Plant Analysis - An Interpretation Manual

Commissioned by
AS PAC
Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council Inc.
This page intentionally left blank
Editors
D.]. Reuter
].B. Robinson
Assistant Editor
C. Dutkiewicz
CSI RO
AUSTRALIA
CSIRO PUBLISH ING

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Plant analysis: an interpretation manual
2nd ed.
Bibliography
ISBN 0 643 05938 5
1. Plants - Composition
2. Plants - Analysis
3. Crops - Nutrition
I. Reuter, D.].
II. Robinson, ].B. O. Ben).
III. Title
580.12
© CSIRO Australia 1997
Disclaimer
While all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the information provided in this Manual can
be relied on to the extent indicated, the authors or editors of the work, Australian Soil and Plant Analysis
Council Inc, CSIRO Publishing, can not accept responsibility for inconvience, material loss or financial
loss resulting from the use of this Manual.
This book is available from:

CSIRO Publishing
PO Box 1139 (150 Oxford Street)
Collingwood, VIC 3066
Australia
Tel: (03) 9662 7666 Int: +(613) 9662 7666
Fax: (03) 9662 7555 Int: + (613) 9662 7555
Email: sales@publish.csiro.au
http://www.publish.csiro.au
Editorial and Production Manager: Marta Veroni

Editor: Laurie Martinelli
Cover design: Linda Kemp
CONTRI BUTORS
R. Boardman A. Pinkerton
PISA Forestry formerly CSIRO Plant Industry
GPO Box 2284, Adelaide, SA 5001 GPO Box 1600 Canberra, ACT 2601
G.C. Cresswell G.H. Price
formerly Biological and Chemical Research Institute Incitec Ltd
PMB Rydalmere, NSW 2116 PO Box 140 Morningside, QLD 4170
R.N. Cromer D.J. Reuter
CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Products CSIRO Division of Land and Water
Locked Bag No 2 PO Sandy Bay, TAS 7005 PMB 2 Glen Osmond, SA 5064
D.G. Edwards J.B. Robinson
Department of Agriculture Scholefield Robinson Horticultural Services Pty Ltd
University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 PO Box 145, Mitcham Shopping Centre
Torrens Park, SA 5062
N.J. Grundon
CSIRO Division Land and Water, A.D. Robson
PO Box 780 Atherton, QLD 4883 The Office of the Vice-Chancellor
University of Western Australia
K.A. Handreck Nedlands, WA 6909
formerly CSIRO Land and Water
PMB 2 Glen Osmond, SA 5064 EW. Smith
CSIRO Division of Tropical Agriculture
D.O. Huett 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067
NSW Agriculture
PO Box 72 Alstonville, NSW 2477 K.A. Snowball
formerly University of Western Australia
M.J. Lambert Nedlands, WA 6909
formerly State Forests of New South Wales
PO Box 100 Beecroft, NSW 2119 L.A. Sparrow
Department of Primary Industry
D.C. Lewis PO Box 46 Kings Meadows, TAS 7249
Primary Industries (SA)
Box 618 Naracoorte, SA 5271 R.A. Stephenson
Maroochy Horticultural Research Station
J.E Loneragan PO Box 5083 SCMC, Nambour, QLD 4560
5 Tintagel Court
City Beach, WA 6150 M.T. Treeby
CSIRO Division of Plant Industry
N.A. Maier PMB Merbein, VIC 3505
South Australian Research and Development Institute
GPO Box 397 Adelaide, SA 5001 M. Webb
CSIRO Land and Water
K.I. Peverill PMB PO Aitkenvale, QLD 4814
State Chemistry Laboratory
Cm Sneydes and South Roads N.S. Wilhelm
Werribee, VIC 3030 South Australian Research and Development Institute
GPO Box 397 Adelaide, SA 5001
T.J. Piggott
Resource Consulting Services Pty Ltd
1 Henkers Rd
Bundagerg, QLD 4670
v
SPONSORS
[9;1-12
Grains
Research &
INTERNATIONAL Development
--WODl--
SEC RET A R I AT Corporation
HORTICULTURAL REsEARCH &

DAIRY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
~4
------------~~----
RURAL INDUSTRIES
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
DEVELOPMENTCORl'ORATlON
TheResearchArmofthe
AustralianHorlkulturalInd~tries
~\ Sugar Research and Development
Grape and Wine

7, , Co"om';"
Research and ASPAC

Development Corporation Australian Soil and Plant
Analysis Council Inc.
vi
FOREWORD
Nutrient management in agriculture is attracting To their credit, the Editors - supported by Cecilia
close scrutiny from natural resource managers and Dutkiewicz and funded by AS PAC, the Australian
environmental protection authorities. This follows Centre for International Agricultural Research, and
community concern that nutrients are moving several of Australia's Rural Research Funding
from the land to streams and groundwaters in Corporations - assembled a team of authors with
excess of natural rates. Coincidentally, primary recognised skills in plant chemical analysis and
producers the world over are confronted with interpretation. The challenge, now achieved, was
increasingly complex production systems, changing to fully update the manual from cover to cover,
soil fertility, demands for high product quality, and without losing the 'easy-to-use' character of the
a requirement to be both economically competitive first edition.
and sustainable. Plant chemical analysis can help
achieve these outcomes, when supported by reliable Ultimately, an entirely new chapter on forest
interpretative guidelines, often in conjunction with species was introduced, while other chapters
other diagnostic tools such as soil testing. covering concepts and principles, plant symptoms,
guidelines for sampling, crops, pastures, vegetables,
When the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis ornamentals and fruit trees, nuts and vines have
Council (ASPAC) was established in 1990, it was
been considerably enhanced and updated. The
seen by its inaugural members as providing a
inclusion of interpretative guidelines for species
forum and information clearing house for those
grown in regions north of Australia, and compiled
interested in the science and practical application
tables of widely accepted diagnostic standards for
of soil and plant analysis. The need to provide
many plant species are among the new initiatives
sound interpretative guidelines for soil and plant
in this second edition. All chapters and tabulations
chemical tests across a range of geographic
conditions was recognised by members at a very were peer reviewed.
early stage. Moreover, government could no longer As Chairperson of ASPAC for the period when most
be expected to commit resources to a task able to of the manual was prepared, I extend thanks on
be competently undertaken by others. behalf of all ASPAC members. These thanks go to
At the time, the first edition of this Plant Analysis Doug, Ben, Cecilia, contributing authors, reviewers
Interpretation Manual had been in use for five years. of chapters, and CSIRO Publishing for their
While the first edition made a major contribution individual efforts in making this second edition
in Australia to the understanding and use of plant a reality. The world scarcity of well compiled and
chemical analysis as a diagnostic and research tool, explained diagnostic criteria for plant analysis of
ASPAC members recognised the time for a second the type presented in this manual will ensure its
edition was approaching. This need was reinforced success and international recognition. The
at AS PAC's First National Workshop on Soil and challenge now is to use the information wisely for
Plant Analysis in 1993, with a resolution to both individual and community benefit. In
commission a Working Party to review the need for conclusion and for their relevance, I recall Professor
a second edition. It was pleasing that the inaugural Jack Loneragen's final sentence in his Foreword to
Editors, Dr Doug Reuter and Dr Ben Robinson, the inaugural edition: 'We are all very much in
accepted this challenge on behalf of ASPAC. their debt'.
George E. Rayment
ASPAC Chairperson 1995-1996
vii
CONTENTS
Contributors v C.l.3 Soil nutrient supply after

sampling 17
Sponsors vi
C.l.4 Nutrient requirement 18
Foreword vii
18
C.2 Procedures
Preface to the Second Edition xi C.2.1 Seed analysis 18
1 Interpretation of Plant Analysis: C.2.2 Prediction during crop growth 19
Concepts and Principles
D. Monitoring crop nutrient status from
F. W. Smith and 1.F. Loneragan 1 nutrient concentrations 19
A. Background 3 E. Diagnosis, prediction and monitoring
A.1 Historical introduction 3 from other measures of nutrient status 20
A.2 Uses of plant analysis 3 E.1 Nutrients in relation to fresh weight 21
A.3 Nutrient behaviour in plants 4 E.2 Form of nutrient 21
A.3.1 Regulation of nutrient E.3 Nutrient and metabolite ratios 23
concentrations in plants 4 E.4 Organic compounds 23
A.3.2 Nutrient uptake 4 E.5 Biochemical, molecular and
A.3.3 Partitioning and remobilization physiological assays 24
of nutrients 5 E.6 Interaction with radiant energy 25
A.3.3.1 Partitioning between root 26
F. Conclusions
and shoot 5
A.3.3.2 Remobilization 6 Acknowledgments 27
B. Diagnosis of nutrient status from nutrient References 27

concentrations 8 2 Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
B.1 Nutrient concentrations and yield 8 Symptoms
B.2 Critical nutrient concentrations 10 N/. Grundon, A.D. Robson, M.J. Lambert
B.2.l Principles 10 and K.A. Snowball 35
B.2.2 Derivation of critical nutrient A. Introduction 37
concentrations 10
B. Symptoms in relation to the function
B.3 Factors affec;ting critical of nutrients 38
concentrations 11
C. Symptoms in relation to the mobility
B.3.1 Culture systems and sensitivity of of nutrients 39
plant response 11
B.3.2 Plant age and part 12 D. Description of symptoms 42
B.3.3 Environmental interactions 14 Acknowledgments 42
B.3.4 Genotype 15 References 46
B.4 Nutrient surveys 16 Appendix 1: References to symptom
C. Prediction of nutrient responses from descriptions 47
nutrient concentrations
3 Guidelines for Collecting, Handling
C.1 Principles 16 and Analysing Plant Material
C.1.1 Yield criteria 17 D.J. Reuter, 1.B. Robinson, K.I. Peverill, G.R. Price
C.l.2 Plant nutrient reserves 17 and M.J. Lambert 53
ix
CONTENTS
A. Introduction 55 6 Pasture Species

B. Purposes and methods of plant testing 55 A. Pinkerton, F. W Smith and D.C. Lewis 285
C. Documenting site and crop information56 Tables 288

C.l Discussions with the landholder 56 References 338
C.2 Description of plant symptoms 56 Summarised gUidelines for diagnosing
D. Collecting representative samples 58 nutrient deficiencies in pasture species 343
D.l Concepts and strategies 58 7 Fruits, Vines and Nuts
D.l.1 Diagnostic sampling 58 J.B. Robinson, M. Treeby and R.A. Stephenson 347
D.1.2 Sampling for monitoring 58 Tables 350
D.2 Sampling appropriate plant parts 61 References 379
D.3 Other factors to consider 61
8 Vegetable Crops
E. Sample handling and preparation 63
D.O. Huett, N.A. Maier, L.A. Sparrow
E.l Sample transport 63
and T.J. Piggott 383
E.2 Sample handling and
decontamination 63 Tables 386
E.3 Sample drying 66 References 379
E.4 Grinding and storage 66
Summarised guidelines for diagnosing
E.5 Sap analysis 66 nutrient disorders in selected vegetable
F. Laboratory analysis 66 crops 461
G. Conclusion 68 9 Ornamentals.
References 68 C.H. Price, C.C. Cresswell and K.A. Handreck 465
Tables 468
4 Definition of Terms and Abbreviations
Used in the Manual 71 References 501
10 Forest Plantations
5 Temperate and Tropical Crops R. Boardman, M,J. Lambert, M. Webb
DJ. Reuter, D.C. Edwards and N.S. Wilhelm 81 and R.N. Cromer 503
Tables 84 Tables 507
References 254 References 562
Summarised interpretation guidelines Species in Tables
for diagnosing nutrient disorders in A. Scientific names 567
agronomic crops 279 B. Common names 570
x
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
In 1981, a national Workshop on Plant Analysis Readers who compare the first and second editions
was held at Goolwa in South Australia. At that will find that the new edition provides some
meeting, Dr W. Cox of the Western Australian important innovations. Firstly, the volume and
Department of Agriculture proposed that all available scope of the information accessed from both
information on the interpretation of plant analysis Australian and overseas literature has expanded
for agricultural and horticultural species should be several-fold. Interpretation criteria for 294 species
reviewed and consolidated into an Australian have been compiled in the tables, from more than
manual to support the emergence of plant testing 1800 published papers. Secondly, a new chapter
services nationally. This vision was subsequently has been prepared documenting criteria for forest
accomplished in 1986 with the publication by species, with particular emphasiS being placed on
Inkata Press of Plant Analysis: an Interpretation plantation species grown in Australia and south-
Manual. Through rural industry sponsorship, the east Asia. Thirdly, chapter authors have carefully
Manual was distributed widely within Australia. distilled from assembled data, sets of interpretation
It was also sold overseas by the publisher. guidelines for plant tests which they judge may be
most useful for diagnosing the nutrient status of
From all accounts the Manual served a useful major crop species. We and the authors collectively
purpose. It laid a foundation for establishing emphasise that the guideline ranges for the tests
commercial plant testing services within Australia advocated should be used prudently, and with the
by government and private sector agencies. Thus, full knowledge that the values may not apply
plant testing was advanced as a 'new' tool for universally. Indeed, they are gUides, which may
monitoring and diagnosing the nutritional status need to be modified for local conditions.
of plants, and particularly annual species. The
compiled interpretation criteria also exposed many As co-editors it is a pleasure to acknowledge the
knowledge gaps for a host of crops important to exceptional input made by the 25 authors of the
Australia. These needed to be addressed through revised edition. With their enthusiastic support
research initiatives if reliable, scientifically valid and advice the revision process proceeded
tests were to be offered to farmers, orchardists and smoothly to its scheduled conclusion. We also
foresters by commercial testing services with multi- thank Laurie Martinelli, Kevin Jeans amd Marta
element analytical capabilities. Veroni of CSIRO Publishing for their professional
assistance and advice on all publication matters.
Then, in March 1993, the newly established
Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council (ASPAC) The authors of the Manual especially express their
hosted the First National Workshop on Soil and sincere gratitude to Ms Cecilia Dutkiewicz,
Plant Analysis in Ballarat, Victoria. At this meeting, Assistant Editor, for her dedication, patience and
ten reviews were presented by Australian specialists good will. Her assistance with database searches is
on major issues confronting soil and plant testing also acknowledged. Special thanks are also due to
in Australia. These reviews were published subse- Ms Tracey Rohrsheim for photography.
quently in a special issue of the Australian Journal We especially acknowledge the skill and effort
of Experimental Agriculture (Volume 33: issue 8). made by external referees who provided excellent
Delegates at the Workshop recommended that comments sometimes on more than one chapter of
ASPAC commission the publication of a reVised, the Manual. These include Professor Colin Asher
second edition of 1986 Plant Analysis Manual. (University of Queensland), Dr Patrick Brown
After two years of dedicated work by 25 Australian (Department of Pomology, University of California,
speCialists, the second edition has now been Davis USA), Mr David Campbell (Pivot Ltd),
published by CSIRO Publishing. It comprises a ASSOCiate Professor David Edwards (University of
comprehensive and modern basis for the use of Queensland), Mr Barry Goldspink (Agriculture
plant analysiS, which the authors hope will further Western Australia), Mr Ian Grant (Hifert Pty Ltd),
the use by primary producers of this powerful Dr Peter Hopmann (The Centre for Tree Technology,
diagnostic procedure. Victoria), Mr Brian Leach (CSBP and Farmers Ltd),
xi
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Dr John McGrath (Department of Conservation & Agricultural Research (especially the input made
Land Management, Western Australia), Mr Paul by Dr Ian Willett),
Milham (formerly Biological & Chemical Research • ASPAC, the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis
Institute, Rydalmere), Dr Tim Payn (New Zealand Council, Incorporated,
Forest Research Institute), Mr Graham Price (Incitec
• Dairy Research and Development Corporation,
Ltd), Mr Geoff Proudfoot (CSBP & Farmers Ltd.),
Dr Peter Randall (CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, • Grains Research and Development Corporation,
Canberra), Mr John Simpson (Queensland • Grape and Wine Research and Development
Department of Primary Industries (Forestry)), Mr Corporation,
Peter Snowden (CSIRO Division of Forestry & • Horticultural Research and Development
Forest Products) and Mr Ron Weir (formerly of Corporation,
New South Wales Agriculture).
• International Wool Secretariat,
Finally, and most importantly, we acknowledge the • Rural Industries Research and Development
financial support provided by: Corporation, and
• ACIAR, the Australian Centre for International • Sugar Research and Development Corporation.
D.J. Reuter
J.B. Robinson
Manual Editors
xii
1. INTERPRETATION OF PLANT ANALYSIS:
CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
F.W. Smith andJ.F. Loneragan
A. BACKGROUND computerized processing of data (Donahue and

Gettier 1990), bring new dimensions to the
A.l Historical introduction interpretation of plant analyses.
The use of plant analysis as a diagnostic tool has a There has also been renewed interest in the
history dating back to studies of plant ash content in development of tests which can be done in situ, such
the early 1800s. Chemists working on the composition as colorimetric analysis of expressed sap and leaf
of plant ash recognized that relationships existed colour measurements using transmission and
between yield and the nutrient concentrations in reflectance meters, thus providing information for
plant tissues. Quantitative methods for interpreting immediate remedial action.
these relationships in a manner that could be used
for assessing plant nutrient status arose from the
work of Macy (1936). Since then, much effort has A.2 Uses of plant analysis
been directed towards refining plant analysis as a Plant analysis has been developed primarily to
diagnostic tool. Readers interested in following these provide information on the nutrient status of plants
developments are referred to the articles of Goodall as a guide to nutrient management for optimal plant
and Gregory (1947), Ulrich (1952), Ulrich et ai. production. Increasingly, it is being used to protect
(1959), Ulrich and Hills (1967), Bates (1971), Bouma the environment from over-fertilization of crops and
(1983), Martin-Prevel et ai. (1987), Munson and pastures. Other uses include assessment of the
Nelson (1990), Jones (1991) and Bergmann (1992). quality of plant products, the estimation of the
overall nutritional status of regions, districts, or soil
Advances in the capabilities of modem instruments
types, of nutrient levels in diets available to livestock
have widened the scope for plant analysis, made
and for human nutrition, and as an indicator of
more sensitive analytical techniques available, and
environmental toxicities.
simplified procedures. Atomic absorption
spectroscopy, for example, has made routine For nutrient management of crops, analytical data
analysis of micronutrient elements in plant tissues are used in various tests designed to:
readily available. Various chromatographic and • diagnose existing nutrient problems - trouble
electrophoretic instruments that permit separation shooting,
and quantitative analysis of organic constituents,
together with the availability of rapid enzyme assay • predict nutrient problems likely to affect crop
procedures, molecular probes and immunological production between sampling and harvest, or
techniques have opened up the possibility of using • monitor crop nutrient status for optimal crop
biochemical and molecular techniques in plant production.
nutrient diagnosis. In recent years, the adoption of
plasma source spectroscopic techniques such as Some diagnostic tests, such as those which have
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission (ICP- been calibrated against yield at sampling, reflect the
OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has enabled history of the plant's nutrition and growth to the
many laboratories to perform analysis for a variety of time of sampling (Figure 1.1). Others, such as some
applications in agricultural and environmental enzymic assays, reflect the plant's current nutrient
chemistry (Watson and Isaac 1990). Other status and its immediate potential to respond to
spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray fluorescence added nutrients. Predictive tests project from
(XRF) and near infrared spectrometry (NIR) have current nutrient status to likely nutrient problems
broadened the scope of measured parameters. under conditions yet to come. Monitoring tests
Whilst advances in classical approaches such as combine a record of the plant's nutrient history with
Kjeldahl digestions and colorimetric analyses have both diagnostic and predictive procedures.
been minimal by comparison, these techniques still The most widely used of all tests are those based on
provide valuable plant analysis information and are the concentration or ratio of total chemical element
widely used. Information provided by such to dry matter in plant parts. We prefer the term
instruments on the concentrations of a range of concentration over content, which some authors use
nutrient elements in plant tissues, together with (e.g. Marschner 1995), in order to avoid confusion
3
Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual
An understanding of the mechanisms plants use to

regulate the nutrient concentrations in their tissues
is important when interpreting results of plant
..... analysis. Fortunately, this aspect of plant nutrition is
Q)
~ receiving increased attention. Useful studies with

E whole plants on the influence of nutrient stress on
~ nutrient absorption by plant roots, ion transport
"0
"0 within the plant, remobilization of nutrients,
o
..c.
nutrient solubilization in the rhizosphere, and
(J) relationships between plant growth and nutrient
absorption are being reported. From these studies,
an understanding of the active role that plants play
o S H in regulating the nutrient concentrations in their
Time from sowing tissues is emerging.
Figure 1.1 Relationship of time of sampling (5) for plant nutri- A.3.2 Nutrient uptake
ent analysis to growth before and after sampling
and to grain yield at harvest (H). Shoot dry matter at
The uptake of nutrients into plant roots is mediated
5 reflects nutrient history from sowing (0) to S. by membrane transport proteins embedded in the
Grain yield at H reflects plant nutrient status at 5 plasmalemma. The functioning of many of these
subjected to the operation of unknown environ- specific nutrient transporters is linked to proton
mental factors from 5 to H.
pumps through cotransporter or antiporter
activities. The specificity of these transporter
proteins, or permeases, and the mechanisms by
with the use of content in the sense of the amount which they are regulated, control the entry of
of chemical element in a plant part. We will discuss inorganic ions into the symplasm of plant roots. A
the tests based on nutrient concentrations before great deal of physiological information related to the
considering tests based on other measures of functioning and regulation of ion transport systems
nutrient status. has accumulated in recent years (see review by
However, as the development and effective use of Clarkson and Ltittge 1991). Some ofthe genes
plant nutrient tests require an understanding of encoding the transporter proteins from plant roots
nutrient behaviour in plants, this topic will be have been cloned recently (Schachtman and
presented briefly before considering the tests in Schroeder 1994; Smith et al. 1995; Smith et al. 1997)
detail. and others are being eagerly sought. These clones
provide powerful new tools for elucidating the
A.3 Nutrient behaviour in plants complex regulatory systems that govern the nutrient
content of plants.
A.3.1 Regulation of nutrient concentrations in plants
Concentrations of most nutrients in plant tissues are Many of the 'high affinity' permeases associated
restricted to quite a narrow range. Generally with the uptake of major nutrients in field grown
speaking, plants appear to have a remarkable ability plants are subject to feedback regulation. Thus, the
to tune the rate at which they absorb nutrients from ion transport function is repressed in plants supplied
with a normal or supra-optimal nutrient supply and
their rooting medium to the demand established by
de-repressed when the supply of that nutrient
their growth rate. Thus, very large changes in
becomes deficient. Rates of sulfate uptake are very
concentrations of nutrients around plant roots often
tightly controlled, increasing by as much as IS-fold
result in relatively small changes in tissue
within 48 hours after removal of the external sulfate
concentrations. For example, in their work with
supply, and returning to the low rate characteristic of
dilute flowing culture techniques, Asher and
sulfur-adequate plants within 24 hours of
Loneragan (1967) used a 62S-fold range of resupplying sulfate to sulfur-starved plants (Clarkson
phosphorus concentrations continuously maintained et al. 1983; Lass and Ulrich-Eberius 1984; Clarkson
at the root surface. In spite of this, there was only a and Saker 1989). Phosphorus uptake exhibits similar
lO-fold range in phosphorus concentrations of the feedback regulation, although it does not appear to
shoots of plants growing in these solutions. In be as tightly controlled as slfate transport (Clarkson
similar work with potassium, a 16000-fold range in and Scattergood 1982; Lefebvre and Glass 1982;
the potassium concentration maintained at the root Cogliatti and Clarkson 1983; McPharlin and Bieleski
surface resulted in only 7-fold to 13-fold ranges in 1987). The uptake of potassium is also subject to
potassium concentrations in shoots of cassava, regulatory mechanisms that respond to the
maize or sunflower (Spear et al. 1978). For plants in potassium status of the plant. The complexity of the
which growth was not restricted by either mechanisms related to potassium accumulation can
phosphorus or potassium deficiencies, the range of be gleaned from the reviews of]ensen et al. (1987)
nutrient concentrations in their shoots was even and Ltittge and Clarkson (1989). Regulation of the
less. Further, the internal nutrient concentration in uptake and reduction of nitrate is also very complex.
some tissues is restricted to narrower limits than in It appears that uptake of nitrate via a constitutive
other tissues; for example, the range in seeds is often transporter is required to trigger induction of a
much narrower than in the plant as a whole. regulated nitrate transporter and a nitrate reductase.
4
Intepretation of Plant Analysis: Concepts and Principles
Accumulation of nitrogenous compounds then extent of cycling and remobilization varies widely
serves to repress excessive nitrate uptake and with the nutrient, environmental conditions, and
reduction (Crawford and Arst 1993). plant nutrient status, species, and stage of
Among the micro nutrients, the mechanisms of iron development.
transport have been studied best (Romheld 1987; In annual species, partitioning and remobilization
Welch 1995). Grass roots excrete phytosiderophores of nutrients are closely involved in the rapid
that chelate and solubilize iron from the soil developmental changes occurring during the plant's
(Romheld and Marschner 1986), resulting in grasses life cycle. For example, at some levels of nutrient
being considerably more efficient in acquiring iron than supply, retranslocation from vegetative organs after
dicotyledons. In dicotyledons under iron deficient flowering could account for up to 85% of the
conditions, H+ efflux is increased and an iron reductase phosphorus in the grain of oat plants (Williams
is induced aiding the solubilization, reduction and 1955) and most of the copper in the grain of wheat
uptake of iron compounds from the soil. (Loneragan et al. 1980).
Studies on the expression of cloned transporters In perennial species too, nutrient uptake,
reveal that the feedback regulation of ion uptake is partitioning, storage and mobilization are often
controlled primarily by transcription of the genes related to particular phenological stages. For
that encode these transporters. Thus, withdrawal of example, nitrogen taken up by grapevines after crop
the external sulfur supply elicited a large increase in removal and before leaf fall is stored in the roots and
the level of mRNA associated with the root high permanent wood during dormancy but mobilized in
affinity sulfate transporters (Smith et al. 1995), spring to support shoot growth prior to uptake
increasing the number of sulfate transporter becoming significant at around flowering (Conradie
proteins in the roots of sulfur-stressed plants: it 1991). In this situation, tissue analysis at flowering
declined rapidly upon resupply of external sulfate, would provide a picture of the interaction between
indicating that the transporter proteins turn over nitrogen supply during the previous growing season
quite quickly (Hawkesford and Smith 1996). Further and growing conditions during the current growing
evidence for this rapid turnover of sulfate transporters season. Experiments with conifers have indicated
arises from studies using inhibitors of protein that nutrient uptake and growth rate are primary
synthesis (Clarkson et al. 1992). Similar expression determinants of the amount and rate of
studies with a specific phosphate transporter in roots retranslocation of nutrients rather than only
show that it is also subject to transcriptional control senescence as previously thought (Nambiar and Fife
by signals that ultimately respond to the external 1991). In these experiments, rapid growth associated
phosphate supply (Smith et al. 1997). with high soil fertility and rapid nutrient uptake
increased the retranslocation of nutrients and there
Allosteric regulation may also modify the activity of was competition among parts of the shoots for
ion transporters (Glass 1983). Regulation in this way internal nutrient reserves. Switzer and Nelson (1972)
would enable rapid fine tuning of nutrient estimated that, in a 20 year old plantation of loblolly
transporters in response to nutrient supply and pine, internal recycling accounted for 20-30% of the
demand and other environmental factors. trees' requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus and
The compounds responsible for feedback regulation potassium, about 16% for magnesium and sulfur,
of ion transport have not been identified. However, and 7% for calcium. Estimates of retranslocation of
their identity should be revealed by current studies nitrogen and potassium in Alnus rubra (Miller 1986)
with the promoters associated with the genes and of phosphorus in Pinus radiata (Turner and
encoding these transporters. Such molecular studies Lambert 1986) suggest even greater contributions of
are also beginning to unravel the complex 50-60% of the trees' requirements within 5-10 years
mechanisms that coordinately regulate nutrient from planting.
transport and assimilation, and link these key With such massive movement of nutrients in plants,
processes to the other processes that govern plant it is not surprising that partitioning and
growth and development. The study of plant remobilization play central roles in relations
mutants (Delhaize and Randall 1995) is also between nutrient concentration and plant growth.
providing insights into the regulation of uptake and An understanding of how they influence nutrient
homeostasis of nutrients in plants. levels in plant tissues greatly enhances the
interpretation of plant analyses.
A.3.3 Partitioning and remobilization of nutrients
During absorption by roots and translocation in the A.3.3.1 Partitioning between root and shoot
xylem sap to shoots, nutrients may be transferred to During periods of nutrient stress, plant shoots can
phloem sap or withdrawn and deposited in root, call upon stores of mobile nutrients accumulated in
stem, and leaf cells (Pate 1975; Jeschke et al. 1985; roots, thus buffering nutrient concentrations in
Jeschke and Pate 1991a, 1991b). Nutrients absorbed shoot tissues to some extent. Rapid transport of
in excess of the plant's immediate requirements are sulfur out of root systems to plant shoots has been
held at various sites within the plant or lost by measured in sulfur-stressed plants (Clarkson et al.
guttation from shoots, excretion from roots, or by 1983). Upon resupplying sulfur to sulfur-deficient
death and abscission of plant parts. For each plants there were rapid increases in sulfate
nutrient, the pattern of distribution and the rate and concentrations to levels in excess of those in plants
5
that had been maintained on an adequate sulfur expense of older leaves in which their contents
supply. The partitioning of this newly acquired sulfur decline (Marschner 1995). Consequently, during the
was such that the greatest increases in tissue sulfate development of their deficiencies, the concentrations
concentrations occurred in old leaves. However, roots of these nutrients remain high in young leaves while
and young leaves accumulated amino acid sulfur they decline in older leaves.
rapidly following relief of sulfur stress.
The decline in the content of these nutrients may
In experiments with the tropical forage legume occur in relatively young leaves, independently of
Stylosanthes hamata (Smith et al. 1990), there was senescence. For example, while maintaining its
rapid partitioning of previously accumulated chlorophyll content constant from 11 to 28 days
phosphorus from roots to shoots during the initial after sowing, the oldest leaf of young wheat plants
stages of phosphate stress. As stress became more lost 75% of its phosphorus and 50% of its potassium
severe, this partitioning was reversed and there was a (Figure 1.2a; Hill et al. 1979c). Relatively young
net transfer of phosphorus from shoots back to needles of conifers have also been found to lose
roots. These studies also showed that the partition- appreciable amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to
ing of phosphorus between root and shoot was such new shoots during periods of rapid shoot growth
that roots retained the smallest proportion of the (Nambiar and Fife 1991). Further losses occur during
plant's total phosphorus when the external senescence. In nitrogen-deficient plants, the
phosphorus concentration was just adequate to deficiency itself induces premature senescence with
support maximum plant growth. At higher external protein hydrolysis and chloroplast disintegration
phosphorus concentrations, roots retained a greater resulting in an early, rapid and massive loss of
proportion of the plant's phosphorus and acted as a nitrogen from older leaves (Figure 1.2d).
storage organ. At lower external phosphorus
concentrations, roots were a strong sink for Magnesium behaves in some respects like these
phosphorus and photosynthate, the root systems nutrients which are phloem mobile from leaves. Its
being expanded at the expense of shoots (with a
resulting increase in root:shoot ratios). The complexity
of fluxes such as these and the speed at which they BOO.-------------------~ 160
(a)
can occur have considerable bearing on the concen-
trations of nutrients observed in plant tissues. 600 120
A.3.3.2 Remobilization ,. ~
BO
Nutrients deposited in tissues and organs may be K 400 I
# ~
~ P
remobilized and transported to other plant parts. (/lg) ~
~ (/lg)
Remobilization from older to younger parts during 200
p~~
~ . .... 40
plant development and during nutrient stress may ........
lead to rapid changes in concentrations of nutrients Or-----------------~~
.............. - ..
0
in particular leaves or organs and impacts strongly on 4
(b) 400
the expression of deficiency symptoms and on the
Mn Ca
relationship of plant nutrient concentrations to
growth and yield.
(/lg) 2 . .... ......... ----------
, ...... Ca
200 (/lg)
While all nutrients move readily in the xylem, they

,,"
Or-~----------------~ 0
vary widely in the extent to which they move in the
phloem. Nutrients have been characterized as having
high, low or intermediate phloem mobility on the 0.16 1.2
basis of several criteria including nutrient Zn
Cu
concentrations in the phloem sap, movement of (/lg) O.B (/lg)
isotopes, development of deficiency symptoms, and
changing nutrient contents of organs (e.g. Marschner
1995). For diagnosis and prediction of nutrient 0.4
deficiencies, a slightly different grouping based on
the internal movement of nutrients from older leaves Or-------------------~ 0
to young leaves and other developing organs during
the onset of deficiencies has been suggested and will BOO 40
be used here; on this basis, nutrients have been Ch
characterized as phloem mobile, phloem immobile, 20 (/lg)
and variably phloem mobile from leaves (Loneragan
et al. 1976; see also Table 2 .2).
O~--~---J----~--~--~ 0
(i) The nutrients that are phloem mobile from o 10 20 30 40
leaves, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, are Days from sowing
present in high concentrations in the phloem sap Figure 1.2 Nutrient and chlorophyll (Ch) contents in micro-
and cycle rapidly throughout the plant; as their grams per leaf from an early age to senescence of
supply becomes limiting, young leaves and other the oldest leaf of wheat plants grown with adequate
developing organs retain the cycling nutrients at the nutrients (from data of Hill et al. 1979c).
6
concentration in phloem sap is high relative to (Loneragan and Snowball 1969). But while they do
calcium (Pate 1975; Jeschke et al. 1985), itis not remobilize calcium from leaves, plants can
retranslocated from green leaves to young organs remobilize calcium from stems as, for example, in
(Scott and Robson 1990) and magnesium-deficiency apple trees that lost some 40% of their calcium from
symptoms frequently develop first in the oldest leaves trunk bark during the spring flush of shoot growth
(Embleton 1968). But in some species and under (Mason and Whitfield 1960) and in kiwifruit vines
some conditions, deficiency symptoms appear earlier which lost enough calcium from their canes to
in young leaves than in older leaves, indicating that provide 13% of the next season's leaf requirements
the rate of movement of magnesium from leaves in (Smith et al. 1987).
the phloem is relatively slow. For example, when
In most plant species which have been studied, boron
transferred from solutions with magnesium to
resembles calcium in its failure to move from old leaves
solutions without, subterranean clover plants
to developing organs and its requirement in the
developed their earliest magnesium-deficiency
immediate environment for root growth (Haynes and
symptoms in young leaves; but when deficiency
Robbins 1947). Thus, when transferred from culture
developed more slowly in solutions containing a
solutions with high boron to solutions without boron,
low and constant magnesium concentration, the
tomato plants rapidly developed boron-deficiency
symptoms appeared first in the old leaves (Scott and
symptoms in their young leaves but lost none of their
Robson 1990). In wheat, the symptoms appeared first
boron from old leaves with high boron concentrations
in young leaves under both conditions of magnesium
and symptoms of boron toxicity (Oertli 1993). But,
supply (Scott and Robson 1991).
while excess boron in old leaves is not exported in the
(ii) The nutrients that are phloem immobile phloem, appreciable amounts may be lost in guttation
from leaves, calcium, boron, manganese and iron, fluid and washed from leaves (Kohl and Oertli 1961;
are characterized by their failure to move rapidly Nable et ai. 1990): the boron retained by plant cells
enough from leaves in which they have been appears to be confined to and tightly bound to pectic
deposited to prevent the onset of their deficiencies compounds ofthe cell wall (Brown and Hu 1993; Hu
in young leaves, roots, or other developing organs and Brown 1994).
when their supply from the roots becomes inadequate
In contrast to its immobility in most species, boron
(Figure 1.2b). Leaves may lose appreciable quantities
appears to be phloem mobile from leaves of some
of these nutrients in guttation fluid and leachate but
stone fruit trees of the genera Malus, Prunus and Pyrns.
little, if any, moves to other plant organs. During the
The patterns of boron distribution and symptoms of
development of their deficiencies, concentrations of
toxicity in these trees have been observed to differ
these nutrients remain high in older leaves even
markedly from those so indicative of phloem
when senescent, while they decline rapidly in young
immobility in other species (see Brown and Hu 1996).
leaves. To avoid deficiencies of the nutrients in this
Moreover, application of boron to the leaves of
group, plants must have a continuous supply in the
several trees of these genera in the autumn increased
external medium or be able to tap reserves stored in
the boron contents of flower buds in the same season
organs other than leaves, as discussed later for
and fruit set in the following season (Hanson 1991a,
manganese. Roots, young leaves, buds, seeds and
1991b). Brown and Hu (1996) have postulated that
fruits may fail to develop normally when the
the phloem mobility from leaves of these stone fruit
external supply of these nutrients becomes
trees is related to sorbitol being their primary
inadequate, even in plants with high total contents
translocated photosynthate, the boron being
of them. Such cases can lead to miSinterpretation of
transported as boron-sorbitol complexes.
plant analyses unless special sampling procedures
are adopted. Manganese also resembles calcium in its failure to
move from old leaves to developing organs and in
The failure of calcium to move from old leaves has
the poor growth of roots in environments from
been attributed to its low concentration in the
which it is absent (Nable and Loneragan 1984a,
phloem sap (Pate 1975). As a result, plant organs can
1984b). In addition, applications of manganese to
grow only if they receive a continuous supply of
plant leaves are effective only in the short term
calcium from the external medium or from the
(Gettier et al. 1985). But unlike calcium, manganese
transpiration stream, as shown in elegant
has been reported to be present in phloem sap at
experiments with split roots (Haynes and Robbins
concentrations which are high relative to tissue
1947) and developing underground fruits of peanuts
requirements (Shelp 1987, 1988, 1993). Although
(Wiersum 1951,1966) and subterranean clover
manganese is not mobilized from leaf blades, it may
(Ozanne and Howes 1973). Calcium deficiency thus
be remobilized rapidly from the stems and even
develops in young leaves and other organs and is
petioles of some species, as evidenced by its loss
largely independent of the total amount of calcium
from petioles and stems but not from leaf blades of
in the plant, in many cases developing as soon as the
Lupinus angustifolius following anthesis and during
external supply of nutrient becomes inadequate,
seed development (Hannam et al. 1985a; Figure 1.7).
regardless of how much excess calcium may be
stored in older leaves; even Lupinus albus, which has While no definitive studies on the mobility of iron
an unusually high concentration of calcium in the from leaves are available, the rapid development of
phloem sap (Jeschke et al. 1985), showed this symptoms in young leaves and root tips and their
characteristic behaviour when deprived of calcium absence from old leaves during the onset of iron
7
deficiency suggests that iron in old leaves is not

CUO CU1600
mobile. Yet there are several reports of iron
concentrations in the phloem sap (e.g. Hocking "E1ij
$Ol ounshaded
1980) which seem high relative to cellular c- 160 • shaded
0 ....
uOl 120
requirements. ....0..
Ol::::l
(iii) The nutrients that are variably phloem mobile 0..0 80
0..0)
from leaves, sulfur, copper and zinc, remain in old °c 40
0-
green leaves as their supply becomes deficient but 0
may move rapidly from them during senescence ~c
_ccs 1000
COl
~
(Figure 1.2c,d). As a result, the concentrations of 0-
these nutrients in old green leaves do not respond as u ....
Ol
600 ,,
rapidly to declining nutrient supply as they do in
co.. ,,
~z
young leaves, which are generally first to show eO) .~
deficiency symptoms. Even plants which had
accumulated inorganic sulfate in the vacuoles of
z- 200
;=:C
0
---.
0 20 40 0 20 40
their old green leaves before transfer to sulfate-free
Days from sowing
solutions exported it too slowly to prevent sulfur
deficiency developing in their young leaves (Bouma Figure 1.3 Effect of shading the oldest leaf of a copper deficient
et al. 1972; Clarkson et al. 1983), a surprising result (Cuo) and a copper adequate (Cul600) wheat plant on
in view of information that sulfate concentrations their export of copper and nitrogen (Hill et al. 1979a)
may be quite high in the phloem (Smith and Lang
1988; Van Beusichem et al. 1988). between the rapid export of painted radioisotopes of
The retention in and movement of copper, zinc and sulfur, manganese and zinc (Bukovac and Wittwer
organic sulfur from leaves is closely related to the 1957) and the retention of these nutrients in green
movement of nitrogen (Ergle 1954; Hill et al. 1979a, leaves when imported via xylem sap. However, foliar
1979c; Figure 1.2c,d; Figure 1.3). But unlike nitrogen application of molybdenum has corrected
deficiency, deficiencies of these nutrients do not molybdenum deficiency in many species (Gupta
trigger senescence and may even delay it, sometimes and Lipsett 1981), and in peanuts it also increased
producing unexpected results. For example, during molybdenum concentrations in nodules and seeds
the development of copper deficiency in wheat, (Rebafka cited by Marschner 1995). Recent
copper concentrations in young leaves fell while experiments with black gram have confirmed that
those of older green leaves remained relatively high. molybdenum may have high phloem mobility from
In the same experiment, leaves of plants supplied leaves but that it varies with molybdenum supply;
with adequate copper lost so much copper during plants given an adequate supply of molybdenum
senescence that their copper concentrations dropped lost a high proportion of their molybdenum from
below those of leaves of severely copper-deficient trifoliate leaves after flowering, but none from leaves
plants whose senescence was delayed (Loneragan of deficient plants. This variable phloem mobility
et al. 1976, 1980). By contrast, although leaves of of molybdenum from leaves differed from the
subterranean clover given adequate copper lost most behaviour of copper, sulfur and zinc in that
of their copper during senescence, they retained senescence did not promote the movement of
sufficient to reflect their levels of copper supply, molybdenum from leaves of molybdenum-deficient
remaining higher than those of copper-deficient plants (Jongruaysupetal.1994). Further experiments,
plants. This greater retention of copper in the including some with non-legumes, are required to
senescent leaves of this pasture legume may be elucidate the factors governing the phloem mobility
related to its retention of relatively high protein of molybdenum from leaves.
concentrations (Reuteretal. 1981a, 1981b).
Nitrogen supply would also be expected to have a
major impact on the redistribution of variably B. DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT STATUS
mobile nutrients from leaves through its effects on FROM NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS
leaf senescence, as has been shown for copper (Hill
et al. 1978). Clearly, the behaviour of the variably B.l Nutrient concentrations and yield
mobile nutrients is complex, requiring that
The relationship between nutrient concentration
experimental results be interpreted carefully with
and yield of a plant or plant part forms the basis of
due consideration of interacting factors.
most schemes for using plant analysis to assess plant
The phloem mobilities from leaves of molybdenum, nutrient status. Some common forms of relationship
cobalt and nickel have received insufficient study to that have been observed are shown in Figure 1.4.
place them confidently in any group. Molybdenum The most common form is that in Figure 1.4a. It
and cobalt have been classified as phloem mobile comprises three parts: an ascending portion where
since their radioisotopes painted on leaves were yield increases with increasing nutrient concentration,
readily translocated from them (Bukovac and a plateau where yield is not limited by nutrient
Wittwer 1957; Handreck and Riceman 1969). Such concentration, and a descending portion in which
evidence is not definitive as seen from the contrast yield declines with further increase in nutrient
8
concentration. Whether or not the complete curve is (Bates 1971) and has since been reported for a
obtained in anyone experiment depends on the number of elements. For plants with no
particular nutrient being studied, its initial level in characteristic nutrient-deficiency symptoms it
the soil, the range of treatment levels applied, the presents problems in the interpretation of the results
plant part sampled, the time of sampling, and the of plant analyses.
sampling procedure adopted. Nutrient concentrations
For copper in wheat, a Piper-Steenbjerg effect has
of plants in many soil experiments do not extend been attributed to the loss of copper from senescing
into the toxicity range, and sometimes their plateau
leaves of copper-adequate plants to concentrations
is very short, even over a wide range of fertilizer
below those of old leaves of copper-deficient plants
applications, as in the relationship of phosphorus
whose senescence and export of copper was delayed,
concentrations to yield in leaves and shoots of as discussed earlier (Loneragan et al. 1976, 1980; Hill
wheat (Elliott et al. 1997b). It is also found for some 1980; Hill et al. 1978, 1979a, 1979b). In subterranean
nutrients in seed where the range of nutrient clover, a Piper-Steenbjerg effect arose from
concentrations is narrower than in leaves and there variations in the distribution of both copper and dry
is little 'luxury' accumulation (Randalletal. 1981). matter between leaf blades, petioles and stems
Figures l.4b, c and d depict three variations on this (Reuter et al. 1981a, 1981b). During severe copper
relationship. In Figure l.4b, the absence of an deficiency, the amount of dry matter in leaf blades
appreciable plateau where yield is not affected by relative to that in stems plus petioles increased, and
nutrient concentration has been observed for stems and petioles had higher copper concentrations
potassium concentration in the youngest leaf of than leaf blades. When copper was adequate,
tomato, but sampling of older leaves revealed the however, plants had higher copper concentrations
common relationship with a more extended plateau in young leaf blades than in petioles. The multi-
(Figure 12.4 in Marschner 1995). Lack of an plicative effects of these changes in the partitioning
appreciable plateau in relationships between yield of dry matter and copper between leaf blades or
and nitrogen concentration in the youngest fully petioles and stems in copper-deficient subterranean
expanded leaf of zucchini squash has also been clover resulted in higher copper concentrations in
reported (Huett and White 1991). The sigmoidal shoots with severe deficiency than in those with
relationship in the ascending portion of the curve in only marginal copper deficiency.
Figure l.4c has been noted for young plants growing In copper-deficient cereals (Hill et al. 1978, 1979a,
in very deficient soils; as these plants grew older, the 1979b; Loneragan et al. 1980), subterranean clover
relationshipchanged to the more common form (Reuter et al. 1981a, 1981b), and peanut (Nualsri
shown in Figure 1.4a (Smith 1975; Bolanet al. 1983). 1977), it has been possible to avoid the problems
The relationship shown in Figure l.4d, in which associated with the Piper-Steenbjerg effect by
initial increases in yield are associated with decreases sampling tissues such as young leaves that do not
in nutrient concentration, was first noted in studies exhibit the effect. However, problems remain with
of copper nutrition by Piper (1942) and Steenbjerg some nutrients. For example, Piper-Steenbjerg curves
(1951). This relationship is commonly referred to as .that have been observed in the relationship of yield to
the Piper-Steenbjerg effect or C-shaped curvature zinc concentrations in corn tops (Hiatt and Massey
1958) and young leaf blades of sugar beets (Rosell and
Ulrich 1964) remain unexplained. Plants with such
anomalously high concentrations usually show
marked symptoms of deficiency, as is the case with
zinc, so that careful observations at sampling may
avoid errors of interpretation. In these situations too,
Ulrich and Hills (1967) have recommended sampling
as soon as symptoms appear rather than waiting until
marked yield reductions occur.
In establishing standards of nutrient concentration
for the diagnosis of the nutrient status of plants, two
main procedures have been used. The first uses
nutrient addition experiments to provide response
curves to define those plant nutrient concentrations
which limit growth through deficiency or toxicity.
These concentrations can then be used for trouble
shooting - diagnosing existing nutrient problems
in unproductive crops. At the same time, by defining
the nutrient concentrations for both deficiency and
toxicity, the procedure also defines the sufficiency
range.
Nutrient concentration in plant tissue The second procedure uses nutrient concentrations
Figure 1.4 Relationships between yield and nutrient concen-
in samples from surveys of crops in the field. A third
tration in plant parts frequently found in plants as procedure, 'Vector Analysis', which has recently
nutrient supply increases from deficient to toxic. been suggested for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies
9
in forest trees (Timmer and Armstrong 1987; Haase the errors involved in its derivation. Selection of a
and Rose 1995), is not of itself a diagnostic defined point on a rather arbitrarily hand-fitted
procedure but is simply an aid to the interpretation curve has been a common method for deriving
of responses to fertilizer or other treatments. The critical nutrient concentrations. The simple Cate-
term should not be confused with the statistical Nelson procedure (Cate and Nelson 1971) has also
procedure of vector analysis. It is much simpler, and been widely used. However, computer techniques
involves graphical representation of the relative for fitting non-linear regression models are now
changes in dry weight and nutrient concentrations available which permit objective derivation of
and contents of leaves or shoots in response to critical nutrient concentrations and their associated
nutrient treatments. errors. Models are available that provide direct
estimates of maximum yield and the errors
B.2 Critical nutrient concentrations associated with determination of maximum yield
The standard concentrations used for diagnosing from the relationship between yield and nutrient
nutrient deficiency or toxicity are based upon the concentration. Some models also include parameters
concept of 'critical nutrient concentrations' that that enable the critical concentration and its
forms the basis of most methods of using plant associated error to be estimated (Griffiths and Miller
analysis to assess plant nutrient status. 1973; Smith and Dolby 1977; Johansen 1976, 1978).
The fact that a single definition of the critical
B.2.1 Principles nutrient concentration would not suffice reflects the
Ulrich (1952) gave three formal definitions of the empirical approach to plant analysis that has
critical nutrient deficiency concentration: evolved. This empiricism is necessitated by a lack of
• the nutrient concentration that is just deficient knowledge regarding the functions of nutrient
for maximum growth, or elements in the plant and lack of a means of
measuring the effective concentration of nutrients
• that which is just adequate for maximum growth, at sites of reaction within plant cells. Problems arise
or particularly with those nutrient elements with
• the concentration separating the zone of restricted mobility, such as calcium (Loneragan and
deficiency from the zone of adequacy. Snowball 1969). An attempt to address the problem
has been made with the introduction of the concept
These definitions are implied in most modern of a 'functional nutrient requirement' (Loneragan
diagnostic schemes. 1968) defined as 'the minimal concentration of
In proposing three definitions of the critical nutrient nutrient within the organism which can sustain its
concentration, each one emphasising a different metabolic function at a rate which does not limit
viewpoint, Ulrich (1952) pointed out that this usually growth'. Experimental determination of the
did not cause problems in practice. The reason is that, functional nutrient requirement of a whole plant
when determined experimentally, the critical would be difficult, if not impossible, and would
concentration is not a single value but a narrow range probably not be useful. But some success has been
of nutrient concentrations, above which the plant is achieved in determining the functional nutrient
adequately supplied with nutrients, and below which reqUirement of leaves for specific activities by
the plant is deficient. Such a range would, therefore, relating their nutrient concentrations to enzymic
cover the different critical values derived by strict activity, physiological response, or growth (see
application of different definitions. This view of the below). It has been suggested that these values might
critical concentration being a range rather than a be used as critical values for diagnosis of nutrient
single value is often overlooked when critical deficiency in the plant (Ohki 1982; Nableet al. 1984;
concentrations are reported or used to interpret plant Kirk and Loneragan 1988).
analyses. Too often, critical concentrations are
regarded as single values and rigid boundaries B.2.2 Derivation of critical nutrient concentrations
between deficient plants and those adequately
Derivation of a critical nutrient concentration for
supplied with nutrients. Perusal of the data and
diagnosiS requires that a well-defined curve be
methodology used to derive a critical nutrient
established between nutrient concentration in a
concentration will reveal how inappropriate it is to plant part and the current nutrient status of the
attempt to use critical concentrations in this way. The plant. The standard measure of a plant's current
effects of the numerous physical, environmental and nutrient status is generally taken as the response of
biological factors that influence nutrient levels in its shoot dry matter yield to nutrient supply and is
plant tissues is a further persuasive argument for commonly expressed relative to the maximum
regarding critical nutrient concentrations as ranges shoot yield; nutrient concentrations are generally
rather than single values. In practice, most authors do expressed as the ratio of the total nutrient content to
not report ranges for critical nutrient concentrations, dry matter (DM) of a plant part - macronutrients as
as users of the tables in this manual will note; it is % DM and micronutrients as mg kg- 1 DM.
important to bear the above comments in mind when
using these tables. The critical concentration for deficiency diagnosis
can be obtained from water culture, sand culture,
One means of highlighting the fact that a critical glasshouse, or field experiments in which increasing
concentration is a range is to provide estimates of levels of nutrient are supplied to a deficient growing
10
medium. Levels must be chosen so that, at sampling 8.3 factors affecting critical concentrations
time, the desired portion of the relationship In concept, the critical concentration for a nutrient
between nutrient concentration and yield is fully deficiency or toxicity is pictured as a constant value
defined. An accurate measure of maximum yield is which defines a unique physiological state of a
particularly important. Precautions must be taken plant. In practice, experimentally determined values
during the experimental phase to avoid rapid for critical concentrations vary widely, due to a
nutrient depletion of the growing medium (see number of factors and these need to be taken into
B.3.1) and to ensure that growth is not limited by account when interpreting plant test data.
factors other than supply of the nutrient being
studied. Following harvest of the appropriate plant B.3.1 Culture systems and sensitivity of plant response
part and analysis of its nutrient content, a Problems in calibrating a plant nutrient test for
relationship between nutrient concentration and diagnosing a nutrient deficiency can arise from the
shoot yield is derived (Figure 1.5). An appropriate slow response of shoot dry matter to developing
yield is then selected (often 90% of maximum yield) nutrient stress. During the time for a deficiency to
and the nutrient concentration in the selected plant depress dry matter by 5-10%, the plant may
part at this yield is accepted as the critical nutrient continue to absorb and redistribute nutrients. As a
concentration. When the slope of the curve of yield result, the rate of nutrient depletion in the culture
to nutrient concentration is too steep to define an system in which the deficiency develops has a major
accurate critical concentration, an alternative two impact on the critical concentration determined by
stage approach may be used by firstly estimating the calibration with shoot dry matter, as Spear et al.
level of nutrient application corresponding with (1978) have so clearly shown in experiments on
90% maximum yield, and then using the potassium deficiency in cassava. They found that
relationship of plant nutrient concentration to the youngest fully expanded leaf of cassava had a
nutrient application to estimate the critical nutrient critical potassium concentration of 1.1 % when
concentration (Pinkerton et al. 1989). plants were grown in flowing culture solution with a
A similar approach is generally used for defining the constant, sub-optimal concentration of potassium,
critical concentration for a nutrient toxicity. This but dropped progressively to 0.5% in a series of non-
concentration may be more appropriately considered renewed solutions of decreasing volume. They
a threshold of toxicity rather than a critical value. considered that all values determined by depletion
For many nutrient toxicities, these values may vary of nutrients from restricted volumes of solution or
so widely with environmental conditions that they soil would be erroneously low and that values would
are restricted to specific situations. only represent a constant characteristic of a plant
genotype when obtained by growing plants in
While response of dry matter yield to nutrient culture solutions with low and continuously
supply has generally been accepted as the standard maintained concentrations of the test nutrient or in
measure of plant nutrient status against which to a large volume of a soil with a high buffer capacity
calibrate indices of nutrient status such as nutrient (Spear et al. 1978; Asher and Edwards 1983).
concentration in plant parts, other criteria have
occasionally been used. For example, critical Precautions against rapid nutrient depletion during
concentrations in plant leaves have been derived the onset of nutrient deficiency would also need to
from relationships of nutrient concentrations in be taken when using other criteria of nutrient status
leaves to fresh weight, water content, leaf which respond slowly to the onset of deficiency. For
symptoms, photosynthetic oxygen evolution (Ohki example, a relatively slow rate of response in
1982) and the rate of leaf blade elongation (Kirk and symptoms to magnesium deficiency may explain
Loneragan 1988). Sometimes too, criteria other than the much lower magnesium concentrations in
total nutrient concentration have provided better or young leaves of subterranean clover grown with an
more convenient indices for use as critical diagnostic interrupted magnesium supply compared with
values; they are discussed in Section E. plants grown with a constant suboptimal supply
(Scott and Robson 1990).
For young leaves, the effects of culture systems on
the experimental values for critical concentrations
of the immobile nutrients would be expected to be
.~';;' Adequate Zone ~
E 100 ~~~e ~~-2 similar to those for potassium. But for old leaves,
:::J 90 --------~- 0 ------------------------------ "<S> ~/ they might be opposite, resulting from greater
E 90% Maximum Yield
·x accumulation of excess nutrient in old leaves during
CIS
E its depletion from the initially higher concentrations
13 50 of non-renewed solutions compared with solutions
~ of constant composition, as suggested from studies
"C Critical Concentrations with calcium (Loneragan 1968).
Qi
>= Deficiency Toxicity
An alternative procedure for setting critical
O~--~~~----------~~----~ concentrations correlates nutrient concentrations
Nutrient concentration in plant with criteria of nutrient status which respond more
Figure 1.5 Derivation of critical concentrations for diagnosing rapidly than dry matter to the disorder. In culture
nutrient deficiency and toxis;ity in plants. systems where deficiencies were induced rapidly by
11
transferring plants from solutions with adequate growth stage at sampling needs to be defined. Three
nutrients to solutions with all except the nutrient approaches have been taken.
under study, photosynthetic oxygen evolution in
The first approach has been rigid standardization of
subterranean clover leaves responded much more
the stage of growth at which the whole plant above
quickly than shoot dry matter to manganese
ground (Le. the whole shoot) is sampled and
deficiency (Nable et al. 1984), as did the rate of leaf
analysed. This has been used for deriving diagnostic
blade elongation in soybean to boron deficiency
criteria for deficiencies of sulfur and phosphorus in
(Figure 1.6; Kirk and Loneragan 1988). As a result,
tropical pasture species (Andrew and Robins 1969;
when determined by calibration against these more
Andrew 1977; Moody and Edwards 1978) and
responsive physiological criteria, critical concen-
phosphorus in wheat (Elliott et al. 1997b). Mixing of
trations of manganese and boron in young leaves
plant parts of different physiological age and type
were much higher than those determined by
results in some loss of sensitivity, but it does
calibration against shoot dry matter. Similarly, using
minimize the problem of ensuring that the correct
the more sensitive relative growth rate rather than
plant part has been sampled. This approach is best
total dry matter as a measure of response gave higher
suited to elements that move readily in both deficient
critical concentrations for diagnosis of deficiencies
and adequately supplied plants, but it is unsuitable
of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium induced in
for elements of limited or variable mobility.
lettuce by transfer from adequate to deficient
solutions (Burns 1992). The second approach also samples and analyses the
whole shoot but uses its dry weight to adjust for
8.3.2 Plant age and part variations in nutrient concentrations with the stage
Growth and development cause marked changes in of growth (Moller Nielsen and Friis-Nielsen 1976;
nutrient concentrations in plant parts and tissues as Moller Nielsen 1979). Southern (1985) has established
the growing season progresses. In whole shoots of critical deficiency concentrations for a series of dry
annuals, the concentrations of all except the leaf weight classes and has used them successfully for
immobile nutrients decline steadily with age (Smith diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies in cereals and
1962), probably as the combined result of a subterranean clover in Western Australia.
declining nutrient supply and an increasing The third approach has been to sample tissue of
proportion of structural tissues and storage standard physiological age. Thus, in the same plants
substances. For the same reasons, critical deficiency in which the critical concentration of phosphorus in
concentrations in whole shoots also decline with whole shoots declined from early vegetative growth
age, as for example for phosphorus in stylo (Moody to flowering, it remained constant in the apical
and Edwards 1978), subterranean clover (Lewis tissue and leaves of stylo (Moody and Edwards 1978)
1992) and wheat (Bolland and Paynter 1994; Elliott and in young leaves of the same physiological age in
et al. 1997b). In perennials, the concentration of subterranean clover (Lewis 1992). Similar results
nutrients in leaves and other organs fluctuates with have been reported for critical concentrations of
seasonal flushes of shoot growth and fruit copper in wheat, peanut and subterranean clover
development; they also vary between leaves of (Robson et al. 1980, 1984; Reuter et al. 1981b).
vegetative and fruiting shoots (Smith 1962; Leece
1976; Bouma 1983). Therefore, for interpreting As critical concentrations vary with age of plant
nutrient concentrations in plant samples, the parts, it is essential that parts of the same
physiological age be used, irrespective of the degree
of deficiency, and that they be sampled carefully.
"7----
The critical concentration for zinc is especially
Shoot DM sensitive to leaf age as seen in subterranean clover
IlJ 100 r- where it declined from 25 mg kg- 1 DM in the apical
-0
Q)-
(l)1lJ
§+
80 r- leaf to 18 and then 10 mg kg-1 DM in successively
older leaves (Reuter et al. 1982). A technique
o.~
(1)0 60 f- commonly used to standardize physiological age is
Q)(I)
.... co to sample petioles and/or blades of leaves at well
r-
>. 40 defined stages of development, such as the most
Q)1lJ
:.;::;-
co recently mature leaf blade, the youngest emerged
m 20 r- leaf blade, or the youngest open leaf blade (see
a:
0 I I I I Figure 3.3 in Chapter 3).
0 5 10 15 20 25 The best plant part to sample depends upon the
B concentration in leaf blade nutrient; young immature parts are generally the
(mg/kg DM)
most sensitive for nutrients that are immobile or
Figure 1.6 Relationships between the boron concentration in a variably mobile from leaves, while older parts are the
young trifoliate leaf blade of soybean seedlings grown
in nutrient solution without boron (-B) and the relative
most sensitive for those which are phloem-mobile.
response to boron of (a) the elongation rate of the same However, apart from samplings of wood or storage
leaf blade (LBER), and (b) the seedling shoot dry matter tissues of perennial species, where they provide a
(shoot DM). The LBER and shoot DM of the -B means of assessing nutrient 'reserves', older parts are
seedlings are reported as a percentage of those of
control seedlings grown with added boron (+B). (Kirk not commonly used for plant analysis, probably
and Loneragan 1988). because of the difficulties in interpreting the results
12
and the practical problems of sampling them reliably. weight of the young, terminal leaves increased,
Interpretation is hampered by the rapid and often probably due to an increasing proportion of structural
variable movement of mobile nutrients from old tissue. Over the same time, as the level of insertion of
leaves as they mature and senesce. Growing at the the youngest emerged leaf increased from 1 to 7, the
base of many herbaceous plant species, old leaves critical concentration in its blade decreased from
suffer frequently from insect and pathogen damage, 0.48-0.55% to 0.22--0.25%. Elliott and colleagues
and are often difficult to identify accurately in the have proposed that the level of insertion of the
field. Consequently, sampling procedures that use youngest emerged leaf on the stem provides a simple
younger parts are often adopted for the readily index of the stage of growth which must be specified
mobile nutrients; but the very young parts which for diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in wheat, even
may be preferred for immobile and variably mobile for leaf blade samples of the same physiological age.
nutrients are generally not satisfactory. This is In other cases, the problem of variation of critical
demonstrated in the youngest leaf of tomato, which concentrations with plant age has been overcome by
had a very narrow range between the critical expressing the concentrations in a manner that takes
potassium concentrations of 3.0% for deficiency and the moisture content of the tissue into account, as
3.5% for toxicity compared with a broad plateau from discussed in Section E.l.
1.5 to 5.5% for a mature green leaf (Marschner 1995).
Perennial plants often pose additional problems. In
To simplify the collection of samples and minimize
the number analysed in commercial laboratories, fruit trees, sampling of plant parts for analysis needs
compromises are usually made by selecting a plant to be related to the location and stage of fruit
part whose concentrations give useful information development. Sometimes too, as in Hevea brasiliensis,
for many nutrients, as seen in the 'best bets' it is difficult to sample leaves of standard age during
recommendations of this manual and elsewhere (e.g. the sampling season; in this species, the problem
Weir and Creswell 1993a, 1993b, 1994, 1995). The was resolved by relating leaf calcium to leaf age and
youngest fully expanded leaf suggested some time using the calcium concentration of sampled leaves
ago by Ulrich (1952) has been used successfully for to adjust concentrations of other nutrients to accord
many nutrients in many plant species. with leaves of standard age (Lau and Wong 1993). In
Eucalyptus marginata, living bark from stems of
Unfortunately, there are many reports that critical defined age appeared more useful than leaves for
concentrations in plant parts of apparently identical diagnosing the phosphorus status of the tree
physiological age vary with the age of the whole (Dell et al. 1987).
shoot. Some of these reports are not relevant to
diagnOSiS, as the studies are predictive, relating Mature seeds, which can be collected and analysed
nutrient concentration to subsequent rather than conveniently in many crop species, provide samples
current yield. But other studies using current yield of defined physiological age. Seed analysis has been
data have encountered the same problem. In some used to diagnose nutrient deficiencies in crops at
cases the decline in critical concentration may result harvest and in the seed itself. It has also been used to
from plants of increasing size rapidly depleting the predict nutrient problems in future crops (C.2.1).
test nutrient from a restricted supply of nutrient in a The nutrient concentrations in seeds might be
small volume of solution or soil in pots, as already expected to be relatively insensitive to nutrient
discussed. status, being buffered by retranslocation of elements
Whilst artifacts of experimental systems may be the from vegetative tissues as plants mature. Moreover,
reason for some reports that, with increasing age of the uneven distribution of inorganic nutrients
the shoot, critical nutrient concentrations decline in between embryo and storage tissues and the effect of
leaves of the same physiological age, other reports seasonal conditions on the proportional weights of
appear to be soundly based. Two causal factors have these components is likely to cause wide variation in
been suggested (Smith 1978). Firstly, some nutrient critical concentrations from year to year. Such
deficiencies delay phenological development of variation could be especially troublesome with
plants (Williams 1955). If the requirement for a cereal grains in which the endosperm has much
particular nutrient varies with the stage of plant lower concentrations of most nutrients than the
development, then critical nutrient concentrations in embryo (e.g. Hill et ai. 1979b).
tissues of apparently similar physiological age may Nevertheless, seed analysis has proved useful in
also vary. Secondly, as leaves become more distal on diagnosing sulfur and nitrogen deficiencies in
the stem of grasses (Le. their level of insertion on the wheat crops (Randall et ai. 1981; Moss et al. 1982).
stem increases), their cell wall characteristics change Information on phosphorus and sulfur
(Wilson 1976): these morphological changes could concentrations in mature seed of the tropical legume
change the nutrient requirement of successive leaves Stylosanthes humilis (Robinson and]ones 1972) also
at the same physiological age. This second explan- suggests that there is potential for using seed of
ation is consistent with observations on wheat leaves pasture species for diagnostiC purposes. But experience
of the same physiological age in which the critical with diagnosis of copper deficiency in wheat from
deficiency concentration range of phosphorus fell grain analysis suggests caution - the concentrations
with increasing shoot age. Elliott and colleagues of copper defined as critical for deficiency in Europe
(Elliott et al. 1997b) observed that, as the number of and South Australia exceed those in the grain of
leaves on the stem increased with shoot age, the most wheat crops in Western Australia, including
13
crops which failed to respond to increasing copper organs, with age of organs, and within cells. In cells
supply (Robson and Reuter 1981). it is limited in the cytoplasm and large in vacuoles
Seed analysis has also been used to diagnose seed where sodium substitutes for potassium as an
quality for a number of nutrients and crops. For osmoticum (Leigh et al. 1986). In tomato, most of
example, critical concentrations have been defined the sodium which replaces potassium is located in
for deficiencies in seeds of calcium in peanuts (Cox the petioles of expanded leaves (Besford 1978) and
et al. 1976), manganese in peas (Glasscock and Wain in sugar beet, sodium can replace most of the
1940) and sweet lupin (Hannam et al. 1984) and potassium in old leaves but relatively little of it in
boron in black gram (Bell et al. 1989). expanding leaves which have a higher proportion of
cytoplasm (Lindhauer et al. 1990). Such variability
In some situations, critical concentrations in above creates problems for sampling of plant parts and for
ground plant parts do not reflect nutrient problems the setting and interpretation of critical concen-
existing in roots. Thus, leaf analysis may indicate an trations for diagnosis of potassium deficiency,
adequacy of the phloem-immobile nutrients calcium, leading to suggestions that the concentration of
boron and possibly manganese for plants growing in total cations or of all osmotically active solutes
soils with adequate supplies in surface horizons, but might be a better indicator of plant growth than
fail to indicate a deficiency restricting root growth in potassium concentration alone (Dijkshoorn 1962;
deeper horizons which depresses plant growth by Smith 1972; Leigh and WynJones 1984; Barraclough
limiting nutrient and water acquisition from and Leigh 1993).
subsoils as, for example, for calcium deficiency in
cotton (Howard and Adams 1965). Nitrogen supply affects the critical deficiency
concentrations for cobalt and molybdenum in
Critical nutrient concentrations in shoot parts may legumes and some other plants as it impacts on their
also fail to diagnose nutrient problems in root reqUirements for these nutrients. The literature has
systems arising from toxicities of heavy metals, been reviewed recently by Marschner (1995),
acidity, and aluminium. Smith (1962) cites an supporting the conclusions that legumes require
example in citrus of leaf analysis indicating normal cobalt only for nitrogen fixation, and not at all
copper and iron deficiency; the iron deficiency was when given an adequate supply of fixed nitrogen.
found to result from copper toxicity damaging the They also require appreciably more molybdenum
root system. While leaf analysis can diagnose copper when fixing nitrogen than when supplied with fixed
deficiency, it is not sensitive to copper toxicity; root nitrogen. Plants which do not fix nitrogen require
analysis is far better (Rahimi and Bussler 1974, cited molybdenum primarily for nitrate reduction; they
by Marschner 1995). require very much less when supplied with
ammonium salts.
B.3.3 Environmental interactions
Increasing nitrogen supply also depresses the
There are many reports that critical concentrations calcium and copper requirements of legumes fixing
for diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies vary as the nitrogen (Robson and Pitman 1983). By contrast,
result of interactions with other nutrients and increasing nitrogen supply increases the internal
climate (e.g. Munson and Nelson 1990). Most of requirement and the critical concentrations of
these reports arise from effects of environmental copper in whole shoots of oats and barley (Thiel and
interactions on plant growth subsequent to sampling Finck 1973). This increase appears to have resulted
and hence relate to prediction rather than diagnosis; from nitrogen delaying the senescence of old leaves
they will be discussed in Section C.l.4. But there is and the export of copper from them, thus
clear evidence that, in some species, the plant's maintaining the copper concentrations of shoots
internal requirement for some nutrients, and hence above those of plants of lower nitrogen status.
its critical concentration for deficiency diagnosis, Sampling of young leaves should eliminate the
varies with the supply of other nutrients (Robson problems of deficiency diagnosis since their critical
and Pitman 1983) and with environmental factors concentrations of copper remain constant with
such as light, temperature, carbon dioxide varying nitrogen supply (Hill et al. 1978, 1979a;
concentration and disease organisms. Critical Loneragan et al. 1980). In other cases where nutrient
concentrations for nutrient toxicities may also vary interactions arise from one nutrient affecting the
with environmental factors. transport of another to functional sites within the
In a number of species, sodium can substitute for plant, the sampling of specific tissues could also be
some functions of potassium, so that critical expected to minimize problems of interpretation.
concentrations of potassium for diagnosis of Very high, near toxic, concentrations of phosphorus
potassium deficiency vary widely with the sodium in leaves may decrease the physiological availability
supply. For example, in the grass Chloris gayana, the of zinc (Cakmak and Marschner 1987), giving
critical potassium concentration in shoots can be problems for diagnosis of zinc deficiency under
reduced from 2.1 % to 0.4% by the addition of these unusual conditions. Less specific interactions
sodium (Smith 1974). But the ability of sodium to among nutrients have been reported but have not
substitute for potassium varies widely with species been clearly demonstrated for diagnosis, although
and cultivars from substantial to nil (Smith 1972; they are common for prediction; they probably arise
Marschner etal. 1981). Where it occurs, the extent of from effects of limiting nutrients on plant growth as
substitution also varies widely among individual discussed for the interaction between nitrogen and
14
phosphorus in Araucaria cunninghamii in Section critical nutrient concentrations of different plant

CIA. When analytical and growth data were genotypes. However, when values from similar
collected at the same time in wheat, increasing tissues and plants of similar physiological age are
nitrogen fertilizer had little or no effect on the examined, this diversity is reduced conSiderably. In
critical concentration for diagnosing phosphorus many cases, it then becomes feasible to construct
deficiency even though it promoted growth major groupings of related plant species that have
substantially (Elliott et aI. 1997a). reasonably similar ranges of critical nutrient
concentrations. Such groupings enable an
Critical concentrations for diagnosis of nutrient
toxicities may fluctuate strongly with the experienced nutritionist to extend published
concentrations of other inorganic elements. Thus diagnostic criteria for a particular species to related
for manganese toxicity, the addition of silicon to the species. However, this must be done with
nutrient solution increased the critical considerable caution; only tentative conclusions can
concentration in leaves of bean from 100 to 1000 mg be drawn until they can be confirmed from more
manganese kg- 1 (Horst and Marschner 1978). reliable assessments.
A low concentration of many nutrients in plants With the notable exception of potassium, and on
often increases their susceptibility to disease. For the basis of somewhat limited research, species of
example, barley plants deficient in zinc or manganese the same genus and cultivars of the same species
are susceptible to root diseases (Thongbaiet al. 1993; appear to differ little in their internal nutrient
Graham and Rovira 1984). If, as Graham (1983) has requirements. For example, three lupin species
suggested, effects of low nutrient supply on disease which differed widely in their responses to external
occur in the deficiency range only, the likely iron supply, had similar critical iron concentrations
incidence of disease would not affect critical for maximum chlorophyll synthesis (Tang and
concentrations for deficiency diagnosis. By contrast, a Robson 1993). Several cultivars of wheat, barley and
high concentration of nitrogen in plants increases oats which showed genotypic differences in copper
their susceptibility to some disease organisms which, concentrations in whole shoots and old leaves, had
by depressing plant growth, could depress the critical similar critical copper concentrations of approximately
concentration for nitrogen toxicity. But the 1.0 mg kg- 1 when young leaves of all genotypes were
interaction between nitrogen and disease infection is sampled (Nambiar 1976). Similarly, no substantial
complex (Marschner 1995) and has not been related difference in critical nitrate-N levels could be found
to critical concentrations. among several genotypes of wheat, barley, triticale
and rye (Papastylianou and Puckridge 1981). In
There is also some evidence that mycorrhizal
infection of roots might affect critical concentrations three cultivars of subterranean clover, no difference
for phosphorus in plant shoots since, at similar in the critical concentrations of copper in the
concentrations of phosphorus in their shoots, youngest open leaves was measured in spite of
mycorrhizal subterranean clover plants had higher substantial differences in the level of copper fertilizer
shoot dry matter than non-mycorrhizal plants they required in the root zone for maximum yield
(Pairunan et aI. 1980). (Reuter et aI. 1983).
The effects of temperature, light and carbon dioxide The wide variation among species and cultivars in their
on critical concentrations of nutrients have received critical concentrations for diagnosis of potassium
little study. Temperature had a marked effect on the deficiency has been mentioned in Section B.3.3. Four
concentration of manganese in leaf blades of tobacco broad groups of species have been recognised on the
at which symptoms of manganese toxicity first basis of their ability to substitute sodium for potassium
appeared, increasing them 7-fold when day/night in osmotic functions; the proportion of substitution
temperatures were increased from 22/18 to 30/26°C varies from nil in many temperate agricultural species
(Rufty et aI. 1979). High light intensity has long been such as maize and soybean to over 80% in many C4
suspected to enhance deficiency symptoms and grasses and members of the Chenopodiaceae (Smith
plant requirements for zinc and boron; it has now 1974; Marschner 1995).
been shown to enhance chlorosis and necrosis in Some broad groupings of species according to their
zinc, potassium, and magnesium deficient leaves requirements for other nutrients have also been
(Marschner and Cakmak 1989), but its impact on recognised and attributed to differences in
their critical concentrations has yet to be assessed. biochemical mechanisms and cell wall constituents.
Shading of black gram plants depressed the critical Marschner (1995) has suggested that C4 plants will
levels of boron for expansion of young leaves from generally have lower critical concentrations for
15 to 10 mg boron kgl dry matter (Noppakoonwong nitrogen deficiency than C3 plants, because of
et aI. 1993). Increasing the concentration of carbon differences in their photosynthetic mechanisms.
dioxide also depressed the critical concentration for The sulfur requirements of crop plants in Gramineae
deficiency of nitrogen and enhanced that of are less than in Leguminosae, which are less than in
phosphorus in both cotton and wheat (Hocking and Cruciferae (Deloch 1960, cited by Marschner 1995).
Meyer 1991; Rogers et al. 1993). Differences in the composition of their cell walls
where a high proportion of plant calcium and boron
B.3.4 Genotype are located (Loomis and Durst 1992) are probably
A cursory examination of the diagnostic tables in responsible for the much higher concentrations of
this manual suggests considerable diversity among calcium and boron in most dicotyledons than
15
monocotyledons, and for their usually much higher sources such as commercial plant analytical services.
critical concentrations as indicated in the diagnostic They may also incorporate analytical values for
tables of this manual. For calcium, the estimated deficiency and toxicity derived from a synthesis of
internal requirements of young shoots of 18 annual data from sand culture experiments, field
legumes and herbs grown in flowing culture observations, and field fertilizer trials. This approach
solutions with a range of low but constant calcium is even more empirical than that based on the
concentrations were double those of 11 cereals and critical concentration approach, making it advisable
other grasses (Loneragan 1968; Loneragan and to interpret data cautiously. It is important too, to
Snowball 1969). The estimated calcium require- recognise that nutrient concentration standards set
ments varied little among the species within each from surveys are not truly diagnostic but predictive
group. The greater variation in other published since they are generally derived from relationships
critical concentrations probably arises from of nutrient concentrations at a favoured sampling
differences among species in the age and vegetative time during vegetative growth with production data
composition of the samples analysed and in nutrient collected some time later. Hence they suffer from
supply during the calibration experiments. problems inherent in predictive techniques
In contrast to critical concentrations for deficiency, discussed in the next section. Provided this fact is
critical concentrations for tOXicity may vary widely recognised by restricting their use to appropriate
among species and cultivars. For example, for situations, nutrient standards derived from surveys
manganese toxicity the critical concentration in of commercial crops can be useful aids in nutrient
young shoots varied from 200 mg Mn kg- 1 in maize management of crops.
to 5300 in sunflower grown under identical
conditions (Edwards and Asher 1982).
c. PREDICTION OF NUTRIENT RESPONSES
B.4 Nutrient surveys FROM NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS
Surveys of nutrient concentrations in samples from C.l Principles
crops at specified growth stages have been correlated
with crop yields to establish standard, desirable Diagnosis of plant nutrient status has little value
nutrient concentrations for some species. This unless aimed at correcting existing nutrient
approach has been the primary method used for problems or preventing their development in the
large perennial species where it is costly and difficult future. Such prediction is especially important in
to set up traditional experiments to measure long lived perennial fruit and nut crops where
nutrient responses as in fruit trees (Leece 1968, nutrient problems in the current season may affect
1976), vines (Robinson and McCarthy 1985; Smith not only the yield and quality of the current season's
et al. 1987; Creswell 1989) and plantation forest trees
crop but also the yield potential of next season's.
(Bevege 1978; Lambert 1984). It has also been used But whereas plant analysis alone may provide a
for corn, soybean and other annual crops (Munson definitive diagnosis of the nutrient status of the
and Nelson 1990). plant at the time of sampling, it can provide
A study aimed at developing nutrient concentrations information only on the first of the three factors
standards for kiwifruit in New South Wales illustrates which determine nutrient response between
the approach (Creswell 1989). Preliminary sampling and final harvest:
experiments were undertaken on leaf samples • nutrient stores available for redistribution within
collected from a commercial orchard to determine the plant
the best leaf for sampling. The best time in the year
for sampling was chosen after following the variation • nutrient supply from the soil
in the concentration of seven nutrients at monthly • nutrient requirement for growth and yield.
intervals during three growing seasons: at the time
Hence, the relationship of plant nutrient
recommended, the rate of change in concentration of
concentrations at sampling to subsequent yield
most nutrients was minimal. After establishing that
must be regarded as variable and dependent upon
the sampling procedure gave a reasonably accurate
factors governing the plant's uptake of nutrients
picture of the nutritional status of the vines in an
from the soil and its requirements after sampling.
orchard block, 40 commercial plantings throughout
the kiwifruit growing areas of New South Wales were The relationship of nutrient concentration to
sampled in three successive seasons. The results for predicted yield also differs from diagnosis in that,
leaf samples from the 10 most productive, best while diagnosis concerns the nutrient status of the
managed and healthiest plantings were taken as the plant as a whole, prediction usually concerns the
nutrient concentration ranges for healthy vines. A set relationship of nutrients to the production of
of leaf analysis standards for kiwifruit in New South selected components, such as seed. Moreover,
Wales was then constructed by combining these data predictive plant analysis is increasingly concerned
with values recommended from similar surveys of with nutrient management to prevent pollution
commercial kiwifruit orchards in New Zealand from excessive fertilizer use.
(Smith et al. 1987).
Additional problems may arise in the interpretation
Standards derived in this way may be supplemented of plant nutrient concentrations when some other
and refined by the accumulation of data from other factor is limiting plant growth at the time of sampling.
16
The importance of this cannot be overemphasized harvest; none of the large amounts of manganese
since it is probably the most frequent cause of error. accumulated in leaf blades was redistributed to seeds
Unfortunately, the complexities of the field whereas manganese moved readily from roots,
environment mean that sampling for plant analysis stems, and petioles (Figure 1.7; Hannam et al.
often occurs when growth is limited by water stress, 1985a). The study provided a sound physiological
temperature, light, disease, insect attack, abnormal rationale for the prediction of manganese deficiency
root development, poor irrigation management, or in seeds based on manganese concentrations in the
deficiencies of nutrients such as nitrogen. Applying stem (Hannametal. 1985b).
standards derived under 'ideal' conditions to analyses
The inorganic ions, nitrate, sulfate, orthophosphate,
of such samples clearly opens the possibility for
and potassium, and some organic molecules
erroneous interpretation of the results. Environmental
accumulate in storage pools in various plant tissues
factors may also induce intermittent symptoms of
when supplied in excess (Barraclough 1993).
nutrient disorders which further confuse
interpretation of plant analyses. Therefore, they should be sensitive indicators of
plant nutrient status and should be especially
C.l.l Yield criteria valuable indicators of over-fertilization with its
Dry weight of shoots or harvested plant parts (seed, problems of wastage and pollution. In providing an
fruit, root, tuber, etc.) most commonly measures estimate of nutrient storage, they should also be
nutrient response when calibrating plant analysis especially pertinent to the prediction of future
data for diagnosis or prediction. But it is not the nutrient needs. Conductive plant parts, such as
most appropriate measure for many crops. For petioles and stems, would probably be more
cereals used for some forms of processing, grain yield sensitive to nutrient status than leaves in which the
may be secondary to protein concentration or concentrations of nutrients required for metabolism
amino acid composition. For legumes, the amount are likely to be higher.
of nitrogen fixed may be as important as dry matter
yield. For sugar cane and sugar beet, sugar C.l.3 Soil nutrient supply after sampling
concentration is as important as stem or beet weight. Nutrient concentrations in the plant at sampling
Choosing a measure of plant response is often even reflect nutrient supply from the soil up to the time of
more difficult in grazed pastures, where herbage sampling. They give no indication of the plant's
yield may be less important than a range of indices ability to obtain nutrients from the soil following
related to long-term pasture stability and animal sampling. Yet nutrient uptake from the soil may
production. In the horticultural industries, quality make a substantial contribution to meeting the
criteria such as texture, aroma, flavour, and crop's nutrient requirements for its final yield.
sometimes also long storage are important Soil properties, such as clay type and content,
considerations for fruit, vegetables and tobacco organic matter and water contents, and physical
(Embleton et al. 1975; Marcelle 1995). characteristics, affect nutrient supply to the plant.
To date, dry matter yield has remained the major Plant genome, mycorrhizae, and soil temperature,
criterion for the calibration of plant tests. Apart from water, and pH affect nutrient uptake by the plant.
horticultural crops, very little has been done to base Plant species vary widely in their ability to obtain
interpretive information on the more complex, nutrients from soils. Even genotypes with similar
commercially relevant criteria. critical concentrations for a nutrient deficiency may
vary so widely that the same nutrient concentrations
C.l.2 Plant nutrient reserves in the plant can lead to quite different fertilizer
Plant analysis can measure the plant's internal recommendations. The work referred to above (B.3.4)
reserves which contribute to its nutrient require-
ments between sampling and harvest. But few
predictive studies have consciously examined the
800
e__--------e____------------e
I
location and contribution of nutrient reserves to
final yield. With the notable exception of a careful c 1
study of the location and redistribution of ~ 600

manganese in the shoots of lupins (Hannam et al. 8~
1985a,1985b), most studies have simply extended ~~ 400 e Leaf Blades
diagnostic data to predictive applications through COl
m::::l..
<>Stem
empirical relationships between nutrient concen- Ol- o Petioles
~ 200
trations at sampling and yield at harvest to produce
:2:
critical concentrations for prediction. This is not a
problem if the plant part selected for diagnostic o
plant analysis also happens to contain or reflect the o 14 40
plant's nutrient reserves. But it may be if the Days without manganese
available nutrient reserves are stored in other plant
parts, as shown in the lupin study above. In that Figure 1.7 Manganese contents of the blades and petioles of
the leaves--ilnd the stem of the main axis of Lupinus
study, manganese concentrations in leaves or whole angustifolius during seed development and after
shoots at anthesis correlated well with dry matter termination of external manganese supply. (Data of
production at sampling but poorly with seed yield at Hannam et al. 1985a).
17
on copper nutrition of subterranean clover illustrates mineralization of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
this point, as does that with manganese reviewed by from soil organic matter.
Graham (1988). The presence and activity of
mycorrhizae also modifies the ability of plant roots C.1.4 Nutrient requirement
to absorb phosphorus and other nutrients from soils. The plant's nutrient reqUirement following sampling
In horticultural and floricultural species, the nutrient is determined by the yield finally achieved, a
content of the scion is strongly affected by the parameter which is sensitive to environmental
rootstock genotype, which often will be a different conditions. For example, in plants with indeterminate
species. The scientific literature is replete with yield potential such as wheat, the productivity of late
descriptions of the effect of the perennial crop tillers is strongly affected by factors such as water and
rootstocks on scion nutrient status (e.g. apples nitrogen supply. In addition, other factors, such as
(Poling and Oberly 1979); grapevines (Downton other nutrients, pests, disease, light, and temperature,
1985); oranges (Taylor and Dimsey 1993); pistachio may limit final yield. Interactions between two or
(Brown et al. 1994)). The differences in the ability of more limiting nutrients may also affect the
particular rootstocks to supply scions with nutrients
interpretation of plant analytical data. For example,
may be related not only to root morphology and/or
increasing nitrogen supply increased the critical
uptake and transport characteristics, but also to
deficiency concentration of phosphorus inAraucaria
relative mycorrhizal dependence. The salt exclusion
cunninghamii and, in the same experiment, increasing
characteristics of both citrus (Walker 1986) and
grapevine rootstocks (Sykes 1987) suggest control of phosphorus supply increased the critical deficiency
uptake and transport at the root level. These concentration of nitrogen (Richards and Bevege
differences in nutrient uptake and transport may be 1969); in this experiment, the critical concentrations
reflected in the nutrient requirements of scions on were reported as diagnostic values but were in fact
different rootstocks: for example, exclusion of predictive since the analytical samples were
sodium and chloride ions by salt tolerant grapevine collected midway in the year over which growth
rootstock Ramsay (Vitis champini cv. Plancheon) rates of the trees were measured. The literature
may possibly mean that higher levels of compatible contains many other reports of nutrient interactions
solutes such as potassium and nitrate are needed in affecting critical concentrations for prediction
the scion for subcellular osmotic adjustment. The (Munson and Nelson 1990).
propensity of a rootstock to absorb and transport The plant's nutrient reqUirements for vegetative
nutrients must be considered in conjunction with production may also differ from those for its
knowledge of the effect of high or low levels of commercial product. This is especially true for
particular nutrients on scion performance. The nitrogen which, for optimal yield and quality of
efficiency of the rootstock must then be considered plant products, needs to be low or even deficient in
when plant nutrient concentrations are being
the plant prior to harvest, as has been well
interpreted and recommendations made.
documented for sugar production from sugar beet
Soil water is especially important to the availability (Ulrich and Hills 1990).
from soils of phosphorus, boron, zinc and manganese,
and impacts strongly on the interpretation of plant
C.2 Procedures
analYSis for prediction. Two studies serve to illustrate
the problems that interactions with soil water, a Two types of predictive tests based on nutrient
factor that commonly restricts plant growth, pose for concentrations are commonly used as an aid to
those interpreting plant analyses. In work on nutrient management following sampling:
phosphorus nutrition of Stylosanthes humilis at • seed analysis as a measure of seed viability or
Katherine in the Northern Territory, Fisher (1980) nutrient reserves for growth on deficient soils
found that phosphorus concentrations in shoots were
• analysis of vegetative plant parts at a particular
reduced from 0.20% to as low as 0.08% by water stress
growth stage to forecast nutrient problems likely
during early vegetative growth and from 0.22% to
to be encountered.
0.15% during late vegetative growth. When water
stress was relieved, phosphorus concentrations For the special case of predicting storage quality of
recovered to levels similar to those in plants fruit, the fruit itself is analysed (Marcelle 1995).
maintained on adequate moisture. Fisher suggested
that a period of at least 6 weeks without water stress C.2.1 Seed analysis
was needed prior to sampling if reliable estimates of As discussed earlier (B.3.2), critical concentrations in
the phosphorus status of Stylosanthes were to be seeds have been used for diagnosis of nutrient
obtained in that environment. In another study with deficiency in parent crops and the seeds themselves.
Macroptilium atropurpureum grown at 18 sites in south- As the seed disorders affect seed viability and seedling
eastern Queensland, White and Haydock (1970) establishment, the critical values also serve to
found that critical phosphorus concentrations in predict seed performance in crop establishment.
young runners harvested immediately prior to These problems cannot be corrected by addition of
flowering varied from 0.16% to 0.29%. The most the deficient nutrient when the seed is sown.
important factor associated with this variation was
Seed analYSis is used to predict nutrient response in
rainfall in the 28 days prior to sampling.
two other ways. Firstly, it can indicate the need for
Temperature also has a strong influence on the rate early nutrient addition if sown on a low nutrient
of nutrient absorption by roots and the rate of soil. Thus, in maize, molybdenum concentrations in
18
the seed are important to early seedling growth Where dressings of fertilizers or ameliorants are
when sown on low molybdenum soils (Weir and required, information is needed from field trials on
Hudson 1966). In lupins too, the cobalt concentration desirable rates of soil addition in relation to crop
of the seed has been related to its ability to provide value, seasonal conditions and pollution problems.
the plant's requirements to maturity when planted Where sufficient data have been accumulated,
on soils low in available cobalt (Robson and Snowball recommendations for fertilizer or ameliorant
1987). Low calcium (Cox et al. 1976), manganese applications have been refined by integrating
(Marcar and Graham 1986), boron (Bell et al. 1989), nutrient information with other factors such as
phosphorus (Bolland and Baker 1988, 1989; climatic risks and soil properties into static or
Thomson et al. 1991) and zinc (Rengel and Graham dynamic simulation computer models (Angus et al.
1995) concentrations in the seed have all been 1993). Australian examples of models used for
shown to depress seedling growth and often dry making fertilizer recommendatiOns for a farmer's
matter production at maturity when sown on soils next crop are WHEATMAN (Woodruff 1992),
low in these nutrients. In most cases, and in contrast DECIDE (Bennett and Bowden 1976), NPDECIDE
to seed damaged by nutrient deficiencies, early (Burgess 1988) and MANAGE RICE (Angus et al.
nutrient addition eliminates the responses. 1996). DECIDE and NPDECIDE predict the yield
Secondly, seed analysis can provide information on response curves in an empirical fashion and are not
the nutrient status of the soil on which crops are dynamic simulation models, though they do
grown, assisting nutrient management for succeeding endeavour to account for changes in nutrient
crops. In South Australia and north-western Victoria, availability due to environmental factors such as the
the concentration of 10 nutrients in barley grain has leaching of nitrogen when heavy rainfall follows
been mapped from intensive collection of samples fertilizer application. MANAGE RICE uses the
over a wide area. The information has been used to nitrogen concentration of the plant, together with
define the areas of soil with high levels of boron as a other information, to predict benefits that might be
guide for the sowing of boron tolerant cultivars. It obtained from top-dressing a rice crop with nitrogen
could also be used in fertilizer management and in fertilizer.
the animal feed industry (Spouncer etal. 1992). Complex dynamic simulation models that consider
crop growth processes in response to climatic
C.2.2 Prediction during crop growth
conditions and the soil environment are able to deal
The procedures adopted for using plant analysis to with water and nitrogen limitations to crop growth,
predict nutrient responses following sampling and but as yet do not include phosphorus or other
to guide nutrient management prior to harvest vary nutrient constraints. Such models are powerful tools
widely. They range from simple correlations for investigating the risks associated with use of
between nutrient concentration in a plant part at a fertilizer nitrogen which arise from seasonal
particular stage of growth and yield at maturity, to variability in rainfall. The application of such a
sophisticated models simulating the likely climatic model in a very variable rainfall environment in
conditions and their impact on nutrient release from Kenya made accurate predictions of crop yield by
soils, uptake by the crop and requirement of the integrating information on the effects of a range of
commercial crop product. water, nitrogen and management regimes on maize
The most common procedure involves the setting of grain yields (Keatingetal. 1991).
nutrient predictive standards in the same way as for
diagnostic standards but correlating nutrient
concentrations with final rather than current yield. D. MONITORING CROP NUTRIENT STATUS
As for diagnosis, predictive standards are derived FROM NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS
from plants grown in experimental pots or field
plots or from field survey data. Standards derived In its application to plant nutrition, the term
from crop survey data have been widely used in 'monitoring' has been used to cover a wide range of
corn, soybean and other crops in the USA (Munson procedures. At its Simplest, it includes the collection
and Nelson 1990). of plant samples at a specified stage of development
for comparison of their nutrient concentrations
Where predictive standards have been set from field with established standards for defining nutrient
data, plant analysis can provide reasonable estimates status. In annual crops such as cereals, this may
of the likely nutrient responses for crops grown on involve the collection of only one sample in the life
similar soils under similar environmental conditions. of the crop (Westfall etal. 1990). Such a procedure is
For example, the values determined for the critical identical with the diagnostic and predictive
phosphorus concentration in wheat leaves from field procedures already discussed.
experiments at five sites over two seasons in South
Australia (Elliott et al. 1997b) were in such good More generally and as used here, monitoring
agreement that they appear promising for a wide area procedures involve periodic sampling of a crop to
of southern Australia. But prediction of yield from provide a continuous assessment and record of its
critical concentrations alone is unlikely to be accurate nutrient status. It is this record of nutrient status and
in atypical seasons or in areas which differ markedly the use made of it which distinguishes monitoring
in soils and climates from those in which the critical procedures from other diagnostic and predictive
concentrations were set (Righetti et al. 1990). procedures. In all other aspects, monitoring combines
19
diagnosis and prediction and introduces no new deficiency concentrations for 90 or 95 and 100% of
principles. maximum yield at harvest; management techniques
should aim to keep plant nutrient concentrations
In following nutrient concentrations throughout
within the critical nutrient range of each growth
the life of a crop, monitoring procedures aim to
stage at all times (Dow and Roberts 1982; Roberts
provide information on its nutrient status so that
and Dow 1982).
adjustments in nutrient management may be made
and followed in order to keep nutrient concentrations Monitoring procedures are especially valuable in the
within limits set to prevent nutrient problems management of the nitrogen nutrition of crops in
arising and to optimize crop production. The which nitrogen impacts strongly on the quality of
frequency of sampling varies widely with the crop plant products or in which leaching of nitrogen
and the level of nutrient management required. fertilizers creates environmental problems. For
In perennial crops such as plantation timber trees, example, the conditions for optimal commercial
monitoring is usually confined to a single sample sugar production reqUire that sugar beets be nitrogen
per year, allowing adjustments in fertilizers to be sufficient during early vegetative growth but nitrogen
made for the following season. As nutrient deficient for at least 4 weeks before harvest (Ulrich
concentrations in plant parts fluctuate widely and Hills 1990). These conditions may be achieved by
throughout the year, samples are usually collected at judicious use of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation
a time when they are most stable and with the same water in response to data obtained from the
care in attention to the selection of the plant part monitoring of nitrate concentrations in sugar beet
and its age as already discussed (Weetman and Wells petioles. Other examples of successful nitrogen
1990). A similar procedure is adopted for many fruit monitoring procedures using total nitrate, sap nitrate,
and nut tree and vine crops. In these horticultural or radiant energy are presented in Figure 1.8 and
and forestry tree crops, standards for assessment of Sections E.2 and E.6.
nutrient status have frequently been set from crop Frequent sampling in monitoring procedures
surveys as previously described (B.4). The use of such minimizes errors such as those encountered in other
standards for interpreting analytical data from predictive procedures when environmental events
specific orchards of forest sites must be done affect nutrient supply or requirement following
cautiously, taking into account differences in soil sampling. As with those procedures, modelling of
and other site characteristics: indeed, foresters likely environmental conditions yet to be
recommend that the interpretation of plant analysis encountered, may also improve the efficiency of
be related to soil/site classification systems (Lambert monitoring procedures. One of the earliest and best
1984; Turner and Lambert 1986). For horticultural known examples of such monitoring approaches to
crops the interpretation of plant nutrient nutrient management is the practice known as 'crop
concentrations also needs to take account of logging' of sugar cane in Hawaii where Clements
variations in seasons and crop characteristics such as (1964, 1980) has set critical concentrations of
fruit load and pruning intensity; it may be further nutrients in relation to climate and physiology for
complicated when the nutrient concentrations sugar production in a 24-month crop cycle (Bowen
required for good fruit quality or storage differ from 1990). Other models suitable for use in monitoring
those for yield (Righetti et al. 1990; Marcelle 1995). procedures have been mentioned in the preceding
Given such complexities, it is not surprising to find discussion of predictive models (C.2.2).
that, in considering plant analysis in the manage-
ment of orchard nutrition, researchers recommend
limiting its role to that of a useful tool, and stress the
need to understand the factors affecting the inter- E. DIAGNOSIS, PREDICTION AND
pretation of analytical data (Righetti et ai. 1990). MONITORING FROM OTHER
For effective monitoring of nutrient status in annual MEASURES OF NUTRIENT STATUS
crops, nutrient concentration standards need to be In diagnostic work, plant analysis generally refers to
set for a series of growth stages during plant growth. the total amount of chemical element in a plant part
This has usually been done with plants grown in in relation to its dry weight and is reported as its
glasshouse or field experiments with multiple concentration in % or mg kg-1 dry matter. In some
fertilizer treatments. Using this approach, Ulrich and cases, workers prefer to express nutrient content as a
Hills (1967), plotted plant nutrient concentration ratio of fresh weight, as already mentioned, or of
against growth stage for each nutrient treatment; total plant nitrogen. Many criteria other than total
they observed that plant nutrient concentrations in nutrient concentration are also used, including
each treatment fell progressively with time and visual symptoms (see Chapter 2), concentrations or
proposed that, at each growth stage, the concen- ratios of particular inorganic or organiC forms of a
tration in the lowest fertilizer treatment giving nutrient, organic compounds, enzyme activities and
maximum yield be regarded as a 'safe level'. For concentrations, and physiological behaviour.
maximum yield, nutrient concentrations should not
be allowed to fall below the 'safe level' at any time. Like nutrient concentrations, all of these additional
Subsequent workers have refined this approach by measures of plant nutrient status must be correlated
defining at a number of growth stages a 'critical with plant response to the test nutrient; many also
nutrient range' with its limits as the critical nutrient use the concept of a critical deficiency level. While
20
valuable in specific cases, none of them is yet as of nutrient fractions in sap expressed from plant parts
readily applicable for general use by commercial is becoming increaSingly popular, as discussed below.
analytical laboratories as is total nutrient
concentration in dried plant parts which has the
E.2 Form of nutrient
advantages of providing information on a wide
range of nutrients in a single, easily collected, Sometimes a particular form of a nutrient gives a
preserved and transported plant sample. more sensitive indication of plant nutrient status
than does the total nutrient. Most attention has
been given to nitrogen but various forms or tissue
E. 1 Nutrients in relation to fresh weight extracts of iron, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and
Many authors have argued that, for water soluble zinc have also been studied.
nutrients such as potassium, it is more rational to
express concentrations in relation to cell water The concentration of a-amino nitrogen gives a more
rather than dry weight (Clements 1964; Cassidy sensitive measure of nitrogen stress in plants than
1966; Leigh and Wyn Jones 1984). For potassium, does total nitrogen (Greenwood 1976). Total, acetic
expressing concentrations on a tissue water basis is acid-extractable and sap nitrate have all been used
more physiologically relevant because of its role in for assessing nitrogen status and predicting nitrogen
plant-water relations. Potassium concentrations requirements. The total nitrate concentration of
expressed on a tissue water basis remained constant leaves, petioles or stems has been strongly
at around 200 mM in leaves of all ages during plant recommended for diagnosis and prediction of
development of barley grown with an adequate nitrogen status in many plant species as, for
supply of potassium in water culture (Ahmed and example, in petioles of sugar beet (Ulrich 1952) and
Wyn Jones 1982) and in the shoots of barley crops 'basal stems' (leaf sheaths and stems of the main
with a good supply of potassium; moreover, it was culm) of barley (Papastylianou 1986; Elliott et al.
not affected by nitrogen and phosphorus supplies 1993), wheat (Papastylianou and Puckeridge 1981;
(Leigh and Johnston 1983). However, in barley, Elliott et al. 1987) and 'lower corn stalks' (basal stem
sodium can substitute for potassium requirements sections) of maize (Binfordetal. 1992). In wheat and
and its concentration would modify critical barley, basal stem nitrate was appreciably more
concentrations of potassium. Leigh and Wyn Jones sensitive than nitrate and nitrogen concentrations
(1984) have postulated that such substitution is of young leaves (Elliottetal.1987, 1993). In the
limited to the turgor functions of potassium in cell leaves of tomato (Huett and Rose 1988) and zucchini
vacuoles and that potassium is not replaceable in its squash (Huett and White 1991), nitrate
cytoplamic functions. In an attempt to define more concentration was more sensitive than total
precisely the specific potassium requirements of nitrogen concentration, but was considered less
ryegrass, Barraclough and Leigh (1993) have related reliable because of its greater variability.
potassium functions to concentrations of potassium
in tissue water. In addition to its use for diagnosis and prediction of
nitrogen deficiency, nitrate concentration has been
Occasionally, concentrations of other nutrients in used to monitor the nitrogen status of many crops
plant parts have also given better relationships when and to manage nitrogen fertilizer applications. In
expressed on a fresh weight, rather than a dry maize, nitrate concentrations in stems after harvest
weight, basis. For example, the critical concentration provided a good indication of excessive application
of phosphorus in shoots of Stylosanthes humilis and of nitrogen fertilizer to the crop (Binfordet al. 1992).
in young leaves of Desmodium intortum remained The measurement of nitrate concentrations in
constant with plant age when expressed on a fresh petioles to monitor the nitrogen status of sugar beet
weight basis but declined on a dry weight basis in order to optimize sugar production has already
(Moody and Edwards 1978; Johansen 1978). In other
been mentioned (D). Similar nitrate monitoring
studies, reporting the critical concentration of
procedures have been developed to optimize yield
nutrients on a fresh weight or tissue water basis has
and quality of pumpkins (Swiader et al. 1988),
not prevented a decline with age. Such declines may
economic return in cotton (Grimes et al. 1973) and
be artefacts of experimental systems in which the
yield of potatoes (Williams and Maier 1990a,
ratio of plant mass to volume of the nutrient
medium declines progressively with plant age, as 1990b). In potatoes, a critical concentration range
discussed earlier (B.3.1.) and suggested to explain for nitrate concentrations in the petioles of the
the decline in the critical concentration of potassium youngest fully expanded leaf was derived from
in the tissue water of the youngest fully expanded intensive sampling throughout growth of plants in
leaf of soybean from 65 mM at pod set to 29 mM at extensive field experiments; maximum tuber yield
pod filling (Bell et al. 1987). was recorded when petiole nitrate concentrations
fell within the critical range at all growth stages
Despite its advantages in particular situations, (Figure 1.8; Williams and Maier 1990a). As the
expression of nutrient concentrations on a fresh critical concentration range fell steeply with plant
weight basis has not been adopted widely, probably development, correct interpretation of samples from
because of the inconvenience of determining fresh field crops depends upon careful specification of the
weight at sampling and the variability in estimation
developmental stage at sampling.
of water contents arising from fluctuations in the
plant prior to sampling and losses afterwards. On the Nitrate concentration in acetic acid extracts of fresh
other hand, determination of critical concentrations plant parts has been used for assessing the nitrogen
21
plants (Katyal and Sharma 1980). The method was

developed in an effort to provide a better measure of
the iron status of plants than that given by total iron
concentration, which is frequently unsatisfactory
even when contamination from soil is removed. The
suggestion that the method extracts only F~+ has
been challenged; but despite ignorance of the form
and location in the plant of this extracted 'active
iron', the method has proved useful in some
situations (Abadia 1992). For potassium, colour
changes of paper test strips in contact with sap
expressed from fresh plant parts has given a good
indication of potassium status of several crop and
pasture plants (Melsted 1950; Spencer and Govars
1982). But in lettuce they only gave good estimates
of potassium concentration in sap expressed from
Figure 1.8 Change during tuber development of potato in the marginally potassium deficient plants, due to
critical nutrient range for nitrate concentrations in interference from accumulation of pigments and
petioles of the youngest fully expanded leaves for 95 amines in more deficient plants (Burns and Hutsby
and 100% maximum yield of tubers (after Williams
and Maier 1990). 1984). The test would be further limited in those
species in which ammonia accumulates or sodium
substitutes for potassium.
status of vegetable crops and grapes in Calitornia
(Geraldson et al. 1983) and, when estimated with The concentrations of inorganic orthophosphate
paper strips, correlated well with total nitrate in and sulfate in petioles have been recommended for
basal stems of wheat (e.g. Elliott et al. 1987). the diagnosis of the phosphorus and sulfur status,
respectively, of sugar beet plants (Ulrich and Hills
Nitrate concentration in the sap expressed from 1990). Their concentrations in acid extracts or sap
fresh plant parts has long been regarded as a expressed from petioles and leaves have also been
sensitive indicator of nitrogen status in many crops recommended for rapid field tests. Several studies
(Emmert 1934 cited by Scaife and Turner 1984) and have been done with phosphorus, but few data are
has also been used as the basis of several rapid field available on sulfur (Handson and Sheridan 1992).
tests (Irving and Bouma 1984b). The recent
Acetic acid extractable phosphorus in the leaf blades
availability of paper test strips for determination of
of grapevines at anthesis provided a sensitive
nitrate concentration in expressed sap has led to
measure of the phosphorus status of the vines for
renewed interest in sap nitrate for rapid field tests of
prediction of their berry weight and yield and
the nitrogen status of many crops. Nitrate
pruning weight (Skinner et al. 1987). Inorganic
concentrations in expressed sap determined by
phosphate extracted by sulfuric acid from green
paper test strips have correlated well with
leaves and determined by a rapid colorimetric
determinations by more rigorous methods in a wide
procedure provided a reasonable guide to the
range of vegetable crops (Scaife and Stevens 1983;
Lyons and Barnes 1987; Williams and Maier 1990b) phosphorus status of subterranean clover (Bouma
and have been recommended for rapid field and Dowling 1982; Irving and Bouma 1984a) and
evaluation of crop nitrogen status particularly in wheat (Elliott et al. 1997b). The concentration of
monitoring programmes for prediction of fertilizer inorganic phosphate in sap expressed from petioles
nitrogen management. Care must be taken in of the youngest mature leaf also indicated the
selection of plant parts and to avoid problems of phosphorus status of canola (Handson and Sheridan
variability in nitrate concentrations arising from 1992) and, in a more comprehensive study,
fluctuations with time of day and water content of inorganic phosphorus concentration in young
tissues at sampling (Scaife and Stevens 1983). leaves correlated well with phosphorus status of
Problems may also arise from variability among subterranean clover (Lewis 1992). However, total
different batches of test paper in development of phosphorus was preferred for diagnosis of phosphorus
colour intensity (Elliott et al. 1987; Handson and deficiency in subterranean clover because the critical
Sheridan 1992) and in the presence of interfering concentration of inorganic phosphorus in young
substances in the sap of some species, as reported for leaves fell rapidly with age, while that of total
sunflower (Schaeffer 1986). But there is general phosphorus in the same leaves remained stable; in
agreement that rapid field tests of sap nitrate addition, standard errors for inorganic phosphorus
concentration can provide a useful estimate of the concentrations in leaves also tended to be larger
nitrogen status of crops as a guide to nitrogen than those for total phosphorus (Lewis 1992).
fertilizer management. A suggestion has also been made that the
Rapid sap tests have also been devised for iron, concentration of metabolically active forms of
potassium and phosphorus. Iron extracted from phosphorus ('labile' phosphorus) would provide a
leaves and measured colorimetrically as the better indication of plant phosphorus status than
Fe 2+-phenanthroline complex has been suggested either inorganic or total phosphorus (Chisholm et al.
as a measure of iron deficiency chlorosis in rice 1981; Chisholm and Blair 1988). The suggestion was
22
based upon the greater stability of a lipid and residual magnesium) 'are often less affected by aging processes
phosphorus fraction compared with inorganic and and so present an opportunity to expand the usefulness
total phosphorus. For diagnosis of phosphorus and accuracy offoliar diagnosis' (Walworth and
defidency in wheat, total phosphorus was preferred Sumner 1988). For a given crop, an extensive data
over 'labile' phosphorus which is more difficult to bank of nutrient concentrations is obtained from
determine, had a steeper diagnostic slope, and for analyses of high and low yielding crops. Using these
which critical concentrations declined in a similar data in a complex series of nutrient ratios, a set of
manner with leaf age (Elliott et al. 1990b). DRIS 'norms' are calculated. Deviations from these
norms are used to assess plant nutrient status for
In plant leaves with very high phosphorus
fertilizer management and yield prediction.
concentrations, water soluble zinc concentration
gives a better measure of zinc status than does total In assessing the value of DRIS, it is important to
zinc (Cakmak and Marschner 1987). recognize that, while purporting to diagnose
defidendes, it is a predictive technique and has
E.3 Nutrient and metabolite ratios relied for its validation on nutrient responses
following sampling, usually at final harvest. As
Where a physiological basis for a nutrient ratio can be
should have been expected from 'a priori'
established, a ratio can be used to interpret plant
considerations, early claims of a more general
analyses. Since protein content of plant parts
validity than other predictive techniques have not
probably gives a better estimate of the quantity of
been sustained, and DRIS indices have been shown
their metabolically active tissues than does dry
to vary with location and time of sampling Gones
matter, a case can be made for expressing, as a
1993). Extensive data from field crops are required to
proportion of protein, the contents of those nutrients
establish DRIS indices and their predictive power has
which are primarily involved in plant metabolism,
yet to be shown to be substantially better than
i.e. all nutrients other than calcium and boron.
traditional, less demanding procedures.
But this concept seems to have not been explored,
possibly because of the tedium of protein determin- Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) is another
ations compared with the ease of weighing. approach which is based upon the relationships
between the concentration of all nutrients and final
However, the structural assodation of sulfur with
yield in survey samples (Parent and Dafir 1992).
nitrogen in protein has provided a rationale for
using ratios of the total element contents of N/S for CND uses a multivariate approach to establish
diagnosis of sulfur defidency (Dijkshoorn and van indices that indicate whether a particular nutrient is
Wijk 1967; Freney et al. 1977). This ratio has proved insuffident, in balance or excess. Like DRIS, the
very valuable in the interpretation of sulfur analyses system is empirical in nature, relying upon statistical
in pasture (Spencer et al. 1977) and cereal plants manipulation of nutrient composition data to
(Rasmussen et al. 1977) and cereal grain (Randall establish the indices for prediction of yield.
et al. 1981). Other workers have found the index of
sulfate-S content as a percentage of the total-S EA Organic compounds
content to be a better indicator of sulfur status than A number of diagnostic techniques has been
sulfate concentration alone (Smith and Dolby 1977; developed on the basis of changes in the
Spencer et al. 1978). The ratios of protein to non- concentrations of organic substances related to the
protein nitrogen have also proved valuable in status of specific nutrients. Most are only sensitive to
diagnosing sulfur defidendes (Freneyet al. 1982). defidendes of nutrients and do not provide
Other nutrient element ratios have been suggested information on nutrient reserves. Many are related
at various times. But, without a sound physiological to nitrogen metabolism.
base they cannot be expected to provide diagnostic The use of a-amino nitrogen concentration as a
criteria that are valid beyond the confines of the sensitive measure of nitrogen stress in plants has
particular conditions under which they were already been mentioned (E.2). So has the ratio of
developed. The promulgation of P/Zn ratios for protein to non-protein nitrogen as a measure of
diagnosis of Zn defidency provides a good example sulfur defidency (E.3), which, through a shortage of
of wasted effort in uncritically chasing purely sulfur amino adds, blocks protein synthesis, causing
empirical relationships (Loneragan and Webb 1993). non-protein nitrogen to accumulate. But, while the
Unfortunately, the availability of multi-element shortage of sulfur amino adds decreases the protein
analysers and high capadty computers has made it content, it has little impact on the proportion of
easy for researchers to relate plant growth and high sulfur to low sulfur proteins of vegetative plant
nutrient response to an almost unlimited number of parts. By contrast, in seeds of many spedes, sulfur
elemental ratios, as the revival of the Beaufils' defidency depresses the proportion of high sulfur
Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System proteins to low-sulfur proteins as well as protein to
(DRIS) (Walworth and Sumner 1988) has shown. non-protein nitrogen. In wheat grain, sulfur-rich
The rationale for DRIS is that the ratios of nutrients albumins decrease while sulfur-poor gliadin proteins
to dry matter (e.g. % DM) in plants either decline or increase dramatically accompanied by a drastic
increase progressively with age, but that ratios of depression in flour quality. The changes in grain
those nutrients which decline (nitrogen, potassium, composition have provided two simple tests for
phosphorus) with those which increase (calcium, diagnosis of sulfur defidency in wheat grain - a
23
colour reaction of whole grain with glutaraldehyde which increased with plant age, the appearance of
and a simple precipitation and turbidimetric test on the isozyme was independent of plant age at all
suspended flour (Randall et al. 1981; see compre- stages of growth to anthesis, offering a simple
hensive review by Randall and Wrigley 1986). diagnostic procedure for phosphorus deficiency
(McLachlan et al. 1987) In Eucalyptus, acid
Bussler (1981) has observed in several plant species
phosphatase activity provided a more sensitive
that lignin synthesis is depressed by even mild
measure of phosphorus deficiency than phosphorus
copper deficiency and thus provides the basis for
concentrations in leaves and stems: in maize, it was
diagnosis in the field by a simple histochemical test.
relatively insensitive (Elliott and Uiuchli 1985).
The test should be interpreted with caution as both
manganese and boron deficiencies also depress Application of the tools of modern biology now
lignin synthesis. offer exciting opportunities for developing new
diagnostic techniques. The products of genes
Putrescine accumulation has been recommended for
specifically expressed in response to a particular
diagnosis of potassium deficiency in lucerne (Smith
nutrient disorder can now be detected by a range of
et al. 1982); in other species, the original hope to use
very sensitive techniques. Although not specifically
its accumulation as a diagnostic test has not been
targeted at diagnosis, the feasibility of using such
realized due to a lack of specificity.
techniques is illustrated by work on manganese in
which a molecular probe is being developed to
£.5 Biochemical, molecular and detect the expression of a gene that confers
physiological assays manganese efficiency to cereals (Graham, personal
A wide variety of enzyme assays has been developed for communication). Specific DNA probes can be
diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. They depend upon developed to detect whether genes are being
specific changes in enzyme activities or concentrations expressed, and antibodies to specific polypeptides
resulting from nutrient deficiencies. Hence, like assays can be used for similar purposes. Immunological
of organic compounds, enzyme assays give no techniques such as ELISA (enzyme-linked
information on nutrient reserves. However, many of immunosorbent assay) have been used in the assay
them are highly specific and give positive identification of phenolase for estimation of the copper nutritional
of particular nutrient deficiencies. status of wheat and cotton (Rao and Ownby 1993).
Once developed, such techniques are simple, quick
Enzyme activities respond to a nutrient deficiency
and relatively cheap. But the development and
either because the nutrient concentration in the
adequate testing of the assays is demanding, time
plant tissue is too low for their maximal activity or
consuming, and expensive. For plants, it is made
the deficiency affects the concentration of the
especially demanding by the variation among
enzyme itself. In the first case, the nutrient
species and cultivars of not only the sensitivity to a
deficiency does not affect the concentration of apo-
deficiency of the chosen enzyme, as in phosphatase
enzyme and addition of the deficient nutrient
above, but also of isozymes within the enzyme
restores activity quickly, providing a very specific
complex. Given these difficulties, it is not surprising
and positive diagnosis, as in the diagnosis of iron
that progress in the use of ELISA assays for
deficiency by the activation of peroxidase with the
addition of iron (Bar-Akiva et al. 1978).
Where a nutrient deficiency affects the concentration
of an apo-enzyme, the deficiency may be diagnosed '2'3
by assaying either the activity or the concentration ..c incubated ,
~ with Mo,",
of the enzyme. In molybdenum deficient plants,
nitrate reductase activity is depressed but may be
restored rapidly by incubating leaves or roots with
~..c
.::; en
2
.,
~
"
, •••
molybdenum (Mulder et al. 1959) forming the basis
of specific tests for diagnosing molybdenum
deficiency in citrus (Shaked and Bar-Akiva 1967) and
+='~
(.)-
COo>
(1)-
E
>.0
C\J
.-'
~~ "
wheat (Figure 1.9; Randall 1969). Ascorbic acid

oxidase activity in young leaves, which correlated NZ 1
Cen
closely with their copper concentration and with W(1)
shoot dry matter in subterranean clover, provided a o
E
simple and specific technique for diagnosis of
copper deficiency (Loneragan et al. 1982; Delhaize et
al. 1982). The enhancement of phosphatase activity
in wheat (Barrett-Lennard and Greenway 1982;
--
::::l
O~~L---L---~--~
o 0.005 0.05
0.5 5
McLachlan 1982) and in Eucalyptus seedlings and Molybdenum for growth
young plants (O'Connell and Grove 1985) have also (/-lg/plant)(log scale)
been suggested as diagnostic techniques for
phosphorus deficiency. In wheat leaves, an isozyme Figure 1.9 The relationship between molybdenum status of
wheat plants and the induction of nitrate reductase
which was not present in leaves of phosphorus activity in wheat leaf fragments. Fragments from the
adequate plants appeared in leaves of phosphorus same leaf were incubated with (e) and without (0)
deficient plants; unlike general phosphatase activity molybdenum. Randall (1969).
24
diagnosing plant nutrient disorders has trailed far other effects of nutrient deficiencies on the
behind their widespread use for diagnosis in medical interaction between radiant energy and leaves.
pathology laboratories. Transmission and reflectance of visible and infrared
Relatively little use is being made of the many radiation and fluorescence of chlorophyll have all
been studied.
excellent diagnostic tests which measure enzymic
activity, despite their relatively high potential, The primary application of measurements of light
especially in the horticultural industry (Leece 1976). transmission and reflectance has been in the
Perhaps this is not surprising for those tests which prediction of the need to apply nitrogen fertilizer to
are delicate require special conditions during achieve optimal grain yield of cereals at harvest.
transport of fresh samples to laboratories, or the use Successful predictions have been reported from
of special equipment. But even tests which have measurements of transmission in corn (Piekielek
been simplified for field use with readily available and Fox 1992; Blackmeretal. 1994), rice (Turner and
chemicals such as the ascorbate oxidase test for Jund 1994) and winter wheat (Follettetal. 1992; Fox
copper in subterranean clover (Delhaize et al. 1982) et al. 1994) and reflectance in corn (Blackmer et al.
are not available commercially. 1994). Hand held 'chlorophyll meters' have been
developed to estimate chlorophyll concentrations
Physiological tests do not involve plant analysis but
by measuring the transmission through leaves of
are included here because they may offer another
radiation of one or two wavelengths related to
means of assessing plant nutrient status.
chlorophyll activity. Readings on selected leaves in
Unfortunately, only a limited amount of work has standing crops have been correlated with leaf
been reported. Bouma and Dowling (1976) have nitrogen concentrations in rice (Turner and Jund
devised a test for assessing the phosphorus status of 1991; Peng et al. 1995) and winter wheat (Fox et al.
subterranean clover. In this test, the weights of 1994), and with leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll
detached leaves are compared after they have been concentrations in maize (Blackmer and Schapers
taking up either fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) or 1995). In maize, both chlorophyll and nitrogen
distilled water for 8-12 hours followed by a period concentrations correlated more strongly with
during which they are immersed in distilled water reflectance of 550 nm radiation than with the
and allowed to photosynthesize. Under these transmission readings (Blackmer et al. 1994).
conditions, detached leaves that are deficient in Chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations in rice
phosphorus resume normal levels of photosynthesis leaves have also correlated well with a 'green colour
upon restoring their internal phosphorus supply. intensity' score calculated from measurements at
The weight of deficient leaves treated with FDP is 550 and 800 nm of reflectance of solar radiation
therefore greater than that of corresponding leaves from the leaf canopy of a rice crop; while
placed only in distilled water. In plants adequately measurements on canopies have obvious advantages
supplied with phosphorus, there is no difference in over those on individual leaves, problems of
weight between detached leaves treated with FDP or instability during sunny or windy conditions need
distilled water. The technique has the advantages of to be overcome before the technique can be applied
being simple, requiring little equipment, and not generally (Takebe et al. 1990). In all these
requiring prior establishment of standards. techniques, the interpretation of readings is specific
A somewhat similar procedure has been proposed for to the stage of plant growth and the plant cultivar.
assessing the nitrogen status of plants (Greenwood Researchers also recommend that instrument
1976). In this technique, carbon dioxide exchange readings be standardized against readings of a
rates were used to detect differences in growth rates of portion of the same crop which has received
deficient plants and plants that received adequate adequate fertilizer nitrogen. The techniques are
nitrogen two days prior to measurement. further limited as diagnostiC tools by their lack of
specificity; any nutrient deficiency, other than
Finally, foliar application of a nutrient to identified nitrogen deficiency, or environmental factor
leaves or sections of leaves can sometimes provide affecting leaf colour introduce serious error.
confirmation of a suspected deficiency. The
procedure is used for micronutrients such as iron, Several workers have explored the possibility of
manganese or zinc. In the case of iron, it is particul- using remote senSing of the reflectance of radiation
arly useful as it avoids the analytical problems that from crop canopies as a technique for diagnosing
often arise from contamination when chemical nutrient disorders. The principles are the same as for
analysis is used to diagnose iron deficiency. However, laboratory or hand held instrumentation.
users should be aware that, in some plants, aged The technique of near infrared reflectance (NIR)
leaves which show symptoms do not green up spectroscopy is more specific and more accurate than
following foliar application of a nutrient. the relatively simple measurements of transmission
and reflectance of radiation discussed so far. NIR
E.6 Interaction with radiant energy measures at a number of wavelengths the reflectance
Leaf colour has long been used by physiologists in of monochromatic light directed at dried and ground
diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and by farmers as a plant samples. The reflectance depends upon the
guide to nitrogen fertilization of crops. Recent wavelength and the composition of the sample: its
technical developments have provided the means characteristics are then calibrated against chemical
for quantifying these observations and for exploring analyses of a range of samples. NIR-nitrogen has
25
correlated well with Kjeldahl-nitrogen in a wide F. CONCLUSIONS

range of crops (Watson and Isaac 1990; Blatt et al.
1995). Batten et al. (1993) have suggested that by Plant analysis is a valuable tool for managing the
determining non-structural carbohydrates as well as nutrition of crop, pasture, horticultural, floricultural
nitrogen, NIR could also identify wheat and rice and forest plants. It is being used to diagnose the
crops suffering from stresses other than nitrogen. nutrient status of plants at the time of sampling, to
They have also developed procedures for estimating predict their yield and nutrient status when
the stage of plant growth and sulfur, phosphorus subsequently harvested, and to monitor and
and potassium status of rice crop samples; as with maintain their nutrient status at optimum levels
the simpler techniques, the interpretation of throughout growth. For all purposes, the reliability
readings varies with the stage of plant growth and of interpretation and recommendations is improved
plant cultivar (Batten and Blakeney 1995). NIR by an understanding of the physiology involved in
estimation of the concentrations of potassium, nutrient acquisition, internal nutrient transport and
magnesium, calcium and phosphorus in animal the impact of these upon plant growth and
feeds have been more variable than that of nitrogen, development. Considerable progress has been made
suggesting caution in their application (Clark et al. in the past two decades in understanding how
1987). NIR is being used widely for nitrogen fertilizer nutrient uptake, partitioning and remobilization are
recommendations and for indication of sulfur, regulated and how they respond to nutrient stress.
phosphorus and potassium deficiencies of rice crops These processes are key determinants of nutrient
in New South Wales (Batten and Blakeney 1995), concentrations in plant tissues. These advances,
although data relating NIR test results directly to combined with better information on the functional
field responses appear to have not yet been requirements for nutrients, continue to develop the
published. NIR has also been applied to other plant sound physiological basis needed for reliable
parameters such as fibre and cell wall characteristics interpretation of plant analysis. However, there are
and may provide an alternative to the traditional many gaps in our knowledge of these processes,
wet chemical approaches that are used by many which result in many of the relationships that are
laboratories. Its use is probably most advanced in the commonly used for assessing plant nutrient status
horticultural industry with on-line detectors being being somewhat empirical. This empiricism is
used to monitor parameters such as surface sugar
reflected in a lot of the data contained on the
levels, moisture and starch in a quality control
diagnostic tables in this manual.
mode. The technique is being recommended for a
number of fruit and vegetable crops (Blatt et al. 1995). The limitations of using plant analysiS alone for
predictive purposes have become apparent as the
Image processing of colour photographs has shown
plant, soil and environmental factors that influence
promise of identifying some nutrient deficiencies in
forest trees as, for example, in diagnosing nitrogen plant growth in the period following sampling for
and magnesium deficiencies in Pinus radiata (Thorn plant analysis have been recognized. The value of
et al. 1995); problems of specificity and interference using both soil and plant analysis when making
from water stress, disease and insect damage limit recommendations for improving the nutrition of a
the application of the technique at this time. Similar crop cannot be overemphasized. Even with such a
problems also limit the application of chlorophyll body of information, associated environmental
fluorescence to the diagnosis of nutrient problems. factors often result in poor recommendations.
The characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in Advances in computer technology in recent years
response to excitation by light provide a sensitive are now enabling environmental risks and economic
indication of environmental stresses including evaluations to be factored into the interpretation of
nutrient deficiencies in plants. With the recent plant analyses through the inclusion of information
development of portable instruments capable of in both dynamic and static simulation models. As a
providing rapid measurements on attached leaves, result, schemes which enable users to evaluate the
they have been rated highly among tests for detection risks associated with particular fertilizer crop
of stress in forestry applications (Mohammed et al. nutrition practices when making recommendations
1995). Unfortunately, the technique appears to be are becoming increasingly available and should be
non-specific for most nutrients, being unable to fostered.
distinguish nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
The diagnostic, predictive and monitoring uses of
deficiencies from each other or from other
physiological stresses (Sun et al. 1989). However, plant analysis have primarily found their
for manganese deficiency, which has a role in application in the past among agricultural
chloroplast structure, some characteristics of researchers, extension agents, farm advisors and
chlorophyll fluorescence in wheat and barley grass farm managers. However, as community concerns
were distinct from those for copper 'deficiency, regarding use and fate of plant nutrients,
which also has a role in photosynthesis. In wheat, particularly mineral fertilizers, continue to grow,
the changes occurred at manganese concentrations environmentalists are also finding these tools
considered critical for diagnosiS of manganese valuable. Their proper use by both groups can only
deficiency in field crops and could provide an index help in achieving the balance between productive
for early diagnosis (Kriedemann et al. 1985; agricultural and horticultural industries and
Kriedemann and Anderson 1988). protection of the environment.
26
Besford, R.T. (1978) Effect of replacing nutrient potassium by

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sodium on uptake and distribution of sodium in tomato
Drs Doug Reuter, Mike Treeby, Merv Probert, Bill plants. Plant Soil 50: 399-409.
Bevege, D.1. (1978) Foliar analysis as a guide to the nutrient
Bowden, Richard Bell, Ben Robinson and David status of tropical pines. In 'Plant Nutrition 1978'. (Eds A.R.
Edwards provided valuable inputs into various Ferguson, R.L. Bieleski and LB. Ferguson.) Vol. I, pp. 53-60.
aspects of this review for which we are very grateful. (Government Printer: Wellington.)
Binford, G.D., Blackmer, A.M. and Meese, B.G. (1992) Optimal
We also wish to thank Dr Peter Randall and Professor concentrations of nitrate in cornstalks at maturity. Agron. J.
Colin Asher for their detailed reviews of the 84: 881-887.
manuscript and for the many helpful suggestions Blackmer, T.M. and Schepers, J.S. (1995) Use of a chlorophyll
that they made. meter to monitor nitrogen status and schedule fertigation
for corn. J. Prod. Agrie. 8: 56-60.
Blackmer, T.M., Schepers, ].S. and Varvel, G.E. (1994) Light
reflectance compared with other nitrogen stress
REFERENCES measurements in corn leaves. Agron. J. 86: 934-938.
Blatt, C.R., Batten, G.D. and Blakeney, A.B. (1996) Sample
Abadia, J. (1992) Leaf responses to Fe deficiency: a review. J.
preparation procedures for use in NIR analysis of fruit and
Plant Nutr. 15: 1699-1713.
vegetable crops. In 'Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: The Future
Ahmed, N. and Wyn Jones, R.G. (1982) Tissue distribution of
Waves'. (Eds A.M.C Davies and P. Williams) pp. 107-111.
glycinebetaine, proline and inorganic ions in barley at
(NIR Publications: Chichester, UK.)
different times during the plant growth cycle. J. Plant Nutr.
Bolan, N.S., Robson, A.D. and Barrow, N.J. (1983) Plant and
5: 195-205.
soil factors including mycorrhizal infection causing
Andrew, CS. (1977) The effect of sulphur on the growth and
sigmOidal response of plants to applied phosphorus. Plant
nitrogen concentrations, and critical sulphur concentra-
Soil 73: 187-201.
tions of some tropical and temperate pasture legumes. Aust.
Bolland, M.D.A. and Baker, M.]. (1988) High phosphorus
J. Agrie. Res. 28: 807-820. concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are
Andrew, CS. and Robins, M.F. (1969) The effect of phosphorus
related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings
on the growth and chemical composition of some tropical
and plants. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 28: 765-770.
pasture legumes. 1. Growth and critical percentages of
Bolland, M.D.A. and Baker, M.J. (1989) High phosphorus
phosphorus. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 20: 665-674.
concentrations in Trifolium balansae and Medicago
Angus, J.F., Bowden, ].W. and Keating B.A. (1993) Modelling
polymorpha seed increase herbage and seed yields in the
nutrient responses in the field. Plant Soil 155/156, 57-66.
field. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29: 791-795.
Angus, J.F., Williams, R.L. and Durkin, C.O. (1996) MANAGE
Bolland, M.D.A. and Paynter, B.H. (1994) Critical phosphorus
RICE: decision support system for tactical crop management.
concentrations for burr medic, yellow serradella,
Proc 8 th Aust. Agron. Conf, Toowoomba, pp. 72-75.
Asher, CJ., and Edwards, D.G. (1983) Modern solution culture subterranean clover, and wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Anal. 25: 385-394.
techniques. In 'InorganiC Plant Nutrition'. (Eds A. Lauchli
and R.L. Bieleski.) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Bouma, D. (1983) Diagnosis of mineral deficiencies using plant
Series, Vol. 15A, pp. 94-119. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.) tests. In 'InorganiC Plant Nutrition'. (Eds A. Lauchli and R.L.
Asher, C.J. and Loneragan, ]. F. (1967) Response of plants to Bieleski.) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series,
phosphate concentration in solution culture. 1. Growth Vol. 15A, pp. 120-146. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
and phosphorus content. Soil Sci. 103: 225-233. Bouma, D. and Dowling, E.J. (1976) The relationship between
Bar-Akiva, A., Maynard, D.N. and English, J.E. (1978) A rapid the phosphorus status of subterranean clover plants and
tissue test for diagnosing iron deficiencies in vegetable the dry weight responses of detached leaves in solution
crops. HortScience 13: 284-285. with and without phosphate. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 27: 53-62.
Barraclough, P.B. (1993) Nutrient storage pool concentrations Bouma, D. and Dowling, E.]. (1982) Phosphorus status of
in plants as diagnostic indicators of nutrient sufficiency. subterranean clover: a rapid and simple leaf test. Aust. J.
Plant Soil 155/156: 175-178. Exp. Agrie. Anim. Husb. 22: 428-436.
Barraclough, P.B. and Leigh, R.A. (1993) Critical plant K Bouma, D., Titmanis, Z. and Greenwood, E.A.N. (1972) The
concentrations for growth and problems in the diagnosis of contribution by leaves of different age to new growth of
nutrient deficiencies by plant analysis. Plant Soil 155/156: subterranean clover plants following the removal of a
219-222. sulphur stress. II. Uptake and distribution of sulphur. Aust.
Barrett-Lennard, E.G. and Greenway, H. (1982) Partial J. Bioi. Sci. 25: 1157-1167.
separation and characterization of soluble phosphatases Bowen, J.E. (1990) Plant tissue analysis of sugarcane. In 'Soil
from leaves of wheat grown under phosphorus deficiency Testing and Plant Analysis'. 3rd edn. (Ed. R.L. Westerman.)
and water deficit. J. Exp. Bot. 33: 694-704. pp. 449-467. (Soil Science Society of America Book Series
Bates, T.E. (1971) Factors affecting critical nutrient concentra- NO.3: Madison, Wisconsin.)
tions in plants and their evaluation: a review. Soil Sci. 112: Brown, P.H. and Hu, H. (1993) Boron uptake in sunflower,
116-130. squash and cultured tobacco cells - studies with stable
Batten, G.D. and Blakeney, A.B. (1996) NIR estimation of crop isotope and ICP-MS. In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic
age. In 'Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: The Future Waves'. Engineering to Field Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 161-
(Eds A.M.C Davies and P. Williams) pp. 519-523. (NIR 164. (Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences 54. Kluwer
Publications: Chichester, UK.) Academic Publishers: Dordrecht)
Batten, G.D., Blakeney, A.B., McGrath, V.B. and Ciavarella, S. Brown, P.H. and Hu, H. (1996) Phloem mobility of boron is
(1993) Non-structural carbohydrate: analysis by near species dependent: evidence for phloem mobility in
infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an sorbitol-rich species. Ann. Bot.(Lond.) 77: 497-505.
indicator of plant growth. Plant Soil 155/156: 243-246. Brown, P.H., Zhang, Q.L. and Ferguson, L. (1994) Influence of
Bell, R.W., Brady, D., Plaskett, D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1987) rootstock on nutrient acquisition by pistachiO. J. Plant Nutr.
Diagnosis of potassium deficiency in soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 1137-1148.
10: 9-16. Bukovac, M.]. and Wittwer, S.H. (1957) Absorption and mobility
Bell, R.W., McClay, L., Plaskett, D., Dell, B. and Loneragan, J.F. of foliar applied nutrients. Plant Physiol. 32: 428-435.
(1989) Germination and vigour of black gram (Vigna mungo Burgess, S. (1988) Going beyond single figure fertilizer
(L.) Hepper) seed from plants grown with and without recommendations. J. Agric. West. Aust. 29: 12-16.
boron. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 40: 273-279. Burns, I.G. (1992) Influence of plant nutrient concentrations
Bennett, D. and Bowden, J.W. (1976) 'Decide' - an aid to on growth rate: use of a nutrient interruption technique to
efficient use of phosphorus. In 'The Efficiency of determine critical concentrations of N, P, and K in young
Phosphorus Utilization'. (Ed. G.J. Blair.) Pub. University of plants. Plant Soil 142: 221-233.
New England, Armidale. Rev. Rural Sci. 3: 77-81. Burns, I.G. and Hutsby, W. (1984) Development and
Bergmann, W. (1992) 'Nutritional Disorders of Plants - evaluation of rapid tests for the estimation of phosphate
Development, Visual and Analytical DiagnOSiS'. (Fischer and potassium in plant sap. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
Verlag: Jena.) 15: 1463-1480.
27
Bussler, W. (1981) Physiological functions and utilization of nitrogen ratio in the organic matter: a review of published
copper. In 'Copper in Soils and Plants'. (EdsJ.F. Loneragan, data. Plant Soil 26: 129-157.
A.D. Robson and R.D. Graham.) pp. 213-234. (Academic Donohue, S.J. and Gettier, S.W. (1990) Data processing in soil
Press: Sydney.) testing and plant analysis. In 'Soil Testing and Plant
Cakmak, I. and Marschner, H. (1987) Mechanism of Analysis' 3rd edn (Ed. R.L. Westerman.) pp. 741-755. (Soil
phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency in cotton. III. Changes Science Society of America Book Series No.3: Madison,
in physiological availability of zinc in plants. Physiol. Plant. Wisconsin.)
70: 13-20. Dow, A.I. and Roberts, S. (1982) Proposal: critical nutrient
Cassidy, N.G. (1966) A rational method for recording and ranges for crop diagnosis. Agron. J. 74: 401-403.
comparing concentrations of plant constituents that are Downton, W.].S. (1985) Growth and mineral composition of
water soluble, with particular reference to chloride and the sultana grapevine as influenced by salinity and
potaSSium. Plant Soil 25: 372-384. rootstock. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 425-434.
Cate, R.B. and Nelson, L.A. (1971) A simple statistical Edwards, D.E. and Asher, c.]., (1982) Tolerance of crop and
procedure for partitioning soil test correlation data into two pasture species to manganese toxicity. In 'Plant Nutrition
classes. Proc. Soil. Soc. Sci. Amer. 35: 658-60. 1982'. (Ed. A. Scaife.) VoU, pp.145-150. (Commonwealth
Chisholm, R.H., Blair, G.J., Bowden, ].W. and Bofinger, V.J. Agricultural Bureaux: Slough, U.K.)
(1981) Improved estimates of 'critical' phosphorus Elliott, D.E., Pelham, S.D. and Reuter, D.]. (1993) Synchronis-
concentration from considerations of plant phosphorus ing diagnosis and correction of nitrogen deficiency in barley
chemistry. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 12: 1059-1065. grown in semi-arid environments. Plant Soil 155/156: 363-
Chisholm, R.H. and Blair, G.J. (1988) Phosphorus efficiency in 366.
pasture species. II. Differences in the utilization of P between Elliott, D.E., Reuter, D.J., Growden, B., Schultz, J.E., Muhlan,
major chemical fractions. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39: 807-816. P., Gouzos,]. and Heanes, D.L. (1987) Improved strategies
Clark, D.H., Mayland, H.F. and Lamb, R.C. (1987) Mineral for diagnOSing and correcting nitrogen deficiency in spring
analyses of forages with near infrared reflectance wheat. J. Plant Nutr. 10: 1761-1770.
spectroscopy. Agron. J. 79: 485-490. Elliott, D.E., Reuter, D.]., Reddy, G.D. and Abbott, R.]. (1997a)
Clarkson, D.T. and Ltittge, U. (1991) Mineral nutrition: Phosphorus nutrition of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum
inducible and repressible transport systems. Prog. Bot. 52: L.). 3. Effects of plant nitrogen status and genotype on the
61-83. calibration of plant tests for diagnosing phosphorus
Clarkson, D.T. and Saker, L.R. (1989) Sulphate influx in wheat deficiency. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 48: 883-887.
and barley roots becomes sensitive to specific protein- Elliott, D.E., Reuter, D.]., Reddy, G.D. and Abbott, R.]. (1997b)
binding reagents when plants are sulphate-deficient. Planta Phosphorus nutrition of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum
178: 249-257. L.). 4. Calibration of plant phosphorus test criteria from
Clarkson. D.T. and Scattergood, C.B. (1982) Growth and rain-fed field experiments. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 48: 889-912.
phosphate transport in barley and tomato plants during Elliott, G.c. and Uiuchli, A. (1985) Evaluation of an acid
development of and recovery from phosphate stress. J. Exp. phosphatase assay for detection of phosphorus deficiency
Bot. 33: 865-875. in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Plant Nutr. 9: 1469-1477.
Clarkson, D.T., Hawkesford, M.J., Davidian, J-c. and Grignon, Embleton, T.W. (1968) MagneSium. In 'Diagnostic Criteria for
C. (1992) Contrasting responses of sulphate and phosphate Plants and Soils'. (Ed. H.D. Chapman.) University of California
transport in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots to protein- Division of Agricultural Sciences (Pub.), pp. 225-263.
modifying reagents and inhibition of protein synthesis. Embleton, T.W., Jones, W.W. and Platt, R.G. (1975) Plant
Planta 187: 306-314. nutrition and citrus fruit crop quality and yield. HortScience
Clarkson, D.T., Smith, F.W. and Vanden Berg, P.J. (1983) 10: 48-50.
Regulation of sulphate transport in a tropical legume, Ergle, D.R. (1954) Utilization of storage sulfur by cotton and
Macroptilium atropurpureum, cv. Siratro. J. Exp. Bot. 34: the effect on growth and chloroplast pigments. Bot. Gaz.
1463-1483. 115: 225-234.
Clements, H.F. (1964) Interaction of factors affecting yield. Fisher, M.J. (1980) The influence of water stress on nitrogen
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15: 409-442. and phosphorus uptake and concentration in Townsville
Clements, H.F. (1980) 'Sugarcane Crop Logging and Crop stylo (Stylosanthes humilis). Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb.
Control; Principles and Practices.' (University of Hawaii, 20: 175-180.
Honolulu). 520 pp. Follett, R.H., Follett, R.F. and Halvorson, A.D. (1992) Use of a
Cogliatti, D.H. and Clarkson, D.T. (1983) Physiological chlorophyll meter to evaluate the nitrogen status of
changes in phosphate uptake by potato plants during dryland winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23:
development of and recovery from phosphate deficiency. 687-697.
Physiol. Plant. 58: 287-294. Fox, R.H., Piekielek, W.P. and Macneal, K.M. (1994) Using a
Conradie, W.]. (1991) Translocation and storage of nitrogen by chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer needs of
grapevines as affected by time of application. In winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 171-18I.
'Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nitrogen Freney, ].R., Spencer, K. and Jones, M.B. (1977) On the
in Grapes and Wine'. (Ed. ].M. Rantz.) pp. 32-42. (The constancy of the ratio of nitrogen to sulphur in the protein
American SOCiety for Enology and Viticulture: Davis, CA.) of subterranean clover tops. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8:
Cox, F.R., Nicholaides, J.J., Reid, P.H., Hallock, D.C. and 241-249.
Martens, D.C. (1976) Effect of calcium and irrigation Freney, ].R., Randall, P.J. and Spencer, K. (1982) Diagnosis of
treatments on peanut yield, grade and seed quality. Peanut sulfur deficiency in plants. In 'Sulfur 82' (Ed. A.I. More.) pp.
Sci. 3: 81-85. 439-444. (British Sulphur Corp.: London.)
Crawford, N.M. and Arst, H.N. Jr. (1993) The molecular Geraldson, C.M., Klacan, G.R. and Lorenz, O.R. (1983) Analysis
genetiCS of nitrate assimilation in fungi and plants. Annu. as an aid in fertiliSing vegetable crops. In 'Soil Testing and
Rev. Genet. 27: 116-146. Plant Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Welch and J.D. Beaton.) pp. 365-
Cresswell, G.c. (1989) Development of a leaf sampling 379. (Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Inc.: Madison.)
technique and leaf standards for kiwifruit in New South Gettier, S.W., Martens, D.C. and Brumback jr, T.B. (1985)
Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29: 411-417. Timing of foliar manganese application for correction of
Delhaize, E., Loneragan, ]. F. and Webb, J. (1982) Enzymatic manganese deficiency in soybean. Agron. J. 77: 627-630.
diagnosis of copper deficiency in subterranean clover. II. A Glass, A.D.M. (1983) Regulation of ion transport. Annu. Rev.
simple field test. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33: 981-987. Plant Physiol. 34: 311-326.
Delhaize, E. and Randall, P.]. (1995) Characteristics of a Glasscock, H.H. and Wain, R.L. (1940) Distribution of
phosphate-accumulator mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. manganese in the pea seed in relation to Marsh spot. J.
Plant Physiol. 107: 207-213. Agric. Sci. 30: 132-140.
Dell, B., Jones, S. and Wilson, S.A.(1987) Phosphorus nutrition Goodall, D.W. and Gregory, F.G. (1947) Chemical
of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) seedlings. Plant Soil 97: composition of plants as an index of their nutritional
369-379. status. Imp. Bur. Hort. Plant. Crops (East Mailing) Tech.
Dijkshoorn, W. (1962) Metabolic regulation of the alkaline Commun 17.
effect of nitrate utilization in plants. Nature 194: 165-167. Graham, R.D. (1983) Effects of nutritional stress on
Dijkshoorn, W. and van Wijk, A. L. (1967) The sulphur susceptibility to disease with particular reference to trace
requirements of plants as evidenced by the sulphur- elements. Adv. Bot. Res. 10: 221-276.
28
Graham, R.D. (1988) Genotypic differences in tolerance to Hu, H. and Brown, P.H. (1994) Localization of boron in cell
manganese deficiency. In 'Manganese in Soils and Plants'. walls of squash and tobacco and its association with
(Eds R.D. Graham, R.J. Hannam and N.C. Uren.) pp. 261- pectins. Plant Physiol. 105: 681-689.
276. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.) Huett, D.O. and Rose, G. (1988) Diagnostic nitrogen concen-
Graham, R.D. and Rovira, A.D. (1984) A role for manganese in trations for tomatoes grown in sand culture. Aust J. Exp.
the resistance of wheat plants to take-all. Plant Soil 78: 441- Agric.28:401-409.
444. Huett, D.O. and White, E. (1991) Determination of critical
Greenwood, E.A.N. (1976) Nitrogen stress in plants. Adv. Agron. nitrogen concentrations of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo
28: 1-35. L.) cv. Blackjack grown in sand culture. Aust J. Exp. Agric.
Griffiths, D.A. and Miller, A.J. (1973) Hyperbolic regression-a 31: 835-842.
model based on two-phase piecewise linear regression with Irving, G.e.J. and Bouma, D. (1984a) Phosphorus compounds
a smooth transition between regimes. Commun. Stat. 2: measured in a rapid and simple leaf test for assessment of
561-569. the phosphorus status of subterranean clover. Aust. J. Exp.
Grimes, D.W., Dickens, W.L., Yamada, H. and Miller, R.J. Agric. Anim. Husb. 24: 213-218.
(1973) A model for estimating desired levels of nitrate-N Irving, G.c.J. and Bouma, D. (1984b) Rapid and simple leaf test
concentration in cotton petioles. Agron. J. 65: 37-41. for nitrate. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 1299-1310.
Gupta, U.c. and Lipsett, J. (1981) Molybdenum in soils, plants Jensen, P., Erdie, L. and Moller, r.M. (1987) K+ uptake in plant
and animals. Adv. Agron. 34: 73-115. roots: Experimental approach and influx models. Physiol.
Haase, D.L. and Rose, R. (1995) Vector analysis and its use for Plant. 70: 743-748.
interpreting plant nutrient shifts in response to silvicultural Jeschke, W.D. and Pate, J.S. (1991a) Modelling of the
treatments. For. Sci. 41: 54-66. partitioning, assimilation and storage of nitrate within root
Handreck, K.K. and Riceman, D.S. (1969) Cobalt distribution and shoot organs of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). J.
in several pasture species grown in culture solutions. Aust. Exp. Bot. 42: 1091-1103.
J. Agric. Res. 20: 213-226. Jeschke, W.D. and Pate, J.S. (1991b) Cation and chloride
Handson, P.D. and Sheridan, J. (1992) Rapid sap tests for better partitioning through xylem and phloem within the whole
fertilizer management. In 'Proceedings of the International plant of Ricinus communis L. under conditions of salt stress.
Conference on Fertilizer Usage in the Tropics, Kuala J. Exp. Bot. 42: 1105-1116.
Lumpur, 1992'. (Ed. B. Aziz.) pp.220-233. (Malaysian Soc. Jeschke, W.D., Atkins, C.A. and Pate, J.S. (1985) Ion circulation
Soil Sci.: Kuala Lumpur.) via phloem and xylem between root and shoot of
Hannam, R.J., DaVies, W.J., Graham, R.D. and Riggs,J.L. (1984) nodulated white lupin. J. Plant Physiol. 117: 319-330.
The effect of soil- and foliar-applied manganese in Johansen, C. (1976) Concentration of nutrient elements in
preventing the onset of manganese deficiency in Lupinus parts of siratro as affected by phosphorus supply and plant
angustifolius. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 35: 529-538. age. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 7: 527-545.
Hannam, R.J., Graham, R.D. and Riggs, J.L. (1985a) Johansen, e. (1978) Effect of plant age on element concentra-
Redistribution of manganese in maturing Lupinus tions in parts of Desmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf.
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 9: 279-297.
angustifolius cv. Illyarrie in relation to levels of previous
accumulation. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 56: 821-834. Jones, J.B. Jr (1991) Plant tissue analysiS in micronutrients. In
'Micronutrients in Agriculture', 2nd edn (Eds J.J. Mordvedt,
Hannam, R.J., Graham, R.D. and Riggs, J.L. (1985b) Diagnosis
F.R. Cox, L.M. Shuman and R.M. Welch.) pp. 477-521. (Soil
and prognOSiS of manganese deficiency in Lupinus
Sci. Soc. Amer. Book Series no. 4: Madison, Wisconsin.)
angustifolius L. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 765-777.
Jones, J.B. Jr (1993) Modern interpretation systems for soil and
Hanson, E.J. (1991a) Movement of boron out of tree fruit
plant analysis in the United States of America. Aust. J. Exp.
leaves. HortScience 26: 271-273.
Agric. 33: 1039-1043.
Hanson, E.J. (1991b) Sour cherry trees respond to foliar boron
Jongruaysup, S., Dell, B. and Bell, R.W. (1994) Distribution and
applications. HortScience 26: 1142-1145.
redistribution of molybdenum in black gram (Vigna mungo
Hawkesford M.J. and Smith. F.W. (1997) The molecular
(L.) Hepper) in relation to molybdenum supply. Ann.
biology of higher plant sulphate transporters. In 'Sulfur
Bot.(Lond.) 73: 161-167.
Metabolism in Higher Plants', (Eds W.J. Cram., L.J. De Kok,
Katyal, J.e. and Sharma, B.D. (1980) A new technique of plant
I. Stulen, e. Brunold and H. Rennenberg) pp. 13-25.
analysis to resolve iron chlorosis. Plant Soil 55: 105-116.
(Backhuys Publishers: Lieden, The Netherlands.) Keating, B.A., Godwin, D.C. and Watiki, J.M. (1991)
Haynes, J. L. and Robbins, W.R. (1947) Calcium and boron as Optimising nitrogen inputs in response to climatic risk. In
essential factors in the root environment. J. Amer. Soc. 'Climatic Risk on Crop Production: Models and
Agron. 40: 795-803.
Management for the Semiarid Tropics and Subtropics'. (Eds
Hiatt, A.J. and Massey, H.F. (1958) Zinc levels in relation to R.e. Muchow and J.A Bellamy.) pp 329-358. (CAB
zinc content and growth of corn. Agron. J. 50: 22-24. International. Wallingford)
Hill, J. (1980) The remobilization of nutrients from leaves. J. Kirk, G.J. and Loneragan, J.F. (1988) Functional boron
Plant Nutr. 2: 407-444. requirement for leaf expansion and its use as a critical value
Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1978) The effects of for diagnosis of boron deficiency in soybean. Agron. J. 80:
copper and nitrogen supply on the translocation of copper 758-762.
in four cultivars of wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29: 925-939. Kohl, H.C. and Oertli, J.J. (1961) Distribution of boron in
Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1979a) The effects of leaves. Plant Physiol. 36: 420-424.
Cu supply and shading on Cu retranslocation from old Kreidemann, P.E. and Anderson, J.E. (1988) Growth and
wheat leaves. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 43: 449-457. photosynthetic responses to manganese and copper
Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1979b) The effects of deficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley grass
copper and nitrogen supply on the distribution of copper in (Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum). Aust. J. Plant Physiol.
dissected wheat grains. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 30: 233-237. 15: 429-446.
Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1979c) The effect of Kreidemann, P.E., Graham, R.D. and Wiskich, J.T. (1985)
Cu on the senescence and retranslocation of nutrients of Photosynthetic dysfunction and in vivo changes in
the oldest leaf of wheat. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 44: 279-287. chlorophyll a fluorescence from manganese-deficient
Hocking, P.J. (1980) The composition of phloem exudate and wheat leaves. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 155-169.
xylem sap from tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca Grah) Ann. Lambert, M.J. (1984) The use of foliar analYSis in fertilizer
Bot. (Lond.) 45: 633-643. research. Proe. IUFRO Symp. Site and Productivity of Fast
Hocking, P.J. and Meyer, e.P. (1991) Effects of CO 2 Growing Plantations, pp 269-91, Pretoria, South Africa.
enrichment and nitrogen stress on growth and partitioning Lass, B. and Ulrich-Eberius, e.r. (1984) Evidence for proton/
of dry matter and nitrogen in wheat and maize. Aust. J. sulfate co-transport and its kinetics in Lemna gibba G 1.
Plant Physiol. 18: 339-356. Planta 161: 53-60.
Horst, W.J. and Marschner, H. (1978) Effect of silicon on Lau, C.H. and Wong, C.B. (1993) Correction of leaf nutrient
manganese tolerance of beanplants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). values for assessment of Hevea nutrition. In 'Plant Nutrition
Plant Soil 50: 287-303. - from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice'. (Ed. N.J.
Howard, D.D. and Adams, R. (1965) Calcium requirement for Barrow.) pp. 281-283. (Developments in Plant and Soil
penetration of subsoil by primary cotton roots. Soil Sci. Soc. Sciences 54. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.)
Amer. Proc. 29: 558-562. Leece, D.R. (1968) The concept of leaf analysis for fruit trees. J.
Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 34: 146-153.
29
Leece, D. R. (1976) Diagnosis of nutritional disorders of fruit Martin-Prevel, P., Gagnard, J. and Gautier, P. (1987) 'Plant
trees by leaf and soil analyses and biochemical indices. J. Analysis as a Guide to the Nutrient Requirements of
Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 42: 3-19. Temperate and Tropical Crops.' (Lavoisier: New York,
Lefebvre, D.D. and Glass, A.D.M. (1982) Regulation of Paris.)
phosphate influx in barley roots; effect of phosphate Mason, A.C. and Whitfield, A.B. (1960) Seasonal changes in
deprivation and reduction of influx with provision of the uptake and distribution of mineral elements in apple
orthophosphate. Physiol. Plant. 54: 199-206. trees. J. Hortic. Sci. 35: 34-55.
Leigh, R.A. and Johnston, A.E. (1983) Concentrations of Melsted, S.W. (1950) A simplified field test for determining
potassium in the dry matter and tissue water of field-grown potassium in plant tissue. Better Crops Plant Food 34: No. 26,
spring barley and their relationships to grain yield. J. Agric. 42-45.
Sci .. 101: 675-685. Miller, H.C. (1986) Carbon x nutrient interactions. Tree Physiol.
Leigh, R.A. and Wyn Jones, G. (1984) A hypothesis relating 2: 373-385.
critical potassium concentrations for growth to the Mohammed, G.H., Binder, W.D. and Gillies, S.L. (1995)
distribution and functions of this ion in the plant cell. New Chlorophyll fluorescence: a review of its practical forestry
Phytol. 97: 1-13. applications and instrumentation. Scand. J. For. Res. 10:
Leigh, R.A., Chater M., Storey, R. and Johnston, E.A. (1986) 383-410.
Accumulation and subcellular distribution of cations in M0ller Nielsen, J. (1979) Evaluation and control of the
relation to the growth of potassium-deficient barley. Plant nutritional status of cereals. IV. Quantity of final yield
Cell Environ. 9: 595-604. controlled by nutrient therapy. Plant Soil 52: 229-244.
Lewis, D.C. (1992) Effect of plant age on the critical inorganic M0ller Nielsen, J. and Friis-Nielsen, B. (1976) Evaluation and
and total phosphorus concentrations in selected tissues of control of the nutritional status of cereals. I. Dry matter
subterranean clover (cv. Trikkala). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: weight level. Plant Soil 45: 317-338.
215-223. Moody, P.W. and Edwards, D.G. (1978) The effect of plant age
Lindhauer, M.G., Haeder, H.E. and Beringer, H. (1990) Osmotic on critical phosphorus concentrations in Townsville stylo
potentials and solute concentrations in sugarbeet plants (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K). Trop. Grassl. 12: 81-89.
cultivated with varying potassium/sodium ratios. Z. Moss, R., Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, C.W. (1982) A simple test
Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenk. 153: 25-32. to detect sulphur deficiency in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33:
Loneragan, J.F. (1968) Nutrient reqUirements of plants. Nature 443-452.
220: 1307-1308. Mulder, E.G., Boxma, R. and Veen van W.L. (1959) The effect
Loneragan, ].F., Delhaize, E. and Webb, ]. (1982) Enzymic of molybdenum and nitrogen deficiencies on nitrate
diagnosis of copper deficiency in subterranean clover. I. reduction in plant tissues. Plant Soil 10: 335-355.
Relationship of ascorbate oxidase activity in leaves to Munson, R.D. and Nelson, W.L. (1990) Principles and practices
copper status. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33: 967-979. in plant analysiS. In 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis.' 3rd
Loneragan, ].F. and Snowball, K (1969) Calcium requirements edn. (Ed. R.1. Westerman.) pp. 359-387. (Soil Sci. Soc.
of plants. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20: 465-478. Amer. Book Series No.3: Madison, Wisconsin.)
Loneragan, J.F., Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1976) Nable, R.O., Bar-Akiva, A. and Loneragan, ].F. (1984)
Remobilization of nutrients and its significance in plant Functional manganese requirement and its use as a critical
nutrition. In 'Transport and Transfer Processes in Plants'. value for diagnosis of manganese deficiency in
(Eds I.F. Wardlaw and J.B. Passioura.) pp. 463-469.
subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum 1. cv. Seaton
(Academic Press: New York.)
Park). Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 54: 39-49.
Loneragan, J.F., Snowball, K and Robson, A.D. (1980) Copper
Nable, R.O. and Loneragan, J.F. (1984a) Translocation of
supply in relation to content and redistribution of copper
manganese in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum
among organs of the wheat plant. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 45: 621-
1. cv. Seaton Park). I. The redistribution during vegetative
632.
growth. Aust.J.PlantPhysiol. 11: 101-111.
Loneragan, J.F. and Webb, M.J. (1993) Interactions between
Nable, R.O. and Loneragan, J.F. (1984b) Translocation of
zinc and other nutrients affecting the growth of plants. In
manganese in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum
'Zinc in Soils and Plants.' (Ed. A.D. Robson.) pp. 119-134.
1. cv. Seaton Park). II. The effects of leaf senescence and of
Proceedings of the International Zinc Symposium, Perth,
Western Australia, 27-28 Sep. 1993. (Kluwer Academic restricting supply to parts of a split root system. Aust. J.
Plant Physiol. 11: 113-118.
Publishers: Dordrecht.)
Loomis, W.D. and Durst, R.W. (1992) Chemistry and biology Nable, R.O., Paull, J.G. and Cartwright, B (1990) Problems
of boron. BioFactors 3: 229-239. associated with the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing
Liittge, U. and Clarkson, D.T. (1989) Mineral nutrition: boron toxicity in barley. Plant Soil 128: 225-232.
potassium. Frog. Bot. 50: 51-73. Nambiar, E.KS. (1976) Genetic differences in the copper
Lyons, D.]. and Barnes, N.A. (1987) Field diagnostic test for nitrate nutrition of cereals. I. Differential responses of genotypes to
in tomato petiole sap. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 44: 37-42. copper. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 27: 453-463.
Macy, P. (1936) The quantitative mineral nutrient requirements Nambiar, E.KS. and Fife, D.N. (1991) Nutrient translocation in
of plants. Plant Physiol. 2: 749-764. temperate conifers. Tree Physiol. 9: 185-207.
McLachlan, K D. (1982) Leaf acid phosphatase activity and the Noppakoonwong, R.N., Bell, R.W., Bell, B. and Loneragan, ].F.
phosphorus status of field-grown wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. (1993) An effect of shade on the boron requirement for leaf
33: 453-464. blade elongation in black gram (Vigna mungo (1.) Hepper).
McLachlan, KD., Elliott, D.E., De Marco, D.G. and Garran, J.H. Plant Soil 155/156: 317-320.
(1987) Leaf acid phosphatase isozymes in the diagnosis of Nualsri, 1. (1977) Copper nutrition of peanuts. Ph.D. TheSiS,
phosphorus status in field-grown wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. University of Western Australia.
38: 1-13. O'Connell, A.M. and Grove, T.S. (1985) Acid phosphatase activiy
McPharlin, I.R. and Bieleski, R.L. (1987) Phosphate uptake by in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) in relation to soil
Spirodela and Lemna during early phosphorus deficiency. phosphate and nitrogen supply. J. Exp. Bot. 36: 1359-1372.
Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 14: 561-572. Oertli, ].1. (1993) The mobility of boron in plants. Plant Soil
Marcar, N.E. and Graham, R.D. (1986) Effect of seed manganese 155/56: 301-304.
content on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Ohki, K (1982) Soybean nitrate reductase activity and
manganese deficiency. Plant Soil 96: 165-173. photosynthesis related to manganese status determined by
Marcelle, R.D. (1995) Mineral nutrition and fruit quality. Acta plant analysis. In 'Plant Nutrition 1982'. (Ed. A. Scaife.)
Hortic. 383: 219-225. Vol.2, pp. 448-453. (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau:
Marschner, H. (1995) 'Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.' 2nd Slough, U.K)
edn. (Academic Press: London.) Ozanne, P.G. and Howes, KM.W. (1973) The effect of calcium
Marschner, H., Kylin, A. and Kuiper, P.J.c. (1981) GenotypiC supply on burr set and seed formation in subterranean
differences in the response of sugar beet plants to clover (Trifolium subterraneum 1.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 24:
replacement of potassium by sodium. Physiol. Plant. 51: 839-850.
239-244. Pairunan, A.K, Robson, A.D. and Abbott, 1.K (1980) The
Marschner, H. and Cakmak, I. (1989) High light intensity effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in
enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc, increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of subterranean
magnesium and potassium deficient bean (Phaseolus clover from phosphorus sources of different solubilities.
vulgaris) plants. J. Plant Physiol. 134: 308-315. New Phytol. 84: 327-338.
30
Papastylianou, I. (1986) Diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency in Robinson, P.]. and Jones, R.K. (1972) The effect of phosphorus
barley, growing in different rotation systems, by plant and sulphur fertilization on the growth and distribution of
analysis. Fert. Res. 9: 241-250. dry matter, nitrogen, and sulphur in Townsville stylo
Papastylianou, I. and Puckridge, D.W. (1981) Nitrogen (Stylosanthes humilis). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23: 633-640.
nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. II. Stem nitrate Robinson, J.B. and McCarthy, M.G. (1985) Use of petiole
as an indicator of nitrogen availability. Aust. J. Agric. Res. analysis for assessment of vineyard nutrient status in the
32: 713-723. Barossa district of South Australia. Aust. 1. Exp. Agric. 25:
Parent, L.E. and Dafir, M. (1992) A theoretical concept of 231-240.
compositional nutrient diagnosis. J. Amer. Soc. Hortie. Sci. Robson, A.D., Loneragan, J.F., Gartrell, J.W. and Snowball, K.
117: 139-242. (1984) DiagnOSiS of copper deficiency in wheat by plant
Pate, J.S. (1975) Exchange of solutes between phloem and analysis. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 35: 347-358.
xylem and circulation in the whole plant. In 'Phloem Robson, A.D., Nualsri, L. and Loneragan, J.F. (1980) Diagnosis
Transport'. (Eds M.H. Zimmermann and J.A. Milburn.) of copper deficiency in peanuts by plant tissue analysis. In
Encyclopedia of Plant PhYSiology, New Series, Vol. 1, pp. 'Proceedings of the Conference on Classification and
451-468. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.) Management of Tropical Soils 1977'. (Ed. K.T. Joseph.)
Peng S., Laza, R.C, Garcia, F.V. and Cassman, K.G. (1995) pp. 324-333. (Malaysian Soc. Soil Sci.: Kuala Lumpur.)
Chlorophyll meter estimates leaf area-based nitrogen Robson, A.D. and Pitman, M.G. (1983) Interactions between
concentration ofrice. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 927- nutrients in higher plants. In 'Inorganic Plant Nutrition'.
935. (Eds A. Uiuchli and R.L. Bieleski.) Encyclopedia of Plant
Piekielek, W.P. and Fox, R.H. (1992) Use of a chlorophyll meter Physiology, New Series, Vol. 15A, pp. 147-180. (Springer-
to predict sidedress nitrogen requirements for maize. Agron. Verlag: Berlin.)
J. 84: 59-65. Robson, A.D. and Reuter, D.J. (1981) DiagnOSiS of copper
Pinkerton, A., Spencer, K. and Govaars, A.G. (1989) Assessment deficiency and toxicity. In 'Copper in Soils and Plants'. (Eds
of the phosphorus status of oilseed rape by plant analysis. ].F. Loneragan, A.D. Robson and R.D. Graham.) pp. 287-
Aust. 1. Exp. Agrie. 29: 861-865. 312. (Academic Press: Sydney.)
Piper, CS. (1942) Investigation on copper deficiency in plants. Robson, A.D. and Snowball, K. (1987) Response of narrow-
J. Agrie. Sci. 32: 143-178. leafed lupins to cobalt application in relation to cobalt
Poling, E.B. and Oberly, G.H. (1979) Effect of rootstock on concentration in seed. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 27: 657-660.
mineral composition of apple leaves. J. Amer. Soe. Hortic. Sci. Rogers, G.S., Payne, L., Milham, P. and Conroy, J. (1993)
104: 799-801. Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of cotton and
Randall, P.]. (1969) Changes in nitrate reductase levels on wheat under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
restoration of molybdenum to molybdenum-deficient Plant Soil 155/156: 231-234.
plants. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20: 633-642. Romheld, V. (1987) Different strategies for iron acquisition in
Randall, P.]., Spencer, K. and Freney, ].R. (1981) Sulphur and higher plants. Physiol. Plant. 70: 231-234.
nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. I. Sulphur and nitrogen Romheld, V. and Marschner, H. (1986) Evidence for a specific
concentrations in the grain in relation to response. Aust. J. uptake system for iron phytosiderophores in roots of
Agrie. Res. 32: 203-212. grasses. Plant Physiol. 80: 175-180.
Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, CW. (1986) Effects of sulfur supply Rosell, R.A. and Ulrich, A. (1964) Critical zinc concentrations
on the yield, composition, and quality of grain from and leaf minerals of sugar beet plants. Soil Sci. 97: 152-167.
cereals, oilseeds, and legumes. Adv. Cereal Sci. Technol. Rufty, T.W., Miner, G.S. and Raper, CD.Jr. (1979) Temperature
8:171-206. effects on growth and manganese tolerance in tobacco.
Rao, N.R. and Ownby, J.D. (1993) Development of an ELISA for Agron. J. 71: 638-644.
estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and Scaife, A. and Stevens, K.L. (1983) Monitoring sap nitrate in
cotton. In 'Plant Nutrition-from Genetic Engineering to vegetable crops: comparison of test strips with electrode
Field Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 669-672. (Kluwer methods, and effects of time of day and leaf position.
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.) Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 14: 761-771.
Rasmussen, P.E., Ramig, R.E., Ekin, loG. and Rhode, CR. (1977) Scaife, A. and Turner, M.K. (1984) Use of Merckoquant nitrate
Tissue analyses guidelines for diagnosing sulfur deficiency test strips for optimization of vegetable nitrogen nutrition.
in white wheat. Plant Soil 46: 153-163. In 'Proceedings VIth International Colloquium for the
Rengel, Z. and Graham, R.D. (1995) Importance of seed Zn for Optimization of Plant Nutrition'. (Ed. P. Martin-Prevel.)
wheat growth on Zn-deficient soil. 1. Vegetative growth. Vol. 2, pp. 617-624. (AIONP/Gerdat: MontpellieL)
Plant Soil 173: 259-266. Schachtman, D.P. and Schroeder, ].1. (1994) Structure and
Reuter, D.J., Loneragan, ].F., Robson, A.D. and Plaskett, D. transport mechanism of a high-affinity potassium
(1982) Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum transporter from higher plants. Nature 370: 655-658.
1. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution Schaefer, N.L. (1986) Evaluation of a hand held reflectometer
of zinc and dry weight among plant parts. Aust. J. Agric. Res. for rapid quantitative determination of nitrate. Commun.
33: 989-999. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 937-951.
Reuter, D.]., Loneragan,].F., Robson, A.D. and Tranthim-Fryer, Scott, B.]. and Robson, A.D. (1990) Distribution of magnesium
D.J. (1983) Intraspecific variation in the external and in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in
internal copper requirements of subterranean clover. Agron. relation to supply. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 41: 499-510.
J. 75: 45-49. Scott, B.J. and Robson, A.D. (1991) Distribution of magneSium
Reuter, D.J., Robson, A.D., Loneragan, ].F. and Tranthim-Fryer, in wheat (Triticum aestivum 1.) in relation to supply. Plant
D.]. (1981a) Copper nutrition of subterranean clover Soil 136: 183-193.
(Trifolium subterraneum 1. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects on Shaked, A. and Bar-Akiva, A. (1967) Nitrate reductase activity
growth and development. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32: 257-266. as an indication of molybdenum level and requirement of
Reuter, D.J., Robson, A.D., Loneragan, J.F. and Tranthim-Fryer, citrus plants. Phytochemistry 6: 347-350.
D.]. (1981b) Copper nutrition of subterranean clover Shelp, B.J. (1987) The composition of phloem exudate and
(Trifolium subterraneum 1. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of copper xylem sap from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. indica)
supply on distribution of copper and the diagnOSis of copper supplied with NH4+, N0 3- or NH 4N0 3. 1. Exp. Bot. 38:
deficiency by plant analysis. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32: 267-282. 1619-1636.
Richards, B.N. and Bevege, D.I. (1969) Critical foliage Shelp, B.J. (1988) Boron mobility and nutrition in broccoli
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus as a guide to (Brassica oleracea val. indica). Ann. Bot.(Lond.) 61: 83-91.
the nutrient status of Araucaria underplanted to Pinus. Plant Shelp, B.J. (1993) Physiology and biochemistry of boron in
Soil 31: 328-336. plants. In 'Boron and its Role in Crop Production'. (Ed. U.C
Righetti, T.L., Wilder, K.L. and Cummings, G.A. (1990) Plant Gupta.) pp 53-85. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
analysis as an aid in fertilizing orchards. In 'Soil Testing and Skinner, P.W., Matthews, M.A. and Carlson, R.M. (1987)
Plant Analysis'. 3rd edn. (Ed. R.L. Westerman.) pp. 563- Phosphorus reqUirements of wine grapes: extractable
601. (Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Book Series No.3: Madison, phosphate of leaves indicates phosphorus status. J. Amer.
Wisconsin.) Soc. Hortie. Sci. 112: 449-454.
Roberts, S. and Dow, A.!, (1982) Critical phosphorus ranges for Smith, F.W. (1972) Potassium nutrition, ionic relations, and
petiole phosphorus levels of sprinkler-irrigated Russet oxalic acid accumulation in three cultivars of Setaria
Burbank potatoes. Agron. 1. 74: 583-585. sphacelata. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23: 969-980.
31
Smith, F.W. (1974) The effect of sodium on potassium Thiel, H. and Finck, A. (1973) Determination of limiting values
nutrition and ionic relations in Rhodes grass. Aust. ,. Agric. of optimum copper supply on oat and barley plants. Z.
Res. 25: 407-414. Pflanzenerniihr. Bodenk. 134: 107-125.
Smith, F.W. (1975) Tissue testing for assessing the phosphorus Thomson, B.D., Bell, R.W. and Bolland, M.D.A. (1991) Low
status of green paniC, buffel grass, and setaria. Aust. J. Exp. seed phosphorus concentration depresses early growth and
Agric. Anim. Husb. 15: 383-390. nodulation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv.
Smith, F.W. (1978) Role of plant chemistry in the diagnosis of Gungurru). ,. Plant Nutr. 14: 1355-1367.
nutrient disorders in tropical legumes. In 'Mineral Thongbai, P., Webb, M.J. and Graham, R.D. (1993) Zinc
Nutrition of Legumes in Tropical and Subtropical Soils'. deficiency predisposes winter cereals to Rhizoctonia root rot.
(Eds C.S. Andrew and E.]. Kamprath. pp. 329-346. (CSIRO: In 'Plant Nutrition-from Genetic Engineering to Field
Melbourne.) Practice'. (Ed. N.]. Barrow.) pp. 669-672. (Kluwer Academic
Smith, F.W. and Dolby, G.R. (1977) Derivation of diagnostic Publishers: Dordrecht.)
indices for assessing the sulphur status of Panicum maximum Thorn, A.J., Beets, P.N., Olykan, S.T. and Morris, L.A. (1995)
var. trichoglume. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8: 221-240. Recent developments in assessment of nutrient deficiencies
Smith, F.W., Ealing, P.M., Hawkesford, M.]. and Clarkson, D.T. in Pinus radiata using colour imagery. N.Z. For. 40: May
(1995) Plant members of a family of sulfate transporters 1995,33-37.
reveal functional SUbtypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: Timmer, V.R. and Armstrong, G. (1987) Diagnosing nutritional
9373-9377. status of containerized tree seedlings: Comparative plant
Smith, F.W., Ealing, P.M., Dong, B. and Delhaize, E. (1997) The analyses. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51: 1082-1086.
cloning of two Arabidopsis genes belonging to a phosphate Turner, F.T. and Jund, M.F. (1991) Chlorophyll meter to
transporter family. Plant J. 11: 83-92. predict nitrogen topdress requirement for semidwarf rice.
Smith, F.W., Jackson, W.A. and Vanden Berg, P.J. (1990) Agron. J. 83: 926-928.
Internal phosphorus flows during development of Turner, F.T. and Jund, M.F. (1994) Assessing the nitrogen
phosphorus stress in Stylosanthes hamata. Aust. ,. Plant reqUirements of rice crops with a chlorophyll meter. Aust. ,.
Physiol. 17: 451-464. Exp. Agric. 34: 1001-1005.
Smith, G.S., Clark, C.J. and Henderson, H.V. (1987) Seasonal Turner, J. and Lambert, M.J. (1986) Nutrition and nutritional
accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit. New Phytol. relationships of Pinus radiata. Annu. Rev. Bcol. Syst. 17: 325-350.
106: 81-100. Ulrich, A. (1952) Physiological bases for assessing the
Smith, G.S., Lauren, D.R., Cornforth, I.S. and Agnew, M.P. nutritional requirements of plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.
(1982) Evaluation of putrescine as a biochemical indicator 3: 207-228.
of the potassium requirements of lucerne. New Phytol. 91: Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1967) Principles and practices of plant
419-428. analysis. In 'Soil Tests and Plant Analysis'. Part II. Soil Sci.
Smith, I.K and Lang, A.L. (1988) Translocation of sulfate in Soc. Amer. Special Pub. No.2, pp. 11-24.
soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Plant Physiol. 86: 798-802. Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1990) Plant analysis as an aid in
Smith, P.F. (1962) Mineral analysis of plant tissues. Annu. Rev. fertilizing sugarbeet. In 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis'.
Plantphysiol. 13: 81-108.
3rd edn. (Ed R.L. Westerman.) pp. 429-447. (Soil Sci. Soc.
Southern, P. (1985) Plant analysis for crops and pastures. Amer. Book Series No.3: Madison, Wisconsin.)
Productivity Focus 3: No.4, 1-5.
Ulrich, A., Hills, F.J., Ririe, D., George, A.G. and Morse, M.D.
(1959) Plant analysis - a guide for sugar beet fertilization.
Spear, S. N., Asher, c.J. and Edwards, D.G. (1978) Response of
Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 766: 3-24.
cassava, sunflower, and maize to potassium concentration
Van Beusichem, M.L., Kirkby, E.A. and Baas, R. (1988)
in solution. I. Growth and plant potassium concentration.
Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the
Field Crops Res. 1: 347-361.
uptake, assimilation , and distribution of nutrients in
Spencer, K, Jones, M. B. and Freney, J. R. (1977) Diagnostic
Ricinus communis. Plant Physiol. 86: 914-921.
indices for sulphur status of subterranean clover. Aust. ,.
Walker, R.R. (1986) Sodium exclusion and potassium-sodium
Agric. Res. 28: 401-412.
selectivity in salt-treated trifoliate orange (Poncirus
Spencer, K, Freney, J.R. and Jones, M.B. (1978) Diagnosis of
trifoliata) and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) plants.
sulphur deficiency in plants. In 'Plant Nutrition 1978'. (Eds
Aust. ,. Plant Physiol. 13: 293-303.
A.W. Ferguson, R.L. Bieleski and LB. Ferguson.) Vol. 2, pp.
Walworth, J.L. and Sumner, M.E. (1988) Foliar diagnOSis: a
507-513. (Government Printer: Wellington.) review. In 'Advances in Plant Nutrition. Vol. 3'. (Eds B.
Spencer, K and Govaars, A.G. (1982) Rapid test for Tinker and A. Uiuchi.) pp. 193-241. (Praeger: New York.)
determining critical potassium levels in clover tissue. J. Watson, M.E. and Isaac, R.A. (1990) Analytical instruments for
Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 48: 101-103.
soil and plant analysis. In 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis'
Spouncer, L.R., Cartwright, B. and Nable, R.O. (1992) Nutrient 3rd edn. (Ed. R.L. Westerman.) pp. 691-740. (Soil Sci. Soc.
concentrations in barley grain from the 1983/84 season in Amer. Book Series No.3: Madison, Wisconsin.)
South Australia and the 1989/90 season in South Australia Weetman, G.F. and Wells, C.G. (1990) Plant analysis as an aid
and North-Western Victoria. CSIRO Division of Soils in fertilizing forests. In 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis' 3rd
Divisional Report No. 120. 23 pp. edn. (Ed R.L. Westerman.) pp. 659-690. (Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Steenbjerg, F. (1951) Yield curves and chemical plant analyses. Book Series No.3: Madison, Wisconsin.)
Plant Soil 3: 97-109. Weir, R.G. and Hudson, A. (1966) Molybdenum deficiency in
Sun, Y. Havlin, J.L. and Paulsen, G.M. (1989) Evaluation of maize in relation to seed reserves. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric. Anim.
nutrient deficiencies in wheat seedlings by chlorophyll Husb. 6: 35-41.
fluorescence. J. Plant Nutr. 12: 769-782. Weir, R. G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1993a) Plant nutrient
Swiader, ].M., Sullivan, ].G., Grunau, ].A. and Freifi, F. (1988) disorders. I. Temperate and subtropical fruit and nut crops.
Nitrate monitoring for pumpkin production on dryland (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
and irrigated soils. J. Amer. Soc. Homc. Sci. 113: 684-689. Weir, R. G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1993b) Plant nutrient
Switzer, G.L. and Nelson, L.E. (1972) Nutrient accumulation disorders. II. Tropical fruit and nut crops. (Inkata Press:
and cycling in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation Melbourne.)
ecosystems: the first 20 years. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 36: Weir, R. G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1994) Plant nutrient disorders.
143-147. III. Vegetable crops. (Inkata Press: Melbourne and Sydney.)
Sykes, S.R. (1987) Variation in chloride accumulation in Weir, R. G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1995) Plant nutrient disorders.
hybrids and backcrosses of vms berlandieri and vms vinifera IV. Pasture and field crops. (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
under glasshouse conditions. Amer. ,. Enol. Vitic. 38: 313- Welch, R.M. (1995) Micronutrient nutrition of plants. Crit. Rev.
320. Plant Sci. 14: 49-82.
Takebe, M, Yoneyama, T., Inada, K and Murakami, T. (1990) Westfall, D.G., Whitney, D.A. and Brandon, D.M. (1990) Plant
Spectral reflectance ratio of rice canopy for estimating crop analysiS as an aid in fertilizing small grains. In 'Soil Testing
nitrogen status. Plant Soil 122: 295-297. and Plant Analysis' 3rd edn. (Ed. R.L. Westerman.) pp. 495-
Tang, C. and Robson, A.D. (1993) Lupinus species differ in their 519. (Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Book Series No.3: Madison,
requirements for iron. Plant Soil 155/156: 11-18. Wisconsin.)
Taylor, B.K and Dimsey, R.T. (1993) Rootstock and scion White, R.E. and Haydock, K.P. (1970) Phosphate concentration
effects on the leaf nutrient composition of citrus trees. Aust. in siratro as a guide to its phosphate status in the field. Aust.
,. Exp. Agric. 33: 363-371. ,. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 10: 426-430.
32
Wiersum, L.K. (1951) Water transport in the xylem as related farm quick test for nitrate-nitrogen in petiole sap. J. Plant
to calcium uptake by groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Nutr. 13: 985-993.
Plant Soil 3: 160-169. Williams, R.F. (1955) Redistribution of mineral elements
Wiersum, L.K. (1966) Calcium contents of fruits and storage during development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 6: 25-42.
tissues in relation to the mode of water supply. Acta Bot. Wilson,]. R. (1976) Variation of leaf characteristics with level
Neerl. 15: 406-418. of insertion on a grass tiller. I. Development rate, chemical
Williams, C.M.]. and Maier, N.A. (1990a) Determination of the composition and dry matter digestibility. Aust. J. Agric. Res.
nitrogen status of irrigated potato crops. I. Critical nutrient 27: 343-354.
ranges for nitrate-nitrogen in petioles. J. Plant Nutr. 13: Woodruff, D.R. (1992) 'WHEATMAN' A decision support
971-984.
system for wheat management in subtropical Australia.
Williams, C.M.]. and Maier, N.A. (1990b) Determination of the
Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: 1483-1499.
nitrogen status of irrigated potato crops. II. A simple on
33
2. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SYMPTOMS
N.J. Grundon, A.D. Robson, M.J. Lambert and K. Snowball
A. INTRODUCTION • Under certain conditions, different nutrient

disorders can produce rather similar symptoms. At
Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities cause impaired other times, the effects of insect pests or diseases
metabolism within plants resulting in the may produce symptoms similar to those of
appearance of visible symptoms. Many symptoms specific nutrient disorders. Practitioners need to
are sufficiently characteristic to permit identification be able to distinguish between symptoms caused
of the disorder causing the impaired metabolism and by nutrient disorders and those caused by
reduced growth. Other symptoms are less pathological infection, insect damage, senescence,
characteristic, and their presence could indicate one and management practices. As these facts have
of several possible stresses. For example, a general been recognized, some authors have included
paleness of shoots with reddening and premature specific comments, sections or keys referring to
senescence of old leaves could indicate nitrogen, the similarity of symptoms produced by different
sulfur or molybdenum deficiency in legumes nutrient disorders, insect attack, or disease
(Andrew and Pieters 1972; Smith and Pieters 1983; infection (Turner et ai. 1979; Blarney et ai. 1987;
Smith etai. 1983; Snowball and Robson 1983), while Grundon et ai. 1987; O'Sullivan et al. 1995).
in pines (Turner et ai. 1979) and eucalypts (Will
1985), these symptoms could indicate nitrogen or • When the disorder is mild or transient in nature,
sulfur deficiency. Failure of terminal spikelets in no foliar symptoms may be produced but seed
cereals to produce grain can be a symptom of production may still fail completely, as in copper
moisture stress or frost damage at anthesis, root deficiency in wheat (Graham 1975; Grundon
disease, mouse or insect attack, or copper deficiency 1987).
(Graham 1975; Grundon 1987; King 1974; Snowball • With some crop species, there are considerable
and Robson 1983). By contrast, a number of distinct differences between cultivars in the form of
symptoms may be produced by the one disorder. For expression of the symptoms; examples include
example, boron deficiency generally causes death of magnesium deficiency in grain sorghum
growing points, but in pines it results also in buds (Grundon et ai. 1987), and nitrogen, phosphorus
failing to flush, and the main stem forking and and magnesium deficiencies in sweet potato
becoming deformed (Turner et ai. 1979). (O'Sullivan et al. 1995).
The use of visual symptoms to diagnose nutrient • For some micronutrient disorders, environmental
disorders has distinct advantages for the extension factors such as light, temperature and soil
worker, agronomist, farmer, or forest manager. Two moisture conditions may have a profound effect
great advantages are: (i) that the technique can be on the appearance or severity of the symptoms
applied in the field; and (ii) that it is not dependent (Moraghan and Mascagni 1991). For example, in
on laboratory support services. most field crops, iron, manganese and zinc
However, there are a number of disadvantages in deficiencies are increased in severity by a
relying on visible symptoms as the sole diagnostic combination of low temperature and high soil
tool. One major disadvantage is that a disorder is moisture, while hot, dry summers intensify the
diagnosed only after severe stress has occurred and severity of iron deficiency. However, in forest
yield may have been severely depressed. Another trees, zinc deficiency is more acute in summer
major disadvantage is that, by the time distinctive than in winter (Boardman and McGuire 1990),
symptoms become evident, it is often too late to and in both field crops and trees symptoms of
correct the problem in that growing season. zinc deficiency are more severe at high light
intensities than in partial shade (e.g. Cakmak
Even in the hands of experienced workers, the use of
et ai. 1995);
foliar symptoms as a diagnostic tool must be under-
taken with care because a number of factors affect • There are significant differences between species,
the form and appearance of visual symptoms and and even between cultivars or varieties within
their usefulness as a diagnostic tool for nutrient species, in their sensitivity to nutrient disorders.
disorders: For example, Honduras Caribbean pine (Pinus
37
caribaea var. hondurensis) is much more sensitive physiological processi (iii) the element activates an
to copper deficiency than slashpine (Pinus elliottz), enzyme or regulates the rate of an enzyme-mediated
and similar differences occur between individual processi and (iv) the element is an integral
trees of their F1 hybrids (Simpson and Osborne constituent of an essential metabolite, complex or
1993). Then again, different provenances or macromolecular assembly. Our knowledge of
families of Honduras Caribbean pine respond nutrient function varies for the essential nutrients
differently to fertilizers and have different (Table 2.1)
sensitivity to copper deficiency in the presence or Essential elements may have non-specific roles in
absence of nitrogen (Simpson et al. 1996).
plant growth which may be additional to the specific
• Plants may suffer also from multiple nutrient functions listed. For example, many ions are
disorders on sites where more than one element important for the establishment of osmotic
may be deficient and/or toxic. However, the potentials within plants and for the maintenance of
symptoms may not always be characteristic of one electrical neutrality. Another example is in
disorder, and may represent a combination of the maintenance of quality aspects of the harvested
more strongly expressed symptoms of individual products: in fruits and vegetables, calcium deficiency
disorders. In these instances, very complex often leads to reduced quality of storage tissues such
symptoms can develop, and considerable skill and as fruit (e.g. bitter pit of applesi blossom-end rot in
experience is required for a correct diagnosis. Then tomato fruit).
again, where multiple deficiencies exist, symptoms
It is clear that one nutrient may have several
of the most limiting deficiency may be exhibitedi
functions within the plant. The symptoms which are
when this nutrient is applied to the plant or soil,
most characteristic for a particular nutrient are those
new symptoms develop that are characteristic of the
in which one specific function dominates, causing a
second nutrient limiting growth. Specific
more visible symptom than those produced by the
symptoms may also occur where excessive levels of
other functions. For example, zinc has been shown to
other nutrients depress either the uptake or
be associated with auxin metabolism, nucleotide
transport of another nutrient to the shoots. For
synthesis, and membrane integrity (Boardman and
example, symptoms of iron defiCiency often
develop in the presence of high levels of
McGuire 1990i see Table 2.n but it is impairment of
auxin metabolism in zinc-deficient plants that leads
manganese, zinc, aluminium, phosphorus and
to the characteristic symptoms of leaf distortion and
some non-essential heavy metals in the growing internode shortening (rosetting).
medium (Clark et ai. 1981i Blamey et al. 1987i
Grundon et al. 1987). When one nutrient is involved in the assimilation or
metabolism of another nutrient, the symptoms may
Despite any limitations to their usefulness, plant
not clearly differentiate the causal element. For
symptoms remain a valuable diagnostic tool,
example, nitrogen and sulfur are biochemically
especially when applied by an experienced
related in plant proteins. Because there is no
practitioner. However, few protocols for the
inorganic nitrogen in tree foliage, there is a constant
successful application of the technique are given in
ratio between organiC (and total) nitrogen and
the literature. Grundon (1987) lists some of the items
organiC sulfur, and the rate of nitrogen uptake is
to be considered, which include recording the
limited by the rate of sulfur accumulation (Turner
history of the problem and the pattern of
and Lambert 1986). Thus, in many forest and
development of the symptoms. For forest species,
horticultural tree species, protein formation is limited
Dell et ai. (1995) list the distinctive characteristics of
by the amount of sulfur available, and the symptoms
nutrient disorders that can be used to distinguish
of nitrogen and sulfur deficiency are very similar
them from symptoms caused by other factors.
(Sprague 1964i Turner et al. 1979). Another example
It is important to recognize that the use of visible is in legumes, where molybdenum deficiency is
symptoms provides a preliminary diagnosis. indistinguishable from nitrogen deficiency because
Confirmation by other methods such as plant and molybdenum is required most as a constituent of the
soil analyses, pot culture assays, field experiments, or enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation (nitrogenase).
test strips is an essential second step. In plants other than legumes, symptoms of
In this chapter, symptoms of nutrient stresses are molybdenum deficiency depend on the level of
considered in relation to function and distribution of nitrate supplied (see Snowball and Robson (1983) for
nutrients within plants. A list of published descriptions wheat). At adequate but not luxury levels of nitrate,
of symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities is leaves of wheat plants deficient in molybdenum are
given in Appendix 1 to this Chapter. paler and more flaccid than those on plants supplied
with adequate molybdenum. When very high rates of
nitrate are applied, tip scorch of old leaves may occur
B. SYMPTOMS IN RElATION TO THE on molybdenum-deficient plants as a result of an
excessive accumulation of nitrate. Molybdenum is a
FUNCTION OF NUTRIENTS
constituent of nitrate reductase, the enzyme involved
There are several levels of knowledge of nutrient in the first step of nitrate assimilation in leaf cells (see
function. In ascending order these are: (i) the Table 2.1)i nitrate reductase activity decreases the
element is essentiali (ii) the element plays a role in a build-up of nitrate in leaves.
38
Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
TABLE 2.1 Functions of essential elements in higher plants; for more detail see Epstein (1972), Mengel and Kirkby (1982),
Marschner (1988), Asher (1991) and Tisdale el al. (1993)
Element Physiological process Activator of Constituent of metabolite or

enzyme cell component
Nitrogen Amino acids, proteins, nucleic

acids, nucleotides, chlorophyll
Phosphorus Energy storage and transfer, membrane integrity ATP, nucleotides, nucleic acids,
phospholipids
Potassium Translocation, water relations, energy relations, +

stomatal opening, regulation of cellular pH,
osmoregulation, cation-anion balance
Sulfur Protein synthesis and function, energy transfer, Amino acids, co-enzymes,
structure ferredoxins, sulfolipids, proteins
Calcium Membrane maintenance, cell division and + Calcium pectates

elongation, cell wall stabilization,
cation-anion balance, osmoregulation,
second messenger in environmental signals
Magnesium CO 2 assimilation, regulation of cellular pH, + Chlorophyll, ribosomes

cation-anion balance, protein synthesis,
carbohydrate partitioning
Chlorine Maintenance of electrical neutrality, internal

turgor
Copper Lignin synthesis, terminal oxidation in redox Ascorbate oxidase, phenol

reactions, pollen formation and fertilization oxidases, cytochrome oxidase,
plastocyanin, CuZn superoxide
dismutase
Zinc Auxin metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, + Dehydrogenases, CuZn superoxide

membrane integrity dismutase, carbonic anhydrase,
RNA polymerase,alkaline
phosphatase, phospholipase,
carboxypeptidase
Manganese Oxidation-reduction in electron transport, + Mn superoxide dismutase

O 2 evolution in photosynthesis
Iron Oxidation-reduction in electron transport Iron porphyrins (leaves), ferredoxins
Boron Nucleotide synthesis, assimilate translocation,

cell wall biosynthesis and structure, plasma
membrane integrity
Nickel Urea metabolism via urease +
Sodium Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate

in C4 photosynthetic pathway
Molybdenum Nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction Nitrogenase, nitrate reductase,

xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase
c. SYMPTOMS IN RELATION TO THE little or minimal mobility and do not appear to be

retranslocated from old leaves to new growth. Hence,
MOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS for these nutrients, deficiency symptoms occur
The location of symptoms of nutrient deficiencies generally in young growing areas of the plant.
within plants depends on the extent and rate of Manganese does not appear to be retranslocated out of
retranslocation of nutrients within the plant. al. 1979; Radjagukguk 1981; Nable
old leaves (Hill et ai.
Nutrients differ markedly in their mobility within the and Loneragan 1984a, 1984b). Nevertheless,
plant (Table 2.2). Some nutrients, such as nitrogen, symptoms of manganese deficiency frequently occur
phosphorus and potassium, are readily retranslocated in fully expanded young leaves rather than in new
from old leaves to new growth. For these nutrients, growth. This may reflect a greater internal requirement
the symptoms occur initially in the older leaves. in these leaves than in new growth. Symptoms of
Other nutrients, such as calcium and boron, have manganese deficiency do not occur on old leaves.
39
marginal nitrogen status, sulfur deficiency produces

a general paleness with symptoms occurring initially
in older leaves (N. Grundon, unpublished data).
Symptoms of nutrient toxicity occur more
commonly in old leaves, at least partly because these
elements have accumulated progressively in older
leaves over a longer period of time than in younger
tissues. Many toxicities result in chlorosis and
necrosis of the margins of older leaves. For example,
in dicotyledons such as subterranean clover,
phosphorus toxicity causes a marginal necrosis of
Magnesium is considered to be a mobile nutrient,
older leaves (Rossiter 1952). Similar symptoms of
and thus it is expected that the symptoms of
marginal chlorosis and necrosis in older leaves are
magnesium deficiency would appear first in older
seen in boron toxicity in sunflower (Blameyet al.
leaves. However, under certain conditions, the
1987) and in salt (sodium chloride) injury in
symptoms of magnesium deficiency occur initially in
sunflower, navybean, soybean, and cotton (Grundon
young leaves. For example, when magnesium supply
1987). In gymnosperms and mono-cotyledons, the
to subterranean clover was constant but inadequate,
tips of the leaves are usually the first to display
symptoms of magnesium deficiency appeared, as
symptoms of toxicity. Thus, the symptoms of
expected, firstly in older leaves (Scott and Robson
phosphorus toxicity in wheat (Bhatti and Loneragan
1990). However, when magnesium supply to the
1970), salinity effects and toxicity of sodium, chloride
roots was interrupted suddenly, the symptoms
and sulfate in sorghum (Grundonetal. 1987), and of
appeared first in young tissue. In young wheat
boron toxicity in wheat and barley (Paull et al. 1988;
seedlings, symptoms of magnesium deficiency
Nable et al. 1990; Riley and Robson 1994) develop
appeared first in young leaves when the supply to the
first and are more severe on the tips and distal
roots was interrupted suddenly, or when the supply
margins of the leaves. In these instances, the location
was constant but inadequate (Scott and Robson
of the symptoms reflects the localized accumulation
1991). In both species, the symptoms of yellowing
of the nutrients in those parts of the leaf most
and necrosis that characterize magnesium deficiency
affected by evapotranspiration conditions. For
occurred when leaf concentrations of magnesium fell
example, increased water use by barley increased
below 'critical' values. Although magnesium was
boron accumulation, with the boron being
retranslocated from older leaves when the supply
concentrated in the leaf tips where the symptoms of
was limiting, the symptoms presumably appeared
toxicity were the most severe (Nable et al. 1990).
first in young tissue when their concentrations were
the first to fall below the 'critical' levels. Apparently, For aluminium toxicity, seedling emergence, growth,
the rate of movement of magnesium from old leaves and survival are affected, resulting in variable shoot
to new growth was not sufficient to meet the growth and stand density (Blamey et al. 1987). On
requirements of the new growth. individual shoots, the symptoms are frequently
similar to those of phosphorus deficiency, reflecting
For many nutrients, the extent of retranslocation is
an impairment of phosphorus absorption and
variable and depends upon the degree of deficiency,
metabolism by high concentrations of aluminium
the plant species, and either the nitrogen or
(see Robson and Pitman (1983) for an account).
phosphorus status of the plant. For example, there is
However, the characteristic symptoms of aluminium
little or no movement of copper, zinc and
toxicity are expressed more clearly on the roots than
molybdenum out of old leaves of plants deficient in
on the shoots: root growth is restricted, and roots are
these elements, and symptoms occur mainly in
thick and stubby with many laterals, commonly with
young tissues. However, should nitrogen deficiency
brown tips (Blamey et al. 1987; Grundon et al. 1987;
or some other physiological or environmental factor
O'Sullivan et al. 1995).
cause the older leaves to senesce, copper, zinc and
molybdenum can be remobilized from older to If the toxic nutrient interacts with the metabolism of
younger leaves along with the retranslocation of a second nutrient, thereby inducing a deficiency of
nitrogen (Hill et al. 1978). For nutrients where the second nutrient, symptoms of the toxicity occur
nitrogen supply affects the movement of other on older leaves while symptoms of deficiency occur
nutrients from old leaves to new growth, the location on those leaves characteristic for that nutrient. For
of symptoms may vary with the supply of nitrogen. example, on acidic soils, excessive levels of soluble
An example of this is the effect of nitrogen supply on manganese can induce iron deficiency in some
the location of sulfur-deficiency symptoms. For plants, thereby causing the development of
example, in cashew seedlings receiving a lUXUry manganese toxicity symptoms on older leaves and
supply of nitrogen, symptoms of sulfur deficiency iron deficiency symptoms on younger leaves
occur initially in young leaves, but in plants with a (Grundon et al. 1987; O'Sullivan et al. 1995).
40
Nutrient
Nutrient Deficiency
Deficiency and
and Toxicity
Toxicity Symptoms
Symptoms
TABLE 2.3 General description of symptoms of nutrient deficiencies
Nutrient Symptoms·
itrogen In crop species, chlorosis of whole plant occurs, often with reddening in cold weather; older leaves usually
affected first. Fine branching in pines. In eucalypts, yellowing occurs firstly on mature leaves; symptoms
pread rapidly to young leaves in seedlings.
Phosphorus Crop species have dark green foliage, reddening or purpling of leaves or petioles (similar to cold effects);
older leaves affected first. In pines, trees lack vigour and needles may be short in length. In colder
climates, the tip of needles turn yellow, and fascicles fused. In eucalypts, foliage has a purple
discolouration.
Potassium Older leaves of crop species may show chlorosis and necrosis near margin or marginal burn; younger
leaves may develop red pigmentation or become interveinally chlorotic and show a shiny surface. In pines,
chlorosis is rapid in spring in colder climates; in warmer climates there is a general chlorosis of the tree in
spring with dark green new flush growth. Needles only last 1.5 to 2 years rather than 3 to 4 years, then
yellow and fall. In eucalypts, old leaves show necrosis or scorching.
Calcium Growing point dies in crop species. In fruit crops, disorders of fruits (e.g. bitter pit in pome fruit, blossom-
end rot in tomato and Capsicum) In leaf crops, disorders such as leaf-tip burn. In pines, side branches
sprout giving a hedged, flattened appearance to the top of the tree. There may be abundant cone
production and copious resin bleeding near the terminal bud. In eucalypts, the growing shoot tip dies and
falls off. Expanding leaves develop tip and marginal burns and the leaves appear distorted with rolled
margins.
Magnesium Marginal or interveinal chlorosis in older leaves in crop pecies; green area of leaf may form an 'arrow-
head' in woody plants. Strong reddening may border the chlorotic zone. Usually on older tissue first. In
pines, needles tips appear golden yellow a if dipped in paint. In some seasons yellowing occur on stem
needles.
Sulfur In crop species there is a chlorosis of the whole plant, often younger leaves affected first and more severely.
In severe cases, lesions and resin bleeding on stems of pines. In eucalypts, the interveinal areas of expand-
ing leaves turn pale green. Under evere deficiency, the young leaves become pale red, the leaf tips die and
shrivel, and the terminal bud aborts. Leaves which are uniformly yellow are indistinguishable from those
suffering nitrogen deficiency. However, nitrogen deficiency symptoms first appear in mature leaves and the
young leaves do not develop a red blush.
Copper Death of young leaves, chlorosis, failure of fertilization and fruit set (S-shaped shoot growth and fruit gum-
ming in citrus). In trees, the young growth is affected (e.g. weather-tip in pomefruits and pistachio). Often
the first sign of deficiency is the pendulous habit of lateral branches due to impaired lignification of wood in
the young stem. Expanding leaves become twisted and cupped, and the margins may be irregular in out-
line. In pines, there are distorted stems and branches and bushiness, and prostrate growth in extreme cases.
Needles may develop distal necrosis.
Zinc Little leaf, rosetting, chlorotic mottle in less severe cases. In eucalypts, deficient trees are stunted and the
leaves are small and crowded.
Mangane e Interveinal chlorosis; when severe, necrotic spots or streaks may form. Often occurs first on middle leaves.
In eucalypts, tip margins of juvenile and adult expanding leaves become pale green. Chlorosis extends
between the lateral veins towards the midrib.
Iron Interveinal chlorosis which in severe cases may mean total bleaching of young foliage followed by necrosis.
Occurs first on young leaves. In eucalypts, there is distinct interveinal chlorosis, i.e. yellow leaves with
narrow green veins.
Boron Death of growing points. Axillary buds may burst giving a witches broom effect. Some specie (e.g. grape)
may show leaf distortion characteristic of impaired metabolism of auxin. Fruit may be distorted or show
woody pits or cracking of the surface. Petiole cracking in celery and hollowness in some root vegetable
species. In pines, yellowing of young needle tips, production of re in droplets, then needle necrosis and
leader dieback with repeated dieback resulting in multiple leaders, lack of apical dominance, and a tree
with bushy appearance. Pith is black or dark brown. In eucalypts, growth is severely impaired at the shoot
tip. The first signs are leaf rolling and weeping branches.
Silicon Gro'h1h reduction and leaf freckle in sugar cane; droopy growth and lodging in rice.
Nickel In monocotyledons, interveinal chlorosis of leaves showing symptoms similar to deficiencies of Fe, Mn, Zn
and Cu. In dicotyledons, leaf-tip necrosis.
Molybdenum In legumes, general paleness. In non legumes, mottled pale appearance, marginal burn of mature leaves
(rock melon, maize, sunflower) Whiptail in cauliflower.
'Caution: Symptom expression can vary from crop to crop, and amongst cultivars within species. It is important to check the specific
symptoms described for a particular crop - see reference list in Appendix 1.
41
TABLE 2.4 General description of symptoms of nutrient toxicities
Nutrient Symptoms·
Nilrate-nitrogen Edge burn may be followed by interveinal collapse.
Ammonium-nitrogen Inilial necrosis, blackening around tips and edges of leaves. Root death may occur.
Phosphorus Interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves (may resemble iron deficiency), necrosis and tip die back may
follow in susceptible species. Marginal scorch, interveinal necrosis, and shedding of older leaves.
Salt (sodium and In Norfolk Island pines, bronzing of needles beginning allhe tips. In eucalypts, tip and marginal
chloride) scorching of foliage, discolouration and shedding of foliage, stunted growth and death.
Sodium Marginal chlorosis and burn, more severe on older leaves.
Sulfate Severe stunting. Marginal chlorosis or necrosis of older leaves.
Chlorine Bronzing, chlorosis, marginal burn in older leaves; leaf drop may be premature. In some species, the
marginal burn is accompanied by upward cupping.
Manganese Yellowing, beginning at the leaf edge of older leaves, sometimes wilh upward cupping; brown
necrotic peppering on older leaves. Interveinal bronze-yellow chlorosis in beans; orange-yellow
marginal and interveinal chlorosis in lemons; brown 'tar spots' in orange leaves; necrosis in apple
bark (i.e. bark measles).
Aluminium Symptoms on shoots may resemble those of phosphorus deficiency. Roots frequently stunted,
brown, with many short laterals.
Zinc Interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves (may resemble iron deficiency) in mild cases. Severe symp-
toms develop on older leaves as an interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. In colder climates, pines and
Callitris produce a general chlorosis.
Boron Interveinal necrosis (often spotty at first) on older leaves. Leaf-lip and leaf margin necrosis and burn
in older leaves of trees and grapevines.
Nickel Interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves (may resemble iron deficiency); in grasses, a variation in
intensity of the chlorosis produces transverse bands of light and dark colouring along the length of
the leaf. In trees, interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, more severe on older leaves. In hoop pine,
leaves become very bleached, almost white in colour.
Fluorine Scorching of leaf tip and margin, extending into interveinal areas.
*Caution: Symptom expression can vary from crop to crop, and amongst cultivars within species. It is important to check the specific
symptoms described for a particular crop - see reference list in AppendiX 1.
D. DESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMS radiata that includes symptoms of diseases and

al. (1979)
insect pests (Turner et al,
There are many published descriptions of symptoms
of nutrient deficiencies in a wide range of plant
species, but fewer descriptions of nutrient toxicities ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
have been published (see Appendix 1). While
symptoms vary from one plant species to another, It is a pleasure to acknowledge the contributions and
and even between cultivars in some species, general support of R. Boardman (PISA, Adelaide, South
Australia), G.c. Cresswell (Biological and Chemical
symptoms of deficiency (Table 2.3) and toxicity
Research Institute, NSW Agriculture, Sydney),
(Table 2.4) can be summarized for each nutrient.
M. Webb (CSIRO Division of Soils, Townsville),
Keys to distinguish between symptoms of
D.G. Edwards (Department of Agriculture, The
deficiencies and toxicities of the various nutrients
University of Queensland, Brisbane), D.J. Reuter
have been developed, and can take various forms; (CSIRO Division of Soils, Adelaide), J.B. Robinson
Table 2.5 shows a box type key used for subterranean (Scholefield Robinson, Adelaide), andJ.A. Simpson
clover (Snowball and Robson 1983), Table 2.6 shows (Qld Forest Research Institute, Gympie) who
a hierarchical text key for grain sorghum (Grundon provided helpful input to and comments on the
al. 1987), and Table 2.7 shows a text key for Pinus
et al, manuscript.
42
TABLE 2.5. Example of a diagnostic key to nutrient deficiencies in subterranean clover (Snowball and Robson 1983)
NOT LOCALIZED LOCALIZED ON OLD LEAVES LOCALIZED ON NEW LEAVES LOCALIZED ON TERMINAL SHOOTS
WHOLE PLANT WHOLE PLANT WHOLE PLANT WHOLE PLANT
I I I I I I I I I I
Pale green Dark green Green Light green Pale green Green Old leaves green Dark green Green Pale green
stunted stunted New leaves pale
I I I I I I I I I I I I
Cotyledons Cotyledons Increase in Chlorotic Cotyledons Cotyledons Cotyledons New leaves New leaves Petioles red Cotyledons Cotyledons
chlorotic chlorotic anthocyanin regions on and unifoliates dark green and unifoli- interveinal extreme chlo- yellow dark green
outer leaflets yellow ates dark chlorosis rosis (rarely
green interveinal)
I
Petioles red
I
Petioles red
I
Cotyledons
I
Necrotic
I
Old leaves
I
Middle and
I
Middle and
I
Necrotic
I
Necrosis at
I
Young trifoli-
I I
Middle Middle
chlorotic salmon- cupped young leaves young leaves spotting at base of leaflet ates light leaves wilting leaves wilting
coloured spots pale grey/green base of leaflet (pinkish) green water
along margins on newest soaked look
growth
I
Unifoliates and
I
Old leaves
I
Cotyledons
I
Severe necrosis
I
Reddening on
I
Leaflets dark
I
Necrotic
I
New growth
I
Very short
I
Red petioles
I
Margins
trifol iates pale senescing necrotic of margins underside of green at base spots in from almost white petioles Reddening necrotic
yellow leaf and along margins on underside
midrib of leaf
I
New shoots
I
New shoots
I
Petioles red
I
Rolling in of
I
Red petioles
I
Mottled chloro-
I
Purple
I I I I
Extremities Rosetting New shoots New shoots
very pale pale leaflets sis along outer spotting of leaflets and necrotic withered unopened
margins central curling and tipping and necrotic

necrotic tips
I
Old leaves
I
Dark red
I
Short peti-
chlorotic patches on oles rosetting
outer margins
intensifying
with time
S
I I
Mo
I
P
I
K N
I
Mg
I I
Zn
I
Mn
I
Fe
I I I
B Ca Cu
43
TABLE 2.6 An example of a hierarchical text key for diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities of grain sorghum
(Grundon et al. 1987 )
A1 Symptoms begin or are more severe on older leaves B

.
A2 Symptoms begin or are more severe on younger leaves D .
A3 Symptoms prominent on both old and young leaves G
A4 No specific leaf symptoms but roots thickened and fail to elongate Aluminium toxicity
B1 Older leaves mainly pale green with pale yellow chlorosis and pale brown Nitrogen deficiency
necrosis
B2 Older leaves mainly pale green with pale yellow interveinal chlorosis and sometimes Magnesium deficiency i
brown, orange, and purple lesions
B3 Older leaves mainly dark green with or without dark yellow chlorosis but often with C
purple, red, or dark brown lesions or pigmentation
C1 Older leaves with small dark brown to red-purple lesions resembling spots Manganese toxicity
C2 Older leaves with purple suffused pigmentation, no orange or brown spots Phosphorus deficiency
C3 Older leaves with large orange, yellow, purple, or brown streaks and lesions Zinc toxicity
C4 Older leaves with prominent red-purple lesions which have an irregular outline Phosphorus toxicity
C5 Older leaves with marginal yellow chlorosis and brown necrosis, or older leaves with mar- Potassium deficiency
ginal brown lesions surrounded by red-purple halo with smooth outline, plants not wilted
C6 Older leaves with yellow, white, or brown margins, plants often wilted Toxicity of sulfur, sodium,
or chlorine
C7 Older leaves with grey to white necrotic lesions and brown marginal necrosis, plants often Sodium toxicity
appear wilted
C8 Plants often appear wilted, yellow interveinal chlorosis and red-purple lesions on middle Chlorine toxicity
leaves
D1 Young leaves mainly pale green or pale yellow E
D2 Young leaves mainly dark green F
E1 Whorl of young leaves twisted to one side Copper deficiency
E2 Prominent yellow or white interveinal chlorosis on young leaves Iron deficiency
E3 Young leaves may develop faint yellow interveinal chlorosis but usually turn an even Sulfur deficiency
yellow colour
F1 Young leaves with brown twisted leaftips Copper deficiency
F2 Young leaves with torn or serrated leaf margins and leaftips deformed, missing or joined Calcium deficiency
together
F3 Young leaves with broad yellow or white bands between margins and midvein in lower Zinc deficiency
half of leaf
F4 Young leaves with transparent white interveinal lesions Boron deficiency
F5 Young leaves with yellow interveinal chlorosis and red-brown interveinal lesions Manganese defic"iency
Gl Older leaves mainly dark green with large purple or orange lesions, young leaves pale Zinc toxicity
yellow
G2 Older leaves mainly dark green with small brown or red-purple lesions, young leaves pale Manganese toxicity
yellow
G3 Older leaves and younger leaves mainly pale green or pale yellow, with or without Deficiency of sulfur, or
nterveinal chlorosis toxicity of aluminium
inducing deficiencies of
iron and/or magnesium
44
TABLE 2.7 An example of a hierarchical text key for diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities and insect and fungal
disorders in Pinus radiata (Turner et at. (1979)
Primary symptom Probable cause
A1 Brown or orange-red needles on a significant percentage of tree and/or dead topping

(if not go to A2)
Bl. Patches of stands with brown needles often from base up.
C1. Trees of all ages affected noticeably on dry ridges. Seasonal, usually Drought
after period of low rainfall.
C2. Poorly drained areas, all age classes affected. Phytophthora infection
C3. Usually affecting suppressed trees in stand. Dead topping with needles Sirex wasp
retained .
C4. Areas of stand turning orange red to red brown from base up, trees Dothistroma infection
usually under 15 years old. Probably on basalts, poor granites or soils
high in nitrogen (fertilized farmland) Related to low sulfur/boron
situations. Brown needles have red bands.
B2. Scorching of needles
Dl. Coastal situations with one side of tree affected - flagging. Salt toxicity
02. Scorch from base up, groups of trees affected especially in hollows. Frost
03. One side of tree affected, distortion may be present. Herbicides
B2. Dieback of patches of trees less than three years old, usually from top of tree Sulfur/boron deficiencies*
down. Soils derived from basalts or highly weathered granites. At periphery of
dieback, expect further zone of deformed trees with dead tips or side branches.
Area most usually affected is in a gully and may be related in some instances to
poor drainage. (*May expect secondary infection of Diplodia or Dothistroma on
surviving trees.)
B3. Dieback of growing tips repeatedly giving rise to stunted bushes, rounded trees,
and often, in otherwise highly productive stands, a high proportion of multiple
leaders. Soils are basalts, weathered granites or eroded soils. Dead areas in
stands (see B3) Dead topping may be spread through stand giving a pepper pot
appearance.
E1. Black or dark brown pith near site of death. Shepherd's crook. Boron deficiency
E2 . Resinosis with or without E1. Sulfur/boron deficiencies
E3. Wilting effect on side branch giving Shepherd 's crook with or without E1 Diplodia infection
and E2.
A2. Yellowing of needles (if not go to A3)
Fl . Overall pale yellowing
G1. Thin crown, fine branches, generally slender trees. Yellowing or pale Nitrogen deficiency
green appearance of all needle age classes, stand affected relatively
uniformly. Coastal sands and some heavily weathered granites.
G2. Not finely branched, probably more patchy in stand. Usually very Sulfur deficiency (see also
productive stands. Basalts and granites. above)
F2. Yellowing from base of tree up. Usually on deep sands. Seasonal. Rare in New Potassium deficiency
South Wales.
F3. Yellowing of single need le age classes, starting with oldest. On inspection
yellowing may be severe on distal half of needle.
H1. Older age classes and stem needles brown to yellow. Black shiny Lophodermium infection
elliptical fruiting bodies, opening by central narrow slit.
H2. Older age classes and stem needles brown to yellow. Whitish waxy, Naemocyclui' infection
rectangular shaped fruiting bodies.
H3. Bright yellow stem needles or younger needles, often appearance of Magnesium deficiency
needle ends dipped in paint. Probably seasonal, especially spring.
45
TABLE 2.7 An example of a hierarchical text key for diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities and insect and fungal
disorders in Pinus radiata (Turner et ,11. (1979)
Primary symptom Probable cause
F4. Youngest needles yellow to white. Very sudden change. (A rare occurrence as Iron deficiency
usually found on alkaline soils)
F5. Needles yellow to white as above - all soil types. Triazine or Triazole
herbicide spraying
A3. Yellowing or brown needles not most obvious symptoms

Trees generally remain green or grey green.
11. Thin crowned trees causing stem and branches to be obvious especially in Phosphorus deficiency
younger trees. Fused needles and rosetting on some trees. Poor and uneven
growth. Generally on sedimentary rocks, poor granites or coastal sands. In less
severe stages, may be yellowing on needle tips. Range of symptoms occurs in
one stand. Most severe stage in older trees will be death of older needles and
top of tree.
12. Trees generally older than 15 years. Repeated dieback of trees leading to flat- Calcium deficiency
tened appearance. High coning may occur. Soils usually simi lar to phosphorus
deficiency sites.
13. Rosetting - lateral branches short and at acute angle, with short needles. On ly Zinc deficiency
late-formed needles of current year retained. No recorded instances in New
South Wales.
14. Dark blue-green foliage, distorted branches and bushiness. No recorded Copper deficiency
instances in New South Wales.
15. Paleness of foliage, especially towards top of tree. No recorded instances in Manganese deficiency
New South Wales.
ANaemocyclus has been renamed Cycloneusma.
Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1978) The effects of
REFERENCES copper and nitrogen supply on the retranslocation of copper
Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1972) Foliar symptoms and in four cultivars of wheat. Aust. ,. Agric. Res. 29: 925-939.
mineral disorders in Desmodium intortum. CSIRO Aust. Div. Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, ].F. (1979) The effect of
Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 10. (CSIRO: Melbourne.) copper supply on the senescence and retranslocation of
Asher, c.]. (1991) Beneficial elements, functional nutrients, nutrients of the oldest leaf of wheat. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 44:
and possible new essential elements. In 'Micro-nutrients in 279-287.
Agriculture.' 2nd edn. (Eds ].J. Mortvedt, F.R. Cox, L.M. King, P.M. (1974) Copper deficiency symptoms in wheat. ,.
Shuman and R.M. Welch.) SSSA Book Series, no. 4. pp. 703- Agric. (S. Aust.) 77: 96-99.
723. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am.: Madison.) Marschner, H. (1988) 'Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.' 2nd
Bhatti, A.S. and Loneragan, J.F. (1970) Phosphorus edn. (Academic Press: London.)
concentrations in wheat leaves in relation to phosphorus Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A (1982) 'Principles of Plant
toxicity. Agron. f. 62: 288-290. Nutrition.' (International Potash Institute: Bern.)
Blarney, F.P.C., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.]. (1987) Moraghan, J.T. and Mascagnijr., H.]. (1991) Environmental and
'Nutritional Disorders of Sunflower.' (Department of soil factors affecting micronutrient deficiencies and
Agriculture, The University of Queensland: St. Lucia.) toxicities. In 'Micronutrients in Agriculture.' 2nd edn. (Eds
Boardman, R. and McGuire, D.O. (1990) The role of zinc in J.J. Mortvedt, F.R. Cox, L.M. Shuman and R.M. Welch.) SSSA
forestry. I. Zinc in forest environments, ecosystems and tree Book Series, no. 4. pp. 371-425. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am.: Madison.)
nutrition. For. Ecol. Manage. 37: 167-205. Nable, R.O. and Loneragan, J.F. (1984a) Translocation of
Cakmak, I., Atli, M., Kaya, R., Evliya, H. and Marschner, H. manganese in subterranean clover. I. Redistribution during
(1995) Association of high light and zinc deficiency in vegetative growth. Aust. ,. Plant Physiol. 11: 101-111.
cold-induced leaf chlorosis in grapefruit and mandarin Nable, R.O. and Loneragan, J.F. (1984b) Translocation of
trees. ,. Plant Physiol. 146: 355-360. manganese in subterranean clover. II. The effects of leaf
Clark, R.B., Pier, P.A., Knudsen, D. and Maranville, J.W. (1981) senescence and of restricting supply of manganese to part
Effect of trace element deficiencies and excesses on mineral of a split root system. Aust. f. Plant Physiol. 11: 113-118.
nutrients in sorghum. ,. Plant Nutr. 3: 357-374. Nable, R.O., Paull, J.G. and Cartwright, B. (1990) Problems
Dell, B., Malajczuk, N. and Grove, T.S. (1995) 'Nutrient associated with the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing
Disorders in Plantation Eucalypts.' ACIAR Monograph No. boron toxicity in barley. Plant Soil 128: 225-232
31. (ACIAR: Canberra.) O'Sullivan, J.N., Asher, C.J. and Blarney, F.P.C. (1995)
Epstein, E. (1972) 'Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Nutritional disorders of sweet potato. ACIAR Working Pap.
Perspectives.' Gohn Wiley and Sons: New York.) No. 45. (ACIAR: Canberra.)
Graham, R.D. (1975) Male sterility in wheat plants deficient in Paull, J.G., Cartwright, B. and Rathjen, A.J. (1988) Responses of
copper. Nature 254: 514-515. wheat and barley genotypes to toxic concentrations of soil
Grundon, N.J. (1987) 'Hungry Crops: A Guide to Nutrient boron. Euphytica 39: 137-144.
Deficiencies in Field Crops.' (Queensland Department of Riley, M.M. and Robson, A. D. (1994) Pattern of supply affects
Primary Industries: Brisbane.) boron toxicity in barley. ,. Plant Nutr. 17: 1721-1738.
Grundon, N.]., Edwards, D.G., Takkar, P.N., Asher, c.J. and Radjagukguk, B. (1981) Manganese nutrition of lupins: plant
Clark, R.B. (1987) 'Nutritional Disorders of Grain Sorghum.' response and the relationship of supply to distribution.
ACIAR Monograph No.2. (ACIAR: Canberra.) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Western Australia.
46
Robson, A.D. and Pitman, M.G. (1983) Interactions between Smith, F.W., Imrie, B.C. and Pieters, W.H.l. (1983) Foliar
nutrients in higher plants. In 'Inorganic Plant Nutrition'. symptoms of nutrient disorders in mungbean (Vigna
(Eds A. Uiuchli and R.1. Bieleski.) Encyclopedia of Plant radiata) CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap.
Physiology, New Series, Vol. 15A, pp. 147-180. (Springer- No. 24. (CSIRO: Melbourne.)
Verlag: Berlin.) Smith, F.W. and Pieters, W.H.]. (1983) Foliar symptoms of nutrient
Rossiter, R.C. (1952) Phosphorus toxicity in subterranean clover disorders in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop.
and oats grown on Muchea sand and the modifying effects Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 23. (CSIRO: Melbourne.)
of lime and nitrate nitrogen. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 3: 227-243. Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1983) 'Symptoms of Nutrient
Scott, B.]. and Robson, A.D. (1990) Distribution of magnesium Deficiencies: Subterranean Clover and Wheat.' (The
in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum 1.) in University of Western Australia: Perth.)
relation to supply. Aust.l. Agric. Res. 41: 499-510. Sprague, H.B. (1964) 'Hunger Signs in Crops.' 3rd edn. (David
Scott, B.l. and Robson, A.D. (1991) Distribution of magnesium McKay Company: New York.)
in wheat (Triticum aestivum 1.) in relation to supply. Plant Tisdale, S.M., Nelson, W.1., Beaton, ].D. and Havlin,].1. (1993)
Soil 136: 183-193. 'Soil Fertility and Fertilizers.' 5th edn. (Macmillan
Simpson, 1.A. and Osborne, D.O. (1993) Relative fertiliser Publishing Company: New York.)
requirements and foliar nutrient levels of young slash pine, Turner, ]. and Lambert, M.]. (1986) Nutrition and nutritional
Honduras Caribbean pine and the hybrid in Queensland. relationships in Pinus radiata. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 325-350.
Commonw. For. Rev. 72: 105-113. Turner, J.. Lambert, M.l. and Edwards, D.W. (1979) A guide to
Simpson, ].A., Osborne, D.O. and Xu, Z.H. (1996) Significance identifying nutritional and pathological disorders of Pinus
of family by fertiliser interactions for Honduras Caribbean radiata. For. Comm. N.S.W. Res. Note No. 36.
pine in subtropical Australia. Paper presented at 1996 QFRI- Will, G.M. (1985) Nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer use in
IUFRO Conference Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical New Zealand exotic forests. Forest Research Institute
Forestry, 27 October-1 November 1996, Caloundra, Bulletin No. 97. (New Zealand Forest Service: Rotorua.)
Queensland, Australia. (In press)
ApPENDIX 1 : REFERENCES TO SYMPTOM DESCRIPTIONS
General Specific Plants

Bergmann, W. and Neubert, P. (1976) 'Plant Diagnosis and
Plant Analysis.' (VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag: lena.)
(i) Forest and Tree Crops
Bergmann, W. (1986) 'Colour Atlas of Nutritional Disorders in General
Cultivated Plants.' 2nd edn. (VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag: Boesveld, H. (1993) Trace elements, now or never. Fruitteelt Den
lena.) Haag 83: 1O-1l.
Bergmann, W. (1992) 'Nutritional Disorders of Plants: Bose, T.K., Mitra, S.K. and Sadhu, M.K. (Eds) (1988) 'Mineral
Development, Visual and Analytical Diagnosis.' (Gustav Nutrition of Fruit Crops.' (Naya Prokash: Calcutta.)
Fischer: lena.) Childers, N.F. (Ed.) (1966) 'Temperate and Tropical Fruit
Bergmann, W. (1992) 'Colour Atlas of Nutritional Disorders of Nutrition.' (Horticultural Publications: New Brunswick.)
Plants: Visual and Analytical Diagnosis.' (Gustav Fischer: Humphreys, F.R., Lambert, M.l. and Kelly, ]. (1975) The
lena.) occurrence of sulphur deficiency in forests. In 'Sulphur in
Bould, c., Hewitt, E.]. and Needham, P. (Eds) (1983) 'Diagnosis Australasian Agriculture'. (Ed. K.D. McLachlan.) pp. 154-
of Mineral Disorders in Plants. Vol. 1: Principles.' (HMSO: 162. (Sydney University Press: Sydney.)
London.) Stone, E.1. (1990) Boron deficiency and excesses in forest trees:
Chapman, H.D. (1966) 'DiagnostiC Criteria for Plants and a review. For. Eco!. Manage. 37: 49-75.
Soils.' (Univ. Calif., Div. Agric. Sci.: RiverSide.) Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.C (1993) 'Temperate and
Ishizuka, Y. (197l) 'Nutrient Deficiencies of Crops.' (Food and Subtropical Fruit and Nut Crops. Plant Nutrient Disorders,
Fertilizer Technology Centre/ASPAC: Taipei.) No.1.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
Okajima, H., Uritani, I. and Kun-huang, H. (1975) 'The Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1995) 'Tropical Fruit and Nut
Significance of Minor Elements on Plant Physiology.' (Food Crops. Plant Nutrient Disorders, No.2.' (Inkata Press:
and Fertilizer Technology Centre/ASPAC: Taipei.) Melbourne.)
Sprague, H. B. (1964) 'Hunger Signs in Crops.' 3rd edn. (DaVid Will, G.M. (1985) Nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer use in
McKay Company: New York.) New Zealand exotic forests. Forest Research Institute
Wallace, T. (1961) 'The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Bulletin No. 97. (New Zealand Forest Service: Rotorua.)
Plants by Visual Symptoms. A Colour Atlas and Guide.'
(HMSO: London.)
Avocado
Diaz, A., Barroso, A., Altares, M. and Chinea, E. (1991)
Specific Nutrients Diagnosis of zinc and manganese deficiency in avocado and
Anderson, A.J.. Meyer, D.R. and Mayer, F.K. (1973) Heavy metal mango. Rev. Fruticul. 6: 60, 62-66, 68.
toxicities: levels of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the soil Lahav, E. and Kadman, A. (1980) Avocado fertilisation.
and plants associated with visual symptoms and variation in International Potash Institute Bulletin No.6.
growth of an oat crop. Aust.l. Agric. Res. 24: 557-571.
American Zinc Institute, Inc. (undated) 'Diagnosis and Azadirachta
Treatment of Zinc Deficiency in Crops.' (American Zinc
Zech, W. (1984) Investigations on the occurrence of potassium
Institute, Inc.: New York, USA.) and zinc deficiencies in plantations of Gmelina arborea,
Bussler, W. (1964) Boron deficiency symptoms and their
Azadirachta indica and Anacardium occidentale in semi-arid
development. (Translated from Z. Pflanzenerahrung areas of West Africa. Potash Review Sub. 22/31, No.1, 1-5.
Dungung Bodenkunde 105: 113-136, and republished by
Borax Consolidated Limited: London.)
McLachlan, K.D. (Ed.) (1978) 'An Atlas of Sulphur Deficiency Cashew
in Commercial Plants.' (CSIRO: Melbourne.) Gopikumar, K. and Aravindakshan, M. (1986) Sand culture
Shorrocks, V.M. (undated) 'Boron Deficiency-Its Prevention studies in cashew. Indian Cashew I. 18: 9-14.
and Cure.' (Borax Holdings Ltd: London.) Latis, T. and Chibiliti, G. (1988) Foliar diagnosis of nutrient
Von Brandenburg, E. (1961) Die Symptome des Moly- deficiencies in cashew: a study conducted in the Western
bdanmangels an verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen. Z. Province of Zambia. Riv. Agric. Subtrop. Trop. 82: 677-689.
Pflanzenkrank. Pflanzenschutz 68: 532-541. Menon. M.A. and Sulladmath, U.V. (1981) Mineral nutrition of
Weir, R.G. (1983) 'Molybdenum Deficiency in Plants.' (NSW cashew (Anacardium occidentale 1.) Indian Cashew 1.14: 7-13.
Dept. Agric.: Sydney.) Ohler, 1.G. and Coester, W.A. (1979) Symptoms of mineral
deficiencies in cashew seedlings. Indian Cashew I. 12: 5-9.
47
Rovira, L.A. and Sob, M.O.CB. (1976) Estudio de las Mango

deficiencias de los macronutrientes sobre el crecimiento y la Diaz, A., Barroso, A., Altares, M. and Chinea, E. (1991)
composicion mineral del merey (Anacardium occidentale L.) DiagnOSis of zinc and manganese deficiency in avocado
cultivado en soluciones nutritivas. Agron. Trop. 26: 143- and mango. Rev. Fruticult. 6: 60, 62-66, 68.
154.
Subbaiah, CC, Manikandan, P. and Joshi, Y. (1986) Yellow
leaf spot of cashew: a case of molybdenum deficiency. Plant Pinus
Soil 94: 35-42. Dowden, H.G.M. and Lambert, M.J. (1979) Environmental
Zech, W. (1984) Investigations on the occurrence of potassium factors associated with a disorder affecting tree species on
and zinc deficiencies in plantations of Gmelina arborea, the coast of New South Wales with particular reference to
Azadirachta indica and Anacardium occidentale in semi-arid Norfolk Island Pines Araucaria heterophylla. Environ. Pollut.
areas of West Africa. Potash Review Sub. 22/31, No.1, 1-5. 19: 71-84.
Dowden, H.G.M., Lambert, M.l and Truman, R.A. (1978)
Citrus Salinity damage to Norfolk Island pines caused by
surfactants. II. Effects of sea-water and surfactant mixtures
Leon, A., Torrecillas, A., Amor, F. del, and Monllor, M.R. (1983)
on the health of whole plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5: 387-
Criteria for the diagnosiS of excess boron in lemon trees. An.
Edafol. Agrobiol. 42: 807-817.
395.
Reuther, W., Batchelor, L. D. and Webber, H.J. (Eds) (1968) Gentle, S.W. (1970) Incidence of boron and sulphur deficiency
'The Citrus Industry, Volume 2.' (Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. in Pinus radiata plantations in New South Wales. Proc. Plant
Sci: Berkeley.) Nutrition Conference, Mt Gambier, South Australia.
Smith, P.F. (1966) Citrus nutrition. In 'Temperate to Tropical Gessel, S.P. and Walker, R.B. (1956) Height growth response of
Fruit Nutrition'. (Ed. N.F. Childers.) pp. 174-207. Douglas-fir to nitrogen fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.
(Horticultural Publications: New Brunswick.) 20: 97-100.
Green, R.N. and Carter, R.E. (1993) Boron and magnesium
fertilization of a coastal Douglas-fir plantation. West. J. App.
Coffee
For. 8: 48-53.
Cibes, H. and Samuels, G. (1955) Mineral deficiency symptoms Hopmans, P. and Flinn, D.W. (1984) Boron deficiency in Pinus
displayed by coffee trees grown under controlled radiata D. Don and the effect of applied boron on height
conditions. Univ. Puerto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Pap. growth and nutrient uptake. Plant Soil 79: 295-298.
No. 14. Lambert, M.l (1986) Sulphur and nitrogen nutrition and their
interactive effects on Dothistroma infection in Pinus radiata
Eucalyptus plantations. Can. f. For. Res. 16: 1055-1062.
Dell, B. (1996) Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies in eucalypts. Lambert, M.J. and Turner,J. (1977) Dieback in high site quality
In 'Nutrition of Eucalypts'. (Eds P.M. Attiwill and M. Pinus radiata stands-the role of sulphur and boron
Adams) pp. 417-440. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.) deficiencies. N.Z. f. For. Sci. 7: 333-348.
Dell, B. and Malajczuk, N. (1994) Boron deficiency in eucalypt Miller, H.G. (1983) Wood energy plantations-diagnosis of
plantatiOns in China. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2409-2416. nutrient deficiencies and the prescription of fertilizer
Dell, B. and Robinson, J.M. (1993) Symptoms of mineral applications in biomass production. 1983, Report 3,
nutrient deficiencies and the nutrient concentration ranges Program Group B, 1.E.A.!Forestry Energy Agreement.
in seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. Plant Soil 155/ Ontario Tree Improvement and Forest Biomass Institute,
156: 255-261. Maple, OntariO, Canada.
Dell, B., Malajczuk, N. and Grove, T.S. (1995) 'Nutrient Purnell, H.M. (1958) Nutritional studies of Pinus radiata (Don)
Disorders in Plantation Eucalypts.' ACIAR Monograph No. 1. Symptoms due to deficiency of some major elements.
31. (ACIAR: Canberra.) Aust. For. 22: 82-87.
Kaul, O.N., Srivastava, P.B.L. and Bora, N.K.S. (1966) Nutrition Raupach, M. (1975) Trace element disorders in Pinus and their
studies on Eucalyptus. 1. DiagnOSis of mineral deficiencies in correction. In 'Trace Elements In Soil-Plant-Animal
Eucalyptus hybrid seedlings. Indian For. 92: 264-268. Systems'. (Eds D.J.D. Nicholas and A.R. Egan.) pp. 353-369.
Kaul, O.N., Srivastava, P.B.L. and Tandon, V.N. (1968) Nutrition (Academic Press: Sydney.)
studies on Eucalyptus. III. Diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in Raupach, M. and Hall, M.J. (1974) Potassium deficiency in
Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Indian For. 94: 831-834. Pinus radiata at Penola South, South Australia. CSIRO
Kaul, O.N., Srivastava, P.B.L. and Tandon, V.N. (1970) Division of Soils, Technical Memorandum No. 24. (CSIRO:
Nutrition studies on Eucalyptus. IV. Diagnosis of mineral
Melbourne.)
deficiencies in Eucalyptus globulus seedlings. Indian For. 96:
Ruiter, J.H. (1969) Suspected copper deficiency in radiata pine.
453-456.
Plant Soil 31: 197-200.
Kaul, O.N., Srivastava, P.B.L. and Negi, lD.S. (1970) Nutrition
Stewart, H.T.L. and Flinn, D.W. (1984) Establishment and early
studies on Eucalyptus. V. Diagnosis of mineral deficiencies
growth of trees irrigated with wastewater at four sites in
in Eucalyptus citriodora seedlings. Indian For. 96: 787-790.
Truman, R.A. and Turner, J. (1972) Mineral deficiency Victoria, Australia. For. Beol. Manage. 8: 243-256.
symptoms in Eucalyptus pilularis. For. Comm. of N.S.W. Stoate, T.N. (1950) Nutrition of the pine. Forestry and Timber
Tech. Pap. No. 18. Bureau, Canberra, Australia. Bull. No. 30.
Turnbull, CR.A., Beadle, CL., West, P.W. and Cromer, R.N. Truman, R. (1972) The visual diagnosis of mineral deficiencies
(1994) Copper deficiency, a possible cause of stem deformity in Pinus radiata, P. elliottii and P. taeda seedlings. For.
in fertilised Eucalyptus nitens. Can. f. For. Res. 24: 1434-1439. Comm. N.S.W. Tech. Pap. No. 19.
Will, G.M. (1961) Some changes in the growth habit of Turner, J., Lambert, M.J. and Edwards, D.W. (1979) A guide to
Eucalyptus seedlings caused by nutrient deficiencies. Emp. identifying nutritional and pathological disorders of Pinus
For. Rev. 40: 301-307. radiata. For. Comm. N.S.W. Res. Note No. 36.
Turvey, N.D. (1984) Copper deficiency in Pinus radiata planted
Gmelina in a podzol in Victoria, Australia. Plant Soil 77: 73-86.
Turvey N.D. and Grant, B.R. (1990) Copper deficiency in
Zech, W. (1984) Investigations on the occurrence of potaSSium coniferous trees. For. Ecol. Manage. 37: 95-122.
and zinc deficiencies in plantations of Gmelina arborea, Will, G.M. (1978) Nutrient deficiencies in Pinus radiata in New
Azadirachta indica and Anacardium occidentale in semi-arid
Zealand. N.z. J. For. Sci. 8: 4-14.
areas of West Africa. Potash Review Sub. 22/31, No.1, 1-5.
Young, H.E. (1940) Fused needle disease and its relation to the
nutrition of Pinus. Queensland Forest Service Bulletin No. 13.
Maple
Bernier, B. and Brazeau, M. (1988) Magnesium deficiency Rubber
symptoms associated with the sugar maple dieback in a
Shorrocks, V.M. (1964) 'Mineral Deficiencies in Hevea and
Lower Laurentians site in southeastern Quebec. Can. J. For.
Associated Cover Plants.' (Rubber Research Institute: Kuala
Res. 18: 1265-1269.
Lumpur.)
48
Sapota Woodham, R.C. and Alexander, D.McE. (1970) Foliar

Nachegowda, v., Sulladmath, U.V. and Vijayakumar, N. (1992) symptoms of malnutrition in the sultana vine. CSIRO Aust.
Visual nutrient deficiency symptoms in Sapota (Manilkara Div. Hortic. Res. Tech. Pap. No. 1.
achras Forsberg). Paper presented at the International
Symposium on Tropical Fruit: Frontier in Tropical Fruit Kiwi fruit
Research, May 20-24,1991, Pattaya City, Thailand. pp. 566- Smith, G.S., Asher, c.J. and Clark, c.J. (1985) 'Kiwifruit
573. International Society for Horticultural Science: Acta Nutrition-Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders.' (Southern
Hortie. Wageningen, Oct 1992. v. 2. Horticulture Agricultural Press: Masterton, New Zealand.)
Lettuce
(ii) Vines, Vegetables and Ornamentals
Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, K.W. (1969)
General 'Nutritional Disorders in Glasshouse Lettuce.' (Centre for
English, J.E. and Maynard, D.N. (1978) A key to nutrient Agricultural Publishing and Documentation: Wageningen.)
disorders of vegetable plants. HortScience 13: 28-29. Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, KW. (1981)
Handreck, K.A. (1990) Phosphorus and iron effects on the early 'Nutritional Disorders in Glasshouse Tomatoes, Cucumbers
growth of some Australian native plants. Combined Proceed- and Lettuce.' (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and
ings, International Propagators' Society, 1990,40: 56-59. Documentation: Wageningen.)
Laurie, A. and Wagner, A. (1940) Deficiency symptoms of
greenhouse flowering crops. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin Piper
No. 611. Nybe, E.V., Nair, P.C.S. and Wahid, P.A. (1988) Diagnosis of
Scaife, A. and Turner, M. (Eds) (1983) 'Diagnosis of Mineral nutrient deficiencies in black pepper. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut
Disorders in Plants, Volume 2: Vegetables.' (HMSO: London.) and Spices 1. 12: 32-35.
Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.c. (1993) 'Vegetable Crops. Plant
Nutrient Disorders, No.3.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
Cresswell, G.c. and Weir, R.G. (1996). 'Plant Nutrition Poinsettia
Disorders 5. Ornamental Plants and Shrubs.' (Inkata Press, Cox, D.A. (1992) Foliar-applied molybdenum for preventing or
Melbourne.) correcting molybdenum deficiency of poinsettia.
HortScience 27: 894-895.
Asparagus
Benson, B.L. and Paulsen, K.N. (1990) Macro- and micro- Strawberry
nutrient deficiency symptoms in asparagus seedlings. Paper Johanson, F. (1980) 'Hunger in Strawberries.' (K & H Printers
presented at the 7th International Asparagus Symposium, Inc: Everett, Washington.)
June 19-23, 1989, Ferrara, Italy. pp. 497-501. International Ulrich, A., Mostafa, M.A.E. and Allen, W.A. (1980) Strawberry
Society for Horticultural Science: Acta Hortie. Wageningen, deficiency symptoms. A visual and plant analysis guide to
July 1990. fertilization. Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Div. Agrie. Sci. Pub. No. 4098.
Banana Sweet potato

Charpentier, J.M. and Martin-Prevel, P.F. (1965) Major and Bolle-Jones, E.W. and Ismunadji, M. (1963) Mineral deficiency
minor element deficiencies in bananas. Fruits 20: 521-557. symptoms of the sweet potato. Emp. T. Exp. Agric. 31: 60-64.
(Reprinted by Borax Consolidated Limited: London.) Cable, W.J. (1992) Common nutrient deficiency symptoms of
Lahav, E. and Turner, D.W. (1983) Fertilizing for high yield crops of Tokelau and other coral soils and their correction.
banana. International Potash Institute Bulletin NO.7. T. South Pacific Agric. 1: 43-52.
Martin-Prevel, P. and Charpentier, J.M. (1964) Symptoms of O'Sullivan, J.N., Asher, c.J., Blarney, F.P.C. and Edwards, D.G.
deprivation of six nutrient elements in banana. Fertilite 22: (1993) Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops of the
IS-SO. Pacific: preliminary observations on sweet potato (Ipomoea
Stevenson, D. (1984) Practical banana nutrition. Banana batatas). Plant Soil 155-156: 263-267.
Growers' Federation, Murwillumbah, New South Wales. O'Sullivan, J.N., Asher, c.J. and Blarney, F.P.C. (1995)
Nutritional disorders of sweet potato. ACIAR Working
Paper No. 45. (ACIAR: Canberra.)
Capsicum Pillai, N.G., Mohankumar, B., Kabeerathumma, S. and Nair,
Yazawa, S, Sato, T. and Namiki, T. (1992) Injury in pepper P.G. (1986) Deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in
(Capsicum annuum L.) induced with chelated iron in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) 1. Root Crops 12: 91-95.
solution culture. 1. Tap. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 60: 905-913.
Tomato
Chrysanthemums Cash, R. C. and Leone, LA. (1987) Effects of foliar applied nickel
Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, K.W. (1980) on tomato plants. J. Environ. Sci. Health 22: 11-26.
'Nutritional Disorders in Chrysanthemums.' (Centre for Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, K.W. (1981)
Agricultural Publishing and Documentation: Wageningen.) 'Nutritional Disorders in Glasshouse Tomatoes, Cucumbers
and Lettuce.' (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and
Cucurbits Documentation: Wageningen.)
Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, KW. (1971)
'Nutritional Disorders in Cucumbers and Gherkins under
Watermelon
Glass.' (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and del Rio, A., Lopez-Cantarero, L and Romero, L. (1994) Foliar
Documentation: Wageningen.) diagnOSis: vegetative Index for several cultivars of
Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L. and Smilde, KW. (1981) watermelon. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 1629.
'Nutritional Disorders in Glasshouse Tomatoes, Cucumbers
and Lettuce.' (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and (iii) Field Crops
Documentation: Wageningen.) General
Agarwala, S.c. and Sharma, c.P. (1979) 'Recognising
Cycas Micronutrient Disorders of Crop Plants on the Basis of
Dehgan, B., Durando, J.E. and Yeager, T.H. (1994) Symptoms Visible Symptoms and Plant Analysis.' (Botany
and treatment of manganese deficiency in Cycas revoluta Department: Lucknow University.)
Thunb. HortScience 29: 645-648. Grundon, N.J. (1987) 'Hungry Crops: A Guide to Nutrient
Deficiencies in Field Crops.' (Queensland Department of
Primary Industries: Brisbane.)
Grapevines Robinson, J.B.D. (1974) 'An Annotated Bibliography of Colour
Christensen, L.P., Kasimatis, A.N. and Jensen, F.L. (1978) Illustrated Mineral Deficiency Symptoms in Tropical
Grapevine nutrition and fertilization in the San Joaquin Crops.' Commonwealth Bureau of Horticultural and
Valley. Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Div. Agric. Sci. Pub. No. 4087. Plantation Crops Tech. Comm. No. 34.
49
Takkar, P.N., Chhibba, I.M. and Mehta, S.K. (1989) 'Twenty Years Frederiksen, R.A. (1986) 'Compendium of Sorghum Diseases.'
of Coordinated Research on Micronutrients in Soils and (The American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul.)
Plants, 1967-87.' (Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal.) Furlani, A.M.C, Clark, R.B., Sullivan, CY. and Maranville, ].W.
Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.C (1994) 'Pastures and Field Crops. (1986) Induction of leaf 'red-speckling' by phosphorus on
Plant Nutrient Disorders, No.4.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.) sorghum cultivars grown under controlled conditions. Crop
Sci. 26: 551-557.
Cassava Furlani, A.M.C, Clark, R.B., Sullivan, CY. and Maranville, J.W.
(1986) Sorghum genotype differences to leaf 'red-speckling'
Asher, CJ., Edwards, D.G. and Howeler, R.H. (1980)
induced by phosphorus. J. Plant Nutr. 9: 1435-1451.
'Nutritional Disorders of Cassava (Manihot esculenta).'
Grundon, N.]., Asher, CJ. and Edwards, D.G. (1986) Symptoms
(Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland:
of nutritional deficiencies and toxicities in grain sorghum
St Lucia.)
cv. Texas 61OSR. In 'Proceedings First Australian Sorghum
Howeler, R.H. (1981) 'Mineral Nutrition and Fertilization of
Conference, February 1986, Gatton, Australia'. (Eds M.A.
Cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz), (CIAT: Cali, Colombia.)
Foale and R.G. Henzell.) pp. 6.1-6.10.
Grundon, N.J., Edwards, D.G., Takkar, P.N., Asher, CJ. and
Ginger Clark, R.B. (1987) 'Nutritional Disorders of Grain Sorghum.'
Asher, C.J. and Lee, M.T. (1975) 'Diagnosis and Correction of ACIAR Monograph No.2. (ACIAR: Canberra.)
Nutritional Disorders in Ginger (Zingiber officinale).' Ohki, K. (1974) Early growth of grain sorghum as related to
(Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland: manganese nutrition. Agron. J. 66: 328-330.
St. Lucia.) Ohki, K. (1984) Zinc nutrition related to critical deficiency and
toxicity levels for sorghum. Agron. J. 76: 253-256.
Kenaf
Andrew, CS. and Pieters, W.H.]. (1980) Foliar symptoms of Sugar beet
mineral disorders in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). CSIRO Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1969) Sugar beet nutrient deficiency
Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 22. symptoms, a colour atlas and chemical guide. Univ. Calif.
Berkeley, Div. Agric. Sci. Pub. No. 4051.
legumes
Bell, R.W., Rerkasem, B., Keerati-Kasikorn, P., Phetchawee, S., Sugar cane
Hiranburana, N., Ratanarat, S., Pongsakul, P. and Calcino, D.V. (undated) Australian Sugarcane Nutrition
Loneragan, J.F. (1990) Mineral nutrition of food legumes in Manual. Sugar Res. Dev. Corp. and Bur. Sugar Exp. Sta.,
Thailand with particular reference to micronutrients. Brisbane, Queensland.
ACIAR Tech. Rep. No. 16. (ACIAR: Canberra.) Evans, H. (1959) Elements other than nitrogen, potassium and
Eskew, D.L., Welch, R.M. and Cary, E.E. (1983) Nickel: an phosphorus in the mineral nutrition of sugar cane. Proc. Int.
essential micronutrient for legumes and possibly all higher Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 10: 473-507.
plants. Science 222: 621-623. Fox, R.L., Silva, J.A., Younge, O.R., Plucknett, D.L. and
Keating, B.A. (1984) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders in Sherman, G.D. (1967) Soil and plant silicon and silicate
guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops response by sugar cane. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31: 775-779.
Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 27. Humbert, R.P. and Martin, J.P. (1955) Nutritional deficiency
Smith, F.W., Imrie, B.C and Pieters, W.H.J. (1983) Foliar symptoms in sugar cane. Hawaii. Plant Rec. 55: 95-102.
symptoms of nutrient disorders in mungbean (Vigna radiata).
Tzo-chuanJuang (1976) Trace element nutrition of sugar cane.
CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 24.
Taiwan Sugar 23: 128-139.
Smith, F.W. and Pieters, W.H.]. (1983) Foliar symptoms of
Yadav, D.V. and Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. (1989) Micronutrients for
nutrient disorders in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). CSIRO
increasing sugarcane production. Indian Sugar 39: 225-231.
Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 23.
Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1986) 'Symptoms of Nutrient
Deficiencies: Lupins.' (The University of Western Australia, Sunflower
Nedlands.) Blamey, F.P.C, Edwards, D.G. and Asher, C]. (1987)
Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1991) 'Symptoms of Nutrient 'Nutritional Disorders of Sunflower.' (Department of
Disorders: Faba Beans and Field Peas.' Grain Legumes Agriculture, The University of Queensland: St. Lucia.)
Research Council, 99pp. Hunter, M.N. and Kochman, J.K. (1985) Severe phosphorus
deficiency in sunflower-the cause of foliar symptoms
Oilseed rape similar to those produced by some fungal pathogens. Helia
Mason, M.G. and Gartrell, J.W. (1972) Symptoms of nutrient 8: 57-62.
deficiencies in rape. J. Agric. West. Aust. (4th series) 13: 49-52.
Wheat
Pyrethrum daisy Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1983) 'Symptoms of Nutrient
Pinkerton, A. (1970) Visual symptoms of some mineral Deficiencies: Subterranean Clover and Wheat.' (University
deficiencies on pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) of Western Australia: Nedlands.)
Exp. Agric. 6: 19-25.
(iv) Pasture Grasses, Pasture legumes and Fodder Trees
Rice General
Tanaka, A. and Yoshida, S. (1970) Nutritional disorders of the rice Pinkerton, A. and Randall, P.J. (1993) A comparison of the
plant in Asia. Int. Rice Res. Inst. (Los Banos) Tech. Bull. No. 10. potassium requirements during early growth of Lotus
Yoshida, S., Vergara, B. and Tanaka, A. (1985) 'Nutritional and pedunculatus, Medicago murex, M. polymorpha, M. truncatula,
Physiological Disorders of the Rice Plant.' (Int. Rice Res. Omithopus compressus, Trifolium balansae, T. resupinatus,
Inst.: Manila.) Pennisetum clandestinum, and Phalaris aquatica. Aust. J. Exp.
Agric. 33: 31-39.
Sisal Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.C (1994) 'Pastures and Field
Pinkerton, A. (1971) Some micronutrient deficiencies in sisal Crops. Plant Nutrient Disorders, No.4.' (Inkata Press:
(Agave sisalana). Exp. Agric. 7: 113-122. Melbourne.)
Sorghum Temperate legumes

Clark, R.B. (1982) Nutrient solution growth of sorghum and Millikan, C.R. (1958) Nutrient deficiency symptoms in lucerne
com in mineral nutrient studies. J. Plant Nutr. 5: 1039-1057. and some pasture legumes. J. Dep. Agric. Victoria 56: 511-531.
Clark, R.B., Pier, P.A., Knudsen, D. and Maranville, J.W. (1981) Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1983) 'Symptoms of Nutrient
Effect of trace element deficiencies and excesses on mineral Deficiencies: Subterranean Clover and Wheat.' (The
nutrients in sorghum. J. Plant Nutr. 3: 357-374. University of Western Australia: Nedlands.)
50
Tropical grasses Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1976) Foliar symptoms of
Smith, F.W. (1972) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders in mineral disorders in Lotononis bainesii. CSIRO Aust. Div.
Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie. CSIRO Aust. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 17.
Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No.9. Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1976) Foliar symptoms of
Smith, F.W. (1973) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders in mineral disorders in Glycine wightii. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop.
Chloris gayana. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 18.
Pap. No. 13. Blaser, R.E., Volk, G.M. and Stokes, W.E. (1942) Deficiency
Smith, F.W. (1974) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders in symptoms and chemical composition of lespedeza as
Cenchrus ciliaris. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures related to fertilization. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 34: 222-228.
Tech. Pap. No. 16. Gonzales, A., Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1980) Foliar
Smith, F.W. and Verschoyle, M.J.S. (1973) Foliar symptoms of symptoms of mineral disorders in Leucaena leucocephala.
nutrient disorders in Paspalum di/atatum. CSIRO Aust. Div. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 21.
Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 14. Jones, R. K. and Clay, H.J. (1976) Foliar symptoms of nutrient
disorders in Townsville stylo Stylosanthes humilis. CSIRO
Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 19.
Tropical legumes Smith, F.W. and Vanden Berg, P.J. (1992) Foliar symptoms of
Andrew, C.S. (1963) Copper deficiency symptoms of some nutrient disorders in the tropical shrub legume G/iricidia
tropical and temperate pasture legumes. Aust. J. Agric. Res. sepium. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap.
14: 654-659. No. 30.
Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1970) Manganese toxicity Smith, F.W. and Vanden Berg, P.J. (1992) Foliar symptoms of
symptoms of one temperate and seven tropical pasture nutrient disorders in the tropical shrub legume Calliandra
legumes. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. calothyrsus. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech.
No.4. Pap. No. 31.
Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1970) Effect of potassium on Smith, F.W., Vanden Berg, P.J., Gonzales, A., Andrew, C.S. and
the growth and chemical composition of some pasture Pieters, W.H.]. (1992) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders
legumes. III. Deficiency symptoms of 10 tropical pasture in the tropical shrub legume Leucaena leucocephala. CSIRO
legumes. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 32.
No.5. Smith, F.W. and Vanden Berg, P.]. (1992) Foliar symptoms of
Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1972) Foliar symptoms and nutrient disorders in Cassia rotundifolia. CSIRO Aust. Div.
mineral disorders in Desmodium intortum. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 33.
Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 10. Smith, F.W. and Vanden Berg, P.J. (1992) Foliar symptoms of
Andrew, C.S. and Pieters, W.H.J. (1972) Foliar symptoms of nutrient disorders in Aeschynomene americana. CSIRO Aust.
mineral disorders in Phaseolus atropurpureus. CSIRO Aust. Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 34.
Div. Trop. Crops Pastures Tech. Pap. No. 11.
51
3. GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING, HANDLING
AND ANALYSING PLANT MATERIALS
D.J. Reuter, J.B. Robinson, K.I. Peverill, G.H. Price and M.J. Lambert
A. INTRODUCTION symptoms or soil tests. Where no standards are

available, comparing nutrient concentrations in
The value of plant analysis for diagnosing and
samples from 'good' and 'poor' areas can be useful.
monitoring the nutritional status of plants hinges
largely on the care that is taken in collecting, Plant analysis has also been used to identify the
handling and analysing the gathered plant material. causes of illthrift in grazing livestock (e.g. Beck
Unreliable and misleading interpretations will occur 1962; Hogan et al. 1971; Langlands et al. 1981;
unless proper steps are taken to minimize errors in Kubota 1983; Merry et al. 1983; Hosking et al.
each of the above tasks. Procedures for sampling and 1986), but this aspect will not be pursued further in
handling plants should be standardized to ensure this chapter.
that the tests can be interpreted with confidence. • Monitoring samples are collected to assess the
While the specific requirements of the different tests adequacy of current fertilizer practices and related
may vary, samplers and testing laboratories should management factors (e.g. irrigation practices).
follow closely the procedure specified in the Monitoring can compare the nutritional status of
published account for each plant species and test, and crops, in successive years and allow fertilizer use
laboratories should aim to provide a fast turn around to be adjusted according to trends revealed in the
service to their clients (Handson and Shelley 1993). plant chemical composition. It can also be used to
monitor the nutritional status of an individual
This chapter briefly reviews and indicates broad
crop or pasture during its development (Le. crop
guidelines for sampling and preparing plants for
logging) and thus ensure that its nutrient
chemical analysis. It is vital that those involved in
requirements are being met (see Clements 1961;
plant testing become familiar with recommended Ulrich and Hills 1973; Gartrell et al. 1979).
practices and understand why these procedures have
been adopted widely in Australia and overseas. The Time frames are considerably longer in forestry
following discussion has been developed to promote than in agricultural production systems (e.g. a
a standardized approach for all users. forest rotation lasts for a minimum of 30 years).
Hence for cost reasons, it is normally not
practicable to under-take repeat samplings in
B. PURPOSES AND METHODS OF PLANT successive years. The most common objectives for
TESTING monitoring in forestry are:
Distinction must be drawn between three purposes 1. Prescription of the timing, amount, placement
for plant testing: diagnostic testing, monitoring, and and type of fertilizer to be applied to forest stands
predictive testing (see Chapter 1). This is necessary to meet specific management objectives (for
because the intensity and pattern of sampling varies example, increased timber production and seed
production, and alteration of wood properties);
considerably for each method of testing (see Section
3.D). However, in all testing methods, there is a need 2. Assessment, after fertilizer treatment, of the
to document details of site management and crop relative efficiency of nutrient uptake and the
conditions, before and at the time of sampling. possible inducement of nutrient imbalances; and
Most farmers use plant analysis to diagnose a problem 3. Assessment of the rate of nutrient decline after
or to monitor nutrient status and thereby fine tune fertilizer application and hence the necessity
their fertilizer program. Forest managers and for additional fertilization in the future.
horticulturists mainly use the monitoring approach, • Predictive testing is used in four ways.
although diagnostic testing is an important tool for
1. Analysis of samples collected during early crop
identifying nutrient disorders in trees and other
development is used to predict the likelihood of
perennial species.
nutrient deficiencies occurring before crop
• Diagnostic testing (sometimes called 'trouble- maturity is reached (Spencer et al. 1977; Freney
shooting) is undertaken to diagnose the cause of et al. 1978; Gartrell et al. 1979; Spencer and Freney
poor crop vigour (e.g. patches of poor growth in an 1980; Spencer and Chan 1981; Rayment 1983;
otherwise healthy crop, pasture or orchard) or to Hannam et al. 1985; Lambert and Turner 1988);
confirm a diagnosis made on the basis of plant
55
2. Analysis of fruit is used to predict its likely • In forestry, details of plantation stage (e.g. young
behaviour in storage (e.g. Perring 1976; Wills planting, closed canopy, stocking and thinning
et al. 1976; Atkinson et al. 1980); levels) and the presence and status of competing
3. Analysis of seeds or grain is used to predict vegetation should be recorded.
likely deficiencies in succeeding crops (e.g. • Were any plant symptoms observed? When?
Russell 1963; Walton 1978; Robson and Mead
• What was the previous land use?
1980; Randall et al. 1981; Moss et al. 1982), and
to define attributes of product quality (e.g. grain • Have these symptoms occurred in previous sea-
protein or oil content); and sons and, if so, under what conditions?
4. Analysis of plant sap for annual crops, • Are the symptoms associated with certain soils?
primarily used in Australia for nitrogen Examine the profile and drainage characteristics
scheduling (Williams and Maier 1990; of the soil, and the topographical features of the
Handson and Sheridan 1992). land form.
Each form of testing may identify latent deficiencies • Are soil tests available? What do the data suggest?
(sometimes called 'hidden hunger') which limit crop
• Are plant analysis data from previous years avail-
production while the plants exhibit no obvious or
able? What do they show?
distinctive symptoms.
• Has the system of land management (e.g. rotation
Plant analysis will not be useful if the sampled crop
sequence, method of cultivation, stubble han-
is under stress for reasons other than nutritional
dling, fertilizer use) changed recently?
stress (e.g. drought, soil waterlogging etc.). In such
situations it should not be used. • What has been the amount and type of fertilizer
used previously and the frequency and method of
application? Which nutrients, if any, have been
C. DOCUMENTING SITE AND CROP applied as foliar sprays?
INFORMATION • Have seasonal conditions been abnormal?
Successful testing and diagnosis requires a logical, • What is the type of irrigation, if any? Has it been
investigative approach. Experience has shown that altered recently (e.g. rate, frequency, water quality)?
the precision of interpretation of both plant and soil
tests is often enhanced substantially by considering • Are pests and diseases present? What are they,
relevant site and crop conditions recorded at the time and what agricultural chemicals have been
of sampling. For diagnostic testing, and to a lesser applied? Damage from pre-emergent and residual
extent for monitoring, two steps should be taken herbicides can produce symptoms similar to
before sampling commences: discussion between the those of some plant nutrient disorders.
land manager and the adviser, and a description of • Is the measurement of forest stand condition
any plant symptoms. Photographs are useful aids to (growth, health) better or worse than expected for
memory. the site?
Where land managers collect their own samples, they
must provide relevant sample details to allow proper C.2 Description of plant symptoms
interpretation of the data (see Figure 3.1). It is impor- This is particularly important for diagnostic testing.
tant to note that recent market research suggests that
sample collection (by farmers) is the 'single, biggest The type (e.g. chlorosis, necrosiS, mottling,
barrier' to the wide adoption of plant testing in anthocyanin, plant stunting) and location on plants
Australia (Lewis et al. 1993). Training in all aspects of (e.g. terminal apices, young or old foliage) and on
correct sampling is now considered essential if mean- leaves (e.g veins, margins, interveinal) of symptoms on
ingful data are to be collected (LewiS et al. 1993; the shoots and roots should be recorded. In forestry, it
Robinson 1993). is necessary to record stem form (straightness, speed
wobbles, kinkiness), leaf retention, bud death, pith
Most soil and plant testing services supply site infor-
damage. These symptoms can be compared with those
mation forms with their sampling kits to assist users
described or referred to in Chapter 2 (Appendix 1).
in the collection of relevant details of the site and
plant symptoms (see an example in Figure 3.1). Such Although symptoms alone can often be misleading
forms should be used as a check list when sampling or non-specific, especially where more than one
and to record where the sampling took place. For nutrient is limiting crop production (see Chapter 2),
modern GIS based mapping, site locators such as they can assist in eliminating certain nutrients that
postcodes or map grid references are needed. are adequately supplied. Characteristic symptoms
focus the detection process on a small group of
C.I Discussion with the land manager essential plant nutrient and plant and soil analysis
Initially, details of the site and crop or pasture should can then be used to confirm or reject these
be discussed with the land manager to gain a preliminary diagnoses or suspicions.
perspective of the problem. Answers to the following It is extremely important to assess and record whether
questions should be supplied to assist with the affected plants are stressed by non-nutritional
interpretation of results. factors (e.g. weed competition, root and foliar
• What are the crop details (e.g. sowing date, culti- diseases, nematodes, insects, drought, poor drainage,
var, rootstock, crop condition)? or poor physical condition of the soil). Root systems
56
Guidelines for Collecting, Handling and Analysing Plant Materials
PLANT ANALYSIS SAMPLE AND SITE DESCRIPTION

Laboratory No. 0000000 Sample received 0000000
Farmer's Name: " ........................................................................................... .
Address: Post Code: ........................................................................................ .
Has this area/crop been sampled previously? Yes 0 No 0 When? 0000000
Name of person who took the sample ............................................................................ .
Name of this paddock/block ................................................................................... .
Nearest locality to paddock/block ............................................................................... .
Distance/direction from nearest locality (eg: 2 km NW of St Arnaud) ................................................... .
Grid reference: .............................................................................................. .
A. Sample Description:
CROP:. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . ... . . .. . .. VARIETy: ........................................................... .
DATE SOWN: 0000000 DATE SAMPLED: 0000000 (DD MM YY format)
Paddock name/number: ............. . Area:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample labelled as: .................... .
STAGE OF GROWTH: Seedling 0 Early growth 0 Tillering 0 Flowering 0 Fruit/Grain set 0
(Tick) Mature 0 Other: ................................................. .
PLANT PART SUBMITTED: Whole plants 0 Leaf Blades 0 Which?
(Tick) Stems 0 Petioles 0 Which? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Grain/Fruit 0
Others 0 Define: ................................................. .
DESCRIPTION OF CROP SYMPTOMS (If any, describe briefly): ..................................................... .
Are symptoms on: Oldleaves 0 Young leaves 0 Terminal new leaves D? (Tick)
When were the symptoms first observed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Have they been observed in previous crops? ........ .
Which year? ...................... .
How do you rate crop vigour? : Good 0 Average 0 Poor 0 (Tick)
Has this crop been subjected to Drought 0 Waterlogging 0 Pests 0 Diseases 0 (Tick)
If yes, describe: .......................................................................................... .
Has this crop been sprayed with Nutrients 0 Pesticides 0 Describe: .............................. .
B. Site Description
SURFACE SOIL: Sand 0 Sandy loam 0 Loam 0 Clayloam 0 Clay 0 Colour: ................. (Tick)
SUBSOIL: Sand 0 Clay 0 Limestone 0 Other: . .. Colour:: .............. ..
Depth to subsoil: ........................................... ..
Paddock/Block size (ha) Drainage Topography Rainfall (mm)

Under 1 0 Poor 0 Flat 0 Under 400 0 700-800 0
1-5 0 Average 0 Slope 0 400-500 0 800-900 0
6-20 0 Good 0 Hill top 0 500-600 0 Over 900 0
Over 20 0 Undulating 0 600-700 0 Irrigated 0
Crop rotation & fertilizer history for last 5 years:
Year Rotation Crop Yield Fertilizer used Rate of appljcation

(t/ha) (kg/ha)
When were trace elements last applied to this paddock? .......................................................... .

Which trace elements? Copper 0 Zinc 0 Manganese 0 Molybdenum 0 Iron 0 Boron 0
IRRIGATION cm applied None 0 Sprinkler 0 Surface 0
C. Site Sketch (Show where sample was taken in relation to known land marks)
Figure 3.1 An example of a form for recording the relevant information about the site and plant sample which is required for the
nterpretation of plant analyses.
57
of affected plants should be inspected for abnormal- composite sample should be collected from within a
ities. The soil profile beneath the affected crop small uniform area.
should be compared with that of the soil on which
Where symptoms and plant size vary appreciably, a
the surrounding healthy crop is growing. Where
number of samples should be taken systematically,
necessary, appropriate soil samples and additional
each from a uniform small area, which characterises
plant samples should be taken for pathological
the observed variability (e.g. severely deficient,
examination.
mildly deficient and normal plants; or paired samples
It is also necessary to record the age and growth representing deficient and normal plants). Comparison
stages of affected and normal plants. Plant diagnostic of analyses of paired samples is sometimes helpful,
criteria usually vary with plant age and stage of especially where plant standards do not exist.
physiological development. Hence, chemical
Where a crop is uniformly affected, or where a
analyses need to be interpreted with reference to
suspected disorder is being confirmed with the aid of
the stage of plant growth.
plant analysis, it is necessary to collect only one
composite sample.
D. COLLECTING REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES If subsamples have been collected from small,
Many plant tests have been developed and calibrated uniformly affected areas of crop, which reflect the
for use in agricultural, horticultural and forestry observed variations in plant vigour, actual sample size
industries. The greatest opportunity for error in plant is dictated largely by the quantity of material necessary
testing arises during sampling. Errors associated with for the chemical determinations. Usually 30-100
sample preparation and analysis are often minor by appropriate shoots or plant parts are collected
comparison. Inaccurate or careless sampling systematically and combined into a composite sample.
invariably leads to inconsistent and erroneous Composite subsamples from forests need to be made
interpretations and can ultimately discredit the value on the basis of an equal mass of foliage from each
of plant testing itself. Thus the successful commercial tree. Bias is introduced if compo siting is done on the
adoption of plant analysis depends heavily on the basis of equal numbers of leaves or needles.
development of sampling procedures which
Also, diagnostic sampling is best undertaken when
adequately cope with site and crop variability.
symptoms of the disorder are first observed. Plants
We refer the reader to publications by Martin-Prevel which have endured long periods of stress often
etal. (1984), Jones etal. (1991) and Robinson (1993), develop unusual nutritional symptoms and
which document further the principles and practices secondary problems, such as disease. Each sample
of correct sampling and the preservation of sample should contain shoots or plant parts of the same
integrity. physiological age. Tissues of both deficient and
healthy plants or tissues of varying chronological or
D.I Concepts and strategies physiological age should never be included in a single
The principal objectives of any sampling program are composite sample. However, in some cases, it may be
to collect samples that satisfactorily represent the difficult to satisfy the reqUirement of comparable
situation being examined and to provide sufficient physiological age (e.g. zinc deficiency which severely
material for the laboratory to analyse. The judgement stunts growth). In such cases, the identity of parts
and care taken by the sampler determines how well sampled needs to be carefully recorded.
the total plant population is represented by the plant In forests, circular or rectangular sampling plots of at
material collected. The sampler must be satisfied that least 2S trees need to be established and marked
the number of subsamples taken is sufficient to permanently for future assessments of nutritional
account for the variability existing within the area of status. Where they exist, permanent inventory plots
crop that has been chosen for sampling. used to monitor tree growth can also be sampled to
The sampling strategy adopted for collecting assess nutrient status and to determine fertilizer
representative diagnostic samples differs reqUirements of forests. Such reference plots are also
fundamentally from those required for monitoring used in orchards and vineyards, but the question of
samples, as often 'bad' samples will be drawn from a achieving adequate representation always exists.
small population of plants.
0.1.2 Sampling for monitoring
In forestry, differences in the sampling strategies Several approaches are possible for monitoring the
used for diagnostic and monitoring purposes are not nutritional status of field crops, pastures, forest
so clear. In each case, sample stratification is species and orchards. The sampling strategy and
reqUired according to tree age class, soils or soil intensity depends both on the observed uniformity in
parent material, previous land use and topography. crop growth, soil type and topography. Some
recommended sampling protocols estimate the
0.1.1 Diagnostic sampling variability in nutrient status for different parts of the
With diagnostic samples, the collection must be area planted; at each sampling time more than one
confined within the area of crop for which an answer sample is collected and analysed from each crop or
is sought (e.g. a patch of poor growth, a group of orchard. Such procedures can be justified for high
low-producing and/or slow growing trees). To value crops, and where the land manager is prepared
minimize the effects of natural variability, each to fertilize the crop according to deficiencies revealed
58
by plant analysis. Modern monitoring services allow divided roughly into four equal parts, and a
land managers to receive and act upon tissue analysis systematic sampling transect undertaken in
data two or three times during the season. each quadrant and preferably at right angles to
The following examples show how sampling the crop rows (Figure 3.2a). Each sample
strategies for crop monitoring can vary. comprises from 25 to 50 plants or plant parts ..
• Uniform crop. Three approaches can be used: 2. A variation of the above method, involves
selecting a small uniform area (e.g. 0.4 hectare) in
1. Ulrich and Hills (1952, 1973), working with each quadrat of the field. A systematic sampling
sugar beet, recommended that a minimum of traverse similar to that described above is taken
two, and preferably four, composite samples within each area and again four separate samples
should be taken from each field. The field is are obtained per field (Figure 3.2b).
field~
sampling ---J. ••••••)1
point C· ••••• 1 ...-field
• • • • • -)1
e ••••• I
C•••• •• -++ sampling -,,~r::!f0~Wi?:i0;~V"'~'0~o//-~b;~'0~o//-i?:i0;~0;~'0~~
-----+----- area
quadrat --+-l~
d
a
soil type 1 soil type 2
sampling
area
soil type 2
quadrat
1
1 ~
1
~ 1 ...-field e
1
-----+-----
sampling ~ 1
1
area 1
:~ .....--tree
b \
',::::::)
-
\.~----sampling
.....
...... -) traverse
...... r-
01( tree
sampled
field ----..
sampling --+--~
area
c . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
9
Figure 3.2 Strategies which may be tlSed when collecting plant samples for analysis.
59
3. Frequently, just one sample is collected for full extension of the previous 12 months' growth
analysis. A small area of crop (0.5-1.0 hectare), and, for interpretative purposes, is directly appli-
judged as representative of the average crop cable to analyses undertaken previously.
condition in the field, is selected. The crop
2. Broad-leaved trees
within it is systematically sampled in the usual
way (Figure 3.2c). Alternatively, a sampling For these species, depending on the size of the
transect can be undertaken across the whole trees, foliage from either one or two of trees may
crop (Figure 3.2d). The last approach is be sampled per plot area. If trees are small and/or
commonly used and is cheaper. less than about 3 years of age, it is preferable to
bulk leaves from 6-10 trees. For large trees, due to
• Variable crop. Separate and more elaborate the time consuming nature of sampling (which is
monitoring transects within small uniform areas of usually done by shooting branches from within
crop should be undertaken in fields or orchards the upper crown), only 1-2 typical trees are
where soil and topographical features are known sampled in stands that are reasonably uniform.
to vary (e.g. loam vs clay loam; red soil vs black soil;
sandy rise vs loamy flats), or where differences in The sampling is undertaken in the middle of
crop growth are obvious. As with diagnostic winter, except in the case of deciduous trees when
sampling, each traverse requires a separate sample sampling is undertaken at the end of summer.
(Figure 3.2e) Leaves are selected from branches which are less
than a year old and positioned in the top third of
• Fmit trees and vines. For most tree crops, it is the tree crown. All recently matured leaves (which
important to sample leaves and/or petioles from all are not insect damaged or 'shot-holed') are
sides of trees. Typical sampling instructions might
collected from the branch, and mixed, and a
be: select a uniform area of orchard (soil, cultivar,
subsample is taken for chemical analysis. The
age) and within this area select 20 trees along anX
developing leaves at the tip of the branch are not
or zig-zag passage through the orchard (Figure
included in the sample. At least 4 good handfuls
3.2t); collect four leaves per tree one from each of
of leaves are required per sample, producing a
the north, south, east and west quarters of the tree.
minimum sample size of 20 mature leaves.
Select leaves from the outside of the canopy.
Specific recommendations are given in detail for If changes in nutrient concentrations with time are
each fruit tree or vine crop later in this manual. to be monitored reliably, it is essential that the
In hedgerow orchards and in vineyards where it is boundaries of each sampling area are recorded
not possible to cross rows easily, U or W type precisely, and preferably pegged for future reference.
traverses through the planting offer a sensible In orchards, sampled trees should be tagged or
compromise (Figure 3.2g). Samples can be taken marked; surveyor's tape is convenient and
at regular intervals (say five paces) alternately sufficiently durable for this purpose.
from both sides along each inter-row space. In recent years, more use has been made of analysing
• Ornamentals. As with the fruit tree crops, the nutrient concentration in plant sap, as a monitoring
sampling and analysis of leaves of shrubs and tool for assessing plant nutrient status.
trees will be most beneficial after the second or Tissues rich in conducting tissue, usually the petiole
third season of sampling. The analytical results, (dicots) or basal stem (monocots), are sampled at a
records of site management and estimates of specific stage of growth and thereafter regularly, say
production can provide a basis for assessing the once per week or fortnight, to allow the trends in
health of the plant. nutrient status to be tracked over time. When the
With annual and herbaceous ornamentals, the standard ranges for the nutrients in healthy, high-
grower has only a short time over which to assess yielding crops are known and the nutrients being
the nutrient status of the plant during its growing monitored fall outside the desired range, fertilizer
season. Unless laboratory turn-around time is fast, programs may be adjusted (i.e changed rates of injec-
any suggested changes to the fertilizer program are tion of N or K through fertigation systems or applica-
unlikely to benefit the current plants. tions of sidedressed fertilizer)
When deficiency symptoms are observed on In any monitoring program the appropriate level of
ornamentals, samples should be taken from sampling intensity can be calculated approximately
affected plants and eqUivalent unaffected plants from the following equation (Steyn 1961; Leece 1972):
for diagnosis of the problem. The nutrient status of n = 2r2d2/D 2
woody shrubs and tree species can be monitored
by taking leaf samples regularly for analysis. where n = the number of plants or trees sampled
• Forest Trees. Standard sampling procedures as d = the average coefficient of variation for a
outlined below are provided in the Field Methods given nutrient
Manual of State Forests of NSW (Anon. 1995). D = the minimum % difference between the
1. Conifers population and sample means which is
significant (P< 0.05)
Foliage sampling is carried out after the onset of
dormancy, usually in late May-June and should be t = the Student's t value for the desired level
completed usually by the end of July. The sample of probability and with the degrees of
collected for chemical analysis must represent the freedom on which d was estimated.
60
In practice, average values for d are' estimated for each (see examples in Figure 3.3). The analysis of whole
nutrient from variability studies conducted at a range shoots is advocated by some commercial services
of sites for a given plant species. Australian studies The relevant parts can be collected from plants in
with tree crops have also shown that n, for a given the field or they can be separated later from whole
crop and location, varies for different nutrients and shoots. This is a matter of convenience but, if labile
for different sampling dates (Leece 1972; Snowdon fractions such as nitrate are to be analysed,
and Waring 1982). Thus, the estimate of sampling immediate separation of plant parts in the field is
intensity (n) is only approximate for any given field or advisable (Knowles et ai. 1989). Furthermore, it is
orchard (with unknown variance) and, for many essential that only clean, correctly identified plant
species, recommendations forn are empirically based, parts are separated and dispatched for analysis.
being derived from wide experience in sampling field
crops. A list of selected publications providing such D.3 Other factors to consider
data is given in Table 3.1.
The following practices should be adopted for all
sampling.
D.2 Sampling appropriate plant parts
• Avoid soiled, diseased, insect- or mechanically-
For many species, tests are available which specify the damaged plants, and exclude senescing and dead
analysis of nutrients in nominated plant parts, such as tissue from the gathered material.
the youngest mature leaf blades or petioles (see
Chapter 1). These plant parts, of known physiological • Avoid plants growing within areas which have
age, may be especially sensitive to variations in unusual features (e.g rocky areas, poorly drained
nutrient supply, and are usually preferred to the anal- or salt affected areas and areas near water troughs,
ysis of whole shoots. Samplers therefore need to gain sheep camps, stock routes, rabbit burrows, crop
experience in locating precisely the defined plant parts edges, headlands, firebreaks and fertilizer depots).
TABLE 3.1 Selected publications dealing with plant sampling methods and sampling intensities.
Plant species Nutrients studied or reported Reference
Apples N, P, K, Ca, Mg Holland et al. (1967)
Avocado N Lahav et al. (1990)
Cereals Cu Gartrell et al. (1979)+
Cocoa N, P, K,Ca, Mg Acquaye (1964)
Euca lyptus deglupta N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B Lamb (1976)+
Eucalyptus spp. N, P, K, Ca, Mg Bell and Ward (1984)
Ginger N Lee et al. (1981)+
Lupin and Wheat P Bolland (1995)+
Peaches N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Ci, Cu, Zn, Mn, B Leece (1972)+
Pineapple, citrus N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn,Fe Steyn (1961 )
Pinus radiata N, P, K, Ca, Mg, AI, Na, Mn, Fe, Ci, total S, Humphreys et a/. (1972)+
sulfate-S
Pinus radiata N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe Snowdon and Waring (1982)+
Pinus radiata N, P, K, Ca, Mg, AI, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, B, Raupach et al. (1972 )
CI, total S
Sugar beet NO), P04 , K, Na Ulrich and Hills (1952, 1973)
Sugar beet General Geng and Hills (1978)
Tropical grasses N Henzell and Oxenham (1973)+
Many species General Chapman (1964)*, Martin-Prevel et al. (1984)*
Many tree crops General Kenworthy (1969)'
Many crops General Jones et al. (1971, 1991)'
Many crops General Jones and Steyn (1973)*
Many crops General Reisenauer (1976)*
Many crops General Cox (1978)
' Review publication; +Australian studies.
61
Cereals: during tillering collect YEB or basal stems.

Deciduous fruits: in mid-summer
collect a leaf from a mid-shoot
position.
Grape vine: at flowering

collect a petiole (leaf stalk)
from a basal node opposite
a bunch.
Pasture legumes: until early

flowering collect the youngest
open leaf blades.
Conifers: Sampling youngest mature foliage (YMF).

Preferred sampling location is first order
lateral branch. Second preference is current
seasonal growth on a second order lateral
branch (as indicated).
Com: from tasselling to pollination

collect leaf blades below and
opposite the cob (BOBC).
Cotton: following first bloom collect the

petiole or leaf blade of the youngest
fully mature leaf.
Figure 3.3 Examples of plant parts to samples in a variety of crops.
62
• Avoid areas of crops and pastures in the • Wash hands before collecting samples or use
immediate vicinity of trees. disposable gloves.
• Do not sample plants that are under water or • Place tissue in labelled paper bags and transport
temperature stress; also avoid waterlogged plants. to the laboratory with a minimum of delay. Do
Sampling should be undertaken when plants are not seal samples in polythene bags (Steyn 1959)
growing vigorously. or grease-proof bags.
• For pasture and forage crops, avoid plants • Avoid storing samples unprotected in crushed ice,
growing in dung and urine patches. which melts and can contaminate the sample or
• Avoid vegetative organs after flowering in non- leach out soluble fractions .
woody determinate species, since many nutrients • Do not allow prolonged storage at ambient
are being redistributed to developing fruits and temperatures or in closed car compartments
grain. during warm weather.
• Minimize contamination. Take particular care • Store samples in refrigerators overnight at soc.
where trace element determinations are sought; Where pOSSible, immediately oven dry in a forced
use clean plastic gloves and stainless steel cutting draught oven at 65°C to minimize respiratory
implements when sampling, and avoid contact losses and plant spoilage.
with soil, copper, and galvanized materials.
• Before packaging, the plant surfaces should be
• Deionized water must be used to wash samples; free of excess moisture. If separating plant parts or
do not use tank water. shoots, the different plant parts should be placed
• Standardize sample collection as much as possible in separate large, labelled paper bags.
during certain periods of the day for elements for • Place samples bags in a cardboard or paper
which the concentration is known to vary container (often provided by the receiving
diurnally (see Allenetal. 1961; Steyn 1961; Minotti laboratory) together with the completed site
and Stankey 1973; Teare etal. 1974; Papastylianou information form, and dispatch immediately by
and Puckridge 1981; Papastylianou 1995). priority mail or air courier to the processing
laboratory. Preferably, the laboratory should
receive the samples within 24 hours of sampling.
E. SAMPLE HANDLING AND PREPARATION Completely dried samples can be sent to the
Each step in sample handling and preparation can laboratory by ordinary mail. Small samples can be
contribute errors which may have a cumulative effect dried in a microwave oven for 10-20 minutes (see
on the final nutrient composition of a plant tissue Section E.3). Drying fresh samples at ambient
sample. As far as pOSSible, standard procedures should temperatures or at temperatures below 400C or
be employed to minimize or prevent such errors. above 80°C is not recommended. At low
temperatures respiratory losses can occur. At high
temperatures volatile losses can occur.
E.I Sample transport
One of the most difficult logistic problems facing
plant analytical services is the preservation of fresh E.2 Sample handling and decontamination
material during transport from remote country areas Upon receiving fresh samples, laboratory staff must
to central processing laboratories. Delays and first decide whether or not adhering contaminants
adverse conditions during shipment of fresh or spray residues need to be removed from plant
samples can cause substantial respiratory losses in surfaces. Sample contamination arises principally
weight (e.g. Steyn 1959) or enhanced enzymatic from dust, rain splashed soil, deposits accumulated
activity (e.g. Bieleski 1964; Handreck 1972), both of from pesticide or nutrient foliar sprays, or from
which produce corresponding errors in nutrient inadvertent contamination during plant sampling
determinations (e.g. Bradfield and Bould 1963; and handling. The worst levels of contamination
Mayland 1968; Leece 1972). The apparent concen- occur commonly in seedling crops and heavily
tration of nutrient fractions may also change (Knowles grazed or sparse pastures (Healy et al. 1974), and in
et al. 1989). Erroneously high nutrient concentrations glasshouse crops (from soil and pesticide residues).
are measured in fresh samples which have Soil contamination is least in the uppermost foliage
decomposed during transport and storage (Lockman of erect terminal shoots.
1970). Such samples should not be analysed.
The effects of surface contamination on plant
Thus delays in transport, sample handling and nutrient concentrations vary with soil type, rainfall,
analysis should be avoided, and steps should be plant type (whether glabrous or pubescent foliage),
taken to minimize sample deterioration and plant age, and management. Whereas soil contamin-
respiratory losses. ation usually has little influence on concentrations
Although no single handling system is likely to be of major nutrients in the plants, it can result in
accepted universally, the following guidelines elevated concentrations of trace elements (see Tables
should be followed: 3.2 and 3.3). Soil deposits of iron, aluminium and
silicon are especially troublesome, since their
• Undertake field sampling early in the week. concentrations in soil are appreciably higher than
63
TABLE 3.2 Effects of washing techni1ues on mean nutrient TABLE 3.3 Effects of two washing techniques on iron and
concentrations in orange eaves (after zinc concentrations in leaves of various glass-
Labanauskas 1966). ' house crops (after Sonneveld and van Diijk
1982 ).
Nutrient Unwashed Detergent Detergent/acid
wash wash Crop Fe (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg)
N(%) 2.53 2.56 2.55 A* B C A* B C
P(%) 0.147 0.146 0.147 Tomato 321 144 80 146 85 96
K(%) 1.07 1.08 1.07 Cucumber 185 151 123 195 125 105
Ca(%) 3.97 3.97 3.96 Sweet 145 160 105 153 153 149
pepper
Mg(%) 0.422 0.407 0.416
Eggplant 143 151 125 40 29 28
Na(%) 0.061 0.066 0.065
Lettuce 178 146 109 95 100 90
CI(%) 0.022 0.028 0.064
·Concentratlons of N03, P, K, S04, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn and B
Cu(mg/kg) 5.6 5.1 5.0 were not affected by either washing treatment.
A,unwashed leaves;
Zn(mg/kg) 723 68 65
B,leaves washed, twice (15 seconds) in deionized water;
Mn(mg/kg) 782 94 92 C,leaves washed in 0.1 % Teepol (15 seconds) and then rinsed in
deionized water.
Fe(mg/kg) 786 61 61
B(mg/kg) 367 368 369 hydrochloric or acetic acid, followed by several brisk
• Each value is expressed on an oven-dried basis. rinses in deionized water. Others involve rapid and
Mean values within each row that are in italic are statistically thorough rinsings in deionized water or removal of
higher than other concentrations In the same rows (P < 0.01). adhering soil with a brush. Brisk agitation dislodges
Detergent wash = hand washed In 0.1 % detergent OoyR), then adhering dust and soil particles and minimizes
rinsed in deionised water. leaching of soluble plant nutrients (e.g. N03, B, Na
Detergent/add wash = washed In 0.1 % detergent, rinsed, then and K). Smith and Storey (1976) have shown that
dipped In 3% Hel for 2 minutes and washed again In delonlsed sample handling can be improved by placing the
water.
foliage to be washed within nylon nets. They and
others also recommend that washing solutions be
renewed frequently.
those normally found in plants. Their analytical
values together with titanium concentrations Whilst all of the above washing processes clearly
(Cherney and Robinson 1982) can be used as an reduce concentrations of some contaminants (e.g. Fe),
indicator of soil or dust contamination (Robinson it is not usually possible to assess how effective the
etai. 1984;Jonesetai. 1991). decontamination has been, or if it has been
excessive for some nutrients. Thus, definitive
Plants requiring iron analysis should certainly be
experiments using tracer techniques are still
washed (Nicholas et al. 1957). Foliage sprayed with
required if acceptable plant washing procedures are
fertilizer solutions or with pesticide formulations
to be developed. Procedures using dilute HCI
containing nutrients should preferably be washed or
rinsings enhance plant chloride determinations
else avoided during sampling. Alternatively, the
(Table 3.2), and some detergents may contain trace
analytical value for that particular nutrient should elements and phosphorus.
be ignored. Normal washing procedures are unlikely
to completely remove external spray deposits, dust Oven-dried samples or partly dead tissues should
or soil (Arkley et ai. 1960). never be washed; nutrients are leached more easily
from dried foliage.
Where pollutants or toxicities are being examined,
washing procedures are inappropriate and may be In view of the possible inadequacies in the existing
unnecessary for the determination of major published washing techniques, we suggest that
elements (e.g. Chapman 1964; Labanauskas 1966; samples with visible soil or dust should be briefly
Leece 1972; Jacques et ai. 1974; Sonneveld and van washed under running deionized water, or passed
Dijk 1982). For fluoride toxicity, leaves must first be rapidly through a series of deionized water volumes
washed to remove external or surface fluoride, since (e.g. 4 x 7litres) which are renewed regularly. Where
residues of foliar sprays are likely to be present, more
only internal fluoride affects leaf physiology
complicated washing procedures can be adopted but
(Mitchell 1986).
they cannot be recommended. In such cases, the
A number of washing procedures have been analytical values for the likely contaminants should
proposed (see selected examples in Table 3.4). Most be assessed with caution, or ignored. Certainly the
comprise brisk, agitated rinsings in either a mild washing procedure used should be stated in the
strength detergent (e.g. 0.1-0.3% Teepol) or dilute analytical report.
64
TABLE 3.4 Selected washing procedures for decontaminating plant samples. (See text for a discussion on the limitations of
washing prior to plant analysis.)
Plant species Recommended washing procedure Nutrients tested Reference
Apple Wipe with damp cheese cloth or agitate in 0.8% N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Taylor (1956)
Al conox* + EDTA (15 seconds); immerse in distilled Mn, Fe, B, Pb
H 20 (15 seconds); rinse under distilled H 20. (For
leaves with spray residue.)
Apple, strawberry, Rinse in 0.1 % Teepol (15 seconds); rinse in distilled Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, B Bradfield and Bould
blackcurrant H 2 O. (1963)
Citrus, pineapple Rinse in 0.1 % Teepol; rinse in distilled H 20; rinse in N, P, K, Ca, Na, Cu, Steyn (1959)
deionised H 2 O. Mn, Fe
Citrus Rinse in 0.1 % detergent; rinse in deionized H 2 O. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Labanauskas (1966)
CI, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, B
Corn Wipe lower leaves with 0.5% Alconox*. P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Baker et al. (1964)
Mn, Fe, B, AI
Corn Rinse in deionized H 2O. Mn, Fe, Si, AI Floyd and Ragland
(1966)
Flax, Soybean Wash in tap water contain ing 1% detergent. Then Mn, Zn, Fe Moraghan (1991).
rinse 4 times with deionized water. Total immersion
time <150 seconds.
Iron bark and grape 0.1 M HCI and 0.02% detergent Fe, F, CI Mitchell (1986)
leaves
Peach Rinse in 0.1 % Na lauryl sulfate; rinse 3 times in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Leece (1972)
deionized H 2O. Zn, Mn, Fe, B
Pecan Rinse in 0.1 % Alconox*; rinse in tap H 20; rinse in P, K, Ca, Mg, CI, Zn, Smith and Storey
1% HCI ; rinse 3 times in deionized H 2 O. Mn, Fe (1976)
Soybean Rinse in distilled H 20 (to remove foliar nutrient N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Boswell (1972)
applied to plants). Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Mo
Sorghum Rinse in deionized H 2 O. Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Jacques et al. (1974)
Fe
Sugar beet, rye, Rinse in 0.3% detergent in 0.1 M HCI; rinse twice in Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mo Arkley et al .. (1960).
tomato distilled H 2 0 ; rinse in redistilled H 20 (30 seconds
each rinse) (to remove foliar nutrients applied to
plants).
Tomato Rinse in 0.3% Teepol (30 seconds); rinse in distilled Fe Nicholas et al. (1957).
H 2 0 (30 seconds).
Tomato, cucumber, Rinse in 0.1 % Teepol (15 seconds); rinse in N03 , P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Sonneveld and van
sweet pepper, deionised H 20 or in 0.1 M HCI (15 seconds); rinse CI, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Dijk (1982)
lettuce, egg-plant in deionized H 2O. AI
Turf grass Rinse in deionized water for 30 seconds. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, McCrimmon (1994)
Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Mo
All crops Rinse in 0.1 % Teepol; rinse 3 times in deionized General Chapman (1964)
H 2O.
All species Preliminary dry wiping (if very dirty). Brief washing General Martin-Prevel et al.
and rubbing with cloth moistened with water (1984).
containing a little detergent or 1% HCI. Brief
vigorous rinsing under tap or via 3 baths of
frequently changed distilled water volumes .
• Trade name-Alconox Chemicals, Jersey City, New Jersey.
65
After washing, the excess water should be drained surfaces to minimize micronutrient contamination
from the sample, which is then placed in a labelled (e.g. Baker et al. 1964). The grinding surfaces must be
paper bag and immediately oven-dried. maintained in good condition. Where iron and
other trace elements are to be determined, agate or
£.3 Sample drying tungsten carbide mills with teflon coated blades
should be used. A special mill for preparing samples
Drying is designed to rapidly deactivate all plant
of small weight has been designed by Graham
enzymes, thereby minimizing respiratory weight
(1972). Where very accurate testing for specific
losses and biochemical changes, and to remove all
nutrients is reqUired, choice of an appropriate mill
water from the tissue; the sample reaches an 'oven-
requires special attention.
dry' state, in which its weight remains unchanged
with renewed drying. As indicated earlier, elevated Segregation can be a significant source of error,
nutrient concentrations can result when samples are particularly with samples which contain both
allowed to respire actively, and thus drying at fibrous and non-fibrous material. These pulverize at
ambient temperature is not recommended. Even so, different rates and may segregate and contain
drying temperature can influence extracted labile markedly different nutrient concentrations (Nelson
nutrients, such as phosphate (Etcheversetal. 1978). and Boodley 1965; Smith et al. 1968; Lockman and
Molloy 1977).
In most laboratories, samples are dried at 65-80"C in
forced-draught, stainless-steel-lined ovens, which Samples should be ground completely to a particle
allow circulation of air between samples. Prolonged size of less than 1 mm, and mixed thoroughly before
drying at temperatures in excess of 80"C can cause a subsample of suitable size is stored for analYSis. If
thermal decomposition (seen as sample scorching) the grinding equipment contains a sieve, any
and appreciable loss of volatile constituents (Simon- material which does not pass through the sieve
Sylvestre 1975; Wetselaar and Farquhar 1980; should be added to the ground sample and
Grundon and Asher 1981). Mayland (1968) has thoroughly mixed before a subsample is taken for
proposed an alternative routine: drying for 90 minutes analysis. Samples should be stored in clearly
at 100°C (to destroy enzymes rapidly), followed by labelled, airtight, glass or polycarbonate containers
further heating at 60°C to achieve an oven-dry state. to prevent samples from being infested with insects
However, the commendable attributes of this during storage. Storage at room temperature is
proposal are unlikely to be adopted by routine normally sufficient, but long term storage of
testing laboratories as oven drying at 65-75°C for reference material requires freezing.
24-48 hours is more manageable.
Clean air is important in drying rooms. Where £.5 Sap analysis
contamination is possible, the air should be filtered Plant sap can also be expressed from fresh material at
and separated from grinding rooms. a laboratory and analysed using instrumentation
(listed earlier), but field sap analysis kits are also
Fast (e.g. 10-20 minutes) and more economic drying available with a range of sophistication from simple
of small plant samples can be achieved in domestic test strips for single nutrients to portable instruments
microwave ovens Oohnson 1978; Koh 1980; Smith capable of testing for several nutrients. These kits are
and Gaines 1980; Batten and Blakeney 1994). Samples best suited for the mobile elements (N, P, K and S).
weighing less than 5 g dry weight can be dried at Several papers describing sap test technology have
moderate power in polycarbonate or polypropylene been published (Schaefer 1986; Lyons and Barnes
open containers where circulation of air around the 1987; Handson . and Sheridan 1992).
sample is not impeded. Charring may result if
samples are dried too rapidly under poor ventilation.
F. LABORATORY ANALYSIS
£.4 Grinding and storage It is not the purpose of this review to describe in
Dried samples are customarily ground to reduce field detail the variety of laboratory procedures for
samples to manageable sizes, and to facilitate the analysing nutrients in plant materials. The following
preparation of homogeneous aliquots for chemical references may be consulted to obtain details of
analysis. However, grinding is not essential for procedures, instrumentation, and limits of detection:
small-sized samples because the whole sample general- Piper (1947), Jones (1981), Martin-Prevel
contained in tissue paper can be readily crushed by etal. (1987), Jones etal. (1991), Handson and Shelley
hand and the total sample weighed for analysis. (1993); atomic absorption-Ramirez-Munoz (1968);
Grinding is not recommended where accurate X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy - Norrish and
analysis for cobalt is required, because mills may Hutton (1977), Hutton and Norrish (1977);
contaminate samples with cobalt (Barry 1984), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry-
finer grinding can improve the extractability of Zarcinas and Cartwright (1983), Munteret al. (1984);
plant nutrient fractions (Knowles et al. 1989). inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry-
During grinding, particular care must be taken to Krushevska et al. (1996); laboratory quality control
ensure that the sample is not contaminated. - You den (1947,1962). The use of near infrared
reflectance spectroscopy for plant nutrient analysis
Mechanical grinding is accomplished using a variety may gain broad support in the future (Barton 1992;
of mills, which must have stainless steel grinding Batten et al. 1990, 1993).
66
With the advent of computer-linked, report- implemented, maintained and audited to ensure that
generating instrumentation (e.g. inductively coupled all reported analytical results are reliable, and are not
plasma, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption biased by time, method, instrument or operator.
spectrometry) improvements in the efficiency and Laboratory staff must be trained in their specific tasks,
speed of quantitative plant analysis have become and retrained when new procedures, instruments or
possible. However, laboratories must monitor computer systems are introduced, or changed.
continually the reliability of their chemical testing.
They must be certain that errors introduced during Success in achieving high standards of analytical
sample preparation and analysis are minimized. accuracy and precision involves the appropriate
Reputable laboratories earn their good reputations, selection and testing of laboratory methods, as well
but proven inaccuracies discredit the services offered as the introduction of quality control in all phases of
generally and are rarely forgotten by clients. the routine testing service. This will be obvious
intuitively to experienced chemists and it is hoped
The analytical techniques used by each laboratory that such selection and control are widely practised
must be proven to be accurate and reproducible. in all Australian laboratories. Nevertheless, the use
Satisfactory quality control measures must be of satisfactory quality control needs emphasising,
TABLE 3.S Results from an interlaboratory quality assurance program conducted among 34 Australian and Papua New Guinean
laboratories in 1994 '
Eucalypt leaves Radiata pine Indian mus- Mixed pasture Oats herbage Wheat grain
needles tard leaves
Element Mean SO Mean SO Mean SO Mean SO Mean SO Mean SO
Nitrogen (% ) 1.24 0.053 1.67 0.075 3.45 0.162 3.94 0.194 1.80 0.109 1.83 0.107
Phosphorus 0.052 0.007 0.125 0.012 0.400 0.047 0.348 0.024 0 .204 0.Q12 0 .297 0.025
(%)
Potassium 0.707 0.051 0 .770 0.064 3.19 0.262 3.40 0.297 1.65 0.111 0.377 0.044
Sulfur (% ) 0.113 0 .011 0.115 0.012 0.502 0.112 0.281 0.022 0.155 0.010 0.135 0.010
Calcium (% ) 0.464 0.070 0.248 0.052 1.717 0.254 0.602 0.062 0.101 0.026 0.032 0.009
Magnesium 0.188 0.022 0.120x 0.Q12 0.254 0.025 0.223 0.032 0.122 0.012 0.123 0.013
(% )
Sodium (%) 0.213 0.022 0.008 0.008 0.303 0.025 0.238 0.022 1.11 0.147 0.008 0.008
Chlorine (% ) 0 .273 0.053 0.110 0.026 0.545 0.072 1.279 0 .079 2.020 0.115 0.058 0.023
Aluminium 56.5 20.8 588.2 44.0 80.0 30.1 5323.0 1573.0 31.0 9.9 5.54 2.99
(mgkg-1)
Copper (mg 5.62 0.90 3.87 1.19 4.48 0.96 11.0 1.18 4.32 0.74 4.74 0.73
kg-1)
Zinc (mg 125.6 10.26 40.9 4.23 24.8 3.76 31.4 3.34 15.0 3.05 14.7 2.71
kg· l )
Manganese 174.3 9.94 312.6 22 .2 50.7 3.84 165.1 15.9 45.1 3.41 37.8 30.9
(mgkg-I )
Iron (mg 58.1 10.19 65.4 11.78 146.2 30.8 5299.8 1630.2 110.2 17.76 34.8 7.91
kg-1)
Boron (mg 19.6 6.52 20.1 3.58 29.9 4.12 16.2 6.82 6.89 3.97 2.93 2.64
kg-l)
Molybdenu 0.168 0.110 0.123 0.135 0.385 0.114 1.02 0.916 0.298 0.175 0.271 0.084
m (mg kg-l)
Cobalt (mg 2.75 0.67 1.47 0.42 2.36 0.72 0.236 0.072 0 .228 0.063 0.180 0.211
kg-I)
• Al l laboratories received homogeneous subsamples of the six plant materials and determined each element by a variety of procedures and
instruments.
The above data have been adjusted to exclude results more than three standard deviations greater than the unadjusted mean value. For
certain determinations, some laboratories provided results more than three standard deviations from the unadjusted mean value.
SD, standard deviation.
67
especially since recent comparative studies of G. CONCLUSION

Australian laboratories have shown significant
variations in chemical determinations on a range of Reliable plant analysis reqUires that the best possible
plant materials (Table 3.5) which suggests that major techniques are used in each phase from sample
improvements are still required. collection to analysis. This chapter has demonstrated
how this can be achieved by being aware of the likely
There are a number of bodies which provide quality
sources of error and taking steps to eliminate or
accreditation to analytical laboratories. Since the
minimize them. Figure 3.4 summarizes the concepts
Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council Inc. and the steps involved. Continued publicity is needed
(ASPAC) was formed in 1990, it has assumed the role to ensure that these procedures are standardized in
of ensuring that appropriate standard samples are Australian plant testing services. Most importantly,
available and that a plant analysis quality assurance the sample collected should match exactly that
program is conducted for the benefit of all specified in the research work from which the test
participating laboratories. Every 2 years, a set of and its associated interpretation criteria were derived.
samples is sent to approximately 40 participating
laboratories. The data are collated and statistical
analyses are conducted by the State Chemistry
Laboratory in Victoria. When completed, participating
laboratories receive a full report and are encouraged
to take action to improve those analyses which are
not within acceptable statistical limits.
The objective of this plant quality assurance
Pattern & intenSity of sampling
program is to improve quality control amongst depend on observed variability
in field and knowledge of crop
analytical services. Improvement in the quality of
services provided to customers is encouraged
amongst members of ASPAC and other laboratories
servicing agriculture.
Dry samples at 6S'C
Ways of improving quality in chemical analysis are (if oven available)
given below.
• Check the purity of reagents by including Store samples in refrigerator
overnight before despatching
'blanks' in routine testing. to laboratory. Aim for the most
• Samples are received and coded at rapid transfer from field to
• Use appropriate methods and take account of the laboratory ~. laboratory
• Washing step if required (dont wash
known interferences. dried samples)
• Oven dry at 6S'C
• Include reference plant materials with each
batch of samples to monitor analytical
performance. • Samples ground in stainless steel
mill (<1mm particle size)
• Regularly check the authenticity of standard • Ground sample mixed thoroughly
and subsampled
solutions used to calibrate instruments, and • Subsample stored in alr·tight. clean
replace them at defined intervals. container
• Exchange samples with other laboratories on a

regular basis, as a means of checking analytical
performance (e.g. by participating in proficiency
programs). Use suitable quality control
measures
• Ensure computer software used during analysis is
appropriate.
• Regularly check the calibration of all laboratory
equipment. REPORT SENT TO CLIENT
• Audit compliance of laboratory practice within
quality assurance programs. Figure 3.4 Suggested flow chart for collecting, handling and
• Use appropriate replicates. analysing plant samples.
• Develop documentation on quality assurance

procedures.
Bulk supplies of Standard Plant secondary reference REFERENCES
material for a number of species are available Acquaye, D.K. (1964) Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in
cocoa nutrition. 1. Sampling procedure and analytical
through ASPAC. International standard materials for methods. J. Sci. Food Agric. 15: 855-863.
a limited number of plants are also available (e.g. Allen, R.S., Worthington, R.E., Gould, N.R., Jacobson, N.L. and
Bowen 1967) and should be used regularly to cross- Freeman, A.E. (1961). Diurnal variation in composition of
check existing standards. Standards may also be alfalfa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 9: 406-408.
Anon. (1995). 'Field Methods Manual.' State Forests of New
prepared and tested for homogeneity in-house. South Wales Technical Paper No. 59. 182 pp.
68
Arkley, T.H., Munns, D.N. and Johnson, e.M. (1960) Conference on Fertilizer Use in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur,
Preparation of plant tissues for micronutrient analysis. 1992'. (Ed. B. Aziz) pp. 220-233 (Malaysian Soc. Soil Sci.:
Removal of dust and spray contamination. J. Agric. Food Kuala Lumpur.)
Chern. 8: 318-32l. Handson, P.D. and Shelley, B.e. (1993) A review of plant
Atkinson, D., Jackson, J.E., Sharples, R.O. and Waller, W.M. analysis in Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 33: 1029-1038.
(Eds) (1980) 'Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees'. (Butterworths: Hannam, R.J., Graham, R.D. and Riggs,].L. (1985) Diagnosis and
London.) prognosis of manganese deficiency in Lupinus angustifolius L.
Baker, D.E., Gorsline, G.W., Smith, e.G., Thomas, W.I., Grube, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 765-777.
W.E. and Ragland,J.L. (1964) Technique for rapid analyses of Healy, W.B., Rankin, P.e. and Watts, H.M. (1974) Effect of soil
corn leaves for eleven elements. Agron. J. 56: 133-136. contamination on the element composition of herbage.
Barry, G.A. (1984) Cobalt concentrations in pasture species N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 17: 59-6l.
grown in several cattle grazing areas of Queensland. Queensl. Henzell, E.F. and Oxenham, D.]. (1973) Variation in leaf
J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 41: 73-8l. nitrogen concentration in two tropical grasses. Commun. Soil
Barton, F.E. (1992) Near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: Sci. Plant Anal. 4: 155-16l.
past, present and future. In 'Proceedings of the Royal Hogan, K.G., Money, D.F.L., White, D.A. and Walker, R. (1971)
Australian Chemical Institute 9th National Convention.' Weight responses of young sheep to copper and connective
Batten, G.D., Blakeney, A.B. and McCaffery, A.e. (1990) Tissue tissue lesions associated with the grazing of pastures of high
test of rice plant (Oryza sativa) nitrogen using near infrared molybdenum content. N.Z. J. Agrie. Res. 14: 687-701.
reflectance. In 'Plant Nutrition-Physiology and Application' Holland, D.A., Little, R.e., Allen, M. and Dermott, W. (1967) Soil
(Ed. M.L. van Beusichem.) pp. 769-772 (Kluwer Academic and leaf sampling in apple orchards. J. Hortie. Sci. 42: 403-
Publishers: Dordrecht.) 417.
Batten, G.D., Blakeney, A.B., McGrath, V.B. and Ciavarella, S. Hosking, W.J., Caple, I.W., Halpin, e.G., Brown, A.J., Paynter,
(1993) In 'Plant Nutrition-from Genetic Engineering to D.I., Conley, D.N. and North-Coombes, P.L. (1986) Trace
Field Practice.' (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 269-272. (Kluwer Elements for Pastures and Animals in Victoria. (Department
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.) of Agriculture and Rural Mfairs: Melbourne.)
Batten, G.D. and Blakeney, A.B. (1994) Using microwave energy Humphreys, F.R., Turner, J. and Watt, A.]. (1972) Annual foliar
to stabilise proteins and carbohydrates in plant samples. In: nutrient level variation in Pinus radiata over a nine year
'Micro-Waves-Their Future with the Food Industry.' period. In 'The Australian Forest-Tree Nutrition Conference'.
Auckland, New Zealand. (Ed. R. Boardman.) pp. 258-270. (Forestry and Timber
Beck, A.B. (1962) The levels of copper, molybdenum and Bureau: Canberra.)
inorganic sulphate in some Western Australian pastures-a Hutton, J.T. and Norrish, K. (1977) Plant analysis by X-ray
contribution to the study of Cu deficiency diseases in spectrometry. 2. Elements of atomic number greater than 20.
ruminants. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 2: 40-45. X-ray Spectrom. 6: 12-17.
Bell, D.T. and Ward, S.e. (1984) Foliar and twig macronutrients Jacques, G.L., Vanderlip, R.L. and Whitney, D.A. (1974)
(N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected species of Eucalyptus used in Nutrient contents of washed and unwashed grain sorghum
rehabilitation: sources of variation. Plant Soil 81: 363-376. plant tissues compared. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 5: 173-
Bieleski, R.L. (1964) The problem of halting enzyme action 182.
when extracting plant tissues. Anal. Biochem. 9: 431-442. Johnson, A.D. (1978) Sample preparation and chemical analysiS
Bolland, M.D.A. (1995) Variation of plant-test phosphorus for of vegetation. In 'Measurement of grassland vegetation and
individual lupin and wheat tops. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant animal production'. (Ed. L. t'Mannetje.) Commonw. Bur.
Anal. 26: 2511-2517. Pastures Field Crops Hurley Berkshire Bull. No. 52, pp. 96-102.
Boswell, F.C. (1972) Soybean leaf analysis of washed versus Jones, J.B. (1981) Analytical techniques for trace element
unwashed samples from boron-manganese studies. determinations in plant tissue. J. Plant Nutr. 3: 77-92.
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 3: 243-252. Jones, J.B., Large, R.L., Pfleiderer, D.B. and Klosky H.S. (1971)
Bowen, H.J.M. (1967). Comparative elemental analyses of a How to properly sample for plant analysis. Crops Soils Mag.
standard plant materiaL Analyst 92: 124-13l. 23: 15-18.
Bradfield, E.G. and Bould, e. (1963) Leaf analyses as a guide to Jones, ].B. and Steyn, W.].A. (1973) Sampling, handling and
the nutrition of fruit crops. III. Preparation and storage of analysing plant tissue samples. In 'Soil Testing and Plant
leaf samples prior to analysis. J. Sci. Food Agric. 14: 729-733. Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Walsh and J.D. Beaton.) pp. 249-270.
Chapman, H.D. (1964) Foliar sampling for determining the (Soil Sci. Soc. Am.: Madison.)
nutrient status of crops. World Crops 16: 35-46. Kenworthy, A.L. (1969) Fruit, nut, and plantation crops
Cherney, J.H. and Robinson, D.L. (1982) A comparison of plant deciduous and evergreen. A guide for collecting foliar
digestion methods for identifying contamination of plant samples for nutrient-element analysis. Hortic. Rep. 11,
tissue by Ti analysis. Agron. J. 75: 145-147. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Clements, H.F.(1961) Crop logging of sugar cane in Hawaii. In Knowles, T.e., Doerge, T.A. and Ottman, M.J. (1989) Plant part
'Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems'. (Ed. W. Reuther.) pp. selection and evaluation of factors affecting analYSis and
131-147. (Am. Instit. BioL Sci.: Washington, D.e.). recovery of nitrate in irrigated wheat tissue. Commun. Soil Sci.
Cox, W.J. (1978) Soil and plant analyses-a guide to fertilizer Plant Anal. 20: 607-622.
usage. J. Agric. West. Aust. (4th series) 19: 5-9. Koh, T-S. (1980) Microwave drying of biological tissues for trace
Etchevers, ].D., Moraghan, J.T. and Chowdhury, I.R. (1978) element determination. Anal. Chem. 52: 1978-1979.
Analysis of sugarbeet petioles for phosphorus. Commun. Soil Krushevska, A., Lasztity, A., Kotrebai, M. and Barnes, R.M.
Sci. Plant Anal. 9: 905-914. (1996) Addition of tertiary amines in the semi quantitative,
Floyd, R.A. and Ragland, J.L. (1966) Soil contamination of field- multi-element inductively coupled plasma mass
grown corn plants. Agron. J. 58: 460-46l. spectrometric analysis of biological materials. J. Anal. At.
Freney, J.R., Spencer K. and Jones, M.B. (1978) The diagnosis of Spectrom. 11: 343-352.
S defiCiency in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29: 727-738. Kubota,]. (1983) Copper status of United States soils and forage
Gartrell, J.W., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, ].F. (1979) A new plants. Agron. J. 75: 913-918.
tissue test for accurate diagnOSiS of copper deficiency in Labanauskas, e.K. (1966) Effect of orange leaf washing
cereals. J. Agric. West. Aust. (4th series) 20: 86-88. techniques on removal of surface contaminants and nutrient
Geng, S. and Hills, F.J. (1978) A procedure for determining losses. Froc. Am. Soe. Hortie. Sci. 89: 201-205.
numbers of experimental and sampling units. Agron. J. 70: Lahav, E., Bar, Y. and Kalmar, D. (1990) Only spring flush leaves
441-444. should be sampled for reliable assessment of nutrients in the
Graham, R. D. (1972) Vacuum attachment for grinding milL avocado. California Avocado Society Yearbook (1990): 159-166.
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 3: 167-173. Lamb, D. (1976) Variations in the foliar concentrations of macro
Grundon, N.]. and Asher, e.J. (1981) Volatile losses of sulphur and micro elements in a fast-growing tropical eucalypt. Plant
from oven drying plant materiaL Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Soil 45: 477-492.
Anal. 12: 1181-1194. Lambert, M.J. and Turner, J. (1988) Interpretation of nutrient
Handreck, K.A. (1972) Sulphur status of plants by sulphate- concentrations in Pinus radiata foliage at Benlanglo State
sulphur: sample handling as a source of misinterpretation. Forest. Plant Soil 108: 237-244.
Plant Soil 37: 203-207. Langlands, J.P., Bowles, J.E., Donald, G.E., Smith, A.J. and Paull,
Handson, P.D. and Sheridan, J. (1992) Rapid sap tests for better D.R. (1981) Copper status of sheep grazing pastures fertilised
fertiliser management. 'Proceedings of the International with sulfur and molybdenum. Aust. J. Agric. Sci. 32: 479-486.
69
Lee, M.T., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1981) Nitrogen Reisenauer, H.M. (1976) Soil and plant-tissue testing in
nutrition of ginger (Zingiber officinale) II. Establishment of a California. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci. Bull. No. 1879.
leaf analysis test. Field Crops Res. 4: 69-81. Robinson, D.L., Hemkes, O.J. and Kemp, A. (1984) Relationships
Leece, D.R. (1972) Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone fruit. 1. among forage aluminium levels, soil contamination on
Errors associated with standard and simplified sampling forages and availability of elements to dairy cows. Neth. J.
procedures. Aust. 1. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 12: 315-322. Agrie. Sci. 32: 73-80.
Lewis, D.C., Grant, I.L. and Maier, N.A. (1993) Factors affecting Robinson, ].B. (1993) Plant sampling: a review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric.
the interpretation and adoption of plant analysis services. 33: 1007-1014.
Aust. 1. Exp. Agric. 33: 1053-1066. Robson, A.D. and Mead, G.R. (1980) Seed cobalt in Lupinus
Lockman, R. B. (1970) Plant sample analyses as affected by angustifolius. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 31: 109-116.
sample decomposition prior to laboratory processing. Russell, J.S. (1963) Nitrogen content of wheat grain as an
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1: 13-19. indication of potential yield response to nitrogen fertilizer.
Lockman, R. B. and Molloy, M.G. (1977) Plant sample Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 3: 319-325.
segregation during grinding. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8: Schaefer, N.L. (1986) Evaluation of a hand held reflectometer for
437-440. rapid quantitative determination of nitrate. Commun. Soil
Lyons, D.]., and Barnes, J.A. (1987) Field diagnostic test for Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 937-951.
nitrate in tomato sap. Agric. and Animal Sci. 44,37-42. Simon-Sylvestre, G. (1975) Effect of drying method on S content
Martin-Prevel, P., Gagnard, J. and Gautier, P. (1984) 'Plant Analysis of plant samples. Sulphur Inst. J. 11: 10-11.
as a Guide to the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and Smith, ].H., Carter, D.L., Brown, M.J. and Douglas, c.L. (1968)
Tropical Crops.' (Lavoisier Publishing Inc.: N.Y.) Differences in chemical composition of plant sample
Mayland, H. F. (1968). Effect of drying methods on losses of fractions resulting from grinding and screening. Agron. 1. 60:
carbon, nitrogen and dry matter from alfalfa. Agron. J. 60: 149-151.
658-659. Smith, M.W. and Gaines, T.P. (1980) Microwave drying of
McCrimmon, ].N. (1994) Comparison of washed and unwashed nursery leaf samples for elemental analysis. Hortic. Sci. 15:
plant tissue samples utilized to monitor the nutrient status of 614.
creeping bentgrass putting greens. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Smith, M.W. and Storey, J. B. (1976) The influence of washing
Anal. 25: 967-988. procedures on surface removal and leaching of certain
Merry, R. H., Reuter, D.]., Tiller, KG. and Young, G.]. (1983) elements from pecan leaflets. Hortie. Sci. 11: 50-52.
Possible contributions of nutritional interactions to copper Snowdon, P. and Waring, H.D. (1982) Between-tree and
defiCiency in ruminants in South Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. between-plot variations of nutrient levels in foliage and their
Anim. Husb. 23: 24-29. implications for field sampling intenSity. Aust. For. Res. 13:
Minotti, P.L. and Stankey, D.L. (1973) Diurnal variation in the 45-56.
nitrate concentration of beets. Hortie. Sci. 8: 33-34. Sonneveld, C. and van Dijk, P.A. (1982) The effectiveness of
Mitchell, R.L. (1986) Evaluation of washing techniques for the some washing procedures on the removal of contaminants
removal of external fluoride from ironbark and grape leaves. from plant tissue samples of glasshouse crops. Commun. Soil
J. Aust. Inst. Agrie. Sci. 52: 99-101. Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 487-496.
Moraghan,].T. (1991) Removal of endogenous iron, manganese, Spencer, K. and Chan, C.W. (1981) Critical phosphorus levels in
and zinc during plant washing. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. sunflower plants. Aust. 1. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 21: 91-97.
22: 323-330. Spencer, K and Freney, ].R. (1980) Assessing the sulfur status of
Moss, R., Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, C.W. (1982) A simple test to field-grown wheat by plant analysis. Agron. J. 72: 469-472.
detect sulfur deficiency in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33: 443- Spencer, K, Jones, M. B. and Freney, ]. R. (1977) DiagnostiC
452. indices for sulphur status for subterranean clover. Aust. 1.
Munter, R.C., Halverson, T.C. and Anderson, R.D. (1984) Agrie. Res. 28: 401-412.
Quality assurance for plant tissue analysis by ICP-AES. Steyn, W.].A. (1959) Leaf analYSis. Errors involved in the
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 1285-1322. preparation phase. 1. Agric. Food Chem. 7: 344-348.
Nelson, P.V. and Boodley, ].W. (1965) An error involved in the Steyn, W.].A. (1961) The errors involved in the sampling of
preparation of plant tissue for analysis. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortie. citrus and pineapple plants for leaf analysis purposes. In
Sci. 86: 712-716. 'Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems'. (Ed. W. Reuther.) pp.
Nicholas, D.J.D., Lloyd-Jones, c.P. and Fisher, D.J. (1957) Some 409-430. (Am. Inst. BioI. Sci: Washington, D.C.)
problems associated with determining iron in plants. Plant Taylor, G.A. (1956) The effectiveness of five cleaning procedures
Soil 8: 367-377. in the preparation of apple leaf samples for analysis. Proc.
Norrish, K and Hutton, J.T. (1977) Plant analysis by X-ray Am. Soc. Hortie. Sci. 67: 5-9.
spectrometry. 1. Low atomic number elements Na-Ca. X-ray Teare, 1. D., Manam, R. and Kanemasu,. E.T. (1974) Diurnal and
Speetrom. 6: 6-11. seasonal trends in nitrate reductase activity in field grown
Papastylianou, 1. and Puckridge, D.W. (1981) Nitrogen sorghum plants. Agron. J. 66: 733-736.
nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. 11. Stem Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1952) Petiole sampling of sugar beet
nitrate as an indicator of nitrogen availability. Aust. 1. Agric. fields in relation to their nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
Res. 32: 713-723. and sodium status. Proc. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technolog. 19: 32-
Papastylianou, 1. (1995) Diurnal variation of nitrate 45.
concentration in cereals grown under rainfed Mediterranean Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.]. (1973) Plant analysis as an aid in
conditions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 1121-1131. fertilizing sugar crops: Part 1. Sugar beets. In 'Soil Testing and
Perring, M.A. (1976) Fruit composition and the production of Plant Analysis'. (Eds M. Walsh and]. B. Beaton.) pp. 271-288.
storage disorders of apples. East Mailing Res. Stn. Annu. Rep. (Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Inc.: Madison, Wisc.)
for 1975, pp. 169-170. Walton, G. H. (1978) The effect ofMn on seed yield and the split
Piper, C.S. (1947) 'Soil and Plant Analysis'. (University of seed disorder of sweet and bitter phenotypes of Lupinus
Adelaide: Adelaide.) angustifolius and L. cosentinii. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29: 1177-
Ramirez-Munoz,]. (1968) 'Atomic-absorption Spectroscopy and 1189.
Analysis by Atomic-absorption Flame Photometry'. (Elsevier: Wetselaar, R. and Farquhar, G.D. (1980) Nitrogen losses from
Amsterdam.) tops of plants. Adv. Agron. 33: 263-302.
Randall, P.]., Spencer, K and Freney, ]. R. (1981) Sulfur and Williams, C.M.]. and Maier, N.A. (1990) Determination of the
nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. 1. Concentrations of nitrogen status of irrigated potato crops. II. A simple on farm
sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain, quick test for nitrate nitrogen in petiole sap. J. Plant Nutr. 13:
in relation to the yield response. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 32: 203- 985-993.
212. Wills, R.B.H., Scott, KJ., Lyford, P.B. and Smale, P.E. (1976)
Raupach, M., Clarke, A.R.P. and de Vries, M.C.P. (1972) An Prediction of bitter pit with calcium content of apple fruit.
investigation of four sites in South Australia on the optimum N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 19: 513-519.
tree position and time of year for foliar sampling of Pinus Youden, W.J. (1947) Technique for testing the accuracy of
radiata for thirteen elements. In 'The Australian Forest-Tree analytical data. Anal. Chern. 19: 946-950.
Nutrition Conference'. (Ed. R. Boardman.) pp. 326-332. Youden, W.]. (1962) Accuracy of analytical procedures. J. Assoc.
(Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra.) Of{. Anal. Chem. 45: 169-173.
Rayment, G.E. (1983) Prediction of response to sulfur by Zarcinas, B.A. and Cartwright, B. (1983) Analysis of soil and
established siratro/grass pastures in south-eastern plant material by inductively coupled plasma optical
Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 23: 280-287. emission spectrometry. CSIRO Div. Soils Tech. Paper No. 45.
70
4. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE MANUAL
NUTRIENTS MAS/MAE/MAT months after sowing, emergence or

transplanting respectively
Criteria for the following nutrients and nutrient Mat mature plant or one ready for harvest.
fractions are described in the accompanying tables: For forest species, this term means tree
nitrogen (N), nitrate-nitrogen (NOrN), phosphorus age >5 years old
(P), phosphate-phosphorus (P04-P), potassium (K), Panicle initiat. panicle initiation
sulphur (S), sulfate-sulphur (S04-S), calcium (Ca), PF pod fill or grain fill
magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (CI), copper PS pod set
(Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe),
Seed I seedling stage. For forest species, this
aluminium (AI), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), term means tree age <1 year old
cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni). Reference is also made
Shoot shooting
to published enzyme assay procedures and to rapid
Stem Elong stem elongation
field testing techniques.
Till tillering
Unless otherwise stated the concentrations are
U unknown
reported on an oven-dry basis as percentages (%)
Var Various
or in units of mg/kg.
Veg Vegetative
ZS Zadok's decimal code for the growth
stages of cereals (Zadok et al. 1974 see
PLANT GROWTH STAGE Table 4.1)
The nutrient concentrations listed in the tables are
related to specific stages of phenological
development (e.g. tillering, flowering) or to plant
age (e.g. 40 days from sowing). In perennial crops, PLANT PART
calendar dates are often used to specify sampling The following abbreviations have been used for
times. Normally,' it would be unwise to use the listed plant parts:
values for interpreting plant analyses at other
growth stages or plant ages. The three stages of A apex
growth defined for forest species (seedling, juvenile Ap LB apical leaf blade
and mature) are illustrated in Figure 4.l.
A+YOL terminal apices plus youngest open leaf blade
The following terms and abbreviations have been used (see below)
to describe plant growth stages. In addition, for some Basal S basal stem (cereals)
spedes, references to published keys of phenological BOBC blade opposite and below the cob
development are included beneath the crop name. BYOL blade of youngest open leaf
Cot cotyledons
3BBE 3rd blade below the ear
Lat lateral
DAC days after cutting
LB leaf blade (excluding sheath or petiole)
DASAL days after salination treatment
LB+P leaf blade and petiole
DOT days of treatment
LP lowest leaf pair
DAS/DAE/DAT days after sowing, emergence, or
LYMCL leaflet of youngest mature compound leaf
transplanting respectively
ML mature leaf
FI flowering
MRWL midrib of wrapper leaf
FS Feeke's scale of growth stages in
cereals (Large 1954, see Figure 4.2). P petiole
GS growth stage pr pair
Head heading PYMB petiole of YMB (see below)
Joint jointing PYML petiole of YML (see below)
Juv juvenile for forest trees (1-5 years) PYOL subtending petiole of VOL (see below)
73
1. Development Stages of Eucalypt Species
E
o
N
~
.8
o
M
SEEDLING JUVENILE MATURE
2. Development Stages of Non-Eucalypt Broad-Leafed Trees

(narrow branch-angle types)
E
o
""'.8"
co
Figure 4.1 Growth stages offorest species.
74
Definition of Terms and Abbreviations Used in the Manual
3. Development Stages of Non-Eucalypt Broad-Leafed Trees

(wide branch-angle type)
E
o
....
N
4. Development Stages of Pinus Species
Figure 4.1 Growth stages of forest species (ctd).
75
RML recently mature leaf RSC solution culture experiment in which

nutrients were replenished periodically
S stem
S survey data from commercial crops
Sap sap
trifoliate leaves Sand sand culture experiment undertaken in
Tis
glasshouse
TVD top visible dewlap (sugarcane)
SC solution culture experiment undertaken in
U unknown glasshouse
WL wrapper leaf Soil soil culture experiment undertaken in
WS whole shoot or 'tops' (i.e. all of the plant parts glasshouse
above ground)
U unknown
YB young leaf blade (i.e. younger than YMB); in
case of a compound or pinnate leaf, B indi-
cates leaflet or pinna tissues
Y blade youngest emerged leaf blade (rice) CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRIENT
YEB youngest (i.e. upper most) emerged leaf blade;
in cereals, this leaf blade has completely CONCENTRATIONS (see Figure 4.3)
emerged with its auricles present
(see Figure 3.3) Deficient
YEB +1 next oldest leaf blade below YEB This is the range of concentrations in the specified
YF young foliage plant part which is associated with visible deficiency
YFEL youngest fully expanded leaf symptoms on the plant and severely reduced growth
YL young leaves and production.
YMB youngest (i.e. upper most) mature leaf blade. In some cases this range has been defined in
Covers terms such as 'recently mature leaf experiments. In others it has been developed from
blade', 'uppermost mature leaf blade' or
analytical data collected during problem diagnosis.
'youngest fully expanded leaf blade'.
YMB +1 next oldest leaf blade below YMB Where values are found in the deficient range,
corrective measures are clearly required.
YMHL youngest mature heart leaf
YML youngest mature leaf
Marginal
YML +1 next oldest mature leaf below YML
YOB youngest open leaf blade
This is the range of concentrations in the specified
plant part which is associated with a reduction in
YOB +1 next oldest open leaf bladebelow YOB
growth or production but within which plants do
VOL youngest open leaf blade in pasture legumes not show visible symptoms of deficiency.
i.e. the three leaflets, excluding subtending
petiole, which have opened fully, but which This classification is essentially the 'low' range used
have yet to reach maximum size (see Figure 3.3) by many authors who work with woody perennials.
YOL+1 next youngest open leaf blade in pasture Changes in fertilizer practice are usually required if
legumes (see Figure 3.3) values in this range are encountered. However, for
some nutrient and crop combinations (e.g. nitrogen
Other abbreviations for plant parts are defined at the in apple and stone fruit), there may be merit in
head of the table in which they appear. operating in this range to obtain best fruit quality.
Critical value (deficiency and toxicity)

How ESTABLISHED The critical concentration for the specified plant
The following abbreviations define how the plant part (sometimes stated with defined variance) is that
test criteria were derived or established. concentration of the single nutrient at which growth
or production is found experimentally (where
D diagnostic records (derived from data bank
of analyses)
all other conditions are optimum) to be at a
predetermined proportion of maximum (e.g. 90%
F field experiment
or 95% maximum yield are values often chosen).
FSC flowing solution culture experiment This value will fall within the marginal range.
Lit Iiterature review
A critical value for toxicity above which growth or
Peat peat culture experiment undertaken in production falls below, say, 80% or 90% maximum
glasshouse
yield, can be similarly defined.
Peat--Ver peat and vermiculite culture experiment
undertaken in glasshouse Critical values are always defined objectively.
Pmix potting mix Plant nutrient status should normally be kept above
Pot pot trials the critical value (deficiency) or below the critical
value (toxicity).
76
Table 4.1. Zadok's decimal code for the growth stages of cereals (adapted from Zadok et al. 1974).
Code Code Code
0 Germination 33 3rd node detectable 66
00 Dry seed 34 4th node detectable 67
01 Start of imbibition 35 5th node detectable 68
03 36 6th node detectable 69 Flowering complete
04 Imbibition complete 37 Flag leaf just visible
05 38 7 Milk development
06 Radicle emerged from seed coat 39 Flag leaf ligule just visible 70
07 Coleoptile emerged from seed coat 71 Seed coat water ripe
08 4 Booting 72
09 Leaf just at coleoptile 40 73 Early milk
41 Flag leaf sheath extending 74
42 75 Medium milk Increase in solids of
liquid endosperm
Seed ling growth 43 Boots just visibly swollen 76
10 First leaf through coleoptile 44 77 Late milk notable when
crushing the
11 First leaf>unfolded 45 Boots swollen 78 seed between
fingers
12 2 leaves unfolded 46 79
13 3 leaves unfolded 47 Flag leaf sheath opening
14 4 leaves unfolded 48 8 Dough development
15 5 leaves unfolded 49 First awn visible 80
16 6 leaves unfolded 81
17 7 leaves unfolded 5 Ear emergence 82
18 8 leaves unfolded 50 83 Early dough
19 9 or more leaves unfolded 51 First spikelet of ear just visible 84
52 85 Soft dough (Finger-nail impression
not held)
Tillering 52 86
20 Main shoot only 53 25% of ear emerged 87 Hard dough (Finger-nail impression
held, head losing chlorophyll)
21 Main shoot and 1 tiller 54 88
22 Main shoot and 2 tillers 55 50% of ear emerged 89
23 Main shoot and 3 tillers 56

24 Main shoot and 4 tillers 57 75% of ear emerged 9 Ripening
25 Main shoot and 5 tillers 58 90

26 Main shoot and 6 tillers 59 Emergence of ear completed 91 Seed coat hard (difficult to divide by
thumb-nail)
27 Main shoot and 7 tillers 92 Seed coat hard (can no longer be

dented by thumb-nail)
28 Main shoot and 8 tillers 6 Flowering 93 Seed coat loosening in daytime
29 Main shoot and 9 or more tillers 60 94 Over-ripe, straw dead and collapsing
61 Beginning of flowering (not easily 95 Seed dormant
detectable in barley)
3 Stem elongation 62 96 Viable seed giving 50% germination
30 Pseudo-stem erection (winter cereals 63 97 Seed not dormant

only)
31 1st node detectable 64 98 Secondary dormancy induced
32 2nd node detectable 65 Flowering half-way 99 Secondary dormancy lost
77
, . . - - - stem extension stages ---~ heading ripening

stages stage
11
10.5
flowering
10.1* (wheat)
10
r---- tillering stages - - - - - - - I

8
last
7 leaf
second just
6 node visible
first visible
5 node of
leaf stem
4 sheaths visible
leaf strongly
.3 sheaths erected
tlliers lengthen
2 formed
tiliering
begins
-~Y~~l~~~~~-M~'!-~~~
* The stages of heading from 10.1 to 10.5 are described in the original paper.
Figure 4.2 Growth stages of cereals defined by Large (1954).
Excessive: may not

show toxicity symptoms
Adequate: defined r -_ _ _~A~ _ _ _~
Deficient: Marginal: experimentally or r \
visible symptoms no symptoms derived from field Toxic: showing
of deficiency observations High symptoms
100%
Nutrient concentration in plant part

* Specified reduction in growth of yield (often 5%, 10% or 20%)
Figure 4.3 Diagrammatic representation illustrating the meaning of terms used to classify the nutrient status of plants.
78
Adequate COUNTRY
Within this range of concentrations in the specified
Abbreviations of the names of countries where
plant part changes in concentration do not increase
criteria were established are as follows:
or decrease growth or production. This classification
is also known as 'intermediate', 'satisfactory', Arg Argentina
'normal' or'sufficient'. It has been defined in various Aust Australia
ways for different crops, viz: Bel Belgium
Bra Brazil
(i) By survey of high production plantings, where Bulg Bulgaria
the concentration range represents a mean with Burun Burundi
defined variance. A range defined this way may CAfRep Central African Republic
be further modified on the basis of experience Can Canada
using information on quality, vigour, etc. ClAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Tropical
(ii) By experimentation, where the range is defined
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
as part of the plateau in the relationship (formerly USSR)
between growth and nutrient concentration Colo Colombia
within the plant (see also High below). Cos R Costa Rica
(iii) By collation of data collected for other purposes Cub Cuba
Cypr Cyprus
(e.g. data banks derived from plant analysis
E Afr East Africa
services).
Eur Europe
It is usually considered that fertilizer practice need Fin Finland
not change if values fall into this classification. Fra France
Gam Gambia
Ger Germany
High
Gre Greece
This classification usually represents the range of
Guy Guyana
concentrations in the specified plant part between Haw Hawaii
the adequate range and the toxic or excessive ranges. Hun Hungary
For some crops, this classification may be defined Ind India
objectively because of its association with a trend Indon Indonesia
towards undesirable quality or vigour. Iran Iran
IRRI International Rice Research Institute
Fertilizer use on crops with values in this range Isr Israel
should be reduced until the nutritional status of jam jamaica
plants lies in the adequate range. jap japan
Ken Kenya
Excessive or Toxic Kor Korea
Leb Lebanon
An excessive concentration of a nutrient in the
Lib Liberia
specified plant part does not lead to reduced growth
Mala Malaysia
or production, but is often associated with severely
Maur Mauritius
reduced quality or excessive vigour.
Mex Mexico
Toxic concentrations of a nutrient in the specified Neth The Netherlands
plant part are usually associated with symptoms of Nig Nigeria
toxicity or reduced growth and production. Niger Niger
Niue Niue
Toxic criteria may be defined either objectively or on Nor Norway
the basis of accumulated experience. In some cases, NZ New Zealand
a critical value equivalent to a specified reduction in Pak Pakistan
growth or production (e.g. to 90% of maximum Phil Philippines
yield) has been defined experimentally. A toxic PNG Papua and New Guinea
range is sometimes defined on the basis of values Pol Poland
found in troubleshooting work. Where values in Port Portugal
this range are encountered, corrective measures PuRi Puerto Rico
should be taken. Rom Romania
Sen Senegal
Where a severe deficiency of one nutrient severely
SiLe Sierra Leone
stunts growth, the concentration of other nutrients
Sing Singapore
may be found to be in the toxic, excessive or high Siov Slovakia
range. In such cases, an induced nutritional SI Solomon Islands
imbalance rather than a real toxicity exists. SAfr South Africa
Correction of the primary deficiency usually brings Spa Spain
the concentration of other nutrients into the Sri L Sri Lanka
adequate or high ranges. Sud Sudan
Swe Sweden
79
Swi Switzerland Yug Yugoslavia

Tai Taiwan Zamb Zambia
Tang Tanganika Zim Zimbabwe
Tanz Tanzania
Thai Thailand
Trin Trinidad REFERENCES (REF)
Tur Turkey
U Unknown
The number in the reference column denotes the
UAR United Arab Republic
reference source from which the criteria were obtained.
UK United Kingdom A list of numbered references is given at the end of
USA United States of America each of the six sets of tables.
Var Various
Ven Venezuela
WAfr West Africa REFERENCES CITED
WSam Western Samoa
Large, E.e. (1954). Growth stages in cereals. Plant Path. 3: 128.
Yug Yugoslavia
Zadok, e.]., Chang, T.T. and Konzak, e.P. (1974) A decimal
Zamb Zambia code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Sci. 14:
Zim Zimbabwe 415-421.
80
5. TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL CROPS
D.]. Reuter, D.G. Edwards and N.S. Wilhelm
INTRODUCTION Calcino, D.V. (1994) 'Australian Sugarcane Nutrition Manual'

(Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations/ Sugar R&D
Plant analysis criteria for annual crops vary widely Corporation) .
with plant age, plant part and experimental Readers will readily observe that the revised table for
conditions. As a result, it is not possible to state for a temperate and tropical crops has expanded
specific crop and nutrient that anyone set of criteria substantially from that compiled in the first edition.
or criterion is necessarily better than another. Thus, Criteria are now available for 46 crops, involving
readers should examine the data assembled in this over 1100 published references. Even so, there are
chapter and select tests which best suit their own considerable gaps in our knowledge for many
situation. important crop species, which need to be addressed
Two sources of information were used to assemble in the future.
the following table for temperate and tropical crops. To help with the practical use of this chapter in the
Firstly, data published in the first edition of this field, we have assembled 'Interpretation Guidelines for
manual has been reassessed: in some cases, previously Diagnosing Nutritional Disorders in Major Crops
unpublished Australian data have been replaced by grown in Australia'. This compilation provides ready
criteria published since 1986. Secondly, a search of access to the more generally useful data available in the
the international literature up until 31 December literature, but we strongly advise that data presented in
1995 was used to augment Australian studies and the main table for each crop and nutrient be consulted
information. As part of this review process, we before these guidelines are used.
acknowledge the following key nutritional texts:
Chapman, H.D. (1966) 'Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils'
(University of California). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Martin-Prevel, P. et al. (1984) 'Plant Analysis as a Guide to the
Nutritional ReqUirements of Temperate and Tropical Crops' Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the
(Lavoisier Publishing). contributions made by several Australian scientists:
Jones, J.B. et al. (1991) 'Plant Analysis Handbook: a practical Mr M. Mason and Dr M.D.A. Bolland (Agriculture,
sampling, preparation, analysis and interpretation guide'
(Micro-Macro Publishing Inc.).
Western Australia); Dr F.P.C. Blamey (Department of
Bergmann, W. (1992) 'Nutritional Disorders of Plants: visual Agriculture, University of Queensland); Dr P.}.
and analytical diagnosis' (Gustav Fischer Verlag]ena); Randall and Mr A. Pinkerton (CSIRO Division of
Grundon, N.]. et al. (1987) 'Nutritional Disorders of Grain Plant Industry, Canberra), Mr J.R. Reghenzani (BSES,
Sorghum' (Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research).
Tully) and Dr Graeme Batten (New South Wales
Blarney, F.P.C. et al. (1987) 'Nutritional Disorders of Sunflower' Agriculture). Our sincere gratitude is especially due
(Department of Agriculture, University of Queensland); to Ms Cecilia Dutkiewicz for her assistance in data
Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.C. (1994) 'Plant Nutrient Disorders searches, for preparing the tables, and for her
4. Pastures and Field Crops' (Inkata Press).
efficiency and dedication.
83
ee
.....
s.~....
:t-
al
~
'"
~.
:t-
=:
:r
rti'
Ammi visnaga ~
Ii!
El'
N(%) 120 DAS L F 3.2 Egypt 431 Predictive for 100% final yield §.
135 2.7
150 2.1
~
120 DAS S F 1.34 Egypt 431 Predictive for 100% final yield ~
135 0.8
150 0.67
120 DAS Shoot F 2.75 Egypt 431 Predictive for 100% final yield
135 1.85
150 1.45
ADZUKJ BEAN (Vigna angularis)
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS st 1.02-1.43 2.55-3.52 Aust 75 Data for 2 cw.

Mat Seed F 3.57-3.65 USA 838 Irrigated; cv. Minoka
Mat 3.90-4.32 Dryland; cv. Minoka
P(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 0.19-0.24 0.56-1.28 Aust 75 Data for 2 cvv.
Mn(mg/kg) 18 DAT YML FSC 260 Aust 33
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichon)
FS = Feeke's scale of cereal growth (see reference 511). ZS =Zadok's scale of cereal growth (see reference 1110).
N(%) ZS 20-25 WS F -6.1 UK 672 Criticals for max. shoot and grain yields.
ZS 25-30 -5.8 Preferred sampling time from late tillering
ZS 38-40 -2.9 to early stem extension (consult reference
ZS 57-59 -1.3 673).
FS 5-6 WS Lit 2.5-5.0 Ger 82 Winter barley
FS 7-8 2.0-2.4
FS 5-6 WS Lit 2.8-5.0 Ger 82 Summer barley
FS 7-8 2.0-4.0
FS 6 WS F <3.1 3.1-3.4 3.5-4.0 >4.0 Ger 428 Winter barley
FS10.1 WS Lit <1.25 1.25-1.74 1.75-3.0 >3.0 USA 216 457 Guidelines for winter barley.
FS10.1 WS Lit <1.5 1.5-1.99 2.0-3.0 >3.0 USA 216457 Guidelines for spring barley.
1044
FI WS F 1.58 Aust 989 Reviewer suggests criteria is closer to
2%N.
Various WS F N concentrations in N deficient and N adequate plants were monitored from 3 leaf stage to maturity. UK 526
N in shoot tissue water was not responsive to variations in N supply.
Till (56-63 YMB F 4.3 Cyp 701 Critical estimated at 90% max. shoot yield.
DAE)
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <3.4 3.4 3.5-5.4 5.5-6.5 >6.5 Aust 1053
FI 1st + 2nd Lit 2.6 Fra 547
blades below
flag leaf
Till Leaves F <3.9 4.0-4.6 4.7-5.1 >5.1 CIS 335 Deficient <70% max. yield. Marginal 70-
Shoot <3.6 3.7-4.4 4.5-4.7 >4.7 100% max. yield.
FI <2.6 2.7-2.8 2.9-3.5 >3.5
NOrN Early Till Basal S F <7000 12900-15300 Aust 707
(mg/kg)
Till Basal S F Cultivar differences in basal stem NOrN conc. are unlikely to influence interpretation criteria. Cypr 702
3 leaf stage Basal S F <4000 6000-8000 >8000 USA 955 Criticals at max. grain yield for irrigated
4 leaf stage -5000 barley. Growth stage is number of blades
6 leaf stage -3000 visible on main culm.
8 leaf stage -1000
Till (56-63 Basal S F 1000 Cyp 701 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Test is
DAE) more sensitive than determining N on
YMB.
ZS 13.7/21 Basal S F 14990±950 Aust 247 Critical for near max. shoot yield. Critical
for max. grain yield = 13050±1220.
ZS 14.6/2+ Basal S F 14790±1070 Aust 247 Critical for near max. shoot yield. Critical
for max. grain yield = 1521 0±840'.
Veg Basal S F In situ sap nitrate test developed for assessing the N status of barley. NZ 441 ~
1089
Ger 1091 I iQl
~
II>
::s
Q"
;t
..g
[
Q
QQ
t.n
..g
'"
QQ
a- ~
III
....
::J
~
ill
-;-
<Ii
~.
~
::J
5"
;-
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichon) (ctd) -a~
ill'
P(%) FS 2-3 (42 WS F 0.41 Aust 822 Criticals at 90% max. yield 5-
::J
DAS)
FS 3 (56 DAS) 0.4 ~
-
::J
FS 5 (70DAS) 0.31
~
ZS 13.5/21 WS F 0.59-0.69 Aust 724 Critical ranges derived from 4 experiments
ZS 14.5/2+ 0.48-0.58 and cover the 95% confidence limits for
ZS 15.5/2+ 0.38-0.48 90% max. shoot yield.
ZS 16.5/2+ 0.28-0.38
FS 7-8 0.28-0.5
FS 7-8 0.3-0.5
FS10.l WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.19 0.2-0.5 >0.5 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
1044
FI WS F <0.15 0.2-0.3 UK 527
ZS 13.5/21 YEB F 0.52-0.62 Aust 724 Critical ranges derived from 4 experiments
ZS 14.5/2+ 0.43-0.53 and cover the 95% confidence limits for
ZS 15,5/2+ 0.33-0.43 90% max. shoot yield.
ZS 16.6/2+ 0.24-0.34
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.24 0.24-0.29 0.3-0.5 0.6-0.7 >0.7 Aust 1053
Shoot <0.37 0.38-0.41 0.42-0.48 >0.48 100% max. yield.
FI <0.27 0.28-0.3 0.31-0.42 >0.42
Till (50 DAS) Fully F <0.17 0.21-0.25 0.26-0.27 Ind 221
developed
green LB
FI lst+2nd Lit 0.3-0.35 Fra 547
blades below
flag leaf
Pre-Head Upper leaves F,S 0.2-0.4 USA 456
Mat Grain F 0.19-0.26 Aust 724 Critical range at 90% max. grain yield. For
the same 7 experiments critical range was
0.22-0.32 %P at max. grain yield.
Grain Soil Early seedling vigour enhanced by planting seed of high P content Can 1113
Booting WS F 0.Q75 UK 527 P concentrations measured in tissue
water. This test appears to be independent
of plant N and soil moisture status.
P04-P FS 6-7 (YMB &YMB Soil 128 Fin 861 P concentration expressed on fresh weight
(mg/kg) +1) basis. Critical estimated at 95% max. grain
yield.
FS 6-7 (YMB &YMB F 95 Fin 861 P concentration expressed on fresh weight
+1) basis. Critical estimated at 95% max. grain
yield.
K(%) Till WS F 3.8-6.2 UK 525
Till WS F 0.68-0.88 UK 525 Data are for K concentrations in tissue
water.
FS 7-8 3.2-4.5
FS 7-8 2.5-4.5
60-140 DAS WS F 0.2-0.27 0.78 UK 524 Data are for K concentrations in tissue
water.
FS10.l WS Lit <1.25 1.25-1.49 1.5-3.0 >3.0 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
1044
Shoot <3.0 3.1-3.4 3.5-4.1 >4.1 100% max. yield.
FI <2.0 2.1-2.2 2.3-2.8 >2.8
FI 1st + 2nd Lit 0.24-0.26 Fra 547
blades below
flag leaf
S(%) U (May) WS F 0.14 UK 894 S04-S!total Sand N!S ratios for S deficient
winter barley plants were 9.1 and 14.6
respectively. ;;t
U (june) WS F 0.13 UK 894 S04-S!total Sand N!S ratios for S deficient
.g
<'D
winter barley plants were 8.2% and 11.9 Ql
respectively.
<ti'
FS10.l WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.4 >0.4 USA 216 Guideline ranges. ~

457 :;l
1044 ~
[
Q
ee
...... ~
'"
OQ
OQ ~
~
a
).
&:
~
).
::
S"
rt
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distich on) (ctd) .:a
~
so
5(%) (ctd) Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.15 0.15-0.4 >0.4 Aust 1053 §~
~
Mat Grain F 0.11 0.13 UK 894 N/5 ratio for 5 deficient winter barley was
14.8.
N/5 FI W5 Soil 25 17 Can 39 ~
Mat Grain F 14.2 12.1 UK 893 Two levels of 5 applied.
Ca(%) 28 DAE WS SC 0.4-0.7 >1.04 Can 341
FS 7-8 0.25-1.0
FS5-6 WS Lit 0.5-1.0 Ger 82 Summer barley
FS 7-8 0.45-1.0
FS 8-10.5 WS Soil 0.34 Can 446 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Criteria
for Ca/cation ratio =0.09 at 90% max.
shoot yield.
FS10.l WS Lit <0.3 0.3-1.2 >1.2 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,5 <0.18 0.21-0.4 0.6-0.7 Aust 1053
21-28DAS Leaves RSC, Soil 0.12-0.18 0.25-0.55 Can 173
31 DAS Unemerged RSC 0.2 0.71 Can 244 Deficiency value for salinity-induced Ca
blade deficiency.
90-122 DAS Various F Salinity markedly reduced Ca cone. in shoots and plant parts USA 551
FI 1st + 2nd F Values <1 .2% Ca are associated with poor Ca nutrition and high K status Fra 547
blades below
flag leaf
Mg(%) 28 DAE WS SC 0.16-0.36 >0.6 Can 341
FS 7-8 0.12-0.25
FS5-6 W5 Lit 0.15-0.3 Ger 82 Summer barley
FS 7-8 0.12-0.3
FS10.1 WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.5 >0.5 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.11 0.11-0.12 0.13-0.3 Aust 1053
FI lst+ 2nd Lit <0.1 0.1-0.15 >0.15 Fra 547
blades below
flag leaf
Na(%) Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.5 0.6-0.7 >0.8 Aust 1053
22-38 DAS Expanding RSC No correlation existed between leaf growth rate and Na cone. in leaf blades. Aust 637
blades
Cl4%) Boot to WS F CI cone. in WS did not reliably predict positive yield responses to applied CI. Can 619
heading
23 DAS YMB RSC 0.22 0.45-1.02 USA 128 Toxic ranges markedly reduced plant yield.
23 DAS Sheath YMB 0.28 0.65-1.47 Data expressed on a fresh weight basis.
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <2.0 2.0-2.8 >3.0 Aust 1053
22-38 DAS Expanding RSC No correlation existed between leaf growth rate and CI cone. in leaf blades. Aust 637
blades
Cutrng/kg) Onset Till WS F 4.8 Ger 988 Related to grain yield.
Panicle init. 3.5
Onset Till (5 WS Sand 20 UK 225 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield
leaf stage)
Onset Till (5 WS Sand 11 14-25 UK 477 Critical range at 90% max. shoot yield
leaf stage)
ZS 25-39 WS F 2.9-3.1 2.8-3.5 Can 726 Cu cone. in either YEB or WS did not
adequately distinguish the Cu status of
plants.
FS 5-6 WS Lit 6-12 Ger 82 Winter and summer barley
FS 7-8 5-10
Early heading WS Soil 1.1-2.2 2.3-3.7 3.8-6.8 Can 596 Lower Cu cone, in marginal range at 85%
max. shoot yield.
FS 10 WS Soil <2.3 4.8-6.8 Can 362 H. distichon
FS10.l WS Lit <5 5-25 >25 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
~
~til
OnsetTili to FS YEB Soil 0.9 1.2 1.3 2.8 Aust 937
10
iil
iti"
III
ZS 25-39 YEB F 3.2-4.9 5.3-6.7 C?- 726 Cu cone, in either YEB or WS did not
adequately distinguish the Cu status of ~
;'
plants.
~
~.
e:..
Q
<Xl
I.C
~
'"
1.0
Q :2
~
...
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::
5'
/b'
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichon) (ctd) -a
iil
ill'
Cu (mg/kg) Mid to late Till YMB F,S 2-4 5-50 Aust 1053 g.
(ctd) ::
Mid-Till Young LB Soil
Mat Grain F
1.0
2.0
Aust
UK
649
168
[
Mat Grain Soil 2-8 Aust
~
0.9 1.2 937
Mat Grain Soil 0.5-1.5 1.3-10.2 Fin 452
Zn(mg/kg) 7-17DAS WS RSC 25 USA 667 Critical at max. shoot yield.
33 DAS WS Soil 540 USA 108 Critical at 80% max. yield
45 DAS WS F 25-30 30-39 Ind 992 Three levels of Zn applied.
Onset Till (5 WS Sand 290 UK 225 Critical at 90% max. yield.
leaf stage)
Onset Till (5 WS Sand 60 120-520 UK 224 Toxic range at 90% max. yield
leaf stage)
FS 7-8 15-60
Pre-heading WS F 16-40 Can 357 Ranges found in crops which did not
(ZS45) respond to appl ied Zn.
FS10.l WS Lit <15 15-70 >70 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
FS 10.1 WS F,S <5 5-24 25-100 >100 USA 1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <14 14 15-70 Aust 1053
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S 20-70 USA 456
Mat Grain F 8.3-25.3 6.3-7.9 8.7-31.4 Aust 338 Ranges fou nd for 9 cvv. grown at two Zn
deficient sites.
Mat Grain F 19-40 Can 357 Rangesfound in crops which did not
respond to applied Zn.
Mat Grain F 15-16 17-20 Ind 992 Three levels of Zn applied.
Mat Grain F 15-18 16-21 Ind 974 Very marginal response to applied Zn.
Mn(mg/kg) 22 DAS WS Soil 12-13 Aust 579 Cone. associated with depressed growth in
2 cvv.
30 DAS WS Soil 12.4 Aust 378 Critical at near max. shoot yield. Ref. 544
recommends sampling YEB for Mn
diagnosis.
Young plants WS S 140 Ger 1117 Critical for spring barley grown on acidic
soils pH<4.7.
Young plants WS S 150 Ger 1117 Critical for winter barley grown on acidic
soils pH<4.7.
Onset Till WS F <13 13-17 >17 Aust 821
(40 DAS)
2-3 tillers <13 13-16 >17
(53 DAS)
45 DAS WS Soil 13-21 18.6 24-50 Ind 51 Critical estimated at - 85% max. shoot
yield.
FS 7-8 25-100
73 DAS WS Soil 8 Aust 1074
FS10 WS Soil <140 >190 Can 353 H. distichon
363
FS10.l WS Lit <5 5-24 25-100 >100 USA 216 Guideline ranges
457
1044
Onset Till YEB F <12 12-15 >15 Aust 821
(40 DAS)
2-3 tillers <12 12-15 >15
(53 DAS)
FS 5 (81 DAS) <12
30 DAS YEB Soil 11.6 Aust 378 Critical estimated at near max. shoot yield.
Ref. 544 recommends sampling YEB for
Mn diagnosis.
30 DAS YEB Soil 14.0 Aust 378 Critical estimated using chlorophyll a
fluorescence.
Early Till (49 YEB F 11.0 Aust 378 Critical at near max. shoot yield.
DAS)
Early Till (49 YEB F 13.7 Aust 378 Critical estimated using chlorophyll a
DAS) fluorescence. ;;;t
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <12 12-24 25-300 400-600 700 Aust 1053 ~
~
3 weeks before YMB RSC 15 Can 60 ill

FI
iil'
III
::l
FI 4 uppermost RSC <20 >160 Can 60 Cl..
mature LB ;l
.g
[
Q
...
<.0 ~
'"
<.D
N ~
...~
).
~
~
III
~.
).
::
::
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichon) (ctd) -atti'~
Er
Mn(mg/kg)
(ctd)
Plants 10-
20 cm high
Uppermost
40% shoot
F 11 USA 565 Critical at 93% max. grain yield.
~
Mat Grain F 9-10 Aust 1112 Critical range at 90% max. grain yield. ~
Grain F, Soil Sowing grain of high Mn content (0.7-1.2 Ilg Mn/seed) produced higher yields than sowing grain Aust 545 ~
with lower contents (0.08-0.26 ug Mn/seed)
Fe(mglkg) ZS45 WS F 35-59 Can 358 Ranges found in crops which did not
respond to applied Fe.
FS10.1 WS F 50-150 USA 1044
11 DAT YL RSC <34 47-82 USA 70 Based on plant score for chlorosis.
Mat Grain F 19-29 Can 358 Rangesfound in crops which did not
respond to applied Fe.
B(mg/kg) 21-45 DAS WS RSC Genotypic variations in B uptake and B cone. in WS were observed over a range of applied B levels Aust 645
and root temperatures.
35 DAS WS SC 130-1073 Aust 641 Associated with reduced shoot growth in
different genotypes. Range associated with
symptoms was 65-1073 mg B /kg.
Onset Till (5 WS Sand 80 UK 225 Critical at 90% max. yield

leaf stage)
FS 7-8 5-10
FS7-8 WS Soil 113-135 Ger 497 Critical at 10% reduced grain yield.
5 leaf stage WS Sand 150 Aust 836 Criticals at 10% reduced shoot yield.
Booting 70
Mat 50
5 leaf stage WS Sand -40 Aust 836 Criticals at 10% reduced grain yield.
Booting -50
Mat 50
FS4-10.5 WS S 8-36 56-323 Aust 175 Toxic range associated with toxicity
symptoms sampled at different stagesof
growth.
FS 7-8 WS Soil >80 125 Ger 497 Critical at 90% max. grain yield. Onset of
toxicity symptoms at 27 mg B/kg.
Boot WS F 10-15 >20 >40 Aust 174 Toxic cone. are related to symptoms and
depend on cultivar, soil type and seasonal
conditions.
Boot WS Soil 70 Aust 831 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
50 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
FS10 WS Soil 1.9-3.5 <5 6-10 >16 Can 352 H. distichon
FS 10 WS F >13? Can 354 H. distichon
FS10.1 WS F 5-10 USA 1044
Mat WS and Grain Sand Analysis of B in WS or grain at maturity is not recommended for reliably diagnosing yield reductions Aust 833
due to B toxicity.
Lit Substantial difficulties in defining reliable criteria for B toxicity in shoots and blades of cereals are Aust 646
reviewed.
35 DAS YEB SC 112-710 Aust 641 Associated with reduced shoot growth in
toxicity symptoms was 68-71 Omg B /kg.
5 leaf stage- YEB Sand 110 Aust 545 Critical at 10% reduced shoot yield. B
Booting cone. are higher in older leaf blades. YEB
sampling is recommended.
5 leaf stage YEB Sand -40 Aust 545 Criticals at 10% reduced grain yield.
Booting -100
Boot YEB Soil 110 Aust 831 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
FS 7-8 YEB Soil 120 Ger 497 Criticals at 90% max. grain yield. Onset
YEB+l 228 toxicity symptoms at >60 mgB/kg.
YEB+2 308
21-35 DAS Various RSC Pattern of toxic B accumulation in leaves of four cvv. closely reflected leaf size and within any blade Aust 642
was markedly higher at the blade tip.
Early spike Blade below Y Sand 768 USA 93
emergence blade
28 DAS YMB RSC 155 Aust 186 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield for cv.
Schooner.
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <2 2-4 5-10 11-20 30-100 Aust 1053 ;;;t
FS7-8 YMB Soil 102-136 Ger 497 Critical at 10% reduced grain yield
.g
tl)
62-76 Critical associated with toxicity symptoms. ill

Ii
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S 3-20 USA 456 III
::
Q"
::;l
~
[
Q
~
w ~
'"
IJ:I
:2
"'" ~
...
r
..;-
!Ii
~.
~
=-
;-
BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichon) (ctd) ~
~
£
Bung/kg) 4-5 leaf stage Leaves F <3 Fin 909 Deficiency ranges associated with sterile a"
:=
(ctd) Ear formation 2-6 6-20 >25 florets and responses to applied B.
(heading)
Mat Straw Soil 5-8 14-21 >45 Can 352 H. distichon [
Mat Grain F >3 Aust 174 Cone. at 17% yield loss.
Mat Grain Sand 3 Aust 545 Critical at 10% reduced grain yield.
Mat Grain F 2-3 Fin 909 Deficiency range associated with sterile
florets and responses to appl ied B.
Mo(mg/kg) Onset Till (5 WS Sand 135 UK 225 Critical at 90% max. yield.
leaf stage)
FS 5-6 WS Lit 0.1-0.3 Ger 82 Winter and summer barley
FS 10 WS Soil 0.11-0.18 Can 352 H. distichon
FS10.1 WS F 0.3-5.0 USA 1044
FSlO.1 WS Lit <0.11 0.11-0.18 >0.18 USA 457
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.05 0.05-0.09 0.1-0.5 0.6-0.7 Aust 1053
Mat Grain Soil 1.2-1.9 Can 361
Mat Straw 0.6-1.9
Ni(mglkg) 39 DAS WS RSC 0.1 USA 156 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
Shoots and RSC Effects of Ni deficiency on the chemical composition of WS and grain are described. USA 155
Grain
Grain RSC 0.09±0.01 USA 154 Critical at 85% max. grain germination.
BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo)
N(%) 15 DAS WE Soil 2.5 4.0 Aust 463 N deficient plants grown from low Mo
18 DAS 2.6 4.9 seed.
Rl YMB F 3.8 Thai 79 cv. Uthong 2; crit. conc. corresponds to
seed yield 1500kg/ha.
Mat Seed F 3.3 3.6-3.8 Ind 231
P(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 0.64-0.70 2.43-2.82 Aust 75 cv. Regur
56 DAS WS Soil 0.20 0.39 0.56-0.8 Iran 59
Rl YMB F 0.30 Thai 79 cv. Uthong 2; crit. cone. corresponds to
seed yield 1500kg/ha.
Seedl (11 DAS) All LB Soil 0.18-0.56 Aust 668
Seedl-Mid FI 0.09-0.14 0.15-0.35 0.49-0.77
(19-37 DAS)
36 DAS All P Soil 0.04 0.2 0.49 Aust 668
50 DAS 0.28 0.38 0.58
64 DAS 0.28 0.3 0.65
Mat Seed F 0.2-0.24 0.27 Ind 231
P(~mol/g 16 DAT WS FSC 26 Aust 279 cv. Regur; corresponds to critical soln
FW) cone. of 2.0 mM.
K(%) Rl YMB F 1.0 Thai 79 cv, Uthong 2; crit. cone. corresponds to
seed yield 1500kglha.
S(%) Rl YMB F 0.2 Thai 79 cv. Uthong 2; crit. cone. corresponds to
Cu(mglkg) R2 YMB F 4 Thai 79 cv. Uthong 2; crit. cone. corresponds to
45 DAS Leaves Soil 18-60 67 78-97 Ind 467 cv. ADT4
Zn(mglkg) 15 DAS Green LB F >28 Ind 240 Data for 3 cw.
30 DAS 16-21 >21
45 DAS 14-15 >18
45 DAS Leaves Soil 46-134 144 157-176 Ind 467 cv. ADT4
78-125
30 DAS (Veg) Leaves Soil 67 71 126 144-163 Ind 468
83-113
45 DAS 45 64 134 158-175
89-177
65 DAS (Mat) 54 66 141 142-185
Mat Seed F 25 26 31-33 Ind 914 cv. T9
Mat Straw 17 20 25-27 cv. T9
Mn(mglkg) 25-33 DAT WS SC 345-579 Aust 75 cv. Regur
~
18 DAT YML FSC 300 Aust 33 cv. Regur; N03-N in nutrient soln.
~tll
22 DAT YML SC 277 Aust 33 cv. Regur; Nz-fixing plants. ~
B(mglkg) Onset FI YMB F >20 Colo 418 V. radiata
til'
~
;t
.g
~
-
~r
!;l
.g
\11
'"
lJ:I
a- ~
::I
.....
~
e
-;-
<IS
~.
~
::I
:;-
;-
BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
B(mglkg) R3 YMB F 25 Thai 79 cv. Uthong 2; crit. cone. at 90% max. seed I g.
::I
(ctd) R5-6 20 yield.
Early 45 ~
III
vegetative ::I
V2 Expanding LB SC, F 15 Aust/ 79 Crit. cone. at 90% max.imal LB elongation

, ~
V5 14-17 Thai rate.
R3 15
17-19 DAS Second SC 15 Thai 666 U nShaded} Crit. cone. associated with 10%
trifoliate LB 10 Shaded depression in LB elongation rate.
40 DAS VOL F 31 Thai 820 cv. Regur
40 DAS YML F 40 Thai 820 cv. Regur
Mat Seed F 7.7-9.0 10 14 Thai 817 70-42% abnormal seedlings produced in
low B soil.
Mat Seed F 3-7 9 Thai 818 cv. Regur
Mat Seed Soil 6 Aust 77 cv. Regur; critical for viability of imbibed
seeds and production of normal seedlings.
Mo(mglkg) 9 DAS WS Soil 0.014 1.72 Aust 463
15 DAS 0.021 1.22
Rl-2 YMB 0.05 Aust 79 Crit. conc. at 90% max. seed yield.
Rl-2 YMB 0.035 Aust 79
R5-6 0.025-0.030
28 DAS (FI) YML +lb Soil 0.022 Aust 461 cv. Regur
44 DAS (Early 0.022
PS)
53 DAS (Early YML+lb Soil 0.024 Aust 461 cv, Regur; critical at 90% max. seed yield.
PS)
28 DAS (FI) Nodules Soil 9.6 Aust 461 cv. Regur
44 DAS (Early 3.4
PS)
Rl-2 Nodules 7.0 Aust 79
R5-6 2.5-3.0
28 DAS YMB-l Soil 0.004-0.018 0.041 0.188-0.754 4.79 Aust 462 cv. Regur
28 DAS YMB 0.006-0.016 0.034 0.259-0.513 4.53
28 DAS YMB+l 0.003-0.006 0.011 0.034-0.159 3.12
44 DAS (early YMB-l 0.011-0.014 0.019 0.022 0.23-0.156 1.05
PF)
44 DAS (early YMB 0.003-0.011 0.016 0.019 0.020-0.195 1.03
PF)
44 DAS (early YMB+l 0.003-0.007 0.009 0.019 0.026-0.120 1.24
PF)
28 DAS Nodules Soil 1.92-4.08 6.36 9.98-22.0 26.3 Aust 462 cv. Regur
44 DAS (early 0.89-1.52 2.14 2.70 2.69-6.40 7.34
PF)
Cd(mglkg) 45 DAS Leaves Soil 2.7 7.0-26 Ind 467 cv, ADT4
BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum)
IP(%) 28 DAS WS FSC <0.4 > 1.2 Ger 22 I
CANOLA, RAPESEED (Brassica napus, B. campestris)
Growth of these species is described in reference 381. 1,2,3RML = upper three most recently mature leaf blades.
N(%) 28 DAS WS SC 2.1 Can 572 N(%) not reliable in soil expts; Negative
effect of NH4-N on growth.
4-5 leaf WS F 6.2 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. shoot DW
5-6 leaf 5.9-6.0 NOrN in PYML best diagnostic test before
6-8 leaf 5.4 stem elongation.
Buds visible 3.9-4.8
Early stem 4.8
elong
Stem elong 4.2
FI 2.7-2.8
4-5 leaf WS F 6.3 Aust 399 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
5-6 leaf 5.8-6.0 ;:;t
6-8 leaf
Buds visible
5.5
3.8-4.9
.g
~
j;J
Early stem 4.9
'b'
elong III
::I
Stem elong 4.2 e,
FI 2.7-2.9 :;t
74 DAS WS F <1.4 2.2 NZ 1030
.g
~
Q-
~r
.g
'l
'"
<.0
QIl ~
~
....
).
al
~
lIS
~.
).
::l
S'
;-
CANOLA, RAPESEED (Brassica napus, B. campestris) (ctd) -a
i1
ill'
N(%) (ctd) Autumn WS 3.5-4.5 Var 413 §.
FI WS F <1.55 UK 845 Diagnostic for max. shoot DW
<1.4 Predictive for max. seed yield ~
<1.4 Predictive for max. oil yield
~
Mat WS 1.5-1.9 Var 413
4-5 leaf YMB F 7.2 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. shoot DW
5-6 leaf 6.8-6.9 N03-N in PYML best diagnostic test before
6-8 leaf 5.8 stem elongation
Early stem 5.8
elong
Stem elong 5.5
FI 5.2
4-5 leaf YMB F 7.3 Aust 399 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
5-6 leaf 6.7-6.8
6-8 leaf 5.9
Early stem 5.9
elong
Stem elong 5.6
FI 4.7-5.3
Rosette YMB F 6.9 Aust 401 Diagnostic for shoot yield cone. on DW
Buds visible 5.7 basis
Critical levels halved by late seeding
Rosette YMB F 7.1 Aust 401 Predictive for seed yield on FW basis
Buds visible 5.9 Critical levels halved by late seeding
8 MAS (Pre FI) YML F <3.8 UK 88 Predictive for seed yield and seed protein
and glucosinolate percentage
Early FI YML Lit 4.0-5.5 Ger 82
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.8-2.7 2.8-3.2 3.5-5.5 5.6-6.5 Aust 1053
U YML Lit 2 4 Var 374
4-5 leaf PYMl F 4.5 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. shoot DW
5-6 leaf 4.2-4.5 NOTN in PYMl best diagnostic test before
6-8 leaf 2.8 stem elongation.
Early stem 2.8
elong
Stem elong 2.5
FI 1.7-2.1
4-5 leaf PYMl F 4.6 Aust 399 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
5-6 leaf 4.2
6-8 leaf 2.9
Early stem 2.9
elong
Stem elong 2.5
FI 1.7-2.2
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RMl D 3.2 3.3-6.4 Aust 1051
Veg Ml lit 3-4 Ger 82
N03-N 4-5 leaf PYMl F 1620 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. shoot DW
(mg/kg) 5-6 leaf 1550-1620 NOTN cones on FW basis
6-8 leaf 630 NOTN in PYMl best diagnostic test before
Buds visible 530-480 stem elongation
Early stem 340
elong
Stem elong 140
FI 60-220
4-5 leaf PYMl F 16500 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. shoot DW
5-6 leaf 16000-15500 NOTN cones on DW basis
6-8 leaf 5900 NOTN in PYMl best diagnostic test before
Buds visible 4600-4700 stem elongation
Early stem 2800
elong
Stem elong 1200
FI 800
4-5 leaf PYMl F 1710 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. seed yield ~
5-6 leaf 1500-1590 N03-N cones on FW basis .§
6-8 leaf 700 til
Buds visible 440-500 ill
iti'
Early stem 360 III
::I
elong Q"
Stem elong 150 ;'

