JEE - MODULE 2 - PHY - +1 NM - Mechanics 2

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Table of Contents
WORK, POWER & ENERGY

 Theory .......................................................................................................................................... 9
 Solved Examples .......................................................................................................................... 19
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ..................................................................................... 25
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ..................................................................... 32
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ........................................................................... 36
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ............................................................... 47
 Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 53
CIRCULAR MOTION
 Theory ........................................................................................................................................... 55
 Solved Examples .......................................................................................................................... 65
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ..................................................................................... 78
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ..................................................................... 85
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ............................................................................ 92
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ............................................................... 99
 Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 101

CENTRE OF MASS, MOMENTUM & COLLISIONS
 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 103
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................... 109
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................... 115
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ............................................................... 122
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ...................................................................... 126
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions .......................................................... 143
 Answer Key ............................................................................................................................. 149
ROTATIONAL MOTION
 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 152
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................... 159
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ................................................................ 172
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ....................................................................... 179
 Answer Key ............................................................................................................................. 210
GRAVITATION
 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 213
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................... 224
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ................................................................ 242
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ....................................................................... 247
 Answer Key ............................................................................................................................. 262
01
WORK, POWER & ENERGY
9 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
Work, Power & Energy
1. WORK  
W  î Fx  ˆjFy  kˆ Fz . î x  ˆj y  kˆ z 
In Physics, work stands for ‘mechanical work’.
Work is said to be done by a force when the body is W  x Fx  y Fy  zFz
displaced actually through some distance in the direction
Obviously, work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude
of the applied force.
only and no direction. However, work done by a force can
However, when there is no displacement in the direction be positive or negative or zero.
of the applied force, no work is said to be done, i.e., work
done is zero, when displacement of the body in the direction 2. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS OF WORK
of the force is zero. 1 1 –2
As work = force × distance  W = (M L T ) × L

Suppose a constant force F acting on a body produces a
 W   M1 L2 T 2 
displacement s in the body along the positive x-direction,
figure This is the dimensional formula of work.
The units of work are of two types :
F 1. Absolute units 2. Gravitational units
(a) Absolute unit
1. Joule. It is the absolute unit of work on SI.
Work done is said to be one joule, when a force of one
s newton actually moves a body through a distance of one
metre in the direction of applied force.

If  is the angle which F makes with the positive x– From W = F cos 
 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 metre × cos 0° = 1 N–m
direction of the displacement, then the component of F in
the direction of displacement is (F cos ). As work done 2. Erg. It is the absolute unit of work on cgs system.
by the force is the product of component of force in the Work done is said to be one erg, when a force of one dyne
direction of the displcement and the magnitude of the actually moves a body through a distance of one cm.in
displacement, the direction of applied force.
From W = Fs cos 
 W   F cos   s ...(1)
1 eg = 1 dyne × 1 cm × cos 0°
If displacement is in the direction of force applied,  = 0°. (b) Gravitational units
From (1), W = (F cos 0°) s = F s
These are also called the practical units of work.
 
Equation (1) can be rewritten as W  F.s ...(2) 1. Kilogram-metre (kg–m). It is the gravitational unit of
work on SI.
Thus, work done by a force is the dot product of force and Work done is said to be one kg–m, when a force of 1 kg f
displacement. move a body through a distance of 1 m in the direction of
  the applied force.
In terms of rectangular cmponent, F and s, may written as
 From W = F s cos 
ˆ and s  îx  ˆjy  kz
F  î Fx  ˆjFy  kF ˆ
z 1 kg–m = 1 kg f × 1 m × cos 0° = 9.8 N × 1 m = 9.8 joule, i.e.,
  1kg  m  9.8 J
From (2), W  F.s
WORK, POWER & ENERGY 10
2. Gram-centimetre (g-cm). It is the gravitational unit of (c) Zero work

work on cgs system.  
When force applied F or the displacement s or both are
Work done is said to be one g-cm, when a force of 1 g f zero, work done W = F s cos  is zero. Again, when angle
moves a body through a distance of 1 cm. in the direction  
of the applied force.  between F and s is 90°, cos  = cos 90° = 0. Therefore
work done is zero.
From W = F s cos 
For example :
1 g-cm = 1 g f × 1 cm × cos 0°
When we push hard against a wall, the force we exert on
1 g-cm = 980 dyne × 1 cm × 1 
the wall does no work, because s  0. However, in this
1g  m  980 ergs process, our muscles are contracting and relaxing
alternately and internal energy is being used up. That is
3. NATURE OF WORK DONE why we do get tired.
Although work done is a scalar quantity, its value may be 4. WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE
positive, negative, negative or even zero, as detailed below:
(a) Graphical Method
(a) Positive work
  A constant force is rare. It is the variable force which is
As W = F.s = F s cos  encountered more commonly. We can, therefore, learn to
when  is acute (< 90°), cos  is positive. Hence, work calculate work done by a variable force, let us consider a

done is positive. force acting along the fixed direction, say x–axis, but
having a variable magnitude.
For example :
We have to calculate work done in moving the body from
(i) When a body falls freely under the action of gravity, A to B under the action of this variable force. To do this,
 = 0°, cos  = cos 0° = + 1. Therefore, work done by we assume that the entire displacement from A to B is
gravity on a body falling freely is positive. made up of a large number of infinitesimal displacements.
(b) Negative work One such displacement shown in figure from P to Q.
  As the displacement PQ = dx is infinitesimally small, we
As W = F. s = F s cos 
consider that all along this displacement, force is constant
 When  is obtuse (> 90°), cos  is negative. Hence, work in magnitude (= PS) as well in same direction.
done is negative.  Small amount of work done in moving the body from P to
For example : Q is
(i) When a body is thrown up, its motion is opposed by dW = F × dx = (PS) (PQ) = area of strip PQRS
 Total work done in moving the body from A to B is given by
gravity. The angle  between gravitational force F and
the displacement s is 180°. As cos  = cos 180° = –1, W =  dW
therefore, work done by gravity on a body moving W =  F × dx
upwards is negative.
If the displacement are allowed to approach zero, then the
number of terms in the sum increases without limit. And
the sum approaches a definite value equal to the area under
Positive work Negative the curve CD.
done by work done by F (x)
Gravitational Gravitational C
Force Force
R
S
D
XA XB
O x
A PQ B
Distance
(a)
 
F (x) dW  F.ds
C

When ds  0, total work done in moving the body from A
to B can be obtained by integrating the above expression
D
between SA and SB.
Work S
 
B
 W   F.ds
O x SA
A B
(b)
5. CONSERVATIVE & NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
Hence, we may rewrite, W = limit  F  dx  Conservative force
dx  x
In the language of integral calculus, we may write it as A force is said to be conservative if work done by or against
the force in moving a body depends only on the initial and
xB
final positions of the body, and not on the nature of path
W   F  dx  , where xA = OA and xB = OB
followed between the initial and the final positions.
xA
This means, work done by or against a conservative force

xB
in moving a body over any path between fixed initial and
W   area of the strip PQRS
xA
final positions will be the same.
For example, gravitational force is a conservative force.
= total area under the curve between F and x-axis from
x = xA to x = xB Properties of Conservative forces :
1. Work done by or against a conservative force, in moving
W  Area ABCDA a body from one position to the other depends only on
the initial position and final position of the body.
Hence, work done by a variable force is numerically equal
to the area under the force curve and the displacement axis. 2. Work done by or against a conservative force does not
depend upon the nature of the path followed by the body
Mathematical Treatment (of work done by a variable
in going from initial position to the final position.
force).
3. Work done by or against a conservative force in moving a
Suppose we have to calculate work done in moving a body
body through any round trip (i.e., closed path, where final
from a point A (SA) to point B (SB) under the action of a
position coincides with the initial position of the body) is
varying force, figure. Here, SA and SB are the distance of
always zero.
the points A and B with respect to some reference point.
Non-conservative Forces
F A force is said to be non-conservative, if work done by or
against the force in moving a body from one position to
another, depends on the path followed between these two
positions.
A P ds Q B For example, frictional forces are non-conservative forces.
SA SB
6. POWER
At any stage, suppose the body is at P, where force on the
 Power of a person or machine is defined as the time rate at
body is F . Under the action of this force, let the body
  which work is done by it.
undergo an infinitesimally small displacement PQ  ds .
During such a small displacement, if we assume that the work done
i.e., Power = Rate of doing work =
force remains constant, then small amount of work done time taken
in moving the body from P to Q is
Thus, power of a body measures how fast it can do the
work.
Formula for Kinetic Energy

dW
P Kinetic Energy of a body can be obtained either from
dt
  (i) the amount of work done in stopping the moving body, or
 
Now, dW = F.ds, where F is the force applied and ds is from
the small displacement. (ii) the amount of work done in giving the present velocity
  today he body from the state of rest.
F.ds
 P Let us use the second method :
dt
suppose m = mass of a body at rest (i.e., u = 0).

ds  F = Force applied on the body
But  v, the instantaneous velocity..
dt a = acceleration produced in the body in the direction of
force applied.
 
 P  F.v v = velocity acquired by the body in moving through a
distance s, figure
Dimensions of power can be deduced as :
W M1L2 T 2 F V
P  1
  M1 L2 T 3 
t T
s
Units of power
2 2
The absolute unit of power in SI is watt, which is denoted From v – u = 2 a s
2
by W. v – 0 = 2 as
From P = W/t
v2
a
1 joule 2s
1 watt = , i.e., 1W  1Js1
1sec
 v2 
Power of a body is said to be one watt, if it can do one As F = m a  using, F = m  
 2s 
joule of work in one second.
Work done on the body, W = Force × distance
1 h.p.  746 W
v2
Wm s
7. ENERGY 2s
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability of

1
the body to do the work. W m v2
2
8. KINETIC ENERGY This work done on the body is a measure of kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of a boyd is the energy possessed by (K.E.) acquired by the body,
the body by virtue of its motion.
1
For example :  K.E. of body  W  m v2
2
(i) A bullet fired from a gun can pierce through a target on
account of kinetic energy of the bullet. Alternative method
(ii) Wind mills work on the kinetic energy of air. For example, The formula for kinetic energy of a body is also obtained
sailing ships use the kinetic energy of wind. by the method of calculus :
(iii) Water mills work on the kinetic energy of water. For Let m = mass of a body, which is initially at rest
example, fast flowing stream has been used to grind corn. (i.e., u = 0)
(iv) A nail is driven into a wooden block on account of kinetic 
energy of the hammer striking the nail. F = Force applied on the body,,
 This is shown in figure (b).
ds = small displacement produced in the body in the
2
direction of the force applied. If m = constant, p  K.E. or p  K.E.
 Small amount of work done by the force, This is shown in figure (c)
 
dW = F.ds = F ds cos = 0° = F ds
If a is acceleration produced by the force, then from

KE = constant
K p = constant p
dv
F= ma= m
dt
 dv   ds 
From, dW =  m  ds  m   dv m m
 dt   dt 
(a) (b)
 ds 
dW = m v d v   v 
 dt 
 Total work done by the force in increasing the velocity of K

the body from zero to v is m = constant
v v 2
2
W  mvd v m vdv  m 
0 0  2 0
p
1 (c)
W m v2
2
10. WORK ENERGY THEOREM OR
Thus, kinetic energy of a body is half the product of mass
of the body and square of velocity of the body.
WORK ENERGY PRINCIPLE
According to this principle, work done by net force in
9. RELATION BETWEEN KINETIC ENERGY
displacing a body is equal to change in kinetic energy of
AND LINEAR MOMENTUM the body.
Let m = mass of a body, v = velocity of the body. Thus, when a force does some work on a body, the kinetic
 Linear momentum of the body, p = mv energy of the body increases by the same amount.
Conversely, when an opposing (retarding) force is applied
1 1 on a body, its kinetic energy decreases. The decrease in
and K.E. of the body  2 mv  2 m  m v 
2 2 2
kinetic energy of the body is equal to the work done by

the body against the retarding force. Thus, according to
p2 work energy principle, work and kinetic energy are
 K.E. 
2m equivalent quantities.
Proof : To prove the work-energy theorem, we confine
This is an important relation. It shows that a body cannot
ourselves to motion in one dimension.
have K.E. without having linear momentum. The reverse
is also true. Suppose m = mass of a body, u = initial velocity of the
body, F = force applied on the body along it direction of
1 motion, a = acceleration produced in the body, v = final
Further, if p = constant, K.E. 
m velocity of the body after t second.
This is showin in figure (a) Small amount of work done by the applied force on the
2
If K.E. = constant, p  m or p  m body, dW = F (ds) when ds is the small distance moved by
the body in the direction of the force applied.
 dv 
Now, F = ma = m  
 dt 
 dv   ds 
 dW = F (ds) = m   ds = m   dv = mv dv
 dt   dt  F h
 ds 
  v 
 dt 
Total work done by the applied force on the body in
increasing its velocity from u to v is If we assume that height h is not too large and the value of
g is practically constant over this height, then the force
v
v v
 v2  applied just to overcome gravitational attraction is
W  mvd v  m vd v  m 
u u  2 u F = mg
As the distance moved is in the direction of the force
1 1 1 applied, therefore,
W m  v 2  u 2   mv 2  mu 2
2 2 2 Work done = force × distance
W = F × h = mgh
1 2 1 2
But mv = Kf = final K.E. of the body and mu = Ki = Note that we have taken the upward direction to be positive.
2 2
Therefore, work done by applied force = + mgh. However,
initial K.E. of the body work done by gravitational force = – mgh.
 W = Kf – Ki = Increases in K.E. of body This work gets stored as potential energy. The gravitational
i.e., work done on the body = increase in K.E. of body. potential energy of a body, as a function of height (h) is
denoted by V (h), and it is negative of work done by the
11. POTENTIAL ENERGY gravitational force in raising the body to that height.
The potential energy of a body is defined as the energy Gravitational P.E. = V (h) = mgh
possessed by the body by virtue of its position or 11.2 Potential Energy of a spring
configuration in some field.
Potential energy of a spring is the energy associated with
Thus, potential energy is the energy that can be associated
the state of compression or expansion of an elastic spring.
with the configuration (or arrangement) of a system of
objects that exert forces on one another. Obviously, if To calculate it, consider an elastic spring OA of negligible
configuration of the system changes, then its potential mass. The end O of the spring is fixed to a rigid support
energy changes. and a body of mass m is attached to the free end A. Let the
spring be oriented along x–axis and the body of mass m lie
Two important types of potential energy are : on a perfectly frictionless horizontal table.
1. Gravitational potential energy
2. Elastic potential energy. O
11.1 Gravitational Potential Energy A
Gravitational potential energy of a body is the energy The position of the body A, when spring is unstretched is
possessed by the body by virtue of its position above the chosen as the origin.
surface of the earth. When the spring is compressed or elongated, it tends to
To calculate gravitational potential energy, suppose recover to its original length, on account of elasticity. The
force trying to bring the spring back to its original
m = mass of a body
configuration is called restoring force or spring force.
g = acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth.
For a small stretch or compression, spring obeys Hook’s
h = height through which the body is raised, figure. law, i.e., for a spring,
Restoring Force  stretch or compression This is called the principle of conservation of total
– F  x or – F = kx mechanical energy.
where k is a constant of the spring and is called spring For simplicity, we assume the motion to be one dimensional
constant. only. Suppose a body undergoes a small displacement x
under the action of a conservative force F. According to
1 work energy theorem,
It is established that for a spring, k 
 change in K.E. = work done
i.e., smaller the length of the spring, greater will be the K = F (x) x
force constant and vice-versa. As the force is conservative, the potential energy function
The negative sign in equation indicates that the restoring V (x) is defined as
force is directed always towards the equilibrium position. – V = F (x) x or V = – F (x) x
Let the body be displaced further through an infinitesimally Adding, we get K + V = 0 or  (K + V) = 0,
small distance dx, against the resotring force.
which means
 Small amount of work done in increasing the length of the
spring by dx is  K  V   E  constant
dW = – F dx = kx dx
Total work done in giving displacement x to the body can 12.1 Illustration of the law of conservation
be obtained by integrating from x = 0 to x = x, i.e., of mechanical energy
x x x x To illustrate the law further, let us calculate kinetic energy

 x2   x2  1 2
W x0 k x dx  k  2  x0  k  2  0  2 kx K.E., potential nergy P.E. and total energy T.E. of a body
falling freely under gravity.
This work done is stored in the spring at the point B. Let m be the mass of the body held at A, at a height h
above the ground, figure.
1 2
 P.E. at B  W  kx
2 A
The variation of potential energy with distance x is shown x

in figure
h
B
P.E.
(h–x)
C
Ground
X' A X As the body is at rest at A, therefore,

x
At A : K. E. of the body = 0
12. MECHANICAL ENERGY AND ITS CONSERVATION P.E. of the body = mg, where g is acceleration due to gravity
at A.
The mechanical energy (E) of a body is the sum of kinetic
T.E. of the body = K.E. + P.E. = 0 + mgh
energy (K) and potential energy (V) of the body
E1 = mgh ...(1)
i.e., E  K  V Let the body be allowed to fall freely under under gravity,
Obviously, mechanical energy of a body is a scalar quantity when it strikes the ground at C with a velocity v.
2 2
measured in joule. From v – u = 2 a s
2
We can show that the total mechanical energy of a system v – 0 = 2 (g) h
is conserved if the force, doing work on the system are 2
v = 2 gh ...(2)
conservative.
particular configuration of its molecules and also their

1 1
 At C : K.E. of the body  mv 2  m  2 gh   mgh random motion. Thus, internal energy of a body is the
2 2
sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of the
P.E. of the body = mgh = mg (0) = 0 molecules of the body.
Total energy of the body = I.E. + P.E. 3. Electrical Energy
E2 = mgh + 0 = mgh ...(3) The flow of electric current causes bulbs to glow, fans to
In free fall, let the body cross any point B with a velocity rotate and bells to ring. A definite amount of work has to
v1, where AB = x be done in moving the free charge carriers in a particular
2 2
From v – u = 2 as direction through all the electrical appliances.
4. Chemical Energy
v12  0  2  g  x ...(4)
Chemical energy arises from the fact that the molecules
v12  2 gx participating in the chemical reaction have different
binding energies. A chemical reaction is basically a
1 1 rearrangement of atoms. For example, coal consists of
At B : K.E. of the body  mv12  m  2 gx   mgx
2 2 7
carbon and a kilogram of it. When burnt releases 3 × 10 J
Height of the body at B above the ground = CB = (h – x) of energy.
 P.E. of the body at B = mg (h – x) 5. Nuclear Energy
Total energy of the body at B = K.E. + P.E. It is the energy obtainable from an atomic nucleus. Two
E3 = mgx + mg (h – x) = mgx + mgh – mgx distinct modes of obtaining nuclear energy are (i) Nuclear
fission (ii) Nuclear fusion.
E3 = mgh ...(5)
Nuclear fission involves splitting of a heavy nucleus into
From (1), (3), (5) we find that
two or more lighter nuclei, whereas nuclear fusion involves
E1  E 2  E 3  mgh fusing of two or more lighter nuclei to form a heavy
nucleus.
13. DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY
14. MASS ENERGY EQUIVALENCE
We have studies some details of potential energy and
kinetic energy. These are not the ony two forms of energy. Einstein made an incredible discovery that energy can
Energy may manifest itself in several other forms. Some of be transformed into mass and mass can be transformed
the examples are : into energy. One can be obtained at the cost of the other.
1. Heat Energy The mass energy equivalence relation as put forth by
Einstein is
It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of random
motion of the molecules of the body.
E  mc2
Heat is also associated with the force of friction. When a
block of mass m sliding on a rough horizontal surface with where m = mass that disappears, E = energy that appears,
speed v, stops over a distance x, work done by the force of c = velocity of light in vacuum.
kinetic friction f over a distance x is –f (x). By the work Mass and energy are not conserved separately, but are
1 conserved as a single entity called ‘mass-energy’.
energy theorem, mv2  f  x  . We often say that K.E. of
2
15. THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
the block is lost due to frictional force, However, when we
examine the block and the horizontal surface carefully, we
If we account for all forms of energy, the total energy of an
detect a slight increase in their temperatures. Thus, work
isolated system does not change.
done by friction is not lost, but it is transferred as heat
energy of the system. The principle of conservation of energy cannot be proved
as such. However, no violation of this principle has ever
2. Internal Energy
been observed.
It is the total energy possessed by the body by virtue of
16. WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE dU

which, in the limit, becomes F(x) = –
dx
When the force is an arbitrary function of position, we need the Integrating both sides for a displacement from x = a to x = b, we
techniques of calculus to evaluate the work done by it. The have :
figure shows F (x) as some function of the position x. To calculate b
work done by F from A to B, we find area under the graph from U b  U a   F x  dx
XA to XB.

a
18. DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION
18.1 Force on the Particle
In uniform circular motion, acceleration is of magnitude v2/r and is

directed towards centre. Hence a force of magnitude mv2/r and
directed towards centre is required to keep a particle in circular
motion. This force (acting towards centre) is known as the
centripetal force. Centripetal force is not an extra force on a body.
Whatever force is responsible for circular motion becomes the
centripetal force.
Thus, the work done by a force F (x) form an initial point A to final
point B is Example : When a statellite revolves around the earth, the
gravitational attraction of earth becomes the centripetal force for
xB
WA B   Fx dx the circular motion of the satellite; when an electron revolves
xA
around the nucleus in an atom, the electrostatic attraction of
17. CONSERVATIVE & NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES nucleus becomes the centripetal force for the electron’s circular
motion; in case of a conical pendulum, T sin  (component of
17.1 Conservative Forces tension) becomes the centripetal force.
There are two ways in which we can characterize a Conservative 18.2 Main steps for analysing forces
Force : in uniform circular motion
A force is conservative if :
Take one axis along the radius of circle (i.e., in direction of
 The net work done against the force in moving a mass acceleration) and other axis perpendicular to the radius. Resolve
between two points depends only on the location of two all the forces into components.
points and not on the path followed
Net force along perpendicular axis = 0
17.2 Non-Conservative Forces
Net force along radial axis (towards centre)
Those forces which do not satisfy the above mentioned criteria.
Friction and viscous forces are the most common examples of mv 2
  m2 r
non-conservative forces. r
17.3 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 18.3 Main steps for analysing forces in
For every conservative force, there is a corresponding potential Non–uniform Circular Motion
energy function. In each cases, the potential energy expression
After resolving all the forces along tangential and radial axes :
depends only on position.
For every conservative force Fx that depends only on the position net tangential force = Ft = m at
x, there is an associated potential energy function U(x). When net radial force = Fr = m ar = mv2/r
conservative force does positive work, the potential energy of
Example of non-uniform circular motion : the motion of particle
the system decreases. Work done by, conservative force is
in verticle circle. If a particle is revolved in a vertical circle with the
F(x) x = – U help of a string, the forces are : tension (T) towards centre and
 F(x) = – U / x weight (mg). In case of a particle moving along the outside surface
of a circular track (or sphere), the forces are : normal reaction (N) its own weight & the tension in the string.
away from the centre and weight (mg). Let the radius of the circle = l
18.4 Conical Pendulum
A small block of mass m is rotated in a horizontal circle with the
help of a string of length l connected to m. The other end of the
string is fixed to a point O vertically above the cnetre of the circle
so that the string is always inclined with the vertical at an angle .
This arrangement is known as a conical pendulum. (a) At the top : Let vt = velocity at the top
mv 2t
net force towards centre =

l T
mv 2t mv 2t
T  mg  T  mg
 
r For the movement in the circle, the string should remain tight i.e.
mg the tension must be positive at all positions.
From the force diagram of the block. As the tension is minimum at the top Ttop 0
Along the vertical : T cos  = mg ...(i)
mv 2t
Net force towards centre : T sin  = ma   mg  0  v t  g

T sin  = m2 r ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have  minimum or critical velocity at the top = 1 g
g tan  g tan  g
2   
r  sin   cos 
2  cos 
 Time period = T =  2
 g
(b) Let Vb be the velocity at the bottom. As the particle goes

 If h is the height of point O above the centre of the circle. up, its KE decreases and GPE increases.
then time period = 2 h / g  loss in KE = gain in GPE
 For a conical pendulum, 2  cos   g 1 1

 mv 2b  mv12  mg 21
2 2
   g /  (Because cos  < 1)
v 2b  v 2t  4 g
18.5 Motion in a Vertical Circle (vb)min = v 

2
t min  4 g  5 g
Example : A mass m is tied to a string of length l and is rotated in

a vertical circle with centre at the other end of the string.
(a) Find the minimum velocity of the mass at the top of the
When a particle moves in a vertical circle, its speed
circle so that it is able to complete the circle.
decreases as it goes up and its speed increases as it
(b) Find the minimum velocity at the bottom of the circle. comes down. Hence it is an example of non-uniform
At all positions, there are two forces acting on the mass : circular motion.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Sol. (a) Yes, For example, when a bomb explodes linear momentum
Can K.E. of a system be increased or decreased without is conserved, but KE changes.
applying any external force on the system ? (b) Yes, For example, in case of uniform circular motion. KE
remains unchanged, but linear momentum changes
Sol. Yes, by doing work through internal forces e.g., in explosion because of change in the direction of motion.
of a bomb. Example - 7
Example - 2 A stone is droped from the top of a high tower. Will the
mechanical energy of the stone be conserved or not if the
Name the largest and smallest practical unit of energy.
force of friction due to air is not neglected ?
Sol. ‘Kilowatt hour’ is the largest practical unit of energy and
Sol. Mechanical energy is conserved only when forces involved are
‘electron volt’ is the smallest practical unit of energy.
conservative. As force of friction due to air is non-conservative,
Example - 3 therefore, mechanical energy of the stone is not conserved.
Is it possible to have a collision in which the whole of KE Example - 8
is lost ? A man can jump higher on moon than on earth. With same
effort, can a runner improve his timing for 100 m race on
Sol. Yes. For example, in perfectly inelastic collision of two bodies moon as compared to that on earth ?
moving towards eachother with equal linear momenta.
Example - 4 Sol. The man can jump higher on moon than on earth, because
the accleration due to gravity on moon is less than
A short fired from a cannon explodes in the air. What will acceleration due to gravity on earth. However, acceleration
be the changes in momentum and K.E. ? due to gravity has no effect on horizontal motion. Therefore,
a runner cannot improve his timing on the moono for 100
Sol. There will be no change in linear momentum, but the K.E.
metre race.
will increase. This is because chemical potential energy of
the explosive in the shot in converted into K.E. Example - 9
Example - 5 Work done by external forces is always equal to the gain in
A man rowing a boat upstream is at rest with respect to kinetic energy. Is it always true ?
shore.
Sol. Yes. This is the universal work-energy theorem.
(a) Is the doing any work ?
Example - 10
(b) If the stops rowing and moves down with the stream,
is any work being done on him ? A body is moving at constant speed over a frictionless
surface. What is the work done by the weight ?
Sol. (a) No work is being done by the net force because
displacement of boat relative to the shore is zero. Sol. work done by the weight is zero, since the force and the
displacement are at right angles to each other.
(b) When he stops rowing, force of water flow will produce
displacement with respect to the shore. Therefore, work Example - 11
is done by force of flowing water. KE of the person will Assume that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a
increase. perfectly circular orbit. Does the Sun do any work on the
Example - 6 Earth ?
(a) Can kinetic energy of a system be changed without Sol. While the force is along the radius, the displacement is a
changing its momentum ? along the tangent. Since radius and tangent are
(b) Can momentum of a system be changed without perpendicular, therefore, E and S are also perpenedicular.
changing its kinetic energy ? Consequently, work done is zero.
Example - 12 Net work done on block = work done by T + work done by

mg
Will water at the foot of the waterfall be at a different
temperature from that at the top ? If yes, explain. = 147.5 + (–122.5) = 25 J
The answer is A  R, B  Q, C  S.
Sol. When water reaches the ground, its gravitational potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy which is further Example - 15
converted into heat energy. This raises the temperature of
A pump is required to lift 1000 kg of water per minute from
water. So, water at the foot of the waterfall is at a higher
a well 20 m deep and eject it at a rate of 20 m/s.
temperature as compared to the temperature of water at the
top of the waterfall. (a) How much work is done in lifting water ?
(b) How much work is done in giving it a KE ?
Example - 13
(c) What HP (horse power) engine is required for the
“Chemical, gravitational and nuclear energies are nothing purpose of lifting water ?
but potential energies for different types of force in
nature.” Explain the statement clearly with examples. Sol. (a) Work done in lifting water = gain in PE (potential
Sol. A system has potential energy, when various objects are energy)
held at certain distance against some force, by virtue of (b) Work = 1000 × g × 20 = 1.96 × 105 J per minute
their position or configuration. Chemical potential energy Work done (per minute) in giving it KE = 1/2 mv2
results from the chemical bonding of atoms, gravitational = 1/2 (1000) (20)2 = 2 × 105 J per minute
potential results when objects are held at some distance
(c) Power of the engine = work done per secon
against gravitational force while nuclear energy arises from
the nuclear force between the nucleous. = 1/60 (1.96 + 2) 105 J = 6.6 × 103 W (watts)
Since 1 HP = 746 W, HP required = 8.85
Example - 14
Example - 16
A block of mass 5 kg is being raised vertically upwards by
the help of a string attached to it. It rises with an (Car on a level curve) A flat on a highway has a radius of
acceleration of 2 m/s2. The block rises by 2.5 m. Match the 100 m and a car goes around this curve with a constant
correct choices : velocity. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.2, what
Column-I Column-II should be the maximum speed of the car to prevent
sliding ?
(A) Work done by gravity (P) 122.55
(B) Work done by tension (Q) 147.55 Sol. Let v be the maximum speed of the car. When the car goes
(C) Net work done on the block (R) –122.55 around a curve, it has a tendency to skid sideways i.e.
(S) 25 J away from the centre of the curve. Due to this tendency,
static friction acts towards the centre and provides the
Sol. Let us first calculate the tension. centripetal force necessary to go around the curve.
From force diagram : The force of static friction has a maximum value of sR.
T – mg = 5 a T = 5 (9.8 + 2) = 59 N. This corresponds to maximum speed of the car.
As the T and displacement S are in same direction

R
(upwards), work done by the tension T is :
m a
mg
mg
From force diagram :
W = T s = 59 (2.5) = 147.5 J sR = mv2/r
Work done by the gravity = – mgs = – 5 (9.8) (2.5)
smg = mv2/r  v   s rg  14 m / s
= – 122.5 J
Example - 17 Example - 18
(Car on a banked Curve) A highway curve of radius r is to A ball of mass 100 gm is projected vertically upwards from
be banked so that a car travelling at speed v will have no the ground with a velocity of 49 m/s. At the same time
tendency to skid sideways. At what angle should it be another identical ball is dropped from a height of 98 m to
banked ? fall freely along the same path as that followed by the first
ball. After some time, two balls collide and stick together
Sol. When a car goes on a level curve, the centripetal force and finally fall to the ground. Find the time of flight of
required for motion along the arc must be provided by the balls.
force of friction. This causes a great wear and tear on the
tyres. To reduce this strain on the tyres and not have to rely
Sol. Let t be the time after which the balls collide.
upon friction, the curves on the roads are banked as shown.
The positions of the balls at time t (taking origin at the
ground) are :
B
1
x1  49 t  gt 2
2
A 1
x 2  98  gt 2
2
x1 = x2
AB = width of road. The figure shows back view of the car
taking a turn towards left. 1 1
 49 t  gt 2  98  gt 2  t  2 s
Due to banking, the normal reaction between car and the 2 2
road is not vertical now and has two components :
Velocities of balls before collision :
(i) N cos  : (vertical)
v1 = 49 – gt = 29.4 m/s
(ii) N sin  : (horizontal) towards the centre of the curve.
v2 = 0 – gt = – 19.6 m/s.
N cos  : mg ... (i)
Velocities of balls after collision :
Using momentum conservation, we have :
B mv1 + mv2 = 2mv
v1  v 2 29.4  19.6
 v   4.9 m / s
2 2
mg
A
Height of the point of collision :
1 2
x1 = x2 = 98 – gt = 98 – 19.6 = 78.4 m
N sin  provides the necessary centripetal force and hence 2
friction is not required.
Time interval after collision :
2
mv Let T = time taken by balls after collision to reach ground.
N sin   ... (iii)
r
1 2
2
 S  ut  at
v 2
From (i) and (ii), we get : tan  
rg  – 78.4 = 4.9 T – 1/2 gT2
 T = 4.53 s
 v2 
1
   tan    Time of flight = t + T = 2 + 4.53 = 6.53 s.
 rg 
An object of mass 5 kg falls from rest through a vertical A small mass m starts from rest and slides down the smooth
distance of 20 m and attaches a velocity of 10 m/s. How spherical surface of R. Assume zero potential energy at
much work is done by the resistance of the air on the the top. Find :
object ? (g = 10 m/s2) (a) the change in potential energy
(b) the kinetic energy
Sol. Applying work-energy theorem,
(c) the speed of the mass as a function of the angle 
work done by all the force = change in kinetic energy made by the radius through the mass with the vertical.
1
or Wmg + Wair = mv2 Sol. In the figure h = R (1 – cos )
2
1
 Wair  mv 2  Wmg
2
1
 mv 2  mgh
2
1 2
  5  10    5  10    20 
2 (a) As the mass comes down, potential energy will decrease.
= – 750 J Hence,
Example - 20 U = – mg = – mgR (1 – cos )
A rod of length 1.0 m and mass 0.5 kg fixed at one end is (b) Magnitude of decrease in potential energy = increase in
initially hanging, vertical. The other end is now raised kinetic energy
until it makes an angle 60° with the vertical. How much  Kinetic energy = mgh
work is required ?
= mgR (1 – cos )
Sol. For increase in gravitational potential energy of a rod we

1
see the centre of the rod. (c) mv2  mgR 1  cos  
2
 v  2gR 1  cos  
Example - 22
A smooth narrow tube in the form of an arc AB of a circle

of centre O and radius r is fixed so that A is vertically
W = change in potential energy
above O and OB is horizontal. Particles P of mass m and Q

 mg 1  cos    r 
2 of mass 2 m with a light inextensible string of length  
 2 
Substituting the values, we have
connecting them are placed inside the tube with P at A and
 1.0  Q at B and released from rest. Assuming the string remains
W   0.5  9.8    1  cos 60  taut during motion, find the speed of particles when P
 2 
reaches B.
= 1.225 J
5 3 3
and h   sin 37  d  d
4 5 4
Now taking point B as reference level and applying law of

conservation of mechanical energy between A and B,
EA = EB
1 1
or mgh  ky 2  mv 2 [as for B, h = 0 and y = 0]
2 2
Sol. All surface are smooth. Therefore, mechanical energy of
2
the system will remain conserved. 3 1 d 1
or mgd  k    mv 2
4 2 4 2
 Decrease in PE of both the block
= increase in KE of both the blocks
3 1
[as for A, h = d and y = d]
r 1 4 4
 (mgr) + (2mg)     m  2m  v2
 2 2
3g k
or vd 
2d 16 m
2
or v 1    gr
3
Example - 24
Example - 23
The system is released from rest with the string initially
One end of a light spring of natural length d and spring stretched 75 mm. Calculate the velocity v of the block after
constant k is fixed on a rigid wall and the other is attached it has dropped 12 mm. The spring has a stiffness of 1050
to a smooth ring of mass m which can slide without friction N/m. Neglect the mass of the small pulley.
on a vertical rod fixed at a distance d from the wall. Initially
the spring makes an angle of 37° with the horizontal as
shown in figure. When the system is released from rest,
find the speed ofthe ring when the spring becomes
horizontal [sin 37° = 3/5]
Sol. When the block descends 12 mm, spring will further stretch
24 mm.
 Decrease in PE of block = increase in kinetic energy of
block + increase in elastic potential energy of spring.
Hence,
Sol. If l is the stretched length of the spring, then from figure 1
 45 × 9.8 × 0.012 = × 45 × v2
2
d 4 5
 cos 37  , i.e.,   d
 5 4
1
+ × 1050 [(0.075 + 0.024)2 – (0.075)2]
2
5 d
so the stretch y    d  dd
4 4  v = 0.371 m/s
Example - 25 (a) Potential energy at x = 5.0 m is

A single conservative force F (x) acts on a 1.0 kg particle U = 20 + ((5 –2)2 = 29 J
that moves along the x–axis. The potential energy U (x) is Mechanical energy

given by :
E = K + U = 20 + 29 = 49 J
U (x) = 20 + (x – 2)2
(b) At x = 10 m ,U = 84 J at x = – 10m,
where x is in meters. At x = 5.0 m the particle has a kinetic
energy of 20 J. U = 164 J and at x = 2m, U = minimum = 20 J
(a) What is the mechanical energy of the system ? (c) and (d)
(b) Make a plot of U (x) as a function of x for –10 m < x < 10m, Particle will move between the points where its kinetic
and on the same graph draw the line that represents energy becomes zero or its potential energy is equal to its
the mechanical energy of the sytem. mechanical energy.
Use part (b) to determine Thus, 49 = 20 + (x – 2)2
(c) The least value of x, and or (x – 2)2 = 29
(d) The greatest value of x between which the particle can
or x  2   29  5.38 m
move
(e) The maximum kinetic energy of the particle, and  x = 7.38 m and –3.38 m
(f) The value of x at which it occurs. or the particle will move betwen x = – 3.38 m and x = 7.38 m.
(g) Determine the equation for F (x) as a function of x. (e) and (f) :
(h) For what (finite) value of x does F (x) = 0 ? Maximum kinetic energy is at x = 2m, where the potential
energy is minimum and this maximum kinetic energy is,
Kmax = E – Umin = 49 – 20 = 29 J
dU
(g) F  2  x  2    2  x 
dx
Sol. (h) F (x) = 0, at x = 2.0 m

where potential energy is minimum (the position of stable
equilibrium).
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Work done by Constant force Work done bye Variable Force
2
5. A ball of mass 5 kg experiences a force F = 2 x + x. Work
1.  
A force of 10 î  3 ˆj  6 kˆ N acts on a body of 5 kg and
done in displacing the ball by 2 m is
(a) 22/3 J (b) 44/3 J
   
displaces it from A 6 î  5 ˆj  3kˆ m to B 10 î  2 ˆj  7 kˆ m .
(c) 32/3 J (d) 16/3 J
The work done is
6. The relationship between force and position is shown in
(a) zero (b) 121 J figure (in one dimensional case). The work done by the
(c) 100 J (d) 221 J force in displacing a body from x = 1 cm to x = 5 cm is :
2. A body is under the action of two equal and opposite forces,
each of 3 N. The body is displaced by 2m. The work done is :
(a) + 6 J (b) – 6 J
(c) 0 (d) none of the above
3. A particle is moved from (0, 0) to (a, a) under a force

F  (3i  4j) from two paths. Path 1 is OP and path 2 is OQP..
Let W1 and W2 be the work done by this force in these two
paths. Then : (a) 20 erg (b) 60 erg
(c) 70 erg (d) 700 erg
y
P (a, a) 7. A particle of mass 0.l kg is subjected to a force which varies
with distance as shown in figure. If it starts its journey from
rest at x = 0, its velocity at x = 12 m is
45° x
O Q
(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2 10

F
(c) W2 = 2W1 (d) W2 = 4W1
(N)
4. The net work done by the tension in the figure when the
bigger block of mass M touches the ground is :
0 4 8 12
x (m)
(a) 0 m/s (b) 40 m/s
(c) 20 2 m / s (d) 20 m/s

8. Under the action of a force, a 2 kg body moves such that its
t3
position x as a function of time t is given by x = , where x
3
is in metre and t in second. The work done by the force in
the first two seconds is :
(a) + Mgd (b) – (M + m)gd (a) 1600 J (b) 160 J
(c) – mgd (d) zero (c) 16 J (d) 1.6 J
9. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 m under (a) 36 J (b) 64 J

2
the influence of a force given by F = 7 – 2x + 3x . Work done (c) 100 J (d) 120 J
in the process is :

(a) 70 (b) 270  
17. The work done by a force F  6x 3 î N is displacing a particle
(c) 35 (d) 135
from x = 4 m to x = –2 m is
10. A particle moves under a force F = CX from X = 0 to X = X1.
The work done is : (a) – 240 J
(b) 360 J
CX12
(a) CX12 (b) (c) 420 J
2
(d) will depend upon the path
(c) 0 (d) CX13
Conservative and Non-conservative forces
11. A particle of mass 0.5 kg is displaced from position
  18. A body of mass 500 g is taken up an inlclined plane of
r1 (2, 3, 1) to r2 (4, 3, 2) by applying a force of magnitude
length 10 m and height 5 m, and then released to slide down
 
30 N which is acting along î  ˆj  k̂ . The work done by to the bottom. The coefficient of friction between the body
the force is and the plane is 0.1. What is the amount of work done by
friction in the round trip ?
(a) 10 3 J (b) 30 3 J
(a) 5 J (b) 15 J
(c) 30 J (d) none of these
12. A box is dragged across a floor by a rope which makes an 5
angle of 45° with the horizontal. The tension in the rope is (c) 5 3 J (d) J
3
100 N while the box is dragged 10 m. The work done is :
(a) 607.1 J (b) 707.1 J 19. A particle is moving in a conservative force field from point
(c) 1414.2 J (d) 900 J A to point B.UA and UB are the potential energies of the
13. A horizonal force F pulls a 10 kg carton across the floor at particle at point A and B and WC is the work done by
a constant speed. If the coefficient of sliding friction
conservative forces in the process of taking the particle
between carton and floor is 0.50, the work done by F in
moving the carton through 5 m is : from A and B :
(a) 196 J (b) 210.5 J (a) WC = UB – UA (b) WC = UA – UB
(c) 245 J (d) 254 J (c) UA > UB (d) UB > UA
14. What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of mass
20. An object of mass m is allowed to fall from rest along a
20 gm and speed 250 m/sec as it penetrates wood to a
distance of 12 cm : rough inclined plane. The speed of the object on reaching
the bottom of the plane is proportional to
(a) 3.4 × 103 newton
(b) 5.2 × 103 newton (a) m° (b) m
(c) 4.0 × 103 newton (c) m2 (d) m–1
(d) 3.6 × 103 newton
21. Work done by the conservative forces on a system is
15. How much work must be done by a force on 50 kg body in
equal to
order to accelerate it from rest to 20 m/s in 10 s ?
(a) 103 J (b) 104 J (a) the change in kinetic energy of the system
(c) 2 × 103 J (d) 4 × 104 J (b) negative of the change in potential energy of the system
16. The displacement of a body of mass 2 kg varies with time
(c) the change in total mechanical energy of the system
t as s = t2 + 2t , where s is in meters and t is in seconds. The
work done by all the forces acting on the body during the (d) none of these
time interval t = 2s to t = 4 s is
Gravitational Potential Energy 28. A man has a box of weight 10 kg. The energy of the box,
22. If we shift a body in equilibrium from A to C in a gravitational when the man runs with a constant velocity of 2 m/sec along
field via path AC or ABC with the box behind the bus, is :
(a) 10 joule (b) 30 joule
(c) 20 joule (d) 2 joule
29. What is the shape of the graph between the speed and
kinetic energy of a body ?
(a) straight line (b) hyperbola
(c) parabola (d) exponential
 30. If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, then kinetic

(a) the work done by the force F for both paths will be same energy will be increased by :
(b) WAC > WABC (a) 50% (b) 100%
(c) WAC < WABC (c) 125 % (d) 25%
(d) None of the above 31. A running man has half the KE that a boy of half his mass
–1
Potential Energy has. The man speeds up by 1ms and then has the same KE
–1
23. A meter stick of mass 400 g is pivoted at one end and as that of boy. The original speeds of man and boy in ms
are :
displaced through an angle 60°. The increases in its potential
energy is : (a) ( 2  1), ( 2 1) (b) ( 2 1), 2( 2  1)
(a) 1 J (b) 10 J
(c) 2, 2 (d) ( 2 1), 2( 2 1)
(c) 100 J (d) 1000 J
Spring (Questions of Spring)
24. A man weighing 60 kg lifts a body of mass 15 kg to the top
of a building 10 m high in 3 minutes. His efficiency is 32. A spring of spring constant 8 N/cm has an extension of 5
cm. The minimum work done in joule in increasing the
(a) 20% (b) 10%
extention from 5 cm to 15 cm is
(c) 30% (d) 40% (a) 16 J (b) 8 J
Kinetic Energy (c) 4 J (d) 32 J
25. The P.E. and KE of a helicopter flying horizontally at a height 33. A spring of spring constant 1000 N/m is compressed through
400 m are in the ratio 5 : 2. The velocity of helicopter is 5 cm and is used to push a metal ball of mass 0.1 kg. The
velocity with which the metal ball moves is
(a) 28 m/s (b) 14 m/s
(a) 5 m/s (b) 7.5 m/s
(c) 56 m/s (d) 30 m/s
(c) 10 m/s (d) 2.5 m/s

 
26. A 120 g mass has a verlocity v  2 î  5jˆ ms 1 at a certain 34. The potential energy of a certain spring when stretched
through a distance ‘S’ is 10 joule. The amount of work (in
instant. K.E. of the body at that instant is
joule) that must be done on this spring to stretch it through
(a) 3.0 J (b) 1.74 J an additional distance ‘S’ will be :
(c) 4.48 J (d) 5.84 J (a) 30 (b) 40
27. A body is moving under the action of a force. Suddenly, (c) 10 (d) 20
force is increased to such an extent that its kinetic energy is 35. A block of mass 4 kg falls from a height of 3 m on a spring of
increased by 100%. The momentum increases by : force constant l500 N/m. Calculate maximum compression
(a) 100 % (b) 60 % of spring (g = 9.8 N/kg)
(c) 40 % (d) 20 % (a) 1.35 m (b) 0.686 m

(c) 0.735 m (d) 0.676 m
36. A toy gun uses a spring of very large value of force constant 41. On changing the length of a spring by 0.1 m there is a
k. When charged before triggered in the upward direction, change of 5 J in its potential energy. The force constant of
the spring is compressed by a small distance x. If mass of the spring is :
shot is m, on being triggered it will go upto a height of :
(a) 80 Nm–1 (b) 10.0 Nm–1
2 2
kx x (c) 90 Nm–1 (d) 1000 N.m–1
(a) (b)
mg kmg
42. An elastic string of unstretched length L and force constant
k is stretched by a small length x. It is further stretched by
kx 2 (kx) 2
(c) (d) another small length y. The work done in the second
2mg mg
stretching is
37. A body is attached to the lower end of a vertical spiral spring
1 2 1
and it is gradually lowered to its equilibrium position. This
stretches the spring by a length d. If the same body attached
(a)
2
ky (b)
2

k x 2  y2 
to the same spring is allowed to fall suddenly, what would
be the maximum stretching in this case ? 1 1
(c) ky 2x  y  (d) k x  y 2
(a) d (b) 2d 2 2
For General body (Involves internal and external work)

1
(c) 3d (d) d
2 43. A block of mass 0.5 kg has an initial velocity of 10 m/s down
an inclined plane 30°, the coefficient of friction between the
38. The force required to stretch a spring varies with the
block and the inclined surface is 0.2. The velocity of the
distance as shown in the figure. If the experiment is performed
with the above spring of half the length, the line OA will : block after it travels a distance of 10 m figure is
(a) shift towards F–axis

(b) shift towards X–axis (a)17 m/s (b) 13 m/s
(c) remain as it is (c) 24 m/s (d) 8 m/s
(d) become double in length 44. A truck weighing 1000 kg changes its speed from 36 km/h to
39. Two springs have their force constants K1 and K2. Both 72 km/h in 2 minutes. Thus the work done by the engine on
are stretched till their elastic energies are equal. Then, the truck is :
5 5
ratio of stretching forces F1/F2 is equal to : (a) 2.5 × 10 J (b) 3.5 × 10 J
(a) K1/K2 (b) K2 : K1 5
(c) 1.5 × 10 J
5
(d) 5.5 × 10 J
(c) K1 : K 2 (d) K 22 : K 22 45. The work done in time t on a body of mass m which is
accelerated from rest to a speed v in time t1 as a function of
40. A sphere of mass 2 kg is moving on a frictionless time t is given by :
horizontal table with velocity . It strikes with a spring
(force constant = 1 N/m) and compresses it by 4 m. The 1 v 2 v 2
(a) 2 m t t (b) m t t
velocity () of the sphere is : 1 1
2
(a) 4 m/s (b) 2 2 m/s 1 mv 2 1 v2 2
(c)   t (d) m t
2  t1  2 t12
(c) 2 m/s (d) 2 m/s
46. A coconut of mass 1.0 kg falls to earth from a height of 10 m.

The kinetic energy of the coconut, when it is 4 m above A
ground is :
B
(a) 0.588 joule (b) 58.8 joule
(a) 6 m/s (b) 1 m/s
(c) 5.88 joule (d) 588 joule
(c) 2 m/s (d) 8 m/s
47. Calculate the K.E. and P.E. of the ball half way up, when a
55. A body of mass m was slowly pulled up the hill by a force F
ball of mass 0.1 kg is thrown vertically upwards with an
–1
which at each point was directed along the tangent of the
initial speed of 20 m/s . trajectory. All surfaces are smooth. Find the work performed
(a) 10 J, 20 J (b) 10 J, 10 J by this force :
(c) 15 J, 8 J (d) 8 J, 16 J.
48. If a body of mass 3 kg is droped from top of a tower of
height 250 m, then its kinetic energy after 3 sec. will be F h
(a) 1126 J (b) 1048 J m
(c) 735 J (d) 1296.5 J
49. A body of mass 2 kg moves down the quadrant of a circle of (a) mg (b) – mg
radius 4 m. The velocity on reaching the lowest point is 8 m/s. (c) mgh (d) zero
What is work done against friction ? 56. A particle at rest on a frictionless table is acted upon by a
(a) 14.4 J (b) 28.8 J horizontal force which is constant in magnitude and
(c) 64 J (d) Zero direction. A graph is plotted of the work done on the particle
W, against the speed of the particle v. If there are no frictional
50. The KE of a 500 gram stone is 100 J. Against a force of 50 N, forces acting on the particle, the graph will look like :
how long will it travel ?
(a) 0.2 s (b) 0.1 s
W
(c) 0.3 s (d) 0.4 s W
(a) (b)
51. What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of mass 20 gm
and speed 250 m/sec as it penetrates wood to a distance of v v
12 cm :
3 3
(a) 3.4 × 10 newton (b) 5.2 × 10 newton
W W
3 3
(c) 4.0 × 10 newton (d) 3.6 × 10 newton (c) (d)
52. If water falls from a dam into a turbine wheel 19.6 m below, v v
2
then velocity of water at turbine, is (Take g = 9.8 m/s )
57. A mass M is lowered with the help of a string by a distance
(a) 9.8 m/s (b) 19.6 m/s
g
(c) 39.2 m/s (d) 98.0 m/s x at a constant acceleration . The magnitude of work done
2
53. Three particles A, B and C are projected from the top of a by the string will be :
tower with the same speed. A is thrown straight upwards B
1 2
straight down and C horizontally. They hit the ground with (a) Mgx (b) Mgx
2
speeds vA, vB and vC, then which of the following is correct:
(a) vA = vB > vC (b) vA = vB = vC 1 2
(c) Mgx (d) Mgx
2
(c) vA > vB = vC (d) vB > vC > vA
58. The work done by pseudo forces is
54. A pendulum of length 2 m left at A. When it reaches B, it
looses 10% of its total energy due to air resistance. The (a) positive (b) negative
velocity at B is : (c) zero (d) all of these
59. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface by

H 2gH H gH
applying a force at an angle  with the horizontal. If the (a) , (b) , 2
3 3 3 3
block travels with a uniform velocity and has a displacement
d and the coefficient of friction is , then the work done by
2H 2 gH H
the applied force is (c) , (d) , 2 gH
3 3 3
64. A body of mass 2 kg is moved from a point A to a point B

by an external agent in a conservative force field. If the
velocity of the body at the points A and B are 5 m/s and
3 m/s respectively and the work done by the exteranl agent
is –10 J, then the change in potential energy between
mgd mgd cos 
(a) cos    sin  (b) cos    sin  points A and B is
(a) 6 J (b) 36 J
mgd sin  mgd cos  (c) 16 J (d) none of these

(c) cos    sin  (d) cos    sin 
65. An object moving horizontally with kinetic energy of 800 J
experiences a constant opposing force of 100 N while
For Rigid Body (Involves only external work)
moving from a to b (where ab = 2m). The energy of particle
60. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a smooth at b is :
table and one third of its length is hanging vertically down
(a) 700 J (b) 400 J
over the edge of the table. If g is acc. due to gravity, work
required to pull the hanging part on to the table is (c) 600 J (d) 300 J
(a) MgL (b) Mg L/3 66. A block of mass 0.5 kg has an initial velocity of 10 m/s.
down an inclined plane of angle 30°, the coefficient of friction
(c) Mg L/9 (d) Mg L/18 between the block and the inclined surface is 0.2. The velocity
61. A rod of mass m and length  is lying on a horizontal table. of the block after it travels a distance of 10 m is:
Work done in making it stand on one end will be : (a) 17 m/s (b) 13 m/s
mg (c) 24 m/s (d) 8 m/s
(a) mg (b)
2 67. A body is falling with velocity 1 m/s at a height 3 m from
the ground. The speed at height 2 m from the ground will
mg be :
(c) (d) 2 mg
4
(a) 4.54 m/s (b) 1 m/s
62. A particle is released from the top of two inclined rough (c) 6 m/s (d) 5.32 m/s
surfaces of height ‘h’ each. The angle of inclination of the
68. A car covers a distance of 10 km along an inclined plane
two planes are 30° and 60° respectively. All other factors under the action of a horizontal force of 5 N. The work
(e.g. coefficient of friction, mass of block etc.) are same in done on car is 25 kJ. The inclination of the plane to horizontal
both the cases. Let K1 and K2 be kinetic energies of the is :
particle at the bottom of the plane in two cases. Then (a) 0° (b) 30°
(a) K1 = K2 (b) K1 > K2 (c) 60° (d) 90°
(c) K1 < K2 (d) data insufficient 69. A block is moved from rest through a distance of 4 m
along a st. line path. The mass of the block is 5 kg and the
63. A particle is released from a height H. At certain height its force acting on it is 20 N. If K.E. acquired by the block be
kinetic energy is two times its potential energy. Height 40 J, at what angle to the path is the force acting ?
and speed of particle at that instant are (a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 45° (d) 0°
70. A particle moves on a rough horizontal ground with some 74. A grinding machine whose wheel has radius 1/ metre runs
3 at 2.5 rps, when a tool to be sharpened is held against the
initial velocity 0. If th of its K.E. is lost in friction in wheel with a force of 40 N. If the coefficient of friction between
4
the tool and the wheel is 0.2, power developed is
time t0, the coefficient of friction between the particle and
the ground is (a) 4 W (b) 8 W
v0 v0 (c) 20 W (d) 40 W
(a) 2 gt (b) 4 gt
0 0 75. A train of mass 100 ton is moving up an incline of 1 in 100 at
3 v0 v0 a constant speed of 36 km ph. If the friction per ton is 100 N,
(c) 4 gt (d) gt then power of the engine is
0 0
(a) 198 kW (b) 96 kW
71. If v be the instantaneous velocity of the body dropped from
the top of a tower, when it is located at height h, then which (c) 298 kW (d) 398 kW
of the following remains constant ? 76. The power of a water pump is 2 kW. If g = 10 m/s , the
2
2 v2 amount of water is can raise in one minute to a height of 10

(a) gh + v (b) gh + m is
2
(a) 2000 litre (b) 1000 litre
v2 2
(c) gh – (d) gh – v (c) 100 litre (d) 1200 litre
2
Constant and Variable Power 77. A man is riding on a cycle with velocity 7.2 km/hr up a hill
72. A pump of 200 W power is lifting 2 kg water from an average having a slope 1 in 20. Total mass of the man and cycle is
depth of 10 m per second. Velocity of water delivered by the 100 kg. The power of man is :
2
pump is (g = 9.8 m/s ) (a) 98 W (b) 49 W
(a) 3 m/s (b) 2 m/s (c) 196 W (d) 147 W
(c) 4 m/s (d) 1 m/s Constant and Variable Power
2
73. A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute, with a velocity 78. Power applied to a particle varies with time as P = (3t – 2t + 1)W,
of 600 m/s. If the power of the gun is 5.4 kW, mass of each where t is in second. Find the change in its kinetic energy
bullet is between time t = 2s and t = 4s.
(a) 5 kg (b) 0.5 kg (a) 32 J (b) 46 J
(c) 5 g (d) 0.5 g (c) 61 J (d) 102 J
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. A spring of force constant 800 N/m has an extension of
mv 2 mv 2 2
5 cm. The work done in extending it from 5 cm to 15 cm is (a) 2 t (b) t
T T2
(2002)
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J 1 mv 2 1 mv2 2
(c) t (d) t
(c) 32 J (d) 24 J 2 T2 2 T2
3
2. A spring of spring constant 5 × 10 N/m is stretched initially 9. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a hill
by 5 cm from the unstreched position. Then the work required of height 100 m. It rools down a smooth surface to the
to stretch it further by another 5 cm is (2003) ground, then climbs up another hill of height 30 cm and
finally rolls down to a horizontal base at a height of 20 m
(a) 12.50 N-m (b) 18.75 N-m
above the ground. The velocity attained by the ball is
(c) 25.00 N-m (d) 6.25N-m (2005)
3. A body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering (a) 40 m/s (b) 20 m/s
a constant power. The distance moved by the body in time
t is proportional to (2003) (c) 10 m/s (d) 10 30 m / s
3/4 3/2
(a) t (b) t 10. The block of mass M moving on the frictionless horizontal
1/4 1/2
(c) t (d) t surface collides with the spring of spring constant k and
compresses it by length L. The maximum momentum of the
4. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation
proportional to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic energy block after collision is (2005)
for any displacement x is proportional to (2004) M
2 x
(a) x (b) e
(c) x (d) loge x
5. A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a table such that a kL2
length of 60 cm hangs freely from the edge of the table. The (a) Mk L (b)
2M
total mass of the chain is 4 kg. What is the work done in
pulling the entire chain on the table ? (2004) ML2
(a) 7.2 J (b) 3.6 J (c) zero (d)
k
(c) 120 J (d) 1200 J 11. The potential energy of a 1 kg particle free to move along
 the x–axis is given by
6.  
A force F  5iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ N is applied over a particle which
  x4 x2 
 
displaces it from its origin to the point r  2iˆ  ˆj m. The V x     J
 4 2 
work done on the particle in joules is (2004)
The total mechanical energy of the particle is 2 J. Then, the
(a) –7 (b) +7 –1
maximum speed (in ms ) is (2006)
(c) +10 (d) +13
3
7. A bullet fired into a fixed target loses half of its velocity after (a) (b) 2
2
penetrating 3 cm. How much further it will penetrate before
coming to rest, assuming that it faces constant resistance 1
(c) (d) 2
to motion ? (2005) 2
(a) 3.0 cm (b) 2.0 cm 12. A bomb of mass 16 kg at rest explodes into two pieces of
(c) 1.5 cm (d) 1.0 cm masses 4 kg and 12 kg. The velocity of the 12 kg mass is
–1
4 ms . The kinetic energy of the other mass is (2006)
8. Abody of mass m is accelerated uniformly from rest to a
speed v in a time T. The instantaneous power delivered to (a) 144 J (b) 288 J
the body as a function of time, is given by (2005) (c) 192 J (d) 96 J
13. A 2 kg block slides on a horizontal floor with a speed of 4 m/s. 17. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass
It strikes a uncompressed spring, and compresses it till the of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times. Assume that the
block is motionless. The kinetic friction force is 15 N and spring potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is
constant is 10000 N/m. The spring compresses by (2007) dissipated. How much fat will he use up considering the
work done only when the weight is lifted up ? Fat supplies
(a) 5.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm
3.8 × 10 7 J of energy per kg which is converted to
(c) 11.0 cm (d) 8.5 cm mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.
14. At time t = 0 s particle starts moving along the x–axis. If its
Take g = 9.8 ms–2 : (2016)
kinetic energy increases uniformly with time t, the net force
acting on it must be proportional to (2011) (a) 6.45 × 10–3 kg
(a) t (b) constant (b) 9.89 × 10–3 kg
(c) t (d) 1/ t (c) 12.89 × 10–3 kg
15. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts (d) 2.45 × 10–3 kg
a restoring force of magnitude F = ax + bx2 where a and b 18. A point particle of mass m, moves along the uniformly
are constants. The work done in stretching the
rough track PQR as shown in the figure. The coefficient of
unstretched rubber-band by L is : (2014)
friction, between the particle and the rough track equals
1 aL2 bL3 . The particle is released from rest, from the point P and it
(a)
2

aL2  bL3  (b)
2

3 comes to rest at a point R. The energies, lost by ball over
the parts, PQ and QR, of the track, are equal to each other,
1  aL2 bL3  and no energy is lost when particle changes direction from
(c) 2  2  3  (d) aL2 + bL3 PQ to QR.
 
The values of the coefficient of friction  and the distance
16. For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between its
x (=QR), are, respectively close to : (2016)
kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) against its
displacement d. Which one of the following represents
these correctly ?
(graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale) (2015)
(a)
(a) 0.2 and 3.5 m

(b) 0.29 and 3.5 m
(b) (c) 0.29 and 6.5 m

(d) 0.2 and 6.5 m
19. A body of mass m = 10-2 kg is moving in a medium and
experiences a frictional force F = -kv2. Its initial speed is v0
(c)
1 2
= 10 ms-1. If, after 10 s, its energy is mv0 , the value of k
8
will be : (2017)
(a) 10-3kg m-1 (b) 10-3 kg s-1
(d)
(c) 10-4 kg m-1 (d) 10-1 kg m-1 s-1
20. A time dependent force F = 6t acts on a particle of mass 1 26. A small ball of mass m starts at a point A with speed 0 and
kg. If the particle starts from rest, the work done by the moves along a frictionless track AB as shown. The track
force during the first 1 second will be : (2017) BC has coefficient of friction . The ball comes to stop at
C after travelling a distance L which is:
(a) 4.5 J (b) 22 J (2014 Online Set-3)
(c) 9 J (d) 18 J
21. A time dependent force F = 6t acts on a particle of mass 1
kg. If the particle starts from rest, the work done by the
force during the first 1 sec. will be : (2017)
(a) 18 J (b) 4.5 J
(c) 22 J (d) 9 J
22. A body of mass m = 10–2 kg is moving in a medium and
experiences a frictional force F = –kv2. Its initial speed is h  02 h  02
(a) 2  g (b) 2  2g
1 2
v0 = 10 ms–1. If, after 10s, its energy is mv0 , the value of
8
h  02 2h 0 2
k will be : (2017) (c)   2g (d)   2g
(a) 10–1 kg m–1 s–1 (b) 10–3 kg m–1 27. A car of weight W is on an inclined road that rises by 100
(c) 10–3 kg s–1 (d) 10–4 kg m–1 m over a distance of 1 km and applies a constant frictional
23. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius a under the W
force on the car. While moving uphill on the road at a
20
action of an attractive potential U   k . Its total energy
2r 2 speed of 10 ms–1, the car needs power P. If it needs power
is : (2018) P
while moving downhill at speed v then value of v is :
2
3 k
(a) zero (b) 0 2 2 (2016 Online Set-1)
a
(a) 20 ms–1 (b) 15 ms–1
k k (c) 10 ms–1 (d) 5 ms–1
(c) 0 2 (d) 2
4a 2a
28. Velocity-time graph for a body of mass 10 kg is shown in
24. A spring of unstretched length l has a mass m with one figure. Work-done on the body in first two seconds of the
end fixed to a rigid support. Assuming spring to be made
motion is : (2016 Online Set-2)
of a uniform wire, the kinetic energy possessed by it if its
free end is pulled with uniform velocity  is:
(2014 Online Set-2)
1 1
(a) m2 (b) m2
3 6
1 2
(c) m (d) m2
2
25. A body of mass 5 kg under the action of constant force
  (a) 12000 J (b) –12000 J
F  Fx i  Fy j has velocity at t = 0s as v  6i  2j m/s
  (c) –4500 J (d) –9300 J
  29. An object is dropped from a height h from the ground.
and at t = 10s as v  6j m/s. The force F is:
Every time it hits the ground it looses 50% of its kinetic
(2014 Online Set-3) energy. The total distance covered as t   is :
 3 4  (2017 Online Set-1)
(a) 3i  4j N
  (b)   i  j  N (a) 2h (b) 
 5 5 
 3 4  5 8
(d) 3i  4j N
h h
(c)  i  j  N
5 5 
  (c)
3
(d)
3
30. A body of mass m starts moving from rest along x-axis so 31. Two particles of the same mass m are moving in circular
that its velocity varies as  = a s where a is a constant 16 3
orbits because of force, given by F  r  = r
and s is the distance covered by the body. The total work r
done by all the forces acting on the body in the first t The first particle is at a distance r =1, and the second, at r
seconds after the start of the motion is : =4. The best estimate for the ratio of kinetic energies of
(2018 Online Set-3) the first and the second particle is closest to :
(2018 Online Set-3)
1 4 2
(a) m a t 4 2
(b) 8 m a t
8 (a) 6×10-2 (b) 3×10-3
1
m a4t2 (c) 10-1 (d) 6×102
(c) 4 m a 4 t 2 (d)
4
EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Work done by Constant Force 280 140

(a) (b)
1. Forces acting on a particle is 2i  3j N. Work done by this
  5 5
force is zero, when a particle is moved on the line 3y + kx = 5. 232 192

(c) (d)
Here, value of k is : 5 5
(a) 2 (b) 4 6. If a person is pushing a box inside a moving train, the work
(c) 6 (d) 8 done in the frame of the earth will be :
2. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined surface
   
(a) F.s0 (b) F.s
of inclination  fixed in an elevator. The elevator goes up
with a uniform velocity v and the block does not slide on   
(c) F.  s  s0  (d) Zero
the wedge. The work done by the force of friction on the
block in a time t will be :  
(where s is the displacement of the box in the train and s0
2
(a) Zero (b) mgvt cos  is the displacement of the train relative to the ground.)
2 1 7. A body is lifted over route I and then route II such that force
(c) mgvt sin  (d) mgvt sin2
2 is always tangent to the path. Coefficient of friction is same
3. A plank of mass 10 kg and a block of mass 2 kg are placed on for both the paths. Work done
a horizontal plane as shown in the figure.
2 kg
10 kg 60 N
There is no friction between plane and plank. The coefficient
of friction between block and plank is 0.5. A force of 60 N is
(a) on both the routes is same
applied on plank horizontally. In first 2 s the work done by
the friction on the block is : (b) on route I is more
(a) – 100 J (b) 100 J (c) on route II is more
(c) zero (d) 200 J (d) on both the routes is zero
Work done by Variable Force 8. An object of mass m is tied to a string of length l and a
variable horizontal force is applied on it, which starts at zero

A force of F  2xi  2j  3z k N is acting on a particle.
2
4. and gradually increases (it is pulled extremely slowly so
that equilibrium exists at all times) until the string makes an
Find the work done by this force in displacing the body
angle  with the vertical. Work done by the force F is :
from (1, 2, 3) m to (3, 6, 1) m.
(a) –10 J (b) 100 J O
(c) 10 J (d) 1 J

5. A force F   3xy  5z  j  4zk is applied on a particle. The
l
work done by the force when the particle moves from point
(0, 0, 0) to point (2, 4, 0) as shown in the figure is
C F
B
(a) mgl (1 – sin ) (b) mgl

(c) mgl (1 – cos ) (d) mgl (1 – tan )
9. A particle moves along the x–axis from x= x1 to x = x2 under and b are positive constants. The position of equilibrium x-
the influence of a force given by F = 2x. Work done in the corresponds to
process is
(a) zero (b) x 22  x12

b 2a
(a) (b)
2a b
(c) 2x2 (x2 – x1) (d) 2x1 (x1 – x1)
10. Velocity time graph of a particle of mass 2 kg moving in a
2b a
straight line is as shown in figure. Work done by all forces (c) (d)
on the particle is :
a 2b
14. A uniform chain AB of mass m and length l is placed with
one end A at the highest point of a hemisphere of radius R.
20
Referring to the top of the hemisphere as the datum level,
v
R
(ms–1) the potential energy of the chain is (given that   )
2
t (s) 2
(a) 400 J (b) –400 J

(c) –200 J (d) 200 J mR 2g    mR 2g   
(a)   sin  (b)   sin 
Gravitational Potential Energy  R R 2  R R
11. Work done by a conservative force on a system is equal to
(a) the change in kinetic energy of the system mR 2g    mR 2g   
(c)  sin   (d)    sin 
(b) the change in potential energy of the system 2  R R   R R
(c) the change in total mechanical energy of the system
15. The given plot shows the variation of U, the potential energy
(d) none of the above
of interaction between two particles, with the distance
12. A chain (uniform) of mass m and length l has a small block separating them, r
of mass M attached to one of its ends and hangs from the
surface of a table, with one-third its length resting on it. It is
pulled by a constant horizontal force to lift the block slowly
to the table surface. The work done by the force is
1. B and D are equilibrium points.

