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G
u^^^'n
THE HITTITES:
THEIR INSCRIPTIONS AND ^^^^
THEIR HISTORY.
BY
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME THE FIRST.
LONDON:
JOHN C. N MM
I O,
14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.
MDCCCXCI.
[A II rights reserved. ]
x 1 /
%
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
Preface - - - - -- - -v.
PART I.
.......
The Work of Decipherment.
Language
Chapter II.
—The Determination of the Hittite
Qtapter III.
s
Cha2)ter IV.
The Bilingual Inscription - - - - - - 48
Chax)ter VI.
The Votive Inscriptions from Hamath - - - - 67
Chapter VII.
Historical Inscription of King Kenetala of Hamath (Part I.) 78
ampter VIII.
Historical Inscription of King Kenetala of Hamath (Part II.) 89
Chapter IX.
First Inscription of King Sagara of Carchemish - - 107
Chapter X.
Second Inscription of King Sagara of Carchemish - - 123
Chapter XI.
The Lion Inscription of King Kapini of Rosh (Part I.) - 133
Chapter XII.
The Lion Inscription of King Kapini of Ro.sa (Part II) - 154
iv. CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
PART II
169
Cliapter V.
The Kings that Reigned in Edom {Gontmued) - - - 257
Chapter VI.
The Kings that Reigned in Edom {Continued) - - 283
Chapter VIII.
The Hittites in Egypt (Continned) .
. . . 335
Appendix I.
Appendix II.
VoTiv'F Inscriptions from Hamath, etc. - - - 371
Appendix III.
Gramma ncAL Analysis of Hittite Texts - - - - 385
Appendix IV.
The Kenite List of the Hittite Families in Genealogical Order 395
PEEFACE.
Whatever defects the criticism of this book may bring to light, its publi-
cation demands no apology. It embraces the results of patient and laborious
researches, extending over a score of years ; for, three years before the dis-
covery of the inscriptions of Hamath was made known, the history of the
Hittite nation, as set forth in the Hebrew, Egyptian, and Assyrian records, had
engaged my attention.
The book consists of two parts ; the first being an analysis of all the legible
Hittite inscriptions so far published ; the second, an extended history of the
Hittite people. In presenting the translations and the history, I have had in
view no controversy with any school of philology, history, or theology, my
simple aim being to reconstruct with truthfulness, out of many widely scat*
tered fragments, an important and long lost page of ancient history.
The few scholars of note who have attempted the work of Hittite decipher-
ment, and the value of whose labours I gratefully recognize, will not charge
with injustice the statement that, up to the present time, the inscriptions of
Hamath and Jerabis have guarded their secret. Five years ago, having dis-
covered the method of interpretation, I gave in pamphlet form a Translation
of the Principal Hittite Inscriptions yet Published. The method pursued in
that paper was the true one, and many of the interpretations set forth in it
were correct, but it abounded with such errors as are incident to all first
essays in the decipherment of the unknown. In order to bring more light to
bear upon the task, I meanwhile made a careful study of the inscriptions of
Asia Minor, Etruria, Celt Iberia, and Pictish Britain, of Turanian India and
of Siberia, all of which belong to the Hittite, or Canaanitic category, and by
their means withdrew the Syrian documents from their isolation, to read
their hieroglyphics in the reflection of the more recent and apparently alpha-
betic characters of these monuments. Some of these translations have already
been published in fugitive form, and some are collected into a volume, enti-
tled The Hittite Track in the East, shortly to appear.
In the following pages I have, at the risk of being thought tedious, set
forth minutely the process by which results have been reached in the trans-
literation of the hieroglyphics and the translation of their phonetic contents,
so that any reader possessed of ordinary scholarship may, by means of the
plates and every step and verify or criticize its results.
text, follow it at
For the plates I indebted to Mr. W. Harry Rylands, of the Society of
am
Biblical Archaeology, who has kindly permitted me to copy his admirable
drawings of the inscriptions. The historical contents of these, commencing
VI. PREFACE.
with, the reign of the Assyrian Assur-nazir pal in the latter part of the tenth
century, B.C., extending to that of Esarhaddon in the first part of the seventh,
and embracing brief accounts of the til'st overthrow of the Assyrian empire
by the Babylonian Phul, and of the conspiracy that led to the destruction of
Hittite monarchy and the deportation of the tribes of Israel, should be of
great interest to students of the Bible and of ancient oriental history, although
disappointing, perhaps, to those who looked to the monuments for records of
greater antiquity. All the cul^teral information furnished by the Assyrian
monuments and ancient tradition has been made available for the elucidation
of these invaluable documents.
The second and larger part of the book contains a history of the Hittites
from a period of time some three generations before the patriarch Abraham.
The materials for this history are furnished by the Egyptian and Assyrian
monuments, by the Greek historians, and by almost universal tradition, arising
from the fact that the Hittites were in many respects the greatest of ancient
peoples, and constituted the substratum of all early civilizations. The
Turanian element that came into prominence in the palmy days of the
Egyptian Hycsos, that underlay the culture of the empires on the Tigris and
Euphrates, that preceded Israel's occupancy of Palestine, that filled Syria
and Asia Minor, that gave to Greece her mythology and sacred rites, and,
overflowing into Illyria, Italy, Spain and Britain, bore the Iberic and Pictish
name, now only recognizable in the Bas(j[ues of the Pyrenees that element ;
on which Cyrus built up his first Aryan empire, and which, volcano-like,
broke forth in Parthian days, that preceded the Brahman in Northern India,
that, in early Christian centuries, traversed Turkestan and peopled the
Siberian wastes, that for two centuries turned China into Cathay, and that
still occupies Corea and the islands of Japan that Turanian element, more-
;
over, that, drivenby adverse fortune, crossed the Northern Pacific into the
New World, that reproduced the mounds of European Scythia, of Syria and
the Caucasus, of India and Siberia, on level prairies and the alluvium of rivers
from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico, that founded the empires of Mexico and
Peru, and that lives in many an Indian tribe from the frozen north to the
southern land of fire, is the Hittite. It is impossible to over-estimate the
Gentile records in the well known Hebrew Scriptures. All of these may be
of Hittite origin ; one certainly is, the long genealogical record of the first
»
Thus the story of the Hittites furnishes that great desideratum of the Bible
student, the connection of sacred and profane history, and to the investigator
of the Egyptian and Euphratean monuments, it gives chronological data of
the utmost importance.
I have indeed written for students in all departments of learning who may
care to read mj book, inviting tliat candid criticism and fair discussion by
which the cause of truth mugt be advanced but above all, 1 have written for
;
the educated reader of the English language, and, while I cannot flatter my-
self that in so extensive a field every obscurity has been removed, I may claim
the merit of him who believes that no science need transgress the limits of
his mother tongue to find its adequate expression.
JOHN CAMPBELL.
Montreal.
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
but did nothing more.^ Fifty-eight years came and went before
the stones were rediscovered, although many observing eyes must
have peered into the city's recesses, and its thirty thousand
inhabitants must have had ample opportunity for making their
treasures known. Then the United States Consul General
Johnson, in company with the Rev. S. Jessup of the Syria
Mission, paid a visit to the old town. Like all strangers they
sought the Bazaar and inspected the wares with which the
Syrian merchants tempt the eye of the occidental and deplete his
purse. From shop to shop they went, until in the corner of one
their gaze rested, for there, engraved upon a large stone, were
mysterious characters akin to those which had attracted the
attention of Burckhardt. To obtain a squeeze of this stone was
their great desire, but a desire they failed to realize ;
for the
native frequenters of the bazaar thronged about the strangers,
and, with the brutal menacing attitude so naturally assumed by
the sons of the Prophet, compelled them to relinquish their
Probably the black stone of
examination of the ancient record.*
the Caaba at Mecca has something to do with the strange
superstition that Mohammedans evince regarding inscribed
stones. There is virtue in them, and that virtue must not pass
into the possession of the Frank, lest it give him power to inflict
injury on the Moslem.
The two travellers learned that other inscriptions similar to
that in the bazaar, were to be found in Hamah. They went
forth, and saw one on a stone over the city gate, in which the
elders sit as in ancient Syrian days. Near the gate they found
another ; and, crossing one of the bridges that, spanning the
Orontes, connect the two divisions of the city, they were shown
a third. As the inscriptions of Hamath are five in number, that
found near the gate must have been the one which Mr.
Jessup tried to purchase, as the stone in the bazaar furnished not
one but two inscriptions. The missionary failed to make a bargain,,
for the blue stone was a source of revenue to its owner, who,
for a consideration, allowed people afflicted with spinal disease
*•
TranHactions, Society Iliblical Archieology, vol. vii. j). 420.
DISCOVERY OF THE MONUMENTS. 5
''
See also M. Schlumberger's Terra Cotta Seals ; Trans. Soc. Bib. Archieol., vol
viii. p. 422.
1" Proceedings Soc. Bib. Archajol., May. 1885.
11 Vol. iv. p. 336.
1- Trans. Soc. Bib. Archseol., vol. vii. p. 249.
6 THE HITTITES.
it out and set its contents before the world. Doubts have been
cast upon the genuiness of the article itself, but none upon the
inscription, which, if the boss be spurious, must have been
taken from an older original.
This semi-cuneiform inscription leads to the last class of Hittite
documents, a series of clay tablets found chiefly in Cappadocia.
Thece are in cuneiform writing, but the language they set forth
isnot Semitic. The original occupation of the whole of Asia
Minor by the Hittites, and the undoubted occupation of Cappa-
docia by that people, naturally lead to an indentitication of the
contents of the tablets with the language of the scribes of
Hamah, Yet so far the text of these tablets
Jerabis and Merash.
is but imperfectly determined, inasmuch as some of the cuneiform
signs are indistinct, others obscure, and some that are well
known, capable of diflferent transliterations. A knowledge of
the context is thus necessary, in order to decide the reading of
the latter class, so that the tablets will not be available for
purposes of translation, until from other sources the Hittite
language is fairly known. ^^
It will thus be seen that of the numerous inscriptions attribu-
ted to the Hittites, those which are susceptible of a satisfactory
rendering are, the bilingual inscription on the silver boss, the
five from Hamah, two from Jerabis, the bowl inscription from
Babylon, and the lion inscription of Merash. The reading of
these ten documents will afford a solid basis for Hittite studies,
and give opportunity for scientific conjecture as to the significa-
tion of more fragmentary records, and of the cuneiform tablets
from Cappadocia.
CHAPTER II.
Professor Sayce, resting content for the present with the indica-
tion of probable values for particular signs ; others, like the Rev.
Dunbar Heath and Captain Conder, hazarding translations
J.
that have not stood the test of criticism.^ The partial success
attained indicates that there are grave difficulties in the way of
Hittite decipherment. Two things are necessary in order to the
reading of an inscription ;
the one, a knowledge of the phonetic
value of the characters, the other, a knowledge of the language
in which it is written. To begin with the latter, the only words
known to be Hittite are proper names preserved in Egyptian and
Assyrian monuments. These Professor Sayce has collected in
his articleon the monuments of the Hittites.- It is supposed
that there is no modern or, at least, literary language which can
perform for the stones of Hamah and Jerabis the service ren-
dered by the Coptic to the Egyptian monuments, and by the Zend
and Pehlevi to the Achfiemenian Persian. Nevertheless, guesses
have been made in this direction by the late M. Lenormant and
Professor Sayce. The latter writer says " As M. Lenormant was :
1ProfeHsor Sayce'8 Articles in Trans. Soc. Bib. ArchsBol., and in Dr. Wright's
Empire of the Hittites; Cajitain Conder's Altaic Hieroglyphs; the Rev. D. J. Heath,
Squeezes of Hainath In.scriptiiins, .Tonrnal Anthropological Institute, May ISSO
the Order for Musical Services at Hamath.
2 Trans. Soc. Bib. Archseol., vol. vii. p. 288.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 9
by the author with its sister tongues of the Caucasus, with tlie
5 Chronicon Paschale, Migne, p. 126; Trans. Soc. Bib. Archseol., vol. vii. pp.
271, 285.
^ Homeric Synchronism, p. 174.
7 Trans. Soc. Bib. Archaeol., vol. iii. p. 46:i
; Records of the i)ast, vol. vii. p. 79.
* Mirkhond, Historj' of the Early Kings of Persia. Oriental Translation Fund,
p. 317.
•'
Vincent, Voyage of Nearchus, ch. 37, 3S.
'" Arrian, Anabasis, lib. v. c. 22.
" Firdusi, Shah Nameh, Oriental Translation Fund, ]>. 274.
'- Hardy, Manual of Budhism, )))). ol.j, .")18.
'' Cunningham, Arclia;r)logical Survey of India, vol. iii. jilate .\.\vi. i. plate xiii. 6.
;
In.tciijitiones Sibericfe ; Castn^ii, ReiseV)ericlitc uiid P)nffc aus den Jalircn l.Sl.'v4!) ;
Popotf and Yonferoff in the Journal of the Tmiierial Society of (}eograi)hy, .St. Peters-
burg.
•" Copies f)f these in.scriptions I owe to the zeal and com-tesy of my colleague M.
VI Youferoff,
, I )elegue general de ['Alliance Scit'iitifi'pie Universelle, at St. I'etershurg.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 13
expelled from China; and, while most of the race took refuge in
Japan, others are supposed to have gone west to Persia and
Armenia, thus seeking the ancient home of their race. If the
they find refuge from their new enemies ? The nearest seat of
civilization to Liao-tong is Corea. The historians of that country
know the Khitan, and make frequent mention of them from the
year 685, when they first conquered northern Corea, till 1216,
when their Louko was put to deatli and their reign
chief
apparently came to an end.^'' Thus Corean history places the
Khitan in Liao-tong almost three centuries before the historv of
China allows their conquest of that region. The connection of
China with, Corea is said to have begun in 1120 B.C., when the
Chow dynasty of China placed Khitsu, a member of the previous
dynasty of Shang, upon the Corean throne.^^ The Shang
dynasty had fallen through the inordinate cruelty of the last
emperor Chow-sin and his wife Tan-ke. In the Raja Tarangini
the same story of barbarous ferocity is related of Unmattavanti^
son of Partha of the Varma dynasty of Cashmere, whom
Kalhana places between 939 and 941 A.D.^^ An almost identical
account given of the Dairi Bourets, in the history of Japan,
is
18, c. These translations made from Japanese texts fuini.shed by Hittite transliter-
atiuns of tlie Lat cliaracter.s are here first puhli.shed.
*-'
Titsingh, Annales, p. 31.
*''•
Raja Taranjfini, lib. iii. si. 130, sefj.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 17
(2)
18 THE HITTITES.
*" This indentification of Katsoura with (iedor I.h doubtful. Elsewhere it is sup-
posed to repre,.sent the Zocharite Hazor or Chazoi', Zochar itself being rejiresented by
Tsougar in Nii>on.
" Asiatic Researches, v. 251 ; 2 S vinuel, viii. 8.
•'*
This name is the Sanscrit Yudisthira and the American Iroquois Atotarho.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 19
driven to distant shores, for these accounts do not say where the
expatriated found land. The country of Fousang, once supposed
to be part of America, seems to have been a region of fable.'^^
The only aboriginal histories proper of North America are those
of the Aztecs of Mexico and of the peoples of Yucatan and
Guatimala. The grammatical forms of the Maya and Quiche, the
languages of the latter peoples are so distinctively non-Khitan
that it is useless for the present to consult the
works written in
them. The Aztec grammar, however, The Mexican is accordant.
histories bring the various tribes of Mexico into that land from
the north, their wanderings leading them slowly southward
through a region of caverns, such as the canons of Colorado
contain, to the plain of Auahuac. ^* The Toltecs were the first to
arrive, the year 721 A.D. marking the commencement of their
era. They founded the two kingdoms of Culhuacan and Tollan,
the former of which passed out of their possession in 1072, and
the latter, ten years before. After them ruled the Chichimecs of
many tribes and, towards the end of the thirteenth centurv, the
;
51 Titsingh, p. 121.
52 Titsingh, pp. xxxiv., 3.
53 Leland, Fusang.
5* Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des nations civilisees du Mexique et de
I'Amerique centrale Becker, Migration of the Nahuas. Congres des Am^rcanistes
;
Luxembourg, 1877, tome i. p. 325 ; Short, North Americans of Antiquity, pp. 256 seq.
20 THE HITTITES.
Tepanecs, came into Mexico through Sonora from tlie cavern land
of the north. The Chichimec king of Tenayocan received them
hospitably, and, as a reconnnendation to his favour, they made
known that they were descendants of the Citin, alike illustrious
by the nobility of their ra.ce and their heroic deeds. The Citin
were the hares, apparently the name of a northern tribe," says
"
•'''•
Brasseur de Bourbourg, tome ii. p. 232 compare ; p. 208.
•'''•
BraHseur de Bourbourg, tome ii. pp. 2!)3, 294.
'"'^
Maregny'8 Voyage.s in the Black Sea, p. 210.
•w Troyer, Raja Tarangini, tome ii. ji. Sll ; Hardy, Manual of Buddhism, \>. 422.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 21
53 Titsingh, \>. 13fi, Tairano Masakado in the year 939 headed a great rebellion
against the Dairi Zusiak, but was defeated and slain. His name is that of Tirhanah,
son of that Maachah who founded the Maachathite Kingdom in Palestine.
''"
Arrian, Anabasis, lib. iv. c. 26, and l(i, 17.
•Ji
Vishnu Purana ap. Muir, Sanscrit Te.Kts, vol. i. p. 501. Pococke, India in Greece,
pp. 29, 296.
"- Klaproth, Asia Polyglotta, p. 109 ; Malte Brun, geography in loc.
"'' Records of the past, vol. i. p. 82.
22 THE HITTITES.
''*
Hyde Clarke, Memoir on the comparative grammar of Egyptian, Coptic and
Ude, pp. 12-15.
Records of the Pa.st, vol. vii. p. 26.
•>''
'•"
Records of the Past, vol. v. p. 102 Callimachns ap. Plinii H. N. iii. 25.
;
'^ It will yet appear that this name is not Hittite but that of a Jai)hptic people
"••
Records of the Past, vol. ii. p. 111.
^" Titsingh, Annales, p. 81.
•"'
Asiatic Researches, vol. v. p. 251,
"• B. de Bourbourg, tome i. p. 410; Peruvian Antiquities ni Hivrr and Tosliudi by
Hawks, p. 4!i.
Peruvian Antiquitie.s, pp. 125, 10().
"'^
Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta i>. 270 Webster, Basque Legends, pj.. 108, 132.
;
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 2o
'•Pegot Ogier, The Fortunate Isles, by Frances Locock, vol. i. p. 282. Compare
Malte Brun, (ieography, vol. iv. j). 47f> Hepburn's Jai>anpse- English Dictionary.
;
!i5
Ferguson's Essay on Indian Chronology. Journal R. AsaiticSoc.vol. iv. j)]). SI, seq.
For these comparisons consult the San Kokf. Peruvian Antiquities and the
'"''
Indian Chronology.
THE WORK OF DECIPHERMENT. 27
ICO This map is in the Trans. See. Bib. Archseol., vol vii. opjjosite p. 249.
•f" Records of the Past, vol. iii. \). 77 vol. vii. p. 12.
;
30 THE HITTITES.
Chapsoukes and into the Pyrenees they have sent the Guipus-
;
coans. Ahnost all the Hittite names are Basque. The Albanians,
or Illipi, are the people of Alava, in Biseaj^ With Illipi, the men of
Allapur are associated by the Assyi-ians, and from them the
Lapurtans of the Labourd have their name. The Alai'odians live
again in Oleron, and in the ancient Ilergetes and Ilercaones.
The Basque Iturgoyen answers to the Assyro Hittite Aturgina,
Ripalda, to Rabilu and to the Roplutae of Arachosia, Urkheta to
Urikatu, Arrast to Arazitku, Arbona and Arboti to Arbanun and
Aribue, Algoi-riz and Licarraga to Algariga, Turillas to Taurlai,
Equisoain and Orisoain to Ahi Zuhina and Ar Zuhina, Alzania to
Elisansu, Tardets to Tsaradavas, Lakharre to Lakhiru, Arias to
Karalla, Mugueta to Massut, Besolla to Pahalla, Oloriz to Alluria,
Garinoain to Hurunaya, Soracoiz to Surgadia, Izturitz to Istarat,
Bassussary to Patusarra, Barcoche to Perukhuz, Bidarray to
Paddira, Charricota to Saragitu, Khambo
Khumbi, Arronce to
to
Arranzi.^'*^ These are but a few of the more prominent coinci-
dences between the geographical nomenclature of the Basques and
that of the Hittites. The Iberian wave passed northward into
the British Islands, but the remains of the language it carried
thither are only to be found in runic inscriptions that have so far
been uninterestingly and ungrammatically translated Ijy the
aid of the Norse staff. They are therefore useless as mate-
rials for the determination of the parent Hittite.^*^^ The best
known and least corrupted Hittite languages of the present
day, leaving America out of account, are the Basque of the
Pyrenees and the distant Japanese in eastern Asia. If these
languages fail to make plain the sense of the monuments, it may
be conceded that the Hittite tongue is a dead language without a
resurrection. The wide extent of Hittite empire forbids the
indulgence of any such fear, and offers in the Old World and the
New more than a hundred dialects as keys to unlock the secret
of the written monuments so .soon as the hieroglyphics shall be
converted into sounds.
los All of the above mentioned tribes and places are to be found in the Assyrian
CHAPTER III.
ca, ca, mi ,
^1}@i
ne, qua, ish
o
^^ Cv,
pa,
,
the Pater Noster and other prayers.^ Thus a house being calli,
2 See Brasseur de Bourbourg, tome i. pp. xlii., seq; Leon de Rosny, Sources de
(3)
34 THE HITTITES.
it is, therefore, like a capital H with a line drawn across the base.
The Aztecs have a similar character representing a box open at the
top, or pot or other article capable of holding contents. Its value
ispa, which has been supposed to come from palli, black colour,
but which has been shown to mean rather inclosure or contents,
as in the word tenxi-palli, the lip, as compared with the Japanese
kuchi-biru, and the Circassian oku-fari, meaning that which
encloses the mouth.''' The Aztec unclothed foot has the value
sho from xotl, the foot, and this the Corean represents by a short
line drawn at an angle of 30° from the centre of a longer semi-
perpendicular one, the former representing the instep or upper
For this characteristic boot see Hall's Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the
''
West coast of Corea and the great LooChoo Island, i)late facing p. 1(5, representing a
Corean chief also Belcher's Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang, vol. i., plate facing p. 353,
;
representing a Corean chief. Profes.sor Sayce remarks in regard to the Hittite boots that
they " are always represented with turned uj) toes, like the boots of the mountaineers
of Asia Minor anfl Greece at the present day. Boots of the same form characterize some
of the female figures on the tomb of the Harpies fotiiid at Xanthos in Lycia, as well as
the Annenian inhabitants of Muzri on the Black Obelisk, and the P^truscans of Italy.
Mr. Spiegelthal ha.^ seen an archaic marble base of a statue at Ejjhesus on which there
were figures with the same kind of shoes. " Trans. Soc. Bib. Archseol., vol. vii. p. 252.
7 The Khitan Languages ; the Aztec and its connections, p. 20.
THE HITTITE CHARACTERS. 3o
outline of the foot ; its value is 6'. The Aztec arm, neitl, gives ne,
and n in Corean is a perpendicular line with another vanishing
stroke ascending from its base at an angle of S()\ like an arm bent
at the elbow. Finally k in Corean is like the same chai'acter
turned upside down, resembling a South Sea cassetete. This does
not accord with the Aztec, which gives the phonetic value shi to
all cutting and wounding weapons. This, therefore, may be, and
will yet be proved to be, a case in which the Corean is right and
the Aztec is wrong. A little confirmation has thus been found,
but hardly enough to proceed upon.
The unknown must be interpreted by the known, or, at any
rate, a commencement must be made with what is known, and
the sphere of inference narrowed to the smallest possible limits.
No other form of Hittite writing has been read, but Professor
Sayce once held and subsequently reiterated the opinion that the
syllabic characters of the Cypriote inscriptions, brought pro-
minently into view since the Br-itish occupation of Cyprus, were
related to the Hittite hieroglyphics, as the Semitic characters are
to the Egyptian. He published a tentative comparison of
characters exhibiting manj^ analogies. The Cj'pviote language is
found to be a Greek dialect, through the medium of bilingual
Phosnician and Cypriote inscriptions, but its alphabet or syllabary
is very far from That Cyprus was occupied originally
Hellenic.''
its value is, like the Corean, le. The Corean and Aztec p and pa,
*>
On the Hamathite Inscriptions. Tran.s. Sue. Bib. Archceol., vol. v. p. 22.
^ De Cesnola, Salaminia.
36 THE HITTITES.
such a handle with a straight line descending from, but not joined
to it is, in Cypriote, ti}'^ The Cypriote perpendicular line is thus
a linear expedient for the body of the basket, like the linear men
made by boj's and savages. Now the investigator is at liberty
to remember that the LooChooans call a basket tiru and that
the Iroquois word Somewhere between ti and to
for it is atere.
the shield and basket mati or mato. But Ishkara thus preceded
in line 2 suggests, as appearing in an inscription from Carchemish,
Sagara, who was the king of that city in the time of Shalmanezer
of Assyria ; what then more natural by way of inference than
is
all the symbols of the Hittites do not bear public explanation, for
symbol with the Aztec bisected parallelogram tla and the Corean
le, which in most Hittite monuments is represented by the
figure 8. The character which precedes it in line 5 is tlie original
of the Cypriote .sa, the V with limbs of unequal length. Thus
he has found in one case salameneshira, and in the other, lamen-
esha. Supposing the cross to be the e(|uivalent of the initial sa
THE HITTITE CHARACTERS. 41
with the second shield and basket, hamato and to this the foot ;
valent of the animal's head, to. The character between it and the
tree is by a mistake of the copyist made the bisected circle instead
of the line and dots. There have been found, therefore, three
different groups setting forth Kenetola or Khintiel, king of
Hamath.
To the inscribed parallelogram are thus added the tree and the
image or weapon as k forms, the first character in Carchemish and
in Kenetola. These k& are important finds, as they should aid in
discovering the Khita or Hittite name. In H. iii. the first of
them appears, followed by the basket and the line with dots.
This combination first makes it clear that to is not the power
of t indicated by the basket, for, however much it may suit wato
and yainato, it is discordant in Kenetola and Keto it is better, :
crook by a sort of anvil which must also be .su from the Basque
sutegi, a forge, Japanese suhitsu, a hearth. One looks in vain
for the shield and basket to orive to Pisiris his title of
king, but, in front of his name in H. ii. line 3, appears an
object not unlike a leaf, which on comparison with other forms,
however, reveals itself as the Phrygian bonnet. It is repeated in
line 1, and in the second place it is evidently a word subject to
declension, for it is followed by mesa, the line and dots and the
anvil. Also in line 3 of H. i. it precedes Ketanesa. It is
" Lenormant and Chevalier, Ancient History of the East, vol. i, pp. 389, 390.
•5 Trans, Soc. Bib. ArchaoL, vol. vii. pp. 299, 300.
THE HITTITE CHABACTEES. 45
46 THE HITTITES.
the anvil, the bow and the gallows. The values of all are known
with the exception of the tadpole, giving senna-tad'pole-saraba.
Farthej-on, the word is repeated with variation, the C being this
time accompanied by a stroke, and the anvil coming before the
tadpole : the reading being sennasa-ta.d^o\e-raba. Unlike though
the embryo batrachian is to the ox, whose dimensions its
CHAPTER IV.
itself, or the name it applies to places within its area, may not be
those by which men of other languages recognize it and them.
The land which the Hebrews called Mizraim was the Chemi of
itsinhabitants and the ^gyptus of the Greeks. The Babylonian
of strangers was to himself the man of Duniyas, as in modern
times the Deutscher is the Allemand of the French and the
German of the English. Almost as great a difficulty is
experienced when, a name being significant, as is the case for
instance with many Celtic, Basque, and American Indian names,
SILVER BOSS
Formerly in the Possession aj
2 Sargon, Records of the Past, vol. vii. pp. 21, seq. Shalmanezer, lb. vol. iii. ])
(4)
^ ;
50 THE HITTITES.
Society. Dr. Mordtmann had seen the silver boss containing the
inscription in the Alexander Jovanoff in
possession of M.
Constantinople, and learned that had come from Smyrna. it
•»
The Bilingual Hittite and Cuneiform Inscription of Tarkondemos, Trans. See.
Bib. Archied., vol. vii. p. 294.
;
these is to the right in the left hand leo-end, and, in that on the
right hand, is immediately below the head and the yoke, being
separated from them by the warrior's outstretched arm. Professor
Sayce finds that four of the characters are ideographs, and two
only, syllabic characters. With the single obelisk, which he
rightly regards as a symbol of royalty, he connects the animal's
head and the yoke, giving to the former the value of tarrik, and
to the latter, that of timnie. The teeth and the four lines he
connects with the double obelisk, which he holds to denote a
country, and gives the fortuer the value er, and the latter me.
The order in which these characters are read is one that takes a
liberty with what seems to be a linear inscription. The word tarkus,
tirrikus denotes a hare, as the long-eared animal, in Ossetic, a
Caucasian tongue, but the animal whose head is here represented is
not a hare, and the Ossetic word is borrowed from the Persian, an
Indo-European language. No valid reason is given why the char-
acters should denote timme, er, one. Thus, while the explanation
is ingenious, it is not scientific and accordingly leads to no results
52 THE HITTITES.
Muir's Sanscrit Texts, vol. i. i)p. 226, 232, 247, 200, 279.
Homer, Iliad, ii. 783.
Plutarch, Isis et Osiris.
Strabo. lib. xvi. c. ii. 7.
CHAPTER V.
58 THE HITTITES.
" Some laws of Phonetic change in the Khitan Languages, Trans. Canad. Inst.
THK STONE BOWL FROM BABYLON. 61
anna ina Nakhuur-niis kuul III dhu anna Lusiim niis kuul III
; :
" Five manehs, six standard dhu, which the city of the Abeim
gives five bar dhu, which the city of the Amaas gives fourteen
; ;
ba.r dhit, which the city of the Nakhuur gives three dhu, which ;
the city of the Lusiim (gives); three dJut, which the city of the
Niriim (gives)."^ These cities and peoples were evidently in
what afterwards became Galatia, but was Phrygian at the time
when the tablet was written. Abeim represents Peium, Nakhuur,
Ancyra, Lusiim, Luceium, but Amaas and Niriim are without
and the word for city, kuul. A comparative survey of the Khitan
languacres favours non rather than anna, and hula rather than
haul ; it is also in favour of in or en for the plural, and f<e or sa
for the genitive. The Hittite hieroglyphic system has a symbol
for isJi, the inscribed diamond, but it is not employed to denote
the genitive. Yet there is no doubt that sw<>^ana represents the
actual pronunciation of the modern Basque zuzena.
The finding of the stone bowl in Babylon is explained by the
fact that Esarhaddon was the first among Assyrian monarchs to
set up his court in that city. The statement of the Book of
Chronicles that Manasseh, King of Judah, was carried captive by
the Assyrians to Babylon, illustrates this transference of the seat
of empire, for Esarhaddon was his captor.^^ The Assyrian
monarch was known as the King of Babylon, and conferred upon
his son the title, King of Assyria. This inscription is the only
one that calls Ass3'ria by its proper name. In three other inscrip-
tions it is several times mentioned, but under the name Sagane
or Sakane, by which Assyria was known to the Hittite kings of
Carchemish and of the Rosh. The bowls with their silver
contents may have been sent or brou(;ht by the Moschian king
on the occasion of the accession of Esarhaddon to sole empire, as
the statement that they were memorial gifts, evidencing the
friendship of Tarako for Sennacherib, the father of that king,
would seem to indicate. Unhappily the name of Tarako does not
appear in the inscriptions of either Assyrian, nor do they refer
to the Moschi. Tarako is more like the Tarkhu of Tarkhu-lara
the Gamgumian, and Tarkhu-nazi, the Milidian, than like the
Tarrik of Tarriktimme, and at the same time finds its counterpart
geographically in Tarraco of the Celt Iberians of Spain. The
application of the same name to persons and places is a common
practice among the Khitan, and is well illustrated by the name
of a distinguished Frenchman of Basijue parentage lately
deceased, the Admiral de Jaureguibery, which means the new
'" Strabo. 1. xii. c. v. 2.
' Lenorniant, Ancient History of the East, I. 406 ; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11.
THE STONE BOWL FROM BABYLON. 63
12 Records of the Past, vol. ii. pp. 67, 69, vol. iv. p. 42.
1^ Rawlinson, Herodotus, app. Bk. 1. Essay xi. 7.
1* Records of the Past, vol. i. pp. 44. 82, vol. vii. pp. 27, 45.
64 THE HITTITES.
Caucasus and the reo^ion of the Rosh, of which Marasia was the
capital. The Moschica of the classical geographers extends over
the north-western portion of Armenia and parts of Colchis and
Iberia. Their most famous seat of empire was Cappadocia, in
which the nation underwent a change of name, but retained the
primitive appellation to designate the capital Mazaca. Josephus
is guilty of many absurdities in his commentary upon the Toldoth
Beni Noah, but, in identifying the Cappadocians with the Moschi,
through their capital Mazaca, he has shown singular wisdom.^^
The testimony of antiquity is in favour of connecting the
Biblical Caphtorim who came out of Egypt in the Philistines'
compan}', with the Cappadocians. They derived their name
from Kebt-hor or Coptus, as Mr. Poole and Sir G. Wilkinson
have stated.^® The almost inevitable conclusion to be drawn from
these two identifications is that the Cappadocians or Moschi were
not only a tribe of the Hycsos, who long ruled in the land of the
Pharaohs, but that they were the leading or royal tribe. The
presence of the Mashuash in Egypt and even south of Memphis,
in the leign of Rameses III., is The
thus easily explained.
Caphtorim had either not been fully expelled from the scene of
their conquest, or they were seeking to regain their lost empire.
Being at length driven out, they retired into southern Palestine
and conquered the coast of the Avim, extending from Gaza to
the extreme east of the Sinaitic peninsula.^" Thence they must
have made their way in two directions, the one eastward to the
Shat el Arab, where they were known as the Hubudu, the other
northward, through the country beyond Jordan, to Mesopotamia,
Armenia, and Asia Minor, where they were called the Muski or
Moschians.^*^ The Assyrian Sargon makes them the most
northern people of whom he had knowledge, and states that
Mita, their king, was the first Moschian to pay tribute to his
empire.^'*' This seems to indicate that the Moschi were then in
the region of the Caucasus.
(5)
156 THE HITTITES.
l.HAMATH INSCRIPTIONS.
^
H.I.
%^S^ (??)^[D
(Burton Inscr. 'N9I,
'i
Plates
^
I^Z)
CHAPTER VI.
is, for the word saki, in which the hieroglyphic more frequently
68 THE HITTITES.
front, foremost, and the Basque zagi, chief. It is not likely that
the word has undergone any vowel change since the days of
ancient Hittite monarchy.
Hamath is imperfect at the beginning of the first and third
i.
less without the context. Its legend is: Line 1, Mata matanesa
who mind places. H. ii. line 1, king of kings, of lords the leader
Pisa, am I government door bar, whole Syria emperor Line 2, :
Baal to.
''
Records of the Past, vol. v. p. 10, vol. i. ]>. IS.
THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS FROM HAMATH. 73
to say ;
one would rather expect to find it thus governing some
word denoting a warrior. Translating nabusi and dominus hy
lord, the equivalent of nabusinesa zari is lord of lords. The
king of kings and lord of lords is ri to hago, the bar of the door
of authority. The Japanese ri, more fully riyo, means dominion,
rule, jurisdiction. The same root is found in Basque, but has
erroneously been regarded as a loan word front one of the
Romance languages. It appears in errege, king, erretate, royalty,
erresuma, kingdom, erretor, rector. The following to is the
Japanese word for door, which enters into the constitution of
Yarnfito, the mountain door its Basque equivalent is ate, atJie,
;
came the word Syria, seeing that the Semitic name of the
country so called was Aram. To the Egyptians, Syria was
Kharu. It has no philological connection, therefore, either with
' Hale, The Iroquois Book of Rites, p. 79.
74 THE HITTITES.
' Strabo,
lib. xii. c. iii. 5. They were Hittites with a large intermixture of Aryan
blood ; Caphtorim mingled with Philistim.
THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS FROM HAMATH. 75-
tion with the term employed by the Hittite scribe. It is only Ijy
a comparison of different texts that the etymology of 'niatsuhil
can be decided. It would be a simple matter to compare it at
once with the modern Japanese mat.sitri, to offer sacrifice but ;
what are the constituents of matsuri, for the Basque has no such
word ? In Hamath iii., matsii occurs twice with an increment
as matsune, where a verb, to give, is demanded by the context.
This verb is the Basque eviaten, eman, anciently ematzen, to give.
The Japanese has lost this as a separate verb, but retains its root
ma as mu, to transform nouns into verbs thus from ina, no, and ;
more than probable that hiltze and heriotze are but variant forms
of one root. The absence of the letter I in Japanese makes hil,
il an impossibility in that language. The whole word matsu-hil
is thus an inversion of the Basque hildio-onatzen, which now
apostacy.^ So great was the fame of this Syrian god that ahnost
every European country retains traces of his worship, and even
in America these are not altogether wanting.^" The other name,
II Makah, can hardly denote a different deity, for we cannot
suppose that the Hittite would profane the altar he erected for
one god by placing on it a record of his devotion to another. We
must therefore regard II Makah as an epithet of Baal. II Makah
was an Arabian god peculiarly connected with Haran,from which
the similarly named region in Mesopotamia is not to be dissocia-
ted.^^ In the Semitic tongues the name would signify the god of
slauohter, and, in the Hittite iano-uao-e, while II does not denote
a god, the words II or Hil-maka mean the death striking, for
maka signifies to strike, wound, kill. It may be, therefore, that
the epithet is Hittite, the only thing against this being the
absence from the base of the il, al, la symbol of the horizontal
line denoting a prefixed vowel or breathing, such as appears in
the last character of the group matsuhil. The reason why Pisiris
whose name as that of a deity was changed to Baal Peor before the Israelites entered
Canaan.
'" B. deBourbourg, H. des Nations <le rAnu'Ti.|nc, Unw iii. liv. !l. ch. 2. ,
" Lenonnant and Chevalier, Ancient History of the Kast, vol. ii. j.. 323.
THK VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS FROM HAMATH. 77
Part I.
Mr. Wright's statement is the correct one, it will follow that all
the Hamath inscriptions formed part of the great altar of Baal
dedicated by King Pisiris. Some of the hieroglyphics in these
two inscriptions do not appear elsewhere, and parts of H. v.
are so defaced that it would be at present unwise to attempt
their restoration. Otherwise the language employed is coeval
with and of the same character as that of the votive tablets.
This is by no means so Iberic or Basque-like as that on the
Moschian stone bowl, although the Basque connection of almost
all the words can readily be indicated. In Hamath among the
Kenite scribes, who may have given name to the Kannushi or
native priesthood of Japan, it is natural to find the dialect of
Yamato developing itself. It is not, therefore, astonishing to
meet in these inscriptionswith words and constructions almost
or entirely identical with those of the Japanese language as now
written and spoken. The Japanese grammarians insist that their
HAMATH INSCRIPTIONS.
H.IIJ. (Burfoip. Ijjcr N° 4. Plates 7 6,6)
~\
H. IV.
(Sunon. hsCK N93 Plate S)
r/\/7?5)iJ]j
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KENETALA OF HAMATH. 79
their period, which they place in 660 B.C. The foreign Chinese
element that pervades modern Japanese had, however, no place
in the ancient documents of the empire. The story that Chinese
letters were introduced into Japan in the third century of the
Christian era is evidently false, as the first historical connection
of the Khitan with China cannot have been earlier than the
seventh century. Yet the Chinese, as themselves a migrating
people, may in ancient times have been in contact with branches
of the Hittite family in the west, since the Persian historians
place Chin, Machin and Katay between Persia and Hindustan.
Ancient Indian documents mention the Chinas as aborigines of
Hindustan and even enumerate them among the Kshattriyas or
Indo Scyths.^ Dr. Edkins exhibits the relation of the Chinese to
the western countries of Asia, but places their migration from
these at 3000 B.C.^ This great antiquity of the Chinese people
in China not only contradicts the Persian writers, but also gives
to the ancient Chinese a prehistoric character, and renders it
absolutely impossible to confirm the statements of their historians
by those of any foreign document whatsoever. This is a con-
venient shield for fable, but it takes the early Chinese annals
out of the domain of historical science.
Hamath III.
3 Records of the Past, v. 43, vii. 21 : II. Kings xv. 29, xvi. 7, I. Chron. v. 6, 26,
liad enforced Kibaba, the chief of the town, and had sent to
Dalta of Ellip for submitting themselves. I occupied this town,
I delivered the prisonei-s, I installed those men whom my hand
had conquered. I put over them ray lieutenants as governors."
This last Kharkhar seems to have been in Armenia in the vicinity
of Media, Araxene, and Albania. Yet the name Kibaba connected
with and the very title, chief, agree with the keba Kaba, of
it
Kaba with the town as its captor and the slayer of its ruler,
Kalaba or Caleb. It looks as if the annalist of Sargon had con-
founded two distinct events, through the coincidence in the
names of tlie places in which the}' occurred. The second difficulty
is chronological. Kibaba's fate of enforcement, whatever that
may mean, took place, or is recorded as having taken place, in
the reiofn of Sarajon, when Rezin and Pekah were dead and Pisiris
was banished. But, in the Hittite record, Carchemish under
Pisiris, Damascus under Rezin, and Israel under Pekah, togethei*
"
(Genesis .w. 2.
^
Josephus, Antiquities, Bk. i. c. vi. 4.
i" I. Chronicles ii. 42.
'1
II. Samuel viii. 3.
'•'
Russeir.s connection of Sacied and Profane History, by Wheeler, vol. i. p. 432.
'•"
Porter, jiant Cities of Bashan, p. 33^'^.
V- «>
80 * THE HrrriTEs.
.IS Semitic, for the reason tliat every etymologist explains terms
by the language with which he is best acquainted. Macrobius
in his Saturnalia explains Hadad as meaning one, in the Syrian
language, and Professor Sayce, referring to the passage, under-
stands by Syrian, Hittite.^* The ancient Japanese hitotsu,
Corean hotchim, hoten, Yeniseian hauta, hutcha, chuta, may be
survivals of the early numeral. The evidence of tlie Etruscan
monuments, however, favours jnmo, pirna, as the original Hittite
number one.^'" Hadad was one of the most widely spread Khitan
names. In India its chief form was Yadu, the name of a royal
line to which Yudhishthira, an oriental Hadadezer, belonged.
In Lydia, the Atyadae and Sadyattes preserved it. Macrobius
makes Hadad to signify the sun as well as unity. Now, there is
no necessary connection between the two ideas, for while it is
true that there is only one sun. it is also true that there is only
(jne n^oon, one earth. It must, therefore, be mere coincidence
that unites the meanings in one word. The Lesghian gede, with
the Iroquois hiday, ahita, the Loo Chooan fida, and Sonora tat,
are forms for the sun which may have arisen out of a word like
Hadad. The Bas<|ue word for sun affords a possible solution of
the mystei-y. That word is egiozJci, iruzki, iduzJci. The first
form ^^us/ci, connects with erju'n,-^ day, and when that is said
Its etymology is stated. But the other forms indicate two verbs,
erautsi, to spread, and edataen, h'ddtzen, to extend, as their
roots. Thus the sun is the far-reaching, widely-extending, ail-
pervading, for erautsi is just our English word, reach. To
recover the name Hadad, we have but to take the connnonest
form of kedatzen, which, as hedaiii, stretching, gives in the
Basque of to-day the ancient word. The Japanese, of course, has
the same root, but not so fully displayed. Its words, far-stretching,
extending, are todoku, todokeru, with which, as a coincidence,
tada, alone, may be compared. It is thus settled that Hadad is
a Khitan, not a Semitic word. The name Rezin is of the same
character. Thf l.sth Emiicror of Japan was Ritsiou, the 63rd,
the just, the beneficent, the illustriously born, the lover of the
Greeks." But he does not translate the words in a strange
alphabet written at the base of this inscription in two lines
from right to left. That strange alphabet is identical with
the Etruscan and Celt Iberian, and the reading of the characters
is: beha hitz, ome haka, Orofu, behold the word, the peculiar
name, Orodes.^^
" Friend of the Greek, fair fell the mould
That veiled thy stater's glittering."
It veiled more than the sheen of the gold, leaving the world in
ignorance for almost two thousand years of the fact that the
Hittites disputed with Rome the empire of the world, as they
had disputed it in ancient times with Egypt aitd Assyria.
The peculiarly Japanese words in this short inscription are
atsuta and katsu. The former is in Japanese fsufai, transmit,
with which is connected tsudasu, communication, information.
Its probable Basque equivalent is edausi, which combines eusi,
ausi, an old verb, to speak, with edatii, hedatw, extend. At
present edausi is used in the sense of gossiping, but its ancient
meaning appears to have been spreading speech or communica-
ting information. The other word is katsu, which still means in
17 Titsingh, Annales.
18 It is doubtful that Arsaces represents Rezin ; it is rather, like .\rish and Araxes,
a form of Ma Reshah,
behjnging to a different Hittite tribe.
1^ Humphrey's Coin Collector's Manual, vol. 1, plate 7, opi>. ]>. 13t>.
88 THE HITl'ITKS.
SCRIPTION
(Burfoi^Ji^scK N°5 P/ates 8 9 S,IO)
oQo^g
^^
u
H9
CHAPTER VIII.
Part II.
round the Dead Sea and in the Bi))le Lands, Philadelithia, 1854, vol. ii. p. 4<>2,
92 THE HITTITES.
* 11. Kings XV. 37, xvi. 5; Lenonnant, Ancient History of thr Ka.><t, vol. i. p. 38!».
-'
(Tpapnins. TiPx. Heh. in Ifx-.
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KENETALA OF HAMATH. 93
•'
II. Kings xiv. '28, xv. 16.
"
The Patinian kings were occasional! j' of the Ciliciun family royal, but the i)eople
were Celts.
*•
Trans. Soc. Bib. Archseol. vol. vii. pp. 290-1.
^ Records of the Past, vol. vii. p. 3.S.
'" Records of the Past, vol. iii.
p. 113.
'1 It will yet appear that the body of the Medes and Persians, like that of the
Patinians, was Sumerian or Celtic. The Median lulers were at times Hittite, at
vthers Aryan or .Japhetic. To the latter class belonged Sagara.
n4 THE HITTITES.
Zamua and the sea, by which he must mean Lake Van in Armenia,
in another inscription, in which he calls it Nikdera.^- His son,
Samas Rimmon, in relating his victories over the Hittite Nairi,
mentions Kliirtsina, the soil of Migdiara, who had 800 cities and
eleven fortresses in the land of Sunbai, which is placed between
Khupuscai and Manai, the latter being the Minni of Van.^-^ There
is thus reason for supposing that the Idian land covered an
extensive area, from Mygdonia in northern Mesopotamia north-
eastward to the shores of Lake Van, and thatNekutera, Nikdora,
or Nigdiara, was its capital. The Etruscan and primitive Italian
names Incitaria, Nicotera, Angitulae, Anhostatir, reproduce
Nekutera, generally in connection with the name Hasta.^^ The
Idians, Yahdians, Astians, as they were variously called, were
the leading tribe of the Hittites, and Carchemish was probably
one of their foundations. Among the- Turanian tribes of Liguria,
the Celtic tables of the Eugubine inscriptions enumerate twM)
divisions of this stock, the Jovies Hostatir and the Anhostatir.
These are the Astian Oxybii, and the Anhostes oi- Vennostes.
The latter must be the descendants in part of the Nikderians and
Nigdimians of the As.syrians the former, as Oxybii, came from
;
honorific.
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KENETALA OF HA>[ATH. 95
Californie.
23 Humboldt's Views of Nature, p. 426 ; Peruvian Antiquities, p. 44.
of soil and groves of palms now, like it, a heaf) of ashes.'"^** How
;
came Pliny to know about the palms, since the name of Hazezon
Tamar was departed The name was in existence before Israel
'.
•i^
Ritter, Comp. Geo. of Pal. iii. 113.
« Pliny, H. N. v. 15.
^ Joshua XV. (i2, I. Sani. xxiv. 1, Canticli'K i. 14.
** Records of the Past, iii. 108.
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KEXETALA OF HAMATH. 97
did anv skilled hands irrioate their roots and add to nature's
care ? ^^ When Solomon's northern empire was lost with the rise
of Syria Damascus, who cared for Tadmor and led the caravans
from Damascus to Thapsacus ? History is silent, unless it speaks
now through the inscription of King Kenetala. In Ezra and
Nehemiah are found three families that returned from captivity
in Babylon and are mentioned together, the children of Rezin, of
Nekoda, of Paseah.^* They were not Israelites but Nethinim,
the children of Solomon's servants, whom he had doubtless
employed in his caravan trade. The children of Nekoda could
not even show that they had any connection with Israel. Longing
-''
Records of the Past, i. 19.
20 Records of the Past, vii. 30 lb. v. 46.
;
(7)
98 THE HITTITES.
to get back to the palm trees of their Syrian home, they came as
the stowaways of Israel's crew. These passages of the Hebrew
scribe and courtier reveal the existence of a city of Rezin more
clearly than does Ras el Ain, and warrant us in placing between
the transported Damascenes and tlio Pasachites of Thapsacus,
the children of Nekoda, who could only have dwelt in Tadmor
in the wilderness.
Unhappily the Hittites were removed to lands in which palms
do not flourish, so that their vocabularies can afford but doubtful
information as to what their word for the palm tree was. Among
the Aztecs one kind of palm bore the name nequa-metl, the
termination onefl denoting the maguey or American agave. The
Japanese call the date natsume, but yanagi, which, if it meant a
palm, would settle the matter, denotes the willow, feathery in its
way, but producing no fruit. Nor does the Basque help much,
although its words iiiaz, a fern, U7itz, ivy, unJci, a tree stump^
and inzatvr, a nut, are suggestive. Most of the Iroquois words
denoting trees and vegetation begin with on or ohn, such as
ohneta, pine, onenta, fir, onatsia, corn, onenste, maize, ohontC'
grass, onerate, foliage, onenha, almond, onenhare, vine ;
and the
birch, which in its yarious uses replaces in cold climates the palm
of southern regions, is onake, answering in form if not in meaning
to the Japanese yanagi. The root appears in Choctaw as anih,
enih, to bear fruit, grain, berries, etc.; and the Yeniseian enahai
and Yukahirian yungid, a forest, ^plantation, like the Iroquois
onashia, point to vegetation in the form of trees as the meaning
of anka. Again anke is the Lesghian word for wheat, and
untsha for barley. The Circassian has san, wine, sanahslt, grape,
sanehtshee, vine ayen also is a Basque word for vine.
; Among
the Turanian tribes of Northern India, who may in part be
regarded as a remnant of ancient Hittite occupation, the name
for the plantain, their most familiar tree, is ungsye. gnaksl,
gnosi.^^ All of these terms point to the Hittite word Anak,
whose initial ay in, as in Engedi, satisfies the conditions required
36 It is remarkable that Attila. the Hun, and a noted Hittite, should, according to
Olaus, be "in Engadi nutritus," or, according to Ritius, "nutritus in Engaddi" ;
Mascou's History of the Ancient Germans, englished by Lediard, 1738, vol. i. p. 496.
37 Lamartine,
a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, New York, 1848, vol. ii. p. 41,
38 Rawlinson's Herodotus, bk. iv. ch. 23,
may Neither
be Tsuba, of the Tahasak. he nor his people find a
place in the annals of Tiglath Pileser and Sargon, but Assur-
nazir-pal probably denotes Tahasa by the city of Tuskha, to which
he makes frctjuent i-eference.*^ He connects it with Ka.syari,
Nirdun, Nirbie, Auzi, and Sigisa, which are Assyrian forms of
the Hebrew Geshur, Ardon, Arba, Anak, Sheshai, and appears to
*''
Homer, Odyssey, iv. 84 ; Strabo, 1. i., c. i, 3 ; c. ii. 23, 31, etc.
*^ Records of the Past, iii. 51, fil.
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KENETALA OF HAMATH. 103
include them all in the territory of the Nairi. The king of the
region containing these places in the time of Assur-nazir-pal was
Labduri, the son of Dubisi or Dubuzi, a term that aflbrds little
the Lesghian gaJte, boy, the Corean and Iroquois axaa, child,
liala,
and the Lesghian koka, small. The root appears in the Basque
gazte, young. Twice in reference to Kalaba the adjective haka
is employed. This is the Basque old, former, late, with which
ahukii, a funeral, connects. So in Japanese, okuri, a funeral,
connects with oku, behind, late, departed, the root of which seems
to be yiiku, iku, to go, depart. Twice also one of the commonest
words in Etruscan inscriptions is used, babe or pabe, to help, aid,
HISTORICAL INSCRIPTION OF KING KENETALA OF HAMATH. 105
case with the English and French word attention in its last
syllable. The Basque verbal ending, tatu, tatzen, represents
sometimes the verb jaso, to raise, and at others, egotze, to throw.
Similar to these is jotzen, to strike, fight.
The word atakaka has been translated neighbour. If the
initial a is an essential part of the word, which the figure made
106 THE HITTITES.
and placing, 'rni the latter, that of placing thus zuri-tu and
; ;
Now in Jine E
Trans. Soc.Bibl. Arch. Vol. VII.
K OF A BASALT FIGURE
RAB15 Plate !
5h MuseaTTi.
107
CHAPTER IX.
•5
Ancient History of the East, i. 385. He calls him Shalmanezer V. and gives his
date 828-818.
''
Bgscawen, Babylonian Dated Tablets, Trans. Soc. Bib. Archaeol. vol. vi. p. 34 ;
Bosanquet, Synchronous History of Assyria and Judea, Trans. Soc. Bib. Archaeol. vol.
iii. 56 Amos viii. 9.
;
» Herodot., i. 74.
(8)
114 THE HITTITES.
tory of Zimizi, and seems to place in the land of Kirruri, not far
from Gauzanitis and Thapsacus.^^ Shahnanezer in three different
places speaks of the lowlands of Simesi.^^ He indicates that it
20 The appearance of the Aryan Kustaspi among the names of Commagenian kiiiga
V leads one to infer that in that province, as in Carchemish, the Hittites were under
Japhetic rule.
FIRST INSCRIPTION OF KING SAGARA OF CARCHEMISH. 117
away his three sons and two daughters with much treasure to
^^
Cotta, governor of Paphlagonia, the most faithful of his satraps."
The word Catu is an element in the name of Catu-zilu, a Comma-
genian king, in the middle of the ninth century B.C., and at the
same time lived Cati, king of the Kue in Cilicia.-^ The name is
Hittite, therefore, but it is also Paphlagonian, for the first inde-
pendent king of the Paphlagonians, during the Persian period, was
Cotys, who, in 394 B.C., allied himself with Agesilaus of Sparta
against Pharnabazus.'-^ Strabo gives a list of Paphlagonian
names, all of which may be Hittite, namely, Bagas, Biasas,
Aeniates, Rhatotes, Zardoces, Tibius, Gasys, Oligasys, and Manes.^*
The Paphlagonian word for goat was gangra, gaggra ; this is the
Georgian kazari, Basque akher. Cotys was an ancestral name
among the Lydians, a Hittite people, and among the Thracian
Odrysae and Edoni. Strabo compares the Phrygian rites with
those of the Thracian goddess, Cotys, and there is little doubt
that the Thracians represented the aboriginal Turanian occupants
of Macedonia and Hellas, who belonged to the same widespread
Hittite family.^sThe Paphlagonians are not without record in the
Assyrian annals. Shalmanezer II. found them, not as constituting
a kingdom or province of Asia Minor, but as the inhabitants of a
city which he calls Paburrukhbani, situated apparently to the
north of Commagene, and, therefore, in that Melitene which after-
wards pertained to the Kamesians.-^ In the time of Sagara they
had probably been driven farther to the north and west in the
direction of the Paphlagonia of the classical geographers, yet
sufficient!}'- near to the seat of war to be, as enemies, a thorn in
the side of the Hittite emperor. The Cotta of Diodorus, or rather
of his authority Ctesias, may thus be fairly identified with the
Gota of the inscription.
In this inscription A.ssyria is still Sagane, but its capital
Nineveh is called Neneba. To the Hittites we may owe the form
Nineveh, for in Assyrian and Accadian its name was Ninua. It
21 Diod. Sic. ii. 19.
22 Sayce, Monuments of the Hittite, Trans. Soc. Bib. Archfeol. vol. vii. p. 291.
23 Xenophon, Hell. iv. 1, 13.
2* Strabo, xii. 3, 25.
^ Am-Marcell, xviii. 7.
** Lenormant, Ancient History of the Vinnt, vol. i. 385.
** Smith, Thf Chaldean Account of Genesis, New York, 187<>, ]). 2.57; Records of
the Past, V. 1.
*• Aelian de Animalibus, xii. 21.
;
and the Adite Lokman, the vulture man, the builder of the dyke of
Arim. So Urima lay near Carchemish, and Clazomeriae was
situated on the Hermaeus Sinus. Divested of its adventitious
particles, Carchemish is a world-Avide name or as extensively
spread abroad as is the Hittite race.
Two words in the inscription appear to be compounds of the
verb mi, Basque inii, imiiii, to place, a synonym of the Japanese
ha. One is 'nie-nene, composed of mi and the Japanese nen,
attention, heed, which is represented by the Basque verb emun,
enzuten, to hear, listen. The other is mxe-hiih', of which the
second part is the root of the Japanese kogeki, assault, and the
Basque javJci, with the same meaning. The verb teka is used
more than once in the signification of setting up, appointing.
Its root may be the Basque tegi, foki, a place, which appears also
in the Japanese tochi, tokoro ; but the Japanese takai, high,
iakeru, be high, takame, make is the more natural,
high, raise,
and connects with the Basque jaiki, to rise. This verb is in one
case followed by the personal pronoun vi, I, in another by the
verb substantive and pronoun ka ni, I am. The verb nebnsine,
or better, nahutzen, is a genuine Basque form of a derivative
from nahusi, lord, master. There does not seem to be any
modern verb of this kind, but jabe, a synonym of nabtusi,
shi and ki, the connection is evident. The only words remaining
to note are sutate and taneta. The first connects with the
Japanese 8vAe, suteru, suteta, to reject, abandon, and the Basque
ichtitu, ixtitu, to stop, cause to cease, and utsi, to abandon. The
word tanetu, translated tribute, is the Basque danda, now mean-
ing payment by instalments, but denoting tribute in the
Eugubine Tables. It is probablj' a compound of the verb to ask,
in Basque itan, in Japanese tano-mi. The Japanese denso,
a tax, does not appear to be a native word.
NSCRIPTION
M JERABIS.
CHAPTER X.
while the succeeding Palaka is read -in the reverse order. More-
over the portions of the inscription beyond the break are so
fragmentary that at the present stage of Hittite decipherment, it
would be unwise to speculate as to their signification. From the
break in D to the right of that slab, and throughout the other
faces, the inscription is perfect, with the exception of the upper
line, which is more or less defaced in all four. The only word in
it that can be read with certainty is Askai-a, the Hittite form of
Assur or Ashur. There is some difficulty even in determining the
direction of that line, for, while the word saki in the right of A
should, according to analogy, end the line, the direction of other
characters favours the reading of it from right to left, which is
He says :
" From the city of Dabigu I departed. To the city of
Sazabe, his stronghold, belonging Sangara of the city of
to
Carchemish, I approached. The city I besieged, I took." ^ So
far as can be judged from its topographical connections, Sazabe
was near the Armenian frontier and much nearer to Assyria than
Carchemish. It would thus be a garrison town and fortress of
the Hittite Confederacy, not necessarily in the paternal dominion
of Sagara, but in his possession as the Hittite lord paramount.
The fact that the commander of the Hittite army, and not
Sagara himself, led the relieving force, makes it probable that it
issued from Sazabe, where it had been left as a home-guard.
This Hittite contingent apparently saved the Babylonians under
Assur. Then Phalok comes suddenly upon the scene as the
conqueror and master of Nineveh. This looks as if there Avere
two Babylonian armies in the field, that under Assur, which was
to co-operate with the Hittites under Sagara in Commagene,
and another, under Pul or Phalok, which invaded Assyria from
the south and east. Ctesias gives colour to this view by making
the success of the confederates depend upon a reinforcement
from Bactria, which, originally intended to strengthen the army
1 Records of the Past, iii. 91.
126 THE HITTITES.
of the Assyrian king, was won over to the side ot" the revolters
by liberal promises. This would necessitate the presence of one
of the invading armies near the passes of the Zagros range of
mountains, through which the Bactrian troops would reach
Assyria. Phalok at any rate is plainly recognized as the van-
quisher of the Assyrians in their own territory by the Hittite
sovereign, who would certainly not have
been slow to assert
himself the victor had he possessed any just title to such a claim.
The Babylonians are called in this inscription the Dunesi.
This name by which they called themselves and by which
is the
the Assyrians long knew them. Thus in the Synchronous
history of Assyria and Babylonia we read " Buzur Assur, King :
reign in 760, the previous eleven years, during which Salaka was
king, were counted to him. If such be the case, it follows that
he must have asserted his claim to the throne immediately after
the death of Shalmanezer. Had he any claim ? It seems pro-
bable, for Assur is not a Babylonian name and why else should ;
• Eusebius, Chronicon, i. 5.
128 THE HITTITES.
of the east, so that for the sake of prestige Phalaka was com-
pelled thus to designate himself even while reigning in Babylon,
and governing the kingdom of superior dignity by his viceroy
Assur.
The last line of the inscription is so completely in accord with
the history of Ctesias that one would almost imagine he had
copied the Hittite record. Diodorus, after the Greek physician,
says " The king despaired of safety, and in order not to fall
:
alive into the power of his enemies, he caused a great funeral pile
to be built in the midst of his palace, on which he placed his gold,
silver, and royal garments. In a chamber constructed in the
centre of the pile he shut up his concubines and eunuchs. Fire
was set to the pile and he was thus consumed with his palace
and his treasures." Abydenus, also after Berosus, writes " After-
''
:
(9)
130 THE HITTITES.
asetzen means to fill, make full. Literally these words, like the
Japanese examples, mean to set much, and like the Japanese,
they invert the old Hittite order of tasu-su. The living equiva-
lent of su-tasii, in Basque, although intransitive in meanino-, is
I
Plate
CHAPTER XI.
Part I.
placing him between 980 and 905, and the Rev. J. M. Rodwell,
the translator of his Annals, between 888 and 858 B.C., a difference
of almost fifty years. He did not dare to attack the kingdoms
of Israeland Judah, which were in a flourishing condition in his
time, but hisarms extended from southern Syria to Pontus and
the borders of Colchis. The Nairi felt his power Carchemish ;
make the world loathe the Ass3n*ian name. Yet he is the man
whom king Kapini calls the Judge.
The author of the inscription is one Kapini, who apparently
did not recognize the supremacy of Carchemish, for he calls him-
self the king of kings. He nowhere styles himself king of the
Ras, the Rosh of the Bible, but from his frequent mention of that
nation and from the fact that his inscription was set up in
Merash or Marasia, it may be concluded that he was their
sovereign. It has already been shown that the Rosh are the
people of Mareshah, the prefix ma being doubtless the initial
of Habini of Tul Abnai, four maneli of silver and 400 sheep. Ten
maneh of silver for his first year as tribute I imposed upon
him." Siialmanezer II. also says :
" In my seventh year to the
cities of Khabini of the city of Tel Abni I went. The city of
Tel Abni his stronghold together with the cities which were
dependent on it I captured." In his monolith inscription he
states that he received the tribute of Khapini of Tul Abna.^
The Tul Abnai of Assurnazirpal and Shahnanezer is an Assyrian
adaptation of the names Aravene and Saravene. The former was
in Syria to the north of Commagene and contained a Lacotena :
thus denote a zodiac, for sar is the Basque zeru, Lesghian ser^sur,
' For the«e statements see The Annals of Assur-nasir-iml, Records of the Past,
iii. 37 ;Monolith Inscription of Slialnianczcr, Tl>. SI Black ( Hjelisk of Shahnanezer,
;
lb. V. 27.
''
Records of the Past, vii. 32, v. 47, 101.
' Aj>.Anthon, Classical Dictionary, Sardis.
THE LION INSCKIPTION OF KING KAPINI OF ROSH. 139
and Japanese sora, the heavens. No Khitan word for the year
answers to sardes, unless it be the Georgian tselitzadi, the
derivation of which is unknown to the writer. The Circassian
seems to agree in itlshes, tle^i, but these words have lost all
semblance to the name of the Lydian capital, if they ever had any.
The present Basque word for 5'ear is urte, but in Etruscan days
it was arsa. The representative of Sar-etche in Etruria was
Soracte. Virgil, Pliny and Strabo speak of the peculiar religious
rites connected with this piace.^
The region over which Kapini held sway extended from
Commagene to the north and west, and eastwards into Armenia.
Between him and the king of Commagene there was war. The
king's name in the inscription is Apisata or Hapisata. Three
times Assurnazirpal mentions Commagene, but only once does he
7*efer to its His successor was Kundaspi, and, a
ruler Catuzilu.
hundred years later, Kustaspi sat on the throne of Commagene,
being the successor of that Teraka whom Sagara elevated to
myalty. Professor Sayce identities Kustaspi with what he
terms the Aryan Hystaspis. Now Hystaspis was a Mede and
the Medians have been proved to be Hittites ; the succession,
therefore, of Kustaspi and Teraka, although in inverted order, is
like that of Hystaspes and Darius, thus rendering it probable that
Darius Hystaspes was of the Commagenian line.^ Among
Hittite names resembling that of Hapisata are those of two
kings of the Nairi mentioned by Samas Rimmon, Aspastatauk of
the Huilai, and Bazzuta of the Taurlai.^*^ Of the Commagenian
royal names, that of Sadi-an-Teru exhibits what may be the
second part of Hapisata in the element Sadi. Assuming the
word to be compound and the parts not to depend upon each other,
as in genitive government, the name of the hostile monarch may
be inverted as Sata-hapi, which is not indeed Kustaspi, but an
advance towards it. The sata in this name can hardly be other
than that which has appeared in Hamath i, and iv. and in Jerabis i.,
meaning to guard, protect, save, the Basque zaitu, and Japanese
able that the city of Astapa in Baetic Spain bore originally the
name Satahapi. Before leaving the royal line of Commagene it
avenge his father's death, tells how he was waylaid in the hill
country of the Khani-Rabbi by all their warriors.^' These
Khani-Rabbi were at one time a powerful Hittite family, being
the Beth Kapha and the Rephaim of the Hebrew record. ^^ Their
name is o-iven by anticipation in the Book of Genesis, for, although
was in existence in the time of Abraham, the eponym
their race
Kapha was much later. That race inhabited Ashteroth Karnaim
in Baslian, so that they belong to the Ashterathite branch of the
Hittite stock. Kapha himself is the Hammu-Kabi of the Assyrio-
ioo-ists, who have headed a stranger dynasty of
is said to
a remedy is erreparu, derived from eri, sick, ill ; the Japanese for
the same etymology hardly favours the connection^
is riyoji, but its
''••
Francisque Michel, Le Pays Basque, 153.
THE LION INSCRIPTION OF KING KAPINI OF ROSH. 143
2" Strabo, xiii. 1, 7 ; for the Meropidae in general see Bryant's Analysis of Ancient
Mythology, 8vo, 1807, vol. v., pp. 75-92.
2^ Kenrick, Egypt under the Pharaohs, New York, 1852. vol. ii., 279 Lenormant, ;
Ancient History of the East, vol. i., 244, 259 Records of the Past, iv. 37.
;
" II. Sam. V. 18, xxiii. 13 Josh. xvii. 15. Compare Ritter, Comp. Geog. of
;
Palestine, vol. ii. 131. The term Rephaim is often used without ethnic signification
to denote men of large stature, as among the Philistines, II. Sam. xxi.
-'•'!
Muir's Sanscrit Texts, vol. i. 495.
144 THE HITTITES.
approached ;
from
the tribute due
the son (or tribe) of Bakhiani
made another with the same monarchs, together with some others,
of whom the names of Pikhirim of the Cilicians, and Buranate of
the Yazbukians, alone are legible. Akhuni was the leading spirit
in this war or succession of wars. Shalmanezer continues :
" The
" Trans. Soc. Bib. Archajol., vol. vii. p. 280, note 2.
THE LION INSCRIPTION OF KING KAPINI OF ROSH. 147
Assyrian names which did not last long. The further mention
of Akhuni seems to summarize some of the preceding events.
"In the lowlands of the country of Kirruri at the entrance of the
city of Arbela Icame forth and Akhuni the son of Adini who
;
with the kings my fathers a covenant and treaty had made, with
regard to whom when at the beginning of my reign in the
eponymy of the year of my own name from the city of Nineveh
I departed, the city of Tul-Barsip his capital I besieged; with my
warriors I attacked it; a destruction in the midst of it I made : its
groves I cut down; a falling rain of clubs upon it I poured ; from
before the sight of my weapons and the terror of my Lordship he
retreated, and his city he left ; to save his life the Euphrates he
crossed. In the second year during the eponymy of Assur-Bana3^a-
Yutsur after him I rode down. The country of Sitamrat and the
heights of the mountains on the banks of the Euphrates, which like
a cloud equalled the sky, as a stronghold he made. By the
14« THE HITTITES.
and from which he fled and in his fourth, he pursued the son of
;
-'"
Records of the Past, i. 47.
,
29 Strabo, xvi. 1, 6.
30 Records of the Past, vii. 13.
.
154
CHAPTER XII.
Part II.