FI 60-220
.g
1.0
1.0
-
~.
Q
.g
til
...o ;a
o
a~
ill
~
<Ii
~.
~
::l
S"
CANOLA, RAPESEED (Brassica napus, B. campestris) (ctd) -a~~
ill'
NOrN 4-5 leaf PYML F 17300 Aust 399 Diagnostic for 90% max. seed yield 5-
::l
(rug/kg) 5-6 leaf 14400-15400 NOrN concs on DW basis
(ctd) 6-8 leaf
Buds visible
6700
3600-4700
[
Early stem 3300 ~
elong
Stem elong 1300
FI 800
Rosette PYML F 1500 Aust 401 Diagnostic cone. for shoot yield
Buds visible 450 Critical levels halved by late seeding
Rosette PYML F 1700 Aust 401 Predictive for seed yield on FW basis
Buds visible 5300 Critical levels halved by late seeding
Floral YFEL F 1590-1180 Aust 83 Predictive for seed yield; vary with seeding
initiation 160-790 date and rate. Floral initiation most
Buds visible 13-210 rei iable stage.
Early FI
P(%) 30-40 DAS WS Soil 0.39 Ger 259 cv. Quinta; diagnostic for 80% max. shoot
DW
74 DAS WS F <0.13 >0.23 NZ 1030
Veg WS SC $;0.2 Pol 847 Diagnosed by accumulation of proline.
Early rosette - WS Sand 0.21-0.29 Aust 744 Higher by 0.05% for predictive evaluation
yellow bud
Rosette WS F 0.28 Aust 749 Predictive for seed yield
(leaf 4 unfurled)
Plants $;30 cm WS Soil 0.26 Pak 783 Critical at 95% of max. seed yield
high
55 DAS YMB (L3-L4) Sand 0.13-0.24 0.28-0.33 0.35-0.63 Aust 743 Criteria for YMB are derived for maxi
vegetative and oil yield
107 DAS YMB Sand 0.06-0.11 0.15 0.24-0.43 Aust 743 Criteria for YMB are derived for maxi
120 DAS YMB (L4-L5) F 0.17-0.27 0.28-0.32 0.3-0.48 Aust 743 Criteria for YMB are derived for maxi
78 DAS YMB (L4-L6) Sand 0.07-0.17 0.16-0.2 0.17-0.62 Aust 743 Criteria for YMB are derived for maxi
Head YMB Soil 0.26 Pak 783 Critical at 95% of max. seed yield
Mat Seed 0.72
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.09-0.20 0.24-0.29 0.35-0.60 0.65-0.70 Aust 1053
U YML Lit 0.15 0.42 Var 374
Early rosette - YFEL Sand 0.15-0.28 Aust 744 Higher by 0.05% for predictive evaluation
yellow bud
Rosette YFEL F 0.33 Aust 749 Predictive for seed yield

(leaf 4
unfurled)
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 0.09-0.15 0.22-0.29 0.3 0.34-0.69 >0.7 Aust 1051
Veg ML Lit 0.3-0.6 Ger 82
Mat Seed F 0.35 Aust 749
Mat Seed Sand 0.25-0.41 0.45 0.7-1.0 Aust 743 Criteria for YMB are derived for maximum
P(mg/L) Late rosette Basal 5 Lit 150-800 Aust 373 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
K(%) Veg ML Lit 2.8-4.5 Ger 82
Pre-FI YML Lit <1.6 1.8-1.9 2.8-5.5 6.5-8.0 Aust 1053
U YML Lit 1.5 3.5 Var 374
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 1.0-1.3 1.8-1.9 2.9-5.1 6.3-7.8 Aust 1051
K(mg/L) Late rosette Basal 5 Lit 1200 Aust 373 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
K(mg/mL 35 DAS YML Soil 2.26 Can 765 Sap from squeeze; Predictive at 90% max.
sap) shoot DW at 56 DAS
KINa Mat WS Soil 1.3 Arg 755 Diagnostic for seed yield
5(%) Rosette WS F 0.38 Can 595 Hlred/fot-S (=HI-S/ST)

Soil 0.48-0.56 Critical level related to N rate
;t
.g
til
74 DAS WS F <0.58 0.78-0.89 NZ 1030
iil
Veg WS F 0.65 Ger 888 Predictive for seed yield of 4.8 t/ha ~
l:;t
.g
...
...
Q
-
~.
t"')
C3
~
...o ::2
N ~
....
t
~
~.
~
::J
:s-
til'
CANOLA, RAPESEED (Brassica napus, B. campestris) (ctd) ~
til
E:'
5(%) (ctd) 1st Fl WS F 0.24 Aust 748 Diagnostic for shoot DW 5-
::J
Last rosette leaf 0.32
1st Fl WS F 0.30 Aust 748 Predictive for seed yield ~
Last rosette leaf 0.37
~
Buds visible Ws F 0.36-0.52 Aust 748 cv. Barossa
YFEL 0.35-0.47 Diagnostic for shoot DW
Buds visible Ws F 0.35-0.45 Aust 748 Predictive for seed yield

YFEL 0.35-0.46
Stem elong YL Soil 0.55 Ger 375 Predictive for 95% max. yield (0.65 for
max. yield)
103 DAS YMB Sand 0.11-0.25 0.25 0.34-1.04 Aust 743 Critical at max. yield
52 DAS YMB (L3-L4) Sand 0.11-0.21 0.21-0.25 0.26-0.93 Aust 743 Critical at max. yield
72 DAS YMB (L4-L6) Sand 0.12-0.19 0.19-0.26 0.17-0.85 Aust 743 Critical at max. yield
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.25-0.50 0.6-1.0 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
U YML Lit 0.13 0.65 Var 374
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 0.5 Aust 1051
Budding A SC 0.24 Aust 568 Predictive for seed yield

(cv. Wesbrook)
0.19 Predictive for oil %.
Stem elong L F <0.6 UK 1115
Mat Seed F 0.36 Aust 748 Diagnostic for seed yield

Strong Piper-Steenbjerg effect
Mat Straw F <0.33 Can 670 Brassica napus and B. campestris

Seed <0.33
Early FI U F,Soil 0.35 Pol 350 Critical N/S = 12
Late FI U F,Soil 0.26 Pol 350 Critical N/S = 10.8

S(mg/L) Late rosette Basal 5 Lit 200-800 Aust 373 Predictive for 90% max. seed yield
N/S FI WS Soil <14.8 Can 39 Based on carrel ations with soiI tests
25 DAS WS Soil 19-29 Aust 953 Diagnostic for shoot DW; Criteria not
59 DAS 19-20 sensitive to plant part - VB, YP, OB, OP,
:<=;104 DAS 21-38 WS; 100S0JStotai best all round index.
-------
WS Soil 953 Predictive for grain yield; Criteria not

WS; 100S0JStotai best all round index.
100S04-S 25 DAS WS Soil 6-7 Aust 953 Diagnostic for shoot DW; Criteria not
/Total S 59 DAS 5-8 sensitive to plant part - VB, YP, OB, OP,
10 WS; 100S0JStotai best all round index.
WS Soil 953 Predictive for grain yield; Criteria not
WS; 100S0JStotai best all round index.
Ca(%) Early FI YML Lit 1-2 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. 01iefera
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.8-1.2 1.4-3.0 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
U YML Lit 1 2.25 374

Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 1.4-3.0 Aust 1051
Veg ML Lit 0.7-2.0 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Mg(%) Young plants WS F >0.4 Var 413
FI WS F >0.15 Var 413
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D <0.14 0.16-0.19 0.21-0.62 Aust 1051
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.14 0.16-0.19 0.21-0.65 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
Early FI YML Lit 0.25-0.40 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. oliefera
U YML Lit 0.09 0.15 Var 374

Na(%) Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 0.02-0.54 0.7-1.1 Aust 1051
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.02-0.5 0.7-1.1 1.7 Aust 1053
Ca/Na Mat WS Soil 0.3 Arg 755 Diagnostic for seed yield
CI(%) FI ML F 5.4 USA 295 cv. Westar; Predictive for final
6.0 cv. Tobin; vegetative and seed yield
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.4-1.6 2 Aust 1053
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 0.4-1.5 2 Aust 1051
Cu(mg/kg) 43 DAS (FI) ws Soil <1.7 >2.7 Can 596 .g~
~
FI initiat WS Soil 2.8 2.7-6 Can 595 Diagnostic at 85% max. growth ill
;-
Pod initiat 2
U WS Soil 2 Pol 413 ~
;t
14 DAS L SC 16 UK 558 .g
r;'
!!i..
... Q
.g
=
w
'"
...
o
"'" s.~..
~
~
~.
~
::I
:i
iti'
CANOLA, RAPESEED (Brassica napus, B. campestris) (ctd) ~
til
El'
Cu(mg!kg) Early FI YML Lit 5-12 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. oliefera 5'-
::I
(ctd)
Pre-FI YML Lit 2-3 4-25 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris ~
U YML Lit 2 4.5 Var 374 ~
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 4-25 Aust 1051
Veg ML Lit 6-12 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Mat Seeds Soil <3 Can 473 cv. Westar
Zn(mg!kg) ::;30 cm high WS Soil 29 Pak 789 Predictive; 95% max. seed yield
FI YML 33 Predictive; 95% max. seed yield
Mat Seed 29 Diagnostic; 95% max. seed yield
Early FI YML Lit 25-70 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. oliefera
Pre-FI YML Lit <12 12-17 21-55 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
22 DAS YOB Soil 25-29 Aust 423
YOB+l 13-18
YMB 11-13
39 DAS (stem YOB Soil 15-17 Aust 423
elong) YOB+l 9-10
YMB 7-8
I
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 22-49 Aust 1051
Mn(mglkg) Veg ML Lit 40-100 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. napobrassica
Pre-FI YML Lit 30-250 300-400 530-3650 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML F,D, 31-250 525-640 >670 Aust 1051
Soil
U Soil >590 Aust 908
B(mglkg) Head YMB Soil 35 170 Pak 790 cv. Shiralee; Predictive for 95 % max. seed
::;30 cm high WS 28 110 yield
Pre-FI YML Lit 6-13 17-20 22-50 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 22-54 Aust 1051
Rosette Apex Sand 4-6 9 25 Aust 776 Plants at rosette with 9 rng/kg did not
produce seed
U FI F 10.6 17 Pol 413
112 DAS Roots Soil <27 >20 Can 899 Diagnosed by symptoms
YL <56
28-30 DAS YFEB RSC 84 Aust 186 cv. PAC21 063
Mo(mglkg) Pre-FI YML Lit 0.28-0.55 1.6 Aust 1053 Brassica napus and B. campestris
Early FI YML Lit 0.4-1.0 Ger 82 Brassica napus var. oliefera
U YML Lit 0.05 0.3 Var 374

Pre-FI 1,2,3 RML D 0.28-0.55 1.6 Aust 1051
CASSAVA (Manihot escuJenta)
N(%) Veg YMB F <4.5 5.7 5.0-6.0 Colo 32

418
75 DAS YMB (L4 + L5) F 5.0 PuRi 288
3-4 months YMB F <4.7 4.7-5.1 5.1 5.1-5.8 >5.8 Colo 419
3-5 months YMB F 3.45-5.55 5.4-5.6 5.6-6.45 Colo 420 Critical at 95% max. fresh root yield.
P(%) 28 DAS WS FSC 0.47-0.66 Aust 449 Critical for 12 cultivars
98 DAS YMB F 0.18 0.30 0.33-0.41 0.58 0.69 Aust 396 cv. M Aus 8; critical cone. for podsol only.
3-4 months YMB F <0.30 0.30-0.36 0.36 0.36-0.50 >0.50 Colo 419
3-5 months YMB F 0.17-0.39 0.41 0.42-0.47 Colo 420 Critical at 95% max. fresh root yield.
~
Veg YMB F <0.2 0.4 0.3-0.5 Colo 418 ~
~
K(%) 27 DAS YMB SC 1.1 Aust 948 Critical at 95% max. yield ~
iti'
28 DAS YMB FSC 2.3-3.3 Aust 949 Critical for 12 cultivars at 95% max. yield
49 DAS YMB SC 0.7-1.3 Aust 949 Critical for 4 cultivars at 95% max. yield
~
:;t
.g
[
... Q
.g
=
\-
'"
...o :!
C'
~
.....
).
g
~
<Ii
~.
).
::
::
Ii
CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta) (ctd) ~
iil
ill'
K(%) (ctd) 100 DAS YMB F 0.97-1.24 Aust 715 §.
200 DAS 0.59-0.65 0.66 0.61-0.99
580 DAS 0.43 0.54-0.99
~
180 DAS YMB F 0.84 0.92 0.97 1.08-1.28 Nig 470 Mean data for 2 cvv; critical cone. for 90% ~
max. dry tuber yield at 390 DAS.
3-4 months YMB F <1.0 1.0-1.3 1.3 1.3-2.0 >2.0 Colo 419
3-5 months YMB F 0.58-1.40 1.42 1.45-2.02 Colo 420 Critical at 95% max. fresh root yield.
Veg YMB F <1.0 1.2 1.2-2.0 Colo 418
175 DAS Terminal leaves F 1.5-1.7 2.5 Nig 427 cv. TMS 30572; response to 2.6%K
contained in mulch.
5(%) 3-4 months YMB F <0.24 0.24-0.26 0.26 0.26-0.30 >0.30 Colo 419
Veg YMB F <0.3 0.32 0.3-0.4 Colo 418
Veg YMB F <0.3 Colo 660
Ca(%) WS FSC 0.10-0.29 0.39 0.65 0.71-2.35 3.67 Aust 439 cv. Nina
Veg YMB F <0.5 0.6-1.5 Colo 418
3-4 months YMB F <0.65 0.65-0.75 0.75 0.75-0.85 >0.85 Colo 419
84 DAS YML+2 F 0.51-0.60 0.61-0.64 Nig 663 cv. TMS 30211 at Umudike
YML+ 2 0.68-0.70 0.69-0.84 2 cvv. at Nsukka
Mg(%) 3-4 months YMB F <0.27 0.27-0.29 0.29 0.29-0.31 >0.31 Colo 419
180 DAS YMB F 0.33 0.36-0.39 Nig 470 cv. TMS 30211
180 DAS 0.39 0.44-0.49 cv. TMS 30395
Veg YMB F <0.2 0.25-0.5 Colo 418
Veg YMB SC <0.29 Aust 32
Cu(mg!kg) Veg YMB F 7-15 Colo 418
63 DAS YMB SC 6 15 Aust 421 Critical at 90% max. yield
3-4 months YMB F <5 5-6 6 6-10 10-15 15 >15 Colo 419
Zn(mg!kg) 3-4 months YMB F <25 25-30 30 30-60 60-120 120 >120 Colo 419
Veg YMB F <35 35-50 40-100 Colo 418
Mn(mg!kg) 30 DAS WS FSC 67-81 140-170 230-520 Aust 242 Toxic criteria at 90% max. yield
--- - - - - -
Mn(mglkg) 63 DAS YMB SC <14 50 250 Aust 421 Critical at 90% max. yield
(ctd)
Veg YMB F <50 50-250 >1000 Colo 418
3-4 months YMB F <45 45-50 50 50-120 120-150 150 >250 Colo 419
Fe(mglkg) 63 DAS YMB SC <60 Aust 421
3-4 months YMB F <100 100-120 120 120-140 140-200 200 >200 Colo 419
Veg YMB F <50 60-200 >250 Colo 418
Bung/kg) 40 DAS WS SC 5-13 17 140 Aust 283 Critical at 90% max. yield
Veg YMB F <15 15-50 >140 Colo 418
3-4 months YMB F <20 20-30 30 30-60 60-100 100 >100 Colo 419
CEREAL RYE, RYE (Secale cereale)

FS= Feeke's scale of cereal growth (see reference 511).
N(%) FS5-6 WS Lit 2.5-5.0 Ger 82
FS 7-8 2.0-4.0
U WS Lit <4.0 4.0-5.0 >5.0 USA 457
NOrN Early Till. Basal S F 5700 11900-13900 Aust 707
(rug/kg)
P(%) FS5-6 WS Lit 0.3-0.6 Ger 82

FS7-8 0.25-0.5
U WS Lit <0.52 0.52-0.65 >0.65 USA 457
K(%) 21 DAS WS RSC 0.59 UK 1066 Data expressed on a fresh weight basis for
90% max. relative growth rate.
FS5-6 WS Lit 2.8-4.5 Ger 82
FS7-8 2.7-4.0
U WS Lit <1.9 1.9-2.3 >2.3 USA 457
Ca(%) FS5-6 WS Lit 0.35-1.0 Ger 82
FS7-8 0.3-1.0 ~
Mg(%) FS5-6 WS Lit 0.15-0.3 Ger 82 ~
~
FS 7-8 0.12-0.3 ~
;-
U WS Lit <0.2 0.2-0.6 >0.6 USA 457
Cu(mglkg) FS5-6 WS Lit 6-12 Ger 82
~
FS 7-8 5-10 .g~
[
...
Q
Q
.g
" til
...o ::2
ee §
.....
~
5l
-;-
'"
?i-
~
::
:i
ib'
CEREAL RYEQRYE (Secale cereale) (ctd) ~
~
ill'
Cu(mglkg) U ws Lit <5 >5 USA 457 6-
::
(ctd)
Zn(mglkg) FS 5-6 WS Lit 20-60 Ger 82
~
::
FS 7-8 15-60 ~
Mn(mglkg) Young plants WS 5 200 Ger 1117 Critical for acidic soils with pH values 4.1-
4.4.
22 DAS WS Soil 18-69 Aust 579 cv. did not respond to applied Mn, where
other cereals did.
U WS Lit 3-13 14-45 >45 USA 457
FS 5-6 WS Lit 25-100 Ger 82
FS 7-8 20-100
B(mglkg) FS 5-6 WS Lit 5-10 Ger 82
FS 7-8 4-10
Mo(mglkg) FS 5-8 WS Lit 0.1-0.3 Ger 82
U WS Lit <0.2 0.2-2.0 >2.0 USA 457
CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum)
N(%) Veg WS SC 2.3 Aust 241 Criteria underestimated as max. yield not
achieved
42 DAS WS SoilNer 1.6 USA 942 Kabuli type; average of 2 soil and 1 ver
expt
Veg YML Lit 1.25-2.4 3.2-3.4 4.0-5.5 5.9 Aust 1053
P(%) <30 cm tall WS Soil 0.26 Pak 605
28 DAS WS F 0.38-0.45 Aust 829 Predictive for seed yield
45 DAS WS Soil 0.09-0.25 0.29-0.33 Ind 884
77 DAS ws Soil 0.15-0.2 >0.26 Ind 884
Veg WS SC 0.24 >0.75 Aust 241
Head YMB Soil 0.39 Pak 783 Criticals at 95% of max. seed yield
:::;30 cm high WS 0.18
Mat Seed 0.37
FI init YML Soil 0.39 Pak 605
- ------
Veg YML Lit 0.10-0.13 0.24 0.29-0.55 Aust 1053

Mat Seed Soil 0.37 Pak 605
K(%) 7th leaf stage 2-4 leaf Soil 0.15 Can 425 Apparently diagnostic for shoot yield; % of
max. yield unknown; Water extractable K
Mat Seed F ::;3.2 Ind 995 Diagnostic for max. seed yield and shoot
Straw ::;1.1 DW
Veg YML Lit 1 1.6-1.8 2.0-3.6 Aust 1053
K(mglmL 35 DAS YML Soil 1.0 Can 765 Sap from squeeze
sap) 1.51 Sap from freeze/squeeze
Predictive at 90% max. shoot DW at 56
DAS
S(%) Mat WS F ~0.27 Ind 993 No plateau in DM or seed yield achieved.
Seed ~0.41
7th leaf stage 2-4 leaf Soil 0.18 Can 425 Apparently diagnostic for shoot yield; % of
max. yield unknown; Water extractable S.
7th leaf ML Soil 0.18 Can 424 Diagnostic for shoot DW; S04-S
Early FI 0.17 measured; Predictive for seed yield
Veg WS SC 0.15 Aust 241
Ca(%) Veg YML Lit 1.3-2.2 2.8 Aust 1053
Mg(%) Veg YML Lit 0.15 0.35-0.65 Aust 1053
Na (Ileq!g) 42 DAS YML SC 340 USA 514 cv. L-550
170 cv. E-l00
56 DAT WS SC 50-100 USA 513 3 cuItivars used
Na(%) Veg YML Lit 0.01-0.20 Aust 1053
Na(llmol!g) 44DAT WS SC 200-270 USA 513 cv. L-550
0(%) Veg WS SC >1.6 Aust 241
FI WS Soil ~5 Ind 574 Almost no seed at this level
Veg YML Lit 0.4-1.0 1.5 1.6-3.9 Aust 1053
CI(Meq! 53 DAT WS SC 82 USA 516 Nil N ~
100g DW) 91 NH 4N0 3 up to Day 31 ~l'lO
84 NH 4N0 3 after Day 33 ill
105 NH 4N0 3 throughout growth tit
Cu(mg/kg) Veg YML Lit 4-30 Aust 1053 ~
Veg WS SC 4-35 >35 Aust 241 ;t
.g
...
o
I.e> ~
-
~.
("')
C3
...... ~
o
a
).
~
~
'"
~.
).
=:
::
Ii
CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum) (ctd) -a
ii!
~
Zn(mg/kg) Veg WS SC 12-500 >510 Aust 241 is'
=:
~
45DAS WS F >34 Ind 992 Predictive for seed yield and shoot OW at
maturity
Mat Straw >37 Diagnostic for seed yield and shoot OW at ~
Mat Seed >28 maturity
Veg YML Lit 22-90 Aust 1053
Mn(mg/kg) Veg WS SC >520 Aust 241
77 DAS WS SC >120 Ind 884
Veg YML Lit 60-300 350 Aust 1053
Fe2 + 40DAS Terminal L F <9.7 >5.7 Pak 785 Criteria based on symptoms of susceptible
(mg/kg) 55DAS <11.3 >6 variety
90DAS <11.8 >9.7
U WS Soil 70 760
B(mg/kg) Veg WS SC 40 >235 Aust 241
Veg YML Lit 22-30 Aust 1053
28-30DAS YFEB RSC 34 Aust 186 cv. Norwin
CHICORY (Cichorium intybus)
N(%) Mat Roots F <:1.1 USA 865 Diagnostic for vegetative parts
Veg parts 1.8
CITRONELLA JAVA (Cymbopogon winterianus)
N(%) 90 OAT WS F 4.9 Ind 924 Diagnostic for fresh herbage and oil yield;
180 3.6 N% on FW basis
270 3.7
360 2.4
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays)

Growth stages of corn are described in reference 380. BOBC = blade opposite and below cob. BOAC = blade opposite and above cob. Seealso information for sweet corn under Vegetable Crops.
IN(%) 30-45 DAE WS U 3.5-5.0 USA 536 I
<30 cm tall WS Lit <3.5 3.5-5.0 >5.0 USA 456
457
15-30 cm tall WS F Data from 14 N fertilizer rate experiments indicated the site relationships between relative grain USA 89
yield and N cone. in the shoots of young corn plants were inconsistent and would not provide a
reliable indication of N status.
8 leaf stage WS F 3.68 Can 438 Critical at 95% max. grain yield, derived
from 3 medium term experiments
Various WS Lit From a review of published literature, a curvilinear relationship between shoot N cone. at 95 % USA 453
max. yield and 11 plant growth stages in corn has been defined. A similar relationship has been
developed for NIP ratios in shoots.
Mat WS F 1.34 Can 438
40-60 cm tall YMB Lit 3.5-5.0 Ger 82
Pre-tasselli ng YMB F 3.0 USA 837 Critical is the just adequate value for
higher yielding irrigated corn.
Tasselling Ear leaf F 1.78 2.11 2.74 NZ 206 Three levels of N applied.
Tasselling Ear leaf F <2.8 2.8-3.1 3.1-3.3 and 3.6-3.9 >3.9 Fra 546 First critical range for average to very high
3.3-3.6 yields. Second critical range for high yield
even when climatic conditions are not
favourable. Deficiency symptoms
exhibited if conc. <2.8%.
Tasselling Ear leaf F 3.15 Can 438 Critical at 95% max. grain yield. Derived
from 3 medium-term experiments.
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <2.4 2.4-2.6 2.7-3.5 3.6-4.0 >4.0 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 2.0-2.6 2.7-4.0 >4.0 USA 457
Silking Ear leaf F 2.93 USA 30 Critical at 97% max. grain yield.
Silking Ear leaf F 3.1 Nig 14 Critical range defined as 2.85-3.19% N for
max. grain yield for 8 cvv grown over 3
years.
Silking Ear leaf F <2.45 2.46-2.75 2.76-3.5 3.51-3.75 >3.75 USA 455
Silking Ear leaf U <2.0 2.0-2.24 2.25-3.3 >3.3 NZ 205 ;;;t
Silking Ear leaf F 2.6-4.0 Ger 659
..§
til
ill
56 DAS BOBC F 1.7 3.0 USA 379 iti'
III
Full tasselling BOBC S,D 2.5 Aust 1052 ::I
Q"
Full tasselling BOBC F,S,D 3.0 USA 604 Critical at 100% max. yield ::;l
.g
......
...
-
~.
Q
.g
'"
......
N ~
....
::l
~
::l
III
-;-
<Ii
~.
~
::l
5"
;-
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays) (ctd) -a
ii!
ill'
N(%) (ctd) Silking BOBC F 2.9 USA 1036 5-
::l
Silking BOBC F 2.7-2.9 USA 238 Critical at 95% max. yield ~
III
::l
Silking BOBC F 2.4-2.5 USA 41 Critical at 100% max. yield
~
Silking BOBC F <2.6 2.6-3.2 3.0 >3.2 Aust 1045 Critical at 90% max. yield
Silking BOBC F 1.7-2.4 2.7-3.3 USA 758
Silking BOBC F 2.52 USA 219 Critical at 95% max. grain yield.
Silking BOBC F 2.5 Aust 232 Critical at 90% max. grain yield. Derived
from 16 experiments.
U Leaf below F 2.52 S Afr 10 Tentative criteria for near max. grain yield.
uppermost ear
40-60 cm tall Leaf opposite Lit 2.8-3.5 Ger 82
ear
Silking 2nd leaf below F 2.6 USA 837 Critical is the just adequate value for
ear higher yielding irrigated corn.
Silking 2nd LB below F 2.2-2.9 USA 1021
upper ear
Silking 2nd LB below F 2.4-3.3 USA 808 Critical at 95o/~ max. yield
upper ear
Before Leaf below Lit <3.0 3.0-3.5 >3.5 USA 457
tasselling whorl 456
Silking 6th LB from F 2.6-3.1 USA 81 Critical at 95% max. yield
base
Silking 6th LB from F 2.9 USA 1000
base
45 DAS All LB F 2.9 3.4 USA 379
FI (47 DAS) Green leaves F 1.07±0.13 Aust 632 Unit of N as g N/m 2 or leaf N content/leaf
weight. Critical at max. green leaf area.
Early Leaves Sand 3.4 Aust 405 Critical at max. shoot yield. Atmospheric
tasselling (55 CO 2 enrichment did not affect criteria.
DAS)
At & beyond Stalk (15-35 cm F 0.21-0.47 0.4-0.9 USA 90 Critical range at 95% max. grain yield for
the black above ground) 15 sites. Critical = 0.29%N at max. grain
layer forming yield for all sites.
in grain
Mat Grain F 1.3 USA 837 Critical is the just adequate value for high
yielding irrigated corn.
Mat Grain F 1.53 USA 30 Critical at max. grain yield.
Mat Grain F 1:52±0.02 USA 736 Critical at max. grain yield for 13 site x
year experiments. Criticals also given for
45, 60, 75 and 90% max. yield. Criticals
for other USA and Canadian studies also
reviewed.
Mat Grain F 1.49 S Afr 10 Tentative critical at near max. grain yield.
Mat Grain F For 12 site x year N fertiliser rate experiments, the relationship between relative grain yield and grain USA 181
N cone. was highly variable and often C-shaped. Reliable criteria for grain NOlo could not be
estimated.
Rapid in situ field test developed for assessingthe N status of corn. USA 794
The reliability of estimating canopy or leaf chlorophyll content with portable chlorophyll meters in Consult references 96, 97, 733, 734, 912,
the field has been evaluated as a means for estimating the N status of corn plants at various stagesof 931 and 1093.
growth.
NOTN 20-30 cm tall Basal S F Sap nitrate levels determined using a N03-sensitive test strip. NZ 956 Basal S cut 10 cm above ground.
(mglkg)
30 DAE Basal stalk F 11000- USA 443 Critical range at 95% max. grain yield
16000 derived from 2 field experiments.
5-6 leaf stage Basal stalk F 14500 USA 287 From 87 dryland experiments, corn stalk
(22-37 DAE) (10cm) N03-N did not predict soil N status nor
that the crop would respond to applied N.
6 leaf stage Basal S F 9000-17800 USA 598 Critical values for loess and glacial soils
(V6) respectively.
Early tasselling Basal S Sand 2500±250 Aust 405 Critical at max. shoot yield.
Young plants Basal S Soil, F Diurnal fluctuations in stalk NOTN concentrations were observed, but are unlikely to affect USA 444
interpretations. ;;t
Within 10 days Stalk (15-35 cm
of black layer above ground)
F 700-2000 2000-
10000
USA 912 Critical ranges for near max. grain yield.
This test was designed to confirm whether
1ill
forming in excess N fertiliser was applied during crop iti'
III
grain growth. =:
Q"
;'
.g
[
..... Q
.....
w
.g
'"
...... ;:l!,
"'" ...~:l:-
~
-;-
'"
~.
:l:-
::I
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays) (ctd)

=
~
~
iil
ill'
N03-N
(mg/kg) (ctd)
At and
beyond the
Stalk (15-35 cm
above ground)
F 220-780 1800-7300 USA 90 Critical ranges for near max. grain yield.
This test was designed to confirm whether
~
black layer
forming in
grain
excess N fertiliser was applied during crop
growth. [
Black layer Stalk (15-35 cm F 250-1800 1800-7500 USA 91 Critical ranges for near max. grain yield.
forming on above ground) This test was designed to confirm whether
80% of most excess N fertiliser was applied during crop
ears growth.
35DAS YMB F 4000-6000 USA 793 Critical range for max. grain yield. An in
situ colorimetric method for measuring
N03 in leaves is also reported.
35-49DAS LB below F 2000-3000 Can 183
whorl
4-5 leaf stage Sheathsof 2 F 1100-1700 Ger 322 Units in mg NOrN/L pressed sap using
Onset of oldest green N0 3 sensitive test strips. On soil with high
shooting leaves 550-850 N status, stated critical ranges can be
Up to silking 400-700 lower.
P(%) 20DAS WS SC 2.45 USA 195 No symptoms observed
42DAE WS Soil 0.29 Pak ·567 Critical at 95% max. shoot yield.
30-45DAE WS U 0.4-0.8 USA 536
<30 cm tall WS Soil 0.29 Pak 567 Critical at 95% max. yield.
(42DAS)
<30 cm tall WS Lit <0.3 0.3-0.5 >0.5 USA 457
456
<30 cm tall WS Soil 0.24 Pak 784 Critical at near max. yield.
40-60 cm tall WS F 0.22-0.26 USA 807 Critical at 95% max. yield
6 leaf stage WS RSC 0.5 Can 53 Critical at max. grain yield.
Early silking WS and BOBC F P cone. in WS at seedling stage and BOBC were found to be insensitive predictors of P deficiency in Can 54 Mid section of BOBC analysed.
several field experiments.
Silking WS F 0.23 Thai 713 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
Various WS Lit (F) From a review of published literature a curvilinear relationship between shoot Pcone. at ;::95% max. USA 453
yield and 9 plant growth stages has been defined. A similar relationship has been developed for
shoot NIP ratios.
Pre-tasselling YMB F 0.26 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high
yielding, irrigated corn.
Flower YMB Soil 0.26 Pak 784 Criteria at near max. yield.
initiation
Tasselling Ear leaf F 0.2 NZ 206
Tasselling Ear leaf F <0.29 0.3-0.32 0.33-0.34 >0.35 Fra 546 Deficiency symptoms exhibited with P
cone. <0.2%.
Tasselling to Ear leaf F,D <0.16 0.16-0.24 0.25-0.45 0.46-0.8 >0.8 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
tasselling whorl 0.25-0.5 0.5-0.8 456
Initial silk Ear leaf 0.15-0.24
Silking Ear leaf F <0.15 0.16-0.24 0.25-0.4 0.41-0.5 >0.5 USA 455
Silking Ear leaf F 0.25-0.4 Ger 659
Silking Ear leaf F <0.15 0.15-0.17 0.17-0.32 >0.32 NZ 205
Silking Ear leaf F 0.22-0.23 USA 807
Silking Ear leaf F 0.27 USA 458 Critical at 100% max. yield
Silking Ear leaf F 0.23 Nig 14 Critical range defined as 0.2 to 0.27% P for
max. grain yield for 8 cvv over 3 years.
Silking Ear leaf F 0.3 Nig 472
Silking Ear leaf F 0.23-0.25 USA 573 Critical range at 95% max. grain yield
derived from 41 sites/year experiments.
Ear leaf P cone. does not adequately assess
excess P status.
Silking Ear leaf F 0.27 Thai 713 Critical at 90% max. grainyield.
Full tasselling BOBC D 0.25 Aust 1052
Full tasselling BOBC F,S,D 0.25 USA 604 Critical at 100% max. yield
Silking BOBC F 0.28-0.32 USA 238 ;;;
Silking BOBC F 0.28 USA 1025 Critical at 95% max. yield ~til
Silking BOBe F <0.2 >0.29 USA 379 ill
;-
Silking BOBC F 0.22-0.32 0.27-0.62 USA 758 III
::l
Q..
Silking BOBC F 0.18 Bra 935 Reviewer suggestscritical at 90% max. :;i
yield is near 0.2% P. .g
......
til
-
i:r
Q
.g
'"
......
~
'" ....
:I
:l>-
~
~
'"~.
:l>-
:I
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays) (ctd)

=
Ii
~
;jl
El'
P(%) (ctd) Silking 2nd leaf below F 0.23 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high g.
:I
ear yielding, irrigated corn.
40-60 cm tall Leaf opposite Lit 0.25-0.5 Ger 82 I ~
:I
ear l
Silking 6th LB above F 0.32 USA 1000
base
Silking 6th LB above F <0.21 <0.3 >0.33 USA 81
base
36-48 DAS Discs from leaf RSC A leaf acid phosphatase assay was shown to confirm acute P deficiency, but not moderate P stress. USA 250
4or5
Mat Grain Soil 0.29 Pak 784 Critical at near max. grain yield.
Mat Grain F 0.28 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high
K(%) ::;30 cm tall WS Lit <2.5 2.5-4.0 >4.0 USA 457
456
25 cm tall WS F -2.6 USA 1031 Critical estimated by reviewer.
V4 (28 DAE) WS F 0.91 2.18 2.57-3.06 USA 806 4 levels of K applied.
V6 (42 DAE) 1.08 1.49 1.75-2.08
30-45 DAE WS U 3.0-5.0 USA 536
76 cm tall WS F -2.0 USA 1031 Critical estimated by reviewer.
U YEB Soil 1.1-1.5 USA 721 Extracted K related to photosynthetic
activity.
Pre-tasselling YMB F 1.6 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high
Full tasselling Ear leaf F,S,D 1.9 USA 604
Full tasselling Ear leaf F,S,D 1.75-2.25 USA 1020
Tasselling Ear leaf F 2.3-2.4 NZ 206 Crop did not respond to appl ied K.
Tasselling Ear leaf F <1.3 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 2.2-2.5 >2.5 Fra 546 Deficiency symptoms occur if K conc.
and <1.3%. K/Mg imbalance possible where
1.9-2.2 K cone. >2.5%. First and second critical
ranges are for average and high yield crops
respectively.
Tasselling to Ear leaf F,D <1.2 1.2-1.6 1.7-2.7 2.8-4.0 >4.0 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 1.0-1.6 1.7-3.0 3.1-5.0 USA 457
Silking Ear leaf S,D <1.25 1.26-1.7 1.71-2.25 2.26-2.5 >2.5 USA 455
NZ 205
Silking Ear leaf F 0.95 1.21 1.37-1.46 USA 806 4 levels of applied K.
Silking Ear leaf U 1.7-3.0 Ger 659
Silking Ear leaf F 2.44 Nig 14 Critical range defined as 2.06-2.6% K for
456 max. grain yield for 8 cvv. over 3 years.
Silking BOBC F 1.5-2.7 2.1-3.0 USA 758
Silking BOBC F 1.5-1.9 USA 1025
Silking BOBC F <1.0 >1.5 USA 379
FI BOBC F 0.43 0.51-0.82 1.01-1.37 S Afr 273 Ranges for 2 cvv. grown at 5 levels of K
applied.
ear
Silking 2nd leaf below F 1.5 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high
ear yielding, irrigated corn.
Silking Leaves F 1.5 USA 654 Critical judged to be near max. grain yield.
Silking 6th LB above F 1.4 USA 1000
base
Silking 6th LB above F <1.0 USA 437
base
Mat Grain F 0.36 USA 837 Critical is just adequate value for high
S(%) 1 month WS Soil 0.16-0.26 USA 810
~
35 DAS WS Soil 0.08 USA 960 N/S ratio> 16 for S deficiency. .§
~
30-45 DAE WS U 0.2-0.3 USA 536 rJ

~
4-6 weeks WS 0.09 0.25 0.30 USA 303 3 levels of S applied. III
SC :::
Q..
<30 cm tall WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.5 >0.5 USA 457 ;t
.g
......
'I
-
§"
Q
.g
'"
...... :2
0=
a
:l-
e
~
'"~.
:l-
:::
5"
;-
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays) (ctd) -a~
ill'
5(%) (ctd) v4-V7 growth Ws F 0.21 USA 495 Critical N/S ratio was defined as 18.7 for 4 5-
:::
stage sites and 3 years.
10 leaf stage WS F 0.12 0.15-0.19 USA 160 N/S ratios for 5 deficient and adequate
~
:::
(Vl0) plants were 27 and 16-20 respectively. ~
Tasselling Ear leaf F 0.19-0.21 NZ 206 Crop did not respond to applied S.
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <0.12 0.12-0.16 0.2-0.5 0.6-0.8 >0.8 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'
initial silk
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 0.1-0.2 0.21-0.5 0.51-0.8 USA 457
Early silking Ear leaf F 0.16 USA 495 Critical N/S ratio was defined as 20.3 for 4
(Rl) sites and 3 years.
Early silking Ear leaf F 0.16 0.17 0.21-0.24 USA 160 N/S ratios for 5 deficient and adequate
plants were 22 and 15-17 respectively.
Silking Ear leaf F 0.24 USA 217
Silking Ear leaf F 0.08 0.16-0.22 Nig 695 N/S ratio for 5 deficient and 5 adequate
plants ranged from 23-24 and 8-14
respectively.
Silking Ear leaf F A poor relationship existed between relative grain yield and 5 cone. Thai 713
Full tasselling BOBC S,D 0.15 Aust 1052
Silking BOBC F Data are reported indicating 5 concentrations and N/S ratios in BOBC at silking are poorly correlated USA 671
with yield responses to applied s.
Silking BOBC F 0.17 USA 811 Critical N/S ratio in BOBC was defined at
16 for 90% max. grain yield and was the
preferred index of 5 status.
tasselling whorl
Mat Grain F 0.17 0.23 USA 160 N/S ratios for 5 deficient and 5 adequate
plants were 11 and 8-9 respectively.
50 4-5 1 month WS Soil <400 USA 810
(mg/kg)
N/S 4-6 weeks Ws SC 36 13 10 USA 303 3 levels of 5 appl ied.

42-56 DAS ws Soil 10.2 USA 960
42-56 DAS WS Soil 16 USA 984
Ca(%) 28 DAS WS Soil 0.25-0.5 Nig 664
30-45 DAE WS U 0.9-1.6 USA 536
<30 cm tall WS Lit <0.3 0.3-0.7 >0.7 USA 457
456
25 DAS YMB RSC 0.09 USA 752 Value associated with severe symptoms.
Leaf opposite 0.25-1.0
ear
Full tasselling Ear leaf F,S,D 0.4 USA 604
initial silk
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 0.1-0.2 0.21-1.0 >1.0 USA 457
Silking Ear leaf F,S,D <0.1 0.11-0.2 0.21-0.5 0.51-0.9 >0.9 ClAT 196a
USA 455
Ger 659
Mg(%) <30 cm tall WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.45 >0.45 USA 456
457
30-45 DAE WS U 0.3-0.8 USA 536
U YEB Soil 0.15 USA 721 Extracted Mg related to photosynthetic
activity.
initial silk
Tasselling Ear leaf F <0.15 0.16-0.2 0.2-0.4 >0.4 Fra 546 If conc. <0.3% K deficiency may exist.
Tasselling Ear leaf F 0.16-0.17 NZ 206 Crop did not respond to applied Mg.
Full tasselling Ear leaf F,S,D 0.25 USA 604 ~
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 0.1-0.19 0.2-1.0 >1.0 USA 457 ~III
Silking Ear leaf F,S,D <0.1 0.11-0.2 0.21-0.4 0.41-0.55 >0.55 USA 455 ill
~
Silking Ear leaf S,D <0.1 0.1-0.12 0.13-0.24 >0.24 NZ 205 III
::l
Q..
Silking Ear leaf S,D 0.31-0.5 Ger 659 ::;t
Silking Ear leaf F 0.18-0.21 0.21-0.25 Nig 480 ~
[
...... ~
Q
-= '"
...
t.l
o ~
:a
~
e
~
!Ii
~.
~
::
:s-
CORN, MAIZE (Zea mays) (ctd) -a~~
Mg(%) (ctd) Silking Ear leaf F 0.1-0.54 USA 285 Range of values at 4 sites which did not
£6"
respond to applied Mg.
::
Silking Ear leaf F 0.12-0.19 USA 1040 For grain yields exceeding 18 t/ha.
Optimum range stated as 0.12-0.15% Mg.
f
§.
40-60 cm tall Leaf opposite ear Lit 0.2-0.5 Ger 82
Before Leaf before Lit <0.13 0.13-0.3 >0.3 USA 456
Na(%) 8-26 DAS WS RSC Salt tolerance in maize was not correlated with Na concentration in shoots. USA 212
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <0.3 0.4-0.5 >0.5 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
CI(%) 18 DAS YMB RSC 0.08 0.15-0.61 USA 128 Cone, expressed on fresh weight basis.
18 DAS Sheath YMB 0.08 0.22-0.3
18 DAS MidribYMB 0.06 0.19-0.67
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <1.0 1.0-1.4 >1.8 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
Silking Ear leaf F 0.32 USA 386 Critical at 97% max. grain yield of high
yielding crops.
Full tasselling BOBC D >2.0 Aust 1052
Cu(mglkg) <30 cm tall WS Lit <5.0 5-20 >20 USA 456
457
30-45 DAE WS U 7-20 USA 536
40-60 cm tall YMB Lit 7-15 Ger 82
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <2 2-5 6-20 21-50 >50 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
initial silk
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 2-5 6-20 21-70 USA 457
Silking Ear leaf F <2 3-5 6-20 20-50 >50 NZ 205
USA 455
Silking Ear leaf F 8-20 Ger 659
Full tasselling BOBC F,S,D 5 USA 604
40-60 cm tall Leaf opposite Lit 6-12 Ger 82
ear
Before Leaf below Lit <3.0 3-15 >15 USA 456
Zn(mglkg) <30 cm tall WS Lit <20 20-60 >60 USA 456
457
~30 cm tall WS Soil 27 Pak 787 Criticals at max. shoot yield.
(15 DAS)
40 DAS 32
18 DAE (4 leaf) WS Sand 34 USA 437
21-42 DAS WS F 16 USA 171 Critical at 90% max. grain yield (7 year
experiment).
28 DAS WS F 13-18 USA 126
30 DAS WS Soil Authors question the diagnostic value of determining Zn in shoots. Aust 366 Data for 23 diverse soils.
30-45 DAE WS U 20-50 USA 536
42 DAS WS Soil 16 Ind 921 Critical values at 90% max. shoot yield.
56 DAS 11 YMB (3rd blade from culm apex) is
70 DAS 9.5 recommended for diagnosing Zn
deficiency.
56 DAS WS Soil 14 USA 985
60 DAS WS Soil 18 81 Pak 972
5 Leaf stage WS F 20 USA 282 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
5 Leaf stage 17 Critical at near max. grain yield.
Ear stage WS Soil 7-10 11-98 Nig 905 Severely Zn deficient plants had Zn cone.
of 21mg/kg.
42 DAS YMB (3rd Soil 14.2 Ind 920 Criticals at 90% max. shoot yield.
56 DAS blade) 12.5 C-shaped curvature existed in diagnostic
70 DAS 12.0 relationships derived for WS and YMB+ 1
and YMB+2.
~
42 DAS YMB (3rd leaf Soil 16 Ind 921 Critical values at 90% max. shoot yield. .g
~
56 & 70 DAS blade) 15 YMB (3rd blade from culm apex) is ill
recommended for diagnosing Zn iti'
deficiency. III
:::
Q..
40-60 cm tall YMB Lit 30-70 Ger 82 :;;
F Aust 1055
.g
-
20 DAE Upper mature LB <17
~r
.... Q
....
N .g
til
...
"l
"l ~
::s.....
:to.
~
~
III
~.
:to.
::s
::
Ii
~
El'
Zn(mglkg) Tasselling Ear leaf F 14 USA 171 Critical at 90% max. grain yield (7 year g.
(ctd) experiment).
::s
~
III
Tasselling Ear leaf F <15 16-20 21-25 >25 Fra 546 ::s
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <17 17-18 18-60 70-150 >150 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'. ~
initial silk
Early silk Ear leaf F 13-15 USA 282 Critical at near max. grain yield.
Silking Ear leaf F 23 28-51 Nig 479

Silking Ear leaf 14+ USA 126
Silking Ear leaf F <10 11-20 20-70 71-100 >100 USA 455
NZ 205
Silking Ear leaf F 50-150 Ger 659
Full tasselling BOBC F,S,D 15 USA 604
Full tasselling BOBC F 15 Aust 1055 Critical at 95% max. yield
50% silking BOBC F 11-30 Can 1067 Range of values in crops not responding to
applied Zn.
Silking BOBe F 15 USA 764 Critical at 90% max. yield
40-60 cm tall Leaf opposite Lit 25-70 Ger 82
ear
Before Leaf below Lit <15 15-60 >60 USA 456
28 DAS Leaves RSC 21 28 38-96 Ger 769 Carbonic anhydrase activity was a more
35 DAS 11 12 14-40 sensitive test of Zn status than Zn cone. in
shoots.
Mid whorl Leaf F 6-8 Can 1067
56 DAS Mature leaves Soil 15 Zamb 44
30 DAE Upper two Soil <10 Aust 520
mature LB
Full tasselling 6th LB above F 15 USA 1020
base
Mn(mglkg) Young plants WS S 350 Ger 1117 Critical for acidic soils pH<4.7.
18-31 DAE WS FSC 200 Aust 242 Critical at 90% max. yield.
30-45 DAE WS U 50-160 USA 536
<30 em tall WS F,S,D 25-300 USA 456
<30 em tall WS Lit <20 20-300 >300 USA 457
6 leaf stage WS F 8-9 11-15 USA 1012
40-60 em tall YMB Lit 40-100 Ger 82
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <15 15-19 20-200 200-300 3000 Aust 1053 Symptoms shown in toxic range.
initial silk
Early silking Ear leaf F 11 USA 586
Early silking Ear leaf F 11 USA 1012 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
Silking Ear leaf F <15 16-19 20-150 151-200 >200 USA 455
NZ 205
Silking Ear leaf U 34-200 Ger 659
Tasselling BOBC D 15 3000 Aust 1052
Tasselling BOBC F,S,D 15 USA 604
40-60 em tall Leaf opposite Lit 35-100 Ger 82
ear
tasselling whorl
Before Leaf below F,S,D 20-300 USA 456
tasselling whorl
Mat Grain F 5 USA 53 Critical at 90% max. grain yield
Mat Grain F 5 USA 1040 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
Fe(mg/kg) 30-45 DAE WS U 50-300 USA 536
<30 em tall WS Lit <50 50-250 >250 USA 457
456
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D 10-20 30-200 Aust 1053 Leaf Fe is not a rei iable guide. ~
initial silk ~
~
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 10-20 21-251 251-350 USA 457 ill
ril'
Silking Ear leaf F,S,D <10 10-20 21-251 251-350 >350 Ger 218 III
::s
USA 455 ~
~
Tasselling BOBC F,S,D 25 USA 604 ~
[
...
N
Q
-§
W II>
...
N ~
01"0
~
......
)0.
al
~
<IS
~.
)0.
::I
S'
~
~
ill'
Fe(mglkg)
(etd)
Before
tasselling
Leaf below
whorl
Lit <10 10-20 >20 USA 457 §"
Before LB below F,S,D 30-200 USA 456 ~
tasselling whorl l
U Mature LB U 24-100 USA 445
AI(mglkg) <30 em tall WS F,S,D <400 USA 456
30-45 DAE WS U <70 USA 536
Silking Ear leaf F,S,D <200 >400 USA 455
Before LB below F,S,D <200 USA 456
tasselling whorl
B(mglkg) 21 DAS WS Sand 2.5 3.4-193 515 Zim 1015 Values in plants showing deficiency or
toxicity symptoms.
30-45 DAE WS U 7-25 USA 536
25 em tall WS Soil 8-38 >98 Can 355
::;30 em tall WS Lit <5 5-25 >25 USA 456
457
Until ear WS U <9 15-90 >100 Ger 659
formation
Silking WS F 13-36 36-87 104 Ind 322 High values
40-60 em tall YMB Lit 7-15 Ger 82
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D <2 2-4 5-30 30-60 >60 Aust 1053
initial silk
Silking Ear leaf F,S,D <2 3-5 6-25 26-35 >35 USA 455
Silking Ear leaf F <2 2-5 6-20 >20 NZ 205
Tasselling BOBC F,S,D 10 USA 604
40-60 em tall Leaf opposite Lit 6-15 Ger 82
ear
Silking Leaves Sand 6-11 18-64 Zim 1015 Deficiency ranges for plants which
Silk 1.2-2.4 4.0-8.3 developed barren or distorted cobs.
Mat Grain F 10-16 14-23 27 Ind 322 High values
Mo(mglkg) <30 cm tall WS Lit <0.1 0.1-10 >10 USA 456
457
Tasselling - Ear leaf F,D 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 >0.3 Aust 1053
initial silk
Tasselling Ear leaf U 0.1-0.5 NZ 205
Initial silk Ear leaf Lit 0.1-0.2 >0.2 USA 457
Silking Ear leaf F <0.1 >0.2 Ger 659
Tasselling BOBC F,S,D 0.2 USA 604
Before Leaf below Lit <0.1 0.1-3 >3 USA 456
ear
Mat Grain F <0.08 Aust 1054
Mat Grain F 0.05 Zimb 983 Premature sprouting occurs if grain Mo
<0.05 mg/kg.
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum)

Growth stagesof cotton are described in reference 251.
N(%) 55 DAS WS Soil 1.19-1.52 2.13-2.47 Aust 943 cv. Deltapine 61, grown in 2 soils.
Veg to FI YMB S,D 2.3-2.5 3.0-3.3 3.5-4.7 5.0-6.0 Aust 1053
1st square YMB F 5.8 USA 1094 cv. Deltapine 50; critical cone. for max.
(42 DAP) economic yield.
1st FI 5.4
(60 DAP)
Mid-bloom 4.0
(100 DAP) ~
.§
/I)
<1 st FI YMB S,D 3.75-4.5 USA 456 Q1
FI LB at 1st node of F N c = (91.65 - 3.84/P - 1.32p)/14.55 Fra 138 Function derived to calculate crit. N cone. ii
flowering branch includes leaf P conc. and leaf lamina size
(p).
l
~
.g
[
...
N
Q
.g
\11
'"
....
N :2
Q'I
~
......
~
..;-
'"~.
~
::
;-
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) (ctd) ~
iil
N(%) (ctd) Jul-Aug lB S <2.5 2.5-3.0 3.0-4.5 >4.5 USA 319
£6-
::I
863
45 DAS lB at 3rd & 4th F >5.0 PuRi 880 Tentative for max. seed yield [
node below A ~
38 DAS YMl Soil 5.1 Aust 846 Crit. cone. at 350 III CO:!l
4.3 Crit. cone. at 550 III CO:!l
3.2 Crit. cone. at 900 III CO:!l
Early FI YMl 3.5-4.6 USA 204 Range of crit. concentrations at 6 sites;
critical for seed cotton yield.
FI YMl F,S 3.3 USA 460
FI- boll YMl Lit 3.6-4.7 82
development
FI-FI + 8 weeks YMl F NIR Spectroscopy USN 139
Aust 383
385
45 DAS leaves Soil 1.7-2.8 3.3 5.2 Aust 1092 Crit. cone. at 320 IllC0 2/L.
0.9-1.5
, 2.1 Crit. cone. at 640 III CO:!L.
N0 3-N 1st square PYMl F 2400() USA 1094 cv. Deltapine 50; critical cone. for max.
(mg/kg) (42 DAP) economic yield.
1st FI (60 DAP) 12000
Mid-bloom 1500
(100 DAP)
Squares PYMl F >15000 USA 308 For max. seed yield (see also reference 43)
1st Flower >12000
open
1st bolls full >6000
size
Early bolls >4000
opening
20 days after PYMl F 21500 Aust 265 Range of PET750 values over 3 seasons
squaring (750 corresponding to optimum fert. N status:
day degrees) 1.97-2.25% N.
Early FI PYMl F 16000 USA 556
Early FI PYMl F >8000 Sud 161 For max. seed yield
1st FI PYML F 12000 18000 USA 58
Peak FI 3000 7000
70 days after >2000
1st FI
1st bolls open 1500 3500
Mid-FI PYML F 8000 USA 556 Critical at 90% max. lint yield
Peak FI PYML F 6000-10000 USA 968 For max. lint yield
FI - 7 days PYML F 11000 USA 483 1009 kg lint/ha taken as critical yield;
FI 5000 petiole NOrN satisfactory yield predictor
FI + 7 days 3000 for 4 weeks only.
FI + 14 days 300
FI PYML F <5000 5000-12500 >12500 USA 550 Values relate to lint production.
FI + 2 weeks <2400 2400-9600 >9600
FI + 4 weeks <1000 1000-6700 >6700
FI + 6 weeks 260 260-4600 >4600
Until late FI PYML F >2000 USA 58 Considered 'safe' for max. seed or lint
308 yield
556
Late FI PYML F 2000 USA 556
10 leaf P F USA 997 Authors indicate petiole NOrN is
unsatisfactory for dryland cotton.
66 DAS P F 13000 USA 599 Mean values for 3 cw. grown for 3 years;
70 DAS 4600 crit. cone. estimated by reviewer are
72 DAS 4200 predictive for seed cotton yield.
78 DAS 1400
79 DAS 2700
86 DAS 1200, 1700
92 DAS 1100,600
93 DAS 600
99 DAS 1000
100 DAS 800
90 DAS Pat 3rd & 4th F 300 USA 450 Critical expressed on fresh weight basis
node below A
~
P(%) 42 DAS
~til
WS Soil 0.13 0.19 0.30 Aust 394 cv. Deltapine 16
Veg to FI YMB S,D 0.13-0.15 0.21-0.23 0.25-0.50 0.55 0.91 Aust 1053 ill
<1st FI YMB S,D 0.3-0.5 USA 456 iti'
III
Early fruiting YMB F 0.31 USA 576 =

Q"
Late fruiting 0.33 ::;i

Late Mat 0.24
.g
[
...
N
~
C3
'1 ~
...
t.l :2
QQ
~
...
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::
:;-
iti'
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) (ctd) -a
~
iil'
P(%) 45 DAS lB at 3rd & 4th F >0.4 PuRi 880 Tentative for max. seed yield §-
(ctd) node below A
lui-Aug
FI
lB
lB at 1st node
S
F
0.3-0.65
Pc = 5.87/(1.45p+ 12.44S - 7.11)
USA
Fra
863
138 Function derived for crit. P cone. includes
[
of floweri ng 139 leaf S cone, and leaf lamina size (p).
branch 385
38 DAS YMl Soil 0.41 Aust 846 Crit. conc. at 350 ul, COil
0.53 Crit. cone. at 550 ul, COil
0.78 Crit. cone. at 900 ul, COil
Early FI YMl F 0.26-0.28 USA 204 Range of crit. conc. at 6 sites; critical for
seed cotton yield.
FI YMl F,S 0.25 USA 460
FI- boll YMl Lit 0.30-0.50 82
development
23 DAT leaves RSC 0.51-1.28 2.08-3.24 Ger 163 cv. Deltapine 15/21; Zn deficiency
increased P conc. in leaves.
P04-P 1st FI PYMl F 1500 2000 USA 58 P0 4-P conc. should be maintained above
(mg/kg) Peak FI 1200 1500 1000 mg/kg during fruiting.
1st bolls open 1000 1200
Mat 800 1000
FI PYMl F <1350 1350-3100 >3100 USA 550 Values relate to lint production.
FI + 2 weeks <600 600-2400 >2400
FI + 4 weeks <250 250-1700 >1700
FI + 6 weeks <70 70-1200 >1200
90 DAS Pat 3rd & 4th F 160 USA 450 Critical expressed on fresh weight basis
node below A after extraction in Na acetate.
K(%) 90 DAS WS F 2.75-3.25 USA 80 Criticals at max. yield
120 DAS 2.0-2.75
<1 st FI YMB S,D 2.0-3.0 USA 456
Veg to FI YMB S,D <1.2 1.2-1.3 1.5-3.0 Aust 1053
FI-FI + 8 weeks YMB+3 S 1.5 USA 731 Crit. cone. is that which occurs in plants
exhibiting visual K deficiency symptoms
95% of the time.
45 DAS LB at 3rd & 4th F >3.2 PuRi 879 Tentative for max. seed yield
Node below A
jul-Aug LB 5 0.9-1.95 USA 863
FI LB at 1st node of F Kc = 71.03/ (3.11 + 2.99f + 2.25/5) Fra 138 Function derived for crit. K cone. includes
floweri ng branch 139 leaf 5 cone. and number of branches
385 flowering (f).
120 DAS Old LB+P F 2.5 USA 80 Old LB+ P preferred to WS for sampling
Early FI YML F 0.90-1.24 USA 204 Range of crit. cone. at 5 sites; critical for
seed cotton yield.
Early FI YML F 1.48-1.88 1.40-1.89 USA 800 cv. Deltapine 50; sub-soiling and K
fertilization alleviate late season K
deficiency.
FI YML F,S 1.5 USA 460
FI YML F 1.84 Nig 539 Crit. for max. seed yield.
FI - boll YML Lit 1.7-3.5 Ger 82
development
FI Leaves F 0.75-1.3 1.45 USA 176 cv, Acala GC51 0 } Crit. for max.
FI 0.75-1.6 1.78 cv. Acala Sj-2 } seed yield.
1st FI PYML F 4.0 5.5 USA 58
FI PYML F 2.2 3 USA 364 cv. Acala Sj2; pooled data over 2 years;
predictive values for seed cotton yield.
50 DAS (FI) PYML F <2.84' 2.84-3.26 3.26 3.26-3.66 Ind 917 Crit. cone. relate to seed cotton yield.
70 DAS (Peak Lower LB <0.35 0.35-0.69 0.69 0.69-1.00 'Authors use >40% yield reduction from
FI) PYML <1.80 1.80-2.60 2.60 2.60-3.30 the maximum as 'extreme deficiency'.
P of lower leaf <0.22 0.22-0.90 0.90 0.90-1.60
90 DAS (Boll YMB <0.63 0.63-0.85 0.85 0.85-1.06
development) Lower LB <0.42 0.42-0.53 0.53 0.53-0.63
P of lower leaf <0.12 0.12-0.50 0.50 0.50-0.90
115 DAS (Boll YMB <0.58 0.58-0.70 0.70 0.70-0.83
opening) Lower LB <0.53 0.53-0.68 0.68 0.68-0.83
PYML <1.90 1.90-2.85 2.85 2.85-3.85
76 DAS
101 DAS
PYML F <3.2
<2.7
4.9-6.2
4.6-6.0
USA 962
.g~
~
120 DAS <1.3 2.5-4.0 ill
>120 DAS <1.0 Symptoms observed iti'
III
90 DAS Pat 3rd & 4th F 0.7 USA 450 Critical expressed on fresh weight basis :::
Q..
node below A after extraction in Na acetate :;t
.g
[
...
l>,j
Q
.g
'.&i
'"
...w
o ~
a
~
£l
~
til
~.
~
:::s
S"
tti'
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) (ctd) -tl
iil
El'
K(%) 70 days after PYML F 1.0 2.0 USA 58 5'-
:::s
(ctd) 1st FI
Peak FI
1st bolls open
3.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
[
5(%) Early bud WS Soil 0.15 USA 655 Critical at 93% max. yield
i
(39 DAS)
42 DAS WS Soil 0.08 0.35 Aust 394 cv. Deltapine 16
60 DAS (early WS Soil 0.09-0.17 0.18 0.26-0.59 USA 561 20 cultivars; growth depressed at N/S ratio
square) >13.0.
Moderate 5 WS SC 0.23-0.63 USA 303 Adequate protein N:S ratio = 8-9.
def. symptoms
in So treatment
Veg YMB S,D 0.25-0.8 USA 457
Mid season YMB F 0.59-0.99 USA 55 No response to applied 5
FI LB at 1st node F Sc = 6.58/(0.6 + 1.13/P + 1.24f) Fra 138 Function derived for crit. 5 conc. includes
of floweri ng 139 leaf P conc. and number of branches
branch 385 flowering (f).
Early FI LB from flower F 0.25 CAf Rep 137
axis
Mid-season LB+P F 0.2 USA 464
U Leaves F 0.40 Bra 571
Ca(%) 42 DAS WS Soil <0.52 USA 941
<1 st FI YMB S,D 2.25-3.0 USA 456
Veg to FI YMB S,D 2.2-3.8 4.5-5.0 Aust 1053
Jul-Aug LB 5 1.9-3.5 USA 863
FI- boll YML Lit 0.60-1.5 Ger 82
development
Mg(%) <1 st FI YMB S,D 0.5-0.9 USA 456
Veg to FI YMB S,D 0.02-0.29 0.30-0.90 1.0-1.2 1.4-1.5 Aust 1053 'Toxic' cone. associated with low leaf K.
lul-Aug LB 5 0.3-0.75 USA 863
------
34-105 DAS All LB Sand <0.05 <0.2 0.65-0.8 USA 324

development
34-105 DAS All P Sand <0.1 0.4-0.69 USA 324
Na(%) Veg to FI YMB S,D 0.02-0.35 0.4-0.5 0.6 Aust 1053
15 DAT LB SC 1.08-1.31 2.25-3.31 Isr 523 cv. SJ-1-171
CI(%) Veg to FI YMB S,D 0.5-1.5 1.7-2.0 2.2-4.3 Aust 1053 Toxic cone. associated with toxicity
symptoms.
15 DAT LB SC 1.78-3.27 4.83-6.57 Isr 523 cv. SJ-l-l72
Cu(mg/kg) 35 DAS WS Soil 6-7 13 USA 152
<1 st FI YMB S,D 5-25 USA 456
Veg to FI YMB S,D 3-4 5-30 Aust 1053
49 DAS All LB RSC >21 USA 946 Symptoms observed
FI YML F,S 4 USA 460
FI- boll YML Lit 8-20 Ger 82
development
35 DAT Leaves SC 4.4 (A) 1.6-1.8 1.6 2.5-10.3 8.5 55 USA 781 ELISAdeveloped to detect phenolase.
(A) C-shaped curve; RY of 21 % only.
Zn(mg/kg) 19 DAT WS RSC 13 55 Ger 165 cv. Deltapine 15/21
22 DAT WS RSC 11.1-16.1 31 Ger 580 cv. Deltapine 15/21
23 DAT WS RSC 11.4-12.6 34-36 Ger 163 cv. Deltapine 15/21
35 DAS WS Soil 16-17 USA 152
56 DAT WS Soil 8.7 15.9-47.5 Ind 904 Values are means of 5 cvv.
37 DAS YMB RSC 11 200 USA 679 Critical at 90% max. yield
43 DAS YMB RSC 13-14 17-48 USA 680 Critical at 90% max. yield
<1 st FI YMB S,D 20-60 USA 456 ;'
Veg to FI YMB S,D 7-13 16-20 25-60 Aust 1053 .§
~
[ul-Aug LB 5 20-100 USA 863 ill

it'
~
FI YML F,S 15 850 USA 460
FI - boll YML Lit 25-80 Ger 82
development .g~
[
... Q
.g
...
w
'"
... :l1.
W
N
a~
5l
~
til
~.
~
::
COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) (ctd) -a~~
ill'
Zn{mglkg) 23 DAT Middle leaves RSC 10.6-16.0 41-56 Ger 164 cv. Deltapine 15/22 S"
::
(ctd)
Zn(mglkg)* 24 DAT Middle leaves RSC 3.1-7.6 25-31 Ger 164 cv. Deltapine; * cone. of water-soluble Zn [
better correlated than total Zn with ~
deficiency.
Mn(mg/kg) 18-31 DAS WS FSC 750 Aust 242 Toxic critical at 90% max. yield
35 DAS WS Soil 494 USA 152
60 DAS WS Soil 128-337 409-573 USA 932 cv. Stoneville 213. High cone. in plants
inoculated with Glomus ambisporum and
grown at 24-36°C soil temperature.
<1 st FI YMB S,D 50-350 USA 456
36 DAS YMB RSC 2-8 10 11-247 USA 677 Critical at 90% max. yield
690
Veg to FI YMB S,D 8 15-20 25-500 1000-2000 4000 Aust 1053
lui-Aug LB S 30-300 USA 863
34-105 DAS All LB Sand <10 15 USA 324
FI - boll YML Lit 35-100 Ger 82
development
33 DAS 3 YML Soil 49-57 415-782 568-689 USA 291 Data for 11 cotton genotypes.
18 DAS YL SC 55 230 962-3300 USA 292 cv. 517
YL 45 620 1460 1580-2660 cv.307
21 DAT Youngest 3 RSC 200-270 4030- USA 487 3 cultivars; peroxidase activity in leaves
leaves (width 10570 separated Mn toxic from adequate.
>1 cm)
Var Partly expanded Sand Polyphenol oxidase enzyme assay Ind 928
leaves
Fe(mg/kg) 35 DAS WS Soil <47 USA 152
<1 st FI YMB S,D 50-250 USA 456
2 months Young LB SC 85-112 Gre 1027
2 months Old LB 57-88
lui-Aug LB S 30-300 USA 863
-- -- --- -
FI YML F,S 40 USA 460

AI (mg/kg) 35 DAS WS Soil 169 USA 152
42 DAS WS Soil >200 USA 941
<1st FI YMB S,D <200 USA 456
B(mg/kg) 63 DAT WS SC 15-31 27-85 80 146 160 165-1970 USA 676 Tentative crit. cone.
40 DAT YMB SC 30 45-55 61 75 80 85-145 Ger 245 cv. Etawa
<1 st FI YMB S,D 20-60 USA 456
Veg to FI YMB S,D <16 16-19 20-100 120-250 Aust 1053
41 DAS YMB+3 F 43-46 USA 389 Mean of 3 genotypes} cone.
60 DAS YMB + 3 34-39 Mean of 2 cw. } adequate for
102 DAS YMB + 3 54-73 Mean of 2 cw. } lint yield.
U 3rd & 4th LB F <10 15 USA 638
below A
Early boll 4th LB below A F <13 USA 611
Early boll P <10
FI- boll YML Lit 20-80 Ger 82
development
Mo(mglkg) U WS SC 0.07 1.2 USA 729
5 months LB SC 1.1 1.5-1.9 2.4 Gre 466
development
U Leaves Sand 0.22 0.75 USA 729
As(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Soil 0.25-2.9 3.8 6.0-12.3 USA 230 Critical cone. for 90% max. yield; data for
2 soils.
COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata)

~
~
~
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 1.18-1.68 2.85-3.46 Aust 75 Data for 4 cw. ;.J
39 DAS WS Soil 2.4 2.76 Nig 469 ~
Pre-FI YMB S,D 2.0-2.4 2.6-3.2 3.6-4.6 Aust 1053 ~

:;t
Early FI PYML F 1.1-1.7 SiLe 825 .g
...w -
&r
Q
.g
w
'"
...
IN
~
"'" ;a.
~
g
~
'"~.
~
::
5"
iti'
COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) (ctd) -a
~
Ej
P(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 0.14 0.72 Ven 276 cv. Tuy §"
~
25-33 DAT WS SC 0.36 0.76-1.17 Aust 75 cv. Vita 4
40 DAS WS Soil 0.96 1.23 Ind 1100 cv. HFC-42-1
40 DAS 0.95 1.24 cv. HFC-42-1; seed yield (predictive). ~
30 cm tall WS F 0.28 0.27-0.35 USA 332
Early FI WS Soil 0.15-0.18 0.25 0.26 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4
Early FI WS F 0.19-0.24 0.23-0.3 USA 332
52 DAS WS Soil 0.049-0.058 0.062 0.063-0.064 USA 36 Deficient plants grown in an eroded soil.
56 DAS WS Soil 0.28 Iran 476
84 DAS (Early WS Sand 0.081 - 0.097 0.149 Neth 1041 cv. Kausband
podding)
Pre-FI YMB S,D 0.14-0.20 0.22 0.28-0.48 Aust 1053
50 DAS (FI) YMB F 0.22-0.33 0.34 0.40-0.44 Colo 593 Cowpea intercropped with cassava; cone.
predictive for seed yield.
14 DAS YML Soil 0.16 0.70 Aust 434 cv. Vita 4
21 DAS 0.11 0.62
28 DAS 0.14 0.40
35 DAS 0.12 0.31
42 DAS 0.12 0.36
14 DAS YML Soil 0.15-0.22 0.43 0.43-0.59 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4
24 DAS 0.49 0.48-0.53
34 DAS 0.18-0.21 0.42 0.31-0.51
44 DAS (Early 0.27 0.29-0.51
FI)
55 DAS 0.24 0.23-0.33
21 DAS YML F 0.19 0.35 0.44-0.55 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4
28 DAS 0.17 0.34 0.35 435
42 DAS 0.22 0.35 0.37-0.39
49 DAS 0.27 0.35 0.36-0.38
56 DAS 0.23 0.36 0.39-0.41
24 DAS YML Soil 0.39-0.45 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4; range of critical P cone. in 3
32 DAS 0.36-0.43 soils.
40 DAS 0.31-0.41
48 DAS 0.31-0.38
24 DAS YML+l Soil 0.33 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4
34 DAS 0.31
44 DAS (Early 0.25
FI)
55 DAS 0.16
31 DAS YML Soil 0.20 1.0 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4; deficient plants top-dressed with
230 kgP/ha at 28 DAS, become toxie.
Early FI YML Soil 0.19-0.21 0.30 0.34 Aust 433 cv. Vita 4
Mid-FI YML F 0.07-0.18 0.18 0.19-0.39 Bra 935 cv. IPEAN V-69; data based on 4 crops; L-P
model used to establish crit. cone.
Early FI PYML F 0.12-0.4 SiLe 825
28 DAT YL Sand 0.52 1.04 Ven 276 cv. Tuy
Mature leaves 0.08 0.61
60 DAS Leaves Soil 0.10-0.22 0.18-0.24 USA 508 cv. California Blackeye 5; grown in well-
Pods 0.19-0.23 0.24-0.27 watered conditions +,- mycorrhizal
inoculation.
60 DAS Leaves Soil 0.09-0.17 0.15-0.18 USA 508 cv. California Blackeye 5; grown in dry
Pods 0.16-0.25 0.24-0.27 conditions +,- mycorrhizal inoculation.
Mat Seed F 0.29-0.32 0.35 0.38-0.44 Peru 326
P(f.lmol/g 16 DAT WS FSC 16 Aust 279 cv. Vita 4; corresponds to critical soln
FW) cone. of 0.8 f.lM.
K(%) Pre-FI YMB S,D 0.5-0.9 1.1-1.2 1.7-3.0 Aust 1053
30 DAS All leaves Sand 2.89-3.31 3.85 4.29-5.11 Ind 651 cv. Co-FOS-l
5(%) U WS SC 0.16 0.26 0.29 USA 303 Adequate protein N:S ratio = 15.
Moderate 5 def. symptoms in So treatment.
7 DAS WS Soil 0.5-0.56 Nig 290 Critical at 95% max. vegetative yield for
14 DAS 0.36-0.56 three cultivars which differ in 5
21 DAS YMB 0.35-0.57 requirement.
Early FI (42 0.35-0.6
DAS) ;;t
~t't
Early FI (42 0.32-0.65
DAS) Critical at 95% max. grain yield.
ill
Mat (62-90 All LB Soil 0.27-0.6 Nig 290 Critical at 95% max. vegetative yield for rti'
DAS) three cultivars which differ in 5 I'ol
requirement. 5..
::;l
Mat Seed Soil 0.26 Nig 290 Critical at 95% max. grain yield. .g
[
...
W
Q
.g
\l1
'"
....W ;:l2,
0"1
...~
~
~
~
'~".
~
:::
5"
r;-
COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) (ctd) od
~
El'
Ca(%) 39 DAS WS Soil 0.3 0.9 Nig 469 gO
20 DAT YMB FSC 0.16
0.11
0.99-1.31
1.25
1.75
1.9
2.35-3.40
2.76-4.24
Aust 74 cv. Vita 4 } tentative crit.
cv. CPI 28215 } cone. only. [
Mid-FI YML F 1.18-2.07 1.97-2.07 Bra 936 Mean cone. for 2 cw. ~
14 DAT Expanding RSC 0.07 0.35-0.51 2.64 Ger 416 cv. Solojo
leaves 0.09-0.48 1.97 cv. TVu354
Mg(%) 33 DAS WS Soil 0.3 0.31 0.33-0.51 0.82 0.89-1.43 Bra 265 Reason for yield depression at high Mg
supply not known.
Pre-FI YMB S,D 0.35-1.0 1.3 Aust 1053 'High' cone. an imbalance associated with
low leaf K.
30 DAS All leaves Sand 0.11 0.35 0.45-0.67 Ind 651 cv. Co-FOS-2
Na(%) Pre-FI YMB S,D 0.01-0.03 Aust 1053
CI(%) Pre-FI YMB S,D 0.7-1.6 1.9 Aust 1053
Cu(mglkg) Pre-FI YMB S,D 8-20 Aust 1053
Zn(mglkg) 40 DAS WS Soil 56 74 Ind cv. HFC-42-1
40 DAS 50 cv. HFC-42-1; seed yield (predictive).
Pre-FI YMB S,D 22-70 Aust 1053
;
42 DAS LB Soil 18-24 27-32 34-36? Ind 325 Four cultivars compared
40 DAS Upper blades Sand 5-17 20 50 - 290 273 USA 581 cv. California Blackeye 5
40 DAS Upper petioles 12.5 145
40 DAS Lower blades Sand 10-37 50 150-435 440 USA 581 cv. California Blackeye 6
40 DAS Lower petioles 30 300
Early FI YML Soil 21 USA 786 cv. California Blackeye 5; critical cone. for
95% max. seed yield.
Mat Seed Soil 16-30 36 39-54 USA 786 cv. California Blackeye 5; critical cone. for
95% max. seed yield.
Mat Seed Soil 14-20 22-24 25 30-45 Nig 905 cv. FS68
Straw 12-15 13 17-21 29-125 cv. FS68; slight Piper-Steenbjerg curvature.
Mn(mglkg) 18-31 DAS WS FSC 720 Aust 242 Toxic critical at 90% max. yield
25 DAS WS SC 280 USA 471 One cultivar examined; critical at 50%
max. yield
25-33 DAT WS SC 79-299 536-715 Aust 75 Data for 2 cvv.
28 DAS WS Soil 385 - 525 620 1350-5140 USA 1017 Linear decline in RYwith increase in Mn
cone. in WS.
35 DAS WS F <1000 >2000 USA 471 43 cultivars examined; toxic criterion at
50% max. yield
Pre-FI YMB S,D 70-300 350-600 Aust 1053
20 DAT YMB SC 68 371 Ger 1088 cv. TVu91, sensitive to Mn toxicity;
20 DAT Old LB 183 310 symptoms in old leaves only.
20 DAT YMB SC 55 324 Ger 1088 cv. TVu 1987, tolerant to Mn toxicity; no
20 DAT Old LB 158 296 symptoms.
45 DAS Old LB Sand >2000 Ger 415 29 cultivars examined
Var (Veg) LB SC Callose fluorescence with aniline blue Ger 1087 More sensitive indicator of Mn toxicity
than leaf cone.
18 DAT YML FSC 1220 Aust 33 cv. CPI 28215
18 DAT 430 cv. Ife Brown
22 DAT YML SC 310 Aust 33 cv. CPI 28215 } Nrfixing
22 DAT 224 cv. Ife Brown } plants
Fe(mg/kg) 56 DAS WS Soil <70 >100 Iran 476
B(mg/kg) 48 DAS ML Sand 83 - 186 280 336-1065 USA 294 cv. California Blackeye 5; critical at 90%
max. yield.
48 DAS ML Sand 85 - 181 270 284-1086 USA 1017 cv. California Blackeye 77; critical at 90%
max. yield.
Ni(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS SC 0.01-0.11 0.22-2.83 USN 1028 cv. Vita 5; urea accumulated in necrotic
92 DAS 0.11-0.83 2.48-10.3 Aust leaf tips of Ni-deficient plants.
101 DAS Mat leaves SC 0.142 3.59 USN 1028
101 DAS Mat seed <0.010 0.514 Aust
FABA or FiElD BEAN (Vida faha)

.g~
II>
N(%) FI ws F ~4.2 UK 945 Diagnostic for shoot DM yield iil
cvv. Minor and Mavis Bead ib'
Onset of FI YML Lit 2.8-3.5 Ger 82 ~
=:;i
Early FI YML Lit 1.6-2.5 3.6 4.3-5.0 Aust 1053 .g
...
w
'I
-
Q'
Q
.g
'"
...
W ~
QQ
...~
:t-
al
~
'"~.
:t-
::
:s-
ib'
FABA or FIELD BEAN (Vida faha) (ctd) ~
~
E:'
LB yd from A
N(%) (ctd) FI F 4.8-5.3 Can 95 Fertilizers did not increase yield §"
FI L Lit 3
I
5 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
Mat Seed F ~4.9 UK 945 Diagnostic for seed yield
cw. Minor and Mavis Bead
P(%) U WS Lit 0.11 0.31 1.90 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
Early FI YML Lit 0.16 0.19-0.24 0.30-0.55 0.82 Aust 1053
Onset of FI YML Lit 0.25-0.45 Ger 82
U L Lit <0.2 0.2-0.4 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
10% FI Upper ML
FI LB yd from A F 0.32-0.41 Can 95 Fertilizers did not increase yield
Pre FI VOL F 0.51 Aust 529 Diagnostic for vegetative yield
WS 0.40
Initial FI VOL 0.43
WS 0.38
Full FI VOL 0.39
WS 0.31
End of FI WS 0.29
Pre FI VOL F 0.4 Aust 529 Predictive for seed yield
WS 0.4
Initial FI VOL 0.41
WS 0.39
Full FI VOL 0.41
WS 0.3
End of FI VOL 0.41
WS 0.27
Mat Seed 0.36 Diagnostic for seed yield
K(%) Early FI YML Lit 1.7 1.8-2.0 2.2-4.0 Aust 1053
max. yield unknown; Water extractable K.
FI LB 3rd from A F 2.2-3.2 Can 95 Fertilisers did not increase yield
FI L Lit <2 2 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
5(%) U WS Lit 0.07 0.25 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
i h leaf stage 2-4 leaf Soil 0.038 Can 425 Apparently diagnostic for shoot yield; % of
max. yield unknown; Water extractable S.
47 DAS L Soil 0.31 Ger 9 Diagnostic for shoot FW and DW
U L Lit 0.2-0.25 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
7th leaf ML Soil 0.038 Can 424 Diagnostic for shoot DW; 504-5
Early FI 0.057 measured; Predictive for seed yield; Poor
plateau definition
Ca(%) Onset of FI YML Lit 0.5-2.0 Ger 82
Early FI YML Lit 0.6-1.2 Aust 1053
U L Lit 1.44 2 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
Mg(%) U WS Lit 0.03 0.29 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
Early FI YML Lit 0.24-0.50 Aust 1053
Na(%) 28-56 DAS WS Sand <0.23 >0.69 UK 1109
Early FI YML Lit 0.02-0.40 0.7 2.2 Aust 1053
CI(%) 28-56 DAS WS Sand <0.35 >3.2 UK 1109
Early FI YML Lit <0.8 0.9-1.2 Aust 1053
Cu(mg!kg) U YL Lit 1.4 7.3 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
Early FI YML Lit 5-25 Aust 1053
Onset of FI YML Lit 7-15 Ger 82
U Upper L Lit 15-25 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
Zn(mg/kg) Onset of FI YML Lit 30-70 Ger 82
Early FI YML Lit 28-140 Aust 1053
U L Lit 15-20 42-50 120-140 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
Initial FI WS F, 26 Aust 529 Predictive for seed yield
Full FI WS Soil 18
End of FI WS 23
~
~ill
End of FI VOL F, 29 Aust 529 Diagnostic for vegetative yield
End of FI WS Soil 25
;jJ'
~
6..
=:;i
.g
...
W
<.0
-
Q'
Q
.g
'"
.......
c ~
;a
;r..
5l
-;-
<Ii
?t
;r..
::l
:;
ib'
FABA or FiElD BEAN (Vida (aha) (ctd) -tl
iil
S'
Zn(mg/kg) Full FI YOL F, 20 Aust 529 Predictive for seed yield §-
(ctd) End of FI YOL Soil 24
Initial FI YOL 19 ~
::l
Full FI YOL 24
End of FI YOL 24
§.
Mat Seed 14
Mn(mg/kg) U YL Lit 3.3 55 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
WS 109 1083
Early FI YML Lit 50-300 600-900 1000-2020 Aust 1053
Fe(mg/kg) U YL Lit 20 103 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
U L Lit 100-800 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
B(mg/kg) U WS Lit 5-50 30 312 Aust 939 Adequate plants no symptoms
U L Lit 20-25 300 USA 881 Unknown criteria for critical level
Mo(mg/kg) Onset of FI YML Lit 0.4-1.0 Ger 82
Early FI YML Lit 0.19 0.4-5.5 Aust 1053
FiElD PEA, ENGLISH PEA (Pisum sativum)
N(%) 14 DAS WS SC 3.5 Can 1047

21 DAS 3.3
Pre-FI YML Lit 1.4-2.8 3.2-3.4 4.0-5.5 5.8 Aust 1053
8-9 nodes LB 3 rd node F 4.4-5.8 Can 95 Fertilizers did not increase yield
from A
1st bloom YML Lit 3.80-3.90 4.00-6.0 >6.0 USA 457
4_8th node 3 rd leaffrom top Lit 2.4 4.4-4.6 USA 633
28 DAS Whole plant SC <4.8 >3.2 Can 1048 Diagnostic for max. plant DW
4.3 Diagnostic for max. shoot DW
<4.8 >3.2 Diagnostic for max. root DW
P(%) 36 DAS WS F <0.6 >0.92 Ind 261
51 DAS <0.53 >0.71
66 DAS <0.46 >0.64
81 DAS <0.4 >0.55
96 DAS <0.43 >0.6
Pre-FI 0.16
U WS Lit 0.10-0.12 0.29-0.33 2.1 Aust 939 cw. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants
no symptoms
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.18 0.24-0.27 0.30-0.55 0.65-0.85 Aust 1053
FI YML F 0.32 USA 723 Predictive for fresh immature seed yield
PF Immature seeds 0.38 Diagnostic for fresh immature seed yield
from A
1st bloom Recent fu Ily Lit 0.25-0.29 0.30-0.8 >0.8 USA 457
developed
leaflets
Mat Seed Sand 0.38-0.51 0.55-0.95 UK 157
4_8th node 3 rd leaffrom top Lit 0.1 0.4 USA 633
K(%) Pre-FI YML Lit <1.5 1.6-1.8 2.0-3.4 Aust 1053
1st bloom Recent fu Ily Lit 1.80-1.90 2.00-3.5 >3.5 USA 457
developed
leaflets
from A
8 nodes (Pre- LB 3 rd node F <0.8 0.8-1.3 1.3-2.0 >2.0 USA 998
FI) from A
Full FI LB 3 rd node F <0.7 0.7-1.1 1.1-1.5 > 1.5 USA 998
from A
4_8th node 3 rd leaf from Lit 0.3-1.5 2.3-2.6 USA 633 ;;;
top .§
'l>
K(mmol/kg) 35 DAT Fruit SC ~1.14 Swe 2 Diagnostic for max. root and shoot DW ill
~1.15 Pisumarvense
;-
S
Root
Yellow L
~1.38
~1.01
~
;t
Green L ~1.38 .g
[
.... Q
.g
....
,j>,
'"
.... ~
""
~
a
).
~
~
'"~.
).
::l
::
tti'"
FIELD PEA, ENGLISH PEA (Pisum sativum) (ctd) ~
iil
S'
S(%) 36 DAS WS Sand 0.13 Aust 746 cv. Dun S·
::l
61 DAS
(budding)
WS Sand 0.17 Aust 746 cv. Dun
~
::l
U WS Lit 0.07-0.08 0.24-0.30 Aust 939 cvv. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants ~
no symptoms
Mat WS F ;:::0.3 Ind 993 No plateau in DM or seed yield achieved

Seed ;:::0.4
36 DAS YMB Sand 0.22 Aust 746 cv. Dun
Top half of shoot 0.15
61 DAS YMB Sand 0.29 Aust 746 cv. Dun
(budding) Top half of shoot 0.18
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.20-0.40 Aust 1053
4_8th node 3rd leaf from top Lit 0.3 0.6 USA 633
S04- S 16 nodes WS F 200-600 USA 809 Critical at max. yield
(mglkg)
Ca(%) 1 st bloom YML Lit 1.00-1.1 0 1.20-2.0 >2.0 USA 457
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.7 0.9-2.0 Aust 1053
4_8th node 3 rd leaf from top Lit 0.7 1.0-2.8 USA 633
Mg(%) U WS Lit 0.03 0.19 Aust 939 cvv. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants
no symptoms
Pre-FI YML Lit <0.16 0.16-0.20 0.20-0.55 >0.7 Aust 1053
1st bloom YML Lit 0.22-0.29 0.30-0.7 >0.7 USA 457
4_8th node 3 rd leaf from top Lit 0.1 0.3-0.5 USA 633
Na(%) Pre-FI YML Lit <0.3 >0.4 Aust 1053
CI(%) Pre-FI YML Lit <1.6 1.8-2.0 >2.0 Aust 1053
Cu(mglkg) 35 DAT L SC <6.9 >3.8 Ger 35
U YL Lit 0.7-0.9 5.9-7.8 Aust 939 cvv. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants
no symptoms
Pre-FI YML Lit 4 6-25 Aust 1053
st
1 bloom YML Lit 4-6 7-25 >25 USA 457
Zn(mg/kg) Bud WS Soil 420-490 USA 108 Toxic critical at 80-90% max. yield
Budding WS Soil 380-500 558
45 DAS WS F >32 Ind 992 Predictive for seed yield and shoot DW at
maturity
Mat Straw >34 Diagnostic for seed yield and shoot DW at
Pre-FI YML Lit <16 16-19 24-100 >100 Aust 1053
1st bloom YML Lit 20-24 25-100 >100 USA 457
4_8t h node 3 rd leaffrom top Lit 20 33 USA 633
Mn(mg/kg) U YL Lit 4.2 60-65 Aust 939 cvv, Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants
WS 85 1743-2988 no symptoms
Pre-FI YML Lit 15 30-400 500-800 >1000 Aust 1053
st
1 bloom YML Lit 25-29 30-400 >400 USA 457
U LB F 6-13 30-60 UK 60
Var LB+P of mid- F <8 8-10 >10 UK 661
stem
4_8th node ]Cd leaf from top Lit <15 75 USA 633
Mat Seed S 3-4 >9 UK 331
Fe(mg/kg) 21 DAT L SC <11 >5.4 Fra 1 Cone. on FW basis; Levels determined
from leaf symptoms
24 DAT Stem SC <39 >21 Aust 1065 Criteria based on symptoms
LP1 <73 >65
LP2 <74 >66
LP3 <87 >63
LP4 <102 >60
~
LP5 <94 >65
LP6 <80 >47 ~
New growth <82 >45 "'Ql
;-
4_8t h node 3 rd leaf from
~
Lit <50 110-117 USA 633
top
;;
.g
... -
~r
Q
.g
""w til
... ~
a
,j>,
,j>,
~
~
~
'"~.
~
=
s-
ib'
FiElD PEA, ENGLISH PEA (Pisum sativum) (ctd) -a
~
5l'
Fe (rng/kg) U YL Lit 20-23 73-81 Aust 939 cvv. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants §"
(ctd) no symptoms
1st bloom YML Lit 40-49 50-300 >300 USA 457 ~
B(mglkg) 35 DAS WS SC >300 Aust 717 cv. Alma ~
330 cv. Pennant
Diagnostic for shoot, root or total DW
FI WS F 50 95 ~100 Ind 239 Predictive for fresh pod yield
U YL Lit 1.6-3.6 17-19 Aust 939 cvv. Wirrega and Dinkum; Adequate plants
WS 17-20 566-915 no symptoms
35 DAS Roots SC >40 Aust 717 cv.Alma
70 cv. Pennant
Diagnostic for shoot, root or total DW
28-30 DAS YFEB RSC 36 Aust 186 tv. Bonzer
Pre-FI YML Lit <20 25-60 Aust 1053
1st bloom YML Lit 20-24 25-60 >60 USA 457
4_8th node 3'd leaf from Lit <5 20 USA 633
top
FI Bottom LB RSC 50-300 >450 Spa 878
Mat Seed SC 3-5 11-13 USA 1096
Mo(mglkg) 16 nodes WS F 0.3-1.0 USA 809
56 DAS WS Soil 0.11-0.20 0.20-0.60 Bulg 323
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.3-1.0 Aust 1053
1st bloom YML Lit 0.4-0.6 >0.6 USA 457
4_8th node 3rd leaf from top Lit 0.05 USA 633
Cdtmg/kg) 28 DAS WS 5 Spa 390 Diagnostic for shoot FW
4 Diagnostic for nodules/plant
5 Diagnostic for nodules/g root
28 DA5 Roots 60 Spa 390 Diagnostic for shoot FW
250 Diagnostic for root FW
40 Diagnostic for nodules/plant
60 Diagnostic for nodules/g root
35 DA5 Root Sand 30 Italy 528 Diagnostic for root DW
5 14
L 4
35 DA5 Root Sand 70 Italy 528 Diagnostic for leaf DW
5 22
L 13
W5 5C 10 UK 558
Tltrng/kg) Veg Roots 5C 8 Ger 756 Tl as EDTA salt
5 20 735
L 15
Veg Roots 5C >80 Ger 756 Tl as nitrate salt
5 >120 735
L 62
Be(mg/kg) 28 DA5 W5 5C 15 UK 558
5e(mg/kg) 45 DA5 W5 Soil 3 UK 558
V(mg/kg) L 5C 1-2 UK 558
GINGER (Zingiber officina/e)
N(%) 180 DA5 3rd LB below A F 3.23 Aust 519 Critical at 90% max. rhizome yield
194 DA5 3.29
208 DA5 3.07
222 DA5 2.61
251 DA5 2.23
6.5 months 3'd LB below A F 3.7 ' 4.6 Aust 31 Critical at max. rhizome yield. 'Toxic leaf
(mid-Feb) symptoms and reduced rhizome yield if N
applied to plants having 4.1 and 4.3%N
respectively
~
7 months
(March)
3'd LB below A F 3.5 Aust 31 Critical at max. rhizome yield
~
~
7.5 months 3.3 iil

ib'
(mid-March) III
::l
e,
P(%) 2-3 months Upper LB 5C 0.13-0.14 0.24-0.33 0.69-1.4 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 0.13-0.15 0.3-0.35 0.83-1.6
;t
.g
[
... Q
.g
""
til <II
.... ::Eo
"'"
0'1
~
....
~
6l
~
tIj
~.
~
:::
5"
re
GINGER (Zingiber officina/e) (ctd) ~
~
K(%) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 0.9-1.1 3.9-5.7 Aust 31

£6'
2-3 months 0.7-0.8 3.8-4.6
:::
Lower LB
5(%) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 0.09-0.11 0.35-0.4 Aust 31 [
2-3 months Lower LB 0.11-0.14 0.38-0.43 ~
Ca(%) 43 DAT WS FSC 0.06 0.45 0.75 0.84-1.50 Aust 439
2-3 months Upper LB SC 0.05-0.07 1.1-1.3 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 0.2-0.3 2.2
Mg(%) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 0.08-0.09 0.5-0.8 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 0.07-0.08 0.5-0.7
Cu(mg/kg) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 2-4 8-10 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 3-4 9-12
Zn(mgikg) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 15-20 30-43 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 16-22 29-46
Mn(mgikg) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 20-22 125-250 9510 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 32-83 750-820 9927
Fe(mg/kg) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 13-36 110-160 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 14-60 150-190
B(mgikg) 2-3 months Upper LB SC 14-20 80-112 275-353 Aust 31
2-3 months Lower LB 38-80 155-192 608-933
Mo(mgikg) 2-3 months WS SC 0.2-0.3 0.5-0.9 Aust 31
GREEN GRAM (Vigna radiatiJ)
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 1.11-1.21 4.02-4.03 Aust 75 CY. Berken

P(%) 30 DAS WS Soil 0.085- 0.11 0.11-0.17 Ind 301 Crit. cone. at 90% max. seed yield.
0.107
FI WS Soil 0.3 Pak 784 CY. NM-19
15 DAS YML Soil 0.44 0.69 0.66-1.00 Aust 433 CY. Berken
23 DAS 0.30 0.55
37 DAS 0.35 0.44 0.38-0.56
40 DAS (Early 0.22 0.43 0.49-0.53
FI)
FI YML Soil 0.33 Pak 784 cv. NM-19
Mat Seed 0.34
Mat Seed Soil 0.27-0.35 0.38 0.39-0.44 Ind 864 cv. MH83-20(Asha); critical cone. derived
Mat Straw 0.085-0.15 0.13 0.12-0.19 by reviewer.
CI(%) 20-40 DAT WS SC 1.18 1.71-6.62 Aust 876 Crit. cone. at 90% max. RGR; data pooled
from several experiments.
Zn(mglkg) 42 DAS WS Soil 13-29 19 16-58 Ind 364 cv. Pusa Baisakhi; data from pot trial with
22 soils.
Mn(n;glkg) 25-33 DAT WS SC 247-259 784-901 Aust 75 cv. Berken
18 DAT YML FSC 950 Aust 33 cv. Berken; NOTN in nutrient soln.
18 DAT 870 cv. Celera; NOTN in nutrient soln.
22 DAT YML SC 800 Aust 33 cv, Berken; Nrfixing plants.
40 DAS YML Soil 14.7-23.0 19 20-38 Ind 48 cv. ML 131; study on 14 soils.
B(mglkg) Early FI bud Young 13 (14) 51 Aust 78 cv. Kampaengsaen 1; tentative critical
unfolding leaf cone. below which LB elongation rate is
Early podding Young 11 (14) 34 decreased.
unfolding leaf
Early podding YML 14 (14) 24
V2 Expanding LB SC,F 16 Aust/ 79 Crit cone. at 90% maximal LB elongation
R3 14 Thai rate.
Mat Seed F 5.0-9.5 15.3-16.3 Thai 817 55-33% abnormal seedlings produced in
low B soil.
Mo(mglkg) Rl-2 YMB 0.09-0.13 Aust 79
Rl-2 Nodules 3.9-4.3 603
GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 1.15-2.16 3.36-3.62 Aust 75 cv. Brooks

Pre-FI (37 DAS) WS F 3.0-5.0 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with
FI (50 DAS) 2.5-4.0 high fertilizer rates
PF (78-91 DAS) 2.2-4.0 ;t
44 DAS
44 DAS
WS Ver 3.09-3.81
2.88-3.64
2.90-3.61
3.04-3.74
USA 27 cv. Lewis ~~
ib'
P(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 0.38-0.42 0.70 Aust 75 cv. Brooks III
::l
Q..
Pre-FI (37 WS F 0.25-0.35 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with
:;t
DAS) high fertilizer rates .g
[
...
~
Q
.g
'I 'Il
...
,j::l,
QQ ~
~
;.:.
e
~
<Ii
~.
;.:.
::
::i
Ii'
GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (ctd) ~
~
ill'
P(%) (ctd) FI (50 DAS) WS F 0.22-0.32 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with §"
PF (78-91 0.17-0.30 high fertilizer rates
DAS) ~
::
Early FI (40 WS SC 0.08 Aust 482 cv. Brooks ~
DAS)
P(llmol!g 20 DAT WS FSC 17 Aust 279 cv. Brooks

FW)
K(%) Pre-FI to FI WS F 2.0-4.0 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with
(37-50 DAS) high fertilizer rates
PF (78-91 1.5-2.5
DAS)
Early FI (40 WS SC 0.5 Aust 482 cv. Brooks
DAS)
Ca(%) 20 DAT WS FSC 0.15 Aust 74 cv. Brooks
Pre-FI (37 WS F 2.0-2.5 Aust 482 cv. CPl 77 tested on range of soils with
DAS) 1.7-2.2 high fertilizer rates
FI (50 DAS) 0.9-1.3
Early PF (78
DAS) 0.6-0.9
Late PF (91
DAS)
DAS)
20 DAT YMB FSC 0.45-1 .31 3.16 Aust 74 cv. Brooks
Mg(%) Pre-FI to Early WS F 0.62-1.15 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with
FI (37-50 DAS) high fertilizer rates
Early PF (78 0.51-0.9
DAS)
Late PF (91 0.36-0.66
DAS)
DAS)
CI(%) Pre-FI (37 WS F 0.3-0.9 Aust 482 cv. CPl77 tested on range of soils with
DAS) high fertil izer rates
54 DAS Mature, fully F 0.06-0.45 0.48 0.72-1.71 USA 297 cvv. Kinman, Esser; crit. cone. for seed
expanded leaves yield.
Cu(mg/kg) Pre-FI (37 WS F 8-13 Aust 482 cv. CPl 77 tested on range of soils with
DAS) high fertilizer rates
Zn(mglkg) Pre-FI (37 WS F 90-120 Aust 482 cv. CP177 tested on range of soils with
42 DAS WS Soil 10 -15.2 15.4 16-25 Ind 919 cv. HG75; crit cone. corresponds to 80%
max. yield.
Mn(mg/kg) 25-33 DAT WS SC 92-100 323-353 Aust 75 cv. Brooks
Pre-FI (37 WS F 60-190 Aust 482 cv, CP177 tested on range of soils with
Early FI (40 WS SC 2847 Aust 482 cv. Brooks
DAS)
B(mglkg) Pre-FI (37 DAS) WS F 60-90 Aust 482 cv. CP177 tested on range of soils with
high fertil izer rates
Early FI (40 WS SC 377 Aust 482 cv. Brooks
DAS)
HOPS (Humulus lupulus)
N(%) Mid season YML Lit 2.5-3.5 Ger 82

P(%) Mid season YML Lit 0.35-0.60 Ger 82
K(%) Mid season YML Lit 2.8-3.5 Ger 82
Ca(%) Mid season YML Lit 1.0-2.5 Ger 82
Mg(%) Mid season YML Lit 0.3-0.6 Ger 82
Cu(mg/kg) Mid season YML Lit 6-12 Ger 82
Zn(mg/kg) Mid season YML Lit 35-80 Ger 82
Mn(mg/kg) Mid season YML Lit 30-100 Ger 82
B(mg/kg) Mid season YML Lit 25-70 Ger 82
Mo(mg/kg) Mid season YML Lit 0.2-0.5 Ger 82
;;t
.§
JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis) ~
ill
~
III
P(%) 4 MAT
6 MAT
WS F ~0.36
~0.30
Ind 501 Diagnostic and predictive for max. shoot
FW, DW and oil yield a.
~
Zn(mg/kg) 102 DAT L SC ::::12.4 28 Ind 617 . Cate-Nelson analysis for DM yield ~
[
....... Q
~
<J:I
'"
... :2
VI
o
a
~
i
~
~.
~
5"
ib
JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis) (ctd) ~
;jl
~
Fe(mglkg) 110 DAT WS F 212 Ind 964 Second harvest regenerated material 6'
::l
200 DAT 164 following the first harvest; Diagnostic for
DM herbage yield
~
110 DAT
200 DAT
WS F 210
167
Ind 964 Second harvest regenerated material
following the first harvest; Diagnostic for
i
essential oil yield
KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus)
N(%) 80 DAS Leaves F 2.65 3.01-3.42 3.49 USA 86 Predictive values for stem yield; cv.
(approx) Tainung 1.
Mat Stem F 0.30-0.43 0.44 0.48-0.53 USA 8
NOrN Mat Stem F 110-380 390 470-800 USA 8
(rug/kg)
NOrN 36 DAS PYML (sap) F 1850 Aust 552 Critical at 90% max. stem dry matter yield;
(mglL) 46 DAS 0 400-1160 1350 1540 cv. Guatemala 4
53 DAS 0 180-910 1040 1080-1250
60 DAS 0 73-400 400 450-990
67 DAS 0 2-62 75 120-710
P(%) Mat Stem Lit 0.12-0.19 USA 457
K(%) Mat Stem Lit 1.36-2.59 USA 457
Ca(%) Mat Stem Lit 0.31-0.41 USA 457
Mg(%) Mat Stem Lit 0.15-0.35 USA 457
Cu(mg!kg) Mat Stem Lit 1-3 USA 457
Zn(mglkg) Mat Stem Lit 23-31 USA 457
Mn(mg!kg) Mat Stem Lit 14-23 USA 457
Fe(mglkg) Mat Stem Lit 21-26 USA 457
B(mglkg) 115 DAE WS F 685 USA 52 No B toxicity symptoms
Mat Stem Lit 12-21 USA 457
Mo(mglkg) Mat Stem Lit 0.8-0.9 USA 457
LENTIL (Lens culinaris)
N(%) Mat WS F 4.3 Can 141 Diagnostic for total shoot yield
cvv. Eston and Laird
42 DAT F 4.0 Diagnostic for seed yield
SC >3 cv. Eston; diagnostic for shoot DW
Protein (%) Mat Seed F ~2S Can 140 Diagnostic for max. DW of shoots
~25 Diagnostic for max. seed yield
P(%) \ <30 cm tall WS Soil 0.28 Pak 605
Head YMB Soil 0.33 Pak 783 Critical at 95% of max. seed yield
~30 cm high WS 0.28
Mat Seed 0.26
FI init. YML Soil 0.33 Pak 605
K(%) i h Ieaf stage 2-4 leaf Soil 0.18 Can 425 Apparently diagnostic for shoot yield; % of
max. yield unknown; Water extractable K
5(%) Mat WS F ~0.33 Ind 993 No plateau in DM or seed yield achieved
Seed ~0.47
max. yield unknown; Water extractable 5
7th leaf ML Soil 0.29 Can 424 Diagnostic for shoot DW; 5°4-5
Early FI 0.045 measured; Predictive for seed yield; Poor
plateau definition
Zn(mglkg) 45 DAS WS F >32 Ind 992 Predictive for seed yield and shoot DW at
maturity
Mn(mglkg) 65 DAS Young L Sand <8 88 Ind 491 Plateau not defined
89 DAS All L 38 70 Seedsformed
Fe2+ 50 DAS L Soil 74.5 Ind 869 Cate-Nelson approach; poorly defined
;;;t
(mglkg) plateau
.g
~
B(mglkg) 28-30 DAS YFEB RSC 194 Aust 186 cv. Callisto j;J
164 cv. Laird Ii
~
:;t
.g
... -
~r
1"'\
...
VI C3
~
... ;a
\,/l
N
a
)..
al
~
<Ii
~e
)..
:I
5"
tb'
LINSEED, L1NOLA, FLAX (Unum usitatissimum) -a
~
ill'
N(%) 42 DAS WS Soil 3.23 3.75-4.19 Ger 408 g.
:I
~
49 DAS WS F 2.08-2.7 Ger 408
Ger 408
~
63 DAS WS Soil 2.47-3.03
63 DAS WS F 1.39-3.59 Ger 408
77 DAS WS F 1.39-1.81 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 2.2 2.6-2.8 3.2-4.5 Aust 1053
Onset of FI Upper 3 rd of Lit 2.6-3.0 Ger 82

shoots
56 DAS L F 3.80 Ger 408
Buds visible Roots Sand <1.3 Aust 406 Predictive for max. seed and oil yield
L <5.3
FI Roots Sand <1.1 Aust 406 Predictive for max. seed and oil yield
S <1.5
L <5.9
Flowers <3.5
44 DAS S Sand 2.3 Aust 403 Diagnostic for shoot DW
(tillering) L 5.6
44 DAS S Sand 2.1 3.0 Aust 403 Predictive for seed yield
(tillering) L 5.0 6.3

(Buds visible) L 5.0
Flowers 4.1
(Buds visible) L 4.3 5.2
Flowers 4.0 4.2

(FI) L 4.5
Flowers 2.5
(FI) L 4.0 4.8
Flowers 2.7 2.8
171 DAS S Sand 1.1 1.8 Aust 403 Diagnostic for shoot DW
(Mat) L 2.3 3.5
(Mat) L 2.0 3.1
Seeds 3.7 3.9
(PS) L 4.0
Capsules 2.7
(PS) L 3.8 4.3
Capsules 2.6 2.8
Early tillering Dry upper S Sand 3.0 Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
Dry upper L 5.5 preferred for NOrN. Whole shoot is most
WholeS 2.2 convenient for total N
Whole L 5.47
WS 4.5
Early tillering Dry upper S Sand 2.93 Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
Dry upper L 5.23 preferred tissue for NOrN. Whole shoot
Whole S 2.14 is most convenient for total N.
Whole L 5.16
WS 4.30
FI Dry upper S Sand 2.16 Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
Whole S 1.57 conven ient for total N
Whole L 4.45
WS 2.72
FI Dry upper S Sand 1.98 Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
Dry upper L 4.32 preferred tissue for NOrN. Whole shoot
WholeS 1.42 is most convenient for total N.
Whole L 4.21
WS 2.62
Visible buds Dry upper S Sand 2.28 Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
WholeS 1.66 convenient for total N.
Whole L 4.9
WS 3.13
~
~tll
Visible buds Dry upper S Sand 2.15 Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
Dry upper L 4.78 preferred tissue for N03-N. Whole shoot
WholeS 1.43 is most convenient for total N. ill
;-
Whole L 4.35 III
WS 2.80 ::l
l:l..
:;'
.g
...
VI
W
-
§'
Q
.g
til
...
til
~
"'" :a
~
:::
III
-;-
'~".
~
:::
S"
~
LINSEED, L1NOLA, FLAX (Unum usitatissimum) (ctd) -atil
NOrN
(mg/kg)
Early tillering Fresh upper S
Dry upper S
Sand 260
2250
1900
13000
Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
preferred for NOrN. Whole shoot is most
-o'
ill'
:::
Dry main S 2050 10500 convenient for total N. ~
:::
Early tillering Fresh upper S
Dry upper S
Dry main S
Sand 130
1080
1000
900
1300
7200
Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
preferred tissue for NOrN. Whole shoot
is most convenient for total N.
-
IE
Visible buds Dry upper S Sand 750 3000 Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
Dry main S 680 2000 preferred for N03-N. Whole shoot is most
convenient for total N.
Visible buds Fresh upper S Sand 160 720 Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
Dry upper S 1700 4000 preferred tissue for NOrN. Whole shoot
Dry main S 1050 3200 is most convenient for total N.
FI Dry upper S Sand 650 2000 Aust 402 Diagnostic for shoot DW. Upper stem
Dry main S 600 2200 preferred for NOrN. Whole shoot is most
convenient for total N.
FI Dry upper S Sand 300 1200 Aust 402 Predictive for seed yield. Upper stem
Dry main S 200 1500 preferred tissue for NOrN. Whole shoot
is most convenient for total N.
P(%) 21 DAS WS F 0.61 Can 40 Diagnostic
35 WS 0.38 cv. Dufferi n
63 WS <0.20
Mat Seed <0.67
22 DAS WS F 0.62 Can 40 Predictive for seed yield
35 DAS 0.38 cv. Dufferin
63 DAS 0.20
37 DAS WS Soil 0.25 USA 626
53 DAS WS Soil 0.37-0.69 Ger 408
63 DAS WS Soil 0.19-0.21 0.27-1.0 Ger 408
63 DAS WS Soil 0.15-0.3 Ger 408
63 DAS WS F 0.14-0.35 Ger 408
70 DAS WS Soil 0.49-0.83 Ger 408
77 DAS WS F 0.18-0.27 Ger 408
PF WS F 0.2 Can 954 Diagnostic for max. shoot DW
Mat WS F 0.44 Can 954 Diagnostic for max. straw DW
Seed 0.03
Mat WS F 0.40 Can 954 Predictive for max. seed yield
Seed 0.03
70 DAS Young L Soil 0.49-0.8 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.13-0.16 0.20-0.22 0.25-0.45 Aust 1053
shoots
46 DAS YFEL F 0.33 Aust 747 Diagnostic for shoot DW
60 DAS 0.36 Diagnostic for shoot DW
60 DAS 0.21 Predictive for max. seed yield
49 DAS L Soil 0.21-0.32 0.5-0.79 Ger 408
56 DAS L Soil 0.9 Ger 408
56 DAS L F 0.5 Ger 408
49 DAS S Soil 0.12-0.13 0.28 Ger 408
Mat Stem Sand/Perl 0.03 Aust 407 Diagnostic for seed yield
L 0.08 cv. Glenelg
Capsules 0.06
Seed 0.45
70 DAS Old L Soil 0.17-0.2 Ger 408
K(%) 53 DAS WS Soil 2.5-3.5 Ger 408
63 DAS WS Soil 0.96-2.3 Ger 408
63 DAS WS F 1.51-3.37 Ger 408
70 DAS YL Soil 3.14-3.8 Ger 408
WS 2.69-3.1
77 DAS WS F 1.21 Ger 408
91 DAS WS Soil 2.59 Ger 408
105 DAS WS F 1.55 2 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.8 1.6-1.8 2.2-3.0 Aust 1053 ~
Onset of FI Upper 3 rd of Lit 2.5-3.5 Ger 82 ~II>
shoots j;l
ib'
49 DAS YL Soil 1.92-3.32 4.23-4.94 Ger 408 III
::
L 5.15 Q..
:;;
56 DAS L F,Soil 2.9 Ger 408 .g
[
....
\i1
Q
.g
\i1 III
....
I.n :2
Q">
~
...:l:o-
~
~
'"~.
:l:o-
::
S"
Ii
LINSEED, L1NOLA, FLAX (Linum usitatissimum) (ctd) -a
~
ill"
K(%) (ctd) 49DAS Old L Soil 0.68-2.1 5.62-6.13 Ger 408
i o
~
S(%) 49DAS L Soil 0.2-0.23 0.47 Ger 408
S 0.08-0.09 0.16
Ca(%) 53DAS WS Soil 0.96-1.7 Ger 408 ~
63DAS WS F 0.92-1.62 Ger 408
77DAS WS F 5.5-7.3 Ger 408
91DAS WS Soil 3.27-4.45 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.8 1.0-1.6 2.2 Aust 1053
shoots
112DAS Upper shoot F 0.28-0.54 0.6-0.72 Ger 408
49DAS L Soil 1.5 Ger 408
56DAS L Soil 1.2-2 Ger 408
56DAS L F 2.4 Ger 408
70DAS YL Soil 2.06-2.14 Ger 408
Old L 3.16-3.26
WS 1.36-1.44
Mg(%) 53DAS WS Soil 0.36-0.65 Ger 408
63DAS WS F 0.39-0.78 Ger 408
77 DAS WS F 0.32-0.47 >0.89 Ger 408
91DAS WS Soil 0.95-1.56 Ger 408
Early FI WS Soil 0.5 1 Can 340
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.30-0.65 0.95 Aust 1053
Onset of FI Upper 3rd of Lit 0.2-0.5 Ger 82
shoots
49DAS YL Soil 0.27-0.35 0.55-0.63 Ger 408
L 0.58
Old L 0.16-0.31 0.72-0.75
56DAS L Soil 0.4 Ger 408
56DAS L F 0.5 Ger 408
-
Na(%) 46 DAS WS F 1.08-1.15 1.4-1.46 Ger 408

53 DAS WS Soil 0.03-0.39 Ger 408
91 DAS WS Soil 0.4-1.01 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.2-0.9 1.1-1.2 Aust 1053
56 DAS L Soil 0.2-1.3 3.1 Ger 408
70 DAS YL Soil 0.49-0.5 Ger 408
WS 0.37-0.45
Old L 1.06-1.38
CI(%) s Pre-FI YML Lit 0.3-1.2 Aust 1053
Cu(mg/kg) 43 DAS (PS) WS Soil <2.4 >3.5 Can 596
53 DAS WS Soil 3.5-9.8 Ger 408
63 DAS WS Soil 3 4.5-9.3 Ger 408
63 DAS WS F 3.3-4.5 4.8-7.8 Ger 408
77 DAS WS F 5.1-6.7 Ger 408
FI init WS Soil 2.4 3.5-5 Can 595 Diagnostic at 85% max. growth
Pod init 1.7
Pre-FI YML Lit 4 6-25 90 Aust 1053
Onset of FI Upper 3 rd of Lit 10-15 Ger 82
shoots
Zn(mg/kg) 21 DAS WS Soil ~10 USA 622
63 DAS ~16
42 DAS WS F 700-800 Ger 408
45 DAS WS F >34 Ind 992 Predictive for seed yield and shoot DW at
mat.
mat.
Mat Seed >16 Diagnostic for seed yield and shoot DW at
mat.
53DAS WS Soil 19-37 Ger 408 ~
63 DAS WS Soil 15-18 24-31 Ger 408
~~
63 DAS WS Soil 17-35 Ger 408
ib'
63 DAS WS F 10.4-14.9 19.1-34.2 Ger 408 ~
Q..
70 DAS WS Soil 18-20 32-83 Ger 408 ;t
70 DAS WS Soil 12.7-19 19.3-38 Ger 408
.g
[
...
III
ar'l
'I ~
... ~
til
QQ
a
).
~
-;-
'"~.
).
:I
LINSEED, L1NOLA, FLAX (Unum usitatissimum) (ctd)

=
;-
-a
til
ill'
Zn(mglkg) 77 DAS WS F 29-43.4 Ger 408 §.
(ctd)
PF
Pre-FI
WS
YML
Soil
Lit
<19
9-14 15-18 20-90
Ind
Aust
490
1053
[
~
shoots
Mn(mglkg) Pre-FI YML Lit 60-800 Aust 1053
70 DAS YL Soil 56 1015 Ger 408
shoots
U WS Soil 6 50 Ger 408
77 DAS WS F 96-188 Ger 408
49-70 DAS WS Soil 5-50 500-2000 Ger 408
63 DAS WS Soil 14-18 108-145 Ger 408
63 DAS WS F 108-449 Ger 408
65 DAS WS Soil ~189 USA 624
70 DA5 WS Soil 34 2295 Ger 408
Old L 133
Fe(mglkg) 70 DAS YL Soil 80-122 Ger 408
WS 52-84
Old L 73-271
77 DAS WS F 96-188 Ger 408
21 DAS WS Soil 30-80 97-242 Ger 408
63 DAS WS F 112-166 Ger 408
B(mglkg) 70 DAS Upper shoot Soil 7-8 20-40 290-380 Ger 408
84 DAS Upper shoot F 13 21 Ger 408
Pre-FI YML Lit 15 19 25-60 Aust 1053
Onset of FI Upper 3'd of Lit 30-60 Ger 82
shoots
LUPIN (Lupinus angustifoJius, L. albus, L. cosentiniii
Data refer to L. angustifo/ius unless otherwise stated in Comments column.
N(%) Pre-FI YML Lit 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.8 3.2-6.0 7 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
P(%) Veg WS F 0.27 Aust 114 1980; Predictive for 90%
0.37 1983; of max. seed yield
Young plants WS Soil 0.16-0.5 > 1.1 UK 1046 L. /uteus
18 DAS WS SC 0.28 Aust 990 Diagnostic for shoot FW
32 DAS <0.42
30 DAS WS Soil, 0.25 >1.1 Aust 938
Lit
35 DAS WS Soil, 0.13 0.22 2.14 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Lit
45 DAE WS Soil 0.15 USA 626 L. a/bus
56-70 DAS WS F,S <0.15 0.2 0.25-0.4 Aust 732
70-98 DAS WS F 0.36 Aust 129 Approximate criterion
77 DAS WS Sand/Soil 0.1-0.15 0.2-0.28 >3.2 Aust 309 L. a/bus
127 DAS WS F 0.23 Aust 113 Crit. levels derived from Mitscherlich's
0.22 equations.
0.23 4 Lupinus spp.
0.22
132 DAS WS F 0.13 Aust 117 L. cosentinii
170 DAS (Mat) WS F 0.33 Aust 121 cv. Danja
~
.§
Early Mat WS F,S >0.15 Aust 732 3 Lupinus spp. 'll
ill
Full FI (pods WS F 0.23 Aust 770 Critical at 80% max. yield. At near max. ::s-
III
on main axis) yield L. angustifolius criteria = 0.24-0.26% P; :::
Q.,
4 Lupinus spp. compared
;I
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.12-0.16 0.18-0.19 0.24-0.50 Aust 1053 4 Lupinus spp. .g
... -
~r
Q
\i1
<.0 ~
... ;a
a'I
o
a
~
al
~
'"
~.
~
::l
S"
;-
LUPIN (Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus, L. cosentinit) (ctd) -a
iil
ill'
P(%) (ctd) 56 DAS Roots Sand ::::0.28 Aust 6 Diagnostic for max. root DW §-
63 DAS WS Soil <0.14 Diagnostic for max. shoot DW
Mat Seed F 0.42 ::::0.48 Aust 119

L. a/bus
cv. Chittick; diagnostic for seed yield (
Mat Seed F 0.27 Aust 116 1988; cv.
0.23 1989; Danja
K(%) 151 FI (84 DAS) Young LB F 1.3 Aust 210 Critical values at 90% max. grain yield
P 1.2
Shoot tips 2.1
4-6 leaf (28 WS F Aust 210 Critical values at 90% max. grain yield
DAS) <2.6 2.6-3.5 3.1 >3.5
8-10 leaf (56
DAS) <2.5 2.5-3.2 2.9 >3.2
151 FI (84 DAS) <1.4 1.4-1 .8 1.5 >1.8
LateFI(112
DAS) <0.9 0.9-1.3 1.2 >1.3
Post FI (140
DAS) <0.85 0.85-0.95 0.9 >0.95
32 DAS WS Lit 0.45 1.9 Aust 938
35 DAS WS Soil, 0.45 1.3 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Lit ,
Pre-FI YML Lit <1.1 1.1-1.4 1.6-3.5 Aust 1053
S(%) 48 DAS WS Soil, 0.11 0.62 Aust 938
Lit
54 DAS WS Soil, 0.11 0.24 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Lit
44 DAS PYOL Soil 0.28 Aust 843 Critical N/S ratio in YL = 22
WS 0.15 2 intersecting lines to define critical levels
S 0.07
Ca(%) 43 DAS WS Soil, 0.7 1.0 2.2 Aust 938
Lit
Pre-FI YML Lit 1.0-3.0 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
39 DAS YOL Lit 0.10 0.43 Aust 938 L. a/bus
68 DAS Shoots Soil >0.59 Aust 448 Diagnostic for max. nodule DW
0.75 Diagnostic for max. root DW
63 DAS Roots Sand 0.7 Aust 94 Diagnostic for max. nodule DW
Shoots 3.0 Diagnostic for max. plant height
S 1.4 Diagnostic for max. plant height
68 DAS Roots Soil >0.18 Aust 448 Diagnostic for max. nodule DW
, 0.25 Diagnostic for max. root DW
Mg(%) 29 DAS, YOL Soil, 0.11 0.4 Aust 938 L. a/bus
43 DAS Lit
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.17 0.24-1.10 Aust 1053
Na(%) Pre-FI YML Lit 0.02-0.35 0.4-0.7 1.0-1.6 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
CI(%) Pre-FI YML Lit 0.1-1.2 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
Cu(mglkg) Near Mat WS F 5-10 Aust 330 Plants did not respond to applied Cu
34 DAS VOL Soil, 0.6 1.0-1.2 4.5 Aust 938
Lit
Pre-FI YML Lit 5-25 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
Zn(mglkg) Pre-FI YML Lit 10-15 25-100 300 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp.
35 DAS YOL Soil, 6.4 12-14 42 Aust 938
Lit
Budding A F 37 Aust 835 Predictive for seed yield & DM at maturity
FI A 28 2 intersecting lines to define critical level
Mat Seed 19 Diagnostic for seed yield
Mn(mglkg) 40 DAS WS Lit 277 >6164 Aust 938
40 DAS WS Soil 245 >7724 Aust 938 L. a/bus
40 DAS WS Soil 277 >6164 Aust 938
56 DAS WS S 31-55 318-1300 Aust 728
56-70 DAS WS S >50 >20000 Aust 732
Up to early FI YFEL Soil 30
17
Aust 377 Diagnostic for shoot DW
. Diagnostic for chlorophyll a fluorescence
.g~
tl>
Ql
Pre-FI YML Lit 50-1200 1400-1600 1900-16000 Aust 1053 3 Lupinus spp. <is'
28 DAS VOL Soil 5.6 Aust 938 L. a/bus ~
28 DAS VOL Lit 5.6 245 >7724 Aust 938 L. a/bus ;t
40 DAS WS
.g
...=' -
~r
t"'\
a
... "5l
....
0' ;a
N
~
....
)..
al
~
<IS
~.
)..
::
S"
;-
LUPIN (Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus, L. cosentinil) (ctd) -a
ill
ill'
Mn(mglkg)
(ctd)
FI S Soil, F >20 Aust 377 Predictive for absence of 'split seed' disorder
Buds and leaves poor predictors.
~
42 DAS Seed SC 55 Aust 213 cv. Danja [
75 cv. Gungurru ~
Mat Seed F <10 8-10 Aust 376 Diagnostic for 'split seed' disorder
Mat Seed S 4-9 7-53 Aust 728
Mat Seed F 10 Aust 1039
Veg Shoot tips F 74 Aust 767 cv. Uniharvest; Critical at
40 cv. Weiko 111; 90% max. seed yield
Fe(mglkg) 49 DAS A Soil <50 70 Aust 1063 cv. Yandee
28 DAS WS Lit, 28 56 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Soil
Veg YEB SC 65 Aust 980 L. angustifo/ius, L. luteus, L. pilosus
52 Diagnostic for max. chlorophyll synthesis.
20 DAS YL Soil <70 Aust 1062 Diagnostic of Fe deficiency symptoms
20-45 DAS YMB SC <65 44 Aust 981 Diagnostic for chlorophyll cone.
Nodules 325 Diagnostic for nodule mass
24 DAT Stem SC <31 >18 Aust 1065 Criteria based on symptoms
Lowest leaf pair
(LPl ) <88 >73
LP2 <77 >39
LP3 <74 >21
LP4 <60 >16
New growth <48 >13
32 DAS YL SC <76 >20 Aust 1064
32 DAS YL SC <63 >22 Aust 1064 L. costentinii
Bung/kg) 28-30 DAS YFEB RSC 332 Aust 186 cv. Danja
28-30 DAS YFEB RSC 193 Aust 186 cv. Ultra
46 DAS YOL Lit, 11.5 68 1013 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Soil
Pre-FI YML Lit 12 15-18 20-60 Aust 1053
- - - - - -- - -----------
42 DAS WS Lit, 12 50 878 Aust 938

Soil,
SC
Mo(mg/kg) 45 DAS VOL Soil, 0.Q16 0.036 Aust 938 L. a/bus
Lit
45 DAS VOL Soil, 0.005 0.019 Aust 938
Lit
Pre-FI YML Lit 0.3-5.0 9 Aust 1053
•
Co(mg/kg) 42 DAS Roots Soil ~0.3 Aust 830 Diagnostic for normal, N fixing plant
Nodules ~0.13 growth; cv. Un iharvest
37 DAS Seed Soil 0.13 Aust 840 Shoot concentrations not suitable for
diagnosis
Mat Seed Soil, <0.03 0.095 <0.73 Aust 187
S 839
Pb(mg/kg) 14 DAT WS SC >34 Port 657 L. a/bus
Root >4594
MUSTARD (Brassica juncea, B. campestris)
P(%) <30 cm tall WS Soil 0.27 Pak 605

58 DAS WS Soil ~0.17 USA 500
Early rosette- YFEL + 4-6 Sand 0.24 Aust 744 Higher by 0.05% for predictive evaluation
Full Flower WS 0.25-0.18

K(%) 30 DAS L Sand 3 Ind 780 Leaves most sensitive tissue for prediction
65 DAS 3.7 of max. seed yield at flowering;
B. campestris
30 DAS Petioles Sand 7.6 Ind 780 Leaves most sensitive tissue for prediction
65 DAS 7.8 of max. seed yield at flowering;
i;i
B. campestris
.§
Ind 780 Leaves most sensitive tissue for prediction t'l>
30 DAS Stems Sand 5 Ql
65 DAS 4.5 of max. seed yield at flowering; it
B. campestris
S(%) Mat Straw F ~38 Ind 994 Average of 3 cu Itivars
~
;i
Seed ~93 .g
[
Q
-'
0' .g
III
W
.....
e- ~
"'" ;a
~
5l
~
'"~.
~
S"
~
MUSTARD (Brassica juncea, B. campestris) (ctd) -a~
Zn(mglkg) 45 DAS WS F >35 Ind 992 Predictive for seed yield, shoot DW at mat.
£6'
Mat Straw Diagnostic for seed yield, shoot DW at mat.
::
>16
Mat Seed >11 Diagnostic for seed yield, shoot DW at mat. [
~30 cm high WS Soil 35 39 Pak 789 Predictive; 95% max. seed yield ~
FI YML 41 43 Predictive; 95% max. seed yield
Mat Seed 33 35 Diagnostic; 95% max. seed yield
B(mglkg) Head YMB Soil 45 145 Pak 790 cv. Bard-I; Predictive for 95% max. seed
Plants ~30 cm WS 37 100 yield
high
28 DAS WS Soil 57 63 Pak 788 Diagnostic for 95% max. shoot DW
56 DAS 28 47 cv. Westar
Se(mglkg) 45 DAS WS Soil 3 UK 558
NAVY BEAN and OTHER BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)

See also the information for bean under Vegetable Crops.
N(%) U YML Lit 4.24-4.99 5.00-6.0 >6.0 USA 457
Veg YML Lit 4.25-5.5 USA 370
U YMB+P F 2.5-3.0 Aust 764
10% FI YMB F 5.1 Can 555
30 DAS (Seed!) S F 3 USA 722
Primary LP 2.4
Primary LB 3.3
P 2.7
L 5.2
A 5.1
43 DAS (F!) S F 2.2 USA 722
P 3.0
L 4.5
NOrN 30 DAS (Seedl) S F 7000 USA 722
(mglkg) Primary P 17000
Primary LB 3000
P 9000
L 4000
A 1000
43 DAS (FI) 5 F 5000 USA 722
Petioles 7000
L 3000
P(%) Veg YML Lit 0.25-0.6 USA 370
10% FI YMB F 0.4 Can 555
U YML Lit 0.25-0.34 0.35-0.75 0.75 USA 457
U YMB+P F 0.25-0.35 Aust 764
FI YML F <0.21 USA 723 Predictive for fresh immature seed yield
PF Immature seeds <0.28 Diagnostic for fresh immature seed yield
14 DAT WS SC 0.12 USA 263
30-40 DAS WS Soil 0.20 Ger 259 cv. Loma; diagnostic for 80% max. shoot DW
33 DAT WS Sand 1.5 Bra 727 Average of 3 cultivars (only small differences)
45 DAE WS Soil 0.14 USA 626
50-55 DAE WS Soil 0.22 0.33 USA 623
PF WS Soil <0.29 Bra 122 cv. Carioca
Early FI WS F 0.17 Aust 1069 Strong Piper-Steenbjerg effect with yield
FI WS F <0.34 Bra 267
140 DAS (Mat) WS Soil 0.16 USA 606
Mat Root Soil 0.23 Can 918 Diagnostic for DW of roots
Straw 0.14
Seed <0.35
Mat Root Soil 0.21 Can 918 Diagnostic for DW of straw
Straw 0.14
Seed <0.38
Mat Root Soil 0.18 Can 918 Diagnostic for seed yield
Straw 0.14
Seed <0.39
K(%) Veg YML Lit 1.7-3 USA 370 ~
.g
~
~
10% FI YMB F 2 Can 555 ~
~
FI YML F <1.4 Tanz 934 5..
U YML Lit 2.00-2.24 2.25-4.0 >4.0 USA 457 ::;;
.g
[
...
Q'\
Q
.g
\,/l til
....
a-- ~
e-
a:t-
al
~
'"~.
:t-
:::
:s-
iti'
NAVY BEAN and OTHER BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) (ctd) -a
~
j;t
K(%) (ctd) U YMB+P F 1.5-3.0 Aust 764 g"
~
S(%) U YMB+P F 0.2-0.25 Aust 764
N/S 35 DAS WS Soil 16 USA 960

~
Ca(%) Veg YML Lit 0.35-2 USA 370
U YMB+P F 1.5-2.5 Aust 764
U YML Lit 1.00-1.49 1.50-2.5 >2.5 USA 457
Mg(%) Veg YML Lit 0.25-1 USA 370
U YML Lit 0.25-0.29 0.30-1.0 >1.0 USA 457
U YMB+P F 0.5-0.9 Aust 764
Na(%) U YMB+P F 0.1-0.5 Aust 764
42 DAS WS Sand 0.7 USA 34 Diagnostic for shoot DW
0.7 Diagnostic for nodule number
0.4 Diagnostic for pod wt
Na(mmol/kg 11 DAT WS SC 20 Aust 875 Diagnostic for transpiration rate
tissue water) 25 Diagnostic for relative growth rate
CI increased in proportion to Na
CI(%) U YMB+P F < 1.0 Aust 764
C1(mmol/kg 11 DAT WS SC 30 Aust 875 Diagnostic for transpiration rate
tissue water) 40 Diagnostic for relative growth rate
Na increased in proportion to CI
Cu(mg/kg) Veg YML Lit 10-30 USA 370
YML Lit 4-6 7-30 >30 USA 457 Higher values can be tolerated if Cu
fungicides have been used
1sttrifol iate 1sttrifoliate F >20 USA 1037
unfolding
U L Soil 15 20-30 UK 558
U L SC 30 UK 558
15 DAT S SC 9 USA 1033
Zn(mglkg) Veg YML Lit 20-70 USA 370
Full FI YMB F 15 USA 110
U YML Lit 18-19 20-200 >200 USA 457
U YMB+P F 20-100 Aust 764
42 DAE L RSC >670 USA 753
U L SC 130 UK 558
U 150
21 DAS 200
57 DAS 60
Boot 250
Mat 250
Var Mature LB F 7-22 18-40 USA 1019 Mexican bean
30-50 DAS WS F 15 USA 110 Critical derived from bean maturity data
45 DAS WS Soil 10 Can 944
50-55 DAE WS Soil 10 29 USA 623
Mat Whole plant Soil <16 Can 531 Diagnostic for DW of whole plant
31 DAS YL Soil 21.1 Aust 29 YFEL best tissue for diagnosis; 2
VOL 17.1 intersecting lines for defining critical level
YFEL 10.6
WS 12.5
Mat Root Soil 28-33 Can 918 Diagnostic for straw yield
Straw >14
Mat Root Soil 37 Can 918 Diagnostic for seed yield
Straw >15
20 DAT Roots SC 486 Spa 856 cv. Contender
S 242
Mature L 95
Developing L 134
Mn(mglkgl Veg YML Lit 20-100 USA 370
~
60 DAS YMB S ~760 Tanz 329 Plants with symptoms had highest levels of .§
~
Fe and Mn
ill
Onset of FI YML Lit 40-100 Ger 82 iti
III
::I
U YML Lit 15-49 50-300 >300 USA 457 Q.
::;-t
U YMB+P F 50-200 Aust 764 .g
~.
e:.
...
a"I
Q
.g
......
'"
...
a'I ;:E,
co ~
....
~
~
'"?1-
~
::l
5"
;;;-
NAVY BEAN and OTHER BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
Mn(mg/kg)
(ctd)
Mat L SC 100 UK 558 §"
~
U L Soil 1000 UK 558
19 DAT Trifoliate L SC 16 USA 1034 Deficiency symptoms <;] mg/kg
~
Fe(mg/kg) Veg YML Lit 50-450 USA 370
60 DAS YMB S <:3080 Tanz 329 Plants with symptoms had highest levels of
Fe and Mn
U YML Lit 40-49 50-300 >300 USA 457
B(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Sand 50 >111 Aust 17
Soil 50 >158
Veg YML Lit 15-50 USA 370
Pre-FI YMB F 22-70 82 USA 360 Predictive; symptoms >60
FI initiation YMB F 20-24 40-45 Colo 422 Critical at 95% max. yield
PS YMB F 16-18 37-39 Colo 422 Critical at 95% max. yield
U YML Lit 15-19 20-75 >75 USA 457
B(mmol/kg) 42 DAS WS SC 4.2 Neth 855 To"' Hio shoots } Allare
4.0 Water insoluble B in shoots diagnostic for
5.0 Total B in roots reI. growth
4.3 Water insoluble B in roots rate of fresh
whole plant
Mo(mg/kg) Veg YML Lit 1-5 USA 370
Var Nodules SC 3-5 USA 293
Cd(mg/kg) 35 DAS Root Sand 100 Italy 528 Diagnostic for root DW
S 10
L 2
35 DAS Root Sand 2200 Italy 528 Diagnostic for leaf DW
S 50
L 5
35 DAS L SC 5 UK 558
L Soil 10 UK 558
L SC 10-30 UK 558
Cd(mglkg) L Soil 5 UK 558
(ctd)
Ag(mglkg) U SC <1 UK 558

21-28DAS L SC 1-4 UK 558
Co(mglkg) U L SC 4-40 UK 558 Diagnostic at 75% max. shoot DW
Cr(mglkg) U L Soil 1 UK 558
U L SC <1 UK 558
15 DAS Stem Soil 5 30 Spa 351 Diagnostic for DW of plant part sampled
L 0.9 28
Trifoliate 1.0 7
Fruit 0.95
Li(mglkg) U L SC 10-20 UK 558 Diagnostic at 75% max. shoot DW
Ni(mglkg) U L Soil 40 UK 558
U L Soil 66-83 UK 558
U L SC 10-15 UK 558
15 DAS L SC 25 UK 558 Diagnostic at 80% max. shoot DW
Se(mglkg) 12 DAS L SC 25 UK 558
V(mglkg) U L SC 13 UK 558 Diagnostic at 50% max. shoot DW
OATS (A vena sativa)

FS = Feeke's scale of cereal growth (see reference 511). ZS = Zadok's scale of cereal growth (see reference 1110).
WS Lit Ger 82
FS 7-8
FS10.1 WS Lit 1.55-1.99 USA 457
1044
FS 10.2 WS F <2.3 >3.0 Aust 384
FS11.1-11.2 WS F 1.2-1.6 Aust 591
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <3.4 3.4 3.5-5.4 5.5-6.5 >6.5 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'. ;;t
Till LB F <3.5 4.4-5.0 5.1-5.9 >5.9 CIS 335 Deficient <70% max. yield. Marginal
.§
I'D
Shoot <2.3 3.2-3.5 3.6-4.4 >4.4 70-100% max. yield. ill
FI <1.4 2.0-2.2 2.3-2.9 >2.9 rti'
~
:::
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S 2.0-3.0 USA 456 Q.
:;t
P(%) 2 leaf WS Soil >3.0 Aust 852 I .g
[
...
a--
Q
.g
~
'"
~
'I
o
a
~
e
~
<II
~.
~
:::
S"
iti'
OATS (A vena sativa) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
P(%) (ctd) FS 5-6 WS Lit 0.35-0.6 Ger 82 [.
FS 7-8 0.28-0.5
FS 10.1 WS Lit 0.15-0.19 0.2-0.5 >0.5 USA 457 ~
1044 §.
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.24 0.24-0.29 0.3-0.5 0.6-0.7 >0.7 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
Shoot <0.36 0.45-0.49 0.5-0.62 >0.62 70-100% max. yield.
FI <0.24 0.26-0.29 0.3-0.42 >0.42
2 leaf Oldest LB F >1.3 Aust 542
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S 0.2-0.4 USA 456
P0 4-P FS 6-7 (YMB+ Soil 76 Fin 861 P cone. expressed on fresh wt. basis.
(mg/kg) YMB+1) Critical values at 95% max. grain yield.
(YMB+ F 83
YMB+1)
K(%) FS 5-6 WS Lit 4.5-5.8 Ger 82
FS 7-8 3.8-5.0
FS 10.1 WS F,S <1.25 1.25-1.49 1.5-3.0 >3.0 USA 457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <1.5 1.5-2.3 2.4-4.0 4.1-5.5 >6.0 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
Shoot <2.6 3.1-3.2 3.3-4.1 >4.1 70-100% max. yield
FI <1.8 2.3 2.4-2.9 >2.9
5(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.24 Aust 952 Critical at 90% max. yield.
56 DAS 0.17
84 DAS 0.14
119 DAS 0.08
FS10.1 WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.4 >0.4 USA 457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.15 0.15-0.4 >0.4 Aust 1053
5°4-5 35-119 DAS WS Soil 30 Aust 952 Critical at 90% max. yield
(mg/kg)
5°4-5/5 (%) 35-119 DAS WS Soil 5 Aust 952 Critical at 90% max. yield
N/S Before FS 6 WS F N/S 14-50; 5°4-5% >0.05; 5% >0.15 Aust 98 Interpretation guidelines for autumn sown
forage oats; 5 and N adequate. If N/S ratio
>20, luxury N status is indicated.
N/S 20-50; 5°4-5% <0.04; 5% <0.1 5 deficient. If N <1 .5% then dual
deficiencies of N&S are indicated.
N/S <14; 5°4-5% >0.05; 5% >0.15 5 adequate; N deficient.

Ca(%) FS 5-6 WS Lit 0.5-1.0 Ger 82
FS 7-8 0.4-1.0
FS 10.1 WS Lit <0.2 0.2-0.5 >0.5 USA 457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.18 0.21-0.4 0.6-0.7 Aust 1053
Mg(%) 18-25 DAS WS Sand <0.12 Neth 149
FS 5-6 WS Lit 0.2-0.3 Ger 82
FS 7-8 0.15-0.25
FS 6 WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Ger 346
Stem WS Soil 0.15 Ger 347 Critical at near max. grain yield.
elongation
Head WS Soil 0.18 Ger 1072 Critical at 95% max. yield. Critical Mg/
Ca=O.3
Head WS F 0.12 Ger 1071 Mg cone. corrected to constant 3%N
FS 10.1 WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.5 >0.5 USA 457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.11 0.11-0.12 0.13-0.3 Aust 1053
Na(%) Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.5 0.6-0.7 >0.8 Aust 1053
CI(%) Mid to late Till YMB F,D <2.0 2.0-2.8 >3.0 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
Cu(mg/kg) Onset Till WS F 3.9 Ger 988 Critical for max. grain yield
~
49 DAS WS Soil 12-15 33-64 USA 823 ~III
FS 5-6 WS Lit 6-12 Ger 82 N/Cu ratio <10. Ql
~
FS 7-8 WS Lit 5-10 Ger 82 ~
c:l..
FS 10 WS Soil <2.3 >3.3 Can 362 :;t
FS 10.1 WS Lit <5 5-25 >25 USA 457
.g
[
Q
..." .g
'"
... ~
"
N
a
).
~
~
'"
~.
).
:::
S'
ti
OATS (A vena sativa) (ctd) -a;jl
ill'
Cu(mglkg) Early heading WS Soil 1.1-1.6 1.7-2.5 2.6-4.4 Can 596 1.7 mgCu/kg associated with 85% max. §"
(ctd) shoot yield.
FS 2-10
Mid to late Till
Mid-Till
YEB
YMB
Young LB
Soil
F,D
Soil
2-4
1.3
1.0
5-50
Aust
Aust
Aust
937
1053
649
I
Mat Grain Soil 0.9 0.9 1.7 Aust 937
Mat Grain Soil 0.6-1.8 1.4-5.9 Fin 452
Zn(mg/kg) 45 DAS WS F 26 29-38 Ind 992 Three levels of Zn applied.
46 DAS WS FSC <11 19-22 Aust 170
Till WS F 4.5-5.8 5.5-6.4 7.6-12.1 Aust 338 Ranges for four cvv. grown at two Zn
deficient sites.
FS 5-6 WS Lit 25-70 Ger 82
FS 7-8 20-70
FS 10.1 WS Lit <15 15-70 >70 USA 457
1044
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <14 14 15-70 Aust 1053
Mn(mg/kg) Young plants WS S 300 Ger 1117 Critical for acidic soils pH<4.7.
FS 5-6 WS Lit 40-100 Ger 82
FS 7-8 35-100
FS 6 WS F 16 Can 474 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
<45 cm tall WS F 17.5 Ger 278
FS 10 WS S <15 20-25 >30 USA 372
FS 10 WS F 9 Can 474 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
FS 10.1 WS F,S <5 5-24 25-100 >100 USA 457
1044
FI WS S <14 14-150 Aust 750
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <12 12-24 25-300 400-600 700 Aust 1053 Symptoms present in toxic range.
FS 10 Flag leaf F 10 Can 474 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
FS 10.5 Flag + next S <12-15 Can 582
older LB
Mat Grain Soil -16 Aust 459 Critical at 100% max. yield
Mat Grain F 22-39 Can 356 Values for crops which did not respond to
applied Mn.
Fe(mg/kg) 26 DAS WS SC <50 50-80 USA 150
Booting (ZS45) WS F 41-65 Can 358 Values for crops which did not respond to
applied Fe.
FS 10.1 WS Lit <40 40-150 >150 USA 457
1044
Pre-head Upper LB F,S 25-100 USA 456
Mat Grain F 24-45 Can 358 Values for crops which did not respond to
applied Fe.
AI(mg/kg) FS6 WS Soil >70 Ger 346
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S <200 USA 456
B(mg/kg) FS 5-6 WS Lit 6-12 Ger 82
FS 7-8 5-10
FS10 WS Soil 1.1-3.5 6-15 >35 Can 352
FS 10.1 WS F,S 5-10 USA 1044
FS 10.5 WS F <2 2-10 >10 NZ 205
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <2 2-4 5-10 11-20 30-100 Aust 1053 Toxic range is 'excessive'.
Mat Straw Soil 5-8 14-21 >45 Can 352
Mo(mg/kg) FS5-6 WS Lit 0.2-0.4 Ger 82
FS 7-8 0.15-0.4
FS 10 WS Soil 0.2-0.28 Can 352
FS 10.1 WS Lit <0.2 0.2-0.3 >0.3 USA 457 ;;;t
1044 .§
/D
Mid to late Till YMB F,D <0.05 0.05-0.09 0.1-0.5 0.6-0.7 Aust 1053 ill
Mat Grain Soil 0.33-0.5 ~
Can 352
Ni(mg/kg) 35 DAS Leaf RSC 0.017 0.10 USA 156 ~
.g~
[
Q
~
w
.g
'"
...
......
~
"'" ;a
~
5l
~
'"~.
~
::I
S'
;-
Olearia phlogopappa -a
:il
Ej
N(%) Veg Lateral S Sand/Peat 2.3 Aust 237 For optimum dry matter production §"
P(%) Veg
K(%) Veg
Lateral S
Lateral S
Sand/Peat
Sand/Peat
0.25
0.4
Aust
Aust
237
237
For optimum dry matter production
For optimum dry matter production
[
~
Ca(%) Veg Lateral S Sand/Peat 0.6 Aust 237 For optimum dry matter production
Mg(%) Veg Lateral S Sand/Peat 0.7 Aust 237 For optimum dry matter production
PEAN UT (Arachis hypogaea)
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 1.64 2.57 4.09-4.39 Aust 75 cv. Red Spanish
FI WS F 3.37 3.87 Niger 796 Data relate to pod yield.
Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D 3.5-4.5 USA 456
R2 (pegging) YMB F <3.2 3.2-3.7 3.8 3.8-4.5 >4.5 Thai 79 cv. Tainan 9; critical cone. corresponds to
seed yield ~1500kg/ha.
Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 1.3-2.5 2.8-3.0 3.5-5.0 Aust 1053
40 DAS 7th leaf Lit 3.3-3.9 USA 315
FI YML 3.0-4.5 751
FI YML Lit 3.5-4.5 Ger 82
Early pegging Upper S + LB S 3.5-4.5 USA 930 Tentative range
138 DAS Seed F 2.1-2.5 2.95 3.2-3.8 Ind 650 Non-nodulating genotype
4.6-4.8 cvv. Robut 33-1 and)11
138 DAS Haulm F 1.0-1.3 1.3 Ind 650 Non-nodulating genotype
1.7-2.0 cv. Robut 33-1
1.5-1.7 cv. )11
P(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 0.28-0.42 Aust 75 cv. Red Spanish
50-57 DAS WS Soil 0.105 0.17 0.18 0.19-0.24 Aust 69 Non-sterilized soil, no VAMF
0.095 0.17 0.19 0.20-0.24 Non-sterilized soil, + VAMF
50-57 DAS WS Soil 0.15-0.19 0.22-0.23 Aust 69 Sterilized soil, + VAMF
0.06-0.07 0.08-0.10 Sterilized soil, no VAMF
42 DAS YMB F 0.29 0.32 Aust 281
70 DAS 0.27 0.32
Pre-FI YMB F <0.18 Ind 136
Rl YMB Soil 0.19 Aust 79 cv. White Spanish
R5-6 0.23
R2 (pegging) YMB F <0.19 0.19-0.23 0.26 0.24-0.40 >0.4 Thai 79 cv. Tainan 9; critical cone. corresponds to
seed yield ~1500 kg/ha.
16 DAE YML F 0.15-<0.30 0.30 >0.30-0.40 Aust 67 cv. Virginia Bunch; critical cone. at 90%
29 DAE 0.15-<0.30 0.30 >0.30-0.38 max. pod yield; linear decline in critical
42 DAE (early cone. with time during reproductive
PSi 0.18-<0.30 0.30 >0.30-0.38 growth.
60 DAE 0.08-<0.27 0.27 >0.27-0.34
70 DAE 0.08-<0.21 0.21 >0.21-0.30
85 DAE 0.07-<0.17 0.17 >0.17-0.24
100 DAE 0.05-<0.12 0.12 >0.12-0.20
Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 0.13-0.15 0.12-0.23 0.25-0.55 >0.6 Aust 1053
40 DAS 7th leaf Lit 0.15-0.25 USA 315
FI YML 0.20-0.50 751
Early pegging Upper 5 +LB 5 0.2-0.35 USA 930 Tentative range
K(%) 39 DAS WS RSC <2.8 2.8-3.4 3.4-3.8 Bra 261 Critical cone. range 80-90% max. yield;
Adequate cone. range 90-100% max. yield
Pre-FI YMB F >0.6 Ind 136
Rl YMB Soil 1.2 Aust 79 cv. White Spanish
R3 0.5-0.9 133
R5-6 0.25-0.35
R2 (pegging) YMB F <0.7 0.7-1.3 1.3 1.4-2.5 >2.5 Thai 79 cv. Tainan 9; crit. cone. corresponds to
98 DAS YMB F 0.43-0.48 0.6 1.0-1.06 USA 1029 1.0% K corresponds to max. pod yield.
Early pegging Upper 5 +LB 5 1.7-3.0 USA 930 Tentative range
Pre-FIto FI
40 DAS
YML
7th leaf
S,D
Lit
1.0-1.3 1.6-3.0
1.0-1.5
Aust
USA
1053
315
.g~
'b
FI YML 1.7-3.0 751 ill

iti'
III
Early FI Leaves F 0.76 0.55-1.61 1.11-1.65 Nig 481 Data from 2 years; yield depression at high ::l
K due to nutrient imbalance. Cl..
;t
.g
...
'I
-
Q
Q-
.g
\11
'"
....
'I ~
<:1'
~
)0.
5l
~
<IS
~.
)0.
::
5"
tti'
PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea) (ctd) -a
~
E:'
S(%) R2 (pegging) YMB F <0.15 0.16-0.20 0.24 0.21-0.30 >0.30 Thai 79 cv. Tainan 9; crit. cone. corresponds to §-
R3 YMB Soil 0.18-0.22 Aust 79 cv. White Spanish ~
R5-6 0.17 i
Pre-FI to FI YML S,O 0.20-0.35 Aust 1053
Veg YML Lit 0.20-0.35 USA 457
400AS 7th leaf Lit 0.19-0.25 USA 315
FI YML 0.20-0.35 751
R2 (pegging) YML Soil 0.16-0.18 0.18 0.23-0.30 Aust 969 cv. White Spanish
R4(pod 0.18-0.24 0.20 0.21-0.26
formation)
Pre-FI Upper leaves Soil 0.10 0.20 Ind 966 cv. M-13
Early pegging Upper S +LB S 0.2-0.3 USA 930 Tentative range
N/S U 4th leaf from F 13-15 CAfRep, 763

base Sen
Ca(%) 280AS WS Soil 0.23-0.30 0.90-1.02 USA 698 cv. Spanco; growth chamber experiment.
20 OAT YMB FSC 0.15 0.54 0.62 0.98-2.15 Aust 69 cv. Red Spanish
Pre-FI or FI YMB S,O 1.25-2.0 USA 456
30 OAT YML FSC <0.57 1.67 Aust 1111 cv. Shulamit 2
30 OAT 1.28 1.70 cv. Virginia Bunch 1
30 OAT 1.29 1.85 cv. Shulamit 1
30 OAT 1.63 1.80 cv. Florunner Jumbo
30 OAT 1.24 1.84 cv. A 125L25
30 OAT 1.63 1.81 cv. TMV-2
30 OAT 1.49 2.30 cv. Chico
30 OAT 1.73 2.00 cv. Red Spanish
30 OAT 1.08 1.62 cv. CBRR4
30 OAT 1.42 2.05 cv. P1261945
Critical cone. for Ca deficiency and excess
correspond to 95% R.Y. for all cvv.
Pre-FI to FI YML S,O 1.2-2.4 Aust 1053
400AS 7th leaf Lit 2.0 USA 315
FI YML 1.25-2.0 751
90 DAS YML F 1.00 1.31-3.77 WSam 66 Data from 3 sites.
(approx)
Mid-FI YML F 0.58-1.17 1.13-1.68 Bra 936 Mean cone. for 2 cvv.
Mat Shell SC 0.15 0.34 Aust 1111 cv. Virginia Bunch 1; critical cone. for 95%
Mat Seed 0.032 0.061 max. pod yield.
Mat Shell SC 0.12 Aust 1111 cv. TMV-2; critical cone. for 95% max.
Mat Seed 0.036 pod yield.
Mat Seed F 0.012-0.038 0.037-0.041 0.038-0.066 USA 5 Crit. for max. seed germination of 4 cvv.
Seed Seed F 0.015 0.028 USA 4 Runner peanuts; 100% germination at
germination 0.028% Ca in seed.
SeedI survival Seed F 0.020 0.026 USA 4 Runner peanuts; 100% seedling survival
after 21 days at 0.026% Ca in seed.
Mat Seed F 0.025-0.048 0.060 Aust 68 cv. Virginia Bunch; critical cone.
corresponds to 0;1 % of seed showing 'dark
plumule' symptoms.
Mat Seed F,Soil <0.035 0.035-0.045 0.04 0.045 Aust 60 Critical at 95% max. yield
Mg(%) 39 DAS WS RSC 0.25-0.3 0.3-0.36 Bra 261 Critical cone. range 80-90% max. yield
98 DAS YMB F 0.07-0.09 0.11 0.20-0.24 USA 1029 0.20% Mg corresponds to max. pod yield.
Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 0.3-0.8 Aust 1053
40 DAS 7th leaf Lit 0.3 USA 315
FI YML 0.3-0.8 751
Na(%) Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 0.01-0.1 >0.3 Aust 1053
CI(%) Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 0.3-1.2 >1.5 Aust 1053
Cu(mg/kg) Veg YMB 1.3 Aust 79 cv. White Spanish
Rl 0.7 669 ;t
R3
R5-6
1.5
1.3
~tl
~
R2 (pegging) YMB F <1.3 1.3-1 .7 2.1 1.8-5.0 >5.0 Thai 79 cv. Tainan 9
U YFL 1.3-1.6 2.0-3.8 Aust 566 cv. White Spanish ~
~
YFL Soil 1.7-2.2 Aust 842 cv. White Spanish ~
......... -
~r
Q
.g
......
'"
... ~
'I
00
a
)..
~
~
'"~.
)..
::I
S"
;;;-
~
El'
Cu(mglkg) Pre-FI to FI YMl S,D 3 6-30 Aust 1053 §"
(ctd)
FI YMl lit 5-20 USA 315
751 [
FI YMl lit 7-15 Ger 82 ~
39 DAS Shoot tip Soil 1.2 Aust 842
Early FI (60 1.2
DAS)
Mat 1.7
Early pegging Upper 5 +lB 5 10-50 USA 930 Tentative range
Zn(mglkg) 56 DAS WS Soil F,S >200 USA 484
70 DAS WS Soil <100 - 239 240 240-1000 USA 222 cv. Florunner; Ca/Zn $35 critical for
diagnosis of Zn toxicity.
42 DAS YMB F 20 29 Aust 281
70 DAS 24 36
Pre-FI YMB F 14 Ind 136
Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D 20-50 USA 456
Rl,R3 YMB 8-10 Aust 76 cv. White Spanish
79
Early pegging Upper 5 +lB 5 20-50 USA 930 Tentative range
Pre-FI to FI YMl S,D 18-20 25-80 >80 Aust 1053
FI YMl lit 20-60 USA 315
751
FI YMl lit 20-70 Ger 82
PF YMl 5 50 - 302 107-358 USA 711 cv. Florunner; Zn toxicity if Ca/Zn ratio $50.
Pre-FI Upper leaves Soil 21 64 Ind 966 cv. M-13
Mat Seed F 14-20 25 Ind 914 cv. Big Japan
Mat Straw 12-18 23 cv. Big Japan
Mn(mglkg) 25-33 DAT WS SC 100-212 Aust 75 cv. Red Spanish
Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D 50-350 600-800 USA 456
U YMB 5 <10 USA 826
18 DAT YML FsC 2920 Aust 33 cv. Virginia Bunch; NOrN in nutrient soln.
1290 cv. Red Spanish; NOrN in nutrient soln.
22 DAT YML SC 512 Aust 33 cv. Red Spanish; Nz-fixing plants.
Pre-FI to FI YML s,D 25 50-300 350-700 >700 Aust 1053
FI YML Lit 50-100 Ger 82
FI YML Lit 20-350 USA 315
751
49 DAs YML F 7-10 13 19-39 135-180 USA 708 cv. Florunner; critical and deficient cone.
63 DAs 7-12 15 26-64 184-292 relateto plantsgrown at pH (water)= 6.8±0.1.
77 DAs 8-11 15 34-66 225-310
91 DAs 9-11 15 37-100 309-413
105 DAs 9-13 13 36-115 369-511
119 DAs 9-12 12 33-118 376-544
90 DAs YML F 83-170 190 244-687 Wsam 66 Data from 3 sites; Mn toxic if Ca/Mn ratio
(approx) <80.
U Leaves Soil >46 USA 131
Early pegging Upper 5 +LB 5 100-350 USA 930 Tentative range
Fe(mg/kg) 63 DAs WS Soil 100 115 Bulg 1110 cv. Sadovski prodobreni; no sig. difference.
30 DAs YEB RsC 17 36 Aust 982 cv. Tainan 9, inoculated with
50 DAs 16 39 Bradyrhizobium NC92.
50 DAs 25 32 cv. Tainan 9, inorganic N.
Var YEB+2, YEB+3 soil,F Chlorophyll concentration Isr 201 cv. Shularnit
Early pegging Upper 5 +LB 5 100-250 USA 930 Tentative range
Pre-FI or FI YMB s.o 50-300 USA 456
Veg YML Lit 60-300 USA 457
315
63 DAs WS Soil 27 48 Bulg 1110 cv. Sadovski podobreni; Fe2+ separates
Fe2+ Fe2+ deficient and adequate plants.
Var Buds,YOL F <6 Ind 779 cv. TMV2; Fe2+ extracted from fresh tissue ;;t
with 1.5% o-phenanthroline. .§
",
Fe2+(mg/kg) 60 DAs YML Soil 4.3-6.3 8.1-10.6 Ind 505 Data for 8 cvv. ill
3.1-4.7 7.7-11.2 Data for 15 Fl populations.
it'
III
63 DAs WS Soil 0.27 0.41 Bulg 1110 cv. Sadovski podobreni; Fe2+ separates 6..
Fe2+/Fe Fe2+/Fe deficient and adequate plants. ~
.g
[
...
......
Q
.g
<.c
'"
...
QQ
o S¥
g,
~
~
-;-
'~".
~
::l
5"
iti'
~
5t
AI (mg/kg) Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D <200 USA 456
~
~
FI YML Lit <200 USA 315
751
B(mg/kg) Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D 25-60 USA 456 ~
102 DAS YMB F <112 >235 S Afr 100
Pre-FI YMB F 18 Ind 136
V2 Expanding LB SC,F 12 Aus1/ 79 Crit. at 90% maximal LB elongation rate.
R1-2 YMB F <13 13-23 22-23 24-50 >50 Thai cv. Tainan 9; crit cone. for 90% max. seed
R5-6 YMB F 22-23 yield.
Early peggi ng Upper S +LB S 20-50 USA 930 Tentative range
Early pod Mature LB from F 58 S Afr 102 Criterion at 90% kernel yield
upper plant
Pre-FI to FI YML S,D 18-20 25-60 Aust 1053
751
30 DAS YFL 1.8 35.1 Aust 493 cv. White Spanish; marginally deficient
YFL+2 4.7 30.3 cone. at 80% max. dry wt.
76 DAS 5 Youngest SC 53-141 150 230-407 Isr 515 cv. Shulamit; crit. for seed yield at 108
leaves on veg DAS.
shoot
30 DAS Leaflet (Leaf6) Soil 50 1450 USA 196 cv. Argentine
Leaflet (Leaf7) 50 1175
Mat Seed F 4 10 11-14 Thai 818 cv. Tainan 9
Mat Seed S 13 Thai 658 Seed with hollow heart disorder.
Mat Seed F 13.2 23-25 Thai 819 Crit. cone. at 82% max. seed yield; 34% of
seed with hollow heart disorder.
Mo(mg/kg) FI WS F 0.Q1-0.06 Niger 797 cv. 55-437; single superphosphate
decreased Mo cone. in WS.
Pre-FI or FI YMB S,D 0.1-5 USA 456
R1-2 YMB SC <0.020 0.02-0.05 0.015-0.05 0.051-1.0 >1.0 Aus1/ 79 Crit. cone. for 90% max. seed yield.
R 5-6 0.015-0.Q18 Thai
Rl-2 YMB SC 0.13 Aust 79
Rl-2 Nodules 7.0
Pre-FIto FI YML S,D 0.05 0.10-5.0 Aust 1053
FI YML Lit 0.1-5.0 USA 315
751
Early pegging Upper S+LB S 1-5 USA 930 Tentative range
FI Upper mature F 0.06 0.13-0.14 USA 1056 Plants with Mo were sometimes darker
LB + P green
Mat Seed F 0.88 2.3-5.2 USA 1056
PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum)
N(%) 34-37 DAS Leaves F 2.95,3.8 USA 618 cv. MLS; data from 2 years; crit. cone.
57-62 DAS Leaves 2.30,2.35 derived by reviewer.
80-85 DAS Leaves 2.20
95-96 DAS Leaves 1.65
(Mat)
95-96 DAS Grain 1.48.1.55
(Mat)
Sowing to Leaves Sand 2.1 Aust 203 cv. MXOOl ; crit. cone. corresponds to max.
panicle rate of leaf area expansion.
initiation
Panicle 1.8
differentiation
Mat Leaves RSC 2.66-3.42 2.95-3.18 USA 933 Hybrid 85DA x 86-7497-4; dry matter
yield and seed yield reduced at high
NH/: N03- in soln.
27 DAS Whole plant SC 1.40 1.96-2.67 3.2 3.36 Neth 132 Tentative crit. cone. estimated by reviewer.
Mat Grain F 1.88 2.32 Niger 757 cv. CIVT; mean data from 2 year study.
Mat Seed F 1.32-1.62 1.54-1.63 Niger 798 cv. HKP; grown as sole crop and intercrop
with cowpea.
.g~
~
P(%) 20 DAS WS F 0.22 0.27 Niger 795 cv. CIVT; seed coating treatment with P.
il
28 DAE LB Soil' 0.20 0.30 0.36 0.36-0.37 USA 720 cv. ICTP8203; tentative critical cone. ~
ll>
42 DAE 0.07-0.08 0.15 0.17 0.19 derived by reviewer. Piper Steenbjerg ::
e,
56 DAE 0.03-0.05 0.06 0.06 0.16 curvature evident in plots at 56, 70,80 DAE.
;t
70 DAE 0.03-0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 ' Pot expt conducted outdoors. .g
...
...
=
80 DAE 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05
-
§"
Q
.g
til
... ~
a
QQ
N
:l-
e
~
'"~.
:l-
::I
::i
1ti'
PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum gJaucum) (ctd) ~
~
j;J'
P(%) (ctd) Head 2nd leaf below F 0.25-0.30 0.33 Niger 223 g.
::I
head
Mat Grain F 0.28 0.38 Niger 757 cv. CIVT; mean data from 2 year study.
~
::I
Mat Grain F 0.18 0.25 Niger 62 ~

Zn(mglkg) Seedl (3 WS Soil 9.7-43 40 46 - 109 USA 786 Crit. cone. for 95% max. seed yield;
leaves) cv. RMP-l.
42 DAS WS Soil 18 Ind 922 Diagnostic criterion at 80% max. shoot
yield.
Ear stage WS Soil 9 12-18 41-193 Nig 905 Criterion at near max. shoot yield.
Head WS Soil 9 12 13 14 - 193 Nig 905 cv. PHB3
FI Flag leaf Soil 24 USA 786 Crit. cone. correspond to 95% max. seed
Mat Seed 13 15 20-51 yield; cv. RMP-l.
Altrng/kg) 37 DAS WS Soil 600 USA 895
PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan)
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 2.86-4.23 Aust 75 Data for 4 cvv.

74 DAS (FI) WS F 1.9-2.0 2.7 Aust 391 cv. Quest; grown at different rates of
96 DAS (Early 1.5-1.9 2.0-2.5 applied Fe.
PF)
118 DAS (Late 1.5-1.7 1.6-1.8
PF)
Early FI YMB SC <2.38 3.0 >4.0 Aust 848
91 DAS LB Sand 2.9 3.2 Trin 662
Mat Seed F 2.4-2.6 2.5-2.6 Aust 391 cv. Quest; grown at different rates of Fe.
P(%) 49 DAS WS Soil 0.19-0.21 0.25 0.30-0.36 Thai 754 Crit. cone. derived from mean data for
2 soils.
95 DAS WS Soil 0.04-0.08 0.10-0.21 0.20 Aust 1057 cv. Quantum
110 DAS WS Soil 0.05-0.06 0.05-0.08 0.06-0.08 Bra 233 Deficient corresponds to relative yield
<50%.
25-33 DAT WS SC 0.28 - 0.43 0.90-1.99 Aust 75 Data for 4 cvv.
96 DAS (50% YMB F 0.19-0.21 0.22 0.22-0.24 SiLe 824 Critical at 95% max. seed yield.
of plants
Flowering)
Early FI YMB SC <0.07 0.10 0.12 Aust 848
30 DAS LB F 0.35-0.38 Ind 898 Conc. range at near max. yield
60 DAS 0.3-0.33
90-100 DAS 0.19-0.28
120-130 DAS 0.15-0.2
160-165 DAS 0.15-0.18
91 DAS LB Sand 0.08 0.24 Trin 662
25 DAS YML Soil 0.17 0.43 0.77-0.86 Aust 433 cv. QPL95
51 DAS (Early 0.23 0.30 0.31-0.47
FI)
25 DAS YML+l Soil 0.12 0.34 0.33-0.40 Aust 433 cv. QPL96
51 DAS (Early 0.20 0.29 0.28-0.42
FI)
78 DAS Leaves F 0.16-0.41 0.22-0.38 lap 11 Variable data for 6 cvv.
P(Jlmol/g 16 DAT WS FSC 27 Aust 279 cv. Royes; corresponds to critical soln
FW) conc. of 1.0 JlM.
K(%) Early FI YMB SC 1.9 0.78 1.2-2.6 Aust 848 Piper-Steenbjerg effect observed
91 DAS LB Sand 0.81 0.81 1.72 Trin 662
S(%) Early FI YMB SC 0.16-0.32 Aust 848
Ca(%) 49 DAS WS Soil 0.32 0.77-1.35 1.75 2.13 Thai 754
Early FI YMB SC 0.08 0.84 0.84-1.2 Aust 848
20 DAT YMB FSC 0.07 0.65-2.35 2.52 Aust 74 cv. Royes
91 DAS LB Sand 0.13 1.32 Trin 662
Mg(%) Early FI YMB SC 0.03 0.11-0.16 0.17 0.18-0.24 Aust 848
91 DAS LB Sand 0.26 >0.26 Trin 662
Cu(mg/kg) Early FI YMB SC 1-10 10 10-12 Aust 162 Deficiency symptoms did not develop
i;i
Zn(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Soil 10-13 Ind 903 Seven cvv. examined .g
~
Early FI YMB SC 7-48 Aust 162 :J
Mn(mg/kg) Veg WS FSC 78-300 300 Aust 242 cv. Royes
::b'
Early FI YMB SC <17 18 19-95 Aust 162 ~

:;t
.g
[
...
OQ ar'\
W ~
....
~
==
"'" a
~
Concentration range
al
~
Critical Critical
'"~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
Marginal <deficiency) (toxicity) ~
Stage Part established :=
=-
;-
PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan) (ctd) -a~
fit
Mn(mglkg)
(ctd)
18 OAT
18 OAT
YML FSC 1140 Aust 33 cv. QPL42; N03 -N in nutrient soln. §-
910 cv. Hunt; N03 -N in nutrient soln.
22 OAT YML SC 2200 Aust 33 cv. Hunt; Nrfixing plants. ~
Fe(mglkg) Early FI YMB SC <166 151 151-191 Aust 162 Treat data cautiously ~
910AS LB Sand 50-69 126 Trin 662
AI(mglkg) 490AS WS Soil 75 80 125-175 Thai 754
B(mglkg) Early FI YMB SC <10 10 10-52 Aust 162
Mo(mglkg) Early FI YMB SC 0.23-0.39 Aust 162
PYRETHRUM DAISY (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)
P(%) Budding A <0.4 Aust 873 Apical tissues recommended

Predictive for achene yield
K(%) Budding, 1st A F 2 Aust 872 =
Apex top 50 mm of flowering stems
crop Predictive at 70% achene yield
Budding, 2nd 2.5
crop
RICE (Oryza sativa)

FS = Feeke's scale of cereal growth (see reference 511). The 'Y blade' is defined in reference 1036. 'Y + l' = the next older leaf blade below the Y blade.
N(%) 25 OAT WS F,S Models developed for correcting N cone. in WS at sampling to a fixed dry weight for assessing N Thai 612
status of rice.
Till (30 OAT) WS Soil 3.35-3.75 3.76-5.0 Ind 135 Critical range covers >90% max. shoot
yield.
Panicle init. WS <1.29 1.3-2.09 2.1-2.49 2.5-3.0 >3.0 Aust 63 Irrigated cv. Amaroo with crop density
509 600-700 plants/m 2 .
Panicle init. WS F <1.09 1.1-1.49 1.5-1.69 1.7-2.5 >2.5 Aust 63 Irrigated cv. Amaroo with crop density
65 1100-1200 plants/m 2 .
509
Panicle init. WS F 20-70 70-100 80 100-140 >140 Aust 1078 Units are kgN/ha in shoots of crops not
damaged by cold temperatures. Preferred
test for diagnosing N deficiency in
southern NSW.
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical

Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Till Y blade U 2.5 IRRI 1107

Mid-Till Y blade S 3.0 3.0-4.0 USA 609
Max. Till 2.6 2.8-3.6
Panicle init. 2.4 2.6-3.2
Mid-Till Y blade S 3.8-5.1 USA 1044 Conc. range found in plants without
Panicle init. 2.9-4.2 symptoms.
Max. Till Y blade F 2.4-2.8 USA 986 Critical ranges related to grain yield
Max. Till Y+l 2.3-2.4
Max. Till YorY+l 2.2-2.3 USA 986 Critical at 70-75% max. grain yield
Panicle init. YEB F 2.5-3.2 2.6-3.6 USA 134 Critical at 90% max. grain yield. Criteria
usually higher for long grained and semi-
dwarf cvv. than for medium-grained cvv.
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,D <2.5 2.5-2.9 3.0-4.5 5.5 Aust 1053
Max. Till YMB Lit 2.6-2.7 2.8-3.6 >3.6 USA 457
Panicle init. 2.4-2.5 2.6-3.2 >3.2
Before FI YMB Lit 2.9-4.2 Ger 82
Panicle init. YMB F A chlorophyll meter was assessed for estimating degree of crop N stress in rice. Aust 999 Correlation between leaf greenness and
plant N stress was reasonably strong.
Various YMB and flag F Chlorophyll meter readings based on adjustments to leaf weight were evaluated for assessing the IRRI 554
leaf N status in rice.
FI Flag leaf Lit 2.0-2.5 Fra 182 Critical for irrigated rice.
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 1.8-1.95 1.96-2.5 Ind 135 Critical range covers >90% max. shoot
leaves yield.
Panicle Crop canopy F Spectral reflectance assessed for estimating degree of crop N stress in rice. jap 971 Reflectance strongly correlated with N
formation-just conc. and chlorophyll in young leaf
before head. blades.
P(%) 14 DAT WS SC 0.09-0.29 0.43-0.83 USA 263
25 DAT WS F,S Models developed for correcting P cone. in WS at sampling to a fixed dry weight for assessing Thai 612
P status of rice.
Till (30 DAT) WS Soil 0.37-0.55 Ind 135 Adequate range for 90% max. shoot yield. ;;t
25 DAS WS RSC <0.7 0.7-0.8 0.8-0.86 >1.2 Bra 260 Deficient (showing symptoms); critical .§
II>
50 DAS <0.18 0.18-0.26 0.26-0.4 cone. range 80-90 % max. yield (no iil
75 DAS <0.26 0.26-0.36 0.36-0.48 symptoms); adequate cone. range 90-100% ib'
max. yield III
::s
Q..
35 DAS WS RSC 0.43-0.51 Indon 1112 Critical range at near max. shoot yield for ;t
2 cvv. .g
...co -
ri'
III
Q
.g
c.n
'"
....
QQ :2
a'>
~
.....
:l>-
il
Concentration range ~
'"
~r
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
(deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) :l>-
Stage Part established :::
-a=
;-
RICE (Oryza sativa) (ctd)
til
5t
P(%) (ctd) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.25 USA 417 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield §"
55 DAS WS F 0.37-0.52 0.57 0.59-0.66 Aust 387 P supply did not affect P cone. in grain or ~
:::
straw.
73 DAS WS Soil 0.12 0.22 0.27 Bra 269 Data for 25 cvv. grown at 3 levels of P supply.
~
112 DAS WS Soil 0.11 0.17 Aust 859
FI WS 0.08-0.18 0.14-0.22 Bra 268 Mean P cone. of 75 cvv. at 2 levels of P
supply.
FI WS 0.13-0.18 0.19-0.21 Bra 267 Four levels of applied P.
Mid-Till Y blade S 0.14-0.27 USA 1044
Panicle init. Y blade 0.18-0.29
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,D <0.1 0.1-0.12 0.2-0.5 >0.55 Aust 1053
(Mid Till)
Panicle init. 0.07-0.08 0.09-0.18 >0.18
56 DAS Main stem Soil 0.18 Aust 896 Critical at max. grain yield.
(End Till) leaves
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 0.21-0.24 Ind 135 Adequate range for 90% max. shoot yield.
leaves
FI Flag leaf Lit 0.15-0.18 Fra 182 Critical for irrigated rice.
Mat Straw 0.08-0.1
Mat Straw U 1.0 IRRI 1107
P04-P Mid-Till Y blade S 1000 1000-1800 USA 609 P04-P extracted in 2% acetic acid
(mg/kg) Max. Till 800 1000-1800
Panicle init. 800 1000-1800
K(%) 25 DAS WS RSC <3.75 3.75-4.25 4.25-4.35 Bra 260 Deficient (showing symptoms); critical cone.
50 DAS <3.7 3.7-4.0 4.0-4.62 range 80-90% max. yield (no symptoms);
75 DAS <3.5 3.5-3.62 3.62-3.99 adequate cone. range 90-100% max. yield
Till (30 DAT) WS Soil 4.35 4.36-5.2 Ind 135 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
48 DAT WS F 1.99-2.23 2.78 Nig 1102
FI WS F <1.85 >1.9 Bra 270 Data for four cvv.
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Critical Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Part established Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic
Stage
Panicle init. 1.2-2.5
Mid-Till Y blade S 1.2 1.4-2.8 USA 609 K extracted in 2% acetic acid.
Max. Till 1.0 1.2-2.4
Panicle init. 0.8 1.0-2.2
FS 3-5 (Mid YMB (Y blade) F,D <1.2 1.2-1.4 1.5-3.5 >3.5 Aust 1053
Till)
Panicle init. 0.8-0.9 1.0-2.2 >2.2
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 1.6 1.6-3.0 Ind 135 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
leaves
Mat Straw Lit -1.0 Fra 182 Critical for irrigated rice.
Mat Grain Soil 0.4 Ind 46 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
S(%) 1st Till (25 WS Soil 0.12 0.2 0.44 Aust 778
DAS)
Mid-Till (39 0.1 0.14 0.17 0.33
DAS)
60 DAS 0.06 0.08 0.15
Till WS Soil 0.11 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. shoot yield; critical
N/S = 15
Till (30 DAT) WS Soil 0.17-0.22 0.23-0.32 Ind 135 Critical covers >90% max. shoot yield.
Till WS U 0.16 IRRI 1107
Till to FI WS Lit N%> 1.6; S%<O.l; N/S> 15 Aust 99 Interpretation: N adequate; S deficient
Till to FI WS Lit N%>1.6; S%0.1-0.15; N/S> 10 Aust 99 Interpretation: N adequate; S marginally
deficient
Till to FI WS Lit N%>1.6; S%>0.15; N/S<lO Aust 99 Interpretation: N adequate; S adequate
Till to FI WS Lit N%<1.6; S%>0.15; N/S<10 Aust 99 Interpretation: N deficient; S adequate ;;t
Till to FI WS Lit N%<1.6; S%<O.l; N/S variable Aust 99 Interpretation: N deficient; S deficient
.g.,.
iil
112 DAS WS Soil 0.09 0.38 Aust 859 Ii!'
1'0
FI Y blade Soil 0.15 Nig 697 Critical at max. grain yield; C-shaped ::J
Q..
curvature present ::;t
.g
.... -
~r
Q
=
'l ~
.... ;!
a
QQ
QQ
~
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Critical
Stage Part established Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ?;'
::-tit
RICE (Oryza sativa) (ctd) -i:l
til
S(%) (ctd)
~
28 DAs LB Soil <0.16 Nig 697 6'
42 DAs ::I
<0.13
63 DAs <0.11
i
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 0.09 0.09-0.14 Ind 135 Critical covers >90% max. shoot yield. ~
leaves
Mat Straw Soil 0.1 Nig 697 Critical at max. grain yield; C-shaped
curvature present.
Mat Straw Soil 0.055 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. straw yield; critical
N/s = 14
Mat Straw F, Soil 0.02 0.05 Bra 1042 Critical at max. yield for three cw.
Mat Grain Soil 0.11 Aust 778 Critical at 90% max. yield; critical N/S = 14
Mat Grain Soil 0.065 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. grain yield; critical
N/s = 26
Mat Grain Soil 0.12 Nig 697 Critical at max. grain yield; C-shaped
curvature present
Mat Grain Lit 0.1 Aust 99 Diagnostic relationship for straw was
variable.
50 4 -5 Till ws Soil 150 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. shoot yield
(mg/kg)
1st Till (25 WS Soil 70 95 150 1600 Aust 778 Criticals at 90% max. yield.
DAs)
Mid-Till (39 50 64-75 90 130 1200
DAs)
39 DAs 23 45 70 120
Mat Straw Soil 100 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. straw yield
50 4 -5/5(%) Till WS Soil 15 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. shoot yield
Mat Straw Soil 15 IRRI 440 Critical at 80% max. straw yield
Ca(%) 38 DAs WS SC <0.15 0.19-0.22 >0.36 USA 345 Values for saline-stressed plants.
56 DAs WS SC 0.08-0.14 Phil 635 Values for Na stressed plants. Na/Ca ratio
(molar basis) may indicate Ca deficiency.
100 DAs WS RsC 0.36-0.45 0.45-0.65 >0.75 Bra 260 Critical at 80-90% max. yield; adequate at .
90-100% max. yield
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,D 0.1-0.3 Aust 1053
Max till YMB Lit <0.15 0.15-0.3 >0.3 USA 457
Panicle init. <1.2 1.2-1.4 >1.4
38 DAS Uppermost 3 SC -0.32 -0.4 >0.8 USA 345 For saline-stressed plants showing Ca
leaf blades deficiency symptoms.
Mat Straw U 0.15 JRRJ 1107
Mg(%) 33 DAS WS Soil 0.24-0.33 0.48-0.59 Bra 265 High range associated with reduced root and
shoot yield.
100 DAS WS RSC 0.12-0.17 0.17-0.3 >0.5 Bra 260 Critical at 80-90% max. yield; adequate at
90-100% max. yield.
Till WS SC <0.07 0.07-0.14 0.11 0.14-0.21 China 766 Criticals at 80% max. shoot yield.
Early panicle <0.06 0.06-0.14 0.12 0.14-0.22
form.
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,D <0.12 0.14-0.25 Aust 1053
Max till YMB Lit <0.15 0.15-0.3 >0.3 USA 457
Panicle init. <0.20 0.2-0.3 >0.3
Till Leaves SC <0.07 0.07-0.14 0.13 0.14-0.21 China 766 Criticals at 80% max. shoot yield.
Early panicle <0.08 0.08-0.16 0.14 0.16-0.23
form.
Mat Straw U 0.1 JRRJ 1107
Na(%) 22 DAS WS SC >1.0 Phil 18 Considerable variation between cw.
intolerance to Na was observed.
Veg WS RSC Na concentrations in rice shoots are variety-dependent. Diagnostic criteria are difficult to assess UK 1106
with any certai nty. ;;;t
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,D 0.Q1-0.2 0.4-0.5 Aust 1053 High range is tentative. .g
~
Si(%) Mat Straw Lit -8.0 Fra 182 Critical for irrigated rice. Critical for rainfed iil
rice maybe -3 to 4% Si. it'
Mat Straw F 5.0 JRRJ 1107 l;t
CI(%) FS 3-5 YMB F,D 0.1-0.6 1.9-2.2 2.5 Aust 1053 Toxic value is tentative. .g
[
....
QQ .gQ
~ III
...
<.C
o ~
:::
.....
~
Concentration range
5l
~
<Ii
Growth Plant How Critical Critical ?1-
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established (toxicity) ~
:s-
ib
RICE (Oryza sativa) (ctd) ~
iil
~
Cu(mg/kg) 300AS WS RSC 35 Port 532 c·
:::
300AS
Pre-FI
WS
WS
RSC
Soil 6.5
3.6 5.1 8-92 Port
Pak
533
478
High and toxic range reduced photosynthesis.
Lowland rice.
[
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,O 3-5 7-15 Aust 1053
l
Max till YMB Lit 6-7 8-25 >25 USA 457
Panicle init. 6-7 8-25 >25
Before FI YMB Lit 7-12 Ger 82
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 2.5 2.5-8.5 80 Ind 135 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Toxic
leaves criteria at 80% max. shoot yield.
Mat Straw U <6 30 IRRI 1107
Zn(mg!kg) 21 OAT WS F <15 15-20 >20 Phil 1108 Zn cone. <10 mg!kg are definitely Zn
deficient.
280AS WS RSC 14 16 30 USA 1105
Till (30 OAT) WS Soil 75-85 86-375 375 500 Ind 135 Critical range cover 80-90% max. shoot
yield.
35 OAT WS Soil 35 43 Ind 870
370AS WS Soil 15-18 IRRI 284
60 OAT WS Soil 13 15-31 USA 866 Flooded rice.
Till WS F 13 23-36 Ind 866 Grown on an alkaline sodic soil. Gypsum
applications depressed Zn cone. but
increased yield. Adequate range for near
max. shoot and grain yield.
Till WS U 10 IRRI 1107
Pre-FI WS Soil 17.4 Pak 478 Lowland rice
FI WS Soil 21-33 48-95 181-603 Ind 792
Mid Till Y blade S 22-161 USA 1044
Panicle init. 33-160
FS 3-5 YMB (Y blade) F,O <15 15-18 20-60 Aust 1053
Max. Till YMB Lit 20-24 25-50 >50 USA 457
Panicle init. 16-17 18-50 >50
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref
Stage Part established (deficiency) (toxicity) Comments
55 DAS Top blade F 17-25 + Pak 188

50 DAS 3rd LB Soil 15-21 19 25-30 32-50 Ind 868
35 DAT Leaf blades Soil 28 36 Ind 870
Early FI Flag leaf Soil 19 USA 786 Critical at 95% max. shoot yield.
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 10 11-40 40 45-90 Ind 135 Critical covers 80-90% max. shoot yield.
leaves
Mat Straw U 1500 IRRI 1107
Mat Grain Soil 15 USA 786 Critical at 95% max. grain yield. Distinctive
C-shaped curvature in diagnostic
relationship.
Mat Grain Soil 16-24 20-34 26-33 Ind 759 Deficient <80% max. grain yield. Marginal
80-90% max. grain yield.
Mn(mglkg) 30 DAT WS RSC 57-130 770-7370 USA 656 Adequate range for plants not affected by
high Mn supply.
Seedl (33-56 WS F 20 USA 940 Critical associated with deficiency symptoms
DAS) and grain yield responses.
Till WS U 20 7000 IRRI 1107
Various WS SC <20 >2500 Phil 979
Mid-Till Y blade S 237-744 USA 1044
Panicle init. 252-792
FS 3-5 YMB F,D 40-500 600-1000 >5000 Aust 1053
Max. Till YMB Lit 100-199 200-800 >800 USA 457
Panicle init. 100-149 150-800 >800
Fe(mglkg) 17 DAT WS SC 147-283 Bra 262 Toxic range for plants with reduced yield and
root length.
Till (30 DAT) WS Soil 50-60 61-170 Ind 135 Critical range covers 80-90% max. shoot
yield.
35 DAT WS RSC 3200-9575 Bra 266 Rice CW. differ in their tolerance to Fe
toxicity. .g~
I'!>
40 DAS WS Soil 45 Fe 2+ Ind 477
iil
48 DAS WS >730 Nig 1102 Fe toxicity partly linked to bronzing tti'
~
symptoms in rice. =:Q.
Till Y blade U 70 300 IRRI 1107 =:;!
.g
[
-'
~
-'
.gQ
III
...
I.C) ::Eo
N
...~
~
Concentration range
s
~
II>
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Critical Critical Country Comments
Stage Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Ref ~
::
S'
rti'
RICE (Oryza sativa) (ctd) il
iil
El'
Fe(mglkg) Mid-Till Y blade S 89-193 USA 1044 §-
(ctd) Panicle init. 74-192
Max. Till
Panicle init.
YMB Lit 70-74
60-69
75-200
70-150
>200
>150
USA 457
[
Panicle init. YMB F 300 Thai 621 Toxicity occurred when Fe 2 + cone. in soil
solution was >0.7 of total divalent charge.
50 DAS Leaves Soil 44 Fe2 + Ind 869 Critical Fe 2 + at 90% max. shoot yield.
40 DAS Fresh leaves Soil 45 Fe 2+ Ind 477 Total leaf Fe poorly correlated with yield
response to appl ied Fe.
Panicle init. 3-4 youngest LBs Soil 250 Burun 318
40 DAS Uppermost 2 F 29-33 Fe 2+ 33-38 Fe2 + 42-50 Fe 2+ Ind 915 Fe 2 + cone. associated with severe chlorosis.
leaves Chlorosis exhibited when shoot Fe/Mn >6.
Flag leaf stage Uppermost 2 Soil 70-80 81-180 Ind 135 Critical range covers 80-90% max. shoot
leaves yield.
Mat Grain Soil 125-150 >158 Ind 714 Linked to Fe toxicity symptoms.
AI(mg/kg) 20 DAS WS SC 15-18 22-69 USA 1035
21 DAS WS SC 100-417 Bra 264 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield
Till WS U 300 IRRI 1107
B(mg/kg) 56 DAS WS S 28-59 IRRI 200 Critical at 10% yield reduction. Symptoms
occurred when WS cone. >35 mg B!kg.
FS 3-5 YMB F,D <5 5-15 Aust 1053
Panicle init. YMB Lit 4-5 6-7 >7 USA 457
Mat Straw U <3.4 100 IRRI 1107
Mo(mg/kg) FS 3-5 YMB F,D 0.2-5.0 Aust 1053
SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius)
N(%) Buds visible S Sand <1.3 >0.78 Aust 957 Average of 2 cultivars
Protein(%) Mat Seed F <21 USA 365 Diagnostic for seed yield
Mat Seed F <16.7 Leb 652 Diagnostic for seed yield
Mn(mglkg) 70 DAS VOL F 9-12 20-55 Aust 530 P,ed;";,e 1o, ~d y;eld } " " "
70 upperS 2.6-3.1 3.5-8 techniques
75 VOL 9-13 20-75 " Iways used.
75 Upper S 1.8-2.1 3-4 " No characteristic
Mat Seed 5.6-6.2 6.5-8 Diagnostic for seed yield symptoms
SESAME (Sesamum indieum)
B(mglkg) 30 DAS YML RSC 16.6-20.7 39-51 53 72-124 Yen 774 Critical cone. at 90% max. seed yield.
30 DAS 16.6-20.7 39 45 51-124 Critical cone. at 90% max. WS yield.
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. bieolor)

Growth stages (GS) of sorghum are described in reference 1014. YMB = third blade from apex. 3BBE = third blade below ear.
N(%) Veg (8-10 WS F 1.60-2.29 2.45 2.52-2.68 USA 304
leaves)
28-30 DAS WS F 2.03-3.58 Aust 987 No yield response to applied N following
(Veg) ungrazed Centrosema pascuorum pasture.
28 DAS (Veg) WS F 2.51 2.54-2.70 Aust 987 10% grain yield response to 30kgN/ha after
grazing Centrosema pascuorum pasture.
GS 2 WS F <3.5? 3.0-4.0 3.5-5.1 USA 538
GS2 WS S 1.6-2.7 4.3-4.6 USA Ind 453 Survey of 6 studies, which used few fertilizer
GS3 1.6-2.7 2.8-4.4 N rates.
GS4 1.3-2.4 2.5-3.5
GS5 0.95-1.3 1.9-2.6
GS6 0.95-1.7 1.25-2.1
GS 7 0.85-1.15 1.25-2.0
GS8 0.9-1.2 1.35-1.8
GS9 0.95-1.45 1.25-1.75
61 DAS WS F 0.81-1.82 2.00-2.34 Aust 42 cv. Nugget; grown as sole crop or
intercropped with soybean. Cone. predictive ;;t
for grain yield. .g
1'10
GS 3 WS Sand <1.0 <3.0 3.0-4.0 >4.0 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges iil
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield tti'
respectively 1\1
:::
Q.
Var WS Nc = 0.827 + 5.88 exp (-0.00112X) Aust 640 Critical cone. derived as a function of ~
accumulated degree days (X) above o°e. .g
[
...
~
Q
.g
w
'"
.... ~
<.0
.j:o.
a
~
Concentration range 5l
~
<Ii
Growth Plant How Deficient
Critical
Marginal (deficiency)
Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments iil-
Nutrient Stage Part established Adequate High (toxicity) ~
::J
:s-
ib'
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. hicolor) (ctd) -t3
~
El'
N(%) (ctd) 1000 degree WS 2.7 Aust 640 • Accumulated degree days above a base g.
::J
days' of O°c.
2000 degree
days
1.4 [
3000 degree 1.0 ~
days
4000 degree 0.9
days
43 DAS YEB SC 2.29 2.73-2.85 2.9 3.02-3.11 Aust 804 cv. Texas 61 OSR; tentative critical conc. at
solution osmotic pressure of -0.1 MPa only.
43 DAT YEB SC 4.0 Aust 803 cv. Texas 61 OSR; tentative critical cone. at
YEB+l 3.5 -0.1 MPa.
YEB+2 3.5
43 DAT YEB SC 2.9 Aust 803 cv. Texas 61 OSR; tentative critical cone. at
YEB+l 2.7 -0.4 MPa.
YEB+2 3.1
GS 2 YEB SC 5.3 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR

GS 3-4 4.8
GS 3-4 3.3 cv. M35-1
FI YMB <2.0 >2.75 Aust 392 Grown under irrigation; cv. E57
GS 3-5 YMB <3.2 3.2-4.2 >4.2 USA 538
U YMB 3.0-5.0 USA 1070
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 1.0-2.1 2.5-2.8 3.0-4.2 5.0-6.5 Aust 1053
FI head
GS 6(FI) 3BBE F <2.5 2.5-3.2 3.3-4.0 >4.0? USA 538

GS 7-8 3BBE <2.5 2.5-3.0 3.0-4.0 >4.0
Head 2nd LB below A F <1.6 1.6-1.8 1.9-2.4 USA 109
Full Head 2nd LB below A S,D 2.5 Aust 1051

1052
F YML Lit 2.8-4.0 Ger 82
69 DAS (FI) YML+l F 2.38 2.47-2.52 Aust 987 10% grain yield response to 30 kgN/ha after
grazing Centrosema pascuorum pasture.
Approx 2.5 3rd leaf from top F 1.27-2.12 2.15-2.82 Aust 411 Data variable, dependent on season and
months management.
Predictive criteria for grain yield.
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Stage Part established (deficiency) (toxicity)
Boot Leaf 3 F 1.31-1.98 2.1 2.12-2.35 USA 304
Mat Grain 1.07-1.41 1.5 1.49-1.72
62-690AS Second leaf F 2.35-2.62 Aust 987 No yield response to applied N following
(FI) ungrazed Centrosema pascuorum pasture.
Var Green leaves F Nc = 0.587 + 6.67 exp (-0.00133X) Aust 640 Critical cone. derived as a function of
accumulated degree days (X) above o°c.
1000 degree Green leaves F 3.2 Aust 640 • Accumulated degree days above a base
days' of O°c.
2000 degree 2.2
days
3000 degree 2.0
days
4000 degree 1.9
days
9S0AS Seed F 1.2-1.3 1.2-1.5 Ind 650 cv. CSH 8R
1.1 1.0-1.4 cv. M35-1
Mat Grain F 1.45 1.66-1.84 Ind 854 cv. CSH-l
Mat Grain F 0.96-1.27 1.28 1.35-1.45 USA 38 Critical cone. estimated by reviewer.
Mat Grain F 1.13-1.22 1.27 1.34 Ind 628 cv. CSH-6 grown on an Alfisol.
Mat Grain F 1.26-1.35 1.55 1.68-1.84 Aust 395 cv. E57 } tentative critical
Mat 1.44-1.71 1.85 2.07-2.26 cv. Goldfinger} cone. under irrigation.
Mat Grain 1.16-1.40 1.45 1.50-1.88 Aust 393 CVV. E57, P846, Goldfinger, NK212
Mat 1.39-1.49 1.7 1.81-2.01 cv. Goldrush. Crit. conc. under irrigation.
Mat Grain F 0.93-1.02 1.1 Ind 629 Crop grown on a Vertisol.
950AS Stalk F 0.7-0.8 0.6-0.9 Ind 650 cv. CSH 8R
1.2-1.3 1.2-1.5 cv. M35-1
P(%) 14 OAT WS RSC 0.18 0.28 Neth 975 Genotype TAM428
35 OAT 0.15 0.27
14 OAT WS 0.14-0.26 0.44 Neth 976 Genotype SC0283
35 OAT 0.08-0.09 0.12
300AS WS Soil 0.08 0.22-0.26 0.22-0.29 UK 227 Growth room expt. using split-root ;;t
conditions. .g
~
350AS WS SC >1.0 USA 507 iil
35 OAT WS SC 0.084-0.12 0.16-0.23 0.29 0.30 1.22 Neth 486 cv. TAM428 ii
8-9 leaf WS SC 0.07-0.17 USA 197 S. bicolor

""
::
Q"
.g~
[
....\1:1 Q
.g
\11 til
....
...~::s
I.C
0'1
-;-
Growth Plant How Defi" Critical '"!ii-
Nutrient Stage Part established clent "I (deficiency)
Marglna Critical Adequate H"gh
I (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
::s
:;-
<i
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. bieolor) (ctd) ~
~
El'
P(%) (ctd) 48 DAS WS Soil 0.097 0.145-0.35 0.31-0.36 USA 772 cv. SC6 g-
48 DAS 0.068 0.178-0.252 0.24-0.29 cv. SC97 ::s
48 DAS (lO- WS Soil 0.068- 0.18-0.19 0.25 0.23-0.35 USA 771 Two cultivars; critical P conc. same for ~
::s
12 leaf stage) 0.097 mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. ~
49 DAS WS F 0.08-0.10 0.10-0.12 0.14 Colo 235 Data from two sites
GS2 WS F <0.25 0.25-0.3 0.3-0.6 >0.6 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.21-0.5 >0.5 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
U WS F 0.17 c.0.19 USA 812 Data averaged for 3 years; S. hic%r
GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.47 1.6 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS 6 0.52
cv. M35-1
GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.50 Aust 349
FI YMB F >0.27 Aust 392 No response to applied P
GS 3-5 YMB F <0.13 0.13-0.25 0.2-0.6 USA 538
U YMB F 0.25-0.4 USA 1070
GS6 3BBE F <0.18 0.18-0.22 0.2-0.35 >0.35 USA 538
GS 7-8 <0.13 0.13-0.15 0.15-0.25 >0.25
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 0.11-0.15 0.17-0.23 0.25-0.45 0.5-0.7 0.81 Aust 1053 Toxic, imbalance from crop showing Zn
FI head deficiency symptoms.
1052
K(%) GS 2 WS F <2.5 2.5-3.0 3.0-4.5 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <1.5 1.6-2.5 2.5-4.0 >4.0 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
U WS F <0.82 >1.0 USA 812
GS 3-4 YEB SC 2.2 Aust 349 cv. Texas 610SR
GS 3-4 2.1 cv. M35-1
FI YMB F >1.6 Aust 392 No response to applied K
Concentration range
GS 3-5 YMB <1.5 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 USA 538
U YMB F 2.75-4.0 USA 1070
GS 6 3BBE F 1.4-1.7 USA 538

GS 7-8 1.0-1.5
FI head
1052

S(%) 56 DAE WS Soil 0.06-0.07 0.09 0.095 0.10-0.12 USA 426 cv. Savan na 5
GS3 WS Sand <0.03 0.2? 0.24 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.20 Aust 349 cv. M35-1

GS 3-4 0.25 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS6 0.21
FI YMB F >0.16 Aust 392 No response to applied S

1052
Ca(%) GS 2 WS 0.9-1.3 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <0.24 1.0-1.5 >1.5 USA 538 Deficient, margi nal and adeq uate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
FI YEB SC 0.34 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS 3-5 YMB F 0.15-0.9 >0.9 USA 538
FI head
21 DAT Lower leaves (1-5) SC 0.11-0.32 0.22-0.50 USA 639 cv. Redlan; Ca def. symptoms at Na:Ca > 18
Upper leaves (>6) 0.013-0.067 0.07-0.30 inWS. ~
21 DAT Lower leaves (1-5) 0.12-0.35 0.17-0.47 cv. Martin; Ca def. symptoms at Na:Ca > 16 .§
~
Upper leaves (>6) 0.008-0.092 0.076-0.36 inWS.
iil
GS 6 3BBE 0.2-0.4? 0.3-0.6? USA 538 it'
GS 7-8 <0.2 0.2-0.6 >0.6 'Q.."
::
Full Head 2nd LB below A S,D 0.2 Aust 1051 ;t

1052 -§
...
I.e
-
~.
Q
-§
'I
'"
....
\&) ;:!1,
QQ
...~
Concentration range
~
t
Growth Plant How Critical Critical Pi-
Nutrient Stage Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
::
:i
iti'
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. bieolor) (ctd) -aiil
5t
Mg(%) 30 DAT WS Soil 0.13 0.16-0.26 0.27 0.28-0.31 Neth 978 cv. CV323; no relationship in unlimed acid g.
::
soil.
30 DAT WS Soil 0.063-0.23 0.14-0.39 Neth 977 Data for 12 genotypes [
GS 2 WS F 0.3-0.34 0.35-0.5 USA 538 ~
GS 3 WS Sand <0.2 0.2-0.3 0.4-0.8 >0.8 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.20 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
FI 0.21
GS 3-4 0.16 cv. M35-1
GS 3-5 YMB F 0.2-0.5 USA 538
GS 6 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.5 >0.5
GS 7-8 0.1-0.5
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 0.11-0.13 0.15-0.17 0.20-0.50 0.6-0.8 0.9-1.2 Aust 1053
FI head
Late FI 3rd LB below F <0.12 0.15-0.2 >0.2 USA 305 S. bicolor
Early milk flag <0.08 0.1-0.2 >0.2
1052
Na(%) GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.003 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 0.01-0.20 Aust 1053
FI head
CI(%) GS 3-4 YEB SC 0.2 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 0.10-1.5 1.8 2.2 Aust 1053
FI head
39 DAE Mature LB RSC 0.038 0.27 0.72-0.99 USA 128 cv. NK 1580
Mature L sheath 0.090 1.35 3.05-4.86
After Heading 4th LB below flag F 0.71 USA 296 S. bicolor
Full Head 2nd LB below A S,D <2.0 Aust 1051
1052
37 DAS Live leaves F 1.07 3.9 Aust 400 cv. Pacific 303; grain yield depressed to
86 DAS (FI) Flag leaf 0.34 0.58 15.6% of control by soil salinity.
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) (toxicity)
Stage
Cu(mg/kg) 18 DAS WS Soil 6-7 14 USA 153 S. bicolor
7-9 leaf WS SC 6 27 68 USA 198
GS 2 WS F 8-15 >15? USA 538
GS3 WS Sand 3-14 USA 538 Adequate range is 90-100% max. yield.
FI YEB SC 2.7 Aust 349 cv. Texas 610SR
GS 3-5 YMB F 2-15 USA 538
U YMB F 5-15 USA 1070
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 1.0 2-15 Aust 1053
FI head
30 DAS Middle LB Sand <2 2-3.6 3.6 3.6-10 >10 Ind 12
GS6 3BBE F 2-7 USA 538

GS 7-8 1-3
Zn(mg/kg) Seedl WS Soil 20 USA 786 Crit. cone. correspond to 95% max. seed
yield.
18 DAS WS Soil 16-20 44-140 USA 153 S. bicolor
24 DAS WS SC 12 271 USA 198
35 DAS WS Soil 475-570 USA 108 Toxic at 80% max. yield
42 DAS WS Soil 7-19 Ind 906
GS2 WS F 40-50 >150 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <11 40-70 >70 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
GS3 YEB SC 60 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS 3-4 8.6
GS 3-4 YEB 10 USA 684
FI YMB F 29 Aust 392 No response to applied Zn

GS 3 YMB SC 10 10-64 64 USA 684 S. bicolor; Deficient and toxic criteria at 90% ~
max. yield .g
rIO
GS 3-5 YMB <20 20-40 USA 538 iil
iti'
U YMB F 15-40 USA 1070 III
:::
Q.,
49 DAS Middle LB Sand <15 15-20 20 20-30 >30? Ind 12 ;t
.g
....
<.0
Q-
Q"
.g
<.0 til
N
o ;:a
o ~
....
:l:>
g
"-
Growth Plant How Critical Critical !ii-
::r;!'
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. hicolor) (ctd) ~
til
El'
Zn(mglkg) Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 8-11 12-18 20-60 70-80 Aust 1053 5-
::s
(ctd) FI head
Head 2nd LB below A F 10 USA 109 [
Full Head 2nd LB below A S,D 18 Aust 1051 ~
1052
GS6 3BBE F <15 15-30 USA 538
GS 7-8 7-16
FI Flag leaf Soil 12-19 20 22-35 USA 786 cv. Y-l 01-R; critical cone. for 95% max. grain
Mat Grain 6-7.6 10 11-21 yield.
Mn(mglkg) 24 DAS WS SC 24 217 USA 198
20 DAT WS SC 362-584 2290 3000 3290- USA 306 Two cw.; critical Mn cone. little affected by
12300 solution Si conc.
35 DAS WS SC >860 USA 507
GS2 WS F 40-150 >150 USA 538
GS 3 WS Sand 40-70 >70 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
GS 3-4 YEB SC 278 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS 6 29
GS 3-5 YMB F 6-100 USA 538
GS 5 (boot) Flag leaf (YMB) SC 10 USA 678 Critical at 90% max. yield. Flag blade
recommended for sampling
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D <8 8-10 15-350 Aust 1053
FI head
56 DAS Middle LB Sand <12 12-15 15 20-80 Ind 12
GS 5 (boot) 2nd LB below A SC 15 USA 678 S. bicolor
GS6 3BBE 8-190 USA 538
GS 7-8 8-40 40-100
Fe(mglkg) 18 DAS WS Soil 15 43 USA 153 S. bicolor
24 DAS WS SC 100 448 USA 198
Concentration range
30 DAS WS Soil <57 98 Ind 871 S. bicolor
35 DAS WS Soil 65 USA 228 S. bicolor
GS 2 WS F 160-250 >300 >700? USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <90 90-120 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
FI YEB SC 88 Aust 349 cv. Texas 61 OSR
GS 3-5 YMB F 55-220 USA 538
GS 6 3BBE 65-100
GS 7-8 3BBE 40-80
20 DAE L 4+5 45 Ind 973
32 DAT YL SC 13 41-50 Ger 1024 cv. Y-303A
5-20 DAT Upper leaves SC <20 ~80 USA 737 Two cw.; daily fluctuations in leaf Fe cone.
(newly
developing)
AI(mg/kg) GS2 WS F >375 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand >70 USA 538 Deficient, marginal and adequate ranges
<50%, 50-90% and 90-100% max. yield
respectively
GS 3-5 YMB F >200 USA 538
GS 6 3BBE >220
GS 7-8 3BBE 0-25
GS 3 Roots SC 13.5-1430 1460 1690-2730 USA 689 AI cone. in YMB independent of AI
treatments.
B(mg/kg) GS 2 WS F <4? 4-13 USA 538
GS3 WS Sand <3? 3-10 10-25 >25 USA 538
GS 3-5 YMB F 1-10 USA 538
Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 2-25 35-60 Aust 1053
FI head
35 DAS Middle LB Sand <7 7-10 10 10-35 >35 Ind 12 ;;t
Full Head 2nd LB below A S,D 5 Aust 1051
.§
~
1052 iil
~
Qj
GS 6 3BBE F 1-10 USA 538 ::J
GS 7-8 1-6 Q.
;t
FI YML Lit 5-15 Ger 82 .g
N
-
Q
i:r
.g
....
Q
<II
hl
o ;:!1,
hl
~
.....
Concentration range
~
~
II>
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments :l:-
::I
::-~
SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare and S. bieolor) (ctd) .:a
~
El'
B(mglkg)
(ctd)
Head Leaves Sand 20 - 111 171 245-943 USA 93 Threshold toxic cone. for grain yield. i-
t
---
Mo(mglkg) Veg and early 3rd LB below S,D 0.11 0.3-3.0 Aust 1053
FI head
SOYBEAN (Glycine max)

Growth stages of soybean are described in reference 275. YMB = upper most mature leaf blade (i.e. third and fourth LB below apex).
N(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 1.26-1.51 2.79-3.99 Aust 75 Data for 2 cvv.
FI YMB D,S <3.2 3.2-4.0 4.2-5.5 6.0-7.0 Aust 1053
Rl YMB F <3.5 3.5-4.2 4.2 4.3-5.5 5.5-9.0 Thai 79 cv. Sj5; crit conc. corresponds to seed yield
~1500 kglha.
Late FI YMB Lit 4.5-5.5 Ger 82
Pre-PS YMB F,S,D 4.26-5.5 USA 930
Early PF YMB S,D 4.25-5.0 USA 456
Early Aug LB S 3.6-4.7 USA 863
Pods (65 DAS) LB F 4.0-4.5 Ind 699 Criteria at max. yield
R5 All leaves F 3.6-4.2 4.4 4.5-5.1 USA 243 cv. Williams; tentative crit. conc. from
R7 1.4-1.7 1.7-2.3 moisture stress treatments.
Mat Seed F 6.14 6.4 6.67-6.75 USA 148 cv. Cutler 71
NOrN Late FI (50 LB 1900 Ind 699
(mglkg) DAS)
Pods (65 DAS) 1450
P(%) 20 DAT WS Soil' 0.10-0.22 0.26 USA 124 cv. Century; P placement experiment.
, Growth chamber
25-33 DAT WS SC 0.33-0.40 Aust 75 Data for 2 cvv.
Full FI WS F 0.11-0.19 0.11-0.23 Aust 620 Authors indicate criteria of limited value
(marginal conc. <80% max. grain yield;
adequate conc. >80% max. grain yield;
critical at 70% max. grain yield)
49 DAS WS Soil 0.12 USA 510 Critical for non-mycorrhizal plants
0.19 Critical for mycorrhizal plants
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref
Stage Part established Marginal (deficiency) (toxicity) Comments
55 DAE WS Soil 0.14-0.21 0.27-0.72 USA 432 cv. McCall

18 DAS YMB <0.35 0.35 >0.35 Aust 311 cv. Buchanan; flowering ended 53 DAS;
FI (31 DAS) <0.4 0.4-0.45 0.4 >0.45 critical at 95% max. yield
45 DAS <0.39 0.39-0.41 0.39 >0.41
60 DAS <0.34 0.34-0.38 0.34 >0.38
74 DAS <0.25 0.25-0.29 0.25 >0.29
88 DAS <0.21 0.21-0.24 0.21 >0.24
Veg YMB Soil 0.32 Aust 79 cv. Buchanan; crit conc. unclear due to Piper
Rl 0.29 Steenbjerg curvature.
R3 0.32
R5-6 0.24
Early FI YMB 0.335 USA 805 cv. Beeson; data from 3 sites. Crit. conc. for
95% of maximum seed yield.
FI YMB D,S <0.15 0.25 0.30-0.55 0.6-0.7 0.8-2.4 Aust 1053 Toxic, nutrient imbalance associated with Zn
deficient crop.
Rl YMB <0.17 0.17-0.29 0.29 0.30-0.50 >0.50 Thai 79 cv. Sj5; crit conc. corresponds to seed yield
~1500 kglha.

