Cuba

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Patria o muerte
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Patria o muerte
Cuba isa Caribbeanislandnationundercommunistrule.Ithas
sugar-white beachesandisdottedwithtobaccofields,whichplaya
part inthe productionof the country'slegendarycigars.The capital,
Havana, islinedwithpastel houses,1950s-eracars and Spanish-
colonial architecture inthe 16th-centurycore,OldHavana.Salsa
musicplaysinthe dance clubsand cabaretshowsare performedat
the famedTropicana.
Submitted by:
Sudheer Gadde (16BSP2589)

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Acknowledgement
No task can be accomplished without proper support, guidance and appraisal. We
are highly thankful to many people who contributed either directly or indirectly for this
project and provided their invaluable cooperation to us to complete it.
We wouldlike tothankourProf.NareshSharma forconstantlyguidingand showing
us the correct wayto reach towardsthe desiredgoal andhelpedus out in each every phase
of the project and without his support and guidance the project would not have been
completed successfully.
The wholeheartedhelpandcooperationbyourfriendsisgratefullyacknowledged.
ArpitaTaunk,
Mitali Modi,
Sahil Khanwani,
SudheerGadde.

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Table of Contents
History of Cuba:.................................................................................................................4
Cuban Revolution: .............................................................................................................5
Geography: .......................................................................................................................6
Climate:............................................................................................................................7
Biodiversity: ......................................................................................................................7
Demographics: ..................................................................................................................8
Ethnoracial groups: ............................................................................................................8
Immigration and emigration:...............................................................................................9
Healthcare in Cuba:..........................................................................................................10
History of Healthcare....................................................................................................10
Post-Soviet Union:........................................................................................................11
Present: ......................................................................................................................12
Education System: ...........................................................................................................13
Primary Education ........................................................................................................13
Middle Education .........................................................................................................13
Secondary Education ....................................................................................................14
Vocational Education....................................................................................................14
Tertiary Education........................................................................................................14
Religion: .........................................................................................................................15
Literature:.......................................................................................................................15
Human Rights:.................................................................................................................16
Holidays:.........................................................................................................................17
Music: ............................................................................................................................18
Hispanic heritage:.........................................................................................................18
Politics:...........................................................................................................................19
Legislature:..................................................................................................................20
State leaders:...............................................................................................................21
Communist Party of Cuba: .........................................................................................21

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Council of State: .......................................................................................................22
Council of Ministers: .................................................................................................22
National Assembly of People's Power: .........................................................................22
Democracy:.....................................................................................................................23
Human Rights:.................................................................................................................23
Corruption: .....................................................................................................................24
Languages:......................................................................................................................24
Largest Cities in Cuba: ......................................................................................................24
Tourism: .........................................................................................................................27
Cuba Tourist Arrivals in 2010 .........................................................................................27
Tourism by sector:........................................................................................................27
Health tourism: ........................................................................................................27
Cultural tourism:.......................................................................................................28
Sex tourism: .............................................................................................................28
Cuban Cuisine:.................................................................................................................30
Sandwiches: ................................................................................................................31
Cuban sandwich .......................................................................................................31
Other sandwiches .....................................................................................................31
Cuban Art: ......................................................................................................................32
Political influences in Cuban art:.....................................................................................33
Religious influences in Cuban art:...................................................................................33
Cinema of Cuba: ..............................................................................................................34
Cuban Films: ................................................................................................................35
Airports: .........................................................................................................................35
Facts about the Cuba:.......................................................................................................39

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History of Cuba:
The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Mesoamerican cultures prior to the
arrival of the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After Columbus' arrival, Cuba
became a Spanish colony, ruled by a Spanish governor in Havana. In 1762, Havana was
brieflyoccupiedbyGreatBritain,before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A
series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end Spanish rule. However,
the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and
Cuba gained formal independence in 1902.
In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant
economicdevelopment, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders,
culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July
Movement, led by Fidel and Raúl Castro Ruz, during the 1953–59Cuban Revolution. Cuba
has since beengovernedasa socialiststate bythe CommunistParty underