WU)6 0'1) E. 69 '""ren-allzen-hosho-rijikoku .~'i<'i~~ JlI!')II'l,21 t ur,tsu-minamatab)6-kenkyii-selllii r<lI~*fiO ~'A:-t;,- l' -,46 >!usai l<Iflt 125 '>lusai-hO l"U!Nt. 91 >lusai-jifl l'lItlA, 39 >!usai-seijillijltl&iti, 49 ""sai-shilshi l'Ul'illlJ.,t, 110 san I'lli', 109 sei 1<11!.c. 39, 40 '"Yo'seki !!.\8'II(j, 79 ~eil>j.fJI.. 121. 122 ,'<i-Icyolcu ~.iIIJ 62 ,1i~1I\.119 1-10 ~I'IR: 47 h-rui Ii\!.Um 87 ~ 'uru illlu1i'.o.70 ...'~-seki 1/;;1II!(j, 79 ,-Va 't1' , 33 !'t,33 1'r_,33
r.
I;~*.46 koso l'.\iJF, 96 kosoku IklJlJ, 94 kotai t~Ht>.83 kotei-shisan-zei tMIE'lfRi.fJI., 121 koten-bijutsu ,';!Ill k*i. 60 koten-ha .'illl!i.!t, 29 kOlen-ha-ongaku 8~~a~. 63 koten-keillli-gakll ,'i~*-tii'l,(:, 116 kOlo~. 63 kO{lo-gaku/ko ,Gi('.'JF1:)Y-l,56 ku 1>(,48 kugai ,l'iW, 33, 36 kuki!l<,85 kiiki "l:~(.77 kumin-rei l.>(r~.fJI., 121, 122 kumo-wi "*l:Ji. 87 kunai-chO '~((Jlrr. 46
kUllrei
~n.69
b:~, 69
kyiiryo "~fi,119 kyiishi-/II#:JI:f:)',62 kyiishin-ha .t'.itt i.!t, 30 kyiiyo ttL}. 119 L labor productivity. 110 Labour Party, 50, 5 I laissez-faire, 116 Land Lease Act. 9 I landscape painting, 60 language study, 65 larceny. 99 lascivious behavior. 100 Latinism, 27 launch a business, I 12 law. 58. 90, 92, 94. % law (scientific), 94 law of the jungle. 96 lawmaking, 90 law of nature, 95 law and order, 96 lawsuit. 96 lawyer, % leading article. 22 leaf,85 learning. 54 lecture, 22 left wing, 29 legal profession, 90 legality, 90 legend. 21 legislation, 90 legislative proposal, 90 lexicology, 66 liable for taxes, 121 Liberal Democratic Party. 44 47 Liberal Party (England), 50 liberali m,41 liberalization (of markets). Ito lichen, 85 life form, 77 life in a grouP. 70 light industry. 112 line of argument, 17 line of work, I II linguistics, 57, 65 liquid,83 liquid (e.g., I, r). 65
lI~~,94
kunshll-ui it 1;'11. 41 kiiron "l:~, 18 kllsabolla 1;(,(1'.. 86 kusselsll-gengo liJljlhl .. ,66 kusLlI.'J.86 kll-yakusho 1>(!'l:lfr. 49 kyassllU-kOdo 'I' -I' '/ ;,..:>. tJ r, 118 kyo~, 27. 28 kyogell ~I 64 kyoiku IXf1. 71 kyoka ~tt, 64 kyokugei iIIJ~.59 kyokuhi-dobulsu "&:fb~, 86 kyori IX!!. 19 kyosan Jt Ill. 109 kyosan-shugi A1 f. .41 kyosei-sokan ~IiIJiU'l. 103 kyosei- .... aiseISU-lIli ~'!Jlll~ iI1l.IOO kyoso-kyoku I1l litl.62 kyowa-seido A-IO IJJlI:,42 kyo .... a-seilai JHIJr!t1*. 41 kyowa-to J~~n:i'i:. 51
r.
136
Index
Index Marxism-Leninism, 48 "nt fl. 65 mass, 77 mas movement, 70 master of arts (MA), 56 material wealth, 32 materialism, 16, 17 mathematician, 58 mathematics, 74 mathematics (applied), 74 mathematics department, 74 middle class, 71 middle school, 56 mikka-bo:u II j), I 37 m~koll ~10haha .j;~(1) },72 mrlrtarosm,41,70 military-indUMrial complex, 109 military law, 91 military theoretician. 5S mineral producu, 109 minerologist.78 minerology,74 mingei K::, 59 mining industry. 112 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.43 Ministry ofConstrucuon.43 Ministry of Educauon, 43 Ministry of Finance, 43 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 43 Ministry of Health and Wei fare, 43 Ministry of Home Affairs. 43 Ministry of Justice. 43,90 Ministry of Labor, 43 Ministry of POSLS and Telecommunications. 43 Ministry ofTranspon, 43 minUi!r6)pO 1,,( I' )i1.. 91 minor offense, 99 minoshiro-kin .(titli:, 101 minsei 1,,6<:, 41 minsha-tii IOI}<:. 47 minslru-rodo-Io K 1 '/I' 50 mins/ru-shakai-t(> K IIt ... 47 . " 18 minshu-shugt 1" I Ht. 41.42 minshu-tii I" jo';;:. 51 millzoku KiJ;. 7 ~ 71 minzoku-ishrkr 1,,1).: ~ minzoku-Ieki-shiidan !I!t~. 71 missing persons. 10J mitsudo 83 101 mitsu-yunyu .tiM,).. mizen-kel .j;'~~, 67 molfll, 78 'I-;f./. 61 district. 48 I office, 49 prefecture, 48 .48 'Okuba tm:~ 49
' muzai-hanketsu
137
listed stock, 124 literary arts, 59
~!I1!'I'.!J~, 96
nihon-kydsan-tii
114<Jt!lti,
masatsu-on
muzei~fJI., 121 N
nagareboshi ittl.!il., 80 naien Pi*ll, 35 naien-kankei Pi*lllllltfi, 72 naikaku Pi 00, 43 naikaku-kanbo-chiikan Pi 00
literature, 57. 64 lithography. 60 litigious, 97 loan, 123 loan rate, 123 loan-translation, 66 Local Officials Act, 91 local taxes, 121 lockup, 103 logic, 17, 57 logos, 19 lotus, 86 lower class, 71 lower middle class. 71 lunar eclipse. 80 lyric poetry, 64 M
ma ill. 35 machi-yakuba
nihon-shakai-tii n 'l'f:tf.;:lt, 4 niji-hiitei-shiki -:*)J.f!iti:, 75 nikkei-dau-heikin 13 ft 'J'? 'I' ~J, 124, 125
47
l'WHI:'tf,43
naisei Pi&, 40, 52
Nikkei Dow Jones average, 124,125 nikkyu-gekkyu OfilJ'lfil, 119, 120 nirvana, 36
nisan-ka-tanso ... J'lit!it;g,
matsu~, 86 matsuri-goto 6<:, 39
matter, 82
mayaku-joshii JiU!'h~\"t, 71 mayaku (110) tori/riki lit<fj(O)
J{,(';I~. 101 lit:! J{,(lIl1it,91 mayor, 48 medicine, 58 medicine (the practice 01), 54 medieval art, 60 medo >? /:::', 108 meiji-ishin lJIiMUr, 69 meiji-jidai IJjifjPHt, 69 Meiji Restoration, 69 meiii-sei U::Elil., 80 meirei fiti1t. 94 meirei-kei $f,-jf~, 67 meishi t.:~, 66 melody, 61 member nation of the UN Security Council, 21 Member of the House of Councilors, 44 membership fee, 123 mental, 14 mentality, 33 menzeit-hin) ~.fji(ol1), 121 menzei-ten C.fjiI1l, 122 merchandise, 113 merchant, I14 Mercury, 80 mercury, 84 metamorphic, 79 metaphor, 67 metaphysics, 27 meteor, 80 meteori te, 81 meteorology, 75 metropolis, 48 metropolitan taxes, 121, 122 microbiology, 77 microorganism, 87 microphysics, 75
mayaku-torishimari-hii
1!ff1ll:~, 49 magnesium, 84 magnetic force, 82 maguneshiimu '7 ~ :i- :,..? 1., 84