2. C is a point of stable equilibrium.
3. The force of interaction between the two particles is
 2   m  g  attractive between points C and B, and repulsive between
(a) (M + m)g   (b)  M    points D and E on the curve.
 3  3  3 
4. The force of interaction between the particles is repulsive
 g   m  2g 
(c)  M  m    (d)  M    between points C and A.
 3  3  3 
Which of the above statements are correct ?
13. A particle located in a one-dimensional potential field has
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
a b
its potential energy function as U(x) = 4  2 where a (c) 2 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
x x
16. The potential energy function associated with the force (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 16

F  4xy i  2x 2 j is (c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 9 : 25
2 2 21. A man throws the bricks to a height of 12 m where they
(a) U = –2x y (b) U = –2x y + constant
reach with a speed of 12 m/s. If he throws the bricks such
2
(c) U = 2x y + constant (d) not defined that they just reach that height, what percentage of energy
 will be saved (g = 9.8 m/s2)
17. The potential energy for a force field F is given by
(a) 29% (b) 46%
U (x, y) = cos(x + y). The force acting on a particle at position
(c) 38% (d) 50%
 
given by coordinates  0,  is 22. A man raises 1 kg wt. to a height of 100 cm and holds it
 4 there for 30 minutes. How much work has he performed ?
1   1   (a) 1 × 9.8 J (b) 1 × 9.8 × 30 × 60 J

(a) 
2
 
ij (b)
2
 
ij (c) 1 × 9.8 × 30 J (d) 1 × 9.8 × 30 erg.
23. A ball is dropped a height of 20 cm. Ball rebounds to a
height of 10 cm. What is the loss of energy ?
1   3  1   3 
(c)  2 i  2 j  (d)  2 i  2 j  (a) 25% (b) 75%
    (c) 50% (d) 100%
18. In the given figure the variation of potential energy of a 24. A machine, which is 75% efficient, uses 12 J of energy in
particle of mass m = 2 kg is represented w.r.t. its x-coordinate. lifting up a 1 kg mass through a certain distance. The mass
The particle moves under the effect of the conservative is then allowed to fall through that distance. the velocity
–1
force along the x-axis. which of the following statements is at the end of its fall is (in ms )
incorrect about the particle. (a) 24 (b) 32
(c) 18 (d) 9
25. A rope ladder with a length l carrying a man with a mass m
at its end is attached to the basket of balloon with a mass
M. The entire system is in equilibrium in the air. As the man
climbs up the ladder into the balloon, the balloon descends
by a height h. Then the potential energy of the man
(a) If it is released at the origin, it will move in negative x-axis (a) increases by mg (l – h)
(b) If it is released at x = 2 +  where   0, then its maximum (b) increases by mgl
speed will be 5 m/s and it will perform oscillatory motion (c) increase by mgh
 (d) increases by mg (2l – h)
 then it will cross x = 10
(c) If initially x = –10 and u  6i,
26. The force acting on a body moving along x–axis varies
(d) x = –5 and x = +5 are unstable equilibrium positions of with the position of the particle as shown in the figure.
the particle The body is in stable equilibrium at :
19. The potential energy for a body of mass m that is acted on
kx 3
by a very massive body is given by U   mgx  . The
3
corresponding force is
2 2
(a) – mg + kx (b) mg – kx
(c) mg – kx (d) – mg + kx
20. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of work
done by force of gravity in first, second and third second (a) x = x1 (b) x = x2
of the motion of ball is
(c) both x1 and x2 (d) neither x1 nor x2
Kinetic Energy
27. If the speed of a vehicle increases by 2 m/s, its K.E. is
doubled. The original speed of the vehicle was
(a)  
2 1 m / s (b) 2  
2 1 m / s
(c) 2  
2 1 m / s (d) 2 m / s.
28. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation

proportional to its displacement. Its loss of KE for any
displacement x is proportional to
2
(a) x (b) x (a) x0 (b) 2x0
0 x
(c) x (d) e (c) 3x0 (d) 1.5x0
29. An engine pumps water continuously through a hole. Speed 32. A spring of stiffness k is kept compressed by applying
with which water passes through the hole nozzle is v and k horizontal force on m by a length x0 (=mg/K). If the force F is
is the mass per unit length of the water jet as it leaves the withdrawn suddenly, the block oscillates and finally stops.
nozzle. Find the rate at which kinetic energy is being imparted In consequence, frictional loss is equal to 50% of the initial
to the water. ptential energy stored in the spring. The coefficient of
friction the between block and the ground is
1 2 1 3
(a) kv (b) kv
2 2
v2 v3
(c) (d)
2k 2k
Springs (Questions of Springs)
30. A block of 4 kg mass starts at rest and slides a distance d
down a frictionless incline (angle 30°) where it runs into a
1 2
spring of negligible mass. The block slides an additional 25 (a) (b)
cm before it is brought to rest momentarily by compressing 2 3
the spring. The force constant of spring is 400 N/m. the
value of d is then 1 1
(c) (d)
–2 2 3
(take g = 10 ms )
33. A mass m is allowed to fall on a pedestal fixed on the top of
a vertical spring. If the height of the mass was H from the
pedestal and the compression of the spring is d then the
spring’s force factor is given by
(a) 25 cm (b) 37.5 cm

(c) 62.5 cm (d) none of the above
31. Two discs, each having mass m, are attached rigidly to the
ends of a vertical spring. One of the discs rests on a
horizontal surface and the other produces a compression x0
on the spring when it is in equilibrium. How much further H  d H  d
(a) Mg (b) 2Mg
must the spring be compressed so that when the force d2 d2
causing compression is removed, the extension of the spring

Mg H H  d
will be able to leift the lower disc off the table (c) 2 2 (d) 2Mg
d d2
34. A vertical spring of force constant 100 N/m is attached 37. A plot of velocity versus time is shown in figure. A single
with a hanging mass of 10 kg. Now an external force is force acts on the body. The correct statement is :
applied on the mass so that the spring is stretched by
additional 2 m. The work done by the force F is v
2
(g = 10 m/s ) A B
C
O
t
D
(a) in moving from C to D, work done by the force on the

body is positive.
(a) 200 J (b) 400 J (b) in moving from B to C, wrok done by the force on the
body is positive.
(c) 450 J (d) 600 J
(c) in moving from A to B, the body does work on the
35. A block of mass m is attached with a massless spring of force
system.
constant k. The block is placed over a rough inclined surface
for which the coefficient of friction is  = 3/4. The minimum (d) in moving from O to A, work is done by the body and
value of M required to move the block up the plane is (Neglect is negative.
mass of string and pulley and friction in pulley) 38. A mass-spring system oscillates such that the mass moves
on a rough surface having coefficient of friction . It is
compressed by a distance a from its normal length and, on
being released, it moves to a distance b from its equilibrium
position. The decrease in amplitude for one half-cycle
(–a to b) is :
m M
mg 2mg
(a) (b)
37° K K
g K
3 4 (c) (d) mg
(a) m (b) m K
5 5
6 3 39. System shown in figure is released from rest. Pulley and
(c) m (d) m spring is massless and friction is absent everywhere. The
5 2
speed of 5 kg block when 2 kg block leaves the contact with
For General Body (Involves internal and external work)
ground is :
36. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line 2
(Take force constant of spring k = 40 N/m and g = 10 m/s )
is as shown in figure. Mass of the particle is 2 kg. Work
done by all the forces acting on the particle in time interval
between t = 0 to t = 10 s is
v (m/s)
10
10
t (s)
–20
(a) 2 m/s (b) 2 2 m / s

(a) 300 J (b) –300 J
(c) 2 m/s (d) 4 2 m / s
(c) 400 J (d) –400 J
40. In the given curved road, if particle is released from A then Power
44. A block of mass m is moving with a constant acceleration a
M A on a rough plane. If the coefficient of friction between the
block and the ground is , the power delivered by the external
agent after a time t from the beginning is equal to
2
(a) ma t (b) mgat
(c) m(a + g)gt (d) m(a + g)at
h 45. A block of mass m is being pulled up the rough incline by an
agent delivering constant power P. The coefficient of friction
between the block and the incline is . The maximum speed
of the block during the course of ascent is
(a) kinetic energy at B must be mgh

(b) kinetic energy at B may be zero
(c) kinetic energy at B must be less than mgh
P
(d) kinetic energy at B must not be equal to zero (a) v 
mg sin   mg cos 
For rigid body (involves only external work)
41. A uniform flexible chain of mass m and length 2l hangs in
P
(b) v 
equilibrium over a smooth horizontal pin of negligibile mg sin   mg cos 
diameter. One end of the chain is given a small vertical
2P
displacement so that the chain slips over the pin. The speed of (c) v 
chain when it leaves pin is :
mg sin   mg cos 
(a) 2 g (b) g
3P
(d) v 
mg sin   mg cos 
(c) 4 g (d) 3 g 46. A uniform rope of linear mass density  and length l is coiled
on a smooth horizontal surface. One end is pulled up with
42. A meter stick of mass 400 g is pivoted at one end and
constant velocity v. Then the average power applied by the
displaced through an angle 60°. The increase in its potential
external agent in pulling the entire rope just off the ground
energy is : is
(a) 1 J (b) 10 J
(c) 100 J (d) 1000 J
43. A uniform chain has a mass M and length L. It is placed on
a frictionless table with length l0 hanging over the edge.
The chain begins to slide down. Then, the speed V with
which the end slides down from the edge is given by :
g g
(a) V  ( L  l0 ) (b) V  ( L  l0 ) 1  2 g
L L (a)  v 2  (b) gv
2 2
g 2 2
(c) V  ( L  l0 ) (d) V  2 g ( L  l0 ) 1 3 vg 1 3
L (c) v  (d) gv  v
2 2 2
47. A particle A of mass 10/7 kg is moving in the positive 51. A dam is situated at a height of 550 m above sea level and
direction of x. Its initial position is x = 0 and initial velocity supplies water to a power house which is at a height of 50m
at x = 10 is (use the graph given) above see level. 2000 kg of water passes through the turbines
per second. What would be the maximum electricl power
output of the power house if the whole system were 80%
efficient ?
(a) 8 MW (b) 10 MW
(c) 12.5 MV (d) 16 MV
–1
52. A 500 kg car, moving with a velocity of 36 km h on a straight
raod unidirectionally, doubles its velocity in one minute.
The power delivered by the engine for doubling the velocity
(a) 4 m/s (b) 2 m/s is
(a) 750 W (b) 1050 W
100
(c) 3 2 m/s (d) m/s (c) 1150 W (d) 1250 W
3
53. The power of a water jet flowing through an orifice of radius
Constant and Variable Power
r with velocity v is
48. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 Kg varies with time 2 2
as P = 3t2/2 watt, here t is in second. If velocity of particle (a) zero (b) 500 r v
2 3 4
at t = 0 is v = 0. The velocity of particle at time t = 2 s will (c) 500 r v (d) r v
be
Constant and Variable Force Condition
(a) 1 m/s (b) 4 m/s
54. A force F acting on a body depends on its displacement S
(c) 2 m/s (d) 2 2 m / s –1/3
as F  S . The power delivered by F will depend on
49. A constant power P is applied to a particle of mass m. The displacement as :
distance travelled by the particle when its velocity (a) S
2/3
(b) S
–5/3
increases from v1 to v2 is (neglect friction) 1/2 0

(c) S (d) S
3P 2 m
(a) 
v 2  v12  (b)
3P

v 2  v1  55. A pendulum of mass 1 kg and length  = 1 m is released
m from rest at angle  = 60°. The power delivered by all the
2
m 3 m 2 forces acting on the bob at angle  = 30° will be : (g = 10 m/s )
(c)
3P

v 2  v13  (d)
3P

v 2  v12 
(a) 13.5 W (b) 20.4 W
50. A motor drives a body along a straight line with a constant (c) 24.6 W (d) zero
force. The power P developed by the motor must vary with 56. A bob of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to v1 in time
tiem t as shown in figure. t1. As a function of t, the instantaneous power delivered to
the body is
P P
k
m m
(a) (b) v v
t t m v1t m v1t
(a) t2 (b) t1
P P
m v1t 2 m v12 t
(c) (d)
t1 t12
(c) (d)
t t
Potential energy and force analysis 64. Two inclined frictionless tracks of different inclinations meet
57. The potential energy of a particle of mass 1 kg is, U = 10 + (x – 2) .
2 at A from where two blocks P and Q of different masses are
Here, U is in joules and x in metres on the positive x-axis. allowed to slide down from rest at the same time, on on each
Particle travels upto x = +6 m. Choose the correct statement: track, as shown in the figure. Then
(a) On negative x-axis particle travels upto x = – 2m

(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the particle is 16 J
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) Both (a) and (b) are wrong
58. The potential Energy as a function of the force between two
a b (a) both blocks will reach the bottom at the same time
atoms in a diatomic molecules is given by U x    ,
x 12 x6
(b) block Q will reach the bottom eartler than block B
where a and b are positive constants and x is the distance
between the atoms. The position of stable equilibrium for (c) both blocks will reach the bottom with the same speed
the system of the two atoms is given (d) block Q will reach the bottom with a higher speed than
block P.
a a
(a) x  (b) x  65. A body of mass m is moving in a straight line at a constant
b b
speed v. Its kinetic energy is K and the magnitude of its
momentum is p. Which of the following relations are correct?
3a  2a 
(c) x  (d) x  6  
b  b  2k
(a) p = 2mk (b) p =
Multiple Type Question m
59. Work done by force of friction
(a) can be zero (b) can be positive 2k
(c) 2K = pv (d) v =
(c) can be negative (d) any of these p
60. When work done by force of gravity is negative,
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) PE increases (b) KE decreases
Passage - 1
(c) PE remains constant (d) PE decreases
Using the following passage, sovle Q. 66-68
61. Which of the following may or may not be conserved ?
Sand particles drop vertically at the rate of 2 kg/s on a
(a) Energy (b) Potential energy
conveyor belt moving horizontally with a velocity of 0.2 m/s.
(c) Mechanical energy (d) Kinetic energy
66. The extra force required to keep the belt moving is
62. Internal forces can change
(a) 0.4 N (b) 0.08 N
(a) kinetic energy (b) mechanical energy
(c) 0.04 N (d) 0.2 N
(c) energy (d) momentum
63. In which of the following cases, no work is done by the 67. The extra power required is
force: (a) 0.4 W (b) 0.08 W
(a) A man carrying a bucket of water, walking on a level road (c) 0.04 W (d) 0.2 W
with a uniform velocity
68. The time rate of change of kinetic energy of sand particles is
(b) A drop of rain falling vertically with a constant velocity
(a) 0.4 J/s (b) 0.08 J/s
(c) A man whirling a stone tied to a string in a circle with a
(c) 0.04 J/s (d) 0.2 J/s
constant speed.
(d) A man walking upon a staircase
Passage - 2 72. If the total mechanical energy of the particle is –40 J, then it
can be found in region
Using the following passage, sovle Q. 69 & 70
(a) x < – 10 and x > 15
A block of mass m is released from a height h1 along a smooth
(b) –10 < x < –5 and 6 < x < 15
track as shown in the figure.
(c) 10 < x < 15
(d) it is not possible.
73. If the particle is isolated and its total mechanical energy is
60 J, then
(a) the particle can be found anywhere from –  < x < 
(b) the particle’s maximum kinetic energy is 95 J.
(c) the particle’s kinetic energy is not getting zero anywhere
69. Determine the force exerted on the block by the track at on x-axis
point 2, where radius of curvature is r1. (d) all of the above.
m(2gh1 ) m(2gh1 ) ASSERTION REASON

(a) mg  r1 (b) 2mg  r1
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is
correct explanation of the Assertion.
mg m(2gh1 ) m(gh1 ) (B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
(c) 2  r1 (d) mg  r1 correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
70. Determine the minimum safe value of radius of curvature at
point 3, so that the block does not fly off the track. (D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(a) (h1 – h2) (b) 2(h1 – h2) Kinetic energy

74. Assertion : Stopping distance  .
Stopping force
 h1  h 2  2  h1  h 2 
(c) (d) Reason : work done in stopping a body is equal to KE of the
3 3
body.
Passage - 4
(a) A (b) B
Using the following passage, sovle Q. 71 to 73
(c) C (d) D
The given figure shows the variation of potential energy of
75. Assertion : Two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are
a particle as a function of x, the x-coordinateof the region. It
stretched by the same force. If k1 > k2, then work done in
has been assumed that potential energy depends only on x.
stretching the first (W1) is less than work done in stretching
For all other values of x, U is zero, i.e., x < – 10 the x > 15,
the second (W2).
U = 0.
Reason : F = k1x1 = k2x2
x1 k 2
 
x 2 k1
1
k1x12 2
 k2 
W1 2 k k
  1    2
W2 1
k 2 x 22 k 2  k1  k1
2
71. If the total mechanical energy of the particle is 25J, then it
can be found in region As k1 > k2, W1 < W2
(a) –10 < x < –5 & 6 < x < 15 (b) –10 < x < 0 & 6 < x < 10 (a) A (b) B
(c) – 5 < x < 6 (d) –10 < x < 10 (c) C (d) D

76. Assertion : A weight lifter does not work in holding the 82. Assertion : If a particle of mass m is connected to a light rod
weight up. and whirled in a vertical circle of radius R, then to complete
Reason : Work done is zero because distance moved is zero. the circle, the minimum velocity of the particle at the bottom
(a) A (b) B point is 5gR .
(c) C (d) D
Reason : Mechanical energy is conserved and in case of
77. Assertion : Mass and energy are not conserved separately,
the minimum velocity at the bottom point, the velocity at
but are conserved as a single entirly ‘mass-energy’.
the top point will be zero.
Reason : This is because one can be obtained at the cost of
(a) A (b) B
the other as per Einstein equaiton.
2 (c) C (d) D
E = mc
(a) A (b) B 83. Assertion : The potential energy of a particle varies with
distance x as shown in the graph.
(c) C (d) D
78. Assertion : Energy released when a mass of one microgram
7
disappears in a process is 9 × 10 J.
1
Reason : It follows from E  mv 2 .
2
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
79. Assertion : In a circular motion, work done by centripetal The force acting on the particle is zero at point B and C.
force is not zero always. Reason : The slope of the U-x curve is zero at point B and C.
Reason : If speed of the particle increases or decreases in (a) A (b) B
circular motion, net force acting on the particle does not
(c) C (d) D
remain towards centre.
Matching Column Type
(a) A (b) B
84. A man pushes a block of 30 kg along a level floor at a
(c) C (d) D
constant speed with a force directed at 45° below the
80. Assertion : A body is connected to a string and if it just horizontal. If the coefficient of friction is 0.20, then match
completes a circle, it must have zero velocity at the top. the following:
Reason : A body is projected in vertically upward direction, Column I Column II
at the highest point the acceleration of the particle is non-
(a) Work done by all forces (p) zero
zero.
exerted by the surface on
(a) A (b) B
the block in 20 m
(c) C (d) D
(b) Work done by the force (q) 1500 J
81. Assertion : Under the action of a force of constant
magnitude, work done is path independent. of gravity
Reason : Work done by force of gravity is path independent (c) Work done by the man (r) 750 J
only near the surface of Earth. on the block in pushing it
(a) A (b) B through 10 m
(c) C (d) D (d) Net force on the block (s) 30 J
85. A small object of mass 0.5 kg is attached to an end of a  

87. Two constant forces F1 and F2 are acting on a bock as
massless 2 m long rope. It is rotated under gravity in a vertical

circle with the other end of the rope being at the cnetre of shown. The magnitude of the force F1 is 2 N and that of
the circle. The motion is started from the lowest point. Match 
columns I and II. F2 is 4 N. The velocity of the block at a certain instant is
Column I Column II 3.0 m/sec.
(a) if the speed of the (p) There will be some point on
object at lowest point on the circle at which speed
is 3.5 m/s of the object is zero but tension
in the rope is not zero.
(b) If the speed of the (q) there will be some point on the
object at lowest point circle at which tension in the
is 8 m/s rope is zero but speed of the
(a) Find the power due to each force and the net power.
object is not zero.

(c) if the maximum tension (r) the object will not be able to (b) If the magnitude of the force F2 is increased to 6 N,
in the rope is 15 N reach the highest point
what is the net power at this instant? Is the power constant?
(d) If the maximum tension (s) the object will be able to reach
88. A body of 0.2 kg is suspended through a spring, so that
in the rope is 30 N the highest point.
the spring is stretched by 1.0 cm. A particle of mass 0.12 kg
Interger Answer Type is dropped on the body after the impact. Find the maximum
86. A projectile is thrown with initial velocity at an angle  to extension of the spring (in cm).
the horizontal. Its velocity when it is at the highest point is
2
times the velocity when it is at height half of the
5
maximum height. The angle of projection  with horizontal
is /*. What is the value * ?
EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Single Answer Questions 5. An ideal spring with spring-constant k is hung from the
1. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a ceiling and a block of mass M is attached to its lower end.
smooth table and one-third of its length is hanging The mass is released with the spring initially unstretched.
vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is Then the maximum extension in the spring is : (2002)
acceleration due to gravity, the work required to pull the
4 Mg 2 Mg
hanging part on to the table is : (1985) (a) (b)
k k
(a) MgL (b) MgL/3
(c) MgL/9 (d) MgL/18 Mg Mg
(c) (d)
 k 2k
2.  
A force dF  K y î  x ˆj (where K is a positive constant)
6. If W1, W2 and W3 represent the work done in moving a
acts on a particle moving in the x–y plane. Starting form
particle from A to B along three different paths 1, 2 and 3
the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to
respectively (as shown) in the gravitational field of a point
the point (a,0) and then parallel to the y-axis to the point
mass m. Find the correct relation between W1, W2 and W3 :
(a,a). The total work done by the force F on the particle is :
(1998) (2003)
(a) –2Ka2 (b) 2Ka2 B
(c) –Ka2 (d) Ka2

3. A spring of force-constant k is cut into two pieces such 1 2
that one piece is double the length of the other. Then the
long piece will have a force-constant of : (1999)
(a) (2/3)k (b) (3/2)k A
(c) 3 k (d) 6 k (a) W1 > W2 > W3 (b) W1 = W2 = W3
4. A particle, which is constrained to move along x-axis, is
(c) W1 < W2 < W3 (d) W2 > W1 > W3
subjected to a force in the same direction which varies
with the distance x of the particle from the origin as 7. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is
F(x) = –kx + ax3. Here, k and a are positive constant. For acting on it (where k is a positive constant). If U (0) = 0,
x  0, the functional form of the potential energy U (x) of the the graph of U (x) versus x will be (where U is the potential
particle is : (2002) energy function) : (2004)
U(x) U(x) U (x) U (x)
(a) (b)
x x x x
(a) (b)
U(x) U(x) U (x) U (x)
x x (c) (d)
(c) (d) x x
8. A block (B) is attached to two unstretched spring S1 and are pulled by distance A. Block Q oscillates without
S2 with spring constants k and 4k, respectively. The other slipping. What is the maximum value of frictional force
ends are attached to two supports M1 and M2 not attached between the two blocks ?
to the walls. The springs and supports have negligible
mass. There is no friction anywhere. The block B is
displaced towards wall 1 by a small distance x and released.
The block returns and moves a maximum distance y
towards wall 2. Displacements x and y are measured with
respect to the equilibrium position of the block B. The
(a) kA/2 (b) kA
ratio y/x is (2008)
(c) smg (d) zero
12. Two blocks A and B of masses 2m and m, respectively are

connected by a massless and inextensible string. The whole
system is suspended by a massless spring as shown in the
fig. The magnitudes of acceleration of A and B, immediately
after the string is cut, are respectively (2006)
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
9. A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of radius 10 m
with a constant speed of 10 m/s. A plump bob is suspended
from the roof of the car by a light rigid rod. The angle made
by the rod with the track is (g = 10 m/s2) (1992)
(a) zero (b) 30° (a) g, g/2 (b) g/2, g
(c) 45° (d) 60° (c) g, g (d) g/2, g/2
10. An insect crawls up a hemispherical surface very slowly 13. A block of mass 2kg is free to move along the x–axis. It is
(see figure) The coefficient of friction between the insect at rest and from t = 0 onwards it is subjected to a time-
and the surface is 1/3. If the line joining the centre of the dependent force F(t) in the x direction. The force F(t) varies
hemispherical surface to the insect makes an angle  with with t as shown in the figure. The kinetic energy of the
the vertical, the maximum possible value of  is given by block after 4.5 seconds is (2010)
F (t)
4N
4.5 s
(a) cot  = 3 (b) tan  = 3 t
O 3s
(c) sec  = 3 (d) cosec  = 3
11. A block P of mass m is placed on a horizontal frictionless
plane. A second block of same mass m is placed on it and is (a) 4.50 J (b) 7.50 J
connected to a spring of spring constant k. The two blocks (c) 5.06 J (d) 14.06 J
14. A tennis ball is dropped on a horizontal smooth surface. It

bounces back to its original position after hitting the
18.  
A force F = – K yiˆ  xjˆ (whre K is a positive constant act
surface. The force on the ball during the collision is on a particle moving in the xy plane. Starting from the
proportional to the length of compression of the ball. origin, the particle is taken along the positive x–axis to the
Which one of the following sketches describes the point (a, 0), and then parallel to the y–axis to the point (a, a).
variation of its kinetic energy K with time t most The total work done by the force F on particle is : (1998)
appropriately? The figures are only illustrative and not to (a) –2 Ka2 (b) 2Ka2
the scale. (c) –Ka2 (d) Ka2
19. A block of mass M has a circular cut with a frictionless
surface as shown. The block rests on the horizontal
frictionless surface of a fixed table. Initially the right edge
(a)
of the block is at x = 0, in a co-ordinate system fixed to the
table. A point mass m is released from rest at the topmost
point of the path as shown and it slides down. When the
mass loses contact with the block, its position is x and the
(b) velocity is  . At that instant, which of the following
options is/are correct? (2017)
(c)
(d)
Objective Question (More than one option are correct) 2g R

(a) The velocity of the point mass m is :  
15. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude m
1
which is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. M
The motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows
m
that : (1987) (b) The velocity of the block M is : V   2g R
M
(a) its velocity is constant
mR
(b) its acceleration is constant (c) The position of the point mass is x   2
M m
(c) its kinetic energy is constant
(d) The x component of displacement of the center of mass
(d) it moves in a circular path
16. A body is moved along a straight line by a machine mR
of the block M is : 
delivering constant power. The distance moved by the M m
body in time t is proportional to : (1984) 20. A particle of mass m is initially at rest at the origin. It is
(a) t1/2 (b) t3/4 subjected to a force and starts moving along the x-axis. Its
(c) t3/2 (d) t2 kinetic energy K changes with time as dK/dt = t, where 
is a positive constant of appropriate dimensions. Which
17. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a
of the following statements is (are) ture ? (2018)
smooth table and one third of its length is hanging
(a) The force applied on the particle is constant
vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is
acceleration due to gravity, the work required to pull the (b) The speed of the particle is proportional to time
hanging part on to the table is (1985) (c) The distance of the particle from the origin increases
(a) MgL (b) MgL/3 linearly with time
(c) MgL/9 (d) MgL/18 (d) The force is conservative
PASSAGE (a) A (b) B

Using the following passage, solve Q. 21 & 22 (c) C (d) D
A small block of mass 1 kg is released from rest at the top 24. A particle of unit mass is moving along the x-axis under
of a rough track. The track is a circular arc of radius 40m.
the influence of a force and its total energy is conserved.
The block slides along the track without toppling and a
frictional force acts on it in the direction opposite to the Four possible forms of the potential energy of the particle
instantaneous velocity. The work done in overcoming the are given in column I (a and U0 constant). Match the
friction up to the point Q, as shown in the figure, is 150 J. potential energies in column I to the corresponding
(Take the acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms–2). statement(s) in column II. (2015)
y Column–I Column–II
R
P 2
30° U  x 
2
(A) U1  x   0 1    (P) The force acting on the
2   a  
Q R particle is zero at x = a
2
x U0  x 
O (B) U 2  x     (Q) The force acting on the
2 a
21. The speed of the block when it reaches the point Q is particle is zero at x = 0
(a) 5 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1
2
U0  x    x 2 
(c) 10 3 ms 1
(d) 20 ms –1 (C) U3  x     exp     (R) The force acting on the
2 a   a  
22. The magnitude of the normal reaction that acts on the
block at the point Q is particle is zero at x = a
(a) 7.5 N (b) 8.6 N U0  x 1  x 3 
(D) U 4  x        (S) The particle experiences
(c) 11.5 N (d) 22.5 N 4  a 3  a  
Assertion and Reason an attractive force
This question contains, statement I (assertion) and towards x = 0 in
Statement II (reason) the region |x| < a.
(A) Statement–I is true, statement–II is true; statement–II is a (T) The particle with total
correct explanation for statement–I.
U0
(B) Statement–I is true, statement–II is true; statement–II is energy can
4
NOT a correct explanation for statement–I.
oscillate about the
(C) Statement–I is true, statement–II is false.
point x = a
(D) Statement–I is false, statement–II is true.
Subjective Questions
23. Statement–I : A block of mass m starts moving on a rough
25. The displacement x of a particle moving in one dimension,
horizontal surface with a velocity v. It stop due to friction
between the block and the surface after moving through a under the action of a constant force is related to the time t
certain distance. The surface is now tilted to an angle of by the equation t  x  3
30° with the horizontal and the same block is made to go up
where x is in metre and t in second. Find (1980)
on the surface with the same initial velocity v. The decrease
in the mechanical energy in the second situation is smaller (a) The displacement of the particle when its velocity is
than that in the first situation. zero, and
Statement-II : The coefficient of friction between the block (b) The work done by the force in the first 6 s.
and the surface decreases with the increase in the angle of
inclination. (2007)
26. In the figures (a) and (b) AC, DG and GF are fixed inclined 30. A hemispherical bowl of radius R = 0.1 m is rotating about
planes, BC = EF = x and AB = DE = y. A small block of mass its own axis (which is vertical) with an angular velocity . A
M is released from the point A. It slides down AC and particle of mass 10–2 kg on the frictionless inner surface of
reaches C with a speed VC. The same block is released from the bowl is also rotating with the same . The particle is at
rest from the point D. It slides down DGF and reaches the a height h from the bottom of the bowl. (1983)
point F with speed VF. The coefficients of kinetic frictions
(i) Obtain the relation between h and . What is the
between the block and both the surfaces AC and DGF are
minimum value of  needed, in order to have a non–
. Calculate VC and VF. (1980)
zero value of h ?
(ii) It is desired to measure g (acceleration due to gravity)
A D
using the set–up, by measuring h accurately.
G
Assuming that R and  are known precisely, and that
the least count in the measurement of h is 10–4 m,
what is the minimum possible error g in the measured
B C E F
(a) (b) value of g?
31. A smooth semicircular wiretrack of radius R is fixed in a
27. A body of mass 2 kg is being dragged with a uniform vertical plane. One end of a massless spring of natural
velocity of 2 m/s on a rough horizontal plane. The coefficient length 3R/4 is attached to the lowest point O of the
of friction between the body and the surface is 0.20, wiretrack. A small ring of mass m, which can slide on the
2
J = 4.2 J/cal and g = 9.8 ms/ . Calculate the amount of heat track, is attacked to the other end of the spring. The ring
generated in 5 s. (1980) is held stationary at point P such that the spring makes
28. A lead bullet just melts when stopped by an obstacle. an angle of 60° with the vertical. The spring constant
Assuming that 25 per cent of the heat is absorbed by the K = mg/R. Consider the instant when the ring is released,
obstacle, find the velocity of the bullet if its initial and
temperature is 27°C. (Melting point of lead = 327°C, specific
heat of lead = 0.03 gal/g–C°, latent heat of fusion of
lead = 6 cal/g–°C, J = 4.2 J/cal). (1981)
29. Two block A and B are connected to reach other by a string
and a spring; the string passesover a frictionless pulley as
shown in the figure. Block B slides over the horizontal top
surface of a stationary block C and the block A slides along
the vertical side of C, both with the same uniform speed.
The coefficient of friction between the surfaces of blocks
is 0.2. Force constant of the spring is 1960 N/m. If mass of
block A is 2 kg. Calculate the mass of block B and the (i) draw the free body diagram of the ring,
energy stored in the spring. (1982) (ii) determine the tangential acceleration of the ring and
the normal reaction. (1996)
32. A bullet is fired at a target. Its velocity is decreased by
50% after penetrating 21 cm into the target. Find the
additional thickness (in cm) that the bullet will penetrate
before coming to rest. (2008)
33. A light inextensible string that goes over a smooth fixed 35. A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving in one dimension under
pulley as shown in the figure connects two blocks of a force that delivers a constant power 0.5 W to the particle.
–1
masses 0.36 and 0.72 kg. Taking g = 10 m/s2, find the work If the initial speed (in ms ) of the particle is zero, the speed
–1
done (in joules) by the string on the block of mass 0.36 kg (in ms ) after 5s is (2013)
during the first second afer the system is released from
36. Consider an elliptically shaped rail PQ in the vertical plane
rest. (2009)
with OP =3m and OQ = 4m. A block of mass 1 kg is pulled
along the rail from P to Q with a force of 18 N, which is
always parallel to line PQ (see the figure given) Assuming
no frictional losses, the kinetic energy of the block when it
reaches Q is (n×10) Joules. The value of n is (take
acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms–2) (2014)
34. A bob of mass m, suspended by a string of length l1, is

given a minimum velocity required to complete a full circle
in the vertical plane. At the highest point, it collides
elastically with another bob of mass m suspended by a
string of lenght l2, which is initially at rest. Both the strings
are massless and inextensible. If the second bob, after
collision acquires the minimum speed required to complete
1
a full circle in the vertical plane, the ratio is (2013)
2

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (c) 59. (b) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (b)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a)

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (a, b, c, d)
60. (a, b) 61. (b, c, d) 62. (a, b) 63. (a, b, c) 64. (b, c) 65. (a, c) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (a)
70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (d)
80. (d) 81. (d) 82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (aq; bp; cr; dp) 85. (a  p,r; b  q,r; c  r; d  q,s)
86. (0003) 87. (0006) 88. (0006)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c,d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a, d) 20. (a, b, d)
21. (b) 22. (a)
23. (c) 24. (A P,Q,R,T; B Q, S; C P,Q,R,S; D P, R,T) 25. (a) zero (b) zero
26. VC  VF  2 gy  gx  27. 9.33 cal 28. 409.8 m/s 29. 10 kg, 0.098 J
g 5 3 3 mg
30. (i) h  R  , (ii) ± 9.8 × 10–3 ms2 31. (ii) g, 32. (0007) 33. (0005) 34. (0005) 35. 0005
2 3 8
36. (0005)
Dream on !!

02
CIRCULAR MOTION
55 CIRCULAR MOTION
Circular Motion
1. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT 2. ANGULAR VELOCITY
Introduction : Angle subtended by position vector It is defined as the rate of change of angular displace-
of a particle moving along any arbitrary path w.r.t. ment of a body or particle moving in circular path.
some fixed point is called angular displacement. (i) It is a vector quantity.
(ii) Its direction is same as that of angular
displacement i.e. perpendicular to plane of
Q rotation.
Note : If the particle is revolving in the clockwise direction
 P then the direction of angular velocity is
perpendicular to the plane downwards. Whereas
O in case of anticlockwise direction the direction
Fixed point
(a) Particle moving in an arbitrary path will be upwards.
(iii) Its unit is Radian/sec
(iv) Its dimension is [M0L0T–1]
Q Types of Angular Velocity :
2.1 Average Angular Velocity :
O 
 Total angular displaceme nt
 av =
P Total time taken
(b) Particle moving in straight line 2.2 Instantaneous Angular velocity :
The intantaneous angular velocity is defined as the
angular velocity at some particular instant.
Q Instantaneous angular velocity
S  d
O   = lim =
t 0 t dt
r
P Note: Instantaneous angular velocity can also be
called as simply angular velocity.
(c) Particle moving in circular path 3. RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR VELOCITYA N D
(i) Angular displacement is a vector quantity. ANGULAR VELOCITY
(ii) Its direction is perpendicular to plane of rotation
d d ds 1
and given by right hand screw rule. We have      =  =      . v
dt ds dt r
Note: Clockwise angular displacement is taken as
negative and anticlockwise displacement as ds arc
positive. [ d = , angle =
dr radius
arc linear displaceme nt ds
angle = = and v = = linear velocity]
radius radius dt
(iii) For circular motion S = r ×   v = r
(iv) Its unit is radian (in M.K.S)
In vector form,   
v   r
Note : Always change degree into radian, if it occurs
in numerical problems. Note :
360 o (i) When a particle moves along a curved path, its
Note : 1 radian =     radian = 180º linear velocity at a point is along the tangent
2
drawn at that point
(v) It is a dimensionless quantity i.e. dimension
(ii) When a particle moves along curved path, its
[M0L0T0]
velocity has two components. One along the
CIRCULAR MOTION 56
radius, which increases or decreases the radius 5. RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR ACCELERATION
and another one perpendicular to the radius, AND LINEAR ACCELERATION
which makes the particle to revolve about the
point of observation. Linear acceleration = Rate of change of linear
velocity
 vsin 
(iii) = = dv
t r  a = ....(i)
dt
4. ANGULAR ACCELERATION Angular acceleration = Rate of change of angular
velocity
The rate of change of angular velocity is defined as
angular acceleration. d
  = ....(ii)
If  be change in angular velocity in time t, then dt
angular acceleration From (i) & (ii)
  a dv d(r)
 d = =
  lim =  d d
t 0 t dt d
(i) It is a vector quantity = r [ r is constant] = r
d
(ii) Its direction is that of change in angular velocity  a =  r
 
(iii) Unit : rad/sec2 In vector form

a =  r
(iv) Dimension : M0L0T–2
6. EQUATION OF LINEAR MOTION AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
(i) With constant velocity a = 0, s = ut  = 0 ,  = t
(ii) With constant acceleration (i) Average velocity (i) Average angular velocity
v u 1  2
v av =    av =
2 2
(ii) Average acceleration (ii) Average angular acceleration
v u 2  1
a av = a av =
t t
v u 1  2
(iii) s = v av t = t (iii)  = av. t = t
2 2
(iv) v = u + at (iv) 2 = 1 + t
1 2 1
(v) s = ut + at (v)  = 1t + t2
2 2
1 2 1
(vi) s = vt – at (vi)  = 2 t – t 2
2 2
(vii) v2 = u2 + 2as (vi) 22 = 12 + 2
1 1
(viii) Sn = u + (2n–1)a (viii) n = 1 + (2n–1)
2 2
displacement in nth sec Angular displacement in nth sec
ds
(iii) With variable acceleration (i) v = (i)  = d/dt
dt
(ii)  ds =  v dt (ii)  d =   dt
dv dv d d
(iii) a = = v (iii)  = = 
dt ds dt d
(iv)  dv =  a dt (iv)  d =   dt
(v)  v dv =  a ds (v)   d =   d
57 CIRCULAR MOTION

7. CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION AND (ii) The direction of ac would be the same as that

CENTRIPETAL FORCE of  v
(iii) Because velocity vector at any point is tangential
(i) A body or particle moving in a curved path
to the circular path at that point, the acceleration
always moves effectively in a circle at any
vector acts along radius of the circle at that
instant. point and is directed towards the centre. This is
(ii) The velocity of the particle changes moving on the reason that it is called centripetal
acceleration.
the curved path, this change in velocity is
brought by a force known as centripetal force
and the acceleration so produced in the body 7.2 Expression for Centripetal force
If v = velocity of particle, 
is known as centripetal acceleration. v
r = radius of path 
(iii) The direction of centripetal force or acceleration  v
Then necessary centripetal force Fc
 
is always towards the centre of circular path. Fc = mass × acceleration Fc Fc

7.1 Expression for Centripetal Acceleration v2 Fc
Fc = m 
r v 
 This is the expression for v
v2
centripetal force

P2(t + t) – v1 
v2 (i) It is a vector quantity
r A

O  v1 (ii) In vector form r

v 2 2 O
P1(t)  mv mv 
Fc = – . r̂ = – 2 r
r r
(a) Particle moving (b) Vector diagram of  
in circular path of velocities = – m2r r̂ = –m2 r = – m ( v ×  )
radius r negative sign indicates direction only
  
The triangle OP1P2 and the velocity triangle are | Fc | = m ( v ×  )
similar
(iii) For circular motion :
P1P2 AB 
 = | Fc | = m (v  sin 90º) = mv
P1O AQ
s v  Note :

 = [| v1 | = | v 2 | = v]
r v 1. Centripetal force is not a real force. It is only
v the requirement for circular motion.
 v = s
r 2. It is not a new kind of force. Any of the forces
v v s found in nature such as gravitational force,
 = electric friction force, tension in string reaction
t r t
force may act as centripetal force.
lim v v lim  s 
 =  
t 0 t r t 0  t 
8. TYPE OF CIRCULAR MOTION
v v2
 ac =
v = = r2 8.1 Uniform circular motion
r r
This is the magnitude of centripetal acceleration 8.2 Non Uniform Circular Motion :
of particle
8.1 Uniform Circular Motion :
(i) It is a vector quantity. In vector form If m = mass of body,
  
ac =  v r = radius of circular orbit,
v = magnitude of velocity
CIRCULAR MOTION 58

ac = centripetal acceleration, v2
 (v) Make it equal to required centripetal force.
v1
at = tangential acceleration (vi) For remaining components see according to
In uniform circular motion : question.
  
(i) | v1 | = | v 2 | = | v 3 | = constant  Note:
v3
i.e. speed is constant When a system of particles rotates about an axis,
the angular velocity of all the particles will be same,
but their linear velocity will be different, because of
 ac
(ii) As | v | is constant different distances from axis of rotation i.e. v = r.
so tangential acceleration at = 0
8.1.2 Motion In Horizontal Circle : Conical pendulum
at = 0
This is the best example of uniform circular motion
A conical pendulum consists of a body attached to
Fc a string, such that it can revolve in a horizontal
(iii) Tangential force Ft = 0 circle with uniform speed. The string traces out a
Ft = 0
cone in the space.
(i) The force acting on the bob are
(a) Tension T (b) weight mg
(iv) Total acceleration
v2
a = a c2  a t 2 = ac = (towards the centre)
r
Note:
(i) Because Fc is always perpendicular to velocity
or displacement, hence the work done by this
force will always be zero.
(ii) Circular motion in horizontal plane is usually
uniform circular motion.
(ii) The horizontal component T sin  of the tension
(iii) There is an important difference between the T provides the centripetal force and the vertical
projectile motion and circular motion. component T cos  balances the weight of bob
In projectile motion, both the magnitude and the mv 2
direction of acceleration (g) remain constant,  T sin  =
r
while in circular motion the magnitude remains and T cos  = mg
constant but the direction continuously changes.
From these equation
Hence equations of motion are not applicable
for circular motion. v4
T = mg 1 ....(i)
Remember that equations of motion remain valid r 2 g2
only when both the magnitude & direction of v2
acceleration are constant. and tan  = ....(ii)
rg
8.1.1 Hint to solve numerical problem : Also if h = height of conical pendulum
(i) Write down the required centripetal force OP r
(ii) Draw the free body diagram of each component tan  = = ....(iii)
OS h
of system. From (ii) & (iii),
(iii) Resolve the forces acting on the rotating particle v2 g
along radius and perpendicular to radius 2 = 2 =
r h
(iv) Calculate net radial force acting towards centre The time period of revolution
of circular path.
59 CIRCULAR MOTION
Angle between F & Ft is (90º – )

h cos 
T = 2 = 2
g g
[where OS = l]
8.2 Non-uniform Circular Motion :

(i) In non-uniform circular motion :

| v |  constant   constant
i.e. speed  constant
i.e. angular velocity  constant (vii) Net acceleration towards the centre
= centripetal acceleration
(ii) If at any instant
v = magnitude of velocity of particle v2 Fc
 ac = = 2r =
r = radius of circular path r m
 = angular velocity of particle, (viii) Net acceleration,
then v = r Fnet
a = a c2  a 2t =
(iii) Tangential acceleration : m
dv The angle made by 'a' with ac,

at = at Ft
dt
tan  = =
ac Fc
ds
where v= and s = arc - length
dt
(iv) Tangential force :
Ft = mat
ac
(v) Centripetal force : ac 

mv 2
Fc = = m2r
r at
(vi) Net force on the particle : Special Note :
   (i) In both uniform & non-uniform circular motion Fc
F = Fc + F t
is perpendicular to velocity ; so work done by
 F = Fc2  Ft 2 centripetal force will be zero in both the cases.
If  is the angle made by [Note angle between (ii) In uniform circular motion Ft = 0, as at = 0, so
work done will be zero by tangential force.
Fc and Ft is 90º] F with Fc, then
But in non-uniform circular motion Ft  0, thus
there will be work done by tangential force in
Ft this case.
tan  =
Fc Rate of work done by net force in non-uniform
circular motion = Rate of work done by tangential
 Ft 
  = tan–1   force
 Fc 

dW    dx
 P = = Ft . v = F t .
dt dt
CIRCULAR MOTION 60
Motion in Vertical Circle : Motion of a body (b) Tangential force for the motion
suspended by string : Ft = mg sin 
This is the best example of non-uniform circular This force retards the motion
motion.
(ii) Results :
B
When the body rises from the bottom to the height
h apart of its kinetic energy converts into potential
energy C
Total mechanical energy remains conserved
Total (P.E. + K.E.) at A = Total (P.E. + K.E.) at P u
A
1 1 (a) Tension at the lowest point A :
 0+ mu2 = mgh + mv2
2 2
mvA2
TA = + mg
 v = u2  2gh = u 2  2g(1  cos ) 
(Here  = 0º)
mu2
TA = + mg

(b) Tension at point B :
mv B 2
TB = – mg

mu2
TB = – 5mg

[Where  is length of the string] ( = 180º)
Tension at a point P : (c) Tension at point C :
(i) At point P required centripetal force mv C 2
2 TC =
mv 
=
 mu2
(a) Net force towards the centre : TC = – 2mg

T – mg cos , which provides required centripetal (Here  = 90º)
force. Thus we conclude that
T A> T C > T B
and also TA – TB = 6 mg
TA – T C = 3 mg
TC – TB = 3 mg
(iii) Cases :
(a) If u > 5g

In this case tension in the string will not be
mv 2 zero at any of the point, which implies that the
 T – mg cos  =
 particle will continue the circular motion.
v2 (b) If u = 5g
T = m [ g cos  + ]
 In this case the tension at the top most point
m (B) will be zero, which implies that the particle
= [u2 – gl (2 – 3cos )]
 will just complete the circular motion.
61 CIRCULAR MOTION
(c) Critical Velocity : The minimum velocity at direction of centrifugal force is opposite to the direction of
centripetal force i.e. centrifugal force acts along the radius
which the circular motion is possible
and away from the centre of the circle.
The critical velocity at A = 5g
Note that centripetal and centrifugal forces, being the
The critical velocity at B = g forces of action and reaction act always on different
bodies. For example, when a piece of stone tied to one end
The critical velocity at C = 3g of a string is rotated in a circle, centripetal force F1 is applied
Also TA = 6 mg, TB = 0, TC = 3 mg on the stone by the hand. In turn, the hand is pulled
outwards by centrifugal force F2 acting on it, due to
(d) If 2g < u < 5g tendency of the stone to regain its natural straight line
In this case particle will not follow circular path. The centripetal and centrifugal forces are shown in
Fig.
motion. Tension in string becomes zero
somewhere between points C & B whereas
F2 Stone
velocity remain positive. Particle leaves circular
F1
path and follow parabolic trajectory Hand
10. ROUNDING A LEVEL CURVED ROAD
When a vehicle goes round a curved road, it requires

some centripetal force. While rounding the curve, the
wheels of the vehicle have a tendency to leave the curved
path and regain the straight line path. Force of friction
(e) If u = 2g between the wheels and the road opposes this tendency
In this case both velocity and tension in the of the wheels. This force (of friction) therefore, acts,
string becomes zero between A and C and towards the centre of the circular track and provides the
necessary centripetal force.
particle will oscillate along semi-circular path.
Three forces are acting on the car, fig.
(f) If u < 2g
R
The velocity of particle remains zero between A
and C but tension will not be zero and the
particle will oscillate about the point A.
F
9. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
The natural tendency of a body is to move uniformly
along a straight line. When we apply centripetal force on
mg
the body, it is forced to move along a circle. While moving
actually along a circle, the body has a constant tendency
(i) The weight of the car, mg, acting vertically downwards,
to regain its natural straight line path. This tendency
gives rise to a force called centrifugal force. Hence (ii) Normal reaction R of the road on the car, acting vertically
upwards,
Centrifugal force is a force that arises when a body is
moving actually along a circular path, by virtue of (iii) Frictional Force F, along the surface of the road, towards
tendency of the body to regain its natural straight line the centre of the turn, as explained already.
path. As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction,
Centrifugal forces can be regarded as the reaction of R – mg = 0 or R = mg ...(1)
centripetal force. As forces of action and reaction are always The centripetal force required for circular motion is along
equal and opposite, therefore, magnitude of centrifugal force the surface of the road, towards the centre of the turn.
= m v2/r, which is same as that of centripetal force. However,
CIRCULAR MOTION 62
As explained above, it is the static friction that provides

the necessary centripetal force. Clearly,
mv 2 R Rcos
F ...(2) 
r Rsin A
OUTER
where v is velocity of car while turning and r is radius of EDGE
RAISED
circular track. mg
O X
As F = sR = s mg, [using (1)]  B
where s is coefficient of static friction between the tyres

and the road. Therefore, from (2),
mv 2
  s mg or v   s rg  v max   s rg
r
...(3) R R sin
A
Hence the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can go 
round a level curve ; without skidding is F cos
R sin 
v   s rg .
F sin 
O X
The value of depends on radius r of the curve and on mg
coefficient of static friction (s) between the tyres and
the road. Clearly, v is independent of mass of the car. Three forces are acting on the vehicle as shown in Fig.
(i) Weight mg of the vehicle acting vertically downwards.
11. BANKING OF ROADS (ii) Normal reaction R of the banked road acting upwards in
a direction perpendicular to OA.
The maximum permissible velocity with which a vehicle
can go round a level curved road without skidding (iii) Force of friction F between the banked road and the
depends on , the coefficient of friction between the tyres tyres, acting along AO.
and the road. The value of  decreases when road is R can be resolved into two rectangular components :-
smooth or tyres of the vehicle are worn out or the road is (i) R cos , along vertically upward direction
wet and so on. Thus force of friction is not a reliable source (ii) R sin , along the horizontal, towards the centre of the
for providing the required centripetal force to the vehicle. curved road.
A safer course of action would be to raise outer edge of F can also be resolved into two rectangular components
the curved road above the inner edge. By doing so, a :
componenet of normal reaction of the road shall be spared
(i) F cos , along the horizontal, towards the centre of
to provide the centripetal force. The phenomenon of
curved road
raising outer edge of the curved road above the inner
edge is called banking of roads. We can calculate the (ii) F sin , along vertically downward direction.
angle of banking , as detailed below: As there is no acceleration along the vertical direction,
In Fig., OX is a horizontal line. OA is the level of banked the net force along this direction must be zero. Therefore,
curved road whose outer edge has been raised. XOA R cos = mg + F sin ...(1)
=  = angle of banking. If v is velocity of the vehicle over the banked circular
road of radius r, then centripetal force required = mv2/r.
This is provided by the horizontal components of R and
F as shown in Fig.
mv 2
 R sin   Fcos   ...(2)
r
63 CIRCULAR MOTION
But F < s R, where s is coefficient of static friction and the road, and the vehicle will not skid.
between the banked road and the tyres. To obtain vmax, The speed limit at which the curve can be negotiated
we put F = s R in (1) and (2). safely is clearly indicated on the sign boards erected
along the curved roads.
R cos  = mg + s R sin  ...(3)
Note that curved railway tracks are also banked for the
2 same reason. The level of outer rail is raised a little above
mv
and R sin  + s R cos  = ...(4) the level of inner rail, while laying a curved railway track.
r
From (3), R (cos – s sin ) = mg 12. BENDING OF A CYCLIST
mg When a cyclist takes a turn, he also requires some

R ...(5)
cos   s sin  centripetal force. If he keeps himself vertical while turning,
his weight is balanced by the normal reaction of the
ground. In that event, he has to depend upon force of
mv 2 friction between the tyres and the road for obtaining the
From (4), R(sin  + s cos ) =
r necessary centripetal force. As force of friction is small
and uncertain, dependence on it is not safe.
mg  sin   s cos   mv 2 To avoid dependence on force of friction for obtaining
Using (5), 
 cos   s sin   r centripetal force, the cyclist has to bend a little inwards
from his vertical position, while turning. By doing so, a
rg  sin   s cos   component of normal reaction in the horizontal direction
 v2   provides the necessary centripetal force. To calculate
 cos   s sin   the angle of bending with vertical, suppose
rg cos   tan   s  m = mass of the cyclist,
cos  1  s tan   v = velocity of the cyclist while turning,
1/ 2 r = radius of the circular path,
 rg  s  tan   
v  ...(6)  = angle of bending with vertical.
 1  s tan   
In Fig., we have shown weight of the cyclist (mg) acting
vertically downwards at the centre of gravity C. R is force
This is the max. velocity of vehicle on a banked road.
of reaction of the ground on the cyclist. It acts at an
Discussion angle with the vertical.
1. If s = 0, i.e., if banked road is perfectly smooth, then R
Rcos
from eqn. (51),

Y
1/ 2 C
Rsin
v 0   rg tan   ...(7) 
This is the speed at which a banked road can be rounded mg

even when there is no friction. Driving at this speed on a
banked road will cause almost no wear and tear of the
O X
tyres.
R can be resolved into two rectangular components:
2 2
From (7), v 0
= rg tan  or tan   v / rg ...(8)
0 R cos , along the vertical upward direction,
2. If speed of vehicle is less than v0, frictional force will be R sin , along the horizontal, towards the centre of the
up the slope. Therefore, the vehicle can be parked only if circular track.
tan  < s. In equilibrium, R cos  balances the weight of the cyclist i.e.
Roads are usually banked for the average speed of R cos  = mg ...(1)
vehicles passing over them. However, if the speed of a
vehicle is somewhat less or more than this, the self and R sin provides the necessary centripetal force (m v2/r)
adjusting static friction will operate between the tyres
CIRCULAR MOTION 64
9. On a rotating platform, to avoid the skidding of

m v2
 R sin   ...(2) an object placed at a distance r from axis of
r
rotation, the maximum angular velocity of the
R sin  m v 2 platform,   = (g / r ) , where  is the
Dividing (2) by (1), we get 
R cos  r mg
coefficient of friction between the object and
the platform.
v2
tan   10. If an inclined plane ends into a circular loop of
rg
radius r, then the height from which a
Clearly, would depend on v and r. body should slide from the inclined plane in
order to complete the motion in circular track is
For a safe turn,  should be small, for which v should be
h = 5r/2.
small and r should be large i.e. turning should be at a
slow speed and along a track of larger radius. This means, 11. Minimum velocity that should be imparted to a
a safe turn should neither be fast nor sharp. pendulum to complete the vertical circle is
(5g ) , where l is the length of the pendulum.
TIPS AND TRICKS 12. While describing a vertical circle when the stone
1. Centripetal force does not increase the kinetic is in its lowest position, the tension in the string
energy of the particle moving in circular path, is six times the weight of the stone.
hence the work done by the force is zero.
13. The total energy of the stone while revolving in
2. Centrifuges are the apparatuses used to vertical circle is (5/2) mgl.
separate small and big particles from a liquid.
14. When the stone is in horizontal position then
3. The physical quantities which remain constant
the tension in the string is 3mg and the velocity
for a particle moving in circular path are speed,
kinetic energy and angular momentum. of the stone is ( 3g  ) .
4. If a body is moving on a curved road with speed 15. If the velocity of the stone at the highest point
greater than the speed limit, the reaction at the is X mg, then the tension at the lowest point
inner wheel disappears and it will leave the will be (X + 6)mg.
ground first.
16. If a body of mass m is tied to a string of length
5. On unbanked curved roads the minimum radius
l and is projected with a horizontal velocity u
of curvature of the curve for safe driving is r = v2/
g, where v is the speed of the vehicle and  is such that it does not complete the motion in
small. the vertical circle, then
6. If r is the radius of curvature of the speed (a) the height at which the velocity vanishes is
breaker, then the maximum speed with which u2
the vehicle can run on it without leaving contact h =
2g
with the ground is v = ( gr )
(b) the height at which the tension vanishes is
7. While taking a turn on the level road sometimes
u 2  g
vehicles overturn due to centrifugal force. h =
3g
8. If h is the height of centre of gravity above the
17. K.E. of a body moving in horizontal circle is
road, a is half the wheel base then for road
same throughout the path but the K.E. of the
mv 2 body moving in vertical circle is different at
safety .h < mg . a,  Minimum safe speed different places.
r
for no overturning is v = ( gar / h) .

65 CIRCULAR MOTION
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The magnitude of the linear acceleration, the 2 2
     
particle moving in a circle of radius of 10 cm Change in velocity v =    
 30   30 
with uniform speed completing the circle in 4 s,
will be - 
= 2 cm/s
30
(A) 5 cm/s2 (B) 2.5 cm/s2
Hence correct answer is (B)
(C) 52 cm/s2 (D) 2.52 cm/s2
Sol.(D) The distance covered in completing the circle is Ex.4 An electron is moving in a circular orbit of ra-
2r = 2 × 10 cm dius 5.3 × 10–11 metre around the atomic
The linear speed is nucleus at a rate of 6.6 × 1015 revolutions per
2r 2  10 second. The acceleration of the electron and
v = = = 5 cm/s centripetal force acting on it will be - (The mass
t 4
The linear acceleration is, of the electron is 9.1 × 10–kg)
2 (A) 8.3 × 10–8N (B) 3.8 × 10–8N
v2 (5 )
a = = = 2.5 2 cm/s2 (C) 4.15 × 10–8N (D) 2.07 × 10–8N
r 10
This acceleration is directed towards the centre
Sol.(A) Let the radius of the orbit be r and the number
of the circle
of revolutions per second be n. Then the velocity
Hence correct answer is (D)
of electron is given by
v = 2nr,
Ex.2 A cane filled with water is revolved in a
vertical circle of radius 4 m and water just does v2 4 2r 2n 2
not fall down. The time period of revo-
 Acceleration a = =
r r
lution will be - = 4 2 r n2
(A) 1 s (B) 10 s Substituting the given values, we have
(C) 8 s (D) 4 s a = 4 × (3.14)2 × (5.3 × 10–11) (6.6 × 1015)2
= 9.1 × 1022 m/s2 towards the nucleus.
Sol.(D) We know that The centripetal force is
Circumfere nce 2r FC = ma = (9.1 × 10–31) (9.1 × 1022)
Time period = Critical speed = gr = 8.3 × 10–8 N towards the nucleus.
Hence correct answer is (A)
2  22  4
=
7  10  4 = 4 sec Ex.5 An air craft executes a horizontal loop of radius
1 km with a steady speed of 900 km/h. The ratio
of centripetal acceleration to that gravitational
acceleration will be-
Ex.3 The length of second's hand in a watch is 1
(A) 1 : 6.38 (B) 6. 38 : 1
cm. The change in velocity of its tip in 15
(C) 2.25 : 9.8 (D) 2.5 : 9.8
seconds is -
 Sol.(B) Given that radius of horizontal loop
(A) 0 (B) cm/s r = 1 km = 1000 m
30 2
9000  5
  2 Speed v = 900 km/h =
(C) cm/s (D) cm/s 18
30 30
= 250 m/s
Circumference 2r
Sol.(B) Velocity = Time of revolution = v2 250  250
60 Centripetal acceleration ac= =
r 1000
2  1  = 62.5 m/s2
= = cm/s
60 30
CIRCULAR MOTION 66
Centripetal acceleration ac mv 2
 = mg – R, R should not be negative.
Gravitational acceleration = g (r  h)
Therefore v2  (r + a)g = (8.9 + 1.1) × 10
62.5
=
9 .8
= 6.38 : 1 or v2  10 × 10v  10 m/sec
Hence correct answer is (B)  vmax = 10 m/sec
Hence correct answer is (C)
Ex.6 A car driver is negotiating a curve of radius 100
m with a speed of 18 km/hr. The angle through Ex.9 The maximum speed at which a car can turn
which he has to lean from the vertical will be - round a curve of 30 metre radius on a level road
if the coefficient of friction between the tyres
1 1 and the road is 0.4, will be -
(A) tan–1 (B) tan–1
4 40 (A) 10.84 m/s (B) 17.84 m/s
(C) 11.76 m/s (D) 9.02 m/s
 1  1 
(C) tan–1   (D) tan–1  
2  20  Sol.(A) Let W = Mg be the weight of the car. Friction
force = 0.4 W
2
 5 
v 2
18   Mv 2 Wv 2
Sol.(B) We know that, tan  = =  18  Centripetal force = =
rg r gr
100  10
1 1 Wv 2
=   = tan–1 0.4 W =
gr
40 40
Hence correct answer is (B)  v2 = 0.4 × g × r = 0.4 × 9.8 × 30 = 117.6
Ex.7 Write an expression for the position vector r for  v = 10.84 m/sec
a particle describing uniform circular motion, Hence correct answer is (A)
using rectangular co-ordinates and the unit
vectors i and j. The vector expressions for the Ex.10 The angular speed with which the earth would
velocity v and acceleration a will be- have to rotate on it axis so that a person on the
(A) r2 (B) –2r/2 equator would weight (3/5)th as much as present
will be: (Take the equatorial radius as 6400 km)
(C) –r2 (D) –2r
(A) 8.7 × 104 rad/sec (B) 8.7 × 103 rad/sec
Sol.(D) r = î x + ĵ y, x = r cos ,
(C) 7.8 × 104 rad/sec (D) 7.8 × 103 rad/sec
y = r sin  where  = t Sol.(C) Let v be the speed of earth's rotation.
r = î ( r cos t) + ĵ (r sin t) We know that W = mg
v = dr/dt = – î (r sin t) – ĵ ( r cos t)

3 mv 2
Hence W = mg –
5 r
a = d2 r/dt2 = – 2 r
Hence correct answer is (D) 3 mv 2
or mg = mg –
Ex.8 The vertical section of a road over a canal bridge 5 r
in the direction of its length is in the form of
circle of radius 8.9 metre. Find the greatest 2 mv 2 2g r
 mg = or v2 =
speed at which the car can cross this bridge 3 r 5
without losing contact with the road at its
highest point, the center of gravity of the car 2  9.8  ( 6400  10 3 )
Now v2 =
being at a height h = 1.1 metre from the ground. 5
(Take g = 10 m/sec2) Solving, we get v = 5 × 109 m/sec,
(A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) 13 m/s  2g 
Sol.(C) Let R be the normal reaction exerted by the =   = 7.8 × 104 radian/sec.
 5r 
road on the car. At the highest point, we have
67 CIRCULAR MOTION
Ex.11 A man whirls a stone round his head on the end Ex.12 A smooth table is placed horizontally and a
of a string 4.0 metre long. Can the string be in spring of unstreched length l0 and force constant
a horizontal, plane? If the stone has a mass of k has one end fixed to its centre. To the other
0.4 kg and the string will break, if the tension end of the spring is attached a mass m which
in it exceeds 8 N. The smallest angle the string is making n revolutions per second around the
can make with the horizontal and the speed of centre. Tension in the spring will be
the stone will respectively be (Take g = 10 m/ (A) 42 m k l0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2)
sec2) (B) 42 m k l0 n2/ (k + 42 m n2)
(A) 30º, 7.7 m/s (B) 60º, 7.7 m/s (C) 22 m k l0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2)
(C) 45º, 8.2 m/s (D) 60º, 8.7 m/s (D) 2 m k l0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2)
Sol.(A) O Sol.(A) Let T be the tension produced in the stretched
string. The centripetal force required for the mass
m to move in a circle is provided by the tension
 l
T. The stretched length of the spring is r (radius
T Tcos of the circle). Now,
T  Elongation produced in the spring = (r – l0)
A  Tsin  Tension produced in the spring,

T = k (r – l0) ........ (1)
mg
Where k is the force constant
mg
Form figure Linear velocity of the motion v = 2 r n
T cos  = mg ...... (1)
mv 2 m(2rn)2
 Centripetal force = =
mv 2 mv 2 r r
T sin  = = ...... (2) 2 2
r  sin = 4 r n m ........ (2)
Equating equation. (1) and (2), we get
mg
Form eq. (1) T = k (r – l0) = 42 r n2 m
cos 
( T = mv2/r)
When the string is horizontal,  must be 90º
i.e.,cos 90º = 0  kr – k l0 = 4 2 r n2 m
mg r (k – 42 n2 m) = k l0
 T = = 
0 k 0
Thus the tension must be infinite which is  r = (k  4 2n 2m) ........(3)
impossible, so the string can not be in horizontal
Substituting the value of r in eqn. (1) we have
plane.
The maximum angle  is given by the breaking  k 0 
tension of the string in the equation T cos  = T = k  2 2
 0 
m.g  (k  4 n m) 
Here T (Maximum) = 8 N and m = 0.4 kg
 8 cos  = 0.4 × g = 0.4 × 10 = 4 4  2 n 2m  0 k
or T = ........ (4)
(k  4 2n 2m)
1
cos  = (4/8) = ,  = 60º Hence correct answer is (A)
2
The angle with horizontal = 90º – 60º = 30º
Ex.13 A motor car is travelling at 30 m/s on a circular
0.4  v 2 road of radius 500 m. It is increasing its speed
From equation (2), 8 sin 60º =
4 sin 60 o at the rate of 2 m/s2. Its net acceleration is (in
m/s2) –
32 sin2 60º (A) 2 (B) 1. 8
v2 = = 80 sin2 60º
0.4 (C) 2.7 (D) 0
Sol.(C) Two types of acceleration are experienced by
 v= 80 sin 60º = 7.7 m/sec the car
Hence correct answer is (A) (i) Radial acceleration due to circular path,
CIRCULAR MOTION 68
v2 (30 )2 From equation (2) v 2D = 2g (h – 2r),

ar = = = 1.8 m/s2
r 500 5
(ii) A tangential acceleration due to increase of  2g (h – 2r)  r g  h  r
2
tangential speed given by Hence correct answer is (A)
at = v/t = 2 m/s2
Radial and tangential acceleration are
Ex.15 An aircraft loops the loop of radius R = 500 m
perpendicular to each other.
with a constant velocity v = 360 km/hour. The
Net acceleration of car a
weight of the flyer of mass m = 70 kg in the
2 lower, upper and middle points of the loop will
= ar2  a 2t = (1.8 )2  ( 2) 2 = 2.7 m/s
respectively be-
Hence correct answer is (C) (A) 210 N, 700 N, 1400 N
(B) 1400 N, 700 N, 2100 N
Ex.14 In figure ABCDE is a channel in the vertical (C) 700 N, 1400 N, 210 N,
plane, part BCDE being circular with radius r. A (D) 2100 N, 700 N, 1400 N
ball is released from A and slides without friction Sol.(D) See fig, Here v = 360 km/hr = 100 m/sec
and without rolling. It will complete the loop path
-
(A) if h is greater than 5r/2 N
(B) if h is less than 5r/2 mg
(C) if h is greater than 2r/5  N
(D) if h is less than 2r/5
Sol.(A) N
A
D
E
h r
C mg
r
r mv 2
At lower point, N – mg = ,
R
B
Let m be the mass of the ball. When the ball mv 2

N = weight of the flyer = mg +
comes down to B, its potential energy mgh which R
is converted into kinetic energy. Let vB, be the
70  (10000 )
N = 70 × 10 + = 2100 N
velocity of the ball at B. Then, mgh = 500
1 mv 2
m vB 2 At upper point, N + mg = ,
2 R
The ball now rises to a point D, where its mv 2

N = – mg = 1400 – 700 = 700 N
potential energy is mg(h – 2r). If vD be the R
velocity of the ball at D, then, mv 2

At middle point, N = = 1400 N
R
1
m g (h – 2 r) = m v 2D ......(2) Hence correct answer is (D)
2
Now to complete the circular path, it is Ex.16 A particle of mass 3 kg is moving under the
necessary that the centrifugal force acting action of a central force whose potential energy
upward at point D, should be equal or greater is given by U(r) = 10 r3 joule. For what energy
than the force mg acting downward at point D and angular momentum will the orbit be a circle
should be equal or greater than the force mg of radius 10 m-
acting downward. Therefore
(A) 2.5 × 104 J, 3000 kgm 2/sec
(B) 3.5 × 104 J, 2000 kgm 2/sec
2
mv D
 mg or v 2D  r g
r (C) 2.5 × 103 J, 300 kgm 2/sec
(D) 3.5 × 103 J, 300 kgm 2/sec
69 CIRCULAR MOTION
Sol.(A) Given that U(r) = 10r3

2 
(A) (B)
So the force F acting on the particle is given by, 3 3
U  4 5
F = – = – (10 r3) (C) (D)
r r 3 3
= –10 × 3 r2 = –30 r2  Total angular displaceme nt

Sol.(A) We have  av =
For circular motion of the particle, Total time
For first one third part of circle,
mv 2
F = = 30 r2 angular displacement,
r
S1 2r / 3
3  v2 1 = =
Substituting the given values, we have, r r
10 For second one third part of circle,
= 30 × (10)2 or v = 100 m/s 2r / 3 2

2 = = rad
r 3
The total energy in circular motion
Total angular displacement,
1
E = K.E. + P.E. = mv2 + U(r)  = 1 + 2 = 4/3 rad
2
Total time = 2 + 1 = 3 sec
1
= × 3 × (100)2 + 10 + (10)3  4 / 3
2   av = rad/s
3
= 2.5 × 104 joule 4 2
Angular momentum = = rad/s
6 3
= mvr = 3 × 100 × 10 = 3000 kg–m 2/sec Hence correct answer is (A)
2r 2    10 
Also time period T = = = sec Ex.19 The ratio of angular speeds of minute hand and
v 100 5
Hence correct answer is (A) hour hand of a watch is -
Ex.17 A particle completes 1.5 revolutions in a circular (A) 1 : 12 (B) 6 : 1
path of radius 2 cm. The angular displacement (C) 12 : 1 (D) 1 : 6
of the particle will be -
(in radian) Sol.(C) Angular speed of hour hand,
(A) 6  (B) 3 
(C) 2  (D)   2
1 = = 12  60 rad/sec
t
Sol.(D) We have angular displacement
linear displaceme nt angular speed of minute hand,
=
radius of path
S 2 2 12
  = 2 = rad/sec   =
r 60 1 1
Here, S = n(2r)
= 1.5 (2 × 2 × 10–2) Hence correct answer is (C).
= 6 × 10–2
Ex.20 The angular displacement of a particle is given
6  10 2
  = = 3 radian 1 2
2  10  2 by  = 0t + t , where 0 and  are constant
Hence correct answer is (B) 2
and 0 = 1 rad/sec,  = 1.5 rad/sec2. The angular
Ex.18 A particle revolving in a circular path completes velocity at time, t = 2 sec will be (in rad/sec) -
first one third of circumference in 2 sec, while
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 4
next one third in 1 sec. The average angular
velocity of particle will be : 1 2
Sol.(D) We have  = 0t + t
(in rad/sec) 2
CIRCULAR MOTION 70
d a 3t  2
 = 0 + t  =
  =
dt r 2  10  2
This is angular velocity at time t. Now Angular acceleration at
angular velocity at t = 2 sec will be t = 2 sec
 d  3  22 8
 =  dt  = 0 + 2 ()at t = 2sec = 2 × 102
=
  t 2 sec 2  10 2
= 4 × 102 = 400 rad/sec2
= 1 + 2 x 1.5 = 4 rad/sec
Ex.21 A particle moves in a circle of radius 20cm with Ex.24 A grind stone starts from rest and
a linear speed of 10m/s. The angular velocity will has a constant-angular acceleration of
be - 4.0 rad/sec2.The angular displacement and an-
(A) 50 rad/s (B) 100 rad/s gular velocity, after 4 sec. will respectively be -
(C) 25 rad/s (D) 75 rad/s (A) 32 rad, 16 rad/sec (B) 16rad, 32 rad/s
Sol. The angular velocity is (C) 64rad, 32 rad/sec (D) 32 rad, 64rad/sec
v Sol. Angular displacement after 4 sec is
=
r 1
 = 0t + t2
Hence v = 10 m/s 2
r= 20 cm = 0.2 m, 1 1
= t2 = × 4 × 42
  = 50 rad/s 2 2
Hence correct answer is (A) = 32 rad
Angular velocity after 4 sec
Ex.22 The angular velocity of a particle is given by  =
1.5 t – 3t 2 + 2, the time when its angular  = 0 + t
acceleration decreases to be zero will be - = 0 + 4 × 4 = 16 rad/sec
(A) 25 sec (B) 0.25 sec Hence correct answer is (A)
(C) 12 sec (D) 1.2 sec
Ex.25 The shaft of an electric motor starts from rest
Sol.(B) Given that  = 1.5t – 3t2 + 2 and on the application of a torque, it gains an
d angular acceleration given by
 = = 1.5 – 6t  = 3t – t2 during the first 2 seconds after it
dt
When  = 0 starts after which  = 0. The angular velocity
 1.5 – 6t = 0 after 6 sec will be -
1 .5
 t = = 0.25 sec (A) 10/3 rad/sec (B) 3/10 rad/sec
6
(C) 30/4 rad/sec (D) 4/30 rad/sec
Sol.(A) Given  = 3t – t2
Ex.23 A particle is moving in a circular path with veloc- d
ity varying with time as v = 1.5t2 + 2t. If 2 cm  = 3t – t2
dt
the radius of circular path, the angular accelera- d = (3t – t2)dt

tion at t = 2 sec will be -
(A) 4 rad/sec2 (B) 40 rad/sec2 3t 2 t3
 =  c
(C) 400 rad/sec2 (D) 0.4 rad/sec2 2 3
at t = 0,  = 0
Sol.(C) Given v = 1.5 t2 + 2t
Linear acceleration a 3t 2 t3
 c = 0,  = 
dv 2 3
= = 3t + 2
dt Angular velocity at
This is the linear acceleration at time t t = 2 sec, t = 2 sec
Now angular acceleration at time t 3 8 10
= (4)  = rad/sec
2 3 3
71 CIRCULAR MOTION
Since there is no angular acceleration

after 2 sec mv 2
Sol.(A) F = = mr2
r
 The angular velocity after 6 sec remains the
same. Here m = 0.10 kg,
Hence correct answer is (A) r = 0.5 m
Ex.26 A ball is fixed to the end of a string and is 2n 2  3.14  10
and = =
rotated in a horizontal circle of radius 5 m with t 31.4
a speed of 10 m/sec. The acceleration of the = 2 rad/s
ball will be - F = 0.10 × 0.5 × (2)2 = 0.2
(A) 20 m/s2 (B) 10 m/s2 Hence correct answer is (A)
(C) 30 m/s2 (D) 40 m/s2 Ex.29 A body of mass 4 kg is moving in a
horizontal circle of radius 1 m with an
v2 angular velocity of 2 rad/s. The required cen-
Sol.(A) We know a = tripetal force, will be -
r
Hence v = 10 m/s, r = 5 m (A) 16 N (B) 1.6 N
(C) 16 Dyne (D) 1.6 Dyne
(10 )2 Sol.(A) F = mr2= 4 × 1 × 22 = 16 N
 a = = 20 m/s2
5 Hence correct answer is (A)
Hence correct answer is (A) Ex.30 The safe velocity required for scooterist
Ex.27 A body of mass 2 kg lying on a smooth surface negotiating a curve of radius 200 m on a road
is attached to a string 3 m long and then whirled with the angle of repose of tan–1(0.2) will be-
round in a horizontal circle making 60 revolution (A) 20 km/hr (B) 200 m/s
per minute. The centripetal acceleration will (C) 72 km/hr (D) 72 m/s
be - Sol.(C) As the centripetal force is supplied by the
(A) 118.4 m/s2 (B)1.18 m/s2 frictional force, hence
(C) 2.368 m/s 2 (D) 23.68 m/s2 mv 2 v2
 mg =  0.2 =
Sol.(A) Given that the mass of the particle, r 200  10
m = 2 kg  = tan–1 (0.2) = tan –1 ()   = (0.2)]
radius of circle = 3 m
 v = 20 m/s
Angular velocity = 60 rev/minute 18
The safe speed is 20 × = 72 km/hr
5
60  2 Hence correct answer is (C)
= rad/sec
60
Ex.31 A body of mass 4 kg is tied to one end of a rope
= 2 rad/sec of length 40 cm and whirled in a horizontal circle.
The maximum number of revolutions per minute
Because the angle described during
it can be whirled so that the rope does not snap
1 revolution is 2 radian
as the rope can with stand to a tension of 6.4
The linear velocity Newton, will be -
v = r (A) 1.91 (B) 19.1 (C) 191 (D) 1910
= 2 × 3 m/s = 6 m/s Sol.(B) Tension in the rope = mr2 = mr 42n2
Maximum tension = 6.4 N
The centripetal acceleration  6.4 = 4 × 0.4 × 4 × 2n2
 Number of revolutions per minutes
v2 ( 6 )2 = 60/= 19.1
= = m/s2 = 118.4 m/s2
r 3 Hence correct answer is (B)
Hence correct answer is (A) Ex.32 A certain string which is 1 m long will break, if
Ex.28 A body of mass 0.1 kg is moving on circular the load on it is more than 0.5 kg. A mass of
path of diameter 1.0 m at the rate of 10 0.05 kg is attached to one end of it and the
revolutions per 31.4 seconds. The centripetal particle is whirled round a horizontal circle by
force acting on the body is - holding the free end of the string by one hand.
(A) 0.2 N (B) 0.4 N The greatest number of revolutions per minute
(C) 2 N (D) 4 N possible without breaking the string will be-
(A) 9.45 (B) 94.5 (C) 99.5 (D) 9.95
CIRCULAR MOTION 72
Sol.(B) Mass of the body m = 0.05 kg , Net force towards the centre,
Radius of circular path = 1 m
GMm
The maximum tension in the string can FG =
withstand = 0.5 kg wt = 0.5 × 9.8 N = 4.9 N r2
Hence the centripetal force required to (This force will provide required centripetal force)
produce the maximum tension in the string is Therefore FC = FG
4.9 N
mv 2 GMm
4.9 4.9  =
i.e. mr2 = 4.9  2 = = 0.05  1 = 98 r r2
mr
GM
98  v=
  = 98  n = 98  n = r
2 Hence correct answer is (A)
= 1.1576 rev/sec = 94.5 rev/min
Hence correct answer is (B) Note :
Ex.33 A body of mass m is attached with a string of
(i) From above example we see that orbital velocity
length l. If it is whirled in a horizontal circular
of a body is independent to its mass
path with velocity v. The tension in the string will
be - (ii) If we are asked to find out time period of above
body then time period can be calculated as
mv 2
(A) mv2l (B)
 2r r3
T = = 2
m mv 2 v GM
(C) (D) 2 3
v2 2 T  r this is Kepler's law.
Sol.(B) Required centripetal force , Ex.35 Three identical particles are connected by three
strings as shown in fig. These particles are
mv 2
Fc = revolving in a horizontal plane. The velocity of
 outer most particle is v. Then T1 : T2 : T3 will
Here centripetal force is provided by the tension be - (Where T1 is tension in the outer most
in the string string etc.)
v
T mv 2
 m  O
m m m
l l l
mg
mv 2
T = Fc =