China from the sixth century A.D., are to blame for kindred
vices among oriental Hittite stocks in Asia and America. The
more savage branches, that had little contact with Indo- Aryan
and Chinese civ^ilization, are almost altogether free from the taint
of falsehood. In the west, the Etruscan documents are singularly
candid, contrasting favourably in this respect with contemporary
Roman and Celtic records.
Kapini is very fond of the Has name. Four times in the
previous inscription it is contained, and here again it appears.
He is himself the E,as friend who, as such, interferes on behalf of
Neritsuka, a man of Ras. It is a case of blood being thicker
than water, and displays a clannishness more characteristic of the
Celt than of the Iberian. The Etruscans, Basques and Picts had
no clans. Even among wild Khitan tribes, the tribe proper is
regarded more as a political expedient than as a bond of kindred,
the tendency being to subdivide into gentes, and narrow the limits
of kinship. Wise men, therefore, like the Iroquois Hiawatha,
who sought to unite even one tribe into a
the divisions of
confederacy, were regarded as phenomenal, almost as innovators.
And this was just the source of Hittite weakness. Herodotus
believed that if the Thracians, who were chiefly of Hittite origin,
had been united, they would have surpassed all other nations;
])ut such a union he thought impossible.^ The Assyrians knew
this trait and took advantage of it, disuniting their Hittite
enemies and defeating them in detail. The Romans saw the
same fault in the Etruscans, and by tactics like those of the
Assyrians, overthrew their empire. And in Britain the total ex-
was the outcome
tinction of the once powerful Pictish nationality
of awant of cohesion among its members. Even to Kapini, Ras
was more than Khita. The only Hittite since Egyptijin days
who appears to have sought a union of all the tribes or confeder-
acies of tribes that constituted the nation, if a people of one blood
but without common government can be called a nation, was
Akuni the son of Adini, and he met with but partial success.'-
Traitors were easy to find amtrng theui, not that they were faithless
' Herodotus, v. 3.
'-'
This Htatement is perhaps too sweeping, as the .Tabins of Canaan and Chushan
Rishathain; ])riibably acted a siiiiihvr part.
THE LION INSCRIPTION OF KING KAPINI OF ROSH. 157
people —far from it — but because they did not recognize the
claim of their brethren upon their fealty, and allowed any family
blood feud or even petty grievance to sever the bond, which if
vttna. The prefixed zer he easily changed to Tel or Tul, and thus
made of the whole word Tul Abnai, the stony hill. That the
form Zeruwune was early in use is attested by an inscription of
Tiglath Pileser II., who places Sarrapanu
Sarrabanu in
or
Babylonia, where, as in Elam, the southern Ras dwelt.^ In Syria
and Cappadocia also it seems to have been more in use than
Sarakata, inasmuch as the latter form has left no distinct trace,
while the classical geographers preserved the former in their
Saravene and Aravene. The statement of Joannes Lydus,
already alluded to, that sardes was a Lydian word for the year,
opens the way for much curious speculation. Literally the word
means the house of the heavens, and the circuit of tliat house
by the sun would constitute the year. The idea of time is
bound up with this circuit, and the Persian zarvan, time,
although belonging to an Aryan people, is not necessarily
unconnected with it, for all the primitive history of the Persians
* Lenormaiit, Ancient History of the East, ii. 30, 45; Hyde, Religio Vet. Pers.
5 lb. i. 504.
* Smith, Chaldean Account of Genesis : 1 Chron. iv. (>.
with the Moschi for a time in opposing the Ras in the line of
Beth-Zur.^° The Hebrew form of the name is Zoheth, the
Egyptian Zaiath, which as Zaiath-khirii may correspond to the
Iroquois word in full. In the Izdubar legends the eponym of the
tribe is called Zaidu, but the Assyrians replaced the medial breath-
ing by n, making the word Sandu and Sandu-
;
their Sandu-arri
sarvi of Cilicia reproducing the Egyptian Zaiath-khirii.^^
To
the Persians the eponym was the wicked Zohak or Ashdahak,
whence came the tw^in names Deioces and Astyages and this ;
and the Ares of the Greeks, who borrowed him, with many other
mythological personages, from the Hittites, as the Romans
borrowed the fuller name Mars from the Etruscans.^* The very
forms Ares and Mars indicate a Hittite origin.
It will be observed that the caparisoned horse's head in the
centre of the third line has been rendered by ra, to make with
the following symbol the word Rasa. It is vain to look for this
names for that animal whose first syllables conform. But the
Lesghian artsh, urtshi, and Mizjejian ulok, agree, and the Corean
mnl may represent the mari oi the Basfjue zamari. From such
a Hittite source would come the Cymric inavcli and Gaelic inarc.
The English horse, old German and Scandinavian hors, modern
German rons, have no affinities with other Indo-European names
for the king of domestic animals. They must, therefore, be loan-
words from an underlying Turanian stratum of language, and
that language the Hittite. In some of the non- Aryan languages
of India, the horse is called roh, rhi, hroh, and these must be the
same as the Japanese ro, meaning a mule. The Japanese uma,
horse, seems to have been borrowed from the Chinese ma. The
Ugrians again in the Mordwin branch have cdasha, in the Vogul
l(}, III and liuv, in the Magyar lo, and in the Ostiak, lou, loch and
lofj. If the Ugrians be not a division of the Hittites, they are at
least the race with which pliilologically and otherwise the Khitan
" A competitor for the Titanic name and it.s Iroquois equivalent is Ethnan, the
eiwnym of a very large Hittite family. These notes on the inscriptions should be re-
read in the light of the History.
" Charlevoix, Historie de la Nouvelh- France, 1744, ti>nie vi. (it.
THE LION INSCRIPTION OF KING KAPINI OF ROSH. 161
composed of two verbs, the lost fata of the Hittite, and motsu,
having the same signification. The verb hasuka is thoroughly
Basque, being ebatsi, ebcu i, rob, fle]>rive as ehaska it means a la
;
seki, saisokti, and the Basque estutzen. Several verbs begin with
fa or to, such as tamaka., fabaigo, tamalatic In these the first
.syllable repi'esents the Japanese ato and Basque aAze, back. The
maka of ta-maka is the Basque eman, ernaten, to give, which
becomes cinak in the imperative and in compounds. In Japanese
this verb is disguised as ivatashi, wafasii, which, however, agrees
with the commoner Hittite form raatsu in Haniath iii. The
root is ma, to give, in Etruscan vui, in Basque ema. It is the
Choctaw imah, the Aztec maca, and the Sonora mtd>-, r)iaka,
I'/niaka. The baigo of t(d>aigo contains liai or bea, answering to
the Basque bear, in bcartu, oblige, constrain, which in its primitive
sense of duty, corresponds to tlie Japanese beki, ought. The
final go is the Basque particle with futuie or infinitive power,
CHAPTER I.
material for negative criticism, bj' means ct" which their credibility
can be deniesl, and a position of historical agnosticism be main-
tained. But for him, who, following the highest of all examples,
would build rather than destroy, they provide many scattered
elements of truth, w^hich, by careful collation and comparison
among the various sources, may find the confirmation that is
those contemporary with the facts they relate, l^ut these facts
are in ancient languages full of equivoques and by no means easy
to read. But, supposing that we have in every case the true
reading, they are still not a continuous history, but scattered tablets
in indescribable confusion. How can they be pieced together
or strung in orderly succession ? When a monument of Shishak
was found, the Bible settled its place in time. When
the names
of Shalmanezer, Ticrlath Pileser, and Sarg^on, came to light, the
same document decided their
historical epochs and succession. But
of the earlier Pharaohs and Chaldean monarchs, w^th the exception
of Chedorlaomer, the Bible is supposed to be silent. It rem -tins,
therefore, to have recourse to other records in the form of
continuous history as skeletons on which to hang the disjecta
membra of monumental lore. These records are the fraofments
of Manetho's Egyptian History preserved by Eusebius and other
writers, and those of Berosus' History of the Chaldeans, which
have come down to us through the same authors. Manetho
belonged to the third, and Berosus to the fourth century B.C.
Of late years the authority of Berosus has been largely discarded,
but Egyptian history to-day is Manetho illustrated by the
monuments. It will yet appear that there is a skeleton of ancient
history older than those cited by fully a thousand years.
The oldest Hittite numument is that of Kapini, belonging to
the ninth century B.C., but the Assyrian inscriptions furnish
information concerning the Hittite people about two centuries
before.^ The inscriptions of Asia Minor, with the exception of
that of Kapini, are subsequent to the Hittite dispersion in the end
of the eighth century B.C., and those of Etruria, Spain, and
Pictish Britain, appear not to be older than the third centur}'
B.C. In northern India inscriptions of the fourth century bef(5re
Christ have been read, and it is probable that some are in
existence belonging to the time of Gautama Buddha in the sixth
century.^ Those of Siberia are all later than the Christian era-
But there is an Indian work written in Sanscrit verse by the
poet Kalhana, who was alive in 1148 A.D., entitled the Raja
•*
Inscription of Tiglatli Pileser I. Recoids of the Pa.^t, v. 7.
^ The Lat In.scriptions contained iir the Rejxn-ts of the ArchiKological Survey of
India, and in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
172 THE HITTITES.
'" On comparing the Raja Tarangini with the Indian EpicB and Puranas, much
information appears belonging to what has hitherto been regarded as the Mythological
Period.
SOURCES OF HITTITE HISTORY. 173
name in one place, Igabes, the g standing for the Hebrew letter
tiijin.^^ Now the Egyptian name for Thebes, the Biblical No-
Ammon, was Apet, and it became Thebes by prefixing the
feminine article t or ta. This Apet is the Yaabets or Jabez of
Chronicles, for the Egyptian not possessing the letter ;, replaced
it by t. It is an abbreviation of the longer form Aahpeti, by
which the great Shepherd king Apophis was sometimes known,
and which as perfectly corresponds to the Hebrew Yaabets as it
is possible for anEgyptian word to do. Thebes was a great
university city famous forits scribes and learned men. Originally
'3 LepHiuB, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sinai, <il-3 ; Osburn, Monumental History of
Egypt.
'* Exfjd. iii. 1, JudgeK iv. 17.
'f-
1 Chron. iv. 9.
SOUKCES OF HITTITK HISTORY. 175
i«
1 Chron. iv. 9, 10.
" Numb. X. 29.
'**
Judges i. 16; 1 Sam. xv. C>, xxx. 2!).
'" Judges iv. 11.
17G 'IHE HITTITES.
2«
Records of the Past, ii. 111.
21 Numbers xxiv, 21.
22 Tabari, Chronicle, p. 121. Lenormant's An. Hist, of East, ii. 2^0.
*3 2 Kings .X. 1.5 ; Jeremiah xxxv. 2.
SOURCES OF HITTITE HISTORY. 177
the Levites, and those which mention merely the sons of the
patriarchs, as Hebrew compilations, are too numerous and require
too elaborate illustration to be given in this place; yet a few of
the more obvious may be specified. There is no evidence that
the Israelites ever made use of them for oenealogical purposes, nor
has any commentator, Jewish or Christian, succeeded in harmon-
them with the genealogies
izing- of the tribes of Israel given else-
where. They contain the names of many non-Israelite and even of
hostile peoples, such as Kenites, Jerahmeelites, Horites, Garmites,
Maachatliites, Manahethites, Zorites, Eshtaulites.-* The Moabite
country beyond Jordan not only claims many of the persons
mentioned through the correspondence of such geographical
names as Ataroth, Madmannah, Charashim, but in chap, iv., verse
22, dominion in Moab is expressly assigned to some of them. Com-
paratively few of the names are Israelite in character, and
several, such as Shobal, Ahashtari and Zoheth, are unsemitic.
Manahath, Etam,Coz, Anub, Aharhel, are purely Egyptian, answer-
ing to Month, Atum, Choos, Anubis, Archies. Kenaz, Othniel, Caleb,
and Jephunneh, are Kenezzite names. The name Caleb, which
occurs so frequently, is an Israelitish impossibility, for no amount
ii. 52-54.
25 1 Chron. ii. 52-3 ; Joshiia ix. 17.
(12)
178 THE HITTITES.
ii., verse 42, where his descendants are given. The family of
Shobal the Horite also is easily traced in chap, i., verse 40, chap, ii.,
verse 50, and chap, iv., verse 2. But the Hittite line which
begins in chap, iv., verse 5, has its continuity broken by the
mention at verse 8 of the Ammonite line of Coz, for the purpose
of introducing Jabez, whose mother Zobebah was of Ammonite
de.?cent, while liis here unnamed father was a Hittite. As Jabez
was the ornament and glory of the Hittite tribes, this pre-emi-
nence in the genealogy was doubtless the work of the Kenite
2fi
The Orifdn of the Phooniciiuis, Britinh iuid Foreign Evangelical Review, 1875.
p. 4'25.
SOURCES OF HITTITE HISTORY. 179
chap, ii., verse .55, and chap, iv., verses 17-19, being that presented
in the Socho of the latter to the Sucathites of the former. It
thus appears that light is not always to be attained by means of
this fragmentary Kenite document, interlarded as it is occasionally
with Hebrew interpolations and additions, but that it must
sometimes find its explanations and connections in other historical
narratives. Nor can it be said that in every case it gives a
correct transcript of Hittite names, for Beth Zur, Beth Rapha,
Ben Hanan, and Ben Zoheth, are, at least in their first elements,
Hebrew translations. Nevertheless it contains the most ancient,
the fullest, and the most trustworthy, if at the same time the bald-
which the world is ever likely to
est history of the Hittite people
possess. Without this document the Hittite inscriptions would
not now have been deciphered, and the history of the Hittites
would be an impossibility.
It is not proposed in the following pages to identify all the
Hittite personages, more than two hundred in number, who are
mentioned in the book of Chronicles and in other parts of the
Bible. That task, involving a comparison of the Kenite record
with the details of Egyptian and cuneiform inscriptions, with
the fragments of universal history preserved by Greek and Latin
and Arabian historians, with the primitive history and so-called
mythology of the Greeks, Arabians, Persians, Indians, Teutons
and Celts, is too vast a one and too uninviting to the general
reader in its setting forth to call for performance here. Neverthe-
less there are some Hittite names around which cluster facts so
interesting and historically important as to make it desirable to
establish them by wide induction. The statement of such induc-
tion in these cases will serve to indicate the process by which the
Kenite record has been first of all discovered, and afterwards ap-
lied for the reconstruction of Hittite history. If the Kenite docu-
ment be as old as the author of this book maintains it to be, its
180 THE HITTITES.
182
CHAPTER II.
born, and Heth." These are the only personal names, those that
follow being names of tribes. Of these tribes the Hivites and
Amorites are to be counted to Sidon, and the Hamathites to
Heth. The two Canaanitic families, therefore, which rose to
empire, are the Sidonians or Phoenicians, more generally known
in the wider extension of the race as Horites, Hivites, or Amorites ;
1 Genesis xiii. 7.
THE PiUMITIVE HITTITES. 183
the fourth, Mamre; where dwelt the Amorites, Aner, Esheol, and
Mamre and ; the fifth, Mount Seir, the home of the Horites. It
is ahnost necessary to suppose that a large Semitic element
accompanied the Canaanites in order to account for the radical
diversity of their speech from that of the Hittites, their nearest
relatives,and for the retention by some of them, down at least to
the time of Isaac, of the worship of the true God. The Semitic
element, in which the Arabian historians seem to recognize a
branch of Lud, became thoroughly incorporated with the Canaan-
ites.^ A large Japhetic migration took place at or near the
same time. As the Canaanites called Sidon after their father,
so the Japhetic descendants of Meshech honoured his name in
Damascus, one of the oldest of cities, whence came Abram's stew-
ard Eliezer. Then south of Sidon dwelt the Goim, who gave to
Galilee its name, Galilee of the Goim, or Gentiles, as the word is
often translated. They were known in Assyrian days as the
Kue, their home then being Aegae in Cilicia, but in the far more
ancient days when Thargal or Tidal was their king, they occu-
pied Accho, Achzib and Achshaph on the Galilean coast.^ These
were the ancestors of the Achaeans and to the south of them;
and
that the five cities of the plain, notorious for their wickedness
their punishment, were Japhetic settlements. The names of the
cities and their kings are not Semitic, nor do they connect with
the father of Tekoa, had two wives,' Helah and Naarah. And
Naarah bare him Ahuzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and Haahash-
tari. These were the sons of Naarah. And the sons of Helah
were Zereth, and Zohar, and Ethnan." In chap, ii., verse 24,
Abiah is made the mother of Ashur of Tekoa, but her connection
with the Jewish Hezron is an interpolation. Giving full value
to the Hebrew letters, the names of the Hittite progenitors are
Abiah, Ashchui-, Chelah, Nagara, Achuzam, Chepher, Temeni,
the Achashtari, Tsereth, Tsochar, and Ethnan ; the name of their
city was Tekoag. Where was Tekoa ? There was a place of that
name in Judah, which accounts for the genealogy of Ashchur being
connected with that of the tribe of Judah. But Ashchur certainly
did not live there any more than in Tegeaof the Grecian Arcadia,
and many other places in the world named after the ancestral
city. There is a fragment of Damascius which presents an
indistinct reflection of primitive Hittite tradition: " The Baby-
lonians constitute two principles of the universe, Tauthe and
Apason, her husband. From them are derived Dache and Dachus,
and again Kissare and A.ssoru.s." An old geographical Baby-
'^
preserved the name been pure Hittites they would doubtless have
written the word Tig-gaauki. Ptolemy calls the city Digoua.
This early city, bearing the double name of Cheth and Tekoa,
was the point at which Hittite empire began. An ancient tablet
from Cutha presents under disguise the story of the rise of this
empire :
" Men with the bodies of birds of the desert, human beings
They are seven, thowse evil spirits, who rush like a hurricane,
and fall like fire-brands on the earth
In front of the bright moon with fiery weapons they draw
nigh,
But the noble Sun and Im the warrior are withstanding
them."^
The were seven in number,
tribes of the Arcadian Tegeatae
according to Pausanias, and the Mexican historical documents refer
continually to the seven tribes. ^^ All that can be gathered from
the vague Babylonian traditions is, that from Cutha, or Tiggaba,
**
Smith, Chaldean Account of Genesis, 103.
'*
Records of the Past, v. 166.
1'^
Pausanias, viii. 45 ; B. de Bourbourg, i. 104.
^•^**
186 THE HITTITES.
or the land of Thamud, was called Hezer after Ezra, the son of
Hamath, the ancestor of the Gezrites."^^ Lactantius preserves
this old Gedor connection, making Balti, queen of Cyprus, marry
Tamuz, son of Cuthar.-^ Hadher, or Jether, was a Thamudite
name, and Tabari says that Morthed, the son of Schedad, had the
empire after the death of Themoud, whom, however, he connects
with Egypt, thus adding Mered, the Egyptian Merhet, to the list
of Chepherite names.-^ The Arab name Kodar el Ahmar, both in
itself and in its national connection, answers perfectly to that of
^"X
1 Chron. iv. 11.
:«• Diod. Sic. v. 30.
THE PRIMITIVE HITTITES. 193
4" Kenrick's Egypt, 231, 218, 279 ; Records of the Past, ii. 69.
ii Muir, Sanscrit Texts.
« 1 Chron. iv. 21.
(13)
194 THE HITTITES.
was Chebron, a Pharaoh like his father, and from him came the
four families of the Rosh, namely the Korach, Tappuach, Maon,
and Shemag.'*^ The Maonites, or Magonites, descended from
Chebron through Shammai and Rekem, and Bethzur, were their
posterity. Shemag was the father of Racham, and he of Jorkoam,
or Yorkogam. In Maon, the ancestor of the Lydian Maeonians
appears, and the house of Zur gives the original of their capital,
Sardis.
To the south-east of Ashteroth Karnaim in Ham, which after-
wards became Rabbath, the Ammonite capital, the Zuzim dwelt.
This was not a Hebrew plural, but a corruption of Achuzam, the
name of the eldest son of Ashchur and Naarah. The Egyptians
called his descendants Gagama, and the Assyrians termed them
Gamgumi, corresponding to the larger Hebrew form Zamzummim.'**
Achuzam was the father of Haran, a famous name among the
Arabs, although they generally count him to A.malek, as they do
most heroes of great antiquity.*^ But he was also the Ouranos
of the Greeks, whom they admitted to be the son of Acmon, a
'Phrygian, or Scythian. The son of Haran was Gazez, and his,
Jahdai, or Yachdai, whom we shall meet with as the leader of the
Hittites in their invasion of Egypt. His sons were 9,11 famous,
Ijeing at first six in number, Regem, Jotham, Gesham, Pelet,
Ephah, and Shaaph. These seem to have been born in Palestine,
but Jabez, his youngest son, who eclipsed them all, was a native
of Egypt. To the history of that country their record chiefly
belongs. was an earlier Ephah between
It is possible that there
Achuzam and Haran, but this is by no means well authenticated
by tradition. As the Hittite Haran was the ancestor of the
Yahdaites, or Adites, as the Arabs called them, so the Indian
Varuna, who represents the Greek Ouranos, was the chief of the
Adityas, who are sometimes seven, sometimes eight in number.'*^
He was also an Asura and a Kshattra. Hitzig, in his remarkaVde
work on the Philistines, identifies Varuna with Marnas, a god of
Gaza, somewhat unsatisfactorily.*^ However, Gazez, the name of
*'
Hitzig, UrgeHchichte und Mythologiii der Philistaer, 203.
THE PRIMITIVE HITTITES. 195
5- It has already been indicated that the name Sagara, or Sangara, is not Hittite,
but Indo European, and there is no evidence that at this early date tlie Hittites, or any
portion of them, were under Japhetic rule. Tsochar, however, might easily become a
Singar.
198 THE HITTITES.
Ninib was called nin hattin barzil, the lord of the iron coat.^^
Ninib's Turanian name was Bar, and his wife was the Queen of
Nipur and Parzilla. In the Migration Legend of the Creek
Indians the following passage occurs " At that time there was
:
a bird of large size, blue in colour, with a long tail, and swifter
than an eagle, which came every day and killed and ate their
people. They made an image in the shape of a woman and
placed it in the way of this bird. The bird carried it off and
&* Exploration of the Colorado River of the West, 1869-72, Smithsonian Institution
Publication, p. 116.
"5 Talbot, Four New Syllabaries, Trans. Soc. Bib. ArchjEol. iii. 523.
200 THE HITTITES.
kept it a long time, and then brought it back. They left it alone,
hoping it would bring something forth. After a long time a red
rat came forth from it, and they believe the bird was the father
of the rat. They took counsel with the rat how to destroy its
father. Now the bird had a bow and arrows, and the rat
ofnawed the bowstring, so that the bird could not defend itself,
and the people killed it. They called this bird the King of Birds.
They think the eagle is also a great king." ^*'
There is a mixing
of the elements in the two stories, for the great blue bird is
plainly Sikor, the crane, who is put in the place of the man with
the stone shirt. Strabo tells the story differently. " The Teucri
who came from Crete were told by the oracle to establish them-
selves in the place where the Autochthones attacked them, which
happened near Hamaxitus, for at night great swarms of mice
came and consumed all that was made of leather in their
weapons and equipment therefore the colony established itself
;
of the mounds in the Kasichta fields. These people used bows and
arrows, with strings made of sinews. The aliJdchalgi, or great
physic makers, sent some rats in the night time, which gnawed the
strings, and in the morning they attacked and defeated the flat-
5»
heads."
