The Cannabis Research Library
Table of Contents
Aging
Berrendero F. Romero J. Garcia-Gil L. Suarez I. De la Cruz P. Ramos JA. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Changes
in cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several brain regions of aged rats. Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta. 1407(3):205-14, 1998 Sep 30.
Elwan O. Hassan AA. Abdel Naseer M. Elwan F. Deif R. El Serafy O. El Banhawy E. El Fatatry M.
Brain aging in a sample of normal Egyptians cognition, education, addiction and smoking. Journal of the
Neurological Sciences. 148(1):79-86, 1997 May 1.
Lyketsos CG. Garrett E. Liang KY. Anthony JC. Cannabis use and cognitive decline in persons under 65
years of age. American Journal of Epidemiology. 149(9):794-800, 1999 May 1.
Sidney S. Beck JE. Tekawa IS. Quesenberry CP. Friedman GD. Marijuana use and mortality.
American Journal of Public Health. 87(4):585-90, 1997 Apr.
Andreas Zimmer*,, Anne M. Zimmer*, Andrea G. Hohmann, Miles Herkenham, and Tom I. Bonner*
Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice PNAS,
Vol. 96, Issue 10, 5780-5785, May 11, 1999
Apoptosis and Proliferation
Maurizio Bifulco, Chiara Laezza, Giuseppe Portella, Mario Vitale, Pierangelo Orlando, Luciano De
Petrocellis, and Vincenzo Di Marzo ! Control by the endogenous cannabinoid system of ras oncogene-
dependent tumor growth. The FASEB Journal express article 10.1096/fj.01-0320fje. Published online
October 29, 2001.
Bisogno T. Katayama K. Melck D. Ueda N. De Petrocellis L. Yamamoto S. Di Marzo V. Biosynthesis

and degradation of bioactive fatty acid amides in human breast cancer and rat pheochromocytoma cells--
implications for cell proliferation and differentiation. European Journal of Biochemistry. 254(3):634-42,
1998 Jun 15.
De Petrocellis L. Melck D. Palmisano A. Bisogno T. Laezza C. Bifulco M. Di Marzo V. The

endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95(14):8375-80, 1998 Jul 7.
Luciano De Petrocellis, Dominique Melck, Tiziana Bisogno, Vincenzo Di Marzo. Endocannabinoids and
fatty acid amides in cancer, inflammation and related disorders. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108
(2000) 191-209
Vincenzo Di Marzo, Tiziana Bisogno, Luciano De Petrocellis, Dominique Melck, Pierangelo Orlando,
Jens A. Wagner, and George Kunos. Biosynthesis and inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-
arachidonoylglycerol in circulating and tumoral macrophages. Eur J Biochem 1999 264: 258-267
Ismael Galve-Roperh1, 3, Cristina Sánchez1, 3, María Luisa Cortés2, Teresa Gómez del Pulgar1, Marta
Izquierdo2 & Manuel Guzmán1 Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: Involvement of sustained ceramide
accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Nature Medicine, March 2000
Volume 6 Number 3 pp 313 - 319
David Gurwitz. Selective CB 2 cannabinoid antagonists - potential new immune modulators?

Emerging molecular targets [Profiles] Drug Discovery Today, 1998, 3:8:388-389
STIG O. P. JACOBSSON, THOMAS WALLIN, and CHRISTOPHER J. FOWLER. Inhibition of Rat C6

Glioma Cell Proliferation by Endogenous and Synthetic Cannabinoids. Relative Involvement of
Cannabinoid and Vanilloid Receptors. JPET 299:951-959, 2001
Labit-Le Bouteiller C. Jamme MF. David M. Silve S. Lanau C. Dhers C. Picard C. Rahier A. Taton M.
Loison G. Caput D. Ferrara P. Lupker J. Antiproliferative effects of SR31747A in animal cell lines are
mediated by inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at the sterol isomerase step. European Journal of
Biochemistry. 256(2):342-9, 1998 Sep 1.
Maccarrone, M; et.al.; Anandamide induces Apoptosis in Human Cells via Vanilloid Receptors:
evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem, vol 275:41 Oct 13, 2000, 31938-
31945
Mackie, K & Hille, B; Cannabinoids Inhibit N-Type Calcium Channels in Neuroblastoma-Glioma Cells.
PNAS, vol 89:9 (May 1, 1992), 3825-3829
Mao, L & Oh, Y; Does Marijuana or Crack Cocaine Cause Cancer? JNCI, Vol. 90, no. 16, Aug. 19,
1998, 1182-1184
Munson AE. Harris LS. Friedman MA. Dewey WL. Carchman RA. Antineoplastic activity of
cannabinoids. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 55(3):597-602, 1975 Sep.
Murison, G; et.al.; Cannabinoids Induce Incomplete Maturation of Cultured Human Leukemia Cells.
PNAS, Vol 84:15 (Aug. 1, 1987), 5414-5418
NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Trans-Delta(9)-

Tetrahydrocannabinol (CAS No. 1972-08-3) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F(1) Mice (Gavage Studies); NTP
TR 446, NIH Publication No. 94-3362, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov.1996
Piomelli D. Pot of Gold for Glioma Therapy. Nature Medicine, March 2000 Volume 6 Number 3 pp
255-256.
DANIEL RUEDA, ISMAEL GALVE-ROPERH, AMADOR HARO, and MANUEL GUZM ´ AN. The
CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Is Coupled to the Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase. MOLECULAR
PHARMACOLOGY Vol. 58, No. 4 :814-820,
Cristina Sánchez, Ismael Galve-Roperh, Cecile Canova, Philippe Brachet, Manuel Guzmán Delta 9-
Tetrahydrocannabinol induces apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Febs Letters Vol. 436 (1) pp. 6-10.
Theodore A. Sarafian, Donald P. Tashkin, and Michael D. Roth. Marijuana Smoke and D9-
Tetrahydrocannabinol Promote Necrotic Cell Death but Inhibit Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology 174, 264-272 (2001)
Schwarz H et.al. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist inhibits lymphocyte

proliferation and induces apoptosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 55 (1994) 107-115.
Weigang Zhu, Herman Friedman and Thomas W. Klein. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces
Apoptosis in Macrophages and Lymphocytes: Involvement of Bcl-2 and Caspase-11. Journal of
Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 286, Issue 2, 1103-1109, August 1998.
Li X. Zhu, Sherven Sharma, Marina Stolina, Brian Gardner, Michael D. Roth, Donald P. Tashkin and
Steven M. Dubinett. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Inhibits Antitumor Immunity by a CB2 Receptor-
Mediated, Cytokine-Dependent Pathway. Journal of Immunology Volume 165 Issue 1 p 373 - 380. July
2000
Behavior, Learning and Addiction
Aceto MD. Scates SM. Razdan RK. Martin BR. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, has a very
low physical dependence potential. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 287(2):598-
605, 1998 Nov.
Annette L. Beautrais; Peter R. Joyce; Roger T. Mulder. Cannabis abuse and serious suicide attempts.
Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 8 Pages: 1155-1164
Patrick M. Beardsley * , Mario E. Dance, Robert L. Balster, Patrik Munzar. Evaluation of the reinforcing
effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716, in rhesus monkeys. European Journal of
Pharmacology 435 (2002) 209- 216
Margery C. Beinfeld * , Kelly Connolly. Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in rat hippocampal
slices inhibits potassium-evoked cholecystokinin release, a possible mechanism contributing to the spatial
memory defects produced by cannabinoids. Neuroscience Letters 301 (2001) 69±71
Boyle, MH et.al. Familial Influences on Substance Use by Adolescents and Young Adults. Revue
Canadienne De Sante Publique Volume 92. No.3 2001
Brodkin J. Moerschbaecher JM. SR141716A antagonizes the disruptive effects of cannabinoid ligands
on learning in rats. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 282(3):1526-32, 1997 Sep.
Brook JS et.al. Risk Factors for Adolescent Marijuana Use Across Cultures and Across Time. The
Journal of Gentic Psychology, 2001, 162(3). 357-374
Alan J. Budney; Warren K. Bickel; Leslie Amass. Marijuana use and treatment outcome among opioid-
dependent patients. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 4 Pages: 493-503
Alan J. Budney; Pamela L. Novy; John R. Hughes. Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking
treatment for marijuana dependence. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 9 Pages: 1311-1322
D. Carriero, J. Aberman, S. Y. Lin, A. Hill, A. Makriyannis, J. D. Salamone. original investigation: A

detailed characterization of the effects of four cannabinoid agonists on operant lever pressing.
Psychopharmacology, Volume 137 Issue 2 (1998) pp 147-156
Casswell, S; Marks, DF; Cannabis and temporal Disintegration in Experienced and naive Subjects,
Science Vol 179, 23 Feb 1973, 803-805
Chaperon F. Soubrie P. Puech AJ. Thiebot MH. Involvement of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in
the establishment of place conditioning in rats. Psychopharmacology. 135(4):324-32, 1998 Feb.
* Arthur Christopoulos , Kathryn Wilson. Interaction of anandamide with the M1 and M4 muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors. Brain Research 915 (2001) 70-78
Colombo G. Agabio R. Diaz G. Lobina C. Reali R. Gessa GL. Appetite suppression and weight loss after
the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716. Life Sciences. 63(8):PL113-7, 1998.
Stacie A. Cook, John A. Lowe and Billy R. Martin. CB1 Receptor Antagonist Precipitates Withdrawal in
Mice Exposed to 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol1. Psychopharmacology, Vol. 285, Issue 3, 1150-1156, June
1998
George E. Da Silva, Reinaldo N. Takahashi*. SR 141716A prevents _ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced

spatial learning deficit in a Morris-type water maze in mice. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology &
Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 321- 325
Marco Diana*,, Miriam Melis, Anna Lisa Muntoni, and Gian Luigi Gessa. Mesolimbic dopaminergic
decline after cannabinoid withdrawal. Pharmacology, Vol. 95, Issue 17, 10269-10273, August 18, 1998.
Hannelore Ehrenreich, Thomas Rinn, Hanns J. Kunert, Manfred R. Moeller (3), Wolfgang Poser, Lothar
Schilling, Gerd Gigerenzer, Margret R. Hoehe original investigation: Specific attentional dysfunction in
adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, Volume 142 Issue 3 (1999) pp 295-
301
Ethan Russo, et al, Chronic Cannabis Users in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program,
Journal of Cannabis Theraputics., Vol. 2(1) 2002.
Fendrich, M & Vaughn, CM; Diminished Lifetime Substance Use Over Time: An Inquiry Into
Differential Underreporting. Pub Op Quart, Vol 58:1 (spring 1994) 96-123
Ferguson, DM & Horwood, J; Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?
Addiction(2000) 95(4), 505-520
F. Ferrari*, A. Ottani, D. Giuliani. Inhibitory effects of the cannabinoid agonist HU 210 on rat sexual
behaviour. Physiology & Behavior 69 (2000) 547-554
Fowler, FJ and Stringfellow, VL. Learning from experience: estimating teen use of alcohol, cigarettes,
and marijuana from three survey protocols. J Drug Issues 31(3), 643-664, 2001
French ED. Dillon K. Wu X. Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and
substantia nigra. Neuroreport. 8(3):649-52, 1997 Feb 10
Peter Fried, Barbara Watkinson, Deborah James, Robert Gray. Current and former marijuana use:
preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of effects on IQ in young adults. CMAJ APR. 2, 2002;
16 (7)
Gardner EL. Vorel SR. Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events. [Review] [314 refs]
Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):502-33, 1998 Dec.
Sandy Ghozland,1 Hans W. D. Matthes,2 Frederic Simonin,2 Dominique Filliol,2 Brigitte L. Kieffer,2
and
Rafael Maldonado. Motivational Effects of Cannabinoids Are Mediated by _-Opioid and _-Opioid
Receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 2002, 22(3):1146-1154
Ginsberg, IJ & Greenly, JR; Competing Theories of Marijuana Use: A Longitudinal Study. J Health Soc
Beh, vol 19:1 (Mar 1978), 22-34
Giuliani, D. et.al. the cannabinoid receptor agonist HU 210 modifies rat behavioral responses to novelty
and stress. Pharmacological Research, vol 41, no 1, 2000, 47-53
Golub, A; et.al.; Response Reliablity and the Study of Adolescent Substance Use Progression. J Drug
Iss, 30(1), 103-118, 2000
Golub, AL; Johnson, BD; Alcohol is not the Gateway to Hard Drug Abuse. J Drug Iss, 28(4), 971-984,
1998
T.J. Graceffo and J. K. Robinson. DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) FAILS TO

STIMULATE CONSUMPTION OF A HIGHLY PALATABLE FOOD IN THE RAT. Life Sciences,
Vol. 62, No. 8, pp. PL 85-88, 1998
Mark K. Greenwald & Maxine L. Stitzer. Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smoked
marijuana in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2000, 59:3:261 - 275
Hampson RE. Deadwyler SA. Role of cannabinoid receptors in memory storage. Neurobiology of
Disease. 5(6 Pt B):474-82, 1998 Dec.
Hampson, RE; Deadwyler, SA; Cannabinoids Reveal the Necessity of Hippocampal Neural Encoding for
Short-Term Memory in Rats. J Neurosci, Dec 1, 2000, 20(23) 8932-8942
M. Haney, Amie S. Ward, Sandra D. Comer, Richard W. Foltin, Marian W. Fischman. original
investigation: Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans
Psychopharmacology, Volume 141 Issue 4 (1999) pp 395-404.
Shuzhen Hao, Yosefa Avraham, Raphael Mechoulam & Elliot M. Berry. Low dose anandamide affects
food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice.
European Journal of Pharmacology, 2000, 392:3:147-156
Salvador Huitron-Resendiz, Lhys Gombart, Benjamin F. Cravatt, and Steven J. Henriksen. Effect of
Oleamide on Sleep and Its Relationship to Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, and Locomotor Activity
in Rats. Experimental Neurology 172, 235-243 (2001)
Hutcheson DM. Tzavara ET. Smadja C. Valjent E. Roques BP. Hanoune J. Maldonado R. Behavioural
and biochemical evidence for signs of abstinence in mice chronically treated with delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol. British Journal of Pharmacology. 125(7):1567-77, 1998 Dec.
Jano J. Janoyan, Jennifer L. Crim, Nissar A. Darmani*. Reversal of SR 141716A-induced head-twitch

and ear-scratch responses in mice by _ 9-THC and other cannabinoids. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and
Behavior 71 (2002) 155- 162
T. U. C. Järbe, R. J. Lamb, A. Makriyannis, S. Lin, A. Goutopoulos. original investigation: <Delta>9-

THC training dose as a determinant for (R)-methanandamide generalization in rats.
Psychopharmacology, Volume 140 Issue 4 (1998) pp 519-522
Jentsch JD. Wise A. Katz Z. Roth RH. Alpha-noradrenergic receptor modulation of the phencyclidine-
and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced increases in dopamine utilization in rat prefrontal cortex.
Synapse. 28(1):21-6, 1998 Jan.
Jones RT. Benowitz NL. Herning RI. Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. Journal
of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):143S-152S, 1981 Aug-Sep.
Klonoff, H; Marijuana and Driving in Real-Life Situations. Science, vol 186:4161 (Oct 25, 1974), 317-
324
Elena M. Kouri, Harrison G. Pope Jr, Scott E. Lukas. original investigation: Changes in aggressive
behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3
(1999) pp 302-308.
Jodie Lawston, Alice Borella, John K. Robinson, Patricia M. Whitaker-Azmitia. Changes in
hippocampal morphology following chronic treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2.
Brain Research 877 (2000) 407-410
Ledent C. Valverde O. Cossu G. Petitet F. Aubert JF. Beslot F. Bohme GA. Imperato A. Pedrazzini T.
Roques BP. Vassart G. Fratta W. Parmentier M. Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced
addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science. 283(5400):401-4, 1999 Jan 15.
Aron H. Lichtman. SR 141716A enhances spatial memory as assessed in a radial-arm

maze task in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 404 2000 175-179
Lynsky, M & Hall, W; The Effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review.
Addiction (2000) 95(11), 1621-1630
Rafael Maldonado 1 and Fernando Rodri´guez de Fonseca. Cannabinoid Addiction: Behavioral Models
and Neural Correlates. The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1, 2002, 22(9):3326-3331
Mallet PE. Beninger RJ. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A attenuates the memory
impairment produced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol or anandamide. Psychopharmacology. 140(1):11-9,
1998 Nov.
Martellotta MC. Cossu G. Fattore L. Gessa GL. Fratta W. Self-administration of the cannabinoid
receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in drug-naive mice. Neuroscience. 85(2):327-30, 1998 Jul.
Martin, P & Consroe, P; Cannabinoid Induced Behavioral Convulsions in Rabbits. Science, vol.
194:4268 (Nov. 26, 1976), 965-967
Mechoulam R. Fride E. Hanus L. Sheskin T. Bisogno T. Di Marzo V. Bayewitch M. Vogel Z.

Anandamide may mediate sleep induction. Nature. 389(6646):25-6, 1997 Sep 4.
Jan K Melichar, Mark RC Daglish and David J Nutt*. Addiction and withdrawal - current views.
Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2001, 1:84-90
Eric Murillo-Rodri$guez, Magda Giordano, Rafael Cabeza, Steve J. Henriksen, Mo´ nica Me´ ndez Di
áz, Luz Navarro, Oscar Prospe´ ro-Garciá. Oleamide modulates memor in rats. Neuroscience Letters
313 (2001) 61_64.
Murillo-Rodriguez E. Sanchez-Alavez M. Navarro L. Martinez-Gonzalez D. Anandamide modulates

sleep and memory in rats. Brain Research. 812(1-2):270-4, 1998 Nov 23.
F. Nava * , G. Carta, G. Colombo, G.L. Gessa. Effects of chronic _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol treatment on

hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration and alternation performance in the T-maze.
Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 392-399
M. Navarro, M. R. A. Carrera, W. Fratta, O. Valverde, G. Cossu, L. Fattore, J. A. Chowen, R. Go´ mez,

I. del Arco, M. A. Villanu ´ a, R. Maldonado, G. F. Koob, and F. Rodri´guez de Fonseca. Functional
Interaction between Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors in Drug Self-Administration. The Journal of
Neuroscience, July 15, 2001, 21(14):5344-5350
Douglas K. Novins; Christina M. Mitchell. Factors associated with marijuana use among American
Indian adolescents. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 11 Pages: 1693-1702
Axel Perkonigg; Roselind Lieb; Michael Hofler; Peter Schuster; Holger Sonntag; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen.
Patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over time: incidence, progression and stability in a
sample of 1228 adolescents. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 11 Pages: 1663-1678
Poncelet M. Barnouin MC. Breliere JC. Le Fur G. Soubrie P. Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors
by 141716 selectively antagonizes drug-induced reinstatement of exploratory behaviour in gerbils.
Psychopharmacology. 144(2):144-50, 1999 May.
Rafaelsen, OJ; et.al.; Cannabis and Alcohol: Effects on Simulated Car Driving. Science, Vol 179:4076
(Mar 2, 1973), 920-923
Reibaud M. et.al. enhancement of memory in cannabinoid CB 1 receptor knockout mice. European

Journal of Pharmacology, 379 (1999) R1-R2
David Reilly; Peter Didcott; Wendy Swift; Wayne Hall. Long-term cannabis use: characteristics of users
in an Australian rural area. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 6 Pages: 837-846
Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, * M. Rocío A. Carrera, Miguel Navarro, * George

F. Koob, Friedbert Weiss. Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Limbic System During
Cannabinoid Withdrawal. Science, Vol 276, 27 June 1997, 2050-2054
F. Rodr§,guez de Fonseca*², M. Navarro*, R. GoÂmez*, L. Escuredo*, F. Nava³§, J. Fu³, E. Murillo-

RodrõÂguez³§, A. Giuffrida³, J. LoVerme³, S. Gaetani³, S. Kathuria³, C. Gallk & D. Piomelli³. *An
anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding. NATURE | VOL 414 | 8 NOVEMBER 2001 |
www.nature.com
Rubino T. Patrini G. Massi P. Fuzio D. Vigano D. Giagnoni G. Parolaro D. Cannabinoid-precipitated

withdrawal: a time-course study of the behavioral aspect and its correlation with cannabinoid receptors
and G protein expression. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 285(2):813-9, 1998
May.
Sadovsky, R; driving impact from marijuana and alcohol. Am Fam Phys, 62:7, 1652 Oct 1, 2000
Sanudo-Pena MC. Walker JM. Effects of intrapallidal cannabinoids on rotational behavior in rats:
interactions with the dopaminergic system. Synapse. 28(1):27-32, 1998 Jan.
Sanudo-Pena MC. Force M. Tsou K. Miller AS. Walker JM. Effects of intrastriatal cannabinoids on
rotational behavior in rats: interactions with the dopaminergic system. Synapse. 30(2):221-6, 1998 Oct.
ZOLT ' AN SARNYAI,1 YAVIN SHAHAM, AND STEPHEN C. HEINRICHS. The Role of
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Drug Addiction. Pharmacol Rev 53:209-243, 2001
Schaeffer, J; et.al.; Cognition and Long-Term Use of Ganja (Cannabis). Science, Vol 213:4506 (Jul 24,
1981), 465-466
Marc A. Schuckit, M.D., Jean-Bernard Daeppen, M.D., George P. Danko, Ph.D., Megan L. Tripp, B.A.,
Tom L. Smith, Ph.D., Ti.-K. Li, M.D., Victor M. Hesselbrock, Ph.D. and Kathleen K. Bucholz, Ph.D.
Clinical Implications for Four Drugs of the DSM-IV Distinction Between Substance Dependence With
and Without a Physiological Component. Am J Psychiatry 156:41-49, January 1999
Sheldon, T; Cannabis Use Falls Among Dutch Youth. BMJ vol 321, 16 Sep 2000
Ken Soderstrom, Frank Johnson. CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression in brain regions associated with
zebra finch song control. Brain Research 857 2000 151-157
L.P. Spear. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews, 2000, 24:4:417-463
Swaim RC. Bates SC. Chavez EL. Structural equation socialization model of substance use among
Mexican-American and white non-Hispanic school dropouts. Journal of Adolescent Health. 23(3):128-
38, 1998 Sep.
Wendy Swift; Wayne Hall; Peter Didcott; David Reilly. Patterns and correlates of cannabis dependence
among long-term users in an Australian rural area. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 8 Pages: 1149-
1160
Wendy Swift; Jan Copeland; Wayne Hall. Choosing a diagnostic cut-off for cannabis dependence.
Wendy Swift *, Wayne Hall, Maree Teesson. Characteristics of DSM-IV and ICD-10 cannabis
dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence 63 (2001) 147-153
Gianluigi Tanda, Francesco E. Pontieri, * Gaetano Di Chiara. Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of
Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common µ1 Opioid Receptor Mechanism. Science, Vol
276,27 June 1997, 2048-2050.
Tanda G. Loddo P. Di Chiara G. Dependence of mesolimbic dopamine transmission on delta9-

tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Pharmacology. 376(1-2):23-6, 1999 Jul 2.
Lars Terenius. Rational treatment of addiction. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:541-547.
Valverde, O; et.al.; Cannabinoid Withdrawl Syndrome Is reduced in Pre-Proenkephalin Knock-Out

Mice. J Neurosci, Dec 15, 2000, 20(24):9264-9289
S. A. VARVEL and A. H. LICHTMAN. Evaluation of CB1 Receptor Knockout Mice in the Morris
Water Maze. JPET 301:915û924, 2002
Kirsten von Sydow, Roselind Lieb, Hildegard Pfister, Michael Ho¨ fler, Holger Sonntag, Hans-Ulrich
Wittchen. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over four years: a longitudinal
community study of adolescents and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 64 (2001) 347-361
Walsh, GW & Mann, RE; On the High Road: Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis in Ontario.
Canadian J Pub Health, Jul-Aug 1999, Vol 90, No 4, 260-263
Gerhard A. Wiesbeck; Marc A. Schuckit; Jelger A. Kalmijn; Jayson E. Tipp; Kathleen K. Bucholz; Tom
L. Smith. An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population.
Claire M. Williams, T. C. Kirkham rapid communication: Anandamide induces overeating: mediation by

central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3 (1999) pp 315-317
Wu X and French ED. Effects of chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine

neurons: an electrophysiological assessment. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 391-398.
Zablocki, B; et.al.; Marijuana Use, Introspectiveness, and Mental Health. J Health Soc Beh, vol 32:1
(Mar, 1991), 65-79
Cannabinoids and Receptors
Agonists/Antagonists
Elio Acquas a , Augusta Pisanu a , Paola Marrocu a , Steven R. Goldberg b , Gaetano Di
Chiara. D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol enhances cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine
release in vivo: a microdialysis study. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001
155_161
Jonathon C. Arnold , Ann N. Topple , Paul E. Mallet , Glenn E. Hunt , Iain S. McGregor. The
distribution of cannabinoid-induced Fos expression in rat brain: differences between the Lewis and
Wistar strain. Brain Research 921 (2001) 240-255
Michael Bayewitch , Man-Hee Rhee, Tomer Avidor-Reiss , Aviva Breuer, Raphael

Mechoulam , Zvi Vogel. Tetrahydrocannabinol Antagonizes the Peripheral Cannabinoid
Receptor-mediated Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase. J Biol Chem Volume 271, Number 17, Issue of April
26, 1996 pp. 9902-9905
Ben-Zvi, Z; Mechoulam, R; 6 beta-Hydroxy-Delta (1)- Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthesis and biological

activity. Science, New Series, Volume 174, Issue 4012 (Nov. 26, 1971) 951-952.
D. W. Bonhaus, L. K. Chang, J. Kwan and G. R. Martin. Dual Activation and Inhibition of Adenylyl
Cyclase by Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Evidence for Agonist-Specific Trafficking of Intracellular
Responses. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 287, Issue 3, 884-888, December
1998
Bouaboula M. Dussossoy D. Casellas P. Regulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2

phosphorylation by the inverse agonist SR 144528. Implications for receptor biological responses.
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274(29):20397-405, 1999 Jul 16.
CHRISTOPHER S. BREIVOGEL and STEVEN R. CHILDERS. Cannabinoid Agonist Signal

Transduction in Rat Brain: Comparison of Cannabinoid Agonists in Receptor Binding,
G-Protein Activation, and Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibition. THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND
EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 295:328-336, 2000
Barbara Costa & Mariapia Colleoni. Changes in rat brain energetic metabolism after exposure to
anandamide or 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2000, 395:1:1-7
Devane WA. Hanus L. Breuer A. Pertwee RG. Stevenson LA. Griffin G. Gibson D. Mandelbaum A.
Etinger A. Mechoulam R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid
receptor [see comments]. Science 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1882-4
William S. Edgemond, Marcie J. Greenberg, P. J. Mcginley, Shanmugam Muthian,

William B. Campbell and Cecilia J. Hillard. Synthesis and Characterization of Diazomethylarachidonyl
Ketone: An Irreversible Inhibitor of N-Arachidonylethanolamine Amidohydrolase1. Journal of
Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 286, Issue 1, 184-190, July 1998
Felder CC et.al. Cannabinoid agonists stimulate both receptor- and non- receptor - mediated signal
transduction pathways in cells transfected with and expressing cannabinoid receptor clones. Molecular
Pharmacology, 42:838-845, 1992
Felder CC. Joyce KE. Briley EM. Glass M. Mackie KP. Fahey KJ. Cullinan GJ. Hunden DC. Johnson
DW. Chaney MO. Koppel GA. Brownstein M. LY320135, a novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor
antagonist, unmasks coupling of the CB1 receptor to stimulation of cAMP accumulation. Journal of
Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 284(1):291-7, 1998 Jan.
Fellermeier, M; et.al.; Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids: Incorporation experiments with 13 C-labeled
glucoses. Eur J Biochem, 268, 1596-1604 (2001)
Monika Fellermeier, Meinhart H. Zenk. Prenylation of olivetolate by a hemp transferase yields

cannabigerolic acid, the precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol. FEBS Letters, Volume 427, Issue 2, 08-May-
1998, 283-285
Galanter, M; et.al.; Effects on Humans of Delta-9-Tetrathydrocannabinol Administration by Smoking.