Rl-R3 YMB F 0.34 0.39 USA 371 Adequate conc. corresponds to seed yield
~3.5 t/ha.
Early Pods YMB F,S,D 0.35 USA 604

27-42 DAT LB Perlite 0.13-0.17 0.38-0.59 USA 442 cv. Ransom; cone. in P adequate plants
declined over time.
Early FI LB D <0.1 >0.2 Aust 732
Pods >0.15
49 DAS (R2) LB SC 0.43 USA 512
70 DAS (R4) 0.34
98 DAS (R6) 0.26
~
119 DAS (R8) 0.28 .g
~
Pods Upper LB F 0.37 USA 614
~
~
II>
::J
Q"
;t
.g
Q-
N
=
-
Q
.g
W II>
N
Q ;!!.
01>0
~
.....
).
~
Nutrient
Growth Plant How f' . . I Critical d . h Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments '"~.
Stage Part established De IClent Margma (deficiency) A equate Hig (toxicity) ).
----------------------...-..~-------------------- --------------- :=
Ei
Ii
SOYBEAN (Glycine max) (ctd) ~
~
El'
P(%) (ctd) 18
31
DAS
DAS
YML F 0.19-0.25
0.21-0.31
0.27
0.37
0.35
0.40-0.45
Aust 312 cv. Buchanan; critical cone. at 90% max.
seed yield.
i-
45
59
73
87
DAS
DAS
DAS
DAS
0.21-0.31
0.16-0.27
0.13-0.20
0.15-0.19
0.35
0.32
0.23
0.19
0.38-0.41
0.33-0.38
0.25-0.29
0.21-0.24
f
42 DAE YML F 0.18-0.45 0.45 0.46-0.55 USA 178 cv. Clark 63; critical cone. same for Nrfixing
and N-supplied plants.
R2 YML F 0.185- 0.275-0.33 0.345-0.406 Nig 700 Data from 5 trials.
0.245
R2 YML F,S 0.31 0.31-0.50 0.51-0.80 USA 71 Modified critical nutrient level procedure.
17 DASAL Leaves SC 0.58-0.92 1.08-2.91 USA 343 P conc. > 1.86% was lethal.
began
22 DASAL All leaves SC 1.25-2.5 USA 342 Salinity-enhanced P toxicity in cw. Clark and
began Kanrich.
Mat Seed Perlite 0.33-0.36 0.37-0.41 0.54-0.69 0.68-0.75 USA 215
Mat Grain F 0.33-0.67 0.36 0.37-0.55 Aust 620 Authors indicate criteria of limited value
(marginal cone. <80% max. grain yield;
adequate cone. >80% max. grain yield;
critical at 70% max. grain yield)
P(iJ.mol/g fro 16DAT WS FSC 23 Aust 279 cv. Fitzroy; corresponds to critical soln cone.
wt) of 0.8 iJ.M.
K(%) 52 DAS WS SC 3.4 Swi 762
Veg (26 DAS) YMB Soil 2.0-2.2 Aust 72 cv. Buchanan
Rl 1.0-1.3 79
R3 0.5-0.9
R5-6 (55 DAS) 0.3-0.4
Early FI YMB F 0.29-0.74 1.5 2.15-3.25 Aust 1051
1052
Early FI YMB F 3.0 USA 883
Early PS 2.0
FI YMB D,S <0.8 1.0-1.5 1.7-3.2 4.0 Aust 1053
FI YMB F 0.84-1.2 1.2 1.2-1.8 Peru 208 cv. Jupiter
Concentration range
Nutrient established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) (toxicity)
Stage Part
Rl YMB F <0.9 0.9-1.7 1.7 1.8-3.0 >3.0 Thai 79 cv. Sj5; crit. conc. corresponds to seed yield
~1500 kglha.
Rl-R3 YMB F 1.07 1.78 USA 371 Adequate cone. corresponds to seed yield
~3.5 t/ha.
1st Pods YMB F,S,D 2.2 USA 604

R3-4 (37DAS) YMB Soil 0.88 Aust 73 cv. Buchanan; N2 fixing plants
R5-6 (55DAS) 0.39
Pre-PF YMB S,D 2.0-2.5 USA 456
20 cm tall LB F 1.35 2.25 USA 454
Early FI 0.91 1.99
Early Pod 0.51 0.81
Max. seed 0.29 0.52
size
Pods Upper LB F >1.7 USA 614
Rl-R2 YML F 1.76 1.78-2.35 USA 348 Crit. conc. for 90% of maximum seed yield;
3 CW., each grown in a different soil.
R2 YML F,S 1.51 1.51-2.50 2.51-2.75 USA 71 Modified critical nutrient level procedure.
R2 (FI) YML F 1.77 1.85 1.91-2.45 USA 615 Critical at 90% max. seed yield; cv. Bragg.
R6 (PF) 0.56 0.67 0.72-0.97
Mat Seed Soil 1.11-1.51 1.74 1.78 1.77-1.88 Aust 874 cv. Lee; crit. conc. corresponds to 90%
maximum fruit (seed and pod) yield.
Mat Seed F 1.55-1.80 1.79 1.75-1.98 Bra 851
S(%) 36 DAS WS Soil 0.15 Ind 47 Critical at 90% max. yield; critical N/S = 16.5
60 DAS 0.185
U WS SC 0.20 0.33 USA 303 Adequate protein N:S ratio = 20. Moderate S
def. symptoms in So treatment.
Mat WS F 0.11-0.13 USA 970 Mean of 4 cW.; N/S ranged from 25 to 20.
FI YMB D,S 0.15 0.2-0.4 Aust 1053 ~
Rl YMB F <0.15 0.15-0.18 0.21 0.19-0.30 >0.30 Thai 79 cv. Sj5; crit. conc. corresponds to seed yield ~
~1500 kglha. :J"'
;-
Late FI YMB Lit 0.21-0.40 USA 457 III
:::
Q..
R3 YMB 0.18-0.20 Aust 79 cv. Buchanan ;t
R5-6 0.17 .g
N
<=
-
~.
Q
.g
\11
'"
N
Q ::2
0'1
~
.....
:l:o
~
til
Growth Plant How Critical Critical ~.
Nutrient Stage Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Part established :l:o
::s
::rti'
til
5l'
::s6"
S(%) (ctd) FI YML F 0.16-0.24 0.23 0.27-0.32 Ind 15 Critical at 90% vegetat. growth; critical
N/S=12.
FI 0.16-0.21 0.22 0.23-0.32 Critical at 90% max. seed yield.
~
42 DAS (R2) LB F 0.23-0.29 USA 970 cvv. Desoto, Douglas ~
63 DAS (R2) 0.17-0.22
84 DAS (R5) 0.17-0.22
42 DAS 0.22-0.28 cvv. Bay, Essex
(V9,Vl0)
63 DAS (R2) 0.20-0.25
84 DAS (R6) 0.18-0.22
U Leaves F 0.33 Bra 571
Ca(%) 20 DAT WS FSC 0.28 Aust 74 cv. Fitzroy
21 DAT WS RSC 0.20 0.28-0.83 1.02-1.13 USA 665 Shoot conc. depressed by AI.
20 DAT YMB FSC 0.77-1.26 1.22 1.68 Aust 74 cv. Fitzroy
FI YMB D,S 0.21-0.35 0.4-2.0 2.5-3.0 Aust 1053

Mg(%) FI YMB D,S 0.15-0.19 0.25-0.80 1.0-1.2 Aust 1053
Na(%) FI YMB D,S <0.1 0.3 >0.5 Aust 1053 Toxic (or excess).
CI(%) 26 DAS WS Soil 0.18-0.84 1.0 1.12-5.27 USA 710 cv. Bragg; data relate to shoot yield at
maturity (73 DAS); plants with <:2.16% CI in
WS died at 40-56 DAS.
FI YMB D,S <1.2 1.5-2.0 2.6-5.0 Aust 1053 Toxic (or excess).
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Comments
Nutrient Part established (deficiency) (toxicity) Ref
Stage
R6 3rd LB below A F 0.07-0.14 >0.80 USA 712
15 DAS YML F 0.09-0.18 0.7-2.4 USA 1104 Study of 60 cw., ranging from CI- accumulators
80 DAS 0.029-0.05 0.03-0.18 to excluders.
17 DA Leaves SC <0.003 0.53-8.63 USA 343 CI- cone. >2.84% was lethal.
salination
Mat Seed Soil 0.010-0.038 0.045-0.115 USA 559 Plants inoculated with Glomus etunicatum;
crit. cone. varies with pH.
Mat 0.008-0.014 0.014-0.024 0.025-0.065 Non-inoculated plants; crit cone. varies with
pH.
Cu(mglkg) 21 DAT YEB SC, Peat Polyphenol oxidase assay Mala 584 cv. Palmetto
Veg YMB 1.8-2.3 Aust 79 cv. Buchanan; occasional flowers only due to
long day length.
FI init. YMB F 4-6 USA 569 Tentative criteria

FI YMB D,S 4-5 6-30 31-50 Aust 1053
Rl YMB F <1.7 1.7-2.2 4.0 2.3-5.0 >5.0 Thai 79 cv. SJ5; crit conc. corresponds to seed yield
;::1500 kglha.
Late FI YMB Lit 10-20 Ger 82

Pre-PS YMB F,S,D 10-30 USA 930
1st Pods YMB F,S,D 5 USA 604
Early PF YMB S,D 6-30 USA 456
FI YML F 4.3-7.3 USA 719

Zn(mglkg) 31 DAS WS Soil 500 600-965 USA 738 Linear decline in growth at Zn cone. in shoots
>318 mglkg
55 DAE WS Soil 9-10 18 20-50 USA 432 cv. McCall; critical for N-supplied and Nz-
fixing plants.
Veg YMB F 15 Aust 45
Veg YMB 6-10 Aust 79 cv. Buchanan; occasional flowers only due to
long day length.
Early FI YMB S,D 6-14 20 25-88 Aust 1052 Zn-susceptible cultivars. Adequate P/Zn ;;t
ratio = 200-500; deficiency 1200-2200
.§
'I>
FI YMB D,S 6-14 15-20 25-80 Aust 1053 j;l
35 DAS YMB 6 Aust 72 cv. Buchanan ti
III
YMB+l 12 :=
I:l..
Late FI YMB Lit 25-60 Ger 82 :;t
.g
[
Q
h1
Q .g
'-I
'"
hl
o ::9.
CO
...~
~
Concentration range
ill
~
Growth Plant How Critical Critical '"
~.
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
Stage Part established :;)
:i
iti'
SOYBEAN (Glycine max) (ctd) -a~
iit
Zn(mglkg) Pre-PS YMB F,S,D 21-50 USA 930 §"
(ctd)
I
Pre-PF YMB S,D 20-50 USA 456
Late FI YMB+P 17-22 Aust 849
28 DAS Trifoliate LB Soil 370-860 USA 1060 Criteria at 80% max. yield; cultivar
1061 differences
Early Aug LB S 20-100 USA 863
35 DAS 3rd LB below A Soil 18 Aust 429 Critical at 90% max. yield
41 DAS 3rd LB below A RSC 14 USA 682 Critical at 90% max. yield; slight Piper-
Steenbjerg effect
Early FI YML Soil 22 USA 786 cv. Davis; critical conc. for 95% max. seed
yield.
Early FI YML Soil 26 S Arab 19
FI YML F 9-26 26 28-36 USA 719 Highest yields of 2 cultivars at approx. 26 mg
Zn/kg and at P/Zn ratio of 115.
R2 YML F,S 21 21-50 51-75 USA 71 Modified critical nutrient level procedure.
Mat Seed Soil 23-38 43 46-68 USA 786 cv. Davis; critical cone. for 95% max. seed
yield.
Mn(mglkg) V6 WS F,S 45 USA 321 Data from 30 sites
37 DAE WS Soil 21-44 246-337 USA 627 cv. Bragg
40 DAS WS Soil 14 USA 585 cv. Hutchinson
42 DAS WS Soil 7.6-10.4 10.5 13.3-49.2 USA 610 cv. Bragg; critical conc. derived by reviewer.
R6 WS F 6-9 USA 1085
V4,Vl0 YMB F <10 16-17 USA 588 R2 growth stage more reliable for sampling
R2 <10 17-22 than V4 or Vl O. Data from 38 sites.
V5 YMB F 4-8 USA 824 Strong seed yield responses to fol iar Mn
application.
V6 YMB Soil 11-20 22 23-47 Ind 49 cv. SL96; study with 15 soils.
5 leaf YMB F 8 USA 694 Critical at 90% bean yield; cv. Ransom;
7 leaf 7 YMB = blade below youngest leaf blade
Mid FI 10
Concentration range
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
FI YMB D,S <15 15-25 30-100 150-250 750-1000 Aust 1053
Rl, R2 YMB F,S 17 USA 321 Data from 30 sites.
36-46 DAS YMB RSC <11 >173 USA 693 Seven cultivars compared
R2 YMB F 6-10 9-16 13.5-16.5 15-36 USA 587 Crit. cone. varies with soil.
R2 YMB F 15 USA 125 cv. Ransom; critical for seed yield.
R2 YMB 12-13 15-55 USA 691 Critical at 90% max. bean yield; cv. Ransom
R2 YMB F -18 29-35 USA 709 Eight cultivars compared; critical at 90% seed
yield; variable data
Early PF YMB S,D 30-200 >500 USA 456
R2 YMB (terminal F 19 20 21-48 USA 589 cv. Centennial
R2 leaflet) 7-12 13 14-26 cv. Centennial; residual Mn expt.
24 DAS YMB, YMB+l, Determination of fluorescence ratio Fo/Fv USA 7 cv. Bragg; Fo/Fv increased at leaf Mn conc.
YMB+2 <10 mglkg.
Late FI-Early Youngest LB F 20 USA 694 Critical at 90% bean yield; cv. Ransom
PF
Late PF 22
36 DAS LB 2 & 3 RSC 10 USA 683
40 DAS 3rd LB below A RSC 10 160 USA 681 Both criteria at 90% max. yield; cv. Bragg
(=YMB)
21 DAT VOL SC 10-13 43 221-306 402-648 Aust 388 cv. Bragg
8-13 38 169-331 541-686 cv. Lee
14 DAT YML (first SC 9.5-18.5 33-69 286-869 865-1180 Spa 521 Data for 4 cvv.
trifoliate)
18 DAT YML FSC 300 Aust 33 cv. Bragg; NOrN in nutrient soln.
18DAT 180 cv. Fitzroy;NOrN in nutrient soln.
~
18 DAT 170 cv. Lee; NOrN in nutrient soln. .g
~
22 DAT YML SC 665 Aust 33 cv. Bragg; Nrfixing plants ~
22 DAT 570 cv. Fitzroy; Nrfixing plants ib'
~
Rl YML 10.3-13.2 13.1-15.4 14.7-22.5 USA 320 cv. Essex; crit. cone. for seed yield. =:
Q.
R2 YML F,S 17 17-100 101-250 USA 71 Modified critical nutrient level procedure. =;!
.g
N
Q
-
~.
Q
.g
IJ:>
'"
...
hl
Q ~
;a
~
-;-
<Ii
Growth Plant How Critical Critical ~r
Nutrient Stage established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
Part ::J
5"
ib'
SOYBEAN (Glycine max) (ctd) -a
~
El'
Mn(mglkg) Mat YM Leaflet F 18 USA 590 38 sites; critical is leaf cone. corresponding to 5-
::J
(ctd) avail. index that separates responsive sites.
38 Dafter YL Sand 103 1530 Tai 1098 cv. Maple Arrow; treatments imposed at ~
treats. Old leaves 144 2780 39 DAS. ~
imposed
Early FI (R3) Leaves Soil 136-286 USA 799 9 very tolerant genotypes
Early FI (R3) 151-310 12 tolerant genotypes
Early FI (R3) 129-202 193-367 9 sensitive genotypes
Early FI (R3) 128-220 201-261 10 very sensitive genotypes
U Tis SC 9-13 44-69 479-945 Spa 522 cv. Williams
Mat Seed F 13.6-21.5 18.2-26.6 USA 320 cv. Essex
Mat Seed F 16 USA 125 cv. Ransom
Mat Seed F,S 20 USA 321 Data from 30 sites
Fe(mg!kg) 24 DAS WS Soil <43 USA 151
37 DAE WS Soil 36-40 96-99 USA 627 cv. Lee
Late FI YMB Lit 51-350 USA 457

19-20 DAS YMB + buds SC 30-33 40-50 49-88 USA 207 Study with 4 susceptible cvv.
14 DAT YML (1st SC 51-121 62-80 Spa 521 cv. T-203

trifoliate) 78-133 74-181 Data for 3 cvv.
21 DAS YML Soil* Chlorophyll concentration USA 630 3 cvv. grown in 23 calcareous soils.
*Growth room
41 DAS YML 35 Fe 2+ 44-49 Fe 2+ Aust 410 cv. Forrest; no differences in seed yield at
maturity.
AI(mg!kg) 20 DAS WS SC <28 10-17 28-77 USA 1035
30DAE WS Soil 300-510 USA 16 cv. Wright
75 DAS WS Soil <84 USA 882

Early FI YMB S,D <200 USA 456
B(mg!kg) 63 DAT WS SC 11-38 90 58-312 480 1110-1320 USA 676 Tentative critical cone.
Concentration range
Early FI YMB F <10 63 USA 1097
FI YMB D,S 15-20 21-60 80-200 Aust 1053
R3 YMB F 24 Thai 79 cv. NW1} Crit. cone. for 90% max.
R3 <12 12-16 16 17-50 >50 cv. 5)5 } seed yield.
Crit. at 90% maximal LB elongation rate
V2 Expanding LB SC, F 12 Thai 79 Crit. at 90% maximal LB elongation rate
28 DAS YOL 4.9 31.3 Aust 493 cv. Buchanan; marginally deficient cone. at
YOL+2 8.1 37.5 80% max. dry wt.
11-16 DAT Young leaf SC 5.0-7.5 12 23-27 Aust 494 Critical at 90% of maximal LB elongation
unfolding rate.
Mat Seed F 12 Thai 818 cv. NWl
Mat ~8 9-13 ~14 19 cultivars grown.
Mo(mglkg) 56 DAS WS Soil 0.04-0.12 0.18-0.31 Bulg 323
U WS Sand 0.19 3.2 USA 729
FI YMB D,S 0.12 0.15-0.40 0.5-5.5 10 Aust 1053
Rl-2 YMB 0.017-0.023 Aust/ 79
R5-6 0.02 Thai 194
Rl-2 YMB <0.015 0.015- 0.02 0.02-1.00 >1.00 Aust/ 79 Crit. cone. for 90% max. seed yield.
0.020 Thai 194
Early PF YMB S,D 0.1-5 USA 456
;;t
~/I>
Mat Seed F <2.6 USA 382 Progeny of seed responded to Mo
Rl-2 Nodules 2 Aust 79 AI
R5-6 2 194 Ii
Ni(mglkg) 56 DAS WS SC 0.002-0.004 USA 255 Critical Ni cone. estimated by authors. ~
As(mglkg) 42 DAS WS Soil 0.4-0.5 0.54-1.3 1.3-13.7 USA 230 Critical cone. at 90% max. yield; data for 2 =:;!
soils. No fruit set at ~6.2 mg As!kg in WS. ~
[
Q
........
"-l
~II>
....
N
:!
N
~
.....
:a:.
g
II>
~.
(deficiency) Adequate High
::
~
til
5l'
Cd(mg/kg) 21 DAS WS Soil 0.02 - 1.5 1.7 2.8-50 USA 112 Mean data for 30 cw. grown in 3 soils. 6-
::
28 DAS WS Soil 0.24-4.1 5.0 5.5-87 USA 613 cv. Amsoy; critical cone. for 90% max.
growth derived from data for 9 soils. [
35 DAS WS Soil 2.4 7.0 7.1-26.3 USA 368 ~
35 DAS WS SC 4.5 14.6-56.9 USA 123 cv. Lee; Nrfixing plants; critical cone.
derived by reviewer.
42 DAS Leaves Sand/peat 2.2-2.9 3.2 3.2-24.9 USA 961 cv. Williams; critical conc. derived by
reviewer.
SUGAR BEET, FODDER BEET (Beta vulgaris)
N(%) Veg PYML Lit 1.1-1.5 1.6 USA 1010

YMB 1.9-2.9 2.5
50-60 DAS ML Lit 4.0-6.0 Ger 82
50-80 DAS L Lit <4.3 4.30-5.00 >5.0 USA 457
Mat Roots F 0.82 Cyp 607 Diagnostic for fresh roots

Mat Roots F 0.82 Cyp 607 Diagnostic for yield of sugar
Shoots 0.81
Mat Roots F ~1.8 USA 865 Diagnostic for vegetative parts
Veg parts ~3.2
Mat Whole plants F 1.1 UK 344 Diagnostic for plant DW; Summary of 15
experiments
NOrN Veg PYML F 1000-2000 USA 172 Concs decreased exponentially during crop
(mg/kg) 328 growth
122 DAS PYML F >22000 USA 1086 Predictive for root and sucrose yield
As symptoms PYML F 70-200 1000 3500-35000 USA 1002 Critical at 90% max. yield; 3-6 weeks before
appear 1007 harvest crops should become N deficient to
1010 ensure optimal sugar accumulation
1015
As symptoms PYML F Diphenylamine rapid field test used to detect N deficiency USA 1003
appear
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Comments
Leaf canopy PYML F <7000 USA 625 Predictive for root and sucrose yield
formed
Veg PYML Lit 70-200 1000 USA 1010
YMB 0-400 300
U Storage root Lit 0-500 1000 800-4000 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
PYML 0-200 1000 350-35000 Deficient = symptoms present
Adequate = no symptoms
Veg YML Lit <500 USA 1010
P(%) Mat WS >0.21 Ind 925
Veg PYML Lit 0.06-0.12 0.12 USA 1010
YMB 0.10-0.18 0.18
Mat B <0.23 USA 723 Diagnostic for fresh root yield
P <0.16
Roots <0.17
50-80 DAS L Lit <0.45 0.45-1.10 >1.1 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 0.35-0.60 Ger 82

P0 4 -P Var YMB 250-700 1000-8000 USA 1001 Critical at 90% max. yield
(mg/kg) POrP extracted in 2% acetic acid
25 DAS Cotyledon SC 200-700 1500 1600-13000 USA 927 Critical at 90% max. yield
P04 -P extracted in 2% acetic acid
U PYML Lit 150-400 750 750-4000 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
YMB 250-700 1000-8000 1010 Deficient = symptoms present
Var PYML Soil 150-400 750 750-4000 USA 1001 Critical at 90% max. yield
P0 4 -P extracted in 2% acetic acid
Seed I Cotyledon Lit 200-700 1500 1600-13000 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
PYML 500-1300 1500 1600-5000 Deficient = symptoms present
YMB 500-1700 3000 3500-14000 Adequate = no symptoms
25 DAS Oldest LB SC 500-1700 3200 3500-14000 USA 927 Critical at 90% max. yield
Oldest P 500-1300 1500 1600-5000 P04 -P extracted in 2% acetic acid ;;t
35 DAS Oldest P F ~0.09 USA 398 P04 -P extracted in 2% acetic acid ~II>
K(%) Var YMB SC 0.3-0.6 1.0 1.0-6.0 USA 1004 Ql
1006 ti
1011 l::;t
.g
[
Q
...w
h1
.g
II>
....N ~
"'" a
~
Concentration range al
~
Growth Plant How Critical Critical '"~.
Nutrient Stage Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
Part established :=
:s-
ib'
SUGAR BEET, FODDER BEET (Beta vulgaris) (ctd) -atil
E:'
K(%) (ctd) Var YMB SC 0.4-0.5 1.0 1.0-6.0 USA 1004 For Na conc > 1.5%, critical at 90% max. g.
1006 yield
:=
1011 [
U PYML
YMB
Lit 0.2-0.6
0.3-0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0-11.0
1.0-6.0
USA 1008
1010
Plant growth less below critical, Na > 1.5%
Deficient = symptoms present
i
U PYML Lit 0.5-2.0 2.5-9.0 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical, Na < 1.5%
YMB 0.4-0.5 1.0 1.0-6.0 Deficient = symptoms present
50-80 DAS L Lit 0.50-1.99 2.00-6.00 >6.0 USA 457
50-60 DAS "ML Lit 3.8-7.0 Ger 82
50-60 DAS ML Lit 3.5-6.0 Ger 82
Var PYML SC 0.2-0.6 1.0 1.0-11.0 USA 1004 For Na conc > 1.5%, critical at 90% max.
1006 yield
1011
Var PYML SC 0.5-2.0 2.5-9.0 USA 1004 For Na conc <1 .5%, critical at 90% max.
1006 yield; Do not use PYML when Na < 1.5%
1011
S(mglkg) Veg YMB Lit 400-750 750 USA 1010
N/S U L Lit 11 Ger 82
S04-S (mg/ U YMB SC,Lit 50-200 250 500-14000 USA 1004 Critical at 90% max. yield, PYML unsuitable
kg) Veg PYML 50-200 250 1010
U YMB Lit 50-200 250 500-14000 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
Ca(%) Veg PYML Lit 0.04-0.10 0.1 USA 1010
YMB 0.1-0.4 0.5
U PYML U 0.04-1.0 0.1 0.2-2.5 USA 84 Critical at 90% max. yield
YMB 0.1-0.4 0.5 0.4-1.5
50-80 DAS L Lit 0.10-0.49 0.50-1.50 >1.5 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 0.6-1.5 Ger 82 Fodder Beet
0.7-2.0 Sugar Beet
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Critical High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate (toxicity)
Stage Part
U PYML Lit 0.04-0.10 0.1 0.2-2.5 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
Mg(%) Veg PYML Lit 0.01-0.03 USA 1010
YMB 0.03-0.05
U PYML U 0.01-0.03 0.1-0.7 USA 1004
1006
1011
U PYML Lit 0.01-0.03 0.1-0.7 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
YMB 0.025-0.05 0.1-2.5 Deficient = symptoms present
50-80 DAS L Lit 0.05-0.24 0.25-1.00 >1.0 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 0.25-0.80 Ger 82
50-60 DAS ML Lit 0.3-0.7 Ger 82
U YMB U 0.025-0.05 0.1-2.5 USA 1011
Na(%) Var PYML F 0.02-9.0 USA 1004
U PYML Lit 0.02-9.0 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
YMB 0.02-3.7 Deficient = symptoms present
Var YMB F 0.02-3.7 USA 1005
CI(%) Mat WS F <1.5 NZ 333 Diagnostic for fresh and dry shoots, root and
Root <0.16 percentage sugar
Mat WS F ~2.4 NZ 560 Diagnostic for max. shoot and root FW
Roots <5 >2.8
Mat WS F <1.9 NZ 560 Diagnostic for max. root DW
Roots
Mat WS F ~2.4 NZ 560 Diagnostic for max. sugar yield
Roots 2.2
55 DAS PYML RSC 0.01-0.04 0.4 0.8-8.5 USA 1009 Critical at 90% max. yield
U PYML Lit 0.01-0.04 0.4 0.8-8.5 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical ;;;t
.§
~
Ql
Veg PYML Lit 0.01-0.04 0.4 USA 1010 tb'
Cu(mglkg) Mat WS SC 17 UK 558 ~
.g~
[
Q
.......
~
.g
III
....Na'I ;!!,
a
~
~
!IS
~.
Growth Plant How f . . I Critical d . h Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Stage Part e~~~~~~~~_ ~e IClent Margma (deficiency) A equate Hlg (toxicity) ~
::!
:i
iti'
SUGAR BEET, FODDER BEET (Beta vulgaris) (ctd) ~
~
S'
Cu(mglkg) U YMB Lit <2 >2 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical 5-
::!
(ctd) 1010 Deficient = symptoms present
Adequate = no symptoms [
50-60 DAS ML Lit 6-15 Ger 82
~
50-60 DAS ML Lit 7-15 Ger 82
Zn (mmol/ 30 DAS WS SC <900 Ger 769 Carbonic anhydrase activity
kg FW)
Zn(mg/mL) 30 DAS WS SC 0.8 Ger 769 Zn conc. in aqueous leaf extraction (mg/L)
40 DAS 0.6
Zn(mg/kg) 30 DAS WS SC 18 Ger 769
40 DAS 16
42 DAS WS Soil 100-150 UK 558
60 DAS YMB RSC 2-13 8-10 11-80 USA 850 Same critical level for root DW and shoot FW
1010 Piper-Steenbjerg effect
1010 Deficient = symptoms present
50-80 DAS L Lit 5-9 10-80 >80 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 20-80 Ger 82
Mn(mglkg) 10th leaf WS Soil <30 15 30-62 USA 274 Critical at 90% max. yield
U WS Soil >800 Ger 1117 Linked with soil acidity
21 DAT YMB Soil, SC >5000 USA 690 Critical at 90% max. yield
Veg YMB Lit 4-20 10 >5500 USA 1010
U YMB Lit 4-20 25-360 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
U YMB U 4-20 10 25-360 Ger 1023
50-80 DAS L Lit 10-25 26-360 >360 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 35-100 Ger 82
Fe(mglkg) 50-80 DAS L Lit 50-59 60-140 >140 USA 457
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Adequate High Critical Country
Stage Part established (deficiency) (toxicity) Toxic Ref Comments
30 DAT YMB RSC 20-55 55 60-140 USA 647 Critical at 90% max. yield
Veg YMB Lit 20-55 55 USA 1010
B(mg/kg) 49 DAT WS SC <250 >250 USA 676 Chlorotic tissue contained 800-1000 mg/kg B
Necrotic tissue contained> 1500 mg/kg B
U YMB U 12-40 27 35-200 USA 1026 Critical at 90% max. yield
Veg YMB Lit 12-40 27 250 USA 1010
MB 12-40 420
Old B 12-40 650
Veg YML Lit <30 30 - 50 USA 26
50-80 DAS L Lit 20-30 31-200 201-800 USA 457
60-70 DAS L Soil 300-350 Ger 496
50-60 DAS ML Lit 5-50 35-100 Ger 82 Fodder Beet
35/40-100 Sugar Beet
Mo(mg/kg) U YMB U 0.Q1-0.15 0.2-20 USA 1006
1010
U YMB Lit 0.01-0.15 0.2-20 USA 1008 Plant growth less below critical
50-80 DAS L Lit 0.10-0.19 0.20-2.0 2.1-20 USA 457
50-60 DAS ML Lit 0.2-1.0 Ger 82 Fodder Beet
0.25-1.00 Sugar Beet
Cd(mg/kg) 7DAT Roots SC ~35 Yug 730 Diagnostic for DW in plant part sampled
L >16
7 DAT Roots SC >374 Yug 730 Diagnostic for nitrate reductase activity in
~
~
L plant part sampled
~
35 DAS L SC 70 UK 558 iil
~
Li(mg/kg) 28-42 DAS L Soil 5500 UK 558
~
~
-§
[
Q
....N
'l
-§
'"
....
~
:2
OQ
a
~
~
Nutrient Stage Part Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
established
=
5"
~
SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp.) -a
~
Sampling is recommended during the 'boom' phase of growth, i.e. when stalk elongation is ~ 2 cm/day (see reference 257). TVD = 'top visible dewlap', which is approximately the third leaf from the shoot apex (see reference 202). S'
5-
A section, 20 cm long (10 cm above and 10 cm below the midpoint of the TVD blade), is taken for chemical analysis (see reference 257). The midrib is discarded (see reference 336).
=
N(%) Rapid growth TVD F,S 1.8 2.0-2.6 >3.2 USA 57 ~
252 =
~
316
3 months TVD F 2.4-2.5 Guy 257 Critical lower in droughted crops
(plant)
5 months 2.1
(plant)
6 months 1.9
(plant)
2 months 2.4-2.5
(ratoon)
3 months 2.1
(ratoon)
4.5 months 1.9
(ratoon)
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 1.70 S Afr 889
3-9 months TVD F 1.7-1.9 S Afr 1095 Crit. cone. for plant crops.
1.6-1.8 Crit conc. for ratoon crops.
4 months 3rd & 4th LB F 1.5-2.0 Bra 570
below A
5-5.5 months TVD F 1.9 SAfr 336
5 months 3rd LB below A F 1.95 Maur 369
(ratoon)
6 months TVD F 1.5 1.6 1.7 USA 317 Mean data for 4 cw.
8 months 1.35 1.4 1.6
4 months 1.5-2.0 2.0 2.25
(ratoon)
6 months 1.3-1.4 1.5 1.6
(ratoon)
8 months 1.1-1.4 1.4 1.6
(ratoon)
6-7 months TVD S 1.7 S Afr 21
(ratoon)
7 months TVD S 1.65 S Afr 608
Concentration range
10.3 months 3rd LB below A F <1.7 1.6-2.0 1.9-2.5 Aust 185
plant
7 months <1.7 1.6-2.0 1.9-2.5 827
(ratoon)
U TVD Lit <1.2 2.0-2.6 USA 23

U <1.0 1.5-2.0 PuRi
3-4 months 3rd leaf (200mm 1.8 Aust 167

mid-section less
midrib)
4 months Middle leaves Lit 1.9-2.1 Ger 82
(mid-portion
less midrib)
3.8 months Blades 3-6 F 1.35-1.80 1.79 1.75-2.12 Ind 1101 Critical cone. for 90% max. sugar cane yield
4.8 months 1.22-1.75 1.72 1.67-2.03 derived by reviewer.
7.2 months 1.02-1.60 1.64 1.59-1.95
3 months Leaves F <1.4 1.4-1.6 1.6-2.0 2.0-5.0 PuRi 879

Early rapid Leaves 3-6 F <1.5 1.0 1.5-2.7 USA 886 Authors state N conc. should be preferably
growth >2%N.
P(%) Rapid growth TVD F,S 0.19 0.22-0.30 >0.34 USA 57
252 316
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 0.19 S Afr 889 Var. NCo367

0.16 Var. N12
3-6 months TVD F 0.18-0.21 0.21-0.35 Guy 257
(plant)
2-4.5 months 0.18-0.21 0.21-0.35
(ratoon)
3-9 months TVD F 0.19 S Afr 1095

below A
5-5.5 months TVD 0.18 S Afr 336
5 months 3rd LB F 0.21 Maur 369

(ratoon) ~
6-7 months TVD S 0.2 S Afr 21 ~II>
(ratoon) iil
~
7 months TVD S 0.19 S Afr 608 III
::
Q.,
;'
.g
...
N
-
~r
Q
.g
\C) III
t.l
t.l
o
:!
~
.....
).
~
Concentration range -;-
<IS
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Critical
Marginal (deficiency) Critical Toxic
Stage Part established Adequate High (toxicity) Country Ref Comments ).
:=
SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp.) (ctd)

=
;-
-a~
5l'
P(%) (ctd) 10.3 months
(plant)
3rd LB below A F <0.18 0.15-0.23 0.21-0.3 Aust 185 §"
827
7 months
(ratoon)
U TVD Lit
<0.18
<0.19
0.15-0.23 0.21-0.3
0.22-0.30 USA 23
(
U <0.10 0.18-0.25 PuRi
Early rapid Sheath 3-6 F <0.05 0.08 0.05-0.20 USA 886
growth
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion
less midrib)
3 months Leaves <0.15 0.15-0.18 0.18-0.24 0.24-0.3 PuRi 879
K(%) Rapid growth TVD F,S 0.90 1.0-1.6 >2.2 USA 57
252
316
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 1.05 SAfr 889 All varieties except N14.
0.90 Var. N14
3-6 months TVD F 1.25 1.25-2.0 Guy 257
(plant)
2-4.5 months 1.25 1.25-2.0
(ratoon)
below A
5-5.5 months TVD S 1.1 S Afr 608
5 months 3rd LB below A F 1.25 Maur 369
(ratoon)
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F,S 1.1 Jam 436
(ratoon)
6-9 months 0.98-1.08
(plant)
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Stage Part established Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
6-7 months TVD S 1.1 S Afr 21
(ratoon)
10.3 months 3rd LB below A F <1.1 0.9-1.3 1.3-2.0 Aust 185
(plant) 827
7 months <1.1 0.9-1.3 1.3-2.0
(ratoon)
U TVD Lit <0.9 1.0-1.6 USA 23
U <1.0 1.65-2.0 PuRi
Early rapid Sheaths 3-6 F <1.5 2.25 2.25-6.0 USA 886
growth
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion
less midrib)
3 months Leaves F <1.4 1.4-1.55 1.55-2.0 2.0-3.0 PuRi 879
S(%) 35 DAS WS RSC 0.36 USA 289 Critical at 95-1 00% max. yield; Optimal
N/S 10-15
7 months TVD S 0.13 S Afr 608 N/S <17
Early rapid Blades 3-6 F <0.01 0.03-1.0 USA 886
growth
35 DAS Blades 3-6 0.24 USA 289 Critical at 95-1 00% max. yield; Optimal
70 DAS 0.10 N/S = 10-15
18 months 0.08 0.14
35 DAS Sheaths 3-6 Soil 0.61 USA 289 Critical at 95-1 00% max. yield; Optimal
70 DAS 0.08 N/S = 10-15
18 months 0.07 0.23
3 months 3rd leaf (200mm 0.13 Aust 167 N(%)/S(%) ratio> 17 also used to identify
8 months mid-section less 0.10 S deficiency.
midrib) ~
4 months Middle leaves Lit 0.25-0.30 Ger 82 Critical at 95-100% max. yield; Optimal ~
~
(mid-portion N/S = 10-15 iil

less midrib) iti'
~
::I
U Leaves F 0.20 Bra 571 Q..
;t
.g
[
Q
N
....
N .g
'"
~
N ;a
~
a
)..
Concentration range
al
~
<IS
~;r
Nutrient Growth Plant How Critical Critical
Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments )..
::I
SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp.) (ctd)

=
;-
-aill
5l'
Ca(%) Rapid growth TVD F <0.13 0.13-0.15 0.18-0.35 Guy 257 5-
::I
3 months 0.14-0.18
(plant)
4.5-6 months 0.15-0.2
i
(plant) ~
2-3 months 0.16-0.2
(ratoon)
5 months 0.2-0.24
(ratoon)
6 months >0.16
(ratoon)
Rapid growth TVD F,S 0.20 0.20-0.45 >0.5 USA 57
252
316
3 months 3rd LB below A F,S <0.15 0.2-0.5 Aust 827
828
5-5.5 months TVD F 0.18 S Afr 336
7 months TVD F 0.15 S Afr 608
growth
4 months Middle leaves Lit 0.20 0.80-1.0 Ger 82
(mid-portion
less midrib)
3-4 months 3rd leaf (200 mm 0.20 Aust 167
mid-section less
midrib)
Mg(%) Rapid growth TVD F,S 0.12 0.15-0.32 >0.35 USA 57
252
316
Rapid growth TVD SC 0.03-0.05 0.08 0.08-0.35 Guy 256
Rapid growth 3rd LB below A F <0.08 0.1-0.3 Aust 827
828
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established Marginal (deficiency) (toxicity)
3 months TVD 0.09-0.12 Guy 257
(plant)
4.5-6 months 0.12-0.18
(plant)
2-3 months 0.1-0.18
(ratoon)
5 months 0.12-0.18
(ratoon)
5-7 months TVD F,S 0.08 S Afr 21
336
608
growth
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion
less midrib)
Na(%) Rapid growth TVD F >0.04 Guy 257
CI(%) Rapid growth TVD F <0.5 0.6-1.0 Guy 256
257
Cu(mglkg) Rapid growth TVD F,S 3.6 4-15 Guy 256
257
Rapid growth TVD F,S 3 4-8 >9 USA 57
252
316
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 3 S Afr 889
3-4 months 3rd leaf (200 mm 2 Aust 167
mid-section less
midrib)
;;t
~It
6-7 months TVD S 3 4.2-12.2 S Afr 21
(ratoon) 608
iil
4 months Middle leaves Lit 8-10 Ger 82 rb'
~
(mid-portion
less midrib)
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 <3.5 5 5-100 USA 886 .g~
[
~
Q
~
w ~
'"
N
N :Eo
"" a
~
Concentration range El
~
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal

Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
'"
~.
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) ~

:::
::
~
SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp.) (ctd) ~
til
iil'
Cu(mg/kg) U Leaf S <5 Aust 1013 g-
(ctd) :::
Zn(mg/kg) Rapid growth TVD F,S 15-50 Guy 256 [
257 ~
Rapid growth TVD F,S 15 16-32 >40 USA 57
252
316
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 12 S Afr 889
6-7 months TVD S 12 S Afr 21
(ratoon)
7 months TVD S 14 S Afr 608
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 F <15 15 20-100 Tai 465
Rapid growth Sheaths 3-6 F <10 10 10-100 USA 886
mid-section less 802
midrib)
4 months Middle leaves Lit 25-50 Ger 82
(mid-portion
less midrib)
Mn(mg/kg) Rapid growth TVD F,S 12-100 >100 USA 252
316
57
Rapid growth TVD F,S <15 20-200 Guy 256
3-5 months 3rd LB below A F 15 SAfr 889
6-7 months TVD S 15 S Afr 21
(ratoon) 608
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 F 1-10 10 20-400 USA 886 Critical <10 if Fe/Mn > 1
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion
less midrib)
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established (deficiency) (toxicity)
Fe(mglkg) U WS 30 200 Ind 648 Callus derived seedlings grown in
regeneration media.
Rapid growth TVD F,S 50-105 >105 USA 57
252
316
Rapid growth TVD F,S <5 5-100 Guy 256 Deficient if Fe/Mn <I; adequate if Fe/Mn > 15
257
7 months TVD S 50 49-915 S Afr 608
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 F <10 10 20-600 USA 886 Critical <10 if Fe/Mn > 1
mid-section less
midrib)
B(mglkg) Rapid growth TVD F,S <1 2-10 Guy 256
257
7 months TVD S 1.6-10 S Afr 608
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 <1 2-30 USA 886
3-4 months 3rd leaf (200 mm Aust 167
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion
less midrib)
Mo(mglkg) Rapid growth TVD F,S 0.03-0.05 0.08-1 Guy 256
257
Rapid growth Blades 3-6 F <0.05 0.05 0.05-4.0 USA 886
Rapid growth Sheaths 3-6 SC,S <0.05 Trin 130
mid-section less
midrib)
(mid-portion ~
less midrib)
~II>
Si(%) 5.5-6 months TVD F 3.0-3.3 USA 24 cv. CP72-121 0; tissue Si cone. for max. yield; iil
(plant) data from 2 sites. iti'
Rapid growth 1.0-1.1 ~
Q..
(1 st ratoon)
0.26-1.2
;;
Rapid growth
(2nd ratoon)
.g
hl
hl
-
~r
Q
.g
t.n til
N
N ~
a-
a
~
~
Growth Plant How Critical Critical
'"~.
Nutrient Stage Part Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxiCity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
established ::!
:;-
is'
SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp.) (ctd) ~
til
iil'
Si(%) (ctd) 7 months
(plant)
TVD F 0.83-1.23 1.40-1.52 USA 246 cv. CP 63-588 s·
::!
6.7 months 0.31-0.53 0.68-0.76 ~

::!
(ratoon)
~
mid-section less
midrib)
SUNFLOWER (HeJianthus annuus)

Growth stages of sunflower (e.g. R2, R3, R4) are described in reference 887.
N(%) Seed I WS Lit 5.21 Aust 107
R5.1 1.63
R5.1 WS F 2.02 USA 192 Cone. at max. seed yield
FI WS F ~3.5 Aust 958 Diagnostic for max. shoot and seed yield
Mat ~1.7 959
Buds visible YMB F <4.7 4.7-5.4 5.1 >5.4 Aust 300 Critical at 95% max. yield; cv. Hysun 30
(63 DAS)
Full FI YMB F <4.5 4.5-5.0 4.8 >5.0 Aust 300 Critical at 95% max. yield; cv. Hysun 30
R-2 YMB SC 2.6 2.9-3.2 3.3 3.4 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
R-2 YML SC 3.3 Aust 319
Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB below Soil, D <3.0 3.0-3.5 3.2 3.6-5.0 Aust 1051
to emerge flower bud 1052
41 DAS All LB F 4.8 USA 594 Cone. at near max. yield
55 DAS 4
69-83 DAS 3.3
97 DAS 2.1
R-l L Lit 5.20 Aust 107
R-2 YEL 3.30
R-5.1 YEL 1.38 2.79
R-5.1 L 4.00-5.50
R-5.1 L 5,6 3.08
Mat Seed F 2.4-2.5 3.3 USA 594
Mat Seed F ~3.2 Aust 958 Diagnostic for max. shoot and seed yield
959
Concentration range

' I (deficiency)
Ma rglna Ad equat e H'Igh Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established (toxicity)
N/S Mat Seed Sand 16 Aust 409 Diagnostic for max. seed and oil yield
NOrN 4th leaf stage PYML F <17000 USA 414 Predictive for max. seed yield
(mg/kg)
P(%) <30 cm high WS Soil 0.29 Pak 605
~30 cm high WS Soil 0.29 Pak 784 Predictive for near max. seed yield
42 DAS WS Soil <0.39 0.39 Pak 567 Diagnostic at 95% of max. growth
R-2 YEL Lit <0.33 0.20-0.32 0.25-0.56 Aust 107
Week 3 YEL 0.35
Week 10 YEL 0.20
R-5.1 0.24
R-5.1 L 5,6 0.37
Full FI YMB F <0.28 0.28-0.33 0.32 >0.32 Aust 311 Critical at 95% max. yield; cv. Hysun 30
FI YMB 0.25 Aust 430 Slight Piper-Steen bjerg curvature
FI YMB 0.23 Aust 430 Critical at 90% seed yield
Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB Soil, D <0.15 0.15-0.2 0.2 0.25-0.56 Aust 1051
to emerge below flower 1052
bud
R2 YMB SC 0.2 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
27 DAS YMB 0.32 Aust 950 Critical at 90% seed yield; cv. Hysun 10
38 DAS 0.35
45 DAS 0.25
4 leaf pairs
(49 DAS) 0.32
59 DAS 0.22
Late star (70
DAS) 0.24
Head YMB Soil 0.31 Pak 784 Predictive for near max. seed yield
Mat Seed 0.20
P0 4 -P (mg/ 44 DAS LB pair 2 Sand 126 Aust 127 Critical at 90% max. yield expressed on fresh ;;t
kg) LB pair 3 135 weight basis .g
~
51 DAS LB pair 2 Sand 110 Aust 127 Critical at 90% max. yield expressed on fresh iil
LB pair 3 115 weight basis Ii
LB pair 4 135
~
K(%) Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB below
to emerge flower bud
Soil, D < 1.2 1.5-1.8 1.8 3.5-6.0 Aust 1051
1052 .g~
N
N
-
~r
Q
.g
...... III
I,,)
I,,) :!
~
QQ
~
~
!Ii

Marginal (deficiency) Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
~.
Stage Part established Adequate High (toxicity)
~
5"
1il'
SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) (ctd) -a
til
6t
K(%) (ctd) R-2 YMB FSC 1.1 1.1-2.6 2.6 3.4-6.6 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31 5-
::.
R-2
R-2
YEL
YEL
Lit 1.8
1.1-2.4 2.4 3.4-6.6
Aust 107
[
R-l/R-2 YEL 0.17-1.09 1.28-2.70 ~
Mature L 3.0
Week 8-14 L 6.3-6.7
R-5.1 L 5,6 3.91
S(%) R-2 YMB SC <0.29 0.29-0.37 0.43 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
R-2 YEL Lit <0.29 0.43 Aust 107
Mat S Sand 0.04 Aust 409 Diagnostic for max. seed and oil yield
L 0.19
Receptacle 0.09
Seeds 0.22
Ca(%) R-2 YEL Lit 1.4 2.3-5.5 Aust 107
Week 6-14 L 2.1-3.6
R-5.1 L 5,6 2.18
Florets about 3rd + 4th LB below D 2.3-3.5 Aust 1051
R-2 YMB SC <0.3 0.3-1.4 1.4 1.6-1.9 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
Mg(%) Florets about yd + 4th LB below D 0.31-1.2 Aust 1051
R-2 YMB SC <0.11 0.11-0.18 0.18 0.27-0.68 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
R-2 YEL Lit <0.11 0.18 0.27-1.20 Aust 107
Week 6-14 L 0.57-0.70
R-5.1 L 5,6 0.32
Na(%) R-2 YMB SC >0.7 Aust 319 Na supplied as NaCl; symptoms observed>
1.2%Na
R-2 YMB SC >1.5 Aust 319 Na supplied as Na2S04; symptoms observed
>1.5%Na
R-2 YEL Lit 0.7-1.6 0.7-3.7 Aust 107
Mat Upper L 0.42-0.54
Na(mmol! 11 DAT WS SC 0.3 Aust 875 Diagnostic for transpiration rate
kg tissue 0.5 Diagnostic for reI. growth rate
water) CI increased in proportion to Na
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Critical Critical
Nutrient established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part
CI(%) R-2 WS Lit 0.005 0.005- Aust 107
0.0066
Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB below D 0.6-1.9 >2.5? Aust 1051
CI(mmol/kg 11 DAT WS SC 20 Aust 875 Diagnostic for transpiration rate

tissue water) 73 Diagnostic for reI. growth rate
Na increased in proportion to CI
Cu(mglkg) R-2 YEL SC <2.3 2.3-3.7 3.7 4.4-28 ~70 Aust 101 cv. Hysun 31
R-5.1 L 5,6 Lit 12.5 107
Bud formation Upper L Soil 2-3 5-7.5 Pol 553
Zn(mglkg) Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB below Soil, D <17 18-20 20 40-100 Aust 1051
R-2 YMB SC <10 10-13 13 13-23 >255 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
Early FI YMB F >13 Aust 299
R-2 YEL Lit <10 13 13-23 1150 Aust 107
R-5.1 L 5,6 12.5
Mn(mglkg) Seed I WS Lit 5300 Aust 101

R-2 YEL <13 13-40 40 46-80 2205 107 cv. Hysun 31
R-5.1 L 5,6 44.8
R-2 YMB SC 65-2670 >2205 Aust 856 cv. Hysun 31

(42 DAT) WS 2205
18-31 DAS WS FSC 5300 Aust 242 cv. Hysun 31
Florets about 3 rd + 4th LB below D 41-850 >3000? Aust 1051
Fe(mglkg) R-5.1 L 5,6 Lit 107 Aust 107
B(mglkg) FI YMB F 29 S Afr 106 Critical at 90% max. normal heads
R-2 YMB SC >1150 Aust 319 cv. Hysun 31
R4-R5 YMB F <12 12-34 34 40-250 >250 5 Afr 102 Critical at 90% max. seed yield (108)
Seedl L Lit <26 Aust 107
R-5.1 YEL <13 29-34 31-250 1150 ~
R-5.1 WS 46 .§
~
R-5.1 L >500 Ql
R-5.1 L 5,6 62.3 iti'
10 DAS L SC 10-14 39-44 Ger 166
~
FI 4th LB from SC >491 Spa 180 Toxic at 30% max. seed yield :;t
cotyledons .g
[
Q
N
N
1.0
.g
'"
~
w ~
o
...~
)..
g
'"~.
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) )..
::s
S"
iil'
SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) (ctd) -a~
iil'
B(mg/kg) 30 DAS WS F 46 S Afr 106 Critical at 90% max. normal heads S·
::s
(ctd)
42-49 DAS Whole plant Soil ~148 185 NZ 902
~
::s
Mat Seed F 15 S Afr 106 Critical at 90% max. normal heads
~
Mo(mg/kg) Florets about 3rd + 4th LB below D <0.22 0.28-0.6 Aust 1051
TEA (Camellia sinensis)

Plant parts referred to below are described in reference 1079.
N(%) Max. growth 2nd leaf of F 5.16 Ind 56
plucked shoot
At plucking 1st leaf +bud F 4.4 Ken 1080 Continual use of N fertilizer induced high
At plucking 3rd leaf 3.8 Mn cone.
U 3rd leaf Lit 3.8-4.8 USA 457
At plucking Mature leaves F,S < 2.6 3 PNG 271
Max. growth Mature leaves F 3.5-4.5 Aust 327
P(%) At plucking 3rd leaf F 0.4-0.42 Ken 1084
At plucking Mature leaves F,S <0.1 0.16 PNG 271
K(%) At plucking 3rd leaf F 1.57 Ken 1081
At plucking 1st leaf+ bud 1.75
At plucking 1st leaf + bud <1.6 1.6-2.0 >2.0 Ken 996
and 3rd leaf
(mean)
At plucking Bud 1.73 2.02-2.11 Sri L 929
3rd leaf 1.38 1.79-1.91
Mat leaf 0.98 1.71-1.94
Max. growth Mature leaves 1.6-2.2 Aust 327
S(%) U 3rd leaf Lit 0.1-0.3 USA 457
Concentration range
Stage
--- - --- ----- - - ---

504-5 At plucking Mature leaves F,S < 200 300 PNG 271
(mg/kg)
Ca(%) At plucking 1st leaf+ bud F - 0.3 Ken 1082 Ca fertilizer induced K deficiency
At plucking 3rd leaf - 0.5
Mg(%) At plucking 1st leaf + bud F 0.07-0.23 Ken 1083
At plucking 3rd leaf 0.07-0.24
U Leaves 5 0.1-0.15 0.26-0.49 E Afr 191
CI(%) U 3rd leaf Lit 0.003-0.005 USA 457
Cu(mg/kg) At plucking Mature leaves F,S <9 12 PNG 271
Zn(mg/kg) U 3rd leaf Lit 30-50 USA 457
At plucking Mature leaves F,S <3 5 PNG 271
Mn(mg/kg) At plucking Mature leaves F,S <50 100 PNG 271
Fe(mg/kg) U 3rd leaf Lit 500-1000 USA 457
B(mg/kg) U 3rd leaf Lit 30-50 USA 457
----- --
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum)

Extensive literature on plant analysis for tobacco is available (see references 310 and 597). Wide variations in nutrient concentration occur between leaves from different parts of the stalk.
Criteria for cured leaves are higher than those for uncured leaves, and differences also exist between leaf lamina and whole leaf samples. Criteria for quality are normally narrower than those for yield. Cultivar differences may also ;t
occur. .g
ID
The data described below are given as guides for the nutritional status of tobacco. a:
tti'
N(%) 2 months YMB SC 3.40 5.80 Spa 234 Midrib was excised from leaf blade before
YMB+1 1.58 4.87 analysis. l;'
YMB+2 1.05 2.17
YMB+3 0.31 2.40 .g
[
Q
N
....W .g
'"
""w ::E.
"" ~
~
~
Nutrient Stage Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
Part established (toxicity) ::
S-
ib'
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum) (ctd) -a~
El'
N(%) (ctd) FI YMB S,D 3:5-4.25 USA 456 i-
t
2 months Mid-rib of YMB SC 2.20 4.50 Spa 234
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 3.5 4.0-5.4 Aust 1053
DAE)
2.5 months Laminae F 1.06 1.23-1.86 Cyp 696
3 months 1.17 1.51-2.13
4.5 months 1.32 1.55-1.85
2 months Leaf SC 6.91 Spa 234 Authors claim symptoms of N toxicity.
Early to mid-FI Leaves F 3.6 4.0 4.3-5.1 USA 159
Mat Leaves 3.1 3.5 3.9-4.7
Cured leaves 2.5 3.0 3.3-4.2
Mat Leaves F 2.0-5.0 USA 310
2.5 months Midribs F 0.57 0.65-1.00 Cyp 696
3 months 0.64 0.78-1.03
4.5 months 0.65 0.78-0.95
Mat Cured leaves F 4.45 USA 258 Yield ~ 3.2 t/ha
NOrN 2.5 months Laminae F 330 410-680 Cyp 696
(mg/kg) 3 months 630 700-780
4.5 months 380 420-460
2.5 months Midribs F 590 610-3500 Cyp 696
3 months 530 640-3500
4.5 months 430 510-880
P(%) FI YMB S,D 0.27-0.5 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 0.20-0.22 0.25-0.50 Aust 1053
DAE)
Mat Leaves F 0.12-0.17 0.22-0.4 USA 310
Mat Cured leaf F 0.1-0.18 0.2 0.2-0.3 0.32-0.42 Aust 298
lamina
Mat Cured leaves F 0.24 USA 258 Yield ~ 3.2 t/ha
K(%) FI YMB S,D 2.5-3.2 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 2.0 2.5-5.0 5.8-6.8 Aust 1053
DAE)
Mat Leaves Sand 0.42-1.08 2.44-3.17 Can 600
Concentration range
Growth Plant How Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
Stage Part established
Mat Leaves F 0.4-1.0 2.5-7.5 USA 310
Mat Cured leaf F 0.7-1.0 1.0-2.5 2.5 2.5-3.9 Aust 298
lamina
Mat Cured leaves 4.81 USA 258 Yield <: 3.2 t/ha
Mat Cured leaves Sand 0.1-0.5 Aust 548
Mat Cured leaves Sand 1.0-1.9 2.6-3.8 Aust 739
S(%) 70 DAS Leaves Sand 0.2 USA 302 Critical protein N/S ratio = 6
Mat Leaves F 0.1-0.15 USA 310
Mat Leaves F 0.11-0.18 0.18-0.22 0.15-0.65 USA 184
Mat Cured leaf F 0.2 0.25-0.3 0.31-1.21 Aust 298
lamina
Mat Cured leaves Sand 0.4-1.4 Aust 743
Mat Cured leaves F 0.42 USA 258 Yield <: 3.2 t/ha
Ca(%) FI YMB S,D 1.5-3.5 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 1 .3-2.3 2.9-3.5 Aust 1053
DAE)
30-45 cm Primary buds F 0.42-0.50 0.48-0.54 USA 158 Data for 7 cvv; 3 susceptible and 4 not
height YL 0.56-0.60 0.52-0.72 susceptible to Ca deficiency.
40 DAS Non-deficient F 0.37-0.39 0.53-0.54 USA 158 Data for 2 susceptible and 4 non-susceptible
buds cvv.
Leaves 1-4 0.77-0.82 0.85-0.96
Mat Leaves 0.2-0.7 2.0-5.0 USA 310
Mat Cured leaf 2.2-6.1 Aust 298
lamina
Mat Cured leaves Sand 0.5-1.8 0.9-4.8 Aust 739 >2.2% Ca may affect quality; high Ca may
induce K deficiency
Ca' 40 DAS Leaves 1-4 F 0.08-0.10 0.19-0.29 USA 158 ' "Free Ca", calculated as difference between
total Ca and oxalate content. ;;t
Mg(%) FI YMB S,D 0.2-0.65 USA 456
.§
I'D
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 0.11 0.18 0.25-0.90 1.2-1.4 Aust 1053
iil
~
DAE) 1'0
29 DAT Leaves Sand 0.27-0.36 Aust 741

5..
::;t
38 DAT 0.24-0.8 0.33-1.56 742 -§
-
45 DAT 0.18-0.72 0.48-1.81
~i'
N Q
W
W
.g
II>
....
w :Eo
"'" a
~
~
tIS
~~
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) ~
Stage Part established :::
:i
iti'
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum) (ctd) -t3
til
El'
Mg(%) (ctd) Mat Leaves F 0.12-0.2 0.24 0.24-1.8 USA 310 5-
:::
Mat Leaves Sand 0.2 Aust 741
Mat Cured leaf lamina S 0.2 0.2-0.5 Aust 298 High Mg conc. may induce K deficiency f
~
Mat Cured leaf lamina F 0.55-2.9 Aust 298 High Mg conc. may induce K deficiency
Mat Cured leaves Sand 0.04-0.12 0.1-0.17 0.07-0.12 0.17-1.98 Aust 740
Mat Cured leaves Sand 0.1-0.3 0.3-2.7 4.3-6.3 Aust 739
Mat Cured leaves F 0.49 USA 258 Yield ~ 3.2 tiha
Na(%) Veg (40-80 YML S,D 0.01-0.15 0.4-0.6 0.8 Aust 1053
DAE)
CI(%) Veg (40-80 YML S,D <2.5 3.0-3.5 >3.5 Aust 1053 Toxic - leaf quality lowered when CI- cone.
DAE) >3.5%.
28 DAT All leaves FSC 5.1 USA 1018 No CI- toxicity symptoms.
Mat Cured leaf S 0.5-1.0 1.1-9.3 Aust 298
lamina
Mat Cured leaf F 4-5 USA 310
Cu(mg/kg) FI YMB S,D 15-60 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 2-3 4-55 Aust 1053
DAE)
Mat Leaves F 10 USA 310
Mat Cured leaf F 4-30 Aust 298
lamina
Zn(mglkg) FI YMB S,D 20-80 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 20-70 Aust 1053
DAE)
4.2-6 months Leaves F 22-79 Can 359 Data are means of 5 leaf harvests (primings).
Mat Leaves F 25-50 USA 310
Mn(mg/kg) Seed I WS F 93-1019 823-3430 Aust 298
FI YMB S,D 30-250 USA 456
Concentration range
Nutrient established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
Stage Part
FI YMB 30-56 33-156 USA 537
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 35-350 450-850 1290-1420 Aust 1053
DAE)
67 DAT Leaves Soil 277-1395 9000 Aust 549 >2000 mglkg Mn affects quality
Var Leaves Var 160 933-11 000 USA 184
Veg Leaves (all) SC 33 397 797 USA 1043 cv. KY 14
Leaves (all) 41 449-877 cv. T.1.1112
42 DAT Leaves Sand 700-1200 USA 857 D/N temp 22/18°C } cv.
2000-3500 D/N temp 26/22°C } Coker
5000-8000 D/N temp 30/26°C } 347.
Mat Cured leaves F 115 USA 258 Yield <: 3.2 t/ha
Mat Cured leaves Sand 7000 Aust 451
Mat Cured leaves F 500-2000 USA 310
Fe(mglkg) 45 DAT WS F 33-36 91-130 USA 184
FI YMB S,D 50-200 USA 456
Mat YMB F 63-70 68-140 USA 184
B(mg/kg) FI YMB S,D 20-50 USA 456
Veg (40-80 YML S,D 15-20 25-55 Aust 1053
DAE)
Mat Leaves F <6 20-50 800 USA 310
4.2-6 months Leaves F 40-92 98 134 Can 359 Data are means of 5 leaf harvests (primings).
Budding Cured leaves 32-70 Aust 535
Mat Cured leaves 23-58
Mo(mglkg) 45 DAT WS 0.31-0.35 0.40 0.41-1.54 USA 911 Crit. cone. for cured leaf yield at maturity.
50 DAT WS 0.38 USA 910 Burley tobacco
Veg (40-80 YML S,D <0.4 0.4-3.7 Aust 1053
DAE)
U Upper leaves Pyrex glass 0.17 6.6 USA 729 ;;t
Lower leaves cullet-wool 0.13 10.6
1iil
Mat Cured leaves F 1.1-6.6 11.4-22.1 USA 489 ~
~
::
Mat Cured leaves S <0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-1.0 1.0-8.0 USA 488 Q.
;t
.g
N
W
-
~r
Q
.g
1.11 II>
N
W
0"> ~
a
~
~
<Ii
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient 'I
Marglna Critical Adequat e H'gh Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established <deficiency) I (toxicity) ~
=
5"
;-
TRITICALE (X Triticosecaie) -atil
5l'
NOrN Early Till Basal S F 1200 9500-12500 Aust 707 g-
(mglkg) =
~
P(%) Mat Grain F -0.2 Aust 500
=
N/S
Mn(mg/kg)
30-65 DAS
22 DAS
WS
WS
Soil
Soil 11-15
<25 USA
Aust
277
579
Variable data.
Cone. associated with reduced growth in two
-
§i
cvv.
25 DAS WS SC 1100-3200 USA 634 Toxic range associated with plant yield
reduction in four cvv.
Zn(mg/kg) 70 DAS WS Soil 19 31-46 Ind 916 Four levels of Zn applied.
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum)

FS = Feeke's scale of cereal growth (see reference 511). ZS = Zadok's scale of cereal growth (see reference 111 0).
N(%) FS2 WS F 7.39 Aust 592 Diagnostic critical values quoted have been
FS3 5.64 derived from a range of experiments in
FS4 5.30 Western Australia by relating N% in WS to
FS5 4.19 relative shoot yield at sampling.
FS6 2.86
FS7 2.88
FS9 2.57
FS10 1.81
FS10.5 1.79
FS11 1.41
Mat 1.39
FS2 WS F 6.66 Aust 592 Predictive criteria derived from relationships
FS3 5.39 between N% in WS and relative grain yield.
FS4 5.45
FS5 5.15
FS6 3.08
FS7 3.12
FS9 2.44
F510 1.37
FS10.5 1.69
FS11 1.47
Mat 1.28
22 DAS WS RSC 3.1 USA 967 Critical at near max. shoot yield.
Concentration range
FS 2-4 WS F >3.0 USA 862
FS 6 >2.75
FS 7 >2.25
FS 8 >2.0
FS 9 >1.25
FS 4 WS F 4.5-4.8 USA 236 Critical at max. grain yield for winter wheat.
FS 5-6 WS Lit 3.0-5.0 Ger 82 Winter wheat
FS 5-6 4.0-5.5 Summer wheat
FS 7-8 2.3-3.8 Winter wheat
FS7-8 3.0-4.5 Summer wheat
FS 5 WS F 3.2 USA 1016 Criticals at near max. grain yield for winter
FS 7 2.7 red wheat. Shoot and stem NOrN values
were highly variable. Nand NOrN values at
FS 3 correlated poorly with grain yield.
FS 3 WS <4.2 4.9-5.2 5.2-5.6 USA 253 Deficient at 40% max. yield; marginal 80-90%
FS 5-6 <3.4 3.7-4.2 4.2-5.1 max. yield; adequate 90-100% max. yield
FS 9-10 <2.0 2.2-2.4 2.4-3.5
FS 10.5- <1.5 1.6-1.8 1.8-2.6
10.5.1
FS 3 WS F 4.4 USA 853 Criticals at 90% max. grain yield for winter
FS 4 3.9 wheat.
FS 5 3.5
FS 6 2.7
FS 10.1 WS Lit 1.0-1.99 2.0-3.0 >3.0 USA 457 Spring wheat
Late Till WS F >4.0 Aust 199
4 leaf stage WS RSC 0.63 UK 1115 Cone. expressed on tissue water basis.
Critical derived where N0 3 begins to
accumulate in shoots.
ZS 30 WS F 3.97 USA 37 Critical N content in WS was 95 kgN/ha at
ZS30 which was judged to be a good
indicator of N required at ZS30 to maximise
grain yield. This criterion was later tested on
39 farms (see 885).
;;;t
Up until FI WS RSC Maximum and minimum N concentration between emergence and flowering are developed. Aust 25 .g
~
Pollination WS F 1.2 Fin 725 Critical N uptake/plant = 15 mg.
iil
Early double WS F 4.3 Fin 725 ib'
~
ridge stage ::sQ"
FS 10 WS F,S 2.6 USA 604 ~
.g
FS 10.1 WS F,S <1.5 1.5-2.0 2.1-3.0 >3.0 USA 205
[
N Q
IN
.....
.g
'"
h)
w id1-
00
::......
;J>.
::.I'll
'"~.
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Critical Adequate High Critical Toxic Country Ref Comments ;J>.
Stage Part established Marginal (deficiency) (t,!xicity) ::.
5"
iti'
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -a
~
iit
N(%) (ctd) Stigmatic WS F 2.8 Fin 725 Critical N uptake/plant = 13 mg. §'-
branches on
::.
carpel formed ~
I'll
::.
U
Various
WS
WS
F
F
N status of winter wheat is best assessed by shoot yield and N content of shoots.
In situ nitrate reductase tests calibrated as a means of assessing N status of winter wheat.
UK
Ind
Fra
61
3
1026
-
~
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <3.4 3.4 3.5-5.4 5.5-6.5 >6.5 Aust 1052
1053
22 DAS YMB RSC The merit of measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in YMB using a portable fluorometer was USA 967
judged to be doubtful given that similar recordings were obtained for N,P and K deficiencies in
wheat seedlings.
36 DAS YMB Soil 4.5 Aust 846 Critical value decreases at elevated
atmospheric CO2 levels.
FS 5 YMB F The merit of measuring chlorophyll in YMB using a portable chlorophyll meter to assess plant USA 282 Winter wheat
N status has been evaluated. 286
801
FS 5 2 uppermost F 3.8 USA 1016 Criticals at near max. grain yield for winter
FS 7 YMBs 3.5 red wheat. Shoot and stem NOrN values
were highly variable. Nand NOrN values at
FS 3 correlated poorly with grain yield.
2-3 leaf YEB F,S 4.0-6.5 Aust 732
FS 9-1 0 YEB, YEB + 1 F <3.6 3.9-4.1 4.1-5.0 USA 253
FS 10.5- <3.0 3.4-3.6 3.6-4.5
10.5.1
Pre-Head Upper LB S,D 2.0-3.0 USA 456
4 leaf stage Leaf 4 RSC 0.77 UK 1115 Conc. expressed on tissue water basis.
Critical derived where N0 3 begins to
FS 10 Flag leaf F 4.4-4.7 USA 236 Critical range at 100% max. grain yield for
winter wheat.
Stigmatic Leaves F 3.0 Fin 725
branches on
carpel formed
Pollination Leaves F 2.3 Fin 725
Concentration range
Stage
Till LB F <3.8 3.9-4.2 4.3-5.2 >5.2 CIS 335 Deficient <70% max. yield; marginal 70-100%
Shoot <3.0 3.1-3.5 3.6-4.4 >4.4 max. yield.
FI <2.4 2.4-2.6 2.7-3.0 >3.0
Just before Two uppermost Lit 1.25-1.74 1.75-3.0 >3.0 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
FI 1st + 2nd blades Lit 2.6±0.2 Fra 547
below flag leaf
FS 1.5 Leaves Sand 5.35 Aust 404 Critical values at 90% max. shoot yield.
FS 5 Leaves 4.75 405 Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment reduced these
FS 10.3 YL 4.25 criteria substantially.
FS 1.5 Basal S 3.04
FS 5 Basal S 2.8
FS 10.3 Basal S 2.2
Mat Grain F 2.3 Aust 858
Mat Grain F <1.6 1.6-2.0 2.0 >2.0 Aust 963
Mat Grain <1.56 1.56-2.11 1.78-2.3 UK 1073 Data assessment from several field
experiments with winter wheat.
Mat Grain 11.1-12.0 USA 334 Critical range of protein % at max. grain yield
for winter wheat.
Mat Grain F 8-10 11-12 NZ 583 Values are protein % at 14% grain moisture
for max. grain yield of 6 cvv.
Mat Grain 11.2 Fin 725 Unit is protein % in grain of four cvv. of
spring wheat.
Mat Grain F An increasing proportion of grain had a non-vitreous appearance at protein levels <9%. Can 169
Mat Grain Lit Deposition of starch and protein in wheat endosperm is reviewed. Aust 447
N03 -N 4 leaf stage WS RSC 140 UK 1115 Cone. expressed on tissue water basis (mg/L).
(mg/kg) Critical derived when N03 begins to
Till Basal S F Cultivar differences in basal stem N03 -N cone. are unlikely to influence interpretation criteria. Cyp 702
35 DAS Basal S F 9630 Aust 248 Diagnostic critical values for near max. shoot
42 DAS 6600 yield.
~
~
63 DAS 6600
77 DAS 2930
iil"'
35 DAS Basal S 9630 Aust 248 Predictive critical values for near max. grain ;-
42 DAS 7060 yield. III
63 DAS 6910 =
Q..
77 DAS 2660 ;t
.g
t-j
w
-
&r
Q
.g
I.C
'"
N
~
""'o a
~
Concentration range ill

~
<IS
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established ~
::.
S'
~
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticumdurum) (ctd) -a~
iil'
N03 -N
(mg/kg)
FS 2
FS 5
Basal S F 2000
2000
3000-4000
2500-3500
6000
5000
USA 499 Criteria for durum wheat (T. turgidum).
See reference for Basal S sampling protocol.
§"
(ctd) FS 6
FS 10
FS 10.5
FS 3 Basal S F
1000
1000
500
2420
1000-1500
500-1000
200-500
4000
3000
2000
USA 853 Criticals at 90% max. grain yield. Basal S is
I
FS 4 2010 stem between root and collar of 1st living leaf
FS 5 2190 (lower 5 cm sampled). Whole shoot N
FS 6 1960 recommended for diagnosing N status of
wheat.
FS 1.5 Basal S Sand 7500 Aust 404 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
FS 5 6200 405 Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment reduced these
FS 10.3 6400 criteria substantially.
49 DAS (5 leaf Basal S Soil 1200 Aust 1032 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
stage)
FS 3-4 (56 Basal S F <4000 4000-6000 6000-9000 >10000 Aust 707 Predictive criteria for near max. grain yield
DAS) 704
Joint (77 DAS) Basal S F >3000 Aust 704 Predictive criteria for grain yield
Till-FI Basal S Soil 1000 Aust 706 Minimum cone. at 90% max. shoot yield
Late Till-FI Basal S 2000 USA 307 Predictive criteria for grain yield
Until ear Basal S Diphenylamine rapid field test developed for assessing N status of wheat. Ger 1050
emergence
49-77 DAS Basal S F Effects of rotation on this plant N test were assessed over 2 years. Aust 705
Till Basal S F In situ field tests have been developed and calibrated in other countries (see 111, 703, 890, 891, Aust 248
1089, 1090, 1091) using sap N03 - sensitive test strips to assess N status of wheat (mainly winter 373
wheat).
Spring (Feb- Basal S sap F -200 UK 220 Units are mg NOrN/mL sap in winter wheat
June)
FS 1.5 Leaves Sand 4000 Aust 404 Criticals at 90% max. shoot yield.
FS 5 2200 Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment reduced these
FS 10.3 1700 criteria substantially.
P(%) 8-19 DAS WS Soil 1.1-2.1 Aust 1049
8-19 DAS WS Soil >1.0 Aust 87
14DAT WS SC 0.11-0.12 0.25-0.67 USA 263
Concentration range
2-3 leaf stage WS F >0.84 Aust 542
6th leaf stage WS RSC 0.31 Can 347 Critical P increased as root temperature
713 decreased from 25°C to 10°C
21 DAS WS Soil 0.17-0.48 0.79-1.04 Aust 557
36 DAS 0.11-0.36 0.53-0.65
28 DAS WS Soil 0.8-0.9 Aust 115 Critical estimated at near max. shoot yield.
~40 DAS WS F, Soil 0.91±0.15 Aust 120 Critical (± s.e.) at 90% max. shoot or grain
41-60 DAS 0.55±0.03 yield.
61-90 DAS 0.44±0.05
90+ DAS 0.23±0.03
44 DAS WS Soil 0.28 Ger 259 Critical at 80% max. shoot yield.
ZS12-13.5/21 WS F 0.59-0.70 Aust 249 Critical ranges at near max. shoot yield and
ZS14.5/2+ 0.48-0.58 cover the derived critical values and their
ZS15.5/2+ 0.38-0.45 95% confidence limits.
ZS16.5/2+ 0.27-0.33
ZS17.5/2+ 0.23-0.27
ZS31 0.18-0.22
~30 cm tall WS Soil 0.28 Pak 783 Critical at 95% max. yield.
Late Till WS F 0.16-0.2 0.2 >0.2 Aust 85
FS 10 WS F,S 0.3 USA 604
FS 10.1 WS S 0.15-0.3 Aust 732
FS 10.1 WS F,S <0.15 0.15-0.2 0.21-0.5 >0.5 USA 1044
FS 10.1 WS Lit 0.15-0.19 0.2-0.5 >0.5 USA 457 Spring wheat
Just before Uppermost two Lit 0.11-0.2 0.21-0.5 0.51-0.8 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
FS 1 YEB F,S 0.3-0.8 Aust 732
~
ZS12-13.5/21
ZS14.5/2+
YEB F 0.48-0.55
0.44-0.47
Aust 249 YEB = 1 st-3rd blade on main culm. ~
~
YEB = 4th blade on main culm. j;l
ZS15.5 /2+ 0.32-0.38 YEB = 5th blade on main culm. tb'
ZS16.5/2+ 0.24-0.3 YEB = 6th blade on main culm. III
ZS17.5/2+ 0.22-0.27
::
YEB = 7th blade on main culm. Q.,
ZS31 0.21-0.25 Above critical ranges cover critical values at ;t
max. shoot yield and their 95% confidence limits .g
[
Q
I>J
....
.j:o, .g
'"
N
:2
""
N
~
.....
)..
Concentration range
al
~
til
~.
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) )..
::
:;
;-
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -a~
5t
P(%) (ctd) 8-19 DAS YEB Soil 1.8-2.7 Aust 1049 g.
::
~
36 DAS YMB Soil 0.39 Aust 846 Critical value increased at elevated
atmospheric CO 2 levels.
Until FI YEB Presence of an acid phosphatase isozyme in YEB indicates P deficiency. Aust 205 ~
602
1053
FI init. YMB Soil 0.3 Pak 783 Critical at 95% max. yield.
Till LB F <0.31 0.32-0.34 0.35-0.49 >0.49 CIS 335 Deficient <70% max. yield; marginal 70-100%
Shoot <0.28 0.29-0.31 0.32-0.4 >0.4 max. yield
FI <0.22 0.23-0.24 0.25-0.34 >0.4
FI 1st+2nd blades Lit 0.25 0.26-0.33 -0.34 0.34-0.36 >0.36 Fra 547
below flag leaf
2 tillers Oldest LB F >1.37 Aust 542
Mat Grain F 0.18-0.2 Aust 249 Critical range at 90% max. grain yield (4 sites).
Critical range at max. grain yield is 0.21-
0.24%P.
Mat Grain F 0.25-0.5 -0.37 0.37-0.53 Aust 1068 Grain P cone. vary with grain yield.
Mat Grain F <0.25 -0.4 Aust 534 Critical at 100% max. grain yield
Mat Grain F 0.15-0.19 0.20-0.29 Aust 119
Mat Grain F, Soil 0.27±0.02 Aust 120 Critical (± s.e) at 90% max. grain yield.
Mat Grain Soil 0.22 Pak 783 Critical at 95% max. yield.
Mat Grain F 0.29-0.31 0.33 NZ 169
Grain F Early plant vigour results when seeds of high P conc. are sown on P deficient soils Aust 118
226834
P0 4 -P ZS14.7/24 YEB F -133 Aust 249 Critical at 90-100% max. yield.
(mglkg)
ZS14.7/24 YEB+l F -127 Aust 249 Critical at 90-100% max. yield.
ZS16.3/25 YEB F -82 Aust 249 Critical at 90-1 00% max. yield.
ZS16.3/25 YEB+l F -64 Aust 249 Critical at 90-1 00% max. yield.
ZS17.5/26 YEB F -73 Aust 249 Critical at 90-1 00% max. yield.
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Critical Critical

Stage Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
ZS17.5/26 YEB+l F -54 Aust 249 Critical at 90-100% max. yield.

FS 6-7 (YMB + YMB+ 1) F <80 >90 Fin 860 Mid section of blade analysed.
4-6 leaf stage Basal S F 240-550 Aust 373 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Units are
mg/L sap collected.
FS 2 Basal S F 2000 USA 498 Preliminary criteria for irrigated T. turgidum.
FS 6 1200 Basal S extracted in 2% acetic acid. Consult
FS 10 500 reference for Basal S separation protocol.
37-49 DAS Mature LB Sand 155-200 Aust 127 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield
K(%) 22 DAS WS RSC 3.9 USA 967 Critical at near max. shoot yield.
30 DAE WS RSC 3.8 Ind 773 Predictive criticals at 90% max. grain yield.
45 DAE 4.1
FS 2 WS F <3.5 3.5-4.5 4.1 >4.1 Aust 211 Criticals at 95% max. yield.
FS 3 <3.0 3.0-3.5 3.2 >3.5
FS 7 <1.8 1.8-2.3 2.0 >2.3
FS 10.1 <1.3 1.3-1.6 1.5 >1.6
FS 11 0.9 >1.0
FS 10 WS F,S 1.8 USA 604
FS 10.1 WS S 1.5-2.5 Aust 732
FS 10.1 WS F,S <1.25 1.25-1.49 1.5-3.0 >3.0 USA 1044
FS 10.1 WS Lit 1.25-1.49 1.5-3.0 >3.0 USA 457 Spri ng wheat
2-3 leaf YEB S 2.5-6.0 Aust 732
1053
75 DAE Uppermost 2 RSC 3.2 Ind 773 Predictive criticals at 90% max. grain yield.
105 DAE leaves 2.1
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit 1.0-1.5 1.51-3.0 3.01-5.0 USA 457 Winter wheat ;;t
heading leaves
.§
<'D
Till LB F <2.8 2.9-3.6 3.4-4.2 >4.2 CIS 335 Deficient <70% max. yield; marginal 70-100% al
Shoot <2.6 2.7-3.0 3.1-3.6 >3.6 max. yield til'
FI <2.0 2.1-2.2 2.3-3.2 >3.2 III
::I
Q.
Pre-Head Upper LB S,D 1.5-3.0 USA 456 ;t
45 DAS Leaves F 2.65 3.79 3.93 Ind 995 Three levels of K applied. .g
.,..
N
w
-
~i'
Q
.g
'"
~
:;a
"""" a
~
~
til
Nutrient Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part established ~
::
=-
ti
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -aill
iil'
K(%) (ctd) Awns just
visible
Flag leaf Soil 0.15 0.41 Ger 504 Data are for sap expressed from moderately K
deficient and adequate plants.
§"
FI 1st + 2nd blades
below flag leaf
Lit 1.6-1.9 1.9-2.5 2.5-2.8 >2.8 Fra 547 Critical at or near max. grain yield.
[
4-6 leaf stage Basal S F >0.16 Aust 373 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Units are
mg/L sap collected.
Mat Grain F 0.41 0.47 0.53 Ind 995 Three levels of K applied.
Na/K Till WS Soil 0.5 Ind 193 Critical ratios for assessing cultivar tolerance
Mat Grain <0.15 to salinity.
S(%) FS 2 WS F 0.3 Aust 951 Criticals at 90% max. yield
FS 5 0.28
Early joint 0.15
FS 2-3 (21 WS Soil 0.29 Aust 843 Criticals at near max. shoot yield. Data for FS
DAS) 0.11 2-3 is variable.
FS 7-8 (44
DAS)
FS 4-5 WS Soil 0.26 Aust 745 Critical S values lower in N deficient plants.
FS 5-6 0.27
35 DAS WS Sand 0.06-0.11 0.18 USA 636 Three levels of S applied to 35 wheat cvv.
Values quoted are cv. means.
FS 9 WS F 0.18 USA 562
564
FS 9-10 WS F 0.11 USA 563 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
FS 10.1 WS F,S 0.15-0.4 >0.4 USA 1044
FS 10.1 WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.4 >0.4 USA 457 Spring wheat
FS 10.1 WS F 0.06 0.1-0.15 USA 675 Winter wheat
FI WS F 0.08 0.12 USA 791 N/S ratio recommended for diagnosing S
deficiency in winter and spring wheats.
FS 2-3 (21 DAS) YEB Soil 0.31 Aust 843 Critical at near max. shoot yield. Data for FS
FS 7-8 (44 DAS) 0.14 2-3 is variable.
FS 4-5 YEB F 0.28 Aust 745 Critical values are lower in N deficient plants.
FS 5-6 0.32 Critical reducible S in YEB at FS 6-7 was
0.42% S.
- - - -
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant How Deficient Marginal Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref
Stage Part established (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Comments
1053
Stem Younger leaves F, 5, Soil 0.29 Ger 375 Critical at 95% max. grain yield in winter
elongation wheat.
FS 7 Upper 2 leaves F 0.11 0.25-0.5 USA 1058
FI Green leaves F 0.14 0.23 USA 791 N/S ratio recommended for diagnosing
5 deficiency in wi nter and spri ng wheats.
16-24 days Immature grain Sand 0.08-0.1 0.19-0.2 Aust 179
after FI
Mat Grain Sand 0.05 0.17-0.18 Aust 28 Five cvv. grown at 3 levels of 5 supply.
Mat Grain F, Soil 0.12 Aust 777 5 deficiency if N/S ratio> 17; critical at 90%
max. yield
Mat Grain F, Soil Gluteraldehyde rapid test developed for detecting 5 deficient grain. Aust 631
N/S 30&65 DAS WS Soil 30-55 <22 USA 277 Two levels of 5 applied.
FS 4-10 WS F 19-33 13-16 USA 791 N/S ratio recommended for diagnosing
5 deficiency in winter and spring wheat.
FS 9 WS F 19 USA 562
FS 9-10 WS F 16.5 USA 563 Critical at 90% max. grain yield.
FS 10.1 WS F 21 9-16 USA 675 Winter wheat
FS 7-8 (44 DAS) YEB Soil 19 Aust 843 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
FI Green leaves F 25 14 USA 791 N/S ratio recommended for diagnosing 5
deficiency in winter and spring wheats.
16-24 days Immature grain Sand 30-38 17-19 Aust 179
after FI
Mat Grain Sand 43 15-16 Aust 28 Five cvv. grown at 3 levels of 5 supply.
Mat Grain F 23 <17 USA 564
504-5 FS 2 WS F 460 Aust 951
(mg/kg) FS 5 360
Early joint 190
;;t
4-6 leaf stage Basal 5 F >200 Aust 373 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Units are .§
mg S04-S/L sap collected. t'D
iil
504-5/5(%) FS 2-Early WS F 13 Aust 951 Critical at 90% max. yield ;;-
III
Joint ::s
Q.
Ca(%) FS5-6 WS Lit 0.4-1.0 Ger 82 Winter and summer wheats =:;i
FS7-8 0.35-1.0 ~
[
N Q
~
""
\11
'"
N
"'"
Q'\ ~
::J
.....
~
Concentration range
5l
~
II>
Growth Plant How Critical Critical 91-
Nutrient Stage - Deficient Mar.ginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity) Toxic country Ref Comments ~
Part established ::J
:i
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -a~~
~
Ca(%) (ctd) FS 10 WS F,S 0.25 USA 604 CS"
::J
FS10.l WS Lit <0.2 0.2-0.5 >0.5 USA 457
1044
Spring wheat
[
2-3 leaf YEB S <0.15 0.15-0.25 0.3-0.8 Aust 732 i
FS 2 0.15-0.2
FS 6 0.12-0.2
1053
Just before Till Uppermost 2 Lit 0.1-0.2 0.2-1.0 >1.0 USA 457 Winter wheat
leaves
31DAS Unemerged blade RSC 0.36 0.71 Can 244 Deficient value for salinity-induced
Ca deficiency.
Mg(%) FS 5-6 WS Lit 0.12-0.25 Ger 82 Winter wheat
FS 10 WS Soil 0.13 Ger 1072 Critical at 95% max. yield
FS 10 WS F,S 0.15 USA 604
FS10.l WS Lit <0.15 0.15-0.5 >0.5 USA 457 Winter wheat
1044
FS 1-6 YEB F,S <0.05 0.05-0.15 0.15-0.4 Aust 732
Early Till YEB SC 0.086 Aust 892 Critical at max. shoot yield. YEB analysis
recommended.
1053
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit 0.1-0.15 0.16-1.0 >1.0 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
FI 151 + 2 nd blades Lit <0.1 0.1-0.15 >0.15 Fra 547 Marginal range linked to K status of wheat.
below flag leaf
Na(%) FI WS Soil -0.02 >0.35 Aust 412 Suggested as a guide to salinity existing in the
root zone.
Concentration range
Nutrient Stage Part established Deficient Marginal (deficiency) Adequate High (toxicity)
Mat Grain Soil -0.005 >0.08 Aust 412 Suggested as a guide to salinity existing in the
root zone.
CI(%) Boot - WS F CI conc. in shoots did not reliably predict positive yield responses to applied CI Can 619
heading
FS10-l0.l WS F 0.3 USA 254 Critical associated with small yield increases
to applied CI in winter wheat
FS10.l WS F 0.15 USA 280 Critical at 96% max. grain yield.
FI WS Soil <0.19 >2.0 Ind 189
Cu(mg/kg) 16 DAS WS Sand >18 UK 224
28 DAS WS RSC 75 NZ 1059 Critical defined where yield decreased.
60 DAS WS Soil -6 7-13 Ind 506
FS 5-6 WS Lit 7-15 Ger 82 Winter and summer wheats
FS 7-8 5-10
FS 6 WS F 4.0 Can 475 Criticals at 90% max. yield.
FS 10 3.2
FS10.l WS Lit <5 5-25 >25 USA 457 Spring wheat
Pre-FI WS Soil 5.6 Pak 478
Early heading WS Soil 1.3-2.9 3.0-4.9 Can 596 Lower Cu conc. in marginal range at 85%
max. shoot yield.
FI WS -3 China 965 Critical associated with sterile florets.
Seedl- YEB Soil, F,S <1.3 1.3-2.0 >2.1 Aust 314 Diagnostic criteria (see reference for details)
senescence
FS 10-10.1 YEB Soil, F,S <1.6 1.6-2.1 >2.2 Aust 314 Predictive criteria (see reference for details)
FS 10.5.1 YEB Soil, F,S <1.6 1.7-1.9 >2.0 Aust 314 Monitoring criteria (see reference for details)
Until FI YEB Soil <1.3 1.3 >1.3 Aust 144 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield
145
543
841 ;;t
937
~t'!>
ZS 50 YEB F 1.5 1.7-3.5 Aust 143 Applied N decreased Cu conc. in YEB.
iil
ZS 59 1.1 ~
III
Late Till YEB F, Soil Cu cone. in YEB used to estimate the residual value of previously applied Cu. Aust 146 ::
Q"
Mid-Till YEB + younger LB Soil <1.0 1.5-2.0 Aust 649 =:;!
.g
35 DAS YMB SC ELISA technique used to diagnose Cu deficiency. USA 782
[
Q
~
.j:o, .g
" '"
"-l
~
.j>.
= :a.)..
Concentration range !l
~
til
Stage Part established (toxicity) )..
:::
~
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -a==~
E:'
Cu(mglkg) Mid to late Till YMB F,S 2-4 5-50 Aust 1052 g.
(ctd) 1053
:::
~
~
FS 10 Flag leaf F 2.5 Can 475 Critical at 90% max. yield. :::
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit 3-5 5-50 51-70 USA 457 Winter wheat ~
heading leaves
60 DAS 3rd leaf Soil 8.8 Ind 867 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
Mat Grain Soil 1.0 >1.0 Aust 649
Mat Grain Soil <1.1 Aust 397 Authors indicate grain Cu is unsatisfactory.
Mat Grain F 2.5 Aust 492
Mat Grain F 1.5 Can 475 Deficiency symptoms observed in crops with
grain Cu of 1.3-1.8 mglkg.
Mat Grain F 1.2 Aust 143 Critical at near max. grain yield. Applied N
depressed Cu cone. in grain.
Mat Grain Soil 1.0 Aust 147 Critical at max. grain yield.
Zn(mglkg) 23 DAS WS Soil 15-25 Aust 991
33 DAS WS Soil 560 USA 108 Critical at 80% max. shoot yield
40 DAS WS Soil 8 8.2 30 Aust 947 Values based on plant symptoms for 3 levels
of applied Zn.
45 DAS WS Soil <18 20 22-390 Aust 768
45 DAS WS F 24-28 30-45 Ind 992 Three levels of Zn applied.
60 DAS WS Soil 13-21 19-84 Pak 877
Till WS F 8.9-10.8 9.4-12.5 Aust 338 Ranges for 6 cw. grown on a marginally
Zn-deficient soil.
FS 7-8 20-70
ZS45 WS F 14-27 Can 357 Ranges found in Zn adequate crops.
Pre-FI WS Soil 14.5 Pak 478

FS 10.1 WS Lit <15 15-70 >70 USA 457 Spring wheat
1044
FI WS Soil 16 17-51 Aust 218 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Analysis of
YMB recommended.
Concentration range
Nutrient Crowth Plant H~w

established Deficient Ma..nnal
..... Cr~cal
(defiCIency) Adequate Hi"l. Critical
(toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part &'"
ZS 75 WS F -5 Aust 835 Diagnostic critical at near max. shoot yield.

Veg YEB Soil 8-10 Aust 3
541
Mid Till YEB F <16 16-24 18 24-90 Aust 1077 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield
ZS16 YEB Soil 11 Aust 142 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
52 DAS YEB Soil 4-6 17-25 Aust 229 The merit of the carbonic anhydrase assay is
also evaluated.
ZS 75 YEB F -7 Aust 835 Diagnostic critical at near max. shoot yield.
ZS 15.5/2 YEB F -17 Aust 835 Predictive criticals at near max. grain yield.
ZS 75 -7
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <14 14 15-70 Aust 1052
1053
FI YMB Soil 16 17-30 Aust 218 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Analysis of
FI YMB+l 14 15-40 YMB recommended.
45 DAS 2nd and 3rd F 13-23 18-35 19 28-40 Ind 50
upper leaf blade
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit 11-20 21-70 71-150 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
Early FI Flag leaf Soil 17 USA 786 Critical at 95% max. shoot yield.
Flag leaf stage Flag leaf F 16 19-21 21-22 Ind 897 Ranges related to grain yield responses to
applied Zn.
Mat Grain 25 28-29 28-32 Ind 897 Ranges related to grain yield responses to
applied Zn.
Mat Grain Soil 5-10 Aust 20
541
Mat Grain Soil >66 Pak 972
Mat Grain F -10 Aust 835 Critical at near max. grain yield.
Mat Grain F 14-25 17-29 22-33 Ind 50 ;;t
Mat Grain Soil 15 USA 786 Critical at 95% max. grain yield. .§
/I)
Mat Grain F 21-34 Can 357 Ranges found in Zn adequate crops. iil
1ti'
Mat Grain F 7.6-13.0 23-30 Aust 338 Ranges for 8 cw. grown at one Zn-deficient 11/
::I
site. Q.
~
Mn(mg/kg) Young plants WS S 160 Ger 1117 Critical for acidic soils (pH < 4.7).
~
[
N
Q
.j::o
\&)
~
'"
N
\11
Q ill
a
~
~
Growth Plant Critical '"~.
Nutrient How
established Defi" t MarginaI (deficiency)
Critical Adequate H"Igh Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage Part CJen (toxicity) ~
::
S"
;-
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -ai6
5l'
Mn(mglkg) 18-31 DAS WS FSC 280 Aust 242 g.
::
(ctd)
21 DAS WS Soil, MglMn MglMn UK 337 Critical ratios for shoot yield reductions. S:
to
RSC 20 1.1-6.5 517 Toxic ratio for symptoms. Shoot growth ::
518 reduced where Mn cone. exceeded 100 mglkg ~
Mn in unlimed soil.
22 DAS WS Soil 9-12 Aust 579 Cone. associated with plant symptoms and
reduced growth in 7 cw.
25 DAS WS Soil 6 37-116 Aust 1076 Three levels of Mn applied.
26 DAS WS Soil 11 Aust 577 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
37 DAS WS SC 380 USA 485 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield. Severe
symptoms >700 mglkg.
3 leaf stage WS SC 35 475 USA 272 Criticals at 90% shoot yield.
Mid Till WS F 11 23 Aust 1075 Two levels of Mn applied.
Mid Till-S WS F 11-13 Aust 339 YEB recommended for sampling.
elongation
FS 7-8 30-100
FS 10.1 WS Lit 5-24 25-100 >100 USA 457 Spri ng wheat

Veg YEB SC 10 Aust 540 Correlated with photosynthetic O 2 evolution.
26 DAS YEB Soil 11 Aust 577 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
30 DAS YEB Soil 12-17 Aust 578 Critical range derived for 3 cw at 90% max.
shoot yield. Criteria using chlorophyll a
fluorescence = 13-15 mglkg.
33 DAS YEB SC 13 380 USA 685 Criticals at 90% max. yield; YEB
recommended for sampling.
33 DAS YEB+l SC 39 900 USA 685 Criticals at 90% max. yield; YEB
recommended for sampling
33 DAS YEB+2 SC 82 1100 USA 685 Criticals at 90% max. yield; YEB
recommended for sampling.
Mid Till-S YEB F 10-12 Aust 339 YEB recommended for sampling.
elongation
Mid Till-S YEB+l 12-14 Aust 339 YEB recommended for sampling.
elongation
Concentration range
Mid Till-S YEB+2 F 15-17 Aust 339 YEB recommended for sampling.
elongation
35 DAS (early YEB F 11 Aust 248 Critical at near max. shoot yield. Criteria
Till) using chlorophyll fluorescence = 14 mglkg.
26 DAT(early YMB RSC 13 384 USA 686 Criticals at 90% max. shoot yield.
Till)
35-42 DAS YMB RSC -12 Aust 502 Critical relates to chlorophyll a fluorescence.
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <12 12-24 25-300 300-600 700 Aust 1052 Toxicity symptoms observed.
1053
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit 10-15 16-200 201-350 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
Shoots 20-40 Uppermost 40% F 11 USA 565 Critical at -90% max. grain yield.
cm high shoot
25-40 DAS Upper 2 leaf F 10 Aust 503 Critical related to leaf fluorescence
FI blade characteristics.
Flag leaf 10
Var LB F Rapid peroxidase enzyme field test developed. Irel 674
Mat Grain F 21-34 Can 356 Ranges in crops which did not respond to
applied Mn.
Mat Grain F 11.7-15.4 18.2 Ind 653
Mat Grain Soil <15.5 19.4 >24 China 616 Critical at max. grain yield.
Fe(mglkg) FS 10.1 WS Lit <25 25-100 >100 USA 457 Spring wheat
Just before Uppermost 2 Lit <10 10-300 301-500 USA 457 Winter wheat
heading leaves
B(mglkg) 28 DAS WS RSC 400 NZ 1059 Critical defined for yield decrease.
35 DAS WS SC 257-1226 Aust 641 Associated with reduced shoot growth in
symptoms was 106-1226 mg B/kg.
ZS26 WS & YEB It is suggested that leaching of B from foliage by rain may invalidate plant tests for diagnosing B Aust 643 ~
toxicity. ~
FS 5-6 WS Lit 6-12 Ger 82 Winter and summer wheats iil"'
FS 7-8 5-10
;-
III
::
Boot stage WS Soil 10-307 Ind 575 B conc. in shoots depressed by increased Q..
salinity levels at all levels of applied B. ::;;
~
[
N Q
.... ~
'" '"
N
iii :2
N
a
).
~
III
~.
Growth Plant Denclent
" Critical
Nutrient Stage Part
How
established rgmaI (deficiency)
Ma" Critical Adequat e H"gh
I (toxicity) Toxic Country Ref Comments ).
:=
S"
tb'
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) (ctd) -aiil
El"
B(mglkg) FS 10 WS Soil <5 6-10 >16 Can 352 §-
(ctd)
~
FS 10 WS F >13 Can 352
FS 10.1 WS Lit <6 6-10 >10 USA 457 Spring wheat
FI WS Soil 43 57-567 Aust 412
l
35 DAS YEB SC 281-812 Aust 641 Associated with reduced shoot growth in
different genotypes. Ranges associated with
symptoms was 123-812 mg B!kg.
FS 1-6 YEB F,S 3-25 Aust 732
Spike Y leaf Sand 73 450 1009 USA 92 Three levels of B applied at 4 osmotic
emergence potentials.
Early head Leaf below Y leaf Sand 55 USA 93
emergence
28 DAS YMB RSC 122-282 Aust 186 Critical range at 90% max. shoot yield for 5
wheat genotypes.
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <2 2-4 5-10 11-20 30-100 Aust 1052
1053
Booting 1st tiller Soil Considerable genotypic tolerance to B toxicity and B cone. in tillers was established. Aust 716
Booting Flag leaf F, Sand <3 7-24 Thai 816 Definitive diagnosis of B deficiency (3-7 mglkg)
is not possible under field conditions.
Mat Straw Soil 5-8 14-21 >34 Can 352
Mat Grain F A more than two-fold genotypic variation in grain B cone. is described for wheat grown on a soil Aust 718
with a B-toxic subsoil.
Mat Grain Soil 2.0 9-37 Aust 412
Grain Soil Grain B cone. up to 20 mglkg did not affect early seedling emergence, growth nor B cone. in Aust 644
shoots.
Mo(mglkg) Veg WS F,S <0.1 Aust 313
FS 5-8 WS Lit 0.1-0.3 Ger 82 Winter and summer wheats
FS 10 WS Soil 0.09-0.18 Can 352
FS 10.1 WS Lit <0.09 0.09-0.18 >0.18 USA 457 Spri ng wheat
Until FS 10 YEB Soil, F <0.05 0.05-0.1 0.075 >0.1 Aust 844
Unknown YEB Soil <0.02 0.04-0.06 Aust 832
Concentration range
Growth Plant How · DefI • I Critical Critical Toxic Country Ref comments
Nutrient estabIlIhed Marglna (deficiency) Adequate High
Stase Part Clent (toxicity)
Mid to late Till YMB F,S <0.05 0.05-0.09 0.1-0.5 0.6-0.7 Aust 1052
1053
Veg LB SC Nitrate reductase enzyme assay developed for diagnosing Mo deficiency. Aust 775
Mat Grain F,S <0.1 Aust 313
Mat Grain Soil 0.16-0.2 Can 352
AI(mg/kg) 28 DAT WS RSC 2.2 USA 687 Critical at 90% max. shoot yield.
28 DAT WS RSC 2.2 USA 687 Criticals at 90% max. shoot yield.
28 DAT YMB 3.2
28 DAT YMB RSC 4 USA 688 Critical at 10% reduction in photosynthetic
activity.
Pre-Head Upper LB F,S <200 USA 456
Ni(mg/kg) 35 DAS WS RSC 0.037 0.084 USA 156
56 DAS WS Soil 63-113 Ind 913 Critical range at 90% max. shoot yield.
Critical varies with plant N status.
WINGED BEAN (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
N(%) 42 DAS WS Sand 1.72-1.92 2.55-4.02 USA 214

25-33 DAT WS SC 3.88-4.42 Aust 75 Data for 2 cw.
P(%) 25-33 DAT WS SC 0.35-0.42 0.93-1.66 Aust 75 Data for 2 cw.
42 DAS WS Sand 0.27-0.36 USA 214
K(%) 42 DAS WS Sand 3.33-3.68 USA 214
Ca(%) 42 DAS WS Sand 0.37-0.56 USA 214
Mg(%) 42 DAS WS Sand 0.15-0.18 USA 214
Cu(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Sand 12-15 USA 214
Zn(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Sand 76-113 USA 214
Mn(mg/kg) 25-33 DAT WS SC 218-225 498-1333 Aust 75 cv. UPS 31
;;t
42 DAS WS Sand 29-49 USA 214
.§
Fe(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Sand 60-76 USA 214 II>
iil
Mo(mg/kg) 42 DAS WS Sand 5-10 USA 214 Ii'
~
_._- -
~
-§
[
hl R
t.n -§
W
'"
REFERENCES 23 Anderson, D.L. and Bowen, J.E. (1990) Sugarcane

Nutrition. (Potash and Phosphate Institute: Norcross, Ga.)
1 Abadia, A., Ambard-Bretteville, F., Remy, R. and
Tremolieres, A. (1988) Iron-deficiency in pea leaves: 24 Anderson, D.L., Snyder, G.H. and Martin, F.G. (1991)
Effect of lipid composition and synthesis. Physiol. Plant. Multi-year response of sugarcane to calcium silicate slag
72: 713-717. on Everglades Histosols. Agron. J. 83: 870-874.
2 Abdel-Wahab, S. (1985) Potassium nutrition and 25 Angus, J.F. and Moncur, M.W. (1985) Models of
nitrogen fixation by nodulated legumes. Fert. Res. 8: 9- growth and development of wheat in relation to plant
20. nitrogen. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 537-544.
3 Abrol, Y.P. (1990) Pattern of nitrate assimilation and 26 Anon. Boron in Agriculture. Potash & Phosphate
grain nitrogen yield in field-grown wheat (Triticum Institute and Foundation for Agron. Res., Georgia, USA.
aestivum). In 'Plant Nutrition - Physiology and 27 Arayangkoon, T., Schomberg, H.H. and Weaver, R.W.
Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 773-778 (1990) Nodulation and N2 fixation of guar at high root
(Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). temperatures. Plant Soil 126: 209-213.
4 Adams, J.F. and Hartzog, D.L. (1991) Seed quality of 28 Archer, M.J. (1987) Effect of differential sulfur
runner peanuts as affected by gypsum and soil calcium. nutrition on the specific activity of ATP sulfurylase in
J. Plant Nutr. 14: 841-851. mature grain from five wheat cultivars (Triticum
5 Adams, ].F., Hartzog, D.L. and Nelson, D.B. (1993) aestivum L.). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 14: 239-244.
Supplemental calcium application on yield, grade, and 29 Armour, J.D., Robson, A.D. and Ritchie, G.S.P. (1990)
seed quality of runner peanut. Agron. J. 85: 86-93. Prediction of zinc deficiency in navy beans (Phaseolus
6 Adams, M.A. and Pate, ].S. (1992) Availability of vulgaris) by soil and plant analysis. Aust. J. Exp. Agric.
organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus to lupins 30: 557-563.
(Lupinus spp.). Plant Soil 145: 107-113. 30 Asghari, M. and Hanson, R.G. (1984) Climate,
7 Adams, M.L., Norvell, W.A., Beverly, J.H. and Philpot, management, and N effect on corn leaf N, yield, and
W.D. (1993) Fluorescence and reflectance grain N. Agron. J. 76: 911-916.
characteristics of manganese deficient soybean leaves: 31 Asher, c.J. and Lee, M.T. (1975) Diagnosis and
Effects of leaf age and choice of leaflet. Plant Soil 155/ correction of nutritional disorders in ginger (Zingiber
156: 235-238. officinale). Department of Agriculture, Univ. of
8 Adamson, W.c., Long, F.L. and Bagby, M.O. (1979) Queensland, Brisbane.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, composition, 32 Asher, c.J., Edwards, D.G. and Howeler, R.H. (1980)
and leaf quality of kenaf. Agron. J. 71: 11-14. Nutritional disorders of cassava. (Department of
9 Adaros, G.A., Weigel, H.J. and Jager, H.J. (1988) Effects Agriculture, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane.)
of sulphur dioxide and acid rain alone or in 33 Ashwath, D.C. (1990) Effects of manganese toxicity on
combination on growth and yield of broad bean plants. growth and nodulation of tropical grain legumes. MSc
New Phytol. 108: 67-74. Thesis, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane.
10 Adriaanse, F.G. and Human, J.]' (1992) A nitrogen- 34 Awada, S., Campbell, W.F., Dudley, L.M., Jurinak, ].J.
response comparison between semi-prolific and non- and Khan, M.A. (1995) Interactive effects of sodium
prolific maize hybrids with regard to grain yield and chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and calcium
plant nitrogen concentrations. Field Crops Res. 30: 53- chloride on snapbean growth, photosynthesis, and ion
61. uptake. J. Plant Nutr. 18: 889-900.
11 Adu-Gyamfi, J.J., Fujita, K. and Ogata, S. (1989) 35 Ayala, M.B. and Sandmann, G. (1988) Activities of Cu-
Phosphorus absorption and utilization efficiency of containing proteins in Cu-depleted pea leaves. Physiol.
pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) in relation to dry Plant. 72: 801-806.
matter production and dinitrogen fixation. Plant Soil 36 Aziz, T. and Habte, M. (1989) Interaction of Glomus
119: 315-324. species and Vigna unguiculata in an oxisol subjected to
12 Agarwala, S.c. and Sharma, C.P. (1979) Recognising simulated erosion. New Phytol. 113: 353-357.
micronutrient disorders of crop plants on the basis of 37 Baethgen, W.E. and Alley, M.M. (1989) Optimizing soil
visible symptoms and plant analysis. (Publication of and fertilizer nitrogen use by intensively managed
Botany Dept, Lucknow University, India.) winter wheat. II. Critical levels and optimum rates of
13 Agbenin, J.O., Lombin, G. and Owonubi, J.J. (1990) nitrogen fertilizer. Agron. J. 81: 120-125.
Effect of boron and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea 38 Bagayoko, M., Mason, S.c. and Sabata, R.J. (1992)
nodulation, mineral nutrition and grain yield. Fert. Res. Effects of previous cropping systems on soil nitrogen
22: 71-78. and grain sorghum yield. Agron. J. 84: 862-868.
14 Agboola, A.A. (1972) The relationship between the 39 Bailey, L.D. (1986) The sulphur status of eastern
yields of eight varieties of Nigerian maize and content Canadian prame soils: Sulphur response and
of nitrogen, phosphorus and potaSSium in the leaf at requirements of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), rape
flowering stage. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 79: 391-396. (Bmssica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgaTe L.). Can.
15 Agrawal, H.P. and Mishra, A.K. (1994) Sulphur J. Soil Sci. 66: 209-216.
nutrition of soybean. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 40 Bailey, L.D. and Grant, C.A. (1989) Fertilizer
25:1303-1312. phosphorus placement studies on calcareous and non-
16 Ahmad, F. and Tan, K.H. (1986) Effect of organic calcareous chernozemic soils: Growth, P-uptake and
matter on soybean seedlings grown in aluminum-toxic yield of flax. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 20: 635-654.
soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 656-661. 41 Baird, B.L., Fitts, J.W. and Mason, D.D. (1962) The
17 Aitken, R.L. and Bell, L.c. (1985) Plant uptake and relationship of nitrogen in corn leaves to yield. Soil Sci.
phytotoxicity of boron in Australian fly ashes. Plant Soil Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 378-381.
84: 245-257. 42 Baker, C.M. and Blarney, F.P.C. (1985) Nitrogen
18 Akita, S. and Cabuslay, G.S. (1990) Physiological basis fertilizer effects on yield and nitrogen uptake of
of differential response to salinity in rice cultivars. Plant sorghum and soybean, grown in sole cropping and
Soil 123: 277-294. intercropping systems. Field Crops Res. 12: 233-240.
19 AI-Mustafa, W.A., Modaihsh, A.S., Abdallah, A.E. and 43 Baker, J.M., Reed, R.M. and Tucker, B.B. (1972) The
EI-Shall, A.A. (1994) Evaluation of some chelates in relationship between applied nitrogen and the
estimating available Zn for soybean in calcareous soils. concentration of nitrate-N in cotton petioles. Commun.
Z. P(LanzenerniihT. Bodenkd. 157: 415-419. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 3: 345-350.
20 AI-Samerria, I. (1984) The effect of nitrogen supply on 44 Banda, D.]. and Singh, B.R. (1989) Establishment of
the response of wheat to zinc. PhD Thesis, Univ. of critical levels of zinc for maize in soils of the high
Western Australia, Perth. rainfall areas of Zambia. NOT. J. Agric. Sci. 3: 221-227.
21 Alexander, K.E.F. (1967) A nutrient survey of cane on 45 Banks, L.W. (1982) Effect of timing of foliar zinc
T.M.S. soils in Natal. Proc. S. Afr. Sugar Technol. Assoc. fertilizer on yield components of soybeans. Aust J. Exp.
pp.1-3. Agric. Anim. Husb. 22: 226-231.
22 Amann, C. and Amberger, A. (1988) Phosphorus 46 Bansal, K.N., Bhadoria, U.P.S. and Dube, J.N. (1985)
efficiency of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Z. Effect of applied potassium on nutrient contents of rice
P(Lanzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 152: 181-189. grown in three soils. Plant Soil 84: 275-278.
254
Temperate and Tropical Crops
47 Bansal, K.N., Motiramani, D.P. and Pal, A.R. (1983) 69 Bell, M.J., Middleton, KJ. and Thompson, J.P. (1989)
Studies on sulphur in vertisols 1. Soil and plant tests for Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth
diagnosing sulphur deficiency in soybean (Glycine max and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis
(L) Merr.). Plant Soil 70: 133-140. hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia.
48 Bansal, R.L. and Nayyar, V.K (1989) Critical level of Plant Soil 117: 49-57.
Mn in Ustochrepts for predicting response of green 70 Bell, P.F., Chaney, R.L. and Angle,J.S. (1991) Free metal
gram (Phaseolus aureus L.) to manganese application. activity and total metal concentrations as indices of
Fert. Res. 21: 7-11. micronutrient availability to barley (Hordeum vulgare
49 Bansal, R.L. and Nayyar, V.K (1990) Critical (L.) 'Klages'). Plant Soil 130: 51-62.
manganese deficiency level for soybean grown in 71 Bell, P.F., Hallmark, W.B., Sabbe, W.E. and Dombeck,
Ustochrepts. Fert. Res. 25: 153-157. D.G. (1995) Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in
50 Bansal, R.L., Singh, S.P. and Nayyar, V.K (1990) The soybean, using M-DRIS and critical nutrient level
critical zinc deficiency level and response to zinc procedures. Agron. J. 87: 859-865.
application of wheat on Typic Ustochrepts. Exp. Agric. 72 Bell, R.W., Brady, D., Plaskett, D., Kirk, G. and
26: 303-306. Loneragan, ].F. (1986) Diagnosis of nutrient
51 Bansal, R.L., Takkar, P.N. and Nayyar, V.K (1987) deficiencies in peanut and soybean. In 'Food Legume
Critical levels of Mn in coarse textured rice soils in Improvement for Asian Farming Systems' (Eds. E.S.
India for predicting response of barley to Mn Wallis and D.E. Byth). ACIAR Proe. No. 18, 258
application. Fert. Res. 11: 61-67. (ACIAR, Canberra).
52 Banuelos, G.S., Cardon, G., Mackey, B., Ben-Asher, l., 73 Bell, R.W., Brady, D., Plaskett, D. and Loneragan, J.F.
Wu, L., Beuselinck, P., Akohoue, S. and Zambrzuski, S. (1987) Diagnosis of potassium defiCiency in soybean. J.
(1993) Boron and selenium removal in boron-laden Plant Nutr. 10: 1947-1953.
soils by four sprinkler irrigated plant species. J. Environ. 74 Bell, R.W., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.]. (1989)
Qual. 22: 786-792. External calcium requirements for growth and
53 Barry, D.A.]. and Miller, M.H. (1989) Phosphorus nodulation of six tropical food legumes grown in
nutritional reqUirement of maize seedlings for flowing solution culture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40: 85-96.
maximum yield. Agron. J. 81: 95-99. 75 Bell, R.W., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1990)
54 Barry, D.A.J., Miller, M.H. and Bates, T.E. (1989) Ear Growth and nodulation of tropical food legumes in
leaf and seedling P concentration and DRIS indices as dilute solution culture. Plant Soil 122: 249-258.
indicators of P nutrition for maize. Commun. Soil Sci. 76 Bell, R.W., Kirk, G., Plaskett, D. and Loneragan, J.F.
Plant Anal. 20: 1397-1412. (1990) Diagnosis of zinc deficiency in peanut (Arachis
55 Barton, M.l., Hanson, R.G., Simms, P.M. and Smith,].K hypogaea L.) by plant analysis. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
(1982) Sulphur fertilizer effects on cotton: II. Growth Anal. 21: 273-285.
characteristics, nutrient status and yield. Commun. Soil 77 Bell, R.W., McLay, L., Plaskett, D., Dell, B. and
Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 835-850. Loneragan, J.F. (1989) Germination and vigour of
56 Barua, D.N. and Deb, S.B. (1960) Variation in the black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) seed from plants
nitrogen content of tea leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric. 11: 366- grown with and without boron. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40:
370. 273-279.
57 Bassereau, D. (1987) Sugar cane. In 'Plant Analysis as a 78 Bell, R.W., McLay, L., Plaskett, D., Dell, B. and
Guide to the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and Loneragan, J.F. (1990) Internal boron requirements of
Tropical Crops' (Eds P. Martin-Prevel, J. Gagnard and P. green gram (Vigna radiata). In 'Plant Nutrition -
Gautier) pp. 513-525. (Lavoisier Publishing Inc, New Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van
York). Beusichem). pp. 275-280. (Kluwer Academic Publishers:
Dordrecht).
58 Bassett, D.M. and MacKenzie, A.J. (1978) Plant analysis
as a guide to cotton fertilization. Univ. of California 79 Bell, R.W., Rerkasem, B., Keerati-Kasikorn, P.,
Bulletin 1879. pp. 16-17. Phetchawee, S., Hiranburana, N., Ratanarat, S.,
59 Bassiri, A., Kashirad, A. and Kheradnam, M. (1979) Pongsakul, P. and Loneragan, ].F. (1990) Mineral
Nutrition of Food Legumes in Thailand with Particular
Growth and mineral composition of mungbean as
influenced by P and Fe fertilization. Agron. J. 71: 139-141. Reference to Micronutrients. ACIAR Technical Reports
No.16, 52p. (ACIAR, Canberra).
60 Batey, T. (1968) Manganese and boron deficiency. Minist.
Agric. Fish. Food, GreatBritain Tech. Bull. 21: 137-149.
80 Bennett, O.L., Rouse, R.D., Ashley, D.A. and Doss, B.D.
(1965) Yield, fibre quality and potassium content of
61 Batey, T. (1977) Prediction by leaf analysis of nitrogen irrigated cotton plants as affected by rates of potassium.
fertiliser required for winter wheat. J. Sci. Food Agric. 28: Agron. J. 57: 296-299.
275-278.
81 Bennett, W.F., Stanford, G. and Dumenil, L. (1953)
62 Bationo, A. and Mokwunye, A.U. (1991) Role of Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the
manures and crop residues in alleviating soil fertility corn leaf and grain related to nitrogen fertilization and
constraints to crop production: With special reference yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 17: 252-258.
to the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa. Fert.
82 Bergmann, W. (Ed) (1992) Nutritional Disorders of
Res. 29: 117-125.
Plants: Development, Visual and Analytical Diagnosis.
63 Batten, G.D., Blakeney, A.B. and McCaffery, A.C. (1990) Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York.
Tissue test of rice plant (Oryza sativa) nitrogen using
near infrared reflectance. In 'Plant Nutrition - 83 Bernadi, A.L. and Banks, L.W. (1993) Petiole nitrate
nitrogen; Is it a good indicator of yield potential in
Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem).
pp. 769-772 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). irrigated canola? Ninth Australian Research Assembly
on Brassicas. pp. 51-56 (Eds N. Wratten and R.].Mailer)
64 Batten, G.D., Blakeney, A.B., Glennie-Holmes, M., Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, October 5-7, 1993.
Henry, R.l., McCaffery, A.C., Bacon, P.E. and Heenan,
84 Berry, W.L. (1965) Calcium nutrition of sugar beets.
D.P. (1991) Rapid determination of shoot nitrogen
status in rice using near infrared reflectance PhD Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
spectroscopy. J. Sci. Food Agric. 54: 191-197. 85 Best, E.K and Strong, W.M. (1984) Queensland Wheat
Research Institute, Toowoomba, Australia. (pers.
65 Batten, G.D., Dowling, V., Short, C. and Blakeney, A.B.
comm.).
(1992) Mineral content of shoots of Australian rice
crops. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23: 1195-1208. 86 Bhangoo, M.S., Tehrani, H.S. and Henderson, J. (1986)
Effect of planting date, nitrogen levels, row spacing,
66 Bekker, A.W., Hue, N.V., Yapa, L.G.G. and Chase, R.G.
(1994) Peanut growth as affected by liming, Ca-Mn and plant population on kenaf performance in the San
Joaquin Valley, California. Agron. J. 78: 600-604.
interactions, and Cu plus Zn applications to oxidic
Samoan soils. Plant Soil 164: 203-211. 87 Bhatti,A.S. and Loneragan, ].F. (1970) The effect of
early superphosphate toxicity on the subsequent
67 Bell, M.J. (1985a) Phosphorus nutrition of peanut
growth of wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 21: 881-892.
(Arachis hypogaea L.) on Cockatoo Sands of the Ord
River Irrigation Area. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25: 649-653. 88 Bilsborrow, P.E., Evans, E.]. and Zhao, F.J. (1993) The
influence of spring nitrogen on yield, yield
68 Bell, M.J. (1985b) Calcium nutrition of peanuts
components and glucosinolate of autumn-sown oilseed
(Arachis hypogaea L.) on Cockatoo Sands of the Ord
rape (Brassica napus). J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 120: 219-224.
River Irrigation Area. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25: 642-648.
255
89 Binford, G.D., Blackmer, A.M. and Cerrato, M.E. (1992) 114 Bolland, M.D.A. (1991) Tissue testing for phosphorus
Nitrogen concentration of young corn plants as an in dried tops and seed - effect of fertilizer type, plant
indicator of nitrogen availability. Agron. f. 84: 219-223. species, and time of sampling within a year and in
90 Binford, G.D., Blackmer, A.M. and El-Hout, N.M. different years. Fert. Res. 28: 147-162.
(1990) Tissue test for excess nitrogen during corn 115 BOlland, M.D.A. (1992a) The phosphorus requirement
production. Agron. J. 82: 124-129. of different crop species compared with wheat on
91 Binford, G.D., Blackmer, A.M. and Meese, B.G. (1992) lateritic soils. Fert. Res. 32: 27-36.
Optimal concentrations of nitrate in cornstalks at 116 Bolland, M.D.A. (1992b) The current and residual
maturity. Agron. J. 84: 881-887. value of superphosphate for lupins grown in rotation
92 Bingham, F.T. and Strong, J.E. (1987) Effects of salinity with oats and wheat on a deep sandy soil. Fert. Res. 31:
and varying concentrations on boron uptake and 319-329.
growth of wheat. Plant Soil 97: 345-351. 117 Bolland, M.D.A. (1995) Lupinus cosentinii more
93 Bingham, F.T., Strong, ].E., Rhoades, J.D. and Keren, R. effectively utilizes low levels of phosphorus from
(1985) An application of the Maas-Hoffman salinity superphosphate than Lupinus angustifolius. f. Plant Nutr.
response model for boron toxicity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 18: 421-435.
49: 672-674. 118 Bolland, M.D.A. and Baker, M.J. (1988) High
94 Birchall, e., Jessop, R.S. and Sale, P.W.G. (1995) phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and
Interaction effects of solution pH and calcium annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter
concentration on lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) production of seedlings and plants. Aust. J. Exp. Agric.
growth. Aust. J. Soil Res. 33: 505-510. 28: 765-770.
95 Bishop, R.F., Smeltzer, G.G. and MacEachern, e.R. 119 Bolland, M.D.A., Coates, P., Jarvis, R.]. and Harris, D.].
(1976) Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (1993) Effect of phosphate fertilisers on the elemental
on yields, protein contents and nutrient levels in composition of seed of wheat, lupin, and triticale.
soybean, field peas and faba beans. Commun. Soil Sci. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24: 1991-2014.
Plant Anal. 7: 387-404. 120 Bolland, M.D.A. and Paynter, B.H. (1994) Critical
96 Blackmer, T.M. and Schepers, ].S. (1994) Techniques phosphorus concentrations for burr medic, yellow
for monitoring crop nitrogen status in corn. Commun. serradella, subterranean clover, and wheat. Commun.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 1791-1800. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 385-394.
97 Blackmer, T.M., Schepers, J.S. and Varvel, G.E. (1994) 121 Bolland, M.D.A., Paynter, B.H. and Baker, M.J. (1989)
Light reflectance compared with other nitrogen stress Increasing phosphorus concentrations in lupin seed
measurements in corn leaves. Agron. f. 86: 934-938. increase grain yield on phosphorus deficient soil. Aust.
98 Blair, G.J. and Crofts, F.e. (1966) The effect of sulphur J. Exp. Agric. 29: 797-802.
fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of 122 Bonnetti, R., Nazareth, M., Montanheiro, S. and Saito,
forage oats on the Central Tablelands of New South S.M.T. (1984) The effect of phosphate and soil
Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 10: 768-773. moisture on the nodulation and growth of Phaseolus
99 Blair, G.J., Mamaril, e.P. and Momuat, E. (1978) vulgaris. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 103: 95-102.
Sulphur nutrition of wetland rice. IRRI Research Paper 123 Borges, A. e. and Wollum, A.G., II. (1981) Effect of
Series. Number 21 (Manila, Philippines). cadmium on symbiotic soybean plants. J. Environ. Qual.
100 Blarney, F.P.C. and Chapman,]. (1979) Boron toxicity 10: 216-221.
in Spanish groundnuts. Agrochemophysica 11: 57-59. 124 Borkert, e.M. and Barber, S.A. (1985) Soybean shoot
101 Blarney, F.P.e., Asher, e.J. and Edwards, D.G. (1985) and root growth and phosphorus concentration as
Department of Agriculture, University of Queensland, affected by phosphorus placement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
Australia (pers. comm.) 49: 152-155.
102 Blarney, F.P.C., Chapman, J. and Smith, M.F. (1981) 125 Boswell, F.e. Ohki, K., Parker, M.B., Shuman, L.M. and
Boron fertilization and soil amelioration effects on the Wilson, D.O. (1981) Methods and rates of applied
boron nutrition of Spanish groundnuts. Crap Prado X: manganese for soybeans. Agron. J. 73: 909-912.
143-146. 126 Boswell, F.C., Parker, M.B. and Gaines, T.P. (1989) Soil
103 Blarney, F.P.C., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, e.]. (1987) zinc and pH effects on zinc concentrations of corn
Nutritional Disorders of Sunflower 72 p. (Dept Agric., plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 20: 1575-1600.
University of Queensland, Australia). 127 Bouma, D. (1983) Inorganic leaf phosphorus as a
104 Blarney, F.P.e., Joyce, D.e., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, measure of the phosphorus status of plants. Proc. 3rd
e.]. (1986) Role oftrichomes in sunflower tolerance to Int. Congr. on Phosphate Compounds, Brussels. pp.
manganese toxicity. Plant Soil 91: 171-180. 195-207.
105 Blarney, F.P.e., Mould, D. and Chapman, J. (1979) 128 Boursier, P., Lynch, J., Uiuchli, A. and Epstein, E. (1987)
Critical boron concentrations in plant tissues of two Chloride partitioning in leaves of salt -stressed
sunflower cultivars. Agron. f. 71: 243-247. sorghum, maize, wheat and barley. Aust. J. Plant Physiol.
106 Blarney, F.P.e., Mould, D. and Nathanson, K. (1978) 14: 463-473.
Relationships between B defiCiency symptoms in 129 Bowden, J.W. (1984) Western Australian Department
sunflowers and the Band Ca/B status of plant tissues. of Agriculture, Perth, Australia. (pers. comm.).
Agron. J. 70: 376-380.
130 Bowen, J.E. (1979) Characterisation of molybdenum
107 Blarney, F.P.e., Zollinger, R.K. and Schneiter, A.A. deficiency in sugarcane. Trap. Agric. 56: 225-232.
(1997) Sunflower Production and Culture. In
131 Boyd, H.W. (1971) Manganese toxicity to peanuts in
'Sunflower.' Chapter 12, Am. Soc. Agron. Monograph
No. 35 (in press). autoc1aved soil. Plant Soil 34: 133-144.
108 Boawn, L.e. and Rasmussen, P.E. (1971) Crop response 132 Braakhekke, W.G. and Labe, D.A. (1990) Steady state
to excessive zinc fertilization of alkaline soil. Agron. J. nutrition by transpiration controlled nutrient supply.
63: 874-876. In' Plant Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed.
M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 73-79 (Kluwer Academic
109 Boawn, L.e., Nelson, C.E., Viets, F.G. and Crawford, Publishers: Dordrecht).
e.L. (1960) Nitrogen carner, nitrogen rate influence on
soil properties and nutrient uptake by crops. Wash. 133 Brady, D. (1986) Potassium deficiency diagnosis in
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 614. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by plant analysis. B Sc
Hons Thesis, Murdoch Univ., Perth.
110 Boawn, L.e., Rasmussen, P.E. and Brown, J.W. (1969)
Relationship between tissue zinc levels and maturity 134 Brandon, D.M. and Wells, B.R. (1986) Improving
period offield beans. Agron. J. 61: 49-51. nitrogen fertilization in mechanized rice culture. Fert.
111 Boese, L. (1994) Test and comparison of different Res. 9: 161-170.
nitrogen status indicators of winter wheat crops. Z. 135 Brar, M.S., Arora, C.L. and Takkar, P.N. (1982) Critical
Pf/anzenemiihr. Bodenkd. 157: 53-60. values and adequate nutrient ranges in rice. J. Indian
112 Boggess, S.F., Willavize, S. and Koeppe, D.E. (1978) Soc. Soil Sci. 30: 562-566.
Differential response of soybean varieties to soil 136 Brar, M.S., Singh, B. and Sekhon, G.S. (1980) Leaf
cadmium. Agron. f. 70: 756-760. analysis for monitoring the fertilizer requirements of
113 Bolland, M.D.A. (1996) Comparative phosphorus re- peanut. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: 335-346.
quirement of Lupinus luteus, L. cosentinii, L. angustifolius 137 Braud, M. (1965) Le soufre dans la fertilisation
and L. albus. J. Plant Nutr. Submitted. minerale du cotonnier. Agrochimica 9: 211-223.
256
138 Braud, M. (1972) Le controle de la nutrition minerale 162 Burton, A.F. and Edwards, D.G. (1981) Department of
du cotonnier par analyses foliaires. Third ColI. Europ. Agriculture, Univ. of Queensland, Australia. (pers.
Medit. Contr. Nutr. Min. Fert., Budapest, pp. 469-487. comm.).
139 Braud, M. (1987) Cotton. In 'Plant Analysis as a Guide to 163 Cakmak, 1. and Marschner, H. (1986) Mechanism of
the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and Tropical phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency in cotton. 1. Zinc
Crops' (Eds P. Martin-Prevel, J. Gagnard and P. Gautier) defiCiency-enhanced uptake rate of phosphorus.
pp. 499-512. (Lavoisier Publishing Inc, New York). Physiol. Plant. 68: 483-490.
140 Bremer, E., Van Kessel, e. and Karamanos, R. (1989) 164 Cakmak, 1. and Marschner, H. (1987) Mechanism of
Inoculant, phosphorus and nitrogen responses of phosphorus-induced zinc defiCiency in cotton. III.
lentil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69: 691-70l. Changes in physiological availability of zinc in plants.
141 Bremer, E., Van Kessel, e., Nelson, 1., Rennie, R.J. and Physiol. Plant. 70: 13-20.
Rennie, D.A. (1990) Selection of Rhizobium 165 Cakmak, 1. and Marschner, H. (1990) Decrease in
leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under nitrate uptake and increase in proton release in zinc
growth room and field conditions. Plant Soil 121: 47-56. deficient cotton, sunflower and buckwheat plants.
142 Brennan, R.F. (1992) The relationship between critical Plant Soil 129: 261-268.
concentration of DTPA-extractable zinc from the soil 166 Cakmak, 1., Kurz, H. and Marschner, H. (1995) Short-
for wheat production of southwestern Australian soils term effects of boron, germanium and high light
responsive to applied zinc. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. intensity on membrane permeability in boron deficient
23: 747-759. leaves of sunflower. Physiol. Plant. 95: 11-18.
143 Brennan, R.F. (1994) The residual effectiveness of 167 Calcino, D.V. (1994) Australian Sugarcane Nutrition
previously applied copper fertiliser for grain yield of Manual. 60 pp. (Sugar Research and Development
wheat grown on soils of south-west Australia. Fert. Res. Corporation, and Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations:
39: 11-18. Brisbane)
144 Brennan, R.F., Gartrell, ].W. and Robson, A.D. (1980) 168 Caldwell, T.H. (1971) Copper deficiency in crops. 1.
Reactions of copper with soil affecting its availability to Review of past work. Minist. Agric. Fish. Food, Great
plants. 1. Effect of soil type and time. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18: Britain, Tech. Bull. 21: 62-72.
447-459. 169 Campbell, e.A., McLeod, ].G., Selles, F., Dyck, F.B.,
145 Brennan, R.F., Gartrell, ].W. and Robson, A.D. (1984) Vera, e. and Fowler, D.B. (1990) Effect of rate, timing
Reactions of copper with soil affecting its availability to and placement of N fertilizer on stubbled-in winter
plants. III. Effect of incubation temperature. Aust J. Soil wheat grown on a brown chernozem. Can. J. Plant Sci.
Res. 22: 165-172. 70: 151-162.
146 Brennan, R.F., Gartrell, J.W. and Robson, A.D. (1986) 170 Carroll, M.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1968) Response of
The decline in the availability to plants of applied plant species to concentrations of zinc in solution. 1.
copper fertilizer. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 37: 107-113. Growth and zinc content of plants. Aust J. Agric. Res.
147 Brennan, R.F., Robson, A.D. and Gartrell, J.W. (1986) 19: 859-868.
The effect of successive crops of wheat on the 171 Carsky, R.J. and Reid, W.S. (1990) Response of corn to
availability of copper fertilizers to plants. Aust. J. Agric. zinc fertilization. J. Prod. Agric. 3: 502--507.
Res. 37: 115-124. 172 Carter, ].N., Jensen, M.E. and Bosma, S.M. (1971)
148 Brevedan, R.E., Egli, D.B. and Leggett, ].E. (1978) Interpreting the rate of change in nitrate-nitrogen in
Influence of N nutrition on flower and pod abortion sugarbeet petioles. Agron. J. 63: 669-674.
and yield of soybeans. Agron. J. 70: 81-84. 173 Carter, M.R., Webster, G.R. and Cairns, R.R. (1979)
149 Broeshart, H. and van Schouwenburg, ].CH. (1961) Calcium deficiency in some solonetzic soils of Alberta.
Early diagnosis of mineral deficiencies by means of J. Soil Sci. 30: 161-174.
plant analysis. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 9: 108-~V· 2+ 174 Cartwright, B., Zarcinas, B.A. and Mayfield, A.H. (1984)
150 Brown,].e. (1979) Differential use of Fe and Fe by Toxic concentrations of boron in a red-brown earth at
oats. Agron. J. 71: 897-902. Gladstone, South Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 22: 261-272.
151 Brown,].e. and Jones, W.E. (1977a) Fitting plants 175 Cartwright, B., Zarcinas, B.A. and Spouncer, l.R. (1986)
nutritionally to soils. 1. Soybeans. Agron. J. 69: 399-404. Boron toxicity in South Australian barley crops. Aust. J.
152 Brown, J.e. and Jones, W.E. (1977b) Fitting plants Agric. Res. 37: 351-359.
nutritionally to soils. II. Cotton. Agron. J. 69: 405-409. 176 Cassman, K.G., Kerby, T.A., Roberts, B.A., Bryant, D.C.
153 Brown,].e. and Jones, W.E. (1977c) Fitting plants and Brouder, S.M. (1989) Differential response of two
nutritionally to soils. III. Sorghum. Agron. J. 69: 410- cotton cultivars to fertilizer and soil potassium. Agron.
414. J. 81: 870-876.
154 Brown, P.H., Welch, R.M. and Cary, E.E. (1987) Nickel: 177 Cassman, K.G., Roberts, B.A., Kerby, T.A., Bryant, D.C.
and Higashi, S.1. (1989) Soil potassium balance and
a micronutrient essential for higher plants. Plant
Physiol. 85: 801-803.
cumulative cotton response to annual potassium
additions on a vermiculitic soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:
155 Brown, P.H., Welch, R.M. and Madison, J.T. (1990) 805-812.
Effect of nickel deficiency on soluble anion, amino
178 Cassman, K.G., Whitney, A.S. and Fox, R.1. (1981)
acid, and nitrogen levels in barley. Plant Soil 125: 19-
Phosphorus requirements of soybean and cowpea as
27.
affected by mode of N nutrition. Agron. J. 73: 17-22.
156 Brown, P.H., Welch, R.M., Cary, E.E. and Checkai, R.T. 179 Castle, S.1. and Randall, P.]. (1987) Effects of sulfur
(1987) Beneficial effects of nickel on plant growth. J. deficiency on the synthesis and accumulation of
Plant Nutr. 10: 2125-2135.
proteins in the developing wheat seed. Aust. J. Plant
157 Browning, T.H. and George R.A.T. (1981) The effects of Physiol. 14: 503-516.
nitrogen and phosphorus on seed yield and 180 Cerda, A., Salinas, R.M. and Romero, M. (1981) Boron
composition of peas. Plant Soil 61: 485-488. tolerance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus 1.). An.
158 Brumagen, D.M. and Hiatt, A.J. (1966) The relationship Edafol. Agrobiol. 40: 2245-2253.
of oxalic acid to the translocation and utilization of 181 Cerrato, M.E. and Blackmer, A.M. (1990) Relationships
calcium in Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Soil 24: 239-249. between grain nitrogen concentrations and the
159 Bruns, H.A. (1986) Nitrogen fertility and sucker control nitrogen status of corn. Agron. J. 82: 744-749.
methods on Maryland tobacco yield, value, and 182 Chabalier, P. (1987) Rice. In 'Plant AnalYSis as a Guide
quality. Agron. J. 78: 783-786. ot the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and Tropical
160 Bullock, D.G. and Goodroad, 1.1. (1989) Effect of Crops.' (Eds. P Martin-Prevel, J. Gagnard and P. Gautier)
sulfur rate, application method, and source on yield pp. 526-530 (Lavoisier Publishing Inc. New York).
and mineral content of corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant 183 Chamberland, E. and Doiron, E.B. (1973) Rapid
Anal. 20: 1209-1217. determination of nitrate-N in corn leaves and sugar
161 Burhan, H.O. and Babikir, LA. (1968) Investigations of beet petioles as an indicator of side dressing nitrogen
nitrogen fertilization of cotton by tissue analysis. 1. The need. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 4: 293-306.
relationship between nitrogen applied and the nitrate- 184 Chapman, H.D. (1966) In 'Diagnostic Criteria for
N content of cotton petioles at different stages of Plants and Soils'. pp. 708-709. (Univ. of California,
growth. Exp. Agric. 4: 311-323. Division of Agricultural Sciences.)
257
185 Chapman, L.S. (1976) The calibration of N, P and K 210 Cox, W.J. (1979) The relationship between grain yield
fertilizer requirements of sugarcane in the Mackay area. and plant potassium concentration in Lupinus
Bur. Sugar Exp. Sta. Internal Project Report. angustifo/ius cv. Unicrop. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
186 Chapman, V.]. (1996) Boron nutrition of winter crops 10: 747-761.
with particular reference to boron toxicity. PhD TheSis, 211 Cox, W.J. (1981) Diagnostic criteria for crops and
Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane. pastures. Proe. National Workshop on Plant Analysis,
187 Chatel, D.L., Robson, A.D., Gartrell, J.W. and Dilworth, Goolwa, South Australia pp. 97-99.
M.J. (1978) The effect of inoculation and cobalt 212 Cramer, G.R., Alberico, G.J. and Schmidt, C. (1994) Salt
application on the growth of and nitrogen fixation by tolerance is not associated with the sodium
sweet lupins. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19: 1191-1202. accumulation of two maize hybrids. Aust. J. Plant
188 Chaudhry, F.M., Alam, S.M., Rashid, A. and Latif, A. Physiol. 21: 675-692.
(1977) Mechanism of differential susceptibility of two 213 Crosbie, J., Longnecker, N.E. and Robson, A.D. (1994)
rice varieties to zinc deficiency. Plant Soil 46: 637-642. Seed manganese affects the early growth of lupins in
189 Chauhan, R.P.S. and Chauhan, c.P.S. (1985) Effect of manganese-deficient conditions. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45:
P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat. 1469-1482.
Fert. Res. 6: 171-176. 214 Csizinszky, A.A. (1986) Influence of total soluble salt
190 Chauhan, R.P.S., Chauhan, c.P.S. and Chauhan, S.K concentration on growth and elemental concentration
(1984) Effect of boronated saline irrigation water on of winged bean seedlings, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
linseed. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 102: 237-240. (L.) DC. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 1009-1018.
191 Chenery, E.M. (1959) MagneSium deficiency in East 215 Cure, J.D., Rufty, T.W. Jr. and Israel, D.W. (1988)
African tea. East Afr. Agric. J. 25: 25-27. Phosphorus stress effects on growth and seed yield
192 Cheng, S.F. and Zubriski, ].S. (1978) Effects of nitrogen responses of non-nodulated soybean to elevated carbon
fertilizer on production of irrigated sunflower, plant dioxide. Agron. J. 80: 897-902.
uptake of nitrogen and on water use. Proe. 8tli Int. 216 Dahnke, W.c. (1989) Barley. In 'Detecting Mineral
Sunflower Conf., Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. pp. Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate Crops'
400-407. (Eds D.1. Plucknett and H.B. Sprague) pp. 81-90.
193 Chhipa, B.R. and Lal, P. (1995) Na/K ratios as the basis of (Westview Press, Boulder: USA)
salt tolerance in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 46: 533-539. 217 Daigger, LA. and Fox, R.1. (1971) Nitrogen and sulfur
194 Chotechaungmanirat, S. (1988) Diagnosis of nutrition of sweet corn in relation to fertilization and
molybdenum deficiency in soybean (Glycine max. L. water consumption. Agron. J. 63: 729-730.
Merr.) by plant analysis. M Agr Sc Thesis, Univ. of 218 Dang, Y.P., Edwards, D.G., Dalal, R.C. and Tiller, KG.
Western Australia, Perth. (1993) Identification of an index tissue to predict zinc
195 Christensen, N.W. and Jackson, T. L. (1981) Potential status of wheat. Plant Soil 154: 161-167.
for phosphorus toxicity in zinc-stressed corn and 219 Dara, S.T., Fixen, P.E. and Gelderman, R.H. (1992)
potato. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 904-909. Sufficiency level and diagnOSis and recommendation
196 Chrudimsky, W.W. and Morrill, L.G. (1973) Uptake integrated system approaches for evaluating the
and distribution of boron in Spanish peanuts. Agron. J. nitrogen status of corn. Agron. J. 84: 1006-1010.
65: 63-66. 220 Darby, R.J., Widdowson, F.V., Bird, E. and HeWitt, M.V.
196a CIAT Annual Report (1978) Centro Internacional de (1986) The relationship of soil mineral N03-N with
Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. stem N03-N concentration, and of fertilizer-N with the
197 Clark, R.B., Maranville, J.W. and Gorz, H. H. (1978) amount of nitrogen taken up by winter wheat, in
Phosphorus efficiency of sorghum grown with limited experiments testing nitrogen fertilizer in combination
phosphorus. Proe. 8th. Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. and with aphicide and fungicides, from 1980 to 1982. J.
Fert. Probl., Auckland, N.Z pp. 93-99. Agric. Sci., Camb. 106: 497-507.
198 Clark, R.B., Pier, P.A., Knudson, D. and Maranville, J.W. 221 Das, N. (1959) Leaf analysis as a means of crop
(1981) Effect of trace element deficiencies and excesses nutrition studies. I. Effect of phosphate supply on the
on mineral nutrients in sorghum. J. Plant Nutr. 3: 357-374. growth, yield and composition of Hordeum vulgare 1. J.
199 Clarke, A.1. (1984) Queensland Wheat Research Insti- Indian Bot. Soc. 38: 338-352.
tute, Toowoomba, Australia. (pers. comm.) 222 Davis, J.G. and Parker, M.B. (1993) Zinc tOXicity
200 Clayton, M.T.C. (1985) Boron Toxicity in Rice. IRRI symptom development and partitioning of biomass
Research Paper Series. Number 113 (Manila, and zinc in peanut plants. J. Plant Nutr. 16: 2353-2369.
Philippines) 223 Davis, J.G., Manu, A., Hossner, L.R. and Persaud, N.
201 Clemens, G. and Singer, A. (1992) Ameliorating (1994) Phosphorus management of a millet/cowpea
chlorosis-inducing soils with rock materials of varying intercrop system on sandy dunal soils of western Niger.
porosity and iron content. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56: 807-813. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 899-910.
202 Clements, H.F. and Ghotb, A. (1968) The number of 224 Davis, R.D. and Beckett, P.H.T. (1978) Upper critical
leaves and internodes for sugarcane nutrition studies. levels of toxic elements in plants. II. Critical levels of
Proc. 13th Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol 13: 569-584. copper in young barley, wheat, rape, lettuce and
ryegrass and of nickel and zinc in young barley and
203 Coaldrake, P.D. (1985) Leaf area accumulation of pearl
ryegrass. New Phytol. 80: 23-32.
millet as affected by nitrogen supply. Field Crops Res.
11: 185-192 225 Davis, R.D., Beckett, P.H.T. and Wollan, E. (1978)
204 Cope, ].T. (1984) Relationships among rates of N, P, and Critical levels of twenty potentially toxic elements in
young spring barley. Plant Soil 49: 395-408.
K, soil test values, leaf analysis and yield of cotton at 6
locations. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 253-276. 226 De Marco, D.G. (1990) Effect of seed weight, and seed
205 Cornforth, I.S. (1982) Plant analYSis. In 'Fertilizer and phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations on the early
Lime Recommendations for Pastures and Crops in New growth of wheat seedlings. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30: 545-549.
Zealand'. (Eds I.S. Cornforth and A.G. Sinclair.) pp.34-36. 227 de Miranda, J.C.C., Harris, P.]. and Wild, A. (1989)
(Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: Wellington, N.Z.) Effects of soil and plant phosphorus concentrations on
206 Cornforth, I.S. and Steele, KW. (1981) Interpretation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in sorghum plants.
maize leaf analyses in New Zealand. N.Z. J. Exp. Agric. 9: New Phytol. 112: 405-410.
91-96. 228 deBoer, G.J. and Reisenauer, H. M. (1973) DTPA as an
207 Coulombe, B.A., Chaney, R.1. and Wiebold, W.]. (1984) extractant of available soil iron. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Bicarbonate directly induces iron chlorosis in susceptible Anal. 4: 121-128.
soybean cultivars. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 1297-1301. 229 Dell, B. and Wilson, S.A. (1985) Effect of zinc supply on
208 Cox, F.R. and Uribe, E. (1992) Potassium in two humid growth of three species of Eucalyptus seedlings and
tropical Ultisols under a corn and soybean cropping wheat. Plant Soil 88: 377-384.
system: I. Management. Agron. J. 84: 480-484. 230 Deuel, L.E. and Swoboda, A.R. (1972) Arsenic toxicity
209 Cox, F.R. and Wear, ].1. (Eds) (1977) DiagnOSiS and to cotton and soybeans. J. Environ. Qual. 1: 317-320.
correction of zinc problems in corn and rice 231 Dhage, A.R., Patil, N.D. and Kadam, S.S. (1984) Effects
production. North Carolina State UniverSity, Raleigh, of Nand P fertilization on yield and composition of
Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 222 for black gram (Vigna mungo (1.) Hepper) seeds. Plant Soil
Cooperative Regional Research Project S-80. 81: 441-444.
258
232 Dickson, T., Aitken, R.L. and Dwyer, J.e. (1993) 254 Engel, R.E., Eckhoff, ]. and Berg, R.K. (1994) Grain
Prediction of nitrogen fertiliser requirements of maize yield, kernel weight, and disease responses of winter
in subtropical Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 33: 53-58. wheat cultivars to chloride fertilization. Agron. J. 86:
233 Diederichs, e. (1990) Improved growth of Cajanus 891-896.
cajan (L.) Millsp. in an unsterile tropical soil by three 255 Eskew, D.L., Welch, R.M. and Norvell, W.A. (1984)
mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 123: 261-266. Nickel in higher plants. Further evidence for an
234 Dobao, M., Ruiz, J.L., Benitez, I.e. and Gonzalez, ].L. essential role. Plant Physiol. 76: 691-693.
(1995) Optimum leaf nitrogen levels in tobacco 256 Evans, H. (1959) Elements other than nitrogen,
seedling. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 2697-2702. potassium and phosphorus in the mineral nutrition of
235 Dodd, J.e., Arias, I., Koomen, I. and Hayman, D.S. sugarcane. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 10: 473-
(1990) The management of populations of vesicular- 507.
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a 257 Evans, H. (1965) Tissue diagnostic analyses and their
savanna ecosystem. I. The effect of pre-cropping and interpretation in sugarcane. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane
inoculation with VAM fungi on plant growth and Technol. 12: 156-180.
nutrition in the field. Plant Soil 122: 229-240. 258 Evanylo, G.K., Sims, ].L. and Grove, ].H. (1988)
236 Donohue, S.]. and Brann, D.E. (1984) Optimum N Nutrient norms for cured burley tobacco. Agron. J. 80:
concentration in winter wheat grown in the Coastal 610-614.
Plain region of Virginia. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 259 Fohse, D. Claassen, N. and Jungk, A. (1988)
15: 651-66l. Phosphorus efficiency of plants. I. External and
237 Dragar, V.A. and Menary, R.e. (1995) Mineral internal P reqUirement and P uptake efficiency of
nutrition of Olearia phlogopappa: Effect on growth, different plant species. Plant Soil 110: 101-109.
essential oil yield, and composition. Commun. Soil Sci. 260 Fageria, N.K. (1976) Critical P, K, Ca and Mg contents
Plant Anal. 26: 1299-1313. in the tops of rice and peanut plants. Plant Soil 45: 421-
238 Dumenil, L.e. (1961) Nitrogen and phosphorus 431.
composition of corn leaves and corn yields in relation 261 Fageria, N.K. (1977) Effect of phosphatic fertilization
to critical levels and nutrient balance. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. on growth and mineral composition of pea plants
Proc. 25: 295-298. (Pisum sativum L.) Agrochimica 21: 75-78.
239 Dwivedi, B.S., Ram, M., Singh, B.P., Das, M. and Prasad, 262 Fageria, N.K. (1990) Iron reqUirement of cereals and
R.N. (1992) Effect of liming on boron nutrition of pea legumes in solution culture. In ' Plant Nutrition -
(Pisum sativum) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown in PhYSiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van
sequence on an acid Alfisol. Fert. Res. 31: 257-262. Beusichem). pp. 213-217 (Kluwer Academic Publishers:
240 Dwivedi, R.S. and Randhawa, N.S. (1974) Evaluation of Dordrecht).
a rapid test for the hidden hunger of zinc in plants. 263 Fageria, N.K. and Baligar, V.e. (1989) Response of
Plant Soil 40: 445-451. legumes and cereals to phosphorus in solution culture.
241 Edwards, D.G. and Asher, e.J. (1979) Department of J. Plant Nutr. 12: 1005-1019.
Agriculture, Univ. of Queensland, Australia. (pers. 264 Fageria, N.K. and Carvalho, ].R.P. (1982) Influence of
comm.). aluminium in nutrient solutions on chemical composition
242 Edwards, D.G. and Asher, e.]. (1982) Tolerance of crop in upland rice cultivars. Plant Soil 69: 31-44.
and pasture species to manganese toxicity. Proc. 9th 265 Fageria, N.K. and De Souza, e.M.R. (1991) Upland rice,
Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. Fert. Probl., Warwick, U.K. pp. common bean, and cowpea response to magnesium
145-150. application on an oxisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
243 Egli, D.B., Meckel, L., Phillips, R.E., Radcliffe, D. and 22: 1805-1816.
Leggett, J .E. (1983) Moisture stress and N redistribution 266 Fageria, N.K. and Rabelo, N.A. (1987) Tolerance of rice
in soybean. Agron. J. 75: 1027-1031. cultivars to iron toxicity. J. Plant Nutr. 10: 653-66l.
244 Ehret, D.L., Redmann, R.E., Harvey, B.L. and Cipywnyk, 267 Fageria, N.K., Baligar, V.e. and Wright, R.J. (1991)
A. (1990) Salinity-induced calcium deficiencies in wheat Influence of phosphate rock sources and rates on rice
and barley. Plant Soil 128: 143-15l. and common bean production in an Oxisol. Plant Soil
245 EI-Gharably, G.A. and Bussler, W. (1985) Critical levels 134: 137-144.
of boron in cotton plants. Z. Pf/anzenemiihr. Bodenkd. 268 Fageria, N.K., Morais, O.P., Baligar, V.e. and Wright,
148: 681-688. R.]. (1988) Response of rice cultivars to phosphorus
246 Elawad, S.H., Street, J.]. and Gascho, G.]. (1982) supply on an oxisol. Fert. Res. 16: 195-206.
Response of sugarcane to silicate source and rate. II. Leaf 269 Fageria, N.K., Wright, R.J. and Baligar, V.C. (1988) Rice
freckling and nutrient content. Agron. J. 74: 484-487. cultivar evaluation for phosphorus use efficiency. Plant
247 Elliott, D.E., Pelham, S.D. and Reuter, D.J. (1993) Soil 111: 105-109.
Synchronising diagnosis and correction of nitrogen 270 Fageria, N.K., Wright, R.J., Baligar, V.e. and Carvalho,
deficiency in barley grown in semi-arid environments. J.R.P. (1990) Upland rice response to potassium
In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to Field fertilization on a Brazilian oxisol. Fert. Res. 21: 141-147.
Practice' (Ed. N.J. Barrow) pp. 475-478 (Kluwer,
271 Fahmy, F.N. (1977) Soil and leaf analyses in relation to
Dordrecht).
tree crop nutrition in Papua New Guinea. Conference
248 Elliott, D.E., Reuter, D.J., Growden, B., Schultz, ].E., on Classification and Management of Tropical Soils.
Muhlhan, P.H., Gouzos, J. and Heanes, D.L. (1987) pp. 309-318 Int. Soc. Soil Sci. Commission IV and V,
Improved strategies for diagnosing and correcting Kuala Lumpur.
nitrogen deficiency in spring wheat. J. Plant Nutr. 10:
272 Fales, S.L. and Ohki, K. (1982) Manganese deficiency
1761-1770.
and toxicity in wheat: influence on growth and forage
249 Elliott, D.E., Reuter, D.J., Reddy, G.D. and Abbott, R.J. quality of herbage. Agron. J. 74: 1070-1073.
(1996) Phosphorus nutrition of spring wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) 4. Calibration of plant phosphorus test 273 Farina, M.P.W., Channon, P. and Phipson, ].D. (1983)
criteria from rain-fed field experiments. Aust. J. Agric. Genotypic differences in the potassium requirement of
Res. 48(6) (in press). two maize cultivars. Crop Prod. XII: 84-86.
250 Elliott, G.e. and Uiuchli, A. (1986) Evaluation of an 274 Farley, R.F. and Draycott, A.P. (1973) Manganese
acid phosphatase assay for detection of phosphorus deficiency in organic soils. Plant Soil 38: 235-244.
deficiency in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Plant Nutr. 275 Fehr, W.R., Caviness, e.E., Burmood, D.T. and
9: 1469-1477. Pennington, J.S. (1971) Stage of development
251 Elsner, J.E. Smith, C.W. and Owne, D.F. (1979) descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Crop
Uniform stage descriptions in upland cotton. Crop Sci. Sci. 11: 929-93l.
19: 361-363. 276 Fernandez, D.S. and AscenciO, ]. (1994) Acid
252 Elwali, A.M.O. and Gascho, G.J. (1984) Soil testing, phosphatase activity in bean and cowpea plants grown
foliar analysis, and DRIS as guides for sugarcane under phosphorus stress. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 229-24l.
fertilization. Agron. J. 76: 466-470. 277 Feyh, R.L., Lamond, R.E., Whitney, D.A. and Sears, R.G.
253 Engel, R.E. and Zubriski, J.e. (1982) Nitrogen (1993) Sulfur fertilization of wheat and triticale for
concentrations in spring wheat at several stages of forage production. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24:
growth. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 531-544. 443-455.
259
278 Finck, von A. (1954) Mangangehalt dorrfleckenkranker 304 Gakale, L.P. and Clegg, M.D. (1987) Nitrogen from
und gesunder Haferpflanzen sowier einiger anderer soybean for dryland sorghum. Agron. ,. 79: 1057-106l.
Feldpflanzen. Sonderdruck aus. 'Die Phosphorsaure' 14: 305 Gallaher, R.N., Harris, H.B., Anderson, O.E. and
91-103. Dobson, J.W. (1975) Hybrid grain sorghum response to
279 Fist, A.J., Smith, F.W. and Edwards, D.G. (1987) magnesium fertilization. Agron. '.67: 297-300.
External phosphorus requirements of five tropical grain 306 Galvez, L., Clark, R. B., Gourley, L.M. and Maranville,
legumes grown in flowing solution culture. Plant Soil J.W. (1989) Effects of silicon on mineral composition
99: 75-84. of sorghum grown with excess manganese. J. Plant Nutr.
280 Fixen, P.E., Buchenau, G.W., Gelderman, R.H., 12: 547-56l.
Schumacher, T.E., Gerwing, J.R., Cholick, F.A. and Farber, 307 Gardner, B.R. and Jackson, E.B. (1976) Fertilization,
B.G. (1986) Influence of soil and applied chloride on nutrient composition and yield relationships in
several wheat parameters. Agron. J. 78: 736-740. irrigated spring wheat. Agron. J. 68: 75-78.
281 Flint, e. and Bennet, M. (1984) Department of Primary 308 Gardner, B.R. and Tucker,T.e.(1967) Nitrogen effects
Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. on cotton. II. Soil and petiole analyses. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
(pers. comm.). Proc. 31: 785-79l.
282 Follett, R.H., Follett, R.F. and Halvorson, A.D. (1992) 309 Gardner, W.K., Parberry, D.G. and Barber, D.A. (1982)
Use of a chlorophyll meter to evaluate the nitrogen The acquisition of phosphorus by Lupinus albus L. II.
status of dryland winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant The effect of varying phosphorus supply and soil type
Anal. 23: 687-697. on some characteristics of the soil/root interface. Plant
283 Forno, D.A., Asher, e.J. and Edwards, D.G. (1979) Soil 68: 23-4l.
Boron nutrition of cassava and the boron x temperature 310 Garner, W.W. (1951) In 'The Production of Tobacco'.
interaction. Field Crops Res. 2: 265-279. First edition. (Blakiston Co.: New York.)
284 Forno, D.A., Asher, e.J. and Yoshida, S. (1975) Zinc 311 GarSide, A. (1979) Western Australian Department of
deficiency in rice. II. Studies of two varieties differing in Agriculture, Perth, Australia. (pers. comm.).
susceptibility to zinc deficiency. Plant Soil 42: 551-563.
312 Garside, A.L. and Fulton, M.e. (1986) Response of
285 Fox, R.H. and Piekielek, W.P. (1984) Soil magnesium irrigated soybeans (Glycine max) to phosphorus on an
level, corn (Zea mays L.) yield and magnesium uptake. alkaline cracking clay in semi-arid tropical Australia.
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 109-123. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26: 115-122.
286 Fox, R.H., Piekielek, W.P. and Macneal, K.M. (1994) 313 Gartrell,J.W. (1984) Western Australian Department of
Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer Agriculture, Perth, Australia. (pers. comm.).
needs of winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25:
314 Gartrell, J.W., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1979)
171-18l. A new tissue test for accurate diagnosis of copper
287 Fox, R.H., Roth, G.W., Iversen, K.V. and Piekielek, W.P. deficiency in cereals. ,. Agric. West. Aust. 20(4th series):
(1989) Soil and tissue nitrate tests compared for 86-88.
predicting soil nitrogen availability to corn. Agron. J.
315 Gascho, G.J. and Davis, J.G. (1994) Mineral nutrition.
81: 971-974. In ' The Groundnut Crop. A Scientific Basis for
288 Fox, R.H., Talleyrand, H. and Scott, T.W. (1975) Effect Improvement.' (Ed.J. Smartt) pp.214-254. (Chapman
of nitrogen fertilization on yields and nitrogen & Hall: London).
contents of cassava, Llanera cultivar. J. Agric. Univ.
316 Gascho, G.J. and Elwali, A.M.O. (1979) Tissue testing of
Puerto Rico. 59: 115-124.
Florida sugarcane. Sug. J. 42: 15-16.
289 Fox, R.L. (1976) Sulfur and nitrogen reqUirements of
317 Gascho, G.J., Anderson, D.L. and Ozaki, H.Y. (1986)
sugarcane. Agron. J. 68: 891-896. Cultivar dependent sugarcane response to nitrogen.
290 Fox, R.L., Kang, B.T. and Nangju, D. (1977) Sulfur Agron. J. 78: 1064-1069.
reqUirements of cowpea and implications for
318 Genon, J.G., de Hepcee, N., Duffy, J.E., Delvaux, B. and
production in the tropiCS. Agron. J. 69: 201-205. Hennebert, P.A. (1994) Iron toxicity and other
291 Foy, e.D., Webb, H.W. and Jones, J.E. (1981) chemical soil constraints to rice in highland swamps of
Adaptation of cotton genotypes to an acid, manganese Burundi. Plant Soil 166: 109-115.
toxic soil. Agron. J. 73: 107-11l.
319 Gerik, T.J., Jackson, B.S., Stockle, e.O. and Rosenthal,
292 Foy, C.D., Weil, R.R. and Coradetti, e.A. (1995) W.D. (1994) Plant nitrogen status and boll load of
Differential manganese tolerances of cotton genotypes cotton. Agron. J. 86: 514-518.
in nutrient solution. J. Plant. Nutr. 18: 685-706.
320 Gettier, S.W., Martens D.e., Hallock, D.L. and Stewart,
293 Franco, A.A. and Munns, D.N. (1981) Response of M.J. (1984) Residual Mn and associated soybean yield
Phaseolus vulgaris L. to molybdenum under acid response from MnS04 application on a sandy loam
conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. ,. 45: 1144-1148. soil. Plant Soil 81:101-110.
294 Francois, L.E. (1989) Boron tolerance of snap bean and 321 Gettier, S.W., Martens, D.e. and Donohue, S.J. (1985)
cowpea. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114: 615-619. Soybean yield response prediction from soil test and
295 FranCOis, L.E. (1994) Growth, seed yield, and oil tissue manganese levels. Agron. J. 77: 63-67.
content of canola grown under saline conditions. 322 Geyer, B. and Marschner, H. (1990) Use of the rapid
Agron. J. 86: 233-237. nitrate test to characterize the nitrogen nutritional
296 Francois, L.E., Donovan, T. and Maas, E.V. (1984) status of maize. Z. Pflanzenemahr. Bodenkd. 153: 341-
Salinity effects on seed yield, growth, and germination 348.
of grain sorghum. Agron. J. 76: 741-744. 323 Gezenchova, 1. (1988) Molybdenum deficiency in
297 Francois, L.E., Donovan, T.J. and Maas, E.V. (1990) some agricultural plants. Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya 23:
Salinity effects on emergence, vegetative growth, and 26-3 I.
seed yield of guar. Agron. '.82: 587-592. 324 Gheesling, R.H. and Perkins, H.F. (1970) Critical levels
298 French, F.L. and colleagues (1984) Myrtleford Tobacco of manganese and magnesium in cotton at different
Research Station, Victoria, Australia. (pers. comm.). stages of growth. Agron. ,. 62: 29-32.
299 Fulton, M. (1984) Western Australian Department of 325 Ghildiyal, M.e., Tomar, O.P.S. and Sirolin, G.S. (1978)
Agriculture, Perth, Australia. (pers. comm.). Response of cowpea genotypes to zinc in relation to
300 Fulton, M., Warren, J. and Cox, W.J. (1982) Western photosynthesis, nodulation and dry matter
Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth, Australia. distribution. Plant Soil 49: 505-516.
(pers. comm.). 326 Gichuru, M.P. and Sanchez, P.A. (1988) Phosphate
301 Gaind, S. and Gaur, A.e. (1991) Thermotolerant rock fertilization in tilled and no-till low-input systems
phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their in the humid tropics. Agron. J. 80: 943-947.
interaction with mung bean. Plant Soil 133: 141-149 327 Gilbert, E.J. (1984) Queensland Department of Primary
302 Gaines, G.P. and Stephenson, M.G. (1984) Industries, Mareeba, Australia. Cited as 'personal
Determining the sulfur to nitrogen requirement of flue- communication' by Consolidated Fertilizers Ltd. for
cured tobacco. Tob. Sci. 28: 91-92. North Queensland tea plantatiOns.
303 Gaines, T.P. and Phatak, S.e. (1982) Sulfurfertilization 328 Gilbert, W.A., Ludwick, A.E. and Westfall, D.G. (1981)
effects on the constancy of the protein N:S ratio in low Predicting in-season N requirements of sugarbeets
and high sulfur accumulating crops. Agron.J. 74: 415- based on soil and petiole nitrate. Agron. ,. 73: 1018-
418. 1023.
260
329 Giller, K.E., Amijee, F., Brodrick, S.]., McGrath, S.P., 350 Grzesiuk, W. (1977) Studies on sulphur content of soils
Mushi, c., Edje, O.T. and Smithson, J.B. (1992) Toxic and crops in Olsztyn province. Zesz, Nauk, Akademii
concentrations of iron and manganese in leaves of Rolniczo-Techniczneg W. Olsztynic Rolnictwo 20: 89-
Phaseolus vulgaris L. growing on freely-drained soils of 136.
pH 6.5 in northern Tanzania. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant 351 Gunse, B., Poschenrieder, C. and Barcelo, ]. (1990)
Anal. 23: 1663-1669. Correlation between extractable chromium, chromium
330 Gladstones, ].S. (1962) The mineral composition of uptake and productivity of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
lupins. 2. A comparison of the copper, manganese, grown on tannery sludge-amended soil. In ' Plant
molybdenum and cobalt content of lupins and other Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van
species at one site. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. 2: Beusichem). pp. 307-312 (Kluwer Academic Publishers:
213-220. Dordrecht).
331 Glasscock, H.H. and Wain, R.L. (1940) Distribution of 352 Gupta, U.C. (1971) Boron and molybdenum nutrition
manganese in the pea seed in relation to Marsh Spot. J. of wheat, barley and oats grown in Prince Edward
Agric. Sci. 30: 132-140. Island soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 51: 415-422.
332 Godfrey, C.L., Fisher, F.L. and Norris, M.]. (1959) A 353 Gupta, U.c. (1972) Effect of manganese and lime on
comparison of ammonium metaphosphate and yield and on the concentrations of manganese,
ammonium orthophosphate with superphosphate on molybdenum, boron, copper and iron in the boot stage
the yield and chemical composition of crops grown tissue of barley. Soil Sci. 114: 131-136.
under field conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23: 43-46. 354 Gupta, U.c. (1977) Effect of boron and limestone on
333 Goh, K.M. and Magat, S.S. (1989) Sodium chloride cereal yields and on Band N concentration of plant
increases the yield of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in tissue. Plant Soil 47: 283-287.
two New Zealand soils. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 32: 133-137. 355 Gupta, U.c. (1983) Boron deficiency and toxiCity
334 Goos, R.J., Westfall, D.G., Ludwick, A.E. and Goris, J.E. symptoms for several crops as related to tissue boron
(1982) Grain protein content as an indicator of N levels. J. Plant Nutr. 6: 387-395.
sufficiency for winter wheat. Agron. J. 74: 130-133. 356 Gupta, U.c. (1986) Manganese nutrition of cereals and
335 Gorshkova, M.A. (1978) Nitrogen, phosphorus and forages grown in Prince Edward Island. Can. J. Soil Sci.
potassium content of small grain crops as indicators of 66: 59-65.
mineral adequacy when grown on various types of soil. 357 Gupta, U.c. (1989) Effect of zinc fertilization on plant
Proc. 8th Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. and Fert. Probl., zinc concentration of forages and cereals. Can. J. Soil
Auckland, N.Z. pp. 157-164. Sci. 69: 473-479.
336 Gosnell, J.M. and Long, A.C. (1971) Some factors 358 Gupta, U.c. (1991) Iron status of crops in Prince
affecting foliar analysis in sugarcane. Proc. S. Atr. Sugar Edward Island and effect of soil pH on plant iron
Technol Assoc. pp. 1-16. concentration. Can. J. Soil Sci. 71: 197-202.
337 Goss, M.J. and Carvalho, M.].G.P.R. (1992) Manganese 359 Gupta, U.C. and Arsenault, W.J. (1986) Boron and zinc
toxicity: The significance of magnesium for the nutrition of tobacco grown in Prince Edward Island.
sensitivity of wheat plants. Plant Soil 139: 91-98. Can. J. Soil Sci. 66: 67-71
338 Graham, R.D., Ascher, ].S. and Hynes, S.c. (1992) 360 Gupta, u.c. and Cutliffe, J.A. (1984) Effects of applied
Selecting zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low and residual boron on the nutrition of cabbage and
zinc status. Plant Soil 146: 241-250. field beans. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64: 571-576.
339 Graham, R.D., Davies, W.J. and Ascher, J.S. (1985) The 361 Gupta, U.C. and MacKay, D.C. (1968) Crop responses
critical concentration of manganese in field-grown to applied molybdenum and copper on podzol soils.
wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 145-155. Can. J. Soil Sci. 48: 235-242.
340 Grant, C.A. and Bailey, L.D. (1990) The effect of 362 Gupta, u.c. and MacLeod, L.B. (1970) Response to
magneSium sulphate and calcium sulphate on yield copper and optimum levels in wheat, barley and oats
and nutrient composition of flax (Linum usitatissimum) under greenhouse and field conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci.
grown on chernozemic soils. In ' Plant Nutrition - 50: 373-378.
Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van 363 Gupta, U.C., MacLeod, ].A. and MacLeod, L.B. (1973)
Beusichem). pp. 481-485 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Effects of aluminium, manganese and lime on toxicity
Dordrecht). symptoms, nutrient composition and yield of barley
341 Grant, C.A. and Racz, G.J. (1987) The effect of Ca and grown on a podzol soil. Plant Soil 39: 413-421.
Mg concentrations in nutrient solution on the dry 364 Gupta, V.K. and Mittal, S.B. (1981) Evaluation of chemical
matter yield and Ca, Mg and K content of barley methods for estimating available zinc and response of
(Hordeum vulgare L.). Can. J. Soil Sci. 67: 857-865.
green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) to applied zinc in non-
342 Grattan, S.R. and Maas, E.V. (1984) Interactive effects calcareous soils. Plant Soil 63: 477-484.
of salinity and substrate phosphate on soybean. Agron. 365 Haby, V.A., Black, A.L., Bergman, J.W. and Larson, R.A.
J. 76: 668-676. (1982) Nitrogen fertilizer requirements of irrigated
343 Grattan, S.R. and Maas, E.V. (1988) Effect of salinity on safflower in the Northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 74:
phosphate accumulation and injury in soybean. II. 331-335.
Role of substrate CI and Na. Plant Soil 109: 65-71. 366 Haddad, K.S. and Weir, R.G. (1985) Influence of soil
344 Greenwood, D.J., Draycott, A., Last, P.J. and Draycott, properties on the use of soil and plant zinc to predict
A.P. (1984) A concise simulation model for zinc response in maize. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25: 856-862.
interpreting N-fertilizer trials. Fen. Res. 5: 355-369. 367 Haddock, J.L. and Linton, D.C. (1957) Yield and
345 Grieve, C.M. and FUjiyama, H. (1987) The response of phosphorus content of canning peas as affected by
two rice cultivars to external Na/Ca ratio. Plant Soil fertilization, irrigation regime and sodium bicarbonate-
103: 245-250. soluble soil phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 21: 167-171.
346 Grimme, H. (1982) tlihe effect of Al on Mg uptake and 368 Haghiri, F. (1973) Cadmium uptake by plants. J.
yield of oats. Proc. 9 Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. and Fert. Environ. Qual. 2: 93-96.
Probl., Warwick, U.K. pp. 198-203. 369 Halais, P. (1962) The detection of N P K deficiency
347 Grimme, H. and Haerter, R. (1992) Cereal production trends in sugarcane crops by means of foliar diagnosis
on acid soils. The effect of the magneSium supply at run from year to year on a follow-up basis. Proc. 11th
high Al concentrations in the soil solution. Proc. Int. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol pp. 214-221.
Symp. on the role of sulphur, magnesium and 370 Hall, R. and Schwartz, H.F. (1993) Common Bean. In
micronutrients in balanced plant nutrition; China (Ed. 'Nutrient Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants.' (Ed.
S. Porch): pp. 181-188 (The Potash Institute and W.F. Bennett) pp. 91-98 APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota,
Phosphate Institute of Canada). USA.
348 Grove, J.H., Thorn, W.O., Murdock, L.W. and Herbek, 371 Hallmark, W.B., Beverly, R.B., deMooy, c.]. and Pesek,
J.H. (1987) Soybean response to available potassium in J. (1991) Relationship of diagnostic nutrient
three silt loam soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51: 1231-1238. expressions to soybean phosphorus and potassium
349 Grundon, N.J., Edwards, D.G., Takkar, P.N., Asher, c.J. diagnosis. Agron. J. 83: 858-863.
and Clark, R.B. (1987) Nutritional Disorders of Grain 372 Hammes,].K. and Berger, K.C. (1958) Manganese
Sorghum. ACIAR Monograph No.2, 99pp. (ACIAR: deficiency in oats and correlation of plant manganese
Canberra). with various soil tests. Soil Sci. 90: 239-244.
261
373 Handson, P.D. and Sheridan,]. (1992) Rapid sap tests for fertilisation when grown on a range of soil types. Aust.
better fertilizer management. Proc. Intern. Conf. J. Exp. Agric. 31: 557-566.
Fertilizer Usage in the Tropics (1992). Kuala Lumpur. 397 Hill, J., Robson, A.D. and Loneragan, J.F. (1979) The
(Chief Ed. B. Aziz) pp. 220-233 (Malaysian Soc. Soil ScL). effects of copper and nitrogen supply on the
374 Haneklaus, S. and Schnug, E. (1991) Evaluation of the distribution of copper in dissected wheat grain. Aust. f.
nutritional status of oilseed rape plants by leaf analysis. Agric. Res. 30: 233-237.
In 'Proc. 8th Int. Rapeseed Congress.' Saskatoon, 398 Hills, F.J., Sailsbery, R.L., Ulrich, A. and Sipitanos, K.M.
Canada, GCIRC. pp. 536-541. (1970) Effect of phosphorus on nitrate in sugar beet
375 Haneklaus, S., Fleckenstein, ]. and Schnug, E. (1995) (Beta vulgaris L.) Agron. J. 62: 91-92.
Comparative studies of plant and soil analysis for the 399 Hocking, P., Randall, P.]., De Marco, D. and Bamforth,
sulphur status of oilseed rape and winter wheat. Z. I. (1996) Assessment of the nitrogen status of field-
Pf/anzenernahr. Bodenkd. 158: 109-111. grown canola (Brassica napus) by plant analysis. Aust. f.
376 Hannam, R.J., Davies, W.J., Graham, R.D. and Riggs, Exp. Agric. (submitted).
J.L. (1984) The effect of soil- and foliar-applied 400 Hocking, P.J. (1993a) Distribution and redistribution
manganese in preventing the onset of manganese of mineral nutrients and dry matter in grain sorghum
deficiency in Lupinus angustifolius. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 35: as affected by soil salinity. J. Plant Nutr. 16: 1753-1774.
529-538. 401 Hocking, P.J. (1993b) Effects of sowing time and plant
377 Hannam, R.]., Graham, R.D. and Riggs, J.L. (1984) age on critical nitrogen concentrations in canola
Diagnosis and prognosis of manganese deficiency in (Brassica napus L.) In' Plant Nutrition - from Genetic
Lupinus angustifolius L. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 765-777. Engineering to Field Practice' (Ed. N.J. Barrow). pp.
378 Hannam, R.J., Riggs,J.L. and Graham, R.D. (1987) The 521-524 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
critical concentration of manganese in barley. J. Plant 402 Hocking, P.J. (1995a) Critical nitrate-nitrogen and total
Nutr. 10: 2039-2048. nitrogen concentrations for vegetative growth and seed
379 Hanway, J.]. (1962) Corn growth and composition in yield of Linola (edible-oil linseed) as affected by plant
relation to soil fertility: III. Percentages of N, P and K in age. Aust. f. Exp. Agric. 35: 239-246.
different plant parts in relation to stage of growth. 403 Hocking, P.J. (1995b) Effects of nitrogen supply on the
Agron. J. 54: 222-229. growth, yield components, and distribution of nitrogen
380 Hanway, J.J. (1963) Growth stages of corn (Zea mays in linola. J. Plant Nutr. 18: 257-275.
L.). Agron. J. 55: 487-492. 404 Hocking, P.J. and Meyer, c.P. (1991a) Carbon dioxide
381 Harper, F.R. and Berkenkamp, B. (1975) Revised enrichment decreases critical nitrate and nitrogen
growth-stage key for Brassica campestris and B. napus. concentrations in wheat. J. Plant Nutr. 14: 571-584.
Can. f. Plant Sci. 55: 657-658. 405 Hocking, P.J. and Meyer, c.P. (1991b) Effects of COz
382 Harris, H.B., Parker, M.B. and Johnson, B.]. (1965) enrichment and nitrogen stress on growth, and
Influence of molybdenum content of soybean seed and partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen in wheat and
other factors associated with seed source on progeny maize. Aust. f. Plant Physiol. 18: 339-356.
response to applied molybdenum. Agron. J. 57:397-399. 406 Hocking, P.J. and Pinkerton, A. (1991) Response of
383 Hattey, J.A., Sabbe, W.E., Batten, G.D. and Blakeney, growth and yield components of linseed to the onset or
A.B. (1994) Nitrogen and starch analysis of cotton relief of nitrogen stress at several stages of crop
leaves using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy development. Field Crops Res. 27: 83-102.
(NIRS). Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 1855-1863. 407 Hocking, P.J. and Pinkerton, A. (1993) Phosphorus
384 Haydon, G.F. and Littler, ].W. (1980) Comparison of nutrition of linseed (Unum usitatissimum L.) as affected
four nitrogenous fertilizers for topdressing winter oats by nitrogen supply: effects on vegetative development
on a Darling Downs soil. Queensl. f. Agric. Anim. Sci. 37: and yield components. Field Crops Res. 32: 101-114.
85-91. 408 Hocking, P.J., Randall, P.J. and Pinkerton, A. (1987a)
385 Hearn, A.B. (1981) Cotton nutrition. Field Crop Abstr. Mineral nutrition of linseed and fiber flax. Adv. Agron.
34: 11-34. 41: 221-296.
386 Heckman, J.R. (1995) Corn responses to chloride in 409 Hocking, P.J., Randall, P.]. and Pinkerton, A. (1987b)
maximum yield research. Agron. J. 87: 415-419. Sulphur nutrition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) as
387 Heenan, D.P. and Batten, G.D. (1986) Response to affected by nitrogen supply: Effects on vegetative
superphosphate by rice in an annual rice-cropping growth, the development of yield components, and
system in southern New South Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. seed yield and quality. Field Crops Res. 16: 157-175.
26: 691-695. 410 Hodgson, A.S., Holland, J.F. and Rogers, E.F. (1992)
388 Heenan, D.P. and Campbell, L.c. (1990) The influence Iron deficiency depresses growth of furrow irrigated
of temperature on the accumulation and distribution of soybean and pigeon pea on Vertisols of northern
manganese in two cuItivars of soybean (Glycine max (L.) N.S.W. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: 635-644.
Merr.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 41: 835-843. 411 Holford, I.C.R. (1989) Yields and nitrogen uptake of grain
389 Heitholt, J.]. (1994) Supplemental boron, boll retention sorghum in various rotations including lucerne, annual
percentage, ovary carbohydrates, and lint yield in legume and long fallow. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40: 255-264.
modern cotton genotypes. Agron. J. 86: 492-497. 412 Holloway, R.E. and Alston, A.M. (1992) The effects of
390 Hernandez, L.E., Garate, A. and Carpena-Ruiz, R. (1995) salt and boron on growth of wheat. Aust. f. Agric. Res.
Effect of cadmium on nitrogen fixing pea plants grown 43: 987-1001.
in perlite and vermiculite. f. Plant Nutr. 18: 287-303. 413 Holmes, M.R.J. (1980) 'Nutrition of the Oilseed Rape
391 Herridge, D.F. and Holland, J.F. (1993) Low nodulation Crop'. (Applied Science Publishers: London.)
and Nz fixation limits yield of pigeonpea on alkaline 414 Homenauth, O.P., McConnaughey, P.K., Hairston, ].E.
Vertisols of northern N.S.W.: effect of iron, rhizobia and Sanford, ].0. (1986) Petiole and leaf nitrate studies in
and plant genotype. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44: 137-149. sunflower. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 1257-1269.
392 Hibberd, D.E. (1984) Queensland Department of 415 Horst, W.J. (1983) Factors responSible for genotypic
Primary Industries, Emerald, Australia. (pers. comm.). manganese tolerance in cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata).
393 Hibberd, D.E. and Hall, B.D. (1990) The response of Plant Soil 72: 213-218.
maize and grain sorghum hybrids to nitrogen fertiliser in 416 Horst, W.J., Currle, C. and Wissemeier, A.H. (1993)
South East Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30: 825-831. Differences in calcium efficiency between cowpea
394 Hibberd, D.E., Ladewig, J.H., Hunter, M.N. and Blight, (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars. In 'Genetic
G.W. (1990) Responses'in cotton yields to nitrogen and Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition (Eds. P.J. Randall et
phosphorus fertilisers in the Emerald Irrigation Area, al.) pp. 59-68 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
central Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30: 661-667. 417 Hossner, L.R., Freeouf, J.A. and Folsom, B.L. (1973)
395 Hibberd, D.E., Standley, J., Want, P.S. and Mayer, D.G. Solution phosphorus concentration and growth of rice
(1991) Responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and (Oryza sativa L.) in flooded soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.
irrigation by grain sorghum on cracking clay soils in 37: 405-408.
central Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31: 525-534. 418 Howeler, R.H. (1978) The mineral nutrition and
396 Hicks, L.N., Fukai, S. and Asher, c.J. (1991) Responses fertilization of cassava. In 'Cassava Production Course'.
of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to phosphorus pp. 247-292. (CIAT: Cali, Colombia.)
262
419 Howeler, R.H. (1985) Potassium nutrition of cassava. In 441 Ismail, S.B. and Wither, N.J. (1984) The effect of
'Potassium in Agriculture'. (Ed. R.D. Munson) pp.819- nitrogen management and paddock history on barley
841. (Am. Soc. Agron: Madison, Wisc.) growth and yield. Proc. Agron. Soc. N.Z. 14: 23-30.
420 Howeler, R.H. and Cadavid, L.F. (1990) Short- and 442 Israel, D.W. (1993) Symbiotic dinitrogen fixation and
long-term fertility trials in Colombia to determine the host-plant growth during development of and recovery
nutrient requirements of cassava. Fert. Res. 26: 61-80. from phosphorus deficiency. Physiol. Plant. 88: 294-
421 Howeler, R.H., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1982) 300.
Micronutrient deficiencies and toxicities of cassava 443 Iversen, K.V., Pox, R.H. and Piekielek, W.P. (1985a) The
plants grown in nutrient solutions. 1. Critical tissue relationships of nitrate concentrations in young corn
concentrations. J. Plant Nutr. 5: 1059-1076. stalks to soil nitrogen availability and grain yields.
422 Howeler, R.H., Fior, C.A. and Gonzalez, C.A. (1978) Agron. J. 77: 927-932.
Diagnosis and correction of B deficiency in beans and 444 Iversen, K.V., Pox, R.H. and Piekielek, W.P. (1985b)
mungbeans in a Mollisol from the Cauca Valley of Diurnal, shade, and hybrid effects on nitrate content of
Colombia. Agron. J. 70: 493-497. young corn stalks. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 16:
423 Huang, L., Hu, D. and Bell, R.W. (1995) Diagnosis of 837-852.
zinc deficiency in canola by plant analysis. Commun. 445 Jacobsen, L. and Oertli,]'J. (1956) The relation between
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 3005-3022. iron and chlorophyll contents in chlorotic sunflower
leaves. Plant Physiol. 31: 199-204.
424 Huang, W.Z., Schoenau, J.J. and Elmy, K. (1992) Leaf
analysis as a guide to sulfur fertilization of legumes. 446 Janzen, H.H. and Chang, C. (1987) Cation nutrition of
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23: 1031-1042. barley as influenced by soil solution composition in a
saline soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67: 619-629.
425 Huang, W.Z., Schoenau, J.J., Sri Tejowulan, R. (1992)
Leaf analysis as a guide to sulfur and potassium 447 Jenner, c.P., Ugalde, T.D. and Aspinall, D. (1991) The
fertilization of legumes. Can. J. Soil Sci. 72: 315-316. physiology of starch and protein deposition in the
endosperm of wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18: 211-226.
426 Hue. N.V. and Cope, T.J. Jr. (1987) Use of soil-profile
sulfate data for predicting crop response to sulfur. Soil 448 Jessop, R.S., Roth, G. and Sale, P. (1990) Effects of
Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51: 658-664. increased levels of soil CaC03 on lupin (Lupinus
angustifolius) growth and nutrition. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28:
427 Hulugalle, N.R., Lal, R. and Opara-Nadi, O.A. (1987) 955-962.
Management of plant residue for cassava (Manihot
esculenta) production on an acid Ultisol in South-
449 Jintakanon, S., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1982) An
eastern Nigeria. Field Crops Res. 16: 1-18 anomalous, high external phosphorus requirement for
young cassava plants in solution culture. Proc. 5th Int.
428 Hundt, 1., Neubert, P., Vielemeyer, H.P., Ansorge, H., Symp. Trop. Root and Tuber Crops, Manila, 17-21 Sept.
Gorlitz, H., Hagemann, D. and Javert, R. (1972) 1979. pp. 507-518.
Relations between the nitrogen content of cereal plants
450 Joham, H.E. (1951) The nutritional status ofthe cotton
during vegetative growth and yield as a basis for plant as indicated by tissue tests. Plant Physiol. 26: 76-
establishing critical nitrogen concentrations. Arch.
89.
Acker, Pflanzenbau. Bodenkd. 16: 819-826.
451 Johnson, A.D. and Knowlton, R.W. (1970) The effect of
429 Hunter, M.N. (1983) Development of a method to manganese on tobacco leaf quality and on the
screen soybeans (Glycine max. L. Merr.) for sensitivity inorganic cation levels of tobacco leaves. Aust J. Exp.
to zinc deficiency. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Queensland, Agric. Anim. Husb. 10: 118-123.
Brisbane.
452 Jokinen, R. and Tahtinen, H. (1988) Sensitivity to
430 Hunter, M.N., Hibberd, D.E., McCosker, A.N. and Soley, copper deficiency and response to copper fertilization of
N.G. (1984) Use of foliar twalysis to detect P deficiency barley and oat varieties. Annales Agric. Fenniae 27: 45-53.
in sunflower. Proc. 5 Aust. Sunflower Assoc.
Workshop, Emerald. pp. 17-22. 453 Jones, C.A. (1983) A survey of the variability in tissue
nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in maize and
431 Ibrahim, M.E., Badr El-Din, M.M., Ahmed, S.S. and grain sorghum. Field Crops Res. 6: 133-147.
Orner, E.A. (1984) Yield and chromone content of
454 Jones, G.D., Lutz, J.A. and Smith, T.J. (1977) Effects of
Ammi visnaga in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus
phosphorus and potassium on soybean nodules and
supply. Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 147: 517-525.
seed yield. Agron. J. 69: 1003-1006.
432 Ibrikci, H. and Moraghan, J.T. (1993) Differential
455 Jones, J.B. (1967) Interpretation of plant analysiS for
responses of soybean and dry bean to zinc deficiency. J.
several agronomic crops. In 'Soil Testing and Plant
Plant Nutr. 16: 1791-1805.
Analysis: Part 2'. (Ed. G.W. Hardy). Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
433 Ikombo, B.M. (1990) Phosphorus nutrition of tropical Special Public. No.2. pp. 49-85. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc.:
crop legumes. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Queensland, Madison).
Brisbane. 456 Jones, ].B. (1974) Plant analysis handbook for Georgia.
434 Ikombo, B.M., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1991) Univ. Georgia Coli. Agric. Bull. 735.
The role of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) in 457 Jones, J.B. Jr., Wolf, B. and Mills, H.A. (1991) Plant
the phosphorus nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Analysis Handbook; A Practical Sampling, Preparation,
(L.) Walp.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42: 129-138. Analysis, and Interpretation Guide. (Micro-Macro Inc;
435 Ikombo, B.M., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.J. (1993) Athens, USA).
Effects of rate and time of phosphorus application on 458 Jones, ].P. and Benson, J.A. (1975) Phosphate sorption
seed yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cv. Vita 4. In isotherms for fertilizer P needs of sweet corn (Zea mays)
'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to Field grown on a high phosphorus fixing soil. Commun. Soil
Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 379-382. (Kluwer Sci. Plant Anal. 6: 465-477.
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
459 Jones, L.H.P. (1957) The relative content of manganese
436 Innes, R.F. (1959) The potash manuring of sugarcane. in plants. Plant Soil 8: 328-336.
Proc. lnt. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 10: 441-450.
460 Jones, U.S. (1989) Cotton. In 'Detecting Mineral
437 Isarangkura, R., Peaslee, D. and Lockard, R. (1978) Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate
Utilization and redistribution of Zn during vegetative Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plucknett and H.B. Sprague.) pp.375-
growth of corn. Agron. J. 70: 243-246. 386. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA)
438 Isfan, D., Zizka, J., D'Avignon, A. and Deschenes, M. 461 Jongruaysup, S., Bell, R.W. and Dell, B. (1994)
(1995) Relationships between nitrogen rate, plant Diagnosis and prognosiS of molybdenum deficiency in
nitrogen concentration, yield and residual soil nitrate- black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) by plant analysis.
nitrogen in silage corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45: 195-201.
26: 2531-2557. 462 Jongruaysup, S., Dell, B. and Bell, R.W. (1994)
439 Islam, A.K.M.S., Asher, c.]. and Edwards D.G. (1987) Distribution and redistribution of molybdenum in
Response of plants to calcium concentration in flowing black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) in relation to
solution culture with chloride or sulphate as the molybdenum supply. Ann. Bot. 73: 161-167.
counter-ion. Plant Soil 98: 377-395. 463 Jongruaysup, S., O'Hara, G.W., Dell, B. and Bell, R.W.
440 Islam, M.M. and Ponnamperuma, P.N. (1982) Soil and (1993) Effects of low molybdenum seed on nodule
plant tests for available sulfur in wetland rice soils. initiation, development and Nz fixation in black gram
Plant Soil 68: 97-113. (Vigna mungo L.). Plant Soil 155/156: 345-348.
263
464 Jordan, H.V. (1964) Sulfur as a plant nutrient in the 488 Khan, M.A. and Mulchi, e.L. (1994) Survey of
southern United States. U.S. Dept. Agrie. Tech. Bull. 1297. molybdenum fertility status in Maryland Coastal Plain
465 Juang, T.e. (1976) Trace element nutrition of sugar- soils for tobacco production. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
cane. Taiwan Sugar 23: 128-139. Anal. 25: 279-29l.
466 Kallinis, T.L. and Vretta-Kouskoleka, H. (1967) 489 Khan, N.A., MuIchi, e.L. and McKee, e.G. (1994)
Molybdenum deficiency symptoms in cotton. Soil Sci. Influence of soil pH and molybdenum fertilization on the
Soc. Am. Proc. 31: 507-509. productivity of Maryland tobacco. 1. Field investigations.
467 Kalyanaraman, S.B. and Sivagurunathan, P. (1993)
Effect of cadmium, copper, and zinc on the growth of 490 Khare, A.K, Rawat, A.K and Thompson, J.P. (1993)
blackgram. J. Plant Nutr. 16: 2029-2042. Effects of levels of VAM and P fertilizer on the response
of linseed to zinc fertilizer in an Indian vertisol. In
468 Kalyanaraman, S.B. and Sivagurunathan, P. (1994) 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to Field
Effect of zinc on some important macro- and micro- Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 327-330 (Kluwer
elements in blackgram leaves. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
Anal. 25: 2247-2259.
491 Khurana, N., Chatterjee, e. and Agarwala, S.e. (1991)
469 Kang, B.T. (1978) Effects of liming and nitrogen Effect of manganese deficiency on yield of lentil (Lens
application on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) culinaris). Ind. f. Agric. Sci. 61: 395-399.
grown on an Ultisol. Proe. 8th Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. 492 King, P.M. and Alston, A.M. (1975) Diagnosis of trace
and Fert. Probl., Auckland, N.Z. pp. 231-237. element deficiencies in wheat on Eyre Peninsula, South
470 Kang, B.T. (1984) Potassium and magnesium responses Australia. In 'Trace Elements in Soil-Plant-Animal
of cassava grown in Ultisol in southern Nigeria. Field Systems' (Eds D.J.D. Nicholas and A.R. Egan.) pp. 339-
Crops Res. 5: 403-410. 352. (Academic Press: New York.)
471 Kang, B.T. and Fox, R.L. (1980) A methodology for 493 Kirk, G. and Loneragan, J.F. (1986) Boron deficiency in
evaluating the manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna soybean and peanut. In 'Food Legume Improvement
unguiculata) and some preliminary results of field trials. for Asian Farming Systems' (Eds. E.S. Wallis and D.E.
Field Crops Res. 3: 199-210. Byth). ACIARProe. No. 18, 261-262. (ACIAR: Canberra)
472 Kang, B.T. and Osiname, O.A. (1979) Phosphorus 494 Kirk, G.]. and Loneragan, J.F. (1988) Functional boron
response of maize grown on Alfisols of southern requirement for leaf expansion and its use as a critical
Nigeria. Agron. f. 71: 873-877. value for diagnosis of boron deficiency in soybean.
473 Karamanos, R.E., Hodge, N. and Stewart, J.W.B. (1989) Agron. f. 80: 758-762.
The effect of sulphur on manganese and copper 495 Kline, J.S., Sims, ].T. and Schilke-Gartley, KL. (1989)
nutrition of canola. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69: 119-124. Response of irrigated corn to sulfur fertilization in the
474 Karamanos, R.E., Kruger, G.A. and Henry, J.L. (1984) Atlantic Coastal Plain. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 1101-1108.
Evaluation of plant tissue criteria for predicting 496 Kluge, R. (1990) Symptom-related toxic threshold
manganese deficiency in oats. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64: 863- values of plants for the evaluation of excess of boron (B)
868. in selected crops. Agribiol. Res. 43: 234-243.
475 Karamanos, R.E., Kruger, G.A. and Stewart, J.W.B. 497 Kluge, R. and Podlesak, W. (1985) Plant critical levels
(1986) Copper deficiency in cereal and oilseed crops in for the evaluation of boron toxicity in spring barley
northern Canadian prairie soils. Agron. f. 78: 317-323. (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plant Soil 83: 381-388.
476 Kashirad, A., Bassiri, A. and Kheradnam, M. (1978) 498 Knowles, T.e., Doerge, T.A. and Clark, L.J. (1990)
Responses of cowpea to applications of P and Fe in DiagnOSing phosphorus deficiency in irrigated durum
calcareous soils. Agron. J. 70: 67-70 wheat using basal stem phosphate tissue analysis.
477 Katyal, J.e. and Sharma, B.D. (1984) Association of soil
properties and soil and plant iron to iron deficiency 499 Knowles, T.e., Doerge, T.A. and Ottman, M.J. (1991)
response in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Improved nitrogen management in irrigated durum
Anal. 15: 1065-1081.
wheat using stem nitrate analysis: II. Interpretation of
nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. Agron. J. 83: 353-356.
478 Kausar, M.A., Chaudhry, F.M., Rashid, A., Latif, A. and
500 Koide, R.T. and Li, M. (1989) Appropriate controls for
Alam, S.M. (1976) Micronutrient availability to cereals vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza research. New Phytol.
from calcareous soils. 1. Comparative Zn and Cu 111: 35-44.
deficiency and their mutual interaction in rice and
wheat. Plant Soil 45: 397-410. 501 Kothari, S.K., Singh, V. and Singh, K (1987) Effect of rates
and methods of phosphorus application on herb and oil
479 Kayode, G.O. (1985a) Responses of yield, components yields and nutrient concentrations in Japanese mint
of yield and nutrient content of maize to soil-applied (Mentha arvensis L.). f. Agric. Sci., Camb. 108: 691-693.
zinc in tropical rainforest and savannah regions. J.
Agric. Sci., Camb. 105: 135-139.
502 Kriedemann, P.E. and Anderson, J.E. (1988) Growth
and photosynthesis response to manganese and copper
480 Kayode, G.O. (1985b) Response of maize to deficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley
magneSium in tropical rainforest and savannah region. grass (Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum). Aust. f. Plant
J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 104: 643-646. Physiol. 15: 429-446.
481 Kayode, G.O. (1987) Potassium requirement of 503 Kriedemann, P.E., Graham, R.D. and Wiskich, J.T.
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in the lowland tropiCS. J. (1985) Photosynthetic dysfunction and in vivo changes
Agric. Sci., Camb. 108: 643-647. in chlorophyll a fluorescence from manganese-
482 Keating, B.A. (1984) CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops deficient wheat leaves. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36: 157-169.
and Pastures, St LUCia, Australia. (pers. comm.). 504 Krumm, M., Moazami, V. and Martin, P. (1990)
483 Keisling T.e., Mascagni, N.J. Jr., Maples R.L. and Influence of potassium nutrition on concentrations of
Thompson, Ke. (1995) Using cotton petiole nitrate- water soluble carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, and
nitrogen concentration for prediction of cotton nitrogen magnesium and the osmotic potential in sap extracted
nutritional status on a clayey soil. f. Plant Nutr. 18: 35-45. from wheat (Triticum aestivum) ears during preanthesis
development. Plant Soil 124: 281-285.
484 Keisling, T.e., Lauer, D.A., Walker, M.E. and Henning,
R.]. (1977) Visual, tissue and soil factors associated 505 Kulkarni, V.N., Gowda, M.V.e. and Habib, A.F. (1995)
with Zn toxicity in peanuts. Agron. f. 69: 765-768. Evaluation of early generations for iron chlorosis in
485 Keisling, T.e., Thompson, L.F. and Slabaugh, W.R. relation to productivity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea
(1984) Visual symptoms and tissue manganese L.). Plant Soil 175: 219-223.
concentrations associated with manganese toxicity in 506 Kumar, V., Yadav, D.V. and Yadav, D.S. (1990) Effects
wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 537-540. of nitrogen sources and copper levels on yield, nitrogen
486 Keltjens, W.G. and van Loenen, E. (1990) Similarities and copper contents of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
and differences between aluminium toxicity and Plant Soil 126: 79-83.
phosphorus deficiency in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 507 Kuo, S. and Mikkelsen, D.S. (1981) Effect of P and Mn
plants. In 'Plant Nutrition - Physiology and on growth response and uptake of Fe, Mn and P by
Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 403-407 sorghum. Plant Soil 62: 15-22.
(Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). 508 Kwapata, M.B. and Hall, A.E. (1985) Effects of moisture
487 Kennedy, e.w. and Jones, J.E. (1991) Evaluating regime and phosphorus on mycorrhizal infection,
quantitative screening methods for manganese toxicity nutrient uptake, and growth of cowpeas (Vigna
in cotton genotypes. J. Plant Nutr. 14: 1331-1339. unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Field Crops Res. 12: 241-250.
264
509 Lacy, J. (1995) 1995 Ricecheck Recommendations. NSW 531 Liang, ]., Karamanos, R.E. and Stewart, J.W.B. (1991)
Agriculture and the RIRIDC Rice Res. & Dev. Committee. Plant availability of Zn fractions in Saskatchewan soils.
510 Lambert, D.H. and Weidensaul. T.C. (1991) Element Can. J. Soil Sci. 71: 507-517.
uptake by mycorrhizal soybean from sewage-sludge- 532 Lidon, F.C. and Henriques, F.S. (1992) Copper toxicity
treated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55: 393-398. in rice: Diagnostic criteria and effect on tissue Mn and
511 Large, E.e. (1954) Growth stages in cereals. Plant Fe. Soil Sci. 154: 130-135.
Pathol. 3: 128. 533 Lidon, F.e., Ramalho, J.e. and Hendriques, F.S. (1993)
512 Lauer, M.]. and Blevins, D.J. (1989) Dry matter Copper inhibition of rice photosynthesis. J. Plant
accumulation and phosphate distribution in soybean Physiol. 142: 12-17.
grown on varying levels of phosphate nutrition. J. Plant 534 Lipsett, J. (1964) The phosphorus content and yield of
Nutr. 12: 1045-1060. grain of different wheat varieties in relation to
513 Lauter, D.J. and Munns, D.N. (1986) Salt resistance of phosphorus defiCiency. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 15: 1-8.
chickpea genotypes in solutions salinized with NaCI or 535 Littlemore, J. and Von NordheIm, J. (1991) Boron,
NaZS04. Plant Soil 95: 271-279. copper, and zinc requirement of flue-cured tobacco
514 Lauter, D.J. and Munns, D.N. (1987) Salt sensitivity of grown on a granitic sand. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
chickpea during vegetative growth and at different 22: 331-342.
humidities. Aust. J. Plant Phys. 14: 171-180. 536 Lockman, R.B. (1969) Relationships between corn
515 Lauter, D.]., Meiri, A. and Yermiyahu, U. (1989) yields and nutrient concentration in seedling whole-
Tolerance of peanut to excess boron. Plant Soil 114: 35-38. plant samples. Agron. Abstracts p. 97. (Am. Soc. Agron:
Madison, Wisc.)
516 Lauter, D.J., Munns, D.N. and Clarkin, KL. (1981) Salt
response of chickpea as influenced by N supply. Agron. 537 Lockman, R.B. (1970) Mineral composition of tobacco
J. 73: 961-966. leaf samples. I. As affected by soil fertility, variety and
leaf position. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1: 95-108.
517 Le Bot, J., Goss, M.l, Carvalho, M.].G.P.R., van
Beusichem, M.L. and Kirkby, E.A. (1990) The 538 Lockman, R.B. (1972) Mineral composition of grain
significance of the magnesium to manganese ratio in sorghum plant samples. III. Suggested nutrient
plant tissues for growth and alleviation of manganese sufficiency limits at various stages of growth. Commun.
toxicity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and wheat Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 3: 295-303.
(Triticum aestivum) plants. In ' Plant Nutrition - 539 Lombin, G. and Mustafa, S. (1981) Potassium response
Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van of cotton on some Inceptisols and Oxisols of northern
Beusichem)~ pp. 223-228 (Kluwer Academic Nigeria. Agron. J. 73: 724-729.
Publishers: Dordrecht). 540 Loneragan, J.F. and colleagues (1984) Murdoch Univ.,
518 Le Bot, J., Goss, M.J., Carvalho, M.J.G.P.R., van Perth, Western Australia. (pers. comm.).
Beusichem, M.L. and Kirkby, E.A. (1990) The 541 Loneragan, J.F. and Macey, M. (1984) Murdoch Univ.,
significance of the magnesium to manganese ratio in Perth, Western Australia. (pers. comm.).
plant tissues for growth and alleviation of manganese 542 Loneragan, J.F., Carroll, M.D. and Snowball, K (1966)
tOXicity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and wheat Phosphorus toxicity in cereal crops. J. Aust. lnst. Agric.
(Triticum aestivum) plants. Plant Soil 124: 205-210. Sci. 32: 221-222.
519 Lee, M.T., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, e.J. (1981) Nitrogen 543 Loneragan, J.F., Snowball, K. and Robson, A.D. (1980)
nutrition of ginger (Zingiber officinale). II. Establishment Copper supply in relation to content and redistribution
of a leaf analysis test. Field Crops Res. 4: 69-81. of copper among organs of the wheat plant. Ann. Bot.
520 Leece, D.R. (1978) Distribution of physiologically 45: 621-632.
inactive zinc in maize growing on a black earth soil. 544 Longnecker, N.E. and Graham, R.D. (1990) The
Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29: 749-758. diagnosis of manganese deficiency in barley (Hordeum
521 Leidi, E.O., Gomez, M. and de la Guardia, M.D. (1987) vulgare). In 'Plant Nutrition - Physiology and
Soybean genetic differences in response to Fe and Mn: Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 797-803
activity of metalloenzymes. Plant Soil 99: 139-146. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
522 Leidi, E.O., Gomez, T.P. and de la Guardia, M.D. (1986) 545 Longnecker, N.E., Marcar, N.E. and Graham, R.D.
Evaluation of catalase and peroxidase activity as (1991) Increased manganese content of barley seeds
indicators of Fe and Mn nutrition for soybean. J. Plant can increase grain yield in manganese-deficient
Nutr. 9: 1239-1249. conditions. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42: 1065-1074.
523 Leidi, E.O., Nogales, R. and Lips, S.H. (1991) Effect of 546 Loue, A (1987a) Maize. In 'Plant Analysis as a Guide to
salinity on cotton plants grown under nitrate or the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and Tropical
ammonium nutrition at different calcium levels. Field Crops.' (Eds P. Martin-Prevel, J. Gagnard and P. Gautier)
Crops Res. 26: 35-44. pp. 531-561 (Lavoisier Publishing Inc. NY).
524 Leigh, R.A. and Johnston, A.E. (1983a) The effects of 547 Loue, A (1987b) Wheat and barley. In 'Plant Analysis as
fertilizers and drought on the concentrations of a Guide to the Nutrient ReqUirements of Temperate
potassium in the dry matter and tissue water of field- and Tropical Crops'. (Eds P. Martin-Prevel, J. Gagnard,
grown spring barley. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 101: 741-748. P. Gautier) pp. 572-593 (Lavoisier Publ. Inc. N.Y.).
525 Leigh, R.A. and Johnston, A.E. (1983b) Concentrations 548 Lovett, W.J. (1959) Studies on the metabolism of
of potassium in the dry matter and tissue water of field- detached tobacco leaves. I. The influence of potassium
grown spring barley and their relationships to grain nutrition on the growth of tobacco and the quality of
yield. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 101: 675-685. cured leaf. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 10: 27-40.
526 Leigh, R.A. and Johnston, A.E. (1985) Nitrogen 549 Lovett, W.J. and Johnson, A.D. (1968) Manganese
concentrations in field-grown spring barley: an uptake by tobacco and bean plants grown on soils of
examination of the usefulness of expressing the Mareeba-Dimbulah irrigation area, North
concentrations on the basis of tissue water. J. Agric. Sci., Queensland. Aust J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 8: 466-469.
Camb. 105: 397-406. 550 Lutrick, M.C., Peacock, H.A. and Cornell, J.A. (1986)
527 Leigh, R.A. and Johnston, A.E. (1986) An investigation Nitrate monitoring for cotton lint production on a
of the usefulness of phosphorus concentrations in tissue Typic Paleudult. Agron. J. 78: 1041-1046.
water as indicators of the phosphorus status of field- 551 Lynch, J. and Lauchli, A. (1985) Salt stress disturbs the
grown spring barley. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 107: 329-333. calcium nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). New
528 Leita, L., De Nobili, M., Mondini, e. and Baca Garcia, Phytol. 99: 345-354.
M.T. (1993) Response of Leguminosae to cadmium 552 Lyons, D.J., Williams, R.L. and McCallum, L.E. (1991)
exposure. J. Plant Nutr. 16: 2001-2012. Sap analysis for the prediction of stem yield and the
529 Lewis, D.C. and Hawthorne, W.A. (1996) Critical plant need for extra nitrogen fertiliser for kenaf. Commun.
and seed concentrations of phosphorus and zinc for Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 22: 659-666.
predicting response of faba beans (Vicia (aba). Aust. J. 553 Lyszcz, S. (1982) The effect of copper on the activity of
Exp. Agric. 36: 479-484. copper-protein oxidoreductases in plants. Pamietnik-
530 Lewis, D.e. and McFarlane, J.D. (1986) Effect of foliar Pulawski 78: 77-96.
applied manganese on the growth of safflower 554 Ma, S.P., Laza, R.e., GarCia, F.V. and Cassman, KG.
(Carthamus tinctorius L.) and the diagnosis of (1995) Chlorophyll meter estimates leaf area-based
manganese deficiency by plant tissue and seed analysis. nitrogen concentration of rice. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Aust. J. Agric. Res. 37: 567-572. Anal. 26: 927-935.
265
555 MacKay, D.C. and Leefe, ].S. (1962) Optimum leaf 578 Marcar, N.E. and Graham, R.D. (1987a) Genotypic
levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sweet variation for manganese efficiency in wheat. J. Plant
corn and snap beans. Can. J. Plant Sci. 42: 238-246. Nutr. 10: 2049-2055.
556 MacKenzie, A.J., Spencer, W.F., Stockinger, K.R. and 579 Marcar, N.E. and Graham, R.D. (1987b) Tolerance of
Krantz, B.A. (1963) Seasonal nitrate-nitrogen content wheat, barley, triticale and rye to manganese deficiency
of cotton petioles as affected by nitrogen application during seedling growth. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 38: 501-511.
and its relationship to yield. Agron. J. 55: 55-59. 580 Marschner, H. and Cakmak, I. (1986) Mechanism of
557 MacLeod, W.J., Robson, A.D. and Abbott, L.K (1986) phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency in cotton. II.
Effects of phosphate supply and inoculation with a Evidence for impaired shoot control of phosphorus
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the death uptake and translocation under zinc deficiency. Physiol.
of the root cortex of wheat, rape and subterranean Plant. 68: 491-496.
clover. New Phytol. 103: 349-357. 581 Marsh, D.B. and Waters, L., Jr. (1985) Critical
558 Macnicol, R.D. and Beckett, P.H.T. (1985) Critical deficiency and toxicity levels of tissue zinc in relation
tissue concentrations of potentially toxic elements. to cowpea growth and N2 fixation. J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci.
Plant Soil 85: 107-129. 110: 365-370.
559 Maddox, J.J. and Soileau, J.M. (1991) Effects of 582 Martens, J.W., McKenzie, R.I.H. and Bendelow, V.M.
phosphate fertilization, lime amendments and (1977) Manganese levels in oats in Western Canada.
inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi on soybeans in Can. J. Plant Sci. 57: 383-387.
an acid soil. Plant Soil 134: 83-93. 583 Martin, R.J., Sutton, K.H., Moyle, T.N., Hay, R.L. and
560 Magat, S.S. and Goh, KM. (1988) Effects of chloride Gillespie, R.N. (1992) Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on the
fertilizers on yield and uptake of chloride, potassium yield and quality of six cultivars of autumn-sown
and sodium by fodder beet (Beta vulgaris 1.) in two New wheat. N.z. J. Crop Hart. Sci. 20: 273-282.
Zealand soils. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 111: 207-216. 584 Marziah, M. and Lam, C.H. (1987) Polyphenoloxidase
561 Mahler, R.J. (1989) Sulfur effects on cotton cultivars from soybeans (Glycine max v. Palmetto) and its
grown in a greenhouse. J. Plant Nutr. 12: 187-206. response to copper and other micronutrients. J. Plant
562 Mahler, R.J. and Maples, R.L. (1986) Response of wheat Nutr. 10: 2089-2094.
to sulfur fertilization. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 585 Mascagni, H.]. Jr. and Baker, W.H. (1992) Evaluation of
975-988. manganese inorganic fertilizer sources and Mehlich-3
563 Mahler, R.]. and Maples, R.L. (1987a) Sulfur extractant for prediction of manganese deficiency in
fertilization of wheat grown in Arkansas. Arkansas soybeans on a Sharkey silty clay. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Agric. Expt. Stn., Fayetteville, Arkansas 23 pp. Anal. 23: 527-539.
564 Mahler, R.]. and Maples, R.L. (1987b) Effect of sulfur 586 Mascagni, H.J. Jr. and Cox, F.R. (1984) Diagnosis and
additions on soil and the nutrition of wheat. Commun. correction of manganese deficiency in corn. Commun.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 653-673. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 1323-1333.
565 Mahler, R.L., Li, G.c. and Wattenbarger, D.W. (1992) 587 Mascagni, H.J. Jr. and Cox, F.R. (1985a) Effective rates
Manganese relationships in spring wheat and spring of fertilization for correcting manganese deficiency in
barley production in northern Idaho. Commun. Soil Sci. soybeans. Agron. J. 77: 363-366.
Plant Anal. 23: 1671-1692. 588 Mascagni, H.J. Jr. and Cox, F.R. (1985b) Critical levels
566 Mahmood, M., Bell, R.W., Plaskett, D. and Loneragan, of manganese in soybean leaves at various growth
J.F. (1986) Ascorbate oxidase activity in peanut: stages. Agron. J. 77: 373-375.
relation to copper and growth. In 'Food Legume 589 Mascagni, H.J. Jr. and Cox, F.R. (1985c) Evaluation of
Improvement for Asian Farming Systems' (Eds. E.S. inorganic and organic manganese fertilizer sources. Soil
Wallis and D.E. Byth). ACIAR Proc. No. 18, 263-264. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 458-461.
(ACIAR: Canberra). 590 Mascagni, H.J. Jr. and Cox. F.R. (1985d) Calibration of
567 Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Rashid, A. and Akhtar, M.S. a manganese availability index for soybean soil test
(1993) Phosphorus requirement of com and sunflower data. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 382-386.
grown on calcareous soils of Pakistan. Commun. Soil Sci. 591 Mason, M.G. (1973-1980) Western Australian
Plant Anal. 24: 1529-1541. Department of Agriculture, Perth, Australia. (pers.
568 Mailer, R.J. (1989) Effects of applied sulfur on comm.).
glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seeds of rape 592 Mason, M.G. (1995) Clitical tissue nitrogen concen-
(Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. trations for diagnOSiS of nitrogen deficiency in wheat.
silvestris (Lam.) Briggs). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40: 617-624. Western Australian Dept. Agric. Technote No 9/95.
569 Makarim, A.K. and Cox, F.R. (1983) Evaluation of the 593 Mason, S.c. and Leihner, D.E. (1988) Yield and land-
need for copper with several soil extractants. Agron. J. use efficiency of a cassava/cowpea intercropping
75: 493-496. system grown at different phosphorus rates. Field crops
570 Malavolta, E. and Gomes, F.P. (1961) Foliar diagnosis Res. 18: 215-226.
in Brazil. In 'Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems'. (Ed. 594 Mathers, A.C. and Stewart, B.A. (1982) Sunflower
W. Reuther.) pp. 180-189. (Am. lnst. BioI. Sci.: nutrient uptake, growth, and yield as affected by
Washington, D.C.) nitrogen or manure, and plant population. Agron. J. 74:
571 Malavolta, E., Vitti, G.c., Rosolem, C.A., Fageria, N.K. 911-915.
and Guimaraes, P.T.G. (1987) Sulphur responses of 595 Maynard, D.G., Stewart, J.W.B. and Bettany, J.R. (1983)
Brazilian crops. J. Plant Nutr. 10: 2153-2158. Use of plant analysis to predict sulfur deficiency in
572 Malhi, 5.S., Nyborg, M., Jahn, H.G. and Penney, D.C. rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. campestris). Can. J. Soil
(1988) Yield and nitrogen uptake of rapeseed (Brassica Sci. 63: 387-396.
campestris L.) with ammonium nitrate. Plant Soil 105: 596 McAndrew, D.W., Loewen-Rudgers, L.A. and Racz, G.J.
231-239. (1984) A growth chamber study of copper nutrition of
573 Mallarino, A.P. (1995) Evaluation of excess soil cereal and oilseed crops in organiC soil. Can. J. Plant Sci.
phosphorus supply for corn by the ear-leaf test. Agron. 64: 505-510.
J. 87: 687-691. 597 McCants, C.B. and Woltz, W.G. (1967) Growth and
574 Manchanda, H.R. and Sharma, S.K (1989) Tolerance of mineral nutrition of tobacco. Adv. Agron. 19: 211-265.
chloride and sulphate salinity in chickpea (Cicer 598 McClenahan, E.]. and Killom, R. (1988) Relationship
arietinum). J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 113: 407-410. between basal com stem nitrate N content at V6
575 Manchanda, H.R. and Sharma, S.K (1991) Boron growth stage and grain yield. J. Prod. Agric. 1: 322-326.
tolerance in wheat in relation to soil salinity. J. Agric. 599 McConnell, J.S., Baker, W.H., Miller, D.M., Frizzell, B.S.
Sci., Camb. 116: 17-21. and Varvil, J.J. (1993) Nitrogen fertilization of cotton
576 Maples, R. and Keogh, J.L. (1973) Phosphorus cultivars of differing maturity. Agron. J. 85: 1151-1156.
fertilization experiments with cotton on Delta soils of 600 McEvoy, E.T. (1955) Interaction of sodium and
Arkansas. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 781. potassium on growth and mineral content of flue-cured
577 Marcar, N.E. and Graham, R.D. (1986) Effect of seed tobacco. Can. J. Plant Sci. 35: 294-299.
manganese content on the growth of wheat (Triticum 601 McLachlan, K.D. (1982) Leaf acid phosphatase activity
aestivum) under manganese deficiency. Plant Soil 96: and the phosphorus status of field-grown wheat. Aust.
165-173. J. Agric. Res. 33: 453-464.
266
602 McLachlan, KD., Elliott, D.E., De Marco, D.G. and 625 Moraghan, J.T. (1987) Nitrogen fertilizer effects on
Garran, J.H. (1987) Leaf acid phosphatase isozymes in uptake and partitioning of chloride in sugarbeet plants.
the diagnosis of phosphorus status in field-grown Agron. J. 79: 1054-1057.
wheat. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 38: 1-13. 626 Moraghan, J.T. (1993) Phosphorus nutrition of white
603 McLay, L.D. (1989) Molybdenum deficiency diagnosis lupine grown on a calciaquoll. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
in green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) by plant Anal. 24(9&10): 1077-1086.
analysis. B Sc Hons Thesis, Murdoch Univ., Perth. 627 Moraghan, ].T., Freeman, T.P. and Whited, D. (1986)
604 Melsted, S.W., Motto, H.L. and Peck, T.R. (1969) Influence of FeEDDHA and soil temperature on the
Critical plant nutrient composition values useful in growth of two soybean varieties. Plant Soil 95: 57-67.
interpreting plant analysis data. Agron. f. 61: 17-20. 628 Moraghan, J.T., Rego, T.J. and Buresh, R.J. (1984)
605 Memon, KS., Rashid, A. and Puno, H.K (1992) Labelled nitrogen fertilizer research with urea in the
Phosphorus deficiency diagnosis and P soil test semi-arid tropics. 3. Field studies on alfisol. Plant Soil
calibration in Pakistan. Proc. Tropical Soils Phosphorus. 82: 193-203.
Decision Support System Workshop, 11-12 March, 629 Moraghan, ].T., Rego, T.J., Buresh, R.J., Vlek, P.L.G.,
Texas A& M University, Texas pp. 117-139. Burford, J.R., Singh, S. and Sahrawat, KL. (1984)
606 Menon, R.G., Chien, S.H. and Gadalla, A. el N. (1991) Labelled nitrogen fertilizer research with urea in the
Phosphate rocks compacted with superphosphate vs. semi-arid tropics. II. Field studies on a Vertisol. Plant
partially aCidulated rocks for bean and rice. Soil Sci. Soc. Soil 80: 21-33.
Am. J. 55: 1480-1484. 630 Morris, D.R. , Loeppert, R.H. and Moore, T.J. (1990)
607 Metochis, C.H.R. and Orphanos, P.I. (1988) Irrigation Indigenous soil factors influencing iron chlorosis of
and nitrogen requirements of sugar beet in a soybean in calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54: 1329-
Mediterranean environment. f. Agric. Sci., Camb. 110: 1336.
387-390. 631 Moss, R., Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, C.W. (1982) A
608 Meyer, J.H., Wood, R.A. and Du Preez, P. (1971) A simple test to detect sulfur deficiency in wheat. Aust. J.
nutrient survey of sugarcane in the South African Agric. Res. 33: 443-452.
industry with special reference to trace elements. Proe. 632 Muchow, R.C. (1988) Effect of nitrogen supply on the
S. Afr. Sugar Technol. Assoc. pp. 1-8. comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a
609 Mikkelsen, D.S. and Hunziker, R.R. (1971) A plant semi-arid tropical environment. I. Leaf growth and leaf
analysis survey of California rice. Agrichem. Age 14: 18-22. nitrogen. Field Crops Res. 18: 1-16.
610 Mikkelsen, R.L. (1995) Using hydrophilic polymers to 633 Muehlbauer, F.J. and Summerfield, R.J. (1989) Dry
improve uptake of manganese fertilizers by soybeans. Peas. In 'Detecting Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in
Fert. Res. 41: 87-92. Tropical and Temperate Crops.' (Eds D.L. Plucknett and
611 Miley, W.N., Hardy, G.W., Sturgis, M.B. and Sedberry, H.B. Sprague.) pp. 117-127. Westview Press: Boulder,
].E. (1969) Influence of boron, nitrogen and potassium USA.
on yield, nutrient uptake, and abnormalities of cotton. 634 Mugwira, L.M., Floyd, M. and Patel, S.U. (1981)
Agron. J. 61: 9-13. Tolerances of triticale lines to manganese in soil and
612 Moller Nielsen, ]., Mural, N.S., Bauphan, C., nutrient solution. Agron.J. 73: 319-322.
Poovarodom, S., Lawongsa, P. and Alva, A.K (1986) 635 Muhammed, S., Akbar, M. and Neue, H.U. (1987) Effect
Fertilization of tropical rice: a case study on Bangkok of Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in saline culture solution on
plain. Fert. Res. 10: 97-112. the growth and mineral nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa
613 Miller, J.E., Hassett, J.J. and Koeppe, D.E. (1976) Uptake L.). Plant Soil 104: 57-62.
of cadmium by soybeans as influenced by soil cation 636 Mullins, G.L. and Mitchell, c.c. (1989) Wheat varietal
exchange capacity, pH, and available phosphorus. J. response to sulfur. J. Plant Nutr. 12: 909-922.
Environ. Qual. 5: 157-160. 637 Munns, R., Gardner, A., Tonnet, M.L. and Rawson,
614 Miller, R.J., Pesek, J.T. and Hanway, J.J. (1961) H.M. (1988) Growth and development in NaCI-treated
Relationships between soybean yield and plants. II. Do Na+ or cr concentrations in dividing or
concentrations of phosphorus and potaSSium in plant expanding tissues determine growth in barley? Aust. J.
parts. Agron. J. 53: 393-396. Plant Physiol. 15: 529-540.
615 Millon, J.B., Sartain, J.B., Forbes, R.B. and Usherwood, 638 Murphy, B.C. and Lancaster, J.D. (1971) Response of
N.R. (1989) Effects of residual and applied K on cotton to boron. Agron. f. 63: 539-540.
soybean nodulation, root growth, pod formation and K 639 Murtadha, H.M., Maranville, J.W. and Clark, R.B. (1988)
and N composition. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 20: Calcium deficiency in sorghum grown in controlled
1069-1084. environments in relation to nitrate/ammonium ratio
616 Ming, C. and Chungren, Y. (1992) Effect of manganese and nitrogen source. Agron. J. 80: 125-130.
and zinc fertilizer on nutrient balance and deficiency 640 Myers, R.J.K, Foale, M.A., Smith, F.W. and Ratcliff, D.
diagnosis of winter wheat crops in pot experiment. (1987) Tissue concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus
Proc. Int. Symp. on the role of sulphur, magnesium and in grain sorghum. Field Crops Res. 17: 289-303.
micronutrients in balanced plant nutrition; China (Ed. 641 Nable, R.O. (1988) Resistance to boron toxicity
S. Porch.) pp. 369-378. (The Potash Institute and amongst several barley and wheat cultivars: a
Phosphate Institute of Canada). preliminary examination of the resistance mechanism.
617 Misra, A. and Sharma, S. (1991) Critical Zn concen- Plant Soil 112: 45-52.
tration for essential oil yield and menthol 642 Nable, R.O. (1991) Distribution of boron within barley
concentration ofJapanese mint. Fert. Res. 29: 261-265. genotypes with differing susceptibilities to boron
618 Mohammed, M.S. and Clegg, M.D. (1993) Pearl millet- toxicity. J. Plant Nutr. 14: 453-461.
soybean rotation and nitrogen fertilizer effects on 643 Nable, R.O. and Moody, D.B. (1992) Effects of rainfall
millet productivity. Agron. J. 85: 1009-1013. on the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing boron
619 Mohr, R.M., Flaten, D.N., Bernier, c.c. and Racz, G.J. toxicity in field-grown wheat. Plant Soil 140: 311-314.
(1995) Effect of cultivar on response of wheat and barley 644 Nable, R.O. and Paull, J.G. (1990) Effect of excess grain
to chloride fertilization. Can. J. Soil Sci. 75: 25-34. boron concentrations on early seedling development
620 Moody, P. and Dickson, T. (1984) Queensland and growth of several wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Department of Primary Industry, Australia. (pers. comm.). genotypes with different susceptibilities to boron
621 Moore, P.A., and Patrick, W.H. (1989) Iron availability toxicity. In ' Plant Nutrition - Physiology and
and uptake by rice in acid sulfate soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 291-295
J. 53: 471-476. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
622 Moraghan, J.T. (1978) Chlorotic dieback in flax. Agron. 645 Nable, R.O., Lance, R.C.M. and Cartwright, B. (1990)
J. 70: 501-505. Uptake of boron and silicon by barley genotypes with
623 Moraghan, J.T. (1984) Differential responses of five differing susceptibilities to boron toxicity. Ann. Bot. 66:
species to phosphorus and zinc fertilizers. Commun. Soil 83-90.
Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 437-447. 646 Nable, R.O., Paull, J.G. and Cartwright, B. (1990)
624 Moraghan, J.T. (1985) Manganese nutrition of flax as Problems aSSOciated with the use of foliar analysis for
affected by FeEDDHA and soil air drying. Soil Sci. Soc. diagnosing boron toxicity in barley. Plant Soil 128: 225-
Am. J. 49: 668-671. 232.
267
Plant Analysis; An Interpretation Manual
647 Nagarajah, S. and Ulrich, A. (1966) Iron nutrition of the 667 Norvell, W.A. and Welch, R.M. (1993) Growth and
sugar beet plant in relation to growth, mineral balance nutrient uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta):
and riboflavin formation. Soil Sci. 102: 399-407. Studies using an N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenedinitrilo-
648 Naik, G.R., Harinath Babu, K. and Lingappa, G. (1990) triacetic acid-buffered nutrient solution technique.
Studies on in vitro selection of Fe-efficient lines in Plant Physiol. 101: 619-625.
sugarcane. Plant Soil 129: 183-186. 668 Nowlan, N.J. (1980) Phosphorus nutrition of black
649 Nambiar, E.K.S. (1976) Genetic differences in the gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). BSc Hons TheSiS,
copper nutrition of cereals. II. Genotypic differences in Griffith Univ., Brisbane.
response to copper in relation to copper, nitrogen and 669 Nualsri, L. (1977) Copper nutrition of peanuts. PhD
other mineral contents of plants. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 27: Thesis, Univ. of Western Australia, Perth.
465-477. 670 Nuttall, W.F. and Ukrainetz, H. (1991) The effect of
650 Nambiar, P.T.C., Rego, T.J. and Srinivasa Rao, B. (1986) time of S application on yield and sulphur uptake of
Comparison of the requirements and utilization of canola. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 22: 269-281.
nitrogen by genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) 671 O'Leary, M.J. and Rehm, G.W. (1991) Evaluation of
Moench), and nodulating and non-nodulating some soil and plant analYSis procedures as predictors of
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Res. 15: the need for sulfur for corn production. Commun. Soil
165-179. Sci. Plant Anal. 22: 87-98.
651 Narwal, R.P., Kumar, V. and Singh, J.P. (1985) 672 O'Neill, E., Batey, T. and Cresser, M.S. (1983a)
Potassium and magnesium relationship in cowpea Assessment of nitrogen status of soils for cereal crops:
(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Plant Soil 86: 129-134. Effects of nitrogen fertiliser on growth, composition
652 Nasr, G., Katkhuda, N. and Tannir, L. (1978) Effects and yield of spring barley. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34: 541-548.
of N fertilization and population rate-spacing on 673 O'Neill, E., Batey, T. and Cresser, M.S. (1983b)
safflower yield and other characteristics. Agron. J. 70: Assessment of nitrogen status of soils for cereal crops:
683-685. Use of plant and soil analysis to diagnose nitrogen
653 Nayyar, V.K., Sadana, U.S. and Takkar, T.N. (1985) status of spring barley. J. Sci. Food Agric.34: 549-558.
Methods and rates of application of Mn and its critical 674 O'Sullivan, M. and Flynn, M.J. (1974) A simple method
levels for wheat following rice on coarse textured soils. of identifying manganese deficiency in the field. Ir. J.
Fert. Res. 8: 173-178. Agric. Res. 13: 234-236.
654 Ndiaye, J.P. and Yost, R.S. (1989) Corn response to 675 Oates, K.M. and Kamprath, E.J. (1985) Sulfur fertiliza-
spatial variability of residual potassium. Soil Sci. 148: 1- tion of winter wheat grown on deep sandy soils. Soil Sci.
7. Soc. Am. J. 49: 925-927.
655 Nearpass, D.C., Fried, M. and Kilmer, V.J. (1961) 676 Oertli, J.J. and Roth, J.S. (1969) Boron nutrition of
Greenhouse measurement of available sulfur using sugar beet, cotton, and soybean. Agron. J. 61:191-195.
radioactive sulfur. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 287-289. 677 Ohki, K. (1974) Manganese nutrition of cotton under
656 Nelson, L.E. (1982) The effect of temperature regime two boron levels. Agron. J. 66: 572-575.
and substrate manganese on manganese 678 Ohki, K. (1975a) Manganese supply, growth and
concentrations in rice. J. Plant Nutr. 5: 1241-1257. micronutrient concentration in grain sorghum. Agron.
657 Neto, M.M.P.M. and de Varennes, A. (1993) J. 67: 30-32.
Determination of lead in white lupin by anodic 679 Ohki, K. (1975b) Lower and upper critical zinc levels in
stripping voltametry. Plant Soil 154: 1-5. relation to cotton growth and development. Physiol.
658 Netsangtip, R., Rerkasem, B., Bell, R.W. and Loneragan, Plant. 35: 96-100.
J.F. (1986) A field survey of boron deficiency in peanuts 680 Ohki, K. (1976a) Effect of zinc nutrition on
grown in the Chiang Mai Valley. In 'Food Legume photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase activity in
Improvement for Asian Farming Systems' (Eds. E.S. cotton. Physiol. Plant. 38: 300-304.
Wallis and D.E. Byth). ACIAR Proc. No. 18, 264. 681 Ohki, K. (1976b) Manganese deficiency and tOXicity
(ACIAR:Canberra) levels for 'Bragg' soybeans. Agron. J. 68: 861-864.
659 Neubert, P., Wrazidio, N.P., Vielemeyer, I., Hundt, F.G. 682 Ohki, K. (1977) Critical zinc levels related to early
and Bergmann, W. (1970) Tabellen zur Planzenanalyze growth and development of determinate soybeans.
- Erste orientierende Ubersicht'. pp. 1-40. (Instit. fur Agron. J. 69: 969-974.
Pflanzenernahrung, Jena, der Deutschen Akademic der 683 Ohki, K. (1982) Soybean nitrate reductase activity and
handwirtschaftswissen-schaften zu Berlin: Jena, photosynthesis related to manganese status
Naumburger Strasse 98.) determined by plant analysis. Proc. 9th Int. Colloq.
660 Ngongi, A.G.N., Howeler, R.H. and MacDonald, H.A. Plant Anal. and Fert. Probl., Warwick, U.K. pp. 448-463.
(1977) Effect of potassium and sulphur on growth, 684 Ohki, K. (1984b) Zinc nutrition related to critical
yield, and composition of cassava. Proc. 4th Symp., Int. deficiency and toxicity levels for sorghum. Agron. J. 76:
Soc. Tropical Root Crops, Cali, Colombia, August 1976. 253-256.
pp. 107-113.
685 Ohki, K. (1984a) Manganese defiCiency and toxicity
661 Nicholas, D.J.D. (1949) The manganese and iron effects on growth, development and nutrient
contents of crop plants as determined by chemical composition of wheat. Agron. J. 76: 213-218.
methods. J. Hart. Sci. 25: 60-77.
686 Ohki, K. (1985a) Manganese deficiency and toxicity
662 Nichols, R. (1965) Studies on the major-element effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and
deficiencies of the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in sand transpiration in wheat. Crop Sci. 25: 187-191.
culture. II. The effects of major-element deficiencies on 687 Ohki, K. (1985b) Aluminum toxicity effects on growth
nodulation, growth and mineral composition. Plant and nutrient composition in wheat. Agron. J. 77: 951-956.
Soil 22: 112-126.
688 Ohki, K. (1986) Photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and
663 Njoku, B.O. and Enwezor, W.o. (1991) Differential transpiration responses in aluminum stressed wheat
response of four cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta) to and sorghum. Crop Sci. 26: 572-575.
liming of two acid soils in pot and field experiments.
689 Ohki, K. (1987) Aluminum stress on sorghum growth
Field Crops. Res. 28: 163-172.
and nutrient relationships. Plant Soil 98: 195-202.
664 Njoku, B.O., Enwezor, W.O. and Onyenakwe, B.I.
690 Ohki, K. and Ulrich, A. (1977) Manganese and zinc
(1987) Calcium deficiency identified as an important
appraisal of selected crops by plant analysis. Commun.
factor limiting maize growth in acid ultisols of eastern Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8: 297-312.
Nigeria. Fert. Res. 14: 113-123.
691 Ohki, K. Boswell, F.C., Parker, M.B., Shuman, L.M. and
665 Noble, A.D. and Sumner, M.E. (1988) Calcium and Al Wilson, D.O. (1979) Critical manganese deficiency
interactions and soybean growth in nutrient solutions. level of soybean related to leaf position. Agron. J. 71:
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 1119-1131. 233-234.
666 Noppakoonwong, R.N., Bell, R.W., Dell, B. and 692 Ohki, K., Boswell, F.C., Parker, M.B., Shuman, L.M. and
Loneragan J.F. (1993) An effect of shade on the boron Wilson, D.O. (1987) Foliar manganese application to
requirement for leaf blade elongation in black gram soybeans. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 243-253.
(Vigna mungo L. Hepper). In 'Plant Nutrition - from
693 Ohki, K., Wilson, D.O. and Anderson, O.E. (1980)
Genetic Engineering to Field Practice' (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) Manganese deficiency and toxicity sensitivities of
pp. 413-416. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). soybean cultivars. Agron. J. 72: 713-716.
268
694 Ohki, K., Wilson, D.O., Boswell, F.C., Parker, M.B. and 717 Paull, J.G., Nable R.O., Lake, A.W.H., Materne, M.A.
Shuman, L.M. (1977) Mn concentration in soybean and Rathjen, A.J. (1992) Response of annual medics
leaf related to bean yield. Agron. f. 69: 597-600. (Medicago spp.) and field peas (Pisum sativum) to high
695 Oje.niyi, S.O. and Kayode, G.O. (1993) Response of concentratIOn of boron: Genetic variation and the
maIze to copper and sulphur in tropical regions. f. Agric. mechanism of tolerance. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 43: 203-213.
Sci., Camb. 120: 295-299. 718 Paull, J.G., Nable, R.O. and Rathjen, A.J. (1992)
696 Or~ha~os, P.I. and Metochis, e. (1990) Nitrogen Physiological and genetic control of the tolerance of
fertIgatlOn of flue-cured tobacco in a Mediterranean wheat to high concentrations of boron and
environment. Plant Soil 125: 29-37. implications for plant breeding. Plant Soil 146: 251-
260.
697 OSiname, O.A. and Kang, B.T. (1975) Response of rice
to sulphur application under upland conditions. 719 Payne, G.S., Sumner, M.E. and Plank, e.o. (1986) Yield
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 6: 585-598. and compositi?n of soybeans as influenced by soil pH,
phosphorus, ZInC, and copper. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
698 Ownby, J.D. and Dees, L. (1985) Growth and mineral
Anal. 17: 257-273.
nutrient status in peanut and sorghum response to acid
precipitation and aluminium. New Phytol. 101: 325- 720 Payne, W.A., Hossner, L.R., Onken, A.B. and Wendt,
332. C.'!". (1995) Nitrog~n and phosphorus uptake in pearl
mIllet and ItS relatIon to nutrient and transpiration
699 Pal, U.R. and Saxena, M.e. (1976) Relationship
efficiency. Agron. f. 87: 425-431.
between nitrogen analysis of soybean tissues and
soybean yield. Agron. J. 68: 927-932. 721 Peaslee, D.E. and Moss, D.N. (1966) Photosynthesis in
K- and Mg-deficient maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Soil Sci.
700 Pal, U.R., Olukajo, 0.0., Nnadi, L.A. and Singh, L.
Soc. Am. Proc. 30: 220-223.
(1989) Response of soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
to phosphorus, potassium and molybdenum 722 Peck, N.H. and MacDonald, G.E. (1984) Snap bean
applications. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 112: 131-136. plant responses to nitrogen fertilization. Agron. J. 76:
247-253.
701 Papastylianou, I. (1986) Diagnosis of nitrogen
deficiency in barley, growing in different rotation 723 Peck, N.H., Grunes, D.L., Welch, R.M., and MacDonald,
systems, by plant analysis. Fert. Res. 9: 241-250. G.E. (1980) Nutritional quality of vegetable crops as
affected by phosphorus and zinc fertilizers. Agron. J. 72:
702 Papastylianou, I. (1987) Effect of wheat and barley
528-534.
varietal differences in nitrate concentration on plant
analysis interpretation. Fert. Res. 12: 157-163. 724 Pelham, S.D., Elliott, D.E. and Reuter, D.J. South
Australian Research & Development Institute (pers.
703 Papastylianou, I. (1989) Diagnosing nitrogen
comm.)
fertilization requirements of cereals in less than 30
seconds. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 20: 1247-1259. 725 Peltonen, J. (1992) Tissue nitrogen as a base for
recommendations of additional nitrogen to spring
704 Papastylianou, I. and Puckridge, D.W. (1981) Nitrogen
wheat in southern Finland. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect B, Soil
nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. II. Stem
Plant Sci. 42: 164-169.
nit~ate as an indicator of nitrogen availability. Aust. J
Agnc. Res. 32: 713-723. 726 Penney, D.e., Solberg, E.D. and Evans, I.R. (1992)
Copper deficiency - its diagnosis and correction in
705 Papastylianou, I. and Puckridge, D.W. (1983) Stem
cereal c~ops. Proc. Int. Symp. on the role of sulphur,
nitrate nitrogen and yield of wheat in a permanent magnesIUm and micronutrients in balanced plant
rotation experiment. Aust. f. Agric. Res. 34: 599-606.
nutrition; China (Ed. S. Porch.) pp. 273-282. (The
706 Papastylianou, I., Graham, R.D. and Puckridge, D.W. Potash Institute and Phosphate Institute of Canada).
(1982) The diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency in wheat
727 Pereira, P.A.A. and Bliss, F.A. (1987) Nitrogen fixation
by means of a critical nitrate concentration in stem
and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
bases. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 473-485. L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability. Plant
707 Papastylianou, I., Graham, R.D. and Puckridge, D.W. Soil 104: 79-84.
(1984) DiagnOSis of the nitrogen status of wheat at
728 P~rry, M. and Gartrell, J.W. (1976) Lupin 'split seed'. A
tillering and prognosis for maximal grain yield.
dIsorder of seed production in sweet, narrow-leafed
lupins. J Agric. West. Aust. 17(4th series): 20-25.
708 Parker, M.B. and Walker, M.E. (1986) Soil pH and 729 Peterson, N.K. and Purvis, E.R. (1961) Development of
manganese effects on manganese nutrition of peanut.
molybdenum deficiency symptoms in certain crop
Agron. J. 78: 614-620.
plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 111-117.
709 Parker, M.B., Boswell, F.e., Ohki, K., Shuman, L.M. and
730 Petrovic, N., Kastori, R. and Rajcan, I. (1990) The effect
Wilson, D.O. (1981) Manganese effects on yield and
of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet
nutrient concentration in leaves and seed of soybean (Beta vulgaris). In ' Plant Nutrition - Physiology and
cultivars. Agron. J. 73: 643-646. Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem.) pp. 107-109.
710 Parker, M.B., Gaines, T.P., Hook, J.E., Gascho, G.J. and (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
Maw, B.W. (1987) Chloride and water stress effects on 731 Pettiet, J.V. (1994) Calibration of the Mehlich 3 soil
soybean in pot culture. J. Plant Nutr.l0: 517-538.
test for potassium using leaf analysis and potassium
711 Parker, M.B., Gaines, T.P., Walker, M.E., Plank, e.0. deficiency symptoms in cotton plants. Commun. Soil
and Davis-Carter, J.G. (1990) Soil zinc and pH effects Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 3115-3127.
on leaf zinc and the interaction of leaf calcium and zinc 732 Peverill, K.I. (1984) State Chemistry Laboratory,
on zinc toxicity of peanuts. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant
Melbourne, Australia. (pers. comm.).
Anal. 21: 2319-2332.
733 Piekielek, W.P. and Fox, R.H. (1992) Use of a
712 Parker, M.B., Gascho, G.J. and Gaines, T.P. (1983)
chlorophyll meter to predict sidedress nitrogen
Chloride toxicity of soybeans grown on Atlantic Coast reqUirements for maize. Agron. J. 84: 59-65.
Flatwoods Soils. Agron. f. 75: 439-443.
734 Piekielek, W.P., Fox, R.H., Toth, J.D. and Macneal, K.E.
713 Parkpian, P, Lefroy, R.D.B. and Pongsakul, P. (1992) (1995) Use of a chlorophyll meter at the early dent
Diagnosing of phosphorus and sulphur deficiencies in stage of corn to evaluate nitrogen sufficiency. Agron. J.
corn-mungbean cropping system. Proc. Int. Symp. on 87: 403-408.
the role of sulphur, magnesium and micronutrients in
balanced plant nutrition; China (Ed. S. Porch.) pp. 128- 735 Pieper, B. (1985) Phytotoxicity of Thallium (Tl) in
134. (The Potash Institute and Phosphate Institute of culture solution. Part 1: Effects of Tl(III) on the growth
Canada). and heavy metal contents of pea and field bean plants.
Z. Pf/anzenemiihr. Bodenkd. 148: 83-91.
714 Patra, B.N. and Mohanty, S.K. (1988) Effect of iron on
dry matter production, nutrient contents and uptake 736 Pierre, W.H., Dumenil, L., Jolley, V.D., Webb, J.R. and
by rice. Oryza 25: 149-156. Shrader, W.D. (1976) Relationship between corn yield,
expressed as a percentage of maximum, and the N
715 Patterson, R.D. (1985) The potassium nutrition of percentage in the grain. I. Various N-rate experiments.
cassava at three sites in south east Queensland. M Agric
Agron. f. 76: 215-220.
Sc TheSiS, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane.
737 Pierson, E.E., Clark, R.B., Coyne, D.P. and Maranville,
716 Paull, J.G., Cartwright, B. and Rathjen, A.J. (1988) J.W. (1986) Iron deficiency stress effects on total iron
Response of wheat and barley genotypes to toxic in various leaves and nutrient solution pH in sorghum
concentrations of soil boron. Euphytica 39: 13 7-144. and beans. f. Plant Nutr. 9: 893-907.
269
738 Pierzynski, G.M. and Schwab A.P. (1993) Bioavailability 762 Premoratne, KP. and Oertli, J.]. (1994) The influence
of zinc, cadmium and lead in a metal-contaminated of potassium supply on nodulation, nitrogenase
alluvial soil. J. Environ. Qual. 22: 247-254. activity and nitrogen accumulation of soybean (Glycine
739 Pinkerton, A. (1970a) Effect of nutrient max. L. Merrill). Fert. Res. 38: 95-99.
potassium:calcium:magnesium ratio in the production 763 Prevot, P. and Ollagnier, M. (1964) La carence en soufre
of flue-cured tobacco. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. de I'arachide en Afrique. Agrochimiea 8: 210-22l.
10: 635-639. 764 Price, G.H. (1984) Consolidated Fertilizers Ltd.,
740 Pinkerton, A. (1970b) The effects of magnesium Brisbane, Australia. (pers. comm.)
deficiency on the quality and magnesium content of 765 Qian, P., Schoenau, J.J., Greer, K]., Liu, Z. and Shen, ].
fluecured tobacco leaf. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 21: 613-622. (1995) QUick extraction and determination of
741 Pinkerton, A. (1971) The fate of magnesium applied to potassium in fresh leaf sap and its use as a guide to
flue-cured tobacco, and its effect on leaf quality and potassium fertilization of canola, chickpea, and dwarf
magnesium content. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. sunflower. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 2903-2912.
11:99-104 766 Qiming, L. (1992) Study on the effect of magnesium
742 Pinkerton, A. (1972) Recovery of flue-cured tobacco fertilizer on rice and the diagnostic indices of
from magnesium deficiency: changes in leaf magnesium nutrition of rice. Proc. Int. Symp. on the role
magnesium content and effects on leaf quality. Aust. J. of sulphur, magnesium and micronutrients in balanced
Agric. Res. 23: 641-649. plant nutrition; China (Ed. S. Porch) pp. 234-239 (The
743 Pinkerton, A. (1984) CSlRO Division of Plant Industry, Potash Institute and Phosphate Institute of Canada).
Canberra, Australia. (pers. comm.). 767 Radjagukguk, B. (1981) Manganese nutrition in lupins:
744 Pinkerton, A. (1991) Critical phosphorus concentrations plant response and the relationship of manganese
in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as affected by nitrogen supply to its distribution. PhD TheSis, Univ. of Western
and age. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31: 107-115. Australia, Perth.
745 Pinkerton, A. (1995) CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, 768 Radjagukguk, B., Edwards, D.G. and Bell, L.e. (1980)
Canberra, Australia. (pers. comm.) Zinc availability to young wheat plants in Darling
746 Pinkerton, A. (1996) CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Downs Black Earths. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 31: 1083-1096.
Canberra, Australia. (pers. comm.) 769 Rahimi, A. and Schropp, A. (1984) Carboanhydrase
activity and extractable zinc as indicator of the zinc
747 Pinkerton, A. and Hocking, P.J. (1992) Assessment of
the phosphorus status of linseed. Field Crops Res. 29: supply of plants. Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 147: 572-
289-299. 583.
770 Rahman, M.S. and Gladstones, ].S. (1974) Differences
748 Pinkerton, A., Hocking, P.]., Good, A., Sykes,]., Lefroy,
among Lupinus species in field response to
R.D.B. and Blair, G.]. (1993) A preliminary assessment
superphosphate. Aust. f. Exp. Agrie. Anim. Hush. 14:
of plant analysis for diagnosing sulfur deficiency in
214-223.
canola. Ninth Australian Research Assembly on
Brassicas. pp. 21-28 (Eds N. Wratten and R.].Mailer) 771 Raju, P.S., Clark, R.B., Ellis, ].R. and Maranville, J.W.
Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, October 5-7, 1993. (1990) Mineral uptake and growth of sorghum
colonized with VA mycorrhiza at varied soil
749 Pinkerton, A., Spencer, K and Govaars, A.G. (1989)
phosphorus levels. J. Plant Nutr. 13: 843-859.
Assessment of the phosphorus status of oilseed rape by
plant analysis. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29: 861-865. 772 Raju, P.S., Clark, R.B., Ellis, J.R., Duncan, R.R. and
Maranville, J.W. (1990) Benefit and cost analysis and
750 Piper, e.S. (1940) The symptoms and diagnosis of phosphorus efficiency of VA mycorrhizal fungi
minor element deficiencies in agricultural and colonizations with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
horticultural crops. I. DiagnostiC methods, boron, genotypes grown at varied phosphorus levels. Plant Soil
manganese. Emp. f. Exp. Agrie. 8: 85-96. 124: 199-204.
751 Plank, C.O. (1989) Plant Analysis Handbook for 773 Rama Rao, S. (1986) Potassium requirements for
Georgia. Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, Univ. growth and its related processes determined by plant
of Georgia, Athens, Ga. analysis in wheat. Plant Soil 96: 125-13l.
752 Plaut, Z. and Grieve, e.M. (1988) Photosynthesis of 774 Ramirez, R. and Linares, J.e. (1995) Boron defiCiency
salt-stressed maize as influenced by Ca:Na ratios in the symptoms and dry matter production of sesame under
nutrient solution. Plant Soil 105: 283-286. greenhouse conditions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
753 Polson, D.E. and Adams, M.W. (1970) Differential 26: 3043-3049.
response of navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to zinc. I. 775 Randall, P.]. (1969) Changes in nitrate and nitrate
Differential growth and elemental composition at reductase levels on restoration of molybdenum to
excessive Zn levels. Agron. J. 62: 557-560. molybdenum-deficient plants. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 20:
754 Poolpipatana, S. and Hue, N.V. (1994) Differential 635-642.
acidity tolerance of tropical legumes grown for green 776 Randall, P.J. and Lipsett, J. (1984) CSlRO Division of
manure in acid sulfate soils. Plant Soil 163: 131-139. Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia. (pers. comm.).
755 Porcelli, e.A., Gutierrez Boem, F.H. and Lavado, R.S. 777 Randall, P.J., Spencer, K and Freney, J.R. (1981) Sulfur
(1995) The KINa and CalNa ratios and rapeseed yield, and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. I.
under soil salinity or sodicity. Plant Soil 175: 251-255. Concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen
756 Potsch, V. and Austenfeld, F.A. (1985) Phytotoxicity of to sulfur ratio in grain, in relation to the yield response.
Thallium (TI) in culture solution. Part 1: Effects of TI(I) Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32: 203-212.
on the growth and heavy metal contents of pea and field 778 Randall, P.J., Spencer, K. and Freney, ].R. (1984) CSIRO
bean plants. Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 148: 73-82. Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia. (pers.
757 Powell, ].M. and Fussell, L.K (1993) Nutrient and comm.).
structural carbohydrate partitioning in pearl millet. 779 Rao, ].K., Sahrawat, KL. and Burford, J.R. (1987)
Agron. J. 85: 862-866. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in groundnut, Arachis
758 Powell, R.D. and Webb, J.R. (1974) Effects of high rates hypogaea L. Plant Soil 97: 353-359.
of fertilizer N, P, and K on corn, Zea mays L., leaf 780 Rao, N.R. (1987) Potassium concentration in mustard
nutrient concentrations. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. at some growth stages. 1. Plant Nutr. 10: 1955-1964.
5: 93-104. 781 Rao, N.R. and Ownby, J.D. (1993a) Development of an
759 Pradhan, Y. and Kanwar, B.B. (1990) Contribution of ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of
zinc fraction to available zinc extracted, by some wheat and cotton. Plant Soil 155/156: 453-456.
chemical methods, from rice growing soils of north- 782 Rao. N.R. and Ownby, ].D. (1993b) Development of an
western Himalayas. Plant Soil 126: 149-153. ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of
760 Prasad, R. and Sakal, R. (1989) Response of chickpea to wheat and cotton. In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic
iron application in relation to available iron in Engineering to Field Practice' (N.J. Barrow, Ed) pp.669-
calcareous soils. Ann. Agric. Res. 10: 396-404. 672. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht).
761 Prasad, R., Sharma, S.N. and Dixit, L.A. (1985) 783 Rashid, A. and Bughio, N. (1993) Evaluating internal
Phosphate fertilization in intensive annual cropping phosphorus requirement of rapeseed, chickpea, lentil,
with wheat - green gram (or cowpea) - pearl millet. and wheat by seed analysiS. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Fert. Res. 6: 219-224. Anal. 24: 1359-1369.
270
784 Rashid, A. and Bughio, N. (1994) Plant analysis 806 Rehm, G.W. (1995) Impact of banded potassium for
diagnostic indices for phosphorus nutrition of corn and soybean production in a ridge-till planting
sunflower, mungbean, maize, and sorghum. Commun. system. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 2725-2738.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 2481-2489. 807 Rehm, G.W., Sorensen, R.C. and Wiese, R.A. (1983)
785 Rashid, A. and Din, J. (1992) Differential susceptibility Application of phosphorus, potassium and zinc to corn
of chick pea cultivars to iron chlorosis grown on grown for grain or silage: nutrient concentration and
calcareous soils of Pakistan. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 40: uptake. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. f. 47: 697-700.
488-492. 808 Reichman, G.A., Grunes, D.L., Carlson, C.W. and
786 Rashid, A. and Fox, R.L. (1992) Evaluating internal zinc Alessi, J. (1959) Nand P composition and yield of corn
requirements of grain crops by seed analysis. Agron. f. as affected by fertilization. Agron. f. 51: 575-578.
84: 469-474. 809 Reisenauer, H.M. (1963) The effect of sulfur on the
787 Rashid, A. and Rafique, E. (1989) Zinc requirement of absorption and utilization of molybdenum by peas. Soil
corn grown on two calcareous soils of Pakistan. Z. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 553-555.
Pf!anzenemiihr Bodenkd. 152: 405-408. 810 Rendig V.V., Oputa, C. and McComb, E.A. (1976)
788 Rashid, A. and Rafique, E. (1992) Boron requirement of Effects of sulphur deficiency on non-protein nitrogen,
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. soluble sugars, and N/S ratio in young corn (Zea mays
40: 493-495. L.) plants. Plant Soil 44: 423-437.
789 Rashid, A., Bughio, N. and Rafique, E. (1994) 811 Reneau, R.B. (1983) Corn response to sulfur application
Diagnosing zinc deficiency in rapeseed and mustard by in coastal plain soils. Agron. J. 75: 1036-1040.
seed analysiS. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 3405- 812 Reneau, R.B., Jones, G.D. and Friedericks, J.B. (1983)
3412. Effect of P and K on yield and chemical composition of
790 Rashid, A., Rafique, E. and Bughio, N. (1994) forage sorghum. Agron. f. 75: 5-8.
Diagnosing boron deficiency in rapeseed and mustard 813 Rengel, Z. and Graham, R.D. (1995a) Importance of
by plant analysis and soil testing. Commun. Soil Sci. seed Zn content for wheat growth on Zn-deficient soil.
Plant Anal. 25: 2883-2897. 1. Vegetative growth. Plant Soil 173: 259-266.
791 Rasmussen, P.E., Ramig, R.E., Ekin, L.G. and Rohde, 814 Rengel, Z. and Graham, R.D. (1995b) Importance of
C.R. (1977) Tissue analysis guidelines for diagnosing seed Zn content for wheat growth on Zn-deficient soil.
sulfur deficiency in white wheat. Plant Soil 46: 153-163. II. Grain yield. Plant Soil 173: 267-274.
792 Rattan, R.K. and Shukla, L.M. (1984) Critical limits of 815 Rengel, Z. and Graham, R.D. (1995c) Wheat genotypes
deficiency and toxicity of zinc in paddy in a Typic differ in Zn efficiency when grown in chelate-buffered
Ustipsamment. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 1041- nutrient solution. 1. Growth. Plant Soil 176: 307-316.
1050. 816 Rerkasem, B. and Loneragan, ].F. (1994) Boron
793 Rauschkolb, R.S., Brown, A.L., Quick, J., Prato, J.D., deficiency in two wheat genotypes in a warm,
Pelton, R.E. and Kegel, F.R. (1974) Rapid tissue testing subtropical region. Agron. J. 86: 887-890.
for evaluating nitrogen nutritional status of (1) corn 817 Rerkasem, B., Bell, R.W. and Loneragan, J.F. (1990)
and (2) sorghum. Calif Agric. June: 10-13. Effects of seed and soil boron on early seedling growth
794 Rauschkolb, R.S., Brown, A.L., Salisbury, R.L., Quick, ]., of black and green gram (Vigna mungo and V. radiata).
Prato, J.D., Peliton, R.E. and Kegel, F.R. (1978) Rapid In 'Plant Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed.
tissue testing for nitrogen in corn and sorghum. Univ. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 281-285 (Kluwer Academic
of California. Div. Agric. Sci. Bull. 1879. pp.25-26. Publishers: Dordrecht).
795 Rebafka, F.-P., Bationo, A. and Marschner, H. (1993) 818 Rerkasem, B., Bell, R.W., Lodkaew, S. and Loneragan].F.
Phosphorus seed coating increases phosphorus uptake, (1993) Boron deficiency in soybean (Glycine max. (L.)
early growth and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum Merr.) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and black gram
glaucum (L.) R. Br.) grown on an acid sandy soil in (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper): Symptoms in seeds and
Niger, West Africa. Fert. Res. 35: 151-160. differences among soybean cultivars in susceptibility to
boron deficiency. Plant Soil 150: 289-294.
796 Rebafka, F.-P., Ndunguru, B.]. and Marschner, H.
(1993a) Crop residue application increases nitrogen 819 Rerkasem, B., Netsangtip, R. Pridisripipat, S.,
fixation and dry matter production in groundnut Loneragan, J.F. and Bell, R.W. (1986) Boron deficiency
(Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on an acid sandy soil in in grain legumes. In 'Food Legume Improvement for
Niger, West Africa. Plant Soil 150: 213-222. Asian Farming Systems; (Eds. E.S. Wallis and D.E. Byth).
ACIAR Proc. No. 18,267. (ACIAR: Canberra)
797 Rebafka, F.-P., Ndunguru, B.J. and Marschner, H.
(1993b) Single superphosphate depresses molybdenum 820 Rerkasem, B., Netsangtip, R., Bell, R. W., Loneragan, J .F.
uptake and limits yield response to phosphorus in and Hiranburana, N. (1988) Comparative species
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on an acid responses to boron on a Typic Tropaqualf in Northern
sandy soil in Niger, West Africa. Fert. Res. 34: 233-242. Thailand. Plant Soil 106: 15-21.
798 Reddy, K.C., Visser, P. and Buckner, P. (1992) Pearl 821 Reuter, D.]. and Elliott, D.E. (1981) South Australian
Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia. (pers.
millet and cowpea yields in sole and intercrop systems
comm.).
and their after-effects on soil and crop productivity.
Field Crops. Res. 28: 315-326. 822 Reuter, D.]. and Heard, T.G. (1969) South Australian
Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, South Australia.
799 Reddy, M.R., Ronaghi, A. and Bryant, J.A. (1991)
(pers. comm.).
Differential responses of soybean genotypes to excess
manganese in an acid soil. Plant Soil 134: 221-226. 823 Rhoads, F.M., Barnett, R.D. and Olson, S.M. (1992)
Copper toxicity and phosphorus concentrations in
800 Reeves, D.W. and Mullins, G.L. (1995) Subsoiling and 'Florida 502' oats. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida 51: 18-20.
potassium placement effects on water relations and
yield of cotton. Agron. J. 87: 847-852. 824 Rhodes, E.R. (1987) Critical phosphorus levels in
equilibrium soil extract and index leaf for pigeon pea.
801 Reeves, D.W., Mask, P.L., Wood, C.W. and Delaney, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 709-714.
D.P. (1993) Determination of wheat nitrogen status
with a hand-held chlorophyll meter: influence of 825 Rhodes, E.R., Evenhuis, B. and Taylor, W.E. (1979) A
management practices. f. Plant Nutr. 16: 781-796. note on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) nutrient
composition and its relationship to yield. Trop. Agric.
802 Reghenzani, J.R. (1990) The effect of zinc deficiency as 56: 241-243.
a factor limiting sugarcane growth. Final Report to
Sugar Res. Council, Australia, Project BS14S. Bur. Sugar 826 Rich, C.L (1956) Manganese content of peanut leaves
Exp. Sta., Brisbane. as related to soil factors. Soil Sci. 82: 353-363.
803 Rego, T.J., Grundon, N.]., Asher, C.J. and Edwards, D.G. 827 Ridge, D.R. (1984) Bureau of Sugar Experiment
(1986) Effects of water stress on nitrogen nutrition of Stations, Bundaberg, Australia. (pers. comm.).
grain sorghum. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13: 499-508. 828 Ridge, D.R., Hurney, A.P. and Haysom, M.B.C.(1980)
Some aspects of calcium and magnesium nutrition in
804 Rego, T.J., Grundon, N.J., Asher, C.J. and Edwards, D.G.
North Queensland. Proc. Aust. Sugarcane Technol.
(1988) Comparison of the effects of continuous and
1980 Conf. pp. 55-61.
relieved water stress on nitrogen nutrition of grain
sorghum. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39: 773-782. 829 Riley, LT. (1994) Phosphorus nutrition of large seeded
chickpea cv. Macarena (Cicer arietinum) in the Ord
805 Rehm, G.W. (1986) Response of irrigated soybeans to River irrigated area, Western Australia. Aust. J. Exp.
rate and placement of fertilizer phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Agric. 34: 797-801.
Am. f. 50: 1227-1230.
271
830 Riley, LT. and Dilworth, M.J. (1985) Cobalt 854 ROY, R.N: and Wright, B.C. (1973) Sorghum growth
reqUirement for nodule development and function in and nutnent uptake in relation to soil fertility: 1. Dry
Lupinus angustifolius L. New Phytol. 100: 347-359. matter accumulation patterns, yield, and N content of
831 Riley, M.M. (1987a) Boron toxicity in barley. ,. Plant grain. Agron. '.65: 709-711.
Nutr. 10: 2109-2115. 855 Rozema, J., de Bruin, J. and Broekman, R.A. (1992)
832 Riley, M.M. (1987b) Molybdenum deficiency in wheat Effect of boron on the growth and mineral economy of
in Western Australia. ,. Plant Nutr. 10: 2117-2123. some halophytes and non-halophytes. New Phytol. 121:
249-256.
833 Riley, M.M. and Robson, A.D. (1994) Pattern of supply
affects boron toxicity in barley. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 1721- 856 Ruano, A., Barcelo, J. and Poschenrieder, c.L. (1987)
1738. Zinc tOXicity-induced variation of mineral element
composition in hydroponically grown bush bean
834 Riley, M.M., Adcock, KG. and Bolland, M.D.A. (1993)
plants. ,. Plant Nutr. 10: 373-384.
A small increase in the concentration of phosphorus in
the sown seed increased the early growth of wheat. J. 857 Rufty, T.W., Miner, G.S. and Raper, C.D. Jr. (1979)
Plant Nutr. 16: 851-864. Temperature effects on growth and manganese
tolerance in tobacco. Agron. J. 71: 638-644.
835 Riley, M.M., Gartrell, J.W., Brennan, R.F., Hamblin, J.
and Coates, P. (1992) Zinc deficiency in wheat and 858 Russell, J.S. (1963) Nitrogen content of wheat grain as
lupins in Western Australia is affected by the source of an indication of potential yield response to nitrogen
phosphate fertiliser. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric. 32: 455-463. fertilizer. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 3: 319-325.
836 Riley, M.M., Robson, A.D., Dellar, G.A. and Gartrell, 859 Russell, J.S. and Chapman, A.L. (1988) Sulfur
J.W. (1994) Critical toxic concentrations of boron are deficiency in rice grown on the alkaline soils of the Ord
variable in barley. ,. Plant Nutr. 17: 1701-1719. Irrigation Area, Western Australia. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric.
28: 111-117.
837 Roberts, S. and Rhee, J.K (1993) Critical nutrient
concentrations and DRIS analysis of leaf and grain from 860 ~aa:ela, 1. (1990) Inorganic leaf phosphorus as an
high-yielding corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24: IlldICator of phosphorus nutrition in cereals. In ' Plant
2679-2687. Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van
Beusichem). pp. 779-784 (Kluwer Academic Publishers:
838 Robinson, R.G. (1983) Yield and composition of field
Dordrecht).
bean and adzuki bean in response to irrigation,
compost, and nitrogen. Agron. ,. 75: 31-35. 861 Saarela, 1. and Sippola, J. (1990) Inorganic leaf
pho~p.hor~s and soil tests as indicators of phosphorus
839 Robson, A.D. and Mead, G.R. (1980) Seed cobalt in
nutntlon III cereals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 21:
Lupinus angustifolius. Aust. ,. Agric. Res. 31: 109-116.
1927-1943.
840 Robson, A.D. and Snowball, K (1987) Response of narrow
862 Sabbe, W.E. and Batchelor, J.T. (1990) Yield and
leafed lupins to cobalt application in relation to cobalt
concentrations in seed. Aus. ,. Exp. Agric. 27: 657-660. nitrogen concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
as affected by split nitrogen application and growth
841 Robson, A.D., Loneragan, J.F., Gartrell, J.W. and stage. In 'Plant Nutrition - Physiology and
Snowball, K (1984) DiagnOSis of copper deficiency in Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 741-746
wheat by plant analysis. Aust. ,. Agric. Res. 35: 347-358. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht).
842 Robson, A.D., Nualsri, L. and Loneragan, J.F. (1980) 863 Sabbe, W.E., Keogh, J.L., Maples, R. and Hileman, L.H.
Diagnosis of copper deficiency in peanuts by plant (1972) Nutrient analysis of Arkansas cotton and
tissue analysis. Proc. Conf. Classification and soybean leaf tissue. Arkansas Farm Res. 21: 2.
Management of Tropical Soils 1977 (Ed KT. Joseph).
864 Sagwal, O.P. and Kumar, V. (1995) Effect of organic
Int. Soc. Soil Sci. Commission IV and V, Kuala Lumpur
and inorganiC anions on availability of phosphorus
1980 pp. 324-333.
applied through different phosphorus fertilizers to
843 Robson, A.D., Osborne, L.D., Snowball, K and moong-bean grown in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Simmons, W.J. (1995) AsseSSing sulfur status in lupins Anal. 26: 3181-3192.
and wheat. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric. 35: 79-86.
865 Sah, R.N., Geng, S., Puri, Y.P. and Rubatzky, V.E. (1987)
844 Robson, A.D., Snowball, K. and Simmons, W.J. (Univ. Evaluation of four crops for nitrogen utilization and
West. Aust.), and Porter, W.M. and Brennan, R.F. carbohydrate yield. Fert. Res. 13: 55-70.
(Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth,
866 Sajwan, KS. and Lindsay, W.L. (1988) Response of
Australia). (pers. comm.).
flooded rice to various sources of zinc. ,. Agric. Sci.,
845 Rodgers, G.A., Penny, A. and Hewitt, M.V. (1986) A Camb. 111:197-198.
comparison of the effects of prilled urea, used alone or
867 Sakal, R., Singh, A.P., Singh, B.P. and Sinha, R.B. (1984)
with a nitrification of urease inhibitor, with those of
Evaluation of some chemical extractants for predicting
'Nitro-Chalk' on winter oil-seed rape. ,. Agric. Sci.,
response of wheat grown in pots to copper in sub-
Camb. 106: 515-526.
Himalayan soils. ,. Agric. Sci., Camb. 102: 659-666.
846 Rogers, G.S., Payne, L., Milham, P. and Conroy, J.
868 Sakal, R., Singh, B.P. and Singh, A.P. (1982)
(1993) Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of
Determination of critical limit of zinc in soil and plant
cotton and wheat under changing atmospheriC C02
for predicting response of rice to zinc application in
concentrations. In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic
calcareous soil. Plant Soil 66: 129-132.
Engineering to Field Practice' (Ed. N.J. Barrow) pp.257-
260. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). 869 Sakal, R., Singh, B.P. and Singh, A.P. (1984)
Determination of threshold value of iron in soils and
847 Rogozinska, J. and Flasinski, S. (1988) The relationship
plants for the response of rice and lentil to iron
of proline accumulation to phosphorus content in
application in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 82: 141-148.
oilseed rape. Acta Soc. Botan. Poloniae. 57: 475-479.
870 Sakal, R., Verma, M.K, Singh, A.P. and Sinha, M.K
848 Rosbrook, P.A. and Edwards, D.G. (1981) Department
(1988) Relative tolerance of some rice varieties to zinc
of Agriculture, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane. (pers.
deficiency in calcareous soil. ,. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 36:
comm.).
492-495.
849 Rose, LA., Felton, W.L. and Banks, L.W. (1981)
Responses of four soybean varieties to foliar zinc 871 Salardini, A:A. and Murphy, L.S. (1978) Grain sorghum
(Sorghum blcolor Pers.) responses to organic iron on
fertilizer. Aust. ,. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 21: 236-240.
calcareous soils. Plant Soil 49: 57-90.
850 Rosell, R.A. and Ulrich, A. (1964) Critical zinc
872 Salardini, A.A., Chapman, KS.R. and Holloway, R.J.
concentrations and leaf minerals of sugar beet plants.
(1994a) Effect of potassium fertilization of pyrethrum
Soil Sci. 97: 152-167.
(Tanacetum cinerariifolium) on yield, pyrethrins
851 Rosolem, C.A. and Nakagawa, J. (1985) Potassium concentration in dry achenes and potaSSium
uptake by soybean as affected by exchangeable concentration in soil and plant tissues. Aust. J. Agric.
potassium in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 16: 707- Res. 45: 647-656.
726.
873 Salardini, A.A., Chapman, KS.R. and Holloway, R.J.
852 Rossiter, R.C. (1952) Phosphorus toxicity in (1994b) Effect of basal and side-dressed phosphorus on
subterranean clover and oats grown on Muchea sand, the achene yield and pyrethrins concentration in the
and the modifying effects of lime and nitrate-nitrogen. achenes of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) and on
Aust. ,. Agric. Res. 3: 227-243. soil and plant phosphorus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45: 231-241.
853 Roth, G.W., Fox, R.H. and Marshall, H.G. (1989) Plant 874 Sale, P.W.G. and Campbell, L.C. (1986) Yield and
tissue tests for predicting nitrogen fertilizer composition of soybean seed as a function of potassium
requirements of winter wheat. Agron. ,. 81: 502-507. supply. Plant Soil 96: 317-325.
272
875 Salim, M. (1989) Effects of salinity and relative 898 Sheldrake, A.R. and Narayanan A. (1979) Growth,
humidity on growth and ionic relations of plants. New development and nutrient uptake of pigeon peas
Phytol. 113: 13-20. (Cajanus cajan). J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 92: 513-526.
876 Salim, M. and Pitman, M.G. (1983) Effects of salinity 899 Shelp, B.J. and Shattuck, V.1. (1987) Boron nutrition
on ion uptake and growth of mung bean plants (Vigna and mobility, and its relation to the elemental
radiata L.). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 10: 395-407. composition of greenhouse grown root crops I.
877 Salim, R.M. and Shaikh, B.Z. (1988) Distribution and Rutabaga. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 187-20l.
availability of zinc in soil fractions to wheat on some 900 Sheppard, S.c. and Racz, G.]. (1985) Shoot and root
alkaline calcareous soils. Z. Pf/anzeneniihr. Bodenkd. response of wheat to band and broadcast phosphorus at
151: 385-389. varying soil temperatures. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 79-88.
878 Salinas, M.R., Cerda, A., Romero, M. and Caro, M. 901 Sheppard, S.c., Racz, G.J., and Martin, S.L. (1986)
(1981) Boron tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum). J. Plant Critical concentration of tissue phosphorus when root
Nutr. 4: 205-215. temperature depresses growth rate. J. Exp. Bot. 37: 1265-
879 Samuels, G. (1959) The influence of the age of 1273.
sugarcane on the leaf nutrient (N-P-K) content. Proc. 902 Sherrell, c.G. (1983) Comparison of materials of
Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 10: 508-514. different solubility as sources of boron for plants. N. Z.
880 Samuels, G., Rodriquez, J.P. and Landrau, P. (1959) The J. Exp. Agric. 11: 325-329.
response of cotton to fertilizers in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. 903 Shukla, V.c. and Raj, H. (1980) Zinc response in
Univ. Puerto Rico 43: 89-102. pigeon pea as influenced by genotypic variability. Plant
881 Sandsted, R.F. (1989) Dry Beans. In 'Detecting Mineral Soil 57: 323-333.
Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate 904 Shukla, v.c. and Raj, H. (1987a) Influence of
Crops.' (Eds. D.L. Plucknett and H.B. Sprague) pp. 105- genotypical variability on zinc response in cotton
115 Westview Press, Boulder, VSA. (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Soil 104: 151-154.
882 Sartain, ].B. and Kamprath, E.J. (1977) Effect of soil AI 905 Shukla, v.c. and Raj, H. (1987b) Relative response of
saturation on nutrient concentration of soybean tops, corn (Zea mays L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides,
roots and nodules. Agron. J. 69: 843-845. (Burm F.) Stapf and C.E. Hubb), sorghum (Sorghum
883 Sartain, J.B., Forbes, R.B. and Vsherwood, N.R. (1979) vulgare), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) to
Yield response of soybeans to P and K fertilization as zinc deficiency in soil. J. Plant Nutr. 10: 2057-2067.
correlated with soil extractable and tissue nutritional 906 Shukla, V.c., Arora, S.K, Singh, Z., Prasad, KG. and
levels. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 10: 1219-1232. Safaya, N.M. (1973) Differential susceptibility in some
884 Satinder, D., Kaushik, R.D. and Gupta, V.K (1983) sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) genotypes to zinc
Relationship between P and Mn in chickpea (Cicer deficiency in soil. Plant Soil 39: 423-427.
arietinum L.) Plant Soil 72: 85-90. 907 Silberbush, M. and Ben-Asher,]. (1987) The effect of
885 Scharf, P.c., Alley, M.M. and Lei, Y.Z. (1993) Spring salinity on parameters of potassium and nitrate uptake
nitrogen on winter wheat: I. Farmer-field validation of of cotton. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. 18: 65-81.
tissue test-based rate recommendations. Agron. J. 85: 908 Siman, A., Cradock, F.W. and Hudson, A.W. (1974) The
1181-1186. development of manganese toxicity in pasture legumes
886 Schmehl, W.R. and Humbert, R.P. (1964) Nutrient under extreme climatic conditions. Plant Soil 41: 129-
deficiencies in sugar crops. In 'Hunger Signs in Crops. A 140.
Symposium'. (Ed. H.W. Sprague.) pp. 415-450. (David 909 Simojoki, P. (1991) Boron deficiency in barley. Annales
McKay Co.: New York.) Agric. Fen. 30: 389-405.
887 Schneiter, A.A. and Miller, J.F. (1981) Description of 910 Sims, ].L., Atkinson, W.O. and Smitobol, C. (1975) Mo
sunflower growth stages. Crop Sci. 21: 901-903. and N effects on growth, yield and Mo concentration of
888 Schnug, E., Sauce, L. de la and Pissarek, H.P. (1985) burley tobacco. Agron. J. 67: 824-828.
Studies on the characterization of sulphur nutrition in 911 Sims, J.L., Suchy, M.E. and Cornelius, P.L. (1983)
rape. Landwirt. Forschung. Kongressband 1984: 662- Placement of molybdenum fertilizer in the transplant
673. solution of burley tobacco. Agron. J. 75: 239-242.
889 Schroeder, B.L., Wood, R.A. and Meyer, ].H. (1993) 912 Sims, J.T., Vasilas, B.L., Gartley, KL., Milliken, B. and
Foliar analysis in the South African Sugar Industry for Green, V. (1995) Evaluation of soil and plant nitrogen
diagnostic and nutrient trend purposes. In ' Plant tests for maize on manured soils of the Atlantic Coastal
Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice Plain. Agron. J. 87: 213-222.
(Ed. N.J. Barrow). pp. 299-302. (Kluwer Academic 913 Singh, B., Dang, Y.P. and Mehta, S.c. (1990) Influence
Publishers: Dordrecht). of nitrogen on the behaviour of nickel in wheat. Plant
890 Schulz, R. and Marschner, H. (1986) Optimizing late Soil 127: 213-218.
nitrogen applications for winter wheat using the rapid 914 Singh, B.P., Singh, A.P. and Sakal, R. (1983) Differential
nitrate test. Schriftenreihe, Verband Deutscher Land- response of crops to zinc application in calcareous soil.
wirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs und Forschungsanstaiten, J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 31: 534-538.
Reihe Kongressberichte, 20: 343-359.
915 Singh, B.P., Sinha, M.K, Singh, R.A. and Singh, B.N.
891 Schulz, R. and Marschner, H. (1987) Comparison of the (1986) Reaction of genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) to
rapid tests for nitrate and amino-N for evaluating the iron chlorosis in a calcareous soil. Exp. Agric. 22: 75-78.
N-status of winter wheat. Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd.
150: 348-353. 916 Singh, B.R. and Singh, T.A. (1989) Response of two
triticale varieties to zinc application on a mollisol. J.
892 Scott, B.J. and Robson, A.D. (1991) Distribution of Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 37: 405-407.
magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation
to supply. Plant Soil 136: 183-193. 917 Singh, D., Brar, M.S. and Brar, A.S. (1992) Critical
concentrations of potassium in cotton (Gossypium
893 Scott, N.M. (1985) Sulphur responses in Scotland. hirsutum). J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 118: 71-75.
Sulfur Agric. 9: 13-17.
918 Singh, J.P., Karamanos, R.E. and Stewart, J.W.B. (1988)
894 Scott, N.M., Dyson, P.W., Ross,]. and Sharp, G.S. (1984) The mechanism of phosphorus-induced zinc defiCiency
The effect of sulphur on the yield and chemical in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Can. J. Soil Sci. 68: 345-358.
composition of winter barley. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 103:
699-702. 919 Singh, K (1986) The critical level of zinc in soil and
plant for predicting response of cluster bean to zinc
895 Scott-Wendt, ]., Hossner, L.R. and Chase, R.G. (1988)
fertilization. Plant Soil 94: 285-288.
Variability in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) fields
in semiarid West Africa. Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 2: 49-58. 920 Singh, K and Banerjee, N.K (1986) Growth and zinc
content of maize (Zea mays L.) as related to soil-applied
896 Seneweera, S., Milham, P. and Conroy, J. (1994)
Influence of elevated C02 and phosphorus nutrition zinc. Field Crops Res. 13: 55-6l.
on the growth and yield of a short-duration rice (Oryza 921 Singh, K and Banerjee, N.K (1987) Critical levels of
sativa L. cv. Jarrah). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 21: 281-292. zinc in corn (Zea mays L.) at different stages of growth.
897 Sharma, B.D. and Katyal, J.C. (1986) Evaluation of Indian J. Plant Physiol. XXX: 7-12.
amounts, methods and sources of zinc application of 922 Singh, K and Karwasra, S.P.S. (1988) Response of pearl-
wheat in flood plain soils. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 106: 41- millet to zinc fertilization in relation to DTPA
44. extractable zinc. Fert. Res. 18: 13-17.
273
923 Singh, K and Shukla, U.C. (1985) Determination of 946 Sowell, W.F., Rouse, R.D. and Wear, J.l. (1957) Copper
critical level of zinc in non-calcareous soils for predicting toxicity of the cotton plant in solution cultures. Agron.
response of wheat to applied zinc. Fert. Res. 8: 97-100. J. 49: 206-207.
924 Singh, K and Singh, D.V. (1992) Effect of rates and 947 Sparrow, D.H. and Graham, R.D. (1988) Susceptibility of
sources of nitrogen application on yield and nutrient zinc-deficient wheat plants to colonization by Fusarium
uptake of Citronella Java (Cymbopogon winterianus graminearum Schw. Group 1. Plant Soil 112: 261-266.
Jowitt). Fert. Res. 33: 187-191. 948 Spear, S.N., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, CJ. (1978)
925 Singh, M. and Tilak, V.B.R. (1989) Field response of Effects of nutrient supply on critical nutrient concent-
chickpea to inoculation with Glomus versiforme. Plant rations in cassava plants. Proc. 8th Int. Colloq. Plant
Soil 119: 281-284. Ana!. and Fert. Prob!., Auckland, N.Z. pp. 499-506.
926 Singh, M.V., Chhabra, R. and Abrol, l.P. (1987) 949 Spear, S.N., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, CJ. (1979)
Interactions between applications of gypsum and zinc Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to
sulphate on the yield and chemical composition of rice potassium concentration in solution: critical potassium
grown on an alkali soil. f. Agric. Sci., Camb. 108: 275- concentrations in plants grown with a constant or
279. variable potassium supply. Field Crops Res. 2: 153-168.
927 Sipitanos, KM. and Ulrich, A. (1969) Phosphorus 950 Spencer, K. and Chan, C.W. (1981) Critical
nutrition of sugarbeet seedlings. J. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet phosphorus levels in sunflower plants. Aust. J. Exp.
Technol. 15: 332-346. Agric. Anim. Husb. 21: 91-97.
928 Sirkar, S. and Amin,].V. (1974) The manganese toxicity 951 Spencer, K and Freney, J.R. (1980) Assessing the sulfur
of cotton. Plant Physiol. 54: 539-543. status of field grown wheat by plant analysis. Agron. J.
929 Sivasubramaniam, S. and Jayman, T.C.Z. (1976) The 72: 469-472.
use of fertilizer for tea in Sri Lanka: 2. Foliar and soil 952 Spencer, K, Freney, J.R. and Jones, M.B. (1978)
analysis with particular reference to potaSSium. Tea DiagnOSis of sulphur deficiency in plants. Proc. 8th lnt
Quart. 46: 4-11. Colloq. Plant Ana!. and Fert. Prob!., Auckland, N.Z
930 Small, H.G. and Ohlrogge, A.]. (1973) Plant analysis as an pp.507 -513.
aid in fertilizing soybeans and peanuts. In 'Soil Testing 953 Spencer, K, Freney, J.R. and Jones, M.B. (1984) A
and Plant Analysis'. (Eds I..M. Walsh and J.D. Beaton.) pp. preliminary testing of plant analysis procedures for the
315-327. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc.: Madison, Wisc.) assessment of the sulfur status of oilseed rape. Aust. f.
931 Smeal, D. and Zhang, H. (1994) Chlorophyll meter Agric. Res. 35: 163-175.
evaluation for nitrogen management in corn. Commun. 954 Spratt, E.D. and Smid, A.E. (1978) Yield and elemental
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 1495-1503. composition of flax as affected by P and
932 Smith, G.S. and Roncadori, R.W. (1986) Responses of micronutrients. Agron. J. 70: 633-638.
three vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at four soil 955 Stark,J.C and Brown, B.D. (1987) Estimating nitrogen
temperatures and their effects on cotton growth. New reqUirements for irrigated malting barley. Commun. Soil
Phytol. 104: 89-95. Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 433-444.
933 Smith, R.I.., Mills, .H.A., Hoveland, CS. and Hanna, 956 Steele, K. (1980) A simple test for N status of plants. N.
W.W. (1990) Influence of ammonium:nitrate ratios on Z. J. Agric. Nov: 39-41.
the growth and nitrogen uptake of pearl millet. f. Plant 957 Steer, B.T. and Harrigan, E.KS. (1986) Rates of nitrogen
Nutr. 13: 541-553. supply during different developmental stages affect
934 Smithson, ].B., Edje, O.T. and Giller, KE. (1993) Diagnosis yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius I..).
and correction of soil nutrient problems of common Field Crops Res. 14: 221-231.
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Usambara Mountains of 958 Steer, B.T., Coaldrake, P.D., Pearson, C]. and Canty,
Tanzania. f. Agric. Sci., Camb. 120: 233-240. CP. (1986) Effects of nitrogen supply and population
935 Smyth, T.]. and Cravo, M.S. (1990) Critical phosphorus density on plant development and yield components
levels for corn and cowpea in a Brazilian Amazon of irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annuus I..). Field Crops
Oxiso!. Agron. f. 82: 309-312. Res. 13: 99-115.
936 Smyth, T.]. and Cravo, M.S. (1992) Aluminum and 959 Steer, B.T., Low, A. and Hocking, P.J. (1985) Nitrogen
calcium constraints to continuous crop production in a nutrition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus I..): Yield
Brazilian Amazon Oxiso!. Agron. f. 84: 843-850. response of seven genotypes and interaction of
937 Snowball, K and Robson, A.D. (1984) Comparison of heterosis with nitrogen supply. Field Crops Res. 12: 1-16.
the internal and external reqUirements of wheat, oats, 960 Stewart, B.A. and Porter, I..K (1969) Nitrogen-sulfur
and barley for copper. Aust f. Agric. Res. 35: 359-365. relationships in wheat (Triticum aestivum I..), corn (Zea
938 Snowball, K and Robson, A.D. (1986) Symptoms of mays I..) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agron. J. 61:
Nutrient Deficiencies: Lupins. Soil Science and Plant 267-271.
Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Univ. of Western 961 Strickland, R.C, Chaney, W.R. and Lamoreaux, R.J.
Australia, Perth. (1979) Organic matter influences phytotoxicity of
939 Snowball, K and Robson, A.D. (1991) Symptoms of cadmium to soybeans. Plant Soil 52: 393-402.
Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities: Faba Beans and 962 Stromberg, L.K. (1960) Need for potassium fertilizer on
Field Peas. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of cotton determined by leaf and soil analyses. Calif. Agric.
Agriculture, Univ. of Western Australia, Perth. 14: 4-5.
940 Snyder, G.H., Jones, D.B. and Coale, F.]. (1990) 963 Strong, W.M. (1981) Nitrogen requirements of
Occurrence and correction of manganese deficiency in irrigated wheat on the Darling Downs. Aust. f. Exp.
histosol-grown rice. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54: 1634-1638. Agric. Anim. Husb. 21: 424-431.
941 Soileau, J.M., Engelstad, O.P. and Martin, J.B. (1969) 964 Subrahmanyam, K, Chattopadhyay, A., Nair, A.K and
Cotton growth in an acid Fragipan subsoil. II. Effects of Singh, D.V. (1992) Yield response and iron status of
soluble calcium, magnesium and aluminum on roots Japanese mint as influenced by soil and foliar applied
and tops. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33: 919-924. iron. Fert. Res. 31: 1-4.
942 Somasegaran P., Hoben, H.]. and Gurgun, V. (1988) 965 Sui-Chui, Q., Ming, L.Y., Chang-Yong, H., Zheng,
Effects of inoculation rate, rhizobial strain competition W.and Lu-Chun, Z. (1992) Study on "Blind-Ear" -
and nitrogen fixation in chickpea. Agron. J. 80: 68-73. copper deficiency symptoms in wheat on subtropic hill
943 Soomro, A.W. and Waring, S.A. (1987) Effect of soils. Pedosphere 2: 85-92.
temporary flooding on cotton growth and nitrogen 966 Sukhija, P.S., Randhawa, V., Dhillon, K.S. and Munshi,
nutrition in soils with different organic matter levels. S.K (1987) The influence of zinc and sulphur
Aust. J. Agric. Res. 38: 91-99. deficiency on oil-filling in peanut (Arachis hypogaea I..)
944 Soper, R.J., Morden, G.W. and Hedayat, M.W. (1989) kernels. Plant Soil 103: 261-267.
The effect of zinc rate and placement on yield and zinc 967 Sun, Y., Havlin, ].L. and Paulsen, G.M. (1989)
utilization by blackbean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Black Evaluation of nutrient deficiencies in wheat seedlings
Turtle). Can. J. Soil Sci. 69: 367-372. by chlorophyll fluorescence. J. Plant Nutr. 12: 769-782.
945 Sorwli, F.K. and Mytton, I..R. (1986) Nitrogen 968 Sunderman, H.D., Onken, A.B. and Hossner, I..R.
limitations to field bean productivity: A comparison of (1979) Nitrate concentration of cotton petioles as
combined nitrogen applications with Rhizobium influenced by cultivar, row spacing and N application
inoculation. Plant Soil 94: 267-275. rate. Agron. f. 71: 731-737.
274
969 Supakamnerd, N., Dell, B. and Bell, R.W. (1990) 991 Thongbai, P., Graham, R.D., Neate, S.M. and Webb,
Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency in peanut (Arachis M.]. (1993) Interaction between zinc nutritional status
hypogaea) by plant analysis. In 'Plant Nutrition - of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity. Plant Soil
Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem). 153: 215-222.
pp. 791-795 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). 992 Tiwari, KN. and Dwivedi, B.S. (1990) Response of eight
970 Sweeney, D.W. and Granade, G.V. (1993) Yield, winter crops to zinc fertilizer on a Typic U stochrept
nutrient, and soil sulfur response to ammonium sulfate r.
soi!. Agric. Sci., Camb. 115: 383-387.
r.
fertilization of soybean cultivars. Plant Nutr. 16: 1083- 993 Tiwari, KN., Dwivedi, B.S. and Pathak, A.N. (1985)
1098. Iron pyrites as sulphur fertilizer for legumes. Plant Soil
971 Takebe, M., Yoneyama, T., Inada, K and Murakami, T. 86: 295-298.
(1990) Spectral reflectance ratio of rice canopy for 994 Tiwari, K.N., Dwivedi, B.S. and Pathak, A.N. (1986)
estimating crop nitrogen status. Plant Soil 122: 295-297. Relative effectiveness of iron pyrites and gypsum as
972 Takkar, P.N. and Mann, M.S. (1978) Toxic levels of soil sulfur fertilizer for different cultivars of mustard
and plant zinc for maize and wheat. Plant Soil 49: 667- (Brassica juncea). Fert. Res. 8: 279-282.
669. 995 Tiwari, K.N., Nigam, V. and Pathak, A.N. (1985) Studies
973 Takkar, P.N., Chibba, LM. and Mehta, S.K (1986) All on the potassium requirements of different crops. Fert.
India Coordinated Scheme of Micronutrients in Soils Res. 8: 91-96.
and Plants. 18th Annual Report, 1984-85, 42p. (ICAR: 996 Tolhurst, ].A.H. (1971) The leaf analysis advisory
New Dehli). r.
service: A review of progress, 1970. Tea. Tea Boards
974 Takkar, P.N., Singh, S.P., Bansal, R.L. and Nayyar, V.K East Afr. 11: 32-33.
(1983) Tolerance of barley varieties to zinc defiCiency. 997 Touchton, J.T., Adams, F. and Burmester, C.H. (1981)
Indian J. Agric. Sci. 53: 971-979. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and cotton petiole analysis in
975 Tan, K and Keltjens, W.G. (1990a) Interaction Alabama field experiments. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta.
between aluminium and phosphorus in sorghum Bull. No. 528.
plants. I. Studies with the aluminium sensitive 998 Tremblay, F.T. and Baur, KE. (1948) A method for
genotype TAM428. Plant Soil 124: 15-23. determining the potassium requirement of peas. J. Am.
976 Tan, K. and Keltjens, W.G. (1990b) Interaction Soc. Agron. 40: 945-959.
between aluminium and phosphorus in sorghum 999 Turner, F.T. and Jund, M.F. (1994) Assessing the
plants. II. Studies with the aluminium tolerant nitrogen reqUirements of rice crops with a chlorophyll
sorghum genotype SC0283. Plant Soil 124: 25-32. meter. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 34: 1001-1005.
977 Tan, K, Keltjens, W.G. and Findenegg G.R. (1992) Acid 1000 Tyner, E.H. (1946) The relation of corn yields to leaf
soil damage in sorghum genotypes: Role of magnesium nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. Soil Sci.
deficiency and root impairment. Plant Soil 139: 149-155. Soc. Am. Proc. 11: 317-323.
978 Tan, K, Keltjens, W.G. and Findenegg, G.R. (1991) 1001 Ulrich, A. (1948) Plant analysis as a guide to the
Role of magnesium in combination with liming in nutrition of sugar beets in California. Proc. 5th General
alleviating acid-soil stress with the aluminium-sensitive meeting Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Techno!. pp. 364-377.
sorghum genotype CV323. Plant Soil 136: 65-7I.
1002 Ulrich, A. (1950) Critical nitrate levels of sugar beets
979 Tanaka, A. and Navasero, S.A. (1966) Manganese estimated from analyses of petioles and blades, with
content of the rice plant under water culture special reference to yields and sucrose concentrations.
conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 12: 21-26. Soil Sci. 69: 291-309.
980 Tang, C. and Robson, A.D. (1993) Lupinus species differ 1003 Ulrich, A. (1955) How much nitrogen for sugar beets?
in their requirements for iron. Plant Soil 157: 11-18. The Sugar Beet 13: 6-9.
981 Tang, c., Robson, A.D. and Dilworth, M.J. (1990) The 1004 Ulrich, A. (1961) Plant analysis in sugar beet nutrition.
role of iron in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in In 'Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems'. (Ed. L.M.
Lupinus angustifolius L. New Phytol. 114: 173-182. Walsh.) pp. 190-210. (Am. Inst. Bio!. Sci.: Washington,
982 Tang, c., Robson, A.D. and Dilworth, M.]. (1991) D.C.)
Inadequate iron supply and high bicarbonate impair 1005 Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1952) Petiole sampling of
the symbiosis of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) with sugar beet fields in relation to their nitrogen,
different Bradyrhizobium strains. Plant Soil 138: 159- phosphorus, potassium and sodium status. Proc. Am.
168. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 7: 32-45.
983 Tanner, P.D. (1978) A relationship between premature 1006 Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.]. (1969) Sugar beet nutrient
sprouting on the cob and the molybdenum and deficiency symptoms. A colour atlas and chemical
nitrogen status of maize grain. Plant Soil 49: 427-432. guide. Division of Agric. Sci., Univ. of California.
984 Terman, G.L., Allen, S.E. and Giordano, P.M. (1973) 1007 Ulrich, A. and Hills, F.J. (1973) Plant analysiS as an aid
Dry matter yield - Nand S concentration relationships in fertilizing sugar crops, Part 1. Sugar beets. In 'Soil
and ratios in young corn plants. Agron. J. 65: 633-636. Testing and Plant Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Walsh and J.D.
985 Terman, G.L., Giordano, P.M. and Allen, S.E. (1972) Beaton.) pp. 271-288. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc.: Madison,
Relationships between dry matter yields and Wisc.)
concentrations of Zn and P in young corn plants. Agron. 1008 Ulrich, A. and Jackson Hills, F. (1989) Sugarbeets. In
r.64: 684-687. 'Detecting Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical
986 Thenabadu, M.W. (1972) Evaluation of the nitrogen and Temperate Crops.' (Eds. D.L. Plucknett and H.B.
nutrition status of rice by plant analysis. Plant Soil 37: Sprague) pp. 225-240 Westview Press, Boulder, USA.
41-48. 1009 Ulrich, A. and Ohki, K (1956) Chlorine, bromine and
987 Thiagalingam, K, Sturtz, ]., McNamara, T. and Price, T. sodium as nutrients for sugar beet plants. Plant Physiol.
(1993) Nitrogen nutrition of no-till grain sorghum 31: 171-18I.
following Centrosema pascuorum cv Cavalcade pastures. 1010 Ulrich, A., Moraghan, J.T. and Whitney, E.D. (1993)
In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to
Sugar beet. In 'Nutrient DefiCiencies & Toxicities in
Field Practice' (Ed. N.]. Barrow) pp. 563-566. (Kluwer
Crop Plants.' (Ed. W.F. Bennett) pp. 91-98 APS Press, St.
Academic Publishers: Dordrecht)
Paul, Minnesota, USA.
988 Thiel, H. and Finck, A. (1973) Determining the limiting
1011 Ulrich, A., Ririe, D., Hills, F.J., George, A.G. and Morse,
values of optimum copper supply of oat and barley
M.D. (1959) Plant analyses, a guide for sugar beet
plants. Z. Pf/anzeneniihr. Bodenkd. 134: 107-124.
fertilization. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul!. No. 766.
989 Thompson, J.P. (1992) Soil biotic and biochemical
factors in a long-term tillage and stubble management 1012 Uribe, E., Martens, D.C. and Brann, D.E. (1988) Response
experiment on a vertiso!. 2. Nitrogen deficiency with of corn (Zea mays L.) to manganese application on
zero tillage and stubble retention. Soil Tillage Res. 22: Atlantic coastal plain soils. Plant Soil 112: 83-88.
339-36I. 1013 Vallance, L.G. (1956) Effect of lime and copper on an
990 Thomson, B.D., Bell, R.W. and Bolland, M.D.A. (1992) acid soi!. 56 th Ann. Rept. Bureau of Sugar Experiment
Low seed phosphorus concentration depresses early Stations, Australia. p. 24.
growth and nodulation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus 1014 Vanderlip, R.L. and Reeves, H.E. (1972) Growth stages
angustifolius cv. Gungurru). J. Plant Nutr. 15: 1193- of sorghum (Sorghum bic%r, (L.) Moench.). Agron. J.
1214. 64: 13-16.
275
1015 Vaughan, A.K.F. (1977) The relation between the 1038 Walter, A., R6mheld, V., Marschner, H. and Mori, S.
concentration of boron in the reproductive and (1994) Is the release of phytosiderophores in zinc-
vegetative organs of maize plants and their deficient wheat plants a response to impaired iron
development. Rhod. J. Agric. Res. 15: 163-170. utilization? Physiol Plant. 92: 493-500.
1016 Vaughan, B., Barbarick, K.A., Westfall, D.G. and 1039 Walton, G. H. (1978) The effect of manganese on seed
Chapman, P.L. (1990) Tissue nitrogen levels for yield and the split seed disorder of sweet and bitter
dryland hard red winter wheat. Agron. J. 82: 561-565. phenotypes of Lupinus angustifolius and L. cosentinii.
1017 Vega, S., Calisay, M. and Hue, N.V. (1992) Manganese Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29: 1177-1189.
toxicity in cowpea as affected by soil pH and sewage 1040 Walworth, J.L. and Ceccotti, S. (1990) A re-
sludge amendments. J. Plant Nutr. 15: 219-231. examination of optimum foliar magneSium levels in
1018 Vessey, J.K., Raper, e.D.Jr. and Henry, L.T. (1990) corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 21: 1457-1473.
Effect of ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride and 1041 Wan Othman, W.M., Lie, T.A., Mannetje, L. t' and
root-zone acidity on inorganic ion content of tobacco. Wassink, G.Y. (1991) Low level phosphorus supply
J. Plant Nutr. 13: 827-842. affecting nodulation, Nz fixation and growth of
1019 Viets, F.G., Boawn, L.e. and Crawford, e.L. (1954) Zinc cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Plant Soil 135: 67-
content of bean plants in relation to deficiency 74.
symptoms and yield. Plant Physiol. 29: 76-79. 1042 Wang, e.H. (1979) Sulphur fertilization of rice -
1020 Viets, F.G., Boawn, L.e., Crawford, e.L. and Nelson, diagnostic techniques. Sulphur Agric. 3: 12-18.
e.E. (1953) Zinc deficiency in corn in Central 1043 Wang, J., Nielsen, M.T. and Evangelou, B.P. (1994) A
Washington. Agron. J. 45: 559-565. solution culture study of manganese-tolerant and -
1021 Viets, F.G., Nelson, e.E. and Crawford, e.L. (1954) The sensitive tobacco genotypes. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 1079-
relationships among corn yields, leaf composition, and 1093.
fertilizers applied. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 18: 297-301. 1044 Ward, R.e., Whitney, D.A. and Westfall, D.G. (1973)
1022 Vlamis, J. and Ulrich, A. (1971) Boron nutrition in the Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing small grains. In
growth and sugar content of sugar beets. J. Am. Soc. 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Walsh and
Sugar Beet Technol. 16: 428-439. J.D. Beaton.) pp. 329-348. (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc:
1023 Vomel, A. and Ulrich, A. (1963) Die Blattenalyse zur Madison, Wisc.)
Ermittlung von Mangan-Mangel bei Ruben. Z. 1045 Warren, J. (1983) Kunanurra Research Station, Western
Pf/anzenernahr. Bodenkd. 102: 28-45. Australia. (pers. comm.).
1024 von Wiren, N., Romheld, V., Shioiri, T. and Marschner, 1046 Warren, R.G. and Benzian, B. (1959) High levels of
H. (1995) Competition between micro-organisms and phosphorus and die back in yellow lupins. Nature 184:
roots of barley and sorghum for iron accumulated in 1588.
the root apoplasm. New Phytol. 130: 511-521. 1047 Waterer, J.G. and Vessey, J.K. (1993) Effect of low static
1025 Voss, R.E., Hanway, J.J. and Dunmenil, L.e. (1970) nitrate concentrations on mineral nitrogen uptake,
Relationship between grain yield and leaf N, P and K nodulation and nitrogen fixation in field pea. J. Plant
concentrations for corn (Zea mays L.) and the factors Nutr. 16: 1775-1789.
that influence this relationship. Agron. J. 62: 726-728. 1048 Waterer, J.G., Vessey, J.K. and Raper, e.D. Jr. (1992)
1026 Vouillot, M.O., Machet, J.M. and Mary, B. (1990) In situ Stimulation of nodulation in field peas (Pisum sativum)
nitrate reductase activity in winter wheat (Triticum by low concentrations of ammonium in hydroponic
aestivum) as an indicator of nitrogen availability. In ' culture. Physiol. Plant. 86: 215-220.
Plant Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed. 1049 Webb, M.J. and Loneragan, J.F. (1988) Effect of zinc
M.L. van Beusichem). pp. 765-768 (Kluwer Academic deficiency on growth, phosphorus concentration and
Publishers: Dordrecht). phosphorus toxicity of wheat plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
1027 Vretta-Kouskoleka, H. and Kallinis, T.L. (1968) Iron 52: 1676-1680.
deficiency in cotton in relation to growth and nutrient 1050 Wehrmann, J., Scharpf, H.e., Bohmer, M. and
balance. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32: 253-257. Wollring, J.(1982) Determination of nitrogen fertilizer
1028 Walker, e.D., Graham, R.D., Madison, J.T., Cary, E.E. reqUirements by nitrate analysis of the soil and of the
and Welch, R.M. (1985) Effects of Ni deficiency on plant. Proc. 9th Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. and Fert. Probl.,
some nitrogen metabolites in cowpeas (Vigna Warwick, U.K. Volume 2. pp. 702-709.
unguiculata L. Walp). Plant Physiol. 79: 474-479. 1051 Weir, R.G. Department of Agriculture, New South
1029 Walker, M.E., Gaines, T.P. and Parker, M.B. (1989) Wales, Sydney, Australia. (pers. comm.).
Potassium, magneSium, and irrigation effects on 1052 Weir, R.G. (1983) Tissue analysis for pastures and field
peanuts grown on two soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant crops. N.S.W Department of Agriculture Advisory Note
Anal. 20: 1011-1032. No. 11/83.
1030 Walker, T.W., Adams, A.F.R. and Orchiston, H.D. 1053 Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.e. (1994) Plant Nutrient
(1954) Some effects of sulphur and phosphorus on the Disorders. 4. Pastures and Field Crops. Inkata,
yield and composition of rape (Brassica napus). N.Z. J. Melbourne.
Sci. and Technol. 36: 103-110. 1054 Weir, R.G. and Hudson, A. (1966) Molybdenum
1031 Walker, W.M. and Peck, T.R. (1975) Relationship deficiency in maize in relation to seed reserves. Aust. J.
between grain yield and plant potassium. Agron. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. 6: 35-41.
67:445-448. 1055 Weir, R.G. and Milham, P.J. (1978) Use of plant
1032 Wall, P.e., Neate, S.M., Graham, R.D., Reuter, D.J. and analysis to assess zinc status of maize seedlings. Proc.
Rovira, A.D. (1994) The effect of rhizoctonia root 8th Int. Colloq. Plant Anal. and Fert. Probl., Auckland,
disease and applied nitrogen on growth, nitrogen N.Z. pp. 547-552.
uptake and nutrient concentrations in spring wheat. 1056 Welch, L.F. and Anderson, O.E. (1964) Molybdenum
Plant Soil 163: 111-120. content of peanut leaves and kernels as affected by soil
1033 Wallace, A. (1989a) Interactions of excesses of copper pH and added molybdenum. Agron. J. 54: 215-217.
and salinity on vegetative growth of bush beans at two 1057 Wellings, N.P., Wearing, A.H. and Thompson, J.P.
different pH levels in solution culture. Soil Sci. 147: (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)
426-429. improve phosphorus and zinc nutrition and growth of
1034 Wallace, A. (1989b) Effects of zinc when manganese pigeonpea in a Vertisol. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42: 835-845.
was also varied for bush beans grown in solution 1058 Wells, B.R., Bacon, R.K., Sabbe, W.E. and Sutton, R.L.
culture. Soil Sci. 147: 444-448. (1986) Response of sulfur deficient wheat to sulfur
1035 Wallace, A. and Romney, E.M. (1977) Aluminum fertilizer. J. Fert. Issues 3: 72-74.
toxicity in plants grown in solution culture. Commun. 1059 Wheeler, D.M. and Power, LL. (1995) Comparison of
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8: 791-94. plant uptake and plant toxicity of various ions in
1036 Wallihan, E.F. and Moomaw, J.e. (1967) Selection of wheat. Plant Soil 172: 167-173.
index leaf for studying the critical concentration of 1060 White, M.e., Chaney, R.L. and Decker, A.M. (1979)
nitrogen in rice plants. Agron. J. 59: 473-474. Differential cultivar tolerance in soybean to phytotoxic
1037 Walsh, L.M., Erhardt, W.H. and Seibel, H.D. (1972) levels of soil Zn. II. Range of Zn additions and the
Copper toxicity in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. uptake and translocation of Zn, Mn, Fe and P. Agron. J.
Environ. Qual. 1: 197-200. 71: 126-131.
276
1061 White, M.e., Decker, A.M. and Chaney, R.L. (1979) 1085 Wilson, D.O., Boswell, F.C., Ohki, K, Parker, M.B. and
Differential cultivar tolerance in soybean to phytotoxic Shuman, L.M. (1981) Soil distribution and soybean
levels of soil Zn. I. Range of cultivar response. Agron. J. plant accumulation of manganese in manganese-
71: 121-126. deficient and manganese-fertilized field plots. Agron. J.
1062 White, P.F. and Robson, A.D. (1989a) Lupin species 4S: 549-552.
and peas vary widely in their sensitivity to Fe 1086 Winter, S.R. (1990) Sugarbeet response to nitrogen as
deficiency. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40: 539-547. affected by seasonal irrigation. Agron. J. 82: 984-988.
1063 White, P.F. and Robson, A.D. (1989b) Poor soil 1087 Wissemeier, A.H. and Horst, W.]. (1987) Callose
aeration or excess soil CaC0 3 induces Fe deficiency in deposition in leaves of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (1.)
lupins. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40: 75-84. Walp.) as a sensitive response to high Mn supply. Plant
1064 White, P.F. and Rog~on, A.D. (1989c) Rhizosphere Soil 102: 283-286.
acidification and Fe reduction in lupins and peas: 1088 Wissemeier, A.H. and Horst, W.J. (1990) Manganese
Iron deficiency in lupins is not due to a poor ability to oxidation capacity of homogenates of cowpea (Vigna
3
reduce Fe +. Plant Soil 119: 163-175. unguiculata (L.) Walp) leaves differing in manganese
1065 White, P.F. and Robson, A.D. (1990) Response of lupins tolerance. J. Plant Physiol. 136: 103-109.
(Lupinus angustifolius L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) to 1089 Withers, N.J. (1982) Sap tests for measuring nitrogen
Fe deficiency induced by low concentrations of Fe in status of cereals. Proc. Agron. Soc. N.Z. 12: 41-44.
solution or by addition of HC0 3-. Plant Soil 12S: 39-47.
1090 Withers, N.J. and Palenski, F. (1984) An evaluation of
1066 White, P.J. (1993) Relationship between the develop- the nitrate sap test for use on spring-sown wheat. Proc.
ment and growth of rye (Secale cereale L.) and the Agron. Soc. N.Z. 14: 17-21.
potassium concentration in solution. Ann. Bot. 72: 349-
1091 Wollring, J. and Wehrmann, J. (1990) The nitrate
358.
content of the basal internode of the stems as an
1067 White, R.P., Gupta, V.e., Pridham, E. and Sanderson indicator of the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of
].B. (1987) Effect of zinc applications on corn at two winter cereals. Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 153: 47-53.
sites exhibiting low plant tissue zinc concentrations in
Prince Edward Island. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67: 973-977. 1092 Wong, S.e. (1990) Elevated atmospheriC partial
pressure of CO2 and plant growth. II. Non-structural
1068 Whitehouse, M.]. (1973) Grain phosphorus carbohydrate content in cotton plants and its effect on
concentration and yield of wheat in the diagnosis of growth parameters. PhotosynThesis Res. 23: 171-180.
phosphorus deficiency. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci.
30:115-118. 1093 Wood, e.W., Reeves, D.W., Duffield, R.R. and
Edmisten, K.1. (1992) Field chlorophyll measurements
1069 Whitehouse, M.J. and Langford, S. (1980) Queensland for evaluation of corn nitrogen status. J. Plant Nutr. IS:
Department of Primary Industries internal report. 487-500.
1070 Whitney, D.A. (1970) Soil and plant analyses for corn 1094 Wood, e.W., Tracy, P.W., Reeves, D.W. and Edmisten,
and sorghum survey. Kansas State Vniv. Mimeo. 3a- K1. (1992) Determination of cotton nitrogen status
162-1-300. with a hand-held chlorophyll meter. J. Plant Nutr. IS:
1071 Wichmann, W. and Finck, A. (1977) Plant analysis data 1435-1448.
for the evaluation of the Mg supply of oats and maize 1095 Wood, R.A. (1990) The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus
in SchleSwig-Holstein. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30: and potassium in the production of sugarcane in South
296-302. Africa. Fert. Res. 26: 89-98.
1072 Wichmann, W. and Finck, A. (1978) Determination of
1096 Woodbridge, e.G. (1969) Boron deficiency in pea
criteria for optimal magnesium supply for oats, spring (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 94: 542-
wheat and maize. Z. Pf/anzenemiihr Bodenkd. 141: 95-105.
544.
1073 Widdowson, F.V., Penny, A., Gutteridge, R.]., Darby, 1097 Woodruff, J.R.(1979) Soil boron and soybean leaf
R.J. and Hewitt, M.V. (1985) Tests of amounts and boron in relation to soybean yield. Commun. Soil Sci.
times of application of nitrogen and of sequential Plant Anal. 10: 941-952.
sprays of aphicide and fungicides on winter wheat,
following either beans or wheat, and the effects of take- 1098 Wu, S. (1994) Effect of manganese excess on the
all (Gaeumannomyces gram in is var. tritici), on two soybean plant cultivated under various growth
varieties at Saxmundham, Suffolk 1980-3. J. Agric. Sci., conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 991-1003.
Camb. lOS: 97-122. 1099 Xi, S., Lihua, R., Yongsong, Z., Qizhoa, Y., Caixian, T.
1074 Wilhelm, N.S., Fisher, J.M. and Graham, R.D. (1985) and Lianxiong, Q. (1989) Effect of potassium fertilizer
The effect of manganese deficiency and cereal cyst application on physiological parameters and yield of
nematode infection on the growth of barley. Plant Soil cotton grown on a potassium deficient soil. Z.
8S: 23-32. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. IS2: 269-272.
1075 Wilhelm, N.S., Graham, R.D. and Rovira, A.D. (1988) 1100 Yadav, D.S., Antil, R.S., Kumar, V. and Singh. M. (1985)
Application of different sources of manganese sulfate Effect of phosphate and zinc application on dry matter
decreases take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticl) yield and uptake of nutrients in cowpea (Vigna
of wheat grown in a manganese deficient soil. Aust. J. unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Z. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 148:
Agric. Res. 39: 1-10. 233-240
1076 Wilhelm, N.S., Graham, R.D. and Rovira, A.D. (1990) 1101 Yaduvanshi, N.P.S. and Yadav, D.V. (1990) Effects of
Control of Mn status and infection rate by genotype of sulphitation press mud and nitrogen fertilizer on
both host and pathogen in the wheat take-all biomass, nitrogen economy and plant composition in
interaction. Plant Soil 123: 267-275. sugarcane and on soil chemical properties. J. Agric. Sci.,
Camb. 114: 259-263.
1077 Wilhelm, N.S., Hannam, R.J., Branford, T.A., Riggs, ].L.,
Allen, K and Auhl, L. (1993) Critical level for zinc 1102 Yamauch, M. (1989) Rice bronzing in Nigeria caused
deficiency of field-grown wheat. Proe. 7th Australian by nutrient imbalances and its control by potassium
Agronomy Conference, Adelaide pp. 119-121. sulfate application. Plant Soil 117: 275-286.
1078 Williams, R. and Batten, G. (1996) New South Wales 1103 Yan, X., Zheng, S., He, Y. and Huang, N. (1992) Rice
Agriculture (pers comm.) genotypes differing in salt tolerance I. Growth response
and NaCI accumulation of whole plants and their
1079 Willson, KC. (1974) Studies on the mineral nutrition corresponding callus cultures. J. Plant Nutr. IS: 2653-
of tea. I. Experimental methods. Plant Soil 41: 1-12. 2666.
1080 Willson, K.e. (1975a) Studies on the mineral nutrition
1104 Yang, J. and Blanchar, R.W. (1993) Differentiating
of tea. II. Nitrogen. Plant Soil 42: 501-516. chloride susceptibility in soybean cultivars. Agron. J. 8S:
1081 Willson, Ke. (1975b) Studies on the mineral nutrition 880-885.
of tea. IV. Potassium. Plant Soil 43: 279-293. 1105 Yang, X., R6mheld, V., Marschner, H. and Chaney, R.1.
1082 Willson, Ke. (1975c) Studies on the mineral nutrition (1994) Application of chelator-buffered nutrient
of tea. V. Calcium. Plant Soil 43: 295-307. solution technique in studies on zinc nutrition in rice
1083 Willson, K.e. (1975d) Studies on the mineral nutrition plant (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Soil 163: 85-94.
of tea. VI. Magnesium. Plant Soil 43: 309-316. 1106 Yeo, A.R. and Flowers, T.]. (1986) Salinity resistance in
1084 Willson, Ke. Hainsworth, E., Green, M.J. and O'Shea, rice (Oryza sativa 1.) and a pyramiding approach to
P.B.T. (1975) Studies on the mineral nutrition of tea. breeding varieties for saline soils. Aust. J. Plant Physiol.
III. Phosphate. Plant Soil 43: 259-278. 13: 161-173.
277
1107 Yoshida, S. (1981) In 'Fundamentals of Rice Crop 1113 Zaini, Z. and Mercado, B.T. (1985) Phosphorus
Science'. p. 186. (International Rice Research Institute: nutrition and phosphate activity in young rice plants
Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.) grown in culture solution. 1. Levels of phosphorus and
1108 Yoshida, S., Ahn, ].S. and Forno, D.A. (1973) phosphatase activity of the roots. Phil. Agric. 68: 211-
Occurrence, diagnosis, and correction of zinc 216.
deficiency of lowland rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 19: 83-93. 1114 Zhang, M., Nyborg, M. and McGill, W.B. (1990)
1109 Yousef, A.N. and Sprent,].1. (1983) Effect of NaCI on Phosphorus concentration in barley (Hordeum vulgare
growth, nitrogen incorporation and chemical 1.) seed: Influence on seedling growth and dry matter
composition of inoculated and ammonium nitrate production. Plant Soil 122: 79-83.
fertilized Vicia (aba (1.) plants. J. Exp. Bot. 34: 941- 1115 Zhao, F.]., Evans, E.]., Bilsborrow, P.E. and Syers, ].K.
950. (1993) Sulphur uptake and distribution in double and
1110 Zadok, ].c., Chang, T.T. and Konzak, C.F. (1974) A single low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus 1.).
Plant Soil 150: 69-76.
decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Sci.
14: 415-42l. 1116 Zhen, R.G. and Leigh, R.A. (1990) Nitrate
accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum) in relation
1111 Zaharieva, T. (1986) Comparative studies of iron
inefficient plant species with plant analysis. J. Plant. to growth and tissue N concentrations. In ' Plant
Nutrition - Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.1. van
Nutr. 9: 939-946.
Beusichem). pp. 17-20 (Kluwer Academic Publishers:
1112 Zahrare, G.E. (1996) Calcium requirements for Dordrecht).
vegetative and reproductive growth of groundnut
1117 Zorn, W. and Praube, A. (1993) Manganese content of
(Arachis hypogaea 1.) in solution culture. PhD Thesis,
cereals, maize and beet as indicator of soil acidity. Z.
Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane. Pf/anzenerniihr. Bodenkd. 156: 371-376.
278
SUMMARISED INTERPRETATION GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSING

NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN AGRONOMIC CROPS
The main tabular compilation in this chapter these cases, guidelines for diagnosing deficiencies
provides a diverse array of published plant tests for were obtained by coupling the top end of their 'Low'
diagnosing nutrient deficiencies, excesses, toxicities range with the bottom end of their 'Normal' range,
and imbalances in field crop species. These tests while guidelines for toxicities and imbalances were
involve sampling different plant parts at various based on their 'Excess or toxic' range.
stages of growth for different nutrients or nutrient
The stated ranges correspond to the marginal zones
fractions. of deficiency and toxicity as defined in Figure 4.3
The purpose of the tables produced below is to (Chapter 4). They would normally relate to plants
summarise this body of information into sets of which are not exhibiting symptoms. However, in
interpretation guidelines, which appear appropriate the case of toxicities, plants showing a 10% yield
for detecting many nutritional disorders in major reduction mayor may not show symptoms. An
field crops grown in Australia. The particular growth 'adequate' nutrient status would be expected where
stages and plant parts are identified in the tables. concentrations exceed the quoted guideline values
for deficiencies, but are less than the guideline
The interpretation guidelines for diagnosing
values for toxicities given below.
deficiencies are selected from the range of critical
deficiency concentrations derived largely from field
and glasshouse soil culture experiments conducted Diagnostic criteria have only been presented in these
throughout the world. Occasionally, solution culture guidelines. Predictive criteria for these and other
data have been used. The guidelines for diagnosing crops are provided in the main tabular compilation.
nutrient excesses, toxicities or imbalances have been
derived in a number of ways; they include
concentrations associated with a 10% yield decline, REFERENCES
and concentrations associated with the presence of
Bell, R.W., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, c.]. (1990) Growth and
toxicity symptoms and yield depressions due to nodulation of tropical food legumes in dilute solution
nutrient imbalance. In cases where no appropriate culture. Plant Soil 122: 249-258.
experimental data were found, the guidelines have Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.C. (1994) 'Plant Nutrient Disorders.
been derived from Weir and Cresswell (1994). In 4. Pastures and Field Crops.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
279
TABLE 1 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in cereal crops.
BARLEY MAIZE OATS RICE SORGHUM WHEAT
Growth Mid-late Mid-late Mid-Max

stage tillering Tasselling Silking tillering tillering GS3-5 Mid-late
FS 3-5 FS 3-5 FS 3-5 tillering
ZS 14/23- ZS 14/23- FS 3-5
ZS30 ZS30 ZS 14/23-
ZS30
Yblade
Plant part YEB (YMB) Ear leaf Ear leaf YEB (YMB) (YMB) YMB, YEB YEB (YMB)
Element
N(%) 3.4-3.5 ' 2.6-3.3 2.6-3.1 3.4-3.5 ' 2.2-3.0 2.8-3.2 3.4-3.5 '
NOr N (mg/ 6000-

kg) 150002.3 2200-2800 3 3000-70002•3
P(%) 0.24-0.53 2 0.24-0.25 ' 0.22-0.27 0.29-0.3 ' 0.1-0.2 0.23-0.25 0.22-0.47 2
K(%) 2.3-2.4' 1.6-2.4 1.2-1.7 2.3_2.4' 1.0-1 .5 1.3-2.2 2.3-2.4 '
5(%) >0.15 0.16-0.2 0.16-0.24 >0.15 0.15-0.20 0.14-0.3z2
N/S -17 14-17 14-20 -17
Ca(%) 0.18-0.21 ' 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.21 0.18-0.21 ' 0.1-0.16 0.30-0.34 0.18-0.21 '
Mg(%) 0.12-0.13 ' 0.15-0.25 0.1-0.21 0.12-0.13 ' 0.12-0.15 0.16-0.20 0.12-0.15
<0.5 '
Na(%) <0.5' <0.3' <0.02' <0.5 '
<2.0' <0.6'
Ci(%) <2.0' <0.1' <2.0'
Cu(mg/kg) 1.2-2.86 5-6' 5-6 ' 1.0-2.0 5-8 2.0-2.7 1.3-3.06
Zn(mg/kg) 14-20 14-25 13-25 14-15' 17-25 18-20 16-205
Mn(mg/kg) 11-15 19-20' 11-20 24-25 ' 40' 15 10-15
Fe(mg/kg) 20-30' 70-90' 55-90
B(mg/kg) 4-5' 4-6 4_5' 5-6 1-2 3-5
Mo(mg/kg) 0.09-0.1' 0.2 ' 0.09-0.1 ' 0.2 0.15-0.30 0.08-0.1
1 Critical nutrient range documented by Weir and Cresswell (1994).

2 Between these stages of growth, nutrient criteria change reasonably rapidly, generally decreasing with advancing plant age (consult
main Table compilation).
3 Nitrate-N concentrations in basal stems sampled at the specified stages of growth.
2
4 40-50 mg/kg Fe + appears to be a consistent range.
s <11 mg/kg Zn is used to diagnose Zn deficiency in wheat grown in Western Australia; 20-25 mg/kg Zn may be appropriate for durum
wheats.
6 In crops of high N status, an upper limit of 5 mg/kg Cu may apply.
280
TABLE 2 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient excess, toxicities or nutrient imbalances in cereal crops.
BARLEY, OATS, WHEAT MAIZE RICE SORGHUM
Growth stage Mid·late tillering Tasselling Silking Mid·late tillering GS 3-5

FS 3-5 FS 3-5
ZS14/23-ZS30
Plant part YEB (YMB) Ear leaf Ear leaf Y blade (YMB) YMB, YEB
N(%) >6.5 ' >3.9 >3.75 >5.5 '
P(%) 0.7-2.7 >0.8 ' >0.5 >0.55 ' 0.81 ' •
K(%) >6.0' >2.5-4.0 >2.5 >3.5'
5(%) >0.8'
Ca(%) >0.9 ' >0.9 1.2-1.5'
Mg(%) >0.85' >0.55 >0.3? 0.9-1.i
Na(%) >0.8' >0.5' >0.5
Cl(%) >3.0 ' >1.8 ' >2.5? ' 0.20-0.71 3
Cu(mglkg) >50 ' >50 >25 68
Zn(mglkg) >150' >100 >50? 60-64 3
Mn(mglkg) >380 3()()(i >200 >800 280 3
Fe(mglkg) >350 >300 450-700
B(mg/kg) >40 >60 ' >35 1703
1 Ranges documented by Weir and Cresswell (1994).

2 Showing toxicity symptoms.
3 Critical toxicity concentrations associated with 10% yield reduction.
TABLE 3 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in pulse crops.
FIELD PEA LUPIN NAVY BEAN PEANUT SOYBEAN
Growth stage Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Pre-FI or FI Early FI
Plant part YMB (YML) YMB (YML) YMB (YMl) YMB (YML) YMB
N(%) 3.4-3.5 ' 2.8-3.2' 5 3.0-3.5 4.1-4.2
P(%) 0.27-0.30 ' 0.19-0.24' 0.34 0.19-D.30 3 0.29-D.34
K(%) 1.8-2.0 ' 1.4-1.6' 2.2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.7

5(%) 0.22-0.29 0.20 0.20-0.23
N/S 13-15 16.5
Ca(%) 0.7-0.9 ' 1.5 1.20-1.25 0.4-0.9
Mg(%) 0.2' 0.17-0.24' 0.29-0.30 0.30 0.19-D.25
Cu(mglkg) 4-6 ' 1.0-1 .2 6-7 5-6 4-6
Zn(mglkg) 19-24' 15-25 11-20 20-25 20-25
Mn(mglkg) 15-30' 30 49-50 25-50 17-25
Fe(mglkg) 18-20' 49-50 50 50
B(mglkg) 20-25' 5_9 ' 19-24 22-25 20
Mo(mglkg) 0.10-0.13 O§
2 A critical Mo concentration of approx. 0.02 mg/kg has been reported for soybean grown in solution cu lture (Bell et al. 1990).
3 Diagnostic criteria for P appea r to differ with cultivar.
-
281
TABLE 4 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient excess, toxicities or nutrient imbalances in pulse crops.
FIELD PEA LUPIN NAVY BEAN PEANUT SOYBEAN
Growth stage Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Pre-FI or FI Early FI
Plant part YMB (YML) YMB (YML) YMB (YML) YMB (YML) YMB
N(%) 5.5- 5.8' 6.0-7.0' 3.3

N03 -N(mglkg) 3000
P(%) 0.85 5
.II
4
K(%) 0.55--D.65' 1.11-1.65
Ca(%) 1.70-2.05
Mg(%) 0.5-0.7'
Na(%) O.3--D.4 ' 0.35--D.4 ' 0.7 3 > 0.5 '
CI(%) 1.6-1.8 ' 0.7-5.0

3
Cu(mglkg) 15-30
Zn(mglkg) 100' 2405 370-8605

5
Mn(mglkg) 400- 500' 1200-1400 512-2920 160-665 5
5 5
B(mglkg) 150 480
Mo(mg/kg)
Cd(mglkg) 5-303 1.7-7.03.5

2 Showing toxicity symptoms.
3 Concentration range in whole shoots.
4 Yield depression at high K due to nutrient imbalance.
S Critical toxicity concentrations associated with 10% yield' reduction.
TABLE 5 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in oilseed crops.
CANOLA/MUSTARD LlNOLA SUNFLOWER
Growth stage Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Prior to flowering
Plant part YMB (YML) YMB (YML) YMB (YML)
N(%) 5.2_7.0, ,2 2.8-3.2 2.8-5.1
N03-N(mglkg) 1200-1 65002,3
P(%) 0.28-0.32 0.2--D.61 4 0.21-0.35
K(%) 1.9-2.8 ' 1.8-2.2' 1.8-2.4
S(%) 0.35--D.47 0.43
N/S 19-30
Ca(%) 1.2-1.4' 0.8-1.0 ' 1.4
Mg(%) 0.19--D.21I 0.18
Cu(mg/kg) 3-4 ' 4_6 ' 3.7
Zn(mg/kg) 15-22 2 13
Mn(mg/kg) 40
..B(mg/kg) 20-22' 29-34

2 Between these stages of growth, nutrient criteria change reasonably rapidly, generally decreasing with advancing age (consult main
Table).
3 Nitrate-N concentrations in petioles of youngest mature leaves (PYML).
282
TABLE 6 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient excess, toxicities or nutrient imbalances in oilseed crops.
CANOLA LlNOLA SUNFLOWER
Growth stage Prior to flowering Prior to flowering Prior to flowering
Plant part YMB (YMl) YMB (yML) YMB (YML)
N(%) 5.5-6.5' 2.9-6.0 3
K(%) 0.60-0.65'
S(%) 5.5-6.5 '
Ca(%) 1.6-2.2 '
Mg(%) 0.65-0.95 1
Na(%) 0.5-0.7 1 0.9-1.1 ' 0.7-1.6
Cu(mg/kg) 16,·2 25-90'
Zn(mg/kg) 18-20 1 1150
Mn(mg/kg) 250-300' 2205-5300 2
B(mg/kg) 84 19-25' 1150
Mo(mg/kg) 0.55-1.6'
! Ranges documented by Weir and Cresswell (1994).

TABLE 7 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in other crops.
COnON SUGAR BEET SUGARCANE] TOBACCO
Growth stage Early FI Prior to flowering Active growing season Vegetative

(40-80DAE)
Plant part YMB (YML) YMB (YML) TVD YML
N(%) 3.3-3.5 2.5 1.8-2.0 3.5-4.0'
N03-N(mg/kg) 12,000-13,000 2 1000-2()()(f 410-700
P(%) 0.24-0.26 0.18 0.19-0.20 0.22-0.25 '
K(%) 1.4-1.5 1 0.90-1.11 2.0-2 .5'
S(%) 0.20-0.25 0.075 0.12-0.13 0.2
N/S 13 17
Ca(%) 2.00-2.25 0.5 0.18-0.20 1.3-1.5
Mg(%) 0.30 0.08-0.10 0.20-0.25
Cu(mg/kg) 4-5 2-3 3-4 1
Zn(mg/kg) 20-25 9 10-12 20'
Mn(mg/kg) 20-25 10 15 30-35
Fe(mg/kg) 40-50 55 50 50
B(mg/kg) 20 27 1-2 20-25 1
Mo(mg/kg) 0.5 0.08 0.4 1
Si(%) 0.7

2 Nitrate-N concentrations in petioles of youngest mature leaves (PYML).
3 Values given are for plant crops; where information is available, values for ratoon crops are generally similar.
283
Plant Analysis: An
An Interpretation Manual
TABLE 8 Interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient excess, toxicities or nutrient imbalances in other crops.
COTTON SUGARCANE TOBACCO
Growth stage Early FI Active growing season Vegetative

(40-80 DAE)
Plant part YMB (YMl) TVD YMl
P(%) 0.91 1
Mg(%) 1.4-1.51.2
Na(%) 1 > 0.04

0.6 O.Sl
CI(%) 1 0.6-1.0 1
2.2-4.3 > 3.5
Cu(mglkg) S.S3
Zn(mglkg) 200-SS0
. Mn(mglkg) 230-1460 3 SOO-9000
B(mglkg) 80 3
Mo(mglkg) 900

2 Toxic concentration associated with low leaf K.
3 Critical toxicity concentrations associated with 10% yield reduction.
284
6. PASTURE SPECIES
A. Pinkerton, F.W. Smith and D.C. Lewis
INTRODUCTION • HI-reducible S has been regarded as equivalent to

S04-S. For some species, criteria for sulfur status
Criteria, useful for interpreting plant analysis data have been established by analysis for oxidised
for most of the pasture species used in temperate and sulfur, S6+ determined using X-ray fluorescence
tropical regions of Australia, are presented in the spectrometry. These criteria are similar to S04-S
following table. The criteria have been derived values, and fulfil the same function in a nutrition-
largely from experiments, surveys, or experience al sense. Thus, where S04-S values are available
within Australia, but have been supplemented by for these species, S6+ data are not presented.
data from other countries. Some species grown
primarily as crops can also be grazed or used as • In some publications, critical values have not
fodder. Information about these species may be been stated by the original authors. In these cases
found in the chapter for temperate and sub-tropical where good data sets were available the chapter
crops. The data assembled in this chapter refer to authors have calculated criteria and entered the
criteria for assessing the nutritional status of pasture data into the table.
and fodder plants and do not refer to the nutritional • Where information is not available for a nutrient
requirements of animals grazing them. or a species, a useful guide can often be obtained
Anumber of points should be noted when using the by extrapolation of the criteria for a genetically
table, viz: related species which is included in the table.
However, when doing so, heed should be taken of
• Sampling times have been adjusted to be relevant
the cautions stated in Chapter 1.
to Australian conditions. For example, for tem-
perate species, growing seasons have been ar- Many colleagues contributed to this compilation of
ranged from the autumn break" in southern
II diagnostic criteria. We are particularly grateful for
Australia through winter to spring and summer. the contributions from Prof C.]. Asher, Dr D. Bouma,
• Unless otherwise stated, critical values for Dr R.C. Bruce, Associate Professor D.G. Edwards,
deficiencies or toxicities refer to 90 or 95% of Prof].F. Loneragan, DrN.E. Marcar, MrM.G. Mason,
maximum yield. Dr K.I. Peverill, Mr G.H. Price, Mr G.E. Rayment,
Dr D.]. Reuter, Prof A.D. Robson, Dr M.G. Rogers,
• Criteria established from field experiments are of- Mr R.G. Weir and Dr N. Wilhelm. We are also
ten means or ranges of values derived over a num- indebted to Mrs C. Murray and the staff of the
ber of years in which moisture stress may in some CSIROBlack Mountain Library for assistance in
years have limited yields at some harvests. In locating relevant literature for this Chapter.
such cases, it would be unwise to use these values
for predictive purposes.
287
t.j
::Eo
a
OQ
OQ
~
al
-;-
tIS
~.
~
:::
::
;s-
Andropogon gayanus (Gamba Grass)
~
~
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.27 Aust 97 cv. QI57497 ~
s·
:::
35 DAS YEB Soil 0.24 Aust 97 cv. QI57497
K(%) 56 DAS WS Soil 1.30 Nig 189 ~
I
~
Aristida armata (Wiregrass)
IP(%) 26 DAS WS Soil 0.26 Aust 13 I

Bothriochloa pertusa (Indian Couch or Bluegrass)
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.31 Aust 97

35 DAS YEB Soil 0.35 Aust 97
Brachiaria brizantha (Arm Grass)
P(%) 50 DAS WS Soil 0.13 Bra 43 cv. Marandu

80 DAS WS Soil 0.12 Bra 43 cv. Marandu
Brachiaria decumbens (Signal Grass)
P(%) 50 DAS WS Soil 0.11 Bra 43

80 DAS WS Soil 0.09 Bra 43
Brachiaria humidicola (Koronivia Grass)
P(%) 48 DAS WS Soil 0.33-0.50 Bra 68 Critical concn depends on soil type
Brachiaria ruziziensis (Ruzi Grass)
P(%) 48 DAS WS Soil 0.14-0.29 Bra 68 Critical value depends on soil type
Bromus diandrus (Great Brome Grass)
I5(%) 58 DAE VOL Soil 0.14 Aust 64 I

Bromus inermis (Smooth Brome Grass)
IS(N/S) Late Spring WS Field 20 USA 86 I
Bromus wildenowii (Prairie Grass)
P(%) 35-63 DAE WS Sand 0.29-0.31 NZ 41 cv. Grasslands Matua

K(%) 35-63 DAE WS Sand 3.1-3.7 NZ 41 cv. Grasslands Matua
Buchloe dactyloides (Buffalograss)
B(mg/kg) 12 weeks after WS Peat >2571 USA 75 cv. Taxoka; Critical for yield; Toxicity
clipping symptoms appeared at 406 mg/kg leaf B
Mo(mg/kg) 12 weeks after WS Peat >3090 USA 75 cv. Taxoka; Critical for yield; Toxicity
clipping symptoms appeared at 1280 mg/kg leaf Mo
Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel Grass)
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.20 Aust 97 cv, Biloela
26 DAT WS Soil 0.19 Aust 13 cv. USA
57 DAE WS Soil <0.22 0.22-0.27 0.25 0.27-0.35 Aust 10 cv. Gayndah

Veg WS Soil <0.20 0.23-0.26 0.29-0.38 Cub 108 cw. Verde Guantanamo, Numbank, Malopo
Q-860
Veg WS Soil 0.18 0.19 0.20-0.22 Cub 108 cv. Formidable
Pre-FI WS Soil 0.16 Aust 176 cv. Biloela

35 DAS YMB Soil 0.19 Aust 97 cv. Biloela
K(%) Veg WS Soil 3.09 Cub 113 cv. Formidable
5(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180 cv. Gayndah
Mn(mg/kg) 51 DAE WS Sand >1000 Aust 177 cv. Biloela
~
N 2-
==
<.&J
til
III
N
\&) ;a
o s.....
).
~
~
<Ij
~.
).
::l
5"
Centrosema pubescens (Centro) iti"
-a
~
P(%) 48 DAE WS Soil 0.17 Bra 68 Et
60 DAE WS Soil 0.23 Cub 47
§.
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.14 0.14-0.18 0.16 0.18-0.30 Aust 8 ~
::l
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.17 >0.23 Mala 71 ~
K(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.6 0.6-0.8 0.75 0.8-1.5 >1.5 Aust 9
Pre-FI WS Soil 1.35-1.88 Mala 71
S(%) 5 harvests at 6 WS Soil 0.21-0.24 SI 195 cv. Common
week intervals
Cu(mg/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4-5 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Zn(mg/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 20 Aust 12 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Mn(mg/kg) 21-35 DAE WS FSC >1400 Aust 56
51 DAE WS SC >1600 Aust 6
Chloris barbata (inflata) (Purple-top Rhodes or Chloris)

Chloris gayana (Rhodes Grass)

;
NOTN Early Autumn WS SC 1900 Isr 89
(mg/kg)
Summer WS SC 1300 Isr 89
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.19-0.25 Aust 97 cv. Callide
57 DAE WS Soil <0.20 0.20-0.24 0.22 0.24-0.34 Aust 10 cv. Pioneer
Veg WS Soil 0.20 Cub 109 cv. Callide
Veg WS Soil 0.24 Cub 109 cv. 161
35 DAS YEB Soil 0.21-0.23 Aust 97 cv. Callide
K(%) 28 DAE WS Soil >0.5 Aust 175 cv. Pioneer; Values dependent upon Na
concn
Veg WS Soil 3.42 Cub 113 cv. Callide
-
5(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180 cv. Pioneer
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS Sand >700 Aust 177 cv. Pioneer
Bung/kg) 42 DAE WS Sand/soil/ash >150 Aust 2
Chrysopogon {aI/ax (Golden-beard Grass)

Cynodon dacty/on (Green Couch or Bermudagrass )
N(%) 28-35 DAC WS Lit <1.5 1.8-2.2 2.5-3.0 >3.4 USA 82 cv. Coastal; Values vary with season
28-35 DAC WS Lit <1.7 2.0-2.5 2.6-3.2 >3.6 USA 82 cvv. Common, Midland; Values vary with
season
P(%) 28-35 DAC WS Lit <0.16 0.18-0.24 0.24-0.30 >0.40 USA 82 cv. Coastal; Values vary with season
season
Hay, cut at6 WS F >0.14 USA 35
week intervals
K(%) Veg WS Soil 3.64 Cub 113 cv.68
28-35 DAC WS Lit <1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.8 >2.2 USA 82 cv. Coastal; Values vary with season
season
4-5 cuts in WS F 2.20 USA 48 cv. Coastal
each of 2
seasons
Hay, cut at6 WS F >1.0 USA 35
week intervals
5(%) 30 cm high WS F 0.20-0.21 USA 81 cvv. Coastal, Alicia
28-35 DAC WS Lit <0.10 0.14-0.16 0.15-0.20 >0.30 USA 82 cv. Coastal; Values vary with season
28-35 DAC WS Lit <0.12 0.14-0.18 0.18-0.24 >0.32 USA 82 cvv, Common, Midland; Values vary with
season
S(N/S) 30 cm high WS F 10 USA 81 cvv. Coastal, Alicia
~
'"2'
...
~
~ ~
'"
~
~
1.0
~
a
).
~
~
'"~.
).
:::
:;-
Dactylis glomerata (Cocksfoot or Orchard Grass) iti'
~
~
N(%) 21-28DAC WS Lit <2.4 2.7-3.0 3.2-3.5 >4.2 USA 82 iil'
Cut in Summer WS F 4.8 Fra 88 cv. Floreal; Crop grown under irrigation §"
1st FI WS above Lit 2.80-4.00 Ger 22 ~
:::
5cm
~
P(%) Veg WS F <0.25 >0.30 lap 85
21-28 DAC WS Lit <0.18 0.20-0.24 0.23-0.28 >0.35 USA 82
1st FI WS above Lit 0.30-0.50 Ger 22
5cm
K(%) 35-63 DAE WS Sand 1.5-2.2 NZ 41 cv. Wana; Plants trimmed 21 DAE
21-28 DAC WS F <2.0 2.3-2.5 2.6-3.0 >3.5 USA 82
5cm
S(%) 21-28 DAC WS Lit <0.12 0.25 USA 82
S04- S Showing WS Soil, S 450 lap 96 cv. Aonami
(mg/kg) symptoms
Ca(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.60-1.20 Ger 22
5cm
Mg(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.15-0.30 Ger 22
5cm
Cu(mg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 6-15 Ger 22
5cm
Zn(mg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 20-50 Ger 22
5cm
Mn(mg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 40-100 Ger 22
5cm
Mo(mg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.15-0.50 Ger 22
5cm
B(mg/kg) Veg WS Soil 34-63 NZ 167 cv. Grasslands Apanui
1st FI WS above Lit 6-12 Ger 22
5cm
Danthonia richardsonii (Wallaby Grass)
P(%) 62 DAS WS Sand 0.41-0.51 Aust 133 cv. Taranna; Critical value increases with N
supply
93 DAS WS Sand 0.23 Aust 133 cv. Taranna
62 DAS YEB Sand 0.32-0.42 Aust 133 cv. Taranna; Critical value increases with N
supply
93 DAS YEB Sand 0.17-0.18 Aust 133 cv. Taranna
P0 4-P i 62 DAS YEB Sand 170-220 Aust 133 cv. Taranna; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO 4
(mg/kg) extract; Critical value increases with N supply
93 DAS YEB Sand 80 Aust 133 cv. Taranna; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO 4
extract
Desmodium intortum (Greenleaf Desmodium)
N(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 2.3 2.7 3.5-5.0 Aust 196

P(%) 45 DAE WS Soil 0.33 Aust 77
64 DAE 0.18
73 DAE 0.16
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.19 0.19-0.24 0.22 0.24-0.35 Aust 8
Pre-FI WS F 0.17-0.20 Aust 142
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.16 0.20-0.24 0.25-0.40 Aust 196
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.36 0.5-0.6 0.8-2.0 Aust 196
5(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.13 0.13-0.20 0.17 0.20-0.30 Aust 4
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.13-0.18 0.20-0.40 Aust 196
5°4- 5 Symptoms WS Soil, F 260 jap 86 cv. Greenleaf; Critical for 60% maximum
(mglkg) showing yield
Ca(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 1.0-2.0 Aust 196
Mg(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 0.25-0.60 Aust 196
Cu(mglkg) Pre-FI LB+P D 4-5 8-60 Aust 196
Zn(mglkg) Pre-FI WS Soil 19 Aust 12 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Pre-FI LB+P D <20 20-70 Aust 196
Mn(mglkg) Pre-FI LB+P D 40-350 675 Aust 196
CI(%) 2.3-4.2 Aust 196
;;?
Pre-FI LB+P D 2.0
t-l '2""
1.0
W ~
N
<.c ;:!:,
"" a
~
g
-;-
<Ii
~.
~
:::s
:i
Desmodium uncinatum (Silverleaf Desmodium) tti
-a
~
N(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 2.3 2.7 3.5-5.0 Aust 196 ill'
P(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.21 0.21-0.25 0.23 0.25-0.35 Aust 8 §"
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.16 0.2-0.24 0.25-0.40 Aust 196 ~
:::s
K(%) 84 DAE WS F <0.5 0.9-1.14 Aust 5 ~
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.5 0.5-0.8 0.8 0.8-1.5 >1.5 Aust 9
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.36 0.5-0.6 0.8-2.0 Aust 196
S(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.14 0.14-0.20 0.17 0.20-0.30 Aust 4
Pre-FI LB+P D 0.13-0.18 0.20-0.40 Aust 196
Ca(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 1.0-2.0 Aust 196
Mg(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 0.25-0.60 Aust 196
Cu(mglkg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Pre-FI LB+P D 4-5 8-60 Aust 196
Zn(mglkg) Pre-FI LB+P D <20 20-70 Aust 196
Mn(mglkg) 51 DAE WS SC >1160 Aust 6
Pre-FI LB+P D 40-350 675 Aust 196
CI(%) Pre-FI LB+P D 2.0 2.3-4.2 Aust 196
Dichanthium annulatum (Sheda Grass)
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.26 Aust 97 CPI50819

35 DAS YEB Soil 0.29 Aust 97 CPI50819
Digitaria ammophila (Silky Umbrella Grass)
I P(%) 26 DAS WS Soil 0.28 Aust 13 I
Digitaria ciliaris (Summer Grass)

35 DAS YEB 0.20
Digitaria eriantha (decumbens, smutsii) (Pangola or Tall (Woolly) Finger Grass)
P(%) 45 DAE WS Soil <0.14 0.14-0.18 0.16 0.18-0.26 Aust 10
60 DAS WS F <0.18 PuRi 194
28-35 DAC WS Lit <0.10 0.12-0.16 0.16-0.24 >0.28 USA 82
Pre-FI WS F <0.1 0.15-0.17 0.2-0.25 Cub 106 CYV. Comun, Transvaal, PA-32
Pre-FI 0.19 cv. Peluda
K(%~ 60 DAS WS F <1.0-1.5 >1.5 PuRi 194
28-35 DAC WS Lit <1.1 1.2-1.4 1.6-2.0 >2.2 USA 82
S(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180
28-35 DAC WS Lit <0.12 0.15-0.20 0.20-0.25 >0.30 USA 82
Mg(%) 60 DAS WS F <0.20 PuRi 194
flytrigia pontica (Tall Wheat Grass)
Cltrnol/rrr') Veg WS Sand >150 Aust 103 cv. Largo; Units in plant water; Critical for
50% reduction in shoot weight
Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue)
N(%) Cut in Summer ws F 4.8 Fra 88 cv. Clarine; Crop grown under irrigation
U WS F 2.8-3.4 USA 199
NOrN U WS F 700-1000 USA 199

(mglkg)
P(%) 35-42 days WS Lit <0.24 0.26-0.32 0.34-0.40 >0.45 USA 82
after clipping
U WS F <0.24 0.24-0.32 0.32-0.40 >0.45 USA 199 cv. Alto; 50% maximum yield with 0.19%
K(%) 35-42 days WS Lit <2.2 2.4-2.8 2.8-3.2 >3.8 USA 82

after cI ippi ng
U WS F <2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0-3.5 USA 199 2.0% critical for cv. Kentucky-31 ; 4.0%
regarded as excessive
S04-S Symptoms WS F 880 lap 96 cv. Kentucky-21; Critical for\oO% maximum

(mg/kg) showing yield
~
N
1.0 ~
\11 III
N
~
'-&I
a-
a
:J>.
~
~
...
~.
:J>.
:;,
Festuca pratensis (Meadow Fescue)

::
~
~
~
P(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.30-0.50 Ger 22 ~
Scm c'
:;,
K(%) 1st FI WS above
Scm
Lit 2.10-3.50 Ger 22
~
:;,
Ca(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.60-1.20 Ger 22 i

Scm
Scm
Cu(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 6-12 Ger 22
Scm
Zn(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 20-50 Ger 22
Scm
Mn(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 35-100 Ger 22
Scm
Mo(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.15-0.50 Ger 22
Scm
B(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 6-12 Ger 22
Scm
Glycine tabacina (Glycine or Native Pea)
S(%) FI WS Soil 0.29 Aust 93

S(N/S) FI WS Soil 20 Aust 93 Ratio> critical indicates deficiency
Heteropogon contortus (Black or Bunched Speargrass)

3.1 DAS YEB 0.24
Hordeum leporinum (Barley Grass)
I S(%) 58 DAE YEB Soil 0.13 Aust 64

Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua Grass)
IP(%) 108 DAS WS SoiI 0.31-0.40 Bra 44 I

Indigofera spicata (Creeping Indigo)
Cu(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Stcenbjcrg effect in very deficient plants
Lablab purpureus tDolichos leblsb; (Lablab Bean)
N(%) Pre-FI YML D 1.9 2.5-3.0 3.5-5.3 Aust 196

1'(%) Veg WS Soil 0.16 Cub 110 cv. Rongai
Prc-FI YML D 0.20-0.23 0.25-0.40 0.5 Aust 196
K(%) Prc-FI YML D <0.8 0.9 1.0-1.8 Aust 196
S(%) Pre-FI YML D 0.21-0.35 Aust 196
Ca(%) Pre-FI YML D 1.2-1.7 Aust 196
Mg(%) Pre-FI YML D 0.24-0.55 0.65 0.7 Aust 196 Toxicity associated with imbalance in
K-deficient crop
Cu(mg!kg) Pre-FI YML D 8-20 Aust 196
Zn(mg!kg) Pre-FI YML 0 30-70 Aust 196
Mn(mg!kg) Pre-FI YML D 50-200 Aust 196
Bung/kg) Pre-FI YML D 30-50 Aust 196
Mo(mg!kg) Pre-FI YML D 0.14 0.3-1.0 Aust 196
Lathyrus sylvestris (Flatpea)
P(%) 6-12 weeks WS Soil 0.21 USA 200 cv. Lathco

after sowing
Lespedeza cuneate, stipulacca, strieta (Sericea, Korean, Common l.espedeza)
N(%) Early FI, Hay WS F 2.75-3.00 USA 124

P(%) Early FI, Hay WS F 0.18-0.25 USA 124 ~
~ '"
i:
<,rJ
~
" '"
N
~
<.&>
ee
a~
;
~
'"~.
~
:I
5"
Lespedeza cuneata, stipu/acea, striata (Sericea, Korean, Common Lespedeza) (ctd) ~
-a
~
K(%) Early FI, Hay WS F 0.90-1.20 USA 124 ;;;:-
Ca(%) Early FI, Hay WS F 1.00-1.30 USA 124
5°
:I
Mg(%) Early FI, Hay WS F 0.20-0.25 USA 124 ~

:I
~
Leucaena /eucocepha/a (Leucaena)
N(%) 75 DAS YMB Soil 4.5 Aust 171 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
84 DAS YMB Soil 4.1 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
P(%) 45 DAE WS Soil 0.09-0.10 USA 102 Applies also to Leuceene rerusa
84 DAS YMB Soil 0.25 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham; Inoculated
0.21 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
K(%) 84 DAS YMB Soil 0.20 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
Ca(%) 84 DAS YMB Soil 0.49 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham; Inoculated
0.38 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
S(%) 84 DAS YMB Soil 0.24 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham; N-supplied
Mn(mglkg) 51 DAE WS SC >550 Aust 6
84 DAS YMB Soil >325 Aust 156 cv. Cunningham
Lo/ium mu/tif/orum (Italian Ryegrass)
K(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 1.9 UK 21 Biophysical functions in low-Na soils

1.3 Biophysical functions in high-Na soils
0.8 Biochemical functions
All values for cv. Landras Westerwolths
Late veg YEB SC 3.5 USA 74 cv. Tifton No.1; Critical when Na <0.3%
0.8 cv. Tifton No.1; Critical when Na >2.4%
S04- S Showing WS Soil, F 650 lap 96 cv. Waseyutaka; Value critical for 60%
(mg/kg) symptoms maximum yield
Mn(mg/kg) U WS Soil 25-250 >500 Bel 45
Cu(mglkg) U WS Soil 6-15 >20 Bel 45
Zntrng/kg) U WS Soil 25-150 >400 Bel 45
B(mglkg) U WS Soil 18-30 >190 Bel 45
Natmol/rn') Veg WS Sand >130 Aust 103 Units in plant water; Critical for 50%
reduction in shoot weight
Cltmol/rrr') Veg WS Sand >85 Aust 103 Units in plant water; Critical for 50%
Ni(mg/kg) U WS Soil 0-8 >80 Bel 45
Lo/ium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass)
N(%) 84 DAE WS Soil 2.8-29 NZ 67

49-105 DAE WS Sand 3.2 NZ 182 cv. Grasslands Nui; 4.4% for 99% maximum
yield
4-5 cuts at 6 WS F <1.9 2.1-2.2 2.3-2.7 UK 73 Figures are means for ageing and newly sown
week intervals swards at 8 sites
Scm
Veg YMB D 3.5-4.5 5.0-6.0 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F, S <2.0 2.5-4.0 Aust 130
NOrN 49-105 DAE WS Sand 500 NZ 182 cv. Grasslands Nui; 1OOOmg/kg for 99%
(mg/kg) maximum yield
P(%) Veg WS F <0.30 0.30-0.34 0.35-0.40 >0.40 NZ 42
7-21 DAS WS Soil 0.34 NZ 60
34-50 DAS WS Soil 0.33 Ger 59 cv. Printo; Critical for 80% maximum yield
35,49,63 WS Sand 0.13 0.29-0.38 0.9 NZ 41 cv. Yatsyn; Yields bulked for 3 cuts
DAS
yield; High N supply
Various WS F 0.20 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia
Scm
Veg YMB D 0.13 0.18-0.21 0.25-0.55 0.60-0.75 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
Year after YMB F 0.28 UK 137
sowing
FI Leaf F, S <0.20 0.20-0.40 Aust 130
K(%) Veg WS F <1.7 1.7-1.9 2.0-2.5 >2.5 NZ 42
35 DAS WS Soil 2.8 Aust 119 No Na supplied
0.8-1.0 Na supplied; Monovalent cation requirement
= 580-1200 me/kg cv. Grasslands Nui ~
'"2'
""
1.0
1.0 ~
w
o ~
o
a
)..
al
~
'"~.
)..
=
Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) (ctd) =
~
-a
~
K(%) (ctd) 21-27 days WS Sand 4.8 Aust 118 No Na supplied iii
after clipping 1.4 Na supplied §.
(
82 DAT WS Soil 0.6 UK 15 Critical for 95% maximum yield when Ca
approx. 0.8% DM
Various WS F 1.0-1.5 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia
1st FI WS above lit 2.50-3.50 Ger 22
5cm
Veg YMB D 0.8-1.3 1.4-1.6 2.0-4.8 7.0 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F, S <1.0 1.5-3.0 Aust 130
S(%) Veg WS F <0.22 0.22-0.26 0.27-0.32 >0.32 NZ 42
84 DAE WS Soil 0.23 NZ 67
3 cuts WS Soil <0.18 0.20 0.24-0.41 UK 29 cv. S23
Various WS Soil, F <0.20 UK 162
Veg YMB D 0.18-0.22 0.25-0.45 0.55-0.65 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F, S <0.18 0.20-0.40 Aust 130
S(N/S) U WS F 15-17 NZ 99 Ratio> critical indicates S deficiency
Various WS Soil, F >15 UK 162
S04- S Symptoms WS sou. F 160 lap 86 cv. Friend; Critical for 60% maximum yield
(mg/kg) showing
Various WS Soil 500 UK 162 Adequate for optimum yields at later cuts
6 cuts in 2 years WS F 500 UK 163
S04- S/S 6 cuts in 2 years WS F 30 UK 163

xl00
Various WS Soil, F <20 29 28.5-44 UK 162
Ca(%) Veg WS F <0.20 0.20-0.24 0.25-0.30 >0.30 NZ 42
70 DAS; W5 Soil $0.5 UK 16 Critical Ca concn depends on P and Zn
42 DAC concns
Various WS F 0.2 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia
Scm
Veg YMB 0 0.20-0.60 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F,S <0.25 0.25-0.60 Aust 130
Mg(%) Veg WS F <0.13 0.13-0.15 0.16-0.20 >0.20 NZ 42
49-105DAE WS Sand 0.07 NZ 182 cv. Grasslands Nui; 0.1 0% for 99% maximum
Scm
Veg YMB 0 <0.13 0.14 0.20-0.40 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F,S <0.15 0.20-0.35 Aust 130
Cu(mglkg) Veg WS F <4 4.0-5.0 6.0-7.0 >7 NZ 42
12-15 cm WS Sand >21 UK 51 cv. 523
long leaves
48, 70, 80 DAS WS Soil >40 UK 28 cv. 523
Scm
Veg YMB 0 4-5 6-15 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F,S <4 5.0-12.0 Aust 130
Zntrng/kg) Veg WS F <10 10.0-13.0 14-20 >20 NZ 42
5 leaf stage WS Sand >221 UK 51 cv.S23

48,70,80 DAS WS Soil >375 UK 28 cv.S23
4-5 months WS Soil >560 Neth 172 Critical for 20% reduction in yield; >370 rng/
kg critical when in combination with other
toxicities
Scm
Veg YMB 0 10-13 15-70 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F,S <15 15-50 Aust 130
Mn(mglkg) 40-61 DAS WS Sand >1110 NZ 183 cv. Grasslands Nui
1st cut WS 50-200 1000-2000 Ger 84

Scm
Veg YMB 0 16 30-400 650-1290 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
~
II>
2'
...o
IN
iil
II>
w
o ~
hi
a
~
~
~
~.
~
::l
::i
Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) (ctd) ib
~
~
Mn(mglkg) FI Leaf F, S SO-300 Aust 130 ~
(ctd) S'
::l
Fetmg/kg) Veg WS F <40 40-49 50-60 >60 NZ 42 Be careful of Fe contamination from soil or
grinding
~
::l
Btrng/kg) Veg WS F >15 NZ 42 ~

Veg to 6 WS Soil 39 NZ 167 cv. Grasslands Ruanui
months

5cm
Veg YMB D 5 10-20 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F, S <3 5.0-15.0 Aust 130

Mo(mglkg) Veg WS F <0.15 0.15-0.29 0.30-0.40 >0.40 NZ 42
Scm
Veg YMB D 0.11 0.25-3.7 8.1 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
FI Leaf F, S <0.2 0.3-0.4 Aust 130
Natmol/m') Veg WS Sand >205 Aust 103 cv. Vic. Cert.; Units in plant water; Critical for
Na(%) Veg YMB D 0.7-1.5 1.8-2.3 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked; High Na values
associated with K deficiency, not salinity
Cltrnol/rn ') Veg WS Sand >lS0 Aust 103 cv. Vic. Cert.; Units in plant water; Critical for
CI(%) Veg YMB D 2.0-2.6 3.6 Aust 196 Leaves randomly plucked
Lolium rigidum (Wimmera or Annual Ryegrass)

S(%) 58 DAE YEB Soil 0.14 Aust 64
Natmol/rn') Veg WS Sand >200 Aust 103 cv. Wimmera; Units in plant water; Critical for
Cltrnol/rn ') Veg WS Sand >lS0 Aust 103 cv. Wimmera; Units in plant water; Critical for
Lotononis bainesii (lotononis)
P(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.15 0.15-0.19 0.17 0.19-0.35 Aust 8 cv. Miles
K(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.6 0.6-0.9 0.9 0.9-1.5 >1.5 Aust 9 cv. Miles
5(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.13 0.13-0.20 0.15 0.20-0.30 Aust 4 cv. Miles
Zn(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 22 Aust 12 cv. Miles; Piper-Steenbjerg effect may occur
in very deficient plants
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS SC >1320 Aust 6 cv. Miles
Lotus cornicu/atus (Birdsfoot Trefoil)
P(%) Late Autumn WS F 0.21 NZ 50

Late Spring-
Early Autumn 0.23
42 DAS WS Soil 0.31 USA 157 cvv. Fergus, Maitland
6-12 weeks WS Soil 0.24 USA 200 cv. Empire
after sowing
Lotus peduncu/atus (Maku or Greater lotus)
P(%) 55 DAS WS or YOL Sand 0.30-0.31 Aust 133 cv. Grasslands Maku
80 DAS 0.27-0.28
Late Autumn WS F 0.27 NZ 50 cv. Grasslands Maku
Late Spring-
Early Summer 0.30
P0 4-P 55 DAS VOL Sand 110 Aust 133 cv. Grasslands Maku; Units in fresh weight;
(mg!kg) 80 DAS 86 H 2 S0 4 extract
K(°j,,) 49 DAS WS Sand <2.0 2.46 3.2-6.1 Aust 131 cv. Grasslands Maku
84 DAS <1.2 1.98 3.7 -5.4
49-84 DAS YOL 1.84-1.85
Mn(mg/kg) 39 DAS WS Sand 100-389 718 760-1638 Aust 54 cv. Grasslands Maku
YOL 116-351 612 650-1232
Macropti/ium atropurpureum (Siratro, Atro, Purple Bean)
P(%) 28 DAS WS Soil 0.29-0.32 Aust 178 Critical at 30°C; Critical value rises with rising
35 DAS 0.29-0.32 temperature ~
WI
w
o
w [
w
o
.... ~
~
~
e
~
'"?1.
~
::
5"
Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro, Atro, Purple Bean) (ctd) ~
-a
~
P(%) (ctd) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.3 Aust 97 ill'
37 DAE WS 0.19 0.32 0.35-0.39 Aust 36
§o
SC
42 DAS WS Soil 0.23-0.25 Aust 178 Critical at 30°C; Critical value rises with rising [
temperature
~
Pre-FI WS Soil 0.26 Cub 110
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.20 0.20-0.25 0.24 0.2S-0.3S Aust 8
41 DAE WS Soil 0.3 Aust 77
59 DAE 0.15
77 DAE 0.09
S(%) 5 harvests at 6 WS Soil 0.21-0.24 SI 195 cv. Siratro
week intervals
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.15 0.15-0.20 0.17 0.20-0.30 Aust 4
Var WS F 0.13-0.15 Aust 139
Var Tips of F 0.16 Aust 139 Tips include 5-6 expanded leaves
runners
S04- S Symptoms WS SC 60 [ap 86 Critical for 60% maximum yield

(mg/kg) showing
Zn(mg/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 24 Aust 12
Mn(mg!kg) 21-35 DAE WS FSC >320 Aust 56
51 DAE WS Soil >810 Aust 6
Macroptilium lathyroides (Phasey Bean)
P(%) 27 DAE WS SC 0.21 0.51 0.55-0.56 Aust 36

Pre-FI WS Soil <0.17 0.17-0.20 0.20 0.20-0.30 Aust 8 cv. Murray
K(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.6 0.6-0.8 O.7S 0.8-1.S >l.S Aust 9
Cu(mg/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Mn(mg/kg) 51 DAE WS SC >840 Aust 6 cv. Murray
Medicego minima (Woolly Burr Medic)
P(%) FI WS Soil 0.28 Aust 93 var. Minima

S(%) FI WS Soil 0.30 Aust 93 var. Minima
N/S FI WS Soil 20 Aust 93 var. Minima; Ratio> critical indicates

deficiency
Medkago murex (Murex Medic)
P(%) Veg-Start FI WS F 0.27 Aust 133 cv. Zodiac

Full-FI 0.17
Veg-Start FI YOL 0.40
Full FI 0.20
P(mg/kg) 49-70 DAS YOL Sand 260 Aust 133 cv. Zodiac; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
(Veg-Pre-Fl) extract
49 DAS (veg, YOL F 125 Aust 133 cv. Zodiac; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
Late Autumn) extract
Pre-FI to Early YOL F 90-150 Aust 133 cv. Zodiac; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
FI, Early Spring extract
Spring, Full FI YOL F 68 Aust 133 cv. Zodiac; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract
K(%) 43-66 DAS WS Sand <2.6 3.32-3.38 3.8-5.9 Aust 131 cv. Zodiac
Veg, Winter WS F 1.1 1.6-1 .7 2.0-3.75 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac
Veg-Early FI, WS or YOL F 0.7 1.0-1 .4 1.5-3.4 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac
Spring
Pod set, Late WS F 0.6 0.7 1.1-2.4 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac
Spring
43-66 DAS YOL Sand <2.3 2.53-2.8 2.8-4.0 Aust 131 cv. Zodiac
Early Veg, YOL F 2.75 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac

Autumn
Veg, Winter YOL F 1.5-2.0 2.2-3.4 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac
43-66 DAS PYOL Sand <4.5 5.17-5.66 6.5-8.1 Aust 131 cv. Zodiac
Early Veg PYOL F 4.7 5.58 6.0-8.0 Aust 132 cv. Zodiac
Veg, Winter 1.8 2.2-2.5 3.0-4.5
Veg-Early FI,
Spring 1 1.6-1.9 2.1-4.6
;.jl
III
w 2'
o\,{1 ~
III
W
Q ~
a-
~
:l>-
~
~
<II
~.
:l>-
:::J
5'
Mcdicago murex (Murex Medic) (ctd) ;;;
~
~
S(%) 42 DAS WS Sand <0.19 0.22 0.24 0.29-0.35 Aust 134 cv. Zodiac ~
67 DAS 0.14 0.17 0.22-0.39 §"
42-67 DAS YOL <0.20 0.21 0.23-0.26 0.31-0.38
S04- S 42 DAS WS orYOl Sand <123 174-185 438-997 Aust 134 cv. Zodiac ~
(mg!kg) 67 DAS WS <102 136 164 278-1514 ~
67 DAS YOL <76 89 112 274-798
S04- S/S 42 DAS WS orYOl Sand 7.7-8.3 Aust 134 cv. Zodiac
x100
S(N/S) 42-67 DAS WS Sand 20 Aust 134 cv. Zodiac
Mn(mg!kg) 32 DAS WS Sand 63-169 406 430-4313 Aust 54 cv. Zodiac
32 DAS VOL Sand 65-131 274 290-3162 Aust 54 cv. Zodiac
Mcdicago polymorpha (denticulata) (Burr or Annual Medic)
N(%) Pre-FI Mat lB D <2.7 3.0-3.2 3.5-5.5 Aust 196

P(%) 34 DAS WS Soil 0.61 Aust 25 var. brevispina, cv. Circle Valley
40 DAS WS Soil, F 0.65 Aust 26 Critical value, derived from regression of
critical value with DAS, varies with season
and conditions
46 DAS WS Soil 0.41 Aust 158
48 DAS WS Sand 0.57 Aust 133 var. brevispina, cv. Santiago
and conditions
74 DAS WS Sand 0.44 Aust 133 var. brevispina, cv. Santiago
100 DAS 0.32 critical value with DAS, varies with season
and conditions
FI WS Soil 0.28 Aust 93 var. vulgaris
48 DAS YOL Sand 0.68 Aust 133 var. brevispina, cv. Santiago
74 DAS 0.48
Pre-FI Mat lB D 0.21 0.26-0.45 Aust 196
Mat Seed Soil, F 0.37-0.84 Aust 26
-
P0 4-P 48 DAS VOL Sand 146 Aust 133 var. brevispina, cv. Santiago; Units in fresh
(rng/kg) 74 DAS 220 weight; H 2S04 extract
K(%) 44 DAS WS Sand <1.5 1.89 2.1-4.6 Aust 131 var. brevispina, cv. Santiago
66 DAS <0.9 1.26 2.4-3.6
YOL 2.02
1.41
YOB <1.4 1.72 2.8-3.5
<1.1 1.33 2.2-3.0
PYOL <3.0 3.10 5.3-6.6
<1.5 2.06 2.2-5.2
Pre-FI Mat LB D 1.5-4.0 Aust 196
Pre-FI Mat LB D 0.11 0.16-0.20 0.25-0.60 Aust 196
S(N/S) FI WS Soil 20 Aust 91 var. vulgaris; Ratio> critical indicates
deficiency
Ca(%) Pre-FI Mat LB D 0.8-1.2 Aust 196
Mg(%) Pre-FI Mat LB D 0.17 0.20-0.55 Aust 196
Cu(mg!kg) Pre-FI Mat LB D <4 4 6-25 Aust 196
Zn(mg!kg) Pre-FI Mat LB D 17 25-60 Aust 196
Mn(mg!kg) 32 DAS WS Sand 75-214 440-2678 Aust 54 cv. Serena
32 DAS YOL 75-194 400-2162
Pre-FI Mat LB D 35-250 Aust 196
B(mg!kg) Pre-FI Mat LB D 25-50 Aust 196
Mo(mg!kg) Pre-FI Mat LB D <0.13 0.14-0.30 0.45-1.00 Aust 196
Na(%) Pre-FI Mat LB D 0.45 1.0 Aust 196
Clung/kg) Pre-FI Mat LB D 1.8 Aust 196
Medicago sativa (Lucerne or Alfalfa)
N(%) Full bud WS F >3.0 Can 17

1st FI WS F >2.5 USA 173
Early FI WS F, S <3.0 3.5-5.0 Aust 130
Hay WS F <2.8 2.8-2.9 3.0-3.5 >3.5 NZ 42

Early FI (10%) Mid-S D <3.5 3.5-4.0 4.2-5.5 5.6-6.0 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top 15 cm F <4.0 4.0-4.4 4.5-5.0 >5.0 NZ 42
~
w '"c:-
o
'I ~
W
Q
QQ ~
:a:l-
i
~
~.
:I-
::l
5"
Medicago sativa (Lucerne or Alfalfa) (ctd) ~
-a
N(%) (ctd) Start FI Top 15 em Lit 3.5-5.0 Ger 22 ~
a"
P(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.21 0.21-0.26 0.24 0.26-0.35 Aust 8 ev. Hunter River ::l
1st FI WS F >0.26 USA 173 ~

::l
Early FI WS F,S <0.20 0.25-0.40 Aust 130 §.
Hay WS F <0.20 0.20-0.25 0.25-0.45 >0.45 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-S D <0.20 0.20-0.23 0.25-0.50 0.6 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top 15 em F <0.20 0.20-0.25 0.26-0.70 >0.70 NZ 42
1st FI Top 15 em Lit 0.30-0.60 Ger 22
(Branching, Leaves S <0.27 0.35-0.43 0.55-0.63 Bulg 129
Budding and Stems <0.25 0.21-0.35 0.45-0.57
Flowering)
K(%) Full bud WS F <1.0 >2.0 Can 17
Pre-FI WS Soil <1.0 1.0-1.3 1.3-2.0 >2.0 Aust 9 ev. Hunter River

Hay WS F <1.3 1.3-1.4 1.5-1.8 >1.8 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-S D <1.0 1.0-1.4 1.5-3.5 3.8-4.5 Aust 196
leaves
Hay Mid-S F 0.65-0.75 USA 105
Veg Top 15 em F <1.8 1.8-2.4 2.5-3.8 >3.8 NZ 42
(Branching, Leaves S <1.29 2.74-3.08 4.11-4.50 Bulg 129
Budding and Stems <1.23 2.63-2.89 3.29-3.33
Flowering)
S(%) Pre-FI WS F 0.28 Aust 92
3 annual cuts WS Soil 0.20-0.23 Gre 193
Early FI WS Soil <0.17 0.17-0.21 0.20 0.21-0.30 Aust 4 ev. Hunter River
-
Early FI WS F 0.12-0.15 USA 164 ev. Ranger
Early FI WS Soil 0.25 sAfr 123
Hay WS F <0.18 0.18-0.23 >0.23 NZ 42
Hay WS F 0.20 NZ 100
58 DAE YOL Soil 0.19 Aust 64 cv. Hunter River
Early-FI (10%) Mid-s D <0.20 0.20-0.22 0.23-0.60 >0.60 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top 15 em F <0.20 0.20-0.25 0.26-0.30 >0.50 NZ 42
s(N/s) U WS Soil 14 Can 18
Early FI Ws Soil 11.2 sAfr 122
Ca(%) 1st FI Ws F >1.80 USA 173
Early FI Ws r.s <0.7 1.0-2.0 Aust 130
Hay WS r <0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.8 >0.8 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-s D <1.0 1.0-1.4 1.5-3.2 >3.5 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top15cm F <0.25 0.25-0..)0 0.51-3.0 >3.0 NZ 42
1st FI Top 15 cm Lit 1.0-2.50 Ger 22
Mg(%) 1st FI Ws F >0.30 USA 173
Early FI Ws r.s <0.20 0.25-0.50 Aust 130
Hay WS F <0.10 0.10-0.11 0.12-0.15 >0.15 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-s D <0.18 0.18-0.22 025-0.50 0.65-0.85 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top 15 em F <0.20 0.20-0.30 0.31-1.0 >1.0 NZ 42
Cu(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
1st FI Ws F >11 USA 173
Early FI Ws r.s <4 5.0-150 Aust 130
Hay WS F <4 5.0-9.0 >9 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-s o <4 4 5-30 40-50 Aust 196
leaves
Veg Top 15 em F <6 6.0-10.0 10 >50 NZ 42
1st FI Top 15 em Lit 6-15 Ger 22
Zn(mg!kg) 67 DAs WS Soil 27-97 140 >200 USA 24 cv. Vernal; 295 mg!kg for 20% reduction in
yield ;?
IN '"2"
o ~
~
w
.... ~
o
a
).
~
~
~.
).
::l
:i
Medicago sativa (Lucerne or Alfalfa) (ctd) i;'
~
~
Zn(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 16 Aust 12 cv. Hunter River; Piper-Steenbjerg effect in 5j
(ctd) very deficient plants §O
1st FI WS F >20 USA 173
~
::l
Early FI WS F,S <15 15-40 Aust 130
§.
Hay WS F <10 10.0-11.0 12.0-18.0 >18 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-S leaves D 15-18 20-50 60-90 Aust 196
Veg Top 15 ern F <11 11.0-20.0 20.0 >100 NZ 42

Mn(mg!kg) 35 DAS WS Sand 48 123 192-1735 Aust 54 ev. Siriver
40-61 DAS WS Sand >340 NZ 183 cv. Wairau
62 DAE WS SC 380 Aust 6 cv. Hunter River
Veg WS F <20 20-24 25-30 >30 NZ 42
Early FI WS Sand >175 Can 127 Four donal lines
Hay WS F <20 20-24 25-3S >35 NZ 42
35 DAS YOL Sand 51 129 182-2011 Aust 54 cv. Siriver
Early FI (10%) Mid-S leaves D 20-24 25-190 200-350 450-2900 Aust 196
Veg Top 15 cm F <20 20-30 30 >250 NZ 42

Fetrng/kg) 1st FI WS F >30 USA 173
Hay WS F <40 40-44 45-60 >60 NZ 42 Be careful of Fe contamination from sailor

grinding
B(mg!kgJ Veg to 6 WS Soil 17-18 NZ 166 cv. Wairau

months
Late bud WS F 20 Can 126
30% in Bloom WS Soil >850-975 USA 63 cvv. l.adak, Rambler, Riley
Var WS 5 <17 17-64 NZ 168 In deficient plants B content lower in upper

parts of plant than lower parts
Hay WS F <20 20-24 25-35 >35 NZ 42

.. -
Veg Top 15 cm F <20 20-30 30 >100 NZ 42
Early FI Tips F,S <20 25-60 Aust 130
Mo(mg/kg) 6 months WS F >300 Ger 57
Early FI WS F,S <0.2 >0.2 Aust 130
Hay WS F <0.10 0.10-0.14 0.15-0.30 >0.30 NZ 42
Early FI (10%) Mid-S D <0.3 0.4 0.5-5.0 6-10 >10 Aust 196 Deficiency range associated with low total
leaves nitrogen
Veg Top 15 cm F <0.5 0.5-0.9 NZ 42
1st FI Top 15 cm Lit 0..50-2.0 Ger 22
Early FI Leaf F 0.5 Aust 148
Na(%) Veg WS SC 0.4 Aust 151 50% reduction with 1.6%
Var WS F 0.12 0.12 051 U5A 76 Toxic and high values associated with K
deficiency
Early FI (10%) Mid-5 D 0.5-0.6 0.8-1.5 Aust 196
leaves
CI(%) Veg WS F 1.2 Aust 151 50% reduction with 1.8%
Early FI (10%) Mid-S D 1.5-1.7 1.8-2.8 Aust 196
leaves
Medicago truncatula (Barrel Medic)
N(%) Pre-FI Mat LB+P D <2.7 3.0-3.2 3.5-5.5 Aust 196

P(%) 123 DAS WS F 0.14-0.18 0.23 Aust 39 cv. Jemalong
FI WS Soil 0.26 Aust 93 cv. Jemalong
49 DAf YOL F 0.39 Aust 143 cv. Jemalong
63 DAE 0.40-0.43
77 DAf 0.35-0.38
91 DAE 0.43-0.47
Early FI 0.37-0.43
Pre FI Mat LB+P D 0.21 0.26-0.45 Aust 196
K(%) 42 DA5 W5 Sand <2.3 3.69 4.2-5.7 Aust 131 cv. Paraggio
65 DAS <1.9 2.52 3.6-5.2
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.8 0.8-1.1 1.0 1.1-1.8 >1.8 Aust 9 ev. jemalong
~
......
IN '"2'
iil
'"
w
-'
~
N
a
~
~
~
II>
~.
~
~
S"
Mcdicago truncatula (Barrel Medic) (ctd) ~
~
~
K(%) (ctd) 42 DAS BYOL Sand <2.2 3.01 3.1-4.0 Aust 131 cv. Paraggio ~
65 DAS <1.9 2.42 2.8-3.7 c"
~
42 DAS PYOL <3.5 4.96 6.7
65 DAS <3.0 4.06 4.8-6.8 ~
~
Pre-FI Mat LB+P D 1.5-4.0 Aust 196 ~

5(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.16 0.16-0.20 0.20 0.20-0.30 Aust 4 cv. Iemalong
FI WS Soil 0.24 Aust 93 cv. jemalong
58 DAE yO!. Soil 0.19 Aust 64 cv. jemalong
Pre-FI Mat LB+P D 0.11 0.16-0.20 0.25-0.60 Aust 196
S(N/S) FI WS Soil 20 Aust 93 cv. jemalong; Ratio> critical indicates
deficiency
Ca(%) Pre-FI Mat LB+P D 0.8-1.2 Aust 196
Mg(%) Pre-FI Mat LB+P f) 0.17 0.20-0.55 Aust 196
Cutrng/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Prc-FI Mat LB+P D <4 4 6-25 Aust 196
Zn(mg!kg) Pre-FI Mat LB+P D 17 25-60 Aust 196
Mn(mg!kg) 62 DAE WS SC >560 Aust 6 cv. jemalong
Pre FI Mat LB+P D 35-250 Aust 196
Btrng/kg) Pre FI Mat LB+P f) 25-50 Aust 196
Mo(mg!kg) Pre FI Mat LB+P D <0.13 0.14-0.30 0.45-1.00 Aust 196
Na(%) Pre FI Mat LB+P D 0.45 1 Aust 196
CI(%) Pre FI Mat LB+P D 1.8 Aust 196
Melinis minutiflora (Molasses Grass)
I P (%) 57 DAE WS Soil <0.16 0.16-0.20 0.18 0.20-0.30 Aust 10
Neonotonia wightii (Glycine)
P(%) 40 DAE WS SC 0.2 0.32 0.35-0.45 Aust 36 cv. Tinaroo

48 DAE WS Soil 0.19-0.21 Bra 68
-
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.21 0.21-0.25 0.23 0.25-0.35 Aust 8 cv. Cooper
Pre-FI WS Soil 0.15 0.22-0.25 Aust 83
K(%) Pre-FI WS Soil 0.6 0.8 Aust 83
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.6 0.6-0.9 0.8 09-1.5 >1.5 Aust 9 cv. Cooper
5(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.15 0.15-0.22 0.17 0.22-0.30 Aust 4 cv. Cooper
Pre-FI WS Soil 0.07 0.17 Aust 83
Zntrng/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 22 Aust 12 cv. Tinaroo; Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very
deficient plants
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS SC >560 Aust 6 cv. Tinaroo
Pre-FI WS Soil 30 >560 Aust 83 Symptoms appeared at 30 mg!kg Mn
Ornithopus compresses (Yellow Serradella)
P(%) 34 DAS WS Soil 0.62 Aust 25 cv. Tauro

40 DAS WS F, Soil 0.62 Aust 26 Critical value, derived from regression of
and conditions
47 DAS WSorYOL Sand 0.45 Aust 133 cv. Avila
and conditions
75 DAS WS Sand 0.42 Aust 133 cv. Avila
80 DAS WS F, Soil 0.50 Aust 26 Critical val ue, derived from regression of
and conditions
and conditions
and conditions
and conditions
75 DAS YOL Sand 0.52 Aust 133 cv. Avila
Mat Seed F, Soil 0.42-0.51 Aust 26
I ~
w '"2'
-'
w iil
'"
.......
IN
~
:;.
:t.
e
-;-
II>
!ij.
:t.
:::l
S-
Ornithopus compressus (Yellow Serradella) (ctd) ib
~
~
po 4-p 47 DAS YOL Sand 101 Aust 131 cv. Avila; Units in fresh weight; H 2S0 4 extract o.i
(rng/kg) 75 DAS YOL Sand 134 Aust 133 cv. Avila; Units in fresh weight; H 2S0 4 extract
§.
K(%) 44 DAS WS Sand <2.7 3.0 3.6-6.0 Aust 131 cv. Avila ~
:::l
2.4-6.0
~
80 DAS <1.7 2.13
44 DAS VOL <2.4 2.66 3.3-5.6
80 DAS <1.6 1.89 3.6-4.9
44 DAS PYOL <4.8 5.44 6.1-9.8
80 DAS <2.4 3.02 3.2-7.3
Mn(mglkg) 37 DAS WS Sand 85-209 571 1080-3159 Aust 54 cv. Avila

YOL 71-170 424 720-2231
Panicum maximum (Green Panic or Guinea Grass)
P(%) 50 DAS WS Soil 0.12 Bra 43
57 DAE WS Soil <0.18 0.18-0.22 0.20 0.22-0.32 Aust 10 cv. Petrie
60 DAS WS F <0.18 PuRi 194
80 DAS WS Soil 0.10 Bra 43
108 DAS WS Soil 0.29-0.45 Bra 44
Veg WS Soil 0.20-0.21 Cub 107 cvv. Australian Common, Likoni and Makueni
0.23 cv. Uganda
K(%) 61 DAS WS F <1.0-1.5 >1.5 PuRi 194
Veg WS Soil 3.36 Cub 113 cv. Likoni
5(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180 cv. Petrie
5°4- 5 18-32 DAE WS Soil <120 >120 Aust 179 cv. Petrie; Adequate if> 12% of total-S is
(rng/kg) 5°4- 5
Mg(%) 60 DAS WS F <0.20 PuRi 194
Mn(mglkg) 51 DAE WS Sand >1000 Aust 177 cv. Petrie
Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum or Dallis Grass)
N(%) 28 DAC WS 2.34 USA 149 Critical at 86% maximum yield
P(%) 57 DAE WS Soil <0.22 0.22-0.27 0.25 0.27-0.35 Aust 10

K(%) 21-35DAS WS Lit 2.1-2.4 USA 149
S(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS Sand >1000 Aust 177
Paspalum notatum (Bahia Grass)
S(%) Various WS 0.16 USA 115 cv. Pensacola
Paspalum plicatulum (Plicatulum)
P(%) 35 DAS WS 0.25 Aust 97 cv. Rodd's Bay

YEB 0.20
Pennisetum clendestinum (Kikuyu Grass)
N(%) 21 days WS F 3.5 Aust 120

regrowth
P(%) 45 DAE WS Soil <0.20 0.20-0.24 0.22 0.24-0.35 Aust 10
K(%) 42 DAS WS Sand <2.7 3.54 4.1-5.3 Aust 131 cv. Whittet
65 DAS <1.3 1.46 2.4-3.8
42 DAS YMB <2.3 3.1 3.7-4.8
65 DAS <1.2 1.97 1.6-3.4
S(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180 cv. Whittet
Mn(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil Aust 141 cv. Whittet; No toxicity symptoms at

1870 mg/kg
Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant Grass)
P(%) Veg WS Soil 0.27 Cub 112 Critical value is mean for three cvv.
0.25 cv. Ki ng grass
60 DAS WS F <0.18 PuRi 194
K(%) Veg WS Soil 2.95 Cub 111 Critical value is mean for three cvv.
2.41 cv. King grass
60 DAS WS F <1.0-1.5 >1.5 PuRi 194
Mg(%) 60 DAS WS F <0.20 PuRi 194
~
'"
...
IN
\11
[
...
w
~ ~
:a.
~
}
~.
~
~
:;-
Phalaris aquatica (Phalaris) ~
-a
~
N(%) FI WS 5 <1.5 2.0-3.5 Aust 130 ~
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMI3 0 <2.0 2.0-2.9 3.5-5.0 Aust 196 §"
regrowth
~
~
P(%) 49DAS WS Sand 0.41-0.43 Aust 133 cv. Holdfast
76DAS 0.26-0.29
§.
FI WS 5 <0.20 0.25-0.40 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB 0 <0.17 0.20-0.24 0.27 -0.45 Aust 196
regrowth
49DAS YEB Sand 0.28-0.32 Aust 133 cv. Holdfast
76DAS 0.23-0.26
P04-P 49DAS YEI3 Sand 77-89 Aust 133 cv. Holdfast; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
(mg/kg) 76DAS 62-85 extract; Inorganic P rises with N supply
K(O;;,) 43DAS WS Sand <1.9 2.06 2.5-5.5 Aust 131 cv. Sirosa
65 DAS <1.5 1.64 2.6-4.2
FI WS 5 1.5-3.5 Aust 130
Veg, 3-:; weeks YMB 0 <1.4 1.7-2.0 2.0-3.7 Aust 196
regrowth
43 DAS YEB Sand <1.9 2.09 2.6-6.1 Aust 131 cv. Sirosa
65DAS <1.1 1.75 2.7-4.6
5(%) 51DAS WS Sand <0.23 0.28 0.31 0.35-0.38 Aust 134 cv. Sirosa
77 DAS <0.18 0.21 023-0.24 0.27-0.41
FI WS 5 0.20-0.40 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB 0 <0.20 0.20-0.22 0.25-0.50 Aust 196
regrowth
51 DAS YEB Sand <0.31 0.36 0.41-0.46 Aust 134 cv. Sirosa
77 DAS <0.23 0.25 0.28-0.29 0.33-0.54
50 4-5 51 DAS WS orYEB Sand <400 542-686 850-1600 Aust 134 cv. Sirosa
(rug/kg) 77 DAS <170 180 210-216 430-2180 cv. Sirosa; High N supply
77 DAS 100 337-344 900-1750 cv. Sirosa; Low N supply
5°4- 5/5 51 DAS WS orYEB Sand 19.6-24.3 Aust 134 cv.Sirosa

xl00 77 DAS 7.8-9.8 cv. Sirosa; High N supply
77 DAS 13.0-14.4 cv. Sirosa; Low N supply
S(N/S) 51-77 DAS WS Sand 15 Aust 134 cv. Sirosa; Ratio> critical indicates deficiency
-
Ca(%) FI WS 5 0.25-0.50 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 0.14-0.40 Aust 196
regrowth
Mg(%) FI WS 5 0.20-0.35 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 0.16 0.22-0.35 Aust 196
regrowth
Cu(mg!kg) FI WS S 4.0-10.0 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D <2 4-12 Aust 196
regrowth
Zn(mg/kg) FI WS S 15-50 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 11-14 15-80 Aust 196
regrowth
Mn(mg!kg) 25 DAE WS SC >2200 Aust 49 cv. Austral ian
>730-750 cvv. CPI 19275, CPJ 19305
FI WS S 60-250 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 30-300 490 Aust 196
regrowth
B(mg!kg) FI WS S 5.0-150 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 8-15 Aust 196
regrowth
Mo(mg!kg) FI WS 5 0.3-0.4 Aust 130
Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 0.15-1.6 Aust 196
regrowth
Na(%) Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 0.7-0.8 1.0-1.3 Aust 196
regrowth
CI(%) Veg, 3-5 weeks YMB D 2.5-2.8 Aust 196
regrowth
Phleum pratense (Timothy Grass)
N(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 2.50-4.00 Ger 22

Scm
P(o!<,) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.30-0.50 Ger 22
s cm
K(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 2.00-3.50 Cer 22
Scm
;.?
'"
...
IN
~ ~
...
w
~
00
a
:l:o
&l
~
'"~.
:l:o
::l
Phleum pretense (Timothy Grass) (ctd)

:s-
i;'
~
~
Ca(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.60-1.20 Ger 22 ~
Scm §"
~
Scm
Cutrng/kg) 15t FI WS above Lit 5-12 Ger 22

§.
Scm
Zn(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 20-S0 Ger 22
Scm
Scm
Mo(mg!kgJ 1st FI WS above Lit 0.15-0.50 Ger 22

Scm
Bung/kg) Heads fully WS F <4 95 Can 69 cv. Climax; Toxicity symptoms but no
emerged decrease in yield

Scm
Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass or Smooth-Stalked Meadow Grass)
N(O;',) 28-42 DAC WS Lit <2.1 2.4-2.8 2.6-3.2 >3.5 USA 82
151 FI WS above Lit 2.60-3.20 Ger 22

Scm
P(%) 28-42 DAC WS Lit <0.18 0.24-0.30 0.28-0.36 >0.40 USA 82

5 cm
K(%) 28-42 DAC WS Lit <1.5 1.6-2.0 2.0-2.4 >3.0 USA 82
Scm
S(%) 28-42 DAC WS Lit 0.16-0.24 USA 82
Ca(%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.60-1.20 Ger 22
Scm
Mg(%) 28-42 DAC WS Lit 0.40-0.48 >5.0 USA 82
1st FI WS above Lit 0.IS-0.50 Ger 22
Scm
· -_.
Cu(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 6-12 Ger 22
5cm
Zn(mg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 20-50 Ger 22
5cm
5cm
Mo(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.15-0.50 Ger 22
5cm
5cm
Puccinelli» ciliata (Saltmarsh Grass)
Natrnol/rrr') Veg WS Sand >240 Aust 103 Units in plant water; Critical for 50%
CI(mol!m 3 ) Veg WS Sand >175 Aust 103 Units in plant water; Critical for 50%
Pueraria pheseoloides (Puero)
I P(%) 60 DAE WS Soil 0.30 Cub 47
Setaria sphace/ata (Setaria or South African Pigeon Grass)
P(%) 57 DAE WS Soil 0.18 0.18-0.23 0.21 0.23-0.35 Aust 10 cv. Nandi
K(%) 32 DAE WS Soil <1.5 1.5-2.0 1.8 2.0-4.0 >4.0 Aust 174 cv. Nandi
<2.0 2.0-3.5 3.1 3.5-5.0 >5.0 cv. Kazungula
<1.2 1.2-2.0 1.6 2.0-4.0 >4.0 cv. Narok
S(%) 28 DAE WS Soil <0.07 0.07-0.12 >0.12 Aust 180 cv. Nandi
Mn(mg/kg) 51 DAE WS Sand Aust 177 cv. Narok; No toxicity symptoms at can en of
3000 rug/kg
Sorghum a/mum (Columbus Grass)
P(%) 57DAE WS Soil <0.18 0.18-0.22 0.2 0.22-0.32 Aust 10 cv. Crooble
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS Sand >1000 Aust 177 cv. Crooble
;jl
....
IN '"
i:
1.0
~
'"
IN
~
N
o
a
).
~
~
~.
).
::l
S"
Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense (Sorghum-sudangrass) ~
~
iil
N(%) 28-35 days WS Lit <1.6 1.4-1.6 1.8-2.2 >2.5 USA 82 ill"
after clipping §o
P(%) 25 DAS WS Soil <0.11 0.13 0.16-0.22 USA 72 cv. Dckalb SX-17
~
::l
28 DAS WS Soil <0.30 0.4 0.48-0.52 USA 117 cv. HW 6986
§.
28-35 days WS Lit <0.14 0.14-0.18 0.20-0.30 >0.35 USA 82
after clipping
56 DAS WS Soil <0.14 0.16 0.18-0.20 USA 117
K(%) 28-35 days WS Lit <1.0 1.5-1.8 1.9-2.8 >2.5 USA 82
after clipping
S(%) 28-35 days WS Lit <0.10 0.10-0.12 0.14-0.18 >0.25 USA 82
after clipping
Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass)
N(%) In boot WS D <1.2 1.3-1.5 1.6-1.8 >2.2 USA 82

P(%) In boot WS D <0.14 0.16-0.20 0.20-0.25 >0.30 USA 82
K(%) In boot WS D 1 1.2-1.5 1.6-1.8 >2.4 USA 82
Stylosanthes capitata (Capica Stylo)
N(%) 56 DAE Leaves F 1.9-2.9 Colo 38 10 ecotypes; Values for 80% maximum growth
P(%) 56 DAE WS F 0.11-0.18 Colo 38 10 ecotypes; Values for 80% maximum growth
K(%) 56 DAE WS F 1.0-1.3 Colo 38 10 ecotypes; Values for 80% maximum growth
Ca(%) 56 DAE WS F 0.7-1.3 Colo 38 10 ecotypes; Values for 80% maximum growth
Mg(%) 56 DAE WS F 0.21-0.29 Colo 38 10 ecotypes; Values for 80% maximum growth
Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo)
N(%) Late Summer WS 1.6-2.2 Aust 23

to Autumn; 4
cuts
P(%) 1st FI WS F 0.12 Aust 34 cv. Schofield
Top 25 em <0.14 0.14-0.19 0.16 >0.19
U Tips S 0.16 Aust 188 cv. Schofield
K(%) 35 DAC (91 WS Soil 0.8 USA 33 3 cultivars

DAS)
U WS S 1.0 Aust 188 cv. Schofield
S(%) 57 DAE WS Soil 0.21 Aust 65 cv. Endeavour
5 harvests at 6 WS Soil 0.21-0.24 SI 195 cv. Endeavour

week intervals
Ca(%) , 56 DAE WS F 0.65-1.05 Colo 38 Range of ecotypes
91 DAE WS SC 1.5 Aust 7
Mg(%) U WS F 0.27-0.33 Colo 37
Cu(mg!kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
StyJosanthes hamata (Caribbean Stylo)
N(%) U Apical Soil 2.3-2.9 Thai 1 cv. Verano

tissue
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.39 Aust 97 cv. Verano
70 DAE WS Soil 0.18 Aust 19 cv. Verano

98 DAE 0.06
70 DAE A+YOL 0.21
98 DAE 0.10
84 DAE Tips Soil 0.13 Aust 198 cv. Verano
P0 4-P 13 DAT WS SC 496-620 Aust 181 cv. Verano; Value on fresh weight basis
(rng/kg)
K(%) 56 DA5 W5 Soil 2.03 Nig 189 cv. Verano
5(%) 57 DAE WS Soil 0.10 Aust 65 cv. Verano
FI WS F 0.12 Aust 136 cv. Verano
42 DAE Tips Soil 0.14 Aust 135 cv. Verano
StyJosanthes humiJis (Townsville Stylo)
P(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.14 0.14-0.18 0.17 0.17-0.30 Aust 8
Pre-FI WS Soil 0.17 Aust 116 cv. Paterson

;.?
IN
Late FI WS F <0.14 >0.17 Aust 165
I '"2"
...
N iil
'"
W
a."
hi Qj
hi
:lo
~
~
'"~.
:lo
::2
S"
Sty/osanthes humi/is (Townsville Stylo) (ctd) it
-a
~
P(%) (ctd) Pre-FI A+YMB Soil 0.26 Aust 116 cv. Paterson ;;;
K('Yo) 49 DAE WS Soil 0.35-0.55 Aust 62 §"
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.4 0.4-0.6 0.6 0.6-1.2 >1.2 Aust 9 ~
::2
Late FI Ws F <0.4 >0.7 Aust 16.') §.
5(%) .')7 DAE WS Soil 0.11 Aust 6.') cv. Paterson
Pre-FI Ws Soil <0.11 0.11-0.18 0.14 0.18-0.30 Aust 4 cv. Paterson
FI WS F 0.10-0.12 Aust 80
Ca(%) 51 DAE WS sC 1.60-2.40 Aust 6
Mg(%) 51 DAE WS sC 0.29-0.41 Aust 9
Zntrng/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil 34 Aust 12 Piper-Steen bjerg effect in very deficient plants
Mn(mg!kg) .')1 DAE WS sC >1140 Aust 6
Sty/osanthes macrocepha/a (Macrocephala Stylo)
P(%) .')6 DAE WS F 0.1 Colo 38

K(%) 56 DAE WS F 0.9 Colo 37
Ca(%) .')6 DAE WS F 0.60-0.85 Colo 38

,
Mg(%) U WS F 0.16-0.20 USA 58
Sty/osanthes scabra (Shrubby Stylo)
P(%) 3.') DAs Ws Soil 0.30 Aust 97 cv. Seca
5(%) 57 DAE WS Soil 0.17 Aust 65 cv. Seca
Sty/osanthes viscosa (Sticky Stylo)
5(%) 57 DAE Ws Soil 0.18 Aust 65 cv. CPI 39404

Thinopyrum ponticum (Elytrigia pontica) (Tall Wheat Grass)
Natrnol/rrr') Veg WS Sand >215 Aust 103 cv. Largo; Units in plant water; Critical for
Cltrnol/m') Veg WS Sand >150 Aust 103 cv. Largo; Units in plant water; Critical for
Thyridolepis mitchelliana (Mulga or Mitchell Grass)
IP(%) 26 DAS WS Soil 0.39 Aust 13 I

Trifolium alexandrinum (Berscem Clover)
S(%) 30-50 DAE WS Soil 0.21 Ind 20

Cutrng/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Trifolium ambiguum (Caucasian Clover)
P(%) Late Autumn WS 0.31 NZ 50

Late Spring- WS 0.26 NZ 50
early Summer
Trifolium balansae (T. michelianum) (Balansa Clover)
P(%) Veg, Pre-FI ws F, Sand 0.30-0.38 Aust 133 cv. Paradana; Critical for diagnosis and
Early FI 0.23 prediction of seasonal yield
Full FI WS F 0.16-0.22 Aust 133 cv. Paradana
Veg to early FI YOL F, Sand 045-0.50 Aust 133 cv. Paradana; Critical for diagnosis and
prediction of seasonal yield
Full FI YOL F 0.26 Aust 133 cv. Paradana
P0 4-P Veg VOL F, Sand 150 Aust 133 cv. Paradana; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
(rug/kg) extract
K(%) 44 DAS WS Sand <2.4 34 3.6 5.2-6.3 Aust 131 cv. Paradana
Veg, Late WS F <1.9 2.5 3.6-4.6 Aust 132 cv. Paradana

Autumn-
Winter ~
W '"2'
hi
W ~
w
'""'" ~
a
~
::l
AI
~
'"~.
~
::l
:;-
Trifolium balansae (T. michelianum) (Balansa Clover) (ctd) ~
~
~
K(%) (ctd) 69 DAS, Bud WS Sand 1.76 Aust 131 cv. Paradana ~
§.
Bud-Full FI, WS F <1.06 1.36-1.73 2.0-4.3 Aust 132 cv, Paradana I
Early Spring ~
AI
Bud-Full FI, 1. J 4-1.29 I ::l
Spring ~
Full FI -Seed. 0.5 0.68-0.72 0.8-2.2
Late Spring
44 DAS YOL Sand 3.2 Aust 131 cv. Paradana
Veg, Late VOL F <2.70 3.1-4.0 3.4-4.6 Aust 132 cv. Paradana
Autumn-
Winter
Veg- Bud, l.ate 1.74-2.45
Winter-early
Spring
69 DAS, Bud YOL Sand 1.96 Aust 131 cv, Paradana
Bud-Full FI, YOL F 0.8 1.14-1.50 2.0-3.1 Aust 132 ev. Paradana
Spring
Full FI- Seed, 0.5 0.7 0.8-1.9
Late Spring
44 DAS PYOL Sand 4.82 Aust 131 ev. Paradana
vcg. Late PYOL F <4.9 5.8 5.9-8.6 Aust 132 ev. Paradana
Autumn
Vcg-Bud,
Winter-early 2.1 2.18-3.45 3.6-4.8
Spring
69 DAS, Bud PYOL Sand 2.78 Aust 131 ev. Paradana
Bud-Full FI, PYOL F 0.9 1.40-1.68 2.2-4.2 Aust 132 ev. Paradana
Spring
K(mglLl Veg-Bud, l.ate PYOL 600-1200 Aust 132 ev. Paradana; Spot test of sap
Autumn-early
Spring
FI, Spring 460-690
Full FI- 380
Seed.Late
Spring
5(°;',) Veg-Start FI WS Sand <0.16 0.18-0.19 0.22-0.51 Aust 134 cv. Paradana
(43-59 DAS)
Veg-Start FI <0.22 0.22-0.24 0.27-0.43
(43-59 DAS)
50 4-5 veg. 43 DAS WS Sand <119 304 1150-2336 Aust 134 cv. Paradana; Piper-Steenbjerg effect at
(rug/kg) extreme deficiency
Start FI, 59 WS Sand <93 114 375-1940 Aust 134 cv. Paradana
DAS
Veg, 43 DAS YOL Sand 95 205 870-1500 Aust 134 cv. Paradana; Piper-Steenbjerg effect at
extreme deficiency
Start FI, 59 YOL Sand <108 136 397-1071 Aust 134 cv. Paradana
DAS
S04- S/S Veg WS Sand 11.9-14.9 Aust 134 cv. Paradana

x100
Veg YOL Sand 6.1-6.4 Aust 134 cv. Paradana
S(N/S) Veg WS Sand 24 Aust 134 cv. Paradana; Ratio> critical indicates
deficiency
Mn(mglkg) 35 DAS WS Sand 60-498 1128 1330-5931 Aust 54 cv. Paradana
YOL 73-500 1037 1230-4926
Na(%) Veg WS SC 0.9 Aust 152 cv. Paradana; 50% reduction with 4.0%
CI(%) Veg WS SC 1.7 Aust 152 cv. Paradana; 50% reduction with 5.3%
Trifolium dubium (Suckling Clover)
I P(%) 46 DAS WS Soil 0.42 Aust 158
Trifolium fragiferum (Strawberry Clover)
K(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.8 0.8-1.2 1.0 1.2-2.0 >2.0 Aust 9 cv. Palestine
Cu(mglkg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4.0-5.0 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
Pre-FI WS F 3.0-4.0 Aust 96 cv. Palestine
Pre-FI, Spring YOL 3.0-3.5
Seed Seed F 5.0-6.0 Aust 96 cv. Palestine; Critical value depends on

season
Mn(mg!kg) 62 DAE WS SC >510 Aust 6 cv. Palestine
~
'"
W
N
<.n
[
W
~
N
0'
a:l:>
&l
--;-
'"
~.
:l:>
:::I
Trifolium glomeratum (Cluster Clover)

::
it
-a
~
P(o;.,) FI WS Soil 0.27 Aust 93 ~
Q'
5(%) FI WS Soil 0.27 Aust 93 :::I
S(N/S) FI WS Soil 20 Aust 93 Ratio> critical indicates deficiency ~

:::I
~
Trifolium hirtum (Rose Clover)
P(%) Var WS lit <0.14 0.14-0.18 0.19-0.25 USA 82

K(%) Var WS lit <0.87 0.87-0.95 1.2-1.8 USA 82
Trifolium hybridum (Alsike Clover)
P(%) late Autumn WS 0.23 NZ 50

late Spring- WS 0.27 NZ SO
early Summer
Trifolium pratense (Red Clover)
N('Yo) 1st FI WS above lit 2.50-4.00 Ger 22

Scm
P(%) 6-12 weeks WS Soil 0.27 USA 200 cv. Kenland
after sowing
late Autumn WS F 0.22 NZ 50 cv. Grasslands Pawera
l.atc Spring-
Early Summer 0.28
1st FI WS above lit 0.30-0.60 Ger 22
Scm
K(%) 1st FI WS above lit 1.80-3.00 Ger 22
5cm
5°4- 5 Symptoms WS Soil, F 600 lap 86 cv. Kcnland; Critical for 60% maximum yield
(mg/kg) showing
Ca(%) 1st FI WS above lit 1.0-2.0 Ger 22
Scm
·- --- . -
MgI%) 1st FI WS above Lit 0.25-0.60 Ger 22
Scm
Cutrng/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 7-15 Ger 22

Scm
Zntmg/kg) 1st FI WS above Lit 25-70 Ger 22

5 cm

5 cm
Mo(mg!kg) FI(10%) WS Soil 0.03 0.27 Can 70 cv. Lakeland

5cm
B(mg!kg) Veg to 6 WS Soil 15 18 NZ 166

months
Full veg. WS Soil >250 NZ 169 cv. Grasslands Turoa; Critical for yield;
growth Symptoms appeared at > 150 mg B /kg

5 cm
Cltrng/kg) 96 DAE YOL SC >200 UK 197 cv. Hungaropoly
Trifolium repens (White Clover)
N(%) 28-35 DAC WS F <2.8 3.2-3.6 3.8-4.2 >5.0 USA 104

5cm
Veg LB+P F <4.4 4.4-4.7 4.8-5.5 >5.5 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D 3.0-3.2 3.3-5.5 Aust 196
P(%) 7-21 DAS WS Soil 0.32 NZ 60
40 DAT WS Soil 0.44-0.46 Aust 66 cvv. Algerian, Grasslands Huia, Ladino

0.66 cv. Haifa
66 DAE WS Soil 0.30-0.31 NZ 98 cvv. Huia, Whatawhata

0.32 cv. Tahora
0.26-0.28 cvv. Pitau, Kopu
Late Autumn WS F 0.31 NZ 50
Late Spring to WS F 0.34 NZ 50

early Summer
3 cuts over WS Soil 0.20 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia; critical for 100% yield
2 seasons
~
<II
W S'
'" ~
"
w
~
'"
ee
a
:l:o
~
~
~.
:l:o
~
5"
Trifolium repens (White Clover) (ctd) ;-
-a
~
P(%) (ctd) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.21 0.21-0.25 0.23 >0.25 Aust 3 cv. Irrigation ~
1st FI W5 above Lit 0.30-0.50 Ger 22 §"

Scm
~
~
Veg LB+P F <0.30 0.30-0.34 0.35-0.40 >0.40 NZ 42
§.
Pre-Start FI LB+P () <0.20 0.22-0.23 0.25-0.50 0.6-0.7 >0.7 Aust 196
Mat LB F 0.30 Aust 140
K('Yo) Veg; 21-27 WS Sand >4.8 Aust 118 cv. Victorian; Value obtained without Na
DAC >1.4 cv. Victorian; Value obtained with Na
Var WS F 1.5 Aust 186 cv. Ladino
3 cuts over 2 WS Soil 1.0-1.5 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia; Critical for 100% yield
seasons
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.8 0.8-1.1 1.0 1.1-2.0 >2.0 Aust 9 cv. Irrigation
Pre-FI WS Soil <1.0 1.0-1.2 1.1 >1.2 Aust 3 cv. Irrigation
5cm
Veg LB+P F <1.7 1.7-1.9 2.0-2.4 >2.4 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.8 0.8-1.0 1.1-2.5 Aust 196
K(mg!l) U PYOL F <1500 >1500 Aust 185 Spot test; concn in sap
S('Yo) Veg WS F 0.26 NZ 100
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.15 0.15-0.20 0.18 0.20-0.30 Aust 4 cv. NZ Certified
Closing of WS F 0.11-0.14 NZ 40 cv. Grasslands Huia; All plants possibly
canopy to deficient
harvest
Veg LB+P F <0.25 0.25-0.26 0.27-0.32 >0.32 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.22 0.22-0.23 0.25-0.40 Aust 196
S04- S Symptoms WS Soil, S 230 lap 86 cv. Ladino; Critical for 60% maximum yield
(mg!kg) showing
S(N/S) U WS F 17-19 NZ 99 Ratio> critical indicates S deficiency
Ca(%) 3 cuts over 2 WS Soil 2.0 UK 138 cv. Grasslands Huia; Critical for 100% yield
seasons
Pre-FI WS Soil <0.9 0.9-1.1 1.0 >1.1 Aust 3 cv. Irrigation
5cm
Veg LB+P F <0.3 0.3 0.4-0.5 >0.5 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.8 0.8-2.5 Aust 196
Mg(%) 2.5-3 years WS F 0.18-0.25 NZ 191 Critical value depends on K status
5cm
Veg LB+P F <0.15 0.15-0.17 0.18-0.22 >0.22 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.12 0.12-0.14 0.15-0.50 0.7 Aust 196
Cutrng/kg) Pre-FI WS Soil <4 4-5 >5 Aust 11 Piper-Steenbjerg effect in very deficient plants
5 cm
Veg LB+P F <5 5 6-7 >7 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <3.0 3-4 5-30 Aust 196
Zn(mglkg) 1st FI WS above Lit 30-80 Ger 22
5cm
Veg LB+P F <12 12-15 16-19 >19 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <12 12-14 15-50 >50 Aust 196
Veg LB F 15 NZ 101
Mn(mglkg) 40-61 DAS WS Sand 570-780 NZ 183 cv. Grasslands Pitau; 570 at pH 5.5, 780 at
pH 6.5
62 DAE WS SC <650 Aust 6 cv. NZ Certified
5cm
Veg LB+P F <20 20-24 25-30 >30 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <20 20-24 25-300 400-600 >800 Aust 196
Pre-FI LB Soil <600 Aust 141 cv. Ladino
Fetrng/kg) Veg LB+P F <45 45-49 50-65 >65 NZ 42 Be careful of Fe contamination from soil or
grinding
B(mglkgl Veg WS Soil 13 16 NZ 166 cv. Grasslands Huia
5cm
Veg LB+P F <20 20-24 25-30 >30 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <20 20-24 25-100 Aust 196
~
W '"2'
N
<.tJ Ii!
'"
w
w ~
o
a
)0.
~
~
'"~.
)0.
::
5'
Trifolium repens (White Clover) (ctd) ;-
-a
iil
Mo(mg!kg) 1st FI WS above lit 0.40-1.00 Ger 22 ~
5cm ~.
[
Veg LB+P F <0.10 0.10-0.14 0.15-0.20 >0.20 NZ 42
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.4 0.4 0.5-10 >10 Aust 196 Deficiency concn associated with low
nitrogen
Na(%) 6-8 cuts during WS F >0.3 Aust 154 Mean of 5 CW.; 50% reduction with 1.2%
Summer-
Autumn
4 cuts at 20 WS SC 1.4-1.8 Aust 153 Mean of 4 CW.; 50% reduction with 4.2-5.1 %
day intervals
CI(%) 6-8 cuts during WS F >1.6 Aust 154 Mean of 5 cvv.; 50% reduction with 2.6%
Summer-
Autumn
Veg WS SC 1.2-1.7 Aust 153 Mean of 4 CW.; 50% reduction with 3.8-4.9'';\,
Trifolium resupinatum (Persian or Shaftal Clover)
K(%) 41 DAS WS Sand <3.3 3.65 5.2-6.3 Aust 131 cv. Maral
66 DAS WS Sand <2.3 3.54 3.9-5.8 Aust 131 cv. Maral
41 DAS YOL Sand d.1 3.40 4.2-4.8 Aust 131 cv. Maral
66 DAS YOL Sand <2.3 3.08 3.3-3.9 Aust 131 cv. Maral
41 DAS PYOL Sand <4.6 5.18 6.5-7.9 Aust 131 cv. Maral
66 DAS PYOL Sand <3.1 4.58 6.5 Aust 131 cv. Maral
Mn(mg!kg) 35 DAS WS Sand 64-151 360-2245 Aust 54 cv. Maral
35 DAS YOL Sand 59-130 250-1447 Aust 54 cv. Maral
Trifolium semipilosum (Kenya White Clover)
S(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.15 0.15-0.20 0.17 0.20-0.30 Aust 4 cv. Safari
Trifolium subterraneum (Subterranean Clover)
N(%) Pre-start FI LB+P D 3.0-3.2 3.3-5.5 Aust 196

5cm
P(%) 28 DAE WS FSC >1.0 Aust 14 cv. Mt Barker

and conditions
42 DAS WS Soil 0.32 Aust 190 cv. Seaton Park

and conditions
53 DAE WS Soil <0.15 >1.0 Aust 155 cv. Dwalganup

100 DAS 0.39 critical value with DAS, varies with season
120 DAS 0.33 and conditions
140 DAS 027
Var, April WS F 0.63 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons
Late Autumn WS F 0.31 Aust 133 cv. Karridale

Late Autumn WS F 0.27 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
season
Var, May WS F 0.56 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons
Var, June 0.49
Early Winter WS F 0.35 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala
Early Winter WS F 0.39-0.40 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Critical for yield in spring
Var, July WS F 0.44 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons

Late Winter WS F 0.24 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
season
Var, August WS F 0.34 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons
Late Winter - WS F 0.28-0.29 Aust 133 cv. Karridale

Early Spring
Early Spring WS F 0.30-0.32 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala
Early Spring WS F 0.29 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
;.?
season
I '"2'
w
...
w
~
IN
IN ~
N ~
::.
:l:o
:::
~
~
'"~.
:l:o
:::
5'
Trifolium subterraneum (Subterranean Clover) (ctd) ;;;
~
;;l
P(%) (ctd) Var, September WS F 0.32 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons Qj
g.
Var, October WS F 0.25 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons :::
Var, November WS F 0.19 Aust 27 Values meaned over several seasons ~
:::
Late Spring, WS F 0.21-0.26 Aust 133 cv. Karridale ~
Full FI
FI WS Soil 0.24 Aust 93 cv. Woogenellup
5 em
Late Autumn YOL F 0.34 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
season
Veg - full FI YOL F 0.37-0.39 Aust 133 cv. Karridale
Early Winter- YOL F 0.39-0.43 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala
Late Spring
Late Winter YOL F 0.33 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
season
Late Spring YOL F 0.40 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Critical for total yield during
season
Early Winter- YOL+l F 0.28-0.32 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala
Late Spring
118 DAE LB Soil 0.135 USA 78 cv. Mt Barker; Critical value increased with
132-151 DAE 0.11 more frequent defol iation
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.20 0.22-0.23 0.25-0.50 0.6-0.7 >0.7 Aust 196
118 DAE P Soil 0.085 USA 78 cv. Mt Barker; Critical value increased with
132-151 DAE 0.065-0.070 more frequent defol iation
Mat Seed F, Soil 0.59-1.00 Aust 26
P0 4-P 69 DAS YOL or Soil 185-196 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
(rng/kg) YOL+l extract
101 DAS YOL or 80-96
YOL+l
132 DAS YOL or 96
YOL+l
Late Autumn YOL F 83-110 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2S04
extract; Critical for total yield during season
Late Autumn, YOL F 120 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2S0 4
Veg extract; Critical for yield in spring
Early Winter YOL F 187 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract
Early Wintcr YOL F 210-235 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight: H 2SO4
extract; Critical for yield in spring
Late Winter YOL F 128 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract: Critical for total yield during season
Early Spri ng, YOL F 155-170 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
Pre-FI extract
Early Spring YOL F 124 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract
Early Spring YOL F 143 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract; Critical for yield in late spring
Early Spring YOL F 127 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract; Critical for total yield during season
Latc Spring, YOL F 179 Aust 133 cv. Karridale; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
Full FI extract
Early Winter YOL+1 F 95 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract
Early Wintcr YOL+1 F 138 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract; Critical for yield in spring
Early Spring YOL+1 F 83 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
extract
Early Spring YOL+1 F 98 Aust 90 cv. Trikkala; Units in fresh weight; H 2SO4
cxtract; Critical for yield in late spring
Late Autumn- LB F 160 Aust 55 cv. Woogenellup; Units in fresh weight;

Early Winter H 2S04 extract of leaves of 'average age'
Latc Wintcr- 153
Early Spring
Spring LB F <130 130-150 150 150-250 >350 Aust 30 Units in fresh wcight; H 2S04 extract of leaves
of 'average age'
FI, seed set LB F 118 Aust 55 cv. Woogenellup; Units in fresh weight;
H 2S04 extract of leaves of 'average age'
K(%) Veg, Wintcr WS F 1.21 2.13 2.38-2.54 2.91-3.6 Aust 132 cv. Karridale; Critical values decline steadily
Bud-Full FI, 0.67 1.24 1.69-2.08 2.53-3.84 with date
Spring
Full FI-PF 0.66 0.74-0.81 0.95-3.68

Scm
;.?
IN ~
~
IN
IN
w
w ~
"" a
:l:o
E.
~
~.
:l:o
::l
S"
Trifolium subterraneum (Subterranean Clover) (ctd) ib
~
~
K(%) (ctd) Veg, Late VOL F 2.04 2.7 3.11-3.52 3.77-3.98 Aust 132 cv. Karridale; Critical values decline steadily iii
Autumn-early with date §O
Winter <1.23 1.57 1.85-2.14 2.48-3.69
Veg-Full FI, ~
::l
Spring
PF, Late Spring 0.96 1.13 1.35-3.01 ~
Veg, Autumn- PYOL F 2.24 3.42-5.39 5.5-6.4 Aust 132 cv. Karridale; Critical values decline steadily
Winter with date
Bud-Early FI,
Spring <1.56 2.21 2.76-2.89 3.32-5.18
68 DAE LB+P F <2.17 2.41 >2.63 Aust 46 cv. Woogenellup
109 DAE <1.79 1.83 >2.35
Pre-Start Fl LB+P D <0.8 0.8-1.0 1.1-2.5 Aust 196
Early Fl LB+P F <0.81 0.92 1.21-1.62 Aust 46 cv. Woogenellup
Early PF <0.51 0.73 0.76-1.06
Mid-FI Leaves F <0.72 0.72-0.90 0.95-1.5 Aust 46 cv. Mt Barker
Ktrng/l.) Var P F <1500 >1500 Aust 185 Spot test of sap
Veg, Autumn- PYOL F <1050 1125-1150 1200-1300 1450-1500 Aust 132 cv. Karridale; Spot test of sap
Winter
Veg-Full Fl,
Spring 263 563 776-914 988-1500
PF 400 529 738-1400
5(%) 36-61 DAS WS Sand 0.17 0.20-0.22 0.23-0.24 0.27 -0.47 Aust 134 cv. Karridale
Veg WS F 0.25 Aust 184
Veg, Winter- WS F 0.19-0.22 Aust 91 cv. Trikkala
Early Spring
Spring WS F 0.09-0.14 Aust 91 cv. Trikkala; Value drops with time
Var WS F 0.16-0.20 Aust 31 cv. Mt Barker
FI WS Soil 0.17 Aust 93 cv. Woogenellup
36 DAS YOL Sand 0.22 0.28 0.30 0.32-0.49 Aust 134 cv. Karridale
61 DAS 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26-0.39
58 DAE YOL Soil 0.20 Aust 64 cv. Trikkala
58 DAE VOL Soil 0.21 Aust 64 cv. Seaton Park
58 DAE VOL Soil 0.16 Aust 64 cv. Clare
,------
Veg, Winter- VOL F 0.26-0.28 Aust 91 cv. Trikkala
Early Spring
Spring <0.22 0.24-0.26
Var Tip F 0.20 Aust 201
S04-S 36-61 DAS VOL or WS Sand <109 139-196 208-364 427-2136 Aust 134 cv. Karridale
(mg/kg)
S04- S/S 36 DAS WS Sand 9.7 Aust 134 cv. Karridale

xl00 61 DAS 17.4
36 DAS YOL 6.9
61 DAS 12.8
Var LB Soil 8-11 USA 79 cv. Mt Barker

S(N/S) 36-61 DAS WS Sand 20 Aust 134 cv. Karridale
FI WS Soil 20 Aust 93 cv. Woogenellup; Ratio> critical indicates

S deficiency
33 DAE LB Soil 19 Aust 187 cv. Woogenellup; Ratio> critical indicates

61-133 DAE 20-25 S deficiency
33 DAE P 16
61-133 DAE 25-29
Ca(%) Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.8 0.8-2.5 Aust 196

5 cm
Mg(%) 29 DAS WS SC 0.11 Aust 161 Critical value unaffected by source of nitrogen
YOL 0.09 Nitrogen supplied as nitrate
VOL 0.20 Plants reliant on Nrfixation
cv. Seaton Park
53 DAS WS Soil 0.15 China 114 cv. Nungarin; Symptoms persisted to 0.26%

Scm
16-37 DAE 1st SC 0.06-0.08 Aust 160 cv. Seaton Park; Critical for symptoms
Trifoliate
leaf
25-36 DAT YOL SC 0.11 Aust 159 cv. Seaton Park
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.12 0.12-0.14 0.15-0.5 0.7 Aust 196
Cu(mg!kgl Winter-Spring WS F 3.0-4.0 Aust 95 cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin and Trikkala;

Critical for vegetative growth
Winter-Spring WS F 3.5-4.5 Aust 95 cv.Woogeneliup and Nungarin; Critical for

seed yield
~
<I)
~
w
W
\11
w
w ~
C'I
a
)..
~
~
'"~.
)..
:::l
:i"
Trifolium subterraneum (Subterranean Clover) (ctd) ~
~
~
Cu(mg!kg) Winter-Spring WS F 5.0-6.0 Aust 95 cv. Trikkala; Critical for seed yield ~
(ctd) 0'
26-98 DAE YOL Soil 3.0 Aust 146 cvv. Seaton Park, Clare, Trikkala :::l
147
~
:::l
Winter-Spring VOL F 3.0-4.5 Aust 95 cvv.Woogeneliup and Nungarin; Critical
value for vegetative growth and seed yield ~
Winter-Spring YOL F 4.0-6.0 Aust 95 cv. Trikkala; Critical for vegetative growth
Winter-Spring VOL F 4.5-7.0 Aust 95 cv. Trikkala; Critical for seed yield
Early FI YOL F <3.0 3.5-4.5 4.0 Aust 94 cv. Woogenellup; Criteria based on seed yield
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <3.0 3-4 5-30 Aust 196
1st FI WS above Lit 7 Ger 22
Scm
Cutdrop) Var YFL F 6.0-11.0 4.0-5.0 2.0-3.0 Aust 52 Ascorbate oxidase activity measured by drops
of iodine
Zn(mg!kg) 21-S5 DAE VOL Soil 12-14 Aust 144 cv. Seaton Park
145
56 DAS YOL Soil 21-22 Aust 53 cv. Seaton Park
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <12 12-14 15-50 >50 Aust 196
5cm
Mid-Late FI VOL Soil 10 Aust 32 cv. Nungari n
Mn(mg!kgl 22 DAE WS SC >640 Aust 49 cv. Woogenellup
35 DAS WS Sand 64-412 1059 2010-3896 Aust 54 cv. Mt. Barker
54-893 2192 >2200 cv. Karridale
77 DAE WS Soil 710 Aust 170 Toxicity symptoms appear at 710 mg!kg
FI WS Soil 25 Aust 192 cv. Mt Barker
5cm
35 DAS YOL Sand 46-246 634 1220-2761 Aust 54 cv. Mt. Barker
66-551 1314 >1300 cv. Karridale
U VOL RSC 20 Aust 121 cv. Seaton Park; Determined by correlation
with photosynthetic O 2 evolution
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <20 20-24 25-300 400-600 >800 Aust 196
Scm
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <20 20-24 25-100 Aust 196
Mo(mglkg) Mid-FI WS U 0.15 Aust 61
Scm
U YOL U 0.05-0.10 Aust 150
Pre-Start FI LB+P D <0.4 0.4 0.5-10 >10 Aust 196 Deficient concn associated with low N
Cotrng/kg) U LB+P F <0.04 >0.04 Aust 128 cv. Woogenellup
Na(%) Veg WS SC 1.4 Aust 152 cv. Clare; 50% reduction with 4.5%
,
Pre-Start FI LB+P D 0.5-0.7 0.8-2.4 Aust 196 Symptoms associated with toxic values
C1(%) Veg WS SC 0.9 Aust 152 cv. Clare; 50% reduction with 4.7%
Pre-Start FI LB+P D 1.7-1.9 2.2-6.8 Aust 196 Symptoms associated with toxic values
Urochloa mosambicensis (Sabi Grass)
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.20-0.24 Aust 97 cv. CPI 46876

35 DAS YEB Soil 0.21-0.24 Aust 97 cv. CPI 46876
Mn(mg!kg) 51 DAE WS Sand >200 Aust 177 cv. Nixon
Urochloa oligotricha (Urochloa)
P(%) 35 DAS WS Soil 0.26 Aust 97 cv. CPI 47122

35 DAS YEB Soil 0.25 Aust 97 cv. CPI 47122
Vigna luteola (Dalrymple Vigna)
P(%) Pre-FI WS Soil <0.22 0.22-0.27 0.25 0.27-0.35 Aust 8

Na(%) 46 DAS WS Sand >3.75 Nig 125 Critical for a 42% reduction in growth
C1(%) 46 DAS WS Sand >6.46 Nig 125 Critical for a 42% reduction in growth
Vigna vexillata (Wild Cowpea)
Na(%) 46 DAS WS Sand >3.24 Nig 125 Critical for a 57% reduction in growth
;.?
CI(%) 46DAS WS Sand >5.64 Nig 125 Critical for a 57% reduction in growth
IN '"2'
IN ;;l
'I
'"
REFERENCES FOR PASTURE SPECIES diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies by plant analysis. In

'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic Engineering to field
1 Aitken, R.L. (1979). Apical tissue analysis for Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow.) pp. 245-248. (Kluwer
determining the sulphur status of Stylosanthes hamata Academic Publishers: llordrecht.)
cv. Verano. III Ann. Rept. 1979, Pasture Improvement
22 Bergmann, W. (1992). Adequate ranges of macro- and
Project, Khon Kaen Univ., Thailand.
micronutrients. In 'Colour Atlas: Nutritional Disorders
2 Aitken, R.L. and Bell, L.C (1985). Plant uptake and of Plants'. (Ed. W. Bergmann.) pp.86-102. (Gustav
phytotoxicity of boron in Australian fly ashes. Plant Fischer: jena.)
Soil 84: 245-257.
23 Blunt, CG. and Humphreys, L.R. (1970). Phosphate
3 Andrew, CS. (1960). The effect of phosphorus, response of mixed swards at Mount Cotton,
potassium and calcium on the growth, chemical Southeastern Queensland. Aust. f. Exp. Agrie. Anim.
composition, and symptoms of deficiency of white Hush. 10: 431-443.
clover in a subtropical environment. Aust. f. Agrie. Res.
11: 149-161. 24 Boawn, L.C and Rasmussen, P.E. (]971). Crop
response to excessive zinc fertilization of alkaline soil.
4 Andrew, CS. (1977). The effect of sulphur on the Agron. f. 63: 874-876.
growth and nitrogen concentrations, and critical
sulphur concentrations of some tropical and temperate 25 Bolland, \.-I.D.A. (1993). Residual value of
pasture legumes. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 28: 807-820. superphosphate and Queensland rock phosphate
measured using yields of serradella, burr medic and
5 Andrew, CS. and Bryan, W.W. (1958). Pasture studies subterranean clover grown in rotation with wheat and
on the coastal lowlands of subtropical Queensland.III. bicarbonate extractable soil phosphorus. Commun. Soil
The nutrient requirements and potentialities of Sci. Plant Anal. 24: 1243-1269.
Desmodium uncinatum and white clover on a lateritic
podzolic soil. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 9: 267-285. 26 Bolland, M.D.A. and Paynter, B.H. (1994). Critical
phosphorus concentrations for burr medic, yellow
6 Andrew, CS. and Hegarty, M.P. (1969). Comparative
serradella, subterranean clover and wheat. Commun.
responses to manganese excess of eight tropical and
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 385-394.
four temperate pasture legume species. Aust. f. Agric.
Res. 20: 687-696. 27 Holland, M.D.A., Clarke, M.F. and Yeates, ].S. (1995).
Critical phosphorus concentrations for subterranean
7 Andrew, CS. and Norris, D.O. (1961). Comparative
clover in the high rainfall areas of south-western
response to calcium of five tropical and four temperate
Australia. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 1427-1440.
pasture legume species. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 12: 40-55.
8 Andrew, CS. and Robbins, \eI.F. (1969). The effect of 28 Bolton, J. (1975). Liming effects on the toxicity to
phosphorus on the growth and chemical composition perennial ryegrass of a sewage sludge contaminated
of some tropical pasture legumes. I. Growth and critical with zinc, nickel, copper and chromium. Environ.
Pollut. 9: 295-304.
percentages of phosphorus. 11ust. I- Agrk. Res. 20: 655-
674. 29 Bolton, j., Nowakowski, T.Z. and Lazarus, W. (1976).
9 Andrew, CS. and Robbins, M.F. (1969). The effect of Sulphur-nitrogen interaction effects on the yield and
potassium on the growth and chemical composition of composition of the protein-N, non-protein-N and
some tropical and temperate pasture legumes. I. soluble carbohydrates in perennial ryegrass. f. Sci. Food
Growth and critical percentages of potassium. Aust. I- Agrie. 27: 553-560.
Agrie. Res. 20:999-1007. 30 Houma, D. and Dowling, E.]. (1982). Phosphorus status
10 Andrew, CS. and Robins, M.F. (1971). The effect of of subterranean clover: a rapid and simple leaf test.
phosphorus on the growth, chemical composition, and Aust. /. expo Agric. Anim. Hush. 22: 428-436.
critical phosphorus percentages of some tropical 31 Bouma, D., Spencer, K. and Dowling, E.J. (1969).
pasture grasses. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 22: 693-706. Assessment of the phosphorus and sulphur status of
11 Andrew, C.S. and Thorne, P.M. (1962). Comparative subterranean clover pastures. 3. Plant tests. Aust. f. Exp.
responses to copper of some tropical and temperate Agrie. Anim. Hush. 9: 329-340.
pasture legumes. Aust. I- Agrie. Res. 13: 821-835. 32 Brennan, R.F. (1990). Reaction of zinc with soil
12 Andrew, CS., Johnson, A.D. and Haydock, K.P. (1981). affecting its availability to subterranean clover. 2. Effect
The diagnosis of zinc deficiency and effect of zinc on of soil properties on the relative effectiveness of applied
the growth and chemical composition of some tropical zinc. Aust.}. Soil Res. 28: 303-310.
and subtropical legumes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33 Brotman, J.B. and Sonoda, R.M. (1975). Differential
12: 1-18. response of three Stylosanthes guianensis varieties to
13 Armstrong, R.D. and Helyar, K.R. (1993). Relative three levels of potassium. Trap. Agrie. 52: 139-142.
importance of soil phosphorus to the growth of 34 Bruce, R.C (1974). Growth response, critical
wiregrass (Aristida armata) compared with other grasses percentage of phosphorus, and seasonal variation of
common to the mulga shrublands of Queensland. phosphorus percentage in Stylosanthes glliancnsis cv.
Aust. f. Exp. Agrie. 3:~: 337-341. Schofield topdressed with superphosphate. Trap.
14 Asher, CJ. and Loneragan, j.F. (1967). Response of Grassl. 8: 137-144.
plants to phosphate concentration in solution culture. 35 Burton, G.W. (1989). Bermudagrass (Stargrass). In
1. Growth and phosphorus content. Soil Sci. 103: 225- 'Detecting Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical
233. and Temperate Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plunkett and H.B.
15 Bailey, J.S. (1989). Potassium-sparing effect of calcium Sprague.) pp. 485-492. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.)
in perennial ryegrass. I. Plant Nut. 12: ]019-1027. 36 Chantkam, S., Edwards, D.G. and Asher, CJ. (]983).
16 Bailey, LS. and Stevens, R.J. (1989). Factors explaining Response of selected tropical pasture legumes grown in
variable lime responses in pastures: calcium x zinc x flowing nutrient culture to constant solution
phosphorus interactions. f. Plant Nut. 12: 387-405. phosphorus concentrations: l, Growth and
17 Bailey, L.D. (1983). Effects of potassium fertilizer and phosphorus concentration. Thai I- Agric. Sci. 16: 217-
fall harvests on alfalfa grown on the eastern Canadian 231.
prairies. Can. f. Soil Sci. 63: 211-219. 37 ClAT (I 98]). Annual Report: Tropical pastures
18 Bailey, L.D. (1986). The sulphur status of eastern program, ]980. (ClAT, Cali, Colombia.)
Canadian prairie soils: sulphur response and 38 CIAT (1982). Tropical pastures program report, ]981.
requirements of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), rape ClAT Series 02ETP(I) 82. pp. 167-191.
(Brassica napus 1..) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Can. 39 Clarkson, N.M., Swann, I.F. and Chaplain,!':.P. (1989).
I- Soil Sci. 66: 209-216. Sulphur and phosphorus fertilizers increase the yield of
19 Bailey, S.W., Aitken, R.I.. and Hughes, J.D. (1983). The barrel medic (Medicago truncatulay five-fold in native
effect of soil water status on critical phosphorus pasture on a traprock soil. Aust. f. Exp. Agrie. 29: 527-
concentrations in Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano. Plant 531.
Soil 74: 467-472. 40 Clifford, P.T.P. and White, S.D. (1986). A sulphur
20 Bansal, K.N. and Pal, K.R. (1987). Evaluation of a soil response: white clover seed production. N. Z. f. Exp.
test method and plant analysis for determining the Aglie.14: 97-99.
sulphur status of alluvial soils. Plant Soil 98: 33] -336. 41 Clough, T.J. (1990). Response of Yatsyn rycgrass,
21 Barraclough, P.B. and Leigh, R.A. (1993). Critical plant Matua prairie grass and Wana cocksfoot to phosphorus
K concentrations for growth and problems in the and potassium. Proe. N.Z. Grassl. Assoe. 51: 167-170.
338
Pastures
42 Cornforth, I.S. and Sinclair, A.G. (1982). Fertilizer and composition, with special reference to cations, as
Lime Recommendations for Pastures and Crops in New affected by the principal constituent elements of
Zealand'. (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: molybdenized superphosphate. Aust. j. Exp. Agric.
Wellington, N.Z.) Anim. Husb. 6: 266-276.
43 Correa, 1..de A. and Haag, H.P. (1'193). Critical levels of 63 Gestring, W.O. and Soltanpour, P.N. (1987).
phosphorus for the establish men t of forage grasses in Comparison of soil tests for assessing boron toxicity to
red-yellow JatosoI. 1. Greenhouse assay. Scientia alfalfa. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. j. 51: 1214-1219.
Agricola 50: 99·108. 64 Gilbert, M.A. and Robson, A.D. (1984). Sulfur nutrition
44 Costa, G.G., Moneratt, P.H. and Gomide, J.A. (1983). of temperate pasture species. II. A comparison of
Effect of phosphorus rate on growth and phosphorus subterranean clover cultivars, medics, and grasses. Ausl
content of jaragua grass and Guinea Grass. Rev. Soc. j. Agrie. Res. 35: 6S-73.
Brasil. Zootee. 12: 1-10. 65 Gilbert, M.A. and Shaw, K.A. (1989). The low tolerance
45 Cottenie, A., Dhaese, A. and Camerlynck, R. (1'176). of Stylosanthes species to sulphur deficiency. Trap.
Plant quantity response to uptake of polluting Grassl. 23: 179-188.
elements. Qual. Plant. 26: 293·319. 66 Godwin, D.C and Blair, G.). (1991). Phosphorus
46 Cox, W.J. (1981). Diagnostic criteria for crops and efficiency in pasture species. V. A comparison of white
pastures. Proe. National Workshop on Plant Analysis,· clover accessions. Allst. j. Agrie. Res. 42: 531-540.
Goolwa, South Australia. pp. '17-100. (Department of 67 Goh, K.M. and Lee, K.K. (1978). Effects of nitrogen and
Agriculture: Adelaide.) sulphur fertilization on the digestibility and chemical
47 Crespo, G. and Curbelo, F. (1990). Response to P of composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L).
Centrosema pubescens and Pucraria phaseoloides in a Plant Soil 50: ] 61-177.
luvisol soil of Pina del Rio province. Cub. J. Agrie. Sci. 68 Gornide, J.A. (1989). Phosphorus requirement for
24: 225-230. establishment of tropical forage grasses and legumes.
48 Cripps, R.W., Young, ).L. and Leonard, A.T. (1989). Proc. 16th Int. Grassl. Congr., Nice, France. pp 99-100.
Effects of potassium and lime applied for coastal 69 Gupta, U.C (1984). Boron nutrition of alfalfa, red
bermudagrass production on sandy soil. Soil Sci. Soc. clover and timothy grown on podzol soils of eastern
Am. t. 53: 127-132. Canada. Soil Sci. 137: 16-22.
49 Culvenor, R.A. (1985). Tolerance of Phalarisaquatica L. 70 Gupta, u.c.. Leblanc, P.V. and Chipman, E.W. (1'190).
lines and some other agricultural species to excess Effect of molybdenum application on plant
manganese, and the effect of aluminium on manganese molybdenum concentration and crop yields on
tolerance in P. aquatica. Aust. f. Agrie. Res. 36: 695-708. sphagnum peat soils. Can. j. Soil Sci. 70: 717-721.
50 Davis, M.R. (1991). The comparative phosphorus 71 Hamilton, R.A. and PilIay, K.S. (1941). The manuring
requirements of some temperate perennial legumes. of Centrosemu pubescens. f. Rubber Res. IIISt. Malay. 11,
Plant Soil 133: 17-30. Comm.255.
51 Davis, R.D. and Beckett, P.H.T. (1'178). Upper critical 72 Hardin, S.D., Howard, D.D. and Wolt,). (1989). Critical
levels of toxic elements in plants. 2. Critical levels of soil phosphorus of a low-P loess-derived soil as affected
copper in young barley, wheat, rape, lettuce and by storage temperature. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
ryegrass. New Phytol. 80: 23-32. 20: 1525-1543.
52 Dclhaize, E., Loneragan, J.F. and Webb, J. (1982). 73 Hopkins, A., Murray, P.J., Bowling, P.J., Rook, A.J. and
Enzymatic diagnosis of copper deficiency in Johnson, J. (1995). Productivity and nitrogen uptake of
subterranean clover. II. A simple field test. Aust. l. ageing and newly sown swards of perennial ryegrass
Agrie. Res. 33: 981-987. (Lolium perenne 1..) at different sites and with different
53 Dell, B. and Wilson, SA (1989). Zinc nutrition and leaf nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Eur./. Agron. 4: 65-75.
carbonic anhydrase activity of Eucalyptus maculata 74 Hylton, L.O., Ulrich, A. and Cornelius, D.R. (1967).
seedlings and Trifolium subterraneum. Plant Soil 113: Potassium and sodium interrelations in growth and
287-290. mineral content of Italian ryegrass. Agron. j. 59: 311-
54 Demarco, D.G., I.i, CB. and Randall, P.J. (1995). 314.
Manganese toxicity in Trifolium balansae, T. 75 Jackson, M.B., Lee, CW., Schumacher, M.A., Duysen,
resupinatum, T. subterraneum, Medicago murex, .\1. M.E., Self, I.R. and Smith, R.C. (1995). Micronutrient
polymorpha, M. sativa, Lotus pedunculatus, and toxicity in buffalograss. j. Plant Nut. 18: 1337-134'1.
Omithopus compressus - relative tolerance and critical 76 James, D.W. (1988). Leaf margin chlorosis in alfalfa: a
toxic concentrations. Aust. [. Exp. Agric. 35: 367-374.
potassium deficiency symptom associated with high
55 Dowling, E.J. and Bouma, D. (1985). Field evaluation of concentration of sodium in the leaf. Soil Sci. 145: 374-
a leaf test for assessment of the phosphorus status of 380.
subterranean clover and for prediction of its response
77 Johansen, C, Merkley, K.E. and Dolby, G.R. (1980).
to phosphorus. Aust. j. Exp. Agric. 25: 331-336.
Critical phosphorus concentrations in parts of
56 Edwards, D.G. and Asher, CJ. (1982). Tolerance of crop Mucroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro and Desmodium
and pasture species to manganese toxicity. In 'Plant intortum cv. Greenleaf as affected by plant age. Aus/. j.
Nutrition 1982'. Proc, 9th Int. Plant Nutr. Colloq., Agric. Res. 31: 693-702.
Warwick, U.K. 1982. (Ed. A. Scaife.) pp. 145-150.
78 Jones, M.B., Ruckman, J.E. and Lawler, P.W. (1972).
57 Falke, H. (1983). Effect of increasing molybdenum Critical levels of P in subclover (Trifolium subterraneum
applications on the molybdenum content of soils and L). Agron. f. 64: 695-698.
plants. In 'Mengen und Spurenelernente' (Eds M. Anke, 79 Jones, M.B., Ruckman, ).E., Williams, W.A. and
C Bruckner, H. Gurtler, and M. Grun.) pp. 18-21. (Karl
Koenigs, R.l.. (1980). Sulfur diagnostic criteria as
Marx Universitat. Leipzig, Germany.)
affected by age and defoliation of subclover. Agron. j.
58 Flores, A../. (1982). A preliminary agronomic evaluation 72: 1043-1046.
of fifty-two accessions of Stylosanthes macrocephala
80 Jones, R.K. and Robinson, P../. (1970). The sulphur
under acid soil conditions. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico
nutrition of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis).
State Univ., Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Proe. 11th Int. Grassl. Congr., Surfers Paradise, Australia.
59 Fohse, D., Claasen, N. and jungk, A. (1988). pp. 377-380.
Phosphorus efficiency of plants. 1. External and
81 Jones, W.F. and Watson, V.II. (1991). Response of
internal P requirement and P uptake efficiency of
berrnudagrass to sulfur application. Commun. Soil Sci.
different plant species. Plant Soil 110: 101-109. Plant Anal. 22: 505-515.
60 Fox, R.L., Saunders, W.M.H. and Rajan, S.S.S. (1986).
82 Kelling, K.A. and Matocha, J.E. (1990). Plant Analysis
Phosphorus nutrition of pasture species: phosphorus as an Aid in Fertilizing Forage Crops. In 'Soil Testing
requirement and root saturation values. Soil Sci. Amer. and Plant Analysis'. 3rd Ed. (Ed. R.L. Westerman) pp.
/. 50: 142-148. 603-643. (Soil Science Society of America: Madison,
61 Gartrell, J.W. (1980). Farrnnote 90-80. Department of Wisconsin.)
Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia.
83 Kerridge, P.C (1989). Glycine. In 'Detecting Mineral
62 Gates, CT., Wilson, J.R. and Shaw, N.H. (1966). Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate
Growth and chemical composition of Townsville Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plunkett and I LB. Sprague.) pp. 509-
lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 2. Chemical 518. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.)
339
84 Kluge, R., Prausse, A. and Zajonc, I. (1985). Toxic plant 104 Martin, W.E. and Matocha, j.E. (1973). Plant analysis
threshold values for manganese. In 'Mengen und as an aid in the fertilization of forage crops. ln 'Soil
Spurenelemente'. (Eds M. Anke, C. Bruckner, H. Testing and Plant Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Walsh and J.D.
Gurtler, and ).1. Grun.) pp. 172-177. (Karl Marx Beaton.) pp.393-426. (Soil Science Society of America,
Universitat: Leipzig, Germany.) Inc.: Madison, Wisconsin.)
85 Kondo, H. (1989). A method of assessing phosphorus 105 Martin, W.E., Ulrich, A., Morse, M. and Mikkelsen, D.L.
nutrient status and phosphorus nutrient criteria for (1955). Potassium deficiency of alfalfa in California. In
growing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). l. [ap, Soc. 'Better Crops With Plant Food'. (American Potash Inst.:
Grassl. Sci. 34: 286-291. Washington, D.C.)
86 Kouno, K. and Ogata, S. (1988). Sulfur-supplying 106 Mesa, A.R. (1985). The effects of increasing P rates on
capacity of soils and critical sulfur values of forage mineral composition and critical levels of phosphorus
crops. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 34: 327-339. in Digitaria. Pastos y Forrajes 8: 65-80.
87 Lamond, R.E., Whitney, D.A. and Marsh, B.l1. (1995). 107 Mesa, A.R. (198:{). Critical rates of P for Panicurn
Sulfur fertilization of smooth bromegrass in Kansas. maximum Iacq. cultivars. Pastos y Forrajes 6: 221-239.
Agron. ,. 87: B-16. 108 Mesa, A.R. and Mendoza, F. (1985). Effect of P on the
88 Lemaire, G., Gastal, F. and Salette.}. (1989). Analysis of chemical composition and critical levels of P in
the effect of N nutrition on dry matter yield of a sward Cenchrus ciliaris. Pastos y Forraies 8: 239-255.
by reference to potential yield and optimum N content. 109 Mesa, A.R. and Mendoza, F. (1986). Determination of
Proc 16th Int. Grassl. Cong., Nice, France. pp. 179-180. critical levels of P in Chloris gayana and the influence of
89 Levanon, D. and Levin, I. (1989). Yield response and P on its chemical composition. Pastos y Forraies 9: 51-
nitrate accumulation in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana 58.
Kunth.) grown in high-nitrate-content solutions. Plant llO Mesa, A.R., Martinez, j. and Mendoza, F. (1987).
Soil 120: 65-(,8. Critical I' levels in promising legumes. Pastos y Forrajes
90 Lewis, D.C. (1992). Effect of plant age on the critical 10: 147-152.
inorganic and total phosphorus concentrations in III Mesa, A.R., Mendoza, F. and Avila, V. (1988). Critical K
selected tissues of subterranean clover (cv.Trikkala). levels in Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Pastos y Forrajes
Aust. t. Agric. Res. 43: 215-223. ll: 68-73.
91 Lewis, D.C. (1995). PISA, Naracoorte, South Australia. ll2 Mesa, A.R., Mendoza, F. and Avila, V. (1988). Dry
Personal communication. matter yield and critical I' levels in Pennisetum
92 Littler, j.W. and Price, M.j. (1967). Correction of purpureum. Pastas y Forrajesll: 151-156.
sulphur deficiency in lucerne in the Warwick district, ll3 Mesa, A.R., Mendoza, F. and AVila, V. (1989). Yield,
Queensland. Queensland [. Agric. Anim. Sci. 24: 159-171. chemical composition and critical levels of potassium
93 Lodge, G.M. (1980). The effects of sulphur and in four tropical grasses. Pastos y Forrajes 12: 43-5 I.
phosphorus on the yield and composition of some 114 Michalk, D.L. and Huang, Z.K. (1992). Response of
indigenous and naturalized legumes on the north-west subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneumi to lime,
slopes of New South Wales. Aust. Rangel. f. 2: 169-174. magnesium, and boron on acid infertile soil in
94 McFarlane, J. (1984). Diagnostic criteria for crops and subtropical China. Fert. Res. 32: 249-257.
pastures. Proc. National Workshop on Plant Analysis, ll5 Mitchell, c.c. and Blue, W.G. (1989). Bahiagrass
Goolwa, South Australia. pp. 119-120. (Department of response to sulfur on an Aeric Haplaquod. Agron. I, 81:
Agriculture: Adelaide.) 53-57.
95 McFarlane, J.D. (1989). The effect of copper supply on ll6 Moody, P.W. and Edwards, D.G. (1978). The effect of
vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the plant age on critical phosphorus concentrations in
field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.). Trap.
deficiency. 1. Subterranean clover (Trifolium Grassl. 12: 80-89.
subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum). Aust. [. Agric.
ll7 Mullins, G.L. (1988). Plant availability of I' in
Res. 40: 817-832.
commercial superphosphate fertilizers. Commun. Soil
96 McFarlane, j.D. (1989). The effect of copper supply on Sd.PlantAnal.19: 1509-1S25.
vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the 118 Mundy, G.N. (1983). Effects of potassium and sodium
field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper concentrations on growth and cation accumulation in
deficiency. 2. Strawberry clover (Trifolium tragiterum L.).
pasture species grown in sand culture. Aust. J. Agric.
Amt l, Agric. Res. 40: 83:{-841.
Res. 34: 469-481.
97 Mcivor, ].G. (1984). Phosphorus requirements and 119 Mundy, G.N. (1984). Effects of potassium and sodium
responses of tropical pasture species: native and application to soil on growth and cation accumulation
introduced grasses and introduced legumes. Aust. I.
of herbage. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 3S: 85-96.
Exp. Agric. Anim. llusb. 24: 370-378.
120 Murtagh, G./. (1990). Variation in the supracritical
98 Mackay, A.D., Caradus, J.R., Hart, A.L., Wewala, G.S.,
nitrogen concentration of kikuyu grass. Commun. Soil
Dunlop, L. Lambert, :VI.G., van den Bosch, ]. and
Sci. Plant Anal. 21: 207-220.
Mouat, M.C.H. (1990). Phosphorus uptake
characteristics of a world collection of white clover 121 Nable, R.O., Bar-Akiva, A. and I.oneragan, ].1'. (1984).
(Trifolium repens) cultivars. In 'Plant Nutrition- Functional manganese requirement and its use as a
Physiology and Applications'. (Ed. M.L. van critical value for diagnosis of manganese deficiency in
Beusichem.) pp. 655-658. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv.
Dordrecht, The Nctherlands.) Seaton Park). Ann. Bot. (London) 54: 39-49.
99 Mcl\'aught, K.J. (1970). Diagnosis of mineral 122 Nel, J. de V. and Read, M.V.P. (1991). Use of the
deficiencies in grass-legume pastures by plant analysis. nitrogen-sulphur ratio in lucerne tMedicago sativa L.)
Proc. lIth Int. Grassl. Congr., Surfers Paradise, Australia. for the diagnosis of a sulphur deficiency. App. Plant Sci.
pp.334-389. 5: 46-47.
100 Mc]\;aught, K.j. and Chrisstoffels, P.J.E. (1961). Effect 123 ~c1, J. de V., and Schalkwyk, A. van (1992). Critical
of sulphur deficiency on sulphur and nitrogen levels in sulphur levels in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) grown on
pastures and lucerne. N.Z. f. Agric. Res. 4: 177-196. a sulphur deficient sandy soil. App. Plant Sci. 6: 11-14.
101 McNaught, K.j. and During, C. (1970). Relations 124 Offutt, M.S. (1989). Lespedeza. In 'Detecting Mineral
between nutrient concentrations in plant tissues and Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate
responses of white clover to fertilizers on a grey podzol Crops'. (Eds D.l.. Plunkett and H.B. Sprague.) pp. 459-
near Westport. N.Z l. Agric. Res. 13: 567-590. 466. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.)
102 Manjunath, A. and Habte, M. (1992). External and 125 Okusanya, 0.1'. and Oyesiku, O. (1993). Comparative
internal requirements of plant species differing in their salinity tolerance of two legumes, Vigna luteola and
mycorrhizal dependency. Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 6: 271- Vigna vexillata, from the coast of Trinidad. Can. J. Bot.
284. 72: 1216-1221.
103 Marcar, ~.F.. (1987). Salt tolerance in the genus Lolium 126 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. (1988). Field
(ryegrass) during germination and growth. Aust. J. Crop Recommendations for Ontario. (Ontario Ministry
Agric. Res. 38: 297-307. of Agriculture and Food: Ottawa.)
340
Pastures
127 Ouellette, G.J. and Dessureaux, L. (1958). Chemical 146 Reuter, D.]., Loneragan, ./.1'., Robson, A.D. and
composition of alfalfa as related to degree of tolerance Tranthim-Fryer, D.]. (1983). Intraspecific variation in
to manganese and aluminium. Can. f. Plant Sci. 38: the external and internal copper requirements of
206-214. subterranean clover. Agroll. f. 75: 45-49.
128 Ozanne, P.C;., Greenwood, F..A. and Shaw, T.e. (1963). 147 Reuter, D.]., Robson, A.D., Loneragan, J.F. and
The cobalt requirement of subterranean clover in the Tranthim-Fryer, D.J. (19R1). Copper nutrition of
field. Ausl. f. Agric. Res. 14: 39-.50. subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum I.. cv.
129 Petkov, V. and Tsvetkov, Ts. (1991). Possibilities of Seaton Park). II. Effects of copper supply on distribution
diagnosis of the provision of lucerne plants with of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency by
phosphorus and potassium. Fiz. Rust. 17: 47-.57. plant analysis. Aust.]. Agric. Res. 32: 267-282.
130 Peverill, K. (1984). Department of Agriculture, 148 Rlesenauer, II.M. (19.56). Molybdenum content of
Melbourne, Victoria. Personal communication. alfalfa in relation to deficiency symptoms and response
to molybdenum fertilization. Soil. Sci. 81: 237-242.
131 Pinkerton, A. and Randall, P.J. (1993). A comparison of
the potassium requirements during early growth of 149 Robinson, D.l.., Wheat, K.G., Hubbert, N.L.,
Lotus pedunculutus, Medicago murex, M. polymorpha, M. Henderson, M.S. and Savoy, II.J.Jr. (1988). Dallisgrass
truncatula, Omithopus compressus, Trilolium balansae, T. yield, quality and nitrogen recovery responses to
resupinatum, Pennisetum clandcstinum and Phalaris nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Commun. Soil Sci.
aquatica. Aust.f. Exp. Agrie. 33: 31-39. Plant Anal. 19: 529-542.
132 Pinkerton, A. and Randall, P.J. (1994). Critical 150 Robson, A. (1984). University of Western Australia,
potassium concentrations in Trifolium balansac, Nedlands, Western Australia. Personal
Mcdieago murex and Trifolium subterreneum as affected
communication.
by sampling date. Aust.}. Exp. Agric. 34: 469-477. 151 Rogers, M.E. (1996). Institute for Sustainable
133 Pinkerton, A. and Randall, P.J. (1994). Internal Agriculture, Department of Agriculture, Tatura,
phosphorus requirements of six legumes and two Victoria. Personal communication.
grasses. ilust. f. Exp. Agric. 34: 373-379. 152 Rogers, M.E. and Noble, C.L. (1991). The effect of l\aCl
on the establishment and growth of balansa clover
134 Pinkerton, A. and Randall, 1'.]. (199.5). Sulfur
(Trifolium michelianum Savi var. balansae Boiss.). Aust.
requirements during early growth of Trifolium balansac,
f. Agric. Res. 42: 847-857.
Trifolium subterraneum, Medieago murex, and Phalaris
aquatica. Aust. f. Exp. Agric. 35: 199-208. 153 Rogers, :\i.E., Noble, e.L., Nicholas, M.E. and Iialloran,
G.M. (1993). Variation in yield potential and salt
135 Probert, M.E. (1984). The mineral nutrition of
tolerance of selected cultivars and natural populations
Stylosanthes. In 'The Biology and Agronomy of of Trifolium repens I.. Aust.], Agric. Res. 44: 785-798.
Stylosanthes'. (Ed. L. Edye.) pp. 203-226. (Academic
Press: London.) 154 Rogers, :\i.E., Noble, CL, Nicholas, M.E. and Iialloran,
G.M. (1994). Leaf, stolon and root growth of white
136 Probert, M.F.. and Jones, R.K. (1984). Studies on some clover (Trifolium repens L.) in response to irrigation with
neutral red duplex soils (Dr 2.12) in north-east saline water. lrrig. Sci. 15: 183-194.
Queensland. 4. Field studies of nutrient responses with
Caribbean stylo. Aust. f. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 22: 155 Rossiter, R.e. (1955). The influence of soil type on
382-390. phosphorus toxicity in subterranean clover (Trifolium
subterraneum I..). Aust.], Agric. Res. 6: 1-8.
137 Rangeley, A. (1989). The suitability of plant tissue tests
to indicate phosphorus deficiency in perennial ryegrass 156 Ruaysoongnern, 5., Shelton, II.M. and Edwards, D.G.
(Lolium perenne 1..). Grass For. Sci. 44: 91-95.
(1989). The nutrition of Leucaena lcucoccphcla de Wit
cv. Cunningham seedlings. 1. External requirements
138 Rangeley, A. and Newbould, P. (1983). Growth and critical concentrations in index leaves of nitrogen,
responses to lime and fertilizers and critical phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and
concentrations in herbage of white clover in Scottish manganese. Aust.f. Agric. Rcs. 40: 1241-12Sl.
hill soils. Grass For. Sci. 40: 26.5-277.
157 Russelle, M.P., Meyers, L.L. and McGraw, R.L. (1989).
139 Rayment,G.E. (1983). Prediction of response to sulphur Birdsfoot trefoil seedling response to soil phosphorus
by established Siratro/grass pastures in south-eastern and potassium availability indexes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. f.
Queensland. ilust. f. Exp. Agric. Anim. /lusb. 23: 280- 53: 828-836.
287.
158 Schweiger, 1'.1'., Robson, A.D. and Barrow, N.]. (199.5).
140 Rayment, G.F.. and Bruce, R.e. (1979). Effects of Root hair length determines beneficial effect of a
topdrcssed phosphorus fertilizer on established white Glomus species on shoot growth of some pasture
clover based pastures in south-east Queensland. 2. species. New Phytol. 131: 247-254.
Macronutrient status and prediction of yield responses 159 Scott, B.]. and Robson, A.D. (1990). Distribution of
using plant chemical tests. Ausl. f. Exp. Agric. Anim. magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium
Husb. 19: 463-471.
subterraneum L.) in relation to supply. Aust. f. Agric. Rcs.
141 Rayment, G.E. and Verrall, K.A. (1980). Soil manganese 41: 499-510.
tests and the comparative tolerance of kikuyu and 160 Scott, B.J. and Robson, A.D. (1990). Changes in the
white clover to manganese toxicity. Trop, Grassl. 14: content and form of magnesium in the first trifoliate
105-114. leaf of subterranean clover under altered or constant
142 Rayment, G.E., Bruce, R.C. and Cook, ItG. (1980). root supply. Aust. J. Agric. Rcs. 41: 511-519.
Prediction of yield responses to phosphorus by 161 Scott, B. ]. and Robson, A.D. (1991). Magnesium
established Greenleaf Desmodium/grass pastures in requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium
south-east Queensland using chemical tests. Aust. f. subterraneum 1..) either reliant on symbiotic nitrogen
Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 20: 477-485. fixation or supplied with nitrate. New Phytol. 118: 79-
143 Reuter, D.]. and Elliott, D.E. (1984). Development of a 8.5.
plant test for diagnosing the phosphorus status of 162 Scott, N.M. and Watson, M.E. (1982). Agricultural
annual medics. Report on Australian Wool sulphur research and responses to sulphur in north
Corporation Project K/3/1031. Department of Scotland. In 'Sulphur '82 Vol. I'. (Ed. A.I. More.) pp.
Agriculture, Adelaide, South Australia. Personal .579-.586. (British Sulphur Corp. Ltd: London).
communication. 163 Scott, N.M., Watson, M.E., Caldwell, K.S. and Inkson,
144 Reuter, D.]., Loneragan, ].F., Robson, A.D. and Plaskett, R.H.E. (1983). Response of grassland to the application
D. (1982). Zinc in subterranean clover (Tritoltum of sulphur at two sites in north-east Scotland. f. Sci.
subterralleum I.. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply Food Agric. :i4: 3.57-:{61.
on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant 164 Seirn, F..e., Caldwell, A.e. and Rehrn, G.W. (1969).
parts. Aust.}. Agrie. Res. 33: 989-999. Sulfur response by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on a
145 Reuter, D.]., Loneragan. ].F., Robson, A.D. and Plaskett, sulfur-deficient soil. Agron. f. 61: 368-371.
D. (1982). Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium 165 Shaw, N.H. and Andrew, CS. (1979). Superphosphate
subtetraneum I.. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of and stocking rate effects on a native pasture oversown
phosphorus supply on the relationship between zinc with Stylosanthes humilis in central coastal Queensland.
concentrations in plant parts and yield. Aust. f. Agric. 4. Phosphate and potassium sufficiency. Aust f. Exp.
Res. 33: 1001-1008. Agric. Anim. l lusb. 19: 42.5-436.
341
166 Sherrell, CG. (1983). Boron deficiency and response in in ryegrass, white clover and lucerne. NI f. Agric. Res.
white and red clovers and lucerne. N.z. J. Agric. Res. 26: 26: 215-221.
197-203. 184 Spencer, K. and Bouma, D. (1970). Sulphur content of
167 Sherrell, CG. (1983). Boron nutririon of perennial clover as an indicator of pasture response. Prac. l lth
ryegrass, cocksfoot and timothy. N.Y.. J. Agric. Res. 26: lnt. Grassl. Congr., Surfers Paradise, Australia. pp. 341-
205-208. 344.
168 Sherrell, e.G. (1983). Plant and soil boron in relation 185 Spencer, K and Govaars, A.G. (1982). Rapid test for
to boron deficiency in lucerne. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 26: determining potassium levels in clover tissue. J. Aust.
209-214. Inst. Agric. Sci. 48: 101-103.
169 Sherrell, CiG. (1983). Comparison of materials of 186 Spencer, K and Govaars, A.G. (1982). The potassium
different solubility as sources of boron for plants. N. Z. status of pastures in the Moss Vale district, New South
J. Exp. Agric. 11: 325-329. Wales, CSIRO, Aust. Div. Plant Ind. Tech. Pap. No. 38.
170 Siman, A., Cradock, F.W. and Hudson, A.W. (1974). 187 Spencer, K, jones, M.B. and Freney, ].R. (1977).
The development of manganese toxicity in pasture Diagnostic indices for sulphur status of subterranean
legumes under extreme climatic conditions. Plant Soil clover. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28: 401-412.
41: 129-140. 188 Standley,]. (1981). Critical phosphorus and potassium
171 Sivasupirarnantarn, S., Akkasaeng, R. and Shelton, H.M. concentrations for Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Schofield
(1986). Effects of nitrogen and lime on growth of in north Queensland. Trap. Grassl. 15: 58-59.
Leucaena Ieucocephela cv. Cunningham on a red-yellow 189 Tening, AS, Tarawali, G. and Omueti, j.A.!. (1995).
podzolic soil in south-eastern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Critical potassium deficiency levels for a grass legume
Agric. 26: 23-29. pasture grown on soils of the subhumid zone of
172 Smilde, K.W. (1981). Heavy metal accumulation in Nigeria. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 673-685.
crops grown on sewage sludge amended with metal 190 Thomson, B.D., Robson, A.D. and Abbott, L.K. (1986).
salts. Planl Soil 62: 3-14. Effects of phosphorus on the formation of mycorrhizas
173 Smith, D. (1989). Alfalfa (Lucerne). In 'Detecting by Gigaspora calospora and Glomus [asciculatum in
Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and relation to root carbohydrates. New Phytol. 10:i: 751-
Temperate Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plunkett and H.B. 765.
Sprague.) pp. 439-446. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.) 191 Toxopeus, M.R.j. and Gordon, R.B. (1985). Pasture
174 Smith, F.W. (1972). Potassium nutrition, ionic responses to magnesium fertilisers on a yellow-brown
relations, and oxalic acid accumulation in three pumice soil. N./.. J. Exp. Agric. 13: 39-45.
cultivars of Setaria sphacelata. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23: 192 Tyson, A.G. (1954). Manganese deficiency in
969-980. subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Aust. J.
175 Smith, F.W. (1974). The effect of sodium on potassium Agric. Res. 5: 608-613.
nutrition and ionic relations in rhodes grass. Aust J. 193 Varkas, T.D. and Hrusoules, A.K. (1979). Effects of
Agric. Res. 25: 407-414. sulphur on the yield and elemental composition of
176 Smith, F.W. (1975). Tissue testing for assessing the lucerne (Medicagosativa 1..). Georgike-Ereuna 3: 102-110.
phosphorus status of green panic, buffel grass, and 194 Vincente-Chandler, j. (1989). Tropical Grasses. In
setaria. Ausl. J. F.xp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 15: 383-390. 'Detecting Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical
177 Smith, F.W. (1979). Tolerance of seven tropical pasture and Temperate Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plunkett and H.B.
grasses to excess manganese. Commlln. Soil. Sci. Plant Sprague.) pp. 531-553. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.)
Anal. 10: 853-867. 195 Watson, S.E. and Whiteman, P.e. (1981). Grazing
178 Smith, F.W. and Andrew, C.S. (1985). Effects of studies on the Guadacanal Plains, Solomon Islands. 1.
interactions between temperature and phosphorus Climate, soils, and soil fertility assessment. f. Agric. Sci.,
supply on growth and critical phosphorus Camb. 97: 341-351.
concentrations in Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. 196 Weir, R.G. and Cresswell, G.e. (1994). 'Plant Nutient
Siratro. Proc. 15th Int. Grassl. Congr., Kyoto, Japan. pp. Disorders. 4. Pastures and Field Crops'. pp.126. (Inkata
478-480. Press: Melbourne, Sydney.)
179 Smith, F.W. and Dolby, G.R. (1977). Derivation of 197 Whitehead, D.e. (1985). Chlorine deficiency in red
diagnostic indices for assessing the sulphur status of clover grown in solution culture. f. Plant Nut. 8: 193-
Panicum maximum val'. trichoglume. Commun. Soil Sci. 198.
Planl Anal. 8: 221-240. 198 Wiliapon, N., Aitken, R.L.and Hughes,j.D. (1981). The
180 Smith, F.W. and Siregar, M.E. (1983). Sulfur use of apical tissue analysis to determine the
requirements of tropical forages. In 'Sulfur in South- phosphorus status of Stylosanthes hamata cv, Verano.
East Asian and South Pacific Agriculture'. (Eds G.]. Blair Plant Soil 59: 141-146.
and A.R. Til!.) pp. 76-86. (University of New England 199 Wilkinson, S.R. (1989). Tall Fescue. In 'Detecting
Press: Armidale.) Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and
181 Smith, F.W., Jackson, W.A. and Vanden Berg, P.].. Temperate Crops'. (Eds D.L. Plunkett and H.B.
(1990). Internal phosphorus flows during Sprague.) pp. 473-484. (Westview Press: Boulder, USA.)
development of phosphorus stress in Stylosanthes 200 Wright, R.j., Carter, M.e., Kinraide, T.B. and Bennett,
hamata. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17: 451-464. O.L. (1984). Phosphorus requirements for the early
182 Smith, G.S., Cornforth, I.S. and Henderson, H.V. growth of red clover, trefoil and flatpea. Commun. Soil
(1985). Critical leaf concentrations for deficiencies of Sci. Plant Anal. 15: 49-63.
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and 201 Yeates, I.S. (1984). Phosphorus and sulphur
magnesium in perennial ryegrass. New Phytol. 101: interactions on pastures. Report on Australian Wool
393-409. Corporation Project K/7/l030. Department of
183 Smith, G.S., Edmeades, D.e. and Upsdell, M. (1983). Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia. Personal
Manganese status of New Zealand pastures. 1. Toxicity communication.
342
Pastures
Pastures
SUMMARISED GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSING

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN PASTURE SPECIES
The main tabular compilation in this chapter normally exhibit deficiency symptoms. Nutrient
provides a diverse array of published plant tests for adequacy would be confirmed where values exceed
diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in pasture species. the quoted guideline
gUideline values. Generally, the authors
These tests involve sampling a number of different recommend that young plant parts be sampled and
plant parts at various stages of growth and analysing analysed for detecting nutrient deficiencies in
for
for nutrients or nutrient fractions. pastures.
The purpose of the tables produced below is to The main table in this chapter contains more
summarise this body of information into sets of detailed information from which these
interpretation guidelines, which for a specified interpretation guidelines have been derived, and as
stage of growth and plant part appear appropriate well, provides an appreciation of the effects of plant
for
for diagnosing most nutrient deficiencies in age, seasonal conditions and nutrient interactions
important pasture plants. The ranges stated take on the nutrient composition of pasture species. The
into account published critical
critical nutrient main table also furnishes values for critical nutrient
concentrations for plants sampled from the mid- concentrations during pasture establishment and
vegetative stage of growth to before flowering. They early growth: some of these values may be
lie
lie within the zone of marginal deficiency as defined considerably higher than those shown in the
in Figure
Figure 4.3 (Chapter 4), wherein plants would not interpretation guideline
gUideline tables below.
Annual Medics (Medicago murex, M. polymorpha and M. truncatula)
Young tissue - The youngest open leaves collected during active growth, prior to flowering
Whole shoots - All above ground parts collected prior to flowering
Nutrient Young tissue Whole shoots
P(%) 0.30-0.40 0.26-0.35
K(%) 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.4
5(%) 0.18-0.25 0.17-0.19
Ca(%) 0.80-1.00
Mg(%) 0.15-0.20
Cu(mglkg) 4.0-5.5 3.5-5.0
Zn(mglkg) 14-25 15-20
Mn{mglkg) 15-20
B(mg/kg) 15-25
Mo(mglkg) 0.10-0.30
White Clover (Trifolium repens)
N(%) 4.4-4.7 3.2-3.6
P(%) 0.30-0.34 0.25-0.30
K(%) 1.7-1.9 0.8-1.2
5(%) 0.22-0.26 0.15-0.20
Ca(%) 0.8-1.2 0.9-1.1
Mg(%) 0.15-0.17 0.18-0.25
Cu(mglkg) ~
3.0-5.0 4.0-5.0
Zn{mglkg) 12-15
343
Analysis: An Interpretation Manual
Plant Analysis: Manual
White Clover (Trifolium repens)
Mn(mglkg) 20-24
Fe(mglkg) 50-65
B(mglkg) 15-20 13-16

..
Mo(mglkg) 0.10-0.14
Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum)
Whole shoots - All ab0ve ground parts collected prior to flowering
N(%) 3.0-3.2
P(%) 0.30-0.40 0.28-0.32
K(%) 1.5-2.5 1.0-2.0
5(%) 0.18-0.30 0.19-0.25
Ca(%) 0.80-1.00
Mg(%) 0.15-0.20 0.12-0.15
Cu(mglkg) 4.5-5.5 3.5-4.5
Zn(mglkg) 15-25 10-15

l1li if
Mn(mglkg) 15-20
Fe(mglkg) 50-75
B(mglkg) 15-20
Mo(mglkg) 0.10-0.20 0.10-0.20
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Young tissue - Growing tips collected prior to flowering
N(%) 3.5-4.4 3.0-4.0
P(%) 0.20-0.25 0.21-0.26
K(%) II
1.8-2.4 1.3-1.4
5(%) 0.20-0.28 0.17-0.21
Ca(%) 0.7-1.0 0.40-0.80
Mg(%) 0.18-0.22 0.20-0.25
Cu(mglkg) 4.0-6.0 4.0-5.0
Zn(mglkg) 11-20 10-11
Mn(mglkg) 20-24 20-24
Fe(mglkg) 40-50
B(mglkg) 15-20 20-25
Mo(mglkg) 0.20-0.50 0.10-0.20
344
Pastures
Pastures
Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica)
Young tissue - Young leaf blades collected when plants growing actively
Whole shoots - Complete tillers collected when plant growing actively
N(%) 2.0-3.2 1.5-2.4
P(%) 0.20-0.25 0.18-0.20
K(%) 1.7-2.0 1.4-1.6
5(%) 0.21-0.25 0.21-0.23
Ca(%) 0.14-0.20
Mg(%) 0.16-0.22 0.15-0.20
Cu(mglkg) 2.0-4.0
Zn(mg/kg) 12-15
Mn(mglkg) 20-30
Fe(mg/kg) 40-60
B(mglkg) 8-15
Mo(mg/kg) 0.10-0.15
Perennial Rye Grass (Lotium perenne)
Young tissue - Young leaf blades collected when plants growing actively
Whole shoots - Complete tillers collected when plant growing actively

"
N(%} 3.0-3.5 2.0-3.2
0
P(%} 0.20·0.28 0.20-0.25
K(%) 1.4-1.9 1.0-1.5
5(%) 0.18-0.22 0.18-0.23
Ca(%} 0.15-0.20 0.20-0.24
Mg(%} 0.15-0.20 0.13-0.15
Cu(mg/kg) 4.0-6.0 4.0-5.0
Zn(mg/kg) 10-15 10-12

"
Mn(mg/kg) 15-20 12-20
Fe(mglkg) 40-60 40-49
B(mg/kg) 3.0-5.0 4.0-6.0 iff'
Mo(mglkg) 0.11-0.13 0.15-0.30
345
345
Plant Analysis: An
An Interpretation Manual
Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.)
Young tissue - Growing lips collected prior to flowering
Whole hoots - All abo e ground parts collected prior to flowering
N(%) 2.0-2.9 1.6-2.8
P(%) 0.18-0.24 0.13-0.17
K(%) 0.8-1.4 0.6-1.0
5(%) 0.18-0.22 0.14-0.17
Ca(%) 0.7-1.0
Mg(%) 0.20-0.25
Cu(mglkg) 4.0-6.0 4.0-5.0
Zn(mglkg) 18-24 15-20
Mn Defic.(mglkg) 20-30
Mn Taxi " (mglkg) >1100
B(mglkg) 20-30
Mo(mglkg) 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2
346
7. FRUITS, VINES AND NUTS
J.B. Robinson, M.T. Treeby, and R.A. Stephenson
INTRODUCTION et al. 1995). We are not convinced that these

systems offer benefits, and see potential difficulties
For most of the temperate woody perennial crops in their use where the bases of ratios are abnormally
and some of the tropical ones a good deal of high or low (see Righetti et al. 1988).
literature exists on methods of using tissue analysis
to monitor nutrient status and hence the success of Colleagues in Australia, New Zealand and the US
nutrient management programs. The body of this have helped us prepare this series of tables. They are
literature for the more commonly grown crops acknowledged in the introductory paragraphs for
provides such large sets of values that it is each crop. We thank them for their ready help and
impracticable for them to be presented here as tables prompt feedback. Special thanks are due to Dr Ken
of primary values of tissue analyses as has been done Bevington, Dr Patrick Brown, Dr Geoff Cresswell,
Mr Geoff Danniells, Dr James Drinnan, Mr Alan
for other crops in this manual. For this reason,
George, Mr Brian Cull, Mr Barry Goldspink, Dr Noel
summaries of the best values available at present for
Grundon, Mr Mark Herrington, Dr Rowland Holmes,
each crop have been drawn up with the help of
Mr Colin Little, Dr Chris Menzel, Mr Graham Price,
colleagues in Australia and New Zealand. Where
Mr Michael Rettke, Mr Garth Sanewski, Mr Colin
data are sketchy or where work is in progress, this
Scott, Dr David Turner, Dr Tony Whiley and Mr Ted
has been noted in the short introduction to each
Winston.
crop. Where there is divergence between sources in
different parts of Australia, this is noted in the If any of the following symbols appear in the
'Comments' column of the tables. As tables give a Comments column, check for contamination before
preferred sampling method and standards interpretation proceeds.
for each crop, they should be seen as astarting (D) = dust; (F) = fungicide; (N) = nutritional sprays.
point when tissue analysis is about to be used. If
widespread use of tissue analysis is contemplated in
a new geographical area, some local survey work
should be done to confirm that the proposed
REFERENCES
standards are useful in the new situation. Beverly, R.B. (1987) Modified ORIS method for simplified
nutrient diagnosis of 'valencia' oranges. J. Plant Nutr. 10:
Anyone using the tables is advised to read the 1401-1408.
introductory chapters and the review by Leece Cerda, A., Nieves, M. and Martinez, V. (1995) An evaluation of
mineral analysis of 'Verna' lemons by ORIS. Commun. Soil
(1976) which points out the hazards of interpreting Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 1697-1707.
tissue analysis values in the absence of good Klein, I., Weinbaum, SA, Dejong, T.M. and Muraoka, T.T. (1991)
information on aspects of site and management. Spur light exposure as a primary external cause for derivation
of ORIS norms in walnut trees. J. Plant Nutr. 14: 463-484.
The user should also keep firmly in mind that for Leece, D.R. (1976) Diagnosis of nutritional disorders of fruit
many crops more than one year's data are needed trees by leaf and soil analyses and biochemical indices. J.
before firm interpretations can be made. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 42: 3-19.
Righetti, T.L., Alkoshab, O. and Wilder, K. (1988) Diagnostic
Future nutritional studies with fruit trees, vines and biases in ORIS evaluations on sweet cherry and hazel nut.
nuts will lead to modification of these tables in time. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 1429-1447.
Schaller, K. Lohnertz, O. And Michel, H. (1995) Improvements
Usersshould keep in touch with their local of the ORIS-system and first experiences in grapevine
agricultural advisory service. We have chosen to use nutrition with special consideration of the compositional
standard ranges in the summary tables rather than nutrient diagnosis approach. In 'Mineral Nutrition of
Deciduous fruit Plants'. Proc. 2n d Int. Symp. on Diagnosis of
use nutrient ratios, or ORIS procedures (e.g. Beverly Nutritional Status of Deciduous Fruit Orchards. pp. 171-189.
1987, Klein et al. 1991; Cerda (et al. 1995; Schaller Trent, Italy.
345
IN
:2
a
\,/1
<=
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::l
:s-
i;'
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) -a~
Sampling ~
Q'
Growth stage: Mid to late Jan. ::l
Plant part: Normal-sized leaves from non-fruiting spurson spur bearing cultivars, or mid-shoot on current season's extension growth on young trees, or non-spur bearing cultivars. Take 4 leavesfrom each of 20 uniform trees of
each cultivar.
~
~
How established: South Australian survey work by Robinson and Glenn (1981) based on the Californian method (e.g. Beutel et al. 1976). The procedure has been used commercially for some years in SA and found useful.
N(%) <1.8 1.8-1.9 2.0-2.5 In SA values in the marginal range are often seenwhen vigour is adequate and yield is
satisfactory.
P(%) <0.1 >0.1
K(%) <1.0 1.0-1.3 1.4-1.7
Ca(%) >2.0
Mg(%) >0.25
Na(%) <0.25 >0.25 Values are often high or excessive in non-irrigated orchards and those irrigated
overhead.
CI(%) <0.3 >0.3 Values are often high or excessive in non-irrigated orchards and those irrigated
overhead.
Cu(mglkg) >4
Zn(mg/kg) <15 15-24 25-30 The cultivars of almond Chellaston and White Brandis have a phytotoxic reaction
,
to foliar applied zinc. Dormant zinc sprays can be applied safely.
Mn{mglkg) >20
B(mglkg) <12 12-24 25-65 >85 Boron is mobile in almond (Brown and Hu 1996) so may accumulate in fruit if
available in toxic quantities. Boron levels in leaves do not provide a good
indication of toxicity. The following values for boron concentration in hulls at
maturity are recommended in California but have not been verified elsewhere.
Deficient 40-60 mglkg; marginal 60-80 mglkg; adequate 80-120 mglkg;
high >200 mglkg (Brown 1996).
Apple (Malus domestica)

Sampling
Growth stage: Late Jan - mid-Feb.
Plant part: Entire leaf (include petiole) from a mid-shoot position on current season's extension growth. Take4 leaves from around the periphery of each of 12-20 uniform trees of each cultivar.
How established: Synthesis of the world literature (Leece1976) and survey work in New South Wales (Weir and Cresswell 1993l, Victoria (Baxter 1983), WesternAustralia (Cripps and Goldspink 1983). Where large discrepancies
in criteria exist between sources, note has been made in the Comments column. See Weir, et al. (1990) for a good discussion of apple nutrition.
N(%) <1.6 1.6-1.9 2.0-2.4 2.5-3.0 >3.0 Values in the high range can lead to excessive vigour, poor fruit colour in red
cultivars and storage problems. Optimum values vary from place to place, e.g. Vic.
(Red Delicious) use 2.0-2.6%; WA (red cultivars) use 2.2-2.4%; WA (green
cultivars) use 2.3-2.6%; NSW >2.4% expect storage problems.
P(%) <0.10 0.10-0.14 0.15-0.20 0.21-0.30 >0.3 Sensitivity to low P varies from place to place. Cultivar differences occur. Marginal
value for Red Delicious in Vic. begins at 0.12%. Deficiency may not be observed
until <0.09% in some cases. Values up to 0.5% are quoted as satisfactory in Qld.
Values >0.20% in NSW give no advantage. Recent data from WA (Cripps and
Goldspink 1983) show that there is a yield advantage (with Granny Smith and Red
Delicious at least) in operating in the 0.18-0.20% range and trees will die in the
i range 0.10-0.14%. Reasons for this difference in requirement for P are not clear.
K(%) <0.8 0.8-1.1 1.2-1.5 1.6-2.0 >2.0 A wide range is possible without growth effects. High levels of K can have
detrimental effects on fruit quality particularly if Ca is low. In NSW and Vic. no
advantage is seen in levels exceeding 1.5% and those above about 2.0% may be
excessive.
S(%) 0.2-0.4 Working value only - use with caution.
Ca(%) <0.7 0.7 -1.0 1.1-2.0 2.1-2.5 >2.5 Major effect of Ca is on fruit quality, and fruit analysis is needed to assess
deficiency with any certainty. Fruit analysis standards for Australia have been
suggested (Little and Holmes in press). Values <0.8% in leaves are considered
deficient in Victoria. Green cultivars in WA are considered deficient if <0.4%.
Where foliar sprays of Ca have been used high values can be expected so excess
may not be meaningful.
Mg(%) <0.15 0.15-0.20 0.21-0.25 0.26-0.45 >0.45 In WA deficiency occurs below 0.23% and high values are expected. Fruit analysis
may be helpful. No toxicity symptom has been observed with leaf values> 1.0%.
Na(%) <0.02 0.02-0.5 >0.5 Na and CI are not sensitive tests in some cases as other stresses seem to be involved
in expression of salinity damage.
CI(%) <0.3 0.3-1.0 >1.0 In some situations values of 0.3% may indicate salinity problems. Where calcium
chloride foliar sprays have been used excessive values are to be expected.
Cu(mg!kg) <4 4-6 6-20 21-100 Treeswith values as low as 4 mg!kg may not show deficiency. (F)
Zn(mg!kg) <10 10-20 20-50 >50 Not always a sensitive test; look for symptoms, which may not occur until values as
low as 5 mg/kg are reached. There are large numbers of highly productive orchards
with marginal Zn concentrations in NSW. (F, N) =i'
c::
~
,'->
Mn(mg!kg) <20 20-50 50-100 100-200 >200 High values are associated with a disorder known as 'bark measles', particularly in
Red Delicious, and are usually related to acid soils. Toxicity can occur at values as s;
low as 100 ppm in WA. (F, N) ~
..., l
~
...
<.It
~
.,.
(",l
\11 ~
~
~
i
~
~.
~
::l
5"
Apple (Malus domestica) (ctd) .[
i;l
Fe(mg!kg)
~
<60 60-99 >500 (D) c'
::l
B(mg!kg) <15 15-20 21-40 40-200 In some situations deficiency may occur at higher values, e.g. WA < 24 mg!kg. The
upper value of the high range is uncertain and may be as low as 80 mg!kg. Leaves ~
are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as boron is mobile in apple. Fruit §.
samples collected at maturity may be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards are
not presently available. In non-fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no
opportunities for boron redistribution and classic boron toxicity symptoms may
occur.
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)

Sampling
Growth stage: Jan or Feb. When values are to be compared with previous years, keep the sampling time for each variety constant in relation to its harvest period (M. Rettke - pers. comm.)
Plant part: Mid-shoot leaves from current season's extension growth. Collect 4 leaves from each of 25 trees of one cultivar well spread through the planting.
How established: Synthesis of the world literature verified in New South Wales and Victoria by Leece and van den Ende (1975) and in South Australia by a survey by Robinson and Nicholas (1983).
N(%) <1.7 1.7-2.3 2.4-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0 Orchards in the Riverland of SA are often in the marginal zone for N yet show
adequate vigour.
P(%) <0.09 0.09-0.13 0.14-0.25 0.26-0.40 >0.40
K(o;,,) <1.0 1.0-1.9 2.0-3.5 3.6-4.0 >4.0 Trees on apricot seedling rootstock can be expected to show K concentrations in
the excessive range. No detrimental effects have been noted in SA. Treeson plum
rootstock grown on a similar site will show adequate values.
Ca(%) <1.0 1.0-1.9 2.0-4.0 4.1-4.5 >4.5
Mg(%) <0.20 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.89 0.90-1.1 0 >1.10
Na(%) <0.02 0.02-0.50 >0.50
CI(%) <0.3 0.3-1.0 >1.0
Cu(mg!kg) <3 3-4 5-16 17-30 >30 (F)
Zn(mg!kg) <15 15-19 20-60 61-80 >80 Apricots show a severe phytotoxic reaction to foliar applications of certain forms of
zinc, particularly zinc sulfate. Dormant season zinc applications are safe. (F)
Mn(mg!kg) <20 20-39 40-160 161-400 >400 (F,N)
Fe(mg/kg) <60 60-99 100-250 251-500 >500 (D)

B(mg!kg) <15 15-19 20-60 61-80 >80 Leaves are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as boron is mobile in apricot.
Fruit samples collected at maturity may be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards
are not presently available. In non-fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no
occur. (N)
Avocado tPersee americana)

Sampling
Growth stage: Summer flush (mid-April - mid-May in Queensland and northern New South Wales).
Plant part: Recently matured fully expanded leaves (4-5 months old) from non-fruiting terminals. Take 6-8 leaves from each of 10 trees of one cultivar distributed throughout a planting.
How established: Synthesis of local experience (e.g. Banks 1992) and literature values (Goodall et a/. 1965; Embleton and Jones 1966; Lahav and Kadman 1980).
N(%) <1.6 1.6-2.0 >2.0 cv. Fuerte
N(%) <2.2 2.2-2.6 >2.6 cv. Hass
P(%) <0.05 0.05-0.08 0.08-0.25 0.26-0.3 >0.3%
K(%) <0.35 0.35-0.74 0.75-2.0 2.1-3.0 >3.0
S(%) <0.05 0.05-0.19 0.2-0.6
Ca(%) <0.5 0.5-0.9 1.0-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
Mg(%) <0.15 0.15-0.24 0.25-0.80 0.81-1.0 >1.0
Na(%) <0.25
CI(%) <0.25
Cu(mg!kg) <3 3-4 5-15 16-25 >25 (F)
Zntrng/kg) <12 12-29 30-50 51-300 >300 (F,N)
Mn(mg!kg) <15 15-29 30-500 501-1000 >1000 (F,N)
Fe(mg!kg) <40 40-49 50-200 (D)
Btrng/kg) 10-39 40-100 >100 e~

~
~
Mo(mg!kg) <0.01 0.01-0.05 0.05-1.0
~
~
~
Q"
w
~
'"
w l;;'
W
~
I.n
~
a
)0.
~
~
III
~.
)0.
::I
:i
~
Banana (Musa spp.) -a
~
Sampling ill'
Growth stage: During periods of active growth from medium-sized suckerswith broad leaves. Weather conditions may influence the appropriate time of year.
§O
Plant part: Strips of leaf blade 15-20 em wide from each side of the midrib of the 3rd youngest leaf.
How established: Data from the literature modified by field and pot work in Alstonville, New South Wales by Turner (seeLahav and Turner 1983) and fieldwork at Carnarvon (Turneret a/. 1989). Regional data were supplied by
Weir (1983). Walduck (1983) and Incilec Ltd. (1994). The critical values presented are the tentative values of Lahav and Turner (1983). Seealso Lahav and Turner (1985).
(
N(%) <2.6 2.6-2.7 2.6 2.8-4.0 In North Qld and more tropical areas use 3.0-3.5% for the adequate range.
Ripening may be enhanced with high soil applications of N (Srikul and Turner 1995).
P(%) <0.13 0.13-0.19 0.2 0.2-0.25 >0.25 Very Iittle evidence for a P response at any level.
K(%) <2.5 2.5-3.0 3 3.1-4.0 >4.0 In North Qld and more tropical areas use 3.3-4.0% for the adequate range.
N/K 1:1.0-1 :1.1 This ratio is associated with good bunch size and plant strength.
S(%) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.23 0.23-0.27 >0.27
Ca(%) <0.5 0.5-0.7 0.5 0.8-1.2 > 1.25 In North Qld use 0.6-0.9% for the adequate range.
Mg(%) <0.20 0.2-0.29 0.3 0.3-0.46 >0.46 Deficiency based on field observation.
Na(%) 0.005 0.01-0.10
CI(%) 0.6 0.8-0.9
Cu(mg!kg) 3-6 9 7-20 (F)
Zn(mg!kg) <14 14-20 18 21-35 >35 (F,N)
Mn(mg/kg) <10 25 100-2200 4000-6000 (F,N) Strongly influenced by soil pH. On alkaline soils low values can be expected.
At high concentrations fruit greenlife is reduced and ripening promoted (Turner and
Barkus 1982).
Fe(mg!kg) 80 70-200 (D)
AI(mg!kg) 50-240
Bung/kg) <10 10-19 11 20-80 81-300 >300 It is suspected that field deficiency occurs up to 30 mg/kg in South Qld; in North
Qld adequate B is 15-50 mg/kg.
Mo(mg!kg) 1.5-3.2 >3.2
Blackcurrant tRibes nigrum)

Sampling
Growth stage: When fruit is ripening.
Plant part: Leaves from mid-third of current season's extension growth. Collect 2 leavesfrom each of 50 busheswell spread through a planting of one cultivar.
.- - --_. - - ------_. --
How established: Basedon UK work of Bould (1969) and found useful in Tasmania by Temple-Smith (1983). The source of the trace element figures (Incitec Ltd 1994) is not clear. The boron data are from Shorrocks (undated).
N(%) <2.6 2.9-3.0 >3.0
P(%) <0.25 0.26-0.3 >0.30
K(%) <1.0 1.5-2.0 >2.0
Ca(%) <1.0 2
Mg(%) <0.1 0.15-0.6 >0.6
Cu(mglkg) 5.0-10 (F)
Zn(mglkg) 20-40 (F,N)
Mn(mglkg} 30-100 (F,N)
Fetrng/kg) 50-100 (D)
Bung/kg) <10 10-19 20-40
Blueberry, High Bush (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Sampling
Growth stage: To correspond with US practice the sample should be taken in early Jan.
Plant part: Youngest full-sized leaf from fruiting shoots (4th-6th nodes from the snoot tip). Take 5 leaves from each of 10 plants to represent a planting. Rinsing the leaves in distilled water is recommended.
How established: Standards are directly taken from Doughty et a/. (1981) and modified according to the data of Eck (1983). There is no known verification work in Australia.
N(%) <1.7 1.8-2.1 2.2-2.5 >2.5 Leaf levels above 2.10% can reduce yield.
P(%) <0.10 0.12-0.40 0.41-0.80 >0.80
K(%) <0.30 0.40-0.65 0.66-0.95 >0.95
5(%) <0.10 0.125-0.20
Ca(%) <0.13 0.4-0.8 0.9-1.0 >1.0
Mg(%) <0.08 0.12-0.25 0.26-0.45 >0.45
Cutrng/kg) <5 5-20 21-100 >100 (F)
Zntrng/kg) <8 8-30 31-80 >80 (F, N)
Mn(mg/kg) <23 50-350 351-450 >450 (F, N)
Feung/kg) <60 60-200 201-400 >400 (D)

~
Btrng/kg) <20 30-70 71-200 >200 5.
~
~
~
~
e,
...,
I.n ~
I.n ~
W
~
\/I
Q'\
a
~
&l
~
'"~.
~
::I
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

=
~
~
~
Sampling iii
Growth stage: During the non-flowering vegetative flush. §"
Plant part: Most recently matured hardened leaf on an actively growing shoot.
How established: Synthesis of data published by Marchal (1987), Richards (1992) and Gopikumar and Aravindakshan (1986). [
N(%) <1.38 2.40-2.58
P(%) <0.14 0.16-0.20
K(%) <0.26 1.10-1.29
S(%) <0.08 0.11-0.14
Ca(%) <0.11 0.24-0.75
Mg(%) <0.11 0.22-0.31
Na(%)
Ci(%)
Cu(mglkg) <7 >7
Zn(mglkg} <12 >20 Leaf Zn below 20 rng/kg said to be often associated with 'little leaf'. In Qld levels
are usually below 15 mglkg.
Mn(mglkg) <26 91-204 I
Fe(mglkg) <92 148-165

Btrng/kg) <39 56-67
Cherry tPrunus avium)

Sampling
Growth stage:Jan or Feb
Plant part: Mid-shoot leavesfrom the middle of current season's extension growth. Collect 4 leaves per tree from 25 trees of one cultivar spread through the planting.
How established: Field verification in New South Wales of literature values by Leece(1975b). Limited survey work in South Australia suggest that the values are useful. Work in New Zealand (Minard 1979) suggested that the zinc
standard for deficiency should be lowered. SeeRighetti et al. (1988a, b) for a discussion of ORIS in relation to cherry nutrition.
N(%) <1.7 1.7-2.1 2.2-2.6 2.7-3.4 >3.4
P(%) <0.09 0.09-0.13 0.14-0.25 0.26-0.40 >0.40
K(%) <1.0 1.0-1.5 1.6-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
Ca(%) <0.8 0.8-1.3 1.4-2.4 2.5-3.5 >3.5
Mg(%) <0.20 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.80 0.81-1.10 >1.10
Na(%) <0.02 0.02-0.50 >0.50
CI(%) <0.3 0.3-1.0 >1.0
Cu(mg/kg) <3 3-4 5-16 17-30 >30 (F)
Zn(mg!kg) <15 15-19 20-50 51-70 >70 A better deficiency standard may be <12 mg!kg. Monitor trees visually for
deficiency symptoms. (F,N)
Mn(mg!kg) <20 20-39 40-160 161-400 >400 (F, N)
Fe(mg!kg) <60 60-99 100-250 251-500 >500 (D)
Btrng/kg) <15 15-19 20-60 61-80 >80 'Pitting' or 'eat's face' condition in Ron's seedlings associated with <25 rng/kg B in
I leaves and <10 rng/kg in fruit (Cresswell 1996). Leaves are not reliable indicators of
boron toxicity as boron is mobile in cherry. Fruit samples collected at maturity may
be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards are not presently available. In non-
fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no opportunities for boron
redistribution and classic boron toxicity symptoms may occur.
Chestnut (Castanea sativa)

Sampling
Growth stage:Jan- Feb.
Plant parts: First fully expanded leaf on current season's wood.
How established: Tentative standards for NSW developed by Weir and Cresswell (1993) based on local experience. Deficiency values are presented by Clark (1987) who quoted Japanese work.
N(%) 2A-2.9
P(%) 0.14-0.30
K(%) OA 0.5-0.6 0.8-1.6
Ca(%) 0.6-1A
Mg(%) 0.25-0.70
Na(%) 0-0.1
CI(%) 0-0.3 0.6 1.0-4.7
Cutrng/kg) 4-20
Zntmg/kg) 17-100 ::'

5.
Mn(mglkg) 50-700 1200-3300 ,~
s;
~
l
""
\11 ~
'I ~
W
a::i
\11
==
:l>-
i
~
~.
:I>-
::l
5"
;;-
Citrus (Citrus spp.) -a
Sampling
iil
ill'
Growth stage: Sample when leaves are 5-7 months old. ~.
Plant part: Healthy mature leavesfrom the middle of non-fruiting spring extension growth. Takeleavesat shoulder height. Avoid terminals which have made a subsequentgrowth flush. (This is more common in sub-tropical areas
than inland districts.) ~
How established: Based on the methods and standards of Embleton and co-workers in California (e.g. Embleton et a/. 1978). Local survey work and data collected in commercial leaf analysis programs have led to slight
~
modifications of the standards for different areasof Australia. Fact sheets and extension material for various districts are available and give details of local experience in most States (e.g. for South Australia, Robinson 1980; for
Queensland, Owen-Turner 1995; for NSW, Weir and Cresswell 1993). Note that fruit size and rind, juice and flesh characteristics respond to variation in N,P and K concentration within the adequate and high ranges. Check
original paper by Embleton et a/. (1978). Note also that orange, lemon, grapefruit and mandarin may have slightly different requirements (Leeand Mayer 1993; Weir and Cresswell 1993) and that rootstock genotype exerts a strong
influence (Taylor and Dimsey 1993).
N(%) <2.2 2.2-2.3 2.4-2.6 Consider vigour. In Riverland of SA values considered marginal in Qld. and NSW
may be satisfactory. For grapefruit use 2.0-2.2% for adequate N and for lemons
2.2-2.6%.
P(%) <0.09 0.09-0.11 0.12-0.16 0.17-0.25 >0.25
K(%) <0.4 0.4-0.69 0.7 -1.5 1.6-2.3 >2.3 Treeson rough lemon rootstock in SA perform well at marginal K concentrations.
In Qld. use 0.9-1.2% K for adequate.
S(%) <0.14 0.14-0.20 0.21-0.4 0.41-0.5 >0.5
Ca(%) <1.6 1.6-2.9 3.0-6.0 >7.0 A wide range is permissible, but Ca in the excessive range suggests that the leaves
were sampled incorrectly. Note that leaf Ca is not a suitable indicator of the !
likelihood of Ca-related rind disorders occurring (R. Storey and M. Treeby pers.
comm).
Mg(%) <0.16 0.16-0.25 0.26-0.6 0.7 -1.2 > 1.2
Na(%) <0.16 0.17-0.25 >0.25 High values suggest soil sodicity problem.
CI(%) <0.3 0.4-0.7 >0.70 High leaf levels in trees on CI-accumulating rootstocks, such as trifoliate orange, do
not necessarily cause problems.
Cu(mg!kg) <3 3-5 6-10 11-15 >15 (F)
Zn(mg!kg) <16 16-24 25-80 81-300 >300 (F,N)
Mn(mg!kg) <16 16-24 25-80 81-300 >300 (F,N)
Fetmg/kg) <36 36-60 61-120 121-200 >200 (D,N)
B(mglkg) <21 21-30 31-100 101-260 >260
Mo(mglkg) <0.06 0.06-0.09 0.10-3.0 3-100 >100
Coconut (Cocos nucifcra)
Sampling
Growth stage: Northern hemisphere - May, southern hemisphere - Nov.
Plant part: Leafletsfrom the mid-region of the 14th leaf below the first fully opened leaf.
How established: Synthesisof data from Manciot et al. (1979a, b), )egnathan (1990) and Loganathan and Atputharajah (1986).
N(%) 1.8-2.0
P(%) 0.11-0.13
K(%) 1.2-1.5
Ca(%) <0.1 0.3-0.54 >0.55 Loganathan & Atputharajah (1986) suggest that critical values for Ca will vary
widely between sites.
Mg(%) <0.17 0.17-0.24 0.24 0.25-0.30
CI(%) 0.30-0.40
Coffee (Coffee arabica)

Sampling
Growth stage: In Papua New Guinea, Feb-Apr or Sept-Oct; collect sample before 11 am. In Zimbabwe, Aug-Sept. In Brazil, mid-autumn. In all countries, samples are collected before fertilizer is applied. In Australia just before
the rapid vegetative growth stage, (Sept-Dec) or again after harvesting (May-July).
Plant part: 3rd or 4th pair of leaves from the tip of actively growing and bearing branches. (Do not count the terminal pair of leaves <50 mm long). Australian samples should be taken either from bearing or non-bearing branches,
but not a mixture. Avoid leaves with insect damage. Take 4 pairs of leaves from at least 15 trees, midway between ground level and the topmost branches. Keep samples cool and wash in dilute acetic acid (28 ml in 5 L water)
with a welting agent (0.25 ml in 5 l) for 10 mins; drain and rinse in distilled water.
How established: Synthesisby Winston (1996) of information from Queensland trials (Drinnan and Winston 1995; Winston et al. 1992; Winston and Young 1986a, b (unpublished data»; PNG (Southern 1966); Zimbabwe (Clowes
and Hill 1981); and Brazil (Malavolta, 1976).
N(%) <2.2 2.2-2.4 2.5-3.0 >3.0 N fertilizer rates should increase as production increases.
P(%) <0.1 0.1-0.14 0.15-0.2 >0.2
K(%) <1.5 1.5-2.0 2.1-2.6 >2.6
5°4-5(%) 0.02-0.1
Ca(%) <0.4 0.4-0.7 0.75-1.5 >1.5
Mg(%) <0.1 0.1-0.24 0.25-0.4 >0.4
~
Cu(mglkg) <10 10-15 16-20 >20 (F) S.
.!'l'
Zn(mglkg) <10 10-14 15-30 >30
Mn(mglkg) <25 25-49 50-100 101-700 >700 (F)
~
lli
~
IN
\,Il ~
<.D lil'
W
:!
a
Q'I
o
~
~
~
...
~.
~
::J
5"
iil'
Coffee (Coffee srebicsi (ctd) ~
iil
Fe(mg/kg) <40 40-69 70-200 >200 (0)
~
CS"
::J
Btrng/kg) <25 25-39 40-100 101-200 >200
~
::J
Custard Apple (Annona spp.) ~
Sampling
Growth stage: l.ate Feb and early Mar.
Plant part: Youngest mature leaf (3rd or 4th back from the growing point of non-fruiting shoots) in late Feb or early Mar after the second major growth flush. Collect 40 leaves to represent a uniform planting.
How established: Based on tentative figures proposed for advisory work in Queensland by Sanewski (1988), George (1980), George and Haydon unpublished data (1996). See also work on sampling position by Dhandar and
Barghava (1993).
N(%) 2.4-3.0
P(%) 0.15-0.21
K(%) 1.0-1.5
Ca(%) 1.0-1.6
Mg(%) 0.26-0.50
Na(%) <0.02
CI(%) <0.3
Cu(mg/kg) 10-22 (F)
Zn(mg/kg) 20-30 (F,N)
Mn(mg/kg) 52-125 (F,N)
Fe(mg/kg) 42-64
B(mg/kg) 48-80 (N)
Fig (Ficus carica)

Sampling
Growth stage: Mid-summer
Plant part: (Basal) 1st full-sized basal leaf from moderately vigorous shoots. (YFEL) Youngest fully expanded leaves on non-fruiting branches from the perimeter of trees at about 2.5 m height. Collect 50 leaves to represent a
planting of one cultivar.
How established: The data for basal leaves were directly taken from Californian work of Proebsting and Tate (1952), Proebsting and Warner (1954) and Beutel et al. (1976). The data have been useful in problem solving in SA.
Weir and Cresswell (1993) present a slightly different table based on problem solving work in NSW. The values for youngest fully expanded leaves represent part of the data on high yielding orchards of Calimyrna fig in California
by Brown (1994) who also presents values for other sampling times, which would be useful in diagnostic work.
-
N(%) (Basal) <1.7 1.7-1.9 2.0-2.5 >2.5

N(%) (YFEl) 2.1 ±0.3
NOrN(%) (Basal) <0.4 Below this level trees will respond to nitrogen.
P(%) (Basal) 0.1-0.3
P(%) (YFEl) 0.12 ±0.01
K(%) (Basal) <0.7 0.7-1.0 >1.0 Weir and Cresswell (1993) suggest an adequate range of 1.2-2.5%.
K(%) (YFEl) 1.0 ±0.3
Ca(%) (Basal) >3.0
Ca(%) (YFEl) 3.0 ±0.3
Mg(%) (Basal) >0.75
Mg(%) (YFEl) 0.7 ±0.1
Cu(mglkg) (Basal) >4
Cu(mglkg) (YFEl) 6 ±1
Zn(mglkg) (Basal) <15 >15
Zn(mglkg) (YFEl) 12 ±2
Mn(mglkg) (Basal) >20
Mn(mglkg) (YFEl) 90 ±25
Fe(mglkg) (YFEl) 110 ±12
B(mglkg) (Basal) >300
B(mglkg) (YFEl) 100 ±45
Grapevine (Vilis vinifera)

Sampling
Growth stage: When the majority of vines are flowering.
Plant part: Petiole (leaf stalk) of a basal leaf opposite a bunch cluster. Take one petiole from each of 100 vines throughout a planting.
How established: Californian standards of Cook (1966) and Christensen et a/. (1978) modified following survey work in SA (Robinson and McCarthy, 1985) and field trials in Victoria and WA (Treeby and Nagarajah - unpublished
data; Goldspink - unpublished data). Further work is in progress in Victoria to relate petiole standards to vine vigour (Treeby and Nagarajah 1996). Weir and Cresswell (1993) present leaf blade standards for both flowering and
~
veraison sampling times which may also be useful.
N(%) 0.8-1.10 Use 0.9-1.25% N for vines on Ramsey rootstock. In WA use 1.7- 2.2% N for ,f;l'
Redglobe. s;
:;:
III
::l
Cl..
w
...
a-. ~
f;l'
... ~
'"
N
a
~
~
~
III
~.
~
::l
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) (ctd)

=-
;:;-
-a
~
iii
NOrN(mg/kg) <340 340-499 500-1200 >1200 Seereference list - Californian possibly toxic range (>2000 mg/kg) not supported by §.
field observation in SA, Vic and WA. In WA use 2000-4000mg/kg as adequate for
Redglobe. Data should be interpreted carefully in conjunction with %N, with more
credence being placed on the latter. In many cases vigour or leaf colour may
~
provide a more appropriate index of N status.
~
P(%) <0.2 0.2-0.24 0.25-0.50 >0.50 Responsive vines in SA had values >0.1 %, hence a critical value of 0.2% was
suggested. For vines on Ramsey in Sunraysia use 0.30-0.55 as adequate. Note that
cv. Pinot noir often has values lower than 0.2%.
K(%) <1.0 1.0-1.7 1.8-3.0 For vines on Ramsey rootstock in Sunraysia use <3% and 3-4.5% for deficient and
adequate levels. When deficiency is suspected, sample again 6-8 weeks later;
select the blade of the most recently matured leaf. A value of <0.5% in petiole or
0.8% in blade plus petiole confirms deficiency. WA experience (Goldspink 1996)
suggests that when %N is at the higher end of adequate, adequate range for K is
> 1.3%. There are large differences in petiole K concentrations between varieties.
Ca(%) 1.2-2.5
Mg(%) <0.3 0.3-0.39 >0.4 Values are often much higher than 0.4% with no observable toxic effects.
Na(%) >0.5
Cl(%) > 1.0-1.5 Based on survey work in SA and validated in field trials in NSW (Prior et al. 1992).'
High petiole Cl of vines on Ramsey rootstock is indicative of water logging (Stevens
and Harvey 1995). In the absence of other stresses vines appear to tolerate higher
levels.
Fe(mg/kg) >30 (D) In commercial services petioles are not normally washed so contamination
from dust will usually lead to higher values. Leaf symptoms are a more useful
diagnostic aid.
Cu(mg/kg) <3 3-5 6-11 (F) Values> 15 ppm are indicative of surface contamination with Cu sprays.
Zn(mg/kg) <15 16-25 >26 (F, N) Deficient and marginal as used in commercial tissue analysis services.
Mn(mg/kg) <20 20-29 30-60 >500 (F, N)
B(mg/kg) <25 26-34 35-70 71-100 >100 If a value in the toxic range is obtained, follow up with a blade analysis: value
above 150 mg/kg is indicative of B toxicity.
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Sampling
Growth stage: Nov - Dec.
Plant part: 3rd pair of fully developed leaves from tip of fruiting terminal shoot (essentially mid-shoot leaves). Collect 20 leavesof one cultivar from trees throughout a planting. Leaves should be washed twice in distilled water.
How established: Standardsbased on Du Plessis et al. (1973), Tassar et al. (1989), Marchal (1987), data found useful in Queensland (Cull 1983) and Incitec (1994). Some references from elsewhere include Garg and Khanduja
(1976), Kumar and Pandey (1979), Khanduja and Garg (1980) and Shikhamany et al. (1986).
N(%) <1.4 1.4-1.6 >1.6 Excessive N often associated with irregular cropping (Marchal 1987).
P(%) 0.14-0.16
K(%) 1.3-1.8
Ca(%) • 0.9-1.5
Mg(%) 0.25-0.4
Cu(mg!kg) 10-16
Zn(mg!kg) 28-32
Mn(mg!kg) 202-398
Fe(mg!kg) 144-162
Hazel-nut or Filbert tCorvlus avcllana)

Sampling
Growth stage: Feb or Mar
Plant part: Collect sufficient leaves from mid-shoot leaves of current season'sgrowth on one cultivar to represent the planting.
How established: Standards based on US and Canadian literature (Painter 1963; Baron and Stebbins 1978; Chaplin and Dixon 1979; Kowalenko 1980; Kowalenko and Maas 1982). They have been found useful in limited work
in Victoria (PeveriIl1983). Weir and Cresswell (1993) provide a table based on their experience in NSW which in most cases fits within the limits suggested here. Righetti et al. (1988a, b) examine DRIS in relation to hazel-nut
nutrition.
N(%) <2.0 2.0-2.1 2.2-2.4 2.5-3.0 >3.0 Weir and Cresswell (1993) suggest a slightly wider adequate range of 2.2-2.8%.
P(%) <0.1 0.1-0.13 0.14-0.6 >0.65
K(%) <0.5 0.5-0.8 0.9-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
Ca(%) <0.5 0.5-0.6 0.7 -2.5 2.6-3.0 >3.0
Mg(%) <0.18 0.18-0.24 0.25-1.0 1.1-2.0 >2.0 a'
::::
Na(%) <0.1 Weir and Cresswell (1993) !!'
CI(%) <0.5 >0.9 Weir and Cresswell (1993) ~

~
III
::I
Q.
IN
0' ~
I;;'
IN
w
~
~ ~
a
~
El
~
'"
~.
~
::2
5"
i;"
Hazel-nut or Filbert (Cory/us avellana) (ctd) -a
~
(F) ~
Cu(mg!kg) <1 1-2 3-50 51-100 >100 o'
::2
Zn(mg!kg) 10-15 16-80 80-300 (F)
~
<10 >300
::2
Mn(mg!kg) <20 20-25 26-800 800-1500 >1500 (F)
Fe(mg!kg) <40 40-50 51-400 400-500 >500 (D)
i
B(mg!kg) <25 25-30 31-75 76-100 >100
Kiwi Fruit (Actinidia chinensisi

Sampling
Growth stage: Late Feb.
Plant part: Take 1st leaf above the fruit towards the growing tip and collect a minimum of 10 leaves.
How established: Weir and Cresswell (1993) from published New Zealand data and surveys, and field diagnosis in N5W (Cresswell 1989). An extensive reference list is available in Cresswell (1989).
N(%) <1.5 1.5-2.1 2.2-3.0 3.1-5.5 >5.5 Buwalda et al. (1990) suggest a value of 2.5% in YFEL on fruiting shoots 20 weeks
after bud burst. Prasad et sl. (1987) consider 90ppm NOrN in petiole sap
desirable in December (NZ) with little or no nitrate at harvest. Greater than
180 ppm NOrN is required for maximum shoot growth. !
P(%) <0.13 0.13-0.17 0.18-0.25 >0.25

K(%) <0.7 0.8-1.7 1.8-3.0 For YFEL on non-fruiting shoots 6 weeks after bud burst. Greater than 2.5% K may
be required for maximum yield (Smith et al. 1987).
S(%) 0.25-0.45
Ca(%) <0.2 2.0-4.0
Mg(%) <0.10 0.15-0.24 0.3-0.7 0.8-1.0 For YFELon non-fruiting shoots 4 weeks after bud burst <0.2% is considered
deficient (Clark and Smith 1987).
Na(%) <0.05
CI(%) <0.2 0.4-1.0 1.1-1.5 > 1.6 A critical value of 0.2% has been established for YFEL in kiwi fruit by Smith et al.
(1987b). Prasad et al. (1993) have defined excess as > 1.5% in YFEL beyond the last
fruit in early December (NZ).
Cu(mg!kg) <3 3-10 10-25
Zn(mg/kg) <12 12-14 15-28 >1100 N,F
Mn(mg!kg) <30 30-49 50-400 401-1500 >1500 N, F
Fe(mg/kg) <60 80-200 Leaf analysis is not a reliable guide.
B(mg/kg) <20 30-60 >100 For 2nd leaf beyond fruit cluster mid season, Smith and Clark (1989) suggest a high
range >80 mg/kg.
Mo(mg/kg) 0.04-0.2
Lvchee (Litchi chincnsis)

Sampling
Growth stage: Sample leaves behind flower cluster 1-2 weeks after panicle emergence during May-July (in south east Queensland).
Plant part: Most recently matured leaf behind the fruiting panicle or behind the flush in non-bearing trees. Avoid insect damaged trees. Collect 4 pairs of leaves from each of 20 trees. May be washed in dilute acetic acid and
rinsed in distilled water.
How established: Survey data collected from orchards in south east Queensland (Menzel et al. 1992). Data in Menzel et al. (1995) also useful.
N(%) 1.5-1.8 1.9-2.4
P(%) 0.14-0.22
K(%) 0.7-1.1
S(%) 0.10-0.16
Ca(%) 0.6-1.0
Mg(%) 0.3-0.5
Na(%) <0.05
CI(%) <0.25
Cu(mg/kg) 10-25
Zrumg/kg) 15-30
Mn(mg/kg) 100-250
Fe(mg/kg) 50-100
B(mg/kg) 25-60
Macadamia (Macadamia integriioli« and M. tetraphylla)

Sampling
Growth stage:Summer flush leaves should be sampled in spring when leaf nutrient levels are more stable and leaves are 6-7 months old, and before new growth from terminal buds exceeds 1cm in length (Stephenson et al. 1986).
Plant part: Mature leaf from 2nd or 3rd whorl of current season'sgrowth. Collect 50-100 leaves from 10-20 trees of one cultivar spread through the planting. Leavesshould be washed by lightly rubbing in deionised water and
~
,~
rinsing.
How established: Survey work in Queensland by Stephenson and Cull (1986) and data published by Stephenson and Gallagher (1987, 1989) and Aitken et al. (1992).
s;
~
[
""a'o ~
IJ1 ~
IN
a- :E.
a-
a).
&l
-;-
<II
~.
).
=:r
Macadamia (Macadamia integriiolia and M. tetraphylla) (ctd) iti'
-a
iil
~
N(%) <1.2 1.3-1.4 > 1.4
§"
P(%) <0.05 0.05-0.07 0.08-0.11 0.12-0.14 >0.15
K(%) <0.40 0.40-0.65 0.66-0.80 >0.80 ~
~
5(%) <0.17 0.17-0.25
Ca(%) <0.4 0.4-0.64 0.65-0.90 >1.0
Mg(%) <0.06 0.06-0.08 0.09-0.11 >0.11
Na(%) <0.01
CI(%) <0.03
Cu(mg!kg) <3 3-5 5-10
Zn(mg!kg) <10 10-14 15-50 >50
Mn(mg/kg) <20 20-99 100-1000 >1500
Fe(mg!kg) 20-200 Fe/P ratio 0.06 indicates adequate Fe, lower ratio indicative of P-induced Fe
deficiency (Hue and Nakamura 1988).
B(mg!kg) <20 20-40 50-80 80-90 >100
Mango (Mangifera indica)

Sampling
Growth stage: In Florida, after flowering collect leaves equally from shoots with and without fruits. South Africa, collect in November; in Israel, collect in autumn; and in North Queensland, collect after flowering. Also in
Queensland, Incitec recommend sampling immediately before flowering. Leaves sampled from non-flowering shoots generally have higher nutrient concentrations that leaves from fruiting shoots.
Plant part: There is no one accepted sampling procedure. In Florida, 60 leaves in total are collected from the 2nd or 3rd position back from the base of a bloom panicle. In South Africa, young leaves are taken from fruit bearing
branches (most recent vegetative flush carrying fruit). In Israel, leaves are collected from the 6-month-old spring flush. In North Queensland, leaves are taken from non-bearing branches. Incitec recommend sampling from the
latest mature flush (take 50 leaves) (Incitec 1994). A dilute acetic acid wash and distilled water rinse is suggested.
How established: The method and time of sampling varies widely. The values most commonly obtained in tissue analysis in various countries and regions are presented, but where large deviations from the common values occur,
note has been made of them in the Comments column. The data were collected by Cull (1983) and Winston (1983) and modified according to the data published by Rao and Mukherjee (1988) and Catchpoole and Bally (1996).
References from Florida are Young and Koo (1969, 1974). Indian work on leaf sampling procedures can be found through references quoted in Pathak and Pandey (1978) and Chadha et a/. (1980).
N(%) 0.9 1.0-1.5 The Israeli method requires values> 1.7%, and Smith (1992) suggests 1.2-1.4% for
young trees and 1.4-1.5% for mature trees in South Africa.
P(%) 0.12 0.13-0.18
K(%) <0.25 0.25-0.29 0.3-1.2 The Incitec method gives an adequate range to 2.0%
S(%) 0.06-0.22
(a(%) 2.0-3.5 The Incitec method gives lower values (1.0-3.0%) for all soil types. Cultivars with
(acid soil) jelly seed disorder require the higher of the values quoted.
3.0-5.0
(alkaline soil)
Mg(%) 0.2-0.4 A wide range seems permissible. Indian data suggest values up to 0.75% are not
excessive (Samra et at. 1978).
Na(%) <0.2 >0.4
(1(%) >0.5 Excessive range with Incitec method begins at 0.2%.
Curmg/kg) 10-20 (D, F)
Zntrng/kg) <15 15- 19 20 20- 100

Mn(mg!kg) 60-200
Fe(mg!kg) 70-100
Bung/kg) 30- 100
Oil Palm iElaei« ,~uille(,llsi.~)

Sampling
Plant part: From frond 17, about 6 leaflets (equal number from the upper and lower rank). The central 15 cm length of each sub-sampled. Twenty trees should be sampled to represent up to about 25 ha.
Sample frond 3 in young plantings.
How established: The 'tentative optimum' levels of Rosenquist (1966) who reviewed the work of Coulter (1958) and Prevot and Ollagnier (1956) have been accepted.
N(%) 2.8-3.0 Frond 3
N(%) 2.7-2.8 Frond 17
P(%) 0.19-0.21 Frond 3
P(%) 0.18-0.19 Frond 17
K(%) 1.5-1.8 Frond 3
K(%) 1.3 Frond 17
(a(%) 0.3-0.5 Frond 3
(a(%) $0.6 Frond 17
Mg(%) 0.3-0.35 Frond 3 and Frond 17
Culrng/kg) 5-8 Frond 17
~
In(mg!kg) 15-20 Frond 17 ~
Mn(mg!kg) 150-200 Frond 17

s;
a
III
a.
\0.1
t:1' ~
'I Wl'
Conc:elilbatiod ranp
Critical Toxic: or
(defidInc:y) Adequate Excellive
Oil Palm (f/aeis guineensis) (ctd)
Mo(mg!kg) 0.5-1.0 Frond 17

B(mg!kg) 10-20 Frond 17
Olive (Olea europea)

Sampling
Growth stage: Jan
Plant part: Fully expanded basal to mid-shoot leaves. Collect 4 leaves per tree from 25 trees of one cultivar to represent the planting.
How established: Standards based on Californian experiments and observations and found useful in South Australia for diagnostic purposes. References include Hartmann et al. (1966) and Beutel et al. (1976).
N(%) <1.4 1.5-2.0
P(%) 0.1-0.3
K(%) <0.4 0.4-0.8 >0.8
Ca(%) >1.0
Mg(%) >0.10
Na(%) >0.2
CI(%) >0.5
Cu(mglkg) >4 (F)
Zn(mg!kg) 10-30 (N)
Mn(mg!kg) >20 (F,N)
B(mglkg) <14 14-18 19-150 >185 Leaves are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as boron is mobile in olive. Fruit
occur.
Papaw (Carica papaya)

Sampling
Growth stage: Spring
Plant part: Petiole of the youngest fully expanded leaf subtending the most recently opened flower.
How established: Derived from survey work in the field by Chapman et al. (1980) and subsequently in a commercial advisory service in Queensland by Incitec Ltd. (1994).
_.. -- . ---
N(%) 1.3-2.5
P(%) 0.2-0.4
K(%) 3.0-6.0
S(%) 0.3-0.8
Ca(%) 1.0-2.5
Mg(%) 0.5-1.5
Na(%) <0.20
CI(%) <4.0
Cu(mg/kg) 4-10
Zntmg/kg) 10-30
Mn(mg/kg) 25-150
Fe(mg/kg) 20-80
B(mg/kg) 20-50
Passionfruit (Pa......iflora spp.)

Sampling
Growth stage:May-Aug, before commencement of active vegetative growth.
Plant part: Youngest fully expanded leaf on well-developed, actively growing laterals. Collect 120 leaves to represent a planting (6 leaves from east or northern side of vine, sampling 20 vines per bloch
How established: Survey data (Menzel et al. 1993). Weir and Cresswell (1993) suggest tentative values for sampling during summer which are in some cases quite different. Take care in interpretation.
N(%) <4.25 4.25-5.25 >5.25
P(%) <0.15 0.15-0.25 >0.35 Summer values may be higher
K(%) <2.0 2.0-3.0 >3.0
S(%) 0.2-0.4
Ca(%) <1.5 1.75-2.75 >3.0 Summer values may be much lower (0.5-1.5%)
Mg(%) <0.25 0.3-0.4 >0.4 Summer values may be higher
Na(%) <0.08 >0.2 Summer values may be higher
CI(%) <2.0 >2.5 The normal value in summer may be lower «1.2%)
~
Cu(mg/kg) <5 5-20 >20 5.
~
Zn(mg/kg) <45 50-80 >80 Lower values are noted in summer (25-1 OOmg/kg) s;
Mn(mg/kg) <50 100-500 1000 Lower values are noted in summer (25-350mg/kg) ~
~
Q.,
w
~
'"
I,t:J Cl'
W
'I ::l1.
o
~
).
~
-;-
'"~.
).
::
S"
;-
Passionfruit (Passiflora spp.) (ctd) -d
~
5:'
Fe(mglkg) <100 100-200 >200 g.
::
B(mglkg) 40-60 Lower values are noted in summer (25-60 mglkg) :::
~
::
@..
Peach (Prunus persica)
Sampling
Growth stage:Janor Feb. It is probable that earlier sampling is required in very early areas (e.g. Western Australia) but no comparative studies have been done. Early low chill peaches in NSW and Qld are sampled two weeks after
harvest.
Plant part: Leaves from the middle of current season's extension growth. Collect four leaves per tree from 25 trees of one cultivar spread through the planting.
How established: Leece et al. (1971) (see also Leece 1976) reviewed the world literature and carried out validation work in New South Wales; this work was extended by Leece and Barkus (1974). Nicholas and Robinson (1977)
surveyed orchards in South Australia and Cripps and Goldspink (1983) refer to work in progress in Western Australia. Tentative standards for low chill early peachessampled two weeks after harvest are different from those
accepted for the standard sampling time. Treatmentwith paclobutrazol has been found to change tree leaf nutrient concentrations (Huett et al. 1997).
N(%) <2.4 2.4-2.9 3.0-3.5 3.6-4.2 >4.2 Check vigour. For improved quality keep trees in SA and NSW in marginal range. In
WA (south-western region) use <2.5% for deficiency. Adequate values for low chill
peaches are in the range 3.0-3.6.
P(%) <0.09 0.09-0.13 0.14-0.25 0.26-0.40 >0.40 In WA (south-western region) use <0.11 % for deficiency and 0.17-0.26% for
adequate range. For low chill peaches P values in the 'high' range may be needed.
K(%) <1.0 1.0-1.9 2.0-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0 For low chill peaches K values around 2.4-2.6% seem to be needed.
S(%) 0.2-0.4
Ca(%) <1.0 1.0-1.7 1.8-2.7 2.8-3.5 >3.5 For low chill peaches Ca values in the 'low' range may be adequate.
Mg(%) <0.20 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.80 0.81-1.10 >1.1 In WA (south-western region) use <0.3% for deficiency and 0.48-0.7% for
adequate range.
Na(%) <0.02 0.02-0.5 >0.5 Response to salinity can be modified by presence of other stresses.
CI(%) <0.30 0.3-1.0 >1.0
Cu(mglkg) <3 3-4 5-16 17-30 >30 In WA use <4 for deficiency. (F)
Zn(mglkg) <15 15-19 20-50 51-70 >70 (F,N)
Mn(mglkg) <20 20-39 40-160 161-400 >400 In WA (south-western region) use <25 mglkg for deficiency and 31-50 mglkg for
adequate range. Higher values are noted in early low chill peaches in Queensland.
(F,N)
Fe(mglkg) <60 60-99 100-250 251-500 >500 Some varieties (e.g. Flordaprince) may show low values in the low range. (D)
B(mglkg) <15 15-19 20-60 61-80 >80 Leaves are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as boron is mobile in peach.
Fruit samples collected at maturity may be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards
are not presently available. In non-fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no
occur.
Pear (Pyrus communis)

Sampling
Growth stage: Late Jan - Mid Feb
Plant part: Entire leaf, including petiole, from a mid-shoot position on current season's extension growth. Take 4 leavesfrom around the periphery of each of 12-20 uniform treesof each cultivar.
How established: Synthesis of world literature, and survey work by Van den Endeand Leece(1975) and local verification work in New South Wales (e.g. Weir and Cresswell 1993), Victoria (Baxter 1983), Western Australia (Cripps
and Goldspink 1983). Where large discrepancies in criteria exist between sources, note has been made in the Comments column. SeeWeir, et al. (1990) for a good discussion of pear nutrition. Seealso Clark and Kajiura (1986) for
some useful information on Nashi (Asian pear).
N(%) <1.8 1.8-2.2 2.3-2.7 2.8-3.5 >3.5 Relate N status to vigour. The adequate range is wide and varies from place to
place (in Vic use 2.0-2.6%).
P(%) <0.10 0.10-0.13 0.14-0.20 0.21-0.30 >0.30 In Vic use <0.12% for deficiency.
K(%) <0.7 0.7-1.1 1.2-2.0 >2.0 Trees behave normally over a wide range.
S(%) <0.1 0.1-0.16 0.17-0.26 >0.26 Working values only-use caution when interpreting.
Ca(%) <0.8 0.8-1.4 1.5-2.2 2.2-3.7 A very wide range is possible.
Mg(%) <0.13 0.13-0.29 0.3-0.5 0.51-0.90 >0.90 In WA use 0.3-0.5°/') for the adequate range and 0.51-1.0% for the high range.
Na(%) <0.01 0.01-0.02 >0.02 Toxicity varies with soil aeration and other stresses. Values as high as 0.5% may be
tolerated if water logging is not involved.
CI(%) <0.05 0.05-0.10 >0.10 In some situations values as low as 0.2% may indicate a salinity problem. In others
values as high as 0.4% may be tolerated. As with Na water logging may be
involved.
Cu(mg/kg) <5 5-8 9-20 21-50 >50 (F)
Zntrng/kg) <10 10-19 20-50 >50 (F, N)

Mn(mglkg) <20 20-59 60-120 121-220 >220 (F, N)
Fetrng/kg) <60 60-200 >200 (D)
Btmg/kg) <10 10-19 20-40 >40 Leaves are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as boron is mobile in pear. Fruit
~
samples collected at maturity may be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards are 5.
not presently available. In non-fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no ~
opportunities for boron redistribution and classic boron toxicity symptoms may S;
occur. ~
~
...
W
'-l ~
1;;'
w
~
~
hi
a
).
~
e
...
~.
).
::
5"
~
Pecan (Carya iIIinocnsis) -a;;J
Sampling iii'
Growth stage: Shell hardening to early kernel development (Feb in New South Wales). ~
Plant part: Pairs of leaflets from midway along youngest fully expanded leaf on fruiting wood. Take 10 leaflets from each of 10 trees to represent a planting. Select from branches up to 2 m above the ground.
How established: Compiled by Cresswell (1983) who used the method of jones (1974) in New South Wales, see also Weir and Cresswell (1993). Other useful references include Worley (1969,1991), jones (1972), O'Barr (1977)
and Sparks (1978).
[
N(%) <1.7 1.7 -2.4 2.5-3.0 3.1-3.9 >3.9
P(%) <0.12 0.12-0.3 0.3-0.4 >0.4
K(%) <0.36 0.36-0.74 0.75-1.5 1.6-3.5 >3.5
5(%) <0.15 0.15-0.25 >2.5
Ca(%) <0.7 0.7-2.5 2.6-3.2
Mg(%) <0.16 0.17 -0.29 0.3-0.7 0.8-0.9 >0.9
Na(%) <0.1 0.11-0.4
CI(%) <0.5 0.51-1.0
Cu(mg!kg) 2-4 5-50 51-350 (F)

Zn(mg!kg) <30 30-49 50-100 101-250 (F) I
Mn(mg!kg) <100 100-149 150-500 501-2500 >2500 (F)

Fe(mg!kg) <50 50-300 (D)
B(mg!kg) <6 6-19 20-50 51-650 >650
Persimmon tDiospvros spp.)

Sampling
Growth stage: The Australian standards are based on samples collected at anthesis. New Zealand and Japanese data are based on samples collected about two months prior to harvest.
Plant part: Mature leaves. Samples from non-fruiting shoots.
How established: The Australian standards are based on survey work in south-east Queensland by George et al. (1995) who also followed leaf nutrient levels through the growing season to help decide when to sample. Deficiency
levels established in sand culture (Sato et al. 1955) except for Mg and Mn derived from field surveys of Fuyu orchards in New Zealand (Clark 1985). Boron values from Eaton (1944). Other standards have been developed by Sato
et al. (1955) and Nakamura (1972) in orchard surveys in japan and by Clark and Smith (1990) in NZ.
N(%) 0.93 2.5-3.5 Aust
2.22-3.15 Japan
1.57-2.0 NZ
P(%) 0.05 0.2-0.3 Aust
0.12-0.16 japan
0.10-0.19 NZ
K(%) 0.42 2.0-3.5 Aust
1.47-3.86 japan
2.4-3.7 NZ
5(%) 0.2-0.5 Aust
0.21-0.44 NZ
I
Mg(%) <0.14 0.25-0.42 Aust

0.22-0.77 japan
0.17-0.46 NZ
Na(%) 0.01-0.02 Aust
0.1-0.2 NZ
Ca(%) 0.26 1.4-2.8 Aust
1.01-2.78 japan
1.35-3.11 NZ
Cu(mglkg) 1-14 Aust
1-8 NZ
Zntrng/kg) 16-25 Aust
5-36 NZ
Mn(mglkg) <30 350-1200 Aust (F)
70-1844 japan
238-928 NZ
Fe(mglkg) 60-100 Aust
56-124 NZ
B(mglkg) <40 30-70 >389 Aust. Nutrient solutions containing> 1 mg/L B are likely to be toxic. ."
japan
S.
,~
15-52
48-93 NZ s;
~
l
IN
'-l ~
IN ~
IN
~
~
"" sa.
~
ill
-;-
'"~.
~
::l
:s-
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Sampling
f£
Growth stage: Plants should be sampled at 6, 3 and 1 month prior to flower induction. This applies to plants and ratoon suckers.
S"
::l
Plant part: During vegetative growth, sample the most recent fully matured leaf of plants. This is known as the D leaf, and is generally the oldest leaf on the plant. The sample should not be taken soon after fertiliser application.
Collect 10 leaves from throughout the area tested. Stack one leaf inside another, and cut across the bundle, retaining only the boltom 150mm of the leaves. The analyses are done only on the basal white tissue.
~
How established: The major elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) standards shown were developed by the Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, and have been adapted to local conditions by Golden Circle Ltd. Work has also been
l
conducted by Queensland Department of Primary Industries in co-operation with Incitec Ltd. Queensland. More detail on sampling can be obtained from Golden Circle Ltd. or Incitec Ltd.
N(%) Tissue levels are an unreliable indicator of N status.
P(%) 0.18-0.22 0.30 Level increases with age
K(%) 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.32-0.38 >0.42 Level falls at plant maturity - near flowering
Ca(%) <0.004 0.007-0.011 0.015 0.013-0.018 Tends to drop naturally during winter
Mg(%) <0.01 0.014-0.020 0.025 0.023-0.027 >0.04 Antagonistic to K level
Na(%) 0.004-0.015
CI(%) 0.2-0.8
Cutmg/kg) 10-50
Zntmg/kg) 15-70
Mn(mglkg) 150-400
Fe(mglkg) 80-150
Pistachio (Pis/acia vera)

Sampling
Growth stage: During a one-month period prior to harvest.
Plant part: Single leaflets selected from the terminal or 2 opposite sub-terminal leaflets of leaves located in the middle of non-bearing branches. Select at least 6 leaflets per tree from 5 trees chosen to represent an area. A distilled
water wash is suggested.
How established: Synthesis of US information found useful in orchard monitoring and problem solving in Australia. References include Uriu and Crane (1977), Opitz (1975 and undated) and Brown (1995). Weir and Cresswell
(1993) also present a table of tentative standards based on diagnostic sampling. Their suggestions for N, P, Ca, Mg are lower than those proposed for California.
N(%) 2.3 2.5-2.9
P(%) 0.14 0.14-0.17
K(%) 1.0 1.0-2.0
Ca(%) 1.3-4.0
Mg(%) 0.6-1.2
CI(%) 0.1-0.3
Cu(mg/kg) 4 6-10
Zn(mg/kg) 10-15 (F)
Mn(mg/kg) 30 30-80 (F)
B(mg/kg) 90 120-250 Boron is important for fruit set in pistachio and it seems important to work at a
relatively high leaf value.
Plum tPrunus spp.)

Sampling
Growth stage: Jan-Feb for d'Agen plum and Dec-Jan for Japanese plums.
Plant part: Leaves from the middle of current season's extension growth. Collect 4 leaves per tree from 25 treesof one cultivar spread through the planting.
How established: Surveywork in 3 regions of New South Wales by Leece(1975a) to adapt overseas data to local conditions.
N(%) <1.7 1.7-2.3 2.4-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
P(%) <0.09 0.09-0.13 0.14-0.25 0.26-0.4 >0.40
K(%) <1.0 1.0-1.5 1.6-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
Ca(%) <1.0 1.0-1.4 1.5-3.0 3.1-4.0 >4.0
Mg(%) <0.20 0.20-0.29 0.3-0.8 0.81-1.10 >1.10
Na(%) <0.02 0.02-0.50 >0.50
CI(%) <0.3 0.3-0.6 >0.6
Cu(mg/kg) <4 4-5 6-16 17-30 >30 (F)
Zn(mg/kg) <15 15-19 20-50 51-70 >70 (F)
Mn(mg/kg) <20 20-39 40-160 161-400 >400 (F)
Fe(mg/kg) <60 60-99 100-250 251-500 >500 (D)
B(mg/kg) <20 20-24 25-60 61-80 >80 Leaves are not reliable indicators of boron toxicity as B is mobile in plum. Fruit
opportunities for B redistribution and classic B toxicity symptoms may occur.
~
c:
~.
~
s;
...::lll:
Q.
W
'I ~
(,n Cl'
W
'I
<:'
a::l!.
).
5l
-;-
'"~.
).
::J
:s-
Raspberry, Red (Rubus idacus)
Sampling
~
iii
Growth stage: Two to three weeks after final pick. §"
Plant part: 5th-12th leaves from the terminal 150mm of the primocane.
~
How established: Synthesis of North American (cv, Williamette) and British (cv. Lloyd George) data by Temple-Smith (1983). The important references are Bould (1968), Chaplin (1980), Chaplin and Martin (1980), Hughes et al. ~
(1979), John et al. (1976a), Kowalenko (1981) and Ramig and Vandecaveye (19S0). Weir and Cresswell (1993) present a table which calls for slightly lower P, K, Mg and higher Ca values.
N(%) 2.3 2.4-4.0
P(%) <0.2 0.2 0.3-0.6
K(%) <1.0 1.5 1.5-3.0
Ca('}'o) <0.5 0.6-2.5
Mg(%) <0.25 0.3 0.4-1.0
Cu(mg/kg) <1 2-50 (F)
Zn(mg/kg) <13 34-80 (F,N)
Mn(mg/kg) <20 80-300 >1000 (F,N)

B(mg/kg) 25-80 Leavesare not reliable indicators of B toxicity as B is mobile in raspberry. Fruit samples
collected at maturity may be more reliable (Brown 1996). Standards are not presently
available. In non-fruiting or slow growing trees there may be no opportunities for B
redistribution and classic B toxicity symptoms may occur. Kowalenko (1981) found
inconsistent B concentrations in leaves within and between seasons and casts doubt on
the use of B levels in leaves for predicting B fertilizer requirement. The fact that B is
mobile may explain this observation.
Strawberry tFregerie sp.)

Sampling
Growth stage: During growth.
Plant part: Blade (Ulrich et al. 1980) or blade plus petiole (vock 1991) of a young mature leaf. Select 30-40 leaves of one cultivar to represent a planting.
How established: The critical values below are derived from Californian work summarised in Ulrich et al. (1980). The other values in the table are mostly drawn from Vock (1991) for Tioga. Ulrich et al. (1980) also report values
for nutrient concentrations in petioles. Their booklet contains a comprehensive colour atlas of strawberry deficiency symptoms. John et al. (1976b) describe genotypic variation in leaf nutrient concentration and distribution
between blade and petiole. Tissueanalysis should, therefore, be interpreted cautiously. John et al. (1975) suggested that post harvest sampling may be most useful. Weir and Cresswell (1993) provide a set of values which calls for
higher N and lower K, Ca. Mg. Further local validation work is needed.
N(%) 2.8 2.0-2.5 Note wide variation between Ulrich's critical value and the range suggested by Vock.
NOrN <800
P(%) <0.1 0.1-0.3 0.1 0.3-0.5
K(%) <1.0 1.0-2.0 1 2.0-3.0
$(%) 0.1 0.1-0.2
Ca(%) <0.3 0.3-1.5 0.3 1.5-2.0
Mg(%) <0.2 0.2-0.4 0.2 0.4-0.6
Na(%) <0.3 >0.3
CI(%) 0.1-0.5 >0.5
Cutmg/kg) <3 3 5-10 (F)
Zn(mglkg) <20 20 30-50 (F,N)
Mn(mglkg) <30 30-50 30 50-350 (F, N)
Fetrng/kgj <50 50 50-150 (D)
B{mglkg) <25 25 25-50

Mo(mglkg) <0.5 0.5 >0.5
Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betecees

Sampling
Growth stage: 12-20 weeks after appearance of leaves in spring.
Plant part: Youngest mature blades plus petioles. Approximately 30-40 leaves to represent the planting.
How established: Synthesis of New Zealand data (Clark et al. (1989) summarised by Richards and Dawson (1994)).
N(%) 3.5-4.3
P(%) 0.2-0.3
K(%) 4.0-5.0
Ca(%) 1.2-2.0
Mg(%) 0.32-0.42
$(%) 0.25-0.35
CI(%) 0.2-0.3
Cu(mglkg) 20-25
Zn{mglkg) 25-32
::'
Mn(mglkg) 100-150 5.
~
Fe(mglkg) 100-150 s;
Bung/kg) 20-30 i)
~
~
IN
'I
'I
w
~
.......
CCl
a
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::
::
;-
Walnut (Jug/ans regia) -a
~
Sampling Ai
Growth stage: Dec or Jan.
§.
Plant part: Terminal leaflet of basal leaves from shoots of average vigour. Collect 60-100 leaves of one cultivar to represent the plantings, avoiding atypical trees.
~
How established: Synthesis of Californian data. Useful references are Serr (1960), Proebsting and Serr (1966), Serr (undated), Beutel et al. (1976) and Klein et al. (1991). Weir and Cresswell (1993) present some tentative standard ~
values based on diagnostic work in Australia which are similar to those shown here.
N(%) <2.0 2.5-3.3
P(%) <0.09 0.1-0.3
K(%) <0.9 1.2-3.0
Ca(%) -1.2
Mg(%) <0.2 0.3-1.0
Na(%) >0.1
CI(%) >0.3
Cu(mglkg} 1-3 4-20 (F)
Zntrng/kg) <15 20-200 (F)
Mn(mglkg) <20 20-30 30-350 (F) ,

B(mglkg) <20 20-35 35-300 >300
Fruits, Vines and Nuts
REFERENCES (FRUIT, VINES AND NUTS) Clark, C}, and Barrett, L.j. (1985) Leaf analysis of persimmons.
Growing Today Aug 1985: 30-31.
Aitken, R L., Moody, P.W., Compton, B.L. and Gallagher, E.C.
(1992) Plant and soil diagnostic tests for assessing the Clark, C}. and Smith, G.S. (1985) Magnesium deficiency
phosphorus status of seedling Macadamia integrifolia. Aust. reduces fruit numbers. N. Z. Kiwifruit (Oct). p. 19
t. Agrie. Res. 43: 191-201. Clark, C]. and Smith, G.S. (1987) Magnesium deficiency in
Amling, H.j. (1974) Alabama pecan leaf analysis service. Proc. kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Plant Soil 104: 281-289.
South East Pecan Grow. Assue. 58: 25-33. Clark, C}, and Smith, G.S. (1990) Seasonal changes in the
Anon. (1977) Bemestinguereistes van lietsjiebome. Citrus and mineral nutrient concentration of persimmon leaves. Sci.
Sub-Trap. Fruit Res. Inst. Into. Bull. 57: 7. Home. 42: 85-97.
Asher, cj., G.S. Smith, Clark, c.j. and Brown, N.S. (1984) Clowes, M. St. j. and Hill, R.H.K. (Eds) (1981) 'Coffee Growers
Manganese deficiency of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Handbook'. pp62-63. (Coffee Growers Association:
Planch.). ,. Plant Nutr. 7: 1497-1509. Salisbury, Zimbabwe.)
Baigent, D.R. (1984) Dept. Agriculture, Wollongbar, New Cook, j.A. (1966) Grape nutrition. In 'Nutrition of Fruit Crops'.
South Wales. (Unpublished data) (Ed. N.F. Childers.) 2 nd Ed. pp 777-812. (Hortic. PubIs: New
Brunswick, N.j.).
Banks, A. (1992) Growing Avocados in Queensland. Dept.
Primary Industries, Queensland. Cook, J.A. and Kishaba, T. (1956) Petiole nitrate as a criterion
of N needs in California vineyards. Proc. Am. Soe. Hortie. Sci.
Baron, L.c. and Stebbins, R. (1978) Growing Filberts in 68: 131-140.
Oregon. Oreg. State Univ, Ext. Bull. No.628.
Coulter, I.K. (1958) Mineral nutrition of the oil palm in
Baxter, P. (1983) Dept. Agriculture, Knoxfield, Victoria. Malaya. Malay. Agric. J. 41: 131.
(Unpublished data)
Cresswell, G.C (1983) Biological and Chemical Research
Beutel, j., Uriu, K. and Lilleland, O. (1976) Leaf analysis for Institute, New South Wales Agriculture, Rydalmere.
California deciduous fruits. In 'Soil and Plant Tissue Testing (Unpublished data)
in California'. (Ed. H.M. Reisenauer.) pp 11-14. (Division of
Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of California: Berkeley.) Cresswell, G.C (1989) Development of a leaf sampling
technique and leaf standards for kiwifruit in New South
Beverly, R.B. (1987) Modified DRIS method for simplified
Wales. Aust.]. Exp. Agric. 29: 411-417.
nutrient diagnosis of 'valencia' oranges. [. Plant Nutr. 10:
1401-1408. Cresswell, G.C (1996) Biological and Chemical Research
Institute, New South Wales Agriculture, Rydalmere.
Bould, C (1968) Leaf analysis as a guide to nutrition of fruit
(Unpublished data)
crops. VII. Sand culture N, 1', K, Mg experiments with red
raspberry (Rubus idaeus) ,. Sci. Food Agrie. 19: 455-464. Cripps, j.E.L. and Goldspink, B.H. (1983) Dept. Agriculture,
South Perth, Western Australia. (Unpublished data)
Bould, C (1969) Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of
fruit crops. VIII. Sand culture N, 1', K, Mg experiments with Cull, B.W. (1983) Dept. Primary Industries, Narnbour,
black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) I, Sci. Food Agric. 20: 172- Queensland. (Unpublished data)
181. Cull, B.W., Stephenson, R.A., Stock, ]. and Price, G.R. (1983)
Brown, P.H. (1994) Seasonal variation in Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cyclic patterns related to nutrient status of macadamia.
leaf nutrient concentrations. HortScience 29: 871-873. Proc. 1st Australian Macadamia Workshop, Marcoola,
Queensland, 12-16 September 1983.
Brown, P.H. (1995) Diagnosing and correcting nutrient
deficiencies. In 'Pistachio Production' (Ed. L. Ferguson) Dhandar, D.G. and Bharghana, B.S. (1993) Leaf sampling
University California, Davis. techniques for nutritional diagnosis in custard apple. Ind.'.
Hart. 50: 1-4.
Brown, P.H. (1996) (pers. com.)
Dorofaeff, F.D. (1981) Kiwi fruit plant analysis. N.Z. Minist.
Brown, P.H. and Hu, H. (1996) Phloem mobility of boron is
species dependent: evidence for phloem mobility in Agric. Food Fish. Aglink 1/1000/3/81.
sorbitol rich species. Annals Bot. 77: 497-505. Doughty, CC, Adams, E.B. and Martin, L.W. (1981) High
Catch poole, D. And Bally, I (1996) Mango Nutrition bush blueberry production in Washington and Oregon. Co-
operative extension Washington and Oregon State
Investigation - final Report. HRDC Ref. No. FR/OO34.
Horticultural Research Development Corporation. Universities and University of Idaho. Bull. No. PNW 215.
Cerda, A., Nieves, M. and Martinez, V. (1995) An evaluation of Drinnan, I- and Winston, T. (1995) Managing young trees. In
mineral analysis of 'Verna' lemons by DRIS. Commun. Soil 'Coffee growing in Australia - A machine-harvesting
Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 1697-1707.
perspective'. pp. 54. (Ed. R. Lines-Kelly) Rural Ind. Res. Dev,
Corp. Canberra.
Chadha, K.L., Samra, j.s. and Thakur, R.S. (1980)
Standardisation of leaf-sampling technique for mineral Du Plessis, S.F., Smart, G. and Koen, T.j. (1973) A few aspects
composition of leaves of Mango cultivar 'Chausa'. Sci. of fertilising guavas. The Citrus and Sub-tropical Fruit Journal
Oct 1973: 18-19.
Home. 13: 323-329.
Chaplin, M.H. (1980) Tentative leaf element levels for Oregon Eaton, F.M. (1944) Deficiency, toxicity and accumulation of
tree fruits, nuts, small fruits and holly. Plant Analysis boron in plants. J. Agric. Res. 69: 237-277.
Laboratory, Dept. Horticulture, Oregon State University, Eck, P. (1983) Optimum potassium nutritional level for
june 1980. production of highbush blueberry.]. Am. Soc. Hurt. Sci. 108:
Chaplin, M.H. and Dixon, A.R. (1979) The development of 520-522.
standard ranges for leaf nitrogen in the filbert. J. Am. Soc. Embleton, T.W. and jones, W.W. (1966) Avocado and mango
Hart. Sci. 104: 710-712. nutrition. In 'Nutrition of Fruit Crops'. (Ed. N.F. Childers.)
Chaplin, M.H. and Martin, L.W. (1980) The effect of nitrogen 2 n d Ed. pp 51-76. (Hortic. PubIs: New Brunswick, N.j.)
and boron fertilizer applications on leaf levels, yield and Embleton, T.W., jones, W.W., Pallares, C and Platt, R.G.
fruit size of red raspberry. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: (1978) Effect of fertilization of citrus on fruit quality and
547-566. ground water nitrate-pollution potential. Proc. Int. Soc.
Chapman, K.R., Paxton, B.F., Price, G. and Carseldine, M.L. Citriculture, 1978 pp 280-285.
(l91l0) Dept. Primary Industries, Narnbour, Queensland. Garg, V.K. and Khanduja, S.D. (1976) Nutritional status of
(Unpublished data) some fruit trees grown on normal and alkali soils. Sci.
Christensen, L.P., Kasimatis, A.N. and jensen, F.L. (1978) Hortic. 5: 243-247.
Grapevine nutrition and fertilization in the San joaquin George A.P. and Haydon, G.E. (1996) Dept. Primary Industries,
Valley. Univ Calif. Div. Agric. Sci., Berkeley, Publication Nambour, Queensland. (Unpublished data)
No. 4087. George, A.P., Nissen, R.j. Collins, R.j. and Haydon, G.F. (1995)
Clark, Cj., Smith, G.S. and Gravett, I.M. (1989) Seasonal Seasonal leaf nutrient patterns and standard leaf nutrient
accumulation of mineral nutrients by tamarillo. 1. Leaves. levels for non-astringent persimmon in sub-tropical
Sci. Hortic. 40: 119-131. Australia. J. Hart. Sci. 70: 1l07-816.
Clark, C}, and Kajiura, I. (1986) Nutritional disorders in George, A.P. (1980) Dept. Primary Industries, Narnbour,
Nashi. Growing Today Feb 1986: 11-13. Queensland. (Unpublished data)
Clark, C}. (1985) Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, New Golden Circle Ltd. Pineapple Nutritional Standards.
Zealand, Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station. (Unpublished data)
Clark, C}, (1987) Assessing the fertiliser needs of Chestnuts. Goldspink, B.H. (1986, 1996) Western Australia Dept. of
Growing Today Aug/Sept 1987: 8,10-11. Agriculture. (Unpublished data)
379
Goodall, G.E., Embleton, T.W. and Platt, R.G. (1965) Avocado Leece, D.R. (1976) Diagnosis of nutritional disorders of fruit
fertilization. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Leaflet 24. trees by leaf and soil analyses and biochemical indices. t.
Gopikumar, K. and Aravindakshan, M. (1986) Sand culture Aust. lnst. Agrie. Sci. 42: 3-19.
studies in cashew. Ind. Cashew [. 18: 9-14. Leece, D.R., Cradock, F.W. and Carter, O.G. (1971)
Greer, N. (1990) Growing Lychee in south Queensland. Development of leaf nutrient concentration standards for
Queensland Dept. Pri. Ind., Nambour. peach trees in New South Wales. [. Hart. Sci. 46: 163-175.
Hartmann, H.H., Uriu, K. and Lilleland, O. (1966) Olive Little. e.R. and Holmes, R.J. (In press) A guide to production,
nutrition. In 'Nutrition of Fruit Crops'. (Ed. N.F. Childers.) post harvest treatment and storage of pome fruit in
pp 252-261. (Hortic. Pubis: New Brunswick, N.].) Australia and New Zealand. Inkata Press, Melbourne
Hue, N.V. and Nakamura, E.T. (1988) Iron chlorosis in Loganathan, P., Atputharajah, P.P. (1986) Effects of fertilisers
Macadamia as affected by phosphate-iron interactions. [. on yield and leaf nutrient concentrations in coconut.
Plant Nutr. 11: 1635-1648. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 63: 143-148.
Huett, D.O., George, A.P., Slack, j.M. and Morris, S.e. (1997) Malavolta, E. (1970) Intensive fertilization of coffee in Brazil.
Diagnostic leaf nutrient standards for low-chill peaches in (Borax Consolidated Ltd: London.)
subtropical Australia. Aust. J. Exp, Agric. 37, 119-126. Manciot, R., Ollagnier, M. and Ochs, R. (1979a) Nutrition
Hughes, M., Chaplin, M.H. and Dixon, A.R. (1979) Elemental minerale et fertilisation du cocotier dans Ie monde.
composition of red raspberry leaves as a function of time or Oleagineux 34: 499-515.
position on cane. HortScienee 14: 46-47. Manciot, R., Ollagnier, M. and Ochs, R. (1979b) Nutrition
Incitec Ltd. (1994) Copyright interpretation sheets. (Incitec, minerale et fertilisation du cocotier dans Ie monde. II.-
Brisbane, Queensland.) Etude des differents elements. Oleagincux 34: 563-580.
Ieganathan, M. (1990) Studies on potassium-magnesium Marchal, J. (1987) Miscellaneous tropical. In 'Plant Analysis as
interaction in coconut (Cocos nuciterai In' Plant Nutrition a Guide to the Nutrient Requirements of Temperate and
- Physiology and Applications' (Ed. M.L. van Beusichem) Tropical Crops'. (Martin-Prevel, P., Gagnard.}. and Gautier,
pp 611-617 (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht) P. Eds.) Lavousier Publishing lnc., New York. pp 440-453.
John, M.K., Daubney, H.A. and Chuah, H.H. (1976) Factors ISBN 2-85206-346-6.
affecting elemental composition of red raspberry. f. Sci. Menzel, e.M., Carseldine, M.L., Haydon, G.F. and Simpson,
Food Agrie. 27: 877-882. D.R. (1992) A review of existing and proposed new leaf
John, M.K., Daubney, H.A. and McElroy, F.D. (1975) Influence nutrient standards for Iychee. Sci. Hortie. 49: 33-53.
of sampling time on elemental composition of strawberry Menzel, e.M., Simpson, D.R., Haydon, G.F. and Doogan, V.j.
leaves and petioles I. Am. soc. Hart. Sci. 100: 513-517. (1995) Phosphorus and potassium fertilisation of Iychee. [.
John, M.K., Daubney, H.A., McElroy, F.D. and Garland, M. S. AfT. Hart. Soc. 5: 97-99.
(1976) Genotypic influence on elemental composition of Menzel, e.M., Haydon, G.E. Doogan, V.J. and Simpson, D.R.
strawberry tissues. f. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci. 101: 438-441. (1993) New standard leaf nutrient concentrations for
Jones, J.B. (1972) General fertilizer recommendations for passionfruit based on seasonal phenology and leaf
pecans. Proe. South East Peean Grow. Assoc. 65: 101-113. composition. t. Hart. Sci. 68: 215-229.
Jones, J.B. (1974) Plant analysis handbook for Georgia. Minard, H.R.G. (1979) Cherries: Leaf zinc levels in orchard
Georgia Ext. Bull. 735. surveys. Australian Hortic. Res. Newsletter No.50. pp. 16-
Kanduja, S.U. and Garg, V.K. (1980) Nutritional status of 17.
guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in North India. f. Hart. Sci. Nakamura, E.T. (1972) Research Bulletin of the Faculty of
55: 433-435. Agriculture Gifu University 33: 37-49.
Klein, I., Weinbaum, S.A., Dejong, T.M. and Muraoka, T.T. Nicholas, P.R. and Roblnson.j.B. (1977) The nutritional status
(1991) Spur light exposure as a primary external cause for of cling peach orchards in the Murray irrigation areas of
derivation of DRIS norms in walnut trees. I. Plant Nutr. 14: South Australia. Agrie. Ree. (S. Aust.) 4: 18-21.
463-484.
O'Barr, R.D. (1977) Nutrients, their impact. Pecan Quarterly
Koen, T.J., Langenegger, W. and Smart, G. (1981) Nitrogen 11(4): 4-10.
fertilization of Litchi trees. Subtropica 2(7): 9-11.
Opitz, K.W. (1975) The Pistachio Nut. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric.
Kowalenko, e.G. (1980) Filbert fertilizing by leaf analysis.
Can. Agric. 25(1): 13-15. Sci. Leaflet 2279.
Kowalenko, CG. (1981) The effect of nitrogen and boron soil Opitz, K.W. (undated) Pistachio Leaf Sampling. Extension
applications on raspberry leaf N, Band Mn concentrations notes, Unlv, Calif., Riverside.
and selected soil analyses. Commun. SoilSci. Plant Anal. 12: Owen-Turner, J. (1995) Growing Citrus in Queensland.
1163-1179. (QI95009) Dept. Primary Industries, Queensland.
Kowalenko, e.G. and Maas, E.F. (1982) Seasonal effect on leaf Painter, J.H. (1963) A recent leaf analysis service development
nutrient concentrations of filbert. Can. I, Soil Sci. 62: 209- of importance to nut growers in Oregon. Proc. Oreg. &
211. Wash. Nut Grow. Soc. 49 th Annu. Meeting pp 6-8.
Kumar, P. and Pandey, R.M. (1979) Sampling for mineral Pathak, R.A. and Pandey, R.M. (1978) Studies on the chemical
content in leaves of guava cultivar 'Lucknow-49'. Sci. Hortie. composition of leaves as associated with position on the
11: 163-174. shoot of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari.
Lahav, E. and Kadman, A. (1980) Fertilising for high yield - Progressive Hortie. 9: 16-23.
avocado. Int. Potash Inst. Bull. 6. Peverill, K. (1983) Dept. Agriculture, Werribee, Victoria.
Lahav, E. and Turner, D.W. (1983) Fertilising for high yield- (Unpublished data)
banana. Int. Potash lnst. Bull. 7. Prasad, M., Spiers, T.M. and Lill, R.E. (1987) A rapid sap nitrate
Lahav, E. and Turner, D.W. (1985) Temperature influences the test for kiwifruit. [. Plant Nutr. 10(9-16): 1689-1697.
composition of diagnostic samples used to assess the Prevot, P. and Ollagnier, M. (1956) Methods d'utilization du
nutrient status of banana plants. Sci. /lortie. 27: 275-283. diagnostique foliare. In 'Plant Analysis and Fertilizer
Lee, L.S. and Mayer, D.G. (1993) Leaf and soil analysis data Problems'. pp 177-192. (!RHO: Paris.)
interpretation and fertiliser recommendations for tree crops Prior, L.D., Grieve, A.M. and Cullis, B.R. (1992) Sodium
by a Fortran computer software package. In 'Nutrition in chloride and soil texture interactions in irrigated field
Horticulture' - Proc. of a review workshop, Hunter, M.N. grown Sultana grapevines. II. Plant mineral content,
and Eldershaw, V.J. (Eds) Gatton 4-6 May. Dept. Primary growth and physiology. Aust. I, Agrie. Res. 43: 1067-10.
Industries, Brisbane. QC94003. Proebsting, E.L. and Tate, R. (1952) Seasonal changes in nitrate
Leece, D.R. and Barkus, B. (1974) Diagnostic leaf analysis for content of fig leaves. Proc. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci. 60: 7-10.
stone fruit. 3. Nutritional status of peach orchards. Aust. f.
Proebsting, E.L. and Warner, R.M. (1954) The effect of fertilizer
Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. 14: 828-834.
on yield, quality and leaf composition of figs. Proe. Am. Soe.
Leece, D.R. (1975a) Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone fruit. 4. Hart. Sci. 63: 10-18.
Plum. Aust. [. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. 15: 112-117.
Proebsting, E.L. and Serr, E.I'. (1966) Edible nuts. In 'Nutrition
Leece, D.R. (1975b) Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone fruit. 5. of Fruit Crops'. (Ed. N.F. Childers.) 2 nd Ed. pp 262-275.
Sweet cherry. Aust. l. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush. 15: 118-122. (Hortic. Pubis: New Brunswick, N.].)
Leece, D.R. and van den Ende, B. (1975) Diagnostic leaf Ramig, R.E. and Vandecaveye, S.e. (1950) A study of certain
analysis for stone fruit. 6. Apricot. Aust. I. Exp. Agrie. Anim. nutrient levels for raspberries grown in water culture. Plant
Hush. 15: 123-128. Physiol. 25: 617-629.
380
Fruits, Vines and Nuts
Rao, D.P. and Makherjee, S.K. (1988) Nutrient status in leaf Sparks, D. (1978) Nutrient concentrations of pecan leaves with
and soil of some cultivars of mango in relation to yield. deficiency symptoms and normal growth. HortScience
Acta Hort. 231: 286-295. 13(3): 256-257.
Rettke, M. (1996) South Australian Research and Development Srikul, S. and Turner, D.W. (1985) High N supply and soil water
Institute, Loxton, South Australia. (Unpublished data) deficits change the rate of fruit growth of bananas (evWilliams)
Richards, N.K (1992) Cashew tree nutrition related to biomass and promote tendency to ripen. Sci. Hortie. 62: 165-174.
accumulation, nutrient composition and nutrient cycling Stephenson, R.A. and Cull, B.W. (1986) Standard leaf nutrient
in sandy red earths of Northern Territory, Australia. Sci. levels for bearing Macadamia trees in south east
Hortie. 52: 125-142. Queensland. Sci. Hortie. 30: 73-82.
Richardson, A. and Dawson, T. (1994) Tamarillo nutrition. Stephenson, R.A. and Gallagher, E.e. (1987) Effects of foliar
Orchardist ofN. L. 67: 50-52, 54. boron sprays on yield and quality of Macadamia nuts. Sci.
Righetti, T.L., Alkoshab, O. and Wilder, K. (1988a) Diagnostic Hortie. 32: 97-103.
biases in ORIS evaluations on sweet cherry and hazel nut. Stephenson, R.A. and Gallagher, E.e. (1989) Timing of
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 1429-1447. nitrogen application to Macadamias 1. Tree nitrogen status
Righetti, T.L., Alkoshab, O. and Wilder, K. (1988b) Verifying and vegetative growth. Aust. f. Exp, Agrie. 29: 569-574.
critical values from DRIS norms in sweet cherry and hazel Stephenson, R.A., Cuil, B.W., Mayer, D.G., Price, G. and Stock,
nut. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19: 1449-1466. J. (1986) Seasonal patterns of Macadamia leaf nutrient
levels in south east Queensland. Sci. Hortie. 30: 63-71.
Robinson, J.B., Nicholas, P.R. and McCarthy, J.R. (1978) A
comparison of three methods of tissue analysis for assessing Stevens, R.M. and Harvey, G. (1995) Effects of waterlogging,
the nutrient status of plantings of Vilis vinifera in an rootstock and salinity on Na., CI, K concentrations of the
irrigated area in South Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. Anim. leaf and root, and shoot growth of Sultana grapevines.
Husb. 18: 294-300. Aust. J. Agrie. Res. 46: 541-551.
Robinson, J.B. (1980) Leaf analysis of citrus. Dept. Agriculture, Storey, R. and Treeby, M.T. (1996) CSIRO Division of
South Australia, Fact Sheet 23/80. Horticulture, Merbein. (pers. com.)
Robinson,].B. and Glenn, T.J. (1981) Leaf analysis of almonds. Tassar, K., Tiwari, J.P. and Lal, S. (1989) Effect of different
Proc. National Workshop on Plant Analysis, Goolwa, South levels of potassium on leaf nutrient status, fruit yield and
Australia. pp 75-76. (Dept. Agriculture: Adelaide.) quality of guava (Psidium guayava L.) ev. Sardar. Progressive
Hort. 21: 51-55.
Robinson, J.B. and Nicholas, P.R. (1983) Dept. Agriculture,
Taylor, B.K. and Dimsey, R.T. (1993) Rootstock and scion
South Australia. (Unpublished data)
effect on leaf nutrient composition of citrus trees. Aust. J.
Robinson, J.B. and McCarthy, M.G. (1985) Use of petiole Exp. Agrie. 33: 363-371.
analysis for assessment of Vineyard nutrient status in the Temple-Smith, M.G. (1983) Dept. Agriculture, Hobart,
Barossa district of South Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 25: Tasmania. (Unpublished data)
231-240.
Treeby M. and Nagarajah, (1996) CSIRO Division of
Rosenquist, E.A.(1966) Manuring oil palms. In 'The Oil Palm Horticulture, Merbein, and Agriculture Victoria, Irymple.
of Malaya'. pp 167-194. (Ministry of Agriculture and Co- (Unpublished data)
operatives: Kuala Lumpur.)
Turner, D.W. and Barkus, B. (1982) Yield, chemical
Sale, P.R. (1986) Doing the basics right. NSW Kiwifruit composition, growth and maturity of 'Williams' banana
Growers Assoc., Nat. Seminar (Sept.) 5pp fruit in relation to supply of potassium, magnesium and
Samra,J.S., Thakur, R.S. and Chadha, K.L. (1978) Evaluation of manganese. Sci. Hortie. 16: 239-252.
existing critical limits of leaf nutrient standards in mango. Turner, D.W., Korawis, e. and Robson, A.D. (1989) Soil
Sci. Hortie. 8: 349-355. analysis and its relationship with leaf analysis and banana
Sanewski, G.M. (1988) Growing Custard Apples. Queensland yield with special reference to a study at Carnavon, Western
Dept. Pri, Ind. Information Series Q187014. Australia. Fruits 44: 193-203.
Sanewski, G.M. (Ed) Custard Apples: Cultivation and Crop Ulrich, A., Mostafa, MAE. and Allen, W.W. (1980) Strawberry
Protection. 103pp Queensland Dept. Pri. Ind. Information deficiency symptoms: A visual and plant analysis guide to
Series Q19OO31 2nd Ed. fertiIization. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci. Publication No. 4098.
Sato, K, Ishihara, M. and Harada, R. (1955) Studies on the leaf Uriu, K. and Crane, I.C. (1977) Mineral element changes in
analysis of fruit trees. Part 12. Studies on the deficiency of pistachio leaves. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102:155-158.
mineral nutrient in grape vine, Japanese persimmon, Van den Ende, B. and Leece, D.R. (1975) Leaf analysis for pear:
peach, chestnut and apple. Bull. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci. 1:4: development of standards and the nutritional status of
195-216. orchards in the Goulburn Valley and Murrumbidgee
Schaller, K.Lohnertz, O. And Michel, H. (1995) Improvements irrigation areas. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. Anim. Husb. 15: 129-135.
of the DRIS-system and first experiences in grapevine Vock, N. (1991) Growing strawberries in Queensland. Dept.
nutrition with special consideration of the compositional Primary Industries, Nambour.
nutrient diagnosis approach. In 'Mineral Nutrition of Walduck, G. (1983) Dept. Primary Industries, Innisfail,
Deciduous Fruit Plants'. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Diagnosis Queensland. (Unpublished data)
of Nutritional Status of Deciduous Fruit Orchards. pp 171- Weir R.G. and Cresswell, G.e. (1993) Plant Nutrient Disorders.
189. Trent, Italy. 1. Temperate and Subtropical Fruit and Nut Crops. Inkata
Serr, E.F. (1960) Walnut orchards on volcanic soil deficient in Press, Melbourne, Sydney
phosphorus. Calif Agrie. Jun 1960: 6-7. Weir, R.G. (1983) Biological and Chemical Research Institute,
Serr, E.F. (undated) Nutritional deficiencies in California Dept. Agriculture, Rydalmere, New South Wales.
walnuts. Univ. Calif. Div, Agric. Sci. Leaflet 167. (Unpublished data)
Shikhamany, S.D., Iyer, e.P.A., Hariprakasa Rao, M. and Weir, R.G., Valentine, B. and Johnson, B.F. (1990) NSW Agfact
Subramanian, T.R. (1986) Variation in the seasonal H4.AC3.
nutrient status in relation to different yield in guava ev. Winston, I.e. (1996) E.e. Winston Horticultural Consultant
Allahabad Safeda. Indian J. Hort. 43: 73-78. P.O. Box 203 Mission Beach Qld 4852 (Unpublished data)
Shorrocks, V.M. (undated) Boron deficiency - its prevention Winston, E.e. and Young, K. (1986a) Effect of differential
and cure. (Borax Holdings Ltd: London.) nitrogen application on yield and leaf nutrient content of
Smith, B.1.. (1992) Time of leaf sampling and analysis norms arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Previously Dept. Primary
for mangoes (cv. Sensation) Suid-Afrikaanse Mangokweker- Industries, Walkamin, Queensland (Unpublished data)
sverenigung laarboek 12: 54-56. Winston, E.e. and Young, K (1986b) Yield and leaf nutrient
Smith, G.S., Asher, B.F. and Clark, C}. (1985) 'Kiwifruit levels as effected by discrete dosages of nitrogen applied at
Nutrition, Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders.' (Agpress various times in the growth of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica
Communication Ltd: Wellington North, N.Z.) L.) Previously Dept. Primary Industries, Walkamin,
Smith, G.S., Asher, B.F. and Clark, cr. (1987) Kiwifruit Queensland. (Unpublished data)
Nutrition - Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders. 2nd Ed. Winston, E.e., Littlernore, J., Scudamore-Smith, P, O'farrell,
Agpress Communications Ltd. Wellington North, N.Z. P.]., Wiffen, D. and Doogan, V.]. (1992) Effect of nitrogen
56pp and potassium on growth and yield of coffee (Coffea arabiea
Southern, P.]. (1966) Coffee nutrition - Part III. The sampling L.) in tropical Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 32: 217-224.
of coffee leaves for chemical analysis. Papua New Guinea Worley, R.E.(1969) Pecan leaf analysis service: Summary 1969.
Agrie. J. 18: 76-79. Univ. Ga. Coilege of Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 110: 5-30.
381
Plant Analysis:An Interpretation Manual
Worley, R.E. (1991) Pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Young, T.W. and Koo, R.C). (1969) Mineral composition of
Koch) yield, leaf and soil analysis responses from different Florida mango leaves. Proe. Fla.Sta. Hortie. Soc. 82: 324-328.
combinations of nitrogen and potassium application. Young, T.W. and Koo, R.C). (1974) Increasing yield of 'Parwin'
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 22: 1919-1930. and 'Kent' mangos on Lakewood sand by increased nitrogen
Young, T.W. and Koo, R.C). (1964) Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization. Proc. Fla. Sta. Hortic. Soc. 87:
source and rate of fertilization on performance of Brewster 380-384.
Iychees. Proc. Fla.Sta. Hortie. Soe. 77: 406-410.
382
8. VEGETABLES
D.O. Huett, N.A. Maier, L.A. Sparrow and T.]. Piggott
INTRODUCTION with overseas published data. Two key references

were used:
Vegetable crops have a high nutrient demand.
Nutrient concentrations in plant parts are very • Soil and Plant Tissue Testing in California.
sensitive to conditions which affect growth rate and University of California Bulletin No. 1879 (1978);
and
nutrient supply. Plant age (sampling date) and plant
part (leaf age) will also account for large differences • Evaluation of Fertility by Plant and Soil Analysis
in nutrient composition. In compiling diagnostic by D. Davidescu and V. Davidescu (ABACUS
criteria, a range (for example of adequate Press: Tunbridge Wells, U.K.) 1982.
concentrations) will reflect some of these variables. Since 1986, considerable data have been generated
Thus, wherever possible, criteria in this chapter have from Australian studies and are now included in the
been presented for a specific species, stage of growth revised tables. A search of the international literature
and leaf age to minimise variance. For vegetable up until December 31, 1995 was also undertaken to
crops, diagnosis of nutrient status is often based on a augment the Australian studies. We have given
specific plant part, and for many crops several priority to information derived from experimental
sampling times are available. Plant part, therefore, work rather than from general nutrition texts because
has been used to group the criteria for the different of the difficulty in validating the data from the latter.
times of sampling used in the tables.
We thank Cecilia Dutkiewicz, Janice Cecil and
Before 1986, the Australian data for vegetables Dianne Brown for assistance with literature searches
(mostly unpublished from surveys) was augmented and for preparing and coordinating the tables.
385
W
QQ
<:'I a¥
:a
~
s
~
'"~.
~
=:
::
;g-
ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis) ~
~
~
N(%) Mid-growth Needles from F 3.61 3.79 USA 21 is'
=:
top 30 em
mature fern [
Apr-jun (late Needles from F 3.5-3.6 USA 32 ~
spring) top 30 em
mature fern,
top 10 em
removed
July-Aug - 1st Needles from F 2.6-2.7 USA 32
fru it to seed set top 30 em
mature fern,
top 10 em
removed
Sept (Autumn) Needles from F 3.0 USA 32
top 30 em
mature fern,
top 10 em
removed
Aug-Sept Top 50 em 2.20-2.49 2.50-4.00 >4.0 USA 63
(Autumn) fronds
Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 2.2 2.95-4.90 4.5 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
45-90 em tall Foliage of 2.4-3.8 5
matu re fronds
Sand 1.22-1.35 2.20-2.93 Bra 46 ev. Mary Washington
NOTN(%) Mid-growth 10 em tip new F 0.01 0.05 USA 71
fern
P(%) Mid-growth Needles from F 0.17 0.20-0.23 USA 21
top 30 em
mature fern
Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 0.2 0.18-0.35 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
(Autumn) fronds
..

mature fronds
U U Sand 0.07-0.09 0.10-0.20 Bra 46 ev. Mary Washington
P04-P(%) Mid-growth 10 em tip new F 0.08 0.16 USA 71
fern
K(%) Mid-growth 10 em tip new F 1.0 3.0 USA 71
fern
Mid-growth Needles from F 1.43 1.72 USA 21
top 30 em
mature fern
Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 1.2 1.16-2.64 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
(Autumn) fronds
mature fronds
S(%) U U Sand 0.08-0.10 0.16-0.18 Bra 46 ev. Mary Washington
Ca(%) Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 0.30 0.86-1.76 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
(Autumn) fronds
mature fronds
Mg(%) Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 0.27-0.70 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
(Autumn) fronds
mature fronds
Na(%) Feb-Mar Needles from 0.01-0.26 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern ~
~
lit
Q-
W
QQ
'1
rs-
'"
w
OQ ~
OQ
...~
)..
al
~
'"~.
)..
::s
::
li
ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officina/is) (ctd) -a;jl
ill"
CI(%) Feb-Mar
(Autumn)
Needles from
top 30 em
0.78-2.30 Aust 128
i-
mature fern
~
Cu(mg/kg) Feb-Mar
(Autumn)
Needles from
top 30 em
F,S,D 5 6-11 Aust 128
~
mature fern
Aug-Sept Top 50 em 3-4 5-25 >25 USA 63
(Autumn) fronds
45-90 em tall Foliage of 6-12 5
mature fronds
Zn(mg/kg) Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 15 16-30 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
Harvest Spears F 52 USA 3
mature fronds
(Autumn) fronds
Mn(mglkg) Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 15 72-173 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
(Autumn) fronds
mature fronds
Fe(mg/kg) Aug-Sept Top 50 em 30-39 40-250 >250 USA 63
(Autumn) fronds
B(mg/kg) Mid-growth WS Sand 43-55 175-288 USA 21
Feb-Mar Needles from F,S,D 20 25-211 Aust 128
(Autumn) top 30 em
mature fern
Aug-Sept Top 50 em 30-39 40-100 101-250 USA 63
(Autumn) fronds
mature fronds
U U Sand 12-13 82-108 Bra 46 ev. Mary Washington
Mo(mglkg) 45-90 em tall Foliage of 0.15-0.50 5
mature fronds
BEAN - FRENCH, GREEN, SNAP, DWARF, BUSH (Phaseolus vulgaris)
N(%) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 3.5 4.0-6.0 Aust 129

leaf from
terminal)
Early Fl (Pods YMB F <5.0 5.0-5.2 5.2-5.4 Aust 103
<10 em long)
Peak harvest Pods F 3.1 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Seed harvest Seeds F 4.5 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
N03-N(%) Mid-growth PYMB (4th F 0.2 0.4 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Early FI PYMB (4th F 0.1 0.2 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
P(%) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 0.3 0.32-0.50 Aust 129
leaf from
terminal)
Early Fl (Pods YMB F <0.25 0.25-0.40 0.40-0.60 Aust 103
<10 em long)
Peak harvest Leaflets F 0.24 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Seed harvest Seeds F 0.36 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
P04-P(%) Mid-growth PYMB (4th F 0.1 0.3 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Early Fl PYMB (4th F 0.08 0.2 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
K(%) Mid-growth PYMB (4th F 3 5 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
~
~
W ill'
0-
QQ
~
;;-
'"
W
\I:>
C s.::Eo...
~
~
~
'"
~.
~
::
5"
iti'
BEAN - FRENCH, GREEN, SNAP, DWARF,BUSH (Phaseolus vulgaris) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
K(%) (etd) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 1.5 1.8-2.5 Aust 129 g.
leaf from
Early FI (Pods
<10 em long)
terminal)
YMB F <1.2 1.2-1.5 1.5-3.5 Aust 103

I
Early FI PYMB (4th F 2 4 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Peak harvest Seed F 1.3 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
S(%) Early growth WS (dried) Sand 0.16-0.64 1.12 USA 21

Seed harvest Seed F 0.22 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Ca(%) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 0.8-3.0 Aust 129

leaf from
terminal)
Early FI (Pods YMB F <1.2 1. 2-1.5 1.5-2.5 Aust 103

<10 em long)
Peak harvest WS F 2.36 USA 18
Mg(%) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 0.20 0.25-0.70 Aust 129

leaf from
terminal)
Early FI (Pods YMB F <0.25 0.25-0.40 0.40-0.80 Aust 103

<10 em long)

Na(%) Early FI YMB F 0.04-0.33 >0.33 Aust 2
CI(%) Early FI YMB F 0.6-2.0 >2.0 Aust 2
Early FI (8 days YMB F 0.63 4.35-5.35 USA 21
after 1st bud)
Cu(mglkg) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 4 15-30 Aust 129
leaf from
terminal)
Early FI (Pods YMB F <3 3-5 5-15 Aust 103
<10 em long)
Zn(mg/kg) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 20 30-60 Aust 129
leaf from
terminal)
Early FI YMB F <30 35-100 Aust 79

Peak harvest Leaflets F 46 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Peak harvest Pods F 34 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Seed harvest Seed F 37 USA 92 ev. Slim Green
Mn(mg/kg) 18 DAS All leaves Sand >120 USA 64 ev. Wonder Crop No 2
In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 25 30-300 Aust 129
leaf from
terminal)
Early FI (Pods YMB F <25 25-50 50-400 Aust 103
<10 em long)
Early FI YMB F >400 Aust 2
~
~
W
El'
0-
....
1.0 ~
'"
W
<.C ::Eo
N
...~
:t-
ie
~
'~".
:t-
::
S"
iti'
BEAN - FRENCH, GREEN, SNAP, DWARF, BUSH (Phaseolus vulgaris) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
Fetrng/kg) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 60 300-450 Aust 129 5-
::
leaf from
terminal) ~
::
Early FI YMB F 100-300 Aust 2
~
B(mglkg) In bud YMB + P (4th S,D 40-60 Aust 129
leaf from
terminal)
Pre-FI WS Soil <12 42 >125 Can 40 ev. Eastern Butterwax
Early FI YMB F <6 6-10 10-50 Aust 80
FI init. YMB+P F 20 Colo 54
Peak harvest WS Soil <13 88 >265 Can 40 ev. Eastern Butterwax
Peak harvest WS F 44 132 Can 38
Peak harvest Pods F 28 43 Can 38
Mo(mglkg) 56 DAS WS Soil 0.4 Can Aust 42
BEETROOT (Beta vulgaris)
N(%) Early Mat YMB+P S,D 3.0 3.5-5.0 Aust 129

Mat YMB+P F 3.5-5.0 USA 127
U YML U 3.5-5.0 U 5
P(%) Early Mat YMB+P S,D 0.20 0.25-0.35 Aust 129
Mat YMB+P F 0.20-0.30 USA 127
Mat Leaves F 0.15 0.28 USA 21
U YML U 0.25-0.5 U 5
Mat Roots F 0.10 0.27 USA 21
K(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 3-5 Aust 80
em diam.
U YML U 2.8-5.0 U 5
Early Mat YMB+P S,D 2 2-4 Aust 129
Mat YMB+P F 2-4 USA 127
5(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 0.18-0.30 Aust 80
em diam.
Ca(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 0.7-1.5 Aust 80
em diam.
Early Mat YMB+P S,D 2.5-3.5 Aust 129
Mat Whole plant F 1.24 USA 18
U YML U 1.5-2.5 U 5
Mg(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 1.5-2.5 Aust 80
em diam.
Early Mat YMB+P S,D 0.25 0.30-0.80 Aust 129
Mat YMB+P F 0.30-0.80 USA 127
U YML U 0.3-0.8 U 5
Na(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 3-10 Aust 80
em diam.
U Leaves Soil 3.42 10.3 USA 21
CI(%) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 2-10 Aust 80
em diam.
Cu(mgikg) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 5-10 Aust 80
em diam.
U YML U 7-15 U 5
Zn(mglkg) Early Mat YMB+P S,D 15 20-40 Aust 129
U YML U 20-60 U 5
Mn(mgikg) Early Mat YMB+P S,D 20 Aust 129
U YML U 50-150 U 5
Fe(mgikg) Early Mat S,D 70-200 Aust 129
B(mgikg) Roots, 4-7.5 WS F 20-40 Aust 80
em diam.
~
~
5l'
W l::'
1.0
W
1S"
til
IN
\&I ;:!1,
01>0
...:l:o~
~
~
'"~.
:l:o
::l
5"
rb'
BEETROOT (Beta vulgaris) (ctd) ~
~
5l"
B(mg/kg) Early Mat YMB+P S,D 21 60-80 Aust 129 §.
(ctd)
Mat LB Sand 15-16 27-83 USA 21
Mo(mg/kg)
U
56 DAS
YML
WS
U
Soil 0.05
35-80
0.62
U
USA
5
21
I
U YML U 0.2-1.0 U 5
Co(mg/kg) Mat WS F 0.19 USA 21
Mat Root F 0.08 USA 21
BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
N(%) Head WL S,D 3.2-5.5 Aust 129

Peak harvest WL F 4.0 4.5-4.8 Aust 94
Peak harvest Head F 5.0 5.6-6.1 Aust 94
N0 3 - N 50 DAT PYFEL F 9300-9800 9800-15800 USA 31
(mg/kg)
70 DAT PYFEL F 5500-7500 8700-12000 USA 31

90 DAT PYFEL F 2700-3700 6700-10500 USA 31
N03-N(%) Budding MRWL F <0.5 0.9 USA 71
P(%) Head WL S,D 0.3-0.7 Aust 129
Peak harvest Head F 0.69 0.79-1.07 USA 21
P04-P(%) Budding MRWL F <0.2 0.4 USA 71
K(%) Budding MRWL F 2 4 USA 71
Head WL S,D 2-4 Aust 129
Ca(%) Head WL S,D 1.2-2.5 Aust 129
-- -------

Mg(%) Head WL S,D 0.23-0.40 Aust 129
CI(%) Peak harvest WL F 2.00 2.25-2.65 Aust 94
Peak harvest Head F 0.7-0.8 Aust 94
Cu(mglkg) Head WL F 1-5 USA 127
Zn(mglkg) Head WL S,D 45-95 Aust 129
Mn(mglkg) Head WL S,D 25-150 Aust 129
B(mglkg) Head WL S,D <20 30-200 Aust 129
5% Heads WL F, Soil 2-9 10-71 Can 38
Mo(mglkg) 56 DAS WS Soil 0.04 Can Aust 42
Head WL S,D <0.1 0.3-0.5 Aust 97
BRl)SSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea var. gemmitere i
N(%) Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 2.2-4.2 Aust 129

Sprout YML U 2.2-4.2 U 5
initiation
Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 3-5 Aust 20
NOrN(%) Mid-growlh Midrib of YMB F 0.5 0.9 USA 71
P(%) Sprout YML U 0.25-0.50 U 5
initiation
Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 0.26-0.45 Aust 129
July YMB+P F 0.12 0.29-0.40 USA 21
P04-P(%) Mid-growth Midrib of YMB F 0.20 0.35 USA 71
K(%) Sprout YML U 2.4-3.4 U 5
initiation
Mid-growth Midrib of YMB F 3 5 USA 71
~
~
W
6l'
I.C
\,/l ~
IN
<.C ;:a
<:'I
~
....
);.
g
~
II>
P!-
);.
::I
:i
it'
BRUSSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) (ctd) -a
~
El'
Ca(%) Sprout YML U OA-2.0 U 5 6'-
::I
initiation
Early sprout YMB F 1A-2.6 Can 26 ~
growth
~
Mg(%) Sprout YML U 0.25-0.50 U 5
initiation
Early sprout YMB F 0.25-0.32 Can 26
growth
Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 0.23-0AO Aust 129
Na(%) Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 0.1-0.2 Aust 20
CI(%) Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 0.2-0.5 Aust 20
Cu(mglkg) Sprout YML U 5-12 U 5
initiation
Zn(mg/kg) Sprout YML U 20-60 U 5
initiation
Early sprout YMB F 26-35 Can 26
growth
Mn(mglkg) Sprout YML U 40-100 U 5
initiation
Early sprout YMB F 88-274 Can 26
growth
July YMB+P F 78-148 760-2035 USA 21
Fe(mglkg) Heart, 7 em Upper leaves S,D 50-150 Aust 20
AI(mglkg) U YMB+P Soil 51 USA 21
B(mglkg) Sprout YML U 30-80 U 5
initiation
early sprouting YMB F 26-70 113-123 Can 44 cv. Jade Cross
Heart, 7 cm Upper leaves F 30-40 USA 127
Heart, 7 cm Upper leaves 5,0 10-50 Aust 20
Budding LB F,Soil 6-10 13-101 Can 38
Mo(mglkg) Sprout YML U 0.4-0.7 U 5
initiation
Budding WS Soil <0.08 0.11-0.69 Can Aust 42
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
N(%) Mid head YMB F 2.3-3.4 USA 52 cw. Gourmet, Copenhagen

14 OAT YML Sand,F 4.38 4.50 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
28 OAT YML Sand,F 4.35 4.63 58 cv. Rampo
70 OAT (Head) YML Sand,F 3.50 3.96 58 cv. Rampo
84 OAT (Mat) YML Sand,F 3.10 3.92 58 cv. Rampo
Peak harvest YMHL F 2.9 3.0-3.7 Aust 94 cv. Irish
Head fully U 3.7-4.5 U 5
formation developed
leaves
Peak harvest Head (core F 3 USA 92 cv. King Cole
sample)
Peak harvest WL F 1.8 2.0-2.6 Aust 94 cv. Irish
Head WL 5,0 <2.50 2.5-4.0 Aust 20
Head WL 5,0 2.5 3.0-4.6 Aust 129
N03-N(%) 4-6 leaf midrib-YMB F 1.1 USA 33 response expected at lower values
10-12 leaf midrib-YMB F 0.8 USA 33 response expected at lower values
Early head midrib-YMB F 0.4 USA 33 response expected at lower values
Folding midrib-YMB F 0.6 USA 33 response expected at lower values
Pre-harvest midrib-YMB F 0.3 USA 33 response expected at lower values
14 OAT YML Sand,F 0.84 1.02 Aust 58 cv. Rampo ,
~
~
~
w e-
\&) i;;"
......
'"
W
;a
\&I
OQ
..
~
~
~
~
'"
!'i-
~
::J
:s-
ib'
CABBAGE (Brassica o/eracea L. var. capitata) (ctd) ~
~
N0 3-N(%) 28 DAT YML Sand,F 1.03 1.30 Aust 58 cv. Rampo ~
Q'
(ctd) ::J
42 DAT YML Sand.F 0.77 1.39 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
56 DAT YML Sand,F 0.61 0.90 Aust 58 cv. Rampo ~
70 DAT (Head) YML Sand,F 0.44 0.86 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
~
84 DAT (Mat) YML Sand,F 0.73 1.26 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
Head MRWL F 0.5 0.9 USA 71
Head Heart leaf F <0.50 0.50-1.00 Rom 27
NOrN 14 DAT PYMB Sand,F 2800 3760 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
(mg/kg)
28 DAT PYMB Sand,F 1800 2440 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
petiole sap
42 DAT PYMB Sand,F 1300 2200 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
56 DAT PYMB Sand.F 1000 1660 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
70 DAT (Head) PYMB Sand.F 1750 3500 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
84 DAT(Mat) PYMB Sand,F 2700 4210 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
P(%) Mid head YMB F 0.3-0.4 USA 52 cvv. Gourmet, Copenhagen
14 DAT YML Sand.F 0.49 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
42 DAT YML Sand,F 0.6 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
70 DAT (Head) YML Sand,F 0.46 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
84 DAT (Mat) YML Sand,F 0.55 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
Head WL S,D <0.20 0.30-0.50 Aust 20
Head WL S,D 0.20 0.25-0.50 Aust 129
head fully U 0.3-0.5 U 5
formation developed
leaves
Peak harvest Head (core F 0.26 USA 92 cv. KingCole
sample)
P0 4-P(%) Head Heart leaf <0.18 0.18-0.40 Rom 27
K(%) Mid head YMB F 2.6-3.1 USA 52 cvs. or cvv. Gourmet, Copenhagen
14 DAT YML 5and,F 4.32 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
70 DAT (Head) YML 5and,F 6.63 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
84 DAT (Mat) YML 5and,F 5.2 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
Head WL 5,D <2.0 2.0-4.0 Aust 20
Head WL 5,D 2.0 3.0-4.0 Aust 129
formation developed
leaves
Peak harvest Head (core F 2.4 USA 92 cv. King Cole
sample)
Head MRWL F 2 4 USA 71
K2O-K(%) Head Heart leaf F <2.0 2.0-3.5 Rom 27
5(%) 14 DAT YML 5and,F 1.5 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
70 DAT (Head) YML 5and,F 1.86 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
84 DAT (Mat) YML 5and,F 1.88 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
sample)
Ca(%) Peak harvest W5 F 0.55 USA 18
Mid head YMB F 1.5-1.8 USA 52 cw. Gourmet, Copenhagen
~
~
~
w
\t:)
~
\t:) i'S"
'"
01:0
o ::l1.
o ~
.....
:J>.
~
~
til
~.
:J>.
:::s
:r
iti'
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
~
Ca(%) (ctd) 42 DAT YML· Sand,F 2.69 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
70 DAT (Head) YML Sand.F 3.22 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
[
~
Head WL S,D <0.5 2.0-3.0 Aust 20
Head WL S,D 1.0 1.5-3.0 Aust 129
formation developed
leaves
sample)
Mg(%) Mid head YMB F 0.3-0.4 USA 52 cvv. Gourmet, Copenhagen
70 DAT (Head) YML Sand,F 0.57 Aust 58 cv. Rampo
Head WL S,D <0.1 0.2-0.6 Aust 20
Head WL S,D 0.15 0.20-0.60 Aust 129
formation developed
leaves
sample)
Na(%) Head WL S,D <1.0 Aust 20
Na(%) Peak harvest Head (core F 0.11 USA 92 cv. King Cole
sample)
CI(%) Peak harvest YMHL F 0.3 0.4-0.7 Aust 94 cv. Irish

Head WL S,D <2.0 Aust 20
Peak harvest WL F 1.3-3.2 Aust 94 cv. Irish
sample)
Cu(mglkg) 55 DAT WL Sand 56-116 lap 51 cv. Soshu

Head WL S,D 5.2 Aust 20
Head WL S,D 5.0 5.2 Aust 129
Head fully U 5-12 U 5
formation developed
leaves

sample)
55 DAT Roots Sand 3225- lap 51 cv. Soshu: extremely toxic

13000
Zntrng/kg) 55 DAT WL Sand 358-805 lap 51 cv. Soshu

Head WL S,D <10 10-200 Aust 20
Head WL S,D 15 20-200 Aust 129
formation developed
leaves

sample)
55 DAT Roots Sand 2075-6555 lap 51 cv. Soshu

Mn(mglkg) Head fully U 30-100 U 5
formation developed
leaves
Fe(mglkg) 55 DAT WL Sand 129 143 lap 51 cv. Soshu; marginal growth reduction
Head WL S,D <50 50-200 Aust 20
sample)
~
~
5l'
51:
"'"
o
..... ~
~
o
N ~
~
;r..
51
~
'"
~.
;r..
::I
:;
iti
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) (ctd) ~
~
st
Fe(mglkg)
(ctd)
55 DAT Roots Sand 7493 26534 jap 51 cv. Soshu; root necrosis g-
B(mglkg) Head WL S,D 20 20-60 Aust 129 ~
Head WL S,D <20 30-60 Aust 97 ~
formation developed
leaves
Mo(mglkg) Early head WS F <0.26 0.68-1.49 Can 42
Head WL S,D <0.1 0.2 0.3-0.5 Aust 97
formation developed
leaves
Co(mglkg) 55 DAT WL Sand 138-1250 lap 51 cv. Soshu
55 DAT Roots 1665-3235 lap 51 cv. Soshu; little growth reduction at lower level
CAPSICUM - BELL, CHERRY, CONE,CLUSTER, CHILLI, SWEET (Capsicum annuum var. annuum)
N(%) Mid-growth YML F 3.0-4.5 USA 127 Bell pepper

Mid-growth YML 3.0-4.5 5 Paprika or pod pepper
Spring Bud YML F 5.89-6.02 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
development
Spring 1st YML F 6.53-6.87 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
anthesis
Spring YML F 6.19-6.46 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
Flowering
Spring Fruit set YML F S.98-6.35 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
1st bloom to YML 3.50-3.99 4.00-6.00 >6.00 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
Final 1/3 YML 3.00-3.49 3.50-5.00 >5.00 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
Early fruit YML S,D 2.9-4.6 Aust 129 Bell pepper
U L <2.0 3.5-5.5 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
NOrN(%) Early growth PYML F 0.5 0.7 USA 71 ChiIIi pepper
Early growth PYML F 0.8 1.2 USA 71 Sweet pepper
Spring Bud PYML F 0.5-0.6 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
development
Spring 1st PYML F 0.62-0.71 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
anthesis
Spring PYML F 0.46-0.60 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
Flowering
Spring Fruit set PYML F 0.16-0.28 Aust 91 cv. Bell Tower
Early fruit PYML F 0.1 0.2 USA 71 Chilli
Early fruit PYML F 0.3 0.5 USA 71 Sweet
Prior to harvest YFML F <0.10 USA 120 Chilli pepper cv. New Mexico
Prior to harvest YFML F 0.40-0.60 1.97 USA 120 Chilli pepper cv. New Mexico
P(%) Mid-growth YML F 0.3-0.7 USA 127 Bell pepper
final 1/3
U L <0.2 0.3-0.8 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
P04-P(%) Early growth PYML F 0.2 0.3 USA 71 Chilli pepper
Early growth PYML F 0.2 0.4 USA 71 Sweet pepper
Early fruit PYML F 0.15 0.25 USA 71 Chilli pepper
Early fruit PYML F 0.15 0.25 USA 71 Sweet pepper
K(%) Early growth PYML F 4 6 USA 71 Chilli pepper
Early growth PYML F 4 6 USA 71 Sweet pepper
Mid-growth YML F 4.0-5.4 USA 127 Bell pepper
final 1/3
~
~
6l'
o"'"
w ~
""o ~
a
"" :l-
s
~
'"~.
:I-
::I
S"
;-
CAPSICUM - BElL, CHERRY, CONE, CLUSTER, CHILLI, SWEET (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) (ctd) ~
~
ill'
K(%) (ctd) Early fruit
U
PYML
L
F 3.0
<2.0
5.0
3.0-6.0
USA
UK
71
134
Chilli & sweet pepper
cv. Bellboy
i"
Ca(%) Mid-growth
Mid-growth
YML
YML
F 0.4-0.6
0.4-1.0
USA 127
5
Bell pepper
Paprika or pod pepper
(
final 1/3
U L <1.0 1.5-3.5 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Mg(%) Mid-growth YML 0.3-0.8 5 Paprika or pod pepper
1st bloom & YML 0.26-0.29 0.30-1.00 >1.00 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
U L <0.3 0.35-0.80 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Cu(mglkg) Mid-growth YML F 10-20 USA 127 Bell pepper
U L <4 6-20 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Mid-growth YML 8-15 5 Paprika or pod pepper
1st bloom & YML 4-5 6-25 >25 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
Early fruit YML S,D 10-200 Aust 129 Bell pepper
Zn(mglkg) 1st bloom & YML 18-19 20-200 >200 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
Early fruit YML 20-60 5 Paprika or pod pepper
U L <25 40-100 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Mn(mglkg) 1st bloom & YML 40-49 50-250 >250 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
Early fruit YML 30-100 5 Paprika or pod pepper
U L <20 100-300 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Fe(mglkg) 1st bloom & YML 50-59 60-300 >300 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
U L 66 80-200 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Bung/kg) Mid-growth YML F 40-100 USA 127 Bell pepper
Mid-growth YML 40-80 5 Paprika or pod pepper
1st bloom & YML 23-24 25-75 >75 USA 63 Bell pepper, Grossum group
final 1/3
U L <20 30-90 UK 134 cv. Bellboy
Mo(mglkg) Mid-growth YML 0.2-0.6 5 Paprika or pod pepper
Co(mglkg) Mat WS F 0.31 USA 21 Bell pepper
Mat Fruit F 0.12 USA 21 Bell pepper
CARROT (Daucus carota L.)
N(%) Pre-thinning WS F 3.5-3.7 Rom 27

Mid-growth WS U 2.0-3.5 U 5
Root WS F 2.6 Rom 27
thickening
Mid-growth YML S,D 1.8 2.0-3.5 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 1.5 1.6-1.7 Aust 94
28 DAS Whole plant Sand 5.9-8.3 UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max reiative growth rate
Peak harvest Root F 0.80 0.85-0.95 Aust 94
N03-N(%) Mid-growth PYML F 0.5 1.0 USA 71
Root PYML F 0.25-0.45 0.50-0.75 Rom 27
thickening
P(%) Pre-thinning WS F 0.35-0.44 Rom 27
Root WS F 0.31 Rom 27
thickening
63 DAS YMB+P F 0.38 Aust 81 cv. Western Red; for 99% max yield
Peak harvest YML F 0.2 0.3-0.4 Aust 94 ~
~
Ii:'
=
"'"
\i1 f
"'" ~
a
Q
0'1
:l>-
al
~
'"~.
:l>-
:::
CARROT (Daucus carota L.) (ctd) =

;-
~
~
ill'
P(%) (ctd) 28DAS Whole plant Sand 0.72-0.91 UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
§"
P0 4-P(%)
Peak harvest
Mid-growth
Root
PYML
F
F 0.2
0.14 0.33-0.65
0.4
USA
USA
21
71
I
Root PYML F 0.10-0.15 0.20-0.25 Rom 27
thickening
Pre-harvest YML F <0.15 0.26-0.30 Rom 27
Pre-harvest Root F <0.14 0.33-0.65 Rom 27
K(%) Pre-harvest WS F 3.5-3.7 Rom 27
Root WS F 2.9-3.3 Rom 27
thickening
Mid-growth PYML F 4 6 USA 71
Peak harvest YML F 1.0 1.3-1.5 Aust 94
28DAS Whole plant Sand 0.9-2.2 UK 5 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
K2O% Root PYML F <2.0 4.0-5.0 Rom 27
thickening
S(%) Roots, 1-3 cm WS F 0.2-0.4 Aust 80
diam.
Peak harvest WS Peat 0.32-0.63 Can 41
28DAS Whole plant Sand 0.12-0.18 UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
Ca(%) Mid-growth WS U 1.2-2.0 U 5
Mid-growth YML S,D 1.4-3.0 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 1.8-2.0 Aust 94
28DAS Whole plant Sand 2 UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
Peak harvest Whole plant F 0.93 USA 18
Peak harvest Root F 0.30-0.35 Aust 94
Mg(%) Roots, 1-3 em WS F 0.4-0.6 Aust 80
diam.
28 DAS Whole plant Sand 0.06-0.08 UK 53 ev. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
Na(%) 90 DAS WS Sand 0.66-4.50 USA 21
CI(%) Roots, 1-3 em WS F 2-3 Aust 80
diam.
Cu(mg/kg) Mid-growth YML S,D 4 5-7 Aust 129
Mid-growth YML F <5 10-25 >30 Aust 96
15 em high Mature leaf F 4 Can 68 ev. Spartan Fancy
28 DAS Whole plant Sand <30 UK 53 ev. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
Zn(mg/kg) Mid-growth WS U 30-80 U 5
Peak harvest WS Peat 184-490 Can 41
Mid-growth YML S,D 18 20-50 Aust 129
15 em high Mature leaf F 44 Can 68 ev. Spartan Fancy
Mn(mg/kg) Mid-growth WS U 50-100 U 53
Roots, 1-3 em WS F 40-100 Aust 80
diam.
Peak harvest WS Peat >332 Can 41
Mid-growth YML S,D 190-350 Aust 129
Fe(mg/kg) Peak harvest WS Peat 39-82 Can 41
Mid-growth YML S,D 120-350 Aust 129
28 DAS Whole plant Sand 466-818 UK 53 ev. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
B(mg/kg) Mid-growth WS U 30-80 U 5
Roots, 1-3 em WS F 20-40 Aust 80
diam.
~
~
ill'
0-
"'o" it
" '"
,J:o.
=
QQ
::l2.
!!J
.....
:t.
~
~
'"~.
:t.
::l
:s-
rti'
CARROT (Daucus carota L.) (ctd) -a~
El'
B(mglkg)
(ctd)
Mid-growth YML S,D 20 29-35 Aust 129 §-
Harvest LB F <16 32-103 175-307 Can 38
15 em high Mature leaf F 29 Can 68 cv. Spartan Fancy f
28 DAS Whole plant Sand UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
~
<30
Mo(mglkg) Mid-growth WS U 0.5-1.5 U 5
Mat WS Soil 0.04 Can 45 cv. Sativa D.C.
15 em high Mature leaf F 0.15 Can 45 cv. Spartan Fancy
15 em high Mature leaf F 0.17 Can 68 cv. Spartan Fancy
28 DAS Whole plant Sand <3.6 UK 53 cv. Kingston; for 90% max relative growth rate
Co(mglkg) Pre-harvest WS F 0.11 USA 21
Harvest Root F 0.03 USA 21
CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
N(%) Buttoning YMB S,D 5.0-7.0 Aust 20

Curd onset Middle fully U 3.0-4.5 U 5
developed
leaves
Peak harvest Curd F 3.0 3.2-4.0 Aust 94
U Leaf F 2.7 Ind 1 cv. Snowball 16
U Curd F 2.8 Ind 1 cv. Snowball 16
NOrN(%) Buttoning MRWL F <0.5 0.9 USA 71
P(%) Buttoning YMB+P F 0.46 Aust 82 cv. Arfak; for 95% max yield
Buttoning YMB+P F 0.47 Aust 82 cv. Arfak; for 99% max yield
Peak harvest LB S,D 0.3 Aust 48
Buttoning WL S,D 0.5-0.7 Aust 129
P(%) Curd onset Middle fully U 0.4-0.7 U 5
developed
leaves
P04-P(%) Buttoning MRWL F 0.25 0.35 USA 71
K(%) Buttoning YMB S,D 1.5-2.8 Aust 20
Buttoning MRWL F 2 4 USA 71
Peak harvest LB S,D <2.5 Aust 48
developed
leaves
S(%) Peak harvest LB S,D 1.0-1.5 Aust 48
Ca(%) Peak harvest WS F 1.63 USA 18
Buttoning YMB S,D 1.0-2.0 Aust 20
Head (pre- WL S,D 2.0-3.5 Aust 129
buttoning)
developed
leaves
Mg(%) Buttoning YMB S,D 0.15-0.30 Aust 20
Peak harvest LB S,D <0.25 Aust 48
developed
leaves
Cu(mglkg) Curd onset Middle fully U 5-12 U 5
developed
leaves
~
~
lit
eo
""o
1.0 1S'
'"
...""o ~
a.,.
~
~
'"~ .
.,.:::
S"
;j;'
CAULIFLOWER (Brassica o/eracea var. botrytis) (ctd) -a
~
S'
Zn(mglkg) Curd onset Middle fully
developed
U 30-70 U 5 g-
leaves ~
:::
U Leaf F 33 49 Ind 1 cv. Snowball 16
~
U Curd F 3S 50 Ind 1 cv. Snowball 16
Mn(mglkg) Curd onset Middle fully U 30-100 U 5
developed
leaves
B(mglkg) 5% heads YMB F 8-9 15-40 Can 43 cv. Snowball Y
formed
50% curds YMB+P F 11 37 Ind 65 cv. Pusa Snowball 1
formed
Curd onset Middle fully U 30-80 U 5
developed
leaves
Mat Leaf F 10 47-60 Ind 66 cv. Pusa Snowball 1
Mo(mglkg) Curd WS Soil 0.07 Can 45 cv. Primosnow
appearance
50 DAS WS F 0.1 2.0-5.0 NZ 114 No intermediate treatments
developed
leaves
CELERY (Apium graveo/ens var, dulce)
N(%) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS S,D 1.5-2.5 Aust 20

Peak harvest Trimmed WS F 1.5 1.8-2.4 Aust 94
30 DAS YMB+P Soil 4.8-5.8 NZ 84
Transplanting YMB+P Soil 4.4-6.2 NZ 84
Mid-growth YMB+P S,D 3.0-6.0 Aust 20
Mid-growth YMB+P F 2.5-3.5 USA 127
N(%) Mid-growth Middle fully U 2.8-4.0 U 5
developed
leaves
Pre-harvest YMB+P F 4.0-5.0 NZ 84
N0 3-N(%) Mid-growth PYMB F 0.5 0.9 USA 71
Pre-harvest PYMB F 0.4 0.6 USA 71
P(%) 105 DAS WS Soil 0.25 USA 13
Pre-harvest Trimmed WS S,D 0.5-0.7 Aust 20
Mid-growth P F 0.23-0.26 0.29 USA 21
Peak harvest P F 0.43 0.64-0.90 USA 21
Harvest P-outer leaves F 0.55 USA 111 98% max yield
Mid-growth Middle fully U 0.20-0.35 U 5
developed
leaves
P04-P(%) Mid-growth PYMB 0.2 0.4 USA 71
Pre-harvest PYMB 0.2 0.4 USA 71
K(%) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS S,D 3.5-5.3 Aust 20
Mid-growth PYMB F 4.0-7.0 USA 71
Pre-harvest PYMB F 3.0-5.0 USA 71
Harvest P-outer leaves F 7.7 USA 111 98% max yield
~
~
~
......"'" ~
...."'"
N
:Eo
III
a
~
~
~
'"
~.
~
::l
:;-
;s-
CELERY (Apium graveo/ens var. dulce) (ctd) ~
~
~
K(%) (ctd) Mid-growth Middle fully 2.4-3.8 U 5
developed
U §"
leaves ~
::l
Ca(%) Peak harvest WS F 1.61 USA 18
~
developed
leaves
Mg(%) Peak harvest WS F 0.11-0.25 0.34-0.43 USA 21
developed
leaves
Na(%) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS S,D 0.2 Aust 20
Mid-growth YMB+P S,D 0.2 Aust 20
CI(%) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS S,D 2.0-4.0 Aust 20
Peak harvest Trimmed WS F 7.4-8.8 Aust 94
Mid-growth YMB+P 5,0 2-3 >4 Aust 20
Cu(mg/kg) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS 5,0 100-250 Aust 20 Contamination may be involved
Mid-growth YMB+P 5,0 <5 10-40 Aust 20
Mid-growth Middle fully U 8-12 U 5
developed
leaves
Zn(mglkg) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS 5,0 30-70 Aust 20
Mid-growth P F 30-100 USA 3
developed
leaves
Mn(mglkg) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS 5,0 15-50 Aust 20
30DAS YMB+P Soil 60-200 NZ 84
Transpl anti ng YMB+P Soil 120-350 NZ 84
Pre-harvest YMB+P F 70-110 NZ 84
developed
leaves
Fe(mglkg) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS 5,0 30-70 Aust 20
Mid-growth YMB+P 5,0 80-200 Aust 20
B(mglkg) Pre-harvest Trimmed WS 5,0 40-60 Aust 20
developed
leaves
Pre-harvest Leaflets F 20 68-432 720 Can 38
Peak harvest P F 16 28-75 Can 38
Mo(mglkg) Mid-growth Middle fully U 0.3-1.0 U 5
developed
leaves
~
~
Ql'
..."'w" s::
~
...
01:-
01:-
::Eo
Ql
....
::l
:J>.
~
'-<'
<IS
~.
:J>.
::l
::
rti'
CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus) ~
~
6l'
N(%) Mid-FI WS F 3.5-4.4 Rom 27 g-
FI bud to 5th B from tip 3.80-4.49 4.50-6.00 >6.00 USA 63 Field type
small fruit ~
1st fu lIy dev. 5th B from tip 3.50-4.29 4.30-6.00 >6.00 USA 63 European type ~
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 3.50-3.99 4.00-5.50 >5.50 USA 63 Field type
harvest
Fruit set YML F 2.2-2.8 Rom 27
3-8 leaves PYML F 0.4-0.7 Rom 27
Early FI PYML Sand 0.2 UAR 29
Fruit set PYML F 0.58-0.63 Rom 27
Fruit set (6th PYML F 0.5 0.9 USA 71 Pickling cultivar
leaf)
FI to fruit dev Middle ML 2.8-5.0 5
U ML 2.5-5.0 USA 4
U Younger L Sand <3 5-7 132
U Older L Sand <2.0 2.5-3.5 132
4th leaf Sap ofWS F 4.6-4.9 Rom 27
Mid-FI Sap of PYML F 0.58-0.63 Rom 27
Mature fruit Fruit F 2.4-3.7 Rom 27 Fruit centre sampled
N03-N(%) U ML, mid stem 0.1 0.1-1.6 1.8 Neth 106
P(%) 7-10 DAS WS F 0.17-0.33 0.45-0.70 USA 21
Mid-FI WS F 0.44 Rom 27
FI bud to 5th B from tip 0.28-0.34 0.34-1.25 >1.25 USA 63
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 0.25-0.29 0.30-1.00 >1.0 USA 63
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 0.22-0.24 0.25-1.00 >1.00 USA 63
harvest
Mid-FI PYML F 0.04-0.05 Rom 27
Fruit set (6th PYML F 0.15 0.25 USA 71 Pickling cultivar
leaf)
Fruit set YML F 0.22 Rom 27
FI to fruit dey Middle ML 0.5-0.9 5
U ML 0.2-0.6 USA 4
U Younger L Sand <0.3 0.8-1.5 132
U Older L Sand <0.2 0.6-1.3 132
ML, mid stem 0.13 0.35-0.74 >1.00 Neth 106
4th leaf Sap ofWS F >0.44 Rom 27
3-8 leaves Sap of PYML F 0.014-0.030 Rom 27
Fruiting Sap of PYML F 0.03 Rom 27
K(%) 7-10 DAS WS F 1.60-1.80 3.30-4.20 USA 21
4th leaf WS F 3.15-3.32 Rom 27
Mid-FI WS F 2.41-2.66 Rom 27 Pickling cultivar
FI bud to 5th B from tip 3.20-3.89 3.90-5.00 >5.00 USA 63
small fruit
1st fu lIy dey. 5th B from tip 2.00-3.09 3.10-5.50 >5.50 USA 63
fruit
harvest
FI to fruit dey MiddleML 4-7 5
Fruit set (6th PYML F 3 5 USA 71
leaf)
U ML 2.0-6.0 USA 4
U L Sand 0.8-1.5 132
U ML, mid stem 0.5 2.1 2.5-5.4 Neth 106
K2O-K(%) 3-8 leaves Sap of PYML F 0.60-0.65 Rom 27
Fruiting Sap of PYML F 0.55-0.60 Rom 27
S(%) FI bud to 5th B from tip 0.25-0.39 0.40-0.70 >0.70 USA 63 European type
small fruit
1st fully dey. 5th B from tip <0.4 0.4-0.7 >0.7 USA 63 Field type
fruit
~
~
El'
...""'
(,Il
c:-
iD"
'"
....
""' ::Eo
0'1
~....
~
~
~
II>
~.
~
::
:;-
rti'
CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus) (ctd) ~
til
El'
~
S(%) (ctd) Small fruit to 5th B from tip 0.25-0.29 0.30-1.00 >1.00 USA 63
harvest
U
U
ML
ML, mid stem 0.06
0.3-0.5
0.60-0.70
USA
Neth
4
106
[
Ca(%) FI bud to 5th B from tip 0.90-1.39 1.40-3.50 >3.50 USA 63
small fruit
1st fu lIy dev. 5th B from tip 1.50-2.49 2.50-4.00 >4.00 USA 63
fruit
harvest
FI to fruit dev MiddleML 0.7-1.1 5
U ML 1.0-2.0 USA 4 Field type
Harvest YML F 3.71 USA 18
U ML, mid stem 2.3 2.3-4.3 5.7-11.4 Neth 106
U Younger L Sand <0.7 132 European type
U Older L Sand <2.0 132
Mg(%) FI bud to 5th B from tip 0.22-0.29 0.30-1.00 >1.00 USA 63
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 0.25-0.34 0.35-1.00 >1.00 USA 63 Field type
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 0.25-0.29 0.30-1.20 >1.20 USA 63 Field type
harvest
FI to fruit dev Middle ML 0.3-0.6 5 Field type
U ML 0.3-0.6 USA 4 Field type
U ML, mid stem 0.22 0.60-1.30 Neth 106 Field type
U Younger L Sand <0.35 0.50-0.90 132
3-7 leaves Sap of PYML F 0.012-0.017 Rom 27
Fruiting Sap of PYML F 0.028-0.032 Rom 27 European type
0(%) U ML 0.5-1.0 USA 4 Field type
All stages Sap of PYML F 0.06-0.10 Rom 27 Seriesof experiments
Cu(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 4-6 7-20 >20 USA 63 Field type
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 6-7 8-10 >20 USA 63 European type
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 3-7 8-20 >20 USA 63
harvest
2 weeks after YML F <8 7-10 >10 Can 39
1st harvest
FI to fruit dev MiddleML 6-15 5 Field type
U ML 5-10 USA 4
U ML, mid stem 2 7-10 Neth 106 Field type
U 4-5th L 2 6-8 10-18 89 Field type
Zn(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 15-24 25-100 >100 USA 63
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 18-24 25-200 >200 USA 63
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 18-24 25-300 >300 USA 63
harvest
Harvest YML F 20-40 USA 127
FI to fruit dev Middle ML 30-80 5
U ML 50-150 USA 4
U ML, mid stem 9 90-150 900 Neth 106
U 4-5th L 20-25 40-80 150-180 89
Mn(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 20-49 50-300 301-500 USA 63 Field type
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 25-49 50-300 301-500 USA 63 Field type
fruit
Small fru it to 5th B from tip 25-49 50-400 401-600 USA 63 Field type
harvest
FI to fruit dev Middle ML 30-50 5 European type
U ML 100-200 USA 4 European type
U Younger L Sand 30-60 >500 132
U Older L Sand 100-250 >800 132
U ML, mid stem 12 100-300 >682 Neth 106
~
~
......
j;J'
0-
r;;
'I
'"
...
".,
QQ S¥
:a
~
~
~
til
~.
~
:::
::
Ii
CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus) (ctd) ~
til
£l'
Mn(mglkg)
(ctd)
U 4-5th L 40-100 89 §-
Fe(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 30-49 50-300 >300 USA 63 European type [
small fruit
~
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 35-49 50-300 >300 USA 63
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 30-49 50-300 >300 USA 63 Field type
harvest
U ML 30-150 USA 4 Field type
U ML, mid stem 63 120-420 Neth 106 Field type
U L Sand <50 100-300 132 European type
U 4-5th L 100-120 150-250 89 Field type
B(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 22-24 25-60 61-200 USA 63 Field type
small fruit
1st fully dev. 5th B from tip 25-29 30-100 >100 USA 63 Field type
fruit
Small fruit to 5th B from tip 22-29 30-100 101-250 USA 63
harvest
Harvest YML F 50-80 USA 127
2 weeks after YML F <20 40-120 >300 Can 38
1st harvest
FI to fruit dev MiddleML 25-40 5 European type
U ML 80-100 USA 4 Field type
U L Sand 25 50-140 >400 132
U ML, mid stem 20 40-120 300-500 Neth 106 European type
U 4-5th L 20-25 30-60 240-280 89
Mo(mglkg) FI bud to 5th B from tip 0.4-0.7 0.8-3.3 >3.3 USA 63
small fruit
1st fu lIy dev. 5th B from tip 0.4-0.7 0.8-3.3 >3.3 USA 63
fruit
harvest
U ML 0.5-1.0 USA 4
FI to fruit dey. Middle ML 0.5-1.0 5
U ML, mid stem <0.3 0.8-3.3 Neth 106
U 4-5th L 0.5-0.6 1.0-5.0 89
GARLIC (Allium sativum)
N(%) Pre-bulb YMB 5.5 Chile 108

Pre-bulb YMB 4 USA 121
Bulbing YMB 3 USA 121
Post-bulb YMB 2 USA 121
Pre-bulb YMB (no 4.00-4.39 4.40-5.00 >5.00 USA 63
wh ite portion)
Bulbing YMB (no 3.00-3.39 3.40-4.50 >4.50 USA 63
white portion)
P(%) Pre-bulb YMB 0.5 Chile 108
Pre-bulb YMB (no 0.25-0.29 0.30-0.60 >0.60 USA 63
white portion)
white portion)
K(%) Pre-bulb YMB (no 3.00-3.89 3.90-4.80 >4.80 USA 63
white portion)
Pre-bulb YMB 2 Chile 108
white portion)
Ca(%) Pre-bulb YMB (no 0.60-0.79 0.80-1.50 >1.50 USA 63
white portion)
white portion)
Mg(%) Pre-bulb YMB (no 0.10-0.14 0.15-0.25 >0.25 USA 63
white portion)
Pre-bulb YMB 0.2 Chile 108
wh ite portion)
~
~
fit
"'"
.....
I.C ~
01'0
hl
o a¥
~
~
51
~
'"p!.
~
::
::
rti
GARLIC (Allium sativum) (ctd) -t!
iil
Zn(mglkg) Pre-bulb YMB 10 Chile 108
£
Q'
::
Mn(mglkg) Pre-bulb YMB 25 Chile 108
[
LETTUCE (Laduca sativa) ~
N(%) 8 leaf YMB+2* F 4.10-5.46 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YMB+2* F 3.00-4.36 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat (70 OAS) YMB F 4.21-4.51 USA 88 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
7 OAT YML Sand,F 5.03 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisphead
14 OAT YML Sand,F 5.3 5.4 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisphead
49 OAT (Head) YML Sand,F 4.05 4.30 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisp head
56 OAT (Mat) YML Sand,F 4.0 4.3 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisp head
Mat YML Sand,F 4.01 Aust 56 cv. Fame - crisp head
Mat YML Sand,F 3.44-3.57 Aust 56 cv. Coolguard - crisp head
Head WL S,O 2.8 3.3-4.0 Aust 129
Head WL F 4.0-4.5 NZ 85 cv. Triumph
Harvest WL F 3.0 3.1-3.5 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
Harvest YMHL F 3.3 3.5-4.0 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
NOTN(%) Harvest WS Sand 0.3 USA
Harvest MRWL F 0.3 0.6 USA 71
Head Upper part F <0.20 0.20-0.40 Hun 27
heart leaf
NOTN 7 OAT PYML Sand,F 500 1100 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisphead
(rug/kg)
14 OAT PYML Sand,F 300 700 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisphead
petiole sap
49 DAT (Head) PYML Sand,F 950 1600 Aust 60 Head development week 6
56 DAT (Mat) YML Sand.F 900 1500 Aust 60 cv. Montello - crisphead
P(%) 8 leaf YMB+2* F 0.20-0.38 0.38 0.44-0.58 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YMB+2* F 0.34-0.44 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat (70 DAS) YMB F 0.38-0.46 USA 49 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
Mat YML Sand.F 0.43 Aust 56 cv. Fame - crisphead
Mat YML Sand,F 0.7 Aust 56 cv. Cool guard - crisphead
28 DAS Leaf Peat-Ver 0.55-0.76 USA Can 8
Head WL S,D 0.3 0.4-0.6 Aust 129
P0 4-P(%) Head MRWL F 0.2 0.4 USA 71
Mid-Head Leaf F <0.2 0.2-0.4 Hun 27
K(%) 8 leaf YMB+2* F 2.1-4.7 4.7 5.6-9.2 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YMB+2 Sand,F 5.47 10.00-10.30 Aust 56 cv. Coolguard - crisphead
Mat (70DAS) YMB F 3.83-4.46 USA 49 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
14 DAT YML Sand,F 7.1 Aust 60 cv. Montello-crisphead
21 DAT YML Sand,F 7.4 Aust 60 cv. Montello-crisphead
35 DAT YML Sand.F 8.4 Aust 60 cv. Montello-crisphead
49 DAT (Head) YML Sand.F 10.4 Aust 60 cv. Montello-crisphead
56 DAT (Mat) YML Sand.F 10.6 Aust 60 cv. Montello-crisphead
Head WL S,D 5.0-8.0 Aust 129
Head MRWL F 2 4 USA 71
~
~
..,. ill'
..."" e-
;;-
'"
""
N
N
~
a
:I>-
~
~
'"~.
:I>-
=
LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) (ctd) =
~
-a;jl
El'
K2O-K(%) Mid-Head YMHL F <0.30 0.43-0.70 Hun 27
§"
S(%) 0.30-0.32 Neth 116
~
Harvest WS Soil
Ca(%) Head WS F 0.43 USA 18
8 leaf YMB+2' F 1.61-1.97 USA 112 'Oldest sound leaf, range of crisp head cultivars
l
Mat YMB+2' F 1.49-3.05 USA 112 'Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Head YMHL F 0.50 0.55-0.75 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
Mat YML Sand,F 1.49-1.78 Aust 56 cv. Coolguard - crisphead

Head WL F 1.3 1.4-1 .5 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
Mg(%) 8 leaf YMB+2' F 0.29-0.57 USA 112 'Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YMB+2' F 0.36-0.48 USA 112 'Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YML Sand,F 0.35-0.40 Aust 56 cv. Coolguard - crisp head


Na(%) Head WL F 0.02-0.20 NZ 85 cv. Triumph
Head WL D <0.5-1.0 Aust 102
0(%) Harvest YMHL F 2.90-2.95 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
Head WL D <2-3 Aust 102
Harvest WL F 5.3-5.7 Aust 94 cv. Great Lakes
Cu(mglkg) Mat (35 DAT) WS Sand 0.37 1.43 Korea 135 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
8 leaf YMB+2' F 10-18 USA 112 'Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat YMB+2* F 4-12 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars
Mat (70 DAS) YMB F 8-11 USA 49 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
Mat YML Sand,F 13 Aust 56 cv. Fame - crisphead
Head WL 0 <10 10-35 Aust 102
Head WL Soil,F <5 10-25 Aust 95
Head WL F 7-10 NZ 85 cv. Triumph
28DAS Leaf Peat-Ver 7-14 USA Can 8
5th leaf Leaf Sand >21 UK 28 cv. WebbsWonderrul
Zn(mglkg) Head WS Soil 96-665 USA 14
Mat (35 DAS) WS Sand 1-17 1.92 Korea 135 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
8 leaf YMB+2* F 45-81 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars

Head WL 0 <30 30-100 Aust 102
Mn(mglkg) 27DAS WS Sand 14 USA 125
Harvest WS Soil 356-580 Neth 117
27DAS YMHL Sand 63-130 333-1150 USA 125
Mat YML Sand,F 46-57 Aust 56 cv. Cool guard - crisp head
27DAS WL Sand 307-704 1845-5430 USA 125
Head WL 0 50-300 Aust 102

Fe(mglkg) Mat (70 DAS) YMB F 109-120 USA 49 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
Mat YML Sand.F 189 Aust 56 cv. Fame - crisphead
~
~
..,. ill'
0-
N ~
W
'"
"'" ~
N
"'" a
).
5l
~
<IS
~.
).
=
S"
~
LETTUCE (Laduca sativa) (ctd) -a
~
Fe(mglkg) Mat YML Sand.F 172 Aust 56 cv. Coolguard - crisp head
~
Q'
(ctd)
28 DAS Leaf Peat-Ver 130-192 NZ 85 cv. Triumph
=
Head WL D 50-500 Aust 102
[
AI(mglkg) Mat (70 DAS) 48-62 USA 49 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
~
YMB F
Head WL D <100 Aust 102
28 DAS Leaf Peat-Ver 28-221 USA Can 8
B(mglkg) 8 leaf YMB+2* F 5-37 USA 112 *Oldest sound leaf, range of crisphead cultivars

28 DAS Leaf Peat-Ver 16-30 USA Can 8
Mo(mglkg) Head WL Soil 0.06 0.08-0.14 Can 42
Head WL F 0.08 USA 119
Co(mglkg) Harvest WS F 6.25 USA 21
Pb Mat (35 DAS) WS Sand 0 0.76 Korea 135 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
Cd Mat (35 DAS) WS Sand 0.02 0.14 Korea 135 Leaf lettuce (e.g. Grand Rapids)
ONION (Allium cepa)
N(%) 2 leaves WS F 4.57 USA 136

4 leaves WS F 3.63 USA 136 cv. Southport White Globe green bunching onions
6 leaves WS F 2.6 USA 136

1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 4.50-4.99 5.00-6.00 >6.00 USA 63
grown
1/2 grown - WS (no white) 4.00-4.59 4.50-5.50 >5.50 USA 63
Mat
N(%) Mid-growth YMB S,D 2.5-3.5 Aust 129
Mid-growth YMB 2.0-3.0 5
Peak harvest YMB F 1.3 1.50-1.75 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
2 cm bulb Bulb F 2.75 Rom 27
Peak harvest Bulb F 1.00 1.20-1.35 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
N0 3N(%) Bulbing YMB F <0.2 0.2-0.4 Rom 27
P(%) 2 leaves WS F 0.44 USA 136
1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 0.25-0.34 0.35-0.50 >0.50 USA 63
grown
1/2 grown- WS (no white) 0.25-0.29 0.30-0.45 >0.45 USA 63
Mat
Mid-growth YMB S,D 0.25-0.40 Aust 129
2 cm bulb Bulb F 0.3-0.4 Rom 27
P0 4-P(%) Bulbing YMB F <0.2 0.2-0.4 Rom 27
K(%) 2 leaves WS F 4.18 USA 136
1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 3.50-3.99 4.00-5.50 >5.50 USA 63
grown
1/2 grown- WS (no white) 3.00-3.49 3.50-5.00 >5.00 USA 63
Mat
13 weeks MB Sand 0.8 4.1 UK 113
2 cm bulb Bulb F 2.50-2.75 Rom 27
~
~
ill'
e-
"'N"
\11
;;-
.,
,j>,
~
N
'" a
~
e
~
'"~.
~
::I
S"
rti'
ONION (Allium cepa) (ctd) -a
~
iii'
K2O-K(%) Bulbing YMB F 2.0 3.5-4-0 Rom 27 ~
::I
S(%) 1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 0.30-0.49 0.50-1.00 >1.00 USA 63
grown ~
::I
1/2 grown - WS (no white) 0.30-0.49 0.50-1.00 >1.00 USA 63 ~
Mat
Ca(%) 2 leaves WS F 1.6 USA 136
1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 0.80-0.99 1.00-2.00 >2.00 USA 63
grown
Mat
Peak harvest YMB F 2.2-2.9 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
13 weeks MB Sand 0.18 0.52 UK 113
Peak harvest Bulb F 0.4-0.5 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
Peak harvest Whole plant F 0.88 USA 18
Mg(%) 2 leaves WS F 0.47 USA 136
1/3 to 1/2 WS (no white) 0.22-0.24 0.25-0.40 >0.40 USA 63
grown
Mat
17 weeks WS Sand 0.34 0.37 UK 113 cv. Pukekohe
Peak harvest YMB F 0.6-0.8 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
Peak harvest Bulb F 0.15-0.20 Aust 94
Na(%) 2 leaves WS F 0.41 USA 136
CI(%) Peak harvest YMB F 4-5 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
Peak harvest Bulb F 0.32-0.42 Aust 94 cv. Pukekohe
Storage Bulb Salt plots 0.25 0.53-1.53 USA 21 Salt appl ied to field plots
Cu(mglkg) 1/3 grown to WS (no white) <15 15-35 >35 USA 63
Mat
Mid-growth YMB S,D 6-20 Aust 129
Mid-growth YMB S,D <5 10-25 Aust 98
Mid-growth YMB 7-15 5
Peak harvest Leaves F <4 5-10 Rom 27
Zn(mglkg) 1/3 grown to WS (no white) 20-24 25-100 >100 USA 63
Mat
Mid-growth YMB F 10-15 USA 127
Mid-growth YMB F 30-100 USA 3
Mn(mglkg) 1/3 grown to WS (no white) 30-49 50-250 >250 USA 63
Mat
Bulbing YMB F <40 55-65 Rom 27
Fe(mg!kg) 1/3 grown to WS (no white) 50-59 60-300 >300 USA 63
Mat
B(mglkg) 1/3 -1/2 grown WS (no white) 18-22 22-60 >60 USA 63
1/2 grown- WS (no white) 20-24 25-75 >75 USA 63
Mat
Bulbing YMB F <20 25-45 Rom 27
Mo(mg!kg) Mid-growth YMB 0.15-0.30 5
~
~
lil'
"'......"
N
~
,j::o
hl
co ~
:a
~
5l
~
'~".
~
::I
:i
iti'
PEA (Pisum sativum) ~
~
:t
N(%) Late FI WS F 3.1-3.6 USA 127 5-
::I
Mid-growth LYMCL S,D 2.7-3.5 Aust 129
~
::I
Early FI Leaflets F 4.8 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Early PF Pods F 2 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
~
Seed harvest Seed F 4.8 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
P(%) Late FI WS F 0.30-0.35 USA 127
Early PF Pods F 0.2 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Early PF Pods F 0.23 0.57-0.78 USA 21
K(%) Late FI WS F 2-3 Aust 80
Pre-FI Leaflets F 1.3 USA 21
S(%) Early PF WS F 0.2-0.4 Aust 80
Ca(%) 82 DAS WS Soil 1.69 2.74-4.39 USA 21
Early PF WS F 1.2-1.5 USA 127
Early PF Foliage F 1.61 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Early PF Pods F 2.79 USA 18
Mg(%) Early PF WS F 0.27-0.35 USA 127
Na(%) Early PF WS F <0.8 Aust 80
CI(%) Early PF WS F <2.0 Aust 80
Cu(mglkg) Early PF WS F 5-10 Aust 80
Zn(mglkg) Bud stage WS F 34-36 236-665 USA 14
Early PF WS F >25 Aust 80
Early FI Leaflets F 53 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Seed harvest Seed F 61 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Mn(mglkg) Early PF WS F 35-100 Aust 80
Early FI Leaflets F 45 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Seed harvest Seed F 14 USA 92 cv. Freezer 60
Seed harvest Seed F 12-15 16-26 USA 21
B(mglkg) Early PF WS F 20-60 USA 127
Mid-growth LYMCL S,D 30-60 Aust 129
~
~
:t
""
~
<.C>
Q-
i;"
III
~
w
o ~
;a.
~
:::
ll>
~
'"~.
~
:::
S"
iti'
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) -a
~
ilj
N(%) 28 OAT WS Sand 5.6-5.9 USA 17 cv. Norland g"
:::
35 OAT WS Sand 6.0-6.4 USA 16 cv. Norland ::
ll>
10-20 mm YML F 5.0-6.5 Aust 74 many cultivars :::
Tuber ~
10-20 mm YML F 5.3-6.6 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber
Start FI YML F <4.2 4.2-4.9 5.0-6.5 >6.5 Aust 130
Early FI YML S,D 5.0 5.5-6.5 Aust 129
42DAE YML F,S 4-5 USA 125
42DAE YML F 4 S Afr 69

Late FI YML F <3.5 3.5-4.4 4.5-5.5 5.6-6.0 >6.0 Aust 130
Late FI YML F,S,D 4.5 Aust 129
60 mm Tuber YML F 5.3-6.6 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking YML <2.5 2.5-3.5 >3.5 USA 131
100 mm Tuber YML F 4.0-5.6 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac & R. Burbank
49DAP PYML F 3.7 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
10% FI PYML F 5.6-6.9 Can 72

Tubers half PYML F,S 2-3 USA 71
grown
118DAP PYML F 1.4 Aust 74 cvv. Coliban & Kennebec
14DAE YFOL Sand 5.0 Aust 74 cv. Atlantic
28DAE YFOL Sand 5.5 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
42DAE YFOL Sand 5.0 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank

56DAE YFOL Sand, F 4.5 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
70DAE YFOL Sand, F 4.4 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
84 DAE YFOL Sand, F 3.2 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
14 DAE YFEL Sand 4.6 Aust 74 cv. Crystal
28 DAE YFEL Sand 5.1 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
42 DAE YFEL Sand 4.7 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
56 DAE YFEL Sand, F 4.6 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
5-10 mm Tuber PYFEL F 2.9-4.2 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
Early FI MSL F,S,D <2.0 2.0-3.5 3.5-5.5 Aust 93
NOrN(%) <2 mm Tubers PYML F 2.7-3.0 Aust 133 cv. Kennebec
Tuber initiation PYML F,S <0.6 >0.9 USA 71
Earlytuber set PYML F <0.6 0.6-1.7 1.8-2.2 >2.2 USA 124 cw. Russet Burbank, Sebago
10mm Tuber PYML F 2.42-2.74 Aust 133 cw. Atlantic & Kennebec
31 DAE PYML Sand 0.2 USA 123 2nd leaf from terminal
25 mm Tuber PYML F 1.88-2.31 Aust 133 cw. Atlantic & Kennebec
50-52 DAP PYML F 1.7-2.2 USA 100 cv. Russet Burbank
42 DAE PYML F,S <0.8 >1.2 USA 71 Plants 30 cm tall
43 DAP PYML F 2.2 USA 100 cv. Russet Burbank
45 DAE PYML F 0.91-0.96 Can 37
58-61 DAP PYML F 1.6 USA 99 cv. Shepody
61-62 DAP PYML F 1.4-2.0 USA 100 cv. Russet Burbank
Tubers half PYML F,S <0.3 >0.5 USA 71
grown
Mid season PYML F <0.5 0.5-1.1 1.2-1.5 >1.5 USA 124 cw. Russet Burbank, Sebago
Late season PYML F <0.4 0.4-0.5 0.6-0.8 >0.8 USA 124 cv. Russet Burbank
14 DAE PYFOL Sand, F 1.6-2.1 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
28 DAE PYFOL Sand, F 1.5 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
42 DAE PYFOL Sand, F 1.2 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
56 DAE PYFOL Sand 1.4 Aust 50 cv. Sebago
70 DAE PYFOL Sand 0.7 Aust 50 cv. Sebago
28 DAE PYFEL Sand, F 2.2 Aust 61 cv. Sebago
~
~
..,. El'
Q-
....
W
~
.... ~
W
N
a).
g
-.;-
'"
~.
).
::
S'
Ii
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) (ctd) ~
iil
j;;l'
NOrN(%) 42 DAE PYFEL Sand, F 1.9 Aust 61 cv. Sebago ~
::
(ctd)
35 mm Tuber PYFEL F 1.5-2.0 Aust 133 cv. Kennebec
50 mm Tuber PYFEL F 1.0-1.6 Aust 133 cv. Kennebec
[
56 DAE PYFEL Sand 1.7 Aust 50 cv.Sebago
~
70 DAE PYFEL Sand 1.0 Aust 50 cv. Sebago
P(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 0.72-0.81 USA 17 cv. Norland
35 DAT WS Sand 0.79-0.88 USA 16 cv. Norland
Early FI WS F 0.48-0.62 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
Early FI YMB F <0.35 >0.47 Can 72 cv. Russet Burbank
10-20 mm YML F 0.35-0.59 Aust 74 many cultivars
Tuber
Early FI YML F,S,D 0.30 0.35-0.55 Aust 129
Early FI YML F 0.36-0.53 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
Early FI YML F <0.23 0.23-0.29 0.30-0.55 >0.60 Aust 130
42 DAE YML F,S 0.2-0.4 USA 127
42 DAE YML F 0.25 S Afr 69
Late FI YML F <0.20 0.20-0.24 0.25-0.45 >0.50 Aust 130
Tubers half YML F,S 0.2-0.4 USA 127 Tubers 5-7.5 cm
grown
Tubers half YML F,S 0.1-0.3 USA 122
grown
60 mm Tuber YML F 0.37-0.45 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Russet Burbank, Pontiac
74 DAP YML F 0.32-0.33 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 0.26 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Russet Burbank, Pontiac
Tuber bulking YML <0.15 0.15-0.25 >0.25 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Early FI MSL F,S <0.20 0.20-0.30 0.30-0.45 Aust 93
Tuber initiation PYML F 0.38-0.45 USA 104
40-45 DAE PYML F 0.29-0.35 Aust 67
Tuber bulking PYML <0.17 0.17-0.22 >0.22 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Tubers mature PYML F 0.14-0.17 USA 104
5-10 mm PYFEL F 0.41-0.53 Aust 76 CVV. Coliban & Kennebec
Tuber
5-10 mm PYFEL F 0.48-0.73 Aust 74 cvv. Coliban & Kennebec
Tuber
10 mm Tuber PYFEL F 0.60-0.87 Aust 50 CV. Delaware
P04-P(%) Tuber initiation PYML F,S <0.8 >1.6 USA 71
27 DAE PYML Sand 1.0 USA 123
42 DAE PYML F,S <1.2 >2.0 USA 71
50 DAP PYML F 0.55-0.63 USA 109 CV. Russet Burbank
Tubers half PYML F,S <0.5 >1.0 USA 71
grown
90 DAP PYML F 0.22-0.36 USA 109 cv. Russet Burbank
K(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 5.43-5.45 USA 17 cv. Norland
Early FI YMB F <3 >4 Can 73 cv. Russet Burbank
10-20 mm YML F 4.7-6.8 Aust 74 many cultivars
Tuber
Early FI YML F <3.3 3.3-3.9 4.0-6.5 6.5-7.0 >7.0 Aust 130
42 DAE YML F,S 3.5-5.0 USA 127
42 DAE YML F 3 SAfr 69
Late FI YML F <3.0 3.0-3.4 3.5-5.5 5.6-6.5 >6.5 Aust 130
Tubers half YML F,S 4-8 USA 127
grown
10-15 mm Tuber PYML F 12-13 cv. Kennebec
10-15 mm Tuber PYML F 11-12 cv. Russet Burbank
~
~
ill'
""ww ~
""
IJ,l ~
a
"" :l;o.
Sl
~
'"~.
:l;o.
::
S'
:;;-
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) (ctd) ~
iil
ill'
~
K(%) (ctd) 60 mm Tuber YML F 3.60-4.92 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 3.08-4.88 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
[
~
Tuber initiation PYML F,S <7 >9 USA 127
5-10 mm Tuber PYML F 11-12 Aust 75 cv. Kennebec
5-10 mm Tuber PYML F 11.1-17.6 Aust 74 cw. Coliban, Kennebec
42 DAE PYML F,S <9 >11 USA 71
Tubers half PYML F,S <4 >6 USA 71
grown
Tubers half PYML F,S 5-9 USA 127
grown
Tuber bulking PYML <7 7-8 >8 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Early FI MSL F,S,D <3.0 3.0-4.0 4.5-6.5 Aust 93 Before tuber initiation K level not well defined
Harvest Tuber F 1.94-2.19 Aust 75 cv. Coliban

S(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 0.33-0.43 USA 17 cv. Norland
10-20 mm Tuber YML F 0.27-0.50 Aust 74 many cultivars
Early - Late FI YML F 0.3-0.5 Aust 130
5-10 mm Tuber PYML F 0.16-0.17 0.22-0.54 Aust 74 cw. Coliban, Exton, Kennebec
Tuber bulking PYML <0.15 0.15-0.20 >0.20 USA 131 cv. Russet Burabnk
Ca(%) 10-20 mm Tuber YML F 0.58-1.67 Aust 74 many cultivars

42 DAE YML F,S 0.6-0.9 USA 127
Late FI YML F <0.7 0.7-0.9 1.0-2.5 >2.5 Aust 130
60 mm Tuber YML F 0.66-1.35 Aust 74 CYV. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 1.00-1.13 Aust 74 cv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking YML <0.3 0.3-0.6 >0.6 USA 131

5-10 mm Tuber PYML F 0.44-1.50 Aust 74 CYV. Coliban, Kennebec
10-15 mm Tuber PYML F 0.5-1.5 Aust 22

31 DAE PYML Sand 0.15 USA 123
Tubers half PYML F,S 1.5-2.5 USA 127
grown

Mg(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 0.43-0.71 USA 17 cv. Norland
10-15 mm Tuber YML F 0.35-0.40 0.40-0.80 Aust 74 many cultivars
Early FI YML F,S,D 0.25 0.30 0.30-0.50 Aust 129

42 DAE YML F,S 0.8-1.1 USA 71
Late FI YML F <0.20 0.20-0.24 0.25-0.50 >0.50 Aust 130
Tubers half YML F,S 0.5-0.8 USA 71
grown
5-10 mm Tuber PYML F 0.26-0.82 Aust 74 CYV. Coliban, Exton, Kennebec
10-15 mm Tuber PYML F 0.3-0.4 Aust 22
Tubers half PYML F,S 0.5-1.5 USA 71
grown I ~
~
ill"
Q-
01:>0
IN
\11 ~
""
IN ~
a
'" ~
~
~
'"~.
~
::s
S"
;-
POIAla (Solanum tuberosum) (ctd) -a
~
El'
Mg(%) (ctd) Tuber bulking PYML <0.15 0.15-0.30 >0.30 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank §.
Na(%) 10-20 mm YML F 0.03-0.08 0.17-0.26 Aust 74 many cultivars
[
Tuber ~
Early FI YML F 0-0.4 >0.4 Aust 130
Late FI YML F 0-0.5 >0.5 Aust 130
60 mm Tuber YML F 0.04-0.10 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 0.06-0.40 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
Early FI MSL F,S,D <0.05 0.05-0.50 Aust 93
CI(%) 28 DAT WS Sand 0.26-0.50 USA 17 cv. Norland
10-20 mm YML F 0.73-2.35 1.73-3.04 Aust 74 many cultivars
Tuber
Early FI YML F 0-3.0 3.0-3.5 >3.5 Aust 130
Late FI YML F 0-3.5 3.6-4.0 >4.0 Aust 130
Tubers half YML F 1.8 >5.0 USA 7
grown
60 mm Tuber YML F 1.51-2.43 3.56 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 1.62-2.58 3.76 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
5-10 mm PYML F 1.0-3.5 3.5-5.5 >5.5 Aust 74 cvv. Coliban, Exton, Kennebec
Tuber
Early FI MSL F,S,D <0.5 0.5-4.0 >4.0 Aust 93
Cu(mglkg) Early FI WS F 5-10 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
75 DAE WS F <8 11-20 >20 Can 40
10 mm Tuber YML F 5-20 Aust 74 many cultivars
Early FI YML F,S,D 6-20 Aust 129
Early FI YML F 4 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
Early - Late FI YML F <3 3-5 5-20 30-100 Aust 130
60 mm Tuber YML F 5-17 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
74 DAP YML F 45-47 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
100 mm Tuber YML F 3-4 37 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking YML <2 2-5 >5 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking PYML <2 2-4 >4 USA 131 cv, Russet Burbank
5-20 mm Tuber PYFEL 4-5 Aust 110 cv. Russet Burbank
Early FI MSL F,S,D <3 3.5 5-10 Aust 93
Zn(mgikg) Early FI WS F 34-43 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
Early FI YML F 38-67 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
Early - Late FI YML F <15 15-19 20-50 USA 130
grown
74 DAP YML F 17 USA 107 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking YML <15 15-20 >20 USA 131
Tuber bulking PYML <10 10-20 >20 USA 131
5-20 mm Tuber PYFEL 54-101 Aust 110 cv. Russet Burbank
Early FI MSL F,S,D <10 10-15 15-30 Aust 93
Mn(mgikg) Early FI WS F 36-70 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
10-20 mm Tuber YML F 61-273 Aust 74 many cultivars
Early FI YML F,S,D >800 Aust 129
Early FI YML F <20 20-30 50-300 700-800 >800 Aust 130
Late FI YML F,S,D >1000 Aust 129
Late FI YML F 50-300 800-1000 >1000 Aust 130
grown
Tubers half YML F,S >450 USA 21
grown
60 mm Tuber YML F 92-144 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
~
~
ill'
""'
tAl
..... ~
,j>,
a:2
IN
==
~
e
~
til
~.
~
::
::
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) (ctd) -a~~
El'
Mn(mg!kg) 100 mm Tuber YML F 101-252 Aust 74 cvv. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank 5"-
(ctd) ::
Tuber bulking YML F <10 10-20 >20 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking PYML F <20 20-30 >30 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
[
10-15 mm Tuber PYFEL F 100-400 Aust 22
~
Early FI MSL F,S,D <20 20-40 40-300 Aust 93
Fe(mg!kg) Early FI WS F 101-163 USA 70 cv. Atlantic
10-20 mm Tuber YML F 96-549 Aust 74 many cu Itivars
Early - Late FI YML F 50-150 Aust 130
grown
Tuber bulking YML <11 11-30 >30 USA 131
B(mg!kg) 32 DAE WS F 12 >180 Can 39
49 DAP WS F 26 33-39 44-50 Aust 101 cv.Sebago
71 DAP WS F 30-62 88-120 USA 105 cv. Russet Burbank
129 DAP WS F 27-45 57-69 USA 105 cv. Russet Burbank
Early - Late FI YML F <15 18-24 30-60 Aust 131
grown
60 mm Tuber YML F 20.0-34.0 47.8 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
75 DAE YML F <15 21-50 >50 Can 39
100 mm Tuber YML F 16.1-19.5 Aust 74 cw. Kennebec, Pontiac, Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking YML <10 10-20 >20 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber bulking PYML <10 10-20 >20 USA 131 cv. Russet Burbank
S-20 mm PYFEL 23-30 Aust 110 cv. Russet Burbank
Tuber
490AP YFEL F 19 24-26 30-31 Aust 101 cv. Sebago
Early FI MSL F,S,O <10 10-20 20-S0 Aust 93
710AP Tuber F 7.7-9.9 12.2 USA 105 cv. Russet Burbank
1290AP Tuber F 4.4-9.0 USA 105 cv. Russet Burbank
Harvest Tuber 4.7-7.7 13.8 USA 105 cv. Russet Burbank
Mo(mglkg) Early FI MSL F,S,O 0.1 0.1-1.5 Aust 93
Co(mglkg) Harvest Tubers S 0.4-2.0 USA 21
PUMPKIN - MARROW, SQUASH (Cucurbita pepo)
N(%) Mat YMB F 3.77 USA 23 cv. Lemondrop

42 OAT YML Sand, F 4.9 5 Aust 59 cv. Blackjack
56 OAT YML Sand, F 4.75 5.2 Aust 59 cv. Blackjack
(Early fruit)
(Final harvest)
Early fruiting YML (9th F 2.5 3.0-3.5 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
Peak harvest Fruit F 2.0 2.2-2.3 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
N0 3-N(%) 14 OAT YML Sand, F 0.25 0.45 Aust 59 cv. Blackjack
(Early fruit)
(Final harvest)
EF PYMB Sand 0.1 UAR 29 I ~
~
,j::o iil'
IN S!:
<.:) ~
""""
c
::!:.
~
)..
al
~
III
~.
)..
::l
S"
;-
PUMPKIN - MARROW, SQUASH (Cucurbita pepo) (ctd) -a
~
ill'
~
NOTN 14 OAT PYML Sand, F 1650 5900 Aust 59 cv. Blackjack
(mg/kg)
28 OAT PYML Sand, F 1500 2600 Aust 59 cv. Blackjack
petiole sap ~
::l
~
(Early fru it)
(Final harvest)
P(%) Mat YMB F 0.54 USA 23 cv. Lemondrop
Early fru iti ng YML (9th F 0.5 0.6-0.7 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
K(%) Mat YMB F 5.21 USA 23 cv. Lemondrop
Early fruiting YML (9th F 2.3 2.4-2.6 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
(a(%) Mat YMB F 2.38 USA 23 cv. Lemondrop
Early fruiting YML (9th F 4.8-4.9 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
Harvest YML F 9.96 USA 18
Peak harvest Fruit F 0.15-0.20 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
Mg(%) Mat YMB F 0.65 USA 23 cv. Lemondrop
Early fru iti ng YML (9th F 0.90-1.05 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
(1(%) Early fru iti ng YML (9th F 4.0-4.5 Aust 94 cv. Butternut Large
node)
Mo(mg/kg) 560AE YML Soil 0.2 5 USA 21
ROCKMELON - MUSK, PERSIAN, HONEYDEW AND CASABA MELONS (Cucumis me/o)
N(%) Harvest YMB F 2.0-3.0 USA 127
NOrN(%) 1st runners PYMB (6th F 0.8 1.2 USA 71

leaf from
terminal)
Eary FI PYMB Sand 0.3 UAR 29
Fruiting PYMB (6th F 0.5 0.9 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
1st mature fruit PYMB (6th F 0.2 0.4 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
P(%) 7-10 DAE WS F 0.19-0.28 0.36-0.45 USA
Harvest YMB F 0.25-0.40 USA 127
P04-P(%) 1st runners PYMB (6th F 0.2 0.4 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Fruiting PYMB (6th F 0.15 0.25 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
1st mature fruit PYMB (6th F 0.1 0.2 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
K(%) 7-10DAE WS F 1.1-1.6 2.9-3.2 USA 21
1st runners PYMB (6th F 4 6 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Fruiting PYMB (6th F 3 5 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
1st matu re fru it PYMB (6th F 2 4 USA 71
leaf from
terminal)
Harvest PYMB F 6.0-8.0 USA 127
~
~
Ii!'
eo
....""'""' ts'
'"
.."
.." ~
~
a
~
&l
~
'"~.
~
::s
::
rti'
ROCKMELON - MUSK, PERSIAN, HONEYDEW AND CASABA MELONS (Cucumis melo) (ctd) ~
iil
El'
Ca(%) Harvest PYMB F 3.0-5.0 USA 127 §"
18
[
Harvest YML F 7.27 USA
i
Mg(%) Harvest PYMB F 0.7-1.0 USA 127
Zn(mglkg) Harvest YMB F 30-50 USA 127
Bung/kg) Harvest YMB F 30-80 USA 127
Mat Leaves Sand 37-223 >923 USA 21
SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea)
N(%) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 4.2-5.2 USA 127

U YML U 3.8-5.0 U 5
NOrN(%) Mat WS Sand 0.4 USA 77
Mid-growth PYMB F 0.4 0.8 USA 127
P(%) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 0.48-0.58 USA 127
U YML U 0.4-0.6 U 5
Mid-growth PYMB F 0.2 0.4 USA 71
48 DAS Leaves Soil 0.10 0.25-0.35 USA 21
Mat Whole plant F 0.27 0.72 1.17 USA 21
K(%) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 3.8-5.3 USA 127
Mid-growth PYMB F 2 4 USA 71
U YML U 3.5-5.3 U 5
Ca(%) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 0.60-1.20 USA 127
Mat YMB+P F 0.60-1.00 USA 127
U YML U 0.6-1.2 U 5
Mat WS Soil 0.53-0.92 0.66-1.39 USA 21

Mat Foliage F 0.97 USA 18
Mg% 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 1.6-1.8 USA 127
U YML U 0.35-0.8 U 5
-::u(mg/kg) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 45-65 USA 127
U YML U 7-15 U 5
Zn(mg/kg) Cupping WS Soil 72-452 640-945 USA 14
30-50 DAS YMB+P F 50-75 ~J" 127

IIVIL U 20-70 U 5
"
Mn(mg/kg) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 50-85 USA 127
U Stem + P F 12 31 USA 21
U YML U 40-100 U 5
Fe(mg/kg) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 220-245 USA 127
B(mg/kg) 30-50 DAS YMB+P F 42-63 USA 127
U YML U 40-80 U 5
Mo(mg/kg) Mat WS F 0.15-1.09 Can Aust 42
56 DAS Leaves Soil 0.1 1.6 USA 21
U YML U 0.3-1.0 U 5
Co(mg/kg) Mat WS F 0.20-0.67 USA 21
t
SWEET CORN (Zea mays var, rugosa)
N(%) 45 DAS 4th LB Sand 2.1 3.38 USA 21

Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from tip 3.50-3.99 4.00-4.50 >4.50 USA 63
~
~
S'
.j::o. e-
.j::o.
IN ~
'"
"""" ::Eo
a
"" ~
~
~
'"~.
~
::
:i
SWEET CORN (Zea mays var, rugosa) (ctd) -a~ib'
ill'
N(%) (ctd) 5-6 wks, 5th leaf from tip 3.00-3.49 3.50-4.50 >4.50 USA 63
50-70 em
§"
7-8 wks, tassel 5th leaffrom tip 2.50-2.69 2.70-3.50 >3.50 USA 63 ~
::
start
~
Full tassel, 5th leaf from tip 2.20-2.49 2.50-3.00 >3.00 USA 63
silk start
Silking Ear leaf 2.7-3.5 USA 4
Silking Ear leaf F 3 USA 83
80% silking Ear leaf S,D 2.6 2.9-3.5 Aust 129
Post-silking Ear leaf F 2.8-3.5 USA 127
Prior tasselling 6th leaf from F 3.09 3.29-3.49 USA 115
base
NOrN(%) Tasselling Midrib of 1st F 0.05 0.15 USA 71
leaf above
primary ear
P(%) 45 DAS 4th LB Sand 0.17 0.52 USA 21
Plant 5th leaf from 0.41-0.59 0.60-1.00 >1.00 USA 63
30-50 em tip
5-6 wks, 5th leaf from 0.35-0.49 0.50-0.80 >0.90 USA 63
50-70 em tip
tassel start tip
Full tassel, 5th leaf from 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.60 >0.60 USA 63
silk start tip
Tasselling 5th leaf from F 0.14-0.41 USA 21
base
~."._-- ._. -
Milk Kernels F 0.30 0.40-0.56 U5A 21

P0 4-P(%) Tasselling Midrib of 1st F 0.05 0.10 USA 71
leaf above
primary ear
K(%) 45 DAS 4th LB Sand 2.60 3.64 USA 21

Plant 5th leaf from 3.00-3.49 3.50-4.50 >4.50 USA 63
30-50 em tip
50-70 em tip
7-8 wks, 5th leaf from 2.00-2.49 2.50-3.50 >3.50 U5A 63
tassel start tip
Full tassel, 5th leaf from 0.20-1.49 1.50-2.50 >2.50 USA 63
silk start tip
Tasselling Midrib of 1st F 2 4 USA 71
leaf above
primary ear
5i1king Ear leaf F 1.9 USA 83

Post-sllking Ear leaf F 1.8-2.8 U5A 127
S(%) Plant 5th leaf from 0.13-0.20 0.21-0.75 >0.75 USA 63
30-50 em tip
50-70 em tip
7-8 wks, tassel 5th leaf from 0.13-0.20 0.21-0.75 >0.75 USA 63
start tip
Full tassel, 5th leaffrom 0.13-0.20 0.21-0.75 >0.75 USA 63
silk start tip
7 weeks 3rd leaf Sand 0.10 0.89 UK 113
Ca(%) Plant 5th leaf from 0.24-0.49 0.50-0.80 >0.80 USA 63

30-50 em tip
50-70 em tip
~
~
lit
~
"'"'""
\,/1 ~
""""
0"1
~
a
~
Sl
~
'"
~.
~
:::
S"
;;-
SWEET CORN (Zea mays var. rugosa) (ctd) -a
~
fJ'
Ca(%) (ctd) 7-8 wks, 5th leaf from 0.40-0.69 0.70-1.00 >1.00 USA 63 §.
tassel start tip
Full tassel, 5th leaf from 0.50-0.69 0.60-1.10 >1.10 USA 63 ~
silk start tip
~
Harvest Foliage F 0.7 USA 18
Mg(%) Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 0.15-0.19 0.20-0.50 >0.50 USA 63
to full tassel & tip
silk start
CI(%) Silking Ear leaf F 0.20-0.32 0.34-0.53 USA 21
Cu(mglkg) Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 3-4 5-25 >25 USA 63
silk start
Silking Ear leaf 6-20 USA 4
80% silking Ear leaf S,D 5 8-12 Aust 129
Post-silking Ear leaf F 8-12 USA 127
Zn(mglkg) 28 DAS WS Soil 41 255-713 USA 14
Plant 30·50 em 5th leaf from 15-19 20-150 >150 USA 63
to fu II tassel & tip
silk start
Harvest Leaves F 25 USA 3
Mn(mglkg) Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 20-30 31-300 >300 USA 63
tip
5-6 wks, 5th leaf from 20-30 31-300 300-1000 USA 63
50-70 em to full tip
tassel & silk start
Fe(mglkg) Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 26-49 50-300 >350 USA 63
to fu II tassel & tip
silk start
Harvest Ear leaf F 24-56 56-178 USA 21
B(mglkg) Plant 25 em WS Soil 8-38 >98 Can 40
high
Plant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 5-7 8-25 26-60 USA 63
silk start
Post-silking Ear leaf F 40--70 USA 127
Mo(mglkg) PIant 30-50 em 5th leaf from 0.3-0.8 0.9-10.0 >10 USA 63
silk start
Tasselling Ear leaf F <0.1 >0.2 Can 42
~
~
ill'
,j>, 0-
,j>, ~
'I
'"
,j>,
~
a
,j>,
00
:l-
~
~
'"~.
:l-
:::s
5'
iti
SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea balalas) ~
~
~
N(%) Harvest WS F 2.26-3.27 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold c'
:::s
28 DAT YMB Sand 4.2 4.3-4.5 Aust 90
~
:::s
44 DAT YMB F 3.52-4.14 USA 126 cvv. Centennial, Jewel
58 DAT YMB F 2.65-3.24 USA 126 cvv. Centennial, Jewel

~
Mid-growth YML F 3.2-4.2 USA 127
Harvest Foliage Sand 2.5 Jam 118
Harvest LB Sand 1.5 2.37-4.01 Ind 15
Harvest 4th leaf from F 2.37-4.01 SiLe 35
terminal
N03 -N(%) 58 DAT YMB F 0.04-0.05 USA 126 cvv. Centennial, Jewel
Mid-growth P of 6th leaf F 0.15 0.35 USA 71
P(%) Harvest WS F 0.28-0.45 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB Sand 0.22 0.26-0.45 Aust 90
4th leaf LB F 0.20 0.23 USA 21
Harvest LB Sand 0.01 Ind 15
Harvest Tuber F 0.06 0.12-0.22 USA 21
P0 4-P(%) Mid-growth P of 6th leaf F 0.1 0.2 USA 71
K(%) Harvest WS F 4.57-5.40 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB Sand 4.0 4.7-6.0 Aust 90

Mid-growth P of 6th leaf F 3 5 USA 71
S(%) 28 DAT YMB 0.34 0.35-0.45 Aust 90
Ca(%) Harvest WS F 0.73-0.74 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB Sand 0.76 0.90-1.20 Aust 90
Mg(%) Harvest WS F 0.36 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB Sand 0.12 0.15-0.35 Aust 90
Harvest Leaves F 0.40 0.71 USA 21
Harvest Tubers F 0.06 0.06 USA 21
Zn(mg/kg) Harvest WS F 40.7-44.8 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB 11 12-40 85 Aust 90
Mn(mg/kg) Harvest WS F 175-185 Aust 55 cvv. White Maltese, Nemagold
28 DAT YMB Sand 19 26-500 1600 Aust 90
Mid-growth YML F 40-100 USA 127
Harvest LB Sand 2 Ind 15
Fe(mg/kg) 28 DAT YMB 33 45-80 Aust 90
B(mg/kg) Mid-growth WS Sand 16 118 USA 21
28 DAT YMB Sand 40 300-1000 Aust 90
Co(mg/kg) Harvest Tuber F 0.03 USA 21
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum)
N(%) 13 leaves WS F <3 3-4 4-6 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves>1 em
long
FI at 2nd node YML F <5.2 5.2-5.5 5.5-6.0 Aust 2
1st mature fruit YML F,S,D 3 4-6 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 2.0 2.2-2.5 Aust 94 cv. K10
28 DAT (Fruit YOL Sand, F 4.90 5.05 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
set 1st truss)
~
~
~
"'IJ:>" 0-
~
"'"
,j>,
\i1
Q ~
;a
~
:::
III
~
'"~.
~
:::
S"
~
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum) (ctd) oil
~
ill"
N(%) (ctd) 42 OAT YOL Sand, F 4.68 4.70 Aust 57 cv. Floradade g-
(Flower 4th
truss) 3::
III
:::
56 OAT YOL Sand, F 4.75 4.81 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
I ~
70 OAT (1st YOL Sand, F 4.45 4.90 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
mature fruit)
98 OAT YOL Sand, F 4.93 Aust 57 cv. Floradade

(Final harvest)
Flowering BL Sand, G 4.7 Spain 88 cv. Marmande
Mat BL Sand, G 4.2 Spain 88 cv. Marmande
Fruit forming Leaves F <2.60 3.10-3.95 Rom 27

Peak harvest Mature fruit F 3.0 3.4-3.8 Aust 94 cv. Kl0
N0 3-N(%) 21 OAT YMB F 0.27-0.32 USA 86 cv. Castle King
45 OAT YMB 0.15-0.53 USA 86 cv. Castle King

73 OAT YMB 0.05-0.45 USA 86 cv. Castle King
46 OAT PYMB Sand 0.05 USA 36

Early FI PYMB F <0.80 >1.20 USA 71 Canning cultivar
Fruit, 2.5 cm PYMB F <0.60 >1.00 USA 71 Canning cultivar

diam.
Fruit at 1st PYMB F <0.20 >0.40 USA 71 Canning cultivar
colour
42 OAT (Fruit YOL Sand, F 0.15 0.30 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
set 1st truss)
(Flower 4th
truss)
70 OAT (1st YOL Sand, F 0.26 0.29 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
mature fruit)
OAT 84 VOL Sand, F 0.2 0.3 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
OAT 98 YOL Sand, F 0.31 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
112 OAT VOL Sand, F 0.29 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
(Final harvest)
N03-N 14 OAT PYOL Sand, F 770 1240 Aust 57 ev. Floradade

(mg/kg)
petiole sap
28 OAT (Fruit PYOL Sand, F 740 1170 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
set 1st truss)
Early flowering PYOL Peat-ver 2140 USA 24 ev. Celebrity greenhouse
42 OAT PYOL Sand, F 830 1210 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
(Flower 4th
truss)
Small fruit PYOL Peat-ver 1090 USA 24 ev. Celebrity greenhouse

56 OAT PYOL Sand, F 650 1190 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
70 OAT (1st PYOL Sand, F 1120 1790 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
mature fruit)
84 OAT PYOL Sand, F 2152 Aust 57 ev. Floradade

(Final harvest)
Mat PYOL Peat-ver 640 USA 24 ev. Celebrity greenhouse

Various PYFEL Peat-ver 1100 USA 25 ev. Caruso
P(%) 13 leaves WS F <0.40 0.40-0.65 0.65-1.20 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
Peak harvest YMB Peat <0.13 >0.40 UK ev. Kirford Cross
FI at 2nd node YML F 0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.6 Aust 2
1st mature fruit YML F,S,O 0.3 0.4-0.8 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 0.65 0.7-0.8 Aust 94 ev. Kl0
28 OAT (Fruit YOL Sand, F 0.98 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
set 1st truss)
42 OAT VOL Sand, F 0.98 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
(Flower 4th
truss)
56 OAT YOL Sand, F 0.78 Aust 57 ev. Floradade

~
~
ill'
...'""'" Q"
it
'"
"'" ;a
\Jl
N
a
).
~
~
'"~.
).
:I
:;
::b'
TOMATO (Lycopersicon escuJentum) (ctd) -a
Ii!
ill'
P(%) (ctd) 70 OAT (1st YOL Sand, F 0.85 Aust 57 cv. Floradade §.
mature fruit)
84 OAT YOL Sand, F 0.56 Aust 57 cv. Floradade ~
98 OAT YOL Sand, F 0.8 Aust 57 cv. Floradade §.
(Final harvest)
Flowering BL Sand, G 0.55 Spain 88 cv. Marmande
Fruit forming Leaves F 0.10-0.35 0.30-0.90 Rom 27
Mat BL Sand, G 0.43 Spain 88 cv. Marmande
P04-P(%) Early FI PYMB F <2 >3 USA 71 Cann i ng cu Itivar
Fruit, 2.5 em PYMB F <2 >3 USA 71 Canning cultivar
diam.
K(%) 13 leaves Ws F <3 3-4 4-6 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
8th leaffu lIy YMB F 1.3 USA 30
expanded
10th leaffully YMB sand,soil 0.9 1.1 UK 11 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
expanded
Harvest YMB Sand 3.8 UK 12 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
Mat (Final YMB F 3.4-5.4 USA 47
harvest)
8th leaf fully PYMB F 4.6 USA 30
expanded
Early FI PYMB F 3 6 USA 71 Canning cultivar
Fruit, 2.5 em PYMB F 2 4 USA 71 Canning cultivar
diam
Fruit at 1st PYMB F 1 3 USA 71 Canning cultivar
colour
10th leaffully YML Sand, Soil 1.2 1.4 UK 11 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
expanded
FI at 2nd node YML F <2 2-3 3-5 Aust 2
1st matu re fru it YML F,s,O 2.5 3.0-5.0 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 2 2.0-2.2 Aust 94 cv. Kl0
Harvest YML Sand 5.2 UK 12 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
28 DAT (Fruit YOL Sand, F 4.59 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
set 1st truss)
42 DAT YOL Sand, F 4.32 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
(Flower 4th
truss)
56 DAT VOL Sand, F 3.93 Aust 57 cv. Floradade

70 DAT (1st VOL Sand, F 3.85 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
mature fruit)
84 DAT VOL Sand, F 4 Aust 57 cv. Floradade

98 DAT VOL Sand, F 3.85 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
112 DAT YOL Sand, F 4.1 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
(Final harvest)
Flowering BL Sc,G 3.4 Spain 88 cv. Marmande
Mat BL SC,G 2.5 Spain 88 cv. Marmande

10th leaf fully P Sand, Soil 1.3 2.1 UK 11 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
expanded
Harvest P Sand 8.1 UK 12 cvv. Moneymaker and Amberley Cross
S(%) Peak harvest YML Soil 1.25 Neth 116
Fruit forming Leaves+ stems F 0.1 0.2 Rom 27
Peak harvest Mature fruit Soil 0.21-0.23 Neth 116
Ca(%) 13 leaves WS F <1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.5 'Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
8th leaf fully YMB F 1.2 USA 30
expanded
expanded
1st mature fruit YML F,S,D 1.4-4.0 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 3.5 4.0-4.3 Aust 94 cv. Kl0
28 DAT (Fruit YOL Sand, F 2.2 Aust 57 cv. Floradade
set 1st truss)
~
~
El'
c::-
"'w"
\,/l
iD"
II>
,j>,
\Jl
,j>, ~
::s
....
:t>
::l
III
~
'"
~.
:t>
::s
5'
'S'
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum) (ctd) -a
~
lit
Ca(%) (ctd) 42 DAT YOL Sand, F 1.78 Aust 57 ev. Floradade ~
::l
56 DAT YOL Sand, F 2.35 Aust 57 ev. Floradade ~
III
70 DAT (1 st YOL Sand, F 1.98 Aust 57 ev. Floradade ::s
mature fruit) ~
84 DAT VOL Sand, F 2.05 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
98 DAT VOL Sand, F 1.99 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
112 DAT YOL Sand, F 1.42 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
(Final harvest)
Flowering BL SC,G 0.7 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Mat BL SC,G 0.9 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Peak harvest Foliage 5.35 USA 18
Peak harvest Mature fruit 0.10 0.12-0.30 Aust 94 ev. K10
Peak harvest Fruit 0.09 USA 18
Mg(%) 13 leaves WS F <0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.8 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 erh long
8th leaf fully YMB F 0.1 USA 30
expanded
expanded
1st mature fruit YML F,S,D 0.3 0.4-0.9 Aust 129
Peak harvest YML F 1.0 1.1-1.2 Aust 94 ev. K10
28 DAT (Fruit VOL Sand, F 0.71 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
set 1st truss)
(Flower 4th
truss)
70 DAT (1 st VOL Sand, F 0.51 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
mature fruit)
84 DAT VOL Sand.F 0.47 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
0.51 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
98 DAT YOL Sand, F
0.52 Aust 57 ev. Floradade
112DAT YOL Sand, F
(Final harvest)
0.7 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Flowering BL SC,G
0.9 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Mat BL SC,G
0.06-0.20 0.25-1.00 Rom 27
Fruit forming Leaves F
0.20 0.25 Aust 94 ev. Kl0
Peak harvest Matu re fru it F
0.4 Aust 2
Na(%) FI at 2nd node YML F
2 Aust 2
CI(%) FI at 2nd node YML F
4.6-4.8 Aust 94 ev. Kl0
Peak harvest YML F
1.3-1.4 Aust 94 ev. KIO
Peak harvest Mature fruit F
5-15 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
Cu(mglkg) 13 leaves WS F
5-15 Aust 2
FI at 2nd node YML F
5-10 Aust 129
1st matu re fru it YML S,D
<5 8-15 >15 Can 39
1st matu re fru it YML F
13 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Flowering BL Sc,G
Mat BL SC,G
<20 20-30 30-200 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
Zn(mglkg) 13 leaves WS F
50-150 250-500 USA 14
Budding WS Soil
<20 20-30 30-200 Aust 2
17 24-60 USA 21
Mature fruit YML F
Flowering BL SC,G
Mat BL SC,G
<25 25-50 50-500 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
Mn(mglkg) 13 leaves WS F
<25 25-50 50-500 Aust 2
20 50-100 Aust 129
1st mature fruit YML S,D
Flowering BL SC,G
Mat BL Sc,G
100-300 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
Fe(mglkg) 13 leaves WS F
100-300 Aust 2
100-300 Aust 129
1st mature fruit YML S,D ~
~
ill'
l:r
....
\n .~,
vr
"'0't.rI" ~
a
~
&l
~
'"~e
~
:::
:i
iti'
TOMATO (L ycopersicon esculentum) (ctd) -a
iil
ill"
Fe(mglkg) Flowering (I) BL SC,G 254 Spain 88 ev. Marmande §.
(ctd)
Mat BL SC,G 170 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
AI(mglkg)
B(mglkg)
FI at 2nd node
Plant 15 em
YML
WS
Soil
Soil <12
<200
51-88 >172
USA
Can
62
40
[
high
13 leaves WS F 40-100 Aust 2 Sample 1 em above ground when 7 leaves> 1 em long
FI at 2nd node YML F <10 40-100 Aust 2
1st mature fruit YML S,D 30-100 Aust 129
1st mature fruit YML S <10 30-75 Can 38
Flowering BL SC,G 20 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Mat BL SC,G 40 Spain 88 ev. Marmande
Vegetative BL Sand 15 52 Spain 19 ev. Marglobe
Early flowering BL Sand 20 60-85 Spain 19 ev. Marglobe
Full flowering BL Sand 18-25 70-90 Spain 19 ev. Marglobe
Mo(mglkg) 8 weeks Leaves Soil 0.13 0.68 Can 42
FI at 2nd node YML F 0.6 Aust 2
,
WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus)
N(%) Mid-growth YML S,D 2 2.5-4.5 Aust 129

N03-N(%) Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.25 0.50 0.50-0.70 Rom 27
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.5 0.9 USA 71
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.7 USA 34
(6th leaf from
terminal)
P(%) Mid-growth YML S,D 0.25 0.30-0.70 Aust 129
Mat YMB F 0.38-0.49 USA 47
P0 4-P(%) Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.07 0.15 0.15-0.25 Rom 27
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Early fruiting Sap of tendril F 0.17-0.30 0.45-0.70 0.75 Rom 27
(7-8 days old)
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.15 0.25 USA 71
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 0.2 USA 34
(6th leaf from
terminal)
K(%) Mid-growth YML S,D 2.0 2.5-3.7 Aust 129
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 3 5 USA 71
(6th leaffrom
terminal)
Mat YMB F 2.6-2.9 USA 47
K2O-K(%) Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 1.5 3.0 3.5 Rom 27
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Early fru iti ng Sap of tendril F 1.6-1.8 3.3-4.2 4.5 Rom 27
(7-8 days old)
Early fruiting Sap of PYMB F 4 USA 34
(6th leaf from
terminal)
Ca(%) Mid-growth YML S,D 2.2-5.5 Aust 129
Mg(%) Mid-growth YML S,D 0.15 0.40-1.20 Aust 129
Cu(mglkg) Mid-growth YML S,D 4 5-7 Aust 129
Zn(mglkg) Mid-growth YML S,D 17 20-60 Aust 129
Mn(mglkg) Mid-growth YML 15 60-240 Aust 129
Mid-growth YML >250 Aust 102
Fe(mglkg) Mid-growth YML S,D 120-335 Aust 129
B(mglkg) Mid-growth YML S,D 20 35-200 Aust 129
Mid-growth YML F <25 Aust 102
~
~
5l'
"'"
\J1
'I
s::~
PlantAnalysis:An Interpretation Manual
REFERENCES 27 Davidescu, D. and Davidescu, V. (1982) 'Evaluation of

Fertility by Plant and Soil Analysis'. (ABACUS Press:
1 Balyan, D.S., Singh, ]., and Srivastava, V.K. (1994) Tunbridge Wells, Kent.)
Nitrogen and zinc interactions in cauliflower. Crop
Res. 8: 537-542. 28 Davis, R.D. and Beckett, P.H.T. (1978) Critical levels of
copper in lettuce. New Pathologist 80: 23-32.
2 Barke, R. (1984) Queensland Department of Primary
Industries, Brisbane, Australia. (pers. comm.). 29 El-Sheikh. A.M., EI-Hakam, M.A.A. and Ulrich, A.
(1970) Critical nitrate levels for squash, cucumber and
3 Bauer, A. (1971) Considerations in the development of melon plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1: 63-74.
soil tests for 'available zinc'. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Anal. 2(3): 161-193. 30 Fong, K.H. (1972) Dynamic aspects of nutrient
requirements by intact plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
4 Bennett, W.F. (Ed) (1993) Nutrient Deficiencies and Anal. 3: 409-416.
Toxicities in Crop Plants. The American
Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. 31 Gardner, B.R., and Roth, R.L. (1989) Midrib nitrate
concentrations as a means for determining nitrogen
5 Bergmann, W. (Ed) (1992) "Colour Atlas Nutritional
needs of broccoli. J. Plant Nutr. 12: 111-125.
Disorders of Plants." Gustav Fischer Verlag lena,
Stuttgart, New York. 32 Gardner, B.R., and Roth, R.L. (1989) Plant analysis for
nitrogen fertilization of asparagus. J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
7 Bernstein, L., Ayers, A.D. and Wadleigh, C.H. (1951)
Sci. 114(5): 741-745.
The salt tolerance of white potatoes. hoc. Amer. Soc.
Home. Sci. 57: 231·236. 33 Gardner, B.R., and Roth, R.L. (1989) Midrib nitrate
8 Berry, W.L., Krizek, D.T., Ormrod, D.P., Mcl'arlane.Lr,", concentration as a means for determining nitrogen
needs of cabbage. [. Plant Nutr. 12: 1073-1088.
Langhans, R.W. and Tibbilts, T.W. (1981) Variation in
elemental content of lettuce grown under baseline 34 Geraldson, M.e., Klacan, G.R. and Lorenz, O.A. (1973)
conditions in five controlled-environment facilities. I. Plant analysis as an aid in fertilising vegetable crops. In
Amer. Soc. Home. Sci. 106: 661·666. 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis'. (Eds L.M. Walsh and
9 Besford, R.T. (1979) Uptake and distribution of I.D. Beaton.) pp. 365-579. (Am. Soc. Agron: Madison,
phosphorus in tomato plants. Plant Soil 51: 331-340. Wisconsin.)
10 Besford, R.T. (1979) Effect of phosphorus nutrition in 35 Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey, W. and Garber, M.]. (1977)
peat on tomato plant growth and fruit development. Effect of potassium fertiliser on leaf nutrients and their
Plant Soil 51: 341-353. relationships to tuber yields of sweet potato. Commun.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 8(8): 629-644.
11 Besford, R.T. and Maw, G.A. (1974) Uptake and
distribution of potassium in tomato plants. Plant Soil 36 Gomez-Lepe, B.E.and Ulrich, A. (1974) Critical nitrate
41: 601-618. levels in tomatoes. J. Amer. Soc. Hottic. Sci.99: 45-49.
12 Besford, R.T. and Maw, G.A. (1975) Effect of potassium 37 Gupta, A. and Saxena, M.C. (1976) Evaluation of leaf
nutrition on tomato plant growth and fruit analysis as a guide to nitrogen and phosphorus
development. Plant Soil 42: 395-412. fertilisation of potato. Plant Soil 44: 596-605.
13 Beverly, R.B., and Anderson, D.L. (1988) Response of 38 Gupta, U.e. (1979) Boron nutrition of crops. Adv.
pot-grown celery to foliar Mn, soil I' and soil Agron. 31: 273-307.
acidification of two histosols. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida 39 Gupta, D.C. (1979) Copper in agricultural crops. In
Proc. 47: 49-52. 'Copper in the Environment', (Ed. J.D. Nriagu.) pp.
14 Boawn, L.c. and Rasmussen, P.E. (1980) Crop response 255-288. a. Wiley and Sons Inc.: New York.)
to excessive zinc fertilisation of alkaline soil. Agron. f. 40 Gupta, U.e. (1983) Boron deficiency and toxicity
72: 528-534. symptoms for several crops related to tissue boron
15 Bolle-lones, E.W. and Ismundji, M. (1963) Plant levels. f. Plant Nutr. 6: 387-395.
nutrient deficiency levels in sweet potato. Emp. [. Exp. 41 Gupta, U.e. and Chipman, F..W. (1976) Influence of
Agric. 31: 60. iron and pH on the yield and iron, manganese, zinc and
16 Cao, W. and Tibbits, T.W. (1993) Study of various sulphur concentrations of carrots grown on sphagnum
NH 4+/N03- mixtures for enhancing growth of potatoes. peat soil. Plant Soil 44: 559-566.
f. Plant Nutr. 16: 1691·1704. 42 Gupta, U.c. and Lipsett, J. (1981) Molybdenum in
17 Cao, W., and Tibbits, T.W. (1994) Responses of soils, plants and animals. Adv. Agron. 34: 73-113.
potatoes to solution pH levels with different forms of 43 Gupta, U.C., and Cutcliffe, LA. (1976) Deficiency and
nitrogen. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 109-126. optimum boron levels in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea
18 Carolus, R. (1975) Calcium relationships in vegetable L.) and rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica, Mill.).
nutrition and quality. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 6: Haryana f. Hort. Sci. 6: 45-49.
285-298 44 Gupta, U.e., Cormier, R., and Cutcliffe, ].A. (1987)
19 Carpena Artes, O. and Carpena Ruiz, R.O. (1987) Tolerance of Brussels sprouts to high boron levels.
Effects of boron in tomato plant. Agrochimica 31: 392- Can. J. Soil Sci. 67: 205-207.
400. 45 Gupta, U.C., LeBlanc, P.V., and Chipman, E.W. (1990)
20 Carrol, E.T. (1983) Queensland Department of Primary Effect of molybdenum applications on plant
Industries, Applethorpe, Queensland, Australia. (pers. molybdenum concentration and crop yields on
comm.). sphagnum peat soils. Can. J, Plant Sci. 70: 717·721.
21 Chapman, H.D. (Ed.) (1966) 'Diagnostic Criteria for 46 Haag, H.P. and Belfort, c.e. (1985) Mineral nutrition
Plants and Soil'. (Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sciences: of vegetable crops. LXVIII. Deficiencies of
Berkeley.) macronutrients and boron in asparagus. An. Escola
22 Chapman, K.S.R., Sparrow, L.A., Hardman, P.R., Sup. Agric. 'Luiz de Oueiroz' 42(1): 97-106.
Wright, D.N., and Thorp, l.R.A. (1992) Potassium 47 Hanlon, E.A. and Hochmuth, G.]. (1992) Recent
nutrition of Kennebec and Russet Burbank potatoes in changes on phosphorus and potassium fertiliser
Tasmania: effect of soil and fertiliser potassium on recommendations for tomato, pepper, muskmelon,
yield, petiole and tuber potassium concentrations, and watermelon and snapbean in Florida. Commun. Soil
tuber quality. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 32: 521-527. Sci. Plant Anal. 23: 2651-2665.
23 Clough, G.N., Locascio, S.]. and Olson, S.M. (1992) 48 Harris, ].R. and Pfeiler, G.R. (1980) Field surveys, South
Mineral concentration of yellow squash response to Australia. CSJRO Division of Soils and Adelaide &
irrigation method and fertilisation management. f. Wallaroo Fertilisers, Adelaide. Unpublished data.
Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117: 725-729. 49 Harrison, H.C. (1986) Response of lettuce cultivars to
24 Coltman, R.R. (1987) Sampling considerations for sludge-amended soil and bed types. Commun. Soil Sci.
nitrate quick tests of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. J. Plant Anal. 17: 159·172.
Am. Soc. Hart. Sci. 112: 922-927. 50 Hegney, M.A., McPharlin, I.R., and]effery, R.e. (1997).
25 Coltman, R.R. (1988) Yields of greenhouse tomatoes Response of winter-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum
managed to maintain specific petiole sap nitrate levels. L.) to applied and residual phosphorus on a Karrakatta
Hottsci. 23: 148-151. sand. Aust. J. Exp. Agri. 37: 131-139.
26 Cutcliffe, ].A. (1988). Effects of lime and gypsum on 51 Here, T. and Sonoda, Y. (1979) Comparison of the
yields and nutrition of two cultivars of Brussels sprouts. toxicity of heavy metals to cabbage growth. Plant Soil.
Can. J. Soil Sci. 68: 611·615. 51:127-133.
458
Vegetables
52 Hockrnuth, R.C., Hockmuth, G.J. and Donley, M.E. acetic acid soluble phosphorus in petioles for assessing
(1993) Responses of cabbages yields, head quality and the phosphorus status of potato crops. Aust. J. Exp.
leaf nutrient status and of second crop squash to Agric. 29: 433-438.
poultry manure fertilisation. Soil & Crop Sci. Soc. Flor. 77 Maynard, D.N. and Barker, A.V. (1971) Nitrate
52: 126-130. accumulation in lettuce. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.
53 Hole, C.C., and Scaife, A. (1993) An analysis of the 2: 461-470.
growth response of carrot seedlings to deficiency in 78 Maynard, D.N., Barker, A.V., Minotti, P.L. and Peck,
some mineral nutrients. Plant Soi/150: 147-156. N.H. (1978) Nitrate accumulation in vegetables. Adv.
54 Howeler, R.H., Flor, C.A. and Gonzales, c.A. (1978) Agron. 28: 71-118.
Diagnosis and correction of boron deficiency in beans 79 McMahon, C.R. (1979) Some aspects of zinc nutrition
and mung beans in a Mollisol from the Cauca Valley of of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown on the black
Colombia. Agron. t. 70(3): 493-497. alluvial soils of the Lockyer Valley. MSc Thesis,
55 Huett, D.O. (1975) A study of factors contributing to University of New England, Armidale. Australia.
variability in the yield and quality of the sweet potato. 80 McMahon, C.R. and Price, G.H. (1982) Nutrient
M.Sc.Agr. Thesis, University of Sydney. uptake studies in some processing vegetable crops.
56 Huett, D.O. (1994) Growth, nutrient uptake and Consolidated Fertilizers Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland,
tipbum severity of hydroponic lettuce in response to Australia, Tech. Pub. June 1982.
electrical conductivity and K:Ca ratio in solution. Aust. 81 McPharlin, I.R., Aylmore, P.M., and Jeffery, R.C. (1992)
f. Agric. Res 45: 251-267. Response of carrots (Daucus carata L.) to applied
57 Huett, D.O. and Rose, G. (1988) Diagnostic nitrogen phosphorus and phosphorus leaching on a Karrakatta
concentrations for tomatoes grown in sand culture. sand, under two irrigation regimes. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie.
Aust. J. EXp.Agrie. 28: 401-409. 32: 225-232.
58 Huett, D.O. and Rose, G. (1989) Diagnostic nitrogen 82 McPharlin, LR., Robertson, W.j., Jeffery, R.C.. and
concentrations for cabbages grown in sand culture. Weissburg, R. (1995) Response of cauliflower to
Aust. f. Exp. Agric. 29: 883-892. phosphate fertilizer placement and soil test phosphorus
59 Huett, D.O. and White, E. (1991) Determination of calibration on a Karrakatta sand. Commun. Soil Sci.
critical nitrogen concentrations of zucchini squash Plant Anal. 26: 607-620.
(Cucurbita pepo 1.) cv. Blackjack grown in sand 83 Melstead, S.W., Motto, H.1. and Peck, T.R. (1969)
culture. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 31: 835-842. Critical plant nutrient composition values useful in
60 Huett, D.O. and White, E. (1992) Determination of interpreting plant analysis data. AgTOn. J. 61: 16-20.
critical nitrogen concentrations in lettuce (Lactuca 84 Minard, H.R.G. (1972) Vegetable nutrition research at
sativa L cv. Montello) grown in sand culture. Aust. J. Levin. Proc. NZ. Inst, Agric. Sci., Hortie. Sect. pp. 32-
Exp. Agric. 32: 759-764. 44.
61 Huett, D.O., and White, E. (1992) Determination of 85 Minard, H.R.G. and Marshall, R.R. (1978) Fertiliser
critical nitrogen concentrations of potato (Solanum need of outdoor winter lettuce related to soil tests and
tuberosum L. cv. Sebago) grown in sand culture. Aust. J. plant analysis. Proe. 8th Int. Colloquium Plant Anal.
EXp. Agric. 32: 765-772. and Fertilizer Problems, Auckland, New Zealand. N.Z.
Jones, j.B. jnr. (1974) Plant Analysis Handbook for DSIR Information Series No. 134, p. 359.
62
Georgia, USA.' (Co-op. Extension Service, Univ. 86 Minnotti, P.L., Hankinson, T.J., Grubinger, V.P. and
Georgia, College Agric.) Christian Wien, H. (1989) Whole leaves versus petioles
for assessing nitrogen status of tomatoes. Hottsci. 24:
63 Jones, J.B., Wolf, B., and Mills, H.A. (1991) Plant 84-86. .
Analysis Handbook. Micro-Macro Publishing Inc, USA.
87 Mitra, S.K., Sadhu, M.K, and Bose, T.K. (1990)
64 Kohno, Y. and Fay, C.D. (1983) Manganese toxicity in
Nutrition of vegetable crops. Naya Prokash, Calcutta.
bush bean as affected by concentrations of manganese
and iron in the nutrient solution. J. Plant Nutr. 6(5): 88 Moral, R., Gomez, 1., Navarro Pedreno,]. and Mataix,].
363-386. (1994) Effect of cadmium on nutrient distribution,
yield and growth of tomato grown in soilless culture. J.
65 Kotur, S.c., and Kumar, S. (1989) Response of
Plant Nutr. 17: 953-962.
cauliflower (Brassica aleracea var botrytis) to boron in
Chhotanagpur region. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 59: 640-644. 89 Nollendorfs, V. and Upits, V. (1972) Optimization of
trace element content in sphagnum peat substrate for
66 Kumar, S., and Kotur, S.C. (1991) Effect of boron on underglass cucumbers. Proc. 4th lnt. Peat Congo
susceptibility of cauliflower to black rot. Indian
Otaneimi Finland. pp 273-282
Phytopath. 44: 153-157.
90 O'Sullivan, ].N., Asher, c.J. and Blarney, P.c. (1995)
67 Lawrence, R.C.N. (1984) Queensland Department of Nutritional disorders of sweet potato. ACIARWorking
Primary Industries, Mareeba, Australia. (pers. comm.), Paper No. 45.
68 LeBlanc, P.V., and Gupta, U.c. (1994) Response to 91 Olsen, J.K., and Lyons, D.]. (1994) Petiole sap nitrate is
micronutrient on carrots grown on a virgin sphagnum better than total nitrogen in dried leaf for indicating
peat. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 199-207. nitrogen status and yield responsiveness of capsicum in
69 Linter, ]. (1967) 'Fertiliser Investigations on Potatoes, subtropical Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 34: 835-843.
1958-1965'. (Potash SA.:johannesburg.) 92 Peck, N.H., Grunes, D.L., Welch, R.M. and MacDonald,
70 Locascio, S.]., and Rhue, R.D. (1990) Phosphorus and G.E. (1982) Nutritional quality of vegetable crops as
micronutrient sources for potato. Amer. Potato I. 67: affected by phosphorus and zinc fertilisers. Agron. J.
217-226. 74: 583-585.
71 Lorenz, O.A. and Tyler, K.B. (1978) Plant tissue 93 Peverill, K1. (1984) Chemical analyses, 1965-1983.
analysis of vegetable crops; soil and plant-tissue testing Department of Agriculture Victoria, Melbourne. (pers.
in California. (Ed. H. Reisenauer.) Univ. Calif. Bull. comm.).
No. 1879. pp. 22-23. 94 Piggott, T.J. Summary of permanent fertiliser trial
72 MacKay, D.C., Carefoot, J.M., and Entz, T. (1987) (1966-1976) for a range of vegetable crops. (In
Evaluation of the DRIS procedure for assessing the preparation.) Tables available from Department of
nutritional status of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Primary Production, Northern Territory, Australia.
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 1331-1353. 95 Piggott, T.J. (1970) Response to copper applications by
73 MacKay, D.C., Entz, T., Carefoot, J.M., and Dubetz, S. lettuce crops growing in coastal podsols near
(1989) Comparison of critical nutrient concentrations Melbourne. Aust. Plant Nutr. Conf. Mt Gambier, S. Aust.
with DRISfor assessing nutrient deficiencies of potatoes Sept 1970.1(d): 36-38_
on irrigated Chernozemic soils. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69: 96 Piggott, T.]. Field survey analyses of carrots (1968-1972)
601-609. Department of Agriculture Victoria, Australia.
74 Maier (unpublished data) Unpublished data.
75 Maier, N.A. (1986) Potassium nutrition of irrigated 97 Piggott, T.J. Field survey analyses of crucifer crops
potatoes in South Australia. 2. Effect on chemical (1968-1978) Department of Agriculture Victoria,
composition and the prediction of tuber yield response Australia. Unpublished data.
by plant analysis. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26: 727-736. 98 Piggott,T.J. Onion survey analyses (1968-1975)
76 Maier, N.A., Potocky-Pacay, KA., and Williams, C.M.]. Department of Agriculture Victoria, Australia.
(1989) Comparison of the use of total phosphorus and Unpublished data.
459
99 Porter, G.A., and Sisson, ].A. (1991) Petiole nitrate 117 Sonneveld, e. and Voogt, S.]. (1975) Studies on the
content of Maine-grown Russet Burbank and Shepody manganese uptake of lettuce on steam-sterilised
potatoes in response to varying nitrogen rate. A mer. glasshouse soils. Plant Soil 42: 49-64.
Potato J. 68: 493-505. 118 Spence, ].A. and Ahmed, N. (1967) Critical
100 Porter, G.A., and Sisson, ].A. (1993) Yield, market concentration for nutrient deficiency in sweet
quality and petiole concentration of non-irrigated potatoes. A,gron. J. 59: 59.
Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes in response to 119 Stoller Chemical Co. (1980) Houston, Texas. Product
sidedressed nitrogen. Amer. Potato f. 70: 101-116. Manual - Nutrient Deficiency Guide.
101 Pregno, L.M., and Armour, ].D. (1992) Boron 120 Stroehlein, J.L. and Oebker, N.F. (1979) Effect of
deficiency and toxicity in potato cv. Sebago on an nitrogen & phosphorus on yields & tissue analyses of
oxisol of the Atherton Tablelands, North Queensland. chilli peppers. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 10: 551-
Aust. f. Exp. Agric. 32: 251-253. 563
102 Price, G.H. Incitec, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 121 Tyler, K.B. and May, D.M. (1986) Proc 22nd Int Hort
Unpublished data. Congr. California, Abst No. 229.
103 Queensland Department of Primary Industries, 122 Tyler, K.B., Lorenz, o.A. and Fullmer, F.S. (1961) Plant
Redlands Research Station, Australia. Unpublished and soil analyses as guides in potato nutrition. Calif
data. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 78 p. 1.1.
104 Roberts, S. and Dow, A.I. (1982) Critical nutrient ranges 123 Ulrich, A. and Fong, K.H. (1970) Phosphorus nutrition
for petiole phosphorus levels of sprinkler-irrigated of White Rose potato in relation to growth and
Russet Burbank potatoes. A,gron. f. 74: 583-585. minerals of leaf and root tissues. Commun. Soil Sci.
105 Roberts, S., and Rhee, ].K (1990) Boron utilization by Plant Anal. 1: 141-154.
potato in nutrient cultures and plantings. Commun. 124 Vitosh, M.L. (1985) Nitrogen management strategies
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 21: 921-932.
for potato producers. Cooperative Extension Service,
106 Roorda van Eysinga, ].P.N.L. and Smilde, KW. (1981) Michigan State University Extension Bulletin.
Nutritional disorders in glasshouse tomatoes,
125 Vlamis, ].and Williams, D.E. (1973) Manganese toxicity
cucumbers and lettuce. Cent. Agric Publ. and
and marginal chlorosis of lettuce. Plant Soil 39: 245-
Documn, Wageningen.
251.
107 Rosen, C., Lauer, F., Birong, D., and America, L. (1991)
126 Walker, D.W. and Woodson, W.R. (1987) Nitrogen
Nitrogen and boron utilization by potato: effects on
rate and cultivar effects on nitrogen and nitrate
tuber quality and implications for groundwater quality.
Minnesota Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 71: 23-40.
concentration of sweet potato leaf tissue. Commun. Soil
Sci. Plant Anal. 18: 529-541.
108 Ruiz, S.R. (1985) Seasonal variation in foliar levels of N,
P, K, Ca, Mg and microelements and preliminary 127 Walsh, L.M. and Beaton, ].D. (1973) Soil testing and
standards for N in garlic. Agricultura Technica 45(2): plant analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Publication No. 368.
159-161. 128 Weir, R. and Mutton, L. (1982) Survey of 25 crops,
109 Rykbost, K.A., Christensen, N.W., and Maxwell, J. Tumut, Bathurst, Yanco, Australia. Department of
(1993) Fertilization of Russet Burbank in short-season Agriculture New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
environment. Amer. Potato J. 70: 699-710. Unpublished data.
110 Salardini, A.A., Sparrow, L.A., McInerney, B.L., Baker, 129 Weir, R. Results from plant analyses (1960-1980)
A., Bantick, 0., and Chambers, D.]. (1994) The trace Department of Agriculture New South Wales, Sydney,
element requirements of vegetables and poppies in Australia. (pers. cornm.).
Tasmania. Progress report to industry contributors. 130 Weir, R.G., and Cresswell, G.C. (1993) Plant Nutrient
Dept. of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Tasmania. Disorders 3. Vegetable Crops. NSW Agriculture, Inkata
111 Sanchez, C.A., Burdine, H.W., and Guzman, V.L. (1990) Press, Melbourne.
Soil testing and plant analysis as guides for the 131 Westermann, D.T. (1993) Fertility management. In
fertilization of celery on histosols. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Potato Health Management (Ed R. Rowe) pp 77-86.
Florida Proc. 49: 69-72. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul,
112 Sanchez, C.A., Burdine, H.W., Guzman, V.L. and Hall, Minnesota, USA.
C.B. (1988) Yield, quality and leaf nutrient 132 Wetzold, P. (1972) Ernahrungsstorungen an
composition of crisphead lettuce as affected by N, P and Salatgurkenpflanzen Diagnose und Abhilfe. Gemuse 2:
K in histosols. Proc. Fla. State Hart. Soc. 101: 346-501. 35-46.
113 Scaife, A., and Turner, M. (1983) Diagnosis of mineral 133 Williams, e.M.]., and Maier, N.A. (1990) Determination
disorders in plants Volume 2. Vegetables. Her of the nitrogen status of irrigated potato crops. II. A
Majesty's Stationery Office, London. simple on farm quick test for nitrate-nitrogen in petiole
114 Scheffer, ].J.e., and Wilson, G.]. (1987). Cauliflower: sap. J. Plant Nutr. 13: 985-993.
molybdenum application using pelleted seed and foliar 134 Winsor, G., and Adams, P. (1987) Diagnosis of mineral
sprays. New Zealand]. Exp. Agric. 15, 485-490. disorders in plants Volume 3. Glasshouse crops. Her
115 Smith, e.B., Demchak, KT., and Ferretti, P.A. (1990) Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Fertilizer placement effects on growth responses and 135 Yang, Yong]eon and Lee, Byoung Yil (1990) Effect of
nutrient uptake of sweet corn, snapbeans, tomatoes heavy metal treatments on the growth and uptake in
and cabbage. Commun. Sail Sci. Plant Anal. 21: 107-123. hydroponically cultured lettuce. J. Kor. Soc. Hart. Sci.
116 Sonneveld, e. and van den Ende,]. (1975) The effect 31: 37-41.
of some salts on head weight and tip-burn of lettuce 136 Zink, F.W. (1962) Growth and nutrient absorption of
and on fruit production and blossom-end rot of green bunching onions. Proc. Amer. Sac. Home. Sci.
tomatoes. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 23: 191-201. 180: 430-435.
460
Vegetables
SUMMARISED GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSING NUTRIENT

DISORDERS IN SELECTED VEGETABLE CROPS
The main tabular compilation in this chapter crops. The authors consider these guidelines are well
provides a diverse range of plant tests for diagnosing supported by published research and can be used
nutrient deficiencies and confirming nutrient with confidence, provided they are treated with
adequacy in vegetable crops. These involve sampling caution until validated by local experience.
different plant plarts at various stages of growth for For each species, the guidelines are derived for a
different nutrients or nutrient fractions. specified plant part sampled at two or more stages of
The purpose of the tables produced below
below is to growth. They have been derived from the main table
summarise this body of information into a set of of this chapter, with emphasis being placed on
interpretation guidelines for diagnosing nutrient defi- experimental calibrations, validated by commercial
ciencies and adequacy for four important vegetable surveys for crops grown outdoors in Australia.
LETTUCE (head) (Lactuca sativa)
Nutrient Growth Stage Plant Part Critical Adequate
N(%) 20 OAT YML 4.9 5.2
Head YML(WL) 4 4.1-4.5
Maturity YML (WL) 3.3-4.0 3.5-4.5
NOrN(%) Head MRWL 0.8
Maturity MRWL 0.6
NOrN petiole sap 20 OAT PYML 500 1000
(mg/kg) Head PYML(WL) 950 1600
Maturity PYML(M) 900 1500
P(%) 20 OAT YML 0.44-0.76
Head YML(WL) 0.3 0.50-0.60
Maturity YML (WL) 0.4 0.50-0.70
K(%) 20 OAT YML 7.4-10.5
Head YML (WL) 7.5-10.4
Maturity YML(WL) 7.0-10.6
Ca(%) 20 OAT YML 0.68-1.70
Head YML(WL) 1.3 1.40-1.50
Mg(%) 20 OAT YML 0.32-0.39
Head YML(Wl) 0.30-0.70
5(%) 20 OAT YML 0.21-0.27
Head YML(WL) 0.28-0.32
Cu (mg/kg) Head YML(WL) 7-35
Maturity YML(Wl) 7-35
Zn (mg/kg) Head YML(WL) 20 25-100
Maturity YML(Wl) 24-70
461
Plant Analysis:
Analysis: An Interpretation Manual
LETTUCE (head) (Lactuca sativa)
Mn (mglkg) Head YML(WL) 30-200
Maturity YML(WL) 30-200
Fe (mglkg) Head YML(WL) 50-200
AI (mglkg) Head YML(WL) <100
Maturity YML(WL) <100
B (mglkg) Head YML(WL) 20 25-55
Mo (mglkg) Head YML(WL) 0.08-0.14
TOMATO (fresh market) (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Plant part: YOL

Nutrient Growth Stage Critical Adequate
N(%) Early flower 4.9 5.0-6.0
Early fruit set 4.6-6.0
1st mature fruit 4.45 4.50-4.60
Mid harvest 4.5-5.5
NOrN petiole sap (mglkg) Early flower 760 1100-2140
Early fruit set 760 1000-1200
1st mature fruit 1120 1790
Mid harvest 1600
P(%) Early flower 0.4-0.9
1st mature fruit 0.4-0.9
Mid harvest 0.6-0.8
K(%) Early flower 3.8-6.0
Mid harvest 3.4-5.2
Ca(%) Early flower 1.5-2.5
Mid harvest 2.0-4.3
Mg(%) Early flower 0.4-0.6
Mid harvest 0.51-1.30
Na(%) Early flower 0.1-0.4
CI{%) Early flower 0.5-2.5
462
Vegetables
TOMATO (fresh market) (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Nutrient Growth Stage Plant Part Critical
Cu (mg/kg) Early flower 5-15
Early fruit set 5-15
Zn (mg/kg) Early flower 30-100
Early fru it set 30-100
Mn (mg/kg) Early flower 50-250
Fe (mg/kg) Early flower 60-300
AI (mg/kg) Early flower <200
B (mg/kg) Early flower 30-100
Mo (mg/kg) Early flower 0.6
SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas)
N(%) 28 DAT YML 4.2 4.3-4.5
Mid growth YML 2.7-4.5
Harvest WS 2.3-3.3
P(%) 28 DAT YML 0.22 0.26-0.45
Harvest WS 0.28-0.45
K(%) 28 DAT YML 4.0 4.7-6.0
Harvest WS 4.6-5.4
Ca(%) 28 DAT YML 0.76 0.90-1.20
Harvest WS 0.73-0.74
Mg(%) 28 DAT YML 0.12 0.15-0.35
Harvest WS 0.36
5(%) 28 DAT YML 0.34 0.35-0.45
Zn (mg/kg) 28 DAT YML 11 12-40
Harvest WS 20-45
Mn(mg/kg) 28 DAT YML 19 26-500
Mid growth YML 40-100
Harvest WS 40-200
Fe (mg/kg) 28 DAT YML 33 45-80
B (mg/kg) 28 DAT YML 40 45-75
Harvest
~
WS 118
463
POTATO, IRISH POTATO (Solanum tuberosum l.)
Solanum tuberosum L. cv. differences in diagnostic standards-relate to differences in maturity.
Growth stage: Defined by the tuber size ie. length of longest tuber.
Plant Part: Petiole-rachis (Petiole) of 5th leaf from growing terminal. (4-5 leaf is often referred to as
YML) = PYML
Nutrient Growth Stage Def Low Adequate High Cultivar
NOrN(%) 50101 <1.4 1.4-1.7 1.8-3.0 >3.00 cv. Atlantic

500101 <1.2 1.20-1.49 1.50-2.75 >2.75
50101 <1.8 1.80-2.24 2.25-3.50 >3.5 cv. Kennebec

300101 <1.2 1.20-1.49 1.50-2.75 >2.75
50101 <1.4 1.4-1.7 1.8-2.8 >2.8 cv. Russet

900101 <1.2 1.2-1.4 1.5-2.5 >2.5 Burbank
K(%) 50101 <8 8-9 10-16 >16 cv. Atlantic

900101 <6 6-7 8-14 >14
150101 <9 9 10-16 >16 cv. Kennebec

1200101 <6 6-7 8-13 >13
50101 <8 <8-9 10-15 >15 cv. Russet

1500101 <6 6-7 8-13 >13 Burbank
P(%) 50101 <0.32 0.32-0.39 0.40-0.60 >0.60 cv. Atlantic

400101 <0.24 0.24-0.29 0.30-0.50 >0.50
150101 <0.40 0.40-0.47 0.48-0.65 >0.65 cv. Kennebec

400101 <0.24 0.24-0.29 0.30-0.45 >0.45
50101 <0.30 0.30-0.34 0.35-0.60 >0.60 cv. Russet

600101 <0.25 0.25-0.29 0.30-0.55 >0.55 Burbank
Ca(%) 50101 <0.3 0.3-0.4 0.5-1.5 >1.5

900101 <0.3 0.3-0.5 0.6-1.8 >1.8
Mg(%) 50101 <0.15 0.15-0.29 0.30-0.75 >0.75

900101 <0.15 0.15-0.59 0.60-1.60 >1.6
5(%) 50101 <0.16 0.16-0.19 0.20-0.35 >0.35

900101 <0.12 0.12-0.14 0.15-0.30 >0.30
Cu(mg/kg) 50101 <2 2-4 5-16 >16

900101 <2 2 3-10 >10
Zn(mg!kg) 50101 <20 20-29 30-11 0 >110

900101 <15 15-19 20-80 >80
Mn(mg/kg) 50101 <10 10-19 20-100 >100

900101 <15 15-29 30-225 >225
B(mg!kg) 50101 <10 10-19 20-40 >40
464
9. ORNAMENTALS
G.H. Price, G.c. Cresswell and KA. Handreck
INTRODUCTION Most of the data in this collection have come from

surveys of growers, sand or potting mix culture and
Many ornamental plants are valued for their glasshouse studies. Where a number of workers have
appearance and shelf-life and are grown in soilless studied the same species and nutrients
media or intensively grown in the greenhouse or independently, and there is no way of deciding the
field. They are often fertilized with major and relative merits of the data, each data set has been
micro-nutrients at luxury rates. In the case of included. The reader should be aware of the hazards
soilless media, either extreme leaching of soluble of interpreting plant tissue analysis values in the
nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium, or higher absence of reliable information concerning the site
applications of micronutrients may cause damage to where the plant is growing and its water and
the saleable parts of the plant. Hence, ornamentals nutrient management.
are prone to a wider range of nutrient disorders than
There are no specific values given in the tables for
other species and yet plant analysis criteria for these
micronutrient standards for some of the ornamental
plants remain poorly developed.
plants. Table 1 (redrawn from Bunt (1976» may be
In this chapter, the primary aim is to present values helpful for interpreting analytical values for these
for nutrient concentrations of whole plants or plant nutrients.
parts, and particularly for those ornamental species
The assistance of Drs D.J. Reuter, J.B. Robinson,
which are grown commercially in Australia. The K.I. Peverill and Mr N. Maier in providing data,
data were obtained from published papers, as well as references and documents is gratefully
from personal communications with researchers acknowledged.
working with these species.
A secondary aim is to provide a starting point from
which Australian researchers may further investigate
the nutrient status of exotic, native and ornamental
species and thereby refine the data which are now
available.
In grain, vegetable and fruit crops, the nutrient
status of the plant is often related to a measurable
yield. In ornamental species, the assessment of
optimum or maximum yield is mainly subjective.
Hence, the criteria stated are much less rigid than for
most other crops. Product quality may also be
influenced by nutrition.
467
""
~ ;a
co
a
).
al
~
'"~.
).
::l
Australian Wax Flower (Chamelaucium spp.)