All of these passages relate to primitive Hittite history, and
to a time when the Hittites were at war among themselves. The
presence of the Teucri and their Sminthian god at Hamaxitus, as
recorded by Strabo, is evidence of an ancient alliance of the
Tsocharites and the Chepherites of whom Hamath came. Sikor,
Shingai-, and even the Sanacharib of Herodotus seem to be cor-
ruptions of Tsochar, and the flatheads of the Creek tradition may
connect in the Basque word zahal-buru, a flathead. The general
consensus of the traditions is that the Teucri, or Tsocharites, were
the sufferers by the action of the Sminthoi, mice or rats, the
Aztec qidmichin, and Japanese oiedzitmi, which latter seems to
be an inversion of an original dzwai-ne. Thus Amraphel, Nin-
kattin-barzil, and the Stone Shirt of the Utes, are identified with
the line of Tsochar in oppo.sition to other Hittite tribes. The
Sokus Waiunats, or two-one boy, probably represents the double
empire of the family of Achashtari, which Sethos the Egyptian,
as Sheth, also sets forth. It seems likely that the rats or mice
were the Shuhites, or Shuchites, for the Basque sagu, Circassian
clsugoh,Georgian tagwi, Mizjejian dachka, Yeniseian djuta, and
Corean dsui, present the common Khitan word for mouse. The
Assyrians called the Shuchites the Tsukhi and Tsuhi. Returning,
however, to Amraphel, while we cannot identify him with Nur-
vul, an ancient Chaldean king of Larsa, we at least find in the
name of that monarch one similar to that of the king of Shinar.
In later days the longer and less common word for stone and metals,
mara, was replaced by the more general arri. The Greeks repre-
sented the Hittite name by Eurypylus. One of this name led the
Trojan Ceteans another, from Ormenium in Thessaly, was an
;
5y Gatschet, 224.
202 THE HITTITES.
prevail against you ? Among the Huns who left China and
returned to their ancient home in the west, in the second Christian
century were the Orpelians, who settled in Georgia.*"^ In the line
of Tsochar, the name of Jephunneh, the son of Ephron, superseded
all others, so that Aven, Van, Paeon, and Hun, furnish the most
natural connection for forms of Amraphel's name in history and
geography. The site of Shinar, where he ruled, is not determined,
as that name is applied by sacred and profane writers to three
regions to the part of Babylonia proper that lay between the
;
region is mentioned :
" Crusher of the people of Barnaki, enemies
and heretics, who dwell in Telassar, which in the language of
the people, Mikhran Pitan, its name is called." ^* But this is still
more perplexing, as it seems to carry us to north-western Cappa-
docia, where Parnassus represents Barnaki, and Saralium Telassar.
A famous Hittite of the line of Zereth was Asareel. His ancestor,
Zereth named Zarthan, and Zereth Shachar, and Cherith, with
many other places in Israel and Moab. From Zereth descended
Shachar, and he was the father of Jehaleleel. The prophet Isaiah
has preserved a poetic fragment relating to Jehaleleel, which he
applies to Babylon. In the English version it reads :
" How art
thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning How !
art thou cut down to the ground,which didst weaken the nations !"^^
The true readins^ of " Lucifer, son of the mornino- " is " Helel, son
of Shachar," thus presenting in an abbreviated form the name of
the grandson of Zereth. Zereth in the forms Zarthan and Kartan,
appears as the eponym of the Dardanians and Sardinians, and in
the form Cherith, of the Cherethites, Cretans, and Kurds. The
Paschal Chronicle asserts the descent of the Dardanians from
Heth. His descendant, Jehaleleel, is the Dardanian Ilus and
eponym of Ilium, and the sons of that famous hero, Ziph, Tiria,
and Asareel, are the Dardanian Capys, Tros, and Assaracus. His
daughter Ziphah married into the family of Amnion, and, if the
Egyptian tradition be correct, was the wife of Coz, the son of
Amnion, and as Nephthys, the mother of Anub, or Anubis. As
Anub begins with the may be rendered
Hebrew letter ayin, it
Ganub. This the mythologists changed to Ganymede, another
Dardanian, who was carried away to replace Hebe, his sister
Zobebah, as cup-bearer of the gods.^** The Egyptians very fre-
quently changed a Semitic, or Turanian z into n ; thus the Hebrew
zahah, gold, in Egyptian became nub, and zej^heth, pitch, became
Tiapldha. Nephthys, therefore, is the true Coptic equivalent for
Ziphah. In Greek, as well as in other mythologies, the gods
represent the ruling powers, and generally the Pharaonic families
of Egypt. The taking away of Ganub, or Ganj-iiiede, simply
''''
Records of the Past, iii. 114.
''S
Isaiah xiv. 12.
e« 1 Chron. iv. 16, 8.
204 THE HITTITES.
means that his family was not counted to the Dardanians, but to
that of his grandfather Amnion. Nevertheless, he followed the
fortunes of the Hittites.
The name
of Ziph, after whom the Assyrian rivers, the Zabs,
were appears in an ancient cuneiform list of Babylonian
called,
kings, and he is referred to by the Babylonian Nabonidus as a
very ancient monarch.^^ The father and predecessor of this Zabu
is, in the list, The Lailu is right, but the pre-
called Sumulailu.
ceding sumii must surely be a misreading. In Moab, where
Zereth-Shachar was the memorial of his forefathers, the name of
.Tehaleleel was preserved in-Elealeh, but also in the river Nahaliel.
In Asia Minor the river Halys commemorated him, but, when his
descendants dwelt in Egypt, they gave to the great river of that
country the Nahaliel form of his name and called it the Nile. He
is the Ilus of Sanchoniatho's Phoenician history, which, however,
absence in seducing his wife, Tota. Lelo, having ended his expe-
dition and returned to his home, the two lovers plotted together
to kill him, and did kill him. The crime was discovered and
created an uproar. It was decided in the assembly of the people
that the two guilty ones should be forever banished from the
country. As for Lelo, it was commanded that, in order to honour
his memory and perpetuate regret for his death, all national songs
should begin with a couplet of lamentation for him." Hence the "'*
''^
Proceeding.s See. Bib. Archseol., Jan'y 11, 1881, 4.3 ; Records of the Past, iii. 8.
••'*
FraiK.i.sque Michel, Le Pays Basque, 229.
THE PRIMITIVE HITTITES. 205
whom he calls Atlantes. They stated that their first king was
Uranus, the Hittite Haran. In his line came Helius, who was
drowned in the Eridanus by his uncles, the Titans, and whose
name was given to the sunJ^ The name Eridanus is quite con-
sistent with the trp.dition, for Ardon, the namer of the Jordan and
the two rivers Jardanus in Crete and Elis, was of the posterity of
Zereth. This Helius is Helel, or Lucifer, and his name actually
denotes the sun among many Khitan families. Thus the Basques
have a form iluzki ; the Yukahirian word is yelonsha, the Koriak
kulleatsh, shahalch, the Kamtchatdale kuleatsh, the Iroquois,
kelanquau, the Pueblos hoolenwah. As a rule, however, the
Khitan use the same word to denote both sun and moon, so that
the Basque illargi, Yuma hullya, hvMyar, and Peruvian quilla,
the moon, belong to the same category. Thus Jehaleleel, or Helel,
is simply Lucifer, the light bringer, whether by day or by night.
The Greek Jielios and Latin sol are loan words from the Hittite
The youngest son of Jehaleleel was Asareel, the Assaracus of
the Greeks. Now, immediately after Zabu, George Smith, in his
Early History of Babylonia, places Urukh, who at Zirgulla built a
temple to Sar-ili, the king of the gods. This Sarili is the Hittite
Asare-el, and while Zirgulla and Zarilab, in Chaldea, were his
memorials. Bit Hiliani, an ancient Ilion, was that of his father
Jehaleleel. The Hebrew record inverts the parts of the name
Assare-el and calls it El-assar, for el, the Basque al, power, was, in
ancient Hittite days, the adjective, powerful, mighty, so that the
name might be read indifferently Assar-el, Assar, the mighty, or
El-assar, the powerful Assar. When the name was removed into
the north, and especially after it was appropriated by non-Zere-
such as the Eden and the Barnaki, Semitic writers,
thite tribes,
able to make nothing of the initial el, changed it into tel, as Tel-
Assar, the mound of Assar. The son of Asareel was the Baby-
lonian Urukh, the Dardanian Erichthonius of the Greeks. But
an older Erichthonius, or Urukh, whom the Greeks make the
brother of Ilus, must be the Arioch king of Ellasar, who was con-
federate with Chedorlaomer. It is exceedingly probable that
This was the thunderbolt that on the morning of the fourth day,
according to Arabian tradition, fell on Codar el Ahmer and his
Thamudites, and, if the Ute tradition, preserved for nigh four
thousand years, is to be trusted, its stone shirt man, the iron-
coated Amraphel, must have succumbed to the same stroke.
Such is the primitive history of the Hittite race, embracing the
(14)
210 THE HITTITES.
CHAPTER III.
During these fifty years the Hittites had pushed their way west-
ward, reconciliation having taken place between the Euphratean
and Jordanic divisions and part of the tribe that had followed
;
for almost two thousand years to the little land in which he dwelt,
and that of the other spread abroad throughout the world as the
name of a god. To think of nations, mighty in numbers, in
prowess and in intellect, theGreek and Roman masters of the world,
taking up a distorted tradition of Hittite ancestor worshippers,
and weaving into a divine creation the story of a name they did
not understand and of which their language furnished no ety-
mology of Hittite Hyperboreans in the far north sending their
;
tribute now and again to the distant Delphic shrine and of;
thoughts that the mind could conceive, yet it is but the first of
many.
There is an Indian story given in many forms and under
manifold name disguises, from which looms out the fact that
Hebrew traditions had found their way into India through the
Tukharas and Yavanas, who contributed so largely to its non-
Aryan population. It is the story of the intended immolation
of a son by his father and of the miraculous deliverance of that
son from death by the intervention of the gods. Professor Max
Mtiller regards the story as too revolting to belong to Aryan
tradition and refers it to a Turanian people. The victim is always
called Sunahsepa, but his father is called Ajigartta and Richika.
The father in one case consents to sell his son and sacrifice him
for the benefit of Ambarisha, the father of Yuvanasva, and in
the other for Rohita, the son of Harischandra. In both cases the
priestking Visvamitra, a man of great piety, descended from the
Bharatas and the ancestor of the Kusikas, is the deliverer of the
victim, calling him Devarata or the god-
and adopts Sunahsepa,
given. Elsewhere he is called the priest of Sudas, the son of
Pijavana. The two names, Yuvanasva and Pijavana, connected
with this legend, are indicative of its source, for both relate to tlie
Yavanas, who came of Jephunneh, the son of Ephron. The
migration of Visvamitra, who took his property and crossed the
rivers, is frequently referred to in theIndian scriptures. Some
remarkable names, such as Kachapa and Rupin, appear among
the Kusika descendants of Visvamitra, who seems to set forth,
under a disguise that it may be hard to penetrate, the patriarch
Abraham. In the Aitareya Brahmana, Sunahsepa is represented
as saying to his father, " They have seen thee with the sacrificial
knife in thy hand —a thing which men have not found even
among the Sudras." And Visvamitra says, " Terrible was the
214 THK HITTITES.
'2 The Nino Bow Barb.arians of the Egj']itian monuments, and the various places
called Knneahodoi, or the Nine Ways in Greece, mayrelate to the same family.
13 1 Chron. ii. 55, iv. 17. Compare Genesis xxvi. 34.
'* Records of the Past, iii. 19.
THE HITTITES IN PALESTINE, 217
king with the condition that he would never show her a drop
of water, and who vanished from him when the condition was
broken. Sir George Cox has compared this with many parallel
tales in folk lore, including the story of Psyche. ^^ In the
Japanese story the heroine is the daughter of Toyo Tama the ;
hero or king who marries the sea maiden is Fiko Fofo their ;
son is Fiko Naki and the father who did not long survive his
;
15 B. de Bourbourg, i. 306.
16 1 Chron. ii. 53.
1^ Cox, Aryan Mythology.
18 Titsingh, Annales, xxiv.
:
This Jered, or Ardu, was a man of great note in his day. From
him the Red Sea gained its name, Erythraean, he, and not Esau,
beincr the Ervthras after whom it was called. He was also Orthos,
or Orthros, the Typhonian dog that guarded the oxen of Geryon, as
his ancestor Chareph was Cerberus. In the Sanscrit mythology
he was Rudra, always associated with Indra and the Maruts. Aditi,
daughter of Vasus, also is made the mother of the Rudras.
Brihaspati, the tutor of the gods, the priest of Indra, friend of the
Maruts and Rudras, and the restorer of the cows stolen from Indra
by the Panis, is but a form of the name of Rechab, the brother of
Ezra. He is the same as Vrishakapi the ape, the Greek Cercops,
the Persian Gerchasp, or Keresaspa. Professor Max Mtiller com-
pares with Vrishakapi the obscure Greek name Ericapaeus.-' The
relationship is made still when Vrishakapayi is made the
closer
mother of Indra, and mother-in-law of Vach. The monkey Cer-
copes are represented in the Greek mythology as inf esters of
Lydia, whom Hercules led captive. The traditions which best
set forth Jered are the Welsh, which were borrowed from the
it with the Kenite genealogy, for Mered, whom all such forms
•'S
Lenormp.nt, An. Hist, of East, ii.
the pit and was consumed.''^ This story is the counterpart of the
Persian one concerning Zohak, or Biurasp, who by his second
name exhibits his descent from Beor, the father of Bela. He also
destroyed his father-in-law, Mirtas the Tasi, b}^ suti'ering him to
fall into a pit of fire. Thereafter he was troubled with a disease
which could only be cured by the application to the part afflicted
of human brains, to supply which large numbers of persons were
put to death, until Gavah,the blacksmith, arose in arms, overcame
Zohak and placed Feridun upon the Persian throne.^^ This Zohak
represents a late descendant of Beor, the Zoheth of the Kenite
genealogy, whom we shall yet meet with in Egj^ptian histoiy.^^
The fire pit and slaughter of men for the purpose of curing the
tyrant's disease, alike refer to the bloody rites inaugurated by
Beor, or Busiris. So famous did the name of Zoheth, the son of
Ishi, the son of Leophrah, become that it eclipsed those of his
predecessors in tribal nomenclature. From him, among others,
the orallicized Tectosages of Galatia and Gaul received their
designation, and in the latter country they called themselves
Volcae, thus adding the name of their remote ancestor Bela, or
Belacf. This and similar connections make it clear that Kenaz
was the descendant of Bela and the ancestor of the Ixion who is
made the son of Phlegyas. Kenaz also is well identified with the
enemy of the Indian Krishna, namel}'' Kansa, king of Mathura,
whose successor Sura is Seraiah, the second son of Kenaz. None
of this race belong to the Vedic period, but its members occupy a
large place in the later literature of the Hindoos. A common
hatred to the peaceful precepts of Buddhism united the proud
Brahman and the Turanian worshipper of Bali and Siva, and thus
brouglit the Ethnanite abominations into the Indian pantheon. To
the present day the Khonds, fit descendants of the ancient Kenaz,
retain their sanguinary rites, and steal children to innnolate them
to their vile gods.
Ephron in Hebron, and Bela in Dinhabah, were but the first
waves of a tide that overswept Palestine east and west of Jordan,
carrying away in its course the traces of Horitc, or Amorite,
« lb. iv. 3.
228
CHAPTER IV.
The king wliom the revolting Hittites placed upon the throne
of Gebalene, after the expulsion of Bela and his son Nehabah, was
Jobab, the son of Zerah of Bozrah. In his person, Amalek, the
first which Chedorlaomer
of the nations, regained the empire of
had deprived that son of Temeni. The son of Amalek was pro-
bably an ancient Eliphaz, and the son of Eliphaz was the Elon of
whom Esau's wife Judith was the grand-daughter. These Amale-
kites, or Amalika, as the Arabian historians call them, dwelt in
old times from Mecca in Arabia to Mount Seir, including the lands
of Tayraa and Ayla, the Teman and Elath of the Bible, the former
being named after Temeni and the latter after Elon. Among
their tribes were Lati" or Eliphaz, Bodayl or Bozrah, Azrak or
Zerach, and Djasim or Husham.^ The son of Elon was Bozrah,
from whom came the name which w^as the centre of
of the city,
the new Amalekite dominion, between the foot of the Dead Sea
and Petra. This Bozrah was the father of Zerach, and his son
was Jobab, fhe successor of Bela on the throne of Gebalene. The
ancient Greek writers preserved traditions of this ancient family,
and either transported its local and tribal names to the soil of
Hellas, or received them from Amalekite predecessors in that land.
In Achaia especially do these appear as the group of cities called
Dyme, Olenus, Patrae, and ^giura, commemorating Temeni, Elon,
Bozrah and Husham. Olenus is famous in classic poetry as the
rnan turned into a rock from devotion to his wife, a fable which
finds its explanation in Bozrah, the name of his son wdio replaced
him, out of which the Greeks made Petra. a rock. The many
names given to certain gods, such as Abadir, Baetylus. Lapis, all
denoting stones^ appear to have had the same origin. The Amale-
kite connection of Bozrah is well set forth by the tradition that
Eumelus, a hellenized Amalek, first dwelt at Patrae.^ The name
' Lenc)rmant'8 Manual, vol. ii.
'
Klaproth, Asia Polyglotta. 82. The name Chasar is discordant, as it pertains
to the Zocharite lords of Razor, or Chazor.
^ These, and manyother classical stories referred to, have been drawn from a
great variety of sources, and are here mentioned so briefly that to cite authorities would
overburden the pages with notes. Many of them are found in Ovid, Hyginus, Apol-
lodorus, Pausanias, in Banier's Mythology explained, Cox's Aryan Mythology, or in
a good Classical Dictionary.
230 THE HITTITES.
come Isbi Barra, Libit Anunit, and Ismi Dagan. Of these the
last is the only one that remotely resembles the Kenite list of the
descendants of Zerach. ^'^
The Amalekites did not
lose their supremacy with the fall of
Jobab. His successor on the throne of Bozrah was another man
of the family of Temeni, named Husham or Chusham, and he is
the Hasem of the Arabian historian Tabari.^^ From him came
the Ossetic, and manynames of the dispersed Amalekites.
similar
He is the Sicyon of the Greeks and the eponym of the kingdom
of that name, which they regarded as the most ancient in the
world. It is said to have embraced the whole of Achaia, but it
cea.sed to exist as a kingdom even as early as the time of Homer.
Its tribes were Hylloans and Dymanes, Pamphyllians and yEgia-
leans.of whom the Hylleans an'd Dymanes represented the posterity
of Elon and Temeni. In Achaia we have already found Dyme,
Patrae, Olenus and ^gium, setting forth the same family. Sicyon
him.self, who named the ancient kingdom, was far down in the
list of kings, for he is variously called the son of Marathon and
grand-son of Epopeus, the son of Pelops, of Erechtheus, of Methion.^"^
Lamedon of Sicyon, who appears to be the same as the Trojan
'" RecordH of the Past, iii. 12. Isinichigaii was not a Temeiiite, but it will yet
ajipear that Isbi Harra was.
11 Tabari, Chrnii. 54.
'2 Pausanias, ii. G.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 233
set forth as the ally of the Niflung brothers, who got possession
through his means of the great treasures of Kriemhild. Kriem-
hild seeking revenge, married Atli, whose name recalls the Itylus
of the Tereus legends, and put Hagen and her brothers to death.
This lecfend indicates an alliance of the elder branch of the
Hepherite family, represented by the Gezrites of southern Pales-
tine, or it may be by the Elamite Kudurs, with the Amalekites
under Husham, and the overthrow of both by the Beerothite
Hadad. The Volsung story bears the name of Polyxenus or
Pelegon, who descended from Husham as Acessamenus, Augeas,
or Jason.^^ In this, Sigmund is the first hero, far surpassing
Siggeir, the husband of his sister Signy. Sigmund and Siggeir
contend for the magic sword Gram, and Sigmund is made a
prisoner, bat is freed by his sister. He fights his old battle over
again with the sons of king Hunding, " in whom," says Sir George
Cox, " are reflected the followers of Siggeir," and falls before the
might of Odin.^° In this case Sigmund is Chusham, in a Sicvonic
form, and king Hunding is Hadad, the Had becoming Hund, as
Hod becomes Hind. In another part of the Saga he is Hogni,
whose heart Atli cuts out of his body, and Regin is the possessor
of the treasure. But who are the Volsung ? They are Amalekite
Pelagones, Paphlagonians, Peligni, and their ancestor, who restored
empire to the line of Temeni, was one of the kings that reigned
in Edom.
India, as the land of Hud, where ruled the Bharatan race,
should know something of the Hushamite war. It does, but
altogether from the Beerothite point of view. The Mahabharata
sets forth the contest between the Pandus and the Kurus, or
Kauravas.^^ They descended from a remote ancestor Budha, who
came to India from some Scythic region. In his line was Bharat,
king of Hustinapore, from whom came Yuyati, the father of Uru,
Puru and Yadu, and from Puru came Pandu and Dhritarashtra.
The latter was the father of the Kurus or Kauravas, but Pandu's
sons were Yudisthira, Bhima and Arjuna. In this genealogy
Beeri is twice represented as Puru and Bharat, as is Bedad, whom
Budha and Pandu set forth, while Hadad has triple mention in
Yuyati, Yadu and Yudisthira. The last form of Hadad's name
corresponds to the Biblical Hadad-ezer, which in David's time
was the name of the son of Rehob, king of Hamath Zobah, who
possessed Betah and Berothai. There were two Yudisthiras
among the kings of Cashmere. The Parthians, or later Bharatas,
whose empire began in the third century B.C., inverted the
elements of this name, giving it to their kings as Teri-dates. It
became Zada-akira among the Japanese, Ato-tarho among the
Iroquois, Huascar-titu among Even among the
the Peruvians.
Pictish Britons survived in the corrupt form Hudi-bras, the
it
'*'
Zend Avesta, Spiegel and Bleek, Vendidad, Fargard, x. 23 ; Tohit, iii. 8, 17.
'" Raja Tarangini, Troyer, ii. 409.
-"'
Hardy, Manual of Bndliism, !»(i.
'^1
Raja Tarangini, i. 4.50. In India the representation of a hare, or rabbit, con-
stantly accoini)anied that of a liniar divinity, Maurice, Indian Antiquities, ii. 291,
« Raja Tarangini, i. 450. Sugainuna was the Chaldean name of Chusham.
:
Sheba and Dedan of Arabia; and Midian, from whom came Ephah,
Epher, Hanoch, Abidah and Eldaah.-^ In Greek legendary
history the two last are, as Aphidas and Elatus, made the sons of
Areas, indicating thus some connection with the Jerachmeelites
through their grandmother Keturah. The Midianites are first
set forth in the Bible as merchantmen traflficking between Gilead
and Eo-ypt. Prior to the Exodus they must have exerted much
influence in Arabia Petraea, for it was called after them the land
of Midian, and the Kenite Jethro who dwelt there was a priest of
Midian.2* When Israel, on the way to the land of promise,
halted in Moab, the Midianites were there confederate with King
Balak and partakers in the abominations of Baal Peor. Their
five princes, Evi, Rekem, Hur, Reba and Zur, the father of Cozbi,
were slain by Joshua in the same field of Moab in which Hadad
encountered them.^^
In the Izdubar legends, Heabani says
" I will bring to the midst of Erech a Midannu.
And if he is able he will destroj' it.
In the desert it is begotten, it has great strength." 26
against them and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou
come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance for Israel, neither sheep,
nor ox, nor ass. For they came up with their cattle and their
tents, and they came as grasshoppers for multitude for both ;
they and their camels were without number and they entered ;
into the land to destroy it. And Israel was greatly impoverished
because of the Midianites." ^^ No wonder that Mahdu is spoken
of as a giant, or that Mada is represented as gathering Indra and
all the gods into his mouth and depriving them of earth and
sons of Keturah from their mother's Aryan race, and their alli-
ance with the Hittite stock, an alliance that continued down to
the palmy days of the Roman Empire, when, in Europe at least,
the Hittites, or Iberians, almost disappeared as a distinct people.
Hadad must have been a man amazing energy and courage,
of
for his foes w^ere many. The Temenite line, represented by
Husham, was in undoubted alliance wnth his Midianite adver-
saries. The Zerethites, or Dardanians, under Ardon, were his
enemies, for the Mahabharata represents Duryodhana as the chief
of .his opponents. The Kudurs of Elam, related to Beeroth by
ties of blood most closely, were also in league with those who .
(16)
242 THE HITTITES.
whom he had fled when the Dioscuri invaded his country, and
the Pallantidae rebelled against him,all reflect vaguely the inci-
J-^'
.»
246 THK HITTITES.
*'''
Tacitus, Hist. ii. 78 ; Suetoniu.s, Vespasian, .'5 ; Hitzig, Die Philistaer, 257, seq.
^7 .Jeremiah xlviii. 23.
<« Records of the Past, iii. 88 ; v. 48.
« Kecorda of the Past, i. 2G, 47, 72 ; iii. 117 ; vii. 27, 41-3.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 247
of his lyre and song. When his wife Eurydice was taken away,
he entered the land of the immortals, lulling the watchers to sleep
by his music, and gained permission to bring Eurydice back but, ;
looking upon her before they were outside of the spirit world, he
lost lier forever. Afterwards the Thracian women
him to
tore
pieces and his head floated to the island of Lesbos. The com-
parative mythologists have identified the story of Orpheus with
^ Conon, X.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 249
thou take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in
hither." So David smote the blind and the lame " that are hated
of David's soul." Why should David hate the lame and the
'^*'
c^ Peruvian Antiquities.
'" 2 Sam. V. 6-8.
;
times that Zaul was the offspring of evil spirits, b}^ whom he was
exposed in his infancy on the bank of a river there the Simurgh ;
seized him and took him to her nest as food for her young Vjut ;
before the eye of the belated wayfarer in the fens, leading him
on to his evil fate.
257
CHAPTER V.
3 2 Sam. iv. 2.
(17)
258 THE HITTITES.
Albino, his hair, eyebrows and lashes being entirely white.^ The
Simurc'h brought him up in the mountains until his seventh
year, when his father brought him home and exhibited his heir
to the people. When he came to manhood king Minucheher made
him o-overnor of Nimruz, and, while occupying this position, he
married Rodabeh, daughter of Mihrab, king of Cabul. The
famous dialogue between Esfendiar and Rustam, the son of Zaul,
contains accounts of the miraculous interposition of the Simurgh
on behalf of his family. Zaul refused to accept the faith of
Zoroaster, and in his old age, after the death of Rustam, was
taken prisoner by Behmen, Esfendiar's son. All the men of his
race were great heroes, and the bulwarks of Iran against her
enemies.
In the Mahabharata the maternal uncle of Yudisthira is
name Saul was
Sdlya, king of the Madras, an indication that the
in the family. In the Raja Tarangini there appears Jaloka, a
famous king, who at an early age revived the institutions of
Yudisthira in Cashmere. He smote the Mlechhas or Amalekites,
and paid homage to Rudra, but was also a zealous votary of Siva,
the unclean God. Nevertheless, he had a horror of human
sacrifice, and when the goddess Kritya, in the disguise of a
starvinor woman, asked him for human flesh, he, rather than shed
blood, offered her his body to eat.*" Homer preserved the name
of Saul as Axylus, the son of Teuthras of Thrace, who dwelt in
Arisba. A similar verbal series is presented in Calchas, the son
of Thestor, and his sister Leucippe. Again Saul is Calais, the
brother of Zetes and son of Boreas, who conquered the Harpies.
But firmer ground is reached when it is remembered that the
advent of the Achashtarites to Gebalene, in the person of Samlah,
introduced that country into Lydian history, for the Lydians
were the Shuchite Achashtarites in the line of Laadah. A^elaus
or Agesilaus is called the son of Hercules and Omphale, and the
successor of Tmolus on the throne of Lydia, and he is Saul.'' He
was the head of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, a name which
finds no explanation among ancient writers, although the Myr-
s Mirkhond, 167.
'•
Itaja Tarangini, lib. i. si. 108, seq.
' ApollodoruB.
:
old soul," of the nursery rhymes. Hoel was the son of a sister of
Arthur, by Dubricius, king of Armorica. He had a daughter
Helena, who was carried off to Michael's Mount by a savage and
deformed giant from Spain, and died in his hands. Coel also was
the father of another Helena, w^ho is fabulously represented as
the wife of Constantius Chlorus and mother of Constantine the
Great, althouo-h Helena is well known to have been a native of
Bithynia. Again, the name of Helen is preserved in that of the
Gwyllion, or nine prophetic virgins of Seon, pertaining to the
rites of Coll or Huail. Davies says concerning the Gwyllion
" There was some signal disaster attendant upon the fall of one of
these ladies, hence the bards use the simile in illustrating a hope-
less calamity." ^^ Arthur is the Kenite Jered, the father of Gedor,
whose half-sister or cousin was Miriam, and she it is whom the
father of Saul married.
The story of Miriam is a remarkable one. Diodo^'us Siculus
calls her Myrina, as does Homer, and makes her the Queen of the
African Amazons, who dwelt about Lake Tritonis in the Roman
The Greek accounts of Saul and his father are numerous and
very confused. Theseus, who has been found to illustrate in his
history the reign of Hadad, retired to the court of Lycomedes,
kino- of Scyros, by whom he is reported to have been put to
death. Prior to his exile, his son, Hippolytus, whose mother was
Hippolyte or Antiope, queen of the Amazons, was falsely accused
by his step-mother, Phaedra, after the manner of the Hebrew
Joseph. Theseus cursed his son, whose chariot was overthrown
so that he died, although Virgil and Ovid make him live again
under the name Virbius, near Marruvium, in the country of the
Marsi, where his name is associated with that of Archippus. The
people of Troezene, in Argolis, worshipped Hippolytus, and
informed Pausanias that he was translated to the skies, where he
forms the constellation called the Charioteer. This must be the
Cacab Rucubi of the Assyrians and Chaldeans, a Hebrew celestial
Beth Marcaboth. The name Hippolytus is thus a Greek rendering
of the original name, the hippos or horse replacing vahah, the
horseman or driver of a war chariot. Pausanias mentions Mela-
nippus as a son of Theseus, victorious in the Nemean races, who
can be no other than the father of Saul as Marcaboth. The same
writer has the story of a Melanippus of unknown parentage who
carried off a beautiful maiden, Comaetho, contrary to the will of
her parents and his. As she officiated in the temple of Diana,
the enraged goddess sent a plague upon the people who had
allowed her to be robbed of her priestess, from which they were
not delivered until they obeyed the Delphic oracle by annually
1''
Pherecydis Fragmenta, Sturz, p. 171. Other authorities in Banier ; Strabo,
xiv. 1, 27, etc.
262 THE HITTITES.
the ancient Arabian god Sohaii, the Lesghian Saal and Zalla, the
Mizjejian Dalle, the Yukahirian Chail or Koil, and the Mexican
Quetzalcoatl. To establish his identity with the greiat culture
hero of the New World it is necessary to consider the meaning
of the word Saul. It is virtually the same word as Hazael, which
denotes a usurping king in the same Syrian line, and is the
Basque hesaula, hezaul, a stake, post, pillar, which the Japanese,
having no I, represents by hashira. The German sdule is doubt-
lessa loan word from the Hittite in the Basque form, as is the
Hebrew asherah in that of the Japanese, for asherah is generally
understood to mean a wooden pillar. The Asherahs are frequently
mentioned in the Bible, and have been wrongly translated as
groves and the goddess Astarte.^^They were columns such as
the Romans found in Etruria and called by the name cippiis, and
such as the Brahmans in India named sthupas or topes, of which
the Buddhist kits were the simplest. Pausanias connects the
name of Rehob, Rechob, or Rechoboth, the father of Saul, with
similar monuments, making mention of that which is called
Colona or the mound and the temple of Dionysius Colonata in
Sparta, who was worshipped by the Leucippides.-*^ In the
Thupawansa and other Singhalese books which relate the
manner in which the Buddhist relics were distributed to be
19 Gesenius, Lex. Heb.
20 Pausanias, iii. 13.
264 THE HITTITES.
dance." Extending his peaceful sway far and wide, peace reigned
in all the land, and the blessings of agriculture turned the desert
into a garden. The Mexican historians love to tell of his markets
containing the produce of the whole earth, of the wondrous tissues
woven in his factories, the gold and silver ware fashioned by his
smiths, the gems and mosaics, the inlaid tables, the marvellous
fans, and a thousand other objects that were so common as to be
2* B. de Bourbourg, i. 255.
25 B. de Bourbourg, i. 58.
2fi
B. de Bourbourg, 265.
266 THE HITTITES.
the Colchian Saulaces, or the pillars that, bearing his name, became
objects of adoration.-'^
For twenty years this happy state of things lasted, but vice
and cruel superstition were not dead. The great city of Teoti-
huacan, under its petty king, had refused to give up its human
sacrifices, and Quetzalcoatl was not able to reduce it to obedience.
ancient rites. Entering Tollan itself and inciting the people with
superstitious fears, lie led them to sacrifice human victims within
ear-shot of the wise king. Then Quetzalcoatl. unwilling to shed
27 B. de Bourbourg, var. loc.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 2G7
who were the chief enemies of the Beerothites, and their murdered
Jobab became tlie Delphic Phcvbus, an entirely different being
from the Teucrian Apollon. The name Eliphaz was so celebrated
among them that it superseded the Temenite and Amalekite names
in Assyrian days in the form Ellip, denoting the Albanians of the
eastern Caucasus, ancestors of the Ossetes. Strabo describes the
human vogue among the Albanians.-'^ Theleba and
sacrifices in
Thelbis in ancient Albania are Telpoch and Delphi-like versions
of Eliphaz, and Dalphon, the son of Hainan, the Agagite or Ama-
lekite, is another. ^^ Such a name also is that of Telephus, the
son of Auge, whose mother married Teuthras of Mysia, and whose
son Eurypyius led the Ceteans, or Hittites, at Troy. Daulis,
near Delphi, was famous in the story of Tereus ; Pteras, another
form of Patrae and Patara, built the first temple to Phoebus,
which was situated over the Corycian cavern 01 en first pro- ;
phesied there and Delphus was the son of Phoebus Apollo and
;
2» Strabo, xi. 4, 7.
2« Esther ix. 7.
^' Chron. Pictoruin.
"' Ponij). Mela, ii. 5; Apollodorus, ii. 5, 10 ; Strabo, iv. 1, 7.
;
words :
" Isbibarra, king of Karrak." ^'^
An old Babylonian list
king, who, clinging to his own idolatry, yet had sense enough to
appreciate the virtues of the reformer. They may have been
written by Achbor, but more likely by a descendant of Samlah,
who continued the line of Hammurabi in Babylonia.
The Greek traditions repi'esent Pelegon, or Polyxenus, as a
son of the daughter of Husham, and with this the Norse annals
and legends agree. In the history of Ramus, the son of Sigmund
and Hilda is Sigar, and his daughter Signe is the wife of Hagbart;
but, in the Volsung and Niebelunoren sagen, Sieo-fried, or Sicfurd,
is the son of Sigmund, and marries a sister of the Niflung Gunther.
Rakem was Bedan.^^ The first of their line who appears in the
early Babylonian lists is Ulam, who adds to his name that of his
father Peresh, calling himself Ulam Buryas.^^ When the name
Ulam occurs again in the list, it is in the form Ulam Girbat, who
heads a dynasty containing as the third in succession Meli Sumu,
or in Assyrian, Amil Sukamuna. He is followed by Meli Sibarru.
Lower down names compounded with Bur3-as,
in the list are three
showing the connection of the dynasty with that in which Ulam
Buryas appears, occupying the fourth place after Hammurabi.'"'
Here then we have the Median dynasty of Berosus. So far the
name of Bedan has not been found, but in an inscription
(18)
274 THE HITTITES.
if, as seems most probable, they received it from the Hittites, who
corrupted the morals of the people and brought upon them the
vengeance of heaven. The Tibetans say that he was born in the
country of Beta and was the first Buddhist, and according to the
Mongols he reduced to writing the doctrines of Sakyamuni.^^
This is important information. It is doubtful that Turuchka
denotes the Zerethites and that the city name Djuchkapura is
Achbor. But we have the fact of a race persecuted by Saul
gaining the upper hand in the time of Nagardjuna, who, though
of this Beta or Bauddha land and race, yet reinstituted the creed
of Husham or Sugarauna. In the Mahabharata he is known as
Arjuna, and his Zerethite connection is set forth in the statement
that he w^as the son of Kritavirya. His subjects, the Haihayas,
are the Hushamites much disguised. There was another Arjuna,
brother of Yudisthira, who seems to have been a creation of the
poet's imagination, and to whom are ascribed many attributes of
the historical character. Thus he is called Delbhi and Phalguna,
names which are foreign to the Beerothite family, while the first
of them illustrates his Delphic, Albanian, or Amalekite descent;
and the second restores his Kenite name Baalchanan. His father
Achbor, as in the Greek story, has no mention. Arjuna w^as a
giant with a thousand arms, who became lord of the seven dvipas
or abodes of men. In his aerial car of gold whose course was
irresistible, "he trod down gods, yakshas, rishis, and oppressed all
creatures." Going to Kanyakubdja, he entered the abode of King
Jamadagni, whose wife Satyavati respectfully received him; "but
he I'equited this honour by carrying away forcibly the calf of the
sage's sacrificial cow, and breakino- down his loftv trees." There-
upon Parasu Rama, the son of Jamadagni, tilled with indignation,
attacked Arjuna and cut off his hundred arms. " Arjuna's sons
in return slew the peaceful sage Jamadagni in the absence of
Parasu Rama." Whereupon the champion of Kanyakubdja killed
Arjuna's sons and their followers, and " twenty-one times swept
away all the Kshattriyas from the earth, and formed five lakes of
blood in Samantapanchaka." ^" Pococke has shown that Parasu
Rama combines the names of the Greek Perseus and the Egyptian
Ranieses.^^ He
undoubtedly right in this double identification,
is
but the history of Egyptian and Hittite warfare must wait until
we have considered the story of these warriors in the land of
Egypt. It is evident from this Indian legend that Baalchanan
was lord of a great empire in Syria, and that, emulating the war-
like achievements of Saul, he measured his strength with the
Pharaohs. His people also are thus well identified with the
Kshattriyas or warrior caste of India, the Dioscurian Castoridae
of the Greeks, a name which the superior dignity of the Achash-
tari father of two tribes had imposed on all the children of
Heth.
In other versions of the reign of Baalhanan he is called
Harischandra and Jarashandha, which are lengthened forms of
Arjuna. Out of these names grew the Greek Alexander, as
applied to Paris son of Priam, and the Persian Iscander, whose
story has been mixed up with that of the conquering Macedonian.
One favourable account of Harischandra makes him the son of
Satyavrata or Trisanku, who had been disinherited by his father
for carrying oft" the wife of one of his citizens. The name
Satyavrata is a feeble echo of Gachbor. When Harischandra
began to be lifted up with pride because of his wealth and the
glory of his reign, and dared to bandy words with the Brahman
Visvamitra, that insulted sage required him, being a Kshattriya,
to bestow gifts upon him as a Brahman, which, in plain English,
means that he conquered him and compelled him to pay tribute.
Then follows what Dr. Muir calls one of the most touching
stories in Indian literature. The relentless Visvamitra takes from
his opponent, now humbled in the dust, his wealth and his empire.
He strips him of his ornaments, bids him clothe himself with the
bark of trees, and sends him forth from the kingdom with his
queen and son. The tale relates the agonies endured by Haris-
chandra, as, pursued by his Brahman enemy, he is compelled to
sell his wife, his son, and lastly himself, into slavery, to satisfy
^ India in Greece.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 281
selves upon it and so end their miseries, when Dharma, who had
transformed himself into the Chandala, arrives accompanied by
the other gods and takes the little company to heaven. The Budd-
hists have a similar story of Prince Wessantara, son of Sanda, king
of Jayatura, soul in transmigration became that of Gautama
whose
Budha.^^ A
synchronism with the record of Arjuna is found in
another legend already referred to, in which Sunahsepa is the
vicarious victim for Rohita, the son of Harischandra, and in which
Jamadagni, whom the sons of Arjuna slew, is represented as
assisting at the intended sacrifice.
Very different is the account of Jarashandha. He is regarded
as historical,and a massive stone foundation at Kusagarapura,
supposed to be the ancient Rajagriha, is still pointed out as
Javasandli-ki-haithalx, the throne of Jarasandha. Yet he is the
same person as Harischandra, his son Lahadeva answering to
Rohita or Rohitasva, the son of that unhappy monarch, king of
Rajagriha, the capital of Magadha; the Kurus or Kauravas were
his protectors, and this identification with the family to which
Duryodhana belonged has caused the Indian poets to import
into his story Yudisthira, Krishna, and the whole Pandu famil y
who long before warred with that Zerethite and his Midianite
allies. Jarashandha was a great conqueror. He drove the
Bojas to the west and the Matsyas to the south. He held in
subjection Vacradanta, king of Carusha, the prince of the Yavanas,
Bhagadatta, kino- of the south and west, the kings of Banga and
Pundra, of the Surasenas, Bhadracaras, Bodhas, Salwas, Pannaras,
Susthalas, Mucutas, Pulindas, Salwayanas, Cuntyas, Panchalas,
and Cosalas. But that which fixes his era is his supremacy over
a first named and principal vassal, Sisupula, king of the Chedi.
A battle was fought between Jarashandha and the impossible
Krishna, for he was long dead, on the Jumna, in which Bala
Rama, who is really Parasu Rama, drove Hamsa, an ally of the
CHAPTER VI.
There seem to have been two nations of Brigantes, the one Celtic, descended from
2
this Regem
as Breogan the other, Iberian, tracing its descent from the Zerethite
;
* Harivansa, i. 494.
6 Iliad, xxii. 143, seq.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 2b7
which Herod the Great visited when the hand of death was upon
him, vainly hoping to find in them the fount of life. Along a rough,
rocky path beset with precipices he journeyed, and came at last
The land then began to be covered
to the traces of springy land. "
ate all the statements of writers which give to the Trojan war its
true antiquity and connect it with Egypt, Phoenicia, and As.syria.
Mr. Gladstone, in his Juventus Mundi, holds that the siege must
have been long before the year 1209 B. C, when Sidon was
demolished by the Philistines, and Pliny says that Troy was
taken in the reign of an Egyptian Rameses. M. Lenormant **
invaded the land and laid siege to his great cit}^ Spite of heroic
efforts, Tollan fell, Quetzalxoc*hitl perished in the melee, and the
charged with taking him away is really the same as Talus, the
sou of OEuopiou, and he is the Tola or Tolag of the Kenite
record.^'' He had six sons, of whom Uzzi was the chief, the
others being Rephaiah, Jeriel, Jahmai, Jibsam, and Shemuel.
Uzzi or Guzzi is the Itys or Pelops whom Tantalus is said to have
served up to the gods, and his son was Izrachiah or Atreus, son
of Pelops. From Itzrachiah or Atreus came Michael, Obadiah,
or Gobadiah, Joel, Ishiah, and Chamisha, and Michael is Menelaus,
generally called the son of Atreus. In Michael, then, the different
names of the injured husband, such as Murchan, March, Maxen,
and Menelaus, are reconciled, and the story that the giant Dina-
buc, a form of Anub, carried Helena, daughter of Hoel, to
Michael's Mount, finds confirmation. The name of Tristan's
father, namely, Tallwych, is that of Tolag, and Tristan is a dis-
guised Izrachiah, so that the particulars of his story are altogether
untrustworthy. The carrying away of Ganymede by Tantalus
to Olympus, indicates that in the time of Tolag, the son of Anub,
the Cozites separated from the Hittite family of Zereth, and
continued that independent national existence which had been
inaugurated by their great father, Amnion. It is also stated by
the Greeks that the act of Paris in sailing away with Helen was
but a reprisal for the abduction of Ganymede.^^
The descendants of Anub have a history of their own
the wildest, most fantastic history that the world contains,
for they are the Quiches of Guatemala, and their history is
the Popol Vuh.^^ The Quiche language in which it is
written may called Turanian by careless philologists
be ;
and their original home, Tula, named after his son Tola. In pagan
times they preserved the rite of circumcision. As they represent
dispersed by Hunac Eel, in order that they might know what was
to be given in the sixth a?tau it ended, one score years and
;
^^
fourteen."
In the Popol Vuh and other Quiche documents the greatest
historical event is the taking of Xibalba, a city that has been
identified with Palenque. Xibalba was the hated land, the very
hell of the Quiches, for they had suffered from its oppression. As
it was a foundation of Votan, who came from Valum Votan, its
as Bedan. This playing ball was ver}- deadly work, for it cost
the two their lives. But in a supernatural way Xquic, the
daughter of Cuchumaquic (or Chusham), one of the thii'teen
princes of Xibalba, became by the dead Hunahpu the mother of
Hunahpu and Exbaianque. Prior to their birth she left Xibalba
and cast herself upon the protection of the mother and sons of
the dead Hunahpu, who, however, treated her and her children
harshly. But these children grew up, endowed with marvellous
power and wisdom, every juggling feat ever performed by the
mostaccomplishedof oriental wizards being imputed to them. They
first showed their skill by changing their half brothers into
them take up the ball-play in which their father and uncle had
fallen. The mouse probably denotes the Tsocharites, who dwelt
in southern Palestine, on the coast of the Mediterranean, for
already mice and rats have been found to relate to these Teucri,
and the presence of Tohil or Zockill in the Quiche and Maya
pantheons, with other facts, attest an alliance of the Tsocharites
with these families. The lads, who remind one of the Epigoni
returning to Thebes to avenge their fathers who had fallen in the
first siege, hurled the ball towards Xibalba, after bidding farewell
gnats, were their spies, and the birds called Molay carried them
23 Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 295
^''
1 Chron. vii. 20;Sharpf^'s Hi.story of Egypt, i. 46.
2" Williams, Aneurin, Y Gododin.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 297
between the Britons and the Saxons, a people that have no real
mention in the work, unless the Amalekite Chusham or Suga-
muna's posterity can be called such. Aneurin is said to have been
the son of Caw ab Geraint, lord of Cwm Cawlwyd, or the region
of the Ottadini, or Gododini, in Northumberland.^^ Though
himself a man of Gododin, or a Hadadite, he does not allow tribal
prejudice to sway his judgment, but gives such meed of praise at
times to enemies, that the commentators have frequently classed
these as allies of the Gododin.