Science, vol 176:4037 (May 26, 1972), 934-936
John Gatley, Ruoxi Lan, Beatrice Pyatt, Andrew N Gifford, Nora D Volkow, Alexandros Makriyannis.
BINDING OF THE NON-CLASSICAL CANNABINOID CP 55,940, AND THE DIARYLPYRAZOLE
AM251 TO RODENT BRAIN CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. Life Sciences, Vol. 61, No. 14, pp. PL
191-197, 1997 285, Issue 2, 553-560, May 1998
Paul Gouldson, Bernard Calandra, Pascale Legoux, Aimee Kerneis, Murielle Rinaldi-Carmona, Francis
Barth, Gerard Le Fur, Pascual Ferrara, David Shire, Mutational analysis and molecular modelling of the
antagonist SR 144528 binding site on the human cannabinoid CB receptor 2. European Journal of
Pharmacology 401 2000 17-25
Griffin G. et.al., Evaluation of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Using the Guanosine-5-
0-(3-{35S}thio)-trihosphate Binding Assay in Rat Cerebellar Membranes. JPET 285:553-560, 1998.
Graeme Griffin*,1, Emma J. Wray1, Billy R. Martin1 and Mary E. Abood. Cannabinoid agonists and
antagonists discriminated by receptor binding in rat cerebellum British Journal of Pharmacology 128:684-
688 (1999)
Haagen-Smit, AJ; et.al.; A Physiologically Active Principle from Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana). Science,
vol 91:2373 (Jan 21, 1940), 602-603
L. Hanus*, A. Breuer*, S. Tchilibon*, S. Shiloah*, D. Goldenberg*, M. Horowitz, R. G. Pertwee, R. A.

Ross, R. Mechoulam*,§, and E. Fride, HU-308: A specific agonist for CB2, a peripheral
cannabinoid receptor. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 25, 14228-14233, December 7, 1999
Hawkins, BL & Roberts, JD; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: fourier Transform Spectra of
Delta-8 and Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol. PNAS Vol 70:4 (Apr 1973), 1027-1029
Cecilia J. Hillard, Sukumar Manna, Marcie J. Greenberg, Ralph DiCamelli, Ruth A. Ross, Lesley A.
Stevenson, Vicki Murphy, Roger G. Pertwee and William B. Campbell. Synthesis and Characterization
of Potent and Selective Agonists of the Neuronal Cannabinoid Receptor (CB1)1. Journal of
Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 289, Issue 3, 1427-1433, June 1999
Hockman, CH; et.al.; Electroencephalographic and Behavioral Alterations Produced by Delta-1-

Tetrahydrocannabinol. Science, vol 172:3985 9May 28, 1971), 968-970
Keiko Hosohata, Raymond M. Quock1, Yoshiaki Hosohata, Thomas H. Burkey, Alexandros

Makriyannis*, Paul Consroe, William R. Roeske and Henry I. Yamamura AM630 IS A COMPETITIVE
CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST IN THE GUINEA PIG BRAIN. Life Sciences, Vol. 61,
No. 9, pp. PL 115-118, 1997
Allyn C. Howlett, Gerald H. Wilken, J. Jill Pigg, Devin B. Houston, Ruoxi Lan, Qian Liu, and
Alexandros Makriyannis. Azido- and Isothiocyanato-Substituted Aryl Pyrazoles Bind Covalently to the
CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor and Impair Signal Transduction. J. Neurochem. 74, 2174-2181 (2000).
HU 243. Nature 1999

Iwamura, H; et.al.; In Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacological Characterization of JTE- 907, a Novel
Selective Ligand for Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor. JPET 296:420-425, 2001
Marcel A.K. Jansen, Victor Gaba and Bruce M. Greenberg. Higher plants and UV-B radiation:
balancing damage, repair and acclimation [Review article] Trends in Plant Science, 1998, 3:4:131-135
Kim E-S. Imunnochemical Localization of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cryofixed Glandular

trichomes of cannabis (Cannabaceae) American Journal of Botany 84(3): 336-342. 1997.
J. M. Kirk a and Harriet De Wit aA. Responses to Oral 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Frequent and
Infrequent Marijuana Users. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp 137-142, 1999
JOSEF T. KITTLER, ELENA V. GRIGORENKO, CHRIS CLAYTON, SHOU-YUAN ZHUANG,

SARAH C. BUNDEY, MICHAEL M. TROWER, DON WALLACE, ROBERT HAMPSON, AND
SAM DEADWYLER. Large-scale analysis of gene expression changes during acute and chronic
exposure to D 9 -THC in rats. Physiol Genomics 3: 175-185, 2000.
Robert S. Landsman, Alexandros Makriyannis*, Hongfeng Deng*, Paul Consroe, William R. Roeske and
Henry I. Yamamura. AM630 IS AN INVERSE AGONIST AT THE HUMAN CANNABINOID CB1
RECEPTOR. Life Sciences, Vol. 62, No. 9, pp. PL 109-113, 1998
Lemberger, L; et.al.; Marihuana: Studies on the Disposition and metabolism of Delta-9-

Tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Science, vol 190:3964 (Dec 18, 1970), 1320-1322
Lemberger, L; et.al.; delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: metabolism and Disposition in Long-Term

Marihuana Smokers. Science, vol 173:3991 9jul 2, 1971), 72-74
MacLennan SJ. Reynen PH. Kwan J. Bonhaus DW. Evidence for inverse agonism of SR141716A at
human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology. 124(4):619-
22, 1998 Jun.
Daniel T. Malone*, David A. Taylor. Involvement of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in

D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hypothermia in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 69
(2001) 595-601
B. R. Martin, R. Jefferson, R. Winckler, J. L. Wiley, J. W. Huffman, P. J. Crocker, B. Saha and R. K.

Razdan. Manipulation of the Tetrahydrocannabinol Side Chain Delineates Agonists, Partial Agonists,
and Antagonists1. JPET, Vol. 290, Issue 3, 1065-1079, September 1999
BILLY R. MARTIN, IRINA BELETSKAYA, GRAY PATRICK, RENE ´ E JEFFERSON, RAMONA

WINCKLER, DALE G. DEUTSCH, VINCENZO DI MARZO, OLIVIER DASSE, ANN
MAHADEVAN, and RAJ K. RAZDAN. Cannabinoid Properties of Methylfluorophosphonate Analogs.
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 294:1209-
1218, 2000
Billy R. Martin, Renee G. Jefferson, Ramona Winckler, Jenny L. Wiley, Brian F. Thomas, Peter J.
Crocker, William Williams, Raj K. Razdan. Assessment of structural commonality between
tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide. European Journal of Pharmacology 435 (2002) 35- 42
Mechoulam, M; et.al.; Chemical Basis of hashish Activity. Science, Vol 169:3945 (Aug. 7, 1970), 611-
612
FELICE NAVA, GIOVANNA CARTA AND GIAN LUIGI GESSA. Permissive Role of Dopamine D2
Receptors in the Hypothermia Induced by D 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 183-187, 2000
Nilsson, IM; et.al.; Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Sructure of a major Metabolite. Science, Vol
168:3936 (Jun 5, 1970), 1228-1229
Petcoff, DG; et.al.; Marihuana: Idnetification of Cannabinoids by Centrifugal Chromatography. Science,

Vol 173:3999 (Aug 27, 1971), 824-826
François PetitetA, Bernadette Jeantaud, Philippe Bertrand and Assunta Imperato. Cannabinoid
penetration into mouse brain as determined by ex vivo binding. European Journal of Pharmacology,
Volume 374, Issue 3 June 1999, Pages 417-421
Francois Petitet*, Bernadette Jeantaud, Michel Reibaud, Assunta Imperato and Marie-Christine
Dubroeucq. COMPLEX PHARMACOLOGY OF NATURAL CANNABINOIDS : EVIDENCE FOR
PARTIAL AGONIST ACTIVITY OF 9 TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AND ANTAGONIST
ACTIVITY OF CANNABIDIOL ON RAT BRAIN CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. Life Sciences, Vol.
63, No. 1, pp. PL 1-6, 1998
Pop E and Brewster ME. Dimerization of dexabinol by hydrogen bonding accounts for its hydrophobic
character. Int J Quant Chem 65: 1057-1064, 1997
Emil Pop. Cannabinoids, endogenous ligands and synthetic analogs [Review article] Current Opinion in
Chemical Biology 1999, 3:418-425.
Porcella A et.al. Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases sequence-specific AP-1 DNA-binding activity

and Fos-related antigens in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 10, pp1743-1751, 1998
Marielle Portier, Murielle Rinaldi-Carmona, Florence Pecceu, Thérèse Combes, Caroline Poinot-Chazel,
Bernard Calandra, Francis Barth, Gérard Le Fur and Pierre Casellas. SR 144528, an Antagonist for the
Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor that Behaves as an Inverse Agonist. JPET, Vol. 288, Issue 2, 582-589,
February 1999
Vera Ralevic a, ) , David A. Kendall a , Jeffrey C. Jerman b , Derek N. Middlemiss b , Darren Smart.
Cannabinoid activation of recombinant and endogenous vanilloid receptors. Z . European Journal of
Pharmacology 424 2001 211_219
Rinaldi-Carmona M. Barth F. Millan J. Derocq JM. Casellas P. Congy C. Oustric D. Sarran M.

Bouaboula M. Calandra B. Portier M. Shire D. Breliere JC. Le Fur GL. SR 144528, the first potent and
selective antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental
Therapeutics. 284(2):644-50, 1998 Feb.
Ruth A. Ross, T. Michael Gibson, Lesley A. Stevenson, Bijali Saha, Peter Crocker, Raj K. Razdan and
Roger G. Pertwee. Structural determinants of the partial agonist-inverse agonist properties of
6'-azidohex-2'-yne-8-tetrahydrocannabinol at cannabinoid receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology
128:735-743 (1999)
RA Ross, HC Brockie, LA Stevenson, VL Murphy, F Templeton, A Makriyannis and RG Pertwee.

Agonist-inverse agonist characterization at CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors of L759633, L759656,
and AM630. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 126, 665-672, 1999
Tiziana Rubino, Daniela Vigano’, Paola Massi, Maurizio Spinello, Elisabetta Zagato, Gabriella Giagnoni,
Daniela Parolaro. Chronic -9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment increases cAMP levels and cAMP-
dependent protein kinase activity in some rat brain regions. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 1331-1336
Sagan,S et.al. Anandamide and WIN 55212-2 inhibkt cyclic AMP formation through G-protein-coupled
receptors distinct from CB1 cannabinoid receptors in cultured astrocytes. Eur J Neorosci, Vol. 11,
pp691-699, 1999
Scheckel, CL; et.al.; Behavioral Effects in Monkeys of racemates of Two Biologically Active Marijuana
Constituents. Science, Vol 160: 3835 (Jun 28, 1968), 1467-1469
Futoshi Taura , Satoshi Morimoto and Yukihiro Shoyama Purification and Characterization of
Cannabidiolic-acid Synthase from Cannabis sativa L. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL
ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE OXIDOCYCLIZATION OF CANNABIGEROLIC ACID TO
CANNABIDIOLIC ACID. J Biol Chem., Volume 271, Number 29, Issue of July 19, 1996 pp. 17411-
17416
Brian F. Thomas, Anne F. Gilliam, David F. Burch, Michael J. Roche and Herbert H. Seltzman
Comparative Receptor Binding Analyses of Cannabinoid Agonists and Antagonists. JPET, Vol. 285,
Issue 1, 285-292, April 1998
Jenny L. Wiley, David R. Compton, Dong Dai, Julia A. H. Lainton, Michelle Phillips, John W. Huffman
and Billy R. Martin. Structure-Activity Relationships of Indole- and Pyrrole-Derived Cannabinoids.
Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 285, Issue 3, 995-1004, June 1998
Wiley, JL; et.al.; Novel Pyrazole Cannabinoids: Insights into CB1 Receptor Recognition and Activation.
JPET, 296: 1013-1022, 2001
JENNY L. WILEY, IRINA D. BELETSKAYA, EDWARD W. NG, ZONGMIN DAI, PETER J.

CROCKER, ANU MAHADEVAN, RAJ K. RAZDAN, and BILLY R. MARTIN. Resorcinol
Derivatives: A Novel Template for the Development of Cannabinoid CB1 /CB2 and CB2 -Selective
Agonists. JPET 301:679û689, 2002
Xiang-Qun Xie , , Lawrence S. Melvin , Alexandros Makriyannis. The Conformational Properties of

the Highly Selective Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand CP-55,940. J Biol Chem, Volume 271, Number 18,
Issue of May 3, 1996 pp. 10640-10647
Endogenous Agonists
I. B. Adams, D. R. Compton and B. R. Martin. Assessment of Anandamide Interaction with the

Cannabinoid Brain Receptor: SR 141716A Antagonism Studies in Mice and Autoradiographic Analysis
of Receptor Binding in Rat Brain. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 284,
Issue 3, 1209-1217, March 1998
A. Al-Hayani, K.N. Wease, R.A. Ross, R.G. Pertwee, S.N. Davies. The endogenous cannabinoid
anandamide activates vanilloid receptors in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001)
1000-1005
M. Beltramo, N. Stella, A. Calignano, S. Y. Lin, A. Makriyannis, D. Piomelli. Functional Role of High

Affinity Anandamide Transport, as Revealed by Selective Inhibition. Science, Volume 277, Number
5329 Issue of 22 Aug 1997, pp. 1094 - 1097
Tiziana BISOGNO*, Nunzio SEPE*, Dominique MELCK*, Stefano MAURELLI*, Luciano De

PETROCELLIS† and Vincenzo Di MARZO. Biosynthesis, release and degradation of the novel
endogenous cannabimimetic metabolite 2-arachidonoylglycerol in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Biochem.
J. (1997) 322, 671-677
T. Bisogno*, 1, D. Melck*, 1, L. De Petrocellis, M. Yu. Bobrov, N. M. Gretskaya, V. V. Bezuglov,

N. Sitachitta§, W. H. Gerwick§, V. Di Marzo*, 1, 2 Arachidonoylserotonin and Other Novel Inhibitors
of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. Biochem Biophys Res Com, Vol 248 no 3 July 1998 pp. 515-522
TizianaBisogno, et.al.; The uptake by cells of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous agonist of
cannabinoid receptors. Eur.J.Biochem. 268, 1982±1989 (2001) qFEBS 2001
Dale L. Boger* †‡ , Haruhiko Sato †‡ , Aaron E. Lerner †‡ , Michael P. Hedrick †‡ , Robert A. Fecik
†‡ , Hiroshi Miyauchi †‡ ,Gordon D. Wilkie †‡ , Bryce J. Austin †‡ , Matthew P. Patricelli §‡ , and
Benjamin F. Cravatt §‡. Exceptionally potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: The enzyme
responsible for degradation of endogenous oleamide and anandamide. PNAS vol. 97 no. 10, May 9,
2000: 5044-5049
Hugues Cadas, Sylvie Gaillet, Massimiliano Beltramo, Laurent Venance, and Daniele Piomelli.
Biosynthesis of an Endogenous Cannabinoid Precursor in Neurons and its Control by Calcium and
cAMP, J Neurosci, Volume 16, Number 12, Issue of June 15, 1996 pp. 3934-3942
Hugues Cadas, Emmanuelle di Tomaso, and Daniele PiomelliOccurrence and Biosynthesis of

Endogenous Cannabinoid Precursor, N-Arachidonoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine, in Rat Brain. J
Neurosci, Volume 17, Number 4, Issue of February 15, 1997 pp. 1226-1242
Compton DR. Martin BR. The effect of the enzyme inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride on the
pharmacological effect of anandamide in the mouse model of cannabimimetic activity. Journal of
Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 283(3):1138-43, 1997 Dec.
THERESA A. DAY, FARIBORZ RAKHSHAN, DALE G. DEUTSCH, and ERIC L. BARKER. Role of
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in the Transport of theEndogenous Cannabinoid Anandamide. Mol
Pharmacol 59:1369-1375, 2001
DePetrocellis D. et.al. Finding of the endocannabinoid signalling system in Hydra, a very primitive
organism: possible role in the feeding response. Neuroscience, Vol. 92, No1 pp. 337-387, 1999.
DePetrocellis, D; et.al.; The activity of Anandamide at Vanilloid VR1 Receptors Requires Facilitated
Transport across the Cell Membrane and is Limited by Intracellular Metabolism. J Biol Chem, Vol
276:16, Apr 20, 2001, 12856-12863
Franck Desarnaud, Hugues Cadas, Daniele Piomelli. Anandamide Amidohydrolase

Activity in Rat Brain Microsomes IDENTIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, J Biol
Chem, Volume 270, Number 11, Issue of March 17, 1995 pp. 6030-6035
Deutsch, DG; et.al. The Cellular Uptake of Anandamide is Coupled to its Breakdown by Fatty-acid
Amide Hydrolase. J Biol Chem, vol 276:10 march 19, 2001, 6967-6973
Di Marzo V. De Petrocellis L. Sepe N. Buono A. Biosynthesis of anandamide and related

acylethanolamides in mouse J774 macrophages and N18 neuroblastoma cells. Biochemical Journal. 316
( Pt 3):977-84, 1996 Jun 15.
Vincenzo Di Marzo*, Dale G. Deutsch. Biochemistry of the Endogenous Ligands of Cannabinoid

Receptors. Neurobiol Disease, Vol 5, No 6 1998 pp. 386-404
V. Di Marzo, D. Melck, T. Bisogno and L. De Petrocellis. Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid

receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action, by V. Di Marzo, D. Melck, T. Bisogno and L. De
Petrocellis, Vol. 21, pp. 521-528. [Erratum] Trends in Neurosciences, 1999, 22:2:80
Vincenzo Di Marzo, Tiziana Bisogno and Luciano De Petrocellis. Anandamide: some like it hot.
TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.22 No.7 July 2001 346 Opinion Opinion
William S. Edgemond, Cecilia J. Hillard, J. R. Falck, Christopher S. Kearn, and William B. Campbell
Human Platelets and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Synthesize Oxygenated Derivatives of
Arachidonylethanolamide (Anandamide): Their Affinities for Cannabinoid Receptors and Pathways of
Inactivation Vol. 54, Issue 1, 180-188, July 1998
Fride E. Mechoulam R. Pharmacological activity of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, anandamide, a

brain constituent. European Journal of Pharmacology. 231(2):313-4, 1993 Feb 9.
Andrea Giuffrida, Daniele Piomelli. Isotope dilution GC/MS determination of anandamide and other
fatty acylethanolamides in rat blood plasma. Febs Letters Vol. 422 (3) pp. 373-376
Andrea Giuffrida, Fernando Rodrguez de Fonseca, Daniele Piomelli. Quantification of Bioactive

Acylethanolamides in Rat Plasma by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry, Vol.
280, No. 1, Apr 2000, pp. 87-93
ANDREA GIUFFRIDA, MASSIMILIANO BELTRAMO, and DANIELE PIOMELLI. Mechanisms of

Endocannabinoid Inactivation: Biochemistry and Pharmacology. JPET 298:7-14, 2001
Waldemar Gonsiorek, Charles Lunn, Xuedong Fan, Satwant Narula, Daniel Lundell, and R. William
Hipkin. Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol Is a Full Agonist through Human Type 2 Cannabinoid
Receptor: Antagonism by Anandamide. Mol Pharmacol 2000 57: 1045-1050
S. Gonzlez, T. Bisogno, T. Wenger, J. Manzanares, A. Milone, F. Berrendero, V. Di Marzo, J. A. Ramos,

J. J. Fernndez-Ruiz. Sex Steroid Influence on Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor mRNA and Endocannabinoid
Levels in the Anterior Pituitary Gland. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol.
270, No. 1, Apr
2000, pp. 260-266
Sravan Kumar Goparaju, Natsuo Ueda, Hiroko Yamaguchi, Shozo Yamamoto. Anandamide
amidohydrolase reacting with 2-arachidonoylglycerol, another cannabinoid receptor ligand. Febs Letters
Vol. 422 (1) pp. 69-73
Hanus, L; et.al.; 2-Arachidonyl glycerol ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor.
PNAS Mar 27, 2001, vol 98:7, 3662-3665
Cecilia J. Hillard *, Abbas Jarrahian. The movement of N arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide)

across cellular membranes. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 123-134
Abbas Jarrahian, Sukumar Manna, William S. Edgemond, William B. Campbell, and Cecilia J. Hillard
Structure-Activity Relationships Among N-Arachidonylethanolamine (Anandamide) Head Group
Analogues for the Anandamide Transporter. J. Neurochem. 74, 2597-2606 (2000).
Kirsten Kempe , Fong-Fu Hsu , Alan Bohrer and John Turk. Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometric
Measurements Indicate That Arachidonylethanolamide, the Proposed Endogenous Ligand of the
Cannabinoid Receptor, Accumulates in Rat Brain Tissue Post Mortem but Is Contained at Low Levels in
or Is Absent from Fresh Tissue. J Biol Chem Volume 271, Number 29, Issue of July 19, 1996 pp. 17287-
17295
Kondo S. Kondo H. Nakane S. Kodaka T. Tokumura A. Waku K. Sugiura T. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an

endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist: identification as one of the major species of
monoacylglycerols in various rat tissues, and evidence for its generation through CA2+ -dependent and
-independent mechanisms. FEBS Letters. 429(2):152-6, 1998 Jun 12.
Kozak, KR; et.al.; Oxygenation of the Endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonylglycerol, to Glyceryl

Prostaglandins by Cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem, vol 275:43, Oct 27, 2000, 33744-33749
Kevin R. Kozak, Jeffery J. Prusakiewicz, Scott W. Rowlinson , Claus Schneider, and Lawrence J.
Marnett. Amino Acid Determinants in Cyclooxygenase-2 Oxygenation of the Endocannabinoid 2-
Arachidonylglycerol*. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 32, Issue of
August 10, pp. 30072-30077, 2001
Kunos G. the discovery of endogenous cannabinoids. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 50, Nos. 5/6, pp.
359-360, 1999.
Lin S. Khanolkar AD. Fan P. Goutopoulos A. Qin C. Papahadjis D. Makriyannis A. Novel analogues of
arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide): affinities for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and
metabolic stability. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 41(27):5353-61, 1998 Dec 31.
Maingret, F; et.al.; The endocannabinoid anandamide is a direct and selective blocker of the background
K+ channel TASK-1. EMBO, Vol. 20:1&2, 2001, 47-54
Wallace B. Mendelson, M.D., and Anthony S. Basile, Ph.D. The Hypnotic Actions of the Fatty Acid
Amide, Oleamide. NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001-VOL. 25, NO. S5
Victoria E. Mendizabal ) , Maria Luz Orliac, Edda Adler-Graschinsky ´ ´. Long-term inhibition of nitric
oxide synthase potentiates effects of anandamide in the rat mesenteric bed. Z . European Journal of
Shanmugam Muthian, Kasem Nithipatikom, William B. Campbell, and Cecilia J. Hillard. Synthesis and
Characterization of a Fluorescent Substrate for the N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide)
Transmembrane Carrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 293: 289-295
Matthew P. Patricelli and Benjamin F. Cravatt. Clarifying the Catalytic Roles of Conserved Residues in
the Amidase Signature Family. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 275, No. 25,
Issue of June 23, pp. 19177-19184, 2000
Daniele Piomelli, Massimiliano Beltramo, Andrea Giuffrida, Nephi Stella Endogenous Cannabinoid
Signaling. Neurobiol Dis., Vol 5 No. 6. December 1998, pp. 462-473
D. Piomelli*, M. Beltramo*, S. Glasnapp*, S. Y. Lin§, A. Goutopoulos§,

Xiang-Qun Xie§, and A. Makriyannis. Structural determinants for recognition and translocation by the
anandamide transporter. PNAS Vol. 96, Issue 10, 5802-5807, May 11, 1999
AMY C. PORTER, JOHN-MICHAEL SAUER, MICHAEL D. KNIERMAN, GERALD W. BECKER,

MICHAEL J. BERNA, JINGQI BAO, GEORGE G. NOMIKOS, PETRA CARTER, FRANK P.
BYMASTER, ANDREA BAKER LEESE, and CHRISTIAN C. FELDER. Characterization of a Novel
Endocannabinoid, Virodhamine,
with Antagonist Activity at the CB1 Receptor. JPET 301:1020-1024, 2002
Fariborz Rakhshan, Theresa A. Day, Randy D. Blakely, and Eric L. Barker. Carrier-Mediated Uptake of
the Endogenous Cannabinoid Anandamide in RBL-2H3 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 292: 960-967
Harald H.O. Schmid. Pathways and mechanisms of N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis: can anandamide
be generated selectively?. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 71-87.
David W. Self. Anandamide: a candidate neurotransmitter heads for the big leagues. April 1999 Volume
2 Number 4 pp 303 - 304
PB Smith, DR Compton, SP Welch, RK Razdan, R Mechoulam and BR Martin, The pharmacological

activity of anandamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid, in mice
JPET Volume 270, Issue 1, pp. 219-227, 07/01/1994
Stahl SM. , Getting stoned without inhaling: anandamide is the brain's natural marijuana. Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry. 59(11):566-7, 1998 Nov.
Nephi Stella 1 , Daniele Piomelli. Receptor-dependent formation of endogenous cannabinoids
in cortical neurons. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 425 2001 189_196
Takayuki Sugiura, Sachiko Kondo, Seishi Kishimoto, Tomoyuki Miyashita, Shinji Nakane, Tomoko
Kodaka, Yoshitomo Suhara, Hiroaki Takayama, and Keizo Waku. Evidence That 2-
Arachidonoylglycerol but Not N-Palmitoylethanolamine or Anandamide Is the Physiological Ligand for
the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor COMPARISON OF THE AGONISTIC ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS
CANNABINOID RECEPTOR LIGANDS IN HL-60 CELLS*. J Biol Chem, Vol. 275, Issue 1, 605-612,
January 7, 2000
Sugiura T. Kondo S. Sukagawa A. Tonegawa T. Nakane S. Yamashita A. Ishima Y., Waku K.,
Transacylase-mediated and phosphodiesterase-mediated synthesis of N-arachidonoylethanolamine, an
endogenous cannabinoid-receptor ligand, in rat brain microsomes. Comparison with synthesis from free
arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. European Journal of Biochemistry. 240(1):53-62, 1996 Aug 15.
Takayuki Sugiura, Naoki Yoshinaga, Sachiko Kondo, Keizo Waku, Yoshio

Ishima. Generation of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor
Ligand, in Picrotoxinin-Administered Rat Brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, Vol. 271, No. 3, May 2000, pp. 654-658
Takayuki Sugiura *, Keizo Waku. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and the cannabinoid receptors. Chemistry
and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 89-106
Tognetto, M; et.al.; Anandamide Excites Central Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons via
Vanilloid Receptor-1 Activation. J Neurosci, Vol 21(4); 1104-1109, Feb 15, 2001
Natsuo Ueda, Yuko Kurahashi, Shozo Yamamoto , Takashi Tokunaga. Partial Purification and
Characterization of the Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolyzing and Synthesizing Anandamide. J Biol Chem,
Volume 270, Number 40, Issue of October 06, pp. 23823-23827, 1995
Natsuo Ueda, Robyn A. Puffenbarger, Shozo Yamamoto, Dale G. Deutsch. The fatty acid amide
hydrolase (FAAH). Chemistry and Physics of Lipids108 (2000) 107-121
Namita Varma,1 Gregory C. Carlson,1 Catherine Ledent,2 and Bradley E. Alger. Metabotropic
Glutamate Receptors Drive the Endocannabinoid System in Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience,
2001, Vol. 21 RC188 1 of 5
Jenny L. Wiley. Cannabis: Discrimination of ''Internal Bliss''? Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior.
Volume 64, Issue 2, October 1999, Pages 257-260
Willoughby KA. Moore SF. Martin BR. Ellis EF., The biodisposition and metabolism of anandamide in
mice. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 282(1):243-7, 1997 Jul.
Rachel I. Wilson 1 and Roger A. Nicoll 2 *. Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Brain. 26 APRIL 2002
VOL 296 SCIENCE
Peter M. Zygmunt, David Julius, Vincenzo Di Marzo and Edward D. Högestätt. Anandamide - the other
side of the coin [Comment] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:2:43-44
RECEPTORS
Anat Biegon and Ilan A. Kerman. Autoradiographic Study of Pre- and Postnatal Distribution of
Cannabinoid Receptors in Human Brain. NeuroImage 14, 1463-1468 (2001)
Christopher S. Breivogel, Steven R. Childers. The Functional Neuroanatomy of Brain Cannabinoid

Receptors. Neurobiol Dis, Vol 5 No. 6, December 1998
Christopher S. Breivogel, Laura J. Sim and Steven R. Childers. Regional Differences in Cannabinoid
Receptor/G-protein Coupling in Rat Brain. JPET,Vol. 282, Issue 3, 1632-1642, 1997
CHRISTOPHER S. BREIVOGEL,1 GRAEME GRIFFIN, VINCENZO DI MARZO, BILLY R.

MARTIN. Evidence for a New G Protein-Coupled Cannabinoid Receptor in Mouse Brain. Mol
Pharmacol 60:155-163, 2001 Printed in U.S.A.
Chen-ni Chin2 , James W. Murphy, John W. Huffman and Debra A. Kendall. The Third Transmembrane
Helix of the Cannabinoid Receptor Plays a Role in the Selectivity of Aminoalkylindoles for CB2,
Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor. JPET Vol. 291, Issue 2, 837-844, November 1999
Coutts, AA; et.al.; Agonist-Induced Internalization and Trafficking of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in
Hippocampal Neurons. J Neurosci, April 1, 2001, 21(7):2425-2433
Jean-Marie Derocq, Omar Jbilo, Monsif Bouaboula, Michel Ségui, Christophe Clère, and Pierre
Casellas. Genomic and Functional Changes Induced by the Activation of the Peripheral Cannabinoid
Receptor CB2 in the Promyelocytic Cells HL-60. POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF THE CB2
RECEPTOR IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION. J. Biol. Chem. 2000 275: 15621-15628.
Vincenzo Di Marzo, Tiziana Bisogno, Dominique Melck, Ruth Ross, Heather Brockie, Lesley Stevenson,
Roger Pertwee, Luciano De Petrocellis. Interactions between synthetic vanilloids and the endogenous
cannabinoid system. FEBS Letters Volume 436, Issue 3, 09-October-1998 pp. 449-454
Facci L. Dal Toso R. Romanello S. Buriani A. Skaper SD. Leon A. Mast cells express a peripheral
cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92(8):3376-80, 1995
Apr 11.
D Gadzicki*, K Müller-Vahl, M Stuhrmann*, A frequent polymorphism in the coding exon of the

human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene. Mol Cell Probes, Vol 13, no.4 pp. 321-323
Garcia DE. Brown S. Hille B. Mackie K. Protein kinase C disrupts cannabinoid actions by
phosphorylation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Journal of Neuroscience. 18(8):2834-41, 1998 Apr 15.
Gifford AN. Bruneus M. Gatley SJ. Lan R. Makriyannis A. Volkow ND. Large receptor reserve for
cannabinoid actions in the central nervous system. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental
Therapeutics. 288(2):478-83, 1999 Feb.
Glass M. Felder CC. Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments
cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1receptor. Journal of
Neuroscience. 17(14):5327-33, 1997 Jul 15.
Michelle Glass and John K. Northup. Agonist Selective Regulation of G Proteins by Cannabinoid CB1
and CB2 Receptors. Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 56, Issue 6, 1362-1369, December 1999
Graeme Griffin, Qing Tao, and Mary E. Abood. Cloning and Pharmacological Characterization of the
Rat CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 292: 886-894.
N. HA è JOS, a C. LEDENT b and T. F. FREUND a *NOVEL CANNABINOID-SENSITIVE
RECEPTOR MEDIATES INHIBITION OF GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE
HIPPOCAMPUS. Neuroscience Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 1^4, 2001
Herkenham, M; et.al.; Cannabinoid localization in Brain. PNAS vol 87:5 (Mar 1990), 1932-1936
H. HERMANN, G. MARSICANO and B. LUTZ*. COEXPRESSION OF THE CANNABINOID

RECEPTOR TYPE 1 WITH DOPAMINE AND SEROTONIN RECEPTORS IN DISTINCT
NEURONAL
SUBPOPULATIONS OF THE ADULT MOUSE FOREBRAIN. Neuroscience Vol. 109, No. 3, pp.
451^460, 2002
Howlett AC. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the brain. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):405-16,
1998 Dec.
AC Howlett, MR Johnson, LS Melvin and GM Milne. Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit

adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model. Molecular Pharmacology, Volume 33,
Issue 3, pp. 297-302, 03/01/1988
Howlett AC. Johnson MR. Melvin LS. Classical and nonclassical cannabinoids: mechanism of action--
brain binding. NIDA Research Monograph. 96:100-11, 1990.
Allyn C. Howlett, Chao Song,1 Barbara A. Berglund, Gerald H. Wilken, and J. Jill Pigg.
Characterization of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Using Receptor Peptide Fragments and Site-Directed
Antibodies. Mol Pharmacol Vol. 53, Issue 3, 504-510, March 1998
A. C. HOWLETT, F. BARTH, T. I. BONNER, G. CABRAL, P. CASELLAS, W. A. DEVANE, C. C.

FELDER, M. HERKENHAM, K. MACKIE, B. R. MARTIN, R. MECHOULAM, AND R. G.
PERTWEE. International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of Cannabinoid Receptors.
Pharmacol Rev 54:161-202, 2002
Atmaram D. Khanolkar, Sonya L. Palmer, Alexandros Makriyannis. Molecular probes for the
cannabinoid receptors. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 37-52
Anjali Kulkarni-Narla, David R. Brown. Opioid, cannabinoid and vanilloid receptor localization on
porcine
cultured myenteric neurons. Neuroscience Letters 308 (2001) 153±156
Lucy Lay, James A. Angus, Christine E. Wright. Pharmacological characterisation of cannabinoid CB

receptors in the rat and mouse. European Journal of Pharmacology 391 2000 151-161
Ledent C. Valverde O. Cossu G. Petitet F. Aubert JF. Beslot F. Bohme GA. Imperato A. Pedrazzini T.
Roques BP. Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor
knockout mice. Science. 283(5400):401-4, 1999 Jan 15.
Sumi Fong Lee, Catherine Newton, Raymond Widen, Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein. Differential
expression of cannabinoid CB receptor mRNA in mouse immune cell subpopulations and following B
cell stimulation. European Journal of Pharmacology 423 2001 235_241
Mariscano G and Lutz B. Expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in distinct neuronal
subpopulations in the adult mouse forebrain. Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 11. pp. 4213-4215, 1999
Marx, J; Marijuana Receptor Gene Cloned. Science, Vol 249:4969 (Aug. 10, 1990), 624+625-626
Isabel Matias, Tiziana Bisogno, Dominique Melck, Franck Vandenbulcke, Martine Verger-Bocquet,
Luciano De Petrocellis, Christian Sergheraert, Christophe Breton, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Michel Salzet.
Evidence for an endocannabinoid system in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis.
Molecular Brain Research 87 (2001) 145-159
Matsuda LA. Lolait SJ. Brownstein MJ. Young AC. Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and
functional expression of the cloned cDNA [see comments]. Nature 1990 Aug 9;36(6248):508]
A. J. MCDONALD* and F. MASCAGNI. LOCALIZATION OF THE CB1 TYPE CANNABINOID

RECEPTOR IN THE RAT BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA: HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN
A SUBPOPULATION OF CHOLECYSTOKININ-CONTAINING INTERNEURONS. Neuroscience
Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 641^652, 2001
Mukhopadhyay, S & Howlett, AC; CB1 receptor-G protein association; Subtype selectivity is
determined by distinct intracellular domains. Eur J Biochem, 268, 499-505 (2001)
Somnath Mukhopadhyay, Helen H. McIntosh, Devin B. Houston, and Allyn C. Howlett. The CB1
Cannabinoid Receptor Juxtamembrane C-Terminal Peptide Confers Activation to Specific G proteins in
Brain. Mol Pharm, Vol. 57, Issue 1, 162-170, January 2000
Jingjiang Nie and Deborah L. Lewis. Structural Domains of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor That
Contribute to Constitutive Activity and G-Protein Sequestration. The Journal of Neuroscience,
November 15, 2001, 21(22):8758-8764
J. NIE and D. L. LEWIS*. THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL C-TERMINAL TAIL DOMAINS OF THE
CB1 CANNABINOID RECEPTOR MEDIATE. Neuroscience Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 161^167, 2001
Ong W.Y. and Mackie K., A light and electron microscopic study of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in
primate brain. Neuroscience 1999 vol 92 no4 p1177-1191.
Paul L. Prather, Nancy A. Martin, Christopher S. Breivogel, and Steven R. Childers. Activation of
Cannabinoid Receptors in Rat Brain by WIN 55212-2 Produces Coupling to Multiple G Protein-Subunits
with Different Potencies. Mol Pharmacol 2000 57: 1000-1010
S. M. RAWLS, JOSE CABASSA, ELLEN B. GELLER, and MARTIN W. ADLER. CB1 Receptors in
the Preoptic Anterior Hypothalamus Regulate WIN 55212-2 [(4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-4(4-
morpholinylmethyl)-1-(1-
naphthalenyl-carbonyl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1ij]quinolin-6-one]-Induced Hypothermia. JPET 301:963-968,
2002
Rhee M-H, et.al., Differential Superactivation of Adenylyl cyclase isozymes after chronic activation of
the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Molecular Pharmacology, 57:746-752 (2000).
Navarro M. Rodriguez de Fonseca F. The neurobiology of cannabinoid transmission: from anandamide

signaling to higher cerebral functions and disease. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):379-85, 1998 Dec.
John P. Roche, Sid Bounds, Sean Brown, and Ken Mackie. A Mutation in the Second Transmembrane
Region of the CB1 Receptor Selectively Disrupts G Protein Signaling and Prevents Receptor
Internalization. Mol Pharm, Vol. 56, Issue 3, 611-618, September 1999
Rodriguez, JJ; et.al.; Ultrastructural Localization of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor in -Opioid
Receptor Patches of the Rat Caudate Putamen Nucleus. J Neurosci, Feb 1, 2001, 21(3):823-833
Rodriguez-Puertas R et.al. Autoradiography of receptor-activated G-proteins in post mortum human

brain. Neuroscience, Vol. 96 No. 1 pp 169-180, 2000.
Romero J. Berrendero F. Manzanares J. Perez A. Corchero J. Fuentes JA. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Ramos JA.
Time-course of the cannabinoid receptor down-regulation in the adult rat brain caused by repeated
exposure to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Synapse. 30(3):298-308, 1998 Nov.
Romero J. Garcia-Palomero E. Berrendero F. Garcia-Gil L. Hernandez ML. Ramos JA. Fernandez-Ruiz

JJ. Atypical location of cannabinoid receptors in white matter areas during rat brain development.
Synapse. 26(3):317-23, 1997 Jul.
Rueda D; et.al.; The CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Is Coupled to the Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal
Kinase. Mol Pharmacol, 58:814-820, 2000
CRISTINA SANCHEZ, DANIEL RUEDA, BRUNO SEGUI, ISMAEL GALVE-ROPERH, THIERRY

LEVADE, and MANUEL GUZMAN.; The CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor of Astrocytes Is Coupled to
Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis through Adaptor Protein Fan. Mol Pharmacol, 59:955-959, 2001
Shire D. Calandra B. Delpech M. Dumont X. Kaghad M. Le Fur G. Caput D. Ferrara P. Structural

features of the central cannabinoid CB1 receptor involved in the binding of the specific CB1 antagonist
SR 141716A. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271(12):6941-6, 1996 Mar 22.
David Shire (§), , Christine Carillon , Mourad Kaghad , Bernard Calandra , Murielle Rinaldi-Carmona
(1), Gérard Le Fur , Daniel Caput , Pascual Ferrara. An Amino-terminal Variant of the Central
Cannabinoid Receptor Resulting from Alternative Splicing (*) J Biol Chem Volume 270, Number 8,
Issue of February 24, 1995 pp. 3726-3731
Laura J. Sim, Robert E. Hampson, Sam A. Deadwyler, and Steven R. Childers Effects of Chronic
Treatment with 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Cannabinoid-Stimulated [35S]GTPS Autoradiography in Rat
Brain. J Neurosci, Volume 16, Number 24, Issue of December 15, 1996 pp. 8057-8066
Darren Smart and Jeffery C. Jerman. Anandamide: an endogenous activator of the vanilloid receptor
[Letters] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:4:134
Ken Soderstrom, Mark Leid, *Frank L. Moore, and †Thomas F. Murray. Behavioral, Pharmacological,
and Molecular Characterization of an Amphibian Cannabinoid Receptor. J. Neurochem., Vol. 75, No. 1,
2000 413-423
Soderstrom, K & Johnson, F; Zebra Finch CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor: Pharmacology and in Vivo and in
Vitro Effects of Activation. JPET 297:189-197, 2001
Z. H. Song, Carole-Anne Slowey, Dow P. Hurst, and Patricia H. Reggio. The Difference between the
CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors at Position 5.46 Is Crucial for the Selectivity of WIN55212-2 for
CB2. Mol Pharm, Vol. 56, Issue 4, 834-840, October 1999
ZHAO-HUI SONG and MIAO ZHONG. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Cell Migration. THE
JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 294, No. 1 :204-
209, 2000
Heinz Steiner*, Tom I. Bonner, Anne M. Zimmer, Stephen T. Kitai*, and Andreas Zimmer. Altered
gene expression in striatal projection neurons in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. PNAS, Vol.
96, Issue 10, 5786-5790, May 11, 1999
Olov Sterner and Arpad Szallasi. Novel natural vanilloid receptor agonists: new therapeutic targets for
drug development [Review]Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 1999, 20:11:459-465
Takayuki Sugiura, Tomoko Kodaka, Shinji Nakane, Tomoyuki Miyashita, Sachiko Kondo, Yoshitomo
Suhara, Hiroaki Takayama, Keizo Waku, Chiyo Seki¶, Naomichi Baba¶, and Yoshio Ishima. Evidence
That the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Is a 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Receptor STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIP OF 2-ARACHIDONOYLGLYCEROL, ETHER-LINKED ANALOGUES, AND
RELATED COMPOUNDS. J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 5, 2794-2801, January 29, 1999
János Szolcsányi. Anandamide and the question of its functional role for activation of capsaicin
receptors [Letter] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:6:203-204
János Szolcsányi. Are cannabinoids endogenous ligands for the VR1 capsaicin receptor? [Comment]
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:2:41-42
Qing Tao and Mary E. Abood. Mutation of a Highly Conserved Aspartate Residue in the Second
Transmembrane Domain of the Cannabinoid Receptors, CB1 and CB2, Disrupts G-Protein Coupling 1.
JPET, Vol. 285, Issue 2, 651-658, May 1998
Qing Tao, Sean D. McAllister, John Andreassi, Katharine W. Nowell, Guy A. Cabral, Dow P. Hurst,
Kevin Bachtel, Marie C. Ekman, Patricia H. Reggio, and Mary E. Abood. Role of a Conserved Lysine
Residue in the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor (CB2): Evidence for Subtype Specificity. Mol
Pharmacol, Vol. 55, Issue 3, 605-613, March 1999
Valk PJ. Hol S. Vankan Y. Ihle JN. Askew D. Jenkins NA. Gilbert DJ. Copeland NG. de Both NJ.
Lowenberg B. Delwel R. The genes encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor and alpha-L-
fucosidase are located near a newly identified common virus integration site, Evi11. Journal of Virology.
71(9):6796-804, 1997 Sep.
Clemente Vásquez and Deborah L. Lewis. The CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Can Sequester G-Proteins,
Making Them Unavailable to Couple to Other Receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1,
1999, 19(21):9271-9280
Timo Wittenberger*, H. Chica Schaller and Susanne Hellebrand. An Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)
Data Mining Strategy Succeeding in the Discovery of New G-Protein Coupled Receptors. J. Mol. Biol.
(2001) 307, 799±813
Reviews
Abood ME. Martin BR. Molecular neurobiology of the cannabinoid receptor. International Review of
Neurobiology. 39:197-221, 1996.
Irma B. Adams; Billy R. Martin. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans.
Ameri A. The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. [Review] [223 refs] Progress in Neurobiology.
58(4):315-48, 1999 Jul.
Di Marzo V. 'Endocannabinoids' and other fatty acid derivatives with cannabimimetic properties:
biochemistry and possible physiopathological relevance. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1392(2-3):153-
75, 1998 Jun 15.
Christian C. Felder, Michelle Glass. CANNABINOID RECEPTORS AND THEIR ENDOGENOUS

AGONISTS. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1998. 38:179-200.
Javier Fernández-Ruiz, Fernando Berrendero, Mari Luz Hernández and José A. Ramos. The endogenous
cannabinoid system and brain development [Review] Trends in Neurosciences, 2000, 23:1:14-20
Glass M. Dragunow M. Faull RL. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and
quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience.
77(2):299-318, 1997 Mar.
LE Hollister. Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacological Reviews, Vol 38, 1-20, Copyright © 1986
Hollister LE. Cannabis--1988. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 345:108-18, 1988.
Allyn C. Howlett, Pharmacology of Cannabinoid Receptors. Annual Review of Pharmacology and

Toxicology, Vol 35, 607-634, Copyright © 1995
BILLY R. MARTIN. Identification of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System through

Integrative Pharmacological Approaches. JPET 301:790-796, 2002
Raphael Mechoulam *, Lumi´r HanusÏ. A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids.

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 1-13
Emilia Nocerino, Marianna Amato, Angelo A. Izzo. Cannabis and cannabinoid receptors. Fitoterapia 71
2000 S6-S12
Weissman A. On the definition of cannabinoids: botanical? chemical? pharmacological?. Journal of

Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):159S-165S, 1981 Aug-Sep.
Cannabis, the plant

Adams, R Marihuana Science, new series, Volume 92, Issue 2380 Aug. 9, 1940), 115-119
Ashton, CH; Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review; Br J Psych (2001) 178, 101-106
Bessey EA; Sex problems in hemp; Quarterly Rev Biol, Vol 8, Issue 2 (Jun 1933), 194-200
Borthwick HA; Scully, NJ; Photoperiodic Responses of Hemp; Botanical Gazette, vol 116, issue 1 (Sep
1954) 14-29
Dayanandan, P & Kaufman PB; Trichomes of Cannabis Sativa L. (Cannabaccae). Am J Bot, vol 63:5,
may-jun, 1976, 578-591
French, CN & Moore PD; Deforestation, Cannabis Cultivation and Schwingmoor Formation at Cors
Llyn (Llyn Mire), Central Wales. New Phytol, vol 102:3 (Mar, 1996), 469-482.
Hammond, CT & Mahlberg, PG; Ultrastructural Development of Capitate Glandular Hairs of Cannabis
Sativa L. (Cannabaceae). Am J Bot, vol 65:2 (Feb, 1978), 140-151
Hammond, CT; Mahlberg, PG; Morphogenesis of Capitate Glandular Hairs of Cannabis Sativa
(Cannabacceae). Am J Bot, vol 64:8 (Sep 1977), 1023-1031
Hammond, CT & Mahlberg PG; Morphology of Glandular Hairs of Cannabis Sativa from Scanning
Electron Microscopy. Am J Bot, vol 60:6, (Jul, 1973), 524-528
Haney, A & Kutscheid, BB; An Ecological Study of Naturalized Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in East-
Central Illinois. Am Midland Naturalist, vol 93:1 (Jan, 1975), 1-24
Heslop-Harrison; Suppressive Effects of 2-Thiouracil on Differentiation and Flowering in Cannabis

sativa. Science, vol 132:3444 (Dec 30, 1960), 1943-1944
Kim, E-S & Mahlberg, PG; Secretory Cavity Development in Glandular Thrichomes of Cannabis sativa
L. (Cannabacceae), Am J Bot, vol 78:2 (Feb 1991), 220-229
Kim, E-S & Mahlberg, PG; Glandular Cuticle Formation in Cannabis (Cannabcceae). Am J Bot, vol
82:10 (Oct, 1995), 1207-1214
Kojoma M, et.al. DNA Fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)
amplification. Planta Med 2002, 68: 60-63
Lanyon, VS; et.al.; Quantitative Analysis of Cannabinoids in the Secretory Product from Capitate-
Stalked Glands of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). Bot Gazette, vol 142:3 (Sep, 1981), 316-319
Aron H. Lichtman, Justin L. Poklis, Alphonse Poklis, David M. Wilson, Billy R. Martin. The
pharmacological activity of inhalation exposure to marijuana smoke in mice. Drug and Alcohol
Dependence 63 (2001) 107-116
Mackay EL; Sex Chromosomes of Cannabis sativa. Am J Bot, vol 26:9 (Nov, 1939), 707-708
Mahlberg, PG & Kim E-S; Secretory Visicle Formation in Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis sativa
(Cannabacceae). Am J Bot, vol. 79:2 (Feb., 1992), 166-173
Mahlberg, PG & Hemphill, JK; Effect of Light on Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L.
(Cannabacceae). Bot Gaz, vol 144:1 (Mar., 1983), 43-48
McPhee, HC; Meiotic Cytokinesis of Cannabis. Bot Gaz, Vol 78:3 (Nov., 1924), 335-341
Mechoulam, R; Marihuana Chemistry. Science, Vol 168:3936 (Jun 5, 1970), 1159-1166
Menzel, MY; Meiotic Chromosomes of Monoecious Kentucky Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Bull Torr Bot
Club, Vol 91:3 (May-Jun, 1964), 193-205
Miller, FA; The Propagation of Medicinal Plants. Bull Torr Bot Club, Vol 41:2 (Feb., 1914), 105-129
Robson, P; Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Br J Psych, (2001), 178, 107-115
Schaffner, JH; Influence of Environment on Sexual Expression in Hemp. Bot Gaz, Vol 71:3 (Mar,
1921), 197-219
Schaffner, JH; The Fluctuation Curve of Sex Reversal in Staminate Hemp Plants Induced by
Photoperiodicity. Am J Bot, Vol 18:6 (Jan, 1931), 424-430
Scripture, EW; Consciousness under the Influence of Cannabis Indica. Science, Vol 22:560 (Oct 27,
1893), 233-234
Sharma, GK; Altitudinal Variation in Leaf Epidermal Patterns of Cannabis sativa. Bull Torr Bot Club,
Vol 102:4 (Jul-Aug, 1975), 199-200
Small, E; et.al.; A Numerical Taxonomic Analysis of Cannabis with Special Reference to Species
Delimitation. Systemat Bot, Vol 1:1 (Spring, 1976), 67-84
Stefanis, CN & Issidorides, MR; Marihuana Effects. Science, Vol 191:4233 (Mar 26, 1976), 1217
Turner, JC; et.al.; Gland Distribution and Cannabinoid Content in Clones of cannabis sativa L. Am J
Bot; Vol 64:6, (Jul, 1977), 687-693
Turner, JC; et.al.; Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Individual Glandular Trichomes of
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). Am J Bot. Vol 65:10 (Nov-Dec, 1978), 1103-1106
Turner, JC; et.al. Trichomes and Cannabinoid Content of Developing Leaves and Bracts of Cannabis
sativa L. (Cannabaceae). Am J Bot, Vol 67:10 (Nov-Dec, 1980), 1397-1406
Turner, JC; A Temporal Study of Cannabinoid Composition in Continual Clones of Cannabis sativa L.
(Cannabacceae), Bot Gaz, Vol 146:1 (Mar, 1985), 32-38
Vogelmann, AF; et.al.; Cannabinoid Occurence in Seedlings of Cannabis sativa L.: Quantitation in
Seedlings of Known Age and Primary Leaf Length. Bot Gaz, Vol 148:4 (Dec, 1987), 468-474
Wilson, DG; Plant Remains from the Gravency Boat and the Early History of Humulus lupulus L. in W.
Europe. New Phytol, Vol 75:3 (Nov, 1975), 627-648
Cardiovascular Effects
SÁNDOR BÁTKAI, ZOLTÁN JÁRAI, JENS A. WAGNER, SRAVAN K. GOPARAJU, KÁROLY

VARGA, JIE LIU, LEI WANG, FARIDODDIN MIRSHAHI, ATMARAM D. KHANOLKAR,
ALEXANDROS MAKRIYANNIS, RENATA URBASCHEK, NELSON GARCIA JR, ARUN J.
SANYAL, & GEORGE KUNOS. Endocannabinoids acting at vascular CB1 receptors mediate the
vasodilated state in advanced liver cirrhosis. NATURE MEDICINE VOLUME 7 NUMBER 7
JULY 2001
Rodney S. Berman, Patricia E. M. Martin, W. Howard Evans, and Tudor M. Griffith. Relative
Contributions of NO and Gap Junctiona Communication to Endothelium-Dependent Relaxations of
Rabbit Resistance Arteries Vary with Vessel Size. Microvascular Research 63, 115-128 (2002)
Robert I. Block, Daniel S. O’Leary, Richard D. Hichwa, Jean C. Augustinack, Laura L. Boles Ponto,
M.M. Ghoneim, Stephan Arndt, Richard R. Hurtig, G. Leonard Watkins, James A. Hall, Peter E. Nathan,
Nancy C. Andreasen . Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 72 (2002) 237-250
Ralf P. Brandes* † , Friedrich-Hubertus Schmitz-Winnenthal*, Michel Fe´ le´ tou ‡ , Axel Go¨ decke § ,
Paul L. Huang ¶ , Paul M. Vanhoutte ‡ , Ingrid Fleming*, and Rudi Busse*. An endothelium-derived
hyperpolarizing factor distinct from NO and prostacyclin is a major endothelium-dependent vasodilator
in resistance vessels of wild-type and endothelial NO synthase knockout mice. PNAS. August 15, 2000
vol. 97 no. 17, 9747-9752
T Chataigneau, M Feletou, C Thollon, N Villeneuve, JP Vilaine, J Duhault and PM Vanhoutte.