Hence correct answer is (B) (A) 3 : 5 : 7 (B) 3 : 5 : 6
Ex.34 A satellite of mass m is revolving around the (C) 3 : 4 : 5 (D) 7 : 5 : 3
earth of mass M in circular orbit of radius r. The Sol.(B) For A :
orbital velocity of the satellite will be - vc vB vA
GM Gm GM Gm
(A) (B) (C) (D) O B
r r mr Mr T3 C T2 T1 A
Sol. The required centripetal force,

mv 2 Required centripetal force
FC = (towards the centre)
r mvA2
=
v  3l
FG (net force towards centre = T1)
O This will provide required centripetal force
mvA2
particle at A, T 1 =
3l
73 CIRCULAR MOTION
For B : mv 2
(iii) Reaction of the centripetal force acting
Required centripetal force r
radially outwards.
m(vB2 )
= Resolving N into horizontal and vertical
2 components we obtain
Remember  i.e. angular velocity, of all the
particles is same mv 2
N cos  = and N sin  = mg
vA vB vC r
 = = =
3 2 
Thus for B, centripetal force
2mv 2A
=
9
Net force towards the centre
2mv 2A
T2 – T1 =
9
2mv 2A 5mv 2A
 T2 = + T1 =
9 9l
(Putting value of T1)
N sin  mg
 =
For C : N cos  mv 2 / r
mvC2 mvA2 rg
Centripetal force. =  tan  = 2
3l 9l v
Net force towards centre = T3 – T2 r
But tan  =
h
mv A2
 T3 – T2 = r rg
9l  = 2
h v
mvA2
 T3 = + T2
9l  v= hg = 9.8  9.8  10 2
6 mvA2 = 0.98 m/s
T3 = Hence correct answer is (B)
9l
(on putting value of T2) Ex.37 A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and
carries a mass of 100 gm at the other end. The
1 5 6 string makes 2/ revolutions per second about
Now T1 : T2 : T3 = : : = 3 : 5 : 6
3 9 9 a vertical axis through the fixed end. The angle
of inclination of the string with the vertical, and
Note: It is to be pondered from the above example that the linear velocity of the mass will respectively
as the velocity is increased continuously, the be - (in M.K.S. system)
innermost string will break first i.e. T3 > T2 > T1
(A) 52º14', 3.16 (B) 50º14', 1.6
Hence correct answer is (B) (C) 52º14', 1.6 (D) 50º14', 3.16
Ex.36 A particle describes a horizontal circle on the Sol.(A) Let T be the tension,  the angle made by the
smooth surface of an inverted cone. The height string with the vertical through the point of sus-
of the plane of the circle above the vertex is 9.8 pension.
cm. The speed of the particle will be -
The time period
(A) 9.8 m/s (B) 0.98 m/s 

h 1 T
(C) 0.098 m/s (D) 98 m/s t = 2 g = frequency = /2
h
Sol.(B) The force acting on particle are
(i) weight mg acting vertically downward
(ii) Normal reaction N of the smooth surface of the Therefore =
g
= 4 
h
cone.
mg
CIRCULAR MOTION 74
at = 100 m/sec2 (given)

h 1
 g =  anet = a c2  a 2t  2a c a t cos 90 o
16
h g
= ac 2  a t 2
cos  = = = 0.6125   = 52º 14'
 16 = ( 400 )2  (100 )2
Linear velocity = 100 17 m/s2
= (l sin ) =1 × sin 52º 14' × 4 = 3.16 m/s [Remember the angle between a t i.e. the
Hence correct answer is (A) tangential acceleration and ac i.e. the radial
Ex.38 A particle of mass m is moving in a circular acceleration, is always 90º]
path of constant radius r such that its centripetal Hence correct answer is (A)
acceleration ac is varying with time t as ac = Ex.40 The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a
k2rt2, where k is a constant. The power delivered circle of radius R depends on distance covered
(s) as T = as2, where a is constant. The force
to the particle by the forces acting on it will be
acting on the particle as a function of s will be
-
-
(A) mk 2t2r (B) mk 2r2t2
1/ 2
(C) m 2k 2t2r2 (D) mk 2r2t  s2  2as
(A) 2as 1  2  (B)
Sol.(D) Centripetal acceleration,  R  R
v2 2as
ac = = k 2 rt2
r (C) 2as s2  R2 (D)
R
 Variable velocity
Sol.(A) The kinetic energy
v= k 2r 2 t 2 = k r t T = as2
The force causing the velocity to varies
1 2
dv  mv = as2
F = m = m k r 2
dt mv 2 2as 2
The power delivered by the force is,  =
R R
P = Fv = mkr × krt = mk 2r2t  Centripetal force or Radial force,
Hence correct answer is (D) 2as 2
Fc = .... (1)
Ex.39 A car is moving in a circular path of radius 100 R
m with velocity of 200 m/sec such that in each
 Further mv2 = 2as2
sec its velocity increases by 100 m/s, the net
acceleration of car will be - 2a
 v= s .... (2)
(in m/sec) m
(A) 100 17 (B) 10 7 dv 2a ds
 =
(C) 10 3 (D) 100 3 dt m dt
Sol.(A) We know centripetal acceleration 2a
2
= v .... (3)
(tangential velocity ) m
a c= Using (2) and (3) gives tangential acceleration,
radius
dv 2a
(200 ) 2 at =
dt
=
m
.v
= = 400 m/sec2
100 2
at  2a 
=   s = 2a s
m  m
 
 m at = 2as
ac  Tangential force,
O Ft = mat = 2as
As centripetal and tangential force are mutually
perpendicular, therefore
Tangential acceleration Total Force, F = Fc2  Ft2

75 CIRCULAR MOTION
2
 2as 2 
   (2as )2 s2 mv 2
=  = 2as 1 Sol.(A) Maximum tension T = + mg
R  r
  R2
mv 2
Note:  = T – mg
r
In the above example the angle made by F from the
centripetal acceleration will be  4v 2
or = 163.6 – 4 × 9.8
1
 v = 6 m/s

Fc Fc
 Ex.43 The string of a pendulum is horizontal. The mass
Ft of the bob is m. Now the string is released. The
Ft 2as R tension in the string in the lowest position is -
tan  = = 2
= (1) 1 mg (2) 2 mg
Fc 2as / R s
(3) 3 mg (4) 4 mg
Ex.41 A particle of mass m tied with a string of length Sol.(C) The situation is shown in fig. Let v be the velocity
 is released from horizontal as shown in fig. of the bob at the lowest position. In this position
The velocity at the lowest portion will be - the P.E. of bob is converted into K.E. hence -
(A) g (B) 2g
1 1
(C) g (D) g
2 2
Sol.(B) Suppose v be the velocity of particle at the
lowest position B.
According to conservation of energy 1
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B mgl = mv2
2
 v2 = 2gl ....(1)
l A
O If T be the tension in the string,
mv 2
l then T – mg = ....(2)

From (1) & (2) T = 3 mg
B Hence correct answer is (C)
Ex.44 A ball is released from height h as shown in fig.

mg
Which of the following condition hold good for
1 the particle to complete the circular path?
 0 + mgl = mv2 + 0
2
 v= 2g
Ex.42 A 4 kg balls is swing in a vertical circle at the

end of a cord 1 m long. The maximum speed at
which it can swing if the cord can sustain 5R 5R
maximum tension of 163.6 N will be - (A) h  (B) h 
2 2
(A) 6 m/s (B) 36 m/s 5R 5R
(C) 8 m/s (D) 64 m/s (C) h < (D) h >
2 2
CIRCULAR MOTION 76
Sol.(B) According to law of conservation of energy Sol.(A) Let the particles leaves the sphere at height h,
(K.E + P.E.) at A = (K.E + P.E) at B A
1 N
 0 + mgh = mv2 + 0
2 B
 v = 2gh h
 
But velocity at the lowest point of circle, mg v
5R mv 2
v  5gR  2gh  5gR  h  = mg cos  – N
2 R
When the particle leaves the sphere
Ex.45 The roadway bridge over a canal is the form of i.e. N = 0
an arc of a circle of radius 20 m. What is the mv 2
= mg cos 
minimum speed with which a car can cross the R
bridge without leaving contact with the ground at  v2 = gR cos  ....(1)
the highest point (g = 9.8 m/s2) According to law of conservation of energy
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B
(A) 7 m/s (B) 14 m/s
1
(C) 289 m/s (D) 5 m/s  0 + mgR = mv2 + mgh
2
Sol.(B) The minimum speed at highest point of a vertical  v2 = 2g (R – h) ....(2)
circle is given by 2
From (1) & (2) h = R
3
vc= rg = 20  9.8 = 14 m/s 2
Also cos  =
Hence correct answer is (B) 3
Ex.46 A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical Ex.48 A body of mass m tied at the end of a string of
circle of radius 0.5 m and the water does not
length l is projected with velocity 4l g , at what
fall down. The maximum period of revolution must
be - height will it leave the circular path -
(A) 1.45 (B) 2.45 5 3
(A) l (B) l
(C) 14.15 (D) 4.25 3 5
Sol.(A) The speed at highest point must be 1 2
(C) l (D) l
2 3 3
v > gr , v = r = r
T Sol.(A) Let the body will have the circular path at height
h above the bottom of circle from figure
2
 r > rg
T
2r r 0 .5
T < < 2 < 2 < 1.4 sec
rg g 9 .8
Maximum period of revolution = 1.4 sec
Ex.47 A particle of mass m slides down from the vertex
of semi-hemisphere, without any initial velocity.
At what height from horizontal will the particle
leave the sphere- mv 2
= T + mg cos 

2 3 On leaving the circular path
(A) R (B) R
3 2 T= 0
5 8 mv 2
(C) R (D) R  = mg cos 
8 5 
 v2 = g l cos ....(1)
77 CIRCULAR MOTION
According to law of conservation of energy (A) tan–1(0.283) (B) tan–1(2. 83)

(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B
(C) tan–1(0.05) (D) tan–1(0.5)
1 50
 0 + 2mgl = mv2 + mgh
2 Sol.(A) v = 60 km/hr = m/s
3
 v2 = 2g(2l – h) ....(2)
r = 0.1 km = 100m
5
From (1) & (2) h = l
3 v2
h  tan  = = 0.283
rg
Also cos  =

Hence correct answer is (A)   = tan–1 (0.283)
Ex.49 A vehicle of mass 1000 kg is moving along a
Ex.51 A train has to negotiate a curve of radius 400
curved both of length 314 m with a speed of 72
m. By how much should the outer rail be raised
km/hr. If it takes a turn of 90º, the centripetal with respect to inner rail for a speed of 48 km/
force needed by the vehicle is - hr. The distance between the rail is 1 m.
(A) 20 N (B) 200 N (A) 12 m (B) 12 cm
(C) 2000 N (D) 2 N (C) 4.5 cm (D) 4.5 m
Sol. As the vehicle has a turn of 90º, the length of
1 v2
the path is the part of the circle of Sol.(C) We know that tan  = ..... (1)
4 rg
radius r. Let h be the relative raising of outer rail with
Hence length of the path respect to inner rail. Then
2r h
= 314 = tan  = ...... (2)
4 
4  314
or r = = 200 m (l = separation between rails)
2
v2
mv 2 From (1) & (2) , h = x l
Centripetal force, Fc = rg
r
2 120
1000  5 
= ×  72   = 2000 N Hence v = 48 km/hr = m/s,
200  18  9
Hence correct answer is (C) (r = 400 m, l = 1m),
Ex.50 For a heavy vehicle moving on a circular curve (120 / 9)2  1

h= 400  9.8
= 0.045 m = 4.5 cm
of a highway the road bed is banked at an angle
 corresponding to a particular speed. The Hence correct answer is (C)
correct angle of banking of the road for vehicles
moving at 60 km/hr will be - (If radius of curve
= 0.1 km)
CIRCULAR MOTION 78

Equations of Motion Uniform Circular Motion
1. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular 7. A teachnometer is a device to measure -
acceleration about its axis. Initially its angular velocity (A) gravitational pull (B) speed of rotation
is zero. In the first 2 sec, it rotates through an angle ;
(C) surface tension (D) tension in a spring
in the next 2 sec, it rotates through an additional angle
2. The ratio of 2 /1 is- 8. The ratio of angular speed of hours hand and seconds
(A) 1 (B) 2 hand of a clock is-
(C) 3 (D) 5 (A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 60
2. In applying the equation for motion with uniform (C) 1 : 720 (D) 3600 : 1
angular acceleration  = 0 +  t, the radian measure - 9. The ratio of angular speeds of minutes hand and hour
(A) must be used for both  and  hand of a watch is -
(B) may be used for both  and  (A) 1 : 12 (B) 6 : 1
(C) may be used for  but not  (C) 12 : 1 (D) 1:6
(D) cannot be used for both  and 
10. Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving along the
3. The linear and angular acceleration of a particle are circular path of radius r1 and r2. They take one round in
10 m/sec2 and 5 rad/sec2 respectively it will be at a the same time. The ratio of angular velocities of the
distance from the axis of rotation - two cars will be-
(A) 50 m (B) 1/2 m (A) m1 : m2 (B) r1 : r2
(C) 1 m (D) 2 m (C) 1 : 1 (D) m1 r1 : m2 r2
4. A grinding wheel attained a velocity of 20 rad/sec
11. The angular velocity of earth about its axis of rotation
in 5 sec starting from rest. Find the number of
is-
revolutions made by the wheel.
(A) 2 / ( 60 × 60 × 24 ) rad / sec

(A) revolution per sec (B) 2 / ( 60 × 60 ) rad / sec
25
(C) 2 / 60 rad / sec
1 (D) 2 / ( 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 ) rad / sec
(B) revolution per sec

12. A bottle of soda water is grasped by the neck and swing
25 briskly in a vertical circle. Near which portion of the
(C) revolution
 bottle do the bubbles collect?
(D) None (A) near the near bottom
5. A wheel having a diameter of 3 m starts from rest (B) in the middle of the bottle
and accelerates uniformly to an angular velocity of
210 r.p.m. in 5 seconds. Angular acceleration of the (C) near the neck
wheel is - (D) uniformly distributed in the bottle
rad rad 13. In circular motion, the centripetal acceleration is given
(A) 1.4 (B) 3.3
s2 s2 by-
rad rad (A) a × r (B)  × v
(C) 2.2 2 (D) 1.1
s s2 (C) a × v (D)  × r
6. A wheel starts rotating at 10 rad/sec and attains the 14. The ratio of angular speeds of minutes hand and hour
angular velocity of 100 rad/sec in 15 seconds. What hand of a watch is -
is the angular acceleration in rad/sec2?
(A) 1 : 12 (B) 6 : 1
(A) 10 (B) 110/15
(C) 12 : 1 (D) 1 : 6
(C) 100/15 (D) 6
CIRCULAR MOTION 79
15. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revo- (C) both acceleration and velocity change
lutions per second. The acceleration of particle in m/s2
(D) both acceleration and speed are constant
is -
22. When a body moves with a constant speed along a
(A) 2 (B) 82
circle-
(C) 42 (D) 22
(A) no work is done on it
16. A particle moves in circular path with uniform speed v.
The change in its velocity on rotating through 60º is - (B) no acceleration is produced in the body
(C) no force acts on the body
v
(A) v 2 (B) (D) its velocity remains constant
2
23. What happens to the centripetal acceleration of a
(C) v (D) Zero
revolving body if you double the orbital speed v and
17. Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 5 kg moving on con-
halve the angular velocity  ?
centric orbits of radii R and r such that their period of
revolution are same. The ratio of their centripetal accel- (A) the centripetal acceleration remains unchanged
eration is - (B) the centripetal acceleration is halved
R r (C) the centripetal acceleration is doubled

(A) (B)
r R (D) the centripetal acceleration is quadrupled
24. A body of mass m is moving in a circle of radius r with
R2 r2
(C) 2 (D) a constant speed v. The force on the body is mv2/r and
r R2 u is directed towards the centre. What is the work done
18. A particle is moving in a horizontal circle with constant by this force in moving the body over half the
speed. State whether, the- circumference of the circle?
(A) K.E. is constant (A) mv2/r x r (B) zero
(B) P.E. is constant (C) mv2/r (D) r2/mv2
(C) Both K.E. and P.E. are constant 25. Centrifugal force is considerd as pseudo force when
(D) Neither K.E. nor P.E. are constant (A) An observer at the centre of circular motion
19. A stone of mass m is tied to a string of length l and (B) An outside observe
rotated in a circle with a constant speed v. If the string
(C) An observer who is moving with the particle which
is released, the stone flies-
is experiencing the force
(A) radially outward
(D) None of the above
(B) radially inward
26. A stone of mass 0.5 kg tied with a string of length 1
(C) tangentially outward
metre is moving in a circular path with a speed of 4 m/
(D) with an acceleration mv2/l sec. The tension acting on the string in Newton is-
20. If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles in (A) 2 (B) 8
equal interval of times, its velocity vector –
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.8
(A) remains constant
27. The breaking tension of a string is 10 N. A particle of
(B) changes in magnitude
mass 0.1 kg tied to it is rotated along a horizontal circle
(C) changes in direction of radius 0.5 metre. The maximum speed with which the
(D) changes both in magnitude and direction particle can be rotated without breaking the string is-
21. In uniform circular motion-
(A) 5 m/sec (B) (50 ) m/sec
(A) both velocity and acceleration are constant
(B) acceleration and speed are constant but velocity (C) (500 ) m/sec (D) (1000 ) m/sec
changes
CIRCULAR MOTION 80
28. A car of mass m is taking a circular turn of radius 'r' on 34. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius
a frictional level road with a speed v. In order that the 6 m with uniform speed of 8 ms–1. The average
car does not skid- acceleration when the particle completes one half of
the revolution is -
mv 2 mv 2
(A)  mg (B)  mg 16 32
r r (A) m/s2 (B) m/s2
3 3
mv 2 v
(C) = mg (D) = mg
r r 64
(C) m/s2 (D) None of these
Where '' is coefficient of friction 3
29. What happens to centripital force of a revolving body 35. A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and carries
if you double the orbital speed v and halve the angular a mass of 100 gm at the other end. The string makes
velocity - (2/) revolutions per second around vertical axis
through the fixed end. Calculate the tension in the
(A) Centripetal force remains unchanged
string-
(B) Centripital force is halved
(A) 1.0 N (B) 1.6 N
(C) Centripital force is doubled
(C) 2 N (D) 4 N
(D) Centripital force is quadrupled 36. A chain of 125 links is 1.25 m long and has a mass
30. A body is moving with a constant speed v in a circle of of 2 kg with the ends fastened together it is set
radius r. Its angular acceleration is-
rev
rotating at 3000 . Find the centripetal force on
v min
(A) Zero (B)
r each link -
v2 v2 (A) 3.14 N (B) 314 N
(C) 2 (D)
r r
31. A body of mass 10 kg is rotated in vertical circle of 1 1
(C) N (D) N
radius 4 cm at constant angular velocity of 5 rad/ sec. 3.14 314
The maximum tension in the string is- 37. When the road is dry and the coefficient of friction
(A) 100 N (B) 600 N is , the maximum speed of a car in a circular path
is 10 m/s, if the road becomes wet and ’ = /2.
(C) 110 N (D) 1100 N
What is the maximum speed permitted ?
32. If both the speed and radius of circular path of a
(A) 5 m/s (B) 10 m/s
revolving body are doubled, the magnitude of
centripetal force will be (C) 10 2 m/s (D) 5 2 m/s
(A) equal to the former
38. A person with a mass of M kg stands in contact
(B) twice the former against the wall of the cylindrical drum of radius r
(C) 4 times the former rotating with an angular velocity . The coefficient
(D) 8 times the former of friction between the wall and the clothing is .
The minimum rotational speed of the cylinder which
33. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant
enables the person to remain stuck to the wall when
magnitude which is always perpendicular to the
the floor is suddenly removed is -
velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle
takes place in a plane. it follows that– g r
(A) its velocity is constant (A) min = (B) min = g
r
(B) its acceleration is constant
(C) its kinetic energy is constant 2g gr
(C) min = (D) min =
(D) it moves in circular path r 
CIRCULAR MOTION 81
39. A body is revolving with a uniform speed V in a 44. A coin placed on a rotating turn table just slips if
circle of radius r. The angular acceleration of the it is at a distance of 40 cm from the centre if the
body is - angular velocity of the turntable is doubled, it will
just slip at a distance of
V
(A) (A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm
r
(B) Zero (C) 40 cm (D) 80 cm
45. A stone of mass 0.5 kg tied with a string of length
V2 1 m is moving in a circular path with a speed of 4
(C) along the radius and towards the centre
r m/sec. The tension acting on the string in Newton
is
V2
(D) along the radius and away from the centre (A) 2 (B) 8
r
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.8
40. A particle completes 3 revolutions per second on a
circular path of radius 8 cm. Find the values of 46. A particle is acted upon by a constant force always
angular velocity and centripetal acceleration of the normal to the direction of motion of the particle. It
particle - is therefore inferred that-
(a) Its velocity is constant
rad cm (b) It moves in a straight line
(A) 6 ; 2882 2
s s (c) Its speed is constant
rad cm (d) It moves in circular path
(B)  ; 2752 2
s s (A) a, d (B) c, d
(C) a, b (D) a, b, c
rad cm
(C) 6 ; 288 2 Non uniform Circular motion
s s
47. A particle is projected so as to just move along a vertical
(D) None
circle of radius r. The ratio of the tension in the string
41. A car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular track of when the particle is at the lowest and highest point on
radius 20 m. if the coefficient of friction is 0.64, what the circle is -
is the maximum velocity with which the car can be
moved? (A) 1 (B) finite but large
(A) 1.12 m/s (B) 11.2 m/s (C) zero (D) Infinite
48. A block of mass m slides down along the surface of the
0 . 64  20 1000 bowl from the rim to the bottom as shown in fig. The
(C) m/s (D) 0 .64  20 m/s
1000 velocity of the block at the bottom will be-
42. The earth, radius 6400 km, makes one revolution
about its own axis in 24 hours. The centripetal
acceleration of a point on its equator is nearly -
cm cm
(A) 340 (B) 3.4
sec 2 sec 2
(A) Rg (B) 2 Rg
cm cm
(C) 34 (D) 0.34
sec 2 sec 2 (C) 2Rg (D) gR
43. A stone of mass 0.1 kg tied to one end of a string 49. A sphere is suspended by a thread of length l. What
1.0 m long is revolved in a horizontal circle at the minimum horizontal velocity is to be imparted to the
rate of 10/ revolution per second. Calculate the sphere for it to reach the height of suspension?
tension of the string ?
(A) gl (B) g l
(A) 30 N (B) 40 N
(C) 50 N (D) 60 N (C) 2g l (D) l /g
CIRCULAR MOTION 82
50. A body of mass 2 kg is moving in a vertical of radius 2 57. A motor-cycle is moving in a vertical circular path.
m. The work done when it moves from the lowest point At what stage will the speed of the motor cycle be
to the highest point is- maximum ?
(A) 80 J (B) 40 J (A) At the highest point of the path
(C) 20 J (D) 0 (B) At the lowest point of the path

(C) At the mid height of the path
51. A particle rests on the top of the hemisphere of radius
R. The small horizontal velocity that must be imparted (D) At all the points in the path
to the particle if it is to leave the hemisphere without 58. An aeroplane flying at 100 m/sec dives in a vertical
sliding down. is- plane along the circle of radius 200 m. The mass of
the pilot is 75 kg. What will be the force exerted by
(A) v = (2gR)1/2 (B) v = (gR/2)1/2
the pilot on his seat when the aeroplane is at the
(C) v = (gR)1/2 (D) v = (2g/R)1/2 maximum height
52. A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a (A) 300 kg wt (B) 200 kg wt
string of length 20 cm. By how much does the tension (C) 450 kg wt (D) 100 kg wt
of the string at the lowest point exceed the tension at
59. In the above question, the force exterted when the
the top most point? pilot is at the lowest point is
(A) 2 m g (B) 4 m g (A) 450 kg wt (B) 250 kg wt
(C) 6 m g (D) 8 m g (C) 300 kg wt (D) 100 kg wt
53. A car is travelling with linear velocity v on a circular 60. A string can bear a maximum tension of 100 Newton
road of radius r. If it is increasing it speed at the rate of without breaking. A body of mass 1 kg is attached
'a' metre/sec2, then the resultant acceleration will be- to one end of 1 m length of thin string and it is
revolved in a horizontal plane. The maximum linear
 v2   v4  velocity which can be imparted to the body without
(A)
  a2   2
(B)  2  a  breaking the string, will be -
r 2 
  r  (A) 10 m/s (B) 1 m/s
(C) 100 m/s (D) 1000 m/s
v 4 v 2 
2 61. A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle

(C)  2  a  (D)
  a2 
 r2  of radius 4 metre and the water just does not fall down.
r   
The time period of revolution will be -
54. On an unbanked road, a cyclist negotiating a bend of (A) 1 sec (B) 10 sec
radius r at velocity v must lean inwards by an angle  (C) 8 sec (D) 4 sec
equal to - 62. A 2 kg stone at the end of a string 1 m. long is whirled
in a vertical circle at a constant speed. The speed of the
(A) tan–1 (v2/g) (B) tan–1 (g/v)
stone is 4 m /sec. The tension in the string will be 52 N
(C) tan–1 (v2 / gr) (D) tan–1 (rg/v2) when the stone is-
55. A particle of mass m is rotating by means of a string in (A) at the top of the circle
a vertical circle. The difference in the tension at the (B) at the bottom of the circle
bottom and top would be-
(C) half way down
(A) 6 mg (B) 4 mg (D) none of the above
(C) 3 mg (D) 2 mg 63. The roadway of a bridge over a canal is in the form of
a circular arc of radius 18 m. What is the greatest speed
56. A body of mass m crosses the top most point of a
with which a motor cycle can cross the bridge without
vertical circle with critical speed. What will be tension
leaving ground.
in string when it is horizontal-
(A) mg (B) 2 mg (A) 98 m/s (B) 18  9.8 m / s
(C) 3 mg (D) 6 mg (C) 18 × 9.8 m/s (D) 18/9.8 m/s

CIRCULAR MOTION 83
64. The maximum speed with which a car can cross a 71. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car
convex bridge over a river with radius of curvature passenger taking the same turn is thrown outwards.
9 m is : (given that the centre of gravity of car is 1m The reason is -
above the road) (A) that car is heavier than cycle
(A) 50 m/s (B) 30 m/s (B) that car has four wheels, while cycle has only
(C) 20 m/s (D) 10 m/s two
65. A car is moving with speed 30 m/s on a circular path (C) that cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal
of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the rate force, while the passenger is only thrown by it
of 2 m/s2. The net acceleration of the car is- (D) the difference in the speed of the two
(A) 3.7 m/s2 (B) 2.7 m/s2 Theta, omega, alpha, equations of motion
(C) 1.8 m/s2 (D) 2 m/s2 72. A particle is moving along a circular path with uniform
Banking of roads speed. Through what angle does its angular velocity
66. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car change when it completes half of the circular path ?
passenger take the same turn is thrown outwards. The (a) 0° (b) 45°
reason is-
(c) 180° (d) 360°
(A) car is heavier then cycle 73. What is the angular velocity in rad/s of a fly wheel making
(B) car has four wheels while cycle has only two 300 r.p.m. ?
(C) difference in the speed of the two (a) 600  (b) 20 
(D) Cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while (c) 10  (d) 30
in the case of car only the passenger is thrown by 74. The angular velocity of a particle moving in a circle of
this force
radius 50 cm is increased in 5 min from 100 revolutions
67. A cyclist turns around a curve at 15 miles/hour. If he per minute to 400 revolutions per minute. Find tangential
turns at double the speed, the tendency to overturn is- acceleration of the particle.
2 2
(A) doubled (B) quadrupled (a) 60 m/s (b) /30 m/s
2 2
(C) halved (D) unchanged (c) /15 m/s (d) /60 m/s
68. A cyclist is moving on a circular track of radius 80 m 75. A particle covers equal distance around a circular path,
with a velocity of 72 km/hr. He has to lean from the in equal intervals of time. Which of the following
vertical approximately through an angle quantities connected with the motion of the particle
(A) tan–1 (1/4) (B) tan–1 (1) remains constant with time ?
(C) tan–1 (1/2) (D) tan–1 (2) (a) Displacement (b) Velocity
69. Keeping the banking angle same to increase the (c) Speed (d) Acceleration
maximum speed with which a vehicle can travel on a 76. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 2m
–1
curved road by 10%, the radius of curvature of road with uniform speed of 5 ms . What will be the change in
has to be changed from 20 m to- velocity when the particle completes half of the revolution?
–1
(A) 16 m (B) 18 m (a) Zero (b) 10 ms
(C) 24.25 m (D) 30.5 m
10
70. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km per (c) 10 2 ms 1 (d) ms1
2
hour on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point
where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 metres. 77. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 5m
–1
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. In order to with a uniform speed 5 ms . What will be the average
avoid skidding, he must not bend with respect to the acceleration when the particle completes half revolution?
vertical plane by an angle greater than- (a) Zero (b) 10 ms
–1
(A) = tan–1 6 (B)  = tan–1 2

10 2
(C)  = tan–1 25.92 (D)  = tan–14 (c) 10 ms
–2
(d) ms

CIRCULAR MOTION 84
Vertical Circular Motion 80. A particle moves in a circle of a radius 30 cm. Its linear
78. What should be the minimum velocity at the highest point speed is given by : v=2t, where t in second and v in m/s.
of a body tied to a string, so that the string just does not Find out its radial and tangential acceleration at t = 3 sec.
slack ? respectively :
2 2
(a) 220 m/sec , 50 m/sec
(a) Rg (b) 5Rg 2 2
(b) 100 m/sec , 5 m/sec
3/ 2 2 2
R (c) 120 m/sec , 2 m/sec
(c)   (d) 2Rg 2
(d) 110 m/sec , 10 m/sec
2
g
79. A bead can slide on a smooth circular wire frame of radius

r which is fixed in a vertical plane. The bead is displaced
slightly from the highest point of the wire frame. The speed
of the bead subsequently as a function of the angle 
made by the bead with the vertical line is :
(a) 2gr (b) 2gr(1  sin )
(c) 2gr(1  cos ) (d) 2 gr

CIRCULAR MOTION 85
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If the body is moving in a circle of radius r with a 8. A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When
constant speed v , its angular velocity is[CPMT 1975] it overturns, it is [AFMC 1988]
(a) v 2 / r (b) vr (a) The inner wheel which leaves the ground first
(c) v / r (d) r / v (b) The outer wheel which leaves the ground
first
2. Two racing cars of masses m 1 and m 2 are moving in
(c) Both the wheels leave the ground
circles of radii r1 and r2 respectively. Their speeds simultaneously
are such that each makes a complete circle in the same (d) Either wheel leaves the ground first
duration of time t . The ratio of the angular speed of
9. A tachometer is a device to measure [DPMT 1999]
the first to the second car is [CBSE PMT 1999]
(a) Gravitational pull (b) Speed of rotation
(a) m 1 : m 2 (b) r1 : r2
(c) Surface tension (d) Tension in a spring
(c) 1 : 1 (d) m 1 r1 : m 2 r2 10. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg moving in concentric
3. A cyclist turns around a curve at 15 miles/hour. If he orbits of radii R and r such that their periods are the
turns at double the speed, the tendency to overturn same. Then the ratio between their centripetal
is [CPMT 1974; AFMC 2003] acceleration is [CBSE PMT 2001]
(a) Doubled (b) Quadrupled (a) R / r (b) r / R
(c) Halved (d) Unchanged
(c) R 2 / r 2 (d) r 2 / R 2
4. If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles
in equal times, its velocity vector [CPMT 1972, 74] 11. A particle is moving in a horizontal circle with constant
speed. It has constant [AFMC 1993; CPMT 1997]
(a) Remains constant
(a) Velocity (b) Acceleration
(b) Changes in magnitude
(c) Kinetic energy (d) Displacement
(c) Changes in direction
12. A train is moving towards north. At one place it turns
(d) Changes both in magnitude and direction
towards north-east, here we observe that
5. When a body moves with a constant speed along a [AIIMS 1980]
circle [CBSE PMT 1994]
(a) The radius of curvature of outer rail will be
(a) No work is done on it greater than that of the inner rail
(b) No acceleration is produced in the body (b) The radius of the inner rail will be greater
(c) No force acts on the body than that of the outer rail
(d) Its velocity remains constant (c) The radius of curvature of one of the rails
will be greater
6. A body of mass m moves in a circular path with
uniform angular velocity. The motion of the body has (d) The radius of curvature of the outer and inner
constant [MP PET 2003] rails will be the same
(a) Acceleration (b) Velocity 13. The angular speed of a fly wheel making 120
revolutions/minute is [CBSE PMT 1995]
(c) Momentum (d) Kinetic energy
7. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car (a) 2 rad / s (b) 4  2 rad / s
passenger taking same turn is thrown outwards. The
reason is [CPMT 1974] (c)  rad / s (d) 4 rad / s
(a) Car is heavier than cycle 14. The length of second’s hand in a watch is 1 cm. The
(b) Car has four wheels while cycle has only change in velocity of its tip in 15 seconds is
two [MP PMT 1987, 2003]
(c) Difference in the speed of the two 
(a) Zero (b) cm / sec
(d) Cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force 30 2
while in the case of car only the passenger is
  2
thrown by this force (c) cm / sec (d) cm / sec
30 30
CIRCULAR MOTION 86
15. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two (a) 14 m/s (b) 3 m/s
revolutions per second. The acceleration of the (c) 3.92 m/s (d) 5 m/s
2
particle in m / s is [DPMT 1999] 23. A body of mass 5 kg is moving in a circle of radius 1 m
(a)  2 (b) 8 2 with an angular velocity of 2 radian/sec. The
centripetal force is [AIIMS 1998]
(c) 4 2 (d) 2 2
(a) 10 N (b) 20 N
16. An electric fan has blades of length 30 cm as measured (c) 30 N (d) 40 N
from the axis of rotation. If the fan is rotating at 1200
24. A sphere of mass m is tied to end of a string of length
r.p.m. The acceleration of a point on the tip of the
blade is about [CBSE PMT 1990] l and rotated through the other end along a horizontal
circular path with speed v . The work done in full
(a) 1600 m / sec 2 (b) 4740 horizontal circle is [CPMT 1993]
(c) 2370 (d) 5055 2
mv 
17. The force required to keep a body in uniform circular (a) 0 (b)  l  . 2l
 
motion is [EAMCET 1982; AFMC 2003]
(a) Centripetal force (b) Centrifugal force 2
mv 
(c) Resistance (d) None of the above (c) mg . 2l (d)  l  . (l)
 
18. A particle moves in a circular orbit under the action of
a central attractive force inversely proportional to the 25. A body is whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 20 cm.
distance 'r' . The speed of the particle is It has angular velocity of 10 rad/s. What is its linear
[CBSE PMT 1995] velocity at any point on circular path
[CBSE PMT 1996]
(a) Proportional to r 2 (b) Independent of r (a) 10 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(c) Proportional to (d) Proportional to (c) 20 m/s (d) 2 m/s
19. A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by
26. Find the maximum velocity for skidding for a car moved
means of a string at an initial speed of 5 revolutions on a circular track of radius 100 m. The coefficient of
per minute. Keeping the radius constant the tension friction between the road and tyre is 0.2
in the string is doubled. The new speed is nearly [CPMT 1996]
[MP PMT/PET 1998; JIPMER 2000] (a) 0.14 m/s (b) 140 m/s
(a) 14 rpm (b) 10 rpm (c) 1.4 km/s (d) 14 m/s
(c) 2.25 rpm (d) 7 rpm
27. A car when passes through a convex bridge exerts a
20. The magnitude of the centripetal force acting on a force on it which is equal to [AFMC 1997]
body of mass m executing uniform motion in a circle
of radius r with speed v is Mv 2 Mv 2
(a) Mg  (b)
r r
[AFMC 1998;MP PET 1999]
(a) mvr (b) mv 2 / r (c) Mg (d) None of these
28. The angular speed of seconds needle in a mechanical
(c) v / r 2 m (d) v / rm watch is [CPMT 1997]
21. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a 
velocity of 36 km/hr. The centripetal force is (a) rad/s (b) 2 rad/s
30
[CBSE PMT 1999]
(a) 250 N (b) 750 N 60
(c)  rad/s (d) rad/s
(c) 1000 N (d) 1200 N 
22. A ball of mass 0.25 kg attached to the end of a string of 29. The angular velocity of a particle rotating in a circular
length 1.96 m is moving in a horizontal circle. The string orbit 100 times per minute is
will break if the tension is more than 25 N. What is the [SCRA 1998; DPMT 2000]
maximum speed with which the ball can be moved (a) 1.66 rad/s (b) 10.47 rad/s
[CBSE PMT 1998]
(c) 10.47 deg/s (d) 60 deg/s
CIRCULAR MOTION 87
30. A body of mass 100 g is rotating in a circular path of

radius r with constant velocity. The work done in one O
complete revolution is [AFMC 1998]
(a) 100 rJ (b) (r / 100 )J l
(c) (100 / r)J (d) Zero

m
31. A particle comes round a circle of radius 1 m once. The
time taken by it is 10 sec. The average velocity of motion
is [JIPMER 1999] T T
(a) 0.2 m / s (b) 2 m / s
F
(c) 2 m / s (d) Zero (a) (b)
32. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m . The maximum W W
speed at which a car can make a turn if the coefficient
of static friction is 0.75, is [JIPMER 1999] T T
(a) 2.1 (b) 14

(c) 21 (d) 7 F F F
(c) (d)
33. A particle of mass M is moving in a horizontal circle of
radius R with uniform speed V. When it moves from W W
one point to a diametrically opposite point, its
[CBSE PMT 1992] 37. If a cyclist moving with a speed of 4.9 m/s on a level
road can take a sharp circular turn of radius 4 m, then
(a) Kinetic energy changes by MV 2 / 4 coefficient of friction between the cycle tyres and road
is [AIIMS 1999; AFMC 2001]
(b) Momentum does not change
(a) 0.41 (b) 0.51
(c) Momentum changes by 2MV (c) 0.61 (d) 0.71
(d) Kinetic energy changes by MV 2 38. A car moves on a circular road. It describes equal
angles about the centre in equal intervals of time.
34. A ball of mass 0.1 Kg. is whirled in a horizontal circle of Which of the following statement about the velocity
radius 1 m. by means of a string at an initial speed of 10 of the car is true [BHU 2001]
R.P.M. Keeping the radius constant, the tension in the
string is reduced to one quarter of its initial value. The (a) Magnitude of velocity is not constant
new speed is [MP PMT 2001] (b) Both magnitude and direction of velocity change
(a) 5 r.p.m. (b) 10 r.p.m. (c) Velocity is directed towards the centre of
the circle
(c) 20 r.p.m. (d) 14 r.p.m.
(d) Magnitude of velocity is constant but direction
35. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector and
acceleration vector are [DCE 2000, 01, 03] changes
(a) Perpendicular to each other 39. The maximum velocity (in ms–1) with which a car driver
(b) Same direction must traverse a flat curve of radius 150 m and
coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid skidding is
(c) Opposite direction [AIEEE 2002]
(d) Not related to each other (a) 60 (b) 30
36. A point mass m is suspended from a light thread of (c) 15 (d) 25
length l, fixed at O, is whirled in a horizontal circle at 40. A car is moving with high velocity when it has a turn.
constant speed as shown. From your point of view, A force acts on it outwardly because of
stationary with respect to the mass, the forces on the [AFMC 2002]
mass are [AMU (Med.) 2001] (a) Centripetal force (b) Centrifugal force
(c) Gravitational force (d) All the above
CIRCULAR MOTION 88
41. A motor cycle driver doubles its velocity when he is

46. A block of mass m at the end of a string is whirled
having a turn. The force exerted outwardly will be
[AFMC 2002] round in a vertical circle of radius . The critical speed
of the block at the top of its swing below which the
(a) Double (b) Half
string would slacken before the block reaches the top
1 is [DCE 1999, 2001]
(c) 4 times (d) times
4
(a) Rg (b) (Rg )2
42. If a r and a t represent radial and tangential
(c) R / g (d) Rg
accelerations, the motion of a particle will be uniformly
circular if [CPMT 2004] 47. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration
(a) ar = 0 and a t  0 (b) ar = 0 but a t  0 about its axis. Initially its angular velocity is zero. In
the first 2 sec, it rotates through an angle 1 . In the
(c) a r  0 but at = 0 (d) None of these
next 2 sec, it rotates through an additional angle  2 .
43. In 1.0 s, a particle goes from point A to point B, moving
in a semicircle of radius 1.0 m (see figure). The The ratio of  2 / 1 is [AIIMS 1985]
magnitude of the average velocity is (a) 1 (b) 2
[IIT-JEE 1999]
(c) 3 (d) 5
A
48. A 1 kg stone at the end of 1 m long string is whirled in
a vertical circle at constant speed of 4 m/sec. The
1.0 m
tension in the string is 6 N, when the stone is at
(g = 10 m/sec2) [AIIMS 1982]
B (a) Top of the circle (b) Bottom of the circle
(c) Half way down (d) None of the above
(a) 3 .14 m / s (b) 2.0 m / s 49. A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle
of radius 4 meter and the water just does not fall down.
(c) 1.0 (d) Zero The time period of revolution will be [CPMT 1985]
44. A stone ties to the end of a string 1m long is whirled (a) 1 sec (b) 10 sec
in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone (c) 8 sec (d) 4 sec
makes 22 revolution in 44 seconds, what is the
50. The string of pendulum of length l is displaced
magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone
through 90° from the vertical and released. Then the
[CBSE PMT 2005]
minimum strength of the string in order to withstand
2 the tension, as the pendulum passes through the mean
(a) ms  2 and direction along the radius position is [MP PMT 1986]
4
towards the centre (a) mg (b) 3 mg
(c) 5 mg (d) 6 mg
(b)  2 ms 2 and direction along the radius
51. The maximum velocity at the lowest point, so that
away from the centre the string just slack at the highest point in a vertical
(c) 2 ms–2 and direction along the radius towards circle of radius l [CPMT 1999]
the centre
(a) gl (b) 3 gl
(d) 2 ms–2 and direction along the tangent to the
circle
(c) 5 gl (d) 7 gl
45. In a circus stuntman rides a motorbike in a circular
track of radius R in the vertical plane. The minimum 52. If the equation for the displacement of a particle moving
speed at highest point of track will be on a circular path is given by ( )  2 t 3  0 .5 , where 
[CPMT 1979; JIPMER 1997; RPET 1999] is in radians and t in seconds, then the angular velocity
of the particle after 2 sec from its start is [AIIMS 1998]
(a) 2 gR (b) 2 gR
(a) 8 rad/sec (b) 12 rad/sec
(c) 3 gR (d) gR (c) 24 rad/sec (d) 36 rad/sec
CIRCULAR MOTION 89
53. The tension in the string revolving in a vertical circle 58. For a particle in a non-uniform accelerated circular
with a mass m at the end which is at the lowest motion [AMU (Med.) 2000]
position [AIIMS 2001]
(a) Velocity is radial and acceleration is
2 2
mv mv transverse only
(a) (b)  mg
r r
(b) Velocity is transverse and acceleration is
radial only
mv 2
(c)  mg (d) mg
r (c) Velocity is radial and acceleration has both
radial and transverse components
54. A block follows the path as shown in the figure from
height h . If radius of circular path is r , then relation (d) Velocity is transverse and acceleration has
that holds good to complete full circle is both radial and transverse components
[RPET 1997] 59. A ball is moving to and fro about the lowest point A of a
smooth hemispherical bowl. If it is able to rise up to a
height of 20 cm on either side of A, its speed at A must be
(Take = 10 m/s2, mass of the body 5 g) [JIPMER 2000]
(a) 0.2 m/s (b) 2 m/s
h
(c) 4 m/s (d) 4.5 ms–1
r 60. A particle is kept at rest at the top of a sphere of
diameter 42 m. When disturbed slightly, it slides down.
At what height ‘h’ from the bottom, the particle will
(a) h  5r / 2 (b) h  5r / 2 leave the sphere [BHU 2003]
(a) 14 m (b) 28 m
(c) h  5r / 2 (d) h  5r / 2
(c) 35 m (d) 7 m
55. A pendulum bob on a 2 m string is displaced 60o from
the vertical and then released. What is the speed of 61. A small disc is on the top of a hemisphere of radius R .
the bob as it passes through the lowest point in its What is the smallest horizontal velocity v that should
path [JIPMER 1999] be given to the disc for it to leave the hemisphere and
(a) 2 m/s (b) 9 .8 m / s
not slide down it ? [There is no friction] [CPMT 1991]
(a) v  2 gR (b) v  gR
(c) 4.43 m/s (d) 1 / 2 m / s
56. A fan is making 600 revolutions per minute. If after g

(c) v  (d) v  g 2 R
some time it makes 1200 revolutions per minute, then R
increase in its angular velocity is [BHU 1999]
62. A body of mass 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical circle
(a) 10  rad / sec (b) 20  rad / sec making 2 rev/sec. If the radius of the circle is 2 m, then
tension in the string when the body is at the top of the
(c) 40  rad / sec (d) 60  rad / sec circle, is [CBSE PMT 1999]
57. A stone tied with a string, is rotated in a vertical circle. (a) 41.56 N (b) 89.86 N
The minimum speed with which the string has to be
rotated [CBSE PMT 1999] (c) 109.86 N (d) 115.86 N
(a) Is independent of the mass of the stone 63. A bucket full of water is revolved in vertical circle of
(b) Is independent of the length of the string radius 2m. What should be the maximum time-period
of revolution so that the water doesn’t fall off the
(c) Decreases with increasing mass of the
stone bucket [AFMC 2004]
(d) Decreases with increase in length of the (a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
string
(c) 3 sec (d) 4 sec
CIRCULAR MOTION 90
64. Figure shows a body of mass m moving with a uniform 68. Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving in circles of radii
speed v along a circle of radius r. The change in velocity
r1 and r2, respectively. Their speeds are such that they
in going from A to B is [DPMT 2004]
make complete circles in the same time t. The ratio of their
B
centripetal acceleration is (2012)
(a) m1r1 : m2r2 (b) m1 : m2
C A (c) r1 : r2 (d) 1 : 1
O
69. A particle is moving with a uniform speed in a circular
orbit of radius R in a central force inversely proportional
D
to the nth power of R. If the period of rotation of the
particle is T, then : (2018)
(a) v 2 (b) v / 2
(n 1) n
(c) v (d) zero
(a) T  R 2 (b) T  R 2
65. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude
which is always perpendicular to the velocity of the 3 n
1
particle. The motion of the particle takes place in a plane, it (c) T  R 2 For any n. (d) T  R 2
follows that (2004)
70. A particle is released on a vertical smooth semicircular
(a) its velocity is constant
track from point X so that OX makes angle  from the
(b) its acceleration is constant vertical (see figure). The normal reaction of the track on
(c) its kinetic energy is constant the particle vanishes at point Y where OY makes angle 
(d) it moves in a straight line with the horizontal. Then : (2014 Online Set-4)

66. For a particle in uniform circular motion the acceleration a
at a point P (R, ) on the circle of radius R is (here  is
measured from the x–axis (2010)
v2 v2 v2 v2
(a)  cos  î  sin  ˆj (b)  sin  î  cos  ˆj
R R R R
v2 v2 v2 ˆ v2 ˆ
(c)  cos  î  sin  ˆj (d) i j 1
R R R R (a) sin   cos  (b) sin  = cos 
2
67. A point P moves in counter–clockwise direction on a
circular path as shown in the figure. The movement of P is 2 3
3 (c) sin   cos  (d) sin   cos 
such that it sweeps out a length s = t + 5, where s is in 3 4
metre and t is in second. The radius of the path is 20 m. The
acceleration of P when t = 2 s is nearly (2010) 71. A particle starts moving on a circle of radius R with initial
velocity v0 such that centripetal L tangential acceleration
are equal at all instants. Maximum time for which it can
move. (2015 Online)
R 2R
(a) v (b) v
0 0
–2 –2
R
(a) 13 ms (b) 12 ms (c) 2v (d) Infinite
–2 –2 0
(c) 7.2 ms (d) 14 ms
CIRCULAR MOTION 91
72. A cubical block of side 30 cm is moving with velocity 2 74. A conical pendulum of length 1 m makes an angle   45º
ms”1 on a smooth horizontal surface. The surface has a
bump at a point O as shown in figure. The angular velocity w.r.t. Z-axis and moves in a circle in the XY plane. The
(in rad/s) of the block immediately after it hits the bump, radius of the circle is 0.4m and its center is vertically
is : (2016 Online Set -1) below O. The speed of the pendulum, in its circular path,
will be : (Take g = 10 ms–2) (2017 Online Set-2)
(a) 5.0 (b) 6.7

(c) 9.4 (d) 13.3
73. A civil engineer has to design a circlular banked racing
track on which cars can move up to speed of 360 km/hr
1 (a) 0.4 m/s (b) 4 m/s
with coefficient of friction   and radius 4 km. Angle
8 (c) 0.2 m/s (d) 2 m/s
of banking for safe racing should be :
(2016 Online Set-2)
1  7  1  4 
(a) tan   (b) tan  
 33   33 
1  13  1  7 
(c) tan   (d) tan  
 33   29 
CIRCULAR MOTION 92

Q.1 A rubber band of length l has a stone of mass m Q.5 A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/sec on a
tied to its one end. It is whirled with speed v so circular path of radius 500 m. Its is increasing at the
that the stone describes a horizontal circular path. rate of 2 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of the car?
The tension T in the rubber band is - (A) 9.8 m/sec2 (B) 2.7 m/sec2
(A) zero (B) mv2 /l (C) >
2 2
(C) 2.4 m/sec2 (D) 1.8 m/sec2
(mv )/l (D) < mv /l
Q.2 A smooth wire is bent into a vertical circle of radius Q.6 The equation of motion of a particle moving on
a . A bead P can slide A circular path (radius 200 m) is given by s = 18

smoothly on the wire. The t + 3t2 – 2t3 where s is the total distance covered
circle is rotated about from straight point in metres at the end of t seconds.
diameter AB as axis with a a The maximum speed of the particle will be-
speed  as shown in figure. 0 (A) 15 m/sec (B) 23 m/sec
The bead P is at rest with (C) 19.5 m/sec (D) 25 m/sec
a/2 P
respect to the circular ring
in the position shown. Then
Q.7 The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a
2 is equal to- B
circle of radius R depends on the distance covered
(A) 2g /a (B) 2g / (a 3) s as T = KS2 where K is a constant. Find the force
(C) g 3g / a (D) 2a / (g 3) acting on the particle as a function of S -
2 2
Q.3 A heavy small sized sphere is suspended by a 2K S R 
(A) 1   (B) 2KS 1   
string of length . The sphere rotates uniformly in S R S
a horizontal circle with the string making an angle
 with the vertical. Then the time period of this 2 2
conical pendulum is- S 2S R 
(C) 2KS 1    (D) 1  
R  K S
 l sin  
(A) T = 2 (B) T=2  
 g  Q.8 A point moves along a circle with velocity v=
at where a 0.5 m/sec2. Then the total acceleration of
 l cos    l  the point at the moment when it covered (1/10) th
(C) T = 2   (D) T=2  g cos  
 g    of the circle after beginning of motion -
(A) 0.5 m/sec2 (B) 0.6 m/sec2
Q.4 A simple pendulum of length L and mass M is (C) 0.7 m/sec2 (D) 0.8 m/sec2
oscillating in a plane about a vertical line between
angular limits –  and + . For an angular Q.9 A solid body rotates about a stationary axis so that
displacement  [ | < ], the tension in the string its angular velocity depends on the rotation angle
and the velocity of the bob are T and v respectively.  as  = 0 – k , where 0 and k are positive
The following relation holds good under the above constants. At the moment t = 0, the angle  = 0.
conditions- Find the time dependence of rotation angle -
(A) T = Mg cos  0 –kt
(A) K. 0e–kt (B) [e ]
(B) T cos  = Mg K
(C) T – Mg cos  = Mv2/L
0 K
(D) T + Mg cos  = Mv2/L (C) [1–e–k.t] (D)  [ e–kt – 1]
K 0
CIRCULAR MOTION 93
Q.10 A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a rotating the turn table with a constant angular
light inextensible string of length l is projected velocity of 102 rad-sec–1 the ball moves away from
horizontally with speed ( gl) . Then the speed of the initial position by a distance nearly equal to-
the particle and the inclination of the string to the
vertical at the instant of the motion when the tension
in the string equal the weight of the particle-
O
3l lg
(A) –1 , cos–1 (2/3)
g , cos (3/2) (B)
3
3g gl 0.1m
(C) , cos–1 (2/3) (D) , sin–1 (2/3)
l 3
(A) 10–1
m (B) 10–2 m
(C) 10–3 m (D) 2 × 10–1 m
Q.11 A small body of mass m slides without friction from
the top of a hemispherical
Q.15 A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a
cup of radius r as shown
h string of length l while the other end is fixed to a
in the following figure. If Q
point h above the horizontal table, the particle is
it leaves the surface of the
made to revolve in a circle on the table so as to
cup at a vertical distance
make p revolutions per second. The maximum value
'h' below the highest
r of p if the particle is to be in contact with the table
point, then-
will be-
(A) h = r (B) h = r/3
(C) h = r /2 (D) h = 2r /3 (A) 2 p gh (B) ( g / h)
Q.12 A body is allowed to slide on a frictionless track 1

(C) 2p (h / g) (D) ( g / h)
from rest position under gravity. The track ends into 2
a circular loop of diameter D. What should be the
minimum height of the body in terms of D so that Q.16 A gramophone record is revolving with an angular
it may complete successfully the loop? velocity  . A coin is placed at a distance r from the
4 5 centre of the record. The static coefficient of friction
(A) D (B) D (C) 1 D
5 4 is . The coin will revolve with the record if-
(D) 2 D (A) r > g 2 (B) r = g /2 only
(C) r < g /2 only (D) r  g /2
Q.13 A body is rotated in
the vertical plane by B vB Q.17 A car is moving with a speed V on a road inclined
means of a thread of at an angle  in a circular arc of radius r, the minimum
coefficent of friction so that the car does not slip
length l with minimum
away-
possible velocity. vA A C
When the body up and V2
(A) =  tan  (B) = V2 /rg
reaches at the heighest point b of hits path, the rg
thread breaks and the body moves on a parabolic
path under the influence the gravitational field as V 2 cos   rg sin  V 2 cos   rg sin 
(C) (D)
shown in the diagram. The horizontal range AC in rg cos   V 2 sin  rg cos   V 2 sin 
the plane of A would be-
(A) x = l (B) x = 2 l Q.18 A mass of 2.9 kg, is suspended from a string of
length 50 cm, and is at rest. Another body of mass
(C) x = 2 l (D) x = 2 2 l
100 gm moving horizontally with a velocity of 150 m/
Q.14 A circular turn table of radius 0.5 m has a smooth
sec, strikes and sticks to it. What is the tension in
groove as shown in fig. A ball of mass 90 g is placed the string when it makes an angle of 60º with the
inside the groove along with a spring of spring vertical
constant 102 N/cm. The ball is at a distance of 0.1 (A) 153.3 N (B) 135.3 N
m from the centre when the turn table is at rest. On (C) 513.3 N (D) 351.3 N
CIRCULAR MOTION 94
Q.19 The vertical section of a road over a canal bridge in Q.24 A stone is rotated steadily in a horizontal circle
the direction of its length is in the form of circle of with a time period T  72km/hr.
radius 8.9 metre. Then the greatest spped at which by means of a string
the car can cross this bridge wihout losing contact of length l . If the
P
with the road at its hgihest point, the centre of tension in the string is
gravity of the car being at a height h = 1.1 metre kept constant and length l increase by 1%,
from the ground. Take g = 10 m/sec2- then percentage change in time period T is-
(A) 1 % (B) 0.5 %
(A) 5 m/sec (B) 10 m/sec
(C) 2 % (D) 0.25 %
(C) 15 m/sec (D) 20 m/sec
Q.25 If mass ,speed and radius of rotation of a body
Q.20 A smooth table is placed horizontally and an ideal moving in a circular path are all increased by 50%,
spring of spring constant k = 1000 N/m and unextended the necessary force required to maintain the body
length of 0.5 m has one end fixed to its centre. The moving in the circular path will have to be increased
other end is attached to a mass of 5 kg which is by-
moving in a circle with constant speed 20 m/s. Then (A) 225% (B) 125%
the tension in the spring and the extension of this (C)150% (D)100 %
spring beyond its normal length are-
(A) 500 N, 0.5 m (B) 600 N, 0.6 m (C) 700 N, 0.7 m Q.26 A particle describing circular
(D) 800 N, 0.8 m motion as shown in figure.
The velocity of particle in
m/s is-
Q.21 A body of mass 2 kg is tied at one end of a string
(A) 2.82
1 m long. The other end is fixed and the body
(B) 2.8
revolves in a horizontal circle. The maximum tension
(C) 1.42 80cm
which the string can withstand is 2000 N. Calculate (D) 1.4
the maximum number of revolutions per minute the
body will make and its linear velocity when the Q.27 A particle P is moving in a circle of radius 'a' with
string just breaks- a uniform speed v. C is the centre of the circle and
(A) 203 rpm, 13.6 m/sec (B) 32 AP is diameter. The angular velocity of P about A
rpm, 16.3 m/sec and C are in the ratio-
(C) 302 rpm, 61.3 m/sec (D) 302 (A) 1 :1 (B) 1 : 2
rpm, 31.6 m/sec (C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1
Q.28 A coin placed on a rotating turn table just slips if
Q.22 A car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular path with it is placed at a distace of 4 cm from the centre. If
the angular velocity of the turn table is doubled, it
constant speed of 16 m/s. It is turned by 90º after
will just slip at a distance of-
travelling 628 m on the road. The centripetal force
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm
acting on the car is-
(C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm
(A) 160 N (B) 320 N Q.29 In an atom two electrons move round the nucleus
(C) 640 N (D) 1280 N in circular orbits of radii r and 4r. The ratio of the
Q.23 A car while travelling at a speed of 72 km/hr. Passes time taken by them to complete one revolution is-
through a curved portion of road in the form of an (A) 4 :1 (B) 1: 4 (C) 1 : 8
arc of a radius 10 m. If the mass of the car is 500 kg
(D) 8 : 1
the reaction on the car at the lowest point P is-
Q.30 A boy revolves two balls each of mass 100 gm and
(A) 25 KN (B) 50 KN
tied with strings of 1 metre length in horizontal
(C) 75 KN (D) None of these
circle as shown in figure. If the speed of outermost
ball is 6 m/s , then tension in string-1 is-
(A) 2.4 N (B) 2.7 N
(C) 2 N (D) 1.2 N
CIRCULAR MOTION 95
Q.31 Three small balls each of mass 100 gm are attached Q.35 A particle is moving along a circular path of radiu 3
at distance of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m from end D of a meter in such a way that the distance travelled
3 m length of string. The string measured along the circumference is given by S =
is rotated with uniform t2 t3
angular velocity in a 2  . The accelration of particle when t = 2 sec
horizontal plane about D. If 2 3
1
the outside ball is moving at is-
a speed of 6 m/s, the ratio of (A) 1.3 m/s2 (B) 13 m/s2
(C) 3 m/s 2 (D) 10 m/s2
tension in the three parts of
the string from inside-
(A) 6 : 5 : 4 (B) 3 : 2 :1 Q.36 A partcile of mass m is moving in a circular path of
(C) 3 : 5 : 6 (D) 6 : 5 : 3 constant radius r such that its centripetal
Q.32 A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible acceleration ac is varying with time t as ac= k2 r t2,
string of length 10/3 metre is whirling in a vertical where k is a constant, the power delivered to the
circle. If the ratio of maximum tension to minimum particle by the forces acting on it is-
tension in the string is 4, then speed of stone st (A) 2  m k2 r2 t (B) m k2 r2 t
4 2 5
(C) (m k r t )/3 (D) 0
highest point of the circle is- [g = 10 m/s2]
(A) 20 m/s (B) 10 3 m/s Q.37 A partcle rests on the top of a hemisphere of radiu R.
(C) 5 2 m/s (D) 10 m/s Find the smallest horizontal velocity that must be
imparted to the particle if it is to leave the hemisphere
without sliding down it-
Q.33 Tow moving particles P and Q are 10 m apart at a
certain instant. The velocity of P is 8 m/s making 30º (A) gR (B) 2gR
with the line joining P and Q and that of Q is 6 m/
s making an angle 30º with PQ as shown in the (C) 3gR (D) 5gR
firuge .Then angular velocity of P with respect to
Q is- Q.38 A particle P will be in equilibrium inside a hemispherical
bowl of radius 0.5 m at a height 0.2 m from the bottom
when the bowl is rotated at an angular speed ( g = 10 m/
sec2) 
(A) 10 / 3 rad/sec
(B) 10 3 rad/sec 0.5m
(C) 10 rad/sec 0.3m
(D 20 rad/sec 0.4m P
(A) 0 rad/s (B) 0.1 rad/s
0.2m
(C) 0.4 rad/s (D) 0.7 rad/s
Q.34 A racing car is travelling along a track at a constant

speed of 40 m/s. A T.V. camera men is recording Theta, omega, alpha, equations o motion
the event from a distance of 30 m directly away 39. A car is moving along a circular path of radius 500 m with
from the track as shown in figure. In order to keep a speed of 30 m/s. If at some instant, its speed increases
the car under view in the positio shown, the angular 2
at the rate of 2 m/s , then at that instant the magnitude of
speed with which the camera should be rotated, is- resultant acceleration will be :
Car 2 2
 40m/s (a) 4.7 m/s (b) 3.8 m/s
2 2
(c) 3 m/s (d) 2.7 m/s
30m 40. A wet, open umbrella is held vertical and is twirled about
30º the handle at a uniform rate of 21 revolutions in 44 second.
If the rim of the umbrella is a circle of 1 metre in diameter
T.V. Camera and the height of the rim above the floor is 4.9 metre, then
(A) 4/3 rad/sec (B) 3/4 rad/sec the angular speed of the umbrella is :
(C) 8/3 3 rad/sec (D) 1 rad/sec (a) 3 radian/sec (b) 1.5 radian/sec
(c) 1 radian/sec (d) 2.5 radian/sec

CIRCULAR MOTION 96
41. In the above question, the tangential speed of the water (a) E and E (b) E and 4E
drop on leaving the rim of the umbrella is : (c) 4E and E (d) E and 3E
(a) 3 m/s (b) 1.5 m/s
47. A particle moves in a uniform circular motion. Choose the
(c) 1 m/s (d) 2.5 m/s wrong statement :
42. In the above question, the locus of the drops is a circle (a) The particle moves with constant speed
of radius : (b) The acceleration is always normal to the velocity
(a) 3 m (b) 1.5 m
(c) The particle moves with uniform acceleration
(c) 1 m (d) 2.5 m (d) The particle moves with variable velocity
43. If the equation for the displacement of a particle moving
48. A particle is moving on a circular track of radius 30 cm
on a circular path is given by :
3
with a constant speed of 6 m/s. It acceleration is :
 = 2t + 0.5
(a) zero (b) 120 m/s2
where  is in radian and t in second, then the angular
velocity of the particle at t = 2 sec (c) 1.2 m/s2 (d) 36 m/s2
(a) 8 rad/sec (b) 12 rad/sec 49. Let ar and at represent radial and tangential acceleration.
(c) 24 rad/sec (d) 36 rad/sec The motion of a particle may be circular if :
44. A body moves in a circular path of radius r = 500 m with (a) ar = 0, at = 0 (b) ar = 0, at  0
2
tangential acceleration at = 2 ms . When its tangential
(c) ar  0, at = 0 (d) none of these
linear velocity is 30 m/s, the total acceleration will be :
(a) 5.4 ms
–2
(b) 3.9 ms
–2 50. Two particle of equal masses are revolving in circular
–2 –2 paths of radii r1 and r2 respectively with the same speed.
(c) 2.7 ms (d) 2.1 ms
The ratio of their centripetal forces is :
Horizontal Circular Motion
45. A light rigid rod of length L has a bob of mass M attached r2 r2
(a) (b)
to one of its end just like a simple pendulum. Speed at the r1 r1
lowest point when it is inverted and relesed is
2 2
r  r 
(c)  1  (d)  2 
 r2   r1 
51. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The maximum
speed at which a car can make a turn if the coefficient of
static friction is 0.75 is :
(a) 2.1 m/s (b) 14 m/s
(a) gL (b) 2gL (c) 21 m/s (d) 7 m/s
52. If the banking angle of curved road is given by tan–1 (3/5)
(c) 2 gL (d) 5gL
and the radius of curvature of the road is 6 m, then the
46. Two identical particles, A and B, are attached to a string of safe driving speed should not exceed : (g = 10 m/s2)
length 2l, A to middle and B to one of the ends. The string (a) 86.4 km/h (b) 43.2 km/h
is whirled in a horizontal circle, with the end O fixed. If the
kinetic energy of B relative to A is E, then the absolute (c) 21.6 km/h (d) 30.4 km/h
kinetic energies of A and B are 53. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking angle 45°.
The maximum safe speed of a car having mass 200 kg will
be, if the coefficient of friction between tyres and road is
0.5 :
(a) 172 m/s (b) 124 m/s
(c) 99 m/s (d) 86 m/s
CIRCULAR MOTION 97
54. A motorcyclist wants to drive on the vertical surface of 58. A bob is suspended from a crane by a cable of length
wooden ‘well’ or radius 5 m, with a minimum speed of  = 5 m. The crane and load are moving at a constant
speed v0. The crane is stopped by a bumper and the bob
5 5 m/s. The minimum value of coefficient of friction on the cable swings out an angle of 60°. The initial speed
between the tyres and the wall of the well must be : v0 is (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(take g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.20 l
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.40 v0
Vertical Circular Motion
55. A simple pendulum is oscillating without damping. When
the displacement of the bob is less than maximum, its (a) 10 m/s (b) 7 m/s

acceleration vector a is correctly shown in :
(c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s
59. A particle suspended from a fixed point, by a light
a inextensible thread of length L is projected horizontally
(a) (b)
from its lowest position with velocity 7 gL / 2 . The
a string will slack after swinging through an angle , such

that  equals :
(a) 30° (b) 135°
(c) 120° (d) 150°
(c) (d)
a 60. A simple pendulum is released from rest from the point A
a at an angle 30° with vertical. Then :
56. A ball of mass m is attached to one end of a light rod of

length l, the other end of which is hinged. What minimum 30°
velocity v should be imparted to the ball downwards, so
that it can complete the circle.
l
(a) vertical component of velocity of the bob is always
less than its, horizontal component.
u
(b) vertical component of velocity is less than, equal to
or more than the horizontal component on different
(a) g (b) 5g 
position.
(c) 3g  (d) 2g (c) vertical component of velocity is always more than
the horizontal component.
57. A particle is given an initial speed u inside a smooth (d) acceleration of the bob is constant throughout.
spherical shell of radius R = 1 m that it is just able to
complete the circle. Acceleration of the particle when its 61. With what minimum speed v must a small ball should be
velocity is vertical is pushed inside a smooth vertical tube from a height h so
that it may reach the top of the tube ? Radius of the tube is R.
R
u
R
h v
(a) g 10 (b) g
(c) g 2 (d) 3g
CIRCULAR MOTION 98
67. The ring shown in the figure is given a constant horizontal

5
(a) 2 g h  2R  (b) R acceleration (a0 = g/ 3 ). Maximum deflection of the string
2
from the vertical is 0, then
(c) g 5R  2h  (d) 2g 2R  h 
62. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a verticle circular path

of radius 1 m. The difference between the kinetic energies
at its highest and lowest position is :
(a) 20 J (b) 10 J
(c) 4 5 J (d) 10  5  1 J (a) 0 = 30° (b) 0 = 60°

63. A block of mass m, slides down along the surface of a (c) at maximum deflection, tension in string is equal to mg.
bowl (radius R) from the rim to the bottom. The velocity (d) At maximum deflection, tension in string is equal to
of the block at the bottom will be :
2mg
.
(a) R g (b) 2  R g 3
Passage - 3
(c) 2R g (d) gR
Using the following passage, sovle Q. 68 to 70
64. A simple pendulum 1 metre long has a bob of 10 kg. If the
A small ball is given some velocity at point A towards right
pendulum swings from a horizontal position, the K.E. of
so that it moves on teh semicirculare track and does not
the bob, at the instant it passes through the lowest
leave contact upto the highest point B. After leaving the
position of its path is highest point B. it falls at the top of a building of height R
(a) 89 joule (b) 95 joule and width x(x << 2R). ( All the surface are frictionless.)
(c) 98 joule (d) 85 joule 68. The velocity given to the ball at point A so that it may hit
65. A small body of mass m slides without friction fron the the top of the building is
top of a hemisphere of radius r. At what height will the
body be detached from the centre of hemisphere ?
r r (a) 4gR (b) 2gR

(a) h = (b) h =
2 3
(c) gR (d) 6gR
2r r
(c) h = (d) h =
3 4 69. If the collision of ball with the building is elastic, then the
66. A particle moves from rest at A on the surface of a smooth angle with the horizontal at which the ball will rebound
circular cylinder of radius r as shown. At B it leaves the from the top of the building is
cylinder. The equation relation  and  is : (a) 60° (b) 45°
(c) 30° (d) none
70. The horizontal distance of the ball from the foot of building
where the ball strikes the horizontal ground will be
(a) 3 sin  = 2 cos (b) 2 sin  = 3 cos 

(a) 2R 
(b) 1  2 R 
(c) 3 sin  = 2 cos  (d) 2 sin  = 3 cos 

(c) 2 1  2 R  (d) 12R
CIRCULAR MOTION 99
EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

SECTION - A ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane
1. The coordinates of a moving particle at any time ‘t’ are about one of its ends with a uniform angular velocity
given by x = t3 and y = t3 . The speed of the particle .The force exerted by the liquid at the other end
at time ‘t’ is given by – [AIEEE-2003] is – [IIT -1992]
(A) 3t 2  2   2 (B) t 2  2   2 (A) ML 2 /2 (B) ML 2

(C) ML 2 /4 (D) ML22 /2
(C)  2  2 (D) 3t  2   2
4. A stone of mass m, tied to the end of a string, is
whirled around in a horizontal circle (neglect the force
2. Which of the following statements is FALSE for a due to gravity). The length of the string is reduced
particle moving in a circle with a constant angular gradually keeping the angular momentum of the stone
speed? [AIEEE-2004] about the centre of the circle constant. Then, the
(A) The velocity vector is tangent to the circle tension in the string is given by T = Arn, where A is a
(B) The acceleration vector is tangent to the circle constant, r is the instantaneous radius of the circle,
(C) The acceleration vector ponits to the centre of the and n = ...... [IIT– 1993]
circle (A) –3 (B) –5 (C) 3 (D) 5
(D) The velocity and acceleration vectors and
5. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of
perpendicular to each other
constant radius r such that its centripetal
acceleration ac is varying with time t as ac = k2 rt2 ,
3. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant where k is a constant . The power delivered to the
magnitude which is always perpendicular to the particle by the forces acting on it is – [IIT - 1994]
velocity of the particle, the motion of the particle takes
place in a plane. It follows that – [AIEEE-2004] (A) 2mk2 r2t (B) mk2r2t
(C) (mk4r2t5) /3 (D) zero
(A) Its velocity is constant
(B) Its acceleration is constant 6. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks
(C) Its kinetic energy is constant as shown below. Each of the tracks rises to the
(D) It moves in a straight line same height. The speed with which the block enters
the track is the same in all cases. At the highest
point of the track, the normal reaction is maximum
SECTION - B in – [IIT - 2001]
1. A rod of length L is hinged from one end. It is
brought to a horizontal position and released. The
(a) V (b) V
angular velocity of the rod when it is in vertical
position is – [IIT- 1990]
(A) 2g / L (B) 3g / L (c) V (d) V
7. An insect crawls up a hemispherical surface very

(C) g / 2L (D) g/L slowly (see the figure). The coefficient of friction
2. A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of between the insect and the surface is 1/3. If the line
radius 10 m with a constant speed of joining the centre of the hemispherical surface to the
10 m/s. A plumb bob is suspended from the roof of insect makes an angle  with the vertical, the maximum
the car by a light rigid rod of length 1.0 m. The angle possible value of  is given by – [IIT-2001]
made by the rod with the track is– [IIT- 1992]
(A) Zero (B) 30º
(C) 45º (D) 60º
3. A tube of length L is filled completely with an
incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both (A) cot  = 3 (B) tan  = 3
(C) sec = 3 (D) cosec  = 3
CIRCULAR MOTION 100
8. A bob of mass M is suspended by a massless string 10. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force,
of length L. The horizontal velocity V at position A
 
is just sufficient to make it reach the point B. The x i  y j  (K being a constant of
K 3/ 2 3/ 2
 x 2  y2 
angle  at which the speed of the bob is half of that
    x 2  y2 
at A satisfies – [IIT-2008]
B appropriate dimensions), when the particle is taken from
the point (a, 0) to the point (0, a) along a circular path of
radius a about the origin in the x-y plane is (2013)
 2K K
L (a) (b)
a a
V
A K
(c) (d) 0
   2a
(A)  = (B) <  <
4 4 2 11. A ball of mass (m) 0.5 kg is attached to the end of a string
having length (L) 0.5 m. The ball is rotated on a horizonal
 3
(C) << (D) << circuit path about vertical axis. The maximum tension
2 4
that the string can bear is 324 N. The maximum possible
9. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a vertical value of angular velocity of ball (in rad/s) is : 2011
circle with the other end of the string at the centre. At a
certain instant of time, the stone is at its lowest position,
and has a speed u. The magnitude of the change in its
velocity as it reaches a position where the string is
horizontal is : (1998)
(a) 9 (b) 18
(a) u 2  2 gL (b) 2 gL
(c) 27 (d) 36
(c) u 2  gL (d) 
2 u 2  gL 

CIRCULAR MOTION 101
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (c)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a, c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (c) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (d)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (b, c) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (c)

Section - A
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c)
Section - B
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d)
Dream on !!

03
CENTRE OF MASS,
MOMENTUM & COLLISIONS
CENTRE OF MASS, MOMENTUM & COLLISIONS 103
THEORY
1. CENTRE OF MASS (b) For multiple systems of point objects
In the first part of mechanics, we have discussed all about System 1 System 2
point objects. In this chapter, we shall deal with the cases of Y
large objects or system of point objects. M1 M2
To deal with such scenarios, we need to know about centre x1, y1 x2, y2
of mass of an object or a system.
System 3
1.1 Definition
M3
It is the weighted mean of the positions of all the point
objects with masses as their weight. x3, y3
Example : O X
M 1, x 1 M 2, x 2 M 3, x 3 M n, x n
X Consider three systems, where total and position of COM
O mass of all the particles in system 1, is M1 and (x1, y1), in
system 2 is M2 and (x2, y2) and in system 3 is M3 and (x3, y3).
then
Then  COM of all particles in all compined systems is
m x  m 2 x 2  ......  m n x n
X cm  1 1
m1  m 2 ......  m n M1 x1  M 2 x 2  M3 x 3 M y  M2 y2  M3 y3
Xcm  and Ycm  1 1
M1  M 2  M3 M1  M2  M3
Similarly :
 (c) Continuous Objects :
  mi ri
rcm  COM of continuous objects can be found with help of
 mi
integration. Presently we shall focus on the location of COM
for same continuous objects.
 mi x i  mi yi
 X cm  and Ycm 
 mi  mi X Uniform Rod
1.2 Location of COM
(a) For 2 point objects 2R

R C  semicircular disk

a b O
X
M1 M2
c C 4R
R  semicircular disk
3
m2c O
a
m1  m 2
m1c C
b R
m1  m 2 R C hollow hemisphere
2
* COM will be towards the heavier mass. O
The above relation is very useful in solving complicated

problems.
C (d) We know
R 3R
C solid hemisphere   
8  M v  M 2 v 2  ......M n v n
O Vcm  1 1
M1  M 2  ......M n
   
 Mv cm  m1 v1  m 2 v 2  ......  m n v n
   
h Psys  P1  P2  ......  Pn
C h
C solid right circular cone Total momentum of system of all particles is total mass times
4 
O Vcm .
Above relation helps us in applying momentum related
1.3 Kinematics of COM equations in complex problems.
We know 1.5 Example of Motion of COM and its applications

   
 M r  M 2 r2  M 3 r3  ......M n rn (a) Trajectory of COM remains unchanged on disintegration of
rcm  1 1
M1  M 2  ......M n 
an unstable nucleus or a bomb till the time  Fext on system
Taking time derivatives both sides. does not change.
    (b) Motion of binary stars.
M v  M 2 v 2  ......M n v n
Vcm  1 1
M 1  M 2 ......M n (c) Cons. of momentum during disintegration of an unstable
nucleus.
Taking time derivations both sides
(d) Motion of earth-moon system about sun.
  
 M a  M 2 a 2  ......M n a n
a cm  1 1 2. COLLISIONS
M1  M 2  ......M n
We define a collision as an isolated event in which two or
1.4 Properties and Application of COM more colliding bodies exert relatively strong forces on
(a) Entire mass is supposed to be concentrated at COM. eachother for a relatively short time.
(b) If some force is applied on a free object, the body does not Two key rules of the collision game are :
rotate if line of action of force passes through centre of (i) Law of conservation of linear momentum, and (ii) Law
mass. of conservation of energy.
We know Types of Collision
    Collisions between particles have been divided broadly
M a  M 2 a 2  ......M n a n
A cm  1 1 into two types :
M1  M 2  ......M n
1. Elastic collisions, 2. Inelastic collisions
   
 MAcm = M1a1  M 2 a 2  ......M n a n (a) Elastic collision : A collision in which there is absolutely
By Newton’s 2 law.
nd no loss of kinetic energy is called an elastic collision.
  For example, collision between atomic and sub atomic
M1a1  F1 and similarly for all objects, with terms having particle are elastic collisions. Practically collision between
the obvious meanings. two ivory balls can also be taken as an elastic collision.
    The basic characteristics of an elastic collision are :
  F1  F2  ......Fn  MAcm
 (i) The linear momentum is conserved,

  Fext  MAcm (ii) Total energy of the system is conserved,
(iii) The kinetic energy is conserved. kinetic energy and continuing to move along the same
(iv) The forces involved during elastic collisions must be straight line after collision.
conservative forces. Suppose two balls A and B of masses m1 and m2 are moving
(b) Inelastic collision : A collision in which there occurs some initially along the same straight line with velocities u1 and
loss of kinetic energy is called an inelastic collision. u2 respectively, figure (a).
At there is always some loss of kinetic energy in most of

m1 m1
the collision, therefore, collisions we come across in daily m2 m2
life are generally inelastic. u1 u2
A B A B
The basic characteristics of an inelastic collision are :
(i) The linear momentum is conserved. Before During
Collision Collision
(ii) Total energy is conserved.
(a) (b)
(iii Kinetic energy is NOT conserved. Obviously, a part of
kinetic energy is converted into some other form of energy m1
m2
e.g., heat energy, sound energy etc. v1 v2
(iv) some or all the forces involved in an inelastic collision A B
may be non-conservative in nature.
After
2.1 Coefficient of Restitution or Coefficient of Resilience Collision
(c)
Coefficient of restitution or coefficient of resilience of a
collision is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of
separation after collision to the relative velocity of When u1 > u2, relative velocity of approach before collision,
approach before collision. = u1 – u2
It is represented by ‘e’. Therefore, two balls collide, figure (b). Let the collision be
perfectly elastic. After collision, suppose v1 is velocity of
relative velocity of separation (after collision) A and v2 is velocity of B along the same straight line,
e=
relative velocity of approach (before collision) figure (c). When v2 > v1, the bodies separate after collision.
Relative velocity of separation after collision = v2 – v1
v  v1 Linear momentum of the two balls before collision
e= 2
u1  u 2 = m1u1 + m2u2
where u1, u2 are velocities of two bodies before collision, Linear momentum of the two balls after collision
and v1, v2 are their respective velocities after collision. = m1v1 + m2v2
For a perfectly elastic collision, relative velocity of As linear momentum is conserved in an elastic collision,
separation after collision is equal to relative velocity of therefore
approach before collision. m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 ...(1)
 e 1 or m2 (v2 – u2) = m1 (u1 – v1) ...(2)
For a perfectly inelastic collision, rel. vel. of separation Total K.E. of the two balls before collision
after collision = 0 1 1
 m1 u12  m 2 u 22 ...(3)
 e0 2 2
Total K.E. of the two balls after collision
For all other collisions, e lies between 0 and 1, i.e., 0 < e < 1.
1 1
2.2 Elastic Collision in One Dimension  m1 v12  m 2 v 22 ...(4)
2 2
It involves two bodies moving initially along the same As K.E. is also conserved in an elastic collision, therefore
straight line, striking against each other without loss of from,
1 1 1 1  m  m2   2m 2 
m1 v12  m 2 v 22  m1 u12  m 2 u 22  u1 1  1
2 2 2 2   u2   1
 m1
 m 2 
m
 1  m 2 
1 1
or m 2  v 22  u 22   m1  u12  v12   m  m 2  m1  m 2   2m 2  m1  m 2 
2 2  u1  1   u2  
 m1  m 2   m1  m 2 
or m 2  v 22  u 22   m1  u12  v12  ...(5)
2m1 u1  m 2  m1  u 2
Dividing, (5) by (2) we get v2   ...(8)
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
m 2  v 22  u 22  m1  u12  v12 
 Memory note
m2  v2  u 2  m1  u1  v1 
The expression for v2 can be obtained from, the expression
for v1, by replacing m1 by m2 and u1 by u2. The reverse is
v 2
 u 2  v 2  u 2  u 1
 v1  u1  v1  also true, i.e., can also be obtained from.
or 
v 2  u2  u 1  v1 
Particular Cases
or v2 + u2 = u1 + v1 1. When masses of two bodies are equal,
i.e., m1 = m2 = m, say
or v 2  v1  u1  u 2 ...(6)
2 mu 2
Hence, in one dimensional elastic collision, relative velocity From (7), v1   u 2 , i.e., velocity of A after collision
2m
of separation after collision is equal to relative velocity of
= velocity of B before collision.
approach before collision.
2 m1 u1
v  v1 From (8), v 2   u1 , i.e., velocity of B after collision
From (6), 2 1 2m1
u1  u 2
= velocity of A before collision
v 2  v1 Hence, when two bodies of equal masses undergo of
By definition,  e 1 perfectly elastic collision is one dimension, their velocities
u1  u 2
are just interchanged.
Hence, coefficient of restitution/resilience of a perfectly
Before Collision During Collision After Collision
elastic collision in one dimension is unity.
2.3 Calculation of velocities after collision (a) A B A B A B
Velocity of A :
From (6), v2 = u1 – u2 + v1 (b) A B A B A B
Putting in, we get m1v1 + m2 (u1 – u2 + v1) = m1u1 + m2 u2
m1v1 + m2u1 – m2u2 + m2v1 = m1u1 + m2u2 (c) A B A B A B
v1 (m1 + m2) = (m1 – m2) u1 + 2 m2 u2
2. When the target body B is initially at rest, i.e., u2 = 0
m  m 2  u1 2m 2 u 2
v1  1
 ...(7) m 1
 m 2  u1
m1  m 2 m1  m 2 From (7), v1  ...(9)
m1  m 2
Velocity of B : 2m1u1
From (8), v 2  ...(10)
Put this value of v1 from m1  m 2
Three cases arises further :
m 1
 m 2  u1 2m 2 u 2
v 2  u1  u 2   (a) When masses of two bodies are equal, i.e., m1 = m2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
From, v1 = 0
2m1 u1 The overhead arrows for vectors have been avoided as

From, v2   u1 the collision is one dimensional and velocity components
2m1
along one axis are used.
i.e., body A comes to rest and body B starts moving with
If we know masses m1, m2, initial velocities u1, u2 and one
the initial velocity of A. Obviously, in such collision, 100%
of the final velocities, we can calculate the other final
K.E. of A is transferred to the body B. This is shown in
velocity from equation.
figure.
Perfectly inelastic collision in one dimension
(b) When body B at rest is very heavy, i.e., m2 >> m1, i.e., m1
Figure shows perfectly inelastic collision between two
can be ignored compared to m2
bodies of masses m1 and m2. The body of mass m2 happens
m2 to be initially at rest (u2 = 0) We refer to this body as the
Putting m1 = 0, we obtain v1   u1  u1 ; v2  0 target. The incoming body of mass m1, moving with initial
m2
velocity u1 is referred to as the projectile. After the
Hence, when a light body A collides against a heavy body collision, the two bodies move together with a common
B at rest; A rebounds with its own velocity and B continues velocity V. The collision is perfectly inelastic.
to be at rest. This is what happens when a ball reboudns
to the same height from which it was thrown, on striking a m1 m1
m2 m2
floor. u1
V
(c) When body B at rest has negligible mass,
i.e., m2 << m1; i.e., m2 can be ignored compared to m1 Before Collision AfterCollision
Putting m2 = 0,
As the total linear momentum of the system remains
m 2m1 u1 constant, therefore Pi = Pf
we get v1  1 u1  u1 ; v 2   2u1
m1 m1
i.e., m1u2 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) V or m1u1 = (m1 + m2) V
Hence, when a heavy body A undergoes an elastic collision
u 2
 0
with a light body B at rest, the body A keeps on moving
with the same velocity of its own and the body B starts m1 u1
moving with double the initial velocity of A. or V
m1  m 2
2.4 Inelastic Collision in One Dimension
2.5 Elastic Collision in two Dimensions of Oblique Collision
Figure show two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with
velocities, u1 and u2 respectively, along a single axis. They If the initial velocities and final velocities of both the bodies
collide involving some loss of kinetic energy. Therefore, are along the same straight line, then it is called a one-
the collision is inelastic. Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of dimensional collision or head on collision. In the case of
the two bodies after collision. small spherical bodies, this is possible if the direction of
travel of body 1 passes through the centre of body 2.
u1 u2 v1 v2 When two bodies travelling initially along the same straight

line collide without loss of kinetic energy and move along
m2 m2 different directions in a plane after collision, the collision
m1 m1
is said to be elastic collision in two dimensions.
Before Collision AfterCollision
Suppose m1, m2 are the masses of two bodies A and B
As the two bodies form one system, which is closed and moving initially along X–axis with velocities u1 and u2
isolated, we can write the law of conservation of linear respectively.
momentum for the two body system as :
When u 1 > u2, the two bodies collide. After collision,
Total momentum before the collision (Pi) = Total momentum let the body A move with a velocity v1 at an angle  with
after the collision (Pf) X–axis. Let the body B move with a velocity v2 at an angle
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 ...(11)  with X–axis as shown in figure.

along X–axis to initial momentum Pi   along the same
Y
v1 axis, we get
m1v1 cos  + m2v2 cos  = m1u1 + m2u2 ...(16)
A
As initial momentum of the two bodies along Y–axis is
zero, therefore applying the law of conservation of linear
m2
A X momentum along Y–axis, we get
u1 B u2
0 = m1v1 sin  – m2v2 sin  ...(17)
As initial momentum of the two bodies along Y–axis is
B
zero, therefore applying the law of conservation of linear
v2 momentum along Y–axis, we get
Y' 0 = m1 v1 sin  – m2v2 sin 
Knowing m1, m2 ; u1, u2 ;  and  we can calculate v1 and
As the collision is elastic, kinetic energy is conserved. v2 from equation.
 Total K.E. after collision = Total K.E. before collision Perfectly inelastic collision in two dimensions
Figure shows perfectly inelastic collision between two
1 1 1 1 bodies of masses m1 and m2. The body of mass m2 is moving
or m1 v12  m 2 v 22  m1 u12  m 2 u 22 ...(12)
2 2 2 2 initially with velocity u2 along X–axis. The body of mass
m1 is moving with velocity u1 at an angle  with X–axis as
or m1 v12  m 2 v 22  m1 u12  m 2 u 22 ...(13) shown.
As linear momentum is conserved in elastic collision,
therefore, along X–axis, total linear mometum after collision Y
= total linear momentum before collision.
m1
m1v1 cos  + m2v2 cos  = m1u1 + m2u2 ...(14) u1
Now, along Y–axis, linear momentum before collision is
m2 u2
zero (as both the bodies are moving along X–axis). And X
O
after collision, total linear momentum along Y–axis is
(m1v1 sin  – m2v2 sin )
m1v1sin  – m2v2 sin  = 0 ...(15) V
From three equations (13), (14) and (15), we have to Y'

calculate four variable v1, v2,  and , which is not possible.
We have, therefore, to measure experimentally any one After the collision at O, the two bodies stick to eachother
and move with a common velocity V at an angle  with X–
parameter, i.e., final velocities v1,v2 of A, B or their direction
axis as shown in figure.
 and . The rest of the three parameters can then be
calculated from the three equations. As the system is closed and isolated, the total linear
momentum of the system remains constant.
When two bodies travelling initially along the same straight
Referring to figure, and equating initial momentum along
line collide involving some loss of kinetic energy, and move
X–axis to final momentum along the same axis, we get
after collision, along different directions in a plane, the
collision is said to be inelastic collision in two dimensions. m1u1 cos  + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v cos  ...(18)
Again, applying the law of conservation of linear
As the system is closed and isolated, the total linear
  momentum alogn y–axis, we get.
momentum of the system remains constant, i.e., Pf  Pi
m1u1 sin  + 0 = (m1 + m2) V sin  ...(19)
 Knowing m1, m2 ; u1, u2 and  we can calculate final
Referring to figure and equating final momentum Pf   velocity V and its direction, i.e.,  from equations (18)
and (19).
SOLVED EXAMPLES
In which, elastic or inelastic collision, the momentum is Underline the correct alternative :
conserved ? What about K.E. ? (a) When a conservative force does positive work on a
body, the potential energy of the body increases/
Sol. Momentum is conserved in both the types of collisions, but
decreases/remains unaltered.
K.E. is conserved only in elastic collisions.
(b) Work done by a body against friction always results in
Example - 2 a loss of its kinetic/potential energy.
(c) The rate of change of total momentum of a many-
Can a body have momentum when its energy is negaive ?
particle system is proportional to the external force/
sum of the internal forces on the system.
Sol. Yes, when K < V, total energy E = K + V is negative. The
(d) In an inelastic collision of two bodies. the quantities
body has the momentum K  0  . For example, in an atom, which do not change after the collision are the total
electron has momentum, though its energy is negative. kinetic energy/total linear momentum/total energy of
the system of two bodies.
Example - 3
Sol. (a) The work done by a conservative force is equal to the
The velocity of an aeroplane is doubled. negative of the potential energy. When the work done
(a) What will happen to its momentum ? Will the is positive, the potential energy decreases.
momentum remain conserved ? (b) Friction always opposes motion. A body does work
(b) What will happen to its KE ? Will the energy remain against friction at the expense of its kinetic energy. Work
done by a body against friction results in a loss of its
conserved ?
kinetic energy.
(c) Internal forces in a many-particle system cancel out in
Sol. (a) When the velocity of the aeroplane is doubled, its
pairs and so they cannot change the net momentum of
momentum also gets doubled. However, the combined the system. Only the external forces can produce
momentum of aeroplne and air is conserved. As the change in momentum. The rate of change of mometum
momentum of the aeroplane increases, the momentum of air of a many-particle system is proportional to the external
also increases by an equal amount in the opposite direction. force on the system.
(b) The kinetic energy becomes four times. The additional (d) In an elastic collision, the kinetic energy of the system
energy is obtained by burning of fuel. However, the total decreases after the collision but the total energy of the
system and its total linear momentum do not change
energy is still conserved.
after the inelastic collision.
A rocket explodes in mid air. How does this affect State if each of the following statements is true of false.
(a) its total momentum and Give reasons for your anser.
(a) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum
(b) its total kinetic energy ?
and energy of each body is conserved.
(b) Total energy of a system is always conserved, no matter
Sol. (a) Because no external force acts on the rocket, its total
what internal and external forces on the body are
momentum remains unchanged. present.
(b) When the rocket explodes, its fragments receive additional (c) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop
kinetic energy from the explosion. The chemical energy of is zero for every force in nature.
the fuel changes into kinetic energy. As a result of this, the (d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always
total kinetic energy gets increased. less than the initial kinetic energy of the system.
Sol. (a) False. Total momentum and total energy of the entire Sol. Let R =resistance force offered by the planks,
system are conserved and not of individual bodies. t1 = thickness of first plank,
(b) False. The external forces acting on a body may change t2 = thickness of second plank.
its energy.
For first planks :
(c) False. In case of a non-conservative froce like friction,
loss in KE = work against resistance
the work in the motion of a body over a closed loop is
2
not zero. 1 1 4 
mv 2  m  v   Rt 1
(c) True. In an elastic collision, a part of the initial KE of 2 2 5 
the system always changes into some other form of
energy. 1  9 
 mv 2    Rt 1 ... (i)
2  25 
Example- -20
Example 7
For second plank :
Answer carefully, with reasons :
2
(a) In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, is the total 1 4 
m  v   0  Rt 2
kinetic energy conserved during the short time of 2 5 
collision of the balls (i.e., when they are in contact) ?
(b) Is the total linear momentum conserved during the 1  16 
 mv 2    Rt 2 ... (ii)
short time of an elastic collision of two balls ? 2  25 
(c) What are the answers to (a) and (b) for an inelastic Dividing (i) and (ii)
collision ?
(d) If the potential energy of two billiard balls depends t1 9
 
only on the separation distance between their centres, t 2 16
is the collision elastic or inelastic ? (Note, we are talking
Example - 9
here of potential energy corresponding to the force
during collision, not gravitational potential energy). A bullet of mass 2 gm travelling at a speed of 500 m/s is
fired into a ballistic pendulum of mass 1.0 kg suspended
Sol. (a) During the short time of collision when the balls are in from a cord 1.0 m long. The bullet penetrates the pendulum
contact, the kinetic energy of the ball gets converted and emerges with a velocity of 100 m/s. Through what
into potential energy. In an elastic collision, though the
vertical height will the pendulum rise ?
kinetic energy before collision is equal to the kinetic
energy after the collision but kinetic energy is not
conserved during the short time of collision.
(b) Yes, the total linear momentum is conserved during the
short time of an eleastic collision of two balls.
(c) In an inelastic collision, the total KE is not conserved
during collision as well as even after the collision. But
the total linear momentum of the two balls is conserved.
(d) The collision is elastic because the forces involved are
conservative. Sol. Let m = 2 ×1 0–3 kg ; M = 1.0 kg
u = 500 m/s, v1 = 100 m/s
Example - 8
v2 = speed of the pendulum after impact.
A bullet leaving the muzzle of a rifle barrel with a velocity
mu = mv1 + Mv2
v penetrates a plank and loses one fifth of its velocity. It
then strikes second plank, which it just penetrates (conservation of momentum)
through. Find the ratio of the thickness of the planks
m ( u  v1 ) 2
supposing average resistance to the penetration is same  v2   (500  100)  0.8 m / s.
M 1000
in both the cases.
The block swings and its kinetic energy gets converted Example - 11
into potential energy.
An explosion blows a rock into three parts. Two pieces go
1 off at right angles to each other, 1.0 kg piece with a velocity
Mv 22  Mgh
2 of 12 m/s and other 2.0 kg piece with a velocity 8 m/s. If the
v 22 0.8  0.8 8 third piece flies off with a velocity 40 m/s, compute the
 h   m mass of third piece.
2g 2  9 .8 245
Example - 10 Sol. Let m1, m2 and m3 be the masses of three pieces.

m1 = 1.0 kg, m2 = 2.0 kg
Two equal spheres of mass m are in contact on a smooth
horizontal table. A third identical sphere impinges Let v1 = 12 m/s
symmetrically on them and is reduced to rest. Prove that v2 = 8 m/s, v3 = 40 m/s
e = 2/3 and find the loss of KE. Let v1 and v2 be directed along X and Y axes respectively.
Let v3 be directed as shown.
Sol.
Let u = velocity of sphere A before impact. As the spheres

are identical, the triangle ABC formed by joining their
centres is equilateral. The spheres B and C will move in
direction AB and AC after impact making an angle of 30°
with the original line of motion of ball A. By conservation of momentum :
Let v = speed of the other balls after impact Initial momentum = 0
Momentum conservation : Along X–axis : 0 = m1v1 – m3v3 cos 

mu = mv cos 30° + mv cos 30° Along Y–axis : 0 = m2v2 – m3v3 sin 
 m1v1 = m3v3 cos and m2v2 = m3v3 sin 
 u=v 3 ... (i)
Squaring and adding, we get :
Newton’s experimental Law :
For an oblique collision, we have to take components along m12 v12  m 22 v 22  m 32 v 32
normal i.e., along AB for balls A and B.
 v – 0 = e (u cos 30° – 0) 12 (12) 2  ( 2) 2 (8) 2
 m 32   m 3  0.5 kg.
 v = eu cos 30° ... (ii) ( 40) 2
Combining (i) and (ii), we get :
e = 2/3. Example
Example--512
Calculate the moment of inertia of a :
1 1 
Loss in KE  mu 2  2 mv 2  (a) Disc about an axis passing through its edge and
2 2 
perpendicular to the circular base of the disc.
2
1  u  1 (b) Solid sphere about an axis touching the sphere at its
 mu 2  m    mu 2
2  3 6 surface.
2
Sol. (a) I= Icm + MR Example - 14
1 3 A particle of mass 2 kg is initially at rest. A force starts

I MR 2  MR 2 I MR 2 acting on it in one direction whose magnitude changes
2 2
with time. The force graph is shown in figure
ICM
2
(b) I = Icm + MR
2 7
I MR 2  MR 2 I MR 2
5 5 Find the velocity of the particle at the end of 10 s.
Example - 13 Sol. Using impulse = change in linear momentum (or are a under
A disc of mass m and radius R has a concentric hole of F–t graph)
radius r. Its moment of inertia about an axis through its We have m (vf – vi) = Area
centre and perpendicular to its plane is : 1
or 2 (vf – 0) = × 2 × 10 + 2 × 10
2
1 1
(a)
2
m R  r 
2
(b)
2

m R 2  r2  1 1
+ × 2× (10 + 20) + × 4 × 20
2 2
1 1
(c)
2
m R  r 
2
(d)
2

m R2  r2  = 10 + 20 + 30 + 40
or 2vf = 100
 vf = 50 m/s
M
Sol. Let = mass per unit area =
 (R 2  r 2 ) Example - 15
If we fill the hole with mass densities +and –, then the Two blocks A and B of equal mass m = 1.0 kg are lying on
system can be treated as a combination of two discs of a smooth horizontal surface as shown in figure. A spring
radii r and R and densities –and +. of force constant k = 200 N/m is fixed at one end of block
A. Block B collides with block A with velocity v0 = 2.0 m/
1 1 s. Find the maximum compression of the spring.
I = I1 + I2  M1R 12  M 2 R 22
2 2
Sol. At maximum compression (xm) velocity of both the blocks is

same, say it is v. Applying conservation of linear momentum,
we have,
r (mA + mB) v = mBv0
v0 2.0
1  r2  1  R2  or v   1.0 m / s
    r 2       R 2 
 2  2


2 2
2 2   
Using conservation of mechanical energy, we have

 4 4

R r  

M R4  r4

M 2 2
R r   1 1 1
m B v02   m A  m B  v 2  kx m2
4  2
4 R r 2
4  2 2 2
Substituting the values, we get 2

v 2 10 /11
Now h    4.1102 m
1 2 1 2 1 2g 2 10
 1   2.0    1.0  1.0   1.0     200   x 2m
2 2 2
Example - 18
or 2 = 1.0 + 100 x 2m or xm = 0.1 = 10.0 cm
The friction coefficient between the horizontal surface and
Example - 16 each of the block shown in the figure is 0.2. The collision
between the blocks is perfectly elastic. Find the separation
A ball is moving with velocity 2 m/s towards a heavy wall
between them when they come to rest.
moving towards the ball with speed 1 m/s as shown in
2
figure. Assuming collision to be elastic, find the velocity (Take g = 10 m/s )
of ball immediately after the collision.
Sol. Velocity of first block before collision,

Sol. The speed of wall will not change after the collision. So, let
v be the velocity of the ball after collision in the direction v12  12  2  2   0.16  1  0.64
shown in the figure. Since collision is elastic (e = 1), v1 = 0.6 m/s
By conservation of momentum, 2 × 0.6 = 2v1'  4v'2
also v'2  v1'  v1 for ealstic collision
It gives v'2 = 0.4 m/s
separation speed = approach speed v1' = – 0.2 m/s

or v–1=2+1 or v = 4 m/s
Now distance moved after collision
Example - 17 2 2
 0.4   0.2 
–2 –2 s1  and s 2 
A pendulum bob of mass 10 kg is raised to a height 5 × 10 m 2 2 2 2
and then released. At the bottom of its swing. It picks up a
–3  s = s1 + s2 = 0.05 m = 5 cm
mass 10 kg. To what height will the combined mass rise ?
Example - 19
Sol. Velocity of pendulum bob in mean position
Three identical balls, ball I, ball II and ball III are placed on
v1  2 gh a smooth floor on a straight line at the separation of 10 m
between balls as shown in figure. Initially balls are
stationary.
 2  10  5  10 2  1m / s
–3
Ball I is given velocity of 10 m/s towards ball II, collision
When the bob picks up a mass 10 kg at the bottom, then between ball I and II is inelastic with coefficient of
by conservation of linear momentum the velocity of restitution 0.5 but collision between ball II and III is
coalesced mass is given by perfectly elastic. What is the time interval between two
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2) v consecutive collisions between ball I and II ?
–2 –3 –2 –3
10 + 10 × 0 = (10 + 10 ) v
2
10 10
or v 2
 m/s
1.110 11
Sol. Let velocity of I ball and ball II ball after collision be v1 and Example - 21
v2 .
In the shown figure the wedge of mass M has a semicircular
v2 – v1 = 0.5 × 10 ...(i) groove of radius R. A particle of mass m is released from A.
mv2 + mv1 = m × 10 ... (ii) Mass of wedge is twice to that of small mass. It slides on the
v2 + v1 = 10 smooth circular track and starts climbing on the right face.

Solving equation (i) and (ii)
v1 = 2.5 m/s, v2 = 7.5 m/s
Ball II after moving 10 m collides with ball III elastically and
stops. But ball I moves towards ball II. Time taken between
two consecutive collisions
(a) Find the maximum value of  which it can subtend with
2.5
10  10  vertical and also find the distance moved by wedge at this
10 7.5  4s
 position.
7.5 2.5
(b) Find the velocity of wedge when  = 60°.
Example - 20
A plank of mass 5 kg is placed on a frictionless horizontal Sol. (a) For maximum value of 
plane. Further a block of mass 1 kg is placed over the (M + m) v = 0  v = 0
plank. A massless spring of natural length 2 m is fixed to So possible value of  = 90°
the plank by its one end. The other end of spring is
compressed by the block by half of spring’s natural length. Mx  m  2R  x 
The system is now released from the rest. What is the rCM  0 
Mm
velocity of the plank when block leaves the plank ? (The
stiffness constant of spring is 100 N/m) 2mR 2
 x  R
Mm 3
2
So wedge is displaced R leftwards.
3
Sol. Let the velocity of the block and the plank, when the block (b) Conserving momentum in horizontal direction
leaves the spring be u and v respectively. 0 = – MV + m (v cos 60° – V)
1 2 1 1
By conservation of energy kx  mu 2  Mv2 v 
MV  m   v   V 
mv

v
2 2 2  2 M  m 6
2 
[M = mass of the plank, m = mass of the block]
2 2
 100 = u + 5v ...(i)
By conservation of momentum
mu + Mv = 0
 u = – 5v ...(ii)
Conserving energy :
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
Decrease in potential energy of m
2 10 = increase in kinetic energy of M and m
30 v = 100  v  m/s
3
1 1
From this moment until block falls, both plank and block  mgR cos 60° = mv 2  MV 2
2 2
keep their velocity constant.
gR
10 Substituting M = 2m and v = 6V we get, V 
Thus when block falls, velocity of plank  m/s . 38
3
Discreet Practices 6. Three rods of the same mass are placed as shown in the
1. The position of centre of mass of a system consisting of figure. What will be the co-ordinate of centre of mass of the
two particles of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance L system ?
apart, from m1 will be :
m1L m2 L
(a) m  m (b) m  m
1 2 1 2
m2 L L
(c) m (d)
1 2
2. A system consists of mass M and m (<< M). The centre of
mass of the system is : a a  a a 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
(a) at the middle (b) nearer to M 2 2  2 2
(c) nearer to m (d) at the position of larger mass
 2a 2a  a a
3. Four identical sphere each of radius 10 cm and mass 1 kg are (c)  ,  (d)  , 
 3 3  3 3
placed on a horizontal surface touching one another so that
their centres are located at the corners of square of side 20 7. Four particles of mass m1 = 2m, m2 = 4m, m3 = m and m4 are
cm. What is the distance of their centre of mass from centre placed at four corners of a square. What should be the
of either sphere ? value of m4 so that the cente of mass of all the four particles
(a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm are exactly at the centre of the square ?
(c) 20 cm (d) none of these m4 m3
4. Four bodies of masses 2, 3, 5 and 8 kg are placed at the four
corners of a square of side 2 m. The position of CM will be:
 8 13   7 11 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
9 9  9 9 
m1 m2
 11 13   11 8 
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
9 9  9 9 (a) 2 m (b) 8 m
5. Masses of 2 kg each are placed at the corners B and A of a (c) 6 m (d) none of these
rectangular plate ABCD as shown in the figure. A mass of 8
8. All the particles of a body are situated at a distance R from
kg to be placed on the plate so that the centre of mass of the
system should be at the centre O. Then the mass should be the origin. The distance of centre of mass of the body from
placed at : the origin is :
4m (a) = R (b) < R

B H C (c) > R (d) > R
(2 kg)
Continuous Body
O
F E 9. A uniform metal disc of radius R is taken and out of it, a disc
of diameter R is cut-off from the end. The centre of mass of
(2 kg) the remaining part will be :
A G D
(a) 1 m from O on OE (b) 2 m from O on OF (a) R/4 from the centre (b) R/3 from the centre
(c) 2 m from O on OG (d) 2 m from O on OH (c) R/5 from the centre (d) R/6 from the centre
10. A uniform square plate ABCD has mass of 10 kg. If two 13. A uniform circular disc of radius a is taken. A circular portion
points masses of 5 kg each are placed at the corners C and of radius b has been removed from its as shown in the figure.
D as shown in the adjoining figure, then the centre of mass If the centre of hole is at a distance c from the centre of the
shifts to the mid-point of :
disc, the distance x2 of the centre of mass of the remaining
part from the initial centre of mass O is given by :
(a) OH (b) DH
(c) OG (d) OF
b 2 cb 2
11. A square plate of side 20 cm has uniform thickness and
(a) a 2  c2 (b) a 2  b 2
density. A circular part of diameter 8 cm is cut out    
symmetrically as shown in figure. The position of centre of
mass of the remaining portion is :
c2 ca 2
(c) a 2  b 2 (d) c 2  b 2
   
Velocity, Momentum and Acceleration of Centre of mass
O O1
14. Two blocks of mass 10 kg and 4 kg are connected by a
spring of negligible mass and placed on a frictionless
horizontal surface. An impulse gives a velocity of 14 m/s to
(a) at O1 the heavier block in the direction of the lighter block. The
(b) at O velocity of the centre of mass is :
(c) 0.54 cm from O on the left hand side (a) 30 m/s (b) 20 m/s
(d) none of the above (c) 10 m/s (d) 5 m/s
12. A uniform metal rod of length 1 m is bent at 90° so as to form 15. Two balls are thrown simultaneously in air. The acceleration
two arms of equal length. The centre of mass of this bent of the centre of mass of the two balls while in air :
rod is :
(a) depends on the direction of the motion of the balls
 1  (b) depends on the masses of the two balls
(a) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex
 2
(c) depends on the speeds of the two balls
 1  (d) is equal to g
(b) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex
2 2 16. Consider a system of two identical particles. One of the

particles is at rest and the other has an acceleration a . The
1 centre of mass has an acceleration.
(c) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex
2
1
(a) zero (b) a
2
 1 
(d) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex  
4 2 (c) a (d) 2 a
17. Two particles of equal mass have co-ordinates (2m, 4m, 6m) 23. Two particles A and B start moving due to their mutual
and (6m, 2m, 8m). Of these one particle has a velocity  
interaction only. If at any time ‘t’ a A and a B are their
   
   
v1  2 î m/s and another particle has velocity v2  2 ˆj m/s respective accelerations, v A and v B are their respective
at time t = 0. The coordinate of their centre of mass at time velocities, and upto that time WA and WB are the work done
t = 1s will be : on A and B, respectively by the mutual force, mA and mB are
their masses, respectively, then which of the following is
(a) (4m, 4m, 7m) (b) (5m, 4m, 7m) always correct.
(c) (2m, 4m, 6m) (d) (4m, 5m, 4m)    
(a) vA  vB  0 (b) m A v A  m B vB  0
18. Two particles are shown in the figure. At t = 0 a constant
force F = 6 N starts acting on the 3 kg man. Find the velocity  
(c) WA  WB  0 (d) a A  a B  0
of the centre of mass of these particles at t = 5 s.
Momentum and Energy based problems
24. Two bodies A and B having masses in the ratio 3 : 1 possess
the same kinetic energy. The ratio of linear momentum of A
to B is :
(a) 5 m/s (b) 4 m/s
(c) 6 m/s (d) 3 m/s (a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
Dynamics and Kinematics (Fnet = Macm) (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 :1

19. Two bodies A and B are attracted towards each other due to 25. If the linear momentum is increased by 5%, the kinetic energy
gravitation. Given that A is much heavier than B, which of will increase by :
the following correctly describes the motion of the centre of (a) 50% (b) 100%
mass of the bodies ?
(c) 125% (d) 10%
(a) It moves towards A
26. A 4 kg mass and a 1 kg mass are moving with equal kinetic
(b) It remains at rest energies. The ratio of their momenta is
(c) It moves towards B (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1
(d) It moves perpendicular to the line joining the particles (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
20. Two particles of masses 4 kg and 8 kg are separated by a 27. A block of mass 2 kg collides with a horizontal massless
distance of 12 m. If they are moving towards each other –1
spring of force constant 2 Nm . The block compresses the
under the influence of a mutual force of attraction, then the spring 4 m from the rest position. Speed of the block at the
two particles will meet each other at a distance of : instant of collision is
(a) 6 m from 8 kg mass (b) 2 m from 8 kg mass (a) 16 m/s (b) 4 m/s
(c) 4 m from 8 kg mass (d) 8 m from 8 kg mass (c) 8 m/s (d) 12 m/s
21. Two particles A and B initially at rest, move towards each 28. A shell of mass m moving with velocity v suddenly breaks
other under a mutual force of attraction. At the instant when
into 2 pieces. The part having mass m/4 remains stationary.
the speed of A is v and the speed of B is 2v, the speed of
The velocity of other part will be
centre of mass of the system is :
(a) v (b) 2v
(a) zero (b) v
(c) 1.5 v (d) 3 v 3 4
(c) v (d) v
4 3
22. A meter stick is placed vertically at the origin on a frictionless
–1
surface. A gentle push in +x direction is given to the top 29. A 50 gram bullet moving with a velocity of 10 ms gets
most point of the rod, when it has fallen completely x embedded into a 950 g stationary body. The loss in K.E. of
coordinate of centre of rod is at : the system will be
(a) origin (b) – 0.5 m (a) 95% (b) 100%
(c) – 1 m (d) + 0.5 m (c) 5% (d) 50%
30. A bullet weighing 50 gm leaves the gun with a velocity of 30 36. Consider the following two statements :
m/s. If the recoil speed imparted to the gun is 1 m/s, the (A) Linear momentum of the system remains constant
mass of the gun is : (B) Centre of mass of the system remains at rest
(a) 15 kg (b) 30 kg (a) A implies B and B implies A
(c) 1.5 kg (d) 20 kg (b) A does not imply B and B does not imply A
31. A spacecraft of mass M moves with velocity V in free space (c) A implies B but B does not imply A
at first, then it explodes, breaking into two pieces. If after (d) B implies A but A does not imply B
explosion a piece of mass m comes to rest, the other piece of
37. Condsider the following two statements :
spacecraft will have a velocity :
(A) Linear momentum of a system of particles is zero
MV MV (B) Kinetic energy of a system of particles is zero
(a) (b)
Mm Mm
(a) A implies B and B implies A
(b) A does not imply B and B does not imply A
mV mV
(c) (d) (c) A implies B but B does not imply A
Mm Mm
(d) B implies A but A does not imply B
32. A body of mass 1 kg initially at rest, explodes and breaks
38. A machine gun fires a steady stream of bullets at the rate of
into three fragments of masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The two
n per minute into a stationary target in which the bullets get
pieces of equal mass fly off perpendicular to each other, embedded. If each bullet has a mass m and arrives at the
with a speed of 15 m/s each. The speed of the heavier target with a velocity v, the average force on the target is :
fragment is :
60 v
(a) 60 mnv (b)
(a) 5 2 ms 1
(b) 45 ms
–1
mn
(c) 5 ms
–1
(d) 15 ms
–1 mnv mv
(c) (d) 60 n
–1
60
33. A bullet of mass 5 g is fired at a velocity 900 ms from a rifle

of mass 2.5 kg. What is recoil velocity of the rifle ? 39. A particle of mass 15 kg an initial velocity vi  î  2 ˆj m/s. It
(a) 0.9 ms
–1
(b) 180 ms
–1 collides with another body and the impact time is 0.1 s,

–1 –1 resulting in a velocity vf  6iˆ  4 ˆj  5 kˆ m/s after impact.
(c) 900 ms (d) 1.8 ms
The average force of impact on the particle is :
34. A mass m with velocity u strikes a wall normally and returns
with the same speed. What is magnitude of the change in (a) 15 5iˆ  6 ˆj  5 kˆ (b) 15 5iˆ  6 ˆj  5 kˆ
momentum of the body when it returns :
(c) 150 5iˆ  6 ˆj  5 kˆ (d) 150 5iˆ  6 ˆj  5 kˆ
(a) 4 mu (b) mu
(c) 2 mu (d) zero 40. A man of mass M stands at one end of a plank of length L
which lies at rest on a frictionless surface. The man walk to
35. One projectile moving with velocity v in space, gets burst
M
into 2 parts of masses in the ratio 1 : 3. The smaller part the other end of the plank. If the mass of the plank is ,
3
becomes stationary. What is the velocity of the other part ?
the distance that the man moves relative to the ground is :
(a) 4 v (b) v
3L L
(a) (b)
4 4
4v 3v
(c) (d)
3 4 4L L
(c) (d)
5 3
41. A particle is projected from a point at an angle with the 44. A shel is fired from cannon with a velocity v at an angle 
horizontal. At any instant t, if p is the linear momentum and with the horizontal direction. At the highest point in its path
E the kinetic energy, then which of the following graphs it explodes into two pieces of equal mass. One of the pieces
is/are correct ? retrace its path then find the velocity of other piece
immediately after the explosion is :
(a) 3 v cos  (b) 2 v cos 
3 3
(a) (b) (c) v cos  (d) v cos 
2 2
45. A ball hits the floor and rebounds after an inelastic collision.
in this case :
(a) the momentum of the ball just after the collision is the
same as that just before the collision
(c) (d) (b) the mechanical energy of the ball remains the same in
the collision
(c) the total momentum of the ball and the earth is conserved
42. In a gravity free space, a man of mass M standing at a (d) the total energy of the ball and the earth is conserved
height h above the floor, throws a ball of mass m straight –1
46. A projectile is moving at 20 ms at its highest point where it
down with a speed u. When the ball reaches the floor, the
breaks into equal parts due to an internal explosion. One
distance of the man above the floor will be : –1
part moves vertically up at 30 ms with respect to the ground.
Then the other part will move at
 m  M
(a) h 1   (b)  1   h
 M  m (a) 20 m/s (b) 10 13 m / s
m (c) 50 m/s (d) 30 m/s

(c) h (d) h
M 47. A particle of mass m moving towards the east with speed v
collides with another particle of the same mass and same
43. A shell of mass m is moving horizontally with velocity v0
speed v moving towards the north. If the two particles stick
and collides with a wedge of mass M just above point A, as
to each other, the new particle of mass 2m will have a speed
shown in the figure. As a consequence, wedge starts to
of
move towards left and the shell returns with a velocity in x–
y plane. The principle of conservation of momentum can be (a) v (b) v/2
applied for : v
(c) (d) v 2
2
Impulse, Coefficient of restitution

48. A ball is dropped from a height of 1 m. If coefficient of
restitution between the surface and the ball is 0.6, the ball
rebounds to a height of
(a) 0.6 m (b) 0.4 m
(c) 1 m (d) 0.36 m
(a) system (m + M) along any direction 49. When a ball of mass = 5 kg hits a bat with a velocity =3 m/s,
(b) system (m + M) along vertical in positive direction and it moves back back with a velocity
= 4 m/s, find the impulse in SI units :
(c) system (m + M) horizontally
(a) 5 (b) 15
(d) none of the above
(c) 25 (d) 35
50. Ablock of mass m moving at a velocity v collides with Head-on collision

another block of mass 2 m at rest. The lighter block comes to 56. P and Q are two identical masses at rest suspended by an
rest after collision. Find the coefficient of restitution : inextensible string passing over a smooth frictionless pulley.
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 Mass P is given a downward push with a speed v as shown
in figure 6.25. It collides with the floor and rebounds. What
(c) 1/3 (d) 1/4 happens immediately after collision ?
51. The magnitude of the impulse developed by a mass of 0.2
kg which changes its velocity from 5 î  3 ˆj  7 kˆ m/s to
2 î  3 ˆj  kˆ m/s is :
(a) 2.7 N–s (b) 1.8 N–s

(c) 0.9 N–s (d) 3.6 N–s
52. A steel ball strikes a steel plate at an angle  with the vertical. v P Q
If the coefficient of restitution is e, the angle at which the
rebound will take place is : Floor
(a) P and Q both move upwards with equal speeds

1  tan  
(a)  (b) tan  
 e  (b) P and Q both move upwards with different speeds
(c) P moves upwards & Q moves downwards with equal speed
1  e  (d) Both P and Q are at rest.
(c) e tan  (d) tan  
 tan   57. A body of mass m1 moving with a uniform velocity of 40 m/
53. A 2kg of block of wood rests on a long table top. A 5 g bullet s. collides with another of mass m2 at rest and then the two
moving horizontally with a speed of 150 m/s is shot into the together begin to move with a uniform velocity of 30 m/s.
block and sticks to it. The block then slides 2.7 m along the The ratio of their masses (m1/m2) is
table top and comes to a stop. The force of friction between (a) 0.75 (b) 4.0
the block and the table is : (c) 3 (d) 1.33
(a) 0.052 N (b) 3.63 N 58. A body of mass m strikes a stationary body of mass M and
(c) 2.50 N (d) 1.04 N undergoes an elastic collision. After collision, m has a speed
one-third its initial speed. The ratio M/m is
54. Two balls of equal mass have a head on collision with speed
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
6 m/s each in opposite direction. If the coefficient of
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
1
restitution is , the speed of each ball after impact will be : 59. A massive ball moving with speed v collides with a tiny ball
3
of negligible mass. The collision is elastic. The second ball
(a) 18 m/s (b) 2 m/s will move with a speed equal to
(c) 6 m/s (d) data insufficient (a) v (b) 2 v
55. A 50 kg mass is travelling at a speed of 2 m/s. Another 60 kg (c) v/2 (d) zero
mass travelling at a speed of 12 m/s in the same direction, 60. An object of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of 3 m/s
strikes the first mass. After the collision the 50 kg mass is and collides head on with an object B of mass 1 kg moving
travelling with a speed of 4 m/s. The coefficient of restitution in the opposite direction with a velocity of 4 m/s. After
of the collision is collision, both objects coalesce so that they move with a
common velocity v equal to
19 30
(a) (b)
30 19 2
(a) m/s (b) 1 m/s
3
20 11
(c) (d) (c) 2 m/s (d) 3 m/s
11 20
–1
61. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg and travelling at a speed of 500 ms 65. Three balls A, B and C (mA = mC = 4mB) are placed on a
strikes a block of 2 kg, which is suspended by a string of smooth horizontal surface. Ball B collides with ball C with
length 5 m. The centre of gravity of the block is found to rise an initial velocity v as shown. Total number of collsions
through a vertical height of 0.1 m. The speed of the bullet between the balls will be (all collisions are elastic)
after it emerges from the block is
(a) 200 m/s (b) 240 m/s
(c) 220 m/s (d) 280 m/s
(a) one (b) two
62. A bag of mass M hangs by a long thread and a bullet of
mass m comes horizontally with velocity v and gets caught (c) three (d) four
in the bag. Then for the combined (bag + bullet) system, Oblique Collision
66. Two ice skaters A and B approach each other at right angles.
mvM 1
(a) momentum  (b) KE = mv2 Skater A has a mass 30 kg and velocity 1 m/s skater B has
mM 2
mass 20 kg and velocity 2 m/s. They meet and cling together.
Their final velocity of the couple is :
1 2
m2 v2
(c) KE =  m  M  v (d) KE = 2 M  m (a) 2 m/s (b) 1.5 m/s
2  
(c) 1 m/s (d) 2.5 m/s
63. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a 67. The collision of two balls of equal mass takes place at the
suspended wooden block of mass M. If the block rises to a origin of co-ordinates. Before collision, the components of
height h, the initial velocity of the bullet will be : velocities are (vx = 50 cm/s, vy = 0) and (vx = –40 cm/s and
vy = 30 cm/s). The first balls comes to rest after collison. The
Mm
(a) 2gh (b) 2 gh velocity components (vx and vy respectively) of the second
m
ball are :
m Mm (a) 10 and 30 cm/s
(c) 2 gh (d) 2gh
Mm m
(b) 30 nad 10 cm/s
64. Two perfectly elastic particles A and B of equal mass (c) 5 and 15 cm/s
travelling along the line joining them with velocities 15 m/s
and 10 m/s. After collision, their velocities will be : (d) 15 and 5 cm/s
A B Variable Mass System
(a) 0 25 68. 10,000 small balls, each weighing 1 g, strike one square cm
of area per second with a velocity 100 m/s in a normal
(b) 5 20 direction and rebound with the same velocity. The value of
(c) 10 15 pressure on the surface will be :
3 2 5 2
(a) 2 × 10 N/m (b) 2 × 10 N/m
(d) 20 5
7 2 7 2
(c) 10 N/m (d) 2 × 10 N/m

1. Two identical particles move towards each other with 6. A man of 50 kg is standing at one end on a boat of length
velocity 2v and v respectively. The velocity of centre of 25 m and mass 200 kg. If he starts running and when he
mass is (2002) reaches the other end, he has a velocity 2 ms–1 with respect
(a) v (b) v/3 to the boat. The final velocity of the boat is (in ms–1)
(c) v/2 (d) zero 2 2

–1
(a) (b) (2006)
2. A mass of 100 g strikes the wall with speed 5 ms at an 5 3
angle as shown in figure and it rebounds with the same
speed. If the contact time is 2 × 10–3 s, what is the force 8 8
(c) (d)
applied on the wall ? (2005) 5 3
7. In the motion of a rocket, physical quantity which is
conserved is (2007)
(a) angular momentum (b) linear momentum
(c) force (d) work
8. A circular disc of radius R is removed from a bigger circular
(a) 250 3 N to right (b) 250 N to right disc of radius 2R, such that the circumference of the discs
coincide. The centre of mass of the new disc is R from
(c) 250 3 N to left (d) 250 N to left
the centre of the bigger disc. The value of  is (2007)
3. A body A of mass M while falling vertically downwards
under gravity breaks into two parts; a body B of mass (a) 1/3 (b) 1/2
1 2 (c) 1/6 (d) 1/4

M and, a body C of mass m. The centre of mass of
3 3 9. A truck is moving on a frictionless surface with uniform
bodies B and C taken together shifts compared to that of velocity of 10 ms–1. A leak occurs in the water tank of the
body A towards (2005) truck at the rate of 2 kgs–1. What is the speed of truck after
(a) depends on height of breaking 50 s if the mass of truck is 100 kg and mass of water in the
(b) does not shift truck initially was 100 kg ? (2008)
(c) body C (a) 20 ms –1
(b) 10 ms –1
(d) body B (c) 5 ms–1 (d) none of these

4. A ball of mass m moves with speed v and it strikes normally 10. A body of mass 1000 kg is moving horizontally with a
with a wall and reflected back normally. If its time to contact velocity 50 ms–1. A mass of 250 kg is added. Find the final
with wall is t, then find force exerted by ball on the wall
velocity (2008)
2mv mv (a) 40 ms –1
(b) 23 ms –1
(a) (b) (2005)
t t
(c) 12 ms–1 (d) 32.5 ms–1
mv 11. A shell of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 ms–1
(c) mvt (d)
2t when it blasts and forms two parts of mass 9 kg and 1 kg
5. A rocket of mass 1000 kg is exhaust gases at a rate of 4 respectively. If the 1st mass is stationary, the velocity of
kgs–1 with a velocity 3000 ms–1. The thrust developed on the 2nd is : (2008)
the rocket is (2006) (a) 1 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1
(a) 12000 N (b) 120 N
(c) 100 ms–1 (d) 1000 ms–1
(c) 800 N (d) 200 N
12. A gun fires N bullets per second, each of mass m with 17. Two masses of M and 4M are moving with equal kinetic
velocity v. The force exerted by the bullets on the gun is energy. The ratio of their linear momenta is (2009)
(a) 1 : 8 (b) 1 : 4
mv
(a) vNm (b) (2008) (c) 1 : 2 (d) 4 : 1
N
18. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. The exhaust speed
mv2 is 800 ms–1. To give an initial upward acceleration of 20 ms–2,
(c) mvN2 (d)
N the amount of gas ejected per second to supply the needed
thrust will be (g = 10 ms–2) (2009)
13. The rate of mass of the gas emitted from rear of a rocket is
initially 0.1 kgs–1. If the the speed of the gas relative to the (a) 127.5 kgs–1 (b) 187.5 kgs–1
rocket is 50 ms–1 and mass of the rocket is 2 kg, then the (c) 185.5 kgs–1 (d) 137.5 kgs–1
acceleration of the rocket (in ms–2) is (2008) 19. A stationary body of mass 3 kg explodes into three equal
(a) 5 (b) 5.2 pieces. Two of the pieces fly off in two mutually
(c) 2.5 (d) 25 perpendicular directions, one with a velocity of 3iˆ ms 1
14. A gun fires bullets each of mass 1 g with velocity of 10 ms–1
and other with a velocity of 4 ˆjms 1 . If the explosion
by exerting a constant force of 5 g weight. Then the number
of bullets fired per second is occurs in 10–4 s, the average force acting on the third piece
in newton is (2009)
Take g = 10 ms–2) (2008)
(a) 50 (b) 5  
(a) 3iˆ  4jˆ  10
4
 
(b) 3iˆ  4ˆj 10
4
(c) 10 (d) 25
15. A thin rod of length L is lying along the x–axis with its ends  
(c) 3iˆ  4jˆ  10
4
 
(d)  3iˆ  4jˆ 10
4
at x = 0 and x = L. Its linear density (mass/length) varies x as

20. A bullet of mass 10 g moving with 300 ms–1 hits a block of ice
n
x of mass 5 kg and drops dead. The velocity of ice is(2009)
k   , where n can be zero or any positive number. If the
L (a) 500 cm/s (b) 60 cm/s
position xCM of the centre of mass of the rod is plotted n, (c) 40 cm/s (d) 200 cm/s
which of the following graphs best approximates the 21. The figure shows the position time (x–t) graph of one-
dependence of xCM on n ? (2008) dimentsional motion of a body of mass 0.4 kg. The
magnitude of each impulse is (2010)
(a) (b) 2
x (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
(c) (d) t (s)
(a) 0.4 Ns (b) 0.8 Ns

16. If the resultant of all the external forces acting on a system (c) 1.6 Ns (d) 0.2 Ns
of particles is zero, then from an inertial frame, one can 22. A stationary bomb explodes into three pieces. One piece
surely say that (2009) of 2 kg mass mvoes with a velocity of 8 ms–1 at right angles
(a) linear momentum of the system does not change in time to the other piece of mass 1 kg moving with a velocity of 12
ms–1. If the mass of the third piece is 0.5 kg, then its velocity
(b) kinetic energy of the system does not change in time
is : (2011)
(c) angular momentum of the system does not change in time
(a) 10 ms–1 (b) 20 ms–1
(d) potential energy of the system does not change in time
(c) 30 ms–1 (d) 40 ms–1
23. A cricket ball of mass 0.25 kg with speed 10 m/s collides 29. In a collinear collision, a particle with an initial speed v0
with a bat and returns with same speed with in 0.01s. The strikes a stationary particle of the same mass. If the final
force acted on bat is (2011) kinetic energy 50% greater than the original kinetic energy,
(a) 25 N (b) 50 N the magnitude of the relative velocity between the two
particles, after collision, is : (2018)
(c) 250 N (d) 500 N
–1
24. Ablock of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms v0 v0
on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and (a) (b)
2 2
then they move together as a single body. The energy loss
during the collision is (2012) v0
(c) (d) 2v0
(a) 0.16 J (b) 1.00 J 4
(c) 0.67 J (d) 0.34 J 30. Three masses m, 2m and 3m are moving in x-y plane with
25. Distance of the centre of mass of a solid uniform cone speed 3u, 2u, and u respectively as shown in figure. The
three masses collide at the same point at P and stick
from its vertex is z0. If the radius of its base is R and its
height is h then z0 is equal to : (2015) together. The velocity of resulting mass will be:
(2014 Online Set-2)
5h 3h 2
(a) (b)
8 8R
h2 3h
(c) (d)
4R 4
26. A particle of mass m moving in the x direction with speed
2v is hit by another particle of mass 2m moving in the y
u ˆ u ˆ
direction with speed v. If the collision is perfectly inelastic,
the percentage loss in the energy during the collision is
(a)
12

i  3jˆ  (b)
12

i  3jˆ 
close to : (2015) u ˆ u ˆ
(a) 56% (b) 62%
(c)
12
i  3jˆ  (d)
12

i  3jˆ 
(c) 44% (d) 50% 31. A thin bar of length L has a mass per unit length , that
increases linearly with distance from one end. If its total
27. It is found that if a neutron suffers an elastic collinear mass is M and its mass per unit length at the lighter end is
collision with deuterium at rest, fractional loss of its energy 0, then the distance of the centre of mass from the lighter
is pd, while for its similar collision with carbon nucleus at end is: (2014 Online Set-3)
rest, fractional loss of energy is pc.The values of pd and pc
L  0 L2 L  0 L2
are respectively : (2018) (a)  (b) 
3 4M 3 8M
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, 1)
(c) (.89, .28) (d) (.28, .89) 2L  0 L2 L 0 L2
(c)  (d) 
3 6M 2 4M
28. The mass of a hydrogen molecule is 3.32  1027 kg. If 1023 32. A uniform thin rod AB of length L has linear mass density
hydrogen molecules strike, per second, a fixed wall of area bx
2cm2 at an angle of 45 0 to the normal, and rebound (x) = a + , where x is measured from A. If the CM of
L
elastically with a speed of 103m/s, then the pressure on
the wall is nearly : (2018) 7
the rod lies at a distance of   L from A, then a and b
 12 
(a) 2.35 102 N / m2 (b) 4.70 102 N / m2 are related as : (2015 Online)
(a) a = 2b (b) 2a = b
(c) 2.35 103 N / m2 (d) 4.70 103 N / m 2 (c) a = b (d) 3a = 2b
33. A large number (n) of identical beads, each of mass m and 35. Two particles A and B of equal mass M are moving with
radius r are strung on a thin smooth rigid horizontal rod of the same speed v as shown in the figure. They collide
length L (L >>r) and are at rest at random positions. The completely in elastically and move as a single particle C.
rod is mounted between two rigid supports (see figure). If
The angle  that the path of C makes with the X-axis is
one of the beads is now given a speed v, the average force
experienced by each support after a long time is (assume given by : (2017 Online Set-2)
all collisions are elastic) :
(2015 Online)
3 2 3 2
mv 2 mv2 (a) tan   (b) tan  
(a) 2 L  nr (b) 1 2 1 2
  L  2nr
mv 2 1 2 1 3
(c) (d) zero (c) tan   (d) tan  
L  nr 2 (1  3) (1  2)
34. In the figure shown ABC is a uniform wire. If centre of 36. A proton of mass m collides elastically with a particle of
unknown mass at rest. After the collision, the proton and
BC
mass of wire lies vertically below point A, then is the unknown particle are seen moving at an angle of 900
AB with respect to each other. The mass of unknown particle
close to : (2016 Online Set-2) is : (2018 Online Set-2)
m
(a) (b) m
2
m
(c) (d) 2m
3
(a) 1.85 (b) 1.37
(c) 1.5 (d) 3

Discreet Particles 4. From a circular disc of radius R, a square is cut out with a
1. Three idential spheres, each of mass 1 kg are placed touching radius as its diagonal. The centre of mass of remainder is at
each other with their centres on a straight line. Their centre a distance (from the centre) :
are marked P, Q and R respectively. The distance of centre R R
of mass of the system from P is : (a)  4  2  (b)
2
PQ  PR  QR PQ  PR
(a) (b) R R
3 3 (c)    2  (d)  2  2 
PQ  QR 5. You are supplied with three identical rods of same length

(c) (d) none of these
3 and mass. If the length of each rod is 2. Two of them are
converted into rings and then placed over the third rod as
2. A circular ring of mass 6 kg and radius a is placed such that
shown in figure. If points A is considered as origin of the
its centre lies at the origin. Two particles of masses 2 kg
co-ordinate system the co-ordinate of the centre of mass
each are placed at the intersecting points of the circle with
will be (you may assume AB as x–axis of the co-ordinate
+ve x–axis and +ve y–axis. Then, the angle made by the
system) :
position vector of centre of mass of entire system with
x–axis is :
(a) 45° (b) 60°
1  4 
(c) tan   (d) 30°
5
  1  2
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
Continuous Body  2 3  2 3
3. A carpenter has constructed a toy as shown in the adjoining
figure. If the density of the material of the sphere is 12 times  1  2
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
that of cone, the position of the centre of mass of the toy is  3  3
given by :
6. An object comprises of a uniform ring of radius R and its
uniform chord AB (not necessarily made of the same material)
O2 2R as shown. Which of the following can not be the centre of
the mass of the object ?
O1 4R
2R
R R  R R 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
(a) at a distance of 2R from O 3 3  2 2
(b) at a distance of 3R from O
(c) at a distance of 4R from O R R
(c)  ,  (d) None of these
4 4
(d) at a distance of 5R from O
7. A circular plate of diameter d is kept in contact with a square Velocity, Momentum and Acceleration of Centre of Mass
plate of edge d as shown in figure. The density of the material
10. Block A and B are resting on a smooth horizontal surface
and the thickness are same everywhere. The centre of mass
given equal speeds of 2 m/s in opposite sense as shown in
of the compositive system will be
the figure. At t = 0, the position of block are shown, then the
coordinates of centre of mass at t = 3 s will be :
a a
(a) (1, 0) (b) (3, 0)
(a) inside the circular plate (c) (5, 0) (d) (2.25, 0)

11. Two balls of equal mass are projected from a tower
(b) inside the square plate
simultaneously with equal speeds. One at angle  above
(c) at the point of contact the horizontal and the other at the same angle  below the
horizontal. The path of the centre of mass of the two balls is :
(d) outside the system
(a) a vertical straight line
8. Three identical uniform rods of the same mass M and length
(b) a horizontal straight line
L are arranged in xy plane as shown. A fourth uniform rod of
(c) a straight line at angle  (< ) with horizontal
mass 3M has been placed as shown in the xy plane. What
should be the value of the length of the fourth rod such that (d) a parabola
the center of mass of all the four rods lie at the origin ? 12. A cracker is thrown into air with a velocity of 10 m/s at an
angle of 45° with the vertical. When its is at a height of
1
  m from the ground, it explodes into a number of peices
2
which follow different parabolic paths. What is the velocity
of centre of mass, when it is at a height of 1 m from the
–2
ground ? (g = 10 m/s )
(a) 4 5 ms1 (b) 2 5 ms1

(a) 3L (b) 2L
–1
(c) 5 4 ms1 (d) 5 ms
(d) L( 2  1) / 3 (d) L(2 2  1) / 3
13. In a free space, a rifle of mass M shoots a bullet of mass m at
9. A circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 28
a stationary block of mass M distance D away from it. When
cm. A circular portion of diameter 21 cm is removed from the
the bullet has moved through a distance d towards the block,
plate as shown. O is centre of mass of complete plate. The
the centre of mass of the bullet-block system is at a distance of:
position of centre of mass of remaining portion will shift
towards left from ‘O’ by D  d m
(a) from the bullet
Mm
md  MD
(b) from the block
Mm
2md  MD
(c) from the bullet
Mm
(a) 5 cm (b) 9 cm D  d M
(d) from the bullet
(c) 4.5 cm (d) 5.5 cm Mm
 
14. Two bodies having masses m1 and m2 and velocity u1 and u 2
 
collide and form a composite system. If m1 u1  m 2 u 2  0
 m1  m2  , the velocity of composite system will be :

   
(a) u1  u 2 (b) u1  u 2 m m 3
(a) (b)
  2 2
u1  u 2
(c) (d) zero
2 m
(c) m 2 (d)
3
15. Two bodies with masses, m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) are joined by
a string passing over a fixed pulley. The centres of gravity 19. Two blocks m1 and m2 are pulled on a smooth horizontal
of the two masses are initially at the same height. Assume surface, and are joined together with a spring of stiffness k
masses of pulley and weight of the thread negligible. The as shown. Suddenly, block m2 receives a horizontal velocity
acceleration of the centre of mass of m1 and m2, is : v0, then the maximum extension xm in the spring is
 m1  m 2  m1g
(a)  m  m  g (b)  m  m 
 1 2  1 2
2 m1m 2
 m1  m 2  m2g (a) v0 m  m
(c)   g (d)  m  m  1 2
 m1  m 2  1 2
16. Two persons A and B having masses 50 kg and 60 kg 2m1m 2

(b) v0
respectively are sitting at the two extreme to a 4 m long  m1  m2  k
plateform of mass 40 kg kept on smooth ice. If they come to
the middle of the boat then how (approximately) far does m1m 2
the boat move on the ice during the process : (c) v0 2 m  m k
 1 2
(a) 10 cm (b) 18 cm
(c) 16 cm (d) 13 cm m1m 2
(d) v0
17. Both the blocks as shown in the given arrangement are
 m1  m2  k
given together a horizontal velocity towards right. If acm be
Dynamics and Kinematics (Fnet = Macm)
subsequent acceleration of the centre of mass of the system
of block then acm equals : 20. A 50 kg man is standing on a flat boat at rest in a river. He
moves 5 m to north and halts. If the boat has a mass of 450
kg, then the boat moves through :
(a) 0.5 m to the south (b) 0.25 m to the south
(c) 0.5 m to the north (d) 0 m
5 21. A boy is standing at the centre of a boat, which is free to

(a) 0 m/s
2
(b) m / s2 move on water. If the masses of the boy ant the boat are m1
3
and m2 respectively, and the boy moves a distance of 1 m
forward, then the movement of the boat is ..... metres :
7
(c) m / s2 (d) 2 m/s
2
3 m1 m2
(a) m  m (b) m  m
18. In the arrangement as shown, mass of block A is m. What 1 2 1 2
should be the mass of the block B so that magnitude of

m1 m2
acceleration of centre of mass of both the blocks is zero : (c) m (d) m
2 1
m R
22. A man of mass m stands on a plane plank of mass   , 26. A ball of mass m and radius   is placed as shown, on a
2  10 
lying on a smooth horizontal floor. Initially both are at rest. block B of mass 9 m which is placed on a smooth surface.
Then the man starts walking on the plank towards the east When the ball comes down to the lowest position, the block
and stops after a distance l on the plank. Then : B will move to the left by a distance of :
(a) the plank will side to the west by a distance l/3
(b) the planks will continue to move towards the west over
the smooth floor.
2
(c) the plank will slide to the west by   l and then stop (a) 0.25 R (b) 0.14 R
3
(d) none of the above (c) 0.15 R (d) 0.20 R
23. A boy of mass m is standing on a block of mass M kept on 27. A car of mass m is initially at rest on the boat of mass M tied
to the wall of dock through a massless, inextensible string
a rough surface. When the boy walks from left to right on
as shown in figure. The car accelerates from rest to velocity
the block, the centre of mass (boy + block) of system :
v0 in time t0. At t = t0 the car applies brake and comes to rest
(a) remains stationary relative to the boat in negligible time. Neglect friction
(b) shift towards left between the boat and water; the time ‘t’ at which boat will
strike the wall is :
(c) shifts towards right
(d) shifts towards right if M > m and towards left if M < m
24. Block A and B shown in the figure are having equal masses
m. The system is released from rest with the spring
unstretched. The string between A and ground is cut when
there is maximum extension in the spring. The acceleration
L (M  m)
of centre of mass of the two blocks at this instant is : (a) t0 + L/v0 (b) t 0  mv0
LM
(c) mv (d) None of the above
0
28. Two identical spheres A and B of radius r are released

simultaneously from the positions as shown, in a vessel C
of radius (R + r) and which moves on a smooth surface. If
1
g coefficient of restitution is , find the velocity of A after
(a) g (b) 2
2 collision with B.
(c) 2 g (d) zero
25. A man of mass m moves with a constant speed on a plank of
mass M and length l kept initially at rest on a frictionless
horizontal surface, from one end to the other in time t. The
speed of the plank relative to ground while man is moving, is
M  m 
(a)   (b)  
tm t  mM (a) 2gR (b) gR
 M  gR
(c)   (d) none of these (c) (d) 2 gR
t Mm 2
29. A block of mass M is tied to one end of a massless rope. The

2 mv 2
other end of the rope is in the hands of man of mass 2M as (c) must be acting on the system
r
shown. The block and the man are resting on a rough wedge
of mass M. The whole system is resting on a smooth
horizontal surface. The man starts walking towards right 2 mv 2
(d) must be acting on the ring.
while holding the rope in his hands. Pulley is massless and r
frictionless. Find the displacement of the wedge when the 32. A stationary body explodes into four identical fragments
block meets the pulley? Assume wedge is sufficiently long such that three of them fly off mutually perpendicular to
so that man does not fall down. each other, each with same KE, E0.The energy of explosion
will be
4E 0
(a) 6 E0 (b)
3
(a) 1/2 m towards right (c) 4 E0 (d) 8 E0

(b) 1/2 m towards left Momentum and Energy based problems
(c) the wedge does not move at all 33. Two bodies of massses m1 and m2 have equal momenta. If
(d) 1 m towards left E1 and E2 be their respective K.E., the ratio E1 : E2 is equal :
30. In a vertical plane inside a smooth hollow thin tube, a block (a) m1 : m2 (b) m2 : m1
of same mass as that of tube is released as shown. When it
is slightly disturbed it moves towards right. By the time the (c) m1 : m 2 (d) m12 : m 22
block reaches the right end of the tube, the displacement of
34. Two vehicles of equal masses are moving with same speed
the tube will be (where ‘R’ is the mean radius of tube the
v on two roads inclined at an angle . They collide
assume that the tube remains in vertical plane)
inelastically at the junction and, then move together. The
speed of the combination is :
2R 4R
(a) (b)
 
R (a) v cos  (b) 2 v cos 

(c) (d) R
2
3 v 
(c) v cos  (d) cos
Energy of Centre of Mass 2 2 2
31. A heavy ring of mass m is clamped on the peripheri of a light 35. In a two block system an initial velocity v0 with respect to
circular disc. A small particle having equal mass is clamped ground is given to block A :
at the centre of the disc. The system is rotated in such a way
that the centre moves in a circle of radius r with a uniform
speed v. We conclude that an external force
mv 2 (a) the momentum of block A is not conserved

(a) must be acting on the central particle
r (b) the momentum of system of block A and B is conserved
(c) the increase in momentum of B is equal to the decrease in
2 mv 2 momentum of block A
(b) must be acting on the central particle
r
(d) all the above
36. An object of mass 3 m splits into three equal fragments. is 50 cm. The two masses stick together. The maximum height
2
Two fragments have velocities v ˆj and v î. The velocity of reaches by the system now is : (g = 10 m/s )
the third fragment is :
 
(a) v ˆj  î  
(b) v î  ˆj
 
(c)  v î  ˆj (d)
 
v î  ˆj
2
(a) 7.5 cm (b) 5 cm
37. A mass of 100 g strikes the wall with speed 5 m/s at an angle
as shown in figure and it rebounds with the same speed. If (c) 2.5 cm (d) 1.25 cm
–3
the contact time is 2 × 10 s, what is the force applied on the 42. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg and travelling at a speed of 500 m/s
mass by the wall ? strikes a block of mass 2 kg, which is suspended by a string
of length 5 m. The centre of gravity of the block is found to
rise a vertical distance of 0.1 m. What is the speed of the
bullet after it emerges from the block :
(a) 780 m/s (b) 220 m/s
(c) 1.4 m/s (d) 7.8 m/s
43. A cannon ball is fired with a velocity 200 m/s at an angle of
(a) 250 3 N to right (b) 250 N to right
60° with the horizontal. At the highest point of its flight, it
(c) 250 3 N to left (d) 250 N to left explodes into 3 equal fragments, one going vertically
upwards with a velocity 100 m/s, the second one fallings
38. A projectile is moving at 60 m/s at its highest point, where it vertically downwards with a velocity 100 m/s. The third
breaks into two equal parts due to an internal explosion. fragement will be moving with a velocity.
One part moves vertically up at 50 m/s with respect to the
(a) 100 m/s in the horizontal direction
ground. The other part will move at :
(b) 300 m/s in the horizontal direction
(a) 110 m/s (b) 120 m/s
(c) 300 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60° with the horizontal
(c) 130 m/s (d) 10 61 m / s (d) 200 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60° with the horizontal
39. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a trolley weighing 320 44. An isolated particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal
kg. The trolley is resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If plane (x, y) along the x–axis at a certain height above the
the man starts walking on the trolley along the rails at a ground. It suddenly explodes into two fragments of masses
speed of 1 m/s relative to trolley, then after 4 s, his m 3m . An instant later, the smaller fragment is at
displacement relative to the ground will be : and
4 4
(a) 4.2 m (b) 4.8 m y = + 15 cm. The larger fragment at this instant is at :
(c) 3.2 m (d) 3.0 m (a) y = – 5 cm (b) y = + 20 cm
40. A body of mass 5 kg explodes at rest into three fragments (c) y = + 5 cm (d) y = – 20 cm
with masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The fragments with equal
45. A gun is attached to a trolley that can move freely on a
masses fly in mutually perpendicular directions with speeds
smooth level road. The total mass of the gun and the trolley
of 21 m/s. The velocity of the heaviest fragment will be :
is 10 kg. A bullet of mass 0.005 kg is shot horizontally to the
(a) 11.5 m/s (b) 14.0 m/s right and is observed to have travelled a distance of 50 m in
(c) 7.0 m/s (d) 9.87 m/s 0.2 s. In this interval of time, the trolley has moved a distance:
41. A mass of 10 g moving horizontally with a velocity of 100 (a) 2.5 cm (b) 6.0 cm
cm/s strikes a pendulum bob of mass 10 g. Length of string (c) 4 m (d) 4 cm
46. A bob of mass m is suspended by a string of length l from a 50. A bullet hits a block kept at rest on a smooth horizontal
train of mass M free to move on a smooth horizontal surface. surface and gets embedded into it. Which of the following
does not change ?
The bob is given a horizontal velocity v0. The maximum
height attained by the bob is : (a) linear momentum of the block
(b) kinetic energy of the block
(c) gravitational potential energy of the block
(d) temperature of the block
51. A body at rest breaks into two pieces of equal masses. The
parts will move
(a) in same direction
2 2
v Mm v  m 
(a)
0
  (b)
0
  (b) along different lines
2g  M  2g  M  m 
(c) in opposite directions with equal speeds
v 02  M  v 02  M  m  (d) in opposite directions with unequal speeds

(c)   (d)  
2g  M  m  2g  m  52. A nucleus moving with a velocity v emits an –particle.
Let the velocities of the –particle and the remaining
47. A block of mass m is pushed towards a movable wedge of  
mass nm and height h, with a velocity u. All surfaces are nucleous be v1 and v2 and their masses be m1 and m2.
smooth. The minimum 5value of u for which the block reach   
(a) v, v1 and v 2 must be parallel to each other..
the top of the wedge is :
  
(b) None of the two of v, v1 and v 2 should be parallel to
each other.
  
(c) v1  v2 must be parallel to v .
  