=
;-
~
ril
ill'
N(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 1.0-2.0 Aust 27 §"
long
Dec-Feb Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 1.5-2.5 Aust 27 ~
long ~
P(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.15-0.25 Aust 27
long
Dec Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.17-0.26 Aust 27
long
jan Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.14-0.22 Aust 27
long
Feb Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.12-0.18 Aust 27
long
K(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.5-1.0 Aust 27
long
Dec-Feb Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.9-1.4 Aust 27
long
S(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.12-0.18 Aust 27
long
Dec Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.18-0.24 Aust 27
long
long ,
Feb Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.15-0.22 Aust 27
long
Ca(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.6-1.0 Aust 27
long
long
Mg(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.2-0.4 Aust 27
long
long
Na(%) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 0.1-0.3 Aust 27
long
long
CI(%) Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F -0.7 Aust 27
. long

long
Cu(mglkg) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 3.0-9.0 Aust 27
long
long
Zn(mglkg) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 15.0-20.0 Aust 27
long
long
Mn(mgl july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 50.0-100.0 Aust 27
kg) long
long
Fe(mglkg) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 30.0-100.0 Aust 27
long
long
B(mglkg) july-Sept Shoot tips 30-40 or 40-50 mm F 50.0-100.0 Aust 27
long
long
Azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
N(%) FI YMB on FI shoot U <1.8 2.0-3.0 >3.0 USA 29

FI YMB on FI shoot D <2.0 2.0-3.2 >3.2 Aust 35 Preferred N fertilizer NH 4 + and N03-
P(%) FI YMB on FI shoot U <0.20 0.29-0.50 >0.65 USA 29
FI YMB on FI shoot D <0.16 0.16-0.45 >0.45 Aust 35
K(%) FI YMB on FI shoot U <0.75 0.80-1.60 USA 29
C
S(%) FI YMB on FI shoot D <0.16 0.16-0.35 >0.35 Aust 35 3
III
3
,j:o, ~
a-. ill'
1.0 1i;"
"""
;a
o ~
....
:l:-
~
~
'"~.
:l:-
::
Azalea (Rhododendron indicum) (ctd) =

~
-tl
;j1
El'
Ca(%) FI YMB on FI shoot U <0.20 0.22-1.60 USA 29 §-
Mg(%)
Na(%)
FI
FI
YMB on FI shoot
YMB on FI shoot
U
D
<0.16
<0.10
0.17-0.50
0.10-0.30 >0.30
USA
Aust
29
35
[
CI(%) FI YMB on FI shoot D <0.30 0.30-1.0 >1.0 Aust 35
Cu(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U <5 6.0-15.0 USA 29
FI YMB on FI shoot D <5 5.0-30.0 >30 Aust 35
Zn(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U <15 15-60 USA 29
FI YMB on FI shoot D <10 10-100 >100 Aust 35
Mn(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U <30 30-300 >400 USA 29
Fe(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U <50 50-150 USA 29
AI(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U Very tolerant USA 29
B(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot U <16 17-100 >200 USA 29
Mo(mglkg) FI YMB on FI shoot D <0.1 0.1-1.0 >1.0 Aust 35
Banksia (Banksia ericifolia), Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia)
N(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.78 1.00-1.14 Aust 33 Growth reduction in deficient plants
P(%) Seedl WS Pmix 0.06-0.16 >0.17 Aust 14 Banksia ericifolia
10 weeks WS Sand 0.17-0.62 Aust 33
K(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.21 0.46-0.73 Aust 33 Deficient plants necrotic
Ca(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.42-0.79 Aust 33
Mg(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.11-0.29 Aust 33
Boronia (Boronia megastigma Nees)
N(%) FI initial. Lat F <1.2 1.3-1.7 >1.7 Aust 41

Post harvest Lat F <1.0 1.1-1.5 >1.5 Aust 41
Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata)
N(%) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil <1.2 2.0-3.0 >3.0 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
after planting 10-12 cm mid-section hanging baskets
P(%) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 0.5-0.7 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
after planting 10-12 cm mid-section hangi ng baskets
K(%) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 3.0-4.0 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
Ca(%) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 0.35-0.50 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
Mg(%) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 0.45-0.60 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
after planting 10-12 cm mid-section hangi ng baskets
Cu(mglkg) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 5.0-10.0 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
after pi anti ng 10-12 cm mid-section hanging baskets
Zn(mglkg) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 35-50 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
Mn(mgl 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 50-140 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
kg) after planting 10-12 cm mid-section hanging baskets
Fe(mglkg) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 50-80 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
B(mglkg) 5-10 months Pinnae from whole fronds or Soil 25-50 USA 12 Experiments conducted on plants growing in
Caladium x hortulanum Birdsey
N(%) Leaves 3.6-4.9 >4.8 USA 18

P(%) Leaves 0.37-0.68 >0.7 USA 18
K(%) Leaves 2.3-4.1 >4.5 USA 18
o
3
3
.... sill'
....
'I
1;;"
....
"
N ~
::
....
~
5l
~
'f"il-
~
::
S-
ib
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) ~
~
N(%) Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat 3.0-5.0 UK
~
S <3.0 6 Q'
buds visible ::
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <3.0 3.0-5.0 USA 32 Adequate range determined from survey data [
buds visible §.
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat U 3.2-3.6 USA 19
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat U <3.0 3.3-4.8 USA 30
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat Soil <2.0-2.3 UK 45 Described as 'deficiency less than about'
buds visible
17 months 5th pr leaves from A of Lat Soil 3.0-3.5 UK 45 Higher value desirable in second season
after planting
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-4 th and 5th D <3.0 3.2-5.2 USA 29 Monitoring for Iife of crop
after pr leaves from base. Pinched
planting, plants-as above, but when
then every 2 buds form, 5th and 6th pr
months leaves from A of Lat without
buds
P(%) Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.05 0.25-0.45 UK 6
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.05 0.25-0.45 USA 32 Adequate range determined from survey data
buds visible
buds visible
5 months 5th pr leaves from A of Lat Soil <0.10-0.15 UK 45 Described as 'deficiency less than about'
after planting
after planting
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-t'" and 5th pr D <0.05 0.20-0.30 USA 29 Monitoring for Iife of crop
after leaves from base. Pinched
planting, plants-as above, but when buds
then every 2 form, 5th and 6th pr leaves from
months A of Lat without buds
K(%) Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <2.0 2.5-4.0 UK 6
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat 5 <2.0 2.5-4.0 USA 32 Adequate range determined from survey data.
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat U 2.9-3.3 USA 19
buds visible
buds visible
5 months 5th pr leaves from A of Lat Soil <1.5-2. 0 UK 45 Described as 'deficiency less than about'
after planting
after planting
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-t'" and 5th pr D <2.0 2.5-6.0 USA 29 Man itori ng for Iife of crop
Ca(%) Before FI 5 th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.6 1.0-2.0 UK 6
buds visible
Before FI 5 th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.6 1.0-2.0 USA 32 Adequate range determined from survey data
buds visible
Before FI 5 th pr leaves from A of Lat U <0.5 1.0-2.00 USA 30
buds visible
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-a'!' and 5th pr D <0.60 1.0-2.0 USA 29 Monitoring for life of crop
Mg(%) Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.15 0.2-0.5 UK 6
buds visible
Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat S <0.15 0.2-0.5 USA 32 Adequate range determined from survey data
buds visible
buds visible
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-a'" and 5th pr D <0.15 0.25-0.50 USA 29 Monitoring for life of crop
'after leaves from base. Pinched
c
:3
~
01:> ~
ill'
"w r;;-
17 months 5 th pr leaves from A of Lat Soil 20-40 UK 45 Higher value desirable in second season
after planting
6-8 weeks Unpinched plants-a'" and 5th D <25 30-100 >700 USA 29 Monitoring for life of crop
after pr leaves from base. Pinched
planting, plants-as above, but when
then every 2 buds form, 5th and 6th pr
months leaves from A of Lat without
buds
Mo(mg! Before FI 5th pr leaves from A of Lat U <0.3 1.0-5.0 USA 30
kg) buds visible
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
N(%) 70 DAT WS D <3.0 3.0-5.0 >5.0 Aust 35 cv. White Sands

Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <3.0 4 4.5-6.0 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand.S <2.0 2.5-4.5 Aust 36
P(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.25 0.25-1.00 >1.0 Aust 35 cv. White Sands
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <0.21 0.26-1.15 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand,S <0.2 0.3-0.8 Aust 36
K(%) 70 DAT WS D <2.80 2.80-8.00 >8.0 Aust 35 Data from five cuItivars
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <2.0 2.75 3.5-10.0 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand,S 4.0-7.0 Aust 36
S(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.18 0.18-0.40 >0.40 Aust 35 Data from five cultivars
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand,SC <0.19 0.30-0.74 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Ca(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.40 0.40-2.00 >2.00 Aust 35 Data from five cuItivars
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <0.28 0.4 0.50-4.6 USA 25 cv. Good News; levels steady with leaf age
<1.5 cm
Mg(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.20 0.20-0.60 >0.60 Aust 35 Data from five cultivars
c
::I
01:>- ~
El'
"
\i1 1ii"
oIlo
'I
0' ~
;a
~
5l
~
<Ii
~.
~
S"
~
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) (ctd) -a~
Mg(%) Veg-FI diam Lower leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <0.045 0.06-1.50 USA 25 cv. Good News; levels steady with leaf age
£
5'
(ctd) <1.5 cm ::
Pre-FI YL Sand 0.3-0.6 Aust 36 ~
Na(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.10 0.10-2.0 >2.0 Aust 35 Data from five cultivars ~
Pre-FI YL Sand 0.02-1.0 >2.0 Aust 36 Chlorosis and reduced growth at toxic levels
CI(%) 70 DAT WS D <0.30 0.30-3.0 >3.0 Aust 35 Data from five cu Itivars
Pre-FI YL Sand 0.3-2.5 >5.0 Aust 36
Cu(mglkg) 70 DAT WS D <5 5.0-50.0 >50 Aust 35 Data from five cu Itivars
Veg-FI diam Middle leaves on FI stem Sand, SC <4.7 5 10-? USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand 8.0-15.0 Aust 36
FI all leaves Pmix 1.5 1.5-2.8 Aust 13 For maximum vegetative growth
FI all leaves Pmix 13 13-28 Aust 13 For maximum flower production
Zn(mglkg) 70 DAT WS D <10 10-100 >100 Aust 35 Data from five cuItivars
Veg-FI diam Lower leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <6.8 7 7.0-26.0 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand 40-100 Aust 36
Mn(mglkg) 70 DAT WS D <20 20-150 >150 Aust 35 Data from five cultivars
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <4 195-260 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand 50-300 >500 Aust 36 Necrotic spots at toxic levels
Fe(mglkg) 70 DAT WS D <40 40-200 >200 Aust 35 Data from five cu Itivars
Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <35 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
B(mglkg) Veg-FI diam Upper leaf on FI stem Sand, SC <19.5 20 25-200 240 USA 25 cv. Good News
<1.5 cm
Pre-FI YL Sand 30-100 Aust 36
FI VOL Sand 9-12 >50 Japan 20 cv. Seikonohana
Mo(mglkg) Pre-FI YL Sand >0.3 Aust 36
Cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum)
N(%) 50 DAT WS Peat 2.2-2.7 NZ 39 cv. Rosamunde

1 5t FI YMB 2.4-3.4 Ger 5
Harvest (97 WS Peat 2.1-2.4 NZ 39 cv. Rosamunde
DAT)
j
P(%) 50 DAT WS Peat 0.14-0.22 NZ 39 cv. Rosamunde

1 5t FI YMB 0.25-0.4 Ger 5
Harvest (97 WS Peat 0.14-0.17 NZ 39 cv. Rosamunde
DAT)
K(%) 50 DAT WS Peat 2.2-5.7 NZ 39 cv. Rosamunde
1 5t FI YMB 2.6-4.5 Ger 5
Ca(%) 15t FI YMB 0.8-1.2 Ger 5
Mg(%) 15t FI YMB 0.25-0.5 Ger 5
Cu(mg/kg) 15t FI YMB 5.0-12.0 Ger 5
Zn(mglkg) 15t FI YMB 20-60 Ger 5
Mn(mg/kg) 15t FI YMB 30-100 Ger 5
B(mg/kg) 15t FI YMB 25-60 Ger 5
Mo(mg/kg) 15t FI YMB 0.15-0.4 Ger 5
Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia exotica)
N(%) Well grown YMB D 2.7-3.5 USA 22

P(%) Well grown YMB D 0.2-0.35 USA 22
K(%) Well grown YMB D 3.5-4.5 USA 22
Ca(%) Well grown YMB D 1.0-1.5 USA 22
Mg(%) Well grown YMB D 0.3-0.6 USA 22
Cu(mg/kg) Well grown YMB D 10.0-40.0 USA 22
Zntmg/kg) Well grown YMB D 25-150 USA 22
Mn(mg/kg) Well grown YMB D 50-200 USA 22
Fe(mg/kg) Well grown YMB D 50-150 USA 22 c
3
~
""'
'l
'l
El'
i;;"
..,.
'I ;a
QQ
a
)0.
~
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Critical
(deficiency) Adequate High Critical Country Ref Comments '"~.
stage established (toxicity) )0.
::s
Freesia (freesia refracta)

=
;-
-a
i6
ill'
~
N(%) End FI WS U
U 1.60-2.34 NZ
NZ 43
YMB
YMB 2.7-5.6 USA
USA 9
P(%) End FI WS
YMB
YMB
U
U 0.09-0.26
0.4-1.2
NZ
NZ
USA
USA
43
9
I
K(%) End FI WS U
U 2.3-4.7 NZ
NZ 43
YMB
YMB 3.1-5.9 USA
USA 9
Ca(%)
(a(%) End FI WS U
U 1.40-1.73 NZ
NZ 43
YMB
YMB 0.4-1.0 USA
USA 9
Mg(%) End FI WS U
U 0.50-0.70 NZ
NZ 43
YMB
YMB 0.3-1.8 USA
USA 9
Cu(mglkg) YMB
YMB 5-130 USA
USA 9
Zn(mglkg) YMB 40-110
40-110 USA 9
Mn(mglkg) YMB
YMB 30-540 USA
USA 9
Fe(mglkg)
Fe(mglkg) YMB
YMB 80-115 USA
USA 9
B(mglkg)
B(mglkg) YMB
YMB 30-100 USA
USA 9
Geranium (Pe/argonium zona/e)
N(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.99 2.18 Bra
Bra 24
FI YMB
YMB U
U <2.40 3.3-4.80 USA
USA 29
.
P(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.2 0.35 Bra
Bra 24
FI YMB
YMB U
U <0.28 0.40-0.67 USA
USA 29
K(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.46
0.46 2.14 Bra
Bra 24
FI YMB
YMB U
U <0.70 2.50-4.50 USA
USA 29
S(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.02 0.1
0.1 Bra
Bra 24
Ca(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.77
0.77 1.45 Bra
Bra 24
FI YMB
YMB U
U <0.77 0.81-1.20 USA
USA 29
Mg(%)
Mg(%) U
U Leaves
Leaves SC 0.24
0.24 0.53 Bra
Bra 24
FI YMB U
U <0.14 0.20-0.52 USA 29
.. _ - - - _ . __. -- .. - --------------
~
_
Na(%) FI YMB U >0.60 USA 29
Cu(mglkg) FI YMB U <5.5 7.0-16.0 USA 29
Zn(mglkg) FI YMB U <6 8.0-40.0 USA 29
Mn(mglkg) FI YMB U <9 42-174 >800 USA 29
Fe(mglkg) U Leaves SC 92 265 Bra 24
FI YMB U <60 70-270 USA 29
Bung/kg) U Leaves SC 58 110 Bra 24
FI YMB U <18 30-280 >700 USA 29
Gladiolus (Gladiolus tristis)
N(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 2.5-3.0 Aust 31

U YMB cut at junction of stem U 3.0-4.0 USA 30
P(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 0.30-0.45 Aust 31
K(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 3.0-4.0 Aust 31
Ca(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 0.50-0.80 0.80-1.50 Aust 31
Mg(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 0.10-0.20 0.20-0.40 Aust 31
Na(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S >0.50 Aust 31
CI(%) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S <0.70 >2.50 Aust 31
Cu(mglkg) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 5.0-10.0 Aust 31
Zn(mglkg) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 20-100 Aust 31
U YMB cut at junction of stem U 20-60 USA 30
Mn(mglkg) Head 4 th fully expanded true leaf S 50-200 200-500 Aust 31
U YMB cui at junction of stem U 100-300 USA 30
Fe(mglkg) Head 4th fully expanded true leaf S 100-200 Aust 31
U YMB cut at junction of stem U 80-200 USA 30
o
B(mglkg) U YMB cut at junction of stem U 25-60 >300 USA 30 3
3
.j>,
'1
sEl'
1.0 i;;'"
""
ee
o
~
~.....
).
g
~
<II
~.
).
:::I
::
rti'
Grevillea (Grevillea spp.) ~
;jl
~
N(%) 70 DAE WS Sand 0.46 0.87-1.91 Aust 33 C. rosmarinifolia; reduced growth at deficient c"
:::I
level.
46 DAE Leaves Sand 1.76 Aust 34 cv. Poorinda Firebird [
P(%) 1 month after Leaves S 0.1 >0.15 Aust 36 cv. Clearview Robyn; at toxic levels stunted ~
potting up to and discoloured leaves and retarded root
250 mm development.
1 month after Leaves S 0.15 >0.25 Aust 36 C. victoriae var. tenuifolia; at toxic levels
potting up to stunted and discoloured leaves and retarded
250 mm root development.
1 month after Leaves S 0.2 >0.30 Aust 36 cv. Poorinda Elegance; at toxic levels stunted
250 mm development.
1 month after Leaves S 0.2 >0.25 Aust 36 cv. Poorinda Elegance; at toxic levels stunted
250 mm development.
70 DAE WS Sand 0.01 0.21-0.58 Aust 33 C. rosmarinifolia; reduced growth at deficient
level.
46 DAE Leaves Sand <0.08 0.09 >0.27 Aust 34 cv. Poorinda Firebird; interactions between P
and N, Ca and K.
K(%) 70 DAE WS Sand 0.26 0.42-0.98 Aust 33 C. rosmarinifolia; reduced growth at deficient
level.
46 DAE Leaves Sand 1.21 Aust 34 cv. Poorinda Firebird
Ca(%) 70 DAE WS Sand 0.46-1.07 Aust 33 G. rosmarinifolia
Mg(%) 70 DAE WS Sand 0.12-0.37 Aust 33 G. rosmarinifolia
Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
N(%) ML U 2.88 3.96 Sing 10

P(%) ML u 0.22 0.49 Sing 10
K(%) ML u 0.63 2.6 Sing 10
Ca(%) YF U 0.22 1.24 Sing 10
Mg(%) ML U 0.22 0.51 Sing 10
Cu(mglkg) YF U 3 8 Sing 10
Mn(mglkg) YF U 31 188 Sing 10
Fe(mglkg) YF U 137 173 Sing 10
B(mglkg) YF U 30 51 Sing 10
Holly (/lex aquifolium)
N(%) Leaves U 1.18-1.38 1.62-1.84 USA 44

P(%) Leaves U 0.1-0.14 USA 44
K(%) Leaves U 0.79-1.0 USA 44
Ca(%) Leaves U 1.03-1.13 USA 44
Mg(%) Leaves U 0.35-0.42 USA 44
B(mglkg) Leaves U 30-45 USA 44
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylJa)
N(%) YMB U 2.5-2.99 3-5.5 >5.5 USA 4

Veg YEB pair SC 2.15-3.6 USA 3
P(%) YMB U 0.18-0.24 0.25-0.7 >0.7 USA 4
Veg YEB pair SC 0.09 0.28-1.14 USA 3
K(%) YMB U 1.5-2.01 2.2-5.0 >5.0 USA 4
S(%) YMB U 0.13-0.19 0.20-0.7 >0.7 USA 4
Ca(%) YMB U 0.4-0.59 0.6-1.8 >1.8 USA 4
Mg(%) YMB U 0.18-0.21 0.22-0.5 >0.5 USA 4
Cu(mglkg) YMB U 4.0-5.0 6.0-50 >50 USA 4
Zn(mglkg) YMB U 15-19 20-200 >200 USA 4
Veg YEB pair SC 29 30-56 USA 3 C
3
~
..,. ~
...
00 ill'
<:i"
""
QQ
N
~
~
.....
).
~
~
<IS
~.
).
::
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) (ctd)

=
iti'
-a
iil
ill'
Mn(mglkg) YMB U 40-49 50-300 >300 USA 4 §o
YEB pair 8 37-311 USA 3
Fe(mglkg)
Veg
YMB
SC
U 40-49 50-300 >300 USA 4

[
59-224 USA
~
Veg YEB pair SC 46 3
B(mglkg) YMB U 16-19 20-50 >50 USA 4
Veg YEB pair SC 23 54-118 USA 3
Mo(mglkg) Veg YEB pair SC 1 2.0-7.0 USA 3
Impatiens, New Guinea, Impulse Violet (Impatiens wallerana)
N(%) YMB U 3.3-4.9 USA 9
P(%) YMB U 0.3-0.8 USA 9
K(%) YMB U 1.9-2.7 USA 9
Ca(%) YMB U 1.9-2.7 USA 9
Mg(%) YMB U 0.3-0.8 USA 9
Cu(mglkg) YMB U 5.0-10 USA 9
Zn(mglkg) YMB U 40-85 USA 9
FI WS Pot 80 >100 Aust 17
Mn(mglkg) YMB U 140-245 USA 9
FI WS Pot 10.0-20.0 190-240 Aust 17
Fe(mglkg) YMB U 160-890 USA 9
B(mglkg) YMB U 50-60 USA 9
Ixodia daisy (lxodia achillaeioides ssp. a/ata)
N(%) Stem >30 em 5th leaf below growing F <1.25 1.4-1.7 Aust 28
long terminal
P(%) Stem >30 em 5th leaf below growing F <0.1 0.13-0.2 Aust 28
long terminal
K(%) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F <1.0 1.0-1.5 Aust 28
long terminal
S(%) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 0.41-0.48 Aust 28
long terminal
Ca(%) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 1.0-1.2 Aust 28
long terminal
Mg(O{o) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 0.24-0.32 Aust 28
long terminal
Na(%) Stem >30 cm 5 th leaf below growing F 0.65-0.81 Aust 28
long terminal
Cu(mg/kg) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 9.0-21.0 Aust 28
long terminal
Zn(mglkg) Stem >30cm 5 th leaf below growing F 42-60 Aust 28
long terminal
Mn(mg/ Stem >30cm 5th leaf below growing F 150-203 Aust 28
kg) long terminal
Fe(mg/kg) Stem >30cm 5th leaf below growing F 61-81 Aust 28
long terminal
Al(rng/kg) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 190-233 Aust 28
long terminal
.B(mg/kg) Stem >30 cm 5th leaf below growing F 49-57 Aust 28
long terminal
Leucadendron, Silvan Red/Safari Sunset (Leucadendron spp.)
N(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.7-1.0 Aust 8 For high yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.6-0.8 Aust 8 For low yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.5-0.7 Aust 8 For high yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.4-0.5 Aust 8 For low yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
P(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.08-0.1 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
0
Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.2 -0.4 Aust 8 For high yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset :I
III
S
~
"'"
ee
\.oJ
ii:'
<;;"
....
<=
.... a::i
~
..;-
<II
~.
),.
::I
:;-
~
l eucadendron, Silvan Red/Safari Sunset iLeucedendrnn spp.) (ctd) -a~
iii'
P(%) (ctd) Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.08-0.1 Aust 8 For low yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset i-
K(%) 0.21-0.36 8
[
Nov-Jan YFEL S Aust Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
S(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.1-0.16 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Ca(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.25-0.4 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Mg(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.15-0.22 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Na(%) Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.55-0.7 Aust 8 For high yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Nov-Jan YFEL S 0.65-0.8 Aust 8 For low yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.3-0.35 Aust 8 For high yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Aug-Oct YFEL S 0.4-0.45 Aust 8 For low yielding Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Cu(mg!kg) Nov-Jan YFEL S 2.0-12.0 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Zn(mg!kg) Nov-Jan YFEL S 16.0-30.0 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of I
active growth
Mn(mg!kg) Nov-Jan YFEL S 70.0-120.0 Aust 8 Silvan Red
Period of
active growth
Nov-Jan YFEL S 100-300 Aust 8 Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Fe(mg!kg) Nov-Jan YFEL S 15-30 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Btmg/kg) Nov-Jan YFEL S 12.0-16.0 Aust 8 Silvan Red/Safari Sunset
Period of
active growth
Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum reddlenum cv. Elegans)
N(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat <2.0 2.4-2.7 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study; fronds on -Hysol (pale
after green) diagnosed as N deficient
treatment
I
started
P(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.2-0.4 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
K(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 2.5-4.0 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
S(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.2-0.3 Aust 36 Hysol" ferti Iizer study
after
treatment
started
Ca(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.3-0.5 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
Mg(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.25-0.5 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
Na(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.05-0.15 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
CI(%) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 0.3-0.6 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
c
:I
~
~
=
\11
E:'
iii"
01>0
~
CQ
t;'>
a
~
5l
~
III
~.
~
::
:;-
;:;-
Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum raddienum cv, Elegans) (ctd) -a
~
iii
Cu(mglkg) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 3.0-5.0 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study §O
after
treatment
started
~
~
Zn(mglkg) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 15-30 Aust 36 Hysol" fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
Mn(mg! 50-120 days Fronds Peat <100 Aust 36 Hysol" ferti Iizer study
kg) after
treatment
started
B(mglkg) 50-120 days Fronds Peat 30-60 Aust 36 Hysol* fertilizer study
after
treatment
started
Needlewood iHake« leucoptersi
IP(%) Seedl WS Pmix 0.05-0.09 Aust 16 I

Orchid, Cattleya (Csttlev« sp.), Cymbidium Orchid (Cymbidium sp.)
N(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.6 1.30-1.70 2.5 USA 1 Cattleya sp. Fewer flowers produced at low N
youngest mature growth supply
U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 1.3 2.0-2.50 3.3 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth
P(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.07 0.11-0.17 0.25 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
youngest mature growth
immature growth
K(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 1.1 1.80-2.80 3.7 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
youngest mature growth Poole and Seeley (ref. 37) reported values as
high as 4.6% in apparently healthy plants
grown in solution culture
U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 1.1 1.80-2.80 3 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth Poole and Seeley (ref. 37) reported values as
high as 3.06% in apparently healthy plants
Ca(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.8 1.50-3.50 4.5 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
youngest mature growth Deficiency caused burning of leaf tips and die-
back of new growth
t U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 0.3 0.60-1.30 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth
Mg(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.2 0.30-0.60 1 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
immature growth
Na(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0-0.15 0.2 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
youngest mature growth Excess Na causes burning of leaf tips
U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 0-0.25 0.5 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth
Cu(mglkg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 4.0-10.0 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 3.0-8.0 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth
Zn(mglkg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 20-40 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
U 15 em tips of mature leaves on U 20-40 USA 1 Cymbidium sp.
immature growth
Mn(mg! U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 100-1000 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
kg) youngest mature growth
immature growth
Fe(mglkg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 50-150 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
immature growth
B(mglkg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 20-100 400 USA 1 Cattleya sp.
sc
immature growth
~
CO
I
~
;;;-
"
,j;o
= :2
ee
a
:l:o
~
~
'"
~.
:l:o
::
5'
i;'
Orchid, Cattleva tCettlcv» sp.), Cymbidium Orchid (Cymbidium sp.) (ctd) -a~
Moirng/kg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 1-1 USA Cattleya sp.
~
5'
::
[
Orchid, Phalaenopsis iPheleenopsi... sp.) l
N(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 1 1.50-2.50 4 USA 1
P(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.1 0.30-0.70 1 USA 1 High P gives good quality flowers
K(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 2 2.50-4.0 6.5 USA 1 Poole and Seeley (ref. 37) reported values as
youngest mature growth high as 7.9% in apparently healthy plants
Ca(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 2 3.0-5.0 USA 1
Mg(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.2 0.60-1.00 USA 1
Na(%) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 0.5 USA 1
Cutmg/kg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 2.5 4.0-12.0 USA 1
Zntmg/kg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 15 25-100 USA 1
Mn(mgl U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 50 100-2000 USA 1
kg) youngest mature growth
Fe(mglkg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 50 100-400 USA 1
Bung/kg) U 5 em segments of leaf tips of U 20 40-100 USA 1
Petunia (Petunia hybrida)
N(%) U YMB U 2.8-5.8 USA 9

P(%) U YMB U 0.5-1.2 USA 9
K(%) U YMS U 3.5-5.5 USA 9
(a(%) U YMS U 0.6-4.8 USA 9
FI WS Pot 0.08-0.17 Aust 15
Mg(%) U YMS U 0.3-1.4 USA 9
Cutrng/kg) U YMS U 5.0-45 USA 9

U YMS U >149 USA 2
I
Y VOL Pot 3.0-81 USA 23
Zn(mglkg) U YMS U 30-90 USA 9
U YMS U >1630 USA 2
Y YOL Pot 87 >439 USA 23

Mn(mglkg) U YMS U 90-185 USA 9
U YMS U >2560 USA 2
Y YOL Pot 142-749 USA 23

Fe(mglkg) U YMS U 40-700 USA 9

S(mglkg) U YMS U 20-50 USA 9
U YMS U >412 USA 2

Mo(mglkg) Y YOL Pol >484 USA 2
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrinui)
N(%) Just before FI YMS U <3.0 4.0-6.0 >7.3 USA 29
38 DAE WS Peat 3.8-4.6 NZ 39

70 DAE WS Peat 3.2-3.6 NZ 39
P(%) Just before FI YMS U <0.20 0.30-0.70 >0.7 USA 29
70 DAE WS Peat 0.30-0.37 NZ 39

K(%) just before FI YMS U <1.00 1.50-3.50 >4.0 USA 29
(a(%) just before FI YMS U <0.50 0.70-2.00 USA 29
Mg(%) just before FI YMS U <0.20 0.40-1.00 USA 29
....
Na(%) just before FI YMS U >0.60 USA 29
i
~
=
I.C
iit
1;;"
.... :2
<.D
o
a
~
e
~
III
~.
~
:I
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrimm (ctrl)

=
~
~
Cu(mg!kg) just before FI YMB U <5 6.0-15.0 USA 29
£Q'
:I
Zn(mg!kg)
~
just before FI YMB U <15 25-60 USA 29
Mn(mg!kg) just before FI
Fe(mg!kg)
B(mg!kg)
just before FI
just before FI
YMB
YMB
YMB
U
U
U
<30
<50
<20
100-200
100-500
30-100
>250
>200
USA
USA
USA
29
29
29 Leaf necrosis at 200 mg!kg
-
ii
Queen Protea tProte« spp.)
N(%) 2-3 years old YMB on any shoot S 1.2-1.3 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
at FI bud
initiat. (Aug)
FI bud initiat. YMB on stem with flower buds S 1.4-1.6 Aust 33 P. repens
(Aug)
After FI YL S 0.8-1.0 Aust 35 P. magnifica (Queen protea)
Shoots >40 cm Hardened YFEL S 0.82-0.83 Aust 26 Protea Pink Ice. Adequate can be as high as
long with 1.24 % N when N fertilizer is used.
dormant
terminal bud
during jan-Feb
Shoots >40 em Hardened YFEL S 0.7-0.9 Aust 26 Protea Pink Ice. Adequate range derived by
long with survey. (G. Barth pers. comm.)
dormant
terminal bud
during jan-Feb
P(%) 2-3 years old YMB on any shoot S 0.04-0.06 Aust 33 P.eynaroides
atFlbud
initiat. (Aug)
FI bud YMB on stem with flower buds S 0.09-0.10 0.17 Aust 33 P. repens
initiat. (Aug)
Shoots >40 em Hardened YFEL S 0.06-0.D7 Aust 26 Protea Pink Ice
long with
dormant
terminal bud
during Jan-Feb
_._._._._. _._._----_. . --- ._. _
_. _.- ..._..
K(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.34-0.73 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
FI bud initial. YMB on stem with flower buds S 0.31-0.52 Aust 33 P. repens
(Aug)
Shoots >40 em Hardened YFEL S 0.37-0.41 Aust 26 Protea Pink Ice
long with
dormant
terminal bud
during Jan-Feb
S(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.18-0.24 Aust 33 P. cynaroides ( King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)

long with
dormant
terminal bud
during Jan-Feb
Ca(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.52-1.00 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)
long with
dormant
term inal bud
during Jan-Feb
Mg(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.10-0.12 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (Ki ng protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)
""
<.0
-'
i
ill'
1;;"
"'<.D" :!
N
...~
~
~
~
'"
~.
~
~
5"
ij;
Queen Prolea tProte« spp.) (ctd) ~
~
r:
Na(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.13-0.21 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea) §.
FI bud initiat.
(Aug)
FI bud in itiat.
(Aug)
YMB on stem with flower buds S 0.04-0.07 Aust 33 P. repens I
CI(%) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 0.12-0.14 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (Ki ng protea)
FI bud initiat.
(Aug)
FI bud in itiat. YMB on stem with flower buds S 0.02-0.04 Aust 33 P. repens
(Aug)
Cu(mg!kg) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 2.0-3.0 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initiat.
(Aug)
FI bud initial. YMB on stem with flower buds S 4 Aust 33 P. repens

(Aug)

Zn(mg!kg) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 19-27 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (Ki ng protea)
FI bud in itiat.
(Aug)
FI bud initial. YMB on stem with flower buds S 26-35 Aust 33 P. repens
(Aug)

long with
dormant
terminal bud
during Jan-Feb
Mn(mg! 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 145-265 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (Ki ng protea)
kg) FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)
After FI YL S 50-400 Aust 35 P. magnifica (Queen protea)

long with
dormant
terminal bud
during Jan-Feb
Fe(mg!kg) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 38-51 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
I
(Aug)
Altmg/kg) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 80-150 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)
B(mg!kg) 2-3 years old at YMB on any shoot S 14-24 Aust 33 P. cynaroides (King protea)
FI bud initial.
(Aug)
(Aug)
Rose, Floribunda (Rosa t7oribunda)
N(%) 1 day before 2 na and 3 ra 5-leaflet leaves Soil 2.14 3.0-3.3 Swe 21
harvest from FI shoots
P(%) 1 day before 2 na and 3 ra 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.14 0.28-0.36 Swe 21
K(%) 1 day before 2 na and 3 ra 5-leaflet leaves Soil 1.01 1.9-2.2 Swe 21
Ca(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.39 1.3 Swe 21
Mg(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.2 0.3 Swe 21
Na(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.4 Swe 21
CI(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.03 Swe 21
c
:3
~
~
""
1.0
W
Ai
1;;"
,j:o
~ ~
,j:o
a
:l>o
ill
~
'~".
:l>o
:I
:;-
Rose, Hybrid Tea (Ro.~a spp.) ~
iil
iil'
N(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 3.4-3.6 Swe 21 §.
harvest from FI shoot
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leafletleaves SC 3.45 USA 42 i
FI from FI shoot
l
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves U <3.0 3.2-4.5 UK 6
FI from FI shoot
When flower 1st and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <3.0 3.0-5.0 >5.1 Aust 31
bud is size of from top of FI shoot
pea to 1st
colour
P(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3'd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.28-0.36 Swe 21
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves SC 0.3 USA 42
FI from FI shoot
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves U <0.2 0.20-0.30 UK 6
FI from FI shoot
When flower 151 and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <0.2 0.2-0.3 Aust 31
pea to 1st
colour
K(%) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 2.3-2.6 Swe 21 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found R.
harvest from FI shoot odorata and R. fortuniana rootstocks supplied
more and R. manetti less K (1.7 d. 1.3) to the
scion under low K status soils, but R. manetti
was a strong K accumulator
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves SC 2.33-2.38 USA 42 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found R.
FI from FI shoot odorata and R. fortuniana rootstocks supplied
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves U <1.8 1.8-3.0 UK 6 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found R.
FI from FI shoot odorata and R. fortuniana rootstocks supplied
When flower 151 and 2nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <1.8 1.8-3.0 Aust 31 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found R.
bud is size of from top of FI shoot odorata and R. fortuniana rootstocks supplied
pea to 151 more and R. manetti less K (1.7 d. 1.3) to the
colour scion under low K status soils, but R. manetti
S(%) When flower 151 and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves S <0.20 0.20-0.50 Aust 7
bud is size of from top of FI shoot 31
pea to 151
colour
Ca(%) 1 day before 2nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.95-1.3 Swe 21
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leafletleaves SC 1.06-1.30 USA 42
FI from FI shoot
1 day before 2nd and 3rd 5-leaflet leaves U <1.0 1.0-1.5 UK 6
FI from FI shoot
When flower 151and 2nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <1.0 1.0-1.5 Aust 31
pea to 1st
colour
Mg(%) 1 day before 2nd and 3rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.4 Swe 21
1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves SC 0.30-0.31 USA 42
FI from FI shoot
1 day before 2nd and 3'd 5-leaflet leaves U <0.25 0.25-0.35 UK 6
FI from FI shoot
When flower 151 and 2nd 5-leafletleaves Soil <0.25 0.25-0.35 Aust 31
pea to 151
colour
Na(%) When flower 1st and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil >0.60 Aust 31
pea to 151
colour
K(%) When flower 151and 2 nd 5-leafletleaves S 0.02-0.04 Aust 7
pea to 151
colour
CI(%) 1 day before 2nd and 3rd 5-leaflet leaves Soil 0.01 Swe 21
01:>
<J:l
lJ1
f
ill"
1;;"
~
:!
1.&1
a->
a
),.
e
~
III
~.
),.
=
:;-
Rose, Hybrid Tea (Rosa spp.) (ctd)
CI(%) When flower 1st and 2nd 5-leafletleaves 0.24 Aust 7

Ig.
ill'
S
(ctd) bud is size of from top of FI shoot =
pea to lSI
colour
[
Cu(mglkg) 1st and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves 5.0-15.0 Aust 31 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found Cu
~
When flower Soil <5
bud is size of from top of FI shoot uptake by R. fortuniana was low (4.8) and by
pea to 1st R. odorata ISU 5710-2 was high (6.4)
colour
Zn(mg!kg) 1 day before 2 nd and 3 rd 5-leaflet leaves SC 24 USA 39 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found Zn
FI from FI shoot uptake by R. fortuniana was high (45) and by
R. odorata ISU 5710-2 was low (38)
When flower 1st and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <15 15-50 Aust 31 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found Zn
bud is size of from top of FI shoot uptake by R. fortuniana was high (45) and by
pea to 1st R. odorata ISU 5710-2 was low (38)
colour
Mn(mg! 1 day before 2 nd and 3'd 5-leafletleaves SC 101 USA 42 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found much
kg) FI from FI shoot higher Mn levels in cultivars grown on
rootstock R. fortuniana (664) and lower levels
in cultivars on R. multiflora ISU 62-5 (131) and
R. odorata ISU 5710-2 rootstocks (130)
When flower 1st and 2nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <30 30-250 >800 Aust 31 Gammon and McFadden (ref. 11) found much
bud is size of from top of FI shoot higher Mn levels in cultivars grown on
pea to lSI rootstock R. fortuniana (664) and lower levels
colour in cultivars on R. multiflora ISU 62-5 (131) and
R. odorata ISU 5710-2 rootstocks (130)
Fe(mg!kg) When flower 1st and 2 nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <50 50-150 Aust 31
pea to 1st
colour
B(mg!kg) When flower 1st and 2nd 5-leaflet leaves Soil <30 30-60 >400 Aust 31
pea to 1st
colour
Swan River Pea Bush tBrecbvscme lenceoletums
IN(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 1.09-1 .65 Aust 33 I

P(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.01 0.32-0.60 Aust 33 Growth reduced in deficient plants
K(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.54-1.09 Aust 33
Ca(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.40-0.69 Aust 33
Mg(%) 10 weeks WS Sand 0.10-0.26 Aust 33
Tea- Tree tLeptospermum spp.)
N(%) 70 OAT WS Sand 0.63 1.11-1.29 Aust 33 L. lanigerum; reduced growth at deficient level.
cuttings
70 OAT WS Sand 0.88 1.29-1.79 Aust 33 L. rotundifolium; reduced growth at deficient
cuttings level.
P(%) 70 OAT WS Sand 0.01 0.09-0.23 Aust 33 L. lanigerum; reduced growth at deficient level.
cuttings
cuttings level.
K(%) 70 OAT WS Sand 0.15 0.69-0.89 Aust 33 L. lanigerum; reduced growth at deficient level.
cuttings
cuttings level.
Ca(%) 70 OAT WS Sand 0.76-1.04 Aust 33 L. lanigerum
cuttings
70 OAT WS Sand 0.90-1.52 Aust 33 L. rotundifolium
cuttings
Mg(%) 70 OAT WS Sand 0.14-0.32 Aust 33 L. lanigerum
cuttings
70 OAT WS Sand 0.13-0.33 Aust 33 L. rotundifolium
cuttings
Umbrella Plant iScheiiler« actinophyllal
N(%) U Central leaflet Soil 2.5-3.5 USA 38

U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand <2.0 USA 30
P(%) U Central leaflet Soil 0.20-0.35 USA 38
c
~~
K(%) U Central leaflet Soil 2.5-3.5 USA 38
"'"
~
~
iil'
1;;"
....
<,0 ~
<=
...~
~
~
-;-
<II
~.
~
:;-
~
Umbrella Plant (Schefilera aclinophylla) (ctd) ~
~
El'
K(%) (ctd) U Central leaflet Soil, 6"-
Sand <1.50 USA 30
=
Ca(%)
Mg(%)
U
U
Central leaflet
Central leaflet
Soil
Soil,
1.0-1.5 USA 38 [
Sand 0.3-0.6 USA 30
Cu(mg!kg) U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand 5.0-20.0 USA 30
Zn(mg!kg) U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand 30-70 USA 30
Mn(mg!kg) U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand 100-450 >1000 USA 30
Fe(mg!kg) U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand 50-250 >1900 USA 30
B(mg!kg) U Central leaflet Soil,
Sand <20 25-60 USA 30
Waratah, New South Wales tTelopee speciossissinun
N(%) 2 nd year YMB below flower bud S 1.3-1.6 Aust 33

during
dormancy
(Aug)
P(%) 2 nd year YMB below flower bud S 0.07-0.10 Aust 33 Possible toxicity at 0.83%
during
dormancy
(Aug)
K(%) 2 nd year YMB below flower bud S 0.45-0.53 Aust 33 Possible deficiency at 0.17%
during
dormancy
(Aug)
5(%) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 0.20-0.26 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
(a(%) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 0.39-0.53 Ausl 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
Mg(%) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 0.12-0.15 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
Na(%) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 0.013-0.058 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
(1(%) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 0.07-0.15 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
Cutmg/kg) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 2.0-3.0 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
Zn(mg!kg) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 8.0-9.0 Ausl 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
Mn(mgl 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 220-318 Aust 33
kg) during
dormancy
(Aug)
Fe(mg!kg) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 50-90 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
AJ(mg!kg) 2 nd year YMS below flower bud 5 175-380 Aust 33
during
dormancy
(Aug)
"'"
<.tI
<.tI
i
~
~
\J1
o :!
o
a
~
e
~
!Ii
~.
~
=
:;-
til'
Waratah, New South Wales (fe/opca specio..,.si..,..,ima) (ctd) ~
ii!
ill'
2 nd year
B(mg!kg)
during
YMB below flower bud S 15-21 Aust 33
~
dormancy
(Aug)
Wattle (Acacia spp.)

I
P(%) 1 month after Leaves S 0.16 >0.20 Aust 35 A. baileyana; in toxic range, stunting,
potting up to discoloration of leaves and retarded root
250 mm pot development.
1 month after Leaves S 0.2 >0.25 Aust 35 A. retinoides; in toxic range, stunting,
1 month after Leaves S 0.18 >0.20 Aust 35 A. decurrens; in toxic range, stunting,
1 month after Leaves S 0.2 >0.25 Aust 35 A. iteaphylla; in toxic range, stunting,
Zinnia (Zinnia e/cgan..,)
N(%) F YMB U 2.0-5.0 Ger 5

P(%) F YMB U 0.2-0.45 Ger 5
K(%) F YMB U 2.2-5.5 Ger 5 I
Ca(%) F YMB U 0.8-2.0 Ger 5

Mg(%) F YMB U 0.2-0.6 Ger 5
Cu(mg!kg) F YMB U 4.0-10.0 Ger 5
Zn(mg!kg) F YMB U 25-70 Ger 5
Mn(mg!kg) F YMB U 40-120 Ger 5
B(mg!kg) F YMB U 25-70 Ger 5
F Buds SC 9 73-114 206 USA 40
Mo(mg!kg) F YMB U 0.3-1.0 Ger 5
Ornamentals
tropical foliage plants. Proe. Trop. Reg. Am. Hortie. Sci.

REFERENCES 14: 254-267
Anon. (1974). Mineral analysis interpretation key for 23 Lee, cw.. Chun-Ho Pak, Jong-Myung Choi and Self,
ornamental plants (Manual). Soil and Plant Laboratory J.R. (1992). Induced micronutrient toxicity in Petunia
Inc. California. hybrida. [, Plant Nutr. 15: 327-339.
2 Anon. (1985). Foliage Digest January 1985 p. 1. 24 Lima, A.M.L.P. and Haag, H.P.(1981). Mineral nutrition
3 Bailey, D.A. and Hammer, P.A. (1988). Evaluation of of ornamental plants. Deficiency symptoms of
nutrient deficiency and micronutrient toxicity macronutrients, boron and iron in Pelargonium zonale.
symptoms in florists' hydrangea. J. Am. Soc. Hortie. Sci. Solo 73(1) 40-43.
113: 363-367. 25 Lunt, O.R., Kofranek, A.M. and Oertli.L]. (1964). Some
4 Benton Jones Ir., Wolf, B. and Mills, H.A. (1991). Plant critical nutrient levels In Chrysanthemum morithlium cv.
Analysis Handbook 1: Methods of plant analysis and 'Good News'. Plant Anal. Fert. Problems 4: 398-413.
interpretation. Micro-Macro Publishing, Athens, 26 Maler, N.A., Barth, G.E., CedI, J.S., Chvyl, W.L. and
Georgia USA ISBN 1-878148-001. Bartetzko, M.N. (1995). Effect of sampling time and leaf
5 Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants: position on leaf nutrient composition of Protea Pink
development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav lee. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 35: (in press).
Fischer Verlag jena, Stuttgart, New York ISBN 1-56081- 27 Maier, N.A., Barth, G.E., Bartetzko, M.N., Cecil, J.S. and
357-1. Chvyl, W.L. (1995). Nitrogen and potassium nutrition
6 Bunt, A.C. (1976). 'Modern Potting Composts'. p. 129. of Australian waxflowers grown in siliceous sands 3.
(Geo. Allen & Unwin: London.) Effect on chemical composition and assessment of
7 Carseldine, M. (1979). Department of Primary nutrient status by plant analysis. Report to funding
Industries Queensland, Redlands Horticultural bodies on project D AS35A by South Australian
Research and Development Institute.
Research Station, Ormiston, Queensland. Personal
communication. 28 Maier, N.A., Barth, G.E. and Bennell, M. (1994). Effect
of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield,
8 Cecil, J.S., Barth, G.E., Maier, N.A., Chyvl, W.L. and
Bartetzko, M.N. (1995). Leaf chemical composition and growth and nutrient status of lxodia daisy (Ixodia
aehillaeioides ssp. alata). Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 34: 681-689.
nutrient removal by stems of Leueadendron cvv. Silvan
Red and Safari Sunset. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. 35: 547-555. 29 Mastalerz,J.W. (1977). 'The Greenhouse Environment'.
pp. 510-516 (Iohn Wiley & Sons: New York.)
9 Dole, J.M. and Wilkins, H.F. (1988). Numbers from
Guide values for nutrient element content of vegetables 30 Matkin, O.A. (1975). Soil and Plant Laboratory Inc.
and flowers under glass. University of Minnesota Santa Clara, California. Personal communication.
Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape 31 McKay, M.E. (1976). Department of Primary Industries
Architecture. Grower talks August 1989 p. 21. Queensland, Redlands Horticultural Research Station,
10 Foong, T.W., Yang, CN. and Mustafa, N.B. (1989). An Ormiston, Queensland. Personal communication.
atlas of nutrient deficiency symptoms in Hibiscus rosa- 32 Nelson, P.V. and Boodley, J.W. (1963). Selection of a
sinensis. Gard Bull Singapore 42(1): 19-24. sampling area for tissue analysis of carnation. Proc. Am.
11 Gammon, N. Jr. and McFadden, S.E. Jr. (1979). Effects Soc. Hortlc. Sci. 83: 745-752.
of rootstocks on greenhouse roseflower yield and leaf 33 Nichols, D.G. (1984) Ausflower Pty Ltd, Gembrook,
nutrient levels. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 10(8): Victoria. Personal communication.
1171-1184. 34 Nichols, D.G. and Beardsell, D.V. (1981). Interaction of
12 Gilliam, G.H., Evans, CE, Schumack, R.L. and Plank, calcium, nitrogen and potassium with phosphorus on
e.O. (1983). Foliar sampling of Boston fern. J. Am. Soc. the symptoms of toxicity in Grevillea cv, 'Poorinda
Hortie. Sci. 108(1): 90-93. Firebird'. Plant Soil 61: 437 -445.
13 Handreck, K.A. (1990). Extractants for assessing the 35 Peverill, K.1. (1981). Department of Agriculture
availability of copper to Chrysanthemum morifoliurn Victoria, State Chemistry Laboratory, Melbourne.
cultivar 'Yellow Mandalay' growing in soil-less media. Personal communication.
Scientia Horticulturae 44: 323-334 36 Peverill, K.L (1981). Department of Agriculture
14 Handreck, K.A. (1991). Interactions between iron and Victoria, State Chemistry Laboratory, Melbourne.
phosphorus in the nutrition of Banskia eridfolia L.f. Personal communication.
var. ericifolia (Proteaceae) in soil-less potting media. 37 Poole, H.A. and Seeley, J.G. (1978). Nitrogen, potassium
Aust. t. Bot. 39: 373-384. and magnesium nutrition of three orchid genera. J. Am.
15 Handreck, K.A. (1993). Properties of coir dust, and its Soc.Hortie. Sci. 103(4): 485-488.
use in the formulation of soil-less potting media. 38 Poole, R.T., Conover, e.A. and Joiner, J.N. (1976).
Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 24: 349-363. Chemical composition of good quality foliage plants.
16 Handreck, K.A. (1995). Extractants for assessing plant- Proe. Fla. Sta. Hortie. Sci. 89: 307-308.
available phosphorus in soil-less potting media. 39 Prasad, M., Widmer, R.E. and Marshall, R.R. (1983). Soil
Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 26: 329-338. testing of horticultural substrates for cyclamen and
16 Handreck, K.A. (1996). Zinc toxicity from tire rubber in poinsettia. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 14(7): 553-573.
soil-less potting media. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 40 Redington, e.B. and Peterson, J.L. (1983). Influence of
(in press). boron on bud blasting and plant growth in Zinnia
18 Harbaugh, B.K. (1991). Foliar tissue analysis standards elegans. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 110: 77-79.
for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Caladium x 41 Roberts, N.J. and Menary, R.e. (1994). Effect of
hortulanum: Birdsey. Acta Horticulturae 295: 249-253. nitrogen on growth, flower yield, oil composition and
19 Holley, W.D. and Baker, R. (1963). 'Carnation yield in Boronia megastigma Nees. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 2035-
Production'. (William e. Brown and Co. Inc: Dubuque, 2052.
Iowa.) 42 Sadasivaiah, S.P. and Holley, W.D. (1971). Ion balance
20 Ishida, A. Masui, M., Nukaya, A. and Shigeoka, H. in rose nutrition. Roses Incorporated Bulletin, 3 Sept.
(1983). Effect of macro- and micro-elements and boron 1971.
on growth, keeping quality and leaf marginal burn in 43 Thomas, M.B. (1976). Lincoln College, Canterbury,
chrysanthemum. J. Japan. Hort. Sci. 52: 302-307. New Zealand. Personal communication.
21 Johanson, J. (1978). Effects of nutrient levels on 44 Ticknor, R.L. and Roberts A.N. (1986). Holly orchard
growth, flowering and leaf nutrient content of foliar nutrient levels. Holly Soc. J. 4(2): 5-6.
greenhouse roses. Ada Agrie. Seand. 28: 1363-1386. 45 Winsor, G.W., Long, M.LE. and Hart, B. (1970). The
22 Joiner, J.N. and Waters, W.E. (1969). Influence of nutrition of the glasshouse carnation. J. Hortie. Sci. 45:
cultural conditions on the chemical composition of six 401-413.
501
ADDITIONAL USEFUL REFERENCES Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants:

development, visual and analytical diagnosis., Gustav Fischer
Benton jones, j., Wolf, B. and Mills, H.A. (1991). Plant analysis Verlag jena, Stuttgart, New York. ISBN 1-56081-357-1
handbook 1.: Methods of plant analysis and interpretation., Cresswell, G.c. and Weir, R.G. (1996). Plant Nutrition Disorders
Micro-Macro Publishing Athens, Georgia USA. ISBN 1- S. Ornamental Plants and Shrubs., Inkata Press, Melbourne.
878148-001 ISBN0909 605 88.5
502
10. FOREST PLANTATIONS
R. Boardman, R.N. Cromer, M.J. Lambert and M.J. Webb.
Leaf analysis is an established basis for the diagnosis compound or pinnate leaf samples which include
of nutritional disorders of long-lived species of trees, rachis and petiole or are phyllodes. There are a
but the reliable interpretation of foliar data needs number of crown positions which have been used in
much care. The scope of this chapter is to set out standardised sampling. In evergreen species a range
sampling protocols for plantations and to classify in leaf ages may also be included. Tissues other than
data so obtained to aid diagnosis of nutritional foliage have been studied as alternative or
disorders in tree species which are of particular complementary samples to assist diagnosis (Grove,
interest to managers and advisers in the Australasian 1990; Dell et al., 1987, 1995; Dighton and Jones,
region. 1992; Cromer et al., 1995). We took the view that a
database that incorporated all these would be too
Stages ofgrowth large for a manual of this kind.
The entries in this chapter refer to even-aged
plantations in which the trees pass from seedling Sampling position
through juvenile and sapling stages to a long-lived A number of standard crown positions have been
mature state. We have taken the view that: used in forestry. The preferred part of the crown to
sample is the zone of greatest demand, the youngest,
1. The seedling stage commences once a shoot has
fully developed foliage closest to the top. We have
developed above the cotyledons and continues
elected to limit data to foliage collected from the
until the first lateral branch has emerged. This
'top' position of the crown of juvenile and mature
end-stage is when seedlings are commonly
trees (see Figure 3.3). Whilst this foliage is most
transplanted into the forest.
difficult to sample, its disadvantage is outweighed
2. The juvenile stage begins once the second set of by data consistency and ease of interpretation.
first order lateral branches has developed. In
plantations this occurs usually within a few
months of transplanting. Sampling strategies
Once the mature stage is reached it is customary to
3. The mature stage begins when the leaves on the
standardise sampling procedures to achieve a
lowest branches die from insufficient resources,
desirable level of consistency in nutrient diagnosis.
the leafy canopy 'lifts' and branches begin to die
on the lower bole. Trees interact strongly with In Australia it is common to sample trees of average
bole volume. This means sampling 'co-dominant
each other once the leafy canopy has closed. The
trees now dominate the site and must share trees' within the third quartile of the stand. This is a
nutrients and other resources. stratum midway in size between trees of average
diameter and height and the largest trees present.
These stages often show marked changes in the Experience has shown these trees are most sensitive
physical development of trees, and may be associated to large variations in the supply of nutrient resources
with changes in leaf characteristics. The stages of and they are normally vigorous enough to persist in
development are illustrated in Figure 4.1 (Chapter 4) the stand for many years.
for four types of tree development commonly found
in plantations of the Australasian region. A defined level of sampling intensity at a selected
site is important to minimise the effect of genetic
variation and to improve the precision in results
Plant parts
when extrapolated to a stand basis. Not less than
The tables of criteria apply to trees growing in well-
four samples per location are advisable, collected
stocked plantations. Data are restricted to a
within a plot of about 0.05-0.10 ha, depending on
relatively limited range of plant parts. In seedlings,
stocking level.
these are the whole shoot (WS) or foliage (L). In
juvenile and mature stages, entries have been used The season of sampling can affect interpretation of
for the youngest mature foliage (YMF), the youngest data. This is the case where critical levels have been
mature leaf-blade or leaflet (YMB), or the youngest determined in a certain sampling season. The season
mature petiolar organ (YMP). YMPis also used for preferred for sampling is a period when growth rates
505
are lowest for the year. Sampling in spring is not to one, or two productivity indicators (e.g. symptoms,
normally recommended. Most foliage monitoring is growth rates or responses to nutrients applied in
conducted in autumn or winter. experiments). Thus, the limits of the ranges quoted
arc shown as « ... ». These are not to be interpreted
Sampling strategies and interpretation will also
as 'critical levels' because it cannot be presumed that
differ between tree genera, since the relationship
other nutrients were not limiting growth.
between nutrient concentrations and growth may
not be constant. Analysis of data from a wide range Finally, although some information on diagnostic
of eucalypt species in Australia show that values has been collated, notably for tropical broadl-
coefficients of variation within a species are very eaved species (e.g. Drechsel and Zech, 1991), we
low, despite wide variation in productivity and soil have normally only included data in the tables that
fertility (Lambert and Turner, 1983). Thus, eucalypts could be validated from the original publications or
often respond rapidly to enhanced nutrient the value of which was known to us personally.
availability by producing more foliage from their
naked buds without any substantial change in
nutrient concentration. By contrast, the majority of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
temperate hardwoods and conifers have resting buds
with bud scales and well defined growth patterns, The authors wish to acknowledge substantial
partially determined in the previous season. These assistance provided for the compilation of this
species are more limited in their capacity to respond chapter by Cecilia Dutkiewlcz. David Gray and
to changes in nutrient status. Martin Tyson.
Nutrient concentrations
Nutrient concentration data arc expressed on an REFERENCES
oven-dry weight basis for leaf tissue. A discussion of
Aronssen, A., Elowson, C. and Ingestad, T. (1977) Technical
the relative merits of using lOO-needle weight and Rep. No. 10. Swedish coniferous forest project, pp. 23-24.
oven-dry weight is given in Aronssen, Elowson and Cromer, R.X, Smethurst, P., Turnbull, C, Misra, R., LaSala, A.,
Ingestad (1977). Herbert, A. and Dirnsey, L. (1995) Early growth of eucalypts
in Tasmania in relation to nutrition. In Proc. 'Eucalypt
Plantations, Improving Fibre Yield and Quality.' CRC for
Quality of the information Temperate Hardwood Forestry-IUFRO Conference, Hobart.
pp.331-335.
In compiling the information it became apparent Dell, R.,Jones, S. and Wilson, S.A. (1987) Phosphorus nutrition
that there were two levels of reliability associated of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginala) seedlings. Use of bark for
with the data. diagnosing phosphorus deficiency. Plant Soil 97: 369-379.
Dell, B., Malajczuk, :'-I. and Grove, 1'.5. (1995) Nutrient
Where possible we have provided the most disorders in plantation eucalypts. ACIAR Monograph
Series, No 31, pp. 110.
dependable information, for 'top' sample positions
Dighton, J. and Jones, 1I.E. (1992) The use of roots to test N, P
for those plantation species which have been and K deficiencies in Eucalyptus nutrition. S. Afr. For. J.
extensively and comprehensively studied in the 160: 33-37.
Australian region. This classification is based on the Drechsel, P and Zech, W. (1991) Foliar nutrient levels of broad-
authors' consensus derived from verified foliar leaved tropical trees: A tabular review. Plant Soil 131: 29-46.
Grove, 1'.5., (1990) Twig and foliar nutrient concentration in
concentrations, diagnostic criteria based on relation to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in a eucalypt
statistical analysis of growth rate, visual symptoms (Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell) and an understorey legume
and, in a number of cases, is supported by internal (Bossiaea Iaidlawiana Tovey and Morris). Plant Soil 126: 265-
275.
biochemical or physiological states (Teasdale and
Lambert, M.]. and Turner, J. (1977) Dieback in high site quality
Richards, 1990; Lambert and Turner, 1977; Palomaki Pinus radiata stands - the role of sulphur and boron
and Holopainen, 1994; Palomaki and Raitio, 1995). deficiencies. N.Z. f. For. Sci. 7: 333-348.
Even so, the degree of reliability in the classification Lambert, M.J. and Turner, ]. (1983) Soil nutrient-vegetation
relationships in the Eden area, NSW. Ill. Foliage nutrient
does vary between species and is related to our relationships with particular reference to Eucalyptus
current state of knowledge. For example, nutrient subgenera. Aust. For. 46: 200-209.
criteria reported for Eucalypts are not intended to Pa!omarki, V. and Holopaincn, T. (1994) Effects of phosphorus
provide values which can be used solely for nutrient deficiency and recovery fertilization on growth, mineral
concentration and ultrastructure of Scots pine needles. Can.
management decisions or for detecting deficiencies J. For. Res. 24: 2459-2468.
in eucalypt plantations. Palomaki, V. and Raitio, H., (1995) Chemical composition and
ultrastructural changes in Scots pine needles in a forest
In addition, where data for a species are incomplete decline area in southwestern Finland. Trees Structure and
or information on certain growth stages is lacking Function 9: 311-317.
we have included best available data. In these Teasdale, R.D. and Richards, D.K., (1990) Boron deficiency in
cultured pine cells. Quantitative studies of the interaction
cases, concentration values have only been related with Ca and Mg. Plant Physiol. 93: 1071-1077.
506
ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS (Northern Black Wattle)
Adequate values from apparently healthy trees. Deficient values associated with reduced growth and extreme chlorosis. Plant part assumed to be YMP.
N(%) luv YMP F <0.81-0.84> <1.68-2.81> Phil 200 Deficiency value from chlorotic plants
P(%) [uv YMP F <0.034-0.064> <0.12-0.25> Phil 200 Deficiency value from chlorotic plants
K(%) [uv YMP F <0.19> Phil 202 Based on deficiency symptoms
K(%) [uv YMP F <0.80-1 .14> Phil 200
Ca(%) Iuv YMP F <0.85-1.21 > Phil 200
Mg(%) luv YMP F <0.32-0.49> Phil 200
5(%) [uv YMP F <0.031 -0.037> <0.061-0.094> Phil 200 Deficiency value from chlorotic plants
Cu(mg!kg) [uv YMP F <4-9> Phil 200
Zn(mg!kg) juv YMP F <13-22> Phil 200
Mn(mg/kg) [uv YMP F <61-83> Phil 200
Fe(mg!kg) [uv YMP F <87-126> Phil 200
B(mg!kg) luv YMP F <11-32> Phil 200
ACACIA CYANOPHYLLA (see Acacia saligna)
ACACIA DfALBATA (Silver Wattle)
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.8 2.4-3.9 Aust 97

P(%) Mat YMF F 0.1-0.17 Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.55-0.93 Aust 97
5(%) Mat YMF F 0.16-0.27 Aust 97
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.12-0.86 Aust 97
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.12 0.14-0.22 Aust 97
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.01-0.06 Aust 97
ACACIA DfCURRfNS (Green Wattle)

(r
IB(mg!kg) Mat YMP F 7.2-11.2 20.4 Tang 177 I ~
::Eo
~
\Il
~
Q ~.
......
\Il
oCQ ~
:a.
~
5l
..;-
'"~.
~
:::l
:r
;;-
ACACIA MANGIUM (Brown Salwood) ~
~
~
P(%) Total SeedI WS sand/pots <0.2-0.5 0.5-0.8 >0.8 Aust 163 Values are sometimes dependent on seed provenance. §"
YMP <0.2-0.35 0.35-0.5 >0.5 Crit. value curves are presented for 2 provenances.
N(%) luv YMP F <2.04-3.0> Mala 4
113
Lower canopy
Lateral, upper-crown branches (
P(%) luv YMP F <0.11-0.15> >0.5 Mala 4 Lower canopy
113 Lateral, upper-crown branches
K(%) juv YMP F <0.4-0.6 0.65-1.0> 3 K deficiency in plants with O.4%K
Mala 4 Upper canopy
S(%) juv YMP F <0.10> Mala 4 Lateral, upper crown branches
113
Ca(%) juv YMP F <0.2> <0.33-0.47> Mala 4 Lateral, upper crown branches
113
Mg(%) juv YMP F <0.11> <0.15-0.20> Mala 4 Upper canopy
113 Lateral, upper-crown branches.
Cutrng/kg) [uv YMP F <3> 113 Lateral, upper-crown branches
Zn(mg!kg) juv YMP F <10> <23-29> Mala 4 Upper canopy
Mn(mg/kg) juv YMP F <195-325> Mala 4 Upper canopy
B(mglkg) juv YMP F <10> 113 Lateral, upper-crown branches
ACACIA MfLANOXYLON (Blackwood)

Cone. assoc with optimal treatment
N(%) Seedl S perlite 2.66 NZ 87
N:P Seedl S perlite 11.7 NZ 87
P(%) Seedl S perlite 0.23 NZ 87
S(%) Seedl S perlite 0.16 NZ 87
SiN SeedI S perlite 0.059 NZ 87
SIP Seedl S perlite 0.7 NZ 87
N(%) Seedl WS perlite 2.41 NZ 87
P(%) Seedl WS perlite 0.20 NZ 87
S(%) Seedl WS perlite 0.17 NZ 87
N(%) [uv YMP 2.41-2.74 NZ 87
P(%) juv YMP 0.20-0.27 Nl 87
S(%) luv YMP 0.16 NZ 87
ACACIA SALIGNA (Golden Wreath Wattle)
Na(%) SeedI S Sand <0.1485> 3 USA 146 Toxic cone. reduced growth. Visual toxic symptoms at
6.63% Na.
CI(%) Seedl S Sand <0.536> 4 USA 146 Toxic cone. reduced growth. Visual toxic symptoms at
12.24% CI
Zntmg/kg) SeedI S Sand <17> USA 146
Mn(mw'kg) Seedl S Sand <42> USA 146
Fe(mg/kg) Seedl S Sand <52> USA 146
Ca(%) Seedl S Sand <0.69> USA 146
Mg(%) Seedl S Sand <0.17> USA 146
N(%) SeedI S Sand <2.74> USA 146
P(%) Seedl S Sand <0.27> USA 146
K(%) Seedl S Sand <5.56> USA 146
K(%) juv S F 5.56 USA 146
Ca(%) juv S F 0.90 USA 146
Mg(%) luv S F 0.17 USA 146
Na(%) luv S F 0.15 USA 146
CI(%) juv S F 0.54 USA 146
Zn(mg!kg) juv S F 17 USA 146
Mn(mglkg) [uv S F 42 USA 146
Fe(mg!kg) juv S F 52 USA 146
ARAUCARIA CUNNINGHAMII (Hoop Pine)

a"
~
N(%) Mat ML 1.35 130
P(%) Mat ML 0.11 130

~
::l
~
\11 g.
0 ::l
I.e
'"
....
V1
~
~
o
a
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::.
S"
~
ARAUCARIA HETEROPHYLLA (Norfolk Island Pine) -a
~
~
N(%) Mat ML D 1.4-2.6 Aust 44 g.
~
P(%) Mat ML D 0.16-0.3 Aust 44
K(%) Mat ML D 1.0-1.8 ::.
Aust 44
Ca(%)
~
Mat ML D 1.4-2.0 Aust 44
Mg(%) Mat ML D 0.3-0.5 Aust 44
Na(%) Mat ML D 0.15-0.8 1.5+ Aust 44
CI(%) Mat ML D 0.6-1.0 1.5+ Aust 44
Zn(mglkg) Mat ML D 35-80 Aust 44
Mn(n:glkg) Mat ML D 10-70 Aust 44
Fe(mglkg) Mat ML D 100-400 Aust 44
AI (mglkg) Mat ML D 80-600 Aust 44
B(mglkg) Mat ML D 12-30 Aust 44
CASUARINA CUNNlNGHAMANlA (River Sheoak)
N(%) Seedl WS Soil 0.85 Egypt 108 Uninoculated plants

1.07-1.43 Frankia-inoculated plants
K(%) Seedl WS Soil 15.6-21.8 Ind 11
Na(%) Seedl WS Soil 1.8-6.2 Ind 11
N(%) Seedl S Soil <1.85> <2.42> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
F <1.9-2.2> <2.6> being N, P and S deficient.
P(%) Seedl S Soil <0.17-0.26> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
F <0.7-0.9> being N, P and S deficient.
K(%) Seedl S Soil <0.31-0.32> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
being N, P and S deficient.
Ca(%) Seedl S Soil <1.11-1.41> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
Mg(%) Seedl S Soil <0.37> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
Mn(%) Seedl S Soil <0.1 7-0.30> Zim 136 Levels derived from field survey data in soil described as
Na(%) Seedl S Sand 32 Aust 6 Moderately salt tolerant varieties
CI(%) Seedl YS Sand 1.38 49 Aust 6 Moderately salt tolerant varieties
Co(mg/kg) Seedl S SC 0.07 0.11-1.1 UK 22 Deficiency symptoms due to N deficiency
69
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl Roots SC 4.8-9.9 UK 21 No effect at these levels between Cu supplemented
plants and the control.
N(%) [uv F 1.9-2.2 2.6 Indon 136
lim
P(%) Iuv F 0.7-0.9 Indon 136
lim
K('}-'o) [uv F 0.4-0.56 Indon 136
lim
Ca(%) luv F 1.11-1.41 Indon 136
lim
Mg(%) juv F 0.37 Indon 136
lim
Na(%) Iuv F 0.08-0.27 Indon 136
lim
Cu(mg/kg) [uv F 4.8-9.9 Indon 136
lim
Mn(mg!kg) luv F 0.17-0.30 Indon 136
Zim
CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA (Horsetail Casuarina, Whistling Pine)
N(%) Seedl YS Sand <1.4 <2.53> USA 181

P(%) Seedl YS Sand <0.15 <0.25> USA 181
K(%) Seedl YS Sand <0.45 <1.36> USA 181
Ca(%) SeedI YS Sand <0.40 <1.30> USA 181
Mg(%) SeedI YS Sand <0.10 <0.25> USA 181
Na((%) Seedl YS Sand 10.4 Aust 6 Apical shoot. Highly salt tolerant provenance
CI(%) SeedI YS Sand 16.0 Aust 6 Apical shoot. Highly salt tolerant provenance
N(%) Seedl WS Soil <0.88> Egypt 108 Uninoculated plants. a'
~
<0.88-1 .14> Frankia-inoculated plants. Soil was N-deficient, and had
15N added to measure N uptake.
Na(%) SeedI WS Soil 2.3-5.9 Ind 11 ~
::I
iii
....
\11
.... ~.
...
\Il
t.l ~
:a:to
5l
~
II>
~.
:to
=
:i"
;-
CASUARINA fQUISfTlFOLIA (Horsetail Casuarina, Whistling Pine) (ctd) ~
;;J
~
K(%) Seed! WS Soil 9.0-19.1 Ind 11 §"
Na(%) 0.12-0.25
~
Seed! WS Soil Ind 11
CASUARINA GLAUCA (Swamp Sheoak, Beefwood) ~
N(%) Seed! WS Soil 0.83 Egypt 108 Uninoculated plants

1.10-1.45 Frankia-inocu!ated plants
K(%) Seedl WS Soil 16-21.8 Ind 11
Na(%) Seedl WS Soil 6.2-6.9 Ind 11
Na(%) Seedl S Sand 6.9 Aust 6 Highly salt tolerant varieties
CI(%) Seedl S Sand 9.85 Aust 6 Highly salt tolerant varieties
N(%) luv YMF F 1.10-1.45 2.14-2.44 Aust 20 Irrigated
Egypt 108
P(%) luv YMF F 0.11-0.16 Aust 20 Irrigated
K(%) [uv YMF F 0.4-0.6 1.10-1.45 Aust 20 Irrigated
S(%) [uv YMF F 0.12-0.17 Aust 20 Irrigated
Ca(%) [uv YMF F 0.49-0.81 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mg(%) juv YMF F 0.08-0.11 Aust 20 Irrigated
Na(%) luv YMF F 0.2-0.3 0.71-0.78 Aust 6
20 Irrigated
CI(%) [uv YMF F 0.2-0.3 1.93-2.13 Aust 6
20 Irrigated
Cu(mg!kg) [uv YMF F 4-8 Aust 20 Irrigated
21
Zn(mg!kg) luv YMF F 24-39 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mn(mglkg) luv YMF F 99-188 Aust 20 Irrigated
Fe(mg!kg) [uv YMF F 92-96 Aust 20 Irrigated
Altrng/kg) juv YMF F 81-136 Aust 20 Irrigated
Bung/kg) juv YMF F 33-47 Aust 20 Irrigated
N(%) Mat YMF F 1.98 Aust 20 Irrigated
P(%) Mat YMF F 0.09 >0.1 Aust 20 Irrigated
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.95-1.50 Aust 20 Irrigated
S(%) Mat YMF F 0.10-0.12 Aust 20 Irrigated
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 1.14-1.54 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.09-0.17 Aust 20 Irrigated
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.16-0.30 Aust 20 Irrigated
CI(%j Mat YMF F 0.98-1.52 Aust 20 Irrigated
Cu(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 4-5.5 Aust 20 Irrigated
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 22-30 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 164-232 Aust 20 Irrigated
Fe(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 90-134 Aust 20 Irrigated
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF F 132-237 Aust 20 Irrigated
B(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 48-65 Aust 20 Irrigated
CfDRELA ODORATA (West Indian Cedar)

Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of fertiliser
N(%) Seedl YMB F <4.5> SI 185
P(%) Seedl YMB F <0.6-0.38> SI 185
K(%) Seedl YMB F <3.0-3.3> SI 185
S(%) Seedl YMB F <0.49-0.52> SI 185
Ca(%) Seedl YMB F <1.6-1.9> SI 185
Mg(%) Seedl YMB F <0.29-0.30> SI 185
Cu(mg!kg) Seedl YMB F <10-13> SI 185
Zn(mg!kg) Seedl YMB F <25-29> SI 185
Mn(mg!kg) Seedl YMB F <110-142> SI 185
Fe(mglkg) Seedl YMB F <66-135> SI 185
B(mg!kg) Seedl YMB F <25-28> SI 185
N(%) Seedl YMP F <1.1-1.4> SI 185
P(%) Seedl YMP F <0.16-0.22> SI 185 a'
K(%) Seedl YMP F <3.4-3.6> SI 185 ~
S(%) Seedl YMP F <0.11-0.14> SI 185 ~
::I
1.11
~
-' ~.
IN
\l1
.....
~ ~
a:J>.
:::l
lW
..;-
II>
~.
:J>.
:::l
s-
ib
-a
iil
Ca(%)
Mg(%)
SeedI
SeedI
YMP
YMP
F
F
<0.55-0.64>
<0.19>
51
51
185
185
-iii
c'
:::l
Cutrng/kg) Seedl YMP F <12-13> 51 185 ~

lW
:::l
Zn(mg!kg) SeedI YMP F <14-15> 51 185 ~
Mn(mg!kg) SeedI YMP F <27-29> 51 185
Fe(mg!kg) Seedl YMP F <22-25> 51 185
Btrng/kg) Seedl YMP F <13> 51 185
N(%) luv YML F <3.07> Liber 201
P(%) [uv YML F <0.23> Liber 201
K(%) juv YML F <2.4> Liber 201
Ca(%) luv YML F <1.3> Liber 201
Mg(%) luv YML F <0.24> Liber 201
Cu(mg!kg) luv YML F <6> Liber 201
Zn(mg!kg) juv YML F <17> Liber 201
Mn(mg!kg) juv YML F <25> Liber 201
Fetrng/kg) luv YML F <145> Liber 201
AI (rng/kg) luv YML F <148> Liber 201
Bung/kg) juv YML F <27> Liber 201
CfRATOPfTALUM APfTALUM (Coachwood)
N(%) Mal YMF F 0.6-1.2 Ausl 97

P(%) Mal YMF F 0.04-0.08 Ausl 97
K(%) Mal YMF F 0.4-0.78 Ausl 97
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.3-1.1 Aust 97
Mg(%) Mal YMF F 0.24-0.32 Ausl 97
Na(%) Mal YMF F 0.04-0.07 Aust 97
CI(%) Mal YMF F 0.1-0.3 Ausl 97
Mn(mg!kg) Mal YMF F 0.15-0.41 Aust 97
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF 0.8-1.6 Aust 97
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF 20-35 Aust 97
CORYMBIA (see Eucalyptus)
EUCAL YPTUS CAMALDULENSIS (River Red Gum)
N(%) [uv YMF F <1.0 1.0-1.4 <2.26-2.86> Aust 20 Irrigated

1.4-1.8 2.0+ 97 Non-irrigated
China 77
P(%) luv YMF F <0.08 0.08-0.10 <0.21 -0.33> Aust 20 Irrigated
0.1-0.14 97 Non-irrigated
China 77
K(%) luv YMF F 0.6-1.0 Aust 20 Irrigated

97 Non-irrigated
5(%) luv YMF F 0.1-1.4 Aust 20 Irrigated
97 Non-irrigated
Ca(%) [uv YMF F 0.5-1.2 Aust 20 Irrigated
97 Non-irrigated
China 77
Mg(%) [uv YMF F 0.18-0.25 Aust 20 Irrigated

97 Non-irrigated
China 77
Na(%) [uv YMF F 0.1-0.43 Aust 20 Irrigated

97
CI(%) [uv YMF F 0.1-0.4 >0.6 Aust 20 Irrigated
97
China 77
Cutrng/kg) [uv YMF F 5-11 Aust 20 Irrigated

3-5 97
Zn(mg!kg) [uv YMF F 42-48 Aust 20 Irrigated
16-41 23 Non irrigated
Mn(mg!kg) juv YMF F 80-500 Aust 20 Irrigated
24 Non irrigated
Fe(mg!kg) luv YMF F 84-170 Aust 20 Irrigated a'
97
~
~
::I
VI
~
-' ~.
VI
...
\11
~
a-
a
:lo-
~
~
II)
~.
:lo-
::
5'
~
fUCAL YPTUS CAMALDULfNSIS (River Red Gum) (ctd) ~
;;l
~
AI (rng/kg) [uv YMF F 30-250 Aust 20 Irrigated Q'
24 ::
B(mglkg) [uv YMF F 20-120 Aust 20 Irrigated

~
::
97 ~
N(%) Mat YMF F <0.74 <1.2-1.5> <1.46-2.1 > Ind 17
Aust 20 Irrigated
24
97
Phil 200
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.07 0.08-0.18 0.18-0.22> Ind 17
Aust 20 Irrigated
24
97
Phil 200
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.6 <0.6-0.8> Aust 20 Irrigated
97
Phil 200
5(%) Mat YMF F 0.11-0.16 Aust 20 Irrigated
97
97
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.17-0.37 Aust 20 Irrigated
97
Ind 17
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.22-0.36 Aust 20 Irrigated
97
CI(%) Mat YMF F 0.17-0.46 Aust 20 Irrigated
97
Cutmg/kg) Mat YMF F 2.3-2.9 3-5 Aust 20 Irrigated

97
Zntrng/kg) Mat YMF F 13-41 Aust 20 Irrigated
24
97
Ind 17
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 190-600 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
24
97
Fe(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 110-170 Aust 20 Irrigatcd

97

97
Btmg/kg) Mat YMF F 144-200 200-430 Aust 20 Irrigated

97
fUCAL YPTUS [syn. CORYMBIA] ClTRIODORA (Lemon-scented Gum)
I B(mg!kg) juv 35 40-70 400+ Bra 107 I
fUCAL YPTUS DfLfGA TfNSIS (Alpine Ash)
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.2 <1.4-1.9> NZ 89

Aust 97
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.09 <0.11-0.17> NZ 89
Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.6-0.9> NZ 89

Aust 97
5(%) Mat YMF F <0.14> NZ 89
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.4-0.7> NZ 89

Aust 97
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.1 7-0.26> NZ 89

Aust 97
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.005-0.03> NZ 89

Aust 97
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.3> NZ 89

Aust 97
Cutmg/kg) Mat YMF F <3.0> NZ 89
Zntrng/kg) Mat YMF F <21> NZ 89
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <400-860> NZ 89 ~

Aust 97
i
Fetrng/kg) Mat YMF F <62> NZ 89
~
::J
i:ij
...
\11
'-I
~.
...
\11
00 ~
:a.
~
~
~
'"~.
~
::l
5"
~
EUCAL YPTUS DfLEGATENS/S (Alpine Ash) (ctd) ~
~
iii
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF <60-260> NZ 89 g.
::l
Aust 97
B(mg!kg) Mat YMF <14-30> NZ 89 ~
Aust 97 ~
EUCAL YPTUS DIVERS/COLOR (Karri)
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.1 <1.1-1.3> Aust 60

70
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.06> Aust 60
70
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.6-0.9> Aust 60
70
5(%) Mat YMF F <0.11-0.13> Aust 60
70
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.9-1.6> Aust 60
70
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.24-0.32> Aust 60
70
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.19-0.29> Aust 60
70
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.37-0.44> Aust 60
70
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <410-2200> Aust 60
70 ,
Cu(mg!kgl Mat YMF F <2-9> Aust 60
70
154
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <6-7> Aust 60
70
EUCAL YPTUS DUNNII (Dunn's White Gum)
I N(%) Mat YMF F <1.4 <1.8-2.8> Aust 97 I

P(%) Mat YMF F <0.09 <0.11-0.22> Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.8-1.5> Aust 97
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.4-0.8> Aust 97
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.18-0.28> Aust 97
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.06-0.20> Aust 97
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF F <80-200> Aust 97
B(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <16-40> Aust 97
fUCAL YPTUS FASTIGATA (Brown Barrel)
N(%) luv YMF F <2.29> NZ 89

P(%) [uv YMF F <0.11 > Nl 89
K(%) juv YMF F <0.79> NZ 89
5(%) juv YMF F <0.16> NZ 89
Ca(%) luv YMF F <0.30> NZ 89
Mg(%) luv YMF F <0.16> NZ 89
Mn(mg!kg) [uv YMF F <154> NZ 89
Fe(mg!kg) [uv YMF F <73> NZ 89
Cu(mg!kg) [uv YMF F <5> NZ 89
Zntrng/kg) Iuv YMF F <17> NZ 89
B(mg!kg) juv YMF F <14> NZ 89
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.1-1.4 <2.0-2.3> NZ 88
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.15> NZ 88
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.8> NZ 88
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.35> NZ 88
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.18> NZ 88
Fe(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <31> NZ 88
Cu(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <4.8-6.5> Nl 88
Aust 154
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <9> NZ 88 ~
Bung/kg) Mat YMF F <22> Nl 88 i
~
s
~
...r.n
1.0
~.
\Il
~
t-J
o
a
)..
&l
~
III
~.
)..
:::l
:;-
~
fUCAL YPTUS GLOBULUS (Tasmanian Blue Gum) -a~
~
N(%) Seedl YMF F <1.0 1.7-2.0 2-2.8 >4.3 Aust 147 §"
148
N(%) )uv YMF F <1.0 1.7-2.0 2.0-2.8 Var 9 ~
20 Irrigated ~
42
56
93
121
P(%) [uv YMF F <0.10 0.12-0.14 0.14-0.26 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
K(%) luv YMF F <0.4 0.8-1.2 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
5(°/,,) [uv YMF F <0.12 0.15-2.0 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
Ca(%) [uv YMF F 0.4-1.3 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
Mg(%) luv YMF F 0.10-0.22 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
Na(%) luv YMF F 0.1-0.4 Var 9
20 Irrigated
56
93
121
148
C!(%) juv YMF F <0.33> 0.6+ Var 9
20 Irrigated
56
93
121
148
Cu(mg!kg) luv YMF F <2.5 <3 4-24 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
.16
93
121
148
Zn(mg!kg) juv YMF F <10 1.1-50 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
Mn(mg/kg) [uv YMF F <20 100-2000 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
.16
93
121
148
cr
~
~
~
£
... ~.
\11
"l
VI
~
a
I>.l
I>.l
~
~
~
'"~.
~
:::l
5"
;:;-
fUCAL YPTUS GLOBULUS (Tasmanian Blue Gum) (ctd) -a;;J
r;
Fe(mg!kg) [uv YMF F <8 <74 30-700 Var 9
20 Irrigated
§"
42
56
~
93 ~
121
148
157
Altrng/kg) luv YMF F 30 -100 Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
93
121
148
B(mg!kg) juv YMF F <10 <12-50> 100+ Var 9
20 Irrigated
42
56
121
148
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.2 <1.2-1.9> Var 9
20 Irrigated
33
79
93
110
121
147
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.09 0.11 -0.18 Var 9
20 Irrigated
79
93
121
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.45 0.5 -1.2 Var 9
20 Irrigated
56
79
93
110
121
- ------ . __ . __ ._.
5(%) Mat YMF F <0.08 0.1-0.14 Var 9
20 Irrigated
93
121
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.4-2.1> Var 9
20 Irrigated
93
110
121
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.16-0.27> Var 9
20 Irrigated
93
110
121
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.14-0.40> Aust 20 Irrigated
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.44-0.7> Aust 20 Irrigated
C:u(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <3 4-12 Var 9
20 Irrigated
93
110
121
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 11-15 Var 9
20 Irrigated
93
110
121
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 150-600 600-950 Var 20 Irrigated
55
93
110
121
Fe(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 60-180 Var 9
20 Irrigated
55
93
110
121
A/(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 40-230 Aust 20 Irrigated
a'
~
~
::l
Qj
r.n
N
So
IN 5l
\11
~
t>.J
~
a
:l:>
~
~
'"~.
:l:>
::
5'
~
fUCAL YPTUS GLOBULUS (Tasmanian Blue Gum) (ctd) ~
;jl
iii
Bung/kg) Mat YMF F <10 30 -267 Var 9 §"
20 Irrigated
93 ~
::
55
110 ~
121
fUCAL YPTUS GRANDIS (Flooded or Australian Rose Gum)
N(%) luv YMF F <0.7 <1.48-1.8> 1.8-3.4 3.5+ Var 20 Irrigated

33
42
66
77
78
122
123
140
173
P(%) [uv YMF F <0.07 <0.09> <0.1-0.3> 0.30+ Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
77
78
122
123
140
173
K(%) [uv YMF F <0.5 <0.6-1.8> Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
77
78
122
123
140
173
5(%) [uv YMF F <0.1 <0.1-0.3> Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
123
173
Ca(%) )uv YMF F <0.08> <0.3-1.0> Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
77
122
123
173
Mg(%) [uv YMF F <0.06 <0.1-0.35> Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
77
122
123
173
Na(%) [uv YMF F 0.30-0.42 Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
123
173
CI(%) [uv YMF F 0.4+ Aust 20 Irrigated
Cutrng/kg) [uv YMF F <2 6-15 Var 20 Irrigated

2-7 33
42
66
122
123
173
Zn(mglkg) luv YMF F <7 14-46 Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66 a'
122
123
~
173 ~
:::l
\,/1
£
CS'
N
\,/1 a
(,n
~
""
a-
a
~
}
~.
~
::s
5'
~
EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS (Flooded or Australian Rose Gum) (ctd) -a
Mn(mg!kg) luv YMF F <8 220-700> 1000+ Var 20 Irrigated
~
c"
150-600 33 ::s
42 ~
::s
66
122 §.
123
173
Fe(mg!kg) [uv YMF F <17 <60-130> 300+ Var 20 Irrigated
33
42
66
122
123
173
Altrng/kg) [uv YMF F <22-160> Var 20 lrrigated
33
42
66
123
173
B(mg!kg) )uv YMF F <8 <54-82> 100+ Var 20 Irrigated
<15-30> 31
42
66
77
122
123
173
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.0 1.0-1.6 1.6-2.9 >3 Var 18
20 Irrigated
42
61
67
68
125
143
173
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.08 <0.1-0.3> 0.30+ Var 18
20 Irrigated
42
67
68
125
143
173
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.5 <0.6-1.8> Var 20 Irrigated
42
67
68
143
173
S(%) Mat YMF F <0.15 0.15-2.0 Var 20 Irrigated
42
67
68
143
173
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.1 0.20-0.4 Var 20 Irrigated
42
67
68
125
143
173
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.08 <0.1-0.3> Var 20 Irrigated
42
S9
67
68
125
143
173
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.1-0.6 0.7 1.0+ Var 20 Irrigated
67
68
143
173
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.5-1.0> 1.0+ Var 20 Irrigated
67 ~
~
68
143
173 ~
~
iii
\,/l
N ~.
'-l
\Il
~
'"
co
a
)..
&l
~
'"~.
)..
::l
S"
;:;-
fveAL YPTVS GRANDIS (Flooded or Australian Rose Gum) (ctd) -a
~
iii
Cu(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <4 <4-12> Var 20 Irrigated §O
67
68
143 ~
173 ~
Zntmg/kg) Mat YMF F <10 <15-46> Var 20 Irrigated
42
59
67
68
143
173
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <190-700> Var 20 Irrigated
42
59
67
68
143
173
Fetmg/kg) Mat YMF F <50-156> Var 20 Irrigated
42
59
67
68
143
173
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF F <90-270> 400+ Var 20 Irrigated
67
68
143
173
Bung/kg) Mat YMF F <12 <15-100> 100-180 Var 20 Irrigated
42
67
68
143
173
EUEUCAL YPTUS [syn CORYMBIAj MACULA TA (Spotted Gum)
N(%) juv YMF F 1.0-1.2 1.7-2.6 Aust 41

P(%) luv YMF F 0.4-0.5 0.8 1.0-2.6 Aust 41
K(%) luv YMF F 0.4 0.5-0.8 1.0-1.7 Aust 41
5(%), [uv YMF F 1.2-1.3 1.4-1.7 1.8-4.2 Aust 41
Ca(%) [uv YMF F 0.15-0.2 <0.22-2.9> <2.9-4.0> Aust 41
Mg(%) luv YMF F 0.3 0.4-0.8 0.9-2.4 Aust 41
Cutrng/kg) luv YMF F 0.5-1.5 2-5 6-12 Aust 41
Znimg/kg) [uv YMF F 4-8 9-11 12-54 Aust 41
Mn(mglkg) [uv YMF F 12-15 16-21 22-32 Aust 41
Feirng/kg) [uv YMF F 15 20-30 39-50 Aust 41
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.2 1.4-2.4 Aust 41
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.13 0.14-0.23 Aust 41
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.4 0.5-0.7 0.8-1.7 Aust 41
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.21 0.22-0.6 Aust 41
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.04 0.18-0.3 Aust 41
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.1-0.3 Aust 41
Cu(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 0.5-1.5 2 6-12 Aust 38
41
Mntrng/kg) Mat YMF F <20 20-250 Aust 41
Fe(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <15 20-30 40-50 Aust 41
AI(rug/kg) Mat YMF F 30-200 Aust 41
EUCALYPTUS MICROCORYS (Tallowwood)
N(%) Mat YMF F 0.8-1.5 Aust 97

P(%) Mat YMF F 0.05-0.06 Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.4-0.61 Aust 97
3'
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.53-0.74 Aust 97 i
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.17-0.41 Aust 97
~
:::l
\11
~
N CS"
<.C 5l
'"
w ~
= a
)0.
al
~
<IS
~.
)0.
~
S"
tD
fUCAL YPTUS MICROCORYS (Tallowwood) (ctd) -a
Ii!
ill
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.38-0.78 Aust 97 §O
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 600-800 Aust 97
~
~
Altmg/kg) Mat YMF F 160-210 Aust 97
~
fUCAL YPTUS NlTfNS (Shining Gum)
N(%) juv YMF F <1.3 <2.0-3.5> Aust 35

79
168
P(%) juv YMF F <0.1 <0.1-0.2> NZ 103
Aust 168
K(%) juv YMF F <0.4 <0.8> Aust 168
Ca(%) luv YMF F <0.3-0.5> Aust 168
Mg(%) luv YMF F <0.09-0.15> Aust 168
Mn(mg!kg) juv YMF F <960-1400> Aust 168
Fetrng/kg) luv YMF F <23-75> Aust 168
Cutrng/kg) juv YMF F <1.4 1.4 <4.9> Aust 168
Zn(mg/kg) [uv YMF F <9-19> Aust 168
B(mg/kg) luv YMF F <10-30> Aust 168
Altrng/kg) Iuv YMF F <8-50> Aust 168
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.3 1.33-2.16 2.16-2.33 Aust 79
NZ 103
168
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.13 <0.13-0.15> Aust 79
NZ 103
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.39-0.78 0.78-0.9 Aust 79
NZ 103
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.35-0.7 Aust 79
NZ 103
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.15-0.2> Aust 79
NZ 103
EUCAL YPTUS OBLIQUA (Messmate)
N(%) juv YMF <1.28-1.45> Aust 33

P(%) [uv YMF <0.095-0.12> Aust 33
EUCALYPTUS OCCIDENTALIS (Swamp Yate)
N(%) [uv YMF F <1.95-2.32> Aust 20 Irrigated

P(%) luv YMF F 0.19-0.26 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
K(%) luv YMF F 0.52-0.72 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
5(%) luv YMF F 0.16-0.19 Aust 20 Irrigated
Ca(%) juv YMF F 0.39-0.43 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mg(%) juv YMF F 0.13-0.18 Aust 20 Irrigated
Na(%) juv YMF F 0.41-0.64 Aust 20 Irrigated
CI(%) juv YMF F 0.34-0.70 Aust 20 Irrigated
Cu(mg!kg) luv YMF F 4.0-7.0 Aust 20 Irrigatcd

Zn(mglkg) luv YMF F 23-31 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mn(mg!kg) [uv YMF F 121-190 Aust 20 Irrigated
Fetrng/kg) [uv YMF F 67-71 Aust 20 Irrigated
Altmg/kg) [uv YMF F 28-32 Aust 20 Irrigated
B(mglkg) luv YMF F 52-75 Aust 20 Irrigated

N(%) Mat YMF F 1.48-1.86 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
P(%) Mat YMF F 0.23-0.37 Aust 20 Irrigated
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.45-0.69 Aust 20 Irrigated
5(%) Mat YMF F 0.12-0.15 Aust 20 Irrigated
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.13-0.18 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.41-0.64 Aust 20 Irrigatcd
CI(%) Mat YMF F 0.34-0.56 Aust 20 Irrigated a'
Cu(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <2.7 3.0-4.3 Aust 20 Irrigated ~
~
:::I
~
~.
\11
....
W
\J1
W
N ~
a
~
~
-;-
'"~.
~
:::l
::
~
fUCAL YPTUS OCClDfNTALIS (Swamp Yate) (ctd) -a
~
~
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 13-16 Aust 20 Irrigated §.
~
Mn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F 95-186 Aust 20 Irrigated
Fetrng/kg) Mat YMF F 100-186 Aust 20 Irrigated
~
B(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <171-258> Aust 20 Irrigated
fUCAL YPTUS PILULARIS (Blackbutt)
N(%) juv YMF YMF <0.9 1.3-1.6 Aust 33

97
P(%) )uv YMF <0.04 0.06-0.12 Aust 33
97
K(%) luv YMF <0.3 0.35-0.5 Aust 33
97
5(%) luv YMF <0.08 <0.1-0.15> Aust 33
97
Ca(%) [uv YMF 0.15-0.3 Aust 33
97
Mg(%) luv YMF 0.15-0.35 Aust 33
97
Na(%) luv YMF 0.16-0.26 Aust 33
97
0(%) [uv YMF 0.1-0.4 Aust 33
97
Altrng/kg) )uv YMF 60-110 Aust 33
97
B(mg!kg) )uv YMF 9-30 Aust 33
97
N(%) Mat YMF F <0.7 0.9-1.3 Aust 97
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.04 0.05-0.12 Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.35-0.6 Aust 97
5(%) Mat YMF F 0.06 0.07-0.09 Aust 97
· ..
Ca(%) Mal YMF F 0.4-0.6 Ausl 97
Mg(%) Mal YMF F 0.15-0.4 Aust 97
Na(%) Mal YMF F 0.14-0.46 Ausl 97
CI(%) Mal YMF F 0.2 - 0.75 Ausl 97
Mn(mg!kg) Mal YMF F 170-2000 Ausl 97
Altrng/kg) Mat YMF F 5-580 Ausl 97
Btrng/kg) Mat YMF F 15-35 Aust 97
fUCAL YPTUS RfGNANS (Mountain Ash)
N(%) Mal YMF F <1.1 <1.6-1.9> NZ 50

51
89
P(%) Mal YMF F <0.1-0.15> NZ 50
51
89
K(%) Mal YMF F <0.6-0.8> NZ 50
51
89
S(%) Mal YMF F <0.14> NZ 89
Ca(%) Mal YMF F <0.4-0.7> NZ 50
51
89
Mg(O;',) Mal YMF F <0.2-0.25> NZ 50
51
89
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.15> NZ 89
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.56> NZ 89
Cu(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <4-8> NZ 50
51
89
Zn(mg!kg) Mat YMF F <8-18> NZ 50
51
89 a'
Mn(mg!kg) Mal YMF F <580-1200> NZ 50 ~
51
89 ~
:::l
~
(,n
IN c"
IN ~
\l1
W ~
"'" ~
.....
:t-
-;-
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments '"~.
Stage established :t-
::s
:;-
ib'
EUCALYPTUS REGNANS (Mountain Ash) (ctd) -a
~
El'
Fe(mglkg) <72> 89
::s6"'
Mat YMF F NZ
<19> 140> 89
B(mglkg)
AI (mglkg)
Mat
Mat
YMF
YMF
F
F <78>
NZ
NZ 89
[
---- -------------
~
EUCAL YPTUS SA LIGNA (Sydney Blue Gum)
N(%) Juv YMF F <2.9> Haw 197

P(%) Juv YMF F <0.2> Haw 197
K(%) Juv YMF F <1.1> Haw 197
Ca(%) Juv YMF F <0.6> Haw 197
N(%) Mat YMF F <0.6 <0.9-2.1> Var 12
13
36
51
52
89
194
197
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.07 <0.08-0.2> Var 12
13
36
51
52
89
197
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.4 0.45-0.8 0.85-1.5 Var 13
51
52
197
36
89
5(%) Mat YMF F <0.12 0.14-0.2 Var 89
93
194
197
~--------
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage established
----------
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.3-1.0 Var 13

52
89
140
194
197
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.15 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.4 Var 12
13
51
52
89
194
197
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.16> NZ 89
Ci(%) Mat YMF F 0.1-0.45 Var 93
89
Cu(mg/kg) Mat 4-7 Aust 51
NZ 52
89
Zn(mg/kg) Mat 16-30 Var 12
51
52
89
194
Mn(mg/kg) Mat 100-800 Var 36

51
89
93
194
Fe(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <70-86> NZ 89
Aust 194
AI(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <90-200> Var 89
93
194
B(mg/kg) Mat 25-45 Var 89
93
194
------------- ~
~
~
::
5t
I.n
W
g.
I.n 5l
\11
\oJ ;:!!,
a.. ~
.....
'-'<
<Ii
Growth How ~.
Nutrient Plant part Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage established
s-
::
tti'
fUCAL YPTUS TfRET/CORN/S (Forest Red Gum) -a
iil
j;;l'
N(%) juv YMF F <1.34 <1.84> China 77 6·
::
P(%) juv YMF F <0.1> China
K(%) juv YMF F <1.19> China
77
77
[
~
Ca(%) juv YMF F <0.89> China 77
Mg(%) juv YMF F <0.13> China 77
N(%) Mat YMF F <).8 <1.0-1.57> Ind 115
lim 136
5 Air 140
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.1 <0.17-0.25> Ind 115
5 Air 140
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.7 <1.1-1.5> Ind 115
5 Air 140
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <1.0-1.7> Ind 115
lim 136
5 Air 140
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.13 <0.21-0.4> Ind 115
lim 136
5 Air 140
Mn(mglkg) Mat YMF F <60 <80-580> Ind 80
lim 136
5 Air 140
Fe(mglkg) Mat YMF F <110-425> Ind 80
5 Air 140
Cu(mglkg) Mat YMF F <6.7 <10-25> Ind 80 ;
5 Afr 140
In(mglkg) Mat YMF F <24 <32-41> Ind 80
5 Afr 140
B(mglkg) Mat YMF F <116> 5 Air 140
fUCAL YPTUS UROPHYLLA (Timor Rose Gum)
N(%) juv YMF F <0.86 <1.1-3.0> China 42

Phil 77
Concentration range
Nutrient G~f;h Plant part est~li~hed Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
P(%) juv YMF F 0.05-0.09 <0.1-0.3> China 42
Phil 77
K(%) juv YMF F <0.8-1.4> China 42
Phil 77
S(%) juv YMF F <0.1-0.3> China 42
Phil
Ca(%) , juv YMF F <0.3-1.1> China 42

Phil 77
Mg(%) juv YMF F <0.17-0.6> China 42
Phil 77
Cu(mglkg) juv YMF F <0.8-1.3 <2-19> China 42
Phil
Mn(mg/kg) juv YMF F <130-660> China 42

Phil
Fe(mg/kg) juv YMF F <9-12 <33-54> China 42
Phil
Zn(mg/kg) juv YMF F <9-12 <16-47> China 42

Phil
B(mglkg) juv YMF F <7-15 <16-52> China 42

Phil
FLlNDfRSIA BRA YLfYANA (Queensland Maple)

Adequate values based on healthy plants.
N(%) Seedl ML sand culture <2.69> Aust 164 Plant assumed healthy
P(%) Seedl ML sand culture <0.18> Aust 164 Plant assumed healthy
N(%) Seed I All LB sand culture <2.80-2.84> Aust 165 Plant assumed healthy
P(%) Seedl All LB sand culture <0.25-0.29> Aust 165 Plant assumed healthy
N(%) Seedl Stem + sand culture <1 .12-1.63> Aust 165 Plant assumed healthy
petioles
P(%) Seedl Stem + sand culture <0.59-0.81 > Aust 165 Plant assumed healthy
petioles
N(%) juv YMB soil/pots 0.27> <0.76> Aust 185
P(%) juv YMB soil/pots <0.12-0.18> Aust 185
...~
K(%) juv YMB soil/pots <1.2-1.7> Aust 185 ~
....
S(%) juv YMB soil/pots <0.13-0.17> Aust 185 :2
~
5l'
'"
W
'I
["
til
W ~
QQ
!ll.....
).
&l
-;-
Concentration range <II
~.
Nutrient Growth
Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ).
Stage established ::
-a=
rb'
FLiNDfRSIA BRA YLfYANA (Queensland Maple) (ctd)
~
Adequate values based on healthy plants. El'
Ca(%) juv YMB soil/pots <0.7-0.9> Aust 185
g"
::
Mg(%) juv YMB soil/pots <0.12-0.32> Aust 185
~
Cu(mg/kg)
Mn(mglkg)
juv
juv
YMB
YMB
soil/pots
soil/pots
<1.0-3.8>
<550-1000>
Aust
Aust
185
185
-
ii
Fe(mg/kg) juv YMB soil/pots <33-65> Aust 185

B(mg/kg) juv YMB soil/pots <24-39> Aust 185
N(%) juv YMP soil/pots 0.29> <0.4> Aust 185
P(%) juv YMP soil/pots <0.07-0.21 > Aust 185
K(%) juv YMP soil/pots <0.6-1.4> Aust 185
5(%) juv YMP soil/pots <0.03-0.06> Aust 185
Ca(%) juv YMP soil/pots <0.30-0.65> Aust 185
Mg(%) juv YMP soil/pots <0.05-0.12> Aust 185
Cu(mg/kg) juv YMP soil/pots <0.8-3.2> Aust 185
Mn(mg/kg) juv YMP soil/pots <135-350> Aust 185
Fe(mg/kg) juv YMP soil/pots <14-20> Aust 185
B(mg/kg) juv YMP soil/pots <9-15> Aust 185
GMfLiNA ARBORfA (White Beech)
N(%) Seedl YMB F/ Sand <2.48-4.6> Aust 34 Healthy tree, saturating rate of photosynthesis
51 185
P(%) Seedl YMB F/ Sand <0.18-0.44> Aust 34 Healthy tree, saturating rate of photosynthesis
51 185
K(%) Seedl YMB F <1.4-2.3> 51 185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
5(%) Seedl YMB F <0.16-0.23> 51 185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
Ca(%) Seedl YMB F <0.39-0.69> 51 185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
Concentration range
Stage established
Mg(%) Seedl YMB F <0.30-0.43> SI 185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl YMB F <8.8-10.5> SI 185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
Zn(mglkg) Seedl YMB F <12> <31-61> SI 183 Symptom identification
185 Healthy tree from experimental plot with luxury dose of
fertiliser
Mn(mglkg) Seedl YMB F <12> <48-333> 1263 SI 183 Symptom identification
185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Fe(mg/kg) Seedl YMB F <21> <35-68> SI 183 Symptom identification
185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
AI (mg/kg) Seedl YMB F <17-23> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
B(mg/kg) Seed I YMB F <29-68> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
N(%) Seed I YMP F <1.1 0-2.00> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
P(%) Seed I YMP F <0.10-0.11> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
K(%) Seed I YMP F <3.2-7.9> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
S(%) Seed I YMP F <0.08-0.11 > SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Ca(%) Seed I YMP F <0.52-0.88> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Mg(%) Seedl YMP F <0.25-0.37> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl YMP F <6.9-9.6> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Zn(mg/kg) Seedl YMP F <28-63> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Mn(mg/kg) Seedl YMP F <61-180> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Fe(mglkg) Seed I YMP F <9-30> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
AI(mg/kg) Seedl YMP F <8-55> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
B(mg/kg) Seedl YMP F <30-43> SI 185 Healthy tree, luxury dose of fertiliser
Apparently healthy trees. Deficient values established by statistical significant difference between healthy and unhealthy trees. Deficient values relate to unhealthy trees.
N(%) Juv YML F <1.4-1.8> 2.0 <2.5-3.2> Var 161
199
200
203
P(%) juv YML F 0.13-0.15 <0.15-0.27> Var 161
199
...a'
~
.....
200
203 ~
::J
5l'
\11 ::!'.
Q
IN
<.D 5l
\,11
;a
"'"
o ~
.....
~
~
lIS
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant part How
Stage established Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
::I
:;
~
GMfLlNA ARBORfA (White Beech) (ctd) -a~
5l'
K(%) Juv YML F <0.29-0.4> <0.49-1.3> Var 161 §.
199
200
203
~
~
5(%) Juv YML F <0.12 0.13 <0.19> Cos R 161
Ca(%) Juv YML F <0.6-2.2> Var 161
199
200
203
Mg(%) Juv YML F <0.30-0.74> Var 199
200
203
Cu(mg/kg) Juv YML F <6-17> Var 161
199
200
203
Zn(mglkg) Juv YML F <6.0-7.2> <14-27> Var 199 Establ ished by symptoms identification
200
203
Mn(mglkg) Juv YML F <115-205> Var 161
199
200
203
Fe(mg/kg) Juv YML F <88-1310> Var 161
199
200 ,
203
AI(mg/kg) Juv YML F <68-1240> Var 161
199
200
203
B(mg/kg) Juv YML F <25-49> Var 161
199
200
203
N(%) Mat YML F <1.86-3.2 PNG 46
Cos R 161
Concentration range
Stage established
P(%) Mat YML F <0.11-0.27> PNG 46
Cos R 161
K(%) Mat YML F <0.7-1.6> PNG 46
Cos R 161
Ca(%) Mat YML F <1.0> PNG 46
Mg(%) Mat YML F <0.3> PNG 46
Cu{mglkg)
, Mat YML F <7> PNG 46
Cos R 161
Zn{mglkg) Mat YML F <15-40> PNG 46
Cos R 161
Mn{mglkg) Mat YML F <22-205> PNG 46
Cos R 161
Fe{mglkg) Mat YML F <40-135> PNG 46
Cos R 161
B{mglkg) Mat YML F <20-50> PNG 46
Mex 203
GRfVILLfA ROBUSTA ((Southern) Silky Oak)
Mn{mglkg) Seed I WS F <262-880> 1940-4000> E Afr 28 Based on symptoms

N(%) juv YML F <1.3> Rwa 139
P(%) juv YML F <0.08> Rwa 139
K(%) juv YML F <0.6> Rwa 139
Ca(%) juv YML F <0.46> Rwa 139
Mg(%) juv YML F <0.15> Rwa 139
Zn{mglkg) juv YML F 11-18 Rwa 139
Mn(mglkg) juv YML F 611 Rwa 139
Fe{mglkg) juv YML F 105 Rwa 139
AI(mglkg) juv YML F 308 Rwa 139
B{mglkg) juv YML F 13 139
<13> 17 Ken 153
~
~
:2
~
ill'
I.n ~
...."'" ~
\11
:9.
""
N
~
.....
~
~
lIS
~.
Nutrient Growth How
Stage Plant part established Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
=
HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (Rubber)
=
;-
-a
~
5l'
N(%) Seedl YB Pots, soils 1.68-1.75 <1.91-2.52> Mala 196a g.
P(%)
=
~
Seedl YB Pots, soils 0.127-0.131 <0.137-0.170> Mala 196a
-
K(%) Seedl YB Pots, soils 0.75-0.79 <0.92-1.35> Mala 196a
&i
Ca(%) Seedl YB Pots, soils <0.316-0.673> Mala 196a
Mg(%) Seed I YB Pots, soils <0.101-0.113> <0.117-0.238> Mala 196a
N(%) Seedl YMB Pots, soils 1.49-1.52 <1 .61-2.26> Mala 196a 3rd whorl
P(%) Seedl YMB Pots, soils <0.107> <0.118-0.134> Mala 196a 3rd whorl
K(%) Seedl YMB Pots, soils <0.40-0.56 <0.60-0.91> Mala 196a 3rd whorl
Ca(%) Seedl YMB Pots, soils <0.427-0.634> Mala 196a 3rd whorl
Mg(%) Seedl YMB Pots, soils <0.85-0.90> <0.100-0.320> Mala 196a 3rd whorl
B(mglkg) Seedl YB Pots <316> >500 Bra 23a
AI (mglkg) Seedl YB Pots >15 Bra 23b
N(%) Juv YML F <2.70 2.71-3.09 3.10-3.90 >3.91 Mala 5 <5 years
P(%) Juv YML F <0.15 0.16-0.17 0.18-0.29 >3.00 Mala 5 <5 years
K(%) Juv YML F <0.85 0.86-0.96 0.97-1.60 >1.61 Mala 5 <5 years
Ca(%)
Mg(%) Juv YML F <0.19 0.20-0.21 0.22-0.31 >0.32 Mala 5 <5 years
Mn(mglkg) Juv YML F <50 50-100 101-250 >250 >500 Mala 5 <5 years
N(%) Mat ML F <3.00 3.00-3.30 3.31-3.90 >3.90 Mala, 5 Lowshade leaves
China lOla
P(%) Mat ML F <0.17 0.17-0.19 0.20-0.27 >0.27 Mala 5 Lowshade leaves
K(%) Mat ML F <1.20 1.21-1.36 1.37-1.85 >1.86 Mala 5 Lowshade leaves
Ca(%) Mat ML F 0.6-1.0 China lOla Shaded leaves
Mg(%) Mat ML F <0.18 0.18-0.20 0.21-0.27 >0.27 Mala 5 Lowshade leaves
Mn(mglkg) Mat ML F <50 51-100 101-200 >200 >500 Mala 5 Lowshade leaves
7
China 182a
-- ------- --- -- - ----------
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage established High
JUGLANS NIGRA L. (Black walnut)
N(%) Mat ML Lit <2.00 >2.60 USA 119

P(%) Mat ML Lit 0.10 >0.25 USA 119
K(%) Mat ML Lit <0.75 0.8-1.2 >1.30 USA 119
S(%) Mat ML Lit <0.05 >0.25 USA 119
Ca(%) Mat ML Lit <0.50 0.5-1.0 >1.10 USA 119 Deficiency threshold is high
Mg(%) Mat ML Lit <0.15 >0.45 USA 119
Cu(mg/kg) Mat ML Lit <5 >10 USA 119
Zn(mglkg) Mat ML Lit <15 >50 Can 187 In minerotropic open peatland ditched at 1 .8 m spacing
Mn(mg/kg) Mat ML Lit <30 >80 USA 119
Fe(mg/kg) Mat ML Lit <40 >100 USA 119
B(mg/kg) Mat ML Lit <20 20-50 >50 USA 119
Mo(mg/kg) Mat ML Lit <0.05 >0.10 USA 119
LfUCAfNA LfUCOCfPHALA
N(%) Seedl YMP Soil <2.89 <4.07> Aust 45 N supplementation of cv. Cunningham
WAfr 134
P(%) Seedl YMP Soil 0.1 0.14-0.19 0.21-0.25 Aust 45 Rhizobium inoculated plants N supplementation of
WAfr 134 cv. Cunningham
K(%) Seed I YMP 0.23-0.24 <2.0> Aust 45 Rhizobium inoculated plants N supplementation of
WAfr 134 cv. Cunningham
S(%) Seedl YFEL Soil <0.24> WAfr 134 N supplementation of cv. Cunningham
Ca(%) Seed I YMP <0.38-0.49> 0.69 Aust 45 Rhizobium inoculated plants N supplementation of
W Afr 134 cv. Cunningham
Mg(%) Seedl YMP 1.84 Aust 45
WAfr 134
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl YMP <17-20> Aust 45
WAfr 134
Zn(mg/kg) Seedl YMP <20-24> Aust 45 ~
WAfr 134 ~
~
:!
~
iii'
1.11
.j:o. ~.
w
(,n
:2
"'"'"" ~
....
~
Concentration range
ie
~
Growth How '"
~.
Nutrient Plant part established Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
Stage ::.
:;-
iti'
LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA (ctd) -a~
El'
Mn(mg/kg) Seedl YMP <94-325> Aust
WAfr
45
134
Rhizobium inoculated plants N supplementation of
cv. Cunningham
i-
Fe(mg/kg)
AI(mg/kg)
Seedl
Seed I
YMP
YMP
<220>
<147-223>
Aust
WAfr
Aust
45
134
45
t
WAfr 134
N(%) Juv Leaves F <2.89> <4.07-4.26> WAfr 45
P(%) Juv Leaves F 0.1 0.14-0.19 WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
K(%) Juv Leaves F 0.23 WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
Ca(%) Juv Leaves F 0.69 WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
Mg(%) Juv Leaves F 1.84 WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
Mn(mg/kg) Juv Leaves F <94> WAfr 45
Fe(mg/kg) Juv Leaves F <220> <439> WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
Zn(mg/kg) Juv Leaves F <20-24> WAfr 45
Cu(mg/kg) Juv Leaves F <17-20> WAfr 45
Al(mg/kg) Juv Leaves F <147-223> <382> WAfr 45 Chlorosis symptoms
LOPHOSTfMON CONFERTUS (Brush Box)
N(%) Mat YMF F 1.1-1.4 Aust 97

P(%) Mat YMF F <0.06 0.07-0.15 Aust 97
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.7-0.95 Aust 97
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.66-1.12 Aust 97
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.2-0.29 Aust 97
Na(%) Mat YMF F 0.005-0.10 Aust 97
CI(%) Mat YMF F 0.21-0.52 Aust 97
Mn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 30-600 Aust 97
AI(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 100-420 Aust 97
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 20-40 Aust 97
- -
Concentration range
Stage established
PINUS BRUHA (see Pinus halepensis)
PINUS CANARIENSIS (Canary Island Pine)
N(%) juv YMF F 1.19-2.09 Aust 20

P(%) juv YMF F <0.08 0.08-0.095 0.096-0.158 Aust 20
K(%) juv YMF F 0.34-1.00 Aust 20
CI(%) juv YMF F 0.36 >0.50 >0.8 Aust 20 Up to 1.28% found
N(%) Mat YMF F 1.19-2.09 Aust 20
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.08 0.08-0.095 0.096-0.158 Aust 20
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.34-1.00 Aust 20
CI(%) Mat YMF F 0.36 >0.50 >0.8 Aust 20 Up to 1.19% found
Cu(mglkg) Mat YMF F <2.0 2.0->6.0 Aust 20
Zn(mglkg) Mat YMF F 12.0-33.0 Aust 20
Mn(mglkg) Mat YMF F <10 11.0-46.0 Aust 20 4 mglkg is lowest conc. found
Fe(mglkg) Mat YMF F 102-202 Aust 20
PINUS CARIBAEA var. Hordurensis (Caribbean Pine)
N(%) Mat YMF F <0.80 0.9 1.29 Aust 15

149
150
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.065 0.17 Aust 15
149
150
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.30 Aust 149
150
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.11 Aust 149
150
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.80 . Aust 149
150
cr
5°4.-5(%) Mat YMF F 0.03 0.089 Aust 15 iti
~
;a
~
iii'
{Jt
6-
"'"
{Jt $!
c.n :;a
'""" ~
.....
~
Concentration range is
~
<IS
~.
Stage established ~
::J
S"
iti'
PINUS CARIBAfA var. Hordurensis (Caribbean Pine) (ctd) ~
~
iil'
Cu(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <2.0 7.3 Aust 15 S·
::J
149
150 [
Zn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <21-55> Aust 15
149
t
150
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 4-5 <10 33 Aust 149
Phil 200
PINUS CONTORTA (Lodgepole Pine)
N(%) Seedl YMF Lit 1.05 0.20 1.55 USA 114 var. latifolia
P(%) Seed I YMF Lit 0.09 0.12 0.20-0.30 USA 114 var. latifolia
K(%) Seedl YMF Lit 0.35 0.40-0.55 0.7-1.1 USA 114 var. latifolia
Ca(%) Seedl YMF Lit 0.05 0.06-0.08 0.1-0.4 USA 114 var. latifolia
Mg(%) Seed I YMF Lit 0.1-0.15 USA 114 var. latifol ia
N(%) Mat YMF F 1.05 1.55 USA 114 var. latifol ia
P(%) Mat YMF F 0.09 0.15-0.3 USA 114 var. latifolia
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.35 0.7-1.1 USA 114 var. latifol ia
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.05 0.1-0.4 USA 114 var. latifolia
I
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.06 0.07-0.09 0.10-0.15 USA 114 var. latifolia
Cu(mg/kg) Mat MF F 4 17 USA 106
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <3-10 15-25 Can 23
PINUS fLLlOTTII var. elliottii (Slash Pine)
B(mg/kg) Seed I Terminal buds F <1.9> USA 53 Damaged shoot tips with partial necrosis of terminal
buds.
P(%) Mat YMF F 0.75-0.08 Aust 16 >90% of maximum basal area increment
195
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate Ref

Stage established High Toxic Country Comments
K(%) juv, Mat YMF F <0.3 0.35-0.4 USA 14

Aust 15
150
Ca(%) Mat YMF F <0.12 Aust 149
I
150
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.80 Aust 149
150
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.20 Aust 149
150
Cu(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <2 2-18 Aust 58
S Afr
Zn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 6-10 10-68 Aust 58
S Afr
Mn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 21 284 SAfr 58
Fe(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 65-404 Aust 58
S Afr
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <8-10 Aust 149
PINUS HALEPENSIS (Aleppo pine)
P(%) Seed I Foliage Soil <0.064> <0.147> Isr 117 Adequate except in dune sand
K(%) Seed I Foliage Soil 0.27-0.54 Isr 117 Adequate except in dune sand
Ca(%) Seed I Foliage Soil 0.30-0.90 Isr 117 Adequate except in dune sand
Mg(%) Seed I Foliage Soil 0.13-0.20 Isr 117 Adequate except in :dune sand
N(%) juv/ Foliage F <0.95 0.95-1.5 Aust 20 P. halepensis
Mat Tur 27 P. brutia
Spa 90
P(%) juv/ Foliage F <0.095 0.1-0.2 Aust 20 P. halepensis
Spa 90
K(%) juv/ Foliage F 0.32-0.83 Aust 20 P. halepensis
Spa 90
Ca(%) juv/ Foliage F 0.33-0.74 Aust 20 P. halepensis cr
Mat Tur 27 P. brutia ~
Spa 90 ~
~
~
El'
.,.,
'" ~.
'l
\i1
.... :2
~
Q;)
....
Concentration range i
~
'"
~.
Stage established ~
::
:;-
ib'
PINUS HALfPfNSIS (Aleppo pine) (ctd) ~
ill
El'
Mg(%) juv/ Foliage F <0.1-0.25> Tur 27 P. brutia g.
Mat Spa 90 P. ha/epensis ::
Na(%) Mat Foliage F <0.29> Aust 20 P. ha/epensis ~

Zn(mg!kg) Mat Foliage F <62> Aust 20 P. ha/epensis l
Fe(mg/kg) juv/ Foliage F 45-146 Tur 27 P. brutia
Mat Spa 90 P. ha/epensis
Mn(mg/kg) juv/ Foliage F <3 4-47 Tur 27 P. brutia
B(mg/kg) juv/ Foliage F <6 6-9 10-24 Tur 27 P. brutia
Cu(mg/kg) juv/ Foliage F <3 3.1-5.4 Tur 27 P. brutia
PINUS INSULARIS (see Pinus kesiya)
PINUS KfSIYA (Benguet or Khasya pine)
N(%) Mat Foliage 1.00 Phil 200

P(%) Mat MF 0.101 Phil 200
K(%) Mat Foliage F 0.35 Phil 200
PINUS NIGRA (Corsican or Black pine)
N(%) Mat MF F 1.5 UK 82 var. Laricio

P(%) Mat MF F 0.13 UK 82 var. Laricio
K(%) Mat MF F 0.30 0.8 Neth 57 var. Laricio
UK 82
S(%) Mat MF F 0.08 UK 82 var. Laricio
Ca(%) Mat MF F 0.25 UK 82 var. Laricio
Mg(%) Mat MF F <0.06 0.10 UK 82 var. Laricio
Pol 129
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Toxic Country Ref Comments
Stage established Adequate High
CI(%) Mat MF 0.10 UK 82 var. Laricio

Cu(mglkg) Mat MF 4 UK 82 var. Laricio
Zn(mglkg) Mat MF F 30 UK 82 var. Laricio
Mn(mglkg) Mat MF F 200 UK 82 var. Laricio
Fe(mglkg) Mat MF 200 UK 82 var. Laricio
B(mgllfg) Mat MF 20 UK 82 var. Laricio
Mo(mglkg) Mat MF UK 82 var. Laricio
AI(mglkg) Mat Foliage >670-880 Pol 129 var. Austriaca
PINUS PALUSTRIS (Longleaf pine)
K(%) juv YMF F <0.3 0.35-0.4 USA 14

B(mglkg) Mat YMF F <-8 NZ 159
PINUS PINASTfR (Maritime Pine)
Cu(mglkg) juv YMF F 3.4 Fra 137 Shoot deformation

Zn(mglkg) juv YMF F 36.0 Fra 137 Shoot deformation
Mn(mglkg) juv YMF F 80.4 Fra 137 Shoot deformation
N(%) Mat YMF F 0.39-0.6 0.6-0.9 Aust 20
83
112
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.054-0.56> 0.06-0.08 <0.10-0.20> Aust 20
83
112
Fra 138
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.25-0.8 Aust 20
83
112
5(%) Mat YMF F 0.05-0.16 Aust 20
83
112
Ca(%) Mat YMF F 0.35-2.33 Aust 20 cr
83 ~
~
112
:;a
!l!
1.11
...iil'
~.
"'"
1.0
'" ;:!2.
'"
= ~
.....
~
~
Concentration range -;-
<IS
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
stage established ::
-a=
;-
PINUS PINASTfR (Maritime Pine) (ctd)
~
iit
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.16-0.22 0.25-1.61 Aust 20 §"
83
112 [
CI(%) Mat YMF F <0.063-0.35 0.35-0.60 >1.65 Aust 20 Up to 7.85% CI found i
Cu(mglkg) Mat YMF F <3.0 3.4 4.0-19 <81> Var 20
58
91
137
138
Zn(mglkg) Mat YMF F <10 10.0-40 <61> Var 20
58
137
Mn(mglkg) Mat YMF F 7.0-10 14-427 Var 58
91
Fe(mglkg) Mat YMF F 24 65-217 <404> Var 20
58
91
B(mglkg) Mat YMF 5-6 16 Var 158
159
PINUS RADIA TA (Radiata pine)
P(%) Seedl ws SC 0.055-0.090 0.09-0.14 0.177 -0.344 Aust 180 Criteria established for height and dry weight.
167 AI substituted for Mg at 0 to 0.35 meq/L.
Gre 114
K(%) Seed I WS SC,F <0.25 <0.35 0.26-1.8 >1.9 Var 180 < 6.4 meq%
190
125
19
127
Mg(%) Seedl WS SC,F <0.07 0.07-0.10 0.11-0.8 NZ 190 Foliar Ca + Mg combined should be ;::35 meq%
provided that each is above threshold deficiency cone.
Mn(mglkg) Seed I WS SC <5.0 5.0-20.0 20-400 NZ 188 Yellow/green (Munsell 5 GY 4/6) needles <4.0 mglkg
Concentration range
Stage established
Fe(mglkg) Seedl WS CS <35 40-80 70-200 Var 19 Washed foliage
125
188
190
191
AI(me 9) Seed I WS SC 9-122 320->1100 >1150 Aust 74 Increased P reduced the level of AI in shoots, while Ca
75 and Mg concns. were reduced.
167
N(%) Seed I YMF Fe, RSC & F 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.2 1.6-2.4 >2.6 Var 102 NIP ratio should be 10:1 (119)
104
109
125
190
192
193
Zn(mglkg) Seedl YMF F <6 11-12 Aust NZ 86 Deficient conc. based on chlorosis as 1st symptom.
111
Mn(mglkg) Seed I YMF FSC 40-70 Spa 109 Collected from 10 different stands
Mo(mglkg) Seed I YMF FSC, F <0.01-0.02 0.02-0.06 0.06-40 Var 19 Genotype effect on deficiency level.
109
188
N(%) Seed I Foliage Soil 1.6 Gre 114
Zn(mglkg) Seed I Apical F 11-12 Aust 19 Dry weight basis
primary leaves 111
N(%) Juv YMF FC, RSC, F 0.5-0.9 <1.0-1.2 1.9-2.4 >2.6 Var 190 NIP ratio should be 10:1 (119)
199
104
192
125
102
P(%) Juv YMF F <0.10-<0.12 0.10-0.14 0.14-0.30 >0.8 Aust 125
Ca(%) Juv YMF F <0.06 0.06-0.07 0.08-0.45 Var 20
125
190
Mg(%) Juv YMF F, Soil <0.07 0.06-0.08 0.10-0.40 Aust NZ 1
19
125
S(%) Juv YMF F <0.12 >0.13 Aust 73 ~
~
S04-S (mglkg) Juv YMF F <80 125-400 >400 Aust 94 Sulphate must be sufficient to meet N requirement for ~
o·
98 organic-S:N ratio, 0.03:1 gram atom basis ~
~
~
\11 6"
....
\11
~
1.11
1.11 :2
N
...~
~
5l
-;-
Concentration range !Ii
~.
Growth How
Nutrient Stage Plant part established Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments ~
S"
;-
PINUS RADIATA (Radiata pine) (ctd) ~
ii
El'
Na(%) Juv YMF F <0.002 0.002-0.003 0.004-0.05 >0.30 Aust 125 §-
19
CI(%)
Cu(mglkg)
Juv
Juv
YMF
YMF
F
F
<0.006
<2.0
0.007-0.010
2.1-2.3
0.01-0.30
2.4- 9.0
>0.35
>40
Aust
Var
20
71
Washed foliage. Up to 3.6% found.
[
76
86
118
167
176
188
194
Zn(mglkg) Juv YMF F <11.0 11.0-13.0 14-60 >200 Aust 125
Mn(mglkg) Juv YMF F <10.0 11.0-20 25-400 >700 Var 2
99
125
135
AI(mglkg) Juv YMF F 125-1100 >2000 Aust 74 Threshold P% deficiency level raised. Genotype effects
NZ 188 on tolerance.
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.0 1.0-1.2 1.2-2.0 >2.1 Var 124 Growth response to nitrogen may be constrained by
128 availability of S.
133
156
172
194
P(%) Mat YMF F <0.10 0.10-0.14 0.14-0.30 >0.8 Var 74
92 ,
96
124
125
128
156
172
K(%) Mat YMF F <0.35 0.35-0.5 >0.5 Var 127
133
171
5(%) Mat YMF F <0.12 >0.13 Aust 73
Concentration range
Stage established
S04-S (mglkg) Mat YMF F <80 125-400 >400 Aust 95 Sulphate must be sufficient to meet N requirement for
NZ 96 organic-S:N ratio, 0.03:1 gram atom basis
98
Ca(%) , Mat YMF F <0.06 0.06-0.07 0.08-0.45 Aust 20
NZ 125
171
192
Mg(%) Mat YMF F <0.05 0.06-0.08 0.10-0.40 Aust 1
NZ 20
125
171
192
Na(%) Mat YMF F <0.002 0.002-0.003 0.004-0.05 >0.30 Aust 19
NZ 125
127
CI(%) Mat YMF <0.006 0.007-0.010 0.01-0.30 >0.35 Aust 20 Washed foliage
NZ 170
Cu(mg/kg) Mat YMF <2.0 2.1-2.3 2.4- 9.0 >40 Var 71
76
86
105
118
127
175
176
183
188
196
Zn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <11 11-13 14-64 >200 Aust 19
NZ 86
S Air 105
111
126
127
158
188
cr
~
r4
:2
~
5l'
\11
\11
g.
W ill
\J1
\J1 :;a
.... a
~
~
<Ii
~.
Stage established ~
::
:s-
it'
PINUS RADIATA (Radiata pine) (ctd) -a
~
El'
Mn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <10.0 11.0-20 25-400 >700 Var 2 S"
::
19
59
99
~
105 l
125
126
135
188
Fe(mglkg) Mat YMF F <35 40-70 70-200 Aust 126
NZ
AI(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 125-1100 <1625> >2000 NZ 74 Threshold P% deficiency level raised. Genotype effects
Aust 188 on tolerance.
B(mglkg) Mat YMF F 5-12 10.0-16.0 16-70 >70 >170 Var 49 Genotypic effect on deficiency level; content can
72 increase towards distal end of needles.
73 357 mglkg is highest recored.
95
105
125
152
158
159
188
192
Zn(mglkg) Mat Terminal F 10 NZ 166
rosette of buds
PINUS TAfDA (Loblolly Pine)
P(%) Seed I YMF F <0.11 USA 187 Response to applied P when foliar content is <0.11 %.
B(mglkg) Seedl YMF F <1.9 USA 160 Soil low in silt, clay and OM.
N(%) Seedl U Sand 1.38 Kor 101 Non-mycorrhizal inoculated plants
1.68 P. tinctorius inoculated plants
1.89 Unsterilized soil inoculation
K(%) Seed I Foliage F 0.16-0.26 USA 162
Ca(%) Seedl Foliage F <0.0033 USA 162
Concentration range
Stage established
Mg(%) Seedl Foliage 0.06-0.8 USA 162
Pb(mglkg) Seedl >60 USA 132
K(%) Juv Foliage <0.3 0.35-0.4 USA 14 Dormant season foliage. Note- values also apply to
Pinus elliottii, P. taeda, P. palustris and P. c1ausa.
N(%) Mat YMF F <1.0 1.03 USA 25 Condition resembles chlorosis caused by Fe deficiency.
Aust 149
P(%) Mat Foliage F <0.095 0.095-0.105 <0.11 Aust 16 Marginal cone. based on 90% max. basal area
USA increment.
K(%) Mat Foliage F <0.30 Aust 16
Cu(mglkg) Mat 5-22 S Afr 178
POPULUS mise (Poplars incl. hybrids)
P(%) Mat F+S F <0.15> Can 100

Ca(%) Mat F+S F <0.71> Can 100
Cu(mglkg) Mat F+S F 14.2 Can 100
Zn(mglkg) Mat F+S F <67.1> Can 100
Mn(mglkg) Mat F+S F <117.8> Can 100
Mo(mglkg) Mat F+S F <0.09> Can 100
Co(mglkg) Mat F+S F 0.44 Can 100
Mg(%) Mat Leaves F 0.12-15 Neth 43 cv. Robusta
POPULUS DfLTOIDES (Cottonwood)
N(%) Mat YMB F 2.2 USA 47

P((%) Mat YMB F 0.17 0.3 USA 47
K(%) Mat YMB F 1.00 1.5 USA 47
S(%) Mat YMB F 0.5 USA 47
Mg(%) Mat YMB F 0.12 0.15 USA 47
Cu(mglkg) Mat YMB 5 USA 47 ~
...
~
Zn(mglkg) Mat YMB F 20 USA 47
"'"
~
!l!
5t
\11
\11 ~.
\11
\11
\11 ~
a.. ~
.....
)0
~
III
Growth How ~.
Nutrient Stage Plant part established Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments )0
::
:;
iti'
POPULUS DEL TOlDfS (Cottonwood) (ctd) -a
~
iit
Mn(mglkg) Mat YMB F 20 USA 47 §"
B(mglkg) Mat YMB 9 <70-99> USA 47
53
~
::
~
POPULUS TRfMULOlDfS (Trembling aspen)
Mn(mglkg) Seed I YMF Soil <164> <5304> Can 150

P(%) Mat F+S F <0.16> Can 100
Ca(%) Mat F+S F <0.57> Can 100
Cu(mglkg) Mat F+S F <13.1> Can 100
Zn(mglkg) Mat F+S F <67.9> Can 100
Mn(mglkg) Mat F+S F <83.7> Can 100
Co(mglkg) Mat F+S F <0.29> Can 100
Mo(mglkg) Mat F+S F <0.09> Can 100
PSfUDOTSUGA MfNZ/fSII (Douglas Fir)
N(%) Mat YMF F 1.20 1.30 1.45 USA 8

54
64
65
169
174
P(%) Mat YMF F 0.08 0.10 0.15 USA 8
54
64
65
169
K(%) Mat YMF F 0.35 0.45-0.80 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Adequate Country Ref Comments
Stage established Marginal High Toxic
50 4 -5(%) Mat YMF F <0.008 0.008-0.012 >0.04 USA 8

54
64
65
169
174
CaG%) Mat YMF F 0.10 0.15-0.20 0.25 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Mg(%) Mat YMF F 0.06 0.08-0.10 0.12 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Cu(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 1-2.6 4 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Zn(mg/kg) Mat YMF <9 9-14 15 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Mn(mg/kg) Mat YMF F <4 15 25 USA 8
54
64
65
169
Fe(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 25 50 USA 8
54
64
65
169
B(mg/kg) Mat YMF F 12 15-20 USA 8
54
64
65 ~
~
169 ~
174 :2
~
Et
\J1 S-
\J1
" a
c.n
c.n ~
== ::J
.....
~
~
<Ii
~.
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Ref
Stage established Country Comments ~
::J
:;
~
SWlfTfNlA MACROPHYLLA (Mahogany) -a~
5t
N(%) Seedl WS <1 .09-1 .67> Phil 196 Optimum growth, no response to increased N levels. §-
P(%) Seed I WS <0.08-0.12> <0.07-0.09> Phil 196 Adequate conc. assumed with P added. Range of P% in
[
adequate plants attributed to growth dilution. ~
K(%) Seed I WS F <1.51-1.58> Phil 196 No response to additional K.
N(%) Juv YML F <1> Mex 203 Symptoms of chlorosis of young leaves attributed to
compound deficiencies of N, P and Mn.
P(%) Juv YML F <0.06-0.08> Mex 203 Symptoms of chlorosis of young leaves attributed to
Mn(mglkg) Juv YML F <13> Mex 203 Symptoms of chlorosis of young leaves attributed to
TfCTONA GRANDIS (Teak)

For seedlings and mature adequate conc in apparently healthy trees. Assumed that 185 uses standard reported leaf sampling technique (ie. YMB)
N(%) Seed I YMB F <3.92> 51 185
P(%) Seedl YMB F <0.6> 51 185
K(%) Seed I YMB F <3.6> 51 185
5(%) Seedl YMB F <0.28> 51 185
Ca(%) Seed I YMB F <0.4> 51 185
Mg(%) Seedl YMB F <0.35> 51 185
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl YMB F <24> 51 185
Zn(mglkg) Seedl YMB F <36> 51 185
,
Mn(mg/kg) Seedl YMB F <334> 51 185
Fe(mg/kg) Seed I YMB F <42> 51 185
B(mg/kg) Seed I YMB F <23> 51 185
N(%) Seedl YMP F <2.05> 51 185
P(%) Seed I YMP F <0.47> 51 185
K(%) Seed I YMP F <6.9> 51 185
5(%) Seed I YMP F <0.18> 51 185
---- -~ --- -----------
Concentration range
Nutrient Growth Plant part How Deficient Toxic Country Ref

Stage established Marginal Adequate High Comments
Ca(%) Seed I YMP F <0.43> 51 185

Mg(%) Seed I YMP F <0.37> 51 185
Cu(mglkg) Seed I YMP F <18> 51 185
Zn(mglkg) Seed I YMP F <26> 51 185
Mnimglkg) Seedl YMP F <299> 51 185
Fe(mglkg) Seedl YMP F <24> 51 185
B(mglkg) Seedl YMP F <29> 51 185
K(%) Mat YMB F <0.18> Niue 184 Deficiency assigned from visual symptoms.
K(%) Mat YMP F <0.18> Niue 184 Deficiency assigned from visual symptoms.
N(%) Mat YML F <1.65-2.78> Phil 200

WAfr 202
P(%) Mat YML F <0.14-0.23> Phil 200
WAfr 202
K(%) Mat YML Lit 0.2-0.6 0.4-0.9 0.7-2.4 Var 81
F <0.17 <0.37> <0.44-2.0> Phil 200
WAfr 202
5(%) Mat YML F <0.1-0.16> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Ca(%) Mat YML F <0.75-2.31> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Mg(%) Mat YML F <0.27-0.35> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Cu(mglkg) Mat YML F <8-12> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Zn(mglkg) Mat YML F <17-25> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Mn(mglkg) Mat YML F <25-112> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Fe(mglkg) Mat YML F <79-320> Phil 200
WAfr 202
Al(mglkg) Mat YML F <240-320> WAfr 202
B(mglkg) Mat ?YML F <15> Phil 200
~
ill
~
:2
~
5l'
\J1
\J1
6-
>&i ~
\l1
~
a'>
o
a
~
~
<Ii
Growth How ~.
Nutrient Stage Plant part Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic Country Ref Comments
established ~
::I
=-~
TOONA CILIATA (Australian Red Cedar) -a~
Deficient cone set at 90(%) dry matter production, established from single nutrient omissions with 'complete nutrient' supplement.
~
N(%) Seedl All LB Sand <3.05-3.30> Aust 165
5'
::I
P(%)
N(%)
Seedl
Seedl
All LB
Stem+
petioles
Sand
Sand
<0.25-0.29>
<1.14-1.22>
Aust
Aust
165
165 [
P(%) Seed I Stem+ Sand <0.17-0.24> Aust 165
petioles
N(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot <1.8-2.3> <2.8-2.9> Aust 185
P(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot <0.16-0.23 0.14-3.0> Aust 185 Overlap in range because of 'C-shaped' response curve.
K(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot 1.2-1.7> <0.15-2.0> Aust 185
S(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot 0.11-0.16> <0.13-0.18> Aust 185
Ca(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot <0.58> <0.66-1.07> Aust 185
Mg(%) Seed I YL Soil/Pot <0.24-0.47> Aust 185
Cu(mglkg) Seedl YL Soil/Pot <6.7-15.8> Aust 185
Zn(mglkg) Seed I YL Soil/Pot <31-43> Aust 185
Mn(mglkg) Seedl YL Soil/Pot <48-198> Aust 185
Fe(mglkg) Seedl YL Soil/Pot <35-285> Aust 185
B(mglkg) Seedl YL Soil/Pot <27-34> Aust 185
P(%) Seed I YMB Soil/Pot <0.12 <0.15-0.24> Aust 185
Niue 186
K(%) Seedl YMB Soil/Pot <0.8> <1.2-1.3> Niue 186
S(%) Seed I YMB Soil/Pot <0.16-0.20> Niue 186
Ca(%) Seed I YMB Soil/Pot <0.13-0.21 > Niue 186
Mg Seedl YMB Soil/Pot <0.29-0.35> Niue 186
Cu(mg/kg) Seedl YMB Soil/Pot <3.1-4.3> Niue 186
Zn(mglkg) Seedl YMB Soil/Pot <11> Niue 186
Mn(mg/kg) Seedl YMB Soil/Pot <59-89> Niue 186
Fe(mg/kg) Seed I YMB Soil/Pot <72-95> Niue 186
B(mg/kg) Seed I YMB Soil/Pot <26-37> Niue 186
Concentration range
Stage established
P(%) Seed I YMP Soil/Pot <0.06 <0.10-0.25> Aust 185
Niue 186
K(%) Seed I YMP Soil/Pot <0.3> <0.8-1.1> Niue 186
S(%) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <0.09-0.13> Niue 186
Ca(%) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <1.7-3.0> Niue 186
Mg(oto) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <0.25-0.29> Niue 186
Cu(mglkg) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <2.3-2.9> Niue 186
Zn(mglkg) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <8> Niue 186
Mn(mglkg) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <25-50> Niue 186
Fe(mglkg) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <34-65> Niue 186
B(mglkg) Seedl YMP Soil/Pot <23-30> Niue 186
--------------
...~
~
....
:2
~
iit
c.n ~
'".... 5l
22 Bond, G. and Hewitt, E.]. (1962) Cobalt and the

REFERENCES fixation of nitrogen by root nodules of Alnus and
1 Adams, J.A. (1973) Critical soil magnesium levels for Casuarina. Nature 195: 94-95.
radiata pine nutrition. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 3: 390-394. 23 Brockley, R.P. (1990) Response of thinned, immature
2 Adams, ].A. and Walker, T.W. (1974) Nutrient lodgepole pine to nitrogen and boron fertilization. Can.
relationships of radiata pine in Tasman Forest, Nelson. f. For. Res. 20(5): 579-585.
N.Z. J. For. Sci. 5: 18-32. 23a Bueno, N., Haag, H.P., Veigas, I.J.M. and Pereira, J.P.
3 AmirH.M.S. and Wan Rashidah W.A.K. (1993) Growth (1986) Mineral nutrition of rubber. Part IV. Anais
differences, fertility status and foliar deficiency levels of Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Uni. Sao
six-year-old Acacia mangium on BRIS soils. f. Tropical Paulo 4: 219-229.
Forest Sci. 6: 230-238. 23b Bueno, N., Haag, H.P., Pereira, J.P. and Veigas, I.J.M.
4 Amir, H.M.S., Suhaimi, W.c., Adzmi, Y. and Ghazali, H. (1988,1989) Mineral nutrition of rubber. Parts IX & XI,
(1993) Which canopy tier should be sampled to Anais Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Uni.
determine the fertility (nutritional) status of Acacia Sao Paulo 45: 319-339, 46: 135-154.
mangium on BRIS soils? f. Tropical Forest Sci. 6: 48-55. 24 Cameron, D.M., Rance, S.J. and Williams, E.R. (1984)
5 Anon (1990) Manual for Diagnosing Nutritional Nutrition studies with irrigated Eucalyptus
Requirements for Hevea. Rubber Research Inst. camaldulensis and Anthocephalus chinensis on a cracking
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. clay in northern Australia. Trap. Agric. (Trinidad) 63(1):
6 Aswathappa, N. and Bachelard, E.P. (1986) Ion 11-16.
regulation in the organs of Casuarina species differing 25 Carter, M.C. (1964) Nitrogen and "summer chlorosis"
in salt tolerance. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13: 533-545. in loblolly pine. Tree Plant. Notes 64: 18-19.
7 Bachik, A.T., Raveendran, N., Wong, S.P. and 26 Carter, R.E., Scagel, A.M. and Klinka, K. (1986)
Pushparajah, N. (1984) Manganese Toxicity Symptoms Nutritional aspects of distorted growth in immature
in Hevea. Proc. Intern. Conf. on Soils and Nutrition of forest stands of southwestern coastal British Colombia.
Perennial Crops, (Eds A.T. Bachik and E. Pushparajah) Can. J. For. Res. 16(1): 36-41.
Kuala Lumpur. Published by Malaysian Soc. Soil Sci. pp.
27 Cepel, N. and Zech, W. (1982) Nutrition and growth of
67-74.
Pinus brutia stands in South Anatolia. Forstwiss-
8 Ballard, T.M. and Carter, R.E. (1986) Evaluating forest Centralbl. 101(4): 260-273.
stand nutrient status. Land Management Report No.
20. British Colombia Ministry of Forests, Victoria 28 Child, R. and Smith, A.N. (1960) Manganese toxicity in
Canada. 60 pp. GreviIIea robusta. Nature 186(4730): 1067.
9 Bara Ternes, S. (1970) Study on Eucalyptus globulus. I. 29 Clarke, A.R.P. and Jayman, T.C.Z. (1966) Chemical
Mineral composition of leaves in relation to position in methods for the determination of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, AI,
the tree, composition of the soil and age. Evolution of Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, and S in radiata pine needles. CSIRO
the soil for the cultivation of eucalypts in Mt. Muino, Div. Soils, Tech. Mem. 33/66, pp 12.
municipalityofZas. Ann.lnst. For.lmr. Exp. No. 67: 1-32. 30 Clarke, A.R.P. and Jayman, T.C.Z. (1967) Chemical
10 Barros, N.F. and Pritchett, W.1. (1978) Effect of sources methods for the determination of molybdenum, boron
and rates of nitrogen on growth and composition of and iron in radiata pine needles. CSIRO Div. Soils,
Eucalyptus grandis. Proc. Soil and Crop Science Society Tech. Mem. 10/67, pp 9.
of Florida, Vol. 38, Sept 12-14 1978. 31 Comerford, N.B. and Fisher, R.F. (1984) Using foliar
11 Batra, 1. and Dikshit, R.P. (1994) Effect of analysis to classify nitrogen-deficient sites. Soil Sci. Soc.
exchangeable sodium on growth and concentration of Am. J. 48(4): 910-913.
important macronutrients in needles and stems of four 32 Couto, 1., Roath, R.1., Betters, D.R., Garcia, R. and
Casuarina spp. Plant Soil 167: 197-202. Almeida, J.C.C. (1994) Cattle and sheep in eucalyptus
12 Bell, D.T. and Ward, S.c. (1984) Seasonal changes in plantations: a silvopastoral alternative in Minas GeraiS,
foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in Brazil. Agroforestry Systems 28(2): 173-185.
Eucalyptus sa ligna Sm. and E. wandoo Blakely growing 33 Cromer, R.N., Cameron, D., Cameron, J.N., Flinn,
in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling D.W., Neilsen, W.A., Raupach, M., Snowdon, P. and
Range, Western Australia. Plant Soil 81: 377-388. Waring, H.D. (1981) Response of eucalypt species to
13 Bell, D.T., Ward, s.c. and Samuel, C. (1984) Foliar and fertilizer applied soon after planting at several sites.
twig macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected Aust. For. 44: 3-13.
species of Eucalyptus used in rehabilitation: sources of 34 Cromer, R.N., Kriedemann P.E., Sands P.]., and Stewart,
variation. Plant Soil 81: 363-376. 1.G. (1993) Leaf growth and photosynthetic response
14 Bengston, G.W. (1976) Comparative response of four to nitrogen and phosphorus in seedling trees of
southern pine species to fertilization: effects of P, NP, and Gmelina arborea. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 83-98.
NPKMgS applied at planting. For. Sci. 22(4): 487-494. 35 Cromer, R., Smethurst, P., Turnbull, c., Misra, R.,
15 Bevege, D.1. (1978) Foliar analysis as a gUide to the LaSala, A., Herbert, A. and Dimsey, 1. (1995) Early
nutrient status of tropical pines. 8th Int Coll on: Plant growth of eucalypts in Tasmania in relation to
Analysis and Fertilizer Problems. Aukland, New nutrition. In 'Eucalypt Plantations, Improving Fibre
Zealand 1978. Yield and Quality'. CRCTHF-IUFRO Conference,
16 Bevege, D.1. and Richards, B.N. (1971) Principles and Hobart. pp. 331-335.
practice of foliar analysis as a basis for crop-logging in 36 De Bell, D.S., Whitesell, C.D,. Schubert, T.H. (1989)
pine plantations II. Determination of critical Using Nz-fixing Albizzia to increase growth of
phosphorus levels. Plant Soil 37: 159-169. Eucalyptus plantations in Hawaii. For. Sci. 35: 64-75.
17 Bhimaya, c.P. and Kaul, R.N. (1966) Levels of macro- 37 De Lanuza, (1966) Nutricion hidroponica con elementos.
and micro-elements in Eucalyptus camaldulensis I. Manganeso, boro y molibdeno en Pinus radiata. Publ.
Dehn. (E. rostrata Schlecht). Nature 212: 319-323
of the lnst. for Invest. y Experien. Madrid.
18 Birk, E.M., Turner, J. (1992) Response of flooded gum
38 Dell, B. (1994) Copper nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata
(E. grandis) to intensive cultural treatments: biomass
Hook. seedlings: ReqUirements for growth, distribution
and nutrient content of eucalypt plantations and
of copper and the diagnOSiS of copper. Plant Soil 167:
native forests. For. Ecol. Man. 47: 1-28.
181-187.
19 Boardman, R. and McGuire, D.O. (1990) The role of zinc
in forestry. I. Zinc in forest environments, ecosystems 39 Dell, B. and Bywaters, T. (1989) Copper deficiency in
and tree nutrition. For. Ecol. Manage. 37: 167-205. young Eucalyptus maculata plantations. Can. J. For. Res.
19(4): 427-431.
20 Boardman, R. and Shaw, S. (1996) (Unpublished data).
40 Dell, B. and Malajczuk, N. (1994) Boron deficiency in
21 Bond, G. (1967) The significance of copperfor nitrogen eucalypt plantations in China. Can. J. For. Res. 24(12):
fixation in nodulated Alnus and Casuarina plants. Plant
2409-2416.
Soil 27(3): 447-449.
562
forest Plantations
41 Dell, B. and Robinson, J.M. (1993) Symptoms of 61 Grove, T.S., Thompson, B.D. and Malajczuk, N. (1996)
mineral nutrient deficiencies and the nutrient Nutritional physiology of Eucalypts: Uptake,
concentration ranges in seedlings of Eucalyptus distribution and utilization. In 'Nutrition of Eucalypts'
maculata Hook. Plant Soil 155/156: 255-26l. (Eds P.M. Attiwill and M.A. Adams). pp. 77-108. (CSIRO
42 Dell, B., Malajczuk, N. and Grove, T.S. (1995) Nutrient Publishing: Melbourne.)
disorders in plantation Eucalypts. Australian Centre for 62 Harrison, R.B., Henry, c.L. and Xue, D.S. (1994)
International Agricultural Research, Canberra. Magnesium deficiency in Douglas fir and grand fir
Monograph 31, 104 pp. growing on a sandy outwash soil amended with sewage
43 Dorenstouter, H., Pieters, G.A. and Findenegg, G.R. sludge. Water, Air, and Soil Poll. 75(1/2): 37-50.
(1985) Distribution of magnesium between 63 Heiberg, S.O. and White, D.P. (1950a) Potassium
chlorophyll and other photosynthetic functions in deficiency of reforested pine and spruce stands in
magnesium deficient "sun" and "shade" leaves of northern New York. Abstracts of Papers, 7th
poplar. J. Plant Nutr. 8(12): 1089-110l. International Botanical Congress, Stockholm, p. 2.
64 Heilman, P. (1971) Effects of fertilization on Douglas-
44 Dowden, H.G.M. and Lambert, M.J. (1979)
fir in southwestern Washington. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Environmental factors associated with a disorder
Circular No. 535. 23 pp.
affecting tree species on the coast of New South Wales
with particular reference to Norfolk Island pines 65 Heilman, P. and Ekuan, G. (1973) Response of Douglas-
Araucaria heterophylla. Environmental Pollution 19: 71-
fir and western hemlock seedlings to lime. For. Sa. 19:
220-224.
84.
66 Herbert, M.A. (1988) In 'Institute for Commercial
45 Drechsel, P. and Schmall, S. (1990) Mineral deficiencies Forestry Researchi Annual Report for 1988'. pp. 23-33.
and fertilization of coastal reforestations in Benin, West
Africa. Fert. Res. 23: 125-133. 67 Herbert, M.A. and Schonau, A.P.G. (1989a) Fertilizing
commercial forest species in Southern Africa: Research
Dreschel, P. And Zech, W. (1991) Foliar nutrient levels progress and problems. Invited paper - Symposium
of broad-leaved tropical trees. A tabular review. Plant Mineralstoffversorgung Tropischer Waldbaume,
Soil 131: 29-46. Bayreuth.
46 Evans J. (1979) The effects of leaf position and leaf age 68 Herbert, M.A. and Schonau, A.P.G. (1989b) FertiliSing
in foliar analysis of Gmelina arborea. Plant Soil 52: 547- commercial forest species in Southern Africa: research
552. progress and problems (Part 2). Sth Afr. For. J. 152: 34-
47 FAO (1979) Poplars and willows. FAO Forestry Series 42.
No. 10. 328 pp.(cited Garbaye, J.) 69 Hewitt, E.J. and Bond, G. (1966) The cobalt
48 Fielder, H.]., Polley, H. and Hohne, H. (1984) Pot reqUirement of non-legume root nodule plants. J. Exp.
Bot. 17(52): 480-49l.
experiments for investigating the effect of various
nitrogen forms on pine seedlings supplied with different 70 Hingston, F.]., Turton, A.G., Dimmock, G.M. (1979)
quantities of magnesium, potassium, boron and water. Nutrient Distribution in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F.
Muel!.) ecosystems in southwest Western Australia.
Arch Acker Pf/anzenbau Bodenk. 28(7): 435-439.
For. Eco!. Man. 2: 133-158.
49 Forestry and Timber Bureau (1972) Boron deficiency in
71 Hopmans, P. (1990) Stem deformity in Pinus radiata
Pinus radiata. Annual Report, 1971/72, 1972: 11+l.
plantations in south-eastern Australia; Response to
Australia. copper fertiliser. Plant Soil 122: 97-104.
so Frederick, D.]., Madgwick, H.AJ., Jurgensen, G.R., 72 Hopmans, P. and Clerehan, S. (1991) Growth and
Oliver, M.F. (1985) Dry matter content and nutrient uptake of N, P, K, and B by Pinus radiata D. Don in
distribution in an age series of Eucalyptus regnans response to applications of borax. Plant Soil 131(1):
plantations in New Zealand. N.Z. J. For. Sa. 15: 158-179. 115-127.
51 Frederick, D.]., Madgwick, H.A.L, Oliver, G.R. and 73 Hopmans, P. and Flinn, D.W. (1984) Boron deficiency
Jurgensen, M.F. (1985a) Dry matter, energy and in Pinus radiata D. Don and the e~fect of applied boron
nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus on height growth and nutrient uptake. Plant Soil 79(2):
regnans, Acaaa dealbata, and Pinus radiata in New 295-298.
Zealand. N. Z. J. For. Sa. 15: 142-157. 74 Humphreys, F.R. and Truman, R.A. (1964) Aluminium
52 Frederick, DJ., Madgwick, H.A.L, Oliver, G.R. and and the phosphorus requirements of Pinus radiata.
Jurgensen, M.F. (1985b) Dry matter and nutrient Plant Soil 20: 131-134.
content of 8-year-old Eucalyptus saligna growing at 75 Humphreys, F.R. and Truman, R.A. (1972) Effect of
Taheke forest. N.Z. J. For. Sa. 15: 251-254. aluminium on the uptake and movement of
53 Gerloff, D.G., Moore, G. and Curtis,J.T. (1964) Mineral phosphorus in Pinus radiata seedlings. In Proc.
Australian Forest tree nutrition conferencei (Ed. R.
content of native plants of Wisconsin. University
Boardman) pp 113-124, Forestry and Timber Bureau,
Wisconsin Research Report No. 14. Canberra.
54 Gessel, S.P., Turnbull, K.J. and Tremblay, F.T. (1960) 76 Hunter, LR., Hunter, ].A.C. and Nicholson, G. (1990)
How to fertilize trees and measure response. National Current problems in the copper nutrition of radiata
Plant Food Institute, Washington DC. 67 pp. pine in New Zealand. For. Bcol. Manag. 37(1-3): 143-
55 Glaubig, B.A. and Bingham, F.T. (1985) Boron toxicity 149.
characteristics of four northern California endemic tree 77 Huoran, W. and Wenlong, Z. (1996) Fertilizer and
species. J. Env. Qual. 14(1): 72-77. eucalypt plantations in China. In 'Nutrition of
56 Gonzalez, E., Penalva, F., Rodriguez, V. and Gomez, C. Eucalypts' (Eds P.M. Attiwill and M.A. Adams). pp. 389-
(1985) Concentracion foliar de nutrientes en Eucalyptus 397. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne).
globulus segun tratamiento, fertilizante y epoca de su 78 Jones, H.E., Dighton, J. (1993) The use of nutrient
plantacion. Anales INIA, Serle Forestal 9: 47-55. bioassays to assess the response of Eucalyptus grandis to
57 Goor, c.P. Van. (1956) Potassium deficiency as a cause fertilizer application. 2. A field experiment. Can. J. For.
Res. 23: 7-13.
of yellow-tip disease in Scots and Corsican Pine. Ned.
Boschb.-Tijdschr. 28(2): 21-3l. 79 Judd, T.S. and Attiwill, P.M. and Adams, M.A. (1991)
Foliar diagnosis of plantations of Eucalyptus globulus
58 Grey, D.C. (1988) A review of the role of manganese in and E. nitens in south eastern Australia. pp. 162-163. In
pine plantations. S. Afr. For. J. 145: 42-46. 'Productivity in Perspective'. (Ed. P.]. Ryan.) Proc. 3rd
59 Grey, D.C. and de Ronde, C. (1988) History, Aust. Forest Soils and Nutrition Conf., Melbourne.
distribution and treatment of manganese deficiency 80 Kaul, R.N., Jha, M.J. and Pande, P. (1982) Lime induced
Pinus radiata. S. Afr. For. J. 146: 67-72. chlorosis in eucalyptus. Indian Forester 108: 461-463.
60 Grove, T.S. (1990) Twig and foliar nutrient 81 Kaupenjohann, M. and Zech, W. (1992) Potassium
concentrations in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of fast growing tropical tree plantations.
supply in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell.) In Potassium in Ecosystems: Biogeochemical fluxes of
and an understorey legume (Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey cations in agro- and forest systems!. Proc. 23rd ColI.
and Morris). Plant and Soil 126: 265-275. Prague. International Potash Inst.
563
82 Keay, J. (1964) Nutrient deficiendes in conifers. Scot. 105 Madgwick, H.A.l., Oliver, G.R. and Lowe, A.T. (1990)
For. 18(1): 22-29 Boron, copper, manganese and zinc nutrition of Pinus
83 Keay, J. and Turton, A.G. (1970) Distribution of bio- radiata plantations. For. Bco!. Manage. 37(1-3): 37-48.
mass and major nutrients in a maritime pine 106 Majid, N.M. and Ballard, T.M. (1990) Effects of foliar
plantation. Aust For. 34: 39-48. application of copper sulphate and urea on the growth
84 Kelly, J. and Lambert, M.J. (1972) The relationship of lodgepole pine. For. Ecol. Manage. 37(1-3): 151-165.
between sulphur and nitrogen in the foliage of Pinus 107 Malavolta, E., Trani, P.E., Athayde, M.F., Braga, N.R.,
radiata. Plant Soil 37(2): 395-407. Nogueira, S.S.S. and Moraes, S.A. (1978) Note on the
85 Knight, P.]. (1975) Copper deficiency in Pinus radiata deficiency and toxicity of boron in cultivated spedes of
in a peat nursery soil. N.z. J. For. Sci. 5(2): 209-218. the genus Eucalyptus. Revista Agric., Piracicaba 53(4):
86 Knight, P.]. (1976) Zinc defidency in nursery-grown 243-246.
Pinus radiata seedlings. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 5(3): 260-264. 108 Mansour, S.R. and Baker, D.D. (1994) Selection trials
87 Knight, P.J. (1986) Phosphorus and sulphur for effective N2-fixing Casuarina-Frankia combinations
requirements of blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.) in Egypt. Soil Bioi. Biochem. 26(5): 655-568.
seedlings. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17: 1121-1145. 109 Marcos de Lanuza, J. (1966). Hydroponic nutrition with
88 Knight, P.J. (1988) Seasonal fluctuations in foliar trace elements. I. Mn, Band Mo in Pinus radiata. Inst.
nutrient concentrations in a young nitrogen defident For. Investig. Experiencias, Madrid.
stand of Eucalyptus fastigata with and without applied 110 McColl, J.G. (1979) Comparison of foliar composition
nitrogen. N. Z. J. F. Sci. 18: 15-32 of Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus agrifolia growing
89 Knight, P.J. and Nicholas, l.D. (1996) Eucalypt together. J. Plant. Nutr. 1: 56-71.
nutrition - New Zealand experience. In 'Nutrition of 111 McGrath, J.F. and Robson, A.D. (1984) The distribution
Eucalypts' (Eds P.M. Attiwill and M.A. Adams). pp 275- of zinc and the diagnOSiS of zinc deficiency in seedlings
302. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.) of Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust. FaT. Res. 14(3): 175-186.
90 Laatsch, W. (1966) Relaciones entre el estardo de 112 McGrath, J.F. (Unpublished data)
nutricion y el cresimiento de algunas plantadones de 113 Mead, D.J. and Miller, R.R. (1991) The establishment
Pinus halepensis en Espana. An. Edafol. Agrobiol. 25(3/ and tending of Acacia mangium. In 'Advances in
4): 205-229. Tropical Acacia Research; ACIAR Proe. N035'. (Eds.
91 Lagunas-Gil, R. (1964) Relationship between the J.W. Turnbull), Canberra.
contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Mo in plants and their 114 Nakos, G. (1980) Fertilization and nutrition experiments
contents in the soil and soil pH. ii. Pinus spp. An. Edafol. with conifer seedlings in pots. Plant Soil 55: 269-281.
Agrobiol. 23(3/4): 209-213. 115 Negi, ].D.S., Sharma, S.c. (1996) Mineral nutrition and
92 Lambert, M.]. (1984) The use of foliar analysis in resource conservation in Eucalyptus plantations and
fertilizer research. p. 269-291. In Proc. IUFRO other forest covers in India. In 'Nutrition of Eucalypts'
Symposium on Site Productivity of Fast Growing (Eds P.M. Attiwill & M.A. Adams). pp 399-416. (CSIRO
Plantations!' Volume 1. (IUFRO: Pretoria). Publishing: Melbourne.).
93 Lambert, M.]. (Unpublished data). 116 Oldenkamp, L. and Smilde, K.W. (1966) Copper
94 Lambert, M.]. and Turner, J. (1977a) The relationship deficiency in Douglas fir. Ned. Bosb. Tijdschr. 38(1/6):
between growth and mineral nutrition of conifers. In: 203-214.
Ed. KV. Thimann, 'Physiology of forest trees.' 117 Oppenheimer, H.R. (1957) The influence of soil on the
95 Lambert, M.J. and Turner,]. (1977b) Dieback in high development and mineral composition of the Aleppo
quality Pinus radiata stands - the role of sulphur and pine. La Yaaran 7(3/4): 5-9 (40).
boron deficiendes. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 7(3): 333-348. 118 Pederick, L.A., Hopmans, P., Flinn, D.W. and Abbott,
96 Lambert, M.J. and Turner, J. (1988) Interpretation of l.D. (1984) Variation in genotypiC response to
nutrient concentrations in Pinus radiata foliage at suspected copper deficiency in Pinus radiata. Aust. For.
Belanglo State Forest. Plant Soil 108: 237-244. Res. 14(2): 75-84.
97 Lambert, M.J. and Turner, ]. (1996) (Unpublished 119 Phares, R.E. and Finn, R.F. (1972) Using foliage analysis
data). to help diagnose nutrient deficiencies in black walnut.
Northern Nut Growers Assoc. Annual Report (1971) 62:
98 Lambert, M.J., Turner, J. and Turvey, N.D. (1979)
Relationships between atmospheric sulphur supplies 98-104.
and forest tree growth. Sulphur emissions and the 120 Piereira, A.R., Barros, N.F., Andrade, D.C., Campos, P.T.
environment. 1979, 274-275. London, UK, Sodety of (1984) Concentration and distribution of nutrients in
Chemical Industry. Eucalyptus grandis. Bras. Flor. 59: 27-36.
99 Lange, P. (1969) A manganese deficiency in Pinus 121 Pieriera, A.R., Barros, N.F. and Andrade, D.C. (1983)
radiata at Klein Gouna, Knysna. S. Afr. For. J. 10: 47- Concentracao e distribuicao de nutrientes em
59,61. Eucalyptus globulus em funcao da idade, cultivado na
100 Langille, W.M. and McLean, KS. (1976) Some essential regiao do cerrado. In XIX Congress Brasileiro de
nutrient elements in forest plants as related to spedes, Ciencia do Solo. 17-24 July, 1983, Curitiba.
plant part, season and location. Plant Soil 45(1): 17-26. 122 Poggiani, F., Couto, H.T.Z. (1983) Biomass and
101 Lee, KJ. (1984), (recd. 1986) Growth response of Pinus nutrient estimates in short rotation intensively
rigida x P. taeda to mycorrhizal inoculation and
cultured plantation of Eucalyptus grandis. [PEF 23, 37-
efficiency of Pisolithus tinctorius at different soil texture 42.
and fertility with organic amendments. J. Korean For. 123 Poggiani, F., Couto, H.T.Z. and Suiter Filho, W. (1983)
Soc. 64: 11-19. Biomass and nutrient estimates removed in short
lOla Lu, X.Z. and He, X.D. (1982) Fertiliser application rotation intensively cultured plantations of Eucalyptus
based on nutrient diagnosis of rubber trees. Chin. J. grandis. Silviculture 32: 648-651.
Trap. Crops 3: 27-39. 124 Raupach, M. (1967) The growth of radiata pine on
102 Madgwick, H.A.l. (1985) Dry matter and nutrient lateritic soils at Second Valley, South Australia. Aust.
relationships in stands of Pinus radiata. N. Z. J. For. Sci. For. 31(4): 246-262.
15(3): 324-336. 125 Raupach, M. (1975a) Soil and fertilizer requirements
103 Madgwick, H.A.l., Beets, P., Gallagher, S. (1981) Dry for forests of Pinus radiata. Adv. Agron. 19: 307-353.
matter accumulation, nutrient and energy content of the 126 Raupach, M. (1975b) Trace element disorders in Pinus
above ground portion of 4-year old stands of Eucalyptus and their correction. In 'Trace elements in soil-plant-
nitens and E. fastigata. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 11: 53-59. animal systems'. (Eds D.].D. Nicholas and A.R. Egan)
104 Madgwick, H.A.l., Jackson, D.S. and Knight, P.]. (1977) pp. 353-369. (Academic Press: New York.)
Above-ground dry matter, energy and nutrient 127 Raupach, M. and Hall, M.J. (1974) Foliar levels of
contents of trees in an age series of Pinus radiata potassium in relation to potassium deficiency
plantations. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 7(3): 445-468. symptoms in radiata pine. Aust. For. 36(3): 204-213.
564
Forest Plantations
128 Raupach, M., Boardman, R. and Clarke. A.R.P. (1969) young slash, Honduras Caribbean pine and the hybrid
Growth rates of Pinus radiata D. Don in relation to foliar in Queensland. Commonw. For Rev. 72(2): 105-113.
levels of nitrogen and phosphorus for plantations in 151 Small, E. (1975) Comparative accumulation of
the south-east of South Australia. Soils Publication No. manganese in leaves and stems of woody plants native
26, pp. 28. CSIRO Melbourne. to acidic and conc-acidic substrates. Can. J. Bot. 53(4):
129 Reich, P.B., Oleksyn, J. and Tjoelker, M.G. (1994) 415-417.
Relationship of aluminium and calcium to net CO2 152 Smidt, R.E. and Whitton, J.S. (1975) Note on boron
production exchange among diverse Scots pine toxicity in a stand of radiata pine in Hawkes Bay N. Z.
provenances under pollution stress in Poland. Oecologia J. Sci. 18(1): 109-113.
97(1): 82-92.
153 Smith, A.N. (1960) Boron deficiency in Grevillea
130 Richards, B.N. and Bevege, D.I. (1969) Critical foliage robusta. Nature 186: 987.
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus as a guide 154 Snowdon, P. (1987) Copper deficiency in forest species,
to the nutrient status of Araucaria underplanted to
its occurrence, diagnosis and treatment with special
Pinus. Plant Soil 31: 328-336.
reference to Australia. DFR User Series, Dec. 1987,
131 Rocha Filho, J.V. de c., Haag, H.P., de Oliveira, G.D., CSIRO.
Sarruge, J.R. (1979) Effect of boron on the growth and
155 Snowdon, P. and Waring, H.D. (1982) Between-tree
chemical composition of Eucalyptus grandis. Bra. Flor. and between-plot variations of nutrient levels in Pinus
9(39): 29-33.
radiata foliage and their implications for field sampling
132 Rolfe, G.L. and Bazzaz, F.A. (1975). Effect of lead intenSity. Aust. For. Res. 13: 45-56.
contamination on transpiration and photosynthesis of 156 Snowdon, P., Crane, W.J.B. and Woollons, R.C. (1995)
loblolly pine and autumn olive. For. Sci. 21: 33-35.
Response to applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and
133 Romanya, J. and Vallejo, V.R., (1996) Nutritional status sulphur fertilizers to three Pinus radiata stands in the
and deficiency diagnosis of Pinus radiata plantations in Tumut region, New South Wales. CSIRO Division of
Spain. For. Sci. 42(2): 192-197. Forestry, User Series No. 20, pp. 19 (with permission)
134 Ruaysoongnern, S., Shelton, H.M. and Edwards, D.G. 157 Stewart, H.T.L., Flinn, D.W., Baldwin, P.J., and James,
(1989) The nutrition of Leucaena leucocephala de Wit J.M. (1981) Diagnosis and correction of iron deficiency
cv. Cunningham seedlings. I. External reqUirements in planted eucalypts in north-west Victoria. Aust. For.
and critical concentrations in index leaves of nitrogen, Res. 11: 185-180
phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and manganese. 158 Stone, E.L. (1968) Microelement nutrition of forest
Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 40(6): 1241-125l.
trees: A review. In 'Forest Fertilisation: Theory and
135 Ruiter, J.H. (1983) Establishment of Pinus radiata on Practice' Tennessee Valley Authority. pp. 132-175.
calcareous soils. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 116: 182-189. 159 Stone, E.L. and Will, G.M. (1965) Boron deficiency in
136 Sanginga, N., Gwaze, D. and Swift, M.J. (1991) Nutrient Pinus radiata and P. pinaster. For. Sci. 11(4): 425-433.
requirements of exotic tree species in Zimbabwe. Plant 160 Stone, E.L., Hollis, C.A. and Barnard, E.L. (1982) Boron
Soil 132: 197-205.
deficiency in a southern pine nursery. Southern J. Appl.
137 Saur, E. (1989) Relationships between micronutrient For. 6(2):108-112.
nutrition of Pinus pinaster and properties of sandy soils 161 Stuhrmann, M., Bergmann, C. and Zech W. (1994)
in the Landes region (Gascony). Annal. Sci. For. 46(2): Mineral nutrition, soil factors and growth rates of
119-129. Gmelina arborea plantations in the humid lowlands of
138 Saur, E. (1994) Phosphate fertilizer and copper northern Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 70: 135-145.
nutrition of maritime pine in south-western France. N. 162 Sucoff, E.I. (1961) Potassium, magnesium, and calcium
Z. J. For. Sci. 24(2/3): 321-332. deficiency symptoms of loblolly and Virginia pine
139 Schmitt, M. (1987) cited in Drechsel and Zech (1991) - seedlings. Sta. Pap. Ntheast. For. Exp. Sta. No. 164, pp
above. 18.
140 Schonau, A.P.G. (1981) The effect of fertilizing on the 163 Sun, ].S., Simpson, R.J. and Sands, R. (1992) A leaf
foliar concentrations in Eucalyptus grandis. Fert. Res. phosphorus assay for seedlings of Acacia mangium. Tree
2(2): 73-87. Physiol. 11: 315-324.
141 Schonau, A.P.G. (1982) Additional effects of fertilizing 164 Thompson WA, Stocker G.c., Kriedemann PE (1988).
on several foliar nutrient concentrations and the ratios Growth and photosynthetic response to light and
in Eucalyptus grandis. Fert. Res. 3(4): 385-397. nutrients of Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell., a rainforest
142 Schonau, A.P.G. and Herbert, M.A. (1982) Relationship tree with broad tolerance to sun and shade. Aust. J.
between growth rate and foliar concentrations of Plant Physiol. 15: 299-315.
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Eucalyptus 165 Thompson, W.A., Kriedemann, P.E. and Craig, I.E.
grandis. S. Afr. For. J. 120: 19-23. (1992) Photosynthetic response to light and nutrients
143 Schonau, A.P.G. and Herbert, M.A. (1983) Relationship in sun-tolerant and shade-tolerant rainforest trees. I.
between growth rate, fertilizing and foliar nutrient Growth, leaf anatomy and nutrient content. Aust. J.
concentrations for Eucalyptus grandis. Fert. Res. 4: 369- Plant Physiol. 19: 1-18.
380. 166 Thorn, A.J. and Robertson, E.D. (1987) Zinc deficiency
144 Schone, D. (1987) A manganese-induced iron chlorosis in Pinus radiata at Cape Karikari, New Zealand. N. Z. J.
in Douglas fir. Allgemeine Forst. 45: 1154-1157. For. Sci. 17(1): 129-132.
145 Schumann, A.W. and Noble, A.D. (1993) Evidence of 167 Truman, R.A., Humphreys, F.R. and Ryan, P.]. (1986)
induced nutrient deficiency in pine plantings on Effect of varying solution ratios of Al to Ca and Mg on
previously cropped land. S. Afr. For. J. 165: 1-8. the uptake of phosphorus by Pinus radiata. Plant Soil
146 Shaybany, B., and Kashirad, A. (1978) Effect of NaCI on 96(1): 109-123.
growth and mineral composition of Acacia sa/igna in 168 Turnbull, C.R.A., Beadle, c.L., West, P.W., Cromer, R.N.
sand culture. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103: 823-826 (1994) Copper deficiency a probable cause of stem
147 Shedley, E., Dell, B. and Grove, T.S. (1993) Effects of deformity in fertilised Eucalyptus nitens. Can. J. For. Res.
inorganic nitrogen forms on growth of Eucalyptus 24(7): 1434-1439.
globulus seedlings. In 'Plant Nutrition - from Genetic 169 Turner, D.O. (1966) Color and growth of Douglas-fir
Engineering to Field Practice'. (Ed. N.J. Barrow) pp. Christmas trees as affected by fertilizer application. Soil
595-598. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht). Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30: 792-795.
148 Shedley, E., Dell, B. and Grove, T.S. (1995) DiagnosiS of 170 Turner, J. and Kelly, J. (1973) Foliar chloride levels in
nitrogen deficiency and toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus some eastern Australian plantation forests. Soil Sci. Soc.
seedlings by foliar analysiS. Plant Soil 177: 183-189. Amer. Froc. 37: 443-445.
149 Simpson, J.A. (Unpublished data) 171 Turner, J. and Lambert, M.J. (1986) Nutrition and
150 Simpson, J.A. and Osborne, D.O. (1993) Relative nutritional relationships of Pinus radiata. Ann. Rev.
fertilizer requirements and foliar nutrient levels of Ecol. Syst. 17: 325-350.
565
172 Turner,]. and Lambert, M.J. (1987) Nutritional 189 Will, G.M. (1961a) The mineral requirements of radiata
management of Pinus radiata at Gurnang State Forest, pine seedlings. N.Z.]. Agric. Res. 4: 309-327, NZ For.
New South Wales. Fert. Res. 13: 127-137. Servo Tech. Paper No. 37.
173 Turner, J. and Lambert, M.J. (1996) Nutrient cycling 190 Will, G.M. (1961b) MagneSium deficiency in pine
and forest management. In 'Nutrition of the Eucalypts'. seedlings growing in pumice soil nurseries. N. Z. J.
(Eds P.M. Attiwill and M. Adams). pp. 229-248. (CSIRO Agric. Res. 4(1/2): 151-160
Publishing: Melbourne.) 191 Will, G.M. (1971) Nitrogen supply, apical dominance
174 Turner,]., Lambert, M.J. and Gessel, S.P. (1979) and branch growth in Pinus radiata. Plant Soil 34: 515-
517.
Sulphur requirements of nitrogen fertilized Douglas-fir.
For. Sci. 25: 461-467. 192 Will, G.M. (1972) Copper defiCiency in radiata pine
planted on sands at Mangawhai Forest. N.Z. J. For. Sci.
175 Turvey, N.D. (1984) Copper deficiency in Pinus radiata 2: 217-221.
planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia. Plant Soil 77:
73-86. 193 Will, G.M. (1990) Influence of trace-element
deficiencies on plantation forestry in New Zealand. For.
176 Turvey, N.D. and Grant, B.R. (1990) Copper deficiency Bcol. Manage. 37: 1-6.
in coniferous trees. For. Bcol. Manage. 37: 95-122.
194 Wise, P.K., Pitman, M.G. (1981) Nutrient removal and
177 Vail, J.W., Calton, W.E. and Strang, R.M. (1957) replacement associated with short-rotation eucalypt
Dieback of Wattle - a boron deficiency. E. Afr. Agric. J. plantations. Aust. For. 44: 142-152.
23(2): 100-103.
195 Xu, Z.H., Simpson, J.A. and Osborne, D.O. (1995)
178 Vail, J.W., Parry, M.S. and Calton, W.E. (1961) Boron Mineral nutrition of slash pine in subtropical Australia.
deficiency dieback in pines. Plant Soil 14: 393-398. Ill. Relationships between foliar P concentration and
179 Vale, F.R. do, Novais, R.F.de, Barros, N.F. de (1982) stand growth. Fert. Res. 41: 109-115.
Influence of aluminium on nitrogen and phosphorus 196 Yao, e.E. (1981) Survival and growth of mahogany
uptake in eucalyptus seedlings. Revista Arvore 6(1): 90- (Swietenia macrophylla King.) seedlings under fertilized
94. grassland condition. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 6(4):
180 Van Den Dreissche, R. and Wareing, P.F. (1966) 203-217.
Nutrient supply, dry-matter production and nutrient 196a Yew, F.K. and Pushparajah, E. (1984) Plant tissue as
uptake of forest tree seedlings. Ann. Bot. N.S. 30(120): indicators of soil nutrient availabilty for Hevea:
657-682. glasshouse evaluations. J. Rubber Res. Inst. Malaysia.
181 Walker, R.B., Chowdappa, P. and Gessel, S.P. (1993) 32(3): 171-181.
Major-element deficiencies in Casuarina equisetifolia. 197 Yost, R.S., DeBell, D.S., Whitesell, e.D. and Miyasaka, S.e.
Fert. Res. 34: 127-133. (1987) Early growth and nutrient status of Eucalyptus
182 Wallace, I.M., Dell, B. and Loneragan, ].F. (1986) Zinc saligna as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus
nutrition of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex fertilisation. Aust. For. Res. 17: 203-214.
Smith). Aust. J. Bot. 34: 41-51. 198 Zasoski, R.J., Porada, H.J., Ryan, P.J., Greenleaf.;Jenkins,
182a Wang, G.H. (1987) A study on manganese content in J. and Gessel, S.P. (1990) Observations of copper, zinc,
soil and leaves of rubber trees in rubber plantation areas iron and manganese status in western Washington
in China. Acta Bot. Sinica. 62: 432-439. forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 37(1-3): 7-25.
183 Webb M.J., Poa D., Hambleton A., and Reddell, P.W. 199 Zech, W. (1984) Investigations on the occurrence of
(1995) Identifying and solving nutritional problems in potassium and zinc deficiencies in plantations of
establishing plantations of high-value cabinet timbers: a Gmelina arborea, Azadirachta indica and Anacardium
case study in the Solomon Islands. Proc. Intern. Congr. occidentale in semi-arid areas of West Africa. Potash
Soils of Tropical Forest Ecosystems. (Eds A. Schulte and Review 22/31 No 1.
D. Ruhiyat) Vol 4. pp 148-165. Balikpapan, Indonesia. 200 Zech, W. (1990) Mineral deficiencies in forest
184 Webb, M.J. (1994) (Unpublished data). plantations of north-Luzon, Philippines. Tropical Eco!.
185 Webb, M.]. and Reddell, P.W. (1994) (Unpublished 31: 22-31
data). 201 Zech, W. and Drechsel, P. (1992) Multiple mineral
186 Webb, M.]. and Utalo, S. (1994) (Unpublished data). deficiencies in forest plantations in Liberia. For. Ecol.
187 Wells, e.G. and Crutchfield, D.M. (1969) Foliar Manage. 48: 121-143
analysis for predicting loblolly pine response to 202 Zech, W. and Kaupenjohann, M. (1990) Carences en
phosphorus fertilization on wet sites. U.S. For. Ser. Res. potassium et en phosphore chez Casuarina equisetifolia,
Note Southeast. For. Exp. Sta. 1969 No. SE-128, 4 pp. Eucalyptus sp., Acacia auriculiformis et Tectonagrandis?-u
188 Will, G.M. (1957) Variations in the mineral contents of Sud-BEnin (Afrique occidentale). Revue Bois et ForIts
radiata pine needles with age and position in tree des Tropiques 226: 29-36.
crown. N.Z. J. Sci. and Techno!., 38: Section B, No.7: 203 Zech, W., Drechsel P., Neugebauer B. (1991) Mineral
699-706. N.Z. For Servo Tech. Paper No. 11. deficiencies of forest trees in Yucatan (Mexico) and
consequences for land use. Turrialba 41(2): 230-236.
566
SPECI ES I N TABLES
A. Scientific names
Acacia auriculiformis 507 Capsicum annuum var. annuum 402

Acacia cyanophyl/a (see Acacia saligna) Carica papaya 368
Acacia dealbata 507 Carthamus tinctorius 192
Acacia decurrens 507 Carya illinoensis 372
Acacia mangium 508 Castanea sativa 357
Acacia melanoxylon 508 Casuarina cunninghamania 510
Acacia saligna 509 Casuarina equisetifolia 511
Acacia spp. 500 Casuarina glauca 512
Actinidia chinensis 364 Cattleya sp. 486
Allium cepa 424 Cedrela odorata 513
Allium sativum 419 Cenchrus ciliaris 289
Ammi visnaga 84 Centrosema pubescens 290
Anacardium occidentale L. 350 Ceratopetalum apetalum 514
Ananas comosus 373 Chamelaucium spp. 468
Andropogon gayanus 288 Chloris barbata (inflata) 290
Annona spp. 360 Chloris gayana 290
Apium graveolens var. dulce 410
Chrysanthemum mOrifolium 475
Arachis hypogaea 174
Chrysopogon fal/ax 291
Araucaria cunninghamii 509
Cicer arietinum 108
Araucaria heterophyl/a 510
Cichorium intybus 110
Aristida armata 288
Citrul/us lanatus 456
Asparagus of{icinalis 386
Citrus spp. 358
Avena sativa 169
Cocos nucifera 359
Banksia ericifolia 470
Coffee arabica 359
Banksia ntegrifolia 470
Corylus avel/ana 363
Beta vulgaris 212, 392
Corymbia (see Eucalyptus)
Boronia megastigma Nees 471
Cucumis melD 441
Bothriochloa pertusa 288
Cucumis sativus 414
Brachiaria brizantha 288
Cucurbita pepo 439
Brachiaria decumbens 288
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 147
Brachiaria humidicola 288
Brachiaria ruziziensis 288
Cyclamen persicum 477
Brachysema lanceolatum 496 Cymbidium sp. 486
Brassica campestris 97, 163 Cymbopogon winterianus 110
Brassica juncea 163 Cynodon dactylon 291
Brassica napus 97 Cyphomandra betacea 377
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata 397 Dactylis glomerata 292
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 408 Danthonia richardsonii 293
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 395 Daucus carota L. 405
Brassica oleracea var. italica 394 Desmodium intortum 293
Bromus diandrus 289 Desmodium uncinatum 294
Bromus inermis 289 Dianthus caryophyl/us 472
Bromus wildenowii 289 Dichanthium annulatum 294
Buchloe dactyloides 289 Dieffenbachia exotica 477
Cajanus cajan 182 Digitaria ammophila 294
Caladium x hortulanum Birdsey 471 Digitaria ciliaris 294
Camellia sinensis 230 Digitaria eriantha (decumbens, smutsii) 295
567
Diospyros spp. 372 Lathyrus sylvestris 297

Dolichos lablab 297 Lens culinaris 15 1
Elaeis guineensis 367 Leptospermum spp. 497
Elytrigia pontica 295,323 Lespedeza cuneata, stipulacea, striata 297
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 515 Leucadendron spp. 484
Eucalyptus delegatensis 517 Leucaena leucocephala 298, 543
Eucalyptus diversicolor 518 Linum usitatissimum 152
Eucalyptus dunnii 518 Litchi chinensis 365
Eucalyptus fastigata 519 Lolium multiflorum 298
Eucalyptus globulus 520 Lolium perenne 299
Eucalyptus grandis 524 Lolium rigidum 302
Eucalyptus microcorys 529 Lophostemon confertus 544
Eucalyptus nitens 530 Lotononis bainesii 303
Eucalyptus obliqua 531 Lotus comiculatus 303
Eucalyptus occidentalis 531 Lotus pedunculatus 303
Eucalyptus pilularis 532 Lupinus albus 152
Eucalyptus regnans 533 Lupinus angustifolius 152
Eucalyptus saligna 534 Lupinus cosentinii 159
Eucalyptus tereticomis 536 Lycopersicon esculentum 449
Eucalyptus urophylla 536 Macadamia integrifolia 365
Eucalyptus [syn. Corymbia] Citriodora 517 Macadamia tetraphylla 365
Eucalyptus [syn. Corymbia] maculata 529 Macroptilium atropurpureum 303
Euphorbia pulcherrima) 489 Macroptilium lathyroides 304
Fagopyrum esculentum 97 Adiantum raddianum cv. Elegans 485
Festuca arundinacea 295 Malus domestica 350
Festuca pratensis 296 Mangifera indica 366
Ficus carica 360 Manihot esculenta 105
Flindersia brayleyana 537 Medicago minima 305
Fragaria sp. 376 Medicago murex 305
Freesia refracta 478 Medicago polymorpha (denticulata) 306
Gladiolus tristis 479 Medicago sativa 307
Glycine max 202 Medicago truncatula 311
Glycine tabacina 296 Melinis minutiflora 312
Gmelina arborea 538 Mentha arvensis 149
Gossypium hirsutum 125 Musa spp. 354
Grevillea spp. 480 Neonotonia wightii 312
Grevillea robusta 541 Nephrolepis exaltata 471
Hakea leucoptera 486 Nicotiana tabacum 231
Helianthus annuus 226 Olea europea 368
Heteropogon contortus 296 Olearia phlogopappa 174
Hevea brasiliensis 542 Omithopus compress us 313
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 480 Oryza sativa 185
Hibiscus cannabinus 150 Panicum maximum 314
Hordeum distichon 84 Paspalum dilatatum 314
Hordeum leporinum 296 Paspalum nota tum 315
Hordeum vulgare 84 Paspalum plicatulum 315
Humulus lupulus 149 Passiflora spp. 369
Hydrangea macrophylla 481 Pelargonium zonale 478
Hyparrhenia rufa 297 Pennisetum clandestinum 315
Ilex aquifolium 481 Pennisetum glaucum 181
Impatiens wallerana 482 Pennisetum purpureum 315
Indigofera spicata 297 Persea americana 353
Ipomoea batatas 448 Petunia hybrida 488
Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata 483 Phalaenopsis sp. 488
Juglans nigra L. 543 Phalaris aquatica 316
Juglans regia 378 Phaseolus vulgaris 164,389
Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab) 297 Phleum pratense 317
Lactuca sativa 420 Pinus brutia (see Pinus halepensis) 545
568
Scientific names
Pinus canariensis 545 Spinacia oleracea 442

Pinus caribaea var. Hordurensis 545 Stylosanthes capitata 320
Pinus contorta 546 Stylosanthes guianensis 320
Pinus eIIiottii var. eIIiottii 546 Stylosanthes hamata 321
Pinus halepensis 547 Stylosanthes humilis 321
Pinus insularis (see Pinus kesiya) 548 Stylosanthes macrocephala 322
Pinus kesiya 548 Stylosanthes scabra 322
Pinus nigra 548 Stylosanthes viscosa 322
Pinus palustris 549 Swietenia macrophylla 558
Pinus pinaster 550 Tanacetum dnerariifolium 184
Pinus radiata 550 Tectona grandis 558
Pinus taeda 554 Telopea spedossissima 498
Pistada vera 374 Thinopyrum ponticum (Elytrigia pontica) 323
Pisum sativum 140 Thyridolepis mitchelliana 323
Pisum sativum 428 Toona ciliata 560
Poa pratensis 318 Trifolium alexandrinum 323
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 489 Trifolium ambiguum 323
Populus deltoides 555
Trifolium balansae 324
Populus mise 555
Trifolium dubium 325
Populus tremuloides 556
Trifolium fragiferum 325
Protea spp. 490
Trifolium glomera tum 326
Prunus amygdalus 350
TIifolium hirtum 326
Prunus armeniaca 325
Trifolium hybridum 326
Prunus avium 356
Trifolium michelianum 324
Prunus persica 370
Trifolium pratense 326
Prunus spp. 375
Trifolium repens 327
Pseudotsuga menziesii 556
Trifolium resupinatum 330
Psidium guajava 363
Trifolium semipilosum 330
Psophocaryus tetragonolobus 253
Trifolium subterraneum 331
Pucdnellia ciliata 319
Pueraria phaseoloides 319
Triticale (X Triticosecale) 236
Pyrus communis 371
TIiticum aestivum and Triticum durum 236
Rhododendron indicum 469 Urochloa mosambicensis 337
Ribes nigrum 354 Urochloa oligotricha 337
Rosa spp. 494 Vacdnium coryrnbosum 355
Rosa floribunda 493 Vida faba 13 7
Rubus idaeus 376 Vigna angularis 84
Saccharum spp. 218 Vigna luteola 337
Scheff/era actinophylla 497 Vigna mungo 94
Secale cereale 107 Vigna radiata 146
Sesamum indicum 193 Vigna unguiculata 133
Setaria sphacelata 319 Vigna vex illata 337
Solanum tuberosum 430 Vitis vinifera 361
Sorghum almum 319 Zea mays 110
Sorghum bicolor 193 Zea mays var. rugosa 443
Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense 320 Zingiber offidnale 145
Sorghum halepense 320 Zinnia elegans 500
Sorghum vulgare 193
569
SPECIES IN TABLES
B. Common names
Adzuki bean 84 Brown salwood 508

Aleppo pine 547 Brush box 544
Alfalfa 307 Brussels sprouts 395
Almond 350 Buckwheat 97
Alpine ash 517 Buffalograss 289
Alsike clover 326 Buffel grass 289
Annual medic 306 Bunched speargrass 296
Annual ryegrass 302 Burr medic 306
Apple 350 Cabbage 397
Apricot 325 Canary Island pine 545
Arm grass 288 Canola 97
Asparagus 386 Capica stylo 320
Atro 303 Capsicum:
Australian red cedar 560 bell, cherry, cone, cluster, chilli, sweet 402
Australian rose gum 524 Caribbean pine 545
Australian wax flower 468 Caribbean stylo 321
Avocado 353 Carnation 472
Azalea 469 Carrot 405
Bahia grass 315 Cashew 350
Balansa clover 324 Cassava 105
Banana 354 Cattleya 486
Banksia 470 Caucasian Clover 323
Barley 84 Cauliflower 408
Barley grass 296 Celery 410
Barrel medic 311 Centro 290
Bean: Cereal Rye 107
french, green, snap, dwarf, bush 389 Cherry 356
navy bean and other beans 164 Chestnut 357
Beefwood 512 Chickpea 108
Beetroot 392 Chicory 110
Benguet pine 548 Chloris 290
Bermudagrass 291 Chrysanthemum 475
Berseem clover 323 Citronella Java 110
Birdsfoot trefoil 303 Citrus spp. 358
Black bunched speargrass 296 Cluster clover 326
Black gram 94 Coachwood 514
Black pine 548 Cocksfoot 292
Black walnut 543 Coconut 359
Blackbutt 532 Coffee 359
Blackcurrant 354 Columbus grass 319
Blackwood 508 Common lespedeza 297
Blueberry 355 Corn, maize 110
Bluegrass 288 Corsican pine 548
Boronia 471 Cotton 125
Boston fern 471 Cottonwood 555
Broccoli 394 Cowpea 133
Brown barrel 519 Creeping indigo 297
570
Common names
Cucumber 414 Kentucky bluegrass 318

Custard apple 360 Kenya White clover 330
Cyclamen 477 Khasya pine 548
Cymbidium orchid 486 Kikuyu grass 315
Dallis grass 314 Kiwi fruit 364
Dalrymple vigna 337 Korean lespedeza 297
Dieffenbachia 477 Koronivia grass 288
Douglas fir 556 Lablab bean 297
Dunn's white gum 518 Lemon-scented gum 517
Elephant grass 315 Lentil 151
English pea 140 Lettuce 420
Faba bean 137 Leucadendron, Silvan Red/Safari Sunset 484
Field bean 137 Leucaena 298
Field pea 140 Linola 152
Fig 360 Linseed 152
Filbert 363 Loblolly pine 554
Flatpea 297 Lodgepole pine 546
Flax 152 Longleaf pine 549
Flooded gum 524 Lotononis 303
Fodder beet 212 Lucerne 307
Freesia 478 Lupin 159
Gamba grass 288 Lychee 365
Garlic 419 Macadamia 365
Geranium 478 Macrocephala stylo 322
Ginger 145 Mahogany 558
Gladiolus 479 Maidenhair fern cv. elegans 485
Glycine 312 Maku 303
Glycine pea 296 Mango 366
Golden-beard grass 291 Maritime pine 550
Grapevine 361 Meadow fescue 296
Great brome grass 289 Messmate 531
Greater lotus 303 Mitchell grass 323
Green couch 291 Molasses grass 312
Green gram 146 Mountain ash 533
Green panic grass 314 Mulgal grass 323
Greenleaf Desmodium 293 Murex medic 305
Grevillea 489 Mustard 163
Guar 147 Native pea 296
Guava 363 Navy bean and other beans 164
Guinea grass 314 Needlewood 486
Hazel-nut 363 Norfolk Island Pine 510
Hibiscus 480 Northern black wattle 507
High bush 355 Oats 169
Holly 481 Oil Palm 367
Hoop pine 509 Olive 368
Hops 149 Onion 424
Horsetail casuarina 511 Orchard grass 292
Hydrangea 481 Orchid 486
Impatiens 482 Orchid 488
Impulse violet 482 Pangola 295
Indian couch 288 Papaw 368
Italian ryegrass 298 Paspalum 314
Ixodia daisy 483 Passionfruit 369
Japanese mint 149 Pea 428
Jaragua grass 297 Peach 370
Johnsongrass 320 Peanut 174
Karri 518 Pear 371
Kenaf 150 Pearl millet 181
571
Pecan 372 Smooth-stalked meadow grass 318

Perennial ryegrass 299 Sorghum 193
Persian clover 330 Sorghum-sudangrass 320
Persimmon 372 South African Pigeon Grass 319
Petunia 488 Soybean 202
Phalaris 316 Spinach 442
Phasey bean 304 Spotted Gum 529
Pigeon pea 182 Sticky Stylo 322
Pineapple 373 Strawberry 376
Pistachio 374 Strawberry Clover 325
Plicatulum 315 Stylo 320
Plum 375 Subterranean Clover 331
Poinsettia 489 Suckling Clover 325
Poplars (incl. hybrids) 555 Sugar beet 212
Potato 430 Sugar cane 218
Prairie gGrass 289 Summer grass 294
Puero 319 Sunflower 226
Pumpkin: Swamp sheoak 512
marrow, squash 439 Swamp Yate 531
Purple bean 303 Swan River pea bush 496
Purple-top Rhodes 290 Sweet corn 443
Pyrethrum daisy 184 Sweet potato 448
Queen protea 490 Sydney blue gum 534
Queensland maple 537 Tall (woolly) finger grass 295
Radiata pine 550 Tall Fescue 295
Rapeseed 97 Tall Wheat Grass 295,323
Raspberry, red 376 Tallowwood 529
Red clover 326 Tamarillo 377
Red gum 536 Tasmanian blue gum 520
Rhodes grass 290 Tea 230
Rice 185 Tea-Tree 497
River red gum 515 Teak 558
River sheoak 510 Timor Rose Gum 536
Rockmelon: Timothy Grass 317
musk, Persian, honeydew Casaba melons 441 Tobacco 231
Rose clover 326 Tomato 449
Rose, floribunda 493 Townsville Stylo 321
Rose, hybrid tea 494 Trembling aspen 556
Rubber 542 Triticale 236
Ruzi grass 288 Umbrella plant 497
Rye 107 Urochloa 337
Sabi grass 337 Wallaby grass 293
Safflower 192 Walnut 378
Saltmarsh grass 319 Waratah, New South Wales 498
Sericea 297 Watermelon 456
Sesame 193 Wattle 500
Setaria 319 Wattle 507
Shaftal clover 330 West Indian cedar 513
Sheda grass 294 Wheat 236
Shining gum 530 Whistling pine 511
Shrubby stylo 322 White beech 538
Signal grass 288 White clover 327
Silky oak 541 Wild cowpea 337
Silky umbrella grass 294 Wimmera ryegrass 302
Silver wattle 507 Winged bean 253
Silverleaf Desmodium 294 Wire grass 288
Siratro 303 Woolly burr medic 305
Slash pine 546 Yellow serradella 313
Smooth brome grass 289 Zinnia 500
572

Plant Analysis - An Interpretation Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plant Analysis - An Interpretation Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Commissioned by

CSIRO PUBLISH ING

This book is available from:

Editorial and Production Manager: Marta Veroni

HORTICULTURAL REsEARCH &

~\ Sugar Research and Development

Grape and Wine

Research and ASPAC

Contributors v C.l.3 Soil nutrient supply after

B. Diagnosis of nutrient status from nutrient References 27

A. Introduction 55 6 Pasture Species

C. Documenting site and crop information56 Tables 288

F.W. Smith andJ.F. Loneragan

A. BACKGROUND computerized processing of data (Donahue and

An understanding of the mechanisms plants use to

~ receiving increased attention. Useful studies with

While all nutrients move readily in the xylem, they

deficiency suggests that iron in old leaves is not

phosphorus in Araucaria cunninghamii in Section critical nutrient concentrations of different plant

study of the location and redistribution of ~ 600

plants (Katyal and Sharma 1980). The method was

wheat (Figure 1.9; Randall 1969). Ascorbic acid

correlated well with Kjeldahl-nitrogen in a wide F. CONCLUSIONS

Besford, R.T. (1978) Effect of replacing nutrient potassium by

A. INTRODUCTION • Under certain conditions, different nutrient

Element Physiological process Activator of Constituent of metabolite or

Nitrogen Amino acids, proteins, nucleic

Potassium Translocation, water relations, energy relations, +

Calcium Membrane maintenance, cell division and + Calcium pectates

Magnesium CO 2 assimilation, regulation of cellular pH, + Chlorophyll, ribosomes

Chlorine Maintenance of electrical neutrality, internal

Copper Lignin synthesis, terminal oxidation in redox Ascorbate oxidase, phenol

Zinc Auxin metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, + Dehydrogenases, CuZn superoxide

Manganese Oxidation-reduction in electron transport, + Mn superoxide dismutase

Iron Oxidation-reduction in electron transport Iron porphyrins (leaves), ferredoxins

Boron Nucleotide synthesis, assimilate translocation,

Nickel Urea metabolism via urease +

Sodium Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate

Molybdenum Nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction Nitrogenase, nitrate reductase,

c. SYMPTOMS IN RELATION TO THE little or minimal mobility and do not appear to be

marginal nitrogen status, sulfur deficiency produces

TABLE 2.3 General description of symptoms of nutrient deficiencies

TABLE 2.4 General description of symptoms of nutrient toxicities

Nilrate-nitrogen Edge burn may be followed by interveinal collapse.

Sodium Marginal chlorosis and burn, more severe on older leaves.

Sulfate Severe stunting. Marginal chlorosis or necrosis of older leaves.

D. DESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMS radiata that includes symptoms of diseases and

Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

A1 Symptoms begin or are more severe on older leaves B

A3 Symptoms prominent on both old and young leaves G

D1 Young leaves mainly pale green or pale yellow E

D2 Young leaves mainly dark green F

E1 Whorl of young leaves twisted to one side Copper deficiency

E2 Prominent yellow or white interveinal chlorosis on young leaves Iron deficiency

F1 Young leaves with brown twisted leaftips Copper deficiency

F4 Young leaves with transparent white interveinal lesions Boron deficiency

Primary symptom Probable cause

A1 Brown or orange-red needles on a significant percentage of tree and/or dead topping

B2. Scorching of needles

03. One side of tree affected, distortion may be present. Herbicides

E2 . Resinosis with or without E1. Sulfur/boron deficiencies

A2. Yellowing of needles (if not go to A3)

Fl . Overall pale yellowing

Many species General Chapman (1964), Martin-Prevel et al. (1984)