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in guinea-pig carotid, rat
mesenteric and porcine coronary arteries. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 123, 968-974, 1998.
Derocq JM. Segui M. Marchand J. Le Fur G. Casellas P. Cannabinoids enhance human B-cell growth at
low nanomolar concentrations. FEBS Letters. 369(2-3):177-82, 1995 Aug 7.
J.-M. Derocq, M. Bouaboula, J. Marchand M. Rinaldi-Carmona, M. Ségui, P. Casellas. The endogenous

cannabinoid anandamide is a lipid messenger activating cell growth via a cannabinoid receptor-
independent pathway in hematopoietic cell lines. Febs Letters Vol. 425 (3) pp. 419-425, 03-April-1998
Deutsch DG. Goligorsky MS. Schmid PC. Krebsbach RJ. Schmid HH. Das SK. Dey SK. Arreaza G.
Thorup C. Stefano G. Moore LC. Production and physiological actions of anandamide in the vasculature
of the rat kidney. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 100(6):1538-46, 1997 Sep 15.
Fleming I. Schermer B. Popp R. Busse R. Inhibition of the production of endothelium-derived
hyperpolarizing factor by cannabinoid receptor agonists. British Journal of Pharmacology. 126(4):949-
60,
David Fulton and John Quilley. Evidence against Anandamide as the Hyperpolarizing Factor Mediating
the Nitric Oxide-Independent Coronary Vasodilator Effect of Bradykinin in the Rat. Br J Pharmacol,
Vol. 286, Issue 3, 1146-1151, September 1998
Garcia, N; et.al.; Systemic and portal hemodynamic effects of anandamide. Am J Physiol Gastrointest
Liver Physiol, 280, G14-G20, 2001
David Gurwitz. Haemorrhagic shock: endogenous cannabinoids to the rescue. Molecular Medicine
Today, 1998, 4:3:99.
CECILIA J. HILLARD. Perspectives in Pharmacology, Endocannabinoids and Vascular Function 1

THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 294, No. 1:
27-32, 2000
Michael Holland, R. A. John Challiss, Nicholas B. Standen and John P. Boyle, Cannabinoid CB1
receptors fail to cause relaxation, but couple via Gi/Go to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in carotid
artery smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology 128:597-604 (1999)
Zoltán Járai*, Jens A. Wagner*,, Károly Varga*, Kristy D. Lake*, David R. Compton*, Billy R. Martin*,
Anne M. Zimmer, Tom I. Bonner, Nancy E. Buckley, Eva Mezey, Raj K. Razdan§, Andreas Zimmer,
and
George Kunos. Cannabinoid-induced mesenteric vasodilation through an endothelial site distinct from
CB1 or CB2 receptors. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 24, 14136-14141, November 23, 1999
Meritxell Alberich Jorda` , Sandra E. Verbakel, Peter J. M. Valk, Yolanda V. Vankan-Berkhoudt, Mauro
Maccarrone, Allessandro Finazzi-Agro` , Bob Lo¨ wenberg, and Ruud Delwel. Hematopoietic cells
expressing the peripheral cannabinoid receptor migrate in response to the endocannabinoid 2-
arachidonoylglycerol. BLOOD, 15 APRIL 2002 z VOLUME 99, NUMBER 8
George Kunos *, Zoltań Ja´rai, Sańdor Ba´tkai, Sravan Kumar Goparaju, Edward J.N. Ishac, Jie Liu,
Lei Wang, Jens A. Wagner 1. Endocannabinoids as cardiovascular modulators. Chemistry and Physics
of Lipids 108 (2000) 159-168
Kristy D. Lake; Billy R. Martin; George Kunos; ; Károly Varga. Cardiovascular Effects of Anandamide
in Anesthetized and Conscious Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats (Hypertension. 1997;29:1204-
1210.)
Lake KD. Compton DR. Varga K. Martin BR. Kunos G. Cannabinoid-induced hypotension and
bradycardia in rats mediated by CB1-like cannabinoid receptors. Journal of Pharmacology &
Experimental Therapeutics. 281(3):1030-7, 1997 Jun.
T. Lundqvist, S. Jo¨ nsson, S. Warkentin. Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23 (2001) 437- 443
Maccarrone, M; et.al.; Human Platelets bind and degrade 2-arachidonoylglycerol, whichactivates these
cells throufgh a cannabinoid receptor. Eur J Biochem, 268, 819-825 (2001)
AI McCulloch and MD Randall. Sex differences in the relative contributions of nitric oxide and EDHF
to agonist-stimulated endothelium-dependent relaxations in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed.
British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 123, 1700-1706, 1998.
Robert J. McKallip 2 , Catherine Lombard 2 , Michael Fisher 3 , Billy R. Martin 3 , Seongho Ryu 2 ,
Steven Grant 4 , Prakash S. Nagarkatti 3 , and Mitzi Nagarkatti 2,5. Targeting CB2 Cannabinoid
Receptors as a Novel Therapy to Treat Malignant Lymphoblastic Disease 1. Blood First Edition Paper,
prepublished online April 30, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0098
Somnanth Mukhopadhyay , Barry M. Chapnick and Allyn C. Howlett. Anandamide-induced

vasorelaxation in rabbit aortic rings has two components: G protein-dependent and G protein-
independent. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282: H2046-H2054, 2002.
Nathalie Niederhoffer and Bela Szabo. Cannabinoids Cause Central Sympathoexcitation and
Bradycardia in Rabbits1. JPET Vol. 294, Issue 2, 707-713, August 2000
Pratt PF. Hillard CJ. Edgemond WS. Campbell WB. N-arachidonylethanolamide relaxation of bovine
coronary artery is not mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptor. American Journal of Physiology. 274(1 Pt
2):H375-81, 1998 Jan.
Randall MD. Kendall DA. Endocannabinoids: a new class of vasoactive substances. Trends in
Pharmacological Sciences. 19(2):55-8, 1998 Feb.
Michael D. Randall. The other EDRF [Full Length Article] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 1998,
19:1:37-38
JOSEFA ROS, JOAN CLA ` RIA, JORDI TO-FIGUERAS, ANNA PLANAGUMA, PILAR CEJUDO-
MARTI ´ N, GUILLERMO FERNA ´ NDEZ-VARO, RAU ´ L MARTI ´ N-RUIZ, VICENTE ARROYO,
FRANCISCA RIVERA, JUAN RODE ´ S, and WLADIMIRO JIME ´ NEZ. Endogenous Cannabinoids:
A New System Involved in the Homeostasis of Arterial Pressure in Experimental Cirrhosis in the Rat.
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:85-93
Valk P. Verbakel S. Vankan Y. Hol S. Mancham S. Ploemacher R. Mayen A. Lowenberg B. Delwel R.

Anandamide, a natural ligand for the peripheral cannabinoid receptor is a novel synergistic growth factor
for hematopoietic cells. Blood. 90(4):1448-57, 1997 Aug 15.
Vanheel, B & Van De Voorde, J; Regional Differences in Anandamide- and Methanandamide- Induced
Membrane Potential Changes in Rat Mesenteric Arteries. JPET, 296:322-328, 2001
Károly Vargaa, Jens A. Wagnera, D. Troy Bridgena, and George Kunosa. Platelet- and macrophage-
derived endogenous cannabinoids are involved in endotoxin-induced hypotension. (The FASEB Journal.
1998; 12:1035-1044.)
Wagner JA. Varga K. Kunos G. Cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids and their generation
during shock. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 76(12):824-36, 1998 Nov-Dec.
Jens A. Wagner; Károly Varga; Zoltán Járai; George Kunos. Mesenteric Vasodilation Mediated by
Endothelial Anandamide Receptors. (Hypertension. 1999;33:429-434.)
Jens A. Wagner 1 , Zoltan Jarai 2 , Sandor Batkai 3 , George Kunos ´ ´ ´ ´. Hemodynamic effects of
cannabinoids: coronary and cerebral vasodilation mediated by cannabinoid CB receptors 1. Z . European
Journal of Pharmacology 423 2001 203_210
Yin Wang, Yan Liu, Yasuhiko Ito, Teruto Hashiguchi, Isao Kitajima, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Hideaki
Shimizu, Seiichi Matsuo, Hitoshi Imaizumi, and Ikuro Maruyama. Simultaneous Measurement of
Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol by Polymyxin B-Selective Adsorption and Subsequent High-
Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis: Increase in Endogenous Cannabinoids in the Sera of
Patients with Endotoxic Shock. Analytical Biochemistry 294, 73-82 (2001)
R White and CR Hiley. A comparison of EDHF-mediated and anandamide-induced relaxations in

the rat isolated mesenteric artery. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 122, 1573-1584, 1997
PM Zygmunt, ED Hogestatt, K Waldeck, G Edwards, AJ Kirkup and AH Weston. Studies on the effects
of anandamide in rat hepatic artery. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 122, 1679-1686, 1997
PETER M. ZYGMUNT et al: Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of
anandamide. Nature 400, 452-457 (1999) Letters to Nature
Drug Testing
Costantino A. Schwartz RH. Kaplan P. Hemp oil ingestion causes positive urine tests for delta 9-
tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 21(6):482-5, 1997 Oct.
Fortner N. Fogerson R. Lindman D. Iversen T. Armbruster D. Marijuana-positive urine test results from
consumption of hemp seeds in food products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 21(6):476-81, 1997 Oct.
Guidance for premarket submissions for kits for screening drugs of abuse to be used by the consumer,
Draft guidance- Not for implementation CDRH 1997
Kerrigan, S & Phillips, WH; Comparison of ELISAs for Opiates, Methamphetamine, Cocaine
Metabolite, Benzodiazepines, Phencyclidine, ans Cannabinoids in Whole Blood and Urine. Clin Chem,
47:3, 540-547 (2001)
Lehmann T. Sager F. Brenneisen R. Excretion of cannabinoids in urine after ingestion of cannabis seed
oil. J Anal Toxicol 1998 Jan-Feb;22(1):80-1
Skopp, G; et.al.; Stability of Cannabinoids in Hair Samples Exposed to Sunlight. Clin Chem Vol 46:11,
2000, 1846-1848
Struempler RE. Nelson G. Urry FM. A positive cannabinoids workplace drug test following the ingestion
of commercially available hemp seed oil. J Anal Toxicol 1998 Jan-Feb;22(1):80-1
Wingert WE. Lowering cutoffs for initial and confirmation testing for cocaine and marijuana: large-scale
study of effects on the rates of drug-positive results. Clinical Chemistry. 43(1):100-3, 1997 Jan.
Food and Drug Interactions
Michèle Arnone (2), Jeanne Maruani (1), Frédérique Chaperon (3), Marie-Hélène Thiébot (3), M.
Poncelet (1), Philippe Soubrié (1), Gérard Le Fur (1) Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake
by SR 141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology, Volume
132, Issue 1 (1997) pp 104-106
Alvin Berger, Gayle Crozier, Tiziana Bisogno, Paolo Cavaliere, Sheila Innis, and Vincenzo Di Marzo.
Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain
levels of the corresponding
N-acylethanolamines in piglets. 6402-6406 u PNAS u May 22, 2001 u vol. 98 u no. 11
DIANA L. CICHEWICZ, VICTORIA L. HALLER, and SANDRA P. WELCH; Changes in Opioid and
Cannabinoid Receptor Protein following Short-Term Combination Treatment with delta-9
Tetrahydrocannabinol and Morphine; THEJ OURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND
EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 297, No.1
Shu-Sen Cui, Rudy C. Bowen, Gui-Bao Gu, Darren K. Hannesson, Peter H. Yu, and Xia Zhang.
Prevention of Cannabinoid Withdrawal Syndrome by Lithium: Involvement of Oxytocinergic Neuronal
Activation. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2001, 21(24):9867-9876
George E. da Silva, Gina S. Morato, Reinaldo N. Takahashi. Rapid tolerance to D 9

-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-tolerance between ethanol and D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. Z .
European Journal of Pharmacology 431 2001 201_207
TACO J. DE VRIES, YAVIN SHAHAM, JUDITH R. HOMBERG, HANS CROMBAG, KARIANNE

SCHUURMAN, JEANINE DIEBEN, LOUK J.M.J. VANDERSCHUREN & ANTON N.M.
SCHOFFELMEER. A cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking. NATURE MEDICINE
VOLUME 7 NUMBER 10 OCTOBER 2001
VINCENZO DI MARZO et al: Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature 396, 636 (1998)
Rosanna Di Toro, Gabriele Campana, Vittorio Sciarretta, Giovanna Murari and Santi Spampinato
REGULATION OF d OPIOID RECEPTORS BY D 9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN
NG108-15 HYBRID CELLS. Life Sciences, Vol. 63, No. 14, pp. PL 197-204, 1998
Liana Fattore, M. Cristina Martellotta, Gregorio Cossu, M. Stefania Mascia and Walter FrattaA
wfratta@unica.it. CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55, 212-2 decreases intravenous cocaine self-
administration in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 104, Issue 1-2, October 1999, Pages 141 -
146
Fowler CJ. Tiger G. Stenstrom A. Ibuprofen inhibits rat brain deamidation of anandamide at
pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Mode of inhibition and structure-activity relationship.
Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 283(2):729-34, 1997 Nov.
Jason E. Gallate, I. S. McGregor original investigation: The motivation for beer in rats: effects of
ritanserin, naloxone and SR 141716. Psychopharmacology, Volume 142 Issue 3 (1999) pp 302-308
Sara Gonza´ lez a , Javier Ferna´ ndez-Ruiz a,1 *, Valentina Sparpaglione, Daniela Parolaro b , Jose´ A.
Ramos a. Chronic exposure to morphine, cocaine or ethanol in rats produced different effects in brain
cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding and mRNA levels. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66 (2002) 77-84
Gorsky, J; Marijuana Test: No Ibuprofen Interference. Science, vol 241:4868 (Aug 19, 1988), 888
Hine B. Torrelio M. Gershon S. Attenuation of precipitated abstinence in methadone-dependent rats by

delta 9-THC. Psychopharmacology Communications. 1(3):275-83, 1975.
Hoffman, AF & Lupica, CR; Direct Ations of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Nucleus
Accumbens: A Comparrison With Opioids. ?J Physiol? (2001) 72-83
B. L. Hungund and B. S. Basavarajappa. ARE ANANDAMIDE AND CANNABINOID RECEPTORS

INVOLVED IN ETHANOL TOLERANCE? A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE. Alcohol. 2000 35: 126-
133
S. Lamarque a , K. Taghzouti b , H. Simon. Chronic treatment with _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol enhances

the locomotor response to amphetamine and heroin. Implications for vulnerability to drug addiction.
Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 118-129
A. H. LICHTMAN, S. M. SHEIKH, H. H. LOH, and B. R. MARTIN. Opioid and Cannabinoid
Modulation of Precipitated Withdrawal in _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Morphine-Dependent Mice.
JPET 298:1007-1014, 2001 Printed in U.S.A.
Scott E. Lukas *, Sara Orozco. Ethanol increases plasma _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and
subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 64
(2001) 143-149
DT Malone and DA Taylor. Modulation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hypothermia by

fluoxetine in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 124, 1419-1424, 1998.
Daniel T. Malone1 and David A. Taylor. Modulation by fluoxetine of striatal dopamine release
following 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a microdialysis study in conscious rats. British Journal of
Pharmacology 128:21-26 (1999)
Jorge Manzanares, Javier Corchero, Julian Romero, Javier J. Fernández-Ruiz, José A. Ramos and José
A. Fuentes. Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids. Trends in
Pharmacological Sciences, 1999, 20:7:287-294
Justin P. Meschler, Francis A. Clarkson, Patricia J. Mathews, Allyn C. Howlett, and Bertha K. Madras.
D2, but Not D1 Dopamine Receptor Agonists Potentiate Cannabinoid-Induced Sedation in Nonhuman
Primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 292: 952-959.
Ng, LKY; Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Ethanol: Differential Effects on Sympathetic Activity in

Differing Environmental Settings, Science, Vol 180:4093 (Jun 29, 1973), 1368-1369
DANIELE PIOMELLI. Cannabinoid activity curtails cocaine craving. NATURE MEDICINE

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 10 OCTOBER 2001
Francesco E. Pontieri a, ) , Paola Monnazzi b , Alessandra Scontrini a , Francesca R. Buttarelli a ,

Francesca R. Patacchioli. Behavioral sensitization to heroin by cannabinoid pretreatment in the rat. Z .
European Journal of Pharmacology 421 2001 R1_R3
Lutz G. Schmidt, Jerzy Samochowiec, Ulrich Finckh, Ewa Fiszer-Piosik, Jan Horodnicki, B. Wendel,
Hans Rommelspacher, Margret R. Hoehe. Association of a CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR 1)
polymorphism with severe alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65 (2002) 221-224
Sepe N., De Petrocellis L., Montanaro F., Cimino G., Di Marzo V. Bioactive long chain N-
acylethanolamines in five species of edible bivalve molluscs. Possible implications for mollusc
physiology and sea food industry. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1389(2):101-11, 1998 Jan 15.
Salvatore Serra, Mauro A.M. Carai, Giuliana Brunetti, Raquel Gomez, Samuele Melis, Giovanni Vacca,
Giancarlo Colombo, Gian Luigi Gessa. The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 prevents
acquisition of drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430
2001 369_371
Smith FL. Cichewicz D. Martin ZL. Welch SP. The enhancement of morphine antinociception in mice
by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior. 60(2):559-66, 1998 Jun.
Anthony L. Vaccarino a, *, Gayle A. Olson a , Richard D. Olson a , Abba J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates:
1998. Peptides 20 (1999) 1527_1574
Anthony L. Vaccarino a, *, Abba J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates: 1999. Peptides 21 (2000) 1975-2034
Stephen R. Wachtel & Harriet de Wit. Naltrexone does not block the subjective effects of oral 9-
tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2000, 59:3:251 - 260
Sandra P. Welch and Micah Eads. Synergistic interactions of endogenous opioids and cannabinoid
systems. Brain Research, Volume 848, Issue 1-2, November 1999, Pages 183-190
SP Welch and DL Stevens. Antinociceptive activity of intrathecally administered cannabinoids alone,

and
in combination with morphine, in mice. Volume 262, Issue 1, pp. 10-18, 07/01/199
Welch SP. Thomas C. Patrick GS. Modulation of cannabinoid-induced antinociception after

intracerebroventricular versus intrathecal administration to mice: possible mechanisms for interaction
with morphine. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 272(1):310-21, 1995 Jan.
Jenny L. Wiley and Billy R. Martin. Effects of SR141716A on Diazepam Substitution for 9-
Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rat Drug Discrimination. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, Volume
64, Issue 3, November 1999, Pages 519-522
Taku Yamaguchi , Yumi Hagiwara , Hiroyuki Tanaka , Takayuki Sugiura , Keizo Waku , Yukihiro
Shoyama , Shigenori Watanabe , Tsuneyuki Yamamoto. Endogenous cannabinoid, 2-
arachidonoylglycerol, attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice.
Brain Research 909 (2001) 121-126
G.I. Effects
Baron JA. Folan RD. Kelley ML Jr. Ulcerative colitis and marijuana [letter]. Annals of Internal
Medicine. 112(6):471, 1990 Mar 15.
Malcolm Begg, Areles Molleman, Mike Parsons. Modulation of the release of endogenous g-
aminobutyric acid by cannabinoids in the guinea pig ileum. European Journal of Pharmacology 434
(2002) 87- 94
T Croci, L Manara, G Aureggi, F Guagnini, M Rinaldi-Carmona, JP Maffrand, G Le Fur, S Mukenge and

G Ferla. In vitro functional evidence of neuronal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in human ileum. British
Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 125, 1393-1395, 1998
Dansak DA, Brazis K, Deaux ED, Delany HD, Duncan PR, Report of the Lynn Pierson Therapeutic
Research Program, New Mexico State Department of Health, Oral vs. Inhaled Cannabinoids for
Nausea/Vomiting from Cancer Chemotherapy, Methodology and Efficacy of Initial Dose. 1984
NISSAR A. DARMANI. The Potent Emetogenic Effects of the Endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-
Arachidonoylglycerol) Are Blocked by _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannnabinoids. JPET
300:34-42, 2002
NISSAR A. DARMANI. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol differently suppresses cisplatin-induced emesis

and indices of motor function via cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the least shrew. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior 69 (2001) 239-249
Nissar A. Darmani. The cannabinoid CB receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the 1 antiemetic and
motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430 2001 49_58
Nissar A. Darmani, Ph.D. D 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Synthetic Cannabinoids Prevent Emesis

Produced by the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonist/ Inverse Agonist SR 141716A.
NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001-VOL. 24, NO. 2
Vincenzo Di Marzo*, Sravan K. Goparaju², Lei Wang²³, Jie Liu²³, SaÂ ndor BaÂ tkai²³, ZoltaÂ n JaÂ
rai², Filomena Fezza*, Grant I. Miura§, Richard D. Palmiter§, Takayuki Sugiurak & George Kunos².
Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. NATURE | VOL 410 | 12
APRIL 2001
Daniela Giuliani, Alessandra Ottani, Francesca Ferrari. Effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, HU
210, on ingestive behaviour and body weight of rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 391 2000 275-
279
Peter Holzer. Gastrointestinal afferents as targets of novel drugs for the treatment of functional bowel
disorders and visceral pain. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001 177_193
AA Izzo, N Mascolo, F Borrelli and F Capasso. Excitatory transmission to the circular muscle of the
guinea-pig ileum: evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. British Journal of
Pharmacology, Vol 124, 1363-1368, 1998
Angelo A. Izzo a aaizzo@unina.it, Nicola Mascolo b, Luisa Pinto a aaizzo@unina.it, Raffaele Capasso b
and Francesco Capasso aA aaizzo@unina.it The role of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal motility,
defaecation and diarrhoea in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 384, Issue 1, November
1999, Pages 37-42
Katayama K. Ueda N. Kurahashi Y. Suzuki H. Yamamoto S. Kato I. Distribution of anandamide

amidohydrolase in rat tissues with special reference to small intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.
1347(2-3):212-8, 1997 Aug 16.
F Lopez-Redondo, GM Lees and RG Pertwee. Effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands on

electrophysiological properties of myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig ileum. British Journal of
Pharmacology, Vol 122, 330-334, 1997
Marijuana Use in Supportive Care for Cancer Patients. National Cancer Institue 1997
R G PERTWEE. Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 2001;48:859-867
RA Ross, HC Brockie, SR Fernando, B Saha, RK Razdan and RG Pertwee. Comparison of cannabinoid

binding sites in guinea-pig forebrain and small intestine. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 125, 1345
1351, 1998
Sallan SE. Zinberg NE. Frei E 3d. Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients
receiving cancer chemotherapy.
New England Journal of Medicine. 293(16):795-7, 1975 Oct 16.
Anna H.V. So¨ derpalm, Alyson Schuster, Harriet de Wit*. Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuana
Subjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac. Pharmacology, Biochemistry
and Behavior 69 (2001) 343-350
Tramer MR, et.al. Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative
systematic review. BMJ Vol 323, 7 July 2001, pp16-21
MARJA D. VAN SICKLE, LORRAINE D. OLAND, WINNIE HO, CECILIA J. HILLARD, KEN
MACKIE, JOSEPH S. DAVISON, and KEITH A. SHARKEY. Cannabinoids Inhibit Emesis Through
CB1 Receptors in the Brainstem of the Ferret. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;121:767-774
Claire M. Williams, Tim C. Kirkham*. Reversal of D-9-THC hyperphagia by SR141716 and

naloxone but not dexfenfluramine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 71 (2002) 341- 348
Zbigniew K. KrowickiA, Joseph M. Moerschbaecher, Peter J. Winsauer, Sivarao V.