maihiimu-shugi
'7 -{
ill, 25, 27 main occupation, 112 major (at university), 57 (major/minor) key, 62 majutsu illfi, 53 Mammalia, 87 mammals, 78 managerialism, 27 manbiki ljiJ I ~ , 99 mangan '7 '/'/1'/, 84 manganese, 84 man laughter (involuntary), 100 manufacturing industry, 112 maple, 86 marine products, 109 marquess, 69 marriage (common-law), 35,
72
*-
1..
Namu Amida Butsu J4i1~J!'J'l>l; )tt{l.,36 nantai-diibutsu ",f4;:IIJ~,86 nara-jidai l\'i blll\lft, 69 Nara period, 69 Narcotics Control Act, 91 nasa) (linguistics), 65 National Institute for the Minamata Disease, 46 national law, 91 National Party, 50 National Police Agency, 46 National Public Safety Commission, 46 national taxes, 121, 122 native Japanese (yamato-koIOba),66 natoryiimu T l- 'J ? u, 84, 85
84
nisshoku
B ft, 80 nitrogen, 77, 83 nodo iAfft, 83 Noh drama, 64 Noh farce, 64 nominal adjective, 67
non-fikushon J '/ 7 -1 '1 :,..3
'/,64 non-tariff barrier, 116 nori no michi 10) i1l, 95