The Gododin then has been read as the story of a contest
between the Cymri under Urien Rheged, and the Saxons under
an unnamed leader, supposed to be Hengist, or Ida. At the great
battle of Cattraeth five hundred thousand warriors met in con-
flict,and only three chieftains escaped slaughter on the side of
the Cymri. Aneurin himself was taken prisoner, and, after
lanp'uishinsf for some time in a loathsome dungeon, was released
by Cenau, son of Llywarch. Now, if Aneurin was of the Gododin,
he was no Cymro, but one of their bitterest foes. Cattraeth does
not exist in Britain, but it answers to Zareth-Shachar and the
Kuru-kshetra of the Bharatan war. The whole story of the war
between Zereth and Beeroth, as told in all the narratives, is that
of two warlike expeditions of the latter into the country of the
former, the first of which was singularly disastrous to the
Beerothite host, while in the second they gained a complete
victory. This is very evident in the Quiche version which has
just been considered. Aneurin and the other bards who
When
deal with this contest are read without reference to the history
of the Saxon invasion, the same duality appears, a defeat to weep
over and a conquest to make the heart glad. There is no word
of Hengist in the original poems, but the makers of early British
history introduce him and his slaughter of the Bi-itish chiefs to
extplain the first expedition that ended in massacre. The great
hero of the Gododin, and poems dealing with the same events, is
Eidiol, also called Eidol, Edol, and Eldol, who in the mysteries is
always associated with Coll, Corr, or Saul, as Eiddilic Corr, or
Gwyddeliu Corr. He is thus well identified with Hadar, who
27 lb. ; Parry, Cambrian Plutarch.
298 THE HITTITES.
having malice in his designs against the Britons, made wuth them
a pretended compact. A proclamation was issued, inviting equal
numbers to a conference at a banquet of mead." Now, it is to be
observed that those who were with Eidiol were not Cymri, but
" Brython," or Britons, Bharatas, Beerothites the Cymri never ;
biit he would strike the front of his shield if he heard the din of
2« The quotations are from the version of Davies in his British Druids.
THE KINGS THAT REIGNED IN EDOM. 299
of his hair from his head." Taliesin, the friend of Elphin, repre-
senting the Albanian Amalekites, to whose race Baalchanan
belonged, sang the praises of Aneurin's foes, but, while the latter
was in prison, he gained information from the Trojan bard, to
which he thus refers :" I am not violent nor querulous I will ;
This scofif shall drop under foot, where my limbs are inflamed in
the subterranean house by the iron chain which passes over my
two knees. Yet of the mead and of the horn and of the assembly
800 THE HITTITES.
with speed were they distinguished into tribes, whilst the lady
and her paramour were stowing their parties, an armed man
and a man unarmed by turns It is an imperative
weapons before the master of the fair herd. The host of Maelgwn,
exulting, advanced and severely did the embattled warriors
:
Britons, and then in transports of joy cried out with a loud voice,
'
God has fulfilled my desire My brave soldiers, down, down
!
scarcely able to extricate himself with a few of his sons from the
scene of slaughter." But, returning with a larger force, Gudarz
engaged anew in conflict with the Turks, killing their leader,
Piran Wisah, with his own hand, and utterly routing the forces
of the enemy, of whom two hundred thousand men fell before his
victorious troops. He also cut ofl" the head of Afrasiab, as Eldol
by Saul and his successors, and show that Hadar, by his marriage
with Mehetabel, united the Amenemhe, or Ammonite, dynasty of
Thebes, and the Thothmes, or ancient Egyptian line, with the
Osortasens of Abydos. His father, Saul, may thus be identified
with Osortasen III., the founder of the fortress of Semneh named
after Hadar's son Shimon, the Osymandyas of Diodorus, whose
son Amnon is the Memnon and Agamemnon of ancient tradition.^*
The Persian story calls Shimon by the name Esfendiar, and makes
him the father of Behmen, but by an unpardonable corruption of
the original record, styles him the son of Gushtasp and sets him
forth as the enemy of Rustam, the son of Zaul. Nevertheless,
the Persian account is valuable, as showing that Shimon, or
Esfendiar, died before his father, whose successor was his grand-
(20)
oO() THE HITTITES.
have been the island Bageh, opposite Philae on the Nile, where
the second Amenophis has left a statue and a temple, or we may
look for it in the land of Gel)alene. where, between Sihon and the
Dead Sea, Fugua lies.^^ His Palestinian conijuests did not pass to
his successors. Zippor, the Moabite, with those Ammonite allies
whonj he had aided against the Zerethites, an<l an Amorite host,
soon after entered the land which he and his ancestors, Saul and
Hadad, had fought so hard to gain, and history has no more t<>
tell of the kings that reigned in Edom.^*
*® Lepsius, Eg^pt, Ethiopia and Sinai : Palestine Exploration Fund, April, 1871,
map.
s» We shall yet, however, meet with the descendants of Hadiir in proximity to
Palestine.
.
807
CHAPTER VII.
1 Kenrick, Egypt under the Pharaohs, ii. 1)7 ; Lenormant's Manual, i. 202
- Sanchoniatho, by Cumberland, 340.
308 THE HITTITES.
Timaeus, under whom, from some cause unknown to me, the Deity
was unfavourable to us, and there came unexpectedly from the
eastern parts a race of men of obscure extraction, who confidently
invaded the country and easily got possession of it by force with-
out a battle. Having subdued those who commanded in it, they
proceeded savagely to burn the cities,and razed the temples of
the gods, inhumanly treating all the natives, murdering some of
them and carrying the wives and children of others into slavery.
In the end they also established one of themselves as a king,
whose name was Salatis and he took up his abode in Memphis,
;
exacting tribute from both the Upper and the Lower Country, and
leaving garrisons in the most suitable places. He especially
strengthened the parts towai'ds the east, foreseeing that on the
part of the Assyrians, who were then powerful, there would be a
desire to invade their kingdom. Finding, therefore, in the
Sethroite nome a city very conveniently placed, lying eastward
of the Bubastic river, and called from some old religious doctrine,
Avaris, he built up and made it very strong with walls, settling
it
fi
1 Chron. vii. 20.
^ Tran.s. Soc. Bib. Arch., iii. 345, Goodwin.
« Exod. i. 8.
'>
Monumental History of Egypt.
w Numb. xiii. 22.
11 Gen. xxxvi. 27. The Origin of the Phcenicians ; British and Foreign Evangeli-
cal Review, July, 1875, 425.
310 THE HITTITES.
Isaac were contemporaries, Jacob and Esau were not born until
the patriarch had attained his sixtieth year. The story of Esau
affords material for the chronology of the two gi-eat nations of
Palestine and Egypt, inasmuch as his wife Aholibamah was the
granddaughter of Zibeon the Horite, and his wife Judith, or Adah
was the daughter of Beeri, the head of the Hittite line of Beeroth,
and the granddaughter of Elon the Temenite or Amalekite. Mered,
again, as the son of Ezra, was in the same generation as Beeri, the
~^14 THK HITTITES.
country. The Aadtous held the strong City of the Sun, and their
king resided at Avaris."^^ In Arabian story these strangers, or
Aadtous, are the Adites, the greatest of the Arab tribes, who,
under the leadership of Shedad, the son of Ad, took possession
of the land of Egypt, and brought the rest of the world into
subjection.-- Some writers trace Ad's descent from Aws, the son
of Aram, the son of Shem, while others make
Amalek, his father
but Tabari says the Adites were Akhahami, by which we must
understand Achuzamites, or Zuzims.^^ The Egyptian word Hycsos,
supposed to mean .shepherd kings, is a corruption of the Achu-
zamite name, theitinal r;i being d'-opped under the impression that
it marked a Semitic plural. In Indian story, as the Ramayana
records it, the Adites are the Ayodyas of Oude, a race of con-
'[{uerors.-^Manetho says the invaders took possession of Egypt
without a battle. The army of Jahdai must liavc struck terror
to the hearts of the petty Pharaohs and caused them to submit
tamely to the new domination. One sovereign alone showed
courage, and she was a (|ueen, Zobebah, the daughter of the
Ammonite Coz, and sister of Anub. According to tradition, she
was no longer in her first youth when Jahdai sought her in
marriage, but she refused to accept him save on condition that
the child born of her should inherit the throne. In the lists of
Manetho she is called Usaphais, Biophis, and Binothris, and it is
-•'
Tabari, Chronicle, 113.
''*
The Ramayana, by Grittitlj.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPJ'. 317
28 1 Chron. iv. 9.
» Banier's Mytholog>', ii. 562, English translation ; the quotation is from the
original.
3<» Nahum, iii. 8.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 319
their race. And his son Reshah, better known as Mareshah, oi*
the Lydian hero with the river of Egypt which formed the
boundary between that country and Palestine, and the name of
which was Arish, or El Arish. Out of El Arish, which, as the
mighty Arish, was a synonym for Ma Reshah, the illustrious
Reshah, the Greeks made Larissa, and the Assyrians, Larsa,
But, without the adjectives el and ma, the Persian form is the
original of the Greek Ares, the Koriak Arioski, and the Iroquois
Areskoui, all of which words denote the god of war, and the Latin
Mars is the same with the prefix as in Mareshah. Even the
Peruvians had a tradition of this great warrior, whom they called
Marasco Pachacuti, who " reigned forty years and lived double
that space of time. This prince conquered the barbarians recently
come to Peru in a bloody combat, and strengthened the garrisons
as far as the banks of the Rimac and Huanuco. Zealous in reli-
gion, he opposed the progress of idolatry, and published several
decrees favourable to the worship of his predecessors."^^ Irish
history recognizes the valour of Ma Reshah under the name
Milesius, whom it calls, not indeed the son but the near relative
of Lughaidh, or Laadah, and the father of Heber, who is Mare-
shah's son Hebron. His posterity were the Clana Rughraidhe,
the most ancient occupants of Uladh, or Ulster. And Milesius
himself, who fought unnumbered battles in Scythia, Egypt and
Spain, " was, as the chronicles of Ireland give his character, a
prince of the greatest honour and generosity, and for courage,
conduct and military bravery, the world never saw his equal
since the creation." ^^ He is also the Rothesay of the Scottish
chronicle who first brought the Scots to Albion, giving his name to
the island on which he landed and calling the others the Hebrides ;
nor can his father Laadah be other than the mythical Captain
Lutork who settled in Ross-shire.^" The history of the Welsh
Britons gives honour to Laadah as Lud, the founder of London,
and Lot, the brother-in-law of Arthur, but consigns Mu Reshah
to infamy as their sons Androgens and Modred, while recognizino-
their valour and military skill. This disparagement of the
Achashtarite hero by the Welsh is to be accounted for by the fact
(21)
322 THE HITTITES.
arch, before whom the inspired interpreter stood to tell his dreams,
had been but eight years on the throne.*^ The strono- arm of Ma
Reshah and the valour of his Lydian warriors had brought peace
to the land. It is not likely that the petty kingdoms were
absorbed into one stable empire, for such has rarely been the
Hittite rule. Far south in Syene, or Assouan, the Horite mon-
archy of Zoan was revived. At Abydos the Hepherites of the
line of Beeroth kept their court. The Xoite kingdom in the
Delta, over which reigned kings of the family of Anub, was
undisturbed. West of the Nile, about lake Moeris, the region of
the Amu or Emim constituted the patrimony of king Ma Reshah.
Pelusium was in the hands of the Philistines On, in that of the ;
ancient testimony and find that Jabez was a king from the day
of his birth, we see Joseph appeanng before a child in his eighth
year. The use of the third person in the address of the chief
butler to Pharaoh, when he said," me Ag' restored unto mine office,
Moeris.*^ If this be the case, we may presume that since his act
of judgment upon the two officials he had died, and that Joseph
became his successor as the royal adviser and vicero3^ At any
rate,we know, from Joseph's calling himself "a father to Pha)-aoh,"
though he was but thirty years of age when he stood before him,
that Jabez must have been at best a youth and the fact that ;
Joseph was exalted to the highest position under the king, would
seem to indicate the previous death, or withdrawal from office, of
the Lydian regent.
The most important fact in the life of Apophis, and indeed
in the history of the ancient world, was his adoption of the pure
faith of his prime minister, Joseph. The royal youth, the ingenu-
no sovran master on the day when this came to pass. Then king
Sekenen-Ra was ruler in the southern region, the Aadtous in the
district of Amu, their chief. King Apapi, in the city Avaris. The
whole land did homage to him with their 'handiwork, paying tri-
bute alike from all good produce of Tameri. King Apapi took to
himself Sutech for lord, refusing to serve any other god in the
whole land. He built for him a temple of goodly and enduring
workmanship. King Apapi appointed festivals, days for making-
sacrifice to Sutech, with all rites that are performed in the temple
of Ra Harmachis." ** The remainder of the fragment relates the
story of a message sent by Apapi to Sekenen Ra in the south, and
of the dismay of that king and all his court when they heard it>
but the import of the message is doubtful. It is evident, how-
ever, that Jabez overthrew idolatry and established throughout
Egypt the worship of the one God. This God he called Sutech,
which is not a Hittite word, but a form of the Semitic Shaddai,
the almighty, the name by which God revealed himself to Abra-
ham and to Jacob, and in whose name Jacob was blessed by his
father IsaaC*^ It afterwai ds became, as a loan word, the Hittite
generic term for divinity. The legendary history of Persia con-
firms the story of the conversion of Jabez, whom it calls Kai
*•"
1 Chron. iv. 10.
*''
Records of the Past, viii. 3.
*5 Gen. xvii. 1 xxxv. 11 xxviii.
; ; 3.
—
also said to have embraced their faith, and to have used all possi-
ble exertion to exalt the precepts of the glorious law." The same
author mentions his long life and prosperity in the following
words " His authority was then still more cemented by the
:
carpets of justice and grace, and the fame of his equity was so
extensively diffused, that most of the empires of the world were
governed according to his ordinances, regulations, concessions and
prohibitions. Notwithstanding such a height of power, this
prince continually paid to Heaven his grateful adoration for the
distinguished favours and blessings conferred on him ; he always
maintained his subjects in the region of security and the sanctuary
of tranquility and passed a hundred, or, according to others, one
;
his hands in the mantle of eternal grace, and fled to the Lord for
refuge he prayed to the Almighty for the aid of resignation in
;
" When I had the power of acting, I knew not what was good :
" Now that I know what is good, I no longer have the power."*^
that they occupied the Sinaitic peninsula, and carried their arms
into Arabia and Ethiopia. Lepsius read the name of Amenemes
III. on the walls of the Labyrinth and on the stones of the
pyramid of Moeris; he found it in the rock grotto near the
copper mines in Arabia Petraea and, far up the Nile at Semneh,
;
51 Horae Aegyptiacae.
52 Manual of Ancient Histoiy.
53 Egypt, Ethiopia and Sinai.
330 THE HITTITES.
•'''
Sir a. WilkinHon in Rawlinson'H HerodotUH, Kenrick, Shariie, Lepsius, Lenor-
inant, Birch, Sniitli.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 331
him, which are said to be contemporaiy with the three last years
of Amenemes II. The monuments ot" these latter monarchs were
found in the desert near Kosseir, on the Red Sea, opposite to
Tentyris and Abydos.^^ Osortasen II. must thus represent Rehob
or Rehoboth, the son of Hadad and father of Saul, for he is the
third Osortasen whom Thothmes III. at Semneh, and .Thothmes
IV. at Amada, worshipped as a god. Lieblein's researches into
Egyptian chronology have established the most intimate chrono-
logical, but otherwise indefinite, relations between Pepi Merira and
the first Osortasen and the third Amenemes. Already it has been
indicated that Teta, who was Pepi's predecessor, has his name on
steles of Amenemes I. and Osortasen I. But Chroti, a contem-
porary of Pepi, is also on a stele of the first Osortasen.^^ Chroti
also is found with Mentuhotep, with whom the Antefs, generally
placed in the time of the Twelth Dynasty, are connected, and
Antef-anx is the wife of Pepi.^^As Pepi is called Merira, so
Amenemes III. bears the name Mara or Maura, and on one of his
steles a contemporary Satisi is mentioned as a son of Osortasen I.
"' This proximity to the seat of Hadad, namely Avith, seems to mark them as
local monarchs. •
B2 Lieblein, 73.
tis
lb. 72, 71.
w lb. 82, 78.
335
CHAPTER VIII.
dynasty, and his name has been read on the monuments as Aahmes.
It is, however, capable of being read Mesaah, which is the true
form, as even the Amosis of Manetho indicates, the prosthetic a
being placed there so as to prevent the Jews claiming the Pharaoh
as their prophet Moses. In a remarkable passage in the Catalogue
of the kings of Armenia,it is stated that Meesak was a relative of
(18th dyn).
6 Records of tlie Past, iv. 8.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 337
11 Tabari, 261.
12 Tabari, 210.
340 THE HITTITES.
ingly executed and his wife Ferangiz flees to a remote part of her
father's dominions with her infant son Kai Khusrau. The Greek
legends relating to Ziph are totally different. In one of them,
which is the introduction to the story of the Seven against Thebes,
Ziph is (Edipus of the swollen feet, but his descent from Laius of
Labdacus of Polydorus of Cadmus, if it contain any truth at all,
must set forth his maternal ancestry in the line of the Horite Etam
or Getam. His mother, however, is called Jocasta the daughter of
Menoeceus,and she is truly his father Mesha's second \vife(>hathath,
not the daughter, but the mother of Meonothai. As an oracle
had foretold the death of Laius at the hand of his offspring, the
child was exposed, but was preserved by a herdsman, who brought
him to Polybus king of Corinth. Arriving at manhood, he went
forth to find his parents, and slew his father Laius in a dispute
over the right of way. Immediately the Sphinx appeared before
Thebes and devoured the people of that city. Creon, the rother
of Jocasta, was on the throne, and offered his widowed sister and
the kingdom to the slayer of the monster. (Edipus succeeded in
the enterprise and married his own Sir George Cox
mother.
shows that the companion story to that of (Edipus is the legend of
Telephus, king of Mysia.^^ His mother was Auge the daughter
of Aleus of Tegea. and his father, a mythic Hercules. He was
exposed on Parthenion and brought up by the Arcadian Cory-
thus, while his mother was carried away to Mysia and sold to
king Teuthras of Teuthrania. Thither as a man he went to find
her, and, according to one version, was offered his unknown
mother in marriage on condition that he killed Idas, the enemy
of Teuthras. He performed this service, but Auge refused to
marry him, whereupon Teuthras himself took her to wife, and
Telephas married his daughter Argiope. In another tradition,
Ziph is the Ethiopian king Cepheus, called by Herodotus the son of
Belus, although there was a Cepheus the son of Aleus of Tegea.
His wife Cassiepea by pride of her beauty called down the
vengeance of the goddesses, who sent a sea monster to ravage the
land and devour the people. The oracle of Ammon being con-
sulted, commanded Cepheus to expose his daughter Andromeda
to be destroyed by the dragon. This was done, when Perseus
1* Aryan Mythology.
342 THE HITTITES.
The nine sons of the king of Mycene pursued the robbers, but
were all killed with the exception of Licymniusi Amphitryon,
a nephew of Electryon, being the son of his brother Alceus and
Hipponoine the daughter of Menocceus, brought back the cattle
from the Elian Polyxenus, with whom they had been left by the
Taphians, and afterwards accidentally killed his uncle. Then he
made war on the Taphians and overcame them.
It is not easy to .see the way clearly through this apparently
contradictory mass of tradition, although there would be no
difficulty in finding it full of solar mythology. A passage of
genuine history sheds light upon the path of the pragmatizer.
^ Metamorphoses, iv., v.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 343
In the Kenite record we find these valuable words, few, but full
of meaning, when divested of their editorial connections :
" And
the sons of Ephraim, Shuthelah and Bered his son, and Tahath
his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son. And Zabad his
son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer and Elead, whom the men
of Gath that were born in that land slew^ because they came
down to take away their cattle. And Ephraim their father
mourned many days and his brethren came to comfort him. And
when he went in to his wife she conceived and bare a son, and
he called his name Beriah because it went evil with his house." ^^
Beyond the fact that one of the sons of Ephraim, an Egyptian
prince as Joseph's son, was called Shuthelah after another
Egyptian prince, the patriarch has nothing to do with the part
of the genealogy here recorded. Tahath, the father of the slain,
was the man who mourned, and not the supposititious Ephraim of
seven generations back. It is the old story of the Seven against
Thebes, which was mixed up in many traditions with that of the
Beerothite and Zerethite war, popularly known as the siege of
Troy. But the contestants in this case are the petty kingdoms
of Egypt formerly kept in subjection by the strong arm of Jabez,
on the one hand, and the descendants of that great Theban mon-
arch on the other. The marriage of a daughter of Jabez and a
sister of Mesha to Bered the son of Shuthelah, the Cadmonite,
gave her son Tahath, the first Thothmes, a claim to universal
sovereignty and the second union of Mesha with the
;
widow of
Abiezer made Meonothai, the first Amenhotep, dispute the right
of Ziph, the lawful heir but the son of an inferior wife, to inherit
empire. Thus the Kenezzites or Sekenens, represented by
Amenhotep, and the Etamites, represented by the Thothmes,
became the opponents of the Jabezites or Amenemes in the
struggle for sovereignty. The pretenders were apparently aided
by the Beerothites under Saul of Rehoboth, or, to use Egyptian
phraseology, by the Osortaseus. Two Hittite dynasties and one
of Horite origin
O Oct
were in league against the Amenemes of Thebes
in the time of Ziph and his son Mezahab. These Thebans had
renounced the faith of their great ancestor, and with that faith
had renounced his courage and wisdom. The horrid story of
H' 1 Chr.in. vii. 20-23.
344 THE HITTITES.
A volume would not tell the story of the Osirian line, as many
widely separated peoples set it forth in their traditions. Sir
George Cox has shown that the cup of Ceres, the basket of the
Welsh Gwyddno Garanhir, the jar found by Epiteles at Ithome,
the goblet of Djemschid, and the Arthurian Sangreal, mysterious
and never failing, all relate to one thing, and to these he adds the
lotus flower, which in Indian mythology is Pedma and in that of
the Egyptians is sacred to Nofre Atmoo.^^ The connection is
plain when sought for by the Kenite key, for Etam is there in
Gwyddno, Ithome, Djemschid, Pedma and Atmoo, while Jezreel
is Ceres, Garanhir, and Greal. And this lost cup, spiritualized by
union with Christian tradition and immortalized in the verse of
England's greatest living poet, a cup worth traversing the world
and braving all its dangers to find, symbolized Horite empire in the
land of the Pharaohs, rudely snatched away by Hittite hands, and,
to the people longing for the return of their ancient rulers, it was
the little kingdom far up the Nile in which dwelt the descendants
of Etam's son, biding their time till the strong heir of Heth and
Ammon should weaken, and the children of the lotus come to
their own again.
Shuthelah. son of Jezreel, and his immediate successors, do
not seem to have resisted the rule of Jabez. If the Persian
Dabistan is to be believed when it says that Kai Kobad was aided
by the Tartar Hestial, who is Shuthelah, the contrary was the
case.^^ Bered, again, who was Shuthelah's son, is the Greek
Proetus, whose double relation to Jabez as the son of Abas and
son-in-law of Jobates, shows his alliance with the ruling Pharaoh,
as does the Persian story, which makes him a brother of Kai
Khusrau. It is difficult where the posterity of
to determine
Jezreel dwelt. The god Thoth, who originated with Jahath, son
of Reaiah and father of Achumai, and whose name their Tahath
better rendered, was originally worshipped at Eshmun or Hermo-
polis, but this worship probably belonged to a later period, for
1* Aryan Mythology.
19 The Dabistan, 193.
i.
346 THE HITTITES.
Syene lay between his province and the Theban capital. Thoth-
mes is said to have warred in Palestine and Mesopotamia,
inaugurating the Asiatic conquests of the Egyptians. If he did
so, it must have been as the general of his father-in-law Jabez,
firmly seated on his imperial throne.
still Mesha and he must
have been contemporaries during part of their lives, for the Greek
tradition, representing theformer as Mestor, makes him a brother
of Tahath's sonEladah orElgadah,whom it terms Electryon. From
the materials that legendary history afford, it would seem that
Jabez and his son married into the old Egyptian line, but
whether it was that part of it which reigned in Dongola, or that
which was in subjection to the Kenezzites of Elephantine and
Syene, is not 3^et determined. One wife of Pepi was Antefanx,
and analogy would place her in the latter division of the family,
connecting her name with that of the ancestral Manahath
through Zaavan. These marriages, instead of strengthening the
claims of Jabez' descendants, weakened them, for the Hittite
rule of matriarchy made Tahath, the son of the great Pharaoh's
daughter whom the Greeks Antea and Sthenoboea, a
called
formidable aspirant to sovereignty. By
these unions also Mesha
and his son Ziph were drawn into idolatry, and the former was
apparently alienated for a time from his father as well as from
his religion. Ziph seems to have been disowned by his father
Mesha, and to have been brought up by his grandfather Jabez,
who survived him. The latter part of that long reign of a hun-
dred years granted to the son of Zobebah must have been
embittered by the idolatry and strife of his descendants, but
there is no evidence that he ever relaxed his hold upon the
sceptre of Egyptian empire. With his death came the deluge.
There is ample authority for making the immediate successor
of Jabez his groat-grandson Mezahab, the Menthesuphis who
follows Phiops of a hundred years in Manetho's sixth dynasty.
The name Mezahab read as a Semitic word means the golden, and
has been thus translated in that of the Greek Acrisius, whose
descent is traced through Abas and Lynceus to ^gyptus and an;
the father of Mutnetem, and the last of his race. 2° Hor Maanub,
seeing he called himself the golden Horus, is a preferable form of
the name, most of the elements of which are in Ra-nub-maa, who
is known have been a Hycsos king. He is probably the
to
Menephron of Ovid and the Menophres of Hyginus, who charge
him with the crime of (Edipus. The addition of ra, the sun, to
Manub, the Egyptian equivalent of the Semitic Mezahab, would
yield Manubra. He was the father of Nitocris, according to the
lists, but on the monuments, as at Abydos and elsewhere, her
21 Dictys and Polydectes occur by anticiination, fur the former, as Zixiheth, married
a daughter of Rameses, or Beriah.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 349
time of great drought and famine that was to come, and of their
enslavement by oppressive invaders. Planting a tree upside
down, he told his subjects to keep the sacred fire burning until
the tree should fall, when he would return with an army of
white people, destroy their enemies, and restore former prosperity.
Dr. Short says :
"
For generations these strange architects and
faithful priests have waited for the return of their god looked —
for him to come with the sun and descend by the column of
smoke which rose from the sacred fire. As of old, the Israelitish
watcher upon Mount Seir replied to the inquiry " What of the
night ? " " The morning cometh," so the Pueblo sentinel mounts
the housetop at Pecos and gazes wistfully into the east for the
golden appearance, for the rapturous vision of his redeemer, for
Montezuma's return and though no ray of light meets his
;
harsh and oppressive king who laid heavy burdens on his people
and the Aztec Mexicans, so that the latter and many discontented
ones among the former left his dominions under the leadership of
his son Chalchiuh Tlatonac, whom Opochtli inspired, to find a
home elsewhere. Tiie second Montezuma is said to have been
gne of the greatest Mexican kings, who, during his reign of
twenty-nine years, brought his kingdom to a pitch of prosperity
before unknown. His surname was Ilhuicamina, and the name
of his father, Chimalpopoca, neither of which show connection
with the story of Mezahab. Moreover he is reported to have
died as recently as 1469 A.D. But it is remarkable that he
should have set aside his son, whose name even is not mentioned
in the codices, in favour of his grand-children, the offspring of his
daughter Atotoztli, the waterfall, and Tezozomoc, son of Itzco-
huatl. This certainly looks like the importation of the Egyptian
history of Mezahab, who in the same way preferred the child of
his daughter Matred and his son-in-law Thothmes, to his own
" Short, North Americans of Antiquity, 330.
350 THE HITTITES.
son, into late Mexican history. Kai Khusrau also left the throne
of Iran to Lohorasp, a stranger.-^
That Mezahab had other children than Matred is asserted in
the Sanscrit tradition, which is the best illustration of the Kenite
record of the slaughter of Tahath's sons, of the story of the
Seven against Thebes, and of the destruction of Electryon's sons
by the Taphians, as well as of Aneurin's first battle of Cattraeth,
and the disaster of the Persian Gudarz. " Hear, O king, how the
renowned Vitahavya, the royal rishi, attained the condition of
Brahmanhood venerated by mankind, and so difficult to be
acquired. It happened that Divodasa king of Kasi, was attacked
by the sons of Vitahavya, and all his family slain by them in
battle. The afflicted monarch thereupon resorted to the sage
Bharadvaja, who performed for him a sacrifice in consequence of
which a son named Pratardana was born to him. Pratardana
becoming an accomplished warrior, was sent by his father to
take vengeance on the Vitahavyas. They rained upon him
showers of arrows and other missiles as clouds pour down upon
the Himalaya but he destroyed them all and they lay with their
;
'^*
bodies besmeared with blood like kinsuka trees cut down."
The poet then goes on to tell that when Pratardana wished
Bhrigu the sage to surrender Vitahavya, who had lied to him for
refuge, he received for answer, " There is no Kshattriya here all ;
23 B. de B()urV)ourg, Nations Civiliaces, ii. 295, iii. 281. Mirkhond, 258, 259.
M Muir's Sanscrit Texts, i. 229.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 851
most profitable Drvaspa this favour that I may smite the mur-
dering Turanian Frangra.syana behind the sea Chaechasta, the
deep abounding in waters, I, the son of the daughter of Syavar-
shana, the man slain by violence, and of Aghrae-ratha the
descendant of Nam." The murdering Frangra-syana is possibly
Baalhanan, the chief enemy of Hadar. The nmch disguised
Tahath of the Zend Avesta and of Persian tradition is Yistaspa
2''
Zend Avesta, Spiegel and Bleek.
352 THK HITTITES.
and Gushtasp, for the final asp and aspa is an euphonic suffix.
Another character who has an important place in the Persian
scriptures is Yima, the historical Jemschid, the Egyptian Khem
and Kenite Achumai. Thus the Zoroastrian system was one that
mediated between two peoples and their religions, flattering both
by recognizing the divinity, not simply of ancestors, but also of
the living princely representatives of each. Mithras, whom
many writers have compared with the Greek Perseus, is recog-
nized as the mediator. He is depicted in the act of killing the
bull Aboudad, just as the Thothmes and Rameses are set forth as
trampling upon the snake Apophis. Aboudad the sacred bull is
the Egyptian Apis, the worship of which was abolished by Jabez,
but reinstituted by his successor. The destruction of these
symbols of the mighty Pharaoh denoted indeed hatred of him
and of his holy ci'eed, but it also had a good side, for it symbolized
the supersedence of the prevailing idolatry in the form of image
and animal worship by the cult of fire as the emblem of supreme
divinity.
We are now in a position to understand the historical connec-
tion of the short Kenite account of the slaughter of the sons of
Tahath. According to that account it happened before the birth
of Beriah, so that if the Sanscrit stories which make him the
avenger of his slain brethren be true, the expedition of the
Epigoni must have been more than ten years after the first
assault on Thebes. Also as Hadar of Edom married a daughter
of Matred and sister of Beriah, he was no doubt the contemporaiy
of that monarch, and his father or grandfather Saul of Rehoboth
is more likely to have been, as Osortasen III., the ally of Tahath 's
2t'
Pansatiias, iii. 1.
(23)
354 THE HITTITES.
Dead Sea.-^ Gekrab is the same word as the Greek skorpios and
Latin scorpio, and the formidable scorpion men depicted by the
ancient Chaldeans were the descendants of Eker, who called
themselves Gekrabbi.-'-* But the commoner name of this people
was Ekronites, although Homer calls them the barbarous-voiced
Carians.^*' Their connection with the family of Jabez appears
in the adoption by them of his mother Zobebah as tutelary
goddess of Ekron under the name Baal-Zebub, which is no doubt
a semitized version of her designation.^^ Bryant has shown that
Baal-Zebub was a feminine divinity and the same as Achor of
Gyrene.^'- Eker was apparently a dweller in Egypt, for Manetho
places him, as Necherophes, at the head of his third, 1)ut first
Memphite, dynasty. He is thus the Uchoreus of Diodorus, for
to him that author attributes the building of Memphis. Hero- ^'^
•! 2 Kings, i. 2, l(i.
"2 Bryant.
^3 Diod. Sic. i. 2, 7.
•^i
Herodot. ii. 152.
THE HITTITES IN EGYPT. 355
'•^
1 Chron. v. 13-15.
3'i
Job, xxxii. 2.
356 THE HITTITES.
the initial letter of Ophrah is ayin the name may be read Ophrah
!ind Gophrah, Leophrah and Legophrah. Thus it is the same word
" The divinity represented, a sitting figure with long ears and
*'-
Odyssey, xix. 178.
*3 Laobra is on the Tablet of Karnak, Sharjje's History of Egypt, i. 12.
** Geoffrey's British History.
'360 THE HITTITES.
of the king was read Sethei, and the effaced figure was supposed
to be an ass, which was an emblem of Typhon." The king into
^-^
tribe, in spite of the fact that they Uved many generations later.
In Italy Izdubar, as god of pestilence, was Februus, who was
connected with or the same being as Lupercus, being associated
with Pan, as Izdubar Chaldean legend is with Heabani.
in the
But he was also Liparus, called the son ofAuson, instead of his
father. This Auson was the eponym of the Ausones or Osci,
also called Aurunci, but Liparus is said to have died at Surren-
tum in Campania.
APPENDICES,
365
APPENDIX I.
the latter there has been such syncope as renders it a difficult task
to restore the original suffixes by which the root was modified. In
Hittite proper, and in its descendants, there is no such difficulty;
the particles remain intact, and the word can be decomposed into
its elements of root, number and relation. The mark of plurality
is which has been read ni in the Cappadocian cuneiform
ne,
tablets, and which in Aztec has become in. Thus the Aztec Cit,
Citli, a hare, becomes in the plural Citin, answering to the form
368 THE HITTITES.
comes, ba-ne, he places, this final ne plays the part of ka. Another
is tsu, as in ka-tsu, he conquers, or is above, and Tna-tsu, he gives,
doubtful.
Hittite syntax is purely Turanian, its characteristic being that
the governing word follows To this, as has been
its regimen.
shown, the preceding adjective is no exception, since it may be
regarded as a noun in the genitive to the following substantive.
Sanscrit suffered largely from Hittite influences in point of
syntax, and so to a much lesser extent did Latin. The marvel is
that Greek, which grew up among Hittite and Semitic dialects,
waa so little afiected by the former.
(24)
VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS FROM HAMATH.
/T^
ra
^sa
ID
ki
{^^i^^O il-KV05=5
ne te ma ka ra mata mata ne sa sa fa ka
QCWJra su to ba
i!
matsu
=®
hil
i
mata
f
ka
» ta
-I-
ne
C
sa
M^
pi sa
©
il
maka ne nono gu gu ba ke
n -^ r^ D D iQ ^vv/ T5
go itsu ka ke ra sa ki te ma ka ta mata mata
'\'cw®f^'\-cwti ^ i ® I'll I
!? I
ne sa ta la sa in su to ba matsu nil ba ai ka mata
H4.f
ke ne
-I- i I
mata mata ne
-I- cO J
sa na ba
^
sanesa
CO ?^ia
sa r'\ pi sa ne ri
toha go ke itsu ka ke ra sa ki no no ga gu ba
^^^m
ke te ma ta mata
l/IO-i-cBacinc^f
ma ta ne sa ka ra sa ta su to ba
A
matsu
i5)
hil
f
ba
©
a!
\/
ka
HAMATH, &. V.
ka, le, ba, maka, ka, ke, ba, ka,ba,ma, ("a, ha, ma, fa, ka, ke
<r^
ne, [-a, la, ma, ha, kapesa, ka,an, feu.ateii, h, maka.kasa, haka, ka,
ba, ka. la, ka, ne, ba, sa, aa, ne,mat'su, ne, ka, Da,ag,in,Da, ne,
mal'su, ne, al, ha, ka, ka, ba. ke, ba, ka, ha.ne sa, ka, t"su,sa,ki
(Dcvv^^dc
da, ma,sa, ka, sa ne, sa
ne,na,go, ba, ku, la, da,ma, sa, ka,ne,sa,ka, ne.ne, pe, ka,re, ma
qa, ra, ma, ha, pi, ha, ne. daha, ka, ka, ne,ne, ka, la ba, ha, ka, ku.
la, ba, be, ke.ne, ha, la, ne,ku, he, ra, maha, mane saka, ba, ka, la,
ba, ha, ka, ka, la, ka,ba. be, ke, ne, ha, la, ka, ha, ma. ha,ne,sa,
kapesa,ne, kapesa, maha, ne, el, ne, ag.m.ba, ha, ma, ne, gai, ke, ne,
ka, la, ba, sa, il,aha, hsu. ko, el, ne, sasa, hu, an, hsu, ahab, ka. an, ka,
^7y
HAMATH V (cont'd).
4.Cont'(l®4[!i ic-^i
uo ^ .
Vi
tsu ka sa maka
ta ba
n ^
5. l] ® ®& 1?^ ®-l- i 'I Q -^ f ^ ^ D
ma
^ xl ^
ka la sasa tu el ne ba tsu ta ha sa kasa ba ne
Jc c o
ilsa maka take sa sa ri
ne se ra ne ba si ^e sa ne ke tsu sa la ka
sa sa ga ne sa me sisi ne sa ki ku la ku koma ne ka me
SI ne sa nono ku la saga ra ku al ku ba ko ro su ri
to ri ma ta saga ra me ku ke ko mu ka ba ka
^ma ra ku ta ika ne sa ga ra sa ga ne ka sa
memese sa ka ku ta me ka ne ma ta ke kc mu J<3 ma
ta ba ka te ka ka ne te ra ka ma ra ne tsu
ki ma ra ne
^
JERABIS III, 3c
sa, la, ma, ne.5i. ra, sa, aa, ne, ish, sa, W', k\,S3,ii, ra
ka, ma, ish, sa, qa, ra*, su, se, ne. sa, ki , ha, ka, ha. Re,
SI ka, ka, go. ta. ka. fa, neS, sa, ri, su, ha, l^e, fa. ne, Fa.nono,
Ckf
ka, ku,
%
hu,
LINE I S (Ql^® O
ke, ra, ka, ma, ish.
ma, ha, sa, ga, ra, ko, mu. ka, ba, ke, ma, ha, sacja.
ra. du, ne, sa, ne. sa. as, ka, ra. ne, ke,ku, sa.go,
3. 1?
sa. ke.
<? cf
sa.ku, as,
ic I'o
ka. ra,
^
sa.
® b'^
ha, sa, ka,
©"I"
ha,
b
ne, sa, ag.
^
m. ba, sa.sa, ba, ka. ha. sa. ka, ha,ne,sa.ag. in. sa.sa, ha.
pa. la, ka. ne. neba. sa, j,o. sa, pa. la, ka. ne, neba, sa.sa. sa.
ki. ku. ba. ma. ha, saga,ne. du, ne, si. si, ne. sa, ha, sa, ne. ma. ne,
ka.sa, ha. ra,sa, maka, sa, ha, ke, su.su,go, ha. sa.ku, la, ne.
rv
LION INSCRIPTION OF MERASH (side).
ko mu ka ta ta hapi sa ta ka ba sa ka ka ne
ni ra as sa ne ka ta ra as sa ga ka ni ra bi mata mata
tC ^^•I0l<^<l>-|-C^01 M DCttI>|
ne sa ka pi ni sa ish ish na si ra sa gane sa ki ta
ma ka ni ra hapi sa ta ne ki ne
na SI ra sa gane sa ki ku ta ka sa ta ha pi sa ta
.sa r\ be ka ma nene ba sa ne sa ba ne ta ka ra
la sa bai ma sa ku ta ka sa ka ne ra sa as pi ko
CO ^<aO
sa ku ta ra la
a! ga ri ga ra sa ne sa ku la ra ka fsu ba sa ta oe
f(i)\[LcflDi'>Di^ ^^$^n.^[\
ka ma ne ka sa ra sa ne sa ahal sa kata ra ni ra
to bai go ar an se ka sa ka ne ne ag in be Ea go a
4.Jcfe^|(®lfc^Oi^C^HfloiOi"i-^
basa, fa, be.ka.ma, ne.ku.sa, ba. sa, ka, ka, ki.ku.ne.as, sa, ne.ka
ha, ra, ka,mal'a.ne, r'l, i-su, ke, sa.ishsa, ka. Pa, ra. ka, si. ne, ha.ra.
01©^ Di]]w^|t)oiil^n]Do1>'^Ci
sa, ish. ish, ke, Psu, Pa. Pe, sa, ao, ba. ke, ra.be, ra. ma,
Pa, ka, si.ne. Pa. Psu, 5a. aa. ne, sa, ki. ko, mu, ka. ra, ni.ra.si.
I'll IC-I-
sa, Psu, sa, ne,
xxxxQ^Tt el. is, an, Psu,
XX
ko. Pe. ni. Pa, ne. sa. Pa, kane,sa. ka, Psu, ma. sa, sa, hu.nc,
ni, Pa, Psu, Psu, sa, ne, Pa, as. sa, ne.sa, sa,ne,ni. Pa, sa, Psu,ne,ri, Pju
CV.I
ka, ni.
9M 9
Pa, ke, pi,
31
sa.
1^ a? Qi.t
Pa, ka, ka,
31
ne, sa.
^ [l]]]°l«l|''lfil
f'O
LION INSCRIPTION OF MERASH, (Front Confd)
2. JToC^©®^! ma
fi^'te
tsu
[k® J>¥r
ka ma
kata ra ka la ta ne ne r\ ta pi
& ^nASfcv-i-(^€jcic-l-®'
sa ta ko mu ka bi s\ ta ne ka ta tsu sa ne al sa
3. ""ll IC -h 31 1 C ^DO^
f,
31 ^p> 31^31 ^
tsu sa ne sa to sa tsu ate sa ra sa ba sa ta
ne ba ke ra sa ra ka ka ma ta
ku ka sa ka ki ku sa ri
n II cc>f CV=n(D^'^wi!/(]rf3i3i<tJi
ar te ga gu ka ra mo pi be ba ne sa ra se se ne ma
\![(t
ne tsu
Dc)Cv,A3iJ .|-=[P®n®
ka ha sa ba ne si la ra ma
w® OR
ta ma ish ga
APPENDIX III.
Hamath I (Continued)
II Maka, epithet of Baal, governed by
ne, the postposition, to, in.
non, Etruscan relative, who, which Pisa is the antecedent.
:
pres. ind.
kanene, agrees, is in accord, see ch. viii., 3rd sing., pres. ind.
Hamath N— (Continued)
Memalika ko, Remaliah's son : ko governs Remalika in gen.
of position.
Batuel, Bethel : this is not Hittite order ; a postposition
must be understood after Bethel.
mata Pitane Dahaka: mata is supposed to be with Dahaka,
the name of the Patinian king, governing Pitane in the
gen. of position.
haka, late, defunct, qualifying Kalaba : see ch. viii.
of negai.
negai ke ne, desiring am I, B. nahi, Jap. negai.
Kalahasa, Kalaba is followed by the gen. particle sa.
il atatsuka, the death striker, murderer, governs Kalaba in
Hamath V (Continued) :
Jerabis III
tsula, a fragment of some preceding word, untranslatable.
sahaka governs Kata in the gen. as Katanesa it may be ;
rhetorical.
:
plural in ne.
tsugi, J. join or follow, probably plural without sign.
Sagane ishsa, holding Assyria, participial form of B. itsas.
kekisa=gaitz egi, B. to do injury.
Kerakamaish Sagara, Sagara of Carchemish iii gen. of
position, object of kekisa.
zuzen saki, lawful prince, in apposition to Sagara, but the
object of takata.
takata, to fight, infinitive to kesikaka : see notes on text.
Jerabis I, line 2 :
on text.
nekine, to desire, inf. of B. nahi, J. negai, governed by
saishish, and ffoverning the other inf. tamaka.
kutakasata, composed of Etruscan kuta, B. ekit and ikasi,
in form of Japanese past tense, he caused to under-
stand, or instructed.
-Hapisata sari Bekama, Bekama, the captain or general of
Hapisata, in gen. of position, Bekama being governed
by preceding kutakasata.
haneta ka, from the boundary or possessions : see notes,
ch, xii.
rata, B. iruli, to turn away, inf. to kutakasa kane.
sabaimasa, B. ezhear ema sa, the giver of trouble, see notes.
Rasa aspikosa, B. azpiko, slave, in gen. to kuta, B. gede,
boundary.
rakatsu, a doubtful reading, supposed B. erchatu, con-
strains.
nekasa, variant of nebasa, B. nahusi, which is also nagusi,
ahalsa, better ahal-tzu, to force.
tahaigo, comp. tamaka and saho.imasa : composed of atze,
back, and heartu, to force : see notes on text.
hago, without, B. hage, gate, postposition.
Nenebasa ta, B. di, dik, out of, postposition.
hasaka ka, see above, hasaka ka ne.
kikune, J. kiku, hear, employed with inf. sign as pres. part.
sintara, the judge Assurnazirpal see notes. :
APPENDIX IV.
Heth
396 THE HITTITES.
Chepher Manachath
Been = Bashemath
.
Adah = Esau
I
Socho Murdas
Jekuthiel Saul Izrachiah
Tahath II |
I
Zanoach I I
Helena :
Michael
Mehetabel — Hadar
.1
Shimon
Shemidag
Chushan-Rishathaim
Tkmkni
I
Amalek
I
Eliphaz ?
Rechab Elon
Zerach
Jobab Chusham
Eliphaz, friend of Job
Baalchanan
THE KENITE LIST OF THE HITTITE FAMILIES, ETC. 397
Ulam Rakem
Evi
Ophrah Bed an, head of Patinians Rekem
I I
Hur
Ishgi = Taia = Shimon Zur
I i
Reba
Zocheth Amnon
ACHASHTARI Oreb
Zeeb
Shuach Chelub Zebah
I i .
Zalmunna
Eimi Mechir
I i
Shelah Eshton
Zerethite
Iberians Maon Jorkogam Gog
of the hne I
.1
of Asher Beth zur Shimei
I
Micah
Zereth I
I Reaiah
Shachar i
J
Baal
Arioch I
I
Beerah
Jehaleleel
I.
Achi Pasach Imna Zophah Jair ?
Rohgah Bimhal Shelesh | I
Ethnan
Avi
Beor
I
Bela
I
Di Nhabah
Kenaz
Gothniel Seraiah
I I
Megonothai Charash
Leophrah Sisera
I
Ishgi = Taia
Jezregel
I
Shuthelah Jabez
I I
Bered — Sthenoboea
I
Tahath I
I
Elgadah Mezahab
I i
BRIEF
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