Digavalli and Pamela J. Hornby. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits gastric motility in the rat through
cannabinoid CB1 receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology. Volume 371, Issue 2-3, April 1999,
Pages 187-196
Glaucoma and Vision
T. Bisogno, I. Delton-Vandenbroucke, A. Milone, M. Lagarde, V. Di Marzo. Biosynthesis and

Inactivation of N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide) and N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine in
Bovine Retina. Arch Biochem Biophys. Vol 370 No 2, October 1999 pp. 300-307
Elsohly MA. Harland E. Murphy JC. Wirth P. Waller CW. Cannabinoids in glaucoma: a primary
screening procedure. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):472S-478S, 1981 Aug-Sep.
Fried PA and Watkinson B, Visuoperceptial functioning differs in 9- to 12- year olds prenatally exposed
to cigarettes and marijuana. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 22 (2000) 11-20
Green K. Marijuana smoking vs cannabinoids for glaucoma therapy [see comments]. Arch Ophthalmol
1998 Nov;116(11):1512-3
Hepler RS. Frank IR. Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA. 217(10):1392, 1971 Sep 6.
Kaufman PL. Marijuana and glaucoma [editorial; comment]. Arch Ophthalmol 1998
Nov;116(11):1433-7
F.Markus Leweke, Udo Schneider, Maren Radwan, Eike Schmidt & Hinderk M. Emrich. Different
Effects of Nabilone and Cannabidiol on Binocular Depth Inversion in Man. Pharmacology Biochemistry
and Behavior, 2000, 66:1:175-181
JOSE Â MELENA AND NEVILLE N. OSBORNE. Voltage-dependent Calcium Channels in the Rat
Retina: Involvement in
NMDA-stimulated Influx of Calcium. Exp. Eye Res. (2001) 72, 393±401
Porcella A. Casellas P. Gessa GL. Pani L. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mRNA is highly expressed in the
rat ciliary body: implications for the antiglaucoma properties of marihuana. Brain Research. Molecular
Brain Research. 58(1-2):240-5, 1998 Jul 15.
Zhao-Hui Song and Carole-Anne Slowey. Involvement of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Intraocular
Pressure-Lowering Effects of WIN55212-21. JPET, Vol. 292, Issue 1, 136-139, January 2000
W.D. Stamer, S.F. Golightly, Y. Hosohata, E.P. Ryan, A.C. Porter, E. Varga, R.J. Noecker, C.C. Felder,
H.I. Yamamura. Cannabinoid CB receptor expression, activation and detection of 1endogenous ligand in
trabecular meshwork and ciliary process tissues. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 431 2001
277_286
Alex Straiker, Nephi Stella, Daniele Piomelli, Ken Mackie, Harvey J. Karten, and Greg Maguire
vertebrate retina: Localization and function of an endogenous signaling system. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue
25, 14565-14570, December 7, 1999
Government Reviews
A REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON GANJA. TO Rt. Hon. P.J. PATTERSON, Q.C.,
M.P. PRIME MINISTER OF JAMAICA. PREPARED BY: Professor Barry Chevannes, Chairman,
Reverend Dr. Webster Edwards,Mr. Anthony Freckleton, Ms. Norma Linton, Q.C., Mr. DiMario
McDowell, Dr. Aileen Standard-Goldson, Mrs. Barbara Smith. August 7, 2001
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Drug Enforcement Administration. In The Matter Of

MARIJUANA RESCHEDULING PETITION; Docket No. 86-22 OPINION AND RECOMMENDED
RULING, FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION OF, Administrative LAW
JUDGE. FRANCIS L. YOUNG, Administrative Law Judge, SEP 6 1988
Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base; Executive Summary; recommendation 5. National
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine; Nat’l Academy Press 1999.
<http://books.nap.edu/html/marimed/>
Marijuana and Health: Report of a Study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Health
Sciences Policy. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1982 (chapter 7- Therapeutic potential and
Medical Uses of Marijuana)
National Institutes of Health. Transcript of the NIH Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. Tab
B, Deliberations of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts; February 19&20, 1997. (Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc.,
Cr66002.0) Ref Type: Transcript, p.21-33
Studies on drug policy available at the Schafer library www.druglibrary.org
Canadian Special Study on Illegal Drugs, Cannabis Study
Jamaica - Neonatal
History of Marijuana Prohibition
This section not yet indexed
Immune Effects;
Reviews
Hollister LE. Marijuana and immunity. [Review] [42 refs]. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 20(1):3-8,
1988 Jan-Mar.
Kaminski NE. Immune regulation by cannabinoid compounds through the inhibition of the cyclic AMP
signaling cascade and altered gene expression. [Review] [61 refs]. Biochemical Pharmacology.
52(8):1133-40, 1996 Oct 25.
Thomas W. Klein, Cathy Newton and Herman Friedman. Cannabinoid receptors and immunity [Review
article] Immunology Today, 1998, 19:8:373-381
AB Lynn and M Herkenham. Localization of cannabinoid receptors and nonsaturable high-density
cannabinoid binding sites in peripheral tissues of the rat: implications for receptor-mediated immune
modulation by cannabinoids. JPET,Volume 268, Issue 3, pp. 1612-1623, 03/01/1994
Michel Salzet. Invertebrate molecular neuroimmune processes. Brain Research Reviews 34 (2000) 69-
79
Immune Effects
Michael Bayewitch , Man-Hee Rhee, Tomer Avidor-Reiss , Aviva Breuer, Raphael Mechoulam , Zvi
Vogel. ()--Tetrahydrocannabinol Antagonizes the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor-mediated Inhibition
of Adenylyl Cyclase. J Biol Chem, Volume 271, Number 17, Issue of April 26, 1996 pp. 9902-9905
E.V. Berdyshev. Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of immune response. Chemistry and Physics
of Lipids 108 (2000) 169-190
D. W. Bonhaus, L. K. Chang, J. Kwan and G. R. Martin. Dual Activation and Inhibition of Adenylyl
Cyclase by Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Evidence for Agonist-Specific Trafficking of Intracellular
Responses. JPET, Vol. 287, Issue 3, 884-888, December 1998
Bouaboula M. Bourrie B. Rinaldi-Carmona M. Shire D. Le Fur G. Casellas P. Stimulation of

cannabinoid receptor CB1 induces krox-24 expression in human astrocytoma cells. Journal of Biological
Chemistry. 270(23):13973-80, 1995 Jun 9.
Bouaboula M. Poinot-Chazel C. Marchand J. Canat X. Bourrie B. Rinaldi-Carmona M. Calandra B. Le

Fur G. Casellas P. Signaling pathway associated with stimulation of CB2 peripheral cannabinoid
receptor. Involvement of both mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of Krox-24 expression.
European Journal of Biochemistry. 237(3):704-11, 1996 May 1.
Buckley N.E. et.al., Immunomodulation by cannabinoids is absent in mice deficient for cannabinoid
CB2 receptor. European Journal of Pharmacology 396 (2000) 141-149.
Burstein S. Hunter SA. Ozman K. Prostaglandins and cannabis. XII. The effect of cannabinoid structure
on the synthesis of prostaglandins by human lung fibroblasts. Molecular Pharmacology. 23(1):121-6,
1983 Jan.
Veronica A. Campbell. Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced apoptosis of cultured cortical neurones is

associated with cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Neuropharmacology 40 (2001) 702-709
R. Cesa, A. Guastalla, E. Cottone, K. Mackie, M. Beltramo, and M. F. Franzoni. Relationships between

CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and Pituitary Endocrine Cells in Xenopus laevis: An Immunohistochemical
Study. General and Comparative Endocrinology 125, 17-24 (2002)
Childers SR. Deadwyler SA. Role of cyclic AMP in the actions of cannabinoid receptors. [Review] [68
refs] Biochemical Pharmacology. 52(6):819-27, 1996 Sep 27.
Robin Condie , Amy Herring , Woo S. Koh , Michael Lee and Norbert E. Kaminski Cannabinoid
Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase-mediated Signal Transduction and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Expression in the
Murine T-cell Line, EL4.IL-2. J Biol Chem, Volume 271, Number 22, Issue of May 31, 1996 pp. 13175-
13183
Javier Corchero, Matias A. Avila1, Jose A. Fuentes and Jorge Manzanares. DELTA-9-
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL INCREASES PRODYNORPHIN AND PROENKEPHALIN GENE
EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD OF THE RAT. Life Sciences, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. PL 39-43,
1997
Daaka Y. Zhu W. Friedman H. Klein TW. Induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene by delta9-
tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated by nuclear factor kappaB and CB1 cannabinoid receptor. DNA & Cell
Biology. 16(3):301-9, 1997 Mar.
Dax EM. Pilotte NS. Adler WH. Nagel JE. Lange WR. The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on
hormone release and immune function. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 34(1-6):263-70, 1989.
K Fischer-Stenger, DA Dove Pettit and GA Cabral, Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of tumor

necrosis factor-alpha: suppression of post-translational events. JPET, Volume 267, Issue 3, pp. 1558-
1565, 12/01/1993
M. A. García, G. Weigert, S. Duk, M. Alarcón. Chromosome Aberrations Study in Human Lymphocytes

from Marijuana Smokers. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62:117-121 (1999)
Brian Gardner, Li X. Zu, Sherven Sharma, Qian Liu, Alexandros Makriyannis, Donald P. Tashkin, and
Steven M. Dubinett. Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Lymphocyte CB2 Receptor Expression by
TGF-b. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 290, 91-96 (2002)
Greenberg JH. Mellors A. Specific inhibition of an acyltransferase by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Biochemical Pharmacology. 27(3):329-33, 1978 Feb 1.
Gurwitz D and Kloog Y., Do endogenous cannabinoids contribute to HIV-mediated immune failure?
Molecular Medicine Today, May 1998 196-200.
Herring AC. Koh WS. Kaminski NE. Inhibition of the cyclic AMP signaling cascade and nuclear factor
binding to CRE and kappaB elements by cannabinol, a minimally CNS-active cannabinoid. Biochemical
Pharmacology. 55(7):1013-23, 1998 Apr 1.
Amy C. Herring and Norbert E. Kaminski. Cannabinol-Mediated Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-B, cAMP
Response Element-Binding Protein, and Interleukin-2 Secretion by Activated Thymocytes, JPET, Vol.
291, Issue 3, 1156-1163, December 1999
Omar Jbilo. Stimulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 induces MCP-1 and IL-8 gene
expression in human promyelocytic cell line HL60. FEBS Letters Volume 448, Issue 2-3, 09-April-
1999, pp. 273-277
YJ Jeon, KH Yang, JT Pulaski and NE Kaminski, Attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene
expression by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated through the inhibition of nuclear factor-
kappa B/Rel activation. Mol Pharmacol, Volume 50, Issue 2, pp. 334-341, 08/01/1996
Kaminski NE. Regulation of the cAMP cascade, gene expression and immune function by cannabinoid
receptors. [Review] [61 refs] Journal of Neuroimmunology. 83(1-2):124-32, 1998 Mar 15.
NE Kaminski, ME Abood, FK Kessler, BR Martin and AR Schatz. Identification of a functionally

relevant cannabinoid receptor on mouse spleen cells that is involved in cannabinoid-mediated immune
modulation
Mol Pharmacol, Volume 42, Issue 5, pp. 736-742, 11/01/1992
Kaminski NE. Koh WS. Yang KH. Lee M. Kessler FK. Suppression of the humoral immune response by
cannabinoids is partially mediated through inhibition of adenylate cyclase by a pertussis toxin-sensitive
G-protein coupled mechanism. Biochemical Pharmacology. 48(10):1899-908, 1994 Nov 16.
Klein TW. Newton C. Friedman H. Cannabinoid receptors and immunity. [Review] [76 refs]
Immunology Today. 19(8):373-81, 1998 Aug.
Klein TW et.al Cannabinoid receptors and the cytokine network, Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse, Immunology, and AIDS. Friedman et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press.
p215-222
Thomas W. Klein, Catherine A. Newton, Noryia Nakachi and Herman Friedman. 9-

Tetrahydrocannabinol Treatment Suppresses Immunity and Early IFN-, IL-12, and IL-12 Receptor 2
Responses to Legionella pneumophila Infection. Journal of Immunology Volume 164 Issue 12 p 6461 -
6466 June 2000
Klein TW et.al. The cannabinoid system and cytokine network. PSEBM 2000, vol 225:1-8
Lau, JR; et.al.; Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Lynphocyte Transformation in Humans Receiving Delta-9-

Tetrahydrocannabinol. Science, vol 192:4241 (May 21, 1976), 805-807
Massi P et.al. Relative involvement of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in the delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol-induced inhibition of natural killer activity. European Lournal of Pharmacology
387 (2000) 343-347.
Kathleen L. McCoy, Marina Matveyeva, Steven J. Carlisle and Guy A. Cabral. Cannabinoid Inhibition
of the Processing of Intact Lysozyme by Macrophages: Evidence for CB2 Receptor Participation1. JPET,
Vol. 289, Issue 3, 1620-1625, June 1999
Molina-Holgado F. Lledo A. Guaza C. Anandamide suppresses nitric oxide and TNF-alpha responses to
Theiler's virus or endotoxin in astrocytes. Neuroreport. 8(8):1929-33, 1997 May 27.
Francisco Molina-Holgado, Eduardo Molina-Holgado, Carmen Guaza. The endogenous cannabinoid

anandamide potentiates interleukin-6 production by astrocytes infected with Theiler's murine
encephalomyelitis virus by a receptor-mediated pathway. Febs Letters Vol. 433 (1-2) pp. 139-142, 14-
August-1998
Murphy LL. Munoz RM. Adrian BA. Villanua MA. Function of cannabinoid receptors in the
neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6 Pt B):432-46, 1998 Dec.
Nahas, GG; et.al.; Inhibition of Cellular Mediated Immunity in Marihuana Smokers. Science, vol
183:4123 (Feb 1, 1974), 419-420
Newton C et.al. The role of macrophages in THC-induced alteration of the cytokine network. Advances
in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse, Immunology, and AIDS. Friedman
et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press. p207-214
Noe SN et.al. Cannabinoid receptor agonists enhance synctia formation in MT-2 cells infected with cell
free HIV-1 MN. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse,
Immunology, and AIDS. Friedman et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press. p223-229
Ouyang Y. Hwang SG. Han SH. Kaminski NE. Suppression of interleukin-2 by the putative endogenous
cannabinoid 2-arachidonyl-glycerol is mediated through down-regulation of the nuclear factor of
activated T cells. Molecular Pharmacology. 53(4):676-83, 1998 Apr.
Patel NA. Moldow RL. Patel JA. Wu G. Chang SL. Arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) activation of FOS
proto-oncogene protein immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Brain Research. 797(2):225-33, 1998 Jun 29.
Pestonjamasp VK. Burstein SH. Anandamide synthesis is induced by arachidonate mobilizing agonists in
cells of the immune system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1394(2-3):249-60, 1998 Nov 2.
Poinot-Chazel C. Portier M. Bouaboula M. Vita N. Pecceu F. Gully D. Monroe JG. Maffrand JP. Le Fur
G. Casellas P. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase couples neurotensin receptor stimulation to
induction of the primary response gene Krox-24. Biochemical Journal. 320 ( Pt 1):145-51, 1996 Nov 15.
Ruth A. Ross, Heather C. Brockie, Roger G. Pertwee. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW264.7
macrophages by cannabinoids and palmitoylethanolamide. European Journal of Pharmacology 401 2000
121-130
Paola Sacerdote , Paola Massi, Alberto E. Panerai, Daniela Parolaro. In vivo and in vitro treatment with
the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940 decreases the in vitro migration of macrophages in the rat:
involvement of both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Journal of Neuroimmunology 109(2000)155-163
Salzet M. et.al. Comparative biology of the endocannabinoid system, Possible role in the immune
response. Eur J Biochem 267, 4917-4927 (2000)
Cristina Sánchez, Ismael Galve-Roperh, Daniel Rueda, and Manuel Guzmán. Involvement of
Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade in the 9-
Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Stimulation of Glucose Metabolism in Primary Astrocytes. Molecular
Pharmacology, Vol. 54, Issue 5, 834-843, November 1998
Sidney R. Smith, Carol Terminelli, and Georgetta Denhardt. Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist
and Antagonist Ligands on Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10
in Endotoxemic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 293: 136-150
Sidney R. Smith ) , Carol Terminelli, Georgetta Denhardt. Modulation of cytokine responses in

Corynebacterium parvum-primed endotoxemic mice by centrally administered cannabinoid ligands. Z .
European Journal of Pharmacology 425 2001 73_83
Silverstein MJ. Lessin PJ. Normal skin test responses in chronic marijuana users. Science.
186(4165):740-1, 1974 Nov 22.
Specter SC. Klein TW. Newton C. Mondragon M. Widen R. Friedman H. Marijuana effects on
immunity: suppression of human natural killer cell activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. International
Journal of Immunopharmacology. 8(7):741-5, 1986.
Srivastava MD. Srivastava BI. Brouhard B. Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine
production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology. 40(3):179-85, 1998 Nov.
George B. Stefano § , Yu Liu and Michael S. Goligorsky, Cannabinoid Receptors Are Coupled to Nitric
Oxide Release in Invertebrate Immunocytes, Microglia, and Human Monocytes, J Biol Chem, Volume
271, Number 32, Issue of August 9, 1996 pp. 19238-19242
George B. Stefano*, Yannick Goumon, Thomas V. Bil®nger, Ingeborg D. Welters, Patrick Cadet. Basal
nitric oxide limits immune, nervous and cardiovascular excitation: human endothelia express a mu opiate
receptor. Progress in Neurobiology 60 (2000) 513±530
George B. Stefano , Enzo Ottaviani. The biochemical substrate of nitric oxide signaling is present in
primitive non-cognitive organisms. Brain Research 924 (2002) 82-89
Stephen E. Straus. Immunoactive cannabinoids: Therapeutic prospects for marijuana constituents.

PNAS August 15, 2000, vol. 97, no. 17, 9363-9364
Yaakov Waksman, John M. Olson, Steven J. Carlisle and Guy A. Cabral The Central Cannabinoid
Receptor (CB1) Mediates Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production by Rat Microglial Cells1. JPET, Vol.
288, Issue 3, 1357-1366, March 1999
Yea S.S., et.al., Role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells and activator protein-1 in the inhibition of
interleukin-2 gene transcription by cannabinol in EL4 T-cells.
Zheng ZM. Specter S. Friedman H. Inhibition by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol of tumor necrosis factor

alpha production by mouse and human macrophages. International Journal of Immunopharmacology.
14(8):1445-52, 1992 Nov.
Zhu W. Igarashi T. Qi ZT. Newton C. Widen RE. Friedman H. Klein TW. delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) decreases the number of high and intermediate affinity IL-2 receptors of the IL-2 dependent cell
line NKB61A2. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 15(3):401-8, 1993 Apr.
W Zhu, C Newton, Y Daaka, H Friedman and TW Klein. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the
secretion of interleukin 1 from endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. JPET, Volume 270, Issue 3, pp.
1334-1339, 09/01/1994
Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 1(1)

Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics: An Editorial Introduction- 1
Ethan Russo
Marijuana (Cannabis) as Medicine- 5

Leo E. Hollister
Effects of Smoked Cannabis and Oral _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol on Nausea and Emesis After Cancer
Chemotherapy: A Review of State Clinical Trials- 29
Richard E. Musty, Rita Rossi
The Endocannabinoid System: Can It Contribute to Cannabis Therapeutics?- 43

Vincenzo Di Marzo
The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic Medicine- 63

Indalecio Lozano
Cannabis and Eicosanoids: A Review of Molecular Pharmacology- 71

John M. McPartland
Cognoscenti of Cannabis I: Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804-1884)- 85

Ethan Russo
Cannabis and the U.S. Controlled Substances Act- 95

Jon Gettman
BOOK REVIEWS
The Science of Marijuana, by Leslie L. Iversen- 111

Reviewed by Ethan Russo
Hashish!, by Robert Connell Clarke- 112

Reviewed by Ethan Russo
Movement Disorders
Achiron A. et.al. Dexabinol (HU-211) effect on experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis:

implications for the treatment of acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. Jornal of Neuroimmunology 102
(2000) 26-31.
Baker D. et.al. Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature, vol
404, 2 March 2000. p 84-87
Massimiliano Beltramo, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, Miguel Navarro, Antonio Calignano, Miguel
Angel Gorriti, Gerasimos Grammatikopoulos, Adolfo G. Sadile, Andrea Giuffrida, and Daniele Piomelli.
Reversal of Dopamine D2 Receptor Responses by an Anandamide Transport Inhibitor. J. Neurosci. 2000
20: 3401-3407.
Francesca R. Buttarelli, Francesco E. Pontieri, Vito Margotta, Guido Palladini. Cannabinoid-induced

stimulation of motor activity in planaria through an opioid receptor-mediated mechanism. Progress in
Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26 (2002) 65- 68
Carlini EA. Leite JR. Tannhauser M. Berardi AC. Cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extract protect mice
and rats against convulsive agents. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 25(8):664-5, 1973 Aug.
Consroe PF. Wood GC. Buchsbaum H. Anticonvulsant nature of marihuana smoking.

JAMA. 234(3):306-7, 1975 Oct 20.
Consroe PF. Man DP. Chin L. Picchioni AL. Letter: Reduction of audiogenic seizure by delta8- and
delta9- tetrahydrocannabinols. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 25(9):764-5, 1973 Sep.
Consroe P. Musty R. Rein J. Tillery W. Pertwee R. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients
with multiple sclerosis. European Neurology. 38(1):44-8, 1997.
Cunha JM. Carlini EA. Pereira AE. Ramos OL. Pimentel C. Gagliardi R. Sanvito WL. Lander N.
Mechoulam R. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients.
Pharmacology. 21(3):175-85, 1980.
Dar M.S., Cerebellar CB1 receptor mediation of Delta9-THC-induced motor incoordination and its
potentiation by ethanol and modulation by the cerebellar adenosinergic A1 receptor in the mouse. Brian
Research 864 (2000) 186-194.
* K.P. DeSanty, M. Saeed Dar. Involvement of the cerebellar adenosine A receptor in cannabinoid- 1
induced motor incoordination in the acute and tolerant state in mice. Brain Research 905 (2001) 178-187
Vincenzo Di Marzo, Maurizio Bifulco and Luciano De Petrocellis. Endocannabinoids and multiple
sclerosis: a blessing from the 'inner bliss'? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2000, 21:6:195-197.
VINCENZO DI MARZO,1,2 MICHAEL P. HILL, † TIZIANA BISOGNO,2 ALAN R. CROSSMAN,*

AND JONATHAN M. BROTCHIE* ,1 Enhanced levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the globus
pallidus are associated with a reduction in movement in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease
FASEB J. 14, 1432-1438 (2000)
A. Giuffrida, L. H. Parsons, T. M. Kerr, F. Rodríguez deFonseca, M. Navarro & D. Piomelli. Dopamine

activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum. Nature Neurosci, April 1999 Volume
2 Number 4 pp 358 - 363
A. Giuffrida *, D. Piomelli. The endocannabinoid system: a physiological perspective on its role in
psychomotor control. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 151-158
Scott Gottlieb. Cannabinoids might reduce spasticity in multiple sclerosis. BMJ VOLUME 320 11
MARCH 2000
Karler R. Cely W. Turkanis SA. The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol.
Life Sciences. 13(11):1527-31, 1973 Dec 1.
I. Lastres-Becker , F. Berrendero , J.J. Lucas , E. Martin-Aparicio , A. Yamamoto , J.A. Ramos , J.J.

Fernandez-Ruiz. Loss of mRNA levels, binding and activation of GTP-binding proteins
for cannabinoid CB receptors in the basal ganglia of a transgenic model of Huntington’s disease. Brain
Research 929 (2002) 236-242
J.-C. Lie´ vens, B. Woodman, A. Mahal, O. Spasic-Boscovic, D. Samuel, L. Kerkerian-Le Goff, and G.
P. Bates. Impaired Glutamate Uptake in the R6 Huntington’s Disease Transgenic Mice. Neurobiology of
Disease 8, 807-821 (2001)
Meinck HM. Schonle PW. Conrad B. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple
sclerosis. Journal of Neurology. 236(2):120-2, 1989 Feb.
Meldrum BS. Fariello RG. Puil EA. Derouaux M. Naquet R. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and epilepsy
in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. Epilepsia. 15(2):255-64, 1974 Jun.
Liliana B. Menalled and Marie-Françoise Chesselet. Mouse models of Huntington’s disease. TRENDS
in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.23 No.1 January 2002 32-39
KIRSTEN R. MÜLLER-VAHL, M.D., UDO SCHNEIDER, M.D., HANS KOLBE, M.D., HINDERK M.
EMRICH, M.D. Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome With Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Am J
Psychiatry 156:3, March 1999
Petro DJ. Ellenberger C Jr. Treatment of human spasticity with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of
Sandyk R. Awerbuch G. Marijuana and Tourette's syndrome [letter]. Journal of Clinical

Psychopharmacology. 8(6):444-5, 1988 Dec.
Sanudo-Pena MC. Walker JM. Role of the subthalamic nucleus in cannabinoid actions in the substantia
nigra of the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology. 77(3):1635-8, 1997 Mar.
Sanudo-Pena et.al. Role of the superior colliculus in the motor effects of cannabinoids and dopamine.
Brain Research 853 (2000) 207-214.
M. Clara Sanudo-Pena, Julian Romero, Garrett E. Seale, J. Javier Fernandez-Ruiz, J. Michael Walker.
Activational role of cannabinoids on movement. European Journal of Pharmacology 391 2000 269-274
Self DW. Anandamide: a candidate neurotransmitter heads for the big leagues. Comment on: Nat
Neurosci 1999 Apr;2(4):358-63, Nature Neuroscience. 2(4):303-4, 1999 Apr.
M. A. Silverdale, S. McGuire, A. McInnes, A. R. Crossman, and J. M. Brotchie. Striatal Cannabinoid

CB1 Receptor mRNA Expression Is Decreased in the Reserpine-Treated Rat Model of Parkinson’s
Disease. Experimental Neurology 169, 400-406 (2001)
Wada JA. Sato M. Corcoran ME. Antiepileptic properties of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol. Experimental

Neurology. 39(1):157-65, 1973 Apr.
Wada JA. Wake A. Sato M. Corcoran ME. Antiepileptic and prophylactic effects of
tetrahydrocannabinols in amygdaloid kindled cats. Epilepsia. 16(3):503-10, 1975 Sep.
Melisa J. Wallace a,b , Jenny L. Wiley a , Billy R. Martin a , Robert J. DeLorenzo. Assessment of the
role of CB receptors in cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 428
2001 51_57
B.-Y. Zeng, B. Dass, A. Owen, S. Rose, C. Cannizzaro, B.C. Tel and P. JennerA
div.pharm@kcl.ac.uk. Chronic l-DOPA treatment increases striatal cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA
expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Neuroscience Letters, Volume 276, Issue 2, December
1999, Pages 71-74
Neuro-Protection
Mary E. Abood * , Gulrukh Rizvi, Neetha Sallapudi, Sean D. McAllister. Activation of

the CB1 cannabinoid receptor protects cultured mouse spinal neurons against
excitotoxicity. Neuroscience Letters 309 (2001) 197±201
Ludmila Belayev, MD; Raul Busto, BS; Weizhao Zhao, PhD; Myron D. Ginsberg, MD HU-211, a Novel
Noncompetitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonist, Improves Neurological Deficit and Reduces Infarct
Volume After Reversible Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat. (Stroke. 1995;26:2313-2320.)
Robert I. Block*, Daniel S. O'Leary†, James C. Ehrhardt‡, Jean C. Augustinack§, M. M.