(d) m1 v  m 2 v 2 must be parallel to v .
(a) 2gh (b) 2 ngh 53. The sphere A of mass m1 moves with velocity V on a
frictionless horizontal surface and strikes with sphere B of
 1  1 mass m2 at rest. The sphere A comes back with speed V/10.
(c) 2gh 1   (d) 2gh 1   Find the correct option :
 n  n
48. A projectile of mass 3 m explodes at highest point of its

path. It breaks into three equal parts. One part retraces its
path, the second one 5comes to rest. The range of the (a) m1 > m2 (b) m1 = m2
projectile was 100 m if no explosion would have taken place. (c) m1 < m2 (d) none of these
The distance of the third part from the point of projection
54. At time t = 0, a particle P of mass m moving in a circular path
when it finally lands on the ground is :
of radius R with a constant velocity V2 is at a point (2R, 0)
(a) 100 m (b) 150 m while another particle Q of same mass moving along y-axis
(c) 250 m (d) 300 m with constant velocity V1 is at origin (0, 0). Find linear
49. At high altitude, a body explodes at rest into two equal momentum of particle P relative to Q when their velocities
fragments with one fragment receiving horizontal velocity are mutually perpendicular for first time :
of 10 m/s. Time taken by the two radius vectors connecting
point of explosion of fragments to make 90° is :
2
(g = 10 m/s )
(a) 10 s (b) 4 s
(c) 2 s (d) 1 s
 
 V ^ ^  V ^ ^ (a) v, direction OA (b) 2v, direction OA
(a) m  V2 sin 2 t  i  V1 j (b) m  V2 cos 2 t  i  V1 j  
 R    R   (c) 2v, direction OB (d) v, direction BO
 V ^ ^ 60. Two identical small balls, each of mass m, are connected by
 R  

(c) m  V1 sin 1 t  i  V2 j (d)  m v 2 î  v1ˆj  a massless and inextensible string of length l and placed on
a smooth horizontal xy plane. An external agent starts pulling
55. The ball B is at rest. A moving ball A collides elastically with the string from its mid-point along y-axis with velocity v0 as
it in one dimension. The masses of balls are equal. For ball shown. When the separation between the two balls reduces
B, which of the following will be greatest, if velocity of A is
to l/2, then the speed of each ball will be
greater than 2m/sec. ?
(a) Kinetic energy (b) Momentum
(c) Potential energy (d) None of these
56. In the previous problem, if mB >> mA, which of the following
will be greatest for ball B ?
(a) Speed (b) Momentum
(c) Kinetic energy (d) None of these (a) 2v0 (b) v0
57. A body of mass M is hung by a long thread and a bullet of v0

(c) (d) none of the above
mass m hits it horizontally with a velocity v and gets 2
embedded in the body. Then for the body and the bullet Impulse, Coefficient of Restitution
system. 61. A sphere of mass m moving with a constant velocity u hits
another stationary sphere of same mass. If e is the coefficient
 Mm 
(a) momentum =  v v1
Mm of restitution, then ratio of velocities of the two spheres v
2
1 after collision will be :

(b) kinetic energy  mv 2
2 2
u
1
(c) momentum 
M  m  mv 1 e 1 e
M (a) (b)
1 e 1 e
m2v2 e 1 e 1
(d) kinetic energy 
2 M  m (c) (d)
e 1 e 1
–1
58. A 50 g bullet moving with a velocity of 10 ms gets embeded 62. A mass m moves with a velocity v and collides inelastically
into a 950g stationary body. The loss in KE of the system with another identical mass. After collision the Ist mass
will be
v
(a) 95% (b) 100% moves with velocity in a direction perpendicular to the
3
(c) 5% (d) 50% initial direction of motion. Find the speed of the 2nd mass
59. Three particles A, B and C of equal masses move with equal after collision :
speeds v along the medians of an equalateral triangle. They
collide at the centroid O of the triangle. After collision A
comes to rest while B retraces its path with speed v. The
velocity of C is then
2 v
(a) v (b)
3 3
(c) v (d) 3v
63. A particle A of mass m initially at rest slides down a height 67. A girl throws a ball with initial velocity v at an inclination of
of 1.25 m on a frictionless ramp, collides with and sticks to 45°. The ball strikes the smooth vertical wall at a horizontal
an identical particle B of mass m at rest as shown in the distance d from the girl and after rebouncing return to her
figure. Then particles A and B together collide elastically hand. What is the coefficient of restitution between wall
with particle C of mass 2 m at rest. The speed of particle A and the ball ?
2
after the collision with particle B would be : (g = 10 m/s ) 2
gd
(a) v – gd (b) 2
v  gd
gd v2
(c) 2 (d)
v gd
68. Two blocks A and B each of mass m are connected by a

massless spring of spring constant k. The blocks are initially
(a) 2.0 m/s (b) 1.25 m/s resting on a smooth horizontal floor with the spring at its
natural length as shown in figure. A third identical block C
(c) 2.5 m/s (d) 5 m/s
also of mass m moving on the floor with a speed v along the
64. A particle of mass m moving with velocity u makes an elastic line joining A and B collides elastically with A then :
one dimenstional collision with a stationary particle of mass
m, They are in contact for a brief time T. Their force of
T
interaction increases from zero to F0 linearly in time and (a) the kinetic energy of the (A + B) system at maximum
2
compression of the spring is zero
T (b) the kinetic energy of the (A + B) system at maximum
decreases linearly to zero in further time . The magnitude
2 1
compression of the spring is mv2 and that of C is zero
of F0 is : 4
1 2
mu 2 mu (c) the total kinetic energy of (A + B + C) system is   mv
(a) (b) 2
T T
at maximum compression.
mu 1
(c) (d) none of these (d)
2
 PEspring  = kinetic energy of (A + B) system at
2T
maximum compression
65. Two identical sphere A and B lie inside a smooth horizontal
69. A ball thrown with velocity 30 m/s and making an anlge 370°
circular tube at the opposite ends of diameter. At t = 0, A is
with horizontal. The ball strikes a vertical wall at a distance
projected along the tube and at the time t = 4 s, collides with
of 12 m from the point of projection and coefficient of
B. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.2, the second collision
restitution between wall and the ball is equal to 0.5. What is
will occur after a minimum time of :
the velocity of the ball just after impact on the wall ?
(a) 40 s (b) 20 s
(a) 17.7 m/s (b) 15.6 m/s
(c) 20  s (d) 40  s
(c) 20.4 m/s (d) 19.4 m/s
66. After a totally inelastic collision, two objects of the same
70. The quantities remaining constant in a collision are
mass and initial speed are found to move together at half
their initial speed. The angle between the initial velocities of (a) momentum, kinetic energy and temperature
the objects is : (b) momentum and kinetic energy but not temperature
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) momentum and temperature but not kinetic energy
(c) 120° (d) 45° (d) momentum, but neither kinetic energy nor temperature
71. The sphere A starts moving from one end with velocity V on 75. The balls of mass m0 and m are on a smooth horizontal
the stationary wedge B of mass M, as shown, Find the surface connected with a string. A bullet of mass m0 moving
coefficient of restitution, if A falls off after rising upto top of with a speed V0 collides with ball of mass m0. Find the speed
of ball of mass m, if coefficient of restitution is e :
the wedge B with zero velocity (w.r.t. wedge):
m0V0 e m0V0 1 e 
(a)  m +m  (b)
0  2 m0 +m 
m0V0 1 e   m0 – m V0 e

(c) (d)
m cos  m0 +m   m0 +m 
(a) (b) 0
M 76. In the previous problem, when the string is taut the velocity
M cos  M of the centre of mass is :
(c) (d)
m m m0V0 2 m0V0
72. A sphere A of mass m moving with a velocity hits another (a)  m +m  (b)  m +m 
0 0
stationary sphere B of same mass. If the ratio of the velocities
m0V0  m0 +m V0
VA 1 – e (c)  2 m +m  (d)
of the spheres after collision is V  1 e where e is the 0  2 m0 +m 
B
77. Four particles A, B, C and D of equal masses are placed at
coefficient of restitution, what is the initial velocity of sphere the corners of a square. They move with equal uniform speed
A with which it strikes : V towards the intersection of the diagonals. After collision,
(a) VA + VB (b) VA – VB A comes to rest, B traces its path back with same speed and
C and D move with equal velocities. What is the velocity of
VA  VB  C after collision :
(c) VB – VA (d)
2
2V
73. A sphere B of mass m is moving towards a bigger fixed (a) (b) 2V
3
sphere A with velocity V on a smooth horizontal surface, as
shown. Sphere B moves and returns back after making an V
(c) (d) V
elastic collision and being in contact with sphere A for a 2
very short time t. The sphere A exerts a contact force of 78. N identical balls are placed on a smooth horizontal surface.
An another ball of same mass collides elastically with
 m V 48 
  . Find the angle between contact force and the velocity u with first ball of N balls. A process of collision is
 3 t  thus started in which first ball collides with second ball and
horizontal at the point of contact : the second ball with the third ball and so on. The coefficient
of restitution for each collision is e. Find speed of Nth ball :
N N–1
(a) (1 + e) u (b) u(1 + e)
N –1
u 1 e  N N
(c) (d) u (1 + e)
(a) 45° (b) 30° 2 N –1
(c) 60° (d) zero 79. The velocity of centre of mass of the system after all collisions
74. A ball strikes a horizontal floor at 45°.25% of its kinetic energy have taken place, in the previous problem will be :
is lost in collision. Find the coefficient of restitution : mu
(a) N  m+1 (b) Nu
1 1
(a) (b)
2 2
uN
(c)  N +1 (d) Zero
1 1
(c) (d)
2 2 4
80. A bullet of mass m is fired with velocity u 2 relative to

gun at an angle of 45° from a gun of mass M placed on a
smooth floor, towards a wall which is moving with half the
velocity of the velocity of the gun towards it. The coefficient
of restitution between bullet and wall is e. Find the horizontal
velocity of the bullet after collision with wall:
(a) both A and B rise to the same height
mu 1 – e  mu e (b) both A and B come to rest at B
(a) eu  2 M  m (b) eu  2  M  m 
  (c) both A and B move with the same velocity of A
(d) A comes to rest and B moves with the velocity of A
mu 1  e  2mu e
(c) eu  2 M  m (d) eu   M  m  84. A body of mass M1 collides elastically with another body of
  mass M2 at rest. There is maximum transfer of energy when:
81. Body A of mass m and B of mass 3 m move towards each (a) M1 > M2
other with velocities V and 2V respectively from the positions (b) M1 < M2
as shown, along a smooth horizontal circular track of radius (c) M1 = M2
r. After the first elastic collision, they will collide again after
(d) same for all values of M1 and M2
the time :
85. A moving particle of mass m, makes a head on elastic collision
with a particle of mass 2m, which is initially at rest. The
fraction of energy lost by colliding particle is :
1 2
(a) (b)
9 3
8
(c) (d) no loss
9
86. A body A of mass 2 kg is projected upward from the surface

2r r
(a) (b) of the ground at t = 0 with a velocity of 20 m/s. One second
V 2V
after a body B, also of mass 2 kg is dropped from a height of
r 2r 20 m. If they collide elastically, then their velocities just after
(c) (d) collision are :
V 3V
Head-on-collision (a) vA = 5 m/s downward, vB = 5 m/s upward
82. A smooth sphere of mass M moving with velocity u directly (b) vA = 10 m/s downward, vB = 5 m/s upward
collides elastically with another sphere of mass m at rest.
(c) vA = 10 m/s upward, vB = 10 m/s downward
After collision their final velocities are V and v respectively.
The value of v is : (d) both move downward with velocity 5 m/s
2u M 2um 87. A pendulum consists of a wooden bob of mass m and of

(a) (b) lenght l. A bullet of mass m1 is fired towards the pendulum
m M
with a speed v1. The bullet emerges out of the bob with a
2u 2u speed v1/3 and the bob just completes motion along a vertical
(c) (d)
m M circle. Then v1 is
1 1
M m
m 3 m 
83. The bob A or a simple pendulum is released when the string (a)  m  5g (b) 2  m  5g
makes an angle of 45° with the vertical. It hits another bob B  1  1
of the same material and same mass kept at rest on a table. If
2  m1   m1 
the collision is elastic : (c)   5g (d)   g
3 m  m
88. Two pendulums each of length l are initially situated as 91. Ball A strikes with velocity u elastically with identical ball B
shown. The first pendulum is released and strikes the at rest, inclined at an angle of 60° with line joining the centres
second. Assume that the collision is completely inelastic of two balls. What will be the speed of ball B after collision:
and neglect the mass of the string and any frictional effects.
How high does the centre of mass rise after the collision? u 3
(a) u (b)
2
u u
(c) (d)
2 2
92. A smooth sphere is moving on a horizontal surface with
velocity vector 2iˆ  2ˆj immediately before it hits a vertical
2
 m1   m1 
wall. The wall is parallel to ĵ vector and the coefficient of
(a) d   (b) d  m  m 
  m1  m 2    1 2 
restitution between the sphere and the wall is e = 1/2. The
velocity vector of the sphere after it hits the wall is :
2 2
d  m1  m 2   m2 
(c) (d) d   (a) î  ˆj (b) î  2ˆj
m2   m1  m 2  
89. Figure shows two blocks of masses 2 kg and 4 kg resting on (c) î  ˆj (d) 2iˆ  ˆj
a horizontal surface and a spring of spring constant k = 100
93. Particles P and Q of masses 20 g and 40 g respectively are
N/m attached to a fixed wall. All the three lie along the same
projected from positions A and B on the ground. The initial
line. The space between the two blocks is smooth, while the
velocities of P and Q make angles of 45° and 135°, repectively
space between the 4 kg block and wall is rough ( = 0.5). If
with the horizontal as shown. Each particle has an initial
the 2 kg block is given a velocity of 10 m/s, then the maximum
speed of 49 m/s. The separation AB is 245 m. Both particles
compressin of the spring is (collision between the two blocks
travel in the same vertical plane and undergo a collision.
is perfectly inelastic)
After the collision P retraces its path. The position of Q
when it hits the ground is
(a) 25 cm (b) 10 cm 245

(a) 245 m (b) m
3
(c) 15 cm (d) 5 cm
245 245
Oblique Collision (c) m (d) m
2 2
90. A small ball falling vertically downward with constant 94. A bal falls on an inclined plane as shown. The ball is dropped
velocity 2 m/s strikes elastically an inclined plane moving from height h. Coefficient of restitution for collision is e and
with velocity 2 m/s as shown in figure. The velocity of the surface is frictionless. If h1, h2 ... hn are height of h
rebound of the ball with respect to ground is : projectiles and t1, t2, ...tn are their corresponding time of
flights, then
(a) 4 m/s (b) 2 5 m / s

i. t1, t2, ..., tn form a geometric progression of common ratio e.
(c) 2 2 m / s (d) 2 m/s
ii. h1 > h2 > h3 > ... > hn. u  3 e – 1

2 (a) the velocity of ball B after collision is .
iii. t1, t2, ..., tn form a geometric progression of common ratio e . 4
iv. h1, h2, ..., h3 form a geometric progression of common u  2 e  1
ratio e. (b) the velocity of ball B after collision is .
4
Evaluate the above statement and choose the correct option (c) After collision, ball A will move away by distance
from the following d  2e 1
.
(a) Statements i, ii are true and iii, iv are false d  2e – 1
(b) Statements i, ii are false and iii, iv are true (d) After collision, ball A will move away by distance
(c) All statements are true d  e 1
.
(d) All statements are false  3e –1
More than One Correct Answers 98. Two blocks A and B each of mass m are connected by a
95. The inclined plane is smooth and horizontal plane is rough. massless spring of natural length L and spring constant K.
The ball place at A collides elastically with similar ball placed
The blocks are initially resting on a smooth horizontal floor
at C. After moving a distance R, the ball at C stops :
with the spring at its natural length, as shown. A third
identical block C (of mass m) moves on the floor with a
speed V along the line joining A and B and collides elastically
with A :
(a) the deceleration of ball A on horizontal plane is g, if  is
the coefficient of friction.
(b) the deceleration of ball A on horizontal plane is 2g.
(c) the value of coefficient of friction is 0.25. (a) the kinetic energy of (A – B) system at maximum
(d) the value of coefficient of friction is 0.50. compression of the spring is zero.
96. A ball A of mass m is given an initial velocity to slide down (b) the kinetic energy of (A – B) system at maximum
and collide with ball B of mass (2m) so that ball B now has 2
compression of the spring is mV /4.
sufficient energy just to hit ball at C. As the ball A slides
down its velocity becomes twice of its initial velocity before (c) the maximum compression of the spring is V  m/K 
collision. The coefficient of restitution is (1/2) :
(d) the maximum compression of the spring is V  m/ 2 K 
99. Which of the following is/are correct?
(a) If centre of mass of three particles is at rest and it is
known that two of them are moving along different lines
then the third particle must also be moving.
(a) the velocity of ball B after collision is  2 g  h+s  
(b) If centre of mass remains at rest, then net work done by
(b) the velocity of ball B after collision is 2 g  h+s  . the forces acting on the system must be zero.
(c) If centre of mass remains at rest then the net external
(c) the initial velocity of ball A is 2 g  h+s  . force must be zero.
(d) the initial velocity of ball A is 2 g  h+s  . (d) If speed of centre of mass is changing then there must
be some net work being done on the system.
97. A ball A of mass 3m is placed at a distance d from the wall on
100. A bag P (mass M) hang by a long thread and a bullet (mass m)
a smooth horizontal surface. Another ball B of mass m
comes horizontally with velocity v and gets caught in the
moving with velocity u collides with ball A. The coefficient
bag. Then for the combined (bag + bullet) system,
of restitution between the balls and the wall and between
the balls is e : (a) momentum is mv throughout
(b) momentum is (M + m)v throughout
1 2
(c) kinetic energy is mv throughout
2
(d) loss in kinetic energy in collision process is
1 2 M 
mv  
2 Mm
101. The momentum of a particle is given by Comprehension Type Questions


P  4sin tj  4 cos tj kg m / s . Select the correct
  Passage–1
Using the following passage, solve Q. 105 to 108
alternative(s).
The entire mass of a system is assumed to be concentrated
(a) Momentum P of the particle is always parallel to F.
at a point, to which we call the centre of mass. Such an
(b) Momentun P of the particle is always perpendicular to F. assumption must be in someway helpful to us. This point
(c) Magnitude of momentum P is always constant. may even be outside of the system. Once the journey has
(d) None of the above started, a given system may have exploded by itself or have
broken down into number of pieces, each piece moving with
102. A body moving towards a body of finite mass at rest collides
with it. It is possible that a different velocity in a different direction than that of the
original system, but this point of centre of mass will continue
(a) both bodies come to rest
to move with same velocity in the same direction, as if
(b) both bodies move after collision nothing has happened.
(c) the moving body stops and the body at rest starts moving Suppose a man of mass 60 kg is on a trolley of mass 40 kg
(d) the stationary body remains stationary and the moving moving at a speed of 4 m/sec. The man jumps off the trolley
body rebounds in the direction opposite to the motion of the trolley with a
103. Which of the following statement are true? speed of 2 m/sec.
(a) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum and 105. What may be essential condition to work out the velocity
energy of each body is conserved. and direction of centre of mass :
(b) The total energy of a system is always conserved (a) Centre of mass moves with constant velocity.
irrespective of whether external forces act on the system.
(b) The system breaks down into number of fragments.
(c) The work done by a force in nature on a body, over a
(c) There is no external force acting on the system
closed loop, is not always zero.
(d) In an inelastic collision of two bodies, the final kinetic (d) The different parts of the system move with different
energy is less than the initial kinetic energy of the system. velocities.
104. A pendulum bob of mass m connected to the end of an ideal 106. If V1 and V2 are velocities of centre of mass of the system
string of length l is released from rest from horizontal just before and after the man jumps off the trolley, find correct
position as shown. At the lowest point, the bob makes an option :
elastic collision with a stationary block of mass 5m, which is
dept on a frictionlass surface. Mark out the correct (a) V1 = V2 (b) V1 > V2
statement(s) for the instant just after the impact. (c) V1 < V2 (d) Unpredictable
107. The velocity of centre of mass of the system just after the
man jumps off the trolley is :
(a) 2 m/sec (b) 3 m/sec
(c) 4 m/sec (d) 8 m/sec
108. The speed of the trolley when man jumps off is
(a) 8 m/sec (b) 10 m/sec
(a) Tension in the string is 17 mg/9
(c) 13 m/sec (d) 15 m/sec
(b) Tension in the string is 3 mg
Passage–2
2g Using the following passage, solve Q. 109 to 111
(c) The velocity of the block is
3
A box B of mass M having a frictionless spherical empty
(d) The maximum height attained by the pendulum bob after space of radius R (as shown) is placed on a smooth horizontal
4 floor. A ball C and mass m is placed at the bottom position of
impact is (measured from the lowest position)
9 the spherical space of box B. A ball A of mass M0 strikes
elastically with the box with velocity V while moving on the Passage - 4
same floor. Using the following passage, solve Q. 114 and 115
A smooth ball is dropped from height h on a smooth incline
as shown. After collision the velocity of the ball is directed
horizontally.
109. If M = 2m and M0 = 3m find the height upto which ball C

inside the box will rise after the impact :
2
(a) Zero (b) V /4g
2 2
(c) V /2g (d) V /g
110. If M = 3m and M0 = 4 m find the height upto which ball C
inside the box will rise after the impact : 114. Find the coefficient of restitution.
2 2 2 2
(a) V / 4g (b) V / 2g (a) cot  (b) sin 
2 2 2
(c) V / g (d) Zero (c) tan  (d) cos 
111. What should be the value of M so that ball C of mass m 115. If the collision is elastic, what is the impulse on the ball?
rises above the bottom most point so that M0 = M + m :
(a) 2m 2gh tan  (b) 2m 2gh sin 
(a) 10 m (b) 8 m
(c) 6 m (d) None of these (c) 2m 2gh cot  (d) 2m 2gh cos
Passage - 3 Match the Column

Using the following passage, solve Q. 112 and 113 116. Two particles of mass m1 and m2 have velocity of centre of
mass as V. Match the columns :
A ball of mass m moving with velocity v strikes the bob of a
pendulum at rest. The mass of the bob is also m. Column–I Column–II
(a) If velocity of two particles are (P) V  V0
112. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the height to which the
bob will rise is given by same (say V0), then
(b) If velocity of two particles are (Q) V  V0
v2 v2 not same (velocity of one
(a) (b)
8g 4g
particle is V0), then
v2 v2 1
(c) (d) (c) When velocities of the particles (R)  m1 +m2 V02
2g g 2
are same (say V0), then kinetic
113. If the collision is elastic, the height to which the bob will rise
will be energy of the system will be
1
v2 v2 (d) When velocities of the particles (S)  m1 +m2 V 2
(a) (b) 2
8g 2g
are not same (velocity of one
2v 2 v2 particle is V0), then kinetic energy

(c) (d) of the system will be
g g
117. Match the columns : (a) A (b) B

Column–I Column–II (c) C (d) D
(a) Elastic collision (P) Constant kinetic 121. Statement–1 : In a particular frame of reference, law of
conservation of momentum holds good.
energy
Statement–2 : Momentum of a body will depend upon the
(b) Inelastic collision (Q) Work done is path frame of reference.
independent (a) A (b) B
(c) Non conservative forces (R) Constant linear (c) C (d) D
momentum 122. Statement–1 : Centre of mass of a body will continue to
move with constant velocity, if external forces acting on it
(d) Conservative forces (S) None of the above
are zero.
118. Centre of mass of a system is a unique point which is very Statement–2 : Centre of mass of a moving car is achieved to
helpful in solving the problems related to the motions of come to rest by applying brakes as the internal forces of the
rigid bodies. In columns I and II, some statements regarding brakes bring the required change.
centre of mass are given. Match the columns:
(a) A (b) B
Column I Column II (c) C (d) D
(a) in the absence of external (p) inside the material of the 123. Statement–1 : When initial and final velocities are equal, a
force, the internal forces body quick and slow collision between two bodies will be equally
(b) Centre of mass of a (q) may affect the motion of violent.
Statement–2 : Whether a force is small or large, rate of
body can be individuals
change of momentum will determine the state of collision of
(c) The kinetic energy (r) do not affect the motion of being violent or not.
of the system of two centre of mass (a) A (b) B
blocks (c) C (d) D
(d) Centre of mass of (s) outside the material of the 124. Statement–1 : Internal forces can change the momentum of
solid cylinder is body the system.
119. Match the following: Statement–2 : Internal forces can change the kinetic energy
Column I Column II of the system.
(a) Inelastic collisions (p) Kinetic energy of the system (a) A (b) B
may decrease
(c) C (d) D
(b) Elastic Collisions (q) Kinetic energy of the system
may increase 125. Statement–1 : In one dimensional elastic collision between
(c) Total work done is (r) kinetic energy of the system an incoming body A and body B which is at rest, mass of
zero may remain constant body B should be quite lesser than mass of body A so that
(d) Non-conservative (s) just before and after collision, body B recoil with greatest speed.
forces are not present momentum remains constant Statement–2 : Linear momentum and energy is conserved
Assertion-Reason Type Questions in elastic collision.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct (a) A (b) B
explanation for assertion.
(c) C (d) D
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation for assertion. 126. Statement–1: A particle strikes head–on with another
(c) Assertion is true and reason is false. stationary particle such that first particle comes to rest after
(d) Assertion is false and reason is true. collision. The collision should necessarily be elastic.
120. Statement–1 : It is not possible to know details of final Statement–2: In elastic collision there is no loss of
motion just by knowing details of initial motion and without momentum of the system of both the particles.
knowing the forces which are changing the motion of the
system. (a) A (b) B

(c) C (d) D
dp
Statement–2 : Fext 
dt
127. Statement–1: If a sphere of mass m moving with speed u Interger Type

undergoes a perfectly elastic head–on collision with another 131. Two blocks A and B of equal mass m = 1 kg are lying on a
sphere of heavier mass M at rest (M > m), then direction of smooth horizontal surface as shown in the figure. A spring
velocity of sphere of mass m is reversed due to collision (no of force constant K = 200 N/m is fixed at one end of the
external force acts on system of two spheres). block A. Block B collides with block A with velocity
Statement–2: During a collision of spheres of unequal v0 = 2 m/sec. What will be the maximum compression of the
–1
masses, the heavier mass exerts more force on the lighter spring (in 10 m)?
mass in comparison to the force which lighter mass exerts
on the heavier one.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
132. Two particles of masses 5 kg and 3 kg are at a separation of
128. Statement – 1: If no external force acts on a system of 8 m. If the 5-kg mass is moved towards the 3-kg mass by a
particles, then the centre of mass will not move in any distance of 1.8 m, then by what distance and in which
direction. direction the second particle should be moved so that the
Statement – 2: If net external force is zero, then the linear centre of the system does not change (in m)?
momentum of the system remains constant. 133. Blocks A and B of mass 1 kg each are moving with 4 m/sec
(a) A (b) B and 2 m/sec, respectively, as shown in the figure. The
(c) C (d) D coefficient of friction for all surfaces is 0.10. Find the distance
129. Statement – 1: We apply the principle of conservation of by which the centre of mass travels before coming to rest
linear momentum in collision and explosion phenomena even (in m).
in the presence of external forces. 134. Two balls A and B of masses 0.10 kg and 0.25 kg, repectively,
Statement – 2 : During collision and explosion net impulse are connected by a stretched spring. The system is placed
2
on the system should be zero to apply the principle of on a smooth table. The initial acceleration of B is 2 m/sec
conservation of linear momentum. westwards when the system is released. Find the magnitude
2
(a) A (b) B and direction of the acceleration of A (in m/sec ) towards
(c) C (d) D east.
130. Statement–1: If net force acting on a system is zero then

centre of mass of the system always remains at rest.
Statement–2: If net force acting on a system is zero then
acceleration of centre of mass is zero.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Fill in the Blanks 6. Two particles of masses m1 and m2, in projectile motions,
have velocities v1 < v2 respectively at time t = 0. They collide
1. A particle of mass 4 m which is at rest explodes into three
 
fragments. Two of the fragments each of mass m are found at time t0. Their velocities become v '1 and v '2 at time 2t0
to move with a speed v each in mutually perpendicular while moving in air. The value of
directions. The total energy released in the process of
   
explosion is............. (1987)    
 m1 v '1  m 2 v '2  –  m1 v1  m 2 v 2  is (2001)
   
2. The magnitude of the force (in newton) acting on a body
varies with time t (in micro second) as shown in the figure (a) zero (b) (m1 + m2) gt0
AB, BC and CD are straight line segements. The magnitude
of the total impulse of the force on the body from t = 4 s to 1
(c) 2(m1 + m2) gt0 (d) (m + m2) gt0
t = 16 s is ...... Ns. (1994) 2 1
7. Two blocks of masses 10 kg and 4 kg are connected by a

spring of negligible mass and placed on a frictionless
horizontal surface. An impulse gives a velocity of 14 m/s to
the heavier block in the direction of the lighter block. The
velocity of the centre of mass is (2002)
(a) 3 m/s (b) 20 m/s
True/False
(c) 10 m/s (d) 5 m/s
3. Two particles of mass 1 kg and 3 kg move towards each
other under their mutual force of attraction. No other force 8. Look at the drawing given in the figure, which has been
acts on them. When the relative velocity of approach of the drawn with ink of uniform line-thickness. The mass of ink
two particles is 2m/s, their centre of mass has a velocity of used to draw each of the two inner circles, and each of the
0.5 m/s. When the relative velocity of approach becomes two line segments is m. The mass of the ink used to draw the
3 m/s, the velocity of the centre of mass is 0.75 m/s. (1989) outer circle is 6 m. The coordinates of the centres of the
different parts are : outer circle (0, 0), left inner circle (–a, a),
Multiple Choice Questions with One Correct Answer
right inner circle (a, a), vertical line (0, 0) and horizontal line
4. Two particles A and B initially at rest, move towards each (0, –a). The y–coordinate of the centre of mass of the ink in
other under mutual force of attraction. At the instant when this drawing is (2009)
the speed of A is v and the speed of B is 2v, the speed of the
y
centre of mass of the system is (1982)
(a) 3v (b) v
(c) 1.5 v (d) zero x
5. An isolated particle of mass m is moving in horizontal plane
(x – y) along the x-axis at a certain height above the ground.
It suddenly explodes into two fragments of masses m/4 and
a a
3m (a) (b)
an instant later, the smaller fragment is at y = +15 cm. 10 8
4
The larger fragment at this instant is at (1997)
a a
(a) y = – 5 cm (b) y = + 20 cm (c) (d)
12 3
(c) y = + 5 cm (d) y = – 20 cm
9. Two small particles of equal masses start moving in opposite (c) At a later time the external force F balances the resistive
directions from a point A in a horizontal circular orbit. Their force
tangential velocities are v and 2 v respectively, as shown in
(d) The resistive force experienced by the plate is
the figure. Between collisions, the particles move with
proportional to
constant speeds. After making how many elastic collisions,
other than that at A, these two particles will again reach the 12. A point mass of 1 kg collides elastically with a stationary
point A ? (2009) point mass of 5 kg. After their collision, the 1 kg mass
reverses its direction and moves with a speed of 2 ms–1.
v A
2v Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct for
the system of these two masses ? (2010)
(a) Total momentum of the system is 3 kg ms–1.
(b) Momentum of 5 kg mass after collision is 4 kg ms–1.
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) Kinetic energy of the centre of mass is 0.75 J.
(c) 2 (d) 1 (d) Total kinetic energy of the system is 4 J.
10. A ball of mass 0.2 kg rests on a vertical post of height 5 m. A 13. A ball hits the floor and rebounds after an inelastic collision.
bullet of mass 0.01 kg, travelling with a velocity v m/s in a In this case (1986)
horizontal direction, hits the centre of the ball. After the (a) the momentum of the ball just after the collision is the
collision, the ball and bullet travel independently. The ball same as that just before the collision.
hits the ground at a distance of 20 m and the bullet at a (b) The mechanical energy of the ball remains the same in
distance of 100 m from the foot of the post. The initial velocity the collision.
v of the bullet is (2011)
(c) the total momentum of the ball and the earth is conversed.
V m/s
(d) the total energy of the ball and the earth is conserved.
14. A uniform bar of length 6a and mass 8m lies on a smooth
horizontal table. Two point masses m and 2m moving in the
same horizontal with speed 2v and v respectively, strike the
bar [as shown in the figure.] and stick to the bar after
collision. Denoting angular velocity (about the centre of
0 20 100 mass), total energy and centre of mass velocity by , E and
vc respectively, we have after collision. (1991)
(a) 250 m/s (b) 250 2 m / s
(c) 400 m/s (d) 500 m/s
Multiple Choice Questions with One or More than One Correct

Answer
11. A flat plate is moving normal to its plane through a gas
under the action of a constant force F. The gas is kept at a (a) vc  0
very low pressure. The speed of the plate  is much less
3v
than the average speed u of the gas molecules. Which of (b) 
5a
the following options is/are true? (2018)
(a) The pressure difference between the leading and v
(c) 
trailing faces of the plate is proportional to u 5a
(b) The plate will continue to move with constant non-
3m v 2
zero acceleration, at all times (d) E 
5
15. Two blocks A and B, each of mass m, are connected by a 18. If the resultant of all the external forces acting on a system
massless spring of natural length L and spring constant K. of particles is zero, then from an inertial frame, one can surely
The blocks are initially resting on a smooth horizontal floor say that (2009)
with the spring at its natural length, as shown in figure. A (a) linear momentum of the systmem does not change in time
third identical block C, also of mass m, moves on the floor (b) kinetic energy of the system does not change in time
with a speed v along the line joining A and B, and collides
elastically with A. Then. (1993)
PASSAGE
A small block of mass M moves on a firctionless surface of
an inclined plane, as shown in figure. The angle of the incline
suddenly changes from 60° to 30° at point B. The block is
initially at rest at A. Assume that collisions between the
(a) the kinetic energy of the A–B system, at maximum 2
block and the incline are totally inelastic (g = 10 m/s )
compression of the spring, is zero.
A
(b) the kinetic energy of the A–B system, at maximum M
m v2
compression of the spring, is .
v
4 60° B
m
(c) the maximum compression of the spring, is v   .
K
30° C
 m 
(d) the maximum compression of the spring, is v  . 3m 3 3m
 2K 
19. The speed of the block at point B immediately after it strikes
 ^  ^
the second incline is (2008)
16. Two balls, having linear momenta p1  pi and p 2  – p i ,
(a) 60 m / s (b) 45 m / s
undergo a collision in free space. There is no external force
  (c) 30 m / s (d) 15 m / s
acting on the balls. Let p '1 and p '2 be their final momenta.
The following option(s) is/are NOT ALLOWED for any non- 20. The speed of the block at point C, immediately before it
zero value of p, a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2. (2008) leaves the second incline is (2008)
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ (a) 120 m / s (b) 105 m / s

(a) p '1  a1 i  b1 j  c1 k, p '2  a 2 i  b 2 j
(c) 90 m / s (d) 75 m / s
 ^  ^
(b) p '1  c1 k, p '2  c 2 k 21. If collision between the block and the incline is completely
elastic, then the vertical (upward) component of the velocity
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ ^
(c) p '1  a1 i  b1 j  c1 k, p '2  a 2 i  b 2 j  c1 k of the block at point B, immediately after it strikes the second
incline is (2008)
 ^ ^  ^ ^
(d) p '1  a1 i  b1 j, p '2  a 2 i  b 2 j (a) 30 m / s (b) 15 m / s
17. A shell is fired from a cannon with a velocity v (m/s) at an
(c) zero (d)  15 m / s
angle  with the horizontal direction. At the highest point in
its path it explodes into two pieces of equal mass. One of (A) Satement I is true, Satement II is true; Satement II is the
the pieces retraces its path to the cannon and the speed (in correct explanation of Satement I.
m/s) of the other piece immediately after the explosion is (B) Satement I is true, Satement II is true; Satement II is not the
(a) 3v cos  (b) 2v cos  (2008) correct explantion of statement I.
(C) Satement I is false, Satement II is true.
3 3 (D) Satement I is true, Satement II is false.
(c)  cos  (d)  cos 
2 2
22. Statement I A point particle of mass m moving with speed v 27. A block of mass M, with a semicircular track of radius R,
collides with stationary point particle of mass M. If the rests on a horizontal frictionless surface. A uniform cylinder
1 2 of radius r and mass m is released from rest at the top point
maximum energy loss possible is given as f  mv  , then
2  A, as shown in figure. The cylinder slips on the semicircular
frictionless track. How far has the block moved when the
 M 
f  . cylinder reaches the bottom (point B) of the track ? How
Mm
fast is the block moving when the cylinder reaches the bottom
Statement II Maximum energy loss occurs when the particles of the track ? (1983)
get stuck together as a result of the collision. (2013)
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
23. Satement I : Two particles moving in the same direction do
not lose all their energy in a completely inelastic collision.
Satement II : Principal of conservation of momentum holds 28. Two bodies A and B of mass m and 2m respectively are
true for all kinds of collisions. (2010) placed on a smooth floor. They are connected by a spring.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
24. A circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 56 m. A third body C of mass m moves with velocity v0 along the
A circular portion of diameter 42 cm is removed from one line joining A and B and collides elastically with A as shown
edge of the plate as shown in figure. Find the position of the in figure. At a certain instant of time t0 after collision, it is
found that the instantaneous velocities of A and B are the
centre of mass of remaining porition. (1981)
same. Further at this instant the compression of the spring
is found to be x0. Determine
(i) the common velocity of A and B at time t0 and
(ii) the spring constant. (1987)
29. A ball of mass 100g is projected vertically upwards from the
ground with a velocity of 49 m/sec. At the same time another
identical ball is dropped from a height of 98 m to fall freely
along the same path as that followed by the first ball. After
25. A body of mass 1 kg, initially at rest, explodes and breaks some time the two balls collide and stick together and finally
into three fragments of masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The two fall to the ground. Find the time of flight of the masses.
pieces of equal mass fly off perpendicular to each other (1985)
with a speed of 30 m/ sec each. What is the velocity of the 30. A simple pendulum is suspended from a peg on a vertical
heavier fragments ? (1981) wall. The pendulum is pulled away from the wall to a
26. Three particles A, B, and C of equal mass move with equal horizontal position (see figure) and released. The ball hits
speed v along the medians of an equilateral triangle as
2
showin in figure the collide at the centroid of the triangle. the wall, the co-efficient of restitution being . What is
5
After the collision, A comes to rest, B retraces its path with
the speed v. What is the velocity of C ? (1982) the minimum number of collisions after which the amplitude
of oscillations becomes less than 60 degree ? (1987)
31. An object of mass 5 kg is projected with a velocity of (b) Find the equation of the trajectory of a point on the rod,
20 m/s at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. At the highest located at a distance r, from the lower end. What is the
point of its path the projectile explodes and breaks up into shape of the path of this point ? (1993)
two fragments of masses 1 kg and 4 kg. The fragments
35. A small sphere of radius R is held against the inner surface
separate horizontally after the explosion. The explosion
of a larger sphere of radius 6R. The masses of the large and
releases internal energy such that the kinetic energy of the
small spheres are 4M and M respectively. This arrangement is
system at the highest point is doubled. Calculate the
placed on a horizontal table. There is no friction between any
separation between the two fragments when they reach the
surfaces of contact. The small sphere is now released. Find the
ground. (1990)
coordinates of the centre of the large sphere when the smaller
32. A block A of mass 2m is placed on another block B of mass sphere reaches the other extreme position. (1996)
4m which in turn is placed on a fixed table. The two blocks
have same length 4d and they are placed as shown in figure.
The coefficient of friction (both static and kinetic) between
the block B and table is . There is no friction between the
two blocks. A small object of mass m moving horizontally
along a line passing through the centre of mass (COM), of
the block B and perpendicular to its face with a speed v collides
elastically with the block B at a height d above the table.
36. Two blocks of mass 2 kg and M are at rest on an inclined
plane and are separated by a distance of 6.0 m as shown in
figure. The co-efficient of friction between reach of the blocks
and the inclined plane is 0.25. The 2 kg block is given a
velocity of 10.0 m/s up the inclined plane. It collides with M,
comes back and has a velocity of 1.0 m/s when, it reaches its
(a) What is the minimum value of v (call it v0) required to initial position. The other block M after the collosion moves
make the block A topple ? 0.5 m up and comes to rest. Calculate the coefficient of
(b) If v = 2v0, find the distance (from the point p in the figure) restitution between the blocks and the mass of the block M.
at which the mass m falls on the table after collision. (Ignore [Taken sin   tan  = 0.05 and g = 10 m/s ]
2
(1999)
the role of friction during the collision). (1991)
–2
33. A cylindrical solid of mass 10 kg and cross-sectional area
–4 2
10 m is moving parallel to its axis (the x-axis) with a uniform
3
speed of 10 m/s in the positive direction. At t = 0, its front
face passes the plane x = 0. The region to the right of this
37. A car P is moving with a uniform speed of 5 3 m/s towards
plane is filled with dust particle of uniform density
–3 3 a carriage of mass 9 kg at rest kept on the rails at a point B as
10 kg/m . When a dust particle collides with the face of the
shown in figure. The height AC is 120 m. Cannon balls of 1
cylinder, it sticks to its surface. Assuming that the
kg are fired from the car with an initial velocity 100 m/s at an
dimensions of the cylinder remain practically unchanged
angle 30° with the horizontal. The first cannon ball hits the
and that the dust sticks only to the front face of the x-
stationary carriage after a time t0 and sticks to it. Determine
coordinate of the front of the cylinder. Find the x-coordinate
t0. At t0, the second cannon ball is fired. Assume that the
of the front of the cylinder at t = 150 s. (1993)
resistive force between the rails and the carriage is constant
34. A uniform thin rod of mass M and length L is standing and ignore the vertical motion of the carriage throughout. If
vertically, along the y-axis, on a smooth horizontal surface, the second ball also hits and sticks to the carriage, what will
with its lower end at the origin (0, 0). A slight disturbance at be the horizontal velocity of the carriage just after the second
t = 0 causes the lower end to slip on the smooth surface impact. (2001)
along the positive x-axis and the rod starts falling.
(a) What is the path, followed by the centre of mass of the
rod, during its fall ?
38. A particle of mass m, moving in a circular path of radius R

with a constant speed v2 is located at point (2R, 0) at time
t = 0 and a man starts moving with a velocity v1 along the
+ve of y-axis from origin at time t = 0. Calculate the linear
momentum of the particle with respect to the man as a
function of time. (2003)
It is given : n = 100, M = 3kg, m = 0.01 kg
2
b = 2m, a= 1m, g = 10 m/s . (2006)
41. A spring-block system is resting on a frictionless floor as
–1
shown in the figure. The spring constant is 2.0 Nm and the
mass of the block is 2.0 kg. Ignore the mass of the spring.
Initially the spring is in unstretched condition. Another
39. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a light spring of –1
neutral length l0 which is compressed completely and tied block of mass 1.0 kg moving with a speed of 2.0 ms collides
by a string. This system while moving with a velocity v0 elastically with the first block. The collision is such that the
along + ve x-axis passes through the origin at t = 0. At this 2.0 kg block does not hit the wall. The distance, in metres,
position the string snaps. Position of mass m1 at time t is between the two blocks when the spring returns to its
given by the equation x1(t) = v0t – A(1 – cos t). Calculate. unstretched position for the first time after the collision is
(a) position of the particle m2 as a function of time. ....................... (2018)
(b) l0 in terms of A. (2003)
40. There is a rectangular plate of mass M kg, of dimensions
(a × b). The plate is held in the horizontal position by striking
n small balls, each of mass m, per unit area per unit time.
These are striking in the dotted half region of the plate. The
balls are colliding elastically with velocity v. What is v ?

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (d)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (b)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (d)
71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (b)
91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (a, d) 96. (b, c) 97. (a) 98. (b, d) 99. (a, c) 100. (a, d)
101. (b, c) 102. (b, c) 103. (c, d) 104. (a,c,d) 105. (c) 106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (c)0 109. (a) 110. (d)
111 (d) 112. (a) 113. (b) 114. (c) 115. (d) 116. (AQ; BP; CR,S; DS)
117. (A  P,R; B  R; C  S; D  Q) 118. (a  q, r; b  p, s; c  r; d  p)
119. (a  p, s; b  r, s; c  r; d  p, q, r) 120. (d) 121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (d) 124. (d) 125. (a)
126. (d) 127. (c) 128. (d) 129. (c) 130. (d) 131. (0001) 132. (0003) 133. (0003) 134. (0005)
3 2
1.   mv 2. 0.005 3. False 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c)
2
10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (a, c) 13. (c) 14. (a,c,d) 15. (b,d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a)
24. 9 cm to left of centre of bridge circle. 25. 10 2 m/s 26. v = v = velocity of C.
m R – r  2g  R – r  0 2m 20 73 5
27.  i  Mm
,  ii  m
M M  m 28.  i  ,  ii  29. 30. 4 31. 44.25 m
3 3x 20 2
5 6 x2 y2
32.  a   0  6gd ,  b  3d g 33. 105 m 34. (i) Straight line, (ii) 2
 =1, Ellipse 35. (L + 2R, 0)
2 5 L  r2
 – r
 2 
36. 0.84, 15.05 kg
^ ^ v2
37. t0 = 12 second, 15.75 m/s. 38. –mv2 sin t i  m  v 2 cos t – v1  j where  
R
m1A  m1 
39. (a) x 2  0 t  m 1– cos t  , (b) l 0   m 1 A. 40. 10 m/s 41. (2.09)
2  2 
Dream on !!

04
ROTATIONAL MOTION
ROTATIONAL MOTION 152
Rotational Motion
1. KINEMATICS OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES It is always along the axis of the motion.
(c) Angular Acceleration
1.1 System of particles can move in different ways as observed
Angular acceleration of an object about any point is rate of
by us in daily life. To understand that we need to understand
change of angular velocity about that point.
few new parameters.
(a) Angular Displacement A
A B
Consider a particle moves from A to B in the following figures. B
A A B
B
d d
 
O O dt dt
2
Angle is the angular displacement of particle about O. Units  Rad/s
Units  radian It is a vector quantity. If  is constant then similarly to
(b) Angular Velocity equation of motion (i.e.)
The rate of change of angular displacement is called as  t are related  = 0 + t
angular velocity.
1
A   0 t  t 2
2
A B
B
f2  02  2
1.2 Various types of motion
(a) Translational Motion

System is said to be in translational motion, if all the particles
lying in the system have same linear velocity.
O
O Example
d d
 
dt dt
Units  Rad/s
It is a vector quantity whose direction is given by right
hand thumb rule.
According to right hand thumb rule, if we curl the fingers of
right hand along with the body, then right hand thumb gives
Motion of a rod as shown.
us the direction of angular velocity.
Example
vp
P
a
r
O
Motion of body of car on a straight rod.
In both the above examples, velocity of all the particles is   
v p   r
same as they all have equal displacements in equal intervals
   
of time. a    r  2 r
(b) Rotational Motion Example
A system is said to be in pure rotational motion, when all the B vB
points lying on the system are in circular motion about one
common fixed axis.
A
L
B
L/2
A
C B
O
O A
B L
A vB = L and vA  , with directions as shown in figure.
D 2
O B
A Now in rotational + translational motion, we just superimpose
velocity and acceleration of axis on the velocity and
In pure rotational motion.
acceleration of any point about the axis. (i.e.)
Angular velocity of all the points is same about the fixed
P
axis.
(c) Rotational + Translational
A system is said to be in rotational + translational motion, Q O v
when the particle is rotating with some angular velocity j
about a movable axis.
For example : i

vPO  Riˆ

v v v0  v î
O
  
 vP  v0  v PO
  
 v P  v PO  vO
v = velocity of axis.
 = Angular velocity of system about O. R  viˆ

1.3 Inter Relationship between kinematics variable Similarly vQO  Rjˆ
In general if a body is rotating about any axis (fixed or 
v0  v î
movable), with angular velocity  and angular acceleration
 then velocity of any point p with respect to axis is 
 vQ  v î  R ˆj
      
v   r and a    r  2 r .
Inter-relation between v of axis and  or a of axis and 
i.e., depends on certain constraints.
General we deal with the case of no slipping or pure rolling. Torque  = rf sin  about a point O.
Where r = distance from the point O to point of application
of force.
v f= force
O No slipping
 
 = angle between r and f
vP Platform
A f
The constraint in the above case is that velocity of points
of contact should be equal for both rolling body and
playfrom. r
(i.e.) v – r = vP
If platform is fixed then  Torque about O.
 A is point of application of force.
vP = 0  v  r
Magnitude of torque can also be rewritten as
An differentiating the above term we get
  rf  or   r f where
dv r d
 . f  = component of force in the direction  to r .
dt dt

r = component of force in the direction  to f .
dv
Now if a Direction :
dt
v Direction of torque is given by right hand thumb rule. If we
a 
d curl the fingers of right hand from first vector  r  to second

dt 

vector f then right hand thumb gives us direction of their
then a  r cross product.
 Torque is always defined about a point or about an axis.
Remember if acceleration is assumed opposite to velocity
 When there are multiple forces, the net torque needs to be
dv dv
then a   instead of a  . calculated, (i.e.)
dt dt   
net  F  F  ...........F
1 2 n
d
Similary : If  and  are in opposite direction the    . All torque about same point/axis.
dt
If    0, then the body is in rotational equilibrium.
Accordingly the constraints can change depending upon
the assumptions.  If  F  0 along with    0 , then body is in mechanical
equilibrium.
2. ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS  If equal and opp. force act to produce same torque then
they constitutes a couple.
2.1 Torque
 For calculating torque, it is very important to find the eff.
Similar to force, the cause of rotational motion is a physical point of application of force.
quantity called a torque.  Mg  Acts at com/centre of gravity..
Torque incorporates the following factors.
 Amount of force.
 Point of application of force.
 Direction of application of force.  N  Point of application depends upon situation to
Combining all of the above. situation.
2.2 Newtwon’s Laws
   I.
 I = moment of Inertia
r
  = Angular Acceleration. 2m
2.3 Moment of Inertia
 Gives the measure of mass distribution about on axis.
 I   m i ri2
th
ri  distance of the i mass from axis. axis
 Always defined about an axis.
I axis   r 2 dm
3. MOMENT OF INERTIA
r1
M1 3.1 Moment of inertia of Continuous Bodies
r4 r2
M4 M2 When the distribution of mass of a system of particle is continuous,
r3 the discrete sum I   m i ri2 is replaced by an integral. The
M3
moment of inertia of the whole body takes the form
2
I r dm
I  M1 r12  M 2 r22  M 3 r32  M 4 r42

2
 SI units  kgm
 Gives the measure of rotational inertia and is equavalent to r dm
mass.
(a) Moment of Inertia of a discreet particle system :
M1 Keep in mind that here the quantity r is the perpendicular distance
to an axis, not the distance to an origin. To evaluate this integral,
r1 r2 we must express m in terms of r.
M2
Comparing the expression of rotational kinetic energy with
2
1/2 mv , we can say that the role of moment of inertia (I) is
same in rotational motion as that of mass in linear motion. It
r3 is a measure of the resistance offered by a body to a change
axis in its rotational motion.
M3
3.2 Moment of Inertia of some important bodies
I  M1r12  M 2 r22  M3 r32
(b) Continuous Mass Distribution 1. Circular Ring
For continuous mass distribution, we need to take help of Axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane
integration : of ring.
2
I = MR (b) Axis passing through an end and perpendicular to the
rod:
axis R
M 2
I
3
2. Hollow Cylinder
2
I = MR
3.3 Theorems on Moment of Inertia

hollow
1. Parallel Axis Theorem : Let Icm be the moment of inertia
of a body about an axis through its centre of mass and Let Ip be
axis the moment of inertia of the same body about another axis which
is parallel to the original one.
3. Solid Cylinder and a Disc
If d is the distance between these two parallel axes and M
About its geometrical axis : is the mass of the body then according to the parallel axis theorem :
1
I MR 2 ICM
2 IP
d
solid
CM P
axis
4. (a) Solid Sphere 2

Ip = Icm + Md
Axis passing through the centre :
2
2. Perpendicular Axis Theorem :
I = 2/5 MR
Consider a plane body (i.e., a plate of zero thickness) of mass M.
Let X and Y axes be two mutually perpendicular lines in the plane
of the body. The axes intersect at origin O.
Z
(b) Hollow Sphere
Axis passing through the centre : Y
2
I = 2/3 MR
5. Thin Rod of length l : X
(a) Axis passing through mid point and perpendicular to the
length :
Let Ix = moment of inertia of the body about X–axis.
Let Iy = moment of inertia of the body about Y–axis.
The moment of inertia of the body about Z–axis (passing through
O and perpendicular to the plane of the body) is given by :
Iz = Ix + Iy
M 2
I The above result is known as the perpendicular axis theorem.
12
3.4 Radius of Gyration (compare with linear momentum p = mv in linear motion)

L is also a vector and its direction is same as that of  (i.e. clockwise
If M is the mass and I is the moment of inertia of a rigid body, then
or anticlockwise)
the radius of gyration (k) of a body is given by :
We knows,
I  
k L  I
M
 
dL d 
4. ANGULAR MOMENTUM (L) AND IMPULSE I  I  = 
dt dt net
4.1 Angular Momentum 4.2 Conservation of angular momentum


(a) For a particle If  net  0
Angular momentum about origin (O) is given as : 
dL
      0
L  r  p  r   mv  dt

where r = position vector of the particle ; v = velocity  L = constant
 
y  L f  Li
4.3 Angular Impulse

v
A   
r 
J   dt  L
r 5. WORK AND ENERGY

x
O
5.1 Work done by a Torque
 L = mv r sin  = mv (OA) sin  = mvr
Consider a rigid body acted upon by a force F at perpendicular
where r = perpendicular distance of velocity vector from O. distance r from the axis of rotation. Suppose that under this force,
(b) For a particle moving in a circle the body rotates through an angle .
For a particle moving in a circle of radius r with a speed v, its linear Work done = force × displacement
momentum is mv, its angular momentum (L) is given as : W = F r. 
L  mvr  mvr W = 

Work done = (torque) × (angular displacement)
mv dW d
Power    
r dt dt
5.2 Kinetic Energy
(c) For a rigid body (about a fixed axis) Rotational kinetic energy of the system

L = sum of angular momentum of all particles
1 1
 m1 v12  m 2 v 22  ......
= m1v1r1 + m2v2r2 + m3v3r3 + ...... 2 2
 m1r12   m 2 r22   m 3 r32   ...... (v = r) 1 1

 m1r12 2  m 2 r22 2  .........
2 2
 
 m1r12  m 2 r22  m 3 r32  ......   L = I
1 1 

2
 
m1r22  mr22  m 3 r32  .........  2 (ii) K  Icm 2  MVcm
2
2 2
1 2
Hence rotational kinetic energy of the system = I
2
M
The total kinetic energy of a body which is moving through space cm Vcm
as well as rotating is given by : A
K = Ktranslational + Krotational P
1 2 1 where (a) IP = Icm + MR2 (parallel axes theorem)
K MVCM  I CM  2
2 2
(b) Vcm = R [pure] rolling condition.
where VCM = velocity of the centre of mass 4. Forward Slipping
ICM = moment of inertia about CM
 = angular velocity of rotation H
v v+
6. ROLLING v + C = v
L
1. Friction is responsible for the motion but work done or v f v–
v=0
dissipation of energy against friction is zero as there is Translation Rotation Rolling (Sliding)
no relative motion between body and surface at the point
of contact. The bottom most point slides in the forward direction w.r.t.
2. In case of rolling all point of a rigid body have same angular ground, so friction force acts opposite to velocity at lowest
speed but different linear speed. The linear speed is point i.e. opposite to direction of motion e.g. When sudden
maximum for the point H while minimum for the point L. brakes are applied to car its ‘v’ remain same while ‘r’
decreases so its slides on the ground.
H H H 5. Backward Slipping
v v+
C v + C = C v
L v v+
v v–
L L v + v
=
Translation Rotation Pure Rolling
v –v f
v=0
3. Condition for pure rolling : (without slipping)
Translation Rotation Rolling (Sliding)
The bottom most point slides in the backward direction
Vcm w.r.t. ground, so friction force acts opposite to velocity
(i) A i.e. friction will act in the direction of motion e.g. When
B car starts on a slippery ground, its wheels has small ‘v’
but large ‘r’ so wheels slips on the ground and friction
general (when surface is moving) acts against slipping.
in terms of velocity : Vcm –R = VB 6.1 Rolling and sliding motion on an inclined plane
in terms of rotation : acm – R = aB
special case (when VB = 0)
in terms of velocity : Vcm = R
in terms of acceleration : acm  R h h
(ii) Total KE of Rolling body :
1 Pure Rolling Sliding
(i) K  I P 2 OR
2
Physical Quantity Rolling Sliding Falling
Velocity VR  2gh  /  VS  2 gh VF  2 gh
Acceleration aR = g sin / aS = g sin  aF = g
Time of descend t R  1 / sin  2h / g  t S  1 / sin   2h / g t F  2h / g
(where  = [1 + I/Mr2])
 Velocity of falling and sliding bodies are equal and is more than rollings.
 Acceleration is maximum in case of falling and minimum in case of rolling.
 Falling body reaches the bottom first while rolling last.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
a t  R  0.3 0.5  0.15 m / s 2
A flywheel of radius 30 cm starts from rest and accelerates
2
with constant acceleration of 0.5 rad/s . Compute the 2
 0.15 = 0.646 m/s2
2
tangential, radial and resultant accelerations of a point on a net  a 2r  a 2t 
25
its circumference :
Example - 2
(a) Initially at  = 0°
(b) After it has made one third of a revolution. A wheel mounted on a stationary axle starts at rest and is
given the following angular acceleration :
Sol. (a) At the start :  = 9 – 12 t (in SI units)
2
 = 0.5 rad/s where t is the time after the wheel begins to rotate. Find
the number of revolutions that the wheel turns before it
R = 0.3 m
stops (and begins to turn in the opposite direction).
 = i = 0 rad/s
2
Radial acceleration = ar =  R = 0 m/s Sol. The kinematic equations do not apply because the angular
2
Tangential acceleration = at = R = (0.3) (0.5) = 0.15 m/s acceleration  is not constant.
Net acceleration = anet We start with the basic definition :  = d/dt to write
 a 2r  a 2t  0 2  0.152  0.15 m / s 2 t t
  0    dt   9  12 t  dt  9 t  6t 2 (in SI units)
0 0
(b) After  = 120° (2 /3) :
We find the elapsed time t between
2f  i2  2  0  20.52 / 3
0 = 0 and = 0 by substituting these values :
2
2 0 – 0 = 9t – 6t
 f  rad / s
3 Solving for t, we obtain t = 9/6 = 1.50 s
From  = ddt, we have
a r  2 R  2 / 3 0.3   / 5 m / s 2
0
t t
Dividing (iii) by R and adding to (i) and (ii),
 9t  6t  dt  4.5 t
2 2
   dt   2t 3
0 0 M
m 2 g  m1g  m 2 a  m1a  R
2
Substituting 0 = 0 and t = 1.5 s, we obtain
2 3
0 = 4.5 (1.5) – 2 (1.5) = 3.375 rad  M
 m 2 g  m1 g   m 2  m 1   a
 2
Example - 3
In the given figure, calculate the linear acceleration of the m 2  m1 10  8g 20
blocks. a g   m / s2
M 2 19
m 2  m1  10  8 
2 2
Example - 4
A uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted freely at
B
one end.
A
(a) What is the angular acceleration of the rod when
Mass of block A = 10 kg it is at angle to the vertical ?
Mass of block B = 8 kg (b) What is the tangential linear acceleration of the
Mass of disc shaped pulley = 2 kg (take g = 10 m/s )
2 free end when the rod is horizontal ? The moment of
2
inertia of a rod about one end is 1/3 ML .
Sol. Let R be the radius of the pulley and T1 and T2 be the Sol. The figure shows the rod at an angle to the vertical. If we
tensions in the left and right portions of the string. take torques about the pivot we need not be connected
Let m1 = 10 kg ; m2 = 8 kg ; M = 2 kg. with the force due to the pivot.
Let a be the acceleration of blocks.
+
T1 T2
m1g m2g mg
For the blocks (linear motion) The torque due to the weight is mgL/2 sin so the second

(i) T1 – m1g = m1a law for the rotational motion is
(ii) m2g – T2 = m2a mgL ML2 3 g sin 

sin    Thus  
For the pulley (rotation) 2 3 2L
Net torque = I When the rod is horizontal /2 and = 3g/2L.
The tangential linear acceleration of the free end is
T1 T2 3g
a t  L 
2
Example - 5
1 2
(iii) T2R – T1R = MR 
2 A turntable rotates about a fixed vertical axis, making one
revolution in 10 s. The moment of inertia of the turntable
2
The linear acceleration of blocks is same as the tangential about the axis is 1200 kg m . A man of mass 80 kg initially
acceleration of any point on the circumference of the pulley standing at the centre of the turntable, runs out along a
which is R. radius. What is the angular velocity of the turntable when
(iv) a = R the man is 2m from the centre ?
Sol. Sol. Before Collision After Collision
M
VCM
m v m v1
There is no external impulse on the system.
I0 = initial moment of inertia of the system  Linear momentum is conserved and Angular momentum
about any point is conserved.
I0 = Iman + Itable
2
(i) Pi = Pf
I0 = 0 + 1200 = 1200 kg m
mv = mv1 + MVCM ...(i)
(Iman = 0 as the man is at the axis)
(ii) (LCM)i = (LCM)f about CM of rod.
I = final moment of inertia of the system
 mv1 
I = Iman + Itable mv  0   ICM  ...(ii)
2
2 2
I = mr + 1200
(iii) At colliding points
Vsep = eVapp
  
 VCM    v1   ev ...(iii)
 2 
2m
e = 1 (Elastic collision)
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we get :
2
I = 80 (2) + 1200 = 1520 kg m
2  4m  M  2m
v1    v ; VCM  v
 4 m  M  4 m  M
By conservation of angular momentum :
I0 0 = I  12 m  v
   
Now 0 = 2/T0 = 2/10 = /5 rad/s  4 m  M   
I 0 0 1200  
  = 0.51 rad/s Example - 7
I 1520  5
A solid sphere of radius r and mass m rolls without slipping
Example - 6
down the track shown in the figure. At the end of its run
A meter stick lies on a frictionless horizontal table. It has at point Q its center–of–mass velocity is directed upward.
a mass M and is free to move in any way on the table. A
hockey puck m, moving as shown with speed v collide
elastically with the stick.
M
centre
R
m v
(a) Determine the force with which the sphere presses
(a) What is the velocity of the puck after impact ? against the track at B.
(b) What is the velocity of the CM and the angular velocity (b) Upto what height does the CM rise after it leaves
of the stick after impact ? the track ?
Sol. (a) From A to B Sol. When the body is placed on the inclined plane, it tries to

Loss in GPE = gain in KE slip down and hence a static friction f acts upwards. This
friction provides a torque which causes the body to rotate.
1 1
mg 10 R   2
m Vcm 1
 I cm 12 Let ACM be the linear acceleration of centre of mass and 
2 2
be the angular acceleration of the body.
For rolling without slipping on a fixed surface.
From force diagram :
Vcm1 = R1
For linear motion parallel to the plane
The CM follows a circular path of radius R – r
mg sin  – f = ma
2
mVcm
AT B, net force towards centre = N – mg = For rotation around the axis through centre of mass
R r 2
Net torque = I  f R = (mk ) 
m 100 gR  mg 107 R  7 r 
 N  mg  
7 R  r 7 R  r
N
(b) From A to Q, mg (9R + r) f
2
1 2 1  Vcm 2 
 mv cm 2
 I cm  

2 2  r 
V cm 2  r2 at Q 
As there is no slipping, the point of contact of the body
Top
with plane is instantaneously at rest.
A
 v = R  and ACM = R
Solve the following three equations for a and f :
10 R + r mg sin  – f = m
2
Q f R = mk 
ACM = R
B
g sin  mg sin 
A CM  2
and f 
From Q to P,  does not change because about C.M torque k R2
1 2 1 2
is zero in air. R k
gain in GPE = loss in KE We can also derive the condition for pure rolling (rolling
1 without slipping) :
2
 mg × gain in height = mVcm 2
2 To avoid slipping, f < sN
2
Vcm 5 g sin 
 h 2
 9R  r    s mg cos 
2g 7 1 R 2 / k 2
52 R 5 r
 height above the base = R + h =  tan 
7 7  s 
R2
Example - 8 1 2
k
A rigid body of radius of gyration k and radius R rolls
(without slipping) down a plane inclined at an angle  This is the condition on s so that the body rolls without
with horizontal. Calculate its acceleration and the frictional slipping.
force acting on it.
Example - 9  Potential energy (U) = –k/r
A particle of mass m is subject to an attractive central (Compare the expression of force with gravitational force)
2
force of magnitude k/r where k is a constant. At the From conservation of energy,
instant when the particle is at an extreme position in its
total energy at P1 = total energy at P2
closed elliptical orbit, its distance from the centre of force
k 1 k 1 k 
is ‘a’ and its speed is 2 ma . Calculate its distance from mv12     mv 22   
2 r
 1  2  r2 
force-centre when it is at the other extreme position.
From conervation of angular momentum about C,
Sol. Let P be the particle and C be the force–centre. P1 and P2 m v1 r1 = m v2 r2

are its extreme positions at distance r1 and r2 from C. We have to find r2. Hence we eliminate v2.
2
v1 1 k 1 v r  k
mv12   m  1 1  
r1 = a r2 P2 2 r1 2  r2  r2
P1 C
v2 k
Substituting v1 = 2 ma and r1 = a
k
We have r1 = a and v1 = 2 ma 1 k k 1 ma 2 k 
m   
2 2ma a 2 r22 2 ma r2
As the force is directed towards C, torque about C is zero.
Hence we will apply conservation of angular momentum  3r22  4 ar2  a 2  0
about C and conservation of energy. r2 = a, a/3

2
F = k/r
The other extreme position is at a distance of a/3 from C.
EXERCISE - 1 BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Discreet Particles 7. If the radius of a solid sphere is 35 cm, calculate the radius
1. The moment of inertia of a body does not depend on: of gyration when the axis is along a tangent:
(a) the mass of the body (a) 7 10cm (b) 7 35 cm

(b) the angular velocity of the body
7 2
(c) the axis of rotation of the body (c) cm (d) cm
5 5
(d) the distribution of the mass in the body
2. Three point masses m1, m2 and m3 are located at the vertices 8. The moment of inertia of a straight thin rod of mass M,
of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’. What is the moment of length L about an axis perpendicular to its length and passing
inertia of the system about an axis along the altitude of the through its one end is:
triangle passing through m1? 1 1 2
(a) ML2 (b) ML
a2
a2 12 3
(a)  m1  m 2  (b)  m2  m3 
4 4
1
(c) ML2 (d) ML2
a2 a2 2
(c)  m1  m3  (d)  m1  m 2  m3 
4 4
9. A closed tube partly filled with water lies in a horizontal
Continuous Body plane. If the tube is rotated about perpendicular bisector,
3. A circular disc X of radius R is made from an iron plate of the moment of inertia of the system:
thickness t, and another disc Y of radius 4R is made from an (a) increases (b) decreases
iron plate of thickness t/4. Then the relation between the (c) remains constant (d) depends on sense of rotation
moment of inertia IX and IY is :
10. Two rings of same and mass are placed such that their centres
(a) IY = 32 IX (b) IY = 16 IX are at a common point and their planes are perpendicular to
(c) IY = IX (d) IY = 64 IX each other. The moment of inertia of the system about an
4. The ratio of the squares of radii of gyration of a circular axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the
disc and a circular ring of the same radius about a tangential plane of one of the rings is (mass of the ring = m, radius = r)
axis is :
1 2
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 5 : 6 (a) 2 mr 2 (b) mr
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 2 : 1
3 2
5. Moment of inertia of a uniform annular disc of internal radius (c) 2 mr 2 (d) 2mr
r and external radius R and mass M about an axis through its
11. What is the moment of inertia I of a uniform solid sphere of
centre and perpendicular to its plane is:
mass M and radius R, privoted about an axis that is tangent
1 2 2 1 2 2 to the surface of the sphere?
(a) M ( R  r ) (b) M ( R  r )
2 2
M (R4  r 4 ) 1 M (R4  r 4 )
(c) (d)
2( R 2  r 2 ) 2 (R2  r 2 )
6. For the same total mass which of the following will have the
largest moment of inertia about an axis passing through the
centre of gravity and perpendicular to the plane of the body?
2 3
(a) A disc of radius a (b) A ring of radius a (a) 3 MR 2 (b) 5 MR 2
(c) A square lamina of side 2a
6 7
(d) Four roads forming square of side 2a (c) 5 MR 2 (d) 5 MR 2
Parallel axis theorem 17. Moment of inertia of a circular wire of mass M and radius

R about its diameter is :
12. The moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of mass M, radius
R and Length L about its axis (a) MR2/2 (b) MR2
(a) ML2 (b) MR2 (c) 2 MR2 (d) MR2/4

18. One solid sphere A and another hollow sphere B are of
MR 2 MR 2 same mass and same outer radii. Their monents of inertia
(c) (d)
L 2 about their diameters are respectively IA and IB such that
13. The moment of inertia of a metre stick of mass 300 gm, about an (a) IA = IB (b) IA > IB
axis at right angles to the stick and located at 30 cm mark, is:
IA dA
5 2 2 (c) IA < IB (d) I  d
(a) 8.3  10 g  cm (b) 5.8g  cm B B
(c) 3.7 105 g  cm 2 (d) none of these 19. Three point masses, each of mass m, are placed at the corners

of an equilateral triangle of side. l. Then the moment of
14. The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing inertia of this system about an axis along one side of the
triangle is:
2 2
through centre of gravity is MR ; then its radius of gyration (a) 3ml
2
(b) ml
2
5
about a parallel axis at a distance 2R from first axis is: 3 2 3 2
(c) ml (d) ml
(a) 5R (b) 22 / 5 R 4 2
20. Moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc about a diameter
5 is I. Its moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to its
(c) R (d) 12 / 5 R
2 plane and passing through a point on its rim will be:
15. Four spheres of diameter 2a and mass M are placed with (a) 5I (b) 3I
their centres on the four corners of a square of side b. Then
(c) 6I (d) 4I
the moment of inertia of the system about an axis along one
of the sides of the square is: 21. The moment of inertia of a circular ring of radius R and mass
M about a tangent in its plane is:
4 2 2 8 2 2
(a) Ma  2 Mb (b) Ma  2 Mb (a) MR2 (b) (1/ 2)MR 2
5 5
(c) (3/ 2)MR 2 (d) 2MR 2
8 2 4 2 2
(c) Ma (d) Ma  4 Mb
5 5 22. A wheel comprises of a ring of radius R and mass M and
three spokes of mass m each. The moment of inertia of the
Perpendicular axis theorem
wheel about its axis is :
16. For the given uniform square lamina ABCD, whose centre
is O
F
D C
R
A B
E  m 2 2
(a)  M   R (b) (M + m) R
 4
(a) 2 I AC  I EF (b) IAD = 3IEF
2 Mm 2
(c) IAC = IEF (d) I AC  2 I EF
(c) (M + 3m) R (d)  R
 2 
23. Four identical rods are joined end to end to form a square. Rotational Equilibrium

The mass of each rod is M. The moment of inertia of the
27. A cubical block of mass M and edge a slides down a rough
square about the median line is:
inclined plane of inclination  with a uniform velocity. The
M 2
M 2
torque of the normal force on the block about its centre has
(a) (b)
3 4 a magnitude:
M 2 2M  2 (a) zero (b) Mga
(c) (d)
6 3
Mga sin 
(c) Mga sin  (d)
Point of application 2
24. When a steady torque or couple acts on a body, the body: 28. A T-shaped object with dimensions shown in the figure, is
(a) continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion by 
lying on a smooth floor. A force F is applied at the point P
Newton’s 1st law
parallel to AB, such that the object has only the translational
(b) gets linear acceleration by Newton’s 2nd law
motion without rotation. Find the location of P with respect
(c) gets an angular acceleration to C:
(d) continues to rotate at a steady rate.
25. A uniform rod is kept on a frictionless horizontal table and
two forces F1 and F2 are acted as shown in figure. The line of
action of force FR1 (which produces same torque) is at a
perpendicular distance ‘C’ from O. Now F1 and F2 are
interchanged and F1 is reversed. The new forces FR2 (which
produces torque of same magnitude in the present case) 4l
(a) (b) l
C 3
has its line of action at a distance from O. If the FR1 :
2
2l 3l
FR2 in the ratio 2:1, then a:b is ( assume F2 a  Fb (c) (d)
1 ): 3 2
F1 29. An equilateral prism of mass m rests on a rough horizontal
O
surface with cofficient of friction  . A horizontal force F is
a b applied on the prism as shown in the figure. If the coefficient
F2 of friction is sufficiently high so that the prism does not
slide before toppling, then the minimum force required to
2 F2  F1 F2  4 F1
(a) 4 F  F (b) 4 F  F topple the prism is:
3 1 2 1
F2  3F1 F2  F1
(c) F  F (d) 2 F  3F
1 2 2 1

26. What is the torque of force F  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ acting at a

point r  3iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ about the origin?
mg mg
(a) 3 (b) 4
(a) 6iˆ  6 ˆj  12kˆ (b) 6iˆ  6 ˆj  12kˆ
 mg  mg
(c) (d) 4
(c) 17iˆ  6 ˆj  13kˆ (d) 17iˆ  6 ˆj  13kˆ 3
Rotational Kinematics 37. A disc of radius r rolls on a horizontal ground with linear

30. The driving side belt has a tension of 1600 N and the slack acceleration a and angular acceleration  as shown in
side has 500 N tension. The belt turns a pulley 40 cm in figure. The magnitude of acceleration of point P shown in
radius at a rate of 300 rpm. This pulley drives a dynamo figure at an instant when its linear velocity is v and angular
having 90% efficiency. How many kilowatts are being velocity is  will be:
delivered by the dynamo ?
(a) 12.4 (b) 6.2
(c) 24.8 (d) 13.77
31. The angular velocity of a wheel increases from 100 rps to
300 rps in 10 s. The number of revolutions made during that
time is:
(a) 600 (b) 1500
(c) 1000 (d) 2000 ar
(a) ( a  r  ) 2  ( r 2 ) 2 (b)
R
32. When a ceiling fan is switched off, its angular velocity falls
to half while it makes 36 rotations. How many more rotations
will it make before coming to rest? (c) r 2  2  r 2 4 (d) r
(a) 24 (b) 36 38. An electric fan has blades of length 30 cm as measured from

(c) 18 (d) 12 the axis of rotation. If the fan is rotating at 1200 rpm, the
33. A rigid body rotates about a fixed axis with variable angular acceleration of a point on the tip of a blade is about:
2 2
velocity equal to  t at time t where  and  are constants. (a) 4740 m/sec (b) 5055 m/sec
The angle through which it rotates before it comes to rest is: (c) 1600 m/sec
2
(d) 2370 m/sec
2
2  2  2 Rotational Dynamics
(a) (b)
2 2
39. A flywheel of mass 50 kg and radius of gyration about its
2 2
  (  ) axis of rotation of 0.5m is acted upon by a constant torque
(c) (d)
2 2 of 12.5 Nm. Its angular velocity at t = 5 sec is:
34. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration about (a) 2.5 rad/sec (b) 5 rad/sec
its axis. Initially, its angular velocity is zero. In the first 2s, it
(c) 7.5 rad/sec (d) 10 rad/sec
rotates through an angle 1 , in the next 2s, it rotates through
40. A uniform metre stick of mass M is hinged at one end and
an angle 2 . The ration of 2 / 1 is: supported in a horizontal direction by a string attached to
(a) 1 (b) 2 the other end. What should be the initial acceleration (in
2
(c) 3 (d) 5 rad/sec ) of the stick if the string is cut?
35. The linear velocity of a particle on the equator is nearly 3

(radius of the earth is 4000 miles): (a) g (b) g
2
(a) zero (b) 10 mile/hr
(c) 3g (d) 4g
(c) 100 mile/hr (d) 1000 mile/hr
36. A stone of mass m is tied to a string of length L and rotated 41. A thin hollow cylinder is free to rotate about its geometrical
in a circle with a constant speed v; if the string is released axis. It has a mass of 8 kg and a radius of 20 cm. A rope
the stone files: is wrapped around the cylinder. What force must be
(a) Radially outward exerted along the rope to produce an angular acceleration of
2
(b) Radially inward 3 rad/sec ?
(c) Tangentially (a) 8.4 N (b) 5.8 N

2
(d) With an acceleration mv /L (c) 4.8 N (d) None of these
42. In the pulley system shown, if radii of the bigger and smaller
pulley are 2 m and 1m respectively and the acceleration of
2
block A is 5m/s in the downward direction, then the
L
acceleration of block B will be: R
1 2  2 L2  1
(a) m  R  
2 2
(b) m R
2  12  2
1
(c) m  2 L2 (d) none of these
24
2 2
(a) 0 m/s (b) 5 m/s 46. A uniform rod of length L is free to rotate in a vertical plane
(c) 10 m/s
2
(d) 5/2 m/s
2 about a fixed horizontal axis through B. The rod begins
rotating from rest from its unstable equilibrium position.
43. Figure shows a uniform rod of length  and mass M which is When it has turned through an angle  its average angular
pivoted at end A such that it can rotate in a vertical plane. The velocity  is given as :
free end of the rod ‘B’ is initially vertically above the pivot A
and then released. As the rod rotates about A, its angular
acceleration when it is inclined to horizontal at angle  is A'
B L
B B'
6g 6g 
(a) sin  (b) sin
A L L 2
3g g
(a) cos  (b) tan  6g  6g
2  (c) cos (d) cos 
L 2 L
5g g
(c) sin  (d) sin  Kinematics (Rigid Body)
4 
Rotational Energy 47. A string of negligible thickness is wrapped several times
around a cylinder kept on a rough horizontal surface. A man
44. In the above quesiton, the end B of the rod will hit the
standing at a distance from the cylinder holds one end of
ground with a linear speed :
the string and pulls the cylinder towards him. There is no
(a) 2 g (b) 5g slipping anywhere. The ratio of length of the string passed
through the hand of the man to the distance moved by
2g centre of mass of cylinder is:
(c) 3g (d)