norin-suisan-sho
ft*,,*IE1'i,
43 IlUi'1~, 109 note, 61 noun, 66 novel, 21, 64 novitiate, 33 lIozeillllfJI.,121 nuclear family, 72 nuclear power, 82 nuclear power plant, 83 nucleotide, 85 nudism, 29
no-sanbutsu nukureochido
y.
.6Q
marriage (re-), 35 marriage proposal, 35 Mars, 80 martial arts, 54 martial law, 92, 94 martinetism, 27 maruchi-shohii '7 Jkrifij1, 114
marukusu-renin-shugi :A I.--=: '/ E.t,47
y)1.,; ~
*~:
Shikibu #iA~i1,64 ""'''III)[eCII 100, 101 100 ,69
",odan;zUfnu..c
modeling. 60 moderate faction. ].9 modem music, 63 modernlcontempora!1 modem ism. 61
Natsume Soseki ];lOillk:Q, 64 nattoku lIIll!l, 19 natural resources, 78 natural sciences, 53 nature, 33 ne til, 85 nenban-gan t'ii!itl, 79 nenbutsu :'.tiL., 34, 37 nengall :'.tIt 34 nenkin 1f.~, I18 nellkyii If~,I 19 nenrei .iJolII\I, 71 neo-classicism, 60 neon, 83 lIeOIl :i-;I''/,83 Neplune,80 neutralization, 84 neutrons, 77 new religion. 29 ewtonian physics, 77 nidai-seitii-sei : k6<:1tlliil, 51 nihon-ga II ~J!Ioj, 60 nihon-jin-ron lI4<A~, 17 nihonkoku-kenpo II 4>:t'I~1, 45 nihon flO kyoiku-seido 114>:0) tffilllJIlI:. 18
'1 1.-;1' T .. ,
85 numerator, 76
nyiidisuto =::L - T 1:A ~, 29 nyiikin )..;it, 118 nyiaon-butsuri-gaku =::L - ~ '/~J.!I!.']':, 76
o
[(00),69 oak,86 object, 82 obsidian. 79 Occidental, 28 occupation, III Occupation, the, 70 oceanography, 75 oeM E.~,IJ, 69 offense against public morals,
o (kokuo) 72
138
Index
Index
139
paradise (Buddhist), 33 parliamentary system, 42, 43 38 particle (postpositional), 67 oil producing (countries), 109 party in power, 47 okesurora * -7;1. ~'7, 62 pdsento Il--t;, ~,76 okite~, 95 past life, 33 okura-shii k... !Ii, 43 paulownia, 86 omen, 34 pay, 119 onbin 'l}fi, 67 payment, 118 ondo iWi!:, 83 payment (balance 01), II 0 ongakkai ff'~~, 62 payment of taxes, 121 ongaku-riron 'fY'~~~, 61 penal regulations, 94 on 'in lHfl, 65 penitentiary, 103 on 'in-gaku ITllIl'(~, 65 pension, 118, 119 on 'in-soshiki iXiliMUl, 65, 67 pen ion (civil service), 120 onkai 'II-lfi,61 peoples, 71 onkyii .'t!.~, 119, 120 percent, 76 onpu iX~, 61 perceptive, 36 onsei-gaku 1f,tl''f., 65 percussion instruments, 62, open society, 71 63 opera *~'7, 62, 63 performing arts. 59,64 operation (surgical), 54 persuasion, 19,22 operation (work), 112 perverse. 3 I oppo ition parties, 41,47 pessimism, 25 optirni m,25 pharmaceutical industry, 112 orbit, 81 philosophic mind, 31 orchestral music, 62 philosophical, 12 orchid,86 philosophy, 15, 25, 27, 31, 57 order, 78, 92 phoneme, 65 ordinary account, 123 phonetics, 65 ordinary stock, 124 phonology, 65 organic chemistry. 74 pho phorus, 83 organism, 79 photosynthesis, 86, 87 original principle, 19 phylum, 78 orikii-san 1;.fIJrJ~Iv, 13 physical anthropology, 75 oryo tilfi, 102 physical body, 82 osekkyii 1; .llI.l<, 22 physical chemistry, 74 oshoku i'i., 102 physical object, 77 oshoku-boshi-hoi';.~)ilHt, physical sciences, 20 91 physics, 82 iisutoraria-renpo * -;I. ~'7 physics department. 74 I) 7i!1lI, 50 pickpocket. 99 output, 109 piece of cake, 13 over-the-counter stock, 124 pine, 86 oxidation, 85 Pisces, 87 oxygen. 77. 83, 85 plagiarism, 27 planet, 80 p planetoid, 80 Pacific War, 70 planned economy, 116 pagans, 28 plants, 85 paid, 119 Plathelminthe . 86 paid holiday, 119 Platonists, 30 painting, 60 plosive (phonetic), 65 paleontology, 75. 81 plucked lute. 63 pantheism, 16 Pluto, 80 paper-making industry, 112 point at issue, 17
sgon-rusu )t:ilUt, 93 ohyakudo-mairi 1; (i If~
~,
police, 104 police inspector, 104 police sergeant, 104 policy, 31, 40 political,26 political party, 40 political power, 39 political science. 58 political views, 39 politician, 39 politics, 39 polytechnic institure,59 polytheism, 16 pop an, 61 pope, 69 poppu-tiro.-j!" '17- ~,61 porcelain, 60 Porifera, 86 portrait (painting).60 poruno .-j! J1, / , 59 post-irnpres ionism.61 post office, 123 postal savings, 123 postwar period. 70 potassium cyanide.84,85 pottery, 60 power. 82 power of money. 117 power plant, 83 practical awareness,13 prayers to the Buddha.34.37 precept. 96 predicate. 66 predicative,67 prefecture, 48 prefix. 66 premeditated murder. 100 preposition, 66 44 president (of a republiC), President of the House of Councilors.44 pressure, 82 previous existence.33 primary school. 56 prime mini ter,.40.5O 43 Prime Minister' Offl('t, 46 primitive an. 61 principle. 19.259494 prison regulauon,. private funds, 107 privileged c1as"'" 71 productivity. 109 profession. II I (VIII Progressive Con'" pany.50