Ghoneim¶, Stephan Arndt**, James A. Hall†† Effects of frequent marijuana use on
brain tissue volume and composition. NeuroReport. Vol. 11, no 03, pp. 0491-0496
Guy Chiu-Kai Chan, Thomas R. Hinds, Soren Impey, and Daniel R. Storm. Hippocampal Neurotoxicity
of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. The Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 1998, 18(14):5322-5332
YANQIU CHEN and JOCHEN BUCK. Cannabinoids Protect Cells from Oxidative Cell Death: A
Receptor-Independent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL
THERAPEUTICS Vol. 293, No. 3: 807-812, 2000
E. M. DENOVAN-WRIGHT and H. A. ROBERTSON. CANNABINOID RECEPTOR MESSENGER

RNA LEVELS DECREASE IN A SUBSET OF NEURONS OF THE LATERAL STRIATUM, CORTEX
AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF TRANSGENIC HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE MICE. Neuroscience Vol. 98,
No. 4, pp. 705-713, 2000
Fishman, RHB; Cannabinoid is neuroprotective in head trauma. Lancet, vol 352, Nov 7, 1998, 1529
Ruth Gallily, Aviva Yamin, Yaakov Waksmann, Haim Ovadia, Joseph Weidenfeld, Avi Bar-Joseph, Anat
Biegon, Raphael Mechoulam and Esther Shohami. Protection Against Septic Shock and Suppression of
Tumor Necrosis Factor and Nitric Oxide Production by Dexanabinol (HU-211), a Nonpsychotropic
Cannabinoid. JPET, Vol. 283, Issue 2, 918-924, 1997
M. GLASS, M. DRAGUNOW and R. L. M. FAULL. THE PATTERN OF NEURODEGENERATION

IN HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CANNABINOID, DOPAMINE,
ADENOSINE AND GABA A RECEPTOR ALTERATIONS IN THE HUMAN BASAL GANGLIA IN
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE. Neuroscience Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 505-519, 2000
MICHELLE GLASS. THE ROLE OF CANNABINOIDS IN NEURODEOENERATIVE DISEASES.
Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmox~ol. & 13~oI. Psychtat 2001, Vol 25, pp 743-765
Gruol DL Cannabinoids alter neurotoxicity produced by interleukin-6 in central nervous system neurons.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol 437; Drugs of Abuse, Immunology, and AIDS.
Friedman et.al. eds. 1998 plenum press. p 231-240
A. J. Hampson*,, M. Grimaldi, J. Axelrod*, and D. Wink§ Cannabidiol and ()9-tetrahydrocannabinol are

neuroprotective antioxidants. PNAS, Vol. 95, Issue 14, 8268-8273, July 7, 1998
Harald S. Hansen, Birthe Moesgaard, Henrik H. Hansen, Gitte Petersen. N-Acylethanolamines and
precursor phospholipids -
relation to cell injury. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 108 (2000) 135-150
Gil Lavie , Angella Teichner , Esther Shohami , Haim Ovadia , Ronen R. Leker. Long term
cerebroprotective effects of dexanabinol in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Research 901
(2001) 195-201
Deon F. Louw, Fang W. Yang, Garnette R. Sutherland. The effect of d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on

forebrain ischemia in rat. Brain Research 857 2000 183-187
Lyman WD. Sonett JR. Brosnan CF. Elkin R. Bornstein MB. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel
treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 23(1):73-81,
1989 Jun.
Milton, Nathaniel G.N. Anandamide and noladin ether prevent neurotoxicity of the human
amyloid-b peptide. Neuroscience Letters 332 (2002) 127-130
Tetsuya Nagayama1, Amy D. Sinor1, 2, Roger P. Simon1, Jun Chen1, Steven H. Graham1, Kunlin Jin1,
and David A. Greenberg1, 2. Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection in Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia
and in
Neuronal Cultures. The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1999, 19(8):2987-2995
David Panikashvili*², Constantina Simeonidou*, Shimon Ben-Shabat²,. LumõÂr HanusÏ ², Aviva

Breuer², Raphael Mechoulam² & Esther Shohami*. An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is
neuroprotective after brain injury. NATURE | VOL 413 | 4 OCTOBER 2001 | www.nature.com
Shen M. Thayer SA. Cannabinoid receptor agonists protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons from
excitotoxicity. Molecular Pharmacology. 54(3):459-62, 1998 Sep.
S. D. Skaper*, A. Buriani, R. Dal Toso, L. Petrelli, S. Romanello, L. Facci, and A. Leon

The ALIAmide palmitoylethanolamide and cannabinoids, but not anandamide, are
protective in a delayed postglutamate paradigm of excitotoxic death in
cerebellar granule neurons. PNAS, Vol. 93, Issue 9, 3984-3989, April 30, 1996
Signor AD et.al. Endocannabinoids protect cerebral cortical neurons from in vitro ichemia in rats.
Neuroscience Letters 278 (2000) 157-160.
M. van der Stelt,1 W. B. Veldhuis,2,3 P. R. Ba¨ r,3 G. A. Veldink,1 J. F. G. Vliegenthart,1 and K.

Nicolay. Neuroprotection by _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Main Active Compound in Marijuana,
against Ouabain-Induced In Vivo Excitotoxicity. The Journal of Neuroscience, September 1, 2001,
21(17):6475-6479
M. van der Stelt, W. B. Veldhuis, G. W. van Haaften, F. Fezza, T. Bisogno, P. R. Ba¨ r, G. A. Veldink,
J. F. G. Vliegenthart, V. Di Marzo, and K. Nicolay. Exogenous Anandamide Protects Rat Brain against
Acute Neuronal Injury In Vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 2001, 21(22):8765-8771
Wagner JA. Varga K. Ellis EF. Rzigalinski BA. Martin BR. Kunos G. Activation of peripheral CB1
cannabinoid receptors in haemorrhagic shock. Nature. 390(6659):518-21, 1997 Dec 4.
Pain and Inflammation
Pierre Beaulieu, Tiziana Bisogno, Shahid Punwar, W. Paul Farquhar-Smith, Gerolmina Ambrosino,
Vincenzo Di Marzo, Andrew S.C. Rice. Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the formalin test
of persistent pain in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 396 2000 85-92
Bloom AS. Dewey WL. Harris LS. Brosius KK. 9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a

cannabinoid with potent antinociceptive activity: comparisons with morphine. Journal of Pharmacology
& Experimental Therapeutics. 200(2):263-70, 1977 Feb.
Sumner H. Burstein. The Cannabinoid Acids: Nonpsychoactive Derivatives with Therapeutic Potential.
Pharmacol. Ther. Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 87-96, 1999
Buxbaum DM. Analgesic activity of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse.

Psychopharmacologia. 25(3):275-80, 1972.
Calignano A. La Rana G. Giuffrida A. Piomelli D. Control of pain initiation by endogenous

cannabinoids. Nature. 394(6690):277-81, 1998 Jul 16.
Antonio Calignano a , Giovanna La Rana a , Daniele Piomelli. Antinociceptive activity of the

endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001
191_198
Campbell FA et.al. Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain?
A qualitative systematic review. BMJ Vol. 323, 7July2001
Giovanna Carta a, Gian Luigi Gessa bA lgessa@unica.it and Felice Nava. Dopamine D2 receptor
antagonists prevent 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception in rats. European Journal of
Pharmacology, Volume 384, Issue 2-3, November 1999, Pages 153-156
Chapman V. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, selectively facilitates nociceptive
responses of dorsal horn neurones in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology. 127(8):1765-7, 1999 Aug.
V. Chapman. Functional changes in the inhibitory effect of spinal cannabinoid (CB) receptor activation
in nerve injured rats. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 870-877
Dajani EZ. Larsen KR. Taylor J. Dajani NE. Shahwan TG. Neeleman SD. Taylor MS. Dayton MT. Mir
GN. 1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid: a novel, orally effective cannabinoid
with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics.
291(1):31-8, 1999 Oct.
Drew LJ et.al. Activation of spinal cannabinoid 1 receptors inhibits c-fibre driven hyperaxcitable
neuronal responses and increases [35S]GTPyS binding in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of
noninflamed and inflamed rats. Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 12, pp2079-2086, 2000
Formukong EA. Evans AT. Evans FJ. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of constituents of
Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation. 12(4):361-71, 1988 Aug.
Alyson Fox * , Adam Kesingland, Clive Gentry, Kara McNair, Sadhana Patel, Laszlo Urban, Iain James.
The role of central and peripheral Cannabinoid1 receptors in the antihyperalgesic activity of cannabinoids
in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain 92 (2001) 91±100
Hans Guhring ) ,1 , Johannes Schuster 1 , May Hamza, Mehmet Ates, Carolin Edith Kotalla, Kay Brune.
HU-210 shows higher efficacy and potency than morphine after intrathecal administration in the mouse
formalin test. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001 127_134
Herzberg U. Eliav E. Bennett GJ. Kopin IJ. The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 mesylate, a
high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience Letters. 221(2-
3):157-60, 1997 Jan 17.
Andrea G. Hohmann, Kang Tsou, and J. Michael Walker. Cannabinoid Suppression of Noxious Heat-
Evoked Activity in Wide Dynamic Range Neurons in the Lumbar Dorsal Horn of the Rat The Journal of
Neurophysiology Vol. 81 No. 2 February 1999, pp. 575-583
Susan J. Houser, Micah Eads, James P. Embrey, Sandra P. Welch. Dynorphin B and spinal analgesia:
induction of antinociception by the cannabinoids CP55,940, D 9 -THC and anandamide. Brain Research
857 2000 337-342
Jaggar SI. Hasnie FS. Sellaturay S. Rice AS. The anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid
anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic
inflammatory pain. Pain. 76(1-2):189-99, 1998 May.
Lisa M. Johanek, Dwayne R. Heitmiller, Michelle Turner, Nicole Nader, Jim Hodges, Donald A. Simone.
Cannabinoids attenuate capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia through spinal and peripheral mechanisms. Pain
93 (2001) 303±315
SARA KELLY AND VICTORIA CHAPMAN. Selective Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptor Activation Inhibits
Spinal Nociceptive Transmission In Vivo. RAPID COMMUNICATION. J Neurophysiol VOL 86
DECEMBER 2001 www.jn.org
M.-C. Ko, James H. Woods. rapid communication: Local administration of <Delta>9-

tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates capsaicin-induced thermal nociception in rhesus monkeys: a peripheral
cannabinoid action. Psychopharmacology, Volume 143 Issue 3 (1999) pp 322-326
Kosersky DS. Dewey WL. Harris LS. Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of delta 9-
tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology. 24(1):1-7, 1973 Oct.
Lichtman AH. Martin BR. Spinal and supraspinal components of cannabinoid-induced antinociception.
Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 258(2):517-23, 1991 Aug.
Lichtman AH. Martin BR. Cannabinoid-induced antinociception is mediated by a spinal alpha 2-

noradrenergic mechanism. Brain Research. 559(2):309-14, 1991 Sep 20.
T. Philip Malan Jr., Mohab M. Ibrahim, Hongfeng Deng, Qian Liu, Heriberto P. Mata, Todd Vanderah,
Frank Porreca, Alexandros Makriyannis. CB2 cannabinoid receptor-mediated peripheral antinociception.
Pain 93 (2001) 239±245
Malfait AM et.al. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic

therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. PNAS vol.97 no.17 9561-9566
William J. Martin, Andrea G. Hohmann, and J. Michael Walker. Suppression of Noxious Stimulus-
Evoked Activity in the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus by a Cannabinoid Agonist:
Correlation between Electrophysiological and Antinociceptive Effects. J Neurosci, Volume 16, Number
20, Issue of October 15, 1996 pp. 6601-6611
Martin BR. Lichtman AH. Cannabinoid transmission and pain perception. Neurobiology of Disease. 5(6
Pt B):447-61, 1998 Dec.
Mao J. et.al. Two distinctive antinociceptive systems in rats with pathological pain. Neuroscience
Letters 280 (2000) 13-16.
David J. Mason Jr.a, John Loweb and Sandra P. WelchaA. Cannabinoid modulation of dynorphin A:
correlation to cannabinoid-induced antinociception. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 378,
Issue 3, August 1999 Pages 237-248
John E. McKenna* and Ronald Melzack†. Blocking NMDA Receptors in the Hippocampal Dentate
Gyrus with AP5 Produces Analgesia in the Formalin Pain Test. Experimental Neurology 172, 92-99
(2001)
John M. McPartland and Ethan B. Russo. Cannabis and Can nabis Ex tracts: Greater Than the Sum of
Their Parts?Jour nal of Can na bis Ther -apeutics (The Haworth In te gra tive Healing Press, an im print
of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 1, No. 3/4 , 2001, pp. 103-132; and: Can na bis Ther a peu tics in
HIV/AIDS (ed: Ethan Russo) The Haworth In te gra tive Healing Press, an im print of The Haworth
Press, Inc., 2001, pp. 103-132.
Melck D. Bisogno T. De Petrocellis L. Chuang H. Julius D. Bifulco M. Di Marzo V. Unsaturated long-

chain N-acyl-vanillyl-amides (N-AVAMs): vanilloid receptor ligands that inhibit anandamide-facilitated
transport and bind to CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Biochemical & Biophysical Research
Communications. 262(1):275-84, 1999 Aug 19.
Meng ID. Manning BH. Martin WJ. Fields HL. An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature.
395(6700):381-3, 1998 Sep 24.
VALERIE MORISSET AND LASZLO URBAN. Cannabinoid-Induced Presynaptic Inhibition of

Glutamatergic EPSCs in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord. J Neurophysiol 2001
pp40-48
Valerie Morisset a , Jatinder Ahluwalia a,b , Istvan Nagy b , Laszlo Urban. Possible mechanisms of
cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the spinal cord. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 429 2001
93_100
Noyes R Jr. Baram DA. Cannabis analgesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 15(6):531-5, 1974 Nov-Dec.
Noyes R Jr. Brunk SF. Baram DA. Canter A. Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal
of Clinical Pharmacology. 15(2-3):139-43, 1975 Feb-Mar.
Noyes R Jr. Brunk SF. Avery DAH. Canter AC. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
and codeine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 18(1):84-9, 1975 Jul.
Roger G. Pertwee. Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Progress in Neurobiology 63 (2001) 569-611
Frank Porreca, Josephine Lai & T. Philip Malan. Can inflammation relieve pain? Nature Med.,
December 1998 Volume 4 Number 12 pp 1359 - 1360
Pugh G Jr. Mason DJ Jr. Combs V. Welch SP. Involvement of dynorphin B in the antinociceptive effects
of the cannabinoid CP55,940 in the spinal cord. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics.
281(2):730-7, 1997 May.
Richardson JD. Aanonsen L. Hargreaves KM. Hypoactivity of the spinal cannabinoid system results in
NMDA-dependent hyperalgesia. Journal of Neuroscience. 18(1):451-7, 1998 Jan 1.
Richardson JD. Kilo S. Hargreaves KM. Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via
interaction with peripheral CB1 receptors. Pain. 75(1):111-9, 1998 Mar.
Rowe, PM; Cannabinoid analgesia explained. Lancet, Vol 352, Sep 26, 1998, p. 1040
Russo E. Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific
review. [Review] [51 refs] Pain. 76(1-2):3-8, 1998 May.
Angela Siegling, Heiko A. Hofmann, Dirk Denzer, Frank Mauler, Jean De Vry. Cannabinoid CB
receptor upregulation in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology
415 2001 R5_R7
Smith FL. Fujimori K. Lowe J. Welch SP. Characterization of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and

anandamide antinociception in nonarthritic and arthritic rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior.
60(1):183-91, 1998 May.
Sidney R. Smith ) , Georgetta Denhardt, Carol Terminelli. The anti-inflammatory activities of

cannabinoid receptor ligands in mouse peritonitis models. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 432
2001 107_119
Sofia RD. Nalepa SD. Harakal JJ. Vassar HB. Anti-edema and analgesic properties of delta9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 186(3):646-55,
1973
Sep.
Strangman NM. Patrick SL. Hohmann AG. Tsou K. Walker JM. Evidence for a role of endogenous
cannabinoids in the modulation of acute and tonic pain sensitivity. Brain Research. 813(2):323-8, 1998
Dec 7.
Strangman NM. Walker JM. Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 inhibits the activity-dependent facilitation of
spinal nociceptive responses. Journal of Neurophysiology. 82(1):472-7, 1999 Jul.
Alan H. Tseng a, ) , Rebecca M. Craft. Sex differences in antinociceptive and motoric effects of
cannabinoids. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 430 2001 41_47
Turner CE. Elsohly MA. Biological activity of cannabichromene, its homologs and isomers. Journal of
Jeffrey A. Vivian, Shiroh Kishioka3, Eduardo R. Butelman4, Jillian Broadbear, Katherine O. Lee and
James H. Woods. Analgesic, Respiratory and Heart Rate Effects of Cannabinoid and Opioid Agonists in
Rhesus Monkeys: Antagonist Effects of SR 141716A. JPET, Vol. 286, Issue 2, 697-703, August 1998
J. Michael Walker*, Susan M. Huang, Nicole M. Strangman, Kang Tsou, and M. Clara Sañudo-Peña.
Pain modulation by release of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. PNAS, Vol. 96, Issue 21,
12198-12203, October 12, 1999
Sandra P. Welch, John W. Huffman2 and John Lowe3 Differential Blockade of the Antinociceptive
Effects of Centrally Administered Cannabinoids by SR141716A1. Journal of Pharmacology &
Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 286, Issue 3, 1301-1308, September 1998
Yaksh TL. The antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered levonantradol and

desacetyllevonantradol in the rat. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-9 Suppl):334S-340S, 1981
Aug-Sep.
Peter M. Zygmunt, David A. Andersson, and Edward D. Ho¨ gesta¨ tt. _ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and
Cannabinol Activate Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves via a CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-
Independent Mechanism. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2002, 22(11):4720-4727
Patents for Cannabinoid Medicines

This section not yet indexed- Contains information on the therapeutic value of
cannabinoids which have been patented by the pharmaceutical industry
Perspectives
William S. Aquilino, Leonard A. Lo Sciuto Effects of Interview Mode on Self-Reported Drug Use
Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 54, Issue 3 (Autumn, 1990) 362-395
Bachman JG, et.al.; Explaining the Recent Decline in Marijuana Use: Differentiating the Effects of
Perceived Risks, Disapproval, and General Lifestyle Factors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (Mar., 1998), 92-112.
David Baker. Reply: a sanguine approach to cannabis [Comment] Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,
2000, 21:6:197
Xavier Bosch Barcelona, Catalan parliament pushes for legalisation of cannabis as therapy; BMJ
2001;322:511 ( 3 March )
Bayer R. et.al. Medicinal Uses of Marijuana (Re: Voth and Schwartz) Annals of Internal Medicine, 15
December 1997.
Rick Bell; Henry Wechsler; Lloyd D. Johnston. Correlates of college student marijuana use: results of a
US National Survey. Addiction 1997 Volume: 92 Number: 5 Pages: 571-582
Benson JA. Re: Marijuana and Medicine, edited by Gabriel G. Nahas. NEJM, Vol 341, No 11,
September 1999, 854-855
Bradbury, J. Small part of cannabis puzzle solved by animal studies. The Lancet, vol 158, July 28, 2001
Steven R. Childers. PHARMACOLOGY: How Cannabis Acts. review of Leslie L. Iversen, The
Science of Marijuana Oxford University Press. Science, Volume 288, Number 5473, Issue of 16 Jun
2000, p. 1972.
Cotton, P; Government Extinguishes Marijuana Access, Advocates Smell Politics. JAMA, May 20
1992, Vol 267. No. 19, 2573-2574
Crawford, Vivienne. The Homelie Herbe. History Today, January 2002 pp40-41
Dupont R. et.al. (Letters) Medicinal Uses of Marijuana. Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 December
1997.
Fred B Charatan, Call for more research on cannabis. BMJ 1997;314:623 (1 March)
Cimons M, US to make research marijuana more accessible. Nature Medicine, Vol 5, No 7,July 1999,
p.721
Clyde W. Dent, Ph.D., Steve Sussman, Ph.D.,1 and Alan W. Stacy, Ph.D. Project Towards No Drug
Abuse: Generalizability to a General High School Sample. Preventive Medicine 32, 514-520 (2001)
Devane WA. A New dawn of cannabinoid pharmacology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.

15(2):40-1, 1994 Feb.
William V. Fabricius; Craig T. Nagoshi; David P. Mackinnon. Concepts of drugs: differences in

conceptual structure across groups with different levels of drug experience. Addiction 1997 Volume: 92
Number: 7 Pages: 847-858
Farrell, M & Ritson B; Cannabis and Health. Br J Psych (2001), 178, 98
Michael Fendrich; Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti. Inconsistencies in lifetime cocaine and marijuana use
reports: impact on prevalence and incidence. Addiction 1995 Volume: 90 Number: 1 Pages: 111-118
David M. Fergusson; L. John Horwood. Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?
Ferriman, A; Regulators accused of bias against cannabis based medicines. BMJ Vol 322, 24 Mar 2001,
691
Ferron C. et.al., Sport activity in adolescence: associations with health perceptions and experimental
behaviours. Health Education Research. Vol 14, No 2, 1999 225-233
Fink, M; Marijuana the Forbidden Medicine, book review, Am J Pychiatry, 115:7, July 1994 p.1091
Goode, E; Marijuana and the Politics of Reality. J Health Soc Beh, vol 10:2 (Jun, 1969), 83-94
Grahame-Smith, D; Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, book review. ?1997? p.998-999
Gray, R; Marijuana the Forbidden Medicine, book review. Lancet, vol 342, Oct 30, 1993, 1102
David Gurwitz. Renewed hope for medicinal marijuana? Molecular Medicine Today, 2000, 6:5:187
Hall, W & Babor, TF; Cannabis use and public health: assessing the burden. Addicton (2000) 95(4),
485-490
Wayne Hall. The recent Australian debate about the prohibition on cannabis use. Addiction 1997
Volume: 92 Number: 9 Pages: 1109-1116
Hall, W; Book Review; Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Fact: A Review of the Scientific Evidence.
Science, vol 278, Oct 1997, p 75
Halpern 2001. Pain: no medical necessity defense to controlled substances act. J Law Medicine and
Ethics, Vol, 29:3 and 4, Fall and Winter 2001
Heyman RB et.al. American Academy of Pediatrics, Marijuana: a continuing concern for pediatricians,
Pediatrics, Vol. 104 No. 4 October 1999, 982-985
Hirst RA. Lambert DG. Notcutt WG. Pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of cannabis. British
Journal of Anaesthesia. 81(1):77-84, 1998 Jul.
Jonathan Hodgkin. Mice that can't get high. Trends in Genetics, 1999, 15:9:353.
Michael Hofler; Roselind Lieb; Axel Perkonigg; Peter Schuster; Holger Sonntag; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen.
Covariates of cannabis use progression in a representative population sample of adolescents: a
prospective examination of vulnerability and risk factors. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 11
Pages: 1679-1694
Hollister, LE; Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later. Science, Vol 172:3978 (Apr 2, 1971), 21-29
Jackson, T. Cannabis the wonder drug? BMJ Vol. 323, 10 Nov 2001
Johnson RA. Gerstein DR. Initiation of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other
substances in US birth cohorts since 1919 [see comments]. Am J Public Health 1998 Jan;88(1):9-11
Johnson, WT; et.al.; Arrest Probabilities for Marijuana Users as Indicators of Selective Law
Enforcement. Am J Soc, vol 83:3 (Nov, 1977), 681-699
Kalso, E. Cannabinoids for pain and nausea, some evidence but is there any need. BMJ 2001; 323:2: 2-3
Kandel, DB & Adler, I; Socialization into Marijuana Use among French Aolescents: A Cross-Cultural
Comparison with the United States. J Health Soc Beh, vol 23:4 (Dec, 1982), 295-309
Kaplan, HB; et.al.; Escalation of Marijuana Use: Application of a General Theory of Deviant Behavior.
J Health Soc Beh, vol 27:1 (Mar, 1986), 44-61
Kenneth S. Kendler and Carol A. Prescott. Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence in a Population-Based
Sample of Female Twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998 155: 1016-1022.
Knight, RC; et.al.; College Student Marijuana Use and Societal Alienation. J Health Soc Beh, vol 15:1
(Mar, 1974), 28-35
Kohn, PM & Mercer, GW; Drug Use, Drug-Use Attitudes, and Authoritarian-Rebellion Dimension. J
Health Soc Beh, vol 12:2 (Jun, 1971), 125-131
Kondro, W. Medicinal marijuana users in Canada must carry identification cards. The Lancet; Vol 358;
July 21, 2001
John W Kozarich, Daniel H Rich. Looking to the horizon [Editorial overview] Current Opinion in
Liskow BI, Review of "Marijuana Deceptive Weed" by Gabriel Nahas. JAMA April 30, 1973 Vol 224,
No.5, p.630
Michael J. Lyons; Rosemary Toomey; Joanne M. Meyer; Alan I. Green; Seth A. Eisen; Jack Goldberg;
William R. True; Ming T. Tsuang. How do genes influence marijuana use? The role of subjective
effects.
MacReady N. Government agents raid the Cannabis Buyers' Club BMJ 1996;313:444 (24 August)
Manheimer, DI; et.al.; Marijuana Use Among Urban Adults. Science, vol. 166:3912 (Dec. 19, 1969),
1544-1545
Mao L. Oh L. Does Marijuana or Crack Cocaine Case Cancer? Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
Vol. 90. No. 16. August 19, 1998. p. 1182-1184
Masood E. Cannabis Laws "threaten validity of trials". Nature Vol 396, 19 Nov 1998, 206.
Mayor S. BMA wants licensing of cannabis to be changed, BMJ 1997;315:1327-1332 (22 November)
McPartland, JM; Dide Effects of Pharmaceuticals not Elicited by Comparable Herbal Medicines: The
case of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Marijuana. Alt Ther, July 1999, vol 5:4, 57-62
Mensch, BS & Kandel, DB; Underreporting of substance Use in a Nationa; Longitudinal Youth Cohort:
Individual and Interveiwer Effects. Pub Op Quart, Vol 52:1 (Spring, 1988), 100-124
Mockel M. et.al. severe parnarteritis associated with drug use. Intensive Care Med (1999) 25:113-117.
Model, KE; The effect of Marijuana Decriminalization on Hospital Emergency Room Drug Episodes:
1975-1978. J Am Stat Ass, Vol 88:423 (Sep, 1993) 737-747
Mullner M. Medical use of cannabis. BMJ; Vol. 322; 26 May 2001 p.1312
Nadelman, EA; Drug Prohibition in the United States: costs, Consequences, and Alternatives. Science,
Vol 245:4921 9Sep. 1, 1989), 939-947
Christopher B. Nelson; Jurgen Rehm; T. Bedirhan; Bridget Grant; Somnath Chatterji. Factor structures
for DSM-IV substance disorder criteria endorsed by alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiate users: results
from the WHO reliability and validity study. Addiction 1999 Volume: 94 Number: 6 Pages: 843-855
Nancy M. Petry; Warren K . Bickel. Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: a behavioral economic analysis.
Pertwee RG. Pharmacological, physiological and clinical implications of the discovery of