45. A uniform rod of mass M and length L lies radially on a disc
rotating with angular speed  in a horizontal plane about its
axis. The rod does not slip on the disc and the centre of the
rod is at a distance R from the centre of the disc. Then the (a) 1 (b) 2
kinetic energy of the rod is :
(c) 3 (d) 4
48. A solid sphere of mass M and radius R is placed on a rough 53. In the above question, the minimum value of coefficient of

horizontal surface. It is pulled by a horizontal force F acting friction so that sphere may roll without slipping is :
through its centre of mass as a result of which it begins to
roll without slipping. Angular acceleration of the sphere 2 2
(a) sin  (b) cos 
can be expressed as: 7 7
3F 5F
(a) 4MR (b) 7MR 2 2
(c) tan  (d) cot 
7 7
7F 5F
(c) 11MR (d) 2MR 54. A hoop rolls without slipping down an incline of slope 30°.
Linear acceleration of its centre of mass is
49. A sphere cannot roll on :
(a) a smooth horizontal surface g g
(a) 2 (b) 3
(b) a rough horizontal surface
(c) a smooth inclined surface g g
(c) 4 (d) 6
(a) a rough inclined surface
50. A hoop rolls on a horizontal ground without slipping with Total Energy
linear speed v. Speed of a particle P on the circumference of 55. A 6 kg ball starts from rest and rolls down a rough gradual
the hoop at angle  is : slope until it reaches a point 80 cm lower than its starting
point. Then the speed of the ball is :
–1 –1
(a) 1.95 ms (b) 2.5 ms
v –1 –1
(c) 3.35 ms (d) 4.8 ms
–1
56. A uniform solid sphere rolls on a horizonal surface at 20 ms .
P It then rolls up an incline having an angle of inclination at 30°
with the horizontal. If the friction losses are negligible, the
value of height h above the ground where the ball stops is :
 (a) 14.3 m (b) 28.6 m
(a) 2 v sin (b) v sin 
2
(c) 57.2 m (d) 9.8 m
 57. A solid sphere is rolling on a frictionless surface, shown in
(c) 2 v cos (d) v cos 
2 figure with a translational velocity v m/s. If it is to climb the
inclined surface then v should be :
Dynamics
51. A sphere of mass m rolls without slipping on an inclined
h
plane of inclination . The linear acceleration of the sphere is: v
1 2
(a) g sin  (b) g sin 
7 7 10
(a)  gh (b)  2 gh
7
3 5
(c) g sin  (d) g sin 
7 7 10
(c) 2 gh (d) gh
52. In the above question, the force of friction on the sphere is: 7
1 2 58. A disc is rolling on an inclined plane. What is the ratio of its
(a) Mg sin  (b) Mg sin  rotational K.E. to the total K. E. ?
7 7
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
3 5
(c) Mg sin  (d) Mg sin  (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
7 7
59. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a hill 63. A particle of mass m = 5 units is moving with a uniform

of height 100 m. It rolls down a smooth surface to the ground, speed v  3 2 m in the XOY plane along the line Y = X + 4.
then climbs up another hill of height 30 m and finally rolls
The magnitude of the angular momentum of the particle
down to a horizontal base at a height of 20 m above the about the origin is :
ground. The velocity attained by the ball is :
(a) zero (b) 60 unit
(a) 40 m/s
(c) 7.5 unit (d) 40 2 unit
(b) 20 m/s
64. A particle is moving along a straight line parallel to x–axis
(c) 10 m/s
with constant velocity. Its angular momentum about the
(d) 10 30 m/s origin :
60. Figure shows a hemisphere of radius 4R. A ball of radius R is (a) decreases with time (b) increases with time

released from position P. It rolls without slipping along the (c) remains constant (d) is zero
inner surface of the hemisphere. Linear speed of its centre 65. If a particle moves in the X–Y plane, the resultant angular
of mass when the ball is at position Q is : momentum has :
(a) only x–component
(b) only y–component
(c) both x & y component
(d) only z–component
Torque relation and Angular Impulse
30 gR 24 gR 66. A constant torque acting on a uniform circular wheel changes
(a) (b)
7 5 its angular momentum from A0 to 4A0 in 4 seconds. The
magnitude of this torque is :
40 gR (a) 3A0/4 (b) A0
(c) (d) 6gR
9 (c) 4A0 (d) 12A0
61. If a spherical ball rolls on a table without slipping, the fraction 
ˆ  r  , where
67. A particle moves in a force field given by : F  rF
of its total energy associated with rotation is

r̂ is a unit vector along the position vector, r, then which
3 2
(a) 5 (b) 7 is true ?
(a) The torque acting on the particle is not zero
2 3
(c) 5 (d) 7 (b) The torque acting on the particle produces an angular
acceleration in it
Particle
(c) The angular momentum of the particle is conserved
62. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making an
(d) The angular momentum of the particle increases
angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of angular
momentum of the projectile about an axis of projection when Rigid Body in fixed axis rotation
the particle is at maximum height h is : 68. A rigid body rotates with an angular momentum L. If its
rotational kinetic energy is made 4 times, its angular
mv3
(a) zero (b) momentum will become :
4 2g
(a) 4 L (b) 16 L
mv 2 (c) 2 L (d) 2 L
(c) (d) m 2gh 3
2g
 72. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius R is rotating about
69. The position of a particle is given by : r  î  2ˆj  kˆ and its
its axis with a constant angular velocity . Two objects,
 each of mass m, are attached gently to the opposite ends of
linear momentum is given by : P  3iˆ  4ˆj  2kˆ . Then its
a diameter of the ring. The ring rotates now with an angular
angular momentum, about the origin is perpendicular to :
velocity :
(a) YZ plane (b) z–axis
M   M  2m 
(c) y–axis (d) x–axis (a) (b)
Mm M  2m
Angular Momentum Conservation
M M  m
1 (c) (d)
70. If the radius of earth contracts of its present day value, M  2m M
n
73. If a gymnast, sitting on a rotating stool with his arms
the length of the day will be approximately :
outstretched, suddenly lowers his arms :
24 24 (a) the angular velocity increases
(a) h (b) h
n n2 (b) his moment of inertia increases
2
(c) 24n h (b) 24n h (c) the angular velocity remains same
71. A disc of moment of inertia I1 is rotating freely with angular (d) the angular momentum increases
velocity 1 when a second, non-rotating disc with moment 74. A thin uniform circular disc of mass M and radius R is

of inertia I2 is dropped on it gently the two then rotate as a rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing through
unit. Then the total angular speed is : its centre and perpendicular to the plane with angular
velocity . Another disc of same mass but half the radius is
I11 I 2 1 gently placed over it coaxially. The angular speed of the
(a) I (b) I composite disc will be :
2 1
5 4
(a)  (b) 
(c)
I11
(d)
 I1  I2  1 4 5
I 2  I1 I2
2 5
(c)  (d) 
5 2

1. Initial angular velocity of a circular disc of mass M is 1. 6. A particle performing uniform circular motion has angular
Then two small spheres of mass m are attached gently to momentum L. If its angular frequency is doubled and its kinetic
two diameterically opposite points on the edge of the disc. energy halved, then the new angular momentum is : (2003)
What is the final angular velocity of the disc ? (2002)
(a) L/4 (b) 2L
Mm Mm (c) 4 L (d) L/2
(a)   1 (b)   1
 M   m  
7. Let F be the force acting on a particle having position
 
 M   M  vector r and  be the torque due to this force about the
(c)   1 (d)   1
 M  4m   M  2m  origin. Then : (2004)
   
2. A solid sphere, a hollow sphere and a ring are release from (a) r .   0 and F .   0
top of an inclined plane (frictionless) so that they slide down
the plane. Then maximum acceleration down the plane is for    
(b) r .   0 and F .   0
(no rolling) (2002)
   
(a) solid sphere (b) hollow sphere (c) r .   0 and F .   0
(c) ring (d) all same  
 
3. Moment of inertia of a circular wire of mass M and radius R (d) r .   0 and F .   0
about its diameter is (2002)
8. A solid sphere is rotating in free space. If radius of the
MR 2
2
sphere is increased keeping mass same which one of the
(a) (b) MR following will not be affected ? (2004)
2
(a) Moment of inertia
2 MR 2
(c) 2 MR (d)
4 (b) Angular momentum
4. A particle of mass m moves along line PC with velocity v as (c) Angular velocity
shown. What is the angular momentum of the particle about
(d) Rotational kinetic energy
P ? (2002)
9. One solid sphere A and another hollow sphere B are of same
C
mass and same outer radii. Their moment of inertia about
their diameters are respectively IA and IB such that (2004)
(a) IA = IB (b) IA > IB
P
IA dA
(c) IA < IB (d) I  d
B B
O 10. The moment of inertia of a uniform semicircular disc of mass
(a) mvL (b) mvl M and radius r about a line perpendicular to the plane of the
(c) mvr (d) zero disc through the centre is (2005)
5. A circular disc X of radius R is made from an iron plate of
thickness t, and another disc Y of radius 4R is made from an 1
(a) Mr
2
(b) Mr 2
iron plate of thickness t/4. Then the relation between the 2
moment of inertia IX and IY is (2003)
(a) Iy = 32 Ix (b) Iy = 16 Ix 1 2
(c) Mr 2 (d) Mr 2
4 5
(c) Iy = Ix (d) Iy = 64 Ix
11. A T shaped object with dimensions shown in the figure, is 14. A thin circular ring of mass m and radius R is rotating about

 itsaxiswith a constant angular velocity . Two objects each
lying on a smooth floor. A forced F is applied at the point P
parallel to AB, such that the object has only the translational of mass M are attached gently to the opposite ends of a
motion without rotation. Find the location, of P with respect diameter of the ring. The ring now rotates with an angular
to C. (2005) velocity ’ = (2006)
m  m  2M 
(a) (b)
A B m  2M  m
 m  2M  m
(c) (d)
P
m  2M  m  M 
F 15. Four point masses, each of value m, are placed at the corners
of a square ABCD of side l. The moment of inertia of this
system about an aixs through A and parallel to BD is(2006)
2 2
C (a) ml (b) 2ml
2 2
4 (c) 3 ml (d) 3 ml
(a) l (b) l
3 16. A round uniform body of radius R, mass M and moment of
3 3 inertia I, rolls down (without slipping) an inclined plane making
(c) l (d) l an angle  with the horizontal. Then, its acceleration is(2007)
4 2
12. An annular ring with inner and outer radii R1 and R2 is rolling g sin  g sin 
(a) (b)
without slipping with a uniform angular speed. The ratio of 1  MR 2 / I 1  I / MR 2
the forces experienced by the two particles situated on the
inner and outer parts of the ring, F1/F2 is (2005) g sin  g sin 
(c) (d)
1  MR 2 / I 1  I / MR 2
R1
(a) 1 (b) R 17. Angular momentum of the particle rotating with a central
2
force is constant due to (2007)
2
R2  R1  (a) constant force
(c) R (d)  
1  R2  (b) constant linear momentum
13. A force of –F k̂ acts on O, the origin of the coordinate (c) constant torque
system. The torque about the point (1, –1) is (2006) (d) zero torque
z 18. For the given uniform square lamina ABCD, whose centre
is O (2007)
F
D C
O y O
A B
x E
 
(a)  F î  ˆj  
(b) F î  ĵ
(a) I AC  2 I EF (b) 2 I AC  I EF
(c)  F î  ĵ (d) F î  ĵ (c) IAD = 3 IEF (d) IAC = IEF

19. Consider a uniform square plate of side a and mass m. The 23. A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force

2
moment of inertia of this plate about an axis perpendicular F = (20 t – 5t ) N (where t is measured in seconds) applied
to its plane and passing through one of its corners is tangentially. It the moment of inertia of the pulley about its
2
(2008) axis of rotation is 10 kg–m the number of rotations made by
the pulley before its direction of motion if reserved, is
2 2 5 2 (a) more than 3 but less than 6 (2011)
(a) ma (b) ma
3 6 (b) more than 6 but less than 9
(c) more than 9
1 7
(c) ma 2 (d) ma 2 (d) less than 3
12 12
24. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making an
20. A thin uniform rod of length l and mass m is swinging freely angle of 30° with the horizontal. The magnitude of angular
about a horizontal axis passing through its end. Its maximum momentum of the projectile about the point of projection
angular speed is . Its centre of mass rises to a maximum when the particle is at its maximum height h is (2011)
height of (2009)
3 mv 2
1  
2 2
1  (a) (b) zero
2 g
(a) (b) 6 g
3 g
mv3 3 mv3
(c) (b)
1  2 2 1  22 2g 16 g
(c) (d)
2 g 6 g 25. A mass m hangs with the help of a string wrapped around a
21. A small particle of mass m is projected at an angle  with the pulley on a frictionless bearing. The pulley has mass m and
radius R. Assuming pulley to be a perfect uniform circular
x-axis with an initial velocity v0 in the x–y plane as shown in
disc, the acceleration of the mass m, if the string does not
v 0 sin  slip on the pulley, is (2011)
the figure. At atime t  , the angular momentum of
g 2
(a) g (b) g
the particle is (2010) 3
g 3
(c) (d) g
3 2
26. A hoop of radius r and mass m rotating with an angular
velocity 0 is placed on a rough horizontal surface. The
initial velocity of the centre of the hoop is zero. What will be
the velocity of the centre of the hoop when it ceases to slip?
r0 r0
(a) (b) (2013)
4 3
(a) mgv0 t 2 cos  ˆj (b) mgv0 t cos  kˆ
r0
(c) (d) r0
1 1 2
(c)  mgv0 t cos  kˆ (d) mgv0 t cos  î
2 2
2 2 27. A bob of mass m attached to an inextensible string of
22. A thin horizontal circular disc is rotating about a vertical length l is suspended from a vertical support. The bob
rotates in a horizontal circle with an angular speed  rad/
axis passing through its centre. An insect is at rest at a point
s about the vertical. About the point of suspension :(2014)
near the rim of the disc. The insert now moves along a
diameter of the disc to reach its other end. During the journey (a) angular momentum changes in magnitude but not in
of the insect, the angular speed of the disc (2011) direction.
(a) continuously decreases (b) angular momentum changes in direction but not in
magnitude
(b) continuously increases
(c) angular momentum changes both in direction and
(c) first increases and then decreases magnitude
(d) remain unchanged
(d) angular momentum is conserved.
28. A mass ‘m’ is supported by a massless string would arround   R 
a uniform hollow cylinder of mass m and radius R. If the (b) L  mv   a  k when the particle ismoving from
string does not slip on the cylinder, with what acceleration  2 
will the mass fall on release ? (2014) B to C.
 mv 
(c) L  R k when the particle is moving from D to A.
2
 mv 
(d) L   R k when the particle is moving from A to B.
2
31. A roller is made by joining together two cones at their
vertices O. It is kept on two rails AB and CD which are
placed asymmetrically (see figure), with its axis
perpendicular to CD and its centre O at the centre of line
joining AB and CD (see figure). It is given a light push so
g 5g that it starts rolling with its centre O moving parallel to CD
(a) (b)
2 6 in the direction shown. As it moves, the roller will tend to
: (2016)
2g
(c) g (d)
3
29. From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R a cube of
maximum possible volume is cut. Moment of inertia of
cube about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to one of its faces is : (2015)
4 MR 2 4 MR 2
(a) (b)
9 3 3 3
(a) turn right
MR 2 MR 2 (b) go straight
(c) (d) (c) turn left and right alternately
32 2 16 2
(d) turn left
30. A particle of mass m is moving along the side of a square
of side ‘a’, with a uniform speed v in the x – y plane as 32. A slender uniform rod of mass M and length l is pivoted at
shown in the figure : one end so that it can rotate in a vertical plane (see figure).
There is negligible friction at the pivot. The free end is
held vertically above the pivot and then released. The
angular acceleration of the rod when it makes an angle 
with the vertical is: (2017)
Which of the following statements is false for the angular

momentum L about the origin ? (2016)
  R  3g 2g
(a) L  mv   a  k when the particle ismoving from (a) sin  (b) sin 
 2  2 3
C to D.
3g 2g
(c) cos  (d) cos 
2 3
33. The moment of inertia of a uniform cylinder of length  8 15
and radius R about its perpendicular bisector is  . What (a) (b)
7 14
 8 15
is the ratio such that the moment of inertia is minimum? (c) (d)
R 7 14
(2017)
36. A ball of mass 160 g is thrown up at an angle of 60° to the
horizontal at a speed of 10 ms–1. The angular momentum
3 3
(a) (b) of the ball at the highest point of the trajectory with respect
2 2
to the point from which the ball is thrown is nearly
3 (g = 10 ms–2) (2014 Online Set-4)
(c) 1 (d)
2 (a) 6.0 kg m2/s (b) 3.0 kg m2/s
34. From a uniform circular disc of radius R and mass 9 M, a (c) 1.73 kg m2/s (d) 3.46 kg m2/s

37. Consider a cylinder of mass M resting on a rough horizontal
R
small disc of radius is removed as shown in the figure. rug that is pulled out from under it with acceleration ‘a’
3
perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. What is Ffriction at
The moment of inertia of the remaining disc about an axis point P ? It is assumed that the cylinder does not slip.
perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing through (2014 Online Set-4)
centre of disc is : (2018)
Ma
(a) Ma (b)
2
Ma
(c) Mg (d)
3
37
(a) 10 MR 2 (b) MR 2 38. A uniform disc of radius R and mass M is free to rotate
9 only about its axis. A string is wrapped over its rim and a
body of mass m is tied to the free end of the string as
40 shown in the figure. The body is released from rest. Then
(c) 4 MR 2 (d) MR 2
9 the acceleration of the body is : (2017 Online Setp-1)
35. A cylinder of mass Mc and sphere of mass Ms are placed at
points A and B of two inclines, respectively. (See figure).
If they roll on the incline without slipping which that their
sin c
accelerations are the same. then the ratio sin  is.
s
(2014 Online Set-1)
2 mg 2 Mg
(a) 2 m  M (b) 2 m  M
2 mg 2 Mg
(c) 2 M  m (d) 2 M  m
39. Moment of inertia of an equilateral triangular lamina ABC,
about the axis passing through its centre O and
perpendicular to its plane is I0 as shown in the figure. A
cavity DEF is cut out from the lamina, where D, E, F are the
mid points of the sides. Moment of inertia of the remaining
part of lamina about the same axis is :
(2017 Online Set-1)
73 181
(a) MR 2 (b) MR 2
2 2
19 55
(c) MR 2 (d) MR
2
2 2
42. A force of 40 N acts on a point B at the end of an L-shaped
7 15 object, as shown in the figure. The angle  that will
(a) Io (b) I o
8 16 produce maximum moment of the force about point A is
given by : (2018 Online Set-1)
3Io 31Io
(c) (d)
4 32
R
40. A circular hole of radius is made in a thin uniform disc
4
having mass M and radius R, as shown in figure. The
moment of inertia of the remaining portion of the disc about
an axis passing through the point O and perpendicular to
the plane of the disc is : (2017 Online Set-2)
1
(a) tan  = (b) tan  = 2
2
1
(c) tan  = 4 (d) tan  =
4
43. A uniform rod AB is suspended from a point X, at a variable
distance x from A, as shown. To make the rod horizontal, a
mass m is suspended from its end A. A set of (m, x) values
is recorded. The appropriate variables that give a straight
line, when plotted, are : (2018 Online Set-1)
219 MR 2 237 MR 2
(a) (b)
256 512
19 MR 2 197 MR 2
(c) (d)
512 256
41. Seven identical circular planar disks, each of mass M and
radius R are welded symmetrically as shown. The moment 1
(a) m, x (b) m,
of inertia of the arrangement about the axis normal to the x
plane and passing through the point P is : (2018)
1
(c) m, (d) m, x2
x2
44. A disc rotates about its axis of symmetry in a horizontal 46. A thin road MN, free to rotate in the vertical plane about

plane at a steady rate of 3.5 revolutions per second. A the fixed end N, is held horizontal. When the end M is
coin placed at a distance of 1.25 cm from the axis of rotation released the speed of the this end, when the rod makes an
remains at rest on the disc. The coefficient of friction angle  with the horizontal, will be proportional to : (see
between the coin and the disc is : (g = 10 m/s2) figure) (2018 Online Set-2)
(2018 Online Set-2)
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.3
(c) 0.7 (d) 0.6
45. A thin uniform bar of length L and mass 8 m lies on a
smooth horizontal table. Two point masses m and 2m are
moving in the same horizontal plane from opposite sides
of the bar with speeds 2v and v respectively. The masses
stick to the bar after collision at a distance (a) sin  (b) sin 
L L (c) cos  (d) cos 
and respectively from the centre of the bar. If the bar
3 6
47. A thin circular disk is in the xy plane as shown in the
starts rotating about its center of mass as a result of figure. The ratio of its moment of inertia about z and z axes
collision, the angular speed of the bar will be : will be : (2018 Online Set-3)
(2018 Online Set-2)
 6
(a) (b)
5L 5L
3 
(c) (d)
5L 6L (a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 2
EXERCISE - 3 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Continuous Body
2 2
(a) 3 m
2
(b) 2ml
1. A uniform solid cylinder has a radius R and length L. If
the moment of inertia of this cylinder about an axis passing
through its centre and normal to its circular face is equal to 2 8
(c) 3ml (d) 3 m2
the moment of inertia of the same cylinder about an axis
passing through its centre and normal to its length, then 6. A thin rod of length 4l and mass 4m is bent at the point as
shown in the figure. What is the moment of inertia of the rod
(a) L = R (b) L  3 R
about the axis passing through point O and perpendicular
(c) L  R / 3 (d) L = 0 to the plane of the paper.
2. A cricket mat of mass 50 kg is rolled loosely in the form of a
cylinder of radius 2m. Now again it is rolled tightly so that
the radius becomes 3/4th of original value; then the ratio of
moment of inertia of mat in the two cases is:
M 2 10M 2
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 4 : 3 (a) (b)
3 3
(c) 3 : 5 (d) 16 : 9
3. A circular disc is to be made using iron and aluminium. To M 2 M 2
(c) (d)
keep its moment of inertia maximum about a geometrical 12 24
axis, it should be so prepared that: Parallel axis theorem

(a) aluminium at interior and iron surrounds it
7. Consider a uniform square plate of side a and mass m. The
(b) iron at interior and aluminium surrounds it moment of inertia of this plate about an axis perpendicular
(c) aluminium and iron layers in alternate order to its plane and passing through one of its corners is
(d) sheet of iron is used at both external surface and
2 2 5 2
aluminium sheet as inner material. (a) ma (b) ma
3 6
4. Three identical rods, each of mass m and length l, form an
equaliteral triangle. Moment of inertia about one of the sides is 1 7
(c) ma 2 (d) ma 2
12 12
8. From a circular disc of radius R and mass 9M, a small disc
of radius R/3 is removed from the disc. The moment of
inertia of the remaining disc about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of the disc and passing through O is :
m 2 2 R/3
(a) (b) ml
4
3m 2 m 2
(c) (d)
4 2
5. The moment of inertia of a system of four rods, each of R O

length l and mass m, about the axis shown is
40
(a) 4 MR2 (b) MR2
9
37
(c) 10 MR2 (d) MR2
9
9. The moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder of mass M,
I
radius R and Length L about its axis
(a) MR2 r
2
(b) ML
MR 2
(c)
L
2 2
(a) R (b) R
MR 2 15 5
(d)
2
3 3
10. Two thin discs, each of mass M and radius r m, are attached (c) R (d) R
15 15
as shown in the figure, to form a rigid body. The rotational
inertia of this body about an axis perpendicular to the plane 13. Let I be the moment of inertia of a uniform square plate
of disc B and passing through its centre is : about an axis AB that passes through its centre and is
parallel to two of its sides. CD is a line in the plane of the
plate that passes through the centre of the plate and makes
an angle  with AB. The moment of inertia of the plate
about the axis CD is then equal to:
(a) I (b) I sin2 
(c) I cos2  (d) I cos2 /
2 2
(a) 2Mr (b) 3Mr Point of application
2 2
(c) 4Mr (d) 5Mr
14. A stone of mass m tied to a string of length l is rotating
11. A uniform rod of mass m is bent into the form of a semicircle along a circular path with constant speed v. The torque
of radius R. The moment of inertia of the rod about an axis on the stone is :
passing through A and perpendicular to the plane of the
(a) m v l (b) m v/l
paper is
(c) m v2/l (d) zero
15. A body is under the action of two equal and oppositely
directed forces and the body is rotating with constant
acceleration. Which of the following cannot be the
separation between the lines of action of the forces?
2 2
(a) 3 mR 2 (b) mR (a) 1 m (b) 0.4 m
(c) 0.25 m (d) Zero
5 2
Rotational Equilibrium
(c)  mR 2 (d) 2mR
16. A unifrom ladder of mass 10 kg leans against a smooth
Perpendicular axis theorem vertical wall making an angle of 53° with it. The other end
12. A solid sphere of radius R has moment of inertia I about its rest on a rough horizontal floor. The normal force and
geometrical axis. If it is melted into a disc of radius r and frictional force that the floor exerts on the ladder are
thickness t. If it’s moment of inertia about the tangential respectively
axis (which is perpendicular to plane of the disc), is also (a) 98 N, 65 N (b) 98 N, 0
equal to I, then the value of r is equal to : (c) 0, 65 N (d) 65 N, 98 N
17. A uniform beam of length L whose mass ‘m’ is 1.8 kg rests (a) 5 N (b) 10 N

with its ends on two digital scales, as in figure. A uniform (c) 15 N (d) 20 N
block whose mass M is 2.7 kg rests on the beam, its centre
20. A weightless ladder 20 ft long rests against a frictionless
a distance L/4 from the beam’s left end. What do the scales
wall at an angle of 60° from the horizontal. A 150 lb man is
read ?
4 ft from the top of the ladder. A horizontal force is needed
to keep it from slipping. Choose the correct magnitude
from the following
(a) 175 lb (b) 100 lb
(c) 150 lb (d) 70 lb
21. A horizontal bar of length l and negligible mass is
supported at its two ends. A mass M is hung form the bar
at a distance ‘a’ from the left end, as shown. What is the
magnitude of the force that the support on the right applies
to the bar?
(a) 29 N on right scale and 15 N on left scale
(b) 15 N on right scale and 29 N on left scale
(c) 10 N on right scale and 20 N on left scale
(d) 2.25 N on right scale and 7 N on left scale
18. O is the centre of an equilateral triangle ABC. F1, F2 and F3
are three forces acting along the sides AB, BC and AC as
shown in the adjoining diagram. What should be the
a 
magnitude of F3 so that the total torque about O is zero ? (a) Mg  (b) Mg a
A a 
(c) Mg   a (d) Mg   a
Rotational Kinematics
F3
O 22. A motor car is travelling at 60 ms/ on a circular road of
radius 1200 m. It is increasing its speed at the rate of 4 m/s2.
B F2
C The acceleration of the car is :
(a) 3m/s2 (b) 4 m/s2
F1
(c) 5 m/s2 (d) 7 m/s2
23. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two
F1  F2 revolutions per sec. The acceleration of the particle in
(a) (b) 2 (F1 + F2)
2 m/s2 is :
(c) (F1 + F2) (d) (F1 – F2) (a) 2 (b) 8 2
19. A solid cube of side 1 m is just tilted by a horizontal force (c) 4 2 (d) 2 2
of 10 N. The weight of cube is 24. The maximum possible velocity of the bob at the lowest
position of a simple pendulum of length L to oscillate is
10 N
(a) 5 gL (b) 3 gL
(c) 2 gL (d) gL
25. A pendulum of mass m is oscillating in a vertical circle 30. A circular disc of M.I 0.5 kg m2 and radius 0.2 m has a

with angular amplitude of 90°. The acceleration of the weightless string passing round its rim. The string is pulled
bob at ‘B’ is down by a force F and it acquires an angular speed of 5
revolution seconds per second in 5 sec. The force F is
(a) 5 N (b) 4 N
O (c) 2.5 N (d) 2 N
90°
B
31. A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by means of
a string at an initial speed of 5 rpm. Keeping the radius
A
constant, the tension in the string is doubled. The new
speed is nearly.
(a) g
(a) 14 rmp (b) 10 rpm
(b) zero
(c) greater than g (c) 2 rpm (d) 7 rpm
(d) less than g but not zero 32. For a particle in uniform circular motion, the acceleration


26. Two racing cars of mass m1 and m2 are moving in circles a at a point P ( R,  ) on the circle of radius R is
of radii r1 and r2 respectively; their speeds are such that
they each make a complete circle in the same length of v2 ˆ v2 ˆ v2 v2
(a) i j (b)  cos iˆ  sin ˆj
time t. The ratio of the angular speed of the first to the R R R R
second car is :
(a) m1 : m2 (b) r1 : r2 v2 v2 v2 v2
(c)  sin iˆ  cos ˆj (d)  cos iˆ  sin ˆj
(c) 1 : 1 (d) none R R R R
27. For a particle of a rotating rigid body v = r. So : 33. A particle P is moving in a circle of radius ‘a’ with uniform

speed v. C is the centre of the circle and AB is a diameter.
(a)   1/r  (b)   v
The angular velocity of P about A and C are in the ratio:
(c) v  r (d) none of these
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
28. A planet P revolves around the Sun in a circular orbit,
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
with the sun at the center, which is coplanar with and
concentric to the circular orbit of Earth E around the Sun. 34. Two particles A and B are situated at a distance d=2 m
P and E revolve in the same direction. The time required apart. Particle A has a velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of 60º
for the revolution of P and E around the sun are 3 year and particle B has a velocity v at an angle 30º as shown in
and 1 year respectively. The time required for P to make figure. The distance d between A and B is constant. The
one revolution around the sun relative to E is angular velocity of B with respect to A is:
(a) 1.5 year (b) 3 year
(c) 10 year (d) 1 year
29. A toy car travels in horiztonal circle of radius 2a, kept on
the track by a radial elastic string. Its period is T. The
length of the unstretched string is found to be a. When
the car is speeded up, the string stretches until the car is
moving in a circle of radius 3a. Assuming that the string 5
obeys Hookes’ law, the period of revolution is (a) 5 3 rad/sec (b) rad/sec
3
(a) T(3/4) (b) T 3 / 4
10
(c) 10 3 rad/sec (d) rad/sec
(c) T 4 / 3 (d) T 3
35. Two particles A and B are moving as shown in figure. At Rotational Dynamics

this moment of time, the angular speed of A with respect
to B is : 38. A wheel of moment of inertia 5 × 10–3 kg–m2 is making 20
rev/sec. The torque required to stop it in 10 sec. is.
vb
(a) 2 × 10–2 N–m (b)  × 10–2 N–m
va
(c) 2 × 102 N–m (d) 4 × 10–2 N–m
r
39. A mass m is hanged from a solid cylindrical shaft of radius
A B R and mass 2m (as shown in the figure). Shaft is free to
rotate. What is the acceleration of mass m
v  v b 
(a) a
r
(b) v a  v b 
r
(c)
v b sin  b  v a sin  a  in anticlockwise direction m
r
(d)
v b sin  b  v a sin  a  in anticlockwise direction (a) g (b) 2g/3
r
(c) g/2 (d) g/3
36. A wheel initially at rest, is rotated with a uniform angular
40. The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is 1.2
acceleration. The wheel rotates through an angle 1 in
first one second and through an additional angle 2 in the kg m2. Initially, the body is at rest. In order to produce a
next one second. The ratio 2/1 is : rotational kinetic energy of 1500 joule, an angular
acceleration of 25 radian/sec2 must be applied about that
(a) 4 (b) 2
axis for a duration of
(c) 3 (d) 1
(a) 4 seconds (b) 2 seconds
37. A sphere S rolls without slipping, moving with a constant
speed on a plank P. The friction between the upper surface (c) 8 seconds (d) 10 seconds
of p and the sphere is sufficient to prevent slipping, while 41. In the above question, the tension in the cords is :
the lower surface of P is smooth and rests on the ground.
(a) Mg/2 (b) Mg/3
Initially, P is fixed to the ground by a pin N. If N is suddenly
revmoved. (c) Mg/6 (d) Mg/12
42. A mass M is supported by a massless string wound round
S a uniform cylinder of mass M and radius R. On releasing
the mass from rest, it will fall with acceleration.
N r
P
M R
(a) S will begin to slip on P
(b) P will begin to move backwards M
(c) the speed of S will decrease and its angular velocity
will increase (a) g (b) g/2
(d) there will be no change in the motion of S and P will (c) g/3 (d) 2g/3
still be at rest.
43. Each pulley shown in the given figure below has radius r 47. A wheel of mass 2 kg, having practically all the mass
and moment of inertia I. The acceleration of the block is concentrated along the circumference of a circle of radius
20 cm, is rotating on its axis with an angular velocity of
100 rad/s. The rotational kinetic energy of the wheel is :
(a) 4 joule (b) 70 joule
(c) 400 joule (d) 800 joule
48. A rod AB is 1 m long. It is hinged at A so as to rotate in a
vertical plane. Initially the rod is horizontally placed and
then it is released from rest. Obtain the angular speed of
the rod and the linear speed of its free end as it passes
through the position shown in the diagram
M  mg  M  m g
(a)  M  m  2I2  (b)  M  m  2I2 
 r   r 
A B
60°
 M  m g  M  m g
(c)  M  m  I2 
 (d)  M  m  I2 

 r   r 
B'
Rotational Energy
44. A uniform rod of length 2l is placed with one end in
(a)  = 5.05 rad/s, v = 5.05 m/s
contact with the horizontal table and is then inclined at
an angle  to the horizontal and allowed to fall. When it (b)  = 1 rad/s,  = 1 m/s
becomes horizontal, its angular velocity will be (c)  = 4.04 rad/s, v = 2.02 m/s
(d)  = 5.05 rad/s, v = 1.01 m/s
3g sin  2
(a) (b) 3g sin  49. A rod AB of length L revolves in a horizontal plane about
2
the axis YY’ with an angular velocity w. If A is area of
cross-section of rod and  its density, its kinetic energy
g sin   is
(c) (d) g sin 

Y
45. A fly wheel rotating about a fixed axis has a kinetic energy
of 360 joule when its angular speed is 30 radian/sec. The A B
moment of inertia of the wheel about the axis of rotation is
Y'
(a) 0.6 kg m2 (b) 0.15 kg m2
(c) 0.8 kg m2 (d) 0.75 kg m2 (a) 1/3AL3w2 (b) 1/2AL3w2
46. A ring of radius r and mass m rotates about an axis passing (c) 1/24AL3w2 (d) none of these

through its centre passing through its centre and 50. A rod of length L is hinged from one end. It is brought to
perpendicular to its plane with angular velocity . Its a horizontal position and released. The angular velocity
kinetic energy is : of the rod when it is in vertical position is :
(a) mr (b) 1/2mr2 (a) 2g / L (b) 3g / L

(c) mr22 (d) 1/2 mr22
(c) g / 2L (d) g / L (a) 1 / 3 u (b) 3/ 5 u
51. A street light of mass M is suspended from the end of a
(c) 2 / 5 u (d) 2 / 3 u
uniform rod of length L in different possible patterns as
shown in figure, then: 56. A solid sphere radius 1 m and mass 2 kg is rolling with a
linear speed of 2 m/s. What is speed of point A
(a) pattern A is more sturdy
(b) pattern B is more study
(c) pattern C is more study (a) 2 m/s (b) 2 2 m / s
(d) all will have same sturdiness.
(c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m / s
52. A cylindrical rod of mass M, length L and radius R has two
57. Consider a wheel of a bicycle rolling on a level road at a
cords wound around it whose ends are attached to the
linear speed V0. Choose the incorrect statement
ceiling. The rod is held horizontally with the two cords
vertical. When the rod is released, the cords unwind and
the rod rotates the linear acceleration of the cylinders as it C
falls, is : D
(a) g (b) g/3
B V0
(c) 2g/3 (d) g/2 O
Kinematics (Rigid Body)

53. A hollow sphere and a solid sphere of same mass and
A
radius are allowed to roll down an inclined plane from
same height simultaneously. Which will reach bottom first.
(a) the speed of the particle A is zero
(a) Hollow sphere (b) Solid sphere
(b) the speed of C is 2 V0
(c) Both together (d) None of these
54. A bicycle is moving at speed 30 km/h. Then speeds at the (c) the speed of B, C and D are all equal to V0
highest and lowest point of the front wheel are (d) the speed of B is greater than the speed of O
(radius = 2 m) 58. A circular disc rotates in a vertical plane about a fixed
(a) 60 km/h and 0 respectively horizontal axis which passes through a point X on the
(b) 60 km/h for both the points circumference of the disc. When the centre of the disc
(c) 30 km/h for both the points moves with speed v, the speed of the opposite end of the
diameter through X is
(d) Not possible to calculate
55. A body of mass m slides down an incline and reaches the (a) 2v (b) 2 v
bottom with a velocity u. If the same were in the form of a
hollow cylinder which rolls down from this incline, the (c) v (d) 1/2 v
velocity of the disc at the bottom would be 59. Ring, hollow sphere and solid sphere are rolled down
from inclined plane. Which will take least time to reach
the ground ? contact with the plane is conserved
(a) solid sphere (b) hollow sphere (c) Only the rotational kinetic energy about the centre of

mass is conserved
(c) ring (d) both 2 and 3
(d) Angular momentum about centre of mass is conserved
60. A cylindrical drum is pushed along by a board of length .
The drum rolls forward on the ground a distance of /2. 64. An inclined plane makes an angle of 30° with the
There is no slipping at any instant. During the process of horizontal. A solid sphere rolling down this inclined plane
pushing the board, the distance moved by the man on the from rest without slipping has a linear acceleration equal to :
ground is: (a) g/3 (b) 2g/3
(c) 5g/7 (d) 5g/14
65. A round uniform body of radius R, mass M and moment
of inertia I, rolls down (without slipping) an inclined plane
 3 making an angle  with the horizontal. Then, its acceleration is
(a) (b)
2 4
g sin  g sin 
(c)  (d) none of these (a) (b)
1  I / MR 2 1  MR 2 / I
61. A wheel of radius r rolls without slipping with a speed v
on a horizontal road. When it is at a point A on the road, a g sin  g sin 
(c) (d)
small blob of mud separates from the wheel at its highest 1  I / MR 2 1  MR 2 / I
point and lands at point B on the road. 66. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of equal mass and
radius are placed over a rough horizontal surface after
(a) AB  v r / g (b) AB  2 v r / g
rotating it about its mass centre with same angular velocity
0. Once the pure rolling starts let v1 and v2 be the linear
(c) AB  4 v r / g
speeds of their centre of mass. Then :
(d) If v  4 rg , the blob of mud will land on the wheel (a) v1 = v2 (b) v1 > v2
and not on the road (c) v1 < v2 (d) data is insufficient
Dynamics 67. In the above probelm, let t1 and t2 be the times when pure

rolling of solid sphere and of hollow sphere is started.
62. A string is wrapped several times round a solid cylinder Then:
and then the end of the string is held stationary while the
(a) t1 = t2 (b) t1 < t2
cylinder is released from rest with no initial motion. The
acceleration of the cylinder and tension in the string will be (c) t1 > t2 (d) none of these
68. A constant horizontal force F is applied on the top of a
solid sphere and a hollow sphere of same mass and radius
both kept on a sufficiently rough surface. Let a1 and a2 be
their linear accelerations then :
F F
mg
(a) 2/3 g and mg/3 (b) g and mg/2
(c) g/3 and mg/2 (d) g/2 and mg/3 Solid sphere Hollow sphere
63. A solid homogeneous shpere is moving on a rough
(a) a1 = a2 (b) a1 > a2
horizontal surface, partly rolling and partly sliding. During
this kind of motion of the sphere (c) a1 < a2 (d) data sufficient
69. A uniform ball of radius r rolls without slipping down from
(a) Total kinetic energy is conserved
the top of a sphere of radius R. The angular velocity of teh
(b) Angular momentum of the sphere about the point of ball when it breaks from the sphere is
(b) The speeds will be same but time of descent will be
5g  R  r  10g  R  r 
(a) (b) different
17r 2 17r 2
(c) The speeds will be different but time of descent will be
same
5g  R  r  10g  R  r 
(c) (d) (d) Speeds and time of descent both will be different.
10r 2 7r 2
74. A ball rolls down an inclined groove acquiring a velocity
70. A solid sphere of mass m is lying at rest on a rough
Vr as it reaches the bottom. If the same ball slid without
horizontal surface. The coefficient of firction between the
friction rather than rolled from the same height down a
ground and sphere is . The maximum value of F, so that
similar track to acquire a velocity Vs, which of the following
the sphere will not slip, is equal to
statement is true ?
(a) Vr < Vs, because work must be done by the rolling ball
against frictional forces
(b) Vr > Vs, because the rotational kinetic energy acquired
makes the rolling ball travel faster
(c) Vr = Vs, because the kinetic energy must be conserved.
(d) Vr < Vs, because the rolling ball acquires rotational as
7 4 well as translational kinetic energy
(a) 5 mg (b) 7 mg
(e) Vr < Vs, because the rotating ball has an angular
acceleration as well as a linear acceleration
5 7
(c) 7 mg (d) 2 mg 75. The speed of a homogeneous solid sphere after rolling
down an inclined plane of vertical height h from rest
Total Energy without sliding is
71. A disc of radius R and mass M is rolling horizontally
10 gh
without slipping with speed V. It then moves up an incline (a) (b) gh
7
as shown.
The maximum height upto which it can reach is 6 gh
(c) 2 gh (d)
5
76. A spherical ball rolls on a table without slipping. The the
fraction of its total energy associated with rotation is :
v (a) 2/5 (b) 2/7
(c) 3/5 (d) 3/7
77. A person slides freely down a frictionless inclined plane
while his bag falls down vertically from the same height.
(a) v2/g (b) v2/2g The final speeds of the man (vM) and the bag (vB) should
(c) v2/3g (d) 3v2/4g be such that:
72. A ring of 1 kg mass and 1 m radius is moving forward with (a) vM  vB
velocity 1 m/s by rolling without slipping in a horizontal
plane. Its kinetic energy would be : (b) vM  vB
(a) (1/2) joule (b) 1 joule (c) the depend on the masses
(c) 2 joule (d) 4 joule (d) vM  vB

73. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of
78. A wheel of mass M and radius a and M.I.IG (about centre
the same height but of different inclinations :
of mass) is set rolling with angular velocity  up a rough
(a) In both cases the speeds and time of descent will be inclined plane of inclination . The distance travelled by it
same up the plane is :
I G 2 
2 Ma 2  I G 
(a) (b)
2 mg sin  2 Mg sin 
I G 2 IG 
(c) (d) 2 Mg sin 
2  Mg sin 
79. A loop and a disc have the same mass and roll without
slipping with the same linear velocity v. If the total K.E. of
the loop is 8 J, the K.E. of the disc must be :
(a) 6 J (b) 8 J
(c) 12 J (d) 16 J (a) MvRk
Particle (b) Mvk
80. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making
an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of the  2  R 2 
i  R k 
angular momentum of the projectile about the point of (c) Mv    

projection when the particle is at maximum height h is
3  2  R 2 
(a) zero (b) mv / 4 2 g i  R k 
(d) Mv    
3 3

(c) mv / 2 g (d) m / 2 gh
Torque relation and Angular Impulse
81. When a mass is rotating in a plane about a fixed point its
angular momentum is directed along 85. A penguin of mass m falls from rest at point A. A horizontal
(a) The radius distance d from the origin O
(b) the tangent to orbit
Q A
(c) line at an angle of 45° to the plane of rotation d
(d) the axis of rotation
82. A mass M is moving with constant velocity parallel to penguin
x–axis. Its angular momentum with respect to origin.
(a) is zero (b) remain constant
(c) goes on increasing (d) goes on decreasing
(A) What is the angular momentum of the falling penguin
83. A projectile is projected at certain angle. The angular
about O
momentum about origin will
(B) What torque does the weight mg acting on the penguin
(a) always increase
exert about the origin O
(b) always decrease
(a) 0 for (A) mu2/R for (B) where R is the height of A from
(c) will first increase then decrease
ground.
(d) Remain constant
(b) 0 for (A) and 0 for (B)
84. A conical pendulum consists of a mass M suspended from
a strong sling of length l. The mass executes a circle of (c) mg td for (A) and mgd for (B)
radius R in a horizontal plane with speed v. At time t, the (d) Since angular momentum and torque both vary
mass is at postion Ri and has vj velocity. At time t, the continuously so it is not possible to calculate them
angular momentum vector of mass M about the point from 86. Angular momentum of the particle rotating with a central
which the string passes on the ceiling is force is constant due to
(a) constant force
(b) constant linear momentum
(c) zero torque
(d) constant torque hand and the string by the other. The object is set into

rotation in a circle of radius R and velocity V. The string is
Rigid Body in fixed axis rotation
then pulled down, shortening the radius of path to r. What
87. A particle performs uniform circular motion with an angular is conserved ?
momentum L. If the frequency of particle’s motion is (a) angular momentum (b) linear momentum
doubled and its kinetic energy is halved, the angular
(c) K. E. (d) None of these
momentum becomes :
92. An athlete diving off a high spring board can perform a
(a) 2L (b) 4L variety of physical movements in the air before entering
(c) L/2 (d) L/4 the water below. Which one of the following parameters
will remain constant during the fall ? The athlete’s
Rigid Body in moving axis rotation
(a) linear velocity (b) linear momentum
88. A disc of mass m and radius R moves in the x–y plane as
shown the figure. The angular momentum of the disc about (c) moment of inertia (d) angular momentum
the origin O at the instant shown is 93. Initial angular velocity of a circular disc of mass M is 1.
Then two small spheres of mass m each are attached gently
to two diametrically opposite points on the edge of the
disc. What is the final angular velocity of the disc ?
Mm Mm
(a)   1 (b)   1
 M   m 
5 7
(a) 2 mR 2 (b) 3 mR 2
 M   M 
(c)   1 (d)   1
9
(c) 2 mR 2
3
(d) 2 mR 2  M  4m   M  2m 
89. A uniform sphere of mass m, radius r and moment of inertia 94. A uniform disc of radius a and mass m, is rotating freely

I about its centre moves along the x-axis as shwon in the with angular speed w in a horizontal plane, about a smooth
figure. Its centre of mass moves with velocity = v0, and it fixed vertical axis through its centre. A particle, also of
rotates about its centre of mass with angular velocity = 0. mass m, is suddenly attached to the rim of the disc and
Let L = I0 + mv0r. The angular momentum of the body rotates with it. The new angular speed is
about the roigin O is
(a) w / 3 (b) w/3
(c) w / 5 (d) w/5
95. A rigid horizontal smooth rod A B of mass 0.75 kg and
(a) L, only if v0 = 0r length 40 cm can rotate freely about a fixed vertical axis
through its midpoint O. Two ring each of mass 1 kg initially
(b) greater than L, if v0 > 0r
at rest at a distance of 10 cm from O on either side of the
(c) less than L is v0 > 0r
rod. The rod is set in rotation with an angular velocity of
(d) L, for all values of 0 and v0 30 radians per sec. and when the rings reach the ends of
Angular Momentum Conservation the rod, the angular velocity in rad/sec. is
90. A stone attached to one end of a string is revolved around (a) 5 (b) 10
a stick so that the string winds upon the stick and gets
shortened. What is conserved. (c) 15 (d) 20
(a) angular momentum (b) linear momentum 96. A rigid spherical body is spinning around an axis without
(c) K. E. (d) None of these any external torque. Due to changes in temperature, the
91. A particle of mass m is attached to a light string which volume increases by 1%. Its angular speed will
passes through a hollow tube. The tube is held by one (a) increase approximately by 1%
(b) decrease approximately by 1% centre of mass), total energy and velocity of centre of
mass by , E and v0 respectively, after the collision which
(c) decrease approximately by 0.67%
of the following is incorrect
(d) decrease approximately by 0.33%
2m
97. A solid sphere is rotating in free space. If radius of the v
sphere is increased keeping mass same which one of the C
following will not be affected ? 8m
(a) Moment of inertia (b) Angular momentum 2a a 2a a
2v
(c) Angular velocity (d) Rotational kinetic energy m
98. A cubical block of side a is moving with velocity v on a (a) v0 = 0 (b)  = (3v/5a)
horizontal smooth plane as shown in figure. It hits a ridge (c)  = v/5a (d) E = 3mv2/5
at point O. The angular speed of the block after it hits O is: 102. A stick of length L and mass M lies on a frictionless horizontal
a surface on which it is free to move in any way. A ball of mass
a v m moving with speed v collides elastically with the stick as
M O shown in the figure. If after the collision the ball comes to
rest, then what should be the mass of the ball ?
3v 3v L
(a) (b)
4a  2a 
(c) 3 v  2 a (d) Zero
99. In the following figure a massive rod AB is held in
horizonatial position by two massless strings. If the string
m
at B breaks and if the horizontal acceleration of centre of
(a) m = 2 M (b) m = M
mass, vertical acceleration and angular acceleration of rod
(c) m = M/2 (d) m = M/4
about the centre of mass are ax, ay and a, respectively, then
103. A mass m is moving at speed v perpendicular to a rod of
length d and mass M = 6 m which pivots around a frictionless
axle running through its centre. If strikes and sticks to the
end of the rod. The moment of inertia of the rod about its
2
centre is Md /12. Then the angular speed of the system just
(a) 2 3a y  3a  2ax (b) 3a y  3a  ax after the collision is :
(c) a y  3a  2ax (d) 2a y  a  2 3ax

Collision between point mass and Rigid Body
100. A meter rule is freely pivoted about its centre. A piece of
putty of mass 20g travelling at 5 ms–1 strikes and adheres
to one end of the rule so that the rule starts to rotate in a 2v 2v
horizontal circle. Given that the moment of inertia of the (a) (b)
3d d
rule and putty about pivot is 0.02 kg m2, the initial angular v 3v
velocity of the rule is (c) (d)
d 2d
(a) 1.58 rad s–1 (b) 2.24 rad s–1 Multiple Answer Questions
(c) 2.50 rad s–1 (d) 5.00 rad s–1 104. The moment of inertia of a thin square plate ABCD, of
101. A uniform bar of length 6a and mass 8m lies on a smooth uniform thickness about an axis passing through the centre
horizontal table. Two point masses m and 2m, moving in O and perpendicular to the plane of the plate is
the same horizontal plane withe speeds 2v and v
respectively, strike the bar (as shown in figure) and stick
to the bar after collision. Denoting angular velocity (about
4 2 2
A B 1
(a) the x–axis is m
3
3 4
(b) the z–axis is m
2
O 3
D C 2
(c) and axis parallel to the z–axis and passing through a
10
(a) I1 + I2 (b) I3 + I4 corner is m 2
3
(c) I1 + I3 (d) I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
where I1, I2, I3 and I4 are respectively moments of inertia 5 2
about axes 1, 2, 3 and 4 which are in the plane of the plate. (d) one side is m
3
105. A pair of uniform identical wires are bent into semicircular
107. A circular disc of mass M1 and radius R1 initially moving
rings, and then glued together so that the two rings have
with an angular speed 0 about the horizontal centroidal
a common centre but the planes of the semicircles are
axis is brought in contact with another stationary circular
mutually perpendicular as shown in the figure :
disc of mass M2 and radius R2 as shown in the figure.
Note that B is the common mid–point of the semicircular
rings. While O is the centre of the rings. If m is the total
mass of the system and R is the radius of the rings. Which
of the following statements is true.
E
A O C
B
axis
(a) Moment of inertia of the system about the axis OB is
given by mR2
(b) Moment of inertia of the system about the axis OB is
given by mR2/2 (a) Friction force decelerates the disc M1 and accelerates
(c) Radius of gyration of the system about the axis OB is the disc M2.
(b) The final angular speeds of the discs are in the ratio
given by R / 2
1 R 1
(d) Radius of gyration of the system about the axis OB is  .
2 R 2
given by R.
106. Four identical rods, each of mass m and length l, are joined (c) The angular momentum of the system (M1 + M2) is
to form a rigid square frame. The frame lies in the xy plane, conserved about the point of contact.
with its centre at the origin and the sides parallel to the x (d) The final rotational energy is less than the initial
and y axis. Its moment of inertia about. rotational energy.
108. A constant external torque  acts for a very brief period t (c) the disc will make one rotation in time T/2

on a rotating system having moment of inertia I. (d) the disc will cover a distance greater than in further
(a) The angular momentum of the system will change by time T
t 111. A particle of mass m is travelling with a constant velocity
(c) The angular velocity of the system will change by t/I  
v  v 0 î along the line y = b, z = 0. Let dA be the area
(c) If the system was initially at rest, it will acquire rotational swept out by the position vector from origin to the particle
2 in time dt and L the magnitude of angular momentum of
kinetic energy  t  particle about origin at any time t. Then :
2I
(a) L = constant (b) L  constant
(d) The kinetic energy of the system will change by
t 2 dA 2L dA L
I (c)  (d) 
dt m dt 2m
109. In the figure, the disc D does not slip on the surface S. The 112. A ring rolls without slipping on the ground. Its centre C
pulley P has mass, and the string does not slip on it. The moves with a constant speed u. P is any point on the ring.
string is wound around the disc.
The speed of P with respect to the ground is v.
D P (a) 0 < v < 2 u
(b) v = u, if CP is horizontal
S B
(c) v = u, if CP makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal
and P is below the horizontal levels of C
(a) The acceleration of the block B is double the
acceleration of the centre of D (d) v  2 u , if CP is horiztonal.
(b) The force of friction exerted by D on S acts to the left
113. The disc of redius r is confined to roll without slipping at A
(c) The horizontal and the vertical sections of the string and B. If the plates have the velocities shown then:
have the same tension
(d) The sum of the kinetic energies of D & B is less than
the loss in the potential energy of B as it move down.
110. A disc of circumference s is at rest at a point A on a
horizontal surface when a constant horizontal force begins
to act on its centre.
(a) Angular velocity of the disc is 2V/r
Force (b) Linear velocity, V0 = V
B
(c) Angular velocity of the disc is 3V/2r
A s
(d) None of these
Between A and B there is sufficient friction to prevent 114. A ring (R), a disc (D), a solid sphere (S) and a hollow sphere
slipping, and the surface is smooth to the right of with thin walls (H), all lhaving the same mass but different
B. AB = s. The disc moves from A to B in time T. To the radii, start together from rest at the top of an inclined plane
right of B– and roll down without slipping. Then:
(a) the angular acceleration of the disc will disappear,
(a) all of them will reach the bottom of the incline together
linear acceleration will remain uncharged
(b) the body with the maximum radius will reach the bottom
(b) linear acceleration of the disc will increase
first angular velocity of the disc
(c) they will reach the bottom in the order S, D, H andR (d) (2/3)rd of the initial kinetic energy changes to heat
(d) all of them will have the same kinetic energy at the bottom 119. A rod AC of length l and mass m is kept on a horizontal

smooth plane. It is free to rotate and move. A particle of
of the incline
same mass m moving on the plane with velocity v strikes
115. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making an rod at point B making angle 37° with the rod. The collision
angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of the angular is elastic. After collision.
momentum of the projectile about the point of projection
when the particle is at its maximum height h, are:
Mv3 B
(a) zero (b) 2g
4 A 37° C
(c) Mv3 / 2g (d) m  2gh 

3
V
116. A thin uniform rod of mass m and length l is free to rotate
about its upper end. When it is at rest, it receives an 72 v
impulse I at its lowest point, normal to its length. (a) The angular velocity of the rod will be
55 
Immediately after impact,
(a) the angular momentum of the rod is Il 
(b) The centre of the rod travel a distance in the time it
3
(b) the angular velocity of the rod is 3I/ml
2
which it makes half rotation
(c) the kinetic energy of the rod is 3I /2m
24 mv
(d) the linear velocity of the midpoint of the rod is 3I/2m (c) impulse of the impact force is
55
117. A small ball of mass m suspended from the ceiling at a
(d) None of these
point O by thread of length l moves along a horizontal
circle with a constant angular velocity . Comprehension Type
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 120 to Q. 122
PASSAGE - 1
Two rods 1 and 2 are released from rest as shown in figure.
Given : l1 = 4l, m1 = 2m, l2 = 2l and m2 = m. There is no
friction between the two rods. If  be the angular
(a) angular momentum is constant about O acceleration of rod 1 just after the rods are released. Then :
(b) angular momemtum is constant about C
1
(c) vertical component of angular mementum about O is
constant 2
(d) magnitude of angular momentum about O is constant
A B
118. A horizontal disc rotates freely about a verical axis through
l
its centre. A ring, having the same mass and radius as the
disc, is now gently placed on the disc. After some time, 120. What is the normal reaction between the two rods at this
the two rotate with a common angular velocity, then: instant ?
(a) some friction exists between the disc and the ring 4 m
(b) the angular momentum of the “disc plus ring” is (a) 16 3 m (b)
3
conserved
rd
(c) the final common angular velocity is 2/3 of the initial 32 m
(c) (d) 12 3 m
3 3
121. What is the horizontal force on rod 1 by hinge A at this plane with v0 = 10 m/s and rotating with  = 2 rad/ sec in

instant ? anticlockwise direction.
 32  12 3   16  2 3  A
(a)   m (b)  
 
 3 3   3 
 
(c) 14  2 3 m (d) 3 m V0 = 10 m/s
122. What is initial angular acceleration of rod 2 in terms of the
B
given parameters in the question ?
2 3 g  3 3 g  126. Velocity of ends A and B when velocity of CM is

(a)  2  2 3   (b)    3   perpendicular to rod are :
   
(a) 30 m/s, 10 m/s (b) 10 m/s, 30 m/s
6 3 g  3 3 g 8  (c) 15 m/s, 25 m/s (d) 25 m/s, 15 m/s
(c)  8   5 3   (d)  8   
   3  127. When velocity of CM is perpendicular to rod the distance
of point ‘P’ from centre which is instantaneously at rest is :
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 123 to Q. 125 (a) 5m (b) 2.5 m
PASSAGE - 2 (c) 7.5 m (d) 8 m
A uniform rod of mass M = 2 kg and length L is supended by 128. The time t0 at which velocity of point P becomes maximum
two smooth hinges 1 and 2 as shoen in the figure. A force is (At t = 0 velocity of CM is perpendicular to rod)
F = 4 N is applied downward at a distance L/4 from hinge 2.
(a) /2 (b) /4
Due to the application of force F, hinge 2 breaks. At this (c) 3/4 (d) None of these
instant, applied force F is also removed. The rod starts to
129. Distance travelled by C.O.M. during time t = 0 to t = t0 is :
rotate downward about hinge 1.
(a) 7.5  (b) 5 
(c) 2.5  (d) None of these
PASSAGE - 4
123. The reaction at hinge 1, before hinge 2 breaks, is In the given figure, a uniform solid sphere is released on the
(a) 24 N (b) 12 N top of a fixed inclined plane of inclination 37° and height ‘h’.
It rolls without sliding.
(c) 11 N (d) 10 N
124. The reaction at hinge 1, just after breaking of hinge 2, is
(a) 20 N (b) 10 N
(c) 5 N (d) 0
125. The acceleration of the end point of rod of small mass dm at
the end point of rod, when the rod becomes vertical is
2 2
(a) 30 m/s (b) 20 m/s 130. The acceleration of the centre of the sphere is
2
(c) 10 m/s (d) 0
3g 4g
(a) 5 (b) 5
PASSAGE - 3 4g 3g
(c) 7 (d) 7
Rod AB of length 20 m is moving on an smooth horizontal
131. The speed of the point of contact of the sphere with the Statement-II : The moment of inertia of hard boiled egg is
inclined plane when the sphere reaches the bottom of the more as compared to raw egg.
incline is (a) A (b) B
10gh (c) C (d) D

(a) 2gh (b)
7
136. Statement–1: The mass of a body cannot be considered
(c) zero (d) 2 2gh to be concentrated at the centre of mass of the body for
the purpose of computing its moment of inertia.
132. The time taken by the sphere to reach the bottom is
Statement–2: For then the moment of inertia of every body
2h 70h
(a) (b) about an axis passing through its centre of mass would be
g 9g
zero.
25h 25h (a) A (b) B
(c) 18g (d) 6g
(c) C (d) D
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 133 to Q. 135 137. Statement–I : Angular velocity is a characteristic of the
rigid body as a whole.
PASSAGE - 5 Statement-II : Angular velocity may be different for
A hollow sphere is released from the top of an inclined plane different particles of rigid body about the axis of rotation.
of inclination . (a) A (b) B
133. What should be the minimum coefficient of friction between (c) C (d) D
the sphere and the plane to prevent sliding? 138. Statement 1 : A uniform thin rod of length L is hinged
about one of its end and is free to rotate about the hinge
6 4
(a) tan  (b) tan  without friction. Neglect the effect of gravity. A force F is
5 5
applied at a distance x from the hinge on the rod such that
force always is perpendicular to the rod. As the value of x
2 1
(c) tan  (d) tan  is increased from zero to L, the component of reaction by
5 5
hinge on the rod perpendicular to length of rod increases.
134. Find the kinetic energy of the sphere as it moves down a Statement 2 : Under the conditions given in statement 1
length l on the incline if the friction coefficient is half the as x is increased from zero to L, the angular acceleration
value calculated in problem 131. of rod increases.
9 (a) A (b) B
(a) mg sin  (b) 7 mg sin 
5 8 (c) C (d) D
139. Statement 1 : A rigid disc rolls without slipping on a fixed
3 5
(c) mg sin  (d) mg sin  rough horizontal surface with uniform angular velocity.
8 8
Then the acceleration of lowest point on the disc is zero.
Assertion Reason Statement 2 : For a rigid disc rolling without slipping on
a fixed rough horizontal surface, the velocity of the lowest
(A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II point on the disc is always zero.
is a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(a) A (b) B
(B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is (c) C (d) D
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I. 140. Statement–1: A solid sphere is rolling on a rough horizontal
(C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False. surface. Accerleration of contact point is zero.
Statement–2: A solid sphere can rool on the smooth
(D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
surface.
135. Statement-I : The hard boiled egg and raw egg can be (a) A (b) B
distinguished on the basis of spinning of both.
(c) C (d) D
141. Statement–1: A sphere is performing pure rolling on a through centre of curvilinear motion

rough horizontal surface with constant angular velocity.
mass
Frictional force acting on the sphere is zero.
Statement–2: Velocity of contact point is zero. 146. A disc of radius R is rolling with angular velocity ,
angular acceleration  and linear acceleration a, along x–
(a) A (b) B
direction. There are 4 points A, B, C and D on the disc as
(c) C (d) D
shown.
142. Statement–1: A disc is rolling on a rough horizontal surface.
The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during A
perfect rolling is zero with respect to the ground.
Statement–2: The force of friction can help in achieving x
D B a
pure rolling condition.
(a) A (b) B C
(c) C (d) D
Column–I Column–II
143 Statement–1: A ring moving down on a smooth inclined
plane will be in slipping motion. (a) Acceleration of point A (p) a   R   R 
2 2 2
Statement–2: Work done by friction in pure rolling motion
is zero.
(b) Acceleration of point B (q) a  R 2  2 R 2
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(c) Acceleration of point C (r) a  R 2  2 R 2
144. Statement–1: Torque is equal to rate of change of angular
momentum.
(d) Acceleration of point D (s) a   R   R 
2 2 2
Statement–2: Angular momentum depends on the moment
of inertia and angular velocity. 147. In each situation of column–I, a uniform disc of mass m
(a) A (b) B and radius R rolls on a rough fixed horizontal surface as
shown. At t = 0 (initially) the angular velocity of disc is 0
(c) C (d) D
and velocity of centre of mass of disc is v0 (in horizontal
Match the following direction). The relation between v0 and 0 for each situation
145. In Column I information about the force(s) acting on a body and also initial sense of rotation is given for each situation
are mentioned, while in Column II information about the in column–I. The match the statements in Column–I with
motion of a body is given. Match the entries of Column II the corresponding results in column–II.
with the entries of Column I. Column–I Column–II
Column I Column II
(a) A single force throug (p) Rotational motion (a) (p) The angular momentum of
centre of mass v0 disc about point A remains
O conserved.
(b) Equal and opposite (q) Translational motion A
forces separated by
non-zero distance (b) (q) The kinetic energy of disc
(c) Equal and opposite (r) No motion after it starts rolling
v0 without slipping is less
forces acting at same O
than its initial kinetic enegy.
A
point
(d) A single force not (s) Centre of mass performs
151. A rigid body rotates about a fixed axis. Its angular velocity
is varibale and is given by  – t, where  and  are
(c) (r) In the duration disc rolls
constants and t is the time. The angle through which it
with slipping, the friction
v0
O acts on disc towards left. 2
rotates before coming to rest is given by    , where I is
A I
an integer. Find I.
(d) (s) In the duration disc rolls
152. The figure shows a thin ring of mass M = 1 kg and radius
with slipping, the friction
R = 0.4 splinning about a vertical diameter (Take I =
v0 acts on disc for sometime
O to right and for sometime 1 2
A MR ). A small bead of mass m = 0.2 kg can slide without
to left. 2
friction along the ring. When the bead is at the top fo the
ring, the angular velocity is 5 rad/s. What is the angular
Interger Type Questions
velocity when the bead slips halfway to the horizontal
148. A man whose mass is 75 kg holds the 25 kg mass. The ( = 45°).
platform on which the man is standing is suspended by
two ropes at A and two ropes at B. Determine the tension
in one of the ropes at A as shown in figure m
R
A B 153. A body rotating at 20 rad/s is acted upon by a constant
2
25 kg torque providing it a deceleration of 2 rad/s . At what time
will the body have kinetic energy same as the initial value
Man 75 kg
if the torque continues to act ?
1m 2m 154. If the square of the velocity of a body sliding down an
2 2
incline is 160 (m /sec ), find the approximate velocity of a
149. A smooth solid sphere of weight 1000 N is supported by ring of same mass at the bottom which rolls down this
2
incline (in m/sec) (g = 10 m/sec )
the light frame OAB as shown in figure. The frame is
hinged at O. Determine the reactions at A, B and C. 155. A uniform ring of mass m, radius R, and centre C lies at rest
on a smooth horizontal table. An impulse of mv 7 is given
to a point P on the circumference hroizontally to move in a
300 mm
direction at 60° to PC. Find the initial speed of point P
O (* × 10 m/sec).
156. A particle of mass m and velocity v0 is fired at a solid
600 mm
A C cylinder of mass M and radius R. The cylinder is initially
D = 300 mm
at rest and is mounted on a fixed horizontal axle that runs
through the centre of mass. The line of motion of the
B particle is perpendicular to the axle and at a distance d,
less than R, from the centre.
150. The angular velocity of the rotation of a disc as a function (a) Find the angular speed of the system just after the
of time is given by  = 2 + 6t. The disc is homogeneous particle strikes and sticks to the surface of the cylinder.
with a radius 0.2 m and mass 5 kg. It rotates around an axis (b) Is mechanical energy conserved in this process ?
passing through its cnetre. Find the tangential force Explain your answer.
applied to the rim of the disc (in N).
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Only one correct answer) (a) is zero (b) remains constant

1. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating about (c) goes on increasing (d) goes on decreasing
its axis with a constant angular velocity . Two objects
each of mass m, are attached gently to the opposite ends 6. A cubical block of side a moving with velocity v on a
of a diameter of the ring. The wheel now rotates with an horizontal smooth plane as shown. It hits a ridge at point
angular velocity : (IIT-JEE 1983) O. The angular speed of the block after it hits O is :
(IIT-JEE 1999)
(a) M/ (M + m) (b) (M – 2m)/ (M +2m)
(c) M/ (M +2m) (d) (M +2m)/ M a
2. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making
an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of the v
angular momentum of the projectile about the point of
projection when the particle is at its maximum height h is: O
(IIT-JEE 1990)
(a) 3v/ 4a (b) 3v/ 2a
(a) zero (b) mv3/ (4 2 g)
(c) 3 / 2a (d) zero
3 3
(c) mv /( 2 g) (d) m 2 gh
7. A smooth sphere A is moving on a frictionless horizontal
3. A tube of length L is filled completely with an plane with angular velocity  and centre of mass velocity
incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both the v. It collides elastically and head on with an identical sphere
ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane about B at rest. Neglect friction everywhere. After the collision
one of its ends with a uniform angular velocity . The force
their angular speeds are A and B respectively. Then :
exerted by the liquid at the other end is :
(IIT-JEE 1999)
(IIT-JEE 1992)
(a) A < B (b) A = B
M 2 L (c) A =  (d) B = 
(a) (b) M L
2
8. A disc of mass M and radius R is rolling with angular
M 2 L M 2 L2 speed  on a horizontal plane as shown. The magnitude of
(c) (d)
4 2 angular momentum of the disc about the origin O is :
4. Two point masses of 0.3 kg and 0.7 kg are fixed at the ends (IIT-JEE 1999)
of a rod of length 1.4 m and of negligible mass. The rod is
set rotating about an axis perpendicular to its length with a Y
uniform angular speed. The point on the rod through which
the axis should pass in order that the work required for
rotation of the rod is minimum, is located at a distance of : M
(IIT-JEE 1995)
(a) 0.42 m from mass of 0.3 kg O X
(b) 0.70 m from mass of 0.7 kg
1 2
(c) 0.98 m from mass of 0.3 kg (a)   MR  (b) MR2 
2
(d) 0.98 m from mass of 0.7 kg
5. A mass m is moving with a constant velocity along a line 3 2
parallel to the x-axis, away from the origin. Its angular (c)   MR  (d) 2 MR2 
2
 
momentum with respect to the origin :
9. An equilateral triangle ABC formed from a uniform wire L3 L3

has two small identical beads initially located at A. The (a) (b)
8 2 16  2
triangle is set rotating about the vertical axis AO. Then the
beads are released from rest simultaneously and allowed 5 L3 3 L3
to slide down, one along AB and other along AC as shown. (c) (d)
16  2 8 2
Neglecting frictional effects, the quantities that are
conserved as beads slides down are : (IIT-JEE 2000) 12. A cylinder rolls up an inclined plane, reaches some height
and then rolls down (without slipping throughout these
A motions). The directions of the frictional force acting on
the cylinder are : (IIT-JEE 2002)
g (a) up the incline while ascending and down the incline
while descending.
(b) up the incline while ascending as well as
descending
(c) down the incline while ascending and up the incline
while descending.
B C
O (d) down the incline while ascending as well as
descending
(a) angular velocity and total energy (kinetic and
potential) 13. A circular platform is free to rotate in a horizontal plane
about a vertical axis passing through its centre. A tortoise
(b) total angular momentum and total energy is sitting at the edge of the platform. Now the platform is
(c) angular velocity and moment of inertia about the axis given an angular velocity 0. When the tortoise move along
of rotation a chord of the platform with a constant velocity (with
(d) total angular momentum and moment of inertia about respect to the platform). The angular velocity of the platform
the axis of rotation. (t) will vary with time t as : (IIT-JEE 2002)
10. A cubical block of side L rests on a rough horizontal surface
with coefficient of friction . A horizontal force F is applied
on the block as shown. If the coefficient of friction is
sufficiently high, so that the block does not slide before (a) (b)
toppling, the minimum force required to topple the block is:
(IIT-JEE 2000) t t
F
L
(c) (d)
(a) infinitesimal (b) mg/4 t t
(c) mg/2 (d) mg (1–) 14. Consider a body, shown in figure, consisting of two
identical balls, each of mass M connected by a light rigid
11. A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass density  rod. If an impulse J = Mv is imparted to the body at one of its
is bent into a circular loop with centre at O as shown. The end, what would be its angular velocity ? (IIT-JEE 2003)
moment of inertia of the loop about the axis XX is :
(IIT-JEE 2000) L
M M
X X'
90°
O J = Mv
(a) v/L (b) 2v/L

(c) v/3L (d) v/4L
15. A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. About which 20. A small object of uniform density rolls up a curved surface

point on the plane of the circle, will the angular momentum with an initial velocity v. It reaches up to a maximum height
of the particle remain conserved ? (IIT-JEE 2004) of 3v2/4g with respect to the initial position. The object
is : (IIT-JEE 2007)
(a) Centre of circle
(b) On the circumference of the circle
(c) Inside the circle
(d) Outside the circle
16. A disc is rolling (with slipping) on a horizontal surface. C is its V
centre & Q & P are two points equidistant from C. Let vP, vQ,
vC be the magnitude of velocities of points P, Q & C
respectively, then : (IIT-JEE 2004) (a) ring (b) solid sphere
(c) hollow sphere (d) disc
Q
21. During paddling of a bicycle, the force of friction exerted
C
P
by the ground on the two wheels is such that it acts
(IIT-JEE 1990)
(a) in the backward direction on the front wheel and in the
(a) vQ > vC > vP (b) vQ < vC < vP forward direction on the rear wheel
(b) in the forward direction on the front wheel and in the
1 backward direction on the rear wheel
(c) vQ = vP, vC = v (d) vQ < vC > vP
2 P (c) in the backward direction on both the front and the
17. A child is standing with folded hands at the centre of a rear wheels
platform rotating about its central axis. The kinetic energy (d) in the forward direction on both the front and the rear
of the system is K. The child now stretches his arms so wheels
that the moment of inertia of the system doubles. The 22. A long horizontal rod has a bead which can slide along its
kinetic energy of the system now is : (IIT-JEE 2004) length and is initially placed at a distance L from one end
(a) 2K (b) K/2 A of the rod. The rod is set in angular motion about A
with a constant angular acceleration, . If the coefficient
(c) K/4 (d) 4K of friction between the rod and bead is , and gravity is
18. A particle moves in a circular path with decreasing speed. neglected, then the time after which the bead starts
Choose the correct statement : (IIT-JEE 2005) slipping is (IIT-JEE 2000)
(a) Angular momentum remains constant 