;, -;.lflut, 71. 109 uity.72 ""n,66 led classes, 109 ny, 107, 109 ny-owningclasses, 71 nyles clas es, 71
,(>I
ution.96 ulion'spenalty recorn,OOalion.96 lionagainst repeated ution, 105 lion ism, I 16 antism.28 n ,77 plasm. 85 zoo.86 nance.45 Ince.48 nee,13.39 dIology.57 It finance,40. 107 icmorals(offense 'lJIinstJ,72 IC opinionpoll, 72 Ice. 79 Oishment.99 I. 28
,25
ranshi ~HJI.. 27 ransom, 101 rape. 100 rate at which taxes are withheld, 121. 123 raten-go-gohii "7 T;' uttufiu.;. 27 ratio, 75, 76 rationality, 19 rationalization. 20 real estate, 109 real estate tax, 121 realism, 61 reason, 19 reasoning power, 20 rebinh.36 recital. 62 reed,86 reformists, 30 regulation, 94, 96 rei ~". 89 reijo ~III, 93 reijo ~:tJ(, 94 reikin ~L~, 118 reisoku ~ ,(.!., 93 rekishi-gaku btll.!f:, 57, 68 relativism, 16 release (from the cycle of birth and death), 36 reliance on others, 32 religion, 25, 27, 28, 29 religious painting, 60 remarriage, 35, 72 renpii ;In, 50 renpo-seido i!IlIIiiJlll', 42 rentai-kei i!f+:~, 67 ren 'yo-kei ;lJIIlf~, 67 representational art, 61 representative (govemmental),44 reproduction, 85 reptiles, 78 Reptilia, 87 Republican Party, 51 republicanism, 41, 42 resident taxes, 121 rest (in music), 62 retailer, 114 rhythm, 62 ri~, 15. 19 riarizumu I) 7 I) :t:1.,61 rice production, 109 rich; J!l!:IlJ. 20 richi-teki na ~:IlJI'tC),." II, 12 ,35 rienll rigaku ~'i':, 20, 21
right to counsel, 105 right to a public trial. 105 right to remain silent. 105 right to a speedy trial. 105 right wing, 29 riji-kai ~')I~, 21 rikai J!I!.II'1, 20 rikai-ryoku 110 aru J'Il.MJJC1)J, .Q,II rikei ~,f., 53 riki JJ, 33 rikken-kunshu-koku !llll./t I' 111,42 rikken-kunshu-seitai !r., .It E &U>,41 rikken-seitai v.~i&U>, 41 riko na ,fIJU~, II, 13 riko-shugi .ftJ~ tlt, 26, 27 rikon 11M, 72, 99 rikutsuppoi ~hlhl~P, 15 rin til, 83 rinri Jalil'., 29 rin-sanbutsu :t;f;.Ii1It, 109 rippo f~i1;,93 tippo 'LtE,90 riron ~iIi, 20 riron-butsuri-gaku l'I!laltJ!!! !:f",74 riron-setsu J'I!,.:lII., 15 riron-teki JIl!lal'tC), 19 risei lil'.tt, 12, 20 risei-teki na ~tt(J'1~, 12 rishin-ron lil'.~iIi, 16 risol!:l!I,20 risii-shugi ~:!l.\ t:. ,25,26 risii-teki ~:!l.!il':J, 20 ritsu ~, 89, 92 ritsudo UtJJJ, 62 ritsurei f~'iI', 92 ritsuryii Ill'il', 92 rittai-ha 1L U>iJii;,61 rittai-kika-gaku .tf+:l.Itf'J')'". 75 riyii ~rlJ, 20 rizai ~1It. 107 robbery (armed), 99 rock, 63,79 rodo-kaileyii 9J.l14a, 71 roo6-uisatl-ui 9J.4.!iitt, 110 rooo-shO <fi.!Ii. 43 rooo-ro <fi.~, 50, 51 rokkuo,,~,63 roma-hO'o 0 -'7i), 1.,69 roman-ha 0'7 ;, iJii;. 29
140
Index soikii-sai-hanji 1il:~'1j1il:1'IJ'JI. 44 soimin-jutsu flIiJlHfi.27, 53 saishoku-shugi ~ ft 1:.&. 26 saishoku-shugi-sha !/Ht 1..& t,27 sakujo nlJ~, 65 sakura I'ii. 86 salary (monthly), I 19, 120 sales department. I 12 salvation by faith, 33 san Ill. 84 sanbun fIX.t, 64 sanbutsu Ili~, 109 sandan-ronpa :11;.:iiE.17 sangaku RiM, 109 sangi'in ~ II\t. 43, 45 sangi'in-gicho i.> ];t 1~, 44
sangi'in-gi'in ~ sangun-fukugii-tai I\t;,JW,44 l!i'i'oj(l!If,-
Index sect, 25. 29 secular. 32 seculariled.32 securities. 125 sedimentary. 79 seed-bearing plants. 85 selblll.-ritsu 1.1( ,{r'. 93 seibutsu 'I'~. 77. 79
seibu(.fu-gatu 'I ~ sei(do) J(lil.). 41 shihon-zai 'ii4'lIf. 107 shi'in FIf.65
141
roman-ha-ongaku 07 / ~ l'i ~.63 romanchishizumu 07 /1-", ;(.1..26.29.61 Romanesque style. 60 romanization. 8 roionnan-shug! illit 1: .26 ron .... 15. 18.26 ronbun .:i.t. 22 ronpo .:iiE. 17 ronri Il!I!. 17 ronri-gaku .. l!I!'1'. 57 ronri-setsu llilll.. 15. 17 ronri-teki "'ll~. 19 ronsen 17 ronsetsu .. iIlI.. 22 ronsetsu-i'in .aill.l'tl. 23 ronso "1>-. 17 ronten ttl l1., 17 root. 85 roten-saiko iSRtUt. 77 rui 1St. 78 ruishin-zeihO :l\:itt.fil.iE. 12 I rule. 94 ruling parry. 44. 47 rust. 85 ruthlessly logical. 19 ryosei-rui l.jfjtJl. 87 ryuchi-jo ffltrl.4I. 103 ryiika-tetsu il:ft"'. 84 ryilon iilTt. 65 ryusan lilt. 84 ryuse! iil1i!. 80
Shiites. 29
shikei fGlflJ, 76. 102. 103 shikei-hanketsu fGlflJflJtlt. 45 shikei-shikko-reijo fGlflJt*.fT
shiiken 1If~, 125 shoko iilll!. 18, 96 shokubutsu I~. 85 shokubutsu-gaku li!~,,),:. 58,
75
shokubutsu-kai ll~ff.. 79 shokuen :tt:!l. 85 shokugyo. .71. 111
~:tX. 103
shikikin 1k1li. I 18 shikka-yuyo fAfi!lfr-. 104 shlku-kyo 'l- 7 fX. 28
( 58 85
seifu f'J.~I.40 sei-hanmt 11m)l\. 100 seiji f'J.ih. 39

seiji-gaku f'~it;.(. 58 seiji-ka f'J.it;t(. 39 sei-kagaku 'I, ft ( . 74 seikall-Wknn ,. JIlI~JI1.79
ft.
shimin-zei ,liIi';.fiI.. 121. 122 shinjutsu iliff. 54. 55 shinka-ron il!ift~. 16. 22 shin-koten-shugi if S"'.1:
60
shinkyo iTfX. 28 shi-no-ko-shO J::,IlIi8i. 69
shomu i8i~. 113 shimin ilA. 96 shooting stars, 80 shop. 113 shoplifting. 99 shopping area. I 13 short story. 21 , 64 shosetsu IJ'ilI., 64 shOshai8i~i. 113. 144
seiken f'J.1i. 39
seiken f'~lI., 39 seirei f!,(~,. 94 seisaku I'{(~. 40 seisan 'LI?'. 109 seisan-kari ,',ff.'f1'). 84, 85 seisan-ryoku 'I' tr.}J, 109
f,!;,I09
sangyo ff. " 109 sangyo-kakumei tIlE
'If<~. Si'U1!I {l'
110 sankaku-ho-'.flllt, 74
sanknn-!ukugo-tai
seisan-sei 'L!lifl. 109

seishinl-shugii-teki
Mlf(
~, 109 sanka-tetsu Itft"', 84 sanken-bunritsu -'.fi5}i'f.,92 sanshutsu .Ii1111, 109 Sanskrit, 35 sanso II);. 77, 83, 84 sansii nfl, 75
sansui-ga W,j(tii.60 san'yu(-koku) Siilun'I), 109
1'1'1.32 seishoku 'LIi'f. 85

seitai f'J.j.j;.41 seitai-gakusha 't 11!! ",.77 seitii J;i{:ii:. 40. 46 seitii-ka suru 11>~fti' . 20 seiyo no ijutsu 1"I,r.q) iii. Sol seiyoku-tiisaku ttkl;lHll. 72 sekai-bungaku 1If,ll!1 .64 sekai-jin III:\'r! A. 39 sekiban Wk. 60 sekiban-ga {i~B. 60 sekibulsu {jj1.. 36 sekihan {j1'Jl..60 sekihan-ga {ir.&W. 60 sekilslli-doblltsu ",.ft."
shinpo-hoshu-tii il!ijli;~;r:il:. 50 shinri-gaku .(',)l"f:. 57 shin-shiikyo iT,*,fX, 29 shinto ".iIl. 28. 38. 63 Shinto music and dancing. 63 shiranu ga hotoke 93J t, oIQ.l)'I1., 37 shirei-chiikan tiJ~R'H. 94 shisan '/tRi. 109 shisei-ji-ritsu .fl.!t~'f.. 76 shisei-ji-shussan .fl.!IJ\!tURi, 72 shishaku -(.~. 69 shitsudo iliff. 83
shitsunai-gakkyoku
i8iU7 c-, 115 shosii-minzoku 1.-'flfi';Ji',71