cannabinoid receptors. Biochemical Society Transactions. 26(2):267-72, 1998 May.
Pertwee, RG; Medical uses of cannabinoids: the way forward. Addiction (1999) 94(3), 317-320
Daniele Piomelli, Andrea Giuffrida, Antonio Calignano and Fernando. The endocannabinoid system as a
target for therapeutic drugs [Review] Rodríguez de Fonseca
POISINDEX(R) Toxicologic Management
Pulmgreen, P; et.al.; Television Campaigns and Adolescent Marijuana Use: Tests of Sensation Seeking
Targeting. Am J Pub Health, Feb 2001, vol. 91, no. 2, 292-296
J. G. Ramaekers. Emerging Drugs: The Prospect for Improved Medicines (Vol. 3) [Review article] TiPS
1998 vol 19 p517
Robson P. Cannabis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997; 77:164-166.
Rubenstein, H; Reefer Madness Caribbean Style. J Drug Iss, 30(3), 465-496, 2000
Schwenk, CR; Marijuana and Job Performance: Comparing the Major Streams of Research. J Drug Iss,
28(4), 941-970, 1998
Shafer RG. Presidents and Pot, Or, Were Washington and Jefferson Stoned? Medical Times (Vol. 100,
No 3) March 1972; 237-239.
Sheldon T. Medicinal marijuana provided at cost price. BMJ 1997;315:501-504 (30 August)
Lydia A. Shrier, M.D., M.P.H., Sion Kim Harris, Ph.D., Maya Sternberg, Ph.D., and William R.
Beardslee, M.D. Associations of Depression, Self-Esteem, and Substance Use with Sexual Risk among
Adolescents. Preventive Medicine 33, 179-189 (2001)
Siegel, BZ; Mercury in Marijuna: Some of the problems arising from marijuana use might result from
the intake of bioaccumulated mercury. BioScience, Vol 38:9, Oct 1988 619-623
Smart, RG; et.al.; An exploratory study of physicians experiences with patients who use marijuana for
medical reasons. Addiction, (1999) 94(3), 435-436
Smigel K; Cancer Problems Lead List for potential Medical Marijuana Research Studies. JNCI, Vol
89:7 17, Sep 3, 1997, p.1255
Stone, R; Reefer Madness At FDA. Science, Vol 263, 4 Feb, 1994, p. 599
Strassman, RJ; Book Reveiw, Marijuna: The Forbidden Medicine. JAMA, Dec 15, 1993, Vol 270:23, p.
2878-2879
Strassman, RJ; Book Reveiw, Marijuana: The Forbidden Medicine, JAMA, Mar 25, 1998, Vol 279:12,
963-964
Tonks A. British patients demand to use cannabis, BMJ 1994;309:1532-1533 (10 December)
Ungerleider JT. Andrysiak T. Bias and the cannabis researcher. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 21(8-
9 Suppl):153S-158S, 1981 Aug-Sep.
William Armando Vega; Ethel Alderete; Bohdan Kolody; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola. Illicit drug use among
Mexicans and Mexican Americans in California: the effects of gender and acculturation. Addiction 1998
Volume: 93 Number: 12 Pages: 1839-1850
Tamaguchi, K & Kandel, DB; On the Resolution of Role Incompatability: A Life Event History Analysis
of Family Roles and Marijuana Use. Am J Sociol, Vol 90:6 (May, 1985), 1284-1325
Zinberg NE. Psychology Today, December 1976, 45-106
Who supports medical marijuana?
The American Public Health Association, 9513: Access to Therapeutic Marijuana/Cannabis. American
Journal of Public Health. March 1996, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 441-442
Annas GJ, Reefer Madness- The Federal Response to California's Medical-Marijuana Law. The New
England Journal of Medicine, 337:6 August 7, 1997. 435-439
Benson JA, et.al.; From Marijuana to Medicine. Issues in Science and Technology; Spring 1999, 27-28
The British Medical Association, "Cannabinoid Medicines Should be Legalized" Nature, Vol 390, 20
November 1997. p 214
Cimmons M. Opposition to new marijuana research rules.

Nature Medicine, vol 6, No 1, January 2000. p 10
Doblin RE. Kleiman MA. Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and
attitudes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 9:1314-1319, 1991
Farrell, M; Book Review, Marijuana Myths and Marijuana Facts: A Review of the Scientific Evidence.
BMJ, Vol 316, 17 Jan 1998
Gingrich, Newt. Legal Status of Marijuana. JAMA vol 247 no 11 p 1563. 1982
Grinspoon L et.al. Marijuana, the AIDS Wasting Syndrome, and the U.S. Government. The New
England Journal of Medicine -- September 7, 1995 -- Vol. 333, No. 10
Grinspoon, L; Marijuana as Medicine: A Plea for Reconsideration. JAMA, Jun 21, 1996-vol 273:23
1875-1876
Grinspoon L. Marijuana. The Harvard Medical School Mental Health Letter, Vol 4, No 5, November
1987. p 1-4
Johnson DH Jr. Statement of the American Medical Association, AMA Urges Research on efficacy of
Marijuana. Decmber 30, 1996
Deborah Josefson San Francisco US judge approves distribution of marijuana BMJ VOLUME 321 29
JULY 2000
Kassirer JP, Federal Foolishness and Marijuana. The New England Journal of Medicine, January 30,
1997 -- Volume 336, Number 5
Kaplan, J & Lasagna, L; Academy Marijuana Report. Science, vol 217:4561 (Aug 20, 1982), 686
THE LANCET, EDITORIAL. Deglamorising cannabis. The Lancet, Volume 346, Number 8985,
November 11, 1995, p. 1241
Mathre ML. Medicinal use of marijuana. American Journal of Nursing. 97(11):23, 1997 Nov.
MacCoun, R; Reuter, P; Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes. Br J Psych, (2001) 178, 123-128
Mitka, M; Therapeutic Marijuana use Supported While Proposed Study Done. JAMA, Apr 28, 1999,-vol
281:15, 1473-1474
Mudur G. Doctors call for law change on cannabis. BMJ 1996;313:384 (17 August)
Muscat; News Briefs; Study Finds Marijuana Safe for AIDS Patients. Alt Ther, Sep 2000, Vol 6:5, p. 28
Muscat; News Breifs; Institute of Medicine Report Backs Medical Use of Marijuana. Alt Ther, May
1999, Vol 5:3, p.31
The National Association of Attorneys General, Resolution, Committee on Criminal Law and Law
Enforcement XI. Therapeutic Use of Marijuana. 25, June 1983 Appendix D p 339
Organizations Supporting Access to Therapeutic Cannabis, as Compiled by Patients Out of Time. July
11, 1998.
The Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences, London UK; use of cannabis and its
derivatives for medical and recreational purposes. Interdis Sci Rev, 1998, Vol 23:4, 325-328
Skidmore, Mccaffery, Krumm, Glick. Marijuana as a medicine [letter; comment]. American Journal of
Nursing. 98(5):20-1, 1998 May.
Smith R. Editorial: The war on drugs, Prohibition isn't working some legalisation will help. BRITISH
MEDICAL JOURNAL Volume 311, December 23-30, 1995
Zinn C. Canberra legalises cannabis for patients in trials. BMJ 1994;309:1532 (10 December)
Those oppossed?
Bennet, WM; Legalization of marijuana for medical use. Lancet, vol. 343, Jan 1994
David Gurwitz, Marihuana and medicine: the debate persists. Marihuana and Medicine edited by G.G.
Nahas, K.M. Sutin, D. Harvey and S. Agurell. Molecular Medicine Today, 1999, 5:9:378
Maugh, TH; Marijuana "Justifies Serious Concern". Science, vol. 215:4539 (Mar. 19, 1982), 1488-1489
Maugh, TH; Marihuana (II): Does It Damage The Brain?. Science, vol 185:4153 (Aug. 30, 1974), 775-
776.
Maugh, TH; Marijuana: New Support for Immune and Reproductive Hazards. Science, vol 190:4217
(Nov 28, 1975), 865-867
Maugh, TH; Marihuana: the grass May No Longer Be Greener. Science, Vol 185:4152 (Aug 23, 1974),
683-685
Schwartz RH. Voth EA. Sheridan MJ. Marijuana to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: a
survey of clinical oncologists [see comments]. Comment in: South Med J 1998 Oct;91(10):989-91,
Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(2):167-72, 1997 Feb.
Voth EA. Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana.

Comment in: ACP J Club 1997 Nov-Dec;127(3):65, Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1997 Dec
15;127(12):1134; discussion 1135, Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1997 Dec 15;127(12):1134-5. Source:
Annals of Internal Medicine. 126(10):791-8, 1997 May 15.
Psychiatric Implications
R. Alonso *A, B. Voutsinos *, M. Fournier *, C. Labie ‡, R. Steinberg *, J. Souilhac *, G. Le Fur * and

P. Soubrié *. Blockade of cannabinoid receptors by SR141716 selectively increases Fos expression in rat
mesocorticolimbic areas via reduced dopamine D2 function. Neuroscience, Volume 91, Issue 2, 607-
620, 1999
Cristina Arevalo, Rosario de Miguel, Rafael Hernandez-Tristan. Cannabinoid effects on anxiety-related

behaviours and hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 70 (2001)
123-131
Nathalie Auclair, Satoru Otani, Philippe Soubrie, and Francis Crepel. Cannabinoids Modulate Synaptic
Strength and Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses of Rat Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons. J
Neurophysiol 2000 83: 3287-3293
Bovaso, GB. Cannabis Abuse as a Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms. (Am) Psychiatry 2001;
158:2033-2037
Carlson ET. Cannabis indica in 19th-century psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry. 131(9):1004-
7, 1974 Sep.
Cousens K. DiMascio A. (-) Delta 9 THC as an hypnotic. An experimental study of three dose levels.
Psychopharmacologia. 33(4):355-64, 1973 Dec 20.
B. DEAN, a,b * S. SUNDRAM, b R. BRADBURY, a E. SCARR a and D. COPOLOV. STUDIES ON

[ 3 H]CP-55940 BINDING IN THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: REGIONAL SPECIFIC
CHANGES IN DENSITY OF CANNABINOID-1 RECEPTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CANNABIS USE. Neuroscience Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 9±15, 2001
Patrick Dumas , Mohamed aoud , ebastien Bouafia , Christel Gutknecht , Rene Ecochard , Jean Dalery ,
Thierry Rochet , Thierry d’Amato. Cannabis use correlates with schizotypal personality traits in healthy
students. Psychiatry Research 1 9 (2 002) 27-35
Emrich HM. Leweke FM. Schneider U. Towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia: cognitive
impairments due to dysregulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Pharmacology, Biochemistry
& Behavior. 56(4):803-7, 1997 Apr.
Fritzsche, M. Are cannabinoid receptor knockout mice animal models for schizophrenia? Medical
Hypotheses(2000) 56(6), 638-643
G. Grammatikopoulos, M. Pignatelli, F. D’Amico, C. Fiorillo, A. Fresiello, A.G. Sadile *. Selective

inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis reduces hyperactivity and increases non-selective attention in
the Naples
High-Excitability rat. Behavioural Brain Research 130 (2002) 127-132
Green, BE & Ritter, C; Marijuana Use and Depression. J Health Soc Beh, 2000, vol 41 (March): 40-49
David Gurwitz. Emerging molecular targets. Drug Discovery Today, 1998, 3:3:144
Harrigan, P; Are cannabis and psychosis linked? Lancet, Vol 353, Feb 27, 1999, p 730
Imade AG. Ebie JC. A retrospective study of symptom patterns of cannabis-induced psychosis. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 83(2):134-6, 1991 Feb.
Johns, A; Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psych (2001), 178, 116-122
M King, E Coker, G Leavey, A Hoare, E Johnson-Sabine. Incidence of psychotic illness in London:

comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ 1994;309:1115-1119 (29 October)
Kotin J. Post RM. Goodwin FK. 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol in depressed patients. Archives of General
Psychiatry. 28(3):345-8, 1973 Mar.
Leweke FM et.al. elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. NeuroReport 10, 1665-1669

(1999)
Giovanni Marsicano*q, Carsten T. Wotjak†q, Shahnaz C. Azad‡§, Tiziana Bisogno k , Gerhard

Rammes‡, Maria Grazia Cascio k , Heike Hermann*, Jianrong Tang†, Clementine Hofmann { #, Walter
Zieglga¨ nsberger‡, Vincenzo Di Marzo k & Beat Lutz*. The endogenous cannabinoid system controls
extinction of aversive memories. NATURE | VOL 418 | 1 AUGUST 2002. 530-534
Rob McGee; Sheila Williams; Richie Poulton; Terrie Moffitt. A longitudinal study of cannabis use and
mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction 2000 Volume: 95 Number: 4 Pages: 491-
503
Miczek, KA; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Antiaggressive Effects in Mice, Rats, and Squirrel
Monkeys. Science, Vol 199:4336 (Mar 31, 1978), 1459-1461
K. R. M³ller-Vahl 1 , A. Koblenz 1 , M. Jöbges 2 , H. Kolbe 2 , H. M. Emrich 1 , U. Schneider.

Influence of Treatment of Tourette Syndrome with D 9 -Tetrahydro-cannabinol (D 9 -THC) on
Neuropsychological Performance. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: 19±24
Muller-Vahl KR et.al. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with delta-9-THC): A Randomized Crossover

Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35:57-61
Navarro M. Hernandez E. Munoz RM. del Arco I. Villanua MA. Carrera MR. Rodriguez de Fonseca F.
Acute administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A induces anxiety-like
responses in the rat. Neuroreport. 8(2):491-6, 1997 Jan 20.
Alessandra Ottani, Francesca Ferrari, Daniela Giuliani*. Neuroleptic-like profile of the cannabinoid
agonist, HU 210, on rodent behavioural models. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological
Psychiatry 26 (2002) 91- 96
D. Peckys 1† and Y. L. Hurd. Prodynorphin and k opioid receptor mRNA expression

in the cingulate and prefrontal cortices of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders.
Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 619-624, 2001
Polli G. Haschish in melancholia. 1874. Medical Times. 100(7):236-8, 1972 Jul.
Rey et.al. 2002. Mental Health of Teenagers who use cannabis. Br J Psychiatry (2002) 180, 216-221
Scher J. Marijuana as an agent in rehabilitating alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry. 127(7):971-

2, 1971 Jan.
Stockings, GT; A New Euphoriant for Depressive Mental States. BMJ, June 28, 1947, 918-922
Natarajan Subramanian, Hans O. Kalkman*. Receptor profile of P88-8991 and P95-12113, metabolites
of
the novel antipsychotic iloperidone. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 26
(2002) 553- 560
Swartz JA and Lurigio AJ. Psychotic illness and comorbidity among adult male detainess in drug
treatment Psychiatric Services, vol 50 no 12, December 1999, 1628-1630
Alfonso Troisi; Augusto Pasini; Michele Saracco; Gianfranco Spalletta. Psychiatric symptoms in male
cannabis users not using other illicit drugs. Addiction 1998 Volume: 93 Number: 4 Pages: 487-492
Volicer, L; et.al.; Effects of Dronabinol on Anorexia and Disturbed Behavior in Patients with
Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Ger Psych, Vol. 12, 913-919 (1997)
Lakshmi N.P. Voruganti, Piotr Slomka, Pamela Zabel, Adel Mattar, A. George Awad. Cannabis induced
dopamine release: an in-vivo SPECT study. Z . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section 107 2001
173_177
Warner, R; et.al.; Substance Use Among the Mentally Ill; Prevalence, reasons for Use, and Effects on
Illness. Am J Orthopsychiat, 64(1), Jan 1994, 30-39
Weil, AT; et.al.; Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man. Science, Vol 162:3859 (Dec
13, 1968), 1234-1242
J. H. Williams; N. A. Wellman; J. N. P. Rawlins. Cannabis use correlates with schizotypy in healthy
people. Addiction 1996 Volume: 91 Number: 6 Pages: 869-878
M.D. Wood a,* , C. Reavill a , B. Trail a , A. Wilson a , T. Stean a , G.A. Kennett 1,a ,S. Lightowler 1,a ,
T.P. Blackburn 2,a , D. Thomas a , T.L. Gager a , G. Riley a , V. Holland a , S.M. Bromidge b , I.T.
Forbes b , D.N. Middlemiss. SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved
anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 186-199
Zuardi AW. Shirakawa I. Finkelfarb E. Karniol IG. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other
effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology. 76(3):245-50, 1982.
Zuardi AW. Morais SL. Guimaraes FS. Mechoulam R. Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol [letter].
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 56(10):485-6, 1995 Oct.
Religion and Traditional Healing
This section not yet indexed-

includes legal motions for religious freedom defense and hybridized religious
freedom/medical necessity defense
Reproduction
S. Dalterio, A. Bartke, S. Burstein; Cannabinoids Inhibit Testosterone Secretion by Mouse Testes in

vitro; Science, New Series, Volume 196, Issue 4297 (Jun. 24, 1977), 1472-1473.
Dalterio, S; et.al.; Cannabinoids in Male Mice: Effects on Fertility and Spermatogenesis. Science,
Vol.216, 16, April 1982.
Dalterio, S; et.al.; Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol Increases Plasma testoterone Concentrations in Mice.

Science, Vol. 213, 4507, Jul 31,1981, 581-583
Das, SK; et.al.; Cannabinoid Ligand-Receptor Signaling in the Mouse Uterous. PNAS, Vol. 92; 10 May
9, 1995, 4332-4336
Dreher MC. Nugent K. Hudgins R. Prenatal marijuana exposure and neonatal outcomes in Jamaica: an
ethnographic study. Pediatrics. 93(2):254-60, 1994 Feb.
P.A. Fried*, A.M. Smith. A literature review of the consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure An
emerging theme of a deficiency in aspects of executive function. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23
(2001) 1 ± 11
Ester Fride a,b , Yoav Ginzburg a , Aviva Breuer a , Tiziana Bisogno c ,Vincenzo Di Marzo c , Raphael
Mechoulam a, ). Critical role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in mouse pup suckling and growth.
Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 419 2001 207_214
Garcia-Gill L. et.al. Perinatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure augmented the magnitude of motor

inhibition caused by GABA B, but not GABA A, receptor agonists in adult rats. Neurotoxicology and
teratology, Vol 21, No 3 pp 277-283, 1999
Mariluz Hernandez, Fernando Berrendero, Isabel Suarez , Lucia Garcia-Gil , Maribel Cebeira , Ken
Mackie, Jose A. Ramos, Javier Fernandez-Ruiz. Cannabinoid CB receptors colocalize with tyrosine
hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons and their activation increases the levels of this
enzyme. Brain Research 857 2000 56-65
Sandra W. Jacobson, PhD*; Lisa M. Chiodo, PhD‡; Robert J. Sokol, MD§; and Joseph L. Jacobson, PhD.
Validity of Maternal Report of Prenatal Alcohol, Cocaine, and Smoking in Relation to Neurobehavioral
Outcome. PEDIATRICS Vol. 109 No. 5 May 2002
Zoltan Kiss. Anandamide stimulates phospholipase D activity in PC12 cells but not in NIH 3T3
fibroblasts FEBS Letters, Volume 447, Issue 2-3, 26-March-1999 pp. 209-212
Lester, BM; et.al.; The maternal Lifestyle Study: Drug Use by Meconium Toxicology and Maternal Self-
Report. Pediatrics, vol 107:2, feb 2001, 309-317
Maccarrone, M. et.al. Low fatty acid amide hydrolase and high anandamide levels are associated with
failure to achieve an ongoing pregnancy after IVF and embryo transfer. Molecular Human Reproduction
Vol.8 No.2 pp. 188-195, 2002
Mani, SK; et.al.; Progesterone receptor and dopamine receptors are required in delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol modulation of sexual receptivity in female rats. PNAS, Jan. 30, 2001, vol. 98:3,
1249-1254
Mauro Maccarrone, Massimo De Felici, Monica Bari, Francesca Klinger, Gregorio Siracusa, and
Alessandro
Finazzi-Agrò. Down-regulation of anandamide hydrolase in mouse uterus by sex hormones. Eur J
Biochem 2000 267: 2991-2997
Meyer JS. Kunkle R. Behavioral responses to a D1 dopamine agonist in weanling rats treated neonatally
with cocaine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Neurotoxicology & Teratology. 21(4):375-80, 1999 Jul-
Aug.
Morris, K; "Neural love triangle" leads to sexual receptivity. Lancet, Vol 357, Jan 27, 2001, p. 286
Okey, AB; et.al.; Is Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Estrogenic? Science, Vol 195:4281 (Mar 4, 1977),
904-906
Okey, AB & Bondy, GP; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 17 beta-Estradiol Bind to Different

Macromolecules in Estrogen Target Tissues. Science, Vol 200:4339 (Apr 21, 1978), 312-314
Osama M.H. Habayeb, Stephen C. Bell, Justin C. Konje*. Endogenous cannabinoids: Metabolism and
their role in reproduction. Life Sciences 70 (2002) 1963-1977
Enrique M. Ostrea, Jr, MD*; Anthony R. Ostrea, BS*; and Pippa M. Simpson, PhD. Mortality Within the
First 2 Years in Infants Exposed to Cocaine, Opiate, or Cannabinoid During Gestation. PEDIATRICS
Vol. 100 No. 1 July 1997
B.C. Paria, S.K. Dey, B.C. Paria, S.K. Dey. Ligand-receptor signaling with endocannabinoids in
preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 108 (2000)
211-220.
BC Paria, W Ma, DM Andrenyak, PC Schmid, HH Schmid, DE Moody, H Deng, A Makriyannis and SK

Dey. Effects of cannabinoids on preimplantation mouse embryo development and implantation are
mediated by brain-type cannabinoid receptors. Biology of Reproduction, Vol 58, 1490-1495, 1998
Paria, BC, H. Song, X. Wang, P. C. Schmid, R. J. Krebsbach, H. H. O. Schmid, Tom I. Bonneri,

Andreas Zimmer, and S. K. Dey Dysregulated cannabinoid signaling disrupts uterine receptivity for
embryo implantation. JBC Papers in Press. Pub. Mar 8, 2001 as Manuscript M100679200, THE
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 23, Issue of June 8, pp. 20523-20528, 2001
Paria, BC et.al.; The preimplantation Mouse Embryo is a Target for Cannabinoid Ligand-Receptor
Signalling. PNAS, Vol 92:21 (Oct 10, 1995), 9460-9464
Alberto Perez-Rosado, Jorge Manzanares, Javier Fernandez-Ruiz, Jose A. Ramos. Prenatal D 9

-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure modifies proenkephalin gene expression in the fetal rat brain: sex-
dependent differences. Developmental Brain Research 120 2000 77-81
Rawitch, AB; et.al.; Competition of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol with Estrogen in Rat Uterine

Estrogen receptor Binding. Science, Vol 197:4309 (Sep 16, 1977), 1189-1191
Rettori, V; et.al.; In Vitro Effect of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Stimulate Somatostatin Release and

Block that of leutinizing Hormane-Releasing Hormone by Suppression of the Release of Prostaglandin E-
2, PNAS Vol 87:24 (Dec, 1990), 10063-10067
Patricia C. Schmid*, B. C. Paria, Randy J. Krebsbach*, Harald H. O. Schmid*, and S. K. Dey,

receptivity for embryo implantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 94, pp. 4188-4192, April 1997
R. A. Sherwood, J. Keating, V. Kavvadia, A. Greenough , T. J. Peters. neonatology: Substance misuse in

early pregnancy and relationship to fetal outcome. European Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 158 Issue 6
(1999) pp 488-492
Smith, CG; et.al.; Tolerance Develops to the Disruptive Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on

Primate Menstrual Cycle. Science, Vol 219:4591 (Mar 25, 1983), 1453-1455
Stella, N; How might cannabinoids influence sexual behavior? PNAS Jan 30, 2001, Vol 98:3, 793-795
Tibor Wenger, Catherine Ledent, Valer Csernus, and Ida Gerendai. The Central Cannabinoid Receptor
Inactivation Suppresses Endocrine Reproductive Functions. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications 284, 363-368 (2001)
Tibor Wenger a, *, Ida Gerendai a , Filomena Fezza b , Sara González c ,Tiziana Bisogno b , Javier
Fernandez-Ruiz c , Vincenzo Di Marzo. The hypothalamic levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide,
peak immediately before the onset of puberty in female rats. Life Sciences 70 (2002) 1407-1414
Respiratory Effects
Arey SL. Letter: Cannabis for asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 289(18):980, 1973 Nov 1.
Barsky, SH, et.al.; histopathis and Molecular Alterations in Bronchial Epithelium in Habitual Smokers of
Marijuana, Cocaine, and/or tobacco. JNCI Vol.90 no. 16 Aug 19, 1998, 1198- 1205
David W. Carley PhD,1,2,3 Sasa Pavlovic MD,2 Marika Janelidze,3 and Miodrag Radulovacki MD, PhD.
Functional Role for Cannabinoids in Respiratory Stability During Sleep. SLEEP, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002.
388-395
GAYLE COCITA BALDWIN, DONALD P. TASHKIN, DAWN M. BUCKLEY, ALICE N. PARK,

STEVEN M. DUBINETT, and MICHAEL D. ROTH. Marijuana and Cocaine Impair Alveolar
Macrophage Function and Cytokine Production. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 156, Number
5, November 1997, 1606-1613
SH Barsky, MD Roth, EC Kleerup, M Simmons and DP Tashkin. Histopathologic and molecular
alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco Journal Of
The National Cancer Institute, Vol 90, 1198-1205, 1998
A. Calignano*,I.Ka´ tona†,F. De´ sarnaud‡, A. Giuffrida‡, G. La Rana*, K. Mackie§, T. F. Freund† & D.