 (a) (b)
(b) Acceleration a  is towards the centre  
(c) Particle moves in a spiral path with decreasing radius 1
(d) The direction of angular momentum remains constant. (c)  (d) infinitesimal
19. A ball moves over a fixed track as shown in the figure.
23. A block of mass m is at rest under the action of force F
From A to B the ball rolls without slipping. If surface BC is
against a wall as shown in figure. Which of the following
frictionless and KA, KB and Kc are kinetic energies of the
statement is incorrect ? (IIT-JEE 2005)
ball at A, B and C respectively, then : (IIT-JEE 2006)
A C
F
hA hC
B (a) f = mg [where f is the frictional force]
(b) F = N [where N is the normal force]
(a) hA > hc; KB > Kc (b) hA > hc; Kc > KA
(c) F will not produce torque
(c) hA = hc; KB = Kc (d) hA < hc; KB > Kc
(d) N will not produce torque
24. If the resultant of all the external forces acting on a system this instant the distance of the other mass from O is

of particles is zero, then from an inertial frame, one can (2015)
surely say that
(a) linear momentum of the system does not change in time
(b) kinetic energy of the system does not change in time
25. A block of base 10 cm×10 cm and height 15 cm is kept on
an inclined plane. The coefficient of friction between them
2 1
is 3 . The inclination  of this inclined plane from the (a) R (b) R
3 3
horizontal plane is gradually increased from 0°. Then,
(IIT 2009) 3 4
(c) R (d) R
(a) at  = 30°, the block will start sliding down the plane 5 5
(b) the block will remain at rest on the plane up to certain 28. A uniform wooden stick of mass 1.6 kg and length l
 and then it will topple rests in an inclined manner on a smooth, vertical wall of
(c) at  = 60°, the block will start sliding down the plane height h (< l) such that a small portion of the stick extends
and continue to do so at higher angles. beyond the wall. The reaction force of the wall on the
(d) at  = 60°, the block will start sliding down the plane stick is perpendicular to the stick. The stick makes an
and on further increasing , it will topple at certain  angle of 30° with the wall and the bottom of the stick is
26. A wire, which passes through the hole in a small bead, is on a rough floor. The reaction of the wall on the stick is
bent in the form of quarter of a circle. The wire is fixed equal in magnitude to the reaction of the floor on the
vertically on ground as shown in the figure. The bead is stick. The ratio h/l and the frictional force f at the bottom
of the stick are (g = 10 m s–2) (2016)
released from near the top of the wire and it slides along
the wire without friction. As the bead moves from A to B, h 3 16 3 h 3 16 3
the force it applies on the wire is : (2014) (a)  , f  N (b)  , f  N
l 16 3 l 16 3
h 3 3 8 3 h 3 3 16 3
(c)  , f  N (d)  ,f  N
l 16 3 l 16 3
ASSERTION REASONS
(A) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true; Statement–II is
the correct explanation for Statement–I.
(a) always radially outwards.
(B) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true; Statement–II is
(b) always radially inwards. not a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(c) radially outwards initially and radially inwards later. (C) If Statement–I is true; Statement–II is false.
(d) radially inwards initially and radially outwards later. (D) If Statement–I is false; Statement–II is true.
27. A ring of mass M and radius R is rotating with angular 29. Statement–I : Two cylinders, one hollow (metal) and the
speed  about a fixed vertical axis passing through its other solid (wood) with the same mass and identical
dimensions are simultaneously allowed to roll without
M
centre O with two point masses each of mass at rest slipping down an inclined plane from the same height. The
8
hollow cylinder will reach the bottom of the inclined plane
at O. These masses can move radially outwards along first.
two massless rods fixed on the ring as shown in the figure.
Statement–II : By the principle of conservation of energy,
8 the total kinetic energies of the both the cylinders are
At some instant the angular speed of the system is 
9 identical when they reach the bottom of the incline.(2008)
3 (a) A (b) B
and one of the masses is at a distance of R from O. At
5 (c) C (d) D
COMPREHENSION
PASSAGE - 1 y
Two discs A and B are mounted coaxially on a vertical axle.
The discs have moments of inertial I and 2I respectively
about the common axis. Disc A is imparted an initial angular
velocity 2 using the entire potential energy of a spring
d
compressed by a distance x1. Disc B is imparted an angular
velocity  by a spring having the same spring constant R v0
and compressed by a distance x2. Both the discs rotate in
the clockwise direction. x
x1 33. The net external force acting on the disk when its centre
30. The ratio is (IIT-JEE 2007) of mass is at displacement x with respect to its equilibrium
x2
position is (IIT-JEE 2008)
(a) 2 (b) 1/2 (a) – kx (b) – 2kx
(c) 2 (d) 1 / 2  kx 4 kx
31. When disc B is brought in contact with disc A, they acquire (c)  (d) 
3 3
a common angular velocity in time t. The average frictional
34. The centre of mass of the disk undergoes simple harmonic
torque on one disc by the other during this period is
motion with angular frequency  equal to (IIT-JEE 2008)
(IIT-JEE 2007)
2 I 9 I k 2k
(a) (b)
(a) 3 t (b) 2 t M M
2k 4k
9 I 3 I (c) 3 M (d) 3 M
(c) 4 t (d) 2 t
35. The maximum value of v0 for which the disk will roll without
32. The loss of kinetic energy during the above process is :
slipping is (IIT-JEE 2008)
(IIT-JEE 2007)
I 2 I 2 M M
(a) (b) (a) g (b) g 2 k
2 3 k
I 2 I 2
(c) (d)
4 6 3M 5M
(c) g (d) g 2 k
PASSAGE - 2 k
A uniform thin cylindrical disk of mass M and radius R is PARAGRAPH 1
attached to two identical massless springs of spring A frame of reference that is accelerated with respect to an
constant k which are fixed to the wall as shown in the inertial frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of
figure. The springs are attached to the axle of the disk reference. A coordinate system fixed on a circular disc
diammetrically on either side at a distance d from its centre. rotating about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity
The axle is massless and both the springs and the axle are in  is an example of a non-inertial frame of reference. The

a horizontal plane. The unstretched length of each spring relationship between the force Frot experienced by a
is L. The disk is initially at its equilibrium position with its particle of mass m moving on the rotating disc and the
centre of mass (CM) at a distance L from the wall. The 
force Fin experienced by the particle in an inertial frame of
 
disk rolls without slipping with velocity v 0  v 0 î . The reference is
coefficient of friction is .       
Frot  Fin  2m  v rot    m   r   
 after collision. Denoting angular velocity (about the

where vrot is the velocity of the particle in the rotating
 centre of mass), total energy and centre of mass velocity
frame of reference and r is the position vector of the by , E and vc respectively, we have after collision
particle with respect to the centre of the disc.
(IIT-JEE 1991)
Now consider a smooth slot along a diameter of a disc of
radius R rotating counter-clockwise with a constant 2m
angular speed  about its vertical axis through its center. v
We assign a coordinate system with the origin at the center
c
of the disc, the x-axis along the slot, the y-axis
perpendicular to the slot and the z-axis along the rotation 2v

 
axis   k̂ . A small block of mass m is gently placed in m
a 2a

the slot at r   R / 2  î at t = 0 and is constrained to move
3v
only along the slot. (a) vC = 0 (b)  
5a
v 3
(c)   (d) E  mv 2
5a 5

39. The torque  on a body a bout a given point is found to
   
be equal to A  L, where A is a constant vector and L is
angular momentum of the body about that point. From
this it follows that (IIT-JEE 1998)
dL 
36. The distance r of the block at time t is (a) is perpendicular to L at all instants of time
dt
R R 2 t  
(a)
2
cos2t (b)
4

e  e 2 t  (b) the component of L in the direction of A does not
change with time

R R t (c) The magnitude of L does not change with time
(c)
2
cos t (d)
4

e  e t  
(d) L does not change with time
37. The net reaction of the disc on the block is 40. A solid sphere is in pure rolling motion on an inclined
(a) m R sin t ˆj  mg kˆ
2 surface having inclination  (IIT-JEE 2006)
(b) – m2 R cos t ˆj  mg kˆ
1 2 t
(c) m  R e  e
2

t ˆ

j  mg kˆ
1 2 2 t
(d) m  R e  e
2

2 t ˆ
j  mg kˆ (a) frictional force acting on sphere is f =  mg cos 
(b) f is dissipative force
OBJECTIVE QUESTION (One or more than one correct answer)
(c) friction will increase its angular velocity and decrease
38. Uniform bar of length 6 a and mass 8 m lies on a smooth its linear velocity
horizontal table. Two point masses m and 2 m moving in
(d) If  decreases, friction will decrease
the same horizontal plane with speed 2v and v respectively,
strike the bar [as shown in the figure] and stick to the bar
41. A small ball starts moving from A over a fixed track as (c) The magnitude of angular momentum of center of

shown in the figure. Surface AB has friction. From A to B mass of the assembly about the point O is 81 ma2
the ball rolls without slipping. Surface BC is frictionless (d) The center of mass of the assembly rotates about
KA, KB and KC are kinetic energies of the ball at A, B and C the z-axis with an angular speed of /5

respectively. Then (2006) 44. The position vector r of a particle of mass m is given
by the following equation

r  t   t 3 î   t 2 ˆj
where  =10/3 m s–3 ,  = 5 m s–2 and m = 0.1 kg. At t =1
s, which of the following statement(s) is(are) true about
the particle? (2016)
(a) hA > hC; KB > KC (b) hA > hC; KC > KA

(c) hA = hC; KB = KC (d) hA < hC; KB > KC (a) The velocity v is given by v  10 i  
ˆ  10 ˆj ms 1
42. A sphere is rolling without slipping on a fixed horizontal 
(b) The angular momentum L with respect to the origin
plane surface. In the fig., A is the point of contact. B is 
the centre of the sphere and C is its topmost point. Then, is given by L = – (5/3) k̂ N m s
(IIT 2009)  

(c) The force F is given by F  î  2ˆj N 
C

(d) The torque  with respect to the origin is given by

B   (20 / 3)kˆ Nm
45. Consider a body of mass 1.0 kg at rest at the origin at

time t = 0. A force F =  ti+B j is applied on the body,,
A
       
 
(a) v C  v A  2 v B  v C  (b) v C  v B  v B  v A
where  = 1.0 Ns -1 and  = 1.0 N The torque acting
       
(c) | v C  v A |  2 | v B  v C | (d) | v C  v A |  4 | v B | on the body about the origin at time t = 1.0 s is  .
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
43. Two thin circular discs of mass m and 4m, having radii (2018)
of a and 2a, respectively, are rigidly fixed by massless,
 1
rigid rod of length l  24 a through their centers. (a)  = Nm
3
This assembly is laid on a firm and flat surface, and set 
(b) The torque  is in the direction of the unit vector +
rolling without slipping on the surface so that the angular
speed about the axis of the rod is . The angular k
momentum of the entire assembly about the point ‘O’ is (c) The velocity of the body at t = 1 s is
  1
L (see the figure). Which of the following statement(s)
is(are) true? (2016) 2

v  iˆ  2 ˆj ms 1 
(d) The magnitude of displacement of the body at t = 1
1
s is m
6
FILL IN THE BLANKS
46. A uniform cube of side a and mass m rests on a rough
horizontal table. A horizontal force F is applied normal to
one of the faces at a point that is directly above the centre
 of the face, at a height 3a/4 above the base. The minimum
(a) The magnitude of the z-component of L is 55 ma2
value of F for which the cube begins to tip about the edge
(b) The magnitude of angular momentum of the assembly is ............... (Assume that the cube does not slide).
about its center of mass is 17 ma2 /2 (IIT-JEE 1984)
47. A smooth uniform rod of length L and mass M has two The angular acceleration in both the cases will be the

identical beads of negligible size, each of mass m, which same. (IIT-JEE 1985)
can slide freely along the rod. Initially the two beads are at
the centre of the rod and the system is rotating with an
angular velocity 0 about an axis perpendicular to the rod
and passing through the mid–point of the rod (see figure).
There are no external forces. When the beads reach the A C B
ends of the rod, the angular velocity of the system is
F
.............. (IIT-JEE 1988)
53. A thin uniform circular disc of mass M and radius R is

L/2 L/2 rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing through
its centre and perpendicular to its plane with an angular
velocity . Another disc of the same dimensions but of mass
48. A cylinder of mass M and radius R is resting on a horizontal
M/4 is placed gently on the first disc coaxially. The angular
platform (which is parallel to the x–y plane) with its axis
fixed along the y–axis and free to rotate about its axis. The velocity of the system now is 2 / 5 . (IIT-JEE 1986)
platform is given a motion in the x–direction given by
x = A cos (t). There is no slipping between the cylinder 54. A ring of mass 0.3 kg and radius 0.1 m and a solid cylinder
and platform. The maximum torque acting on the cylinder of mass 0.4 kg and of the same radius are given the same
during its motion is .............. (IIT-JEE 1988) kinetic energy and released simultaneously on a flat
49. A stone of mass m, tied to the end of a string, is whirled horizontal surface such that they begin to roll as soon as
around in a horizontal circle. (Neglect the force due to released towards a wall which is at the same distance from
gravity). The length of the string is reduced gradually the ring and the cylinder. The rolling friction in both cases
keeping the angular momentum of the stone about the is negligible. The cylinder will reach the wall first.
centre of the circle of the circle constant. Then, the tension (IIT-JEE 1989)
in the string is given by T = Arn, where A is a constant, r is ANALYTICAL & DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
the instantaneous radius of the circle. Then n = .............. 55. A particle is projected at time t = 0 from a point P on the
(IIT-JEE 1993)
ground with a speed v0, at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
50. A uniform disc of mass m and radius R is rolling up a Find the magnitude and direction of the angular momentum
rough inclined plane which makes an angle of 30° with the of the particle about P at time
horizontal. If the coefficients of static and kinetic friction
t = v0/g. (IIT-JEE 1984)
are each equal to  and the only forces acting are
gravitational and frictional, then the magnitude of the 56. A small sphere rolls down without slipping from the top of
frictional force acting on the disc is ............... and its a track in a vertical plane. The track has an elevated section
direction is .............. (write up or down) the inclined plane. and a horizontal part. The horizontal part is 1.0 m above
(IIT-JEE 1997C) the ground level and the top of the track is 2.6 m above the
ground. Find the distance on the ground with respect to
51. A rod of weight W is supported by two parallel knife edges
the point B (which is vertically below the end of the track as
A and B and is in equilibrium in a horizontal position. The
shown in figure) where the sphere lands. During its flight
knives are at a distance d from each other. The centre of
as a projectile, does the sphere continue to rotate about its
mass of the rod is at distance x from A. The normal reaction
on A is ............. and on B is .............. (IIT-JEE 1997) centre of mass ? Explain. (IIT-JEE 1987)
TRUE/FALSE
52. A triangular plate of uniform thickness and density is made
to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
paper and 2.6 m A
(a) passing through A,
1.0 m
(b) passing through B, by the application of the same
force, F, at C (mid–point of AB) as shown in the figure. B
57. A thin uniform bar lies on a frictionless horizontal surface velocity such that the block X starts moving up the plane.

and is free to move in any way on the surface. Its mass is (IIT-JEE 1994)
0.16 kg and length is 3 m. Two particles, each of mass Y
0.08 kg are moving on the same surface and towards the
bar in a direction perpendicular to the bar one with a X
velocity of 10 m/s, and the other with 6 m/s, as shown in
figure. The first particle strikes the bar at points A and the 30°
other at point B.
10 m/s A
(a) Find the tension in the string during the motion.
(b) At a certain instant of time the magnitude of the
angular velocity of Y is 10 rad s–1. Calculate the
B
distance travelled by X from that instant of time untill
6 m/s
it comes to rest.
Points A and B are at a distance of 0.5 m from the centre of 61. Two uniform rods A and B of length 0.6 m each and of
the bar. The particles strike the bar at the same instant of masses 0.01 kg and 0.02 kg respectively are rigidly joined
time and stick to the bar on collision. Calculate the loss of
end to end. The combination is pivoted at the lighter end,
kinetic energy of the system in the above collison process.
(IIT-JEE 1989) P as shown in figure. Such that it can freely rotate about
58. A carpet of mass M made of inextensible material is rolled point P in a vertical plane. A small object of mass 0.05 kg,
along its length in the form of a cylinder of radius R and is moving horizontally, hits the lower end of the combination
kept on a rough floor. The carpet starts unrolling without and sticks to it. What should be the velocity of the object,
sliding on the floor when a negligibly small push is given so that the system could just be raised to the horizontal
to it. Calculate the horizontal velocity of the axis of the
position. (IIT-JEE 1994)
cylindrical part of the carpet when its radius reduces to R/2.
(IIT-JEE 1990) P
59. A homogeneous rod AB of length L = 1.8 m and mass M is
pivoted at the centre O in such a way that it can rotate A
freely in the vertical plane (figure). The rod is initially in
the horizontal position. An insect S of the same mass M
falls vertically with speed v on the point C, midway B
between the points O and B. Immediately after falling, the
insect moves towards the end B such that the rod rotates
with a constant angular velocity . (IIT-JEE 1992)
62. A rectangular rigid fixed block has a long horizontal edge.
S
A solid homogeneous cylinder of radius R is placed
v horizontally at test with its length parallel to the edge
such that the axis of the cylinder and the edge of the
×
block are in the same vertical plane as shown in figure.
A O C B
L/2 L/4 L/4
There is sufficient friction present at the edge, so that a
very small displacement causes the cylinder to roll off
(a) Determine the angular velocity  in terms of v and L. the edge without slipping. Determine: (IIT-JEE 1995)
(b) If the insect reaches the end B when the rod has turned
through an angle of 90°, determine v.
60. A block X of mass 0.5 kg is held by a long massless string
on a frictionless inclined plane of inclination 30° to the R
horizontal. The string is wound on a uniform solid
cylindrical drum Y of mass 2 kg and of radius 0.2 m as
shown in figure. The drum is given an initial angular
(a) the angle c through which the cylinder rotates before as a function of time and the total work done by it

it leaves contact with the edge, over a time t much longer than t0.
(b) The speed of the center of mass of the cylinder before 65. A uniform circular disc has radius R and mass m. A particle,
leaving contact with the edge and also of mass m, is fixed at a point A on the edge of the disc
(c) The ratio of the translational to rotational kinetic as shown in the figure. The disc can rotate freely about a
energies of the cylinder when its centre of mass is in horizontal chord PQ that is at a distance R/4 from the
centre C of the disc. The line AC is perpendicular to PQ.
horizontal line with the edge.
63. Two thin circular discs of mass 2 kg and radius 10 cm each A
are joined by a rigid massless rod of length 20 cm. The axis
of the rod is along the perpendicular to the planes of the R
disc through their centres. This object is kept on a truck in C R/4
such a way that the axis of the object is horizontal and P Q
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the truck. It
friction with the floor of the truck is large enough, so that Initially the disc is held vertical with the point A at its
the object can roll on the truck without slipping. Take highest position. It is then allowed to fall, so that it starts
x–axis as the direction of motion of the truck and z–axis as rotation about PQ. Find the linear speed of the particle as
the vertically upwards direction. If the truck has an it reaches its lowest position. (IIT-JEE 1998)
acceleration 9 m/s2, calculate (IIT-JEE, 1997) 66. A man pushes a cylinder of mass m1 with the help of a
plank of mass m2 as shown. There is no slipping at any
contact. The horizontal component of the force applied
by the man is F. Find : (IIT-JEE 1999)
O
F m2
20cm m1
(a) the force of friction on each disc and
(b) the magnitude and direction of the frictional torque (a) the acceleration of the plank and the centre of mass
acting on each disc about the centre of mass O of the of the cylinder and
object. Express the torque in the vector form in terms (b) the magnitudes and directions of frictional forces at
contact points.
of unit vectors î , ĵ and k̂ in x, y and z–directions.
67. A rod AB of mass M and length L is lying on a horizontal
64. A uniform disc of mass m and radius R is projected frictionless surface. A particle of mass m travelling along
horizontally with velocity v0 on a rough horizontal floor, the surface hits the end A of the rod with a velocity v0 in a
so that it starts off with a purely sliding motion at t = 0. direction perpendicular to AB. The collision is elastic. After
After t0 seconds, it acquires purely rolling motion as shown the collision the particle comes to rest. (IIT-JEE 2000)
in figure. (IIT-JEE 1997) (a) Find the ratio m/M.
(b) A point P on the rod is at rest immediately after
collision. Find the distance AP.
v0 (c) Find the linear speed of the point P a time L/3v0 after
the collision.
t = 0 t = t0 68. Two heavy metallic plates are joined together at 90° to
each other. A laminar sheet of mass 30 kg is hinged at the
(a) Calculate the velocity of the centre of mass of the line AB joining the two heavy metallic plates. The hinges
disc at t0. are frictionless. The moment of inertia of the laminar sheet
about an axis parallel to AB and passing through its centre
(b) Assuming the coefficient of friction to be , calculate
of mass is 1.2 kg–m2. Two rubber obstacles P and Q are
t0. Also calculate the work done by the frictional force
fixed, one on each metallic plate at a distance 0.5 m from 70. A solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls without

the line AB. This distance is chosen, so that the reaction due slipping on an inclined plane inclined at an angle . Find
to the hinges on the laminar sheet is zero during the impact. the linear acceleration of the cylinder. (IIT-JEE 2005)
71. Four solid spheres each of diameter 5 cm and mass 0.5 kg
A
are placed with their centres at the corners of a square of
side 4 cm. The moment of inertia of the system about the
Q –4 2
diagonal of the square is N × 10 kg m , then N is.
(IIT-JEE 2011)
B 72. A boy is pushing a ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m with a
stick as shown in the figure. The stick applies a force of 2 N
on the ring and rolls it without slipping with an acceleration
2
of 0.3 m/s . The coefficient of friction between the ground
Initially the laminar sheet hits one of the obstacles with an and the ring is large enough that rolling always occurs and
angular velocity 1 rad/s and turns back. If the impulse on the coefficient of friction between the stick and the ring is
the sheet due to each obstacle is 6N –s. (IIT-JEE 2001)
P
(a) Find the location of the centre of mass of the laminar   . The value of P is. (IIT-JEE 2011)
 10 
sheet from AB.
(b) At what angular velocity does the laminar sheet come
back after the first impact ?
(c) After how many impact, does the laminar sheet come
to rest ?
69. Three particles A, B and C, each of mass m, are connected
to each other by three massless rigid rods to form a rigid
equilateral triangular body of side l. This body is placed
on a horizontal frictionless table (x – y plane) and is hinged 73. A uniform circular disc of mass 50 kg and radius 0.4 m is
to it at the point A, so that it can move without friction
rotating with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s about its own
about the vertical axis through A (see figure). The body is
axis, which is vertical. Two uniform circular rings, each of
set into rotational motion on the table about A with a
mass 6.25 kg and radius 0.2 m, are gently placed
constant angular velocity . (IIT-JEE 2002)
symmetrically on the disc in such a manner that they are
y touching each other along the axis of the disc and are
A x
horizontal. Assume that the friction is large enough such
that the rings are at rest relative to the disc and the system
rotates about the original axis. The new angular velocity
–1
(in rad s ) of the system is (IIT-JEE 2013)
74. Two identical ladders are arranged as shown in the figure.
Mass of each ladder is M and length L. They system is in
F B C equilibrium. Find direction and magnitude of frictional force
acting at A or B. (2005)
(a) Find the magnitude of the horizontal force exerted by
the hinge on the body. P
(b) At time T, when the side BC is parallel to the x–axis, a
L
force F is applied on B along BC (as shown). Obtain
m
the x–component and the y–component of the force
exerted by the hinge on the body, immediately after A B
time T.
75. A horizontal circular platform of radius 0.5 m and mass 77. The densities of two solid spheres A and B of the same

0.45 kg is free to rotate about its axis. Two massless spring
r
toy-guns, each carrying a steel ball of mass 0.05 kg are radii R vary with radial r as A (r)  k   and
R
attached to the platform at a distance 0.25 m from the centre
on its either sides along its diameter (see figure). Each gun 5
 r
simultaneously fires the balls horizontally and B (r)  k   , respectively, where k is a constant. The
perpendicular to the diameter in opposite directions. After R
leaving the platform, the ball have horizontal speed of 9 moments of inertia of the individual spheres about axes
ms–1 with respect to the ground. The rotational speed of passing through their centres are IA and IB, respectively.
the platform in rad s–-1 after the balls leave the platform is IB n
(2014) If I  10 , the value of n is : (2015)
A
78. Two identical uniform discs roll without slipping on two
different surfaces AB and CD (see figure) starting at A
and C with linear speeds v1 and v2, respectively, and always
remain in contact with the surfaces. If they reach B and D
with the same linear speed and v1 = 3 m/s then v2 in m/s is
(g = 10 m/s2) (2015)
76. A uniform circular disc of mass 1.5 kg and radius 0.5 m is
initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless furface. Three
forces of equal magnitude F= 0.5 N are applied
simultaneously along the three sides of an equilateral
triangle XYZ with its vertices on the perimeter of the disc
(see figure). One second after applying the forces, the
angular speed of the disc in rad s–1 is (2014)
79. A ring and a disc are initially at rest, side by side, at the
top of an inclined plane which makes an angle 60 o with
the horizontal. They start to roll without slipping at the
same instant of time along the shortest path. If the time
difference between their reaching the ground is
 2 - 3  s, then the height of the top of the inclined plane,
10
in metres, is ______. Take g = 10 ms–2. (2018)

ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a)
10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d)
28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (a)
46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (c)
55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b)
64. (c) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (d) 70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (c)
73. (a) 74. (b)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c)
10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b)
28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a, c) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (b)
37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (b)
46. (a) 47. (a)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a)

10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c)
28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c)
37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (c)
46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (a)
55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61.(c) 62. (a) 63. (b)
64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b)
73. (b) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b) 81. (d)
82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (d) 88. (a) 89. (d) 90. (a)
91. (a) 92. (d) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (d)
100. (c) 101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (a, b) 105. (b, c) 106. (a,b,c,d) 107. (a, c, d)
108. (a, b, c) 109. (a, b, d) 110. (b, c, d) 111. (a, d) 112. (a, c, d)
113. (a, b) 114. (c, d) 115. (b, d) 116. (a,b,c,d) 117. (b, c, d) 118. (a, b, d)
119. (a, b, c) 120. (c) 121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125. (a) 126. (b) 127. (a)
128. (a) 129. (b) 130. (d) 131. (c) 132. (b) 133. (c) 134. (b) 135. (c) 136. (a)
137. (c) 138. (d) 139. (d) 140. (d) 141. (b) 142. (b) 143. (b) 144. (b)
145. (A  Q; B  P; C  R; D  P, Q, S) 146. (A  Q); (B  S); (C  R); (D  P)
 1000 500 
147. (A  P, Q, R); (B  P, Q, R); (C  P, Q); (D  P, Q, R) 148.  R A  N, R B  N
 3 3 
1000 1000
149. ( R A  N, R C  N, R B  1000 N ) 150. (0003) 151. (0002) 152. ( = 3.6 rad/s)
3 3
mv 0 d
153. (20 s) 154. (0009) 155. (0002) 156. (a)   , (b) No
1 2
R M  2m 
2
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b)

10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d)
28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (d)
37. (c) 38. (a, c, d) 39. (a, b, c) 40. (c, d) 41. (a, b) 42. (b, c) 43. (b,d ) 44. (a,b,d) 45. (a, c)
2 M0 1 2 mg dx xW
46. mg 47. M  6 m 48. MRA 49. –3 50. , up 51.   W, 52. False 53. False
3 3 6  d  d
mv 30
54. False 55. in a direction perpendicular to paper inwards. 56. 2.13 m, yes 57. 2.72 J
2 2g
14 Rg 12 v
58. v  59. (a) , (b) 3.5 ms–1 60. (a) 1.63 N, (b) 1.22 m 61. 6.3 m/s
3 7L
4 4 gR
62. (a)   cos
1
7
, (b)
7
, (c) 6    
63. (a) 6 î , (b) 0.6 k̂  ĵ , 0.6  ĵ  k̂ , 0.85 N–m
v0 2
2
64. (a) v 0 , (b) 3 g , For t < t0, Wf =
m gt
3 gt  2v 0 ,  mv 0 65. 5 gR
3 2 6
4F 8F 3 Fm1 Fm1 1 2 v0
66.(a) a CM  3m  8m , a plank  3m  8m , (b) 3m  8m , 3m  8m 67. (a) , (b) L , (c)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 2
F 2
68. (a) 0.1 m, (b) 1 rad/s, (c) sheet will never come to rest 69. (a) 3 m2 , (b) Fnet x  , Fnet y  3 m2 70. g sin 
4 3
Mm
71. 0009 72.0004 73. 0008 74. f    g cot  75. (0004) 76. (0002) 77. (0006)
 2 
78. (0007) 79. 0.75
Dream on !!

05
GRAVITATION
GRAVITATION 213
Gravitation
1. INTRODUCTION
The constitutents of the universe are galaxy, stars, planets, Where  r̂12  is a unit vector drawn from particle m1 to
comets, asteriods, meteroids. The force which keeps them
particle m2.
bound together is called gravitational force. Gravitation is

a nature phenomenon by which material objects attract  
Similarly, the force F12 exerted on particle m1 by particle
towards one another.
m2 is given by
In 1687 A.D. English Physicist, Sir Isaac Netwon published
principia Mathematica, which explains the inverse-square  mm
F12   G 1 2 2  rˆ12  ...(ii)
law of gravitation. r
2. NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION Where  r̂12  is a unit vector drawn from particle m1 to
2. 1 Defintion particle m2
Every particle of matter attracts every other particle of From (i) and (ii)
matter with a force which is directly proportional to the  
 F12  F21
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
3. UNIVERSAL CONSTANT OF GRAVITATION
Fr 2
Universal gravitation constant is given as, G =
m1 m 2
Suppose that, m1 = m2 = 1, and r = 1 then G = F

2.2 Mathematical Form  Universal gravitation constant is numerically equal to the
force of attraction between two unit masses placed at unit
If m1 and m2 are the masses of the particles and r is the
distance apart.
distance between them, the force of attraction F between
the particles is given by 3.1 Unit
m1m 2 2
F newton  metre  Nm2
r2 SI unit : 2
=
 kilogram  kg 2
m1m 2
 F G CGS Unit : dyne cm /gm
2 2
r2
Where G is the universal constant of gravitation. 3.2 Value of G
–11 2 2
2.3 Vector Form G = 6.67 × 10 Nm /kg
Dimensions of G
In vector form, Newton’s law of gravitation is represented

 
in the following manner. The force F21 exerted on particle
[G] =
 F  r 2 
=
 M1L1T 2   M 0 L2 T 0 
m2 by particle m1 is given by,  m1m2   M 2 L0 T 0 
 mm
–1
= [M L T ]
3 –2
F21   G 1 2 2  ˆr12  ...(i)

r
GRAVITATION 214
GM
gh  ...(ii)
 2
R  h
1. The gravitational force is independent of the intervening
Dividing eq (ii) by eq (i), we get,
medium.
2. The gravtional force is a conservative force. gh R2

3. The force exerted by the first particle on the second is g  R  h 2
exactly equal and opposite to the force exerted by the
second particle on the first.
 R2 
4. The gravitational force between two particles act along  gh   2
g
the line joining the two particles and they from an action-   R  h  
reaction pair.
4.2 Acceleration due to gravity at a very small height
4. VARIATION IN ‘g’ 2
Rh
gh  g  
4.1 The Acceleration due to Gravity at a height h above  R 
the Earth’s surface 2
 h
 g 1  
Let M and R be the mass and radius of the earth and g be  R
the acceleratio due to gravity at the earth’s surface.
Suppose that a body of mass m is placed on the surface of  2h h 2 
the earth.  g 1   2 ........ 
 R R 
The weight ‘mg’ of the body is equal to the gravitational
If h << R, then neglecting high power’s of ‘h’ we get,
force acting on it.
 2h 
GMm g h  g 1  
 mg   R 
R2
4.3 Effect of depth on a acceleration due to Gravity
GM
 g 2 ...(i) Also g in terms of 
R
Now suppose that the body is raised to a height h, above GM
g
the earth’s surface, the weight of the body is now mgh and R2
GMm If  is density of the material of earth, then
the gravitational force acting on it is 2
R  h 4 3
M R 
3
4
G  R 3
 g 3
R2
4
 g GR ...(i)
3
Let gd be acceleration due to gravity at the point B at a
depth x below the surface of earth. A body at the point B
will experience force only due to the portion of the earth of
radius OB (R – d). The outer spherical shell, whose
GMm
mg h  thickness is d, will not exert any force on body at point B.
 2
R  h  Because it will acts as a shell and point is inside.
GRAVITATION 215
2
g A  g’ = g – r cos
Now, r = R cos  (where R is the radius of the earth)
g' B d 2
Then g’ = g – (R cos )  cos 
R M 2 2
 g’ = g – R cos 
R–d
M' The effective acceleration due to gravity at a point ‘P’ is
O given by,
2 2
g’ = g – R cos .
Thus value of ‘g’ changes with ‘’ and ‘’
1. At poles,
 = 90,
2 2
4 3 g’ = g – R  cos 90.
Now, M   R  x 
3 g’ = g
This is maximum acceleration due to gravity.
4
or gd  G  R  d   ...(ii) 2. At equator
3
= 0,
Dividing the equation (ii) by (i), we have 2 2
g’ = g – R cos 0
2
4 g’ = g – R
G  R  d    d
gd 3 R d
  or g d  g 1   ...(iii) This is minimum acceleration due to gravity.
g 4 R  R
GR
3
Therefore, the value of acceleration due to gravity

decreases with depth. The variation of acceleration due to gravity according to
the depth and the height from the earth’s surface can be
4.4 Variation of ‘g’with latitude due to Rotational motion of Earth
expressed with help of following graph.
2
Due to the rotational of the earth the force mr cos  acts
radially outwards. Hence the net force of attraction exerted
by the earth of the particle and directed towards the centre A
of the earth is given by g' Ou
h
art
2 t si
mg’ = mg – mr cos
h ee de
t
where g’ is the value of the acceleration due to gravity at et he
sid ea
rth
the point P. In
B
O depth altitude
R
r P
5. SATELLITE
R mg
R
5.1 Definition
Any smaller body which revolves around another larer

body under the influence of its gravitation is called a
satellite. The satellite may be natural or artificial.
1. The moon which revolves around the earth, is a satellite
of the earth. There are sixteen satellites revolving around
the planet Jupiter. These satellite are called natural
satellites.
GRAVITATION 216
2. A satellite made and launched into circular orbit by man is 1. If the velocity of the projection is less than the critical
called an artificial satellite. The first satellite was launched velocity then the satellite moves in elliptical orbit, but the
by USSR named SPUTNIK–I and the first Indian satellite point of projection is apogee and int he orbit, the satellite
was ‘ARYABHATTA’. comes closer to the earth with its perigee point lying at
180°. If it enters the atmosphere while coming towards
5.2 Minimum two stage rocket is used to project
perigee it will loose energy and spirally comes down. If it
a satellite in a cirular orbit round a planet does not enters the atmosphere it will contiune to move in
Suppose that a single stage launching system (i.e. a rocket), elliptical orbit.
carrying satellite at its tip, is used to project the satellite 2. If the velocity of the projection is equal to the critical velocity
from the surface of the earth. When the fuel in the rocket then the satellite moves in circular orbit round the earth.
is ignited, the rocket begins to move upwards. The rocket 3. If the velocity of the projection is greater than the critical
attains maximum velocity when all the fule is exhausted. velocity but less than the escape velocity, then the satellite
1. If the maximum velocity attained by the rocket is equal to moves in elliptical orbit and its apoagee, or point of greatest
or greater than the escape velocity, the rocket overcomes distance from the earth, will be greater than projection
the eath’s gravitational influence and escapes into space height.
alogn with the satellite. 4. If the velocity of the projection is equals to the escape
3. If the maximum velocity attained by the rocket is less velocity, then the satellite moves in parabolic path.
escape velocity, the rocket cannot overcome the earth’s 5. It the velocity of the projection is greater than the escape
gravitational influence and both the rocket and the satellite velocity, then orbit will hyperbolic and will escape the
eventually fall on the earth’s surface due to gravity. gravitational pull of the earth and continue to travel
Thus a single stage rocket is unable to launch a satellite in infinitely.
a circular orbit round the earth. Therefore a launching
system (i.e. a rocket) having two or more stages must be 6. ORBITAL VELOCITY
used to launch a satellite in a circular orbit round the earth.
6.1 Definition
5.3 Different cases of Projection
The horizontal velocity with which a satellite must be
When a satellite is taken to some height above the earth projected from a point above the earth’s surface, so that it
and then projected in the horizontal direction, the following revolves in a circular orbit round the earth, is called the
four cases may occur, depending upon the magnitude of orbital velocity of the satellite.
the horizontal velocity.
6.2 An Expression for the Critical Velocity of
a Satellite revolving round the Earth
Suppose that a satellite of mass m is raised to a height h

above the earth’s surface and then projected in a horizontal
direction with the orbital velocity vc. The satellite begins
to move round the earth in a circular orbit of radius, R + h,
where R is the radius of the earth.
GRAVITATION 217
GMm
The gravitational force acting on the satellite is 2 ,
R  h
where M is the mass of the earth and G is the constant of
gravitation.
For circular motion,
Centrifugal force = Centripetal force
mvc2 GMm
  ,
 R  h   R  h 2
GM
GM  vc  ...(i)
vc  r
 R  h If T is the period of revolution of the satellite,
This expression gives the critical velocity of the satellite. circumference of orbit 2r
Period (T)  
From the expression, it is clear that the critical velocity critical velocity vc
depends upon.
2r
1. Mass of the earth T ...(From i)
GM
2. Radius of earth and r
3. Height of the satellite above the surface of the earth.
r3
 T  2
7. PERIOD OF REVOLUTION OF A SATELLITE GM
The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution This expression gives the periodic time of the satellite.
round the earth is called its period or periodic time (T). Squaring the expression, we get
Consider a satellite of mass m revolving in a circular orbit
4 2 r 3
with a orbital velocity vc at a height h above the surface of  T2 
GM
the earth. Let M and R be the mass and the radius of the
2 3
earth respectively. The radius (r) of the circular orbit of the  T r ...(since G and M are constants)
satellite is r = R + h. Thus, the square of the period of revolution of a satellite
For the circular motion, is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its
orbit.
GRAVITATION 218
GRAVITATION 219
8. GRAVITATIONAL FIELD point is equal to the potential energy of a unit mass placed
at that point.
The space surrounding any mass is called a gravitational
feld. If any other mass is brought in this space, it is acted 3. If a small point mass m is placed in a gravitational field at a
upon by a gravitational force. In short, the space in which point where the gravitational potential is V, the gravitational
any mass experiences a gravitational force, is called a potential energy (P.E.) of the mass m is given by.
gravitational field. P.E. = mass × gravitational potential
= mV
9. GRAVITATIONAL INTENSITY
The gravitational intensity at any point in a gravitational GMm
P.E.  
field is defined as the force acting on a unit mass placed at r
that point.
10.1 Gravitational Potential Energy
1. The gravitational intensity (E) at a point at distrance r
Gravitational potential energy of a body at a point is
from a point mass M is given by
defined as the work done in bringing the body from infinity
GM to that point.
E (Where G is the constant of gravitation.)
r2 Let a body of mass m is displaced through a distance ‘dr’
towards the mass M, then work done given by,
2. If a point mass m is placed in a gravitational field of intensity
E, the force (F) acting on the mass m is given by r
GMm GMm
F = mE. dW  F dr 
r2
dr   dW  

r2
dr
10. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL

Gravitational potential energy, U  
GMm
The gravitational potential at any point in a gravitational r
field is defined as the work done to bring a unit mass from
(i) From above equation, it is clear that gravitational potential
infinity to that point.
energy increases with increase in distance (r) (i.e. it
1. The gravitational potential (V) at a point at distance r from becomes less negative).
a point mass M is given by,
(ii) Gravitational P.E. becomes maximum (or zero) at r = .
GM
V (Where G is the constant of gravitation) 10.2 Expressions for different Energies of Satellite
r
2. The work done on a unit mass is converted into its 1. Potential Energy
potential energy. Thus, the gravitational potential at any 2. Kinetic Energy
GRAVITATION 220
3. Total Energy and 4. Binding energy (B.E.) : From the expression for the total
4. Binding energy energy, it is clear that if the satellite is given energy equal
Let M = mass of the earth GMm

to  2  R  h  the satellite will escape to infinity where its
R = radius of the earth
m = mass of the satellite total energy is zero.
G = constant of gravitation
 GMm  GMm
h = height of satellite  B.E. = – (T.E.) =    
 
2 R  h   2 R  h 
1. Potential energy (P.E.) : The satellite is at a distance (R + h)
from the centre of the earth. 5. Binding Energy of a satellite
The minimum energy which must be supplied to a satellite,
so that it can escape from the earth’s gravitation field, is
called the binding energy of a satellite.
When the body of mass m is at rest on the earth’s surface,
its gravitational potential energy is given by,
GMm
U 
R
GMm
If the body is give an energy equal to  , it will
R
escape to infinity.
GMm
 Binding energy of the body = 
Gm1m 2 R
U
r
11. ESCAPE VELOCITY OF A BODY
GMm
 U 11.1 Expression for the escape velocity of
Rh
a body at rest on the earth’s surface
2. Kinetic energy (K.E.) : The satellite is revolving in a
circular orbit with the critical velocity (vc). Hence its kinetic The minimum velocity with which a body should be
energy is given by, projected from the surface of the earth, so that it escapes
from the earth’s gravitational field, is called the escape
1
K.E.  m vc2 velocity. Thus, if a body or a satellite is given the escape
2
velocity, its kinetic energy of projection will be equal to its
GM binding energy.
But vc 
Rh Kinetic Energy of projection = Binding Energy.
1  GM  GMm 1 GMm
 K.E.  m    mve2 
2  R  h  2R  h 2 R
3. Total energy (T.E.)
2GM
T. E = P.E. + K.E.  ve 
R
GMm GMm GMm
   11.2 Expression for ‘Ve’ in terms’s of ‘g’
R  h 2R  h 2R  h
The escape velocity for any object on the earth’s surface
The –ve sign indicates that the satellite is bound to the is given by.
earth.
GRAVITATION 221
2GM 1 GMm
ve   mve2 
R 2 2
If m is the mass of the object, its weight mg is equal to the 2GM

gravitational force acting on it.  ve  ...(ii)
R
GMm From Eq (i) and Eq. (ii), we get,
 mg 
R2
2 ve  2 v c
 G M = gR
Substituting this value in the expression for ve we get, 12. COMMUNICATION SATELLITE
ve  2gR An artificial satellite revolving in a circular obrit round the
earth in the same sense of the rotational of the earth and
11.3 Expression for the escape velocity of a body from having same period of revolution as the period of rotation
Earth in terms of mean density of the planet of the earth (i.e. 1 day = 24 hours = 86400 seconds) is
called as geo-stationary or communication satellite.
1. Derive expression for
As relative velocity of the satellite with respective to the
2GM earth is zero it appears stationary from the earth’s surface.
ve  Therefore it is know as geo-stationary satellite or
R
geosynchronous satellite.
2. Let  be the mean density of the planet. Then,
1. The height of the communication satellite above the earth’s
4 surface is about 36000 km and its period of revolution is 24
M R 3
3 hours or 24 × 60 × 60 seconds.
2. The satellite appears to be at rest, because its speed relative
2G 4 3 to the earth is zero, hence it is called as geostationary or
ve   R 
R 3 geosynchronous satellite.
12.1 Uses of the communication satellite

2G
ve  2R 1. For sending TV signals over large distances on the earth’s
3
surface.
11.4 The escape velocity of a body from the surface of the 2. Telecommunication.
earth is 2 times its critical velocity when it 3. Weather forescasting.
revolves close to the earth’s surface 4. For taking photographs of astronomical objects.
Let M and R be the mass and radius of the earth and m be 5. For studying of solar and cosmic radations.
the mass of the body. When orbiting close to the earth’s
13. WEIGHTLESSNESS
surface, the radius of the orbit is almost equal to R. If vc is
the critical velocity of the body, then for a circular orbit. 1. The gravitational force with which a body is attracted
Centripetal force = Gravitational force towards the centre of earth is called the weight of body.
Weightlessness is a moving satellite is a feeling. It is not
GMm due to weight equal to zero.
 mv c2 
R2 2. When an astronaut is on the surface of earth, gravitational
force acts on him. This gravitational force is the weight of
GM astronaut and astronant exerts this force on the surface of
 vc  ...(i)
R earth. The surface of earth exerts an equal and opposte reaction
and due to this reaction he feels his weight on the earth.
If ve is the escape velocity from the earth’s surface,
3. for an astronaut in an orbiting satellite, the satellite and
K.E. of projection = Binding energy astronaut both have same acceleration towards the centre
GRAVITATION 222
of earth and this acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to (The shaded areas are equal). Naturally the planet has to
gravity of earth. move faster from C to D.
4. Therefore astronaunt does not produce any action on the
floor of the satellite. Naturally the floor does not exert any
force of reaction on the astronaut. As there is no reaction,
the astronaut has a feeling of weightlessness. (i.e. no sense
of his own weight).
1. The sensation of weightlessness experienced by an

aastronaut is not the result of there being zero gravitational area swept
Areal velocity 
acceleration, but of there being zero difference between time
the acceleration of the spacecraft and the acceleration of
1
the astronaut. r rd
1 d
 2  r2  cosntant
2. The most common problem experienced by astronauts in dt 2 dt
the initial hours of weightlessness is known as space 1 2
adaptation snydrome (space sickness). Hence r  = constant.
2
14.3 Law of Periods
14. KEPLER’S LAWS
The square of the time for the planet to complete a
14.1 Law of Orbit revolution about the sun is proportional to the cube of
semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
Each Planet move surround the sun in an elliptical orbit
with the sun at one of the foci as shown in figure. The
eccentricity of an ellipse is defined as the ratio of the
SO
distance SO and AO i.e. e 
AO
SO
 e SO  ea
a i.e. Centripetal force = Gravitational force
mv 2 GMm GM
 2
  v2
R R R
Now, velocity of the planet is
Circumference of the circular orbit 2R

v 
Time period T
The distance of closest approach with sun at F1 is AS. Substituting Value in above equation
This distance is called perigee. The greatest distance (BS)
of the planet from the sun is called apogee. GM 4 2 R 2 2 4 2 R 3
  or T 
Perigee (AS) = AO – OS = a – ea = a (1 – e)
R T2 GM
apogee (BS) = OB + OS = a + ea = a (1 + e)  4 2 
Since   is constant,

14.2 Law of Area  GM 
The line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal
areas in equal intervals of time. A planet takes the same T2
 T 2  R 3 or  constant
time to travel from A to B as from C to D as shown in figure. R3
GRAVITATION 223
14.4 Gravity Astronomical Data
Gravity is the force of attraction exerted by earth towards is

centre on a body lying on or near the surface of earth. Gravity
is merely a special case of gravitation and is also called
earth’s gravitational pull.
Weight of a body is defined as the force of attraction exerted
by the earth on the body towards its centre.
The units and dimenstions of gravity pull or weight are the
same as those of force.
LAUNCHING OF AN ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE AROUND EARTH
The satellite is placed upon the rocket which is launched from the earth. After the rocket reaches its maximum vertical height
h, a spherical mechanism gives a thrust to the satellite at point A (figure) producing a horizontal velocity v. The total energy
of the satellite at A is thus,
1 GMm
E mv 2 
2 Rh
The orbit will be an ellipse (closed path), a parabola, or an hyperbola depending on whether E is negative, zero, or positive. In all cases
the centre of the earth is at one focus of the path. If the energy is too low, the elliptical orbit will intersect the earth and the satellite will
fall back. Otherwise it will keep moving in a closed orbit, or will escape from the earth, depending on the values of v and R.
Hence a satellite carried to a height h (<< R) and given a horizontal velocity of 8 km/sec will be placed almost in a circular orbit
around the earth (figure). If launched at less than 8 km/sec, it would get closer and closer to earth until it hits the ground. Thus
8 km/sec is the critical (minimum) velocity.
14.5 Intertial mass GM m G F F

F or m G  
Inertial mass of a body is related to its inertia in linear motion; R 2
GM / R 2
 I 
and is defined by Newton’s second law of motion.
The mass mG of the body in this sence is the gravitational
Let a body of mass mi move with acceleration a under the mass of the body. The intertia of the body has no effect on
action of an external force F. According to Newton’s second the gravitational mass of the body.
law of motion, F = mi a or mi = F/a
mG = F
Thus, inertial mass of a body is equal to the magnitude of
Thus, Gravitational mass of a body is defined as the
external force required to produce unit acceleration in the
magnitude of gravitational pull experienced by the body in
body.
a gravitational field of unit intensity.
14.6 Gravitational mass
14.7 Centre of Gravity
Gravitational mass of a body is related to gravitational pull
Centre of gravity of a body placed in the gravitational field is
on the body, and is defined by Newton’s law of gravitational.
that point where the net gravitational force of the field acts.
GRAVITATION 224
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
Sol. Following are the basic conditions :
Gravitational force is a weak force but still it is considered (i) The rocket must take the satellite to a suitable height above
the most important force. Why ? surface of earth.
Sol. Gravitational force plays an important role for initiating the (ii) From the desired height, the satellite must be projected with
birth of stars, for controlling the entire structure of the a suitable speed, called the orbital speed.
universe and evolution of the universe. It helped to explain (iii) In the orbital path of satellite, the air resistance should be
many natural phenomena. negligible so that its speed does not decrease and it does
Example - 2 not burn due to the heat produced.
Is the value of g same every where on the surface of Example - 6

earth ? How has it been decided ? Two artificial satellites, one close to the surface and the
other away are revolving around the earth. Which has
Sol. The value of g is different places on the surface of earth. larger speed ?
The shape of the earth is not exactly spherical ; it is flattened
at the poles and is bulging out at the equator. Due to which Sol. The relation for orbital speed is v = GM /  R  h  , where
the radius of the earth is smaller at poles and is larger at
2
equator. Since, g  1/R , therefore, the acceleration due to h is the height of the satellite above the earth’s surface.
gravity is smaller at equator than that at poles. Clearly, the smaller is the value of h, greater is the value of v
and vice versa. Hence, satellite revolving close to earth has
Example - 3
larger speed.
The line that joins the Saturn to the Sun sweeps areas
Example - 7
A1, A2 and A3 in time intervals of 6 weeks, 3 weeks and
2 weeks respectively as shown in the figure. What is the Should the speed of two artificial satellites of the earth
correct relation between A1, A2 and A3 ? having different masses but the same orbital radius, be the
3 weeks same ?
A2
Sol. Yes, it is so because the orbital speed of a satellite is
independent of the mass of a satellite. Therefore, the speeds
6 weeks A3 2 weeks
A1 of the artificial satellites of different masses but of the same
Sun orbital radius will be the same.
Saturn
Example - 8
Sol. According to Kepler’s law of area, the areal velocity of planet What would happen if gravity suddenly disappear ?
around the sun is constant. Therefore,
A1 > A2 > A3 and A1 = 2, A2, A1 = 3 A3. Sol. If gravity suddently disappears,
Example - 4 (i) all bodies will lose their weights.
Earth is continuously pulling Moon towards its centre. Why (ii) We shall be thrown away from the surface of earth due to
does not Moon fall on to Earth. centrifugal force.
(iii) The motion of planets around the sun will cease because
Sol. It is so because the gravitational attraction of earth provides centripetal force shall not be provided.
the necessary centripetal force to the moon for its orbital
motion around the earth. Due to it, the moon is revolving (iv) Motion of the satellite around earth will also be not possible
around the earth. as no centripetal force will be provided.
What are the conditions under which a rocket fired from Why are space rockets usually launched from west to east
the Earth, launches an artificial satellite of Earth ? in the equatorial line ?
GRAVITATION 225
Sol. We know that earth revolves from west to east about its Sol. The distance between moon and earth is very small as
polar axis. Therefore, all the particles on the earth have compared to the distance between earth and sun. Since, the
velocity from the west to east. This velocity is maximum in tidal effect on oscen water of earth is inversely proportional
the equatorial line, as v = R , where R is the radius of earth to the cube of the distance, therefore, tidal effect on oscen
and  is the angular velocity of revolution of earth about its water due to moon is larger than that due to sun.
polar axis. When a rocket is launched from west to east in Example - 14
equatorial plane, the maximum linear velocity is added to
Why does a body lose weight at the centre of the earth ?
the launching velocity of the rocket, due to it, launching
becomes easier. Sol. The weight of the body is the force with which the body is
Example - 10 attracted by the earth towards its centre. Quantitatively, the
The escape speed of the projectile on the earth’s surface weight of body of mass m is equal to mg. Where g is the
is ve. A body is projected out with thrice of this speed. acceleration due to gravity. At the centre of earth, g = 0, so
What is the speed of the body after crossing the weight of body is zero at the centre of earth.
gravitational field of the earth ? Ignore the presence of Example - 15
Sun and the another planets.
Explain, why a tennis ball bounces higher on hills than in
Sol. The speed with which the projectile is projected, v = 3 ve. plains.
Let. m be the mass of the projectile and v0 be the speed of
projectile after crossing the gravitational field. Using law of Sol. Let u be the velocity of the tennis ball with which it bounces
conservation of energy, we have at a place, where acceleration due to gravity is g’. The ball
will go up till its velocity becomes zero. If h is the height
1 1 1 upto which the ball rises up at a place, then initial K.E. of
mv02  mv2  mve2 or v02  v 2  ve2
2 2 2 ball is equal to final P.E. of ball at highest point. i.e.,
2 1 u2
or v 0 v 2  v e2   3v e   v e2  2 2 v e mu 2  m g h or h 
2 2 g
Example - 11
As acceleration due to gravity (g’) on hill is less than that
Will 1 kg sugar be more at poles or at the equator. on the surface of earth (due to altitude effect), so the tennis
ball will bounce higher on hills than on plains.
Sol. The value of g is larger at the poles than at the equator. If
Example - 16
the sugar is weighed in a physical balance then there will be
no difference. If it is weighed by a spring balance, calibrated Air friction increases the velocity of the satellite. Explain.
at the equator, then 1 kg of sugar will have a lesser amount
Sol. If a statellite of mass m is revolving in a circular orbit of
at poles.
radius r, with speed v around the earth of mass M, the
Example - 12 centripetal force is provided by the gravitational pull, i.e.,
Why does moon have no atmosphere ? mv 2 GM m 2

 or mv r = GM m
r r2
Sol. Moon has no atmosphere because the value of acceleration
due to gravity ‘g’ on surface of moon is small. Therefore, or (mvr) v = GM m = a constant
the value of escape speed on the surface of moon is small or Lv = a constant
–1
(only 2.5 km s ). The molecules of the atmospheric gases
where mvr = L is the angular momentum of the satellite. As
on the surface of the moon have thermal speeds greater
the air friction causes the retarding torque, it will decrease
than the escape speed. That is why all the molecules of
the angular momentum L of the satellite. Due to it, the
gases have escaped and there is no atmosphere on moon.
velocity of the satellite v increases in order to keep Lv = a
Example - 13 constant.
Although gravitation pull of sun on earth is more than that Example - 17

of moon, yet moon’s contribution towards tide formation A body is taken from the centre of the earth to the moon.
on earth is greater than that due to sun. Why ? What will be the changes in the weight of the body ?
GRAVITATION 226
Sol. The weight of the body at the centre of earth will be zero Example - 22
because g = 0 there. The weight of the body will increase in Why is gravitational potential energy negative ?
moving from the centre of the surface of earth (due to
increase in g) and becomes maximum at the surface of earth. Sol. Because it arises due to attractive forces.
In moving above the surface of earth, the weight of body
will decrease (due to decrease in g) and at one place, where Example - 23
the gravitational attractions of earth and moon are equal Why do different planets have different escape speeds ?
and opposite, the weight will become zero. Beyond this up
to moon, the gravitational attraction of the moon becomes
Sol. As, escape speed = 2 GM / R , therefore its values are
prominent, hence the weight of body will go on increasing.
different for different planets which are of different masses
Example - 18
and different sizes.
If an earth satellite moves to a lower orbit there issome
dissipation of energy, and yet its speed increases. Explain. Example - 24
Sol. The orbiting satellite loses kinetic energy due to atmospheric What is the sense of rotation of stationary satellite around
friction. Therefore, in a particular orbit, the gravitational the earth ?
attraction on the satellite becomes greater than the force
required to keep the satellite in that orbit. Due to it, the Sol. West to East.
satellite moves down towards the earth into a lower orbit. In Example - 25
the lower orbit the potential energy decreases (becomes The distances of two planets from the Sun are 10 and
13
more negative) so that the K.E. correspondingly increases. 12

10 metre respectively. Find the ratio of time periods and
That is why, the satellite describes a smaller orbit with speed of the two planets.
increased speed. Infact, due to atmospheric friction, the
satellite spirals down towards the earth with increasing speed 13 12 T1 v
and ultimately burns out in the lower denser atmosphere. Sol. Here, r1 = 10 m; r2 = 10 m;  ?; 1  ?
T2 v2
Example - 19
3/ 2
Moon travellers tie heavy weight at their back before T2 r3 T r   1013 
landing on the moon. Why ? Now 12  13 or 1   1    12   10 10
T2 r2 T2  r2   10 
Sol. The value of g on moon is small, therefore, the weight of
moon travellers will also be small. 2 r1 2 r2
v1  and v 2 
T1 T2
Example - 20
Is it possible to put an artificial satellite on an orbit in such v1 r1 T2 1013 1 1
a way that it always remains visible directly over      
v 2 r2 T1 1012 10 10 10
Chandigarh ?
Example - 26
Sol. No, because to put an artificial satellite in an orbit such that Let the speed of the planet at the perihelion P in figure be
it always remains directly over a particular place, its time vp and the sun-planet distance SP ber rp. Relate rp, vp to the
period should be the same as that of the earth in the corresponding quantities at the aphelion (rA, vA). Will the
equatorial plane. As Chandigarh does not lie on the equatorial planet take equal times to traverse BAC and CPB ?
plane, a geostationary satellite cannot be seen over
Chandigarh.
B
Example - 21
When a body falls towards earth, earth moves towards the
body. Why is earth’s motion not noticed ?
P A
S S'
Sol. The motion of earth is not noticed because the acceleration
produced in earth is negligible small, due to large mass of C
the earth.
GRAVITATION 227
  Example - 28
Sol. Refer figure, we note that rp and v p are perpendicular to
  Three equal masses of m kg each are fixed at the vertices
each other. Similarly, rA and v A are perpendicular to each
of an equilateral triangle ABC. Figure. (i) What is the force
other. Using the law of conservation of angular momentum. acting on a mass 2 m placed at the centroid G of the triangle ?
Angular momentum of planet at P = angular momentum of (ii) What is the force if the mass at the vertex A is doubled ?
planet at A Take AG = BG = CG = 1 m.
B A
vP
A
P rP rA
S
vA
C G
mPvPrP = mPvArA
B C
v P rA
or 
vA rP Sol. (i) Refer figure, the gravitational force on mass 2 m at G due
to mass at A is,
Since, rA > rP, so vP > vA.
Am
Here, area SBAC is greater than area SCPB. As the areal
velocity of a planet is constant around the sun, i.e., equal
areas are swept in equal time. Hence planet will take longer
F1
time to traverse BAC than CPB.
Example - 27 G
D E
Gravitational force between a point masses m and M 30° 30°
separated by a distance is F. Now if a point mass 3 m is F2 F3
m m
placed next to m, what will be the (a) force on M due to m H C
B
(b) total force on M ?
m  2m 2
Sol. (a) If r is the distance between two point masses m and M, F1  G = 2 G m along GA
12
then the gravitational force on m due to mass M is
Gravitational force on mass 2 m at G due to mass at B is,
GM m
F . m2m
r2 F2  G 2
= 2 G m along GB.
12
Since, the gravitational force between two point masses is
Gravitational force on mass 2 m at G due to mass at C is,
independent of the presence of other masses, so if a point
mass 3 m is placed next to m, the force on M due to m2m 2
F3  G = 2G m along GC.
12
GM m
mF
r2 Draw DE parallel to BC passing through point G. Then EGC
= 30° = DGB.
(b) Total force on body of mass M is,
 
Resolving F2 and F3 into two rectangular components, we
GM   m  3m 
F  have
r2
F2 cos 30° along GD and F2 sin 30° along GH; F3 cos 30°
4 GM m along GE and F3 sin 30° along GH.
  4F
r2 Here, F2 cos 30° and F3 cos 30° are equal in magnitude and
GRAVITATION 228
acting in opposite directions, cancel out each other. The resultant

4
force on the mass 2 m at G is  weight at a height h = mg’ = 6.4 × 10 × N
9
= F1 – (F2 sin 30° + F3 sin 30°)
= 28.44 N
2  2 1 2 1 Example - 31
= 2Gm –  2G m   2 G m    0.
 2 2
Ffind the percentage decrease in the weight of the body
(ii) When mass at A is 2 m, then gravitational force on mass 2 m when taken to a height of 16 km above the surface of Earth.
at G due to mass 2 m at A is Radius of the Earth is 6400 km.
2m  2m 2
Sol. Here, h = 16 km, R = 6400 km.
F1  G = 4 G m along GA
12
 2h  2 hg
The resultant force on mass 2 m at G due to masses at A, B Now g   g  1    g or g – g’ = 2gh/R.
 R  R
and C is = F1 – (F2 sin 30° + F3 sin 30°)
mg  mg  g  g
 % decrease in weight =  100  100
 1 1 mg g
 4 G m2   2 G m2   2G m2  
 2 2
2 gh 16
= 2 G m along GA   100  2   100 = 0.5%.
gR 6400
Example - 29
A planet whose size is the same and mass 4 times as that of Example - 32
Earth, find the amount of energy needed to lift a 2 kg mass How much below the surface does the acceleration due to
vertically upwards through 2m distance on the planet. The gravity become 70% of its value on the surface of Earth.
–2 6
value of g on the surface of Earth is 10 ms . Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 10 m.
Sol. Let M, R be the mass and radius of earth. Therefore, mass of Sol. Here g’/g = 70/100 = 7/10 and d = ?
planet M’ = 4 M and radius of planet R’ = R
Let g, g’ be the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of  d g d 7 d
Now g   g  1   ;   1  or  1
earth and planet respectively. Then,  R g R 10 R
GM GM  G 4 M d 7 3
g 2
and g    or  1 
R R 2 R2 R 10 10
–2
= 4 g = 4 × 10 = 40 m s
3R 3  6.4  106
 Energy needed to lift the body = mg’ h = 2 × 40 × 2 = 160 J or d 
10 10
Example - 30 6
= 1.92 × 10 m
A body weighs 64 N on the surface of Earth. What is the
gravitational force on it due to the Earth, at a height equal Example - 33
to half the radius of Earth. Acceleration due to gravity on Calculate that imaginary angular velocity of the earth for
–2
the surface of Earth is 10 ms . which effective acceleration due to gravity at the equator
becomes zero. In this condition, find the length (in hours)
Sol. Weight of body = mg = 64 N –2
of a day ? Radius of earth = 6400 km. g = 10 ms .
64 64 Sol. At equator, latitude  = 0°. Let g be the acceleration due to

 mass of body, m = g  10  6.4 kg.
gravity if the earth were at rest. The acceleration due to
gravity (g’) at the equator, when earth is rotating with angular
At height h, the value of g’ is given by,
velocity  be zero.
2  2
R2  R  4  g’ = g – R  cos  = 0
g’ = g 2
 10    10  2 2 2
R  h  R R/2 9 or g = R  cos 0° = R  ( = 0°)
GRAVITATION 229
g 10 –3 –1 a
or   = 1.25 × 10 rad s . Thus, OA = OB = OC =
R 6400  103 3
 New time period of rotation of earth The gravitational intensity at O due to mass m at A is,
g 10 Gm Gm
  IA   along OA.
= 5024 s = 1.4 h.  OA 
 2
R 6400 103  a/ 3 
Example - 34 Similarly the gravitational intensity at O due to mass m at B
Two bodies of masses 100 kg and 10,000 kg are at a distance is,
1m apart. At which point on the line joining them will the
resultant gravitational field intensity is zero ? Gm Gm
IB  2
 2 along OB
 OB  a / 3 
Sol. Let x be the distance of the point P from 100 kg body where
the resultant gravitational intensity is zero.
and gravitational intensity at O due to mass m at C is,
 Gravitational intensity at P due to body of mass 100 kg is
equal and opposite to that due to body of mass 10,000 kg. Gm Gm
IC   along OC.
Hence,  OC 
2 2
a / 3 
G  100 G  10, 000
 As IA, IB and IC are equal in magnitude and equally inclined
x2 1  x 
2
to each other, the resultant gravitational intensity at O is
or
2
10 x = (1 – x)
2 zero.
or 10x = 1 – x Gravitational potential at O due to masses at A, B and C is
or 11x = 1 or x = 1/11 m. Gm  Gm   Gm  3Gm 3Gm

V    
Example - 35 OA  OB   OC  OA a / 3
Three particles, each of mass m are placed at the vertices
of an equilateral triangle of side a. What are the gravitational 3 3 Gm

field and gravitational potential at the centroid of the a
triangle.
Example - 36
Sol. Refer figure, O is the centroid of triangle ABC, where A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 600 km from its
surface. Calculate (i) kinetic energy (ii) potential energy
A
m (iii) total energy. Mass of the satellite is 300 kg, mass of the
24 6
earth is 6 × 10 kg, radius of the earth is 6.4 × 10 m and G
–11 2 –2
is 6.67 × 10 N m kg . Will your answer alter if the earth
were to shrink suddently to half its size ?
F IA E 6 3 6
Sol. Here, r = R + h = 6.4 × 10 + 600 × 10 = 7.0 × 10 m;
O 24
m = 300 kg; M = 6 × 10 kg;
–11 2 –2
IB IC G = 6.67 × 10 Nm kg .
m m
B D C 1 1 Gm
(i) K.E. of satellite = mv2  m
2 2 r
2 2
OA  AD  (AB sin 60°)
3 3 1
  300 

6.67 1011  6  1024 9
= 8.7 × 10 J
  
2 7  106
2 3 3 a
 a a  (ii) P.E. of the satellite
3 2 2 3
GRAVITATION 230
Example - 38
=– 
11
 24
GM m  6.67 10  6 10  300    What is the minimum energy required to launch a satellite
r 7  106 of mass m kg from the earth’s surface of radius R in a
= – 17.4 × 10 J
9 circular orbit at an altitude of 2 R ?
9 9
(iii) Total energy = K.E. + P.E. = 8.7 × 10 + (– 17.4 × 10 ) Sol. Energy of satellite on the surface of earth
9
= – 8.7 × 10 J
GM m mg R 2
If the earth shrinks suddenly to half its radius (R becomes) E1      mg R ...(i)
R/2) but distance r remains unchanged, then the answer will R R
not alter. If v is the velocity of the satellite at the distance 2R from the
Example - 37 surface of the earth, then total energy of the satellite
Find the potential energy of a system of four particles 1 GM m
2
each of mass m placed at the vertices of a square of side l. E2 = K.E. + P.E. = 2 mv   2R  R  ...(ii)
Also obtain the potential at the centre of the square.
Orbital velocity of satellite,
Sol. Refer to figure.
A l B GM GM
v or v2 
2R  R 3R
So, 1 mv 2  GM m
l l 2 6R
O
GM m GM m GM m mg R
 E2    
6R 3R 6R 6
D l C
 Minimum energy required to launch the satellite is
AC = BD = l 2
1 5
 2  = E2 – E1 =  mgR + mg R  mg R .
OA = OB = OC = OD =  6 6
2 2
Example - 39
Using superposition principle, total potential energy of the
A remote sensing satellite of the Earth in a circular orbit at
system of four particles placed at the vertices A, B, C and D
a height of 400 kg above the surface of Earth. What is the
of a square is
(a) orbital speed, and (b) period of revolution of satellite ?
6
Radius of Earth = 6 × 10 m and acceleration due to gravity
 G m  m   G m  m G m  m  2
U    at the surface of Earth is 10 m/s .
 AB   BC AC 
6 2
Sol. Here, R = 6 × 10 m; g = 10 m/s ;
 G m  m G m  m  G m  m  3 6
    h = 400 × 10 m = 0.4 × 10 m
 AD BD CD 
g 10
4 G m 2 2G m 2 2 G m 2  1  (a) Orbital speed, v  R  6  106
   2   Rh 6  106  0.4  106
  2   2
3
= 7.5 × 10 m/s.
5.414 Gm 2
 2 R  h
3
 (b) Period of revolution, T 
R g
Total Gravitational potential at the centre O of the square is
3
V
G m  4 4 Gm
  4 2
Gm
. 
2   22 / 7   6  10 6
 0.4  10 6  = 5368.5 s
OA / 2  6  10 6 10
GRAVITATION 231
An Earth satellite has time period of 90 minutes. Assuming A saturn year is 29.5 times the Earth year. How far is the
8
the orbit to be circular, calculate its height. Given, radius of Saturn from the sun if the Earth is 1.50 × 10 km away from
–2
Earth = 6380 km, g at the surface of Earth = 9.8 ms . the Sun ?
Sol. Here, T = 90 minutes = 90 × 60 s = 5400 s; Sol. As we know from the Kepler’s third law
6 –2
R = 6380 km = 6380 × 1000 m = 6.38 × 10 m; g = 9.8 ms .
T12 R13
1

T22 R 32
 g R 2T2 3
We know, h   2  R
 4  2/3 2/3
T   29.5 
 R 2  R1  2  
 1.5 108  
1  T1   1 
 9.8  6.38 106 2   5400 2  3

   6.38  106 8
2 = (1.5 × 10 ) × 9.547
 4   22 / 7  
  = 14.32 × 10 km.
8
6
= 6.652 × 10 – 6.380 × 10 = 2.72 × 10 m.
6 5 Example - 44
Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are placed at a distance ‘r’
Example - 41
a part. Show that the position where the gravitational field
Determine the escape speed of Moon. Given, the radius of due to them is zero, the potential is given by
6 22
Moon is 1.74 × 10 m, its mass is 7.36 × 10 kg. Does your
answer throw light on why the Moon has no atmosphere ? –G (m1 + m2 + 2 m1m2 / r.
–11 2 –2
G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg .
Sol. Consider the two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2
6 22
Sol. Here, R = 1.74 × 10 m; M = 7.36 × 10 kg; produce zero resultant gravitational field at C, where AC = x.
–11 2 –2
G = 6.67 × 10 Nm kg , ve = ? We have, BC = (r – x)
2 GM 2  6.67 1011  7.3 1022 Hence,

Gm1 Gm2
ve   
R 1.74 106 x2 r  x
2
–1 –1
= 2375 ms = 2.38 km s .
m1 m2
Since, the average thermal speed of the gas molecules like or 
oxygen, hydrogen etc. on the surface of Moon is greater x r  x 
–1
than the escape speed of moon (= 2.38 km s ), hence these
gases have escaped from the surface of Moon and Moon or (r –x) m1  x m 2
has no atmosphere.
Example - 42 r m1
or x
Assuming the Earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, m1  m 2
how much would a body weigh half way down to the centre
of the Earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface ?
 
r m1
and r  x  r   
 d  d  m1  m 2 
Sol. As gd = g 1    mgd = mg 1  
 R  R
R  r m2 
Here, d =  
2  m1  m 2 
 R
1  2  1
Hence, mgd = (250) ×    250  = 12.5 N. 1 m1  m 2
 R  2 Thus, 
  x r m1
GRAVITATION 232
1 m1  m 2 h
and   0.414
R
r  x r m2
3
h = 0.414 × 6400 × 10
Gravitational potential at P
h = 6400 × 414
2
Gm1  Gm2  h = 414 × 64 × 10
 m1 m 2 
     G    2
h = 26496 × 10 m
x   r  x    x r x
3
h = 2649.6 × 10 m
h = 2649.6 km

 G  m1
 m1  m 2 m  2 m1  m 2 


Example - 46
 r m1 r m1 
  At a certain height above the surface of the earth the
gravitational acceleration is 90% of its value at the earth’s
G surface. Determine that height above the earth’s surface.

r 
m1  
m1  m 2  m 2  
m1  m 2 
 (Radius of the earth is 6400 km).
G 2

r 
m1  m 2  2 m1m 2  .
   R 
Sol. g h    g
Rh
Example - 45
2
At what height from the surface of earth the value of gh  R 
 
acceleration due to gravity will fall to half that on the surface g Rh
of the earth (radius of earth R = 6400 km)
2
9  R 
Sol. Given :  
3
10  R  h 
R = 6400 km = 6400 × 10 m
Rh 10
1 
gh = g R 9
2
To Find : h = ? Rh 1
= AL [log 10 – log 9]
We have, R 2
2
 R  Rh 1 
gh    g = AL   0.0458
Rh R 2 
gh R2 Rh
 = AL = [0.0229]
g  R  h 2 R
2 Rh
1  R  = 1.054
  R
2 Rh
RhR
R 1 = 1.054 – 1
 R
Rh 2
h
Rh = 0.054
 2 R
R
h = 0.054 × 6400
RhR h = 64 × 5.4
 1.414  1
R h = 345.6 km
GRAVITATION 233
Example - 47 2
1  4   9.8
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of g2 
6 80
the earth (radius of earth R = 6.4 × 10 m, means density of
3
the earth = 5.5 × 103 kg/m )
16  9.8
g2 
Sol. We have, 80
2 2
GM = gR g2 = 1.96 m/s
GM Example - 49
 g ...(1)
R2 Find the height of a satellite from the surface of the earth
–11 2 2
whose critical velocity is 5 km/s. (G = 6.67 × 10 Nm /kg
24
M mass of earth M = 6 × 10 kg and radius of earth

V R = 6400 km).
M=×V
GM
4  Sol. vc 
  R 3   Rh
...(2)
3 
GM
substituting (2) in (1) vc2 
Rh
G 4 3
g  R   GM
R2 3  Rh 
v2c
4R G
g
3 6.67 1011  6  1024
Rh 
25  106
4  3.142  6.4 106  5.5  103  6.67  1011

3 40.02  1013  106
Rh 
25
12.568  35.2  6.67 102 7
 g R + h = 1.6008 × 10
3 7
h = (1.6008 × 10 ) – R
–2
g = 4.189 × 35.2 × 6.67 × 10 h = 1.6008 × 10 – 6400 × 10
7 3
–2
g = AL [log 4.189 + log 35.2 + log 6.67] × 10 h = 16.008 × 10 – 6.4 × 10
6 6
6
g  AL  0.6229  1.5465  0.8241  2.9927   102 h = 9.608 × 10 m
–2 h = 9608 km
g = 983.3 × 10
2
g = 9.833 m/s Example - 50
Calculate the critical speed of a satellite orbiting close to the
Example - 48 2
earth’s surface. (Radius of the earth R = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s ).
Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
moon. Given that the mass of the moon is 1/80 times that of Sol.  The satellite is orbiting very lose to the surface of the
the earth and the diameter of the moon is 1/4 times that of earth
2
the earth (g = 9.8 m/s ).
 R+h  R
Sol. Taking ratio of ‘g’ we get GM

 vc 
R
g 2 M 2 R12
   2
g1 M1 R 22 But GM = gR
GRAVITATION 234
 vc  gR 66.7  5.98  106


8
v c  9.8  6.4  106
66.7  5.98
vc  9.8  6.4 103 103
8
1 
vc  AL   log 9.8  log 6.4    103 1 
2   AL   log 66.7  log 5.98  log 8   103
 2 
1 
vc  AL   0.9912  0.8062  1.7974   103 1 
 2   AL  1.8241  0.776700.9031  1.6977   103
2 
3
1  = AL [0.8488] × 10
vc  AL  1.7974   103 3
2  = 7.06 × 10 m/s
3
vc = 7.920 × 10 m/s = 7.06 km/s
vc = 7.920 km/s Hence the body will not revolve round the earth.
Example - 52
Example - 51
A satellite is revolving around the earth in a circular orbit
A body is raised to a height of 1600 km above the earth’s 7
at a distance of 10 m from its centre. Find the speed of
surface and projected with a horizontal velocity of 6 km/s. –11
the satellite. (G = 6.67 × 10 S.I. unit and mass of earth
Will it revolve around the earth as a satellite ? 24
–11
= 6 × 10 kg)
(G = 6.67 × 10 S.I. unit, radius of earth R = 6400 km, mass
24
of earth = 5.98 × 10 kg) GM
Sol. 
Rh
Sol. In order that the body revolves in circular orbit round the
earth
6.67  1011  6 1024
Horizontal Velocity = Critical Velocity 
107
GM
vc 
Rh  6.67  6 1013 107
 40.02  103 = 6.326 km/s

6.67  1011  5.98  1024
 Velocity is 6.326 km/s
 6400  1600 10 
3
Example - 53
What would be the new period of rotation of the earth
6.67  5.98 1013
 around the Sun if the distance between the earth and the
8000  103
sun is doubled ?
6.67  5.98  1013  106 2

Sol. T  r
3

8
T22 r23
 
6.67  5.98  107 T12 r13

8
T12  r23
T22 
6.67  5.98  107 r13

8 = 1 × (2)
3
GRAVITATION 235
T22  8 T12  r13
T2  8 year T22  r23
2 3
T2  2 2  T1   r1 
   
T2 = 2 × 1.414  T2   r2 
T2 = 2.828 years
2 3
 T2 = 2.82 × 365  8   r1 
   
= 1032 days  1   r2 
Example - 54 r1 4
 ...(2)
A communication satellite is at a height of 36000 km from r2 1
earth’s surface. What will be its new period when it is
brought down to a height of 20,000 km (Radius of earth vc1 1
= 6400 km)  ... from (1) and (2)
v c2 4
Sol. As per kepler’s law,
2 3 vc1 1
T r  
vc2 2
2 3
 T2   r2 
    Example - 56
 T1   r1  Calculate the height of a communication satellite.
–11 2 2 24
2 3 (G = 6.67 × 10 Nm /kg ; mass of earth = 5.98 × 10 kg,
 T2   26.4  6
  24    42.4  radius of earth = 6.4 × 10 S.I. units).
   