shosha-man shosuru!l&-t.o. 103 shoten i8ii6. 113 shiiten-gai i8ii6l!i. 113
shotoku-zei ifr~I.fiI., 121 shiiwa-jidai 1Ill;fJ]~tt, 69 shiiwaku-sei IJ'!I1I~. 80 Showa period. 69 show bu iness, 59
shOzo/-ga/111t(i!]j).60 shu ft. 78 shu ffl, 50 shiidan-seikatsu lfHll!ttli. 70 shiidan-shinri j; 1'II'('.l!I!. 70
*-Jl'j~JIlJ.
S
sabetsu-go
62
shitsuryo Kilt. 77 shi-yakusho .1i1'l:ifr.49 shizai .fl.M. 107 shizell-jinrtli-gaku t'l ~Afi
l<EIJ Ilf. 67
sadism. 29
sadisUlo -If'r { :A ~. 29 sadizumu -If'r { ;( .I.. 29
Saturn. 80 savings. I 18 saiban .IUIJ.96 scale. 61 saiban ni knkeru n'flH: l)'lt scheme. 55 '0.97 scholarly. 19 saibo.II'.!.85 scholarship. 56 saib6-heki .II'&~. 85 school. 29,56 saien ll}fJ. 35 school career, 56 saikin" '.85 school expenses, 56 soikon [11M.72 school regulations, 94 saiIW-saiban-sho ~t:infl]lrr. science, 21 44,45 sciences (hard), 74 saika-sail ban-sho }-chOkan il: scientific name. 56. 57 ,QjAt('fIJifrHHr.44 scientific principle. 19
safecracking. 99 safety-first-ism. 27 sagi J1'~. 99 sagyof'i' '. 112 sa-ha liiNt. 29
sarcasm. 31 satellite (artificial). 80. 81 satirical haiku. 64 sarori flf ~ 36

salsujin-misui
:!ltA.j( .100. 6A~P, 100
',\ 75
shi"n no hOsoku
LOI
salsujin-zai
n ~l1)iliUIJ.
95
shO 63 shObai i8i.k_ 113 shobu l~ . 86 shOdo-salsujin ilitb:!ltA, 100 shOgakko 'J")':tt 56 shOgen iJE;r, 96
shugei 'Fj!f, 59 shugi l~. 25. 26. 27, 41 shiigi'in 11< FR,44 shiigi'in-gichii IItIillFR R.44 shiigi'in-gi'in lit FR U.44 shugo 66 shugyolJfT. 33 shugyo ik. " 112 shuha 29 shuin-gi'in IItFRlIlll. 45
.:Em.
'*~.
Self-Defense Fore"" 18 self-governing bod)'. 48 seltles devotion. 94 semantics. 17,67 Senale. 50. 5 I Seneca, 54, 70
sengo-jida,
lililJilt.
shogun. 69
shOgun
senior policeman. 1()41()4 senior superintendanl (senior) high school. 56 senjulsu 54 senko '.'11;.. 57 senkoku ,":';-096 sellk)'o '1'.40
_!Ii.
~n(. 69 shogunate. 69 shOgyol8i ". I I I shOg)'o-loshi Ifli ~ ,Ii. I 13 shohill IfliJ~. 113 slrOhi-;:ei il'I~?lll. 121. 122 slrOlt6l8iik, 91. 114 shokei lI!,IfIJ. 102
shujulsu T'lli. 54 shukugo I 12 shukyo ;j'fX. 27, 29. 71 shuky6-ga ;;,,fXiJoi. 60 shukyu .i!!l1fr. I 19 sh,'nyu lilA. 71. 120 shurui it .78
rrl .
shuru-rearhumu ~;z. .) ;(.1.. 61 shushi ff 1:. 56 shtlshi-kei nIUf~. 67

shushi-shokubulSU
JJ,.
v7
it f-jl!~.
85
shusM
tHU. 40, 50
142
Index
Index
143
shiiso 83 shusshin Iil~, 44 shuto otIS, 51 shutsunyu-koku-kanri-oyobinanmin-nintei-hii IilM'illJ l!&.lF.~J91lEl*, 92 shiiwai Q){)lfi, 102 Sikhism, 28 silicon, 84 silk industry, 112 silver, 84 simile, 67 single cell, 77 Sino-Japanese. 66 skeptical. 31 Skeptics, 31 slate, 79 smartweed, 86 smoking, 37 muggle,I02 smuggling, 101 social aggregate, 70 social classes, 71 social climbing, 32 social conditions, 70 Social-Democratic Parry, 50 Social Democratic Party of Japan, 47 social life, 70 social movement, 70 social order, 70 social organization. 70 social questions, 29 social sciences, 53, 58 social solidarity, 71 socialism, 41 society (free), 35 sodium, 84, 85 sodium chloride (NaCI), 85 sogai(-kan) iil!ltH!i!\), 71 sogyo{l!1 ,112 oil erosion, 78 soka ~,(E, 86 soka-gakkai 1l1I!i11i'f:~, 47 sokin ;!i', 123 soku PII, 89, 94 sokudo ilIil!!:, 77, 82 sokuten-kyoshi PIIX1;t'-., 94 olar eclipse, 80 solar energy, 87 solar system, 79 solid,83 solid geometry, 75 solid Slate physics, 74 solipsism, 16 somei na 1(;l1J]>::, II, 12
~*,
son (your), 93 sonara ") T , , 63 sophists, 25 soprano, 62 sopurano ") 7'7/ ,62 sorcery, 54 sori-fu It.l!fIf, 43, 46
sori-fu-eomu-chokan
1t.l!lIt
sui-sanbutsu *lIilll, 109 sui-sanka-tetsu *flft .. 84 suisei *It', 80 suisei "Js.t, 80 suisei-gnn *1/1, 79 suiso *.t, 77, 83 sulfur, 84 sulfuric acid, 84
sumi-e
n:oku-kokka ~ l(bU'llii, a,u-mill:oku ~I -l(~,72 asu_millzoku-kokka 1~-4(, 71 ~J.#,64 ._shosetsu 1'JtoI/l'oilt,21,
'r_-
It..fjfR-~r.43 siirui 11m, 85 siisa 111't, 105 sosaku 8111'>. 64