Piomelli. Bidirectional control of airway responsiveness by endogenous cannabinoids. NATURE | VOL
408 | 2 NOVEMBER 2000 96-101
David Cunnington, MB,BS; Harry Teichtahl, MB,BS(Hons), FCCP; John M. Hunt, MB,BS; Chris Dow,
MB,BS; and Renata Valentine, MB,BS. Necrotizing Pulmonary Granulomata in a Marijuana
Smoker. (CHEST 2000; 117:1511-1514)
Stanley S. Davis. Delivery of peptide and non-peptide drugs through the respiratory tract [Research
focus]Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Today, 1999, 2:11:450-456
Jerome Dempsey PhD. “Functional Role for Cannabinoids in Respiratory Stability During Sleep”
by D.W. Carley, et al.. SLEEP, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002. 396-397
Hall, W; The respiratory risks of cannabis smoking. Addiction (1998) 93(10), 1461-1463
Martin K Johnson, Robin P Smith, Douglas Morrison, Gabriel Laszlo, Roger J White. Case reports:
Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax 2000;55:340-342 340
Aron H. Lichtman, Joanne Peart, Justin L. Poklis, D. Troy Bridgen, Raj K. Razdan, David M. Wilson,
Alphonse Poklis, Yun Meng, Peter R. Byron, Billy R. Martin. Pharmacological evaluation of aerosolized
cannabinoids in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 399 2000 141-149
Fligiel SE. Roth MD. Kleerup EC. Barsky SH. Simmons MS. Tashkin DP. Tracheobronchial
histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest. 112(2):319-26, 1997
Aug.
MICHAEL D. ROTH, ASHIM ARORA, SANFORD H. BARSKY, ERIC C.

KLEERUP, MICHAEL SIMMONS, and DONALD P. TASHKIN. Airway Inflammation in Young
Marijuana and Tobacco Smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 157, Number 3, March 1998,
928-937
Sarafian TA. Magallanes JA. Shau H. Tashkin D. Roth MD. Oxidative stress produced by marijuana
smoke. An adverse effect enhanced by cannabinoids. American Journal of Respiratory Cell & Molecular
Biology. 20(6):1286-93, 1999 Jun.
Tashkin DP. Shapiro BJ. Lee YE. Harper CE. Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced
asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 112(3):377-86, 1975 Sep.
DP Tashkin, MS Simmons, DL Sherrill and AH Coulson

Heavy habitual marijuana smoking does not cause an accelerated decline in FEV1
with age. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Vol 155, No. 1, 01 1997, 141-148.
E. Sylvester Vizi ) , Istvan Katona, Tamas F. Freund ´ ´. Evidence for presynaptic cannabinoid CB
receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release in the guinea pig lung. Z . European Journal of
Wallace JM. Lim R. Browdy BL. Hopewell PC. Glassroth J. Rosen MJ. Reichman LB. Kvale PA. Risk
factors and outcomes associated with identification of Aspergillus in respiratory specimens from persons
with HIV disease. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Chest. 114(1):131-7, 1998
Jul.
MARIAM H.M. YOUSIF, MABAYOJE A. ORIOWO. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CANNABINOID
RECEPTOR LIGANDS ON ELECTRICALLY-EVOKED RESPONSES IN RAT ISOLATED
TRACHEAL RING SEGMENTS. Pharmacol Res Vol 40 No 5. November 1999. pp. 415-421
Synaptic Transmission
Nathalie Auclair,1 Satoru Otani,1 Philippe Soubrie,2 and Francis Crepel1. Cannabinoids Modulate
Synaptic Strength and Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses of Rat Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons.
The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 6 June 2000, pp. 3287-3293
Marcia Barinaga; How Cannabinoids Work in the Brain; Science, Volume 291, Number 5513, Issue of
30 Mar 2001, pp. 2530-2531.
Monsif Bouaboula, Nathalie Desnoyer, Pierre Carayon, Thérèse Combes, and Pierre Casellas. Gi Protein
Modulation Induced by a Selective Inverse Agonist for the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor CB2:
Implication for Intracellular Signalization Cross-Regulation. Mol Pharmacol, Vol. 55, Issue 3, 473-480,
March 1999
M. Bouaboula, L. Bianchini, F.R. McKenzie, J. Pouyssegur, P. Casellas. Cannabinoid receptor CB1

activates the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 isoform via Gi-mediated mitogen activated protein kinase
signaling transduction pathways. Febs Letters Vol. 449 (1) pp. 61-65, 1999
Chan PK. Yung WH. Occlusion of the presynaptic action of cannabinoids in rat substantia nigra
pars reticulata by cadmium. Neuroscience Letters. 249(1):57-60, 1998 Jun 12.
Chan PK. Chan SC. Yung WH. Presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic inputs to rat substantia nigra pars
reticulata neurones by a cannabinoid agonist. Neuroreport. 9(4):671-5, 1998 Mar 9.
J. F. CHEER,* C. A. MARSDEN, D. A. KENDALL and R. MASON. LACK OF RESPONSE

SUPPRESSION FOLLOWS REPEATED VENTRAL TEGMENTAL CANNABINOID
ADMINISTRATION: AN IN VITRO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY. Neuroscience Vol. 99,
No. 4, pp. 661-667, 2000
Benjamin F. Cravatt* † , Kristin Demarest*, Matthew P. Patricelli*, Michael H. Bracey*, Dan K.

Giang*, Billy R. Martin, and Aron H. Lichtman. Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced
endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. PNAS u July 31, 2001 u
vol. 98 u no. 16 9371-9376
Diana, M et.al. Increase in meso-prefrontal dopaminergic activity after stimulation of CB1 receptors by
cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci, Vol 10, pp2825-2830, 1998
H. Daniel and F. Crepel. Rapid Report Control of Ca 2+ influx by cannabinoid and metabotropic
glutamate receptors in rat cerebelar cortex requires K+ channels. Journal of Physiology (2001), 537.3,
pp.793-800
Marco A. Diana,1 Carole Levenes,1 Ken Mackie,2 and Alain Marty. Short-Term Retrograde Inhibition
of GABAergic Synaptic Currents in Rat Purkinje Cells Is Mediated by Endogenous Cannabinoids. The
Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 2002, 22(1):200-208
Pascal Derkinderen, Madeleine Toutant, Ferran Burgaya, Marc Le Bert, Julio C. Siciliano, * Vittorio de
Franciscis, Michèle Gelman, Jean-Antoine Girault. Regulation of a Neuronal Form of Focal
Adhesion Kinase by Anandamide. Science, Volume 273, Number 5282 Issue of 20 Sep 1996, pp. 1719 -
1722
Pascal Derkinderen, Madeleine Toutant, Gress Kadare , Catherine Ledent , Marc Parmentier, and Jean-
Antoine Girault. Dual Role of Fyn in the Regulation of FAK 6,7 by Cannabinoids in Hippocampus*.
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 41, Issue of October 12, pp. 38289-
38296, 2001
M. Egertová; D. K. Giang; B. F. Cravatt; M. R. Elphick. A new perspective on cannabinoid signalling:

complimentary localization of fatty acid amide hydrolase and the CB1 receptor in rat brain. Proceedings:
Biological Sciences 1998 Volume: 265 Number: 1410 Pages: 2081-2081
Fan P. Cannabinoid agonists inhibit the activation of 5-HT3 receptors in rat nodose ganglion neurons.
Journal of Neurophysiology. 73(2):907-10, 1995 Feb.
IRINA FEDOROVA, AKIHIRO HASHIMOTO, ROBERT A. FECIK, MICHAEL P. HEDRICK, LUM ´

IR O. HANU _ S, DALE L. BOGER, KENNER C. RICE, and ANTHONY S. BASILE. Behavioral
Evidence for the Interaction of Oleamide with Multiple Neurotransmitter Systems. JPET 299:332-342,
2001 Printed in U.S.A.
Ferraro, L. et.al. The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN 55,212-2 Regulates Glutamate Transmissiion
in Rat Cerebral Cortex: an In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Cerebral Cortex Aug 2001; 11:728-733
Gebremedhin D. Lange AR. Campbell WB. Hillard CJ. Harder DR. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor of cat
cerebral arterial muscle functions to inhibit L-type Ca2+ channel current. American Journal of
Physiology. 276(6 Pt 2):H2085-93, 1999 Jun.
Gerdeman, G & Lovinger, DM; CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Inhibits Release of Glutamate in Rat
Dorsolateral Striatum. ?American Physiological Society?, 2000, 468-471
Hajos, N. et.al. Cannabinoids inhibit hippocampal GABAergic transmission and network oscillations.
Eur J Neurosci, Vol. 12, pp 3239-3249, 2000
Hampson, RE; et.al.; Cannabinoid and Kappa opioid Receptors Reduce potassium K Current via
Activation of G5 Proteins in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. ?J Physiol? (2000) 2356-2364
Henry DJ. Chavkin C. Activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK1) by co-expressed
rat brain cannabinoid receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Neuroscience Letters. 186(2-3):91-4, 1995 Feb 17.
Alexander F. Hoffman and Carl R. Lupica. Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Inhibition of GABAA Synaptic
Transmission in the Hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 2000 20: 2470-2479
Allyn C. Howlett, Somnath Mukhopadhyay. Cellular signal transduction by anandamide and 2-

arachidonoylglycerol. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 108 (2000) 53-70
Chiung-Chun Huang, Shiow-Win Lo and Ku i-S n Hsu. Presynaptic echanis s underlying cannabinoid
inhibition of excitatory synaptic trans ission in rat striatal neurons. Journal o Physiology (2001), 532.3,
pp.731-748
Norio Ishioka and Richard D. Bukoski. A Role for N-Arachidonylethanolamine (Anandamide) as the
Mediator of Sensory Nerve-Dependent Ca2+-Induced Relaxation. JPET, Vol. 289, Issue 1, 245-250,
April 1999
Lily Yeh Jan, Yuh Nung Jan. Receptor-regulated ion channels [Review article] Current Opinion in Cell
Biology 1997, 9:155-160.
E. A. Jennings, C. W. Vaughan and M. J. Christie. Cannabinoid actions on rat superficial medullary

dorsal
horn neurons in vitro. Journal of Physiology (2001), 534.3, pp.805-812
Wenzhen Jin1, Sean Brown2, John P. Roche2, 3, Candace Hsieh2, Jeremy P. Celver1, Abraham
Kovoor1, Charles Chavkin1, and Ken Mackie2, 3. Distinct Domains of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor
Mediate Desensitization and Internalization. The Journal of Neuroscience, May 15, 1999, 19(10):3773-
3780
István Katona1, Beáta Sperlágh1, Attila Sík1, Attila Käfalvi1, E. Sylvester Vizi1, Ken Mackie2, and
Tamás F. Freund. Presynaptically Located CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Regulate GABA Release from
Axon Terminals of Specific Hippocampal Interneurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 1999,
19(11):4544-4558

Istva´ n Katona, Ede A. Rancz, La´ szlo´ Acsa´ dy, Catherine Ledent, Ken Mackie, Norbert Ha´ jos, and
Tama´ s F. Freund. Distribution of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors in the Amygdala and their Role in the
Control of GABAergic Transmission. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 2001, 21(23):9506-
9518
Daniel J. Kim, Stanley A. Thayer. Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors inhibits neurotransmitter
release from identified synaptic sites in rat hippocampal cultures. Brain Research 852 2000 398-405
Kim D., Thayer SA, Cannabinids Inhibit the Formation of New Synapses between Hippocampal Neurons
in Culture. J Neurosci, 2001, vol 21 RC 146 1 of 5
Anatol C. Kreitzer and Wade G. Regehr. Cerebellar Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Inhibition Is

Mediated by Endogenous Cannabinoids. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2001, Vol. 21 RC174 1 of 5
Paul D Leeson, David C Rees. Next generation therapeutics [Editorial overview] Current Opinion in
Ceng Luo, Eiichi Kumamoto, Hidemasa Furue, Jun Chen, Megumu Yoshimura. Anandamide inhibits
excitatory transmission to rat substantia gelatinosa neurones in a manner different from that of apsai in.
Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) 17-20
Mackie K., Lai Y., Westenbroek R., Mitchell R. Cannabinoids activate an inwardly rectifying potassium
conductance and inhibit Q-type calcium currents in AtT20 cells transfected with rat brain cannabinoid
receptor. Journal of Neuroscience. 15(10):6552-61, 1995 Oct.
Takashi Maejima, Takako Ohno-Shosaku, Masanobu Kano. Endogenous cannabinoid as a retrograde

messenger from depolarized postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic terminals. Neuroscience Research 40
(2001) 205-210
Sean D. McAllister, Graeme Griffin, Leslie S. Satin and Mary E. Abood. Cannabinoid Receptors Can
Activate and Inhibit G Protein-Coupled Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels in a Xenopus Oocyte
Expression System. PNAS, Vol. 291, Issue 2, 618-626, November 1999
Justin P. Meschler, Allyn C. Howlett. Signal transduction interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and
dopamine receptors in the rat and monkey striatum. Neuropharmacology 40 (2001) 918-926
Misner DL. Sullivan JM. Mechanism of cannabinoid effects on long-term potentiation and depression in
hippocampal CA1 neurons. Journal of Neuroscience. 19(16):6795-805, 1999 Aug 15.
G.J. Molderings *, H. Bo¨ nisch, R. Hammermann, M. Go¨ thert, M. Bru¨ ss. Noradrenaline release-
inhibiting receptors on PC12 cells devoid of _2 _ and CB1 receptors: similarities to presynaptic
imidazoline and edg receptors. Neurochemistry International 40 (2002) 157-167
Jian Mu, Shou-yuan Zhuang, M. Todd Kirby, Robert E. Hampson and Sam A. Deadwyler. Cannabinoid
Receptors Differentially Modulate Potassium A and D Currents in Hippocampal Neurons in Culture.
JPET, Vol. 291, Issue 2, 893-902, November 1999
Jeffrey G. Netzeband, Shannon M. Conroy, Kathy L. Parsons, and Donna L. Gruol. Cannabinoids
Enhance NMDA-Elicited Ca2+ Signals in Cerebellar Granule Neurons in Culture. The Journal of
Neuroscience, October 15, 1999, 19(20):8765-8777
Takako Ohno-Shosaku,1 Hiroshi Tsubokawa,2 Ichiro Mizushima,1 Norihide Yoneda,1 Andreas

Zimmer,3 and Masanobu Kano 1. Presynaptic Cannabinoid Sensitivity Is a Major Determinant of
Depolarization-Induced Retrograde Suppression at Hippocampal Synapses. The Journal of Neuroscience,
May 15, 2002, 22(10):3864-3872
Paton GS. Pertwee RG. Davies SN. Correlation between cannabinoid mediated effects on paired pulse
depression and induction of long term potentiation in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuropharmacology.
37(9):1123-30, 1998 Sep.
Vera Ralevic ) , David A. Kendall. Cannabinoid inhibition of capsaicin-sensitive sensory

neurotransmission
in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 418 2001 117_125
Robbe, D; et.al.; Localization and Mechanisms of Action of Cannabinoid Receptors at the Glutamatergic
Synapses of the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens. J Neurosci, Jan 1, 2001, 21(1):109-116
David Robbe*, Manfred Kopf † , Anne Remaury ‡ , Joel Bockaert*, and Olivier J. Manzoni*.
Endogenous cannabinoids mediate long-term synaptic depression in the nucleus accumbens. 8384-8388
_ PNAS _ June 11, 2002 _ vol. 99 _ no. 12
Eberhard Schlicker and Markus Kathmann. Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic
cannabinoid receptors. TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.22 No.11 November 2001 565-572
Paul Schweitzer. Cannabinoids Decrease the K+ M-Current in Hippocampal CA1 Neurons. The Journal
of Neuroscience, January 1, 2000, 20(1):51-58
Maoxing Shen and Stanley A. Thayer. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Acts as a Partial Agonist to Modulate
Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission between Rat Hippocampal Neurons in Culture. Mol Pharmacol,
Vol. 55, Issue 1, 8-13, January 1999
Maoxing Shen1, Timothy M. Piser1, Virginia S. Seybold2, and Stanley A. Thayer1. Cannabinoid
Receptor Agonists Inhibit Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in Rat Hippocampal Cultures. The
Journal of Neuroscience, Volume 16, Number 14, Issue of July 15, 1996 pp. 4322-4334
Stella N. Schweitzer P. Piomelli D. A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term

potentiation. Nature. 388(6644):773-8, 1997 Aug 21.
Jane M. Sullivan. Mechanisms of Cannabinoid-Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Synaptic Transmission

in Cultured Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. The Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 3
September 1999, pp. 1286-1294
Szabo B. Dorner L. Pfreundtner C. Norenberg W. Starke K. Inhibition of GABAergic inhibitory

postsynaptic currents by cannabinoids in rat corpus striatum. Neuroscience. 85(2):395-403, 1998 Jul.
B. SZABO,* I. WALLMICHRATH, P. MATHONIA and C. PFREUNDTNER. CANNABINOIDS

INHIBIT EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS
RETICULATA. Neuroscience Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 89-97, 2000
Kanji A. Takahashi and David J. Linden. Cannabinoid Receptor Modulation of Synapses Received by
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. J Neurophysiol 2000 83: 1167-1180
W. Twitchell1, S. Brown1, and K. Mackie1, 2 Cannabinoids Inhibit N- and P/Q-Type Calcium Channels
in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons. The Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 78, No. 1 July 1997, pp.
43-50
Eleni T. Tzavara, Kenneth W. Perry, Dana E. Rodriguez, Frank P. Bymaster, George G. Nomikos ). The
cannabinoid CB receptor antagonist SR141716A increases norepinephrine outflow in the rat anterior
hypothalamus. Z . European Journal of Pharmacology 426 2001 R3_R4
Vaughan CW. McGregor IS. Christie MJ. Cannabinoid receptor activation inhibits GABAergic
neurotransmission in rostral ventromedial medulla neurons in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology.
127(4):935-40, 1999 Jun.
CHRISTOPHER W. VAUGHAN, MARK CONNOR, ELENA E. BAGLEY, and MACDONALD J.

CHRISTIE Actions of Cannabinoids on Membrane Properties and Synaptic Transmission in Rat
Periaqueductal Gray Neurons In Vitro. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY, 57:288-295 (2000).
Velasco L; et.al.; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases nerve growth factor production by prostate

PC-3 cells: Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptor and Raf-1. Eur J Biochem, 268, 531-535 (2001)
Rachel I. Wilson & Roger A. Nicoll. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at
hippocampal synapses. NATURE | VOL 410 | 29 MARCH 2001 | www.nature.com
Takayuki Yoshida,1 Kouichi Hashimoto,1 Andreas Zimmer,2 Takashi Maejima,1 Kenji Araishi,1 and
Masanobu Kano 1. The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Mediates Retrograde Signals for Depolarization-
Induced Suppression of Inhibition in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1,
2002, 22(5):1690-1697

Table of Contents

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Table of Contents

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Cannabis Research Library

Apoptosis and Proliferation

Bisogno T. Katayama K. Melck D. Ueda N. De Petrocellis L. Yamamoto S. Di Marzo V. Biosynthesis

De Petrocellis L. Melck D. Palmisano A. Bisogno T. Laezza C. Bifulco M. Di Marzo V. The

David Gurwitz. Selective CB 2 cannabinoid antagonists - potential new immune modulators?

STIG O. P. JACOBSSON, THOMAS WALLIN, and CHRISTOPHER J. FOWLER. Inhibition of Rat C6

NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Trans-Delta(9)-

Schwarz H et.al. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist inhibits lymphocyte

Behavior, Learning and Addiction

D. Carriero, J. Aberman, S. Y. Lin, A. Hill, A. Makriyannis, J. D. Salamone. original investigation: A

George E. Da Silva, Reinaldo N. Takahashi*. SR 141716A prevents _ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced

T.J. Graceffo and J. K. Robinson. DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) FAILS TO

Jano J. Janoyan, Jennifer L. Crim, Nissar A. Darmani*. Reversal of SR 141716A-induced head-twitch

T. U. C. Järbe, R. J. Lamb, A. Makriyannis, S. Lin, A. Goutopoulos. original investigation: <Delta>9-

Aron H. Lichtman. SR 141716A enhances spatial memory as assessed in a radial-arm

Mechoulam R. Fride E. Hanus L. Sheskin T. Bisogno T. Di Marzo V. Bayewitch M. Vogel Z.

Murillo-Rodriguez E. Sanchez-Alavez M. Navarro L. Martinez-Gonzalez D. Anandamide modulates

F. Nava * , G. Carta, G. Colombo, G.L. Gessa. Effects of chronic _ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol treatment on

M. Navarro, M. R. A. Carrera, W. Fratta, O. Valverde, G. Cossu, L. Fattore, J. A. Chowen, R. Go´ mez,

Reibaud M. et.al. enhancement of memory in cannabinoid CB 1 receptor knockout mice. European

Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, * M. Rocío A. Carrera, Miguel Navarro, * George

F. Rodr§,guez de Fonseca*², M. Navarro*, R. GoÂmez*, L. Escuredo*, F. Nava³§, J. Fu³, E. Murillo-

Rubino T. Patrini G. Massi P. Fuzio D. Vigano D. Giagnoni G. Parolaro D. Cannabinoid-precipitated

Tanda G. Loddo P. Di Chiara G. Dependence of mesolimbic dopamine transmission on delta9-

Valverde, O; et.al.; Cannabinoid Withdrawl Syndrome Is reduced in Pre-Proenkephalin Knock-Out

Claire M. Williams, T. C. Kirkham rapid communication: Anandamide induces overeating: mediation by

Wu X and French ED. Effects of chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine

Cannabinoids and Receptors

Michael Bayewitch , Man-Hee Rhee, Tomer Avidor-Reiss , Aviva Breuer, Raphael

Ben-Zvi, Z; Mechoulam, R; 6 beta-Hydroxy-Delta (1)- Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthesis and biological

Bouaboula M. Dussossoy D. Casellas P. Regulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2

CHRISTOPHER S. BREIVOGEL and STEVEN R. CHILDERS. Cannabinoid Agonist Signal

William S. Edgemond, Marcie J. Greenberg, P. J. Mcginley, Shanmugam Muthian,

Monika Fellermeier, Meinhart H. Zenk. Prenylation of olivetolate by a hemp transferase yields

Galanter, M; et.al.; Effects on Humans of Delta-9-Tetrathydrocannabinol Administration by Smoking.

L. Hanus*, A. Breuer*, S. Tchilibon*, S. Shiloah*, D. Goldenberg*, M. Horowitz, R. G. Pertwee, R. A.

Hockman, CH; et.al.; Electroencephalographic and Behavioral Alterations Produced by Delta-1-

Keiko Hosohata, Raymond M. Quock1, Yoshiaki Hosohata, Thomas H. Burkey, Alexandros

HU 243. Nature 1999

Kim E-S. Imunnochemical Localization of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cryofixed Glandular

JOSEF T. KITTLER, ELENA V. GRIGORENKO, CHRIS CLAYTON, SHOU-YUAN ZHUANG,

Lemberger, L; et.al.; Marihuana: Studies on the Disposition and metabolism of Delta-9-

Lemberger, L; et.al.; delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: metabolism and Disposition in Long-Term

Daniel T. Malone*, David A. Taylor. Involvement of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in

B. R. Martin, R. Jefferson, R. Winckler, J. L. Wiley, J. W. Huffman, P. J. Crocker, B. Saha and R. K.

BILLY R. MARTIN, IRINA BELETSKAYA, GRAY PATRICK, RENE ´ E JEFFERSON, RAMONA

Petcoff, DG; et.al.; Marihuana: Idnetification of Cannabinoids by Centrifugal Chromatography. Science,

Porcella A et.al. Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases sequence-specific AP-1 DNA-binding activity

Rinaldi-Carmona M. Barth F. Millan J. Derocq JM. Casellas P. Congy C. Oustric D. Sarran M.

RA Ross, HC Brockie, LA Stevenson, VL Murphy, F Templeton, A Makriyannis and RG Pertwee.

JENNY L. WILEY, IRINA D. BELETSKAYA, EDWARD W. NG, ZONGMIN DAI, PETER J.

Xiang-Qun Xie , , Lawrence S. Melvin , Alexandros Makriyannis. The Conformational Properties of

I. B. Adams, D. R. Compton and B. R. Martin. Assessment of Anandamide Interaction with the

M. Beltramo, N. Stella, A. Calignano, S. Y. Lin, A. Makriyannis, D. Piomelli. Functional Role of High

Tiziana BISOGNO*, Nunzio SEPE*, Dominique MELCK*, Stefano MAURELLI*, Luciano De

T. Bisogno*, 1, D. Melck*, 1, L. De Petrocellis, M. Yu. Bobrov, N. M. Gretskaya, V. V. Bezuglov,

Hugues Cadas, Emmanuelle di Tomaso, and Daniele PiomelliOccurrence and Biosynthesis of

Franck Desarnaud, Hugues Cadas, Daniele Piomelli. Anandamide Amidohydrolase

Di Marzo V. De Petrocellis L. Sepe N. Buono A. Biosynthesis of anandamide and related

Vincenzo Di Marzo*, Dale G. Deutsch. Biochemistry of the Endogenous Ligands of Cannabinoid

V. Di Marzo, D. Melck, T. Bisogno and L. De Petrocellis. Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid

Fride E. Mechoulam R. Pharmacological activity of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, anandamide, a

Andrea Giuffrida, Fernando Rodrguez de Fonseca, Daniele Piomelli. Quantification of Bioactive

ANDREA GIUFFRIDA, MASSIMILIANO BELTRAMO, and DANIELE PIOMELLI. Mechanisms of

F. Rodr§,guez de Fonseca², M. Navarro, R. GoÂmez, L. Escuredo, F. Nava³§, J. Fu³, E. Murillo-

L. Hanus, A. Breuer, S. Tchilibon, S. Shiloah, D. Goldenberg*, M. Horowitz, R. G. Pertwee, R. A.

Tiziana BISOGNO, Nunzio SEPE, Dominique MELCK, Stefano MAURELLI, Luciano De

T. Bisogno, 1, D. Melck, 1, L. De Petrocellis, M. Yu. Bobrov, N. M. Gretskaya, V. V. Bezuglov,

D. Piomelli, M. Beltramo, S. Glasnapp*, S. Y. Lin§, A. Goutopoulos§,

D Gadzicki, K Müller-Vahl, M Stuhrmann, A frequent polymorphism in the coding exon of the

DANIELE PIOMELLI. Cannabinoid activity curtails cocaine craving. NATURE MEDICINE