T2  26.4 
3/ 2
r3
   Sol. T  2
24  42.4  GM
3   r3 
T2  AL   log 26.4  log 24   log 42.4  T 2  4 2  
 2   GM 
 T2 = AL [(2.1324 + 1.3802) – 2.4410]
 T2 = AL [1.0716] T 2  GM
r3 
4 2
 T2 = 11.79 hours
Example - 55 24  24  3600  3600  6.67  1011  5.98  1024

r3 
Compare the critical speeds of two satellites if the ratio of 4  9.872
their periods is 8 : 1.
576 1296  6.67  5.98  104  1013
r3 
GM 39.488
Sol. vc1  r1
1
r  AL [log 576  log1296  log 6.67  log 5.98  17 log10)
3
GM
v c2 
r2  log 39.488]
v c1 r2 1 
 r  AL   2.7604  3.1126  0.824  0.7767  17   1.5964  
v c2 r1 ...(1) 3 
GRAVITATION 236
1 Example - 58
 r  AL  22.8774  Determine the (a) K.E. (b) P.E. (c) total energy and (d)
3
binding energy of a satellite of mass 50 kg in a circular
 r = AL (7.6258) orbit round the earth at a height of 600 km, above the
6 6
= 42.24 × 10 – 6.4 × 10 earth’s surface (Radius of earth R = 6400 km; mass of earth
24 –11
=R+h M = 6 × 10 kg, G = 6.67 × 10 S.I. units).
6
 h = 42.24 × 10 – 6.4
6 GMm
= 42.24 × 10 m Sol. P.E. 
6
Rh
h = 35.84 × 10 m
= 35840 km 6.67  6  50 1011 1024

Example - 57 7 106
Calculate the work done in mowing a body of mass 1000 kg
6.67  6  50  1013
a from a height R to a height 2R above the surface of 
–11 2 2
the earth. (G = 6.67 × 10 Nm /kg , mass of the earth 7  106
24
M = 6 × 10 kg. Radius of earth R = 6400 km).
6.67  6  50
  10 7
Sol. r1 = R + h1 7
=R+R ... (h1 = R)
6.67  30
=2R   108
7
r2 = R + h2 8
= – AL [(log 6.67 + log 30) – log 7)] × 10
= R + 2R ... (h2 = R) 8
= – AL {[0.8241 + 1.4771) – 0.8451]} × 10
=3R
 W = P.E.2 – P.E.1   AL  2.3012  0.8451 108 = – 2.859 × 109 J
GMm  GMm  GMm

   K.E. 
r2  r1  2R  h
GMm GMm  1  GMm   1 

          P.E.
r1 r2  2  R  h   2 
1 1 1
 GMm    
2

 2.852  109 
 r1 r2 
9
= 1.4295 × 10 J
GMm  1 1 
    GMm
R  2 3
T. E. = 2  R  h 
GMm 1
 
R 6  1  GMm 
   
 2  R  h 
6.67  1011  6  1024  103
Work done 
6.4  106  6 1
   P.E.
2
6.67 1013  103

6.4 1
10

2
 
 2.852 109 = – 1.4295 × 109 J
= 1.042 × 10 J
GRAVITATION 237
GMm GMm
B.E.  B.E.  (for satellite at height h)
2R  h 2R  h
 GMm  6.67  1011  5.98  1024  80

  1   
 2R  h  
2 2  106 
9
= (–1) (T.E.) = 1.4295 × 10 J
6.67  5.98  8  108

Example - 59 28
8
What will be the B.E. of a satellite of mass 80 kg revolving = AL [(log 6.67 + log 5.98) – log 2] × 10
in an orbit close to earth’s surface. Also calculate its B.E. = AL [0.8241 + 0.7767 – 0.3010] × 10
8
at a height of 1600 km from earth’s surface. (Mass of earth 8

24 = AL [1.6008 – 0.3010] × 10
= 5.98 × 10 kg; radius of earth = 6400 km). 8
= AL (1.2998) × 10
9
GMm = 1.994 × 10 J.
Sol. B.E.  2  R  h 
Example - 60
Calculate the escape velocity from the surface of the planet
GMm of radius 2000 km, if acceleration due to gravity at the
 2
2R surface of the planet is 2.5 m/s .
1  6.67 1011  5.98 1024  80 

   2GM
2 6.4 106  Sol. ve 
R
1  6.67  5.98  80 107  2gR 2

   ve 
2 6.4  R
1  6.67  5.98  8  108  ve  2 gR

  
2 6.4 
v e  2  2.5  2  106
1
   AL   log 6.67  log 5.98  log 8   log 6.4    108 v e  4  2.5  106
2 
1 v e  10  10 6
  AL  0.8241  0.7767  0.9031  2.5039   0.8062   108
2
ve  10  103
1
  AL  2.5039  0.8062  1.6977    108

2  1 
  AL   log10    103
 2 
1
  AL 1.6977   108 
2
 1 
v e   AL   1.0000    103
1  2 
  4.985  109
2 3
= AL (0.5000) × 10
9
= 2.4925 × 10 J = 3.162 × 10
3
Also, = 3.162 km/s

GRAVITATION 238
Newtons Law of Gravitation

ge Re ge R e
1. The SI unit of gravitational constant G is (a) g . R (b) g . R
m m m m
–2 2 –2
(a) Nm kg (b) Nm kg
2 –1 –1 g e R e2 g e2 R e
(c) Nm kg (d) Nm kg (c) g . 2 (d) .
m Rm g 2m R m
2. The value of gravitational constant G depends upon
8. Two planets of radii R1 and R2 are made from the same
(a) the masses of the bodies
material. The ratio of the accelerations due to gravity g1/g2
(b) the sizes of the bodies
at the surfaces of the planets is
(c) the separation of the bodies
R1 R2
(d) none of the above quantities (a) R (b) R
2 1
3. A rocket is fired from the earth to the moon. The distance
between the earth and the moon is r and the mass of the  R1 
2
 R2 
2
earth is 81 times the mass of the moon. The gravitational (c)   (d)  
force on the rocket will be zero, when its distance from the  R2   R1 
moon is Variation of acceleration due to gravity (with height and depth)
r r 9. Assuming that the earth is a sphere of radius R, at what
(a) (b) altitude will the value of the acceleration due to gravity be
20 15
half its value at the surface of the earth ?
r r
(c) (d) R
10 5 R
(a) h  (b) h 
4. A mass M is divided into two parts xm and (1 – x) m. For a 2 2
given separation, the value of x for which the gravitational
attraction between the two pieces becomes maximum is
(c) h   2 1 R  (d) h   2 1 R 
10. The height of the point vertically above the earth’s surface
1 3 at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes 1% of its
(a) (b)
2 5 value at the surface is (R is the radius of the earth)
(c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 8 R (b) 9 R
Acceleration due to gravity (c) 10 R (d) 20 R
–2
5. The acceleration due to gravity g on earth is 9.8 ms . What 11. The radius of the earth is about 6400 km and that of mars is
would the value of g for a planet whose size is the same as about 3200 km. The mass of the earth is about 10 times the
that of earth but the density in twice that of earth ? mass of mars. An object weighs 200 N on the surface of the
(a) 19.6 ms
–2
(b) 9.8 ms
–2 earth. Its weight on the surface of mars would be
(c) 4.9 ms
–2
(d) 2.45 ms
–2 (a) 6 N (b) 20 N
6. If both the mass and the radius of the earth decrease by 1%, (c) 40 N (d) 80 N
the value of the acceleration due to gravity will Variation of acceleration due to gravity (due to rotation of earth)
(a) decrease by 1% (b) increase by 1% 12. What must be the angular velocity of rotation of the earth
(c) increase by 2% (d) remain unchanged so that the effective acceleration due to gravity at the
4
equator is zero ? The radius of the earth = 64 × 10 m.
7. The acceleration due to gravity on earth of radius Re is ge
–3 –1 –3 –1
and that on moon of radius Rm is gm. The ratio of the masses (a) 3.3 × 10 rad s (b) 3.5 × 10 rad s
–3 –1 –3 –1
of the earth and the moon is given by (c) 3.7 × 10 rad s (d) 3.9 × 10 rad s
GRAVITATION 239
13. If a man at the equator would weigh (3/5)th of his weight, (a) The total energy of the system is zero.
the angular speed of the earth is
(b) The force between them is not zero.
2 g g (c) The centre of mass of the system is at rest.

(a) (b)
5 R R (d) All the above are true.
18. A body is released from a height equal to the radius (R) of
R 2 R the earth. The velocity of the body when it strikes the surface
(c) (d)
g 5 g of the earth will be
Field due to discreet mass
(a) gR (b) 2 gR
14. Three particles, each of mass m, are placed at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle of side a. The gravitational field
intensity at the centroid of the triangle is (c) 2 2 gR (d) 2 gR
Gm 2 19. A high jumper can jump 2.0 m on earth. With the same effort
(a) zero (b) 2 how high will he be able to jump on a planet whose density
a
is one-third and radius one-fourth those of the earth ?
2 Gm 2 3 Gm 2 (a) 4 m (b) 8 m
(c) (d)
a2 a2
(c) 12 m (d) 24 m
15. Infinite number of masses, each of mass m, are placed along
Potential Energy for multiple mass system
a straight line at distances of r, 2r, 4r, 8r, etc. from a reference
point O. The gravitational field intensity at point O will be 20. A body of mass m is raised to a height h above the surface
of the earth of mass M and radius R until its gravitational
5 Gm 4 Gm
(a) (b)
4r2 3r2 1
potential energy increases by mgR. The value of h is
3
3 Gm 2 Gm
(c) (d) (a) R/3 (b) R/2
2 r2 r2
Field due to continuous mass mR mR
(c) (d)
16. A mass m is placed in the cavity inside a hollow sphere of M  m  M
mass M as shown in the figure. What is the gravitational
21. The change in the gravitational potential energy when a
force on mass m?
body of mass m is raised to a height nR above the surface of
the earth is (here R is the radius of the earth)
 n   n 
(a)   mgR (b)   mgR
 n 1  n 1 
mgR
GMm GMm (c) nmgR (d)
(a) (b) n
R2 r2
22. A body of mass m is placed on earth surface is taken to a
GMm height of h = 3R, then change in gravitation potential energy
(c) 2 (d) zero is
R  r
Work and Potential Energy mgR 2
(a) (b) mgR
17. Two objects of masses m and 4m are at rest at infinite 4 3
separation. They move towards each other under mutual
gravitational attraction. Then, at a separation r, which of the 3 mgR
(c) mgR (d)
following is true ? 4 4
GRAVITATION 240
Escape velocity and Maximum height 29. The ratio of the escape velocity of an earth satellite to its
23. The masses and radii of the earth and moon are M1, R1 and orbital velocity is very nearly equal to
M2, R2 respectively. Their centres are a distance d apart. (a) (b) 2
2
The minimum speed with which a particle of mass m should
be projected from a point midway between the two centres (c) 1/2 (d) 1 / 2
so as to escape to infinity is given by Satellite Motion
1/ 2 1/ 2 30. An earth satellite is kept moving in orbit by the centripetal
 G M1  M 2    G M1  M 2  
(a) 2   (b) 2   force provided by
 md   d 
(a) the burning of fuel in its engine
1/ 2 1/ 2 (b) the ejection of hot gases from its exhaust
 G M1  M 2    G M1  M 2  
(c) 2   (d) 2   (c) the gravitational attraction of the sun
 md   d 
24. A rocket is launched vertically from the surface of the earth (d) the gravitational attraction of the earth
of radius R with an initial speed v. If atmospheric resistance 31. An instrument package is released from an orbiting earth
is neglected, the maximum height attained by the rocket is satellite by simply detaching it from the outer wall of the
given by satellite. The package will
(a) go away from the earth and get lost in outer space
R R
(a) h  (b) h  (b) fall to the surface of the earth
 2gR   2gR 
 2  1  2  1
 v   v  (c) continue moving along with the satellite in the same
orbit and with the same velocity
 2gR   2gR  (d) fall through a certain distance and then move in an orbit
(c) h  R  2  1 (d) h  R  2  1
 v   v  around the earth.
25. The escape velocity of a body projected vertically upwards 32. A satellite is moving around the earth in a stable circular
from the surface of the earth is v. If the body is projected in orbit. Which one of the following statements will be wrong
a direction making an angle  with the vertical, the escape for such a satellite ?
velocity would be (a) It is moving at a constant speed.
(a) v (b) v cos  (b) Its angular momentum remains constant.
(c) v sin  (d) v tan 
(c) It is acted upon by a force directed away from the centre
–1
26. For earth the escape velocity is 11.2 kms . For a planet of the earth which counter balances the gravitational
whose mass and radius are twice those of the earth, the pull of the earth.
escape velocity will be (d) It behaves as if it were as freely falling body.
–1 –1
(a) 44.8 kms (b) 22.4 kms 33. Astronauts in a stable orbit around the earth are said to be
–1 –1 in a weightless condition. The reason for this is that
(c) 11.2 kms (d) 2.8 kms
(a) the capsule and its contents are falling freely at the same rate
27. The escape velocity from the earth is ve. What is the escape
velocity from a planet whose mass and radius are twice (b) there is no gravitational force acting on them
those of the earth ? (c) the gravitational force of the earth balances that of the sun
(a) ve (b) 2 ve (d) there is no atmosphere at the height at which they are orbiting.
(c) 4 ve (d) 16 ve
Orbital Velocity
28. A body is projected up with a velocity equal to 3/4 of the
escape velocity from the surface of the earth. The height it 34. Choose the wrong statement. The orbital velocity of a body
reaches is : (Radius of the earth = R) in a stable orbit around a planet depends upon
(a) the average radius of the planet
10 R 9R
(a) (b) (b) the height of the body above the planet
9 7
(c) the acceleration due to gravity
9R 10 R
(c) (d) (d) the mass of the orbiting body
8 3
GRAVITATION 241
35. An object weights W newton on earth. It is suspended from

the lower end of a spring balance whose upper end is fixed R g
(a) T  2 (b) T  2
to the ceiling of a space capsule in a stable orbit around the g R
earth. The reading of the spring balance will be
(a) W (b) less than W MR mR
(c) T  2 (d) T  2
(c) more than W (d) zero mg Mg
36. Two satellites of masses 3M and M orbit the earth in circular 42. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of radius R around
orbits of radii r and 3r respectively. The ratio of their speeds is the earth. A second satellite is launched into an orbit of
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 3 :1 radius 1.01 R. The period of the second satellite is longer
than that of the first by approximately
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1
(a) 0.5% (b) 1.0%
37. The gravitational force between two objects is proportional
2 (c) 1.5% (d) 3.0%
to 1/R (and not as 1/R ) where R is separation between them,
then a particle in circular orbit under such a force would 43. If the distance between the earth and the sun were half its
have its orbital speed v proportional to present value, the number of days in a year would have been
1 (a) 64.5 (b) 129

0
(a) (b) R
R2 (c) 182.5 (d) 730
1 1 Kepler’s Second Law

(c) R (d)
R 44. Two satellites A and B of masses m1 and m2 (m1 = 2m2) are
Kinetic, Potential, Binding Total Energy moving in circular orbits of radii r1 and r2 (r1 = 4r2),
38. Two satellites of the same mass are orbiting round the earth respectively, around the earth. If their periods are TA and TB,
at heights of R and 4R above the earth’s surface: R being the then the ratio TA/TB is
radius of the earth. Their kinetic energies are in the ratio of
(a) 4 (b) 16
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 3 : 2
(c) 2 (d) 8
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 2
Kepler’s Third Law
39. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit around the
45. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of
earth has a total (kinetic + potential) energy E0. Its potential
6R above the surface of the earth; R being the radius of the
energy is
earth. What will be the time period of another satellite at a
(a) – E0 (b) 1.5 E0
height 2.5 R from the surface of the earth ?
(c) 2 E0 (d) E0
(a) 6 2 hours (b) 6 2.5 hours
Time Period of revolution
40. A satellite is orbiting the earth in a circular orbit of radius r. (c) 6 3 hours (d) 12 hours
Its period of revolution varies as
46. Two satellites A and B are orbiting around the earth in circular
(a) r (b) r
orbits of the same radius. The mass of A is 16 times that of B.
3/2 2
(c) r (d) r The ratio of the period of revolution of B to that of A is
41. A satellite of mass m is in a stable circular orbit around the (a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 4
earth at an altitude of about 100 kilometres. If M is the mass of (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
the earth, R its radius and g the acceleration due to gravity,
the time period T of the revolution of the satellite is given by
GRAVITATION 242

1. Energy required to move a body of mass m from an orbit of 8. A satellite of mass m revolves around the earth of radius R
radius 2R to 3R is (2002) at a height x from its surface. If g is the acceleration due to
gravity on the surface of the earth, the orbital speed of the
GMm GMm satellite is (2004)
(a) (b)
12 R 3R gR
(a) gx (b)
GMm GMm Rx
(c) (d) 1/ 2
8R 6R  gR 2 
gR 2
2. The kinetic energy needed to project a body of mass m from (c) (d)  

Rx Rx
the earth surface (radius R) to infinity is (2002)
9. The time period of an earth satellite in circular orbit is
mgR independent of (2004)
(a) (b) 2 mgR
2 (a) the mass of the satellite
mgR (b) radius of its orbit
(c) mgR (d) (c) both the mass and radius of the orbit
4
3. The escape velocity of a body depends upon mass as(2002) (d) neither the mass of the satellite nor the radius of its orbit
10. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface,
(a) m0 (b) m1
the gain in the potential energy of an object of mass m
(c) m2 (d) m3 raised from the surface of the earth to a height equal to the
4. If suddenly the gravitational force of attraction between radius R of the earth is (2004)
earth and a satellite revolving around it becomes zero, then 1
the satellite will (2002) (a) 2 mgR (b) mgR
2
(a) continue to move in its orbit with same velocity 1
(b) move tangentially to the original orbit in the same velocity (c) mgR (d) mgR
4
(c) become stationary in its orbit 11. Suppose the gravitational force varies inversely as the n
th
(d) move towards the earth power of distance. Then the time period of a planet in circular
5. The time period of a satellite of earth is 5 h. If the separation orbit of radius R around the sun will be proportional to (2004)
between the earth and the satellite is increased to 4 times the  n 1   n 1 
   
previous value, the new time period will become (2003) (a) R  2  (b) R  2 
(a) 10 h (b) 80 h
 n 2 
(c) 40 h (d) 20 h  
(c) Rn (d) R  2 
6. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5M and radii R and 2R
respectively are released in free space with initial separation 12. Average density of the earth (2005)
between their centres equal to 12R. If they attract each other (a) is directly proportional to g
due to gravitational force only, then the distance covered (b) is inversely proportional to g
by the smaller body just before collision is (2003) (c) does not depend on g
(a) 2.5 R (b) 4.5 R
(d) is a complex function of g
(c) 7.5 R (d) 1.5 R
13. The change in the value of g at a height h above the surface
7. The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards of the earth is the same as at a depth d below the surface of
from the surface of earth is 11 km/s. If the body is projected earth. When both d and h are much smaller than the radius
at an angle of 45° with the vertical, the escape velocity will of earth, then which of the following is correct ? (2005)
be (2003)
(a) d = 2h (b) d = h
(a) 11 2 km / s (b) 22 km/s
h 3h
(c) d  (d) d 
(c) 11 km/s (d) 11 / 2 km / s 2 2
GRAVITATION 243
14. A particle of mass 10 g is kept on the surface of a uniform 20. Four particles, each of mass M and equidistant from each
sphere of mass 100 kg and radius 10 cm. Find the work to be other, move along a circle of radius R under the action of
done against the gravitational force between them to take their mutual gravitational attraction. The speed of each
the particle far away from the sphere. (2005) particle is (2014)
–11 2 2
(you may take G = 6.67 × 10 Nm /kg ) GM GM
(a) 2 2
R
(b)
R

1 2 2 
(a) 6.67 × 10–9 J (b) 6.67 × 10–10 J
(c) 13.34 × 10–10 J (d) 3.33 × 10–10 J 1 GM GM
15. A planet in a distance solar system is 10 times more massive
(c)
2 R

1 2 2  (d)
R
than the earth and its radius is 10 times smaller. Given that
–1 21. From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R, a spherical
the escape velocity from the earth is 11 km s , the escape
portion of radius R/2 is removed, as shown in the figure.
velocity from the surface of the planet would be (2008) Taking gravitational potential V = 0 at r = , the potential
(a) 0.11 km s–1 (b) 1.1 km s–1 at the centre of the cavity thus formed is
(G = gravitational constant) (2015)
(c) 11 km s–1 (d) 110 km s–1
16. The height at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes
g
(where g = the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of
9
the earth) in terms of R, the radius of the earth is (2009)
(a) 2 R (b) R / 3 2GM 2GM

(a) (b)
3R R
(c) R/2 (d) 2R
17. Two particles of equal mass m go around a circle of radius R GM GM
(c) (d)
under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The 2R R
speed of each particle with respect to their centre of mass is 22. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height ‘h’
from the earth’s surface (radius of earth R; h << R). The
Gm Gm minimum increase in its orbital velocity required, so that
(a) (b) (2011)
R 4R the satellite could escape from the earth’s gravitational
field, is close to : (Neglect the effect of atmosphere.)
Gm Gm
(c) (d) (2016)
3R 2R
18. Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are placed at a distance r. (a) gR (b) gR / 2
The gravitational potential at a point on the line joining
them where the gravitational field is zero, is (2011) (c) gR  2 1 (d) 2gR
4Gm 6 Gm 23. The variation of acceleration due to gravity g with distance

(a)  (b)  d from centre of the earth is best represented by
r r
(R = Earth’s radius) : (2017)
9Gm
(c)  (d) zero
r
19. What is the minimum energy required to launch a satellite of
mass m from the surface of a planet of mass M and radius R (a) (b)
in a circular orbit at an altitude of 2R ? (2013)
5GmM 2GmM
(a) (b)
6R 3R
GmM GmM (c) (d)

(c) (d)
2R 3R
GRAVITATION 244
24. India’s Mangalyan was sent to the Mars by lauching it removed sphere is 3R, the gravitational force between the
into a transfer orbit EOM around the sun. It leaves the two spheres is: (2014 Online Set-3)
earth at E and meets Mars at M. If the semi-major axis of
Earths’s orbit is aE = 1.5 × 1011 m, that of Mar’s orbit aM =
2.28 × 1011 m, taken Kepler’s laws give the estimate of time
for Mangalyan to reach Mars from Earth to be close to:
(2014 Online Set-1)
41GM 2 59 GM 2
(a) (b)
450 R 2 450 R 2
41GM 2 GM 2
(c) (d)
3600 R 2 225 R 2
27. In an experiment for determining the gravitational

(a) 500 days (b) 320 days acceleration g of a place with the help of a simple pendulum,
(c) 260 days (d) 220 days the measured time period square is plotted against the
25. Two hypothetical planets of masses m1 and m2 are at rest string length of the pendulum in the figure
when they are infinite distance apart. Because of the
gravitational force they move towards each other along
the line joining their centres. What is their speed when
their separation is ‘d’? (Speed of m1 is 1 and that of m2 is
2) (2014 Online Set-2)
2G 2G
(a) 1  m 2 d  m  m  2  m1 d  m  m  What is the value of g at the place ?
1 2 1 2
(2014 Online Set-4)

2G 2G 2
(b) 1  m1 2  m 2 (a) 9.91 m/s (b) 9.81 m/s2
d  m1  m 2  d  m1  m 2 
(c) 10.0 m/s2 (d) 9.87 m/s2
28. The gravitational field in a region is given by
2G 2G 
(c) 1  m 2 g  5N / kgiˆ  12N / kg ˆj . The change in the gravitational
m1 2  m1 m
2
potential energy of a particle of mass 2 kg when it is taken
(d) 1 = 2
from the origin to a point (7m, - 3m) is :
26. From a sphere of mass M and radius R, a smaller sphere of
(2014 Online Set-4)
radius R/2 is carved out such that the cavity made in the
original sphere is between its centre and the periphery. (a) 13 58 J (b) 71 J
(See figure). For the configuration in the figure where the (c) –71 J (d) –1 J
distance between the centre of the original sphere and the
GRAVITATION 245
29. Which of the following most closely depicts the correct 32. If the Earth has no rotational motion, the weight of a person
variation of the gravitation potential V(r) due to a large on the equator is W. Determine the speed with which the
planet of radius R and uniform mass density ? earth would have to rotate about its axis so that the person
(figures are not drawn to scale) (2015 Online)
3
at the equator will weigh W. Radius of the Earth is 6400
4
km and g = 10m/s2. (2017 Online Set-1)
–3
(a) (b) (a) 1.1 × 10 rad/s
(b) 0.83 × 10–3 rad/s
(c) 0.63 × 10–3 rad/s
(d) 0.28 × 10–3 rad/s
33. The mass density of a spherical body is given by
(c) (d) k
 (r)  for r  R and  (r)  0 for r  R, where r is the
r
distance from the centre.The correct graph that describes
30. Figure shows elliptical path abcd of a planet around the qualitatively the acceleration, a, of a test particle as a
function of r is : (2017 Online Set-2)
1
sun S such that the area of triangle csa is the area of the
4
ellipse. (See figure) With db as the semimajor axis, and ca
as the semiminor axis. If t1 is the time taken for planet to go
over path abc and t2 for path taken over cda then : (a) (b)
(2016 Online Set-1)
(c) (d)
(a) t1 = t2 (b) t1 = 2t2
(c) t1 = 3t2 (d) t1 = 4t2
31. An astronaut of mass m is working on a satellite orbiting, 34. A body of mass m is moving in a circular orbit of radius R
the earth at a distance h from the earth’s surface. The abut a planet of mass M. At some instant, it splits into two
radius of the earth is R, while its mass is M. The equal masses. The first mass moves in a circular orbit of
gravitational pull FG on the astronaut is:
R
(2016 Online Set-2) radius , and the other mass, in a circular orbit of
2
(a) Zero since astronaut feels weightless
3R
GMm radius . The difference between the final and initial
(b) 0  FG  2
R2
total energies is : (2018 Online Set-1)
GMm GMm
(c)  FG  GMm GMm
(R  h)2 R2 (a) - (b) +
2R 6R
GMm
(d) FG  GMm GMm
(R  h) 2 (c) (d) -
2R 6R
GRAVITATION 246
35. Take the mean distance of the moon and the sun from the 36. Suppose that the angular velocity of rotation of earth is
increased. Then, as a consequence:
earth to be 0.4 ×106 km and 150 ×106 km respectively..
(2018 Online Set-3)
Their masses are 8 ×1022 kg and 2 ×1030 kg
(a) Weight of the object, everywhere on the earth, will
respectively. The radius of the earth is 6400 km. Let  F1 increase.
be the difference in the forces exerted by the moon at the
(b) Weight of the object, everywhere on the earth, will
nearest and farthest points on the earth and  F2 be the
decrease
difference in the force exerted by the sun at the nearest
(c) There will be no change in weight anywhere on the
and farthest points on the earth. Then, the number closest
earth.
F1
to F is : (2018 Online Set-1) (d) Except at poles, weight of the object on the earth will
2 decrease.
(a) 2 (b) 10-2 37. The relative uncertainty in the period of a satellite orbiting
around the earth is 10-2. If the relative uncertainty in the
(c) 0.6 (d) 6
radius of the orbit is negligible, the relative uncertainty in
the mass of the earth is : (2018 Online Set-3)
(a) 10–2 (b) 2×10-2
(c) 3×10-2 (d) 6×10-2

GRAVITATION 247

Newtons Law of Gravitation 7. The distance of the centres of moon and earth is D. The
mass of earth is 81 times the mass of the moon. At what
1. The gravitational force between two objects does not distance from the centre of the earth, the gravitational
depend on force will be zero
(a) Sum of the masses (a) D/2 (b) 2D/3
(b) Product of the masses (c) 4D/3 (d) 9D/10
(c) Gravitational constant 8. Four identical point masses each equal to m are placed at
(d) Distance between the masses the corners of a square of side a. The force on a point
mass m’ placed at the point of intersection of the two
2. The mass of the moon is about 1.2% of the mass of the diagonals is :
earth. Compared to the gravitational force the earth exerts on (a) (4Gmm’)/a
2
(b) (2Gmm’)/a
2
the moon, the gravitational force the moon exerts on earth 2

(c) (Gmm’)/a (d) zero
(a) Is the same (b) Is smaller Acceleration due to gravity
(c) Is greater (d) Varies with its phase 9. Two planets have the same average density but their radii
3. Three identical point masses, each of mass 1 kg lie in the x-y are R1 and R2. If acceleration due to gravity on these planets
plane at points (0, 0), (0, 0.2m) and (0.2m, 0). The net be g1 and g2 respectively, then
gravitational force on the mass at the origin is g R g R
1 1 1 2
(a) g  R (b) g  R
(a) 1.67  10
9
 î  ˆj N (b) 3.34  10
10 ˆ ˆ
 
i j N 2 2 2 1
1g 1 R2 g1 1 R3
(c) g  2 (d) g  3
(c) 1.67 10
9
 î  ˆj N (d) 3.34  10
10
 î  ˆj N 2 R2 2 R2
4. Four particles of masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are kept in 10. An iron ball and a wooden ball of the same radius are
sequence at the corners of a square of side a. The released from a height ‘h’ in vacuum. The time taken by
magnitude of gravitational force acting on a particle of both of them to reach the ground is
mass m placed at the centre of the square will be (a) Unequal (b) Exactly equal
24m 2 G 6m 2 G (c) Roughly equal (d) Zero

(a) (b)
a2 a2 11. The correct answer to above question is based on
(a) Acceleration due to gravity in vacuum is same irrespective
4 2Gm 2 of size and mass of the body
(c) (d) zero
a2 (b) Acceleration due to gravity in vacuum depends on
5. If the distance between two masses is doubled, the the mass of the body
gravitational attraction between them (c) There is no acceleration due to gravity in vacuum
(a) Is doubled (d) In vacuum there is resistance offered to the motion of
(b) becomes four times the body and this resistance depends on the mass of
the body
(c) Is reduced to half
12. A body weighs 700 gm wt on the surface of the earth. How
(d) Is reduced to a quarter much will it weigh on the surface of a planet whose mass
6. The gravitational force between two stones of mass 1 kg
1
each separated by a distance of 1 metre in vacuum is is and radius is half that of the earth
7
–5
(a) zero (b) 6.675 × 10 newton
–11 –8 (a) 200 gm wt (b) 400 gm wt
(c) 6.675 × 10 newton (d) 6.675 × 10 newton
(c) 50 gm wt (d) 300 gm wt
GRAVITATION 248
13. Assume that the acceleration due to gravity on the surface 19. Suppose a vertical tunnel is dug along the diameter of
of the moon is 0.2 times the acceleration due to gravity on earth assumed to be a sphere of uniform mass having
the surface of the earth. If Re is the maximum range of a density  If a body of mass m is thrown in this tunnel, its
projectile on the earth's surface, what is the maximum range
acceleration at a distance y from the centre is given by
on the surface of the moon for the same velocity of projection
(a) 0.2 Re (b) 2 Re
m
(c) 0.5 Re (d) 5 Re
Variation of acceleration due to gravity (with height and depth) y
14. The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards

–1
from the surface of the earth is 11.2 km s . If the body is
projected in a direction making an angle 45° with the vertical,
the escape velocity will be :
4 3
(a) Gym (b) Gy
3 4
11.2
(a) km s 1 (b) 11.2  2 kms 1
2 4 4
(c) y (d) Gy
–1 –1 3 3
(c) 11.2 × 2 km s (d) 11.2 km s
15. A spring balance is graduated on sea level. If a body is 20. At what height above the earth’s surface does the
weighed with this balance at consecutively increasing acceleration due to gravity fall to 1% of its value at the
heights from earth’s surface, the weight indicated by the earth’s surface ?
balance (a) 9R (b) 10R
(a) Will go on increasing continuously (c) 99 R (d) 100 R
(b) Will go on decreasing continuously 21. At what height above the earth’s surface is the acceleration
(c) Will remain same due to gravity 1% less than its value at the surface ?
(d) Will first increase and then decrease [R = 6400 km]
16. An object weights 72 N on earth. Its weight at a height of (a) 16 km (b) 32 km

R/2 from earth is
(c) 64 km (d) 32 2 km
(a) 32 N (b) 56 N
(c) 72 N (d) Zero 22. At what depth below the surface of the earth acceleration
17. The depth d at which the value of acceleration due to due to gravity will be half its value 1600 km above the surface
of the earth ?
1
gravity becomes times the value at the surface, is [R = (a) 4.3 × 106 m (b) 2.4 × 106 m
n
radius of the earth] (c) 3.2 × 106 m (d) 1.6 × 106 m
R  n 1  Variation of acceleration due to gravity (due to rotation of energy)
(a) (b) R  
n  n  23. The rotation of the earth about its axis speeds up such that
R a man on the equator becomes weightless. In such a
 n 
(c) (d) R   situation, what would be the duration of one day ?
n2  n 1 
18. At what distance from the centre of the earth, the value of 1
(a) 2 R / g (b) R/g
acceleration due to gravity g will be half that on the surface 2
(R = radius of earth)
1
(a) 2 R (b) R (c) 2 Rg (d) Rg
2
(c) 1.414 R (d) 0.414 R
GRAVITATION 249
Field due to discreet mass

3 5
24. There are two bodies of masses 10 kg and 10 kg separated
by a distance of 1 km. At what distance from the smaller P
body, the intensity of gravitational field will be zero

(a) 1/9 km (b) 1/10 km
(c) 1/11 km (d) 10/11 km
(a) I1 > I2 (b) I1 < I2
25. In some region, the gravitational field is zero. The
gravitational potential in this region (c) I1 = I2 (d) No definite relation
(a) Must be variable (b) Must be constant 29. A particle of mass m is placed inside a spherical shell,
away from its centre. The mass of the shell is M.
(c) Cannot be zero (d) Must be zero
(a) The particle will move towards the centre.
Field due to continuous mass
(b) The particle will move away from the centre, towards
26. The magnitudes of the gravitational field at distance r1 the nearest wall.
and r2 from the centre of a uniform sphere of radius R and
mass M are F1 and F2 respectively. Then (c) The particle will move towards the centre it m < M, and
away from the centre if m > M.
F1 r1
(a)  if r1  R and r2  R (d) The particle will remain stationary.
F2 r2
30. A uniform ring of mass m and radius r is placed directly
F1 r22
(b)  if r1  R and r2  R above a uniform sphere of mass M and of equal radius. The
F2 r12
centre of the ring is at a distance 3 r from the centre of the
F1 r1
(c)  if r1  R and r2  R sphere. The gravitational force exerted by the sphere on the
F2 r2
ring will be
F1 r12 GMm GMm
(d)  if r1  R and r2  R
F2 r22 (a) (b)
8r 2 4r 2
27. Two concentric shells of mass M1 and M2 are having radii 3 GMm GMm
r1 and r2. Which of the following is the correct expression (c) (d)
8r 2
16r 2
for the gravitational field on a mass m.
31. A solid sphere of radius R/2 is cut out of a solid sphere of
M2 r2 radius R such that the spherical cavity so formed touches
M1 the surface on one side and the centre of the sphere on the
r r1 other side, as shown. The initial mass of the solid sphere
was M. If a particle of mass m is placed at a distance 2.5 R
m
from the centre of the cavity, then what is the gravitational
attraction on the mass m ?
G  M1  M 2 
(a) I  for r  r1
r2
G  M1  M 2 
(b) I  for r  r2
r2
M2
(c) I  G for r1  r  r2
r2
GM1
(d) I  for r1  r  r2
r2
GMm GMm
28. A spherical shell is cut into two pieces along a chord as (a) (b)
shown in the figure. P is a point on the plane of the chord. R2 2R 2
The gravitational field at P due to the upper part is I1 and
that due to the lower part is I2. What is the relation between GMm 23 GMm
(c) (d)
them 8R 2 100 R 2
GRAVITATION 250
32. A solid sphere of uniform density and radius R applies a 35. Gravitational field at the centre of a semicircle formed by a
gravitational force of attraction equal to F1 on a particle thin wire AB of mass m and length l is :
placed at a distance 2R from the centre of the sphere. A
spherical cavity of radius R/2 is now made in the sphere as
shown in the figure. The sphere with the cavity now applies
a gravitational force F2 on the same particle. The ratio F1/F2
is
Gm Gm
(a) along + x axis (b) along +y axis
2  2
2 Gm 2 Gm
(c) along + x aixs (d) along + y axis
1 3 2 2
(a) (b)
2 4 36. Two identical thin uniform rods of mass m and lenght L are
placed as shown in figure. The gravitational interaction force
7 9 between the two rods is
(c) (d)
8 7
33. The following figure shows two shells of masses m1 and m2.
The shells are concentric. At which point, a particle of mass
m shall experience zero force ?
Gm2 Gm2
(a) (b)
4L2 2L2
Gm2 Gm 2 4
(c) (d) n  
9L2 L2 3
37. Two rings having masses M and 2M, respectively, having

same radius are placed coaxially as shown in figure.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
34. A solid sphere of uniform density and mass M has radius 4
m. Its centre is at the origin of the coordinate system. Two
spheres of radii 1 m are taken out so, that their centres are at
P (0, –2, 0) and Q (0, 2, 0), respectively. This leaves two
spherical cavities. What is the gravitational field at the origin
of the coordinate axes ? If the mass distribution on both the rings is non-uniform,
the gravitational potential at point P is
GM  1 2 
(a)    
R  2 5
GM  2 
(b)  1
R  2 
31GM Gm
(a) (b)
1024 1024 (c) zero
(c) 31 GM (d) zero (d) cannot be determined from given information

GRAVITATION 251
Work and Potential Energy 43. P is a point at a distance r from the centre of a spherical
shell of mass M and radius a, where r < a. The gravitational
38. The magnitude of gravitational potential energy of a body
potential at P is
at a distance r from the centre of earth is u. Its weight at a
distance 2r from the centre of earth is GM GM
(a)  (b) 
u u r a
(a) (b)
r 4r
r ar
u 4r (c) GM (d) GM  2 
(c) (d) a2  a 
2r u
Potential Energy for multiple mass system Potential due to continuous mass (formula only)
44. P is a point at a distance r from the centre of a solid sphere
39. Three particles each of mass 100 gm are brought from a
of radius a. The gravitational potential at P is V. If V is
very large distance to the vertices of an equilateral triangle
plotted as a function of r, which is the correct curves ?
whose side is 20 cm in length. The work done will be
(a) 0.33 × 10–11 Joule
(b) – 0.33 × 10–11 Joule
(c) 1.00 × 10–11 Joule (a) (b)
(d) –1.00 × 10–11 Joule

40. The change in potential energy, when a body of mass m is
raised to a height nR from the earth’s surface is (R = Radius
of earth)
n (c) (d)
(a) mgR (b) nmgR
n 1
n2 n
(c) mgR 2 (d) mgR Relation of Potential and Potential Energy
n 1 n 1
45. The gravitational potential due to the earth at infinite
41. What impulse need to be given to a body of mass m, released distance from it is zero. Let the gravitational potential at a
from the surface of earth along a straight tunnel passing point P be –5 J/kg. Suppose, we arbitrarily assume the
through centre of earth, at the centre of the earth, to bring it gravitational potential at infinity to be + 10 J/kg, then the
to rest. (Mass of earth M, radius or earth R) gravitational potential at P will be
(a) –5 J/kg (b) +5 J/kg
GM GMm
(a) m (b) (c) –15 J/kg (d) +15 J/kg
R R
46. A person brings a mass of 1 kg from infinity to a point A.
GM Initially the mass was at rest but it moves with a speed of
(c) m (d) zero
2R 2 m/s as it reaches A. The work done by the person on the
mass is – 3 J. The potential of A is
Potential due to discreet mass
(a) – 3 J/kg (b) – 2 J/kg
42. Two bodies of masses m and M are placed a distance d
(c) – 5 J/kg (d) – 7 J/kg
apart. The gravitational potential at the position where
Escape velocity and Maximum height
the gravitational field due to them is zero is V, then
47. The escape velocity for the earth is 11.2 km/sec. The mass
G Gm of another planet is 100 times that of the earth and its
(a) V   m  M (b) V   radius is 4 times that of the earth. The escape velocity for
d d
this planet will be
GM G 2 (a) 112.0 km/s (b) 5.6 km/s
(c) V  
d
(d) V  
d
 m M  (c) 280.0 km/s (d) 56.0 km/s
GRAVITATION 252
48. The ratio of the radii of planets A and B is k1 and ratio of (c) The water and the glass have the same acceleration,
acceleration due to gravity on them is k2. The ratio of equal to g, towards the centre of the earth, and hence
escape velocities from them will be there is no relative motion between them
(a) k 1 k 2 (b) k 1 k 2 (d) The gravitation attraction between the glass and the
water balances the earth’s attraction on the water.
k1 k2 54. If a small part separates from an orbiting satellite, the part
(c) k2 (d) k1 will
49. For a satellite escape velocity is 11 km/s. If the satellite is (a) fall to the earth directly
launched at an angle of 60° with the vertical, then escape (b) move in a spiral and reach the earth after a new rotations
velocity will be (c) continue to move in the same orbit as the satellite
(a) 11 km/s (b) 11 3 km/s
(d) move farther away from the earth gradually
11 Orbital Velocity
(c) km/s (d) 33 km/s
3 55. If ve and v0 represent the escape velocity and orbital
Satellite Motion velocity of a satellite corresponding to a circular orbit of
50. A person sitting in a chair in a satellite feels weightless radius R, then
because
(a) ve = v0 (b) 2vo  v e
(a) The earth does not attract the objects in a satellite
(b) The normal force by the chair on the person balances (c) ve  v0 / 2 (d) ve and v0 are not related
the earth’s attraction
56. Two satellites of masses m1 and m2(m1 > m2) are revolving
(c) The normal force is zero
round the earth in circular orbits of radius r1 and r2(r1 > r2)
(d) The person in satellite is not accelerated respectively. Which of the following statements is true
51. Planetary system in the solar system describes regarding their speeds v1 and v2 ?
(a) Conservation of energy (a) v1 = v2 (b) v1 < v2
(b) Conservation of linear momentum v1 v 2
(c) Conservation of angular momentum (c) v1 > v2 (d) r  r
1 2
(d) None of these
57. A satellite is moving around the earth with speed v in a
52. A satellite S is moving in an elliptical orbit around the
earth. The mass of the satellite is very small compared to circular orbit of radius r. If the orbit radius is decreased by
the mass of earth 1%, its speed will
(a) The acceleration of S is always directed towards the (a) Increase by 1% (b) Increase by 0.5%
centre of the earth
(c) Decrease by 1% (d) Decrease by 0.5%
(b) The angular momentum of S about the centre of the
earth changes in direction but its magnitude remains 58. Two satellite A and B go round a planet P in circular orbits
constant having radii 4R and R respectively. If the speed of the
(c) The total mechanical energy of S varies periodically satellite A is 3v, the speed of the satellite B will be
with time (a) 12 v (b) 6 v
(d) The linear momentum of S remains constant in 4 3
magnitude (c) v (d) v
3 2
53. Inside a satellite orbiting very close to the earth’s surface,
59. If orbital velocity of planet is given by v = Ga Mb Rc, then
water does not fall out of a glass when it is inverted. Which
of the following is the best explanation for this ? 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) a  , b  , c   (b) a  ,b ,c
(a) The earth does not exert any force on the water. 3 3 3 2 2 2
(b) The earth’s force of attraction on the water is exactly
balanced by the force created by the satellite’s 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) a  ,b ,c (d) a  ,b ,c
motion. 2 2 2 2 2 2
GRAVITATION 253
60. Two satellites of same mass are launched in the same orbit of b
radius r around the earth so as to rotate opposite to each a
A
other. If they collide inelastically and stick together as
S
wreckage, the total energy of the system just after collision is
2GMm GMm B
(a)  (b)  d c
r r
(a) t1 < t2 (b) t1 > t2
GMm
(c) (d) zero (c) t1 = t2 (d) t1  t2
2r
Kinetic, Potential, Binding, Total Energy 66. The earth E moves in an elliptical orbit with the sun S at
61. Two identical satellites are at R and 7R away from earth one of the foci as shown in figure. Its speed of motion will
surface, the wrong statement is (R = Radius of earth) be maximum at the point
(a) Ratio of total energy will be 4 C
E
(b) Ratio of kinetic energies will be 4
A B
(c) Ratio of potential energies will be 4 S
(d) Ratio of total energy will be 4 but ratio of potential and D

kinetic energies will be 2 (a) C (b) A
62. Energy required in moving a body of mass m from a distance (c) B (d) D
2R to 3R from centre of earth of mass M is
Triple Star Motion
GMm GMm
(a) (b) 67. Four particles, each of mass M move along a circle of radius
12R 2 3R 2 R under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction.
The speed of each particle is
GMm GMm
(c) (d)
8R 6R
GM GM
(a) (b) 2 2
Time Period of revolution R R
63. A satellite whose mass is M, is revolving in circular orbit
of radius r around the earth. Time of revolution of satellite
GM GM  2 2  1 
is (c)
R

2 2 1  (d) 
R  4 

r5 r3
(a) T  (b) T 
GM GM Multiple Answer Questions
r r3 68. Which of the following statements is/are true about the

(c) T  (d) T  gravitational constant G ?
GM 2 / 3 GM1 / 4
(a) G is a dimensionless number.
64. The distances of two satellites from the surface of the
earth are R and 7R. Their time periods of rotation are in the (b) The value of G is the same anywhere in the universe.
ratio : (c) G has the same value in all systems of units.
(a) 1 : 7 (b) 1 : 8 (d) The value of G does not depend on the nature of the
medium between the two bodies.
(c) 1 : 49 (d) 1 : 73/2
69. The value of the acceleration due to gravity g on earth
Kepler’s Second Law depends upon
65. The figure shows the motion of a planet around the sun in (a) the mass of the earth
an elliptical orbit with sun at the focus. The shaded areas A
(b) the average radius of the earth
and B are also shown in the figure which can be assumed
(c) the average density of the earth
to be equal. If t1 and t2 represent the time for the planet to
move from a to b and d to c respectively, then (d) none of the above quantities
GRAVITATION 254
70. Choose the correct statement (s) from the following 76. A satellite is orbiting the earth in a circular orbit of radius r. Its
(a) The gravitational forces between two particles are an (a) kinetic energy varies as 1/r
action and reaction pair.
(b) angular momentum varies as 1/ r
(b) Gravitation constant (G) is scalar but acceleration due to
gravity (g) is a vector. (c) linear momentum varies as 1/ r
3/2
(c) The values of G and g are to be determined experimentally. (d) frequency of revolution varies as 1/r
(d) G and g are constant everywhere. 77. An object is taken from a point P to another point Q in a
71. Choose the correct statement (s) from the following gravitational field
(a) The magnitude of the gravitational force between two (a) assuming the earth to be spherical, if both P and Q lie on
bodies of mass 1 kg each and separated by a distance of earth’s surface the work done is zero
1 m is 9.8 N.
(b) If P is on earth’s surface and Q above it, the work done is
(b) Higher the value of the escape velocity for a planet, the
minimum when it is taken along the straight line PQ
higher is the abundance of lighter gases in its atmosphere.
(c) The work done depends only on the position of P and Q and
(c) The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies
of ordinary mass is not noticeable because the value of is independent of the path along which the particle is taken
the gravitation constant is extremely small. (d) there is no net work done if the object is taken from P to
(d) Force of friction arises due to gravitational attraction. Q and then brought back to P, along any path
72. Choose the wrong statement (s) from the following 78. Consider a planet moving in an elliptical orbit around the
(a) It is possible to shield a body from the gravitational field sun. The work done on the planet by the gravitational force
of another body by using a thick shielding material of the sun
between them.
(a) is zero in any small part of the orbit.
(b) The escape velocity of a body is independent of the
mass of the body and the angle of projection. (b) is zero in some parts of the orbit.
(c) The acceleration due to gravity increases due to the (c) is zero in complete revolution
rotation of the earth.
(d) is zero in no part of the motion
(d) The gravitational force exerted by the earth on a body is
greater than that exerted by the body on the earth. 79. Let V and E denote the gravitational potential and
73. A comet is revolving around the sun in a highly elliptical gravitational field at a point. It is possible to have
orbit. Which of the following will remain constant (a) V = 0 and E = 0 (b) V = 0 and E  0
throughout its orbit ?
(c) V  and E = 0 (d) V  0 and E  0
(a) Kinetic energy (b) Potential energy
80. An orbiting satellite will escape if
(c) Total energy (d) Angular momentum
(a) its speed is increased by 41%
74. The weight of an object will be
(a) zero at the centre of the earth (b) its speed in the orbit is made 1.5 times of its initial
(b) one-fourth of its value at sea level at a height equal to
value
the radius of the earth above its surface.
(c) its KE is doubled
(c) same in all satellites
(d) same at all points on the surface of the earth (d) it stops moving in the orbit
75. For two satellites at distance R and 7R above the earth’s 81. An astronaut, inside an earth satellite, experiences weightless-
surface, the ratio of their ness becasue
(a) total energies is 4 and potential and kinetic energies is 2 (a) no external force is acting on him
(b) potential energies is 4 (b) he is falling freely
(c) kinetic energies is 4 (c) no reaction is exerted by floor of the satellite
(d) total energies is 4 (d) he is far away from earth’s surface
GRAVITATION 255
82. If the radius of the earth suddenly decreases to 80% of its 87. Assertion : Generally the path of a projectile from the
present value, the mass of the earth remaining the same, the earth is parabolic but it is elliptical for projectiles going to
value of the acceleration due to gravity will a very large height.
–2
(a) remain unchanged (b) become 9.8/0.64 ms Reason : The path of a projectile is independent of the
(c) increase by 36% (d) increase by about 56% gravitational force of earth.
83. Which of the following are correct ? (a) A (b) B (c) C
(a) Escape velocity tells us how fast an object needs to go (d) D (e) E
to escape the planet’s gravity. 88. Assertion : We can not move even a finger without
(b) The time period of a geostationary satellite is 24 h. disturbing all the stars.
Reason : Every body in this universe attracts every other
(c) If a satellite revolves close to the earth’s surface, then
body with a force which is inversely proportional to the
velocity of the satellite is gR . square of distance between them.
(d) When a statellite is revolving around the earth in a fixed (a) A (b) B (c) C
orbit, its linear momentum changes continuously. (d) D (e) E
Assertion and Reason (For Q. 84 to 88) Assertion and Reason (For Q. 89 to 94)
(A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason
(B) Statement-1True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT
is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
89. Statement - 1 : Escape velocity is independent of the angle
84. Assertion : If earth suddenly stops rotating about its axis,
of projection.
then the value of acceleration due to gravity will become
same at all the places. Statement - 2 : Escape velocity from the surface of earth is
Reason : The value of acceleration due to gravity is gR where R is radius of earth.
independent of rotation of earth.
(a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E (c) C (d) D
85. Assertion : Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater than its 90. Statement - 1 : Gravitational potential is zero inside a shell.
escape velocity. Statement - 2 : Gravitational potential is equal to the work
Reason : Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational field done in bringing a unit mass from infinity to a point inside
of earth whereas escaping is beyond the gravitational field gravitational field.
of earth.
(a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(c) C (d) D
(d) D (e) E
91. Statement - 1 : A spherically symmetric shell produces no
86. Assertion : The time period of revolution of a satellite
gravitational field anywhere.
close to surface of earth is smaller than that revolving
away from surface of earth. Statement - 2 : The field due to various mass elements
Reason : The square of time period of revolution of a cancels out, everywhere inside the shell.
satellite is directly proportional to cube of its orbital radius. (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (c) C (d) D
(d) D (e) E
GRAVITATION 256
92. Statement - 1 : Rate of change of weight near the earth’s 96. If object having total energy E1 is having same PE curve as
surface with height h is porportional to h°. shown in figure, then
(a) r0 is the maximum distance of object from earth's centre
Statement - 2 : Since gravitational potential is given by
v = – GM/r. (b) this object and earth system is bounded one
(c) the KE of the object is zero when r = r0
(a) A (b) B
(d) all the above
(c) C (d) D
97. If both the object have same PE curve as shown in figure, then
93. Statement - 1 : Two particles are to be projected from the (a) for object having total energy E2 all values of r are possible
surface of earth so that particles just leave the gravitational (b) for object having total energy E2 values of r < r0 are only
field of earth. One particle is projected vertically upward possible
and another is at an angle of 45° with vertical. Speed given (c) for object having total energy E1 all values of r are possible
to both particles is same. (d) none of these
Statement - 2 : Escape speed does not depend upon angle
of projection. Using the following Passage, solve Q. 98 to Q. 104
Passage – 2
(a) A (b) B
The satellites when launched from earth are not given the
(c) C (d) D orbital velocity initially, in practice, a multi-stage rocket
94. Statement - 1 : For a satellite revolving very near to earth’s propeller carries the space-craft upto its orbit and during
each stage rocket has been fired to increase the velocity to
surface the time period of revolution is given by 1 h 24 min.
acquire the desired velocity for a particular orbit. The last
Statement - 2 : The period of revolution of a satellite depends stage of the rocket brings the satellite in circular/elliptical
only upon its height above the earth’s surface. (desired) orbit.
Consider a satellite of mass 150 kg in low circular orbit, in this
(a) A (b) B orbit, we can't neglect the effect of air drag. This air drag
(c) C (d) D opposes the motion of satellite and hence total mechanical
energy of earth-satellite system decreases means total energy
Paragraph becomes more negative and hence orbital radius decreases
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 95 to Q. 97 which causes the increase in KE. When the satellite comes in
enough low orbit, the excessive thermal energy generation
Passage – 1 due to air friction may cause the satellite to burn up.
In the graph shown, the PE of earth-satellite system is shown 98. What is the reason that during launching of satellite, while
by solid line as a function of distance r (the separation crossing the atmosphere it don't get burnt, but while falling down
between earth's centre and satellite). The total energy of towards earth or if orbiting in lower orbit, it gets burnt up ?
two objects which may or may not be bounded to earth are (a) While going up air friction force doesn't come into existence
shown in figure by dotted lines. (b) While going up satellite is with launching vehicle whose
speed is controllable
(c) While going up space-craft is protecting the satellite
from air friction by itself getting burned
(d) None of these
99. What would be the motion of satellite if air drag has to be
considered ?
(a) Moves with uniform speed in the launching orbit
(b) Orbital radius decreases continuously as a result moves
95. Mark the correct statement(s) with non-uniform velocity in elliptical orbit
(a) The object having total energy E1 is bounded one. (c) Orbital radius decreases continuously and hence
(b) The object having total energy E2 is bounded one. collapses with earth after some time in random manner
and there is equal chance of burning up the satellite due
(c) Both the objects are bounded one. to air friction also
(d) Both the objects are unbounded one. (d) Moves with non-uniform speed in the launching orbit
GRAVITATION 257
100. It has been mentioned in passage that as r decreases, E 105. The minimum and maximum speeds
decreases but K increases. The increases in K is [E = Total
GM 2GM GM 3GM
mechanical energy, r = Orbital radius, K = Kinetic energy] is (a) , (b) ,
9R R 5R 2R
(a) due to increase in gravitational PE
(b) due to decrease in gravitational PE GM 2GM GM 5GM
(c) , (d) ,
6R 3R 3R 2R
(c) due to work done by air friction force
106. Radius of curvature at the point of minimum distance is
(d) both (b) and (c)
101. If due to air drag, the orbital radius of earth decreases from 8R 5R
(a) (b)
R to R – R, R << R, then the expression for increase in 3 3
orbital velocity v is
4R 7R
(c) (d)
R GM R GM 3 3
(a) (b) 
2 R3 2 R3 Match the Columns
GM GM 107. For a planet orbiting about sun in elliptical orbit, some
(c) R (d)  R incomplete statements regarding physical quantities are
R3 R3
given in Column–I, which can be completed by using entries
102. For information given in above question, the change in KE, of Column–II. Match the entries of Column–I with the entries
k is
of Column–II.
GMm GMm Column–I Column–II
(a)   R (b)  R
R2 R2 (A) Maximum PE of sun planet system (P) is at perihelion.
GMm GMm (B) Maximum speed of planet (Q) is at aphelion

(c) R (d)   R (C) Minimum PE of sun planet system (R) is independent of
2R 2 2R 2
mass of planet
103. For information given in question no. 101, the change in PE, (D) Minimum kinetic energy of planet (S) is dependent on
U is semi-major axis of
orbit.
GMm GMm
(a)  R (b) R 108. Four identical satellites are orbiting in four elliptical orbits
R2 R2
having same semi-major axis but different eccentricities. In
GMm GMm Column–I some quantities associated with four orbits are
(c) R (d)  R given and in Column–II the words which can give the
2R 2 2R 2
information about physical quantities mentioned in Column–I.
104. For information given in question no. 101, the work done by Match the entries of Column–I with the entries of Column–II.
air friction force W, is 4
3
GMm GMm
(a)  R (b) R
R2 R2 1 E 2
r1 r2
GMm GMm
(c) R (d)  R
2R 2 2R 2
r1 r 2
where M is the mass of earth and m is mass of satellite. Column–I Column–II
Passage - 1 (A) Total energy of all four orbits (P) Same
For problems 1 and 2 (B) Speed of satellite in all four orbits (Q) Different
The minimum and maximum distances of a satellite from the (C) Velocity of satellite in all four orbits (R) Constant
centre of the earth are 2R and 4R, respectively, where R is (D) Angular momentum of satellites about (S) Varying
the radius of earth and M is the mass of the earth. centre of earth in all four orbits
GRAVITATION 258
109. Considering earth to be a homogeneous sphere but keeping 113. Two satellites A and B of equal mass move in the equitorial
in mind its spin, match the following : plane of the earth, close to the earth's surface. Satellite A
Column I Column II moves in the same direction as that of the rotation of the
(a) Acceleration due to (p) May change from point to earth while satellite B moves in the opposite direction.
Calculate the ratio of the kinetic energy of B to that of A in
gravity point.
the reference frame fixed to the earth.
(b) Orbital angular momentum (q) Does not depend on
(g = 9.8 m/s2, R = 6.37 × 106 m)
of the earth as seen from direction of projection
114. Three particles of mass m each are placed at the three corners
a distant star of an equilateral triangle of side a. Find the work (in 10–10 J)
(c) Escape velocity from the (r) Remains constant which should be done on this system to increase the sides
earth of the triangle to 2a. (m = 5 kg, a = 10 cm)
(d) Gravitational potential (s) Depend on direction 115. Earth is a shpere of uniform mass density. How much would
due to earth at a particular of projection a body weigh (in × 10 N) half ways down the centre of earth
if it weighed 100 N on the surface ?
point
116. An infinite collection of equal masses of 2 kg are kept on a
Integer type
horizontal line (x–axis) at positions x = 1, 2, 4, 8, ...... Find the
110. A sky lab of mass 2 × 103 kg is first launched from the surface gravitational potential at x = 0 (in –Gj units).
of earth in a circular orbit of radius 2R and then it is shifted
from this circular orbit to another circular orbit of radius 3R. 117. Two satellites of mass ratio 1 : 2 are revolving around the
Calculate the minimum energy (in 108 J) required to shift earth in circular orbits such that the distance of the second
the lab from first orbit to the second orbit. R = 6400 km, satellite is four times as compared to the distance of the first
g = 10 m/s2 satellite. Find the ratio of their centripetal force.
111. Distance between the centres of two stars is 10 a. The masses 118. Distance between the centre of two stars is 10a. The masses
of these stars are M and 16M and their radii a and 2a
of these stars are M and 16 M and their radii are a and 2a,
respectively. A body of mass m is fired straight from the surface
respectively. A body of mass m is fired straight from the
of the larger star towards the smaller star. What should be its
minimum initial speed (in km/s) to reach the surface of the surface of the larger star towards the smaller star. What
smaller star ? (M = 6 × 1022 kg, a = 1200 km) should be its minimum speed to reach the surface of the
112. A man can jump vertically to a height of 1.5 m on the earth. smaller star (round off to the nearest integer in the unit of
Calculate the radius of a planet of the same mean density as
GM
that of the earth from whose gravitational field he could )
escape by jumping. Radius of earth is 6.41 × 106 m. a
GRAVITATION 259
Single Answer Questions 6. A simple pendulum has a time period T1 when on the earth’s
surface and T2 when taken to a height R above the earth’s
1. If the radius of the earth were to shrink by one per cent, its surface, where R is the radius of the earth. The value of
mass remaining the same ,the acceleration due to gravity on T2/T1 is : (2001)
the earth's surface would (1981)
(a) decrease (b) remain unchanged (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) increase (d) be zero (c) 4 (d) 2
2. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface, 7. A geostationary satellite orbits around the earth in a circular
the gain in the potential energy of an object of mass m orbit of radius 36,000 km. Then, the time period of a spy
raised from the surface of the earth to a height equal to the satellite orbiting a few hundred km above the earth's surface
radius R of the earth, is (1983)
(Re = 6400 km) will approximately be (2002)
1 (a) 1/2 h (b) 1 h
(a) mgR (b) 2 mgR
2
(c) 2 h (d) 4 h
1 8. A double star system consists of two stars A and B which
(c) mgR (d) mgR
4 have time periods TA and TB. Radius RA and RB and mass
3. Imagine a light planet revolving around a very massive star MA and MB. Choose the correct option. (2006)
in a circular orbit of radius R with a period of revolution T. If
the gravitational force of attraction between the planet and (a) If TA > TB then RA > RB (b) If TA > TB then MA > MB
–5/2
the star is proportional to R , then (1989) 2 3
T  R 
2
(a) T is proportional to R 2
(c)  A    A  (d) TA = TB
 TB   RB 
2 7/2
(b) T is proportional to R
9. A spherically symmetric gravitational system of particles
(c) T2 is proportional to R3/2
(d) T2 is proportional to R3.75  0 for r  R
has a mass density   
4. If the distance between the earth and the sun were half its 0 for r  R
present value ,the number of days in a year would have
where 0 is a constant. A test mass can undergo circular
been (1996)
motion under the influence of the gravitational field of
(a) 64.5 (b) 129 particles. Its speed v as a function of distance r from the
(c) 182.5 (d) 730 centre of the system is represented by (2008)
5. A satellite S is moving in an elliptical orbit around the earth.

The mass of the satellite is very small compared to the mass
of the earth (1998)
(a) the acceleration of S is always directed towards the centre (a) (b)
of the earth.
(b) the angular momentum of S about the centre of the earth
changes in direction, but its magnitude remains constant
(c) the total mechanical energy of S varies periodically with
time.
(c) (d)
(d) the linear momentum of S remains constant in magnitude.
GRAVITATION 260
10. A satellite is moving with a constant speed v in a circular (a) the gravitational field due to this object at the origin is
orbit about the earth. An object of mass m is ejected from zero
the satellite such that it just escapes from the gravitational (b) the gravitational field at the point B (2, 0, 0) is zero
pull of the earth. At the time of its ejection, the kinetic energy (c) the gravitational potential is the same at all points of
of the object is : (2011) 2 2
circle y + z = 36
1 (d) the gravitational potential is the same at all points on
(a) mv2 (b) mv
2
2 2
2 the circle y + z = 4
3 2 2
14. The magnitudes of the gravitational field at distance r1 and
(c) mv (d) 2 mv
2 r2 from the centre of a uniform sphere of radius R and mass
1 M are F1 and F2 respectively. Then (1994)

11. A planet of radius R = × (radius of Earth) has the same
10 F1 r1
(a)  if r1 < R and r2 < R
F2 r2
R
mass density as Earth. Scientists dig a well of depth on
5 F1 r22
(b)  if r1 > R and r2 > R
it and lower a wire of the same length and of linear mass F2 r12
density 10–3 kgm–1 into it. If the wire is not touching
anywhere, the force applied at the top of the wire by a F1 r13
(c)  if r1 < R and r2 < R
person holding it in place is (take the radius of Earth F2 r23
= 6 ×106m and the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is
10 ms–2) (2014) F1 r12
(d)  if r1 < R and r2 < R
(a) 96 N (b) 108 N F2 r22
(c) 120 N (d) 150 N 15. Two bodies, each of mass M, are kept fixed with a separation
Assertion Reason 2L. A particle of mass m is projected from the mid-point of
12. Statement–I : An astronaut in an orbiting space station above the line joining their centres, perpendicular to the line. The
the earth experiences weightlessness. gravitational constant is G. The correct statement(s) is (are)
Statement–II : An object moving around the earth under (2013)
the influence of earth's gravitational force is in a state of
(a) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
'free-fall'. (2008)
(a) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true; Statement–II GM
the gravitational field of the two bodies is 4
is the correct explanation for Statement–I. L
(b) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true; Statement–II (b) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
is not a correct explanation for Statement–I.
GM
(c) If Statement–I is true; Statement–II is false. the gravitationl field of the two bodies is 2
L
(d) If Statement–I is false; Statement–II is true.
Multiple Answer Questions (c) The minimum initial velocity of the mass m to escape
13. A solid sphere of uniform density and radius 4 units is located 2GM
with its centre at the origin O of coordinates. Two spheres the gravitational field of the two bodies is
L
of equal radii 1 unit, with their centres at A (–2, 0, 0) and
B (2, 0, 0) respectively, are taken out of the solid leaving (d) The energy of the mass m remains constant.
behind spherical cavities as shown in figure. (1993) Fill in the Blanks
16. The numerical value of the angular velocity of rotation of
the earth should be ................ rad/s in order to make the
effective acceleration due to gravity at equator equal to
zero. (1984)
17. According to Kepler's second law, the radius vector to a
planet from the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals
of time. This law is a consequence of the conservation of
Then, ................ . (1985)
GRAVITATION 261
18. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of 26. Distance between the centres of two stars is 10 a. The masses
6 R above the surface of the earth where R is the radius of of these stars are M and 16 M and their radii a and 2a
earth. The time period of another satellite at a height of 3.5 R respectively. A body of mass m is fired straight from the
from the surface of the earth is ................ hours. (1987) surface of the larger star towards the surface of the smaller
star. What should be its minimum initial speed to reach the
19. The masses and radii of the Earth and the Moon are M1, R1
surface of the smaller star ? Obtain the expression in terms
and M2, R2 respectively. Their centres are a distance d apart. of G, M and a. (1996)
The minimum speed with which a particle of mass m should
R
be projected from a point midway between the two centres 27. There is a crater of depth on the surface of the moon
so as to escape to infinity is ................ . (1988) 100
(radius R). A projectile is fired vertically upward from the
20. The ratio of earth's orbital angular momentum (about the
15 2
crater with velocity, which is equal to the escape velocity v
sun) to its mass is 4.4 × 10 m /s. The area enclosed by from the surface of the moon. Find the maximum height
2
earth's orbit is approximately ................ m . (1997) attained by the projectile. (2003)
21. A particle is projected vertically upwards from the surface
6
of earth (radius R) with a kinetic energy equal to half of the 28. Gravitational acceleration on the surface of a planet is g,
11
minimum value needed for it to escape. The height to which
where g is the gravitational acceleration on the surface of
it rises above the surface of earth is ................ . (1997)
the earth. The average mass density of the planet is 2/3
True/False times that of the earth. If the escape speed on the surface of
–1
22. It is possible to put an artificial satellite into orbit in such a way the earth is taken to be 11 kms , the escape speed on the
that it will always remain directly over New Delhi. (1984) –1
surface of the planet in kms will be (2010)
Subjective Questions 29. A large spherical mass M is fixed at one position and two
identical point masses m are kept on a line passing through
23. Two satellites S1 and S2 revolve round a planet df in coplanar the centre of M (see figure). The point masses are connected
circular orbits in the same sense. Their periods of revolution by rigid massless rod of length l and this assembly is free
are 1 h and 8 h respectively. The radius of the orbit of S1 is to move along the line connecting them. All three masses
4 interact only through their mutual gravitational interaction.
10 km. When S2 is closest to S1. Find (1986)
When the point mass nearer to M is at a distance r = 3l from
(a) the speed of S2 relative to S1
 M 
(b) the angular speed of S2 as actually observed by an M, the tension in the rod is zero for m = k   . The
astronaut in S1.  288 
24. Three particles, each of mass m, are situated at the vertices value of k is (2015)
of an equilateral triangle of side length a. The only forces
acting on the particles are their mutual gravitational forces.
It is desired that each particle moves in a circle while
maintaining the original mutual separation a. Find the initial
velocity that should be given to each particle and also the
time period of the circular motion. (1988) 30. A bullet is fired vertically upwards with velocity v from
25. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the the surface of a spherical planet. When its reaches its
earth with a speed equal to half the magnitude of escape maximum height, its acceleration due to the planet’s
velocity from the earth. (1990) 1
gravity is th of its value of the surface of the planet. If
(a) Determine the height of the satellite above the earth's 4
surface.
the escape velocity from the planet is vesc  v N, then
(b) If the satellite is stopped suddenly in its orbit and
allowed to fall freely onto the earth, find the speed with the value of N is (ignore energy loss due to atmosphere)
which it hits the surface of the earth. (2015)

GRAVITATION 262
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (d)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)

9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (c)
33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (b)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d)

9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a, b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (d)
33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (b)
49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (a, c) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (b)
57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a) 61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (b)
65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (b, d) 69. (a,b,c) 70. (a,b,c) 71. (b,c) 72. (a,c,d)
73. (c, d) 74. (a, b, c) 75. (b,c,d) 76. (a,c,d) 77. (a,c,d) 78. (b, c) 79. (a, c, d) 80. (a, c)
81. (b, c) 82. (b, d) 83. (a, b, c, d) 84. (c) 85. (e) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (a)
89. (c) 90. (d) 91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (a) 96. (d)
97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (b) 101. (a) 102. (c) 103. (a) 104. (d)
105. (c) 106. (a) 107. (A – Q, S; B – P, R, S; C – P, S; D – Q, S) 108. (A – P, R; B – Q, S; C – Q, S; D – Q, R)
109. (a – p, q; b – r; c – q, s; d – r) 110. ( 0106) 111. (0006) 112. ( 3100) 113. (0001) 114. (0250)
115. (0005) 116. (0004) 117. (0008) 118. (0003)
GRAVITATION 263
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d)

9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a, c, d) 14. (a, b) 15. (b, d) 16. 1.24 × 10–3
G
17. angular momentum 18. 8.48 19. v  2 M1  M 2  20. 6.94 × 1022 21. h = R 22. F
d
Gm a3
4 –4
23. (a) –  × 10 km/h (b) 3 × 10 rad/s 24. v  , T  2 25. (a) 6400 km, (b) 7.9 km/s
a 3 Gm
3 5 GM
26. 27. 99.5 R 28. 0003 29. (0007) 30. (0002)
2 a
Dream on !!


JEE - MODULE 2 - PHY - +1 NM - Mechanics 2

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JEE - MODULE 2 - PHY - +1 NM - Mechanics 2

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Key Points on ‘How to obtain optimal benefits from ‘Tatva’ ?

I wish you all the best.

Anand Prakash Sir has been a pioneer in producing

Teachers SME DTP

Suraj Bhan Singh

WORK, POWER & ENERGY

 Solved Examples .......................................................................................................................... 19

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ..................................................................................... 25

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ..................................................................... 32

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ........................................................................... 36

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ............................................................... 47

 Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 53

 Solved Examples .......................................................................................................................... 65

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ..................................................................................... 78

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ..................................................................... 85

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ............................................................................ 92

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ............................................................... 99

 Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 101

Work, Power & Energy

2. Gram-centimetre (g-cm). It is the gravitational unit of (c) Zero work

This means, work done by or against a conservative force

Formula for Kinetic Energy

Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability of

If a is acceleration produced by the force, then from

 Total work done by the force in increasing the velocity of K

kinetic energy of the body is equal to the work done by

x x x x To illustrate the law further, let us calculate kinetic energy

The variation of potential energy with distance x is shown x

X' A X As the body is at rest at A, therefore,

particular configuration of its molecules and also their

16. WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE dU

18. DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION

18.1 Force on the Particle

In uniform circular motion, acceleration is of magnitude v2/r and is

(b) Let Vb be the velocity at the bottom. As the particle goes

 For a conical pendulum, 2  cos   g 1 1

18.5 Motion in a Vertical Circle (vb)min = v 

Example : A mass m is tied to a string of length l and is rotated in

Example - 12 Net work done on block = work done by T + work done by

As the T and displacement S are in same direction

Example - 20 U = – mg = – mgR (1 – cos )

Sol. For increase in gravitational potential energy of a rod we

A smooth narrow tube in the form of an arc AB of a circle

Now taking point B as reference level and applying law of

Example - 25 (a) Potential energy at x = 5.0 m is

Sol. (h) F (x) = 0, at x = 2.0 m

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2 10

(a) 0 m/s (b) 40 m/s

(c) 20 2 m / s (d) 20 m/s

9. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 m under (a) 36 J (b) 64 J

 30. If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, then kinetic

(c) 40 % (d) 20 % (a) 1.35 m (b) 0.686 m

For General body (Involves internal and external work)

(a) shift towards F–axis

46. A coconut of mass 1.0 kg falls to earth from a height of 10 m.

59. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface by

64. A body of mass 2 kg is moved from a point A to a point B

mgd sin  mgd cos  (c) 16 J (d) none of these

2 v2 amount of water is can raise in one minute to a height of 10

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

(a) 0.2 and 3.5 m