soshO~~,96 soshoku-on iI1MiiJr, 62 SOShO-lUkiWFill:!ff ~. 97 so-shiinyii It.q){A. 119 sola i-ron ID)~Il, 16 sotoku 1t.1ll-. 50 sozoku-zei ID*'l!~,121, 122 sound system. 65, 67 SOlO !'llf&l, 60 species, 78 speculation, 17, 18, 19 speech, 18 spiritual awakening, 36 spiritualism, 16 spiritually minded, 32 stand for election, 51 statecraft,40 statement, 21 statesman, 40 statistics, 74, 75 statute, 93, 96 steel industry, 112 slem,85 stocks, 124 stolen goods (dealing in), 99 stops (linguistics), 65 store, 113 storytelling, 54 string instruments, 62 strip-mining, 78 strong reaction, 23 strongly opposed, 20 study. 30 study of the universe, 17 subject, 66 ubrraction, 75 suffering (world 01), 33 suffix. 66 siigaku-sha f('i';/'-, 58 sugi n, 86 suiboku-ga ;j( ~,6O suicide, 72, 101 suigin *$11,84 suisai-ga *~(1!Ij.60
e.so
Summary Courts, 98 sun, 80

sunni-ha A :.-z: i*. 29
sunni-ha no shinja A ;...::iIl(l) g.f,-, 30 Sunnis.29 superintendant. 104 supply. 119 Supreme Court, 44, 45,98 suri T ~,99 surrealism, 61 suspect, 97 suzu ii, 84 SUlU $f;, 63 syllogi m,I7 symphony, 62 syntax. 66 system, 41 T table sail, 85 taboo word, 67 tabii-go , '1-"lr. 67 tachi-ojo ,Ut/l, 33 tactics, 54 lade~. 86
tagen-bunka-ronslw
,oibo'11_~lJ'il, 77 Jii.ti.83 sm.28. 29 108 barrier.116 ;-hongallll!!)) -+:~i, 32 'J}I-rOIl ~trll~. 16 ;:anJE t, 75 ollo-hogo-hO lll~f~.Ji .91 andtaxation, 102, 121, Ill,I23 ings,27, 28 ique,54 nology,53 aku-zeiho~Vl~i.l;. 121,
n.
tetsu~, 84 tetsugaku ff'f., 27, 31, 57 textile industry, 112 theism, 16 theoretical, 19 theoretical physics, 74 theories. 15. 18. 19.21. 22 theorizing about the Japanese, 17 thermal power, 82 three dimensions, 75 tidal force, 82 tight money, 117 tight-fisted, 123 time deposit, 123 tin, 84 -10 lk. 28 10 l1li.48
10/::',50
tree, 86 trial,96 trick,54 trigonometry, 74 Trotskyists, 30 trust (breach of), 102 truth,I9 tsubaki 86 tsuki n. 80 tsumi 01l. 99 tsumi 110 mukui ~UQ)lII~'. 120 tsiishin-eisei illiWfi!I~_, 80 tsiaoku-teki jtlHtfiY~, 32 Isulumi lit 63 two-party system. 52
m,
U
uchimaku uchii-ron
iAI~, 44 *rJj~, 17
f, }LXi.
~/'-, 25 . ,,_ 98 taigaku-shobun .ill r lI\~, 0 taiheiyii-sensii ),:_ 'I' tllt,., 7 taiho-reijo .ilM~r.v;.94 taikin }.:1::, 118 taiko ),,It 63 taiseki U>!l 77 Taisho Democracy,69 .,-et laisho-demokllrashf ).: 77'l-,69 taishii-jidai ).:II "Ht. 09 Taisho period, 69 taishii }.:1It~ 70 70 laishii-undo }.:l!tiffb. "" taiyo-enerugi ~ :<-1' 87 laiyo-kei ~R"1'<.79 take 10 court. 97 tale, 64 Tale of Ceuji, Tire. 6-1
tiigei fIi~, 59, 60 tiigo-gaku kk,It?, 66 togo-ron ftZft~. 66 togoku tl'Il, 103 lokei-(sii)gaku ftJt(tlt):+, 75 loki j:tjirJ, 60 tokken-kaikyii !tHlillll'it, 71 -yokin~JUI fMit. 123 ,ku-shugi ,ml-!h'!!, 25, 26 lokoJllijI,6O onbu-fuhyo f!l; lI-i\IIii1I 62 tokugawa-jidai (fJlIPjit, 69 Tokugawa period, 69 .-doblllsu ~i:.:_jjJ~, 78 tokyo-shOken-lorihiki-jo 110;( IsuA!lllI., 22 ;H;dOC~ lIfT,124 machine(automatic), !l,124 Tokyo Stock Exchange, 124 tomin-zei r.tI1I':~, 121 rature, 83 ,62 lo-on-fuhyo ~ 'J'j-l!1IJ(, 62 ity,33 Torah (Judaism), 93 toron 1It,~, 18 I)Buddhist Precepts, the, torotsuki-ha ~ 0 -;1'1'-- iIf<, 30 tort law, 91 COmmandmenls, the, 93 tiisaku ~i'li, 27 "lOn-gaku"-~''t-, 58, 74 tiisei-keizai ft3ill*'liti, 116 n-shigen .Rr.~'ltOO,78 - .R~. 69 loshi tlt'/t. 125 sei .R &\.1;11. 42 totalitarian, 42 .62 totalitarianism, 26, 41 2tu/lena T / - fV/TT-, town office, 49 toza-yokin ~J~Hli', 123 o-s,; A:'Elilo, 80 trade, III. 113,114 .T;"~,62 trade surplus, 110 l-bulsllri_gaku X14>~ll trades. 53 ,74 trading (inside), 102 1~ baibai-kabu r.!il!ll'/,;ni*. trading company, 113, 114, 115 lltiU,nruT01);(1. 101 traditional Japanese music, 61 !rialheat, 82 ' traditional Western music, 61 MIl,IOI tragedy,64 'Illony, 96 training, 33 ')0l'-f(fl-. 123 treble clef, 62
s.
u-ha +iilf<, 29 ukiyo-e i'l'-ilt~, 60 underclass, 71 undii-ryo, 77 United Kingdom, 50 United States of America, 50 universalism, 16 university, 56 unlisted stock, 124 unlucky, 34 unpaid,I19 unrefined,32 unwed mother, 72 unwritten law, 93 un 'yu-shO iI.!(J, 43 upper class, 71 upper middle class, 71 Uranus, 80 US Congress, 49 utagai fl~'. 31 V value-added tax (VAT), 121 variety, 78 vegetable kingdom, 79 vegetarian. 27 vegetarianism, 26 velocity, 77,82 ventriloquism, 54 Venus, 80 verb,66 verb conjugations, 68 verbal dispute, 17 verdicl,96 verdict of guilty, 96 verdict of innocent, 96 verse, 64
144
Index
vertebrate, 87 victim, 97 views (personal/political), 39 village, 48 village chief. 48 village office, 49 violent crime, 100 viscount. 69 vital statistics, 72 volcanic. 79 voltage, 82 volume, 77 voluntary export quotas, I16
word formation. 66 work, III. 112 working classes. 7 I world, the glory of this, 36 world, this fleeting, 33 world, this. 35 world literature, 64 world of suffering, 33 worldly-wise, 12 worship, 27, 28 y yadoya-gyollllill, 112 yakuba 1Jl:~, 49 yakusho ~Jlf, 49 yamato-jidai klllW~1t 69 yamalo-koloba );:.lfl i r!/!!, 66 Yamato period, 69 yanagi _, 86 yalo 'i'f:ll:, 41, 47 'Ii!;*.1I!i1t, 69 Yayoi period. 69 Yin-Yang principle, 19 yogaku iUl, 61, 62 yogi-sha mu;, 97 yoiku-ken-sosho *ft~ii1iii!:, 99 yojin-bukai IllLi.1i~'. 39 yoji-waiselsu-zai XIJ!lllll~, 100 yokin IJ'(it, I 18 yokin-kinri IJ'(itit.fll, 123 yokin-lsiichO IJ'( ~iilitl!, I J 8 yokin-zandaka IJ'(~lil'li,123 yoroku-so ~U~, 86 yoron-chosa ff!:_~:l'E. 72 yoshi il,86
yayoi-jidai yoshi ~
JunJII"WUrial~_", _ .... til. 116 yiisan-kOlk.lii ~'I'l'RT. 71 109 y~sei-"iJhoku (,i't'IIil. 8S )'usel-shQ jt;t!i'I. 43 yiishin-ron ~I~"" 16 yushulsu no jishuki'" iii J'J rJU.~I. 116 yushulsu-shOrei_ktn 1li1))'1 ~, 116 yiiwaku ..ki(,.~, 34 yiizai-hankelSU ~, I' flh~.96 Z zaibatsu JlH'IJ. 107 zaidan JJi"M. 107 zaigen MiIIt, 107 zaika 1If1't, 107 zaikai JJi"W, 107 zaimu JlH~,107
zairyoku M)J. 107 zaisan Mil'. 107
vowel. 65 W wages. 118, 119 wages of sin, 120 ..aisetsu-mi lltw., 100 wajutsu Mfr, 54 waka :fU1If;,64 wakusei ~hl, 80 ward office, 49 ward taxes. 121. 122 wari~, 76 wariai 'bllfr. 75. 76 warizan 81JJI:, 75 warmblooded animals, 78 warrant, 94 warriors, farmers, artisans, tradesmen, 69 waseij-hs] :fU)l1(t1<), 6 I wave force, 82 Way to the Law. the, 95 weak-willed,37 Weallh of Nations, The. J 16 weekJy pay, I 19 Western medicine, 54 Western music, 62 white collar crime, 102 whole note, 62 wholelhalf/quaner rest, 62 Wholesaler, I 14 wield power, 44, 46 willow. 86 wind force, 82 wise, 13 wise to the ways of the world, 55 wisteria, 86 witchcraft. 53 withholding taxes, 121 witness, 96 witty, 13,31 WoodblOCk, 60 woodwind instruments. 62
8*iaO)~~~m
,= lif'\'
;::
1; -'::~L'''-;'1'\'
yoshO XlJ9-', 56 yoso i1.:~. 83 YOlO 'Hz. 44, 47 your daughter, 93 your son, 93 yubin-chokin i111i@lITit, 123 yudaya-IcyO.:L Y"" 1.1:, 28 yue ni Iii!:, 17 yuibutsu-ron IIII.~ 16 yuiga-ron IIII.lli:.. , 16 yuishin-ran IIII.{,_, 16 yiikai m,IOI yukari no mono fit1)-ll', 35 yuki-kagaku 111!l1t"', 74 yukue-/umei fr }j ..fIJI, 105 yiilcyii Mil, 119 yiilcyii-kyiika .(i~1*C. 119
r-. 77
zaisei Mt!, 40, 107 zei fII., 120 zeihO fll.W, 121 zeikan fll.1l!I, J21 zeimu 1II.f*. J2J zeimu-sho fII.:m 'l'f. 12I teiritsu fJI.,, 121 teisei III.l&JI, J21 zeishii lII.~i,121 Zen, 29 zenchi-shi 1l~ ' ..1.66 zen' ei-geijutsu ,F1ltr';:'iIr. 59 zen-Ihan-Ishibu-k)'llshi-ju ~ . 4' . 1!!15t1*J.I:r.r,61 zen-onpu ~IH1', 62 tense li~tU:, 33 zenshi; i'i!;;i. 29 zentai-shugi 1tU> F , 26. 41
zentai-shugi-koku ~~
HOW TO SOUND INTELLIGENT IN JAPANESE

1993~ 8 .Fl158 1997~ 4 ~ 1 8 ~ 1 ij;IJ~fi ~ 3 ij;IJ~fi
7"'-)VA' !1rdlitL~~
t:". '7)1,,7
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T112Jlo~tIl::sc:mI&1f3f:l1-17-14
11~ : 03-3944-6493
42 zetsumetsu ~Jli. 8 J zettai-ron feHiIIIi. 16 zinc, 84 z6en-julsu :iil[tffr. 53 :;6go-hO ZMfW, 66 zoku loll, 78 toku $X, 78 zoology, 58, 75 Zoroastrianism. 28 zoshll-wai "UIII,. 102 zowat 111M" 102 zuihitsu Ill( ,64
~xt~:t.t :!JL)iiJI.:t.t ~xt~tl ~1!i:

liT* . !I.T*J;I:, IJ':tt~.llIl:mI::.t;)i!~) < t:: ~ L'. i!*4 IJ'1iAt!1I::-c.t;)l6ttf~ l..it:T. *ilO).l'ItHl:: (:::J ~-). E.,;I:.fF.jI$O)01J*H~l!, t;t t.:';;I1. -cL'it:T. ~iJlil;l:;I)/~-I::;a;rL.. -c N> ') it:T. 1993
e Dt!iHt-1' ::.,..t;l-T~3TJ~
Printed in Japan ISBN4-7700-1747-2

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HOW TO SOUND INTELLIGENT IN JAPANESE

SOUND INTELLIGENT IN JAPANESE

Barbarlls hie ego sum. quia non intel/igor ulli. (Here I am a

barbarian, for no one understands me.) (Ovid, 43 B.c.-AD ?17)

Daigalcu no nyugalcu-shiken wa, rikai-ryoku yori kioku-ryoku

su mono da to hihan sarete imasu.

He may have the look of an intellectual, but in fact he's a fool.

~!~~ ~~fIJI,-'t.:JL~if-? rm-sanWaitsumo no jodan

sae areba,jugy6 wa yahari tanoshii desu ne.

Argument, Theory, Ism

16 Ideas and Theories

Ideas and Theories 17

[>.-2:J!I!Wf"C;:~ .oAli~t.til'-? tc:\? L. J; ?

It' < 1?1t:n'/.){iif!H:Ij:tt:;;1~til{~.o t'~V(t, I: lj:ffl~t~~\:T

=~~a"$ (sandan-ronpo) a syllogism (three-step argument

hitei shita no de,

tal~7n ~e mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is morIS a lamous syllogism.

n, th . ere,ore, consequently (literary usage)

18 Ideas and Theories

Ideas and Theories 19

Reason, Principle, Truth

There is ongoing debate concerning the cause of the dinosaurs' tinction.

The Yin-Yang principle bad an enormous influence on Chinese

Yourargument is not without reason, but I remain unpersuaded.

Presenting counterarguments in the face of such convincing is difficult. tJ't.tIl\o

Atorantisu-densetsu ni tsuite no shinsetsu ga taterareta ga; de shika nai.

Freedom of speech is a basic condition for democracy.

20 Ideas and Theories

Ideas and Theories

JJ-I;t, :.n.J;l.J:0)- JJ-J1IHI::I1:*Ei:M~-to

Theory, View, Statement

In C~jn.ee, the meaning of ~ is "speak," and though the pro-

~itlvo Sasaki-sensei flO riron wa diishlte mo rikai dekimasen.

19. {t;:k*;t;~O)l!I!~ijSl;t.J:? L- -ctJ!l!M~~

m.~.~Iv~-.*.~*~~L-~~0kL-, .~ lbWJ-Cv\t,tv\l:r e. f'&l1: C 0 -c ~I;t ~ l!I!;m(t-Jt,t:A ~-to

22 Ideas and Theories Ideas and Theories 23

Kaori persuaded her father to give up smoking.

Anata no ronbun ni wa settoku-ryoku ga arimasen. Motto teki ni matomete kudasai.

< t':'~ It'o

Haha kara biiifurendo no koto de mata osekkyo

~.h(rakuten-shugl) optimism (pleasant-heaven-ism)

Philosophy and Religion

Uljl";:;;m to' use "metaphysical"

rilll.A.3:.~Jc iflJc,.3:..J ~1:8j)IjT~':'c'i,

U~.:!it (kannen-shugi) idealism (viewing-thought-ism; as

';Kojin-shugr"'to "rilw-shugr"' 0 kubetsu suru koto wa, muzukashii desu ne.

~~.:~ (keiken-shugi) empiricism (experience-ism)

1f~.:!it (hakuai-shugi) altruism (broad-love-ism) ~lt.::t_ (saishoku-shugi) vegetarianism (vegetable-eatingism)

1*.3:._ zentai-shugi "totalitarianism," are treated in more

L.'I' Ii';t Tt.I{, ~~

Bekkii-sensei wa hiniku ruz koto 0 yoku osshaimasu ga, jissai ni

Worship and Teachings

iJl:ill;t;~'i -( of 1) A ~ra~.:.~~~~$r'*<:Tt.I{, -{'/~%ffii..t~':"?Ii'-C~*HIUJtL;t L.t.:o

28 Philosophy and Religion

tized but I myself am not a Christian.

1_<'--.C wr~....::: ~ ii' c-? iI'~H'

8. tPOO~iHfic B*~:t!iI7iHi c'-? v' -? mJ{;f-ilr~~~<: i. J: -? iI'o

Factions and Sects

(insh6-ha) impressionism }i'~ (shiiha) (religious) sect, denomination

(sunni-ha) Sunnism (Sunnis)

My daughters were graduated from a mission school and were

30 Philosophy and Religion

~! fIJI,-'t.:JL~if-? rm-sanWaitsumo no jodan

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BO)f~~I19fX . :gr~fflm NIHON NO DENTOSHUKYO TETSUGAKU YOGO

~lDi!&-1(kyowa-seitai) republicanism -.t"I.t-1 (rikken-seitai) constitutionalism -.t"~.:ti!&-1* (rikken-kunshu-seitat) constitutional monarchy

fi;\lli~!IJm(saiki5-saiban-sho) Supreme Court -Al:iii~(Um)-g (saiko-sailban-shol-chokan) Chief Justice .iii~*IJ.

20.l$1it/lI,0)iii~A$f4"t"9EJflnIJi**~~ltt.::lJDii.iEmli, 'k~ iJRL"(ftl~~A~IJji.ITt:_Ufi:tLi Lt.:o

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25.i3m.tl;;.:ER:li, 19551F1: El35t c 8 ~.=E5t-nfi:-;b ~"? -C.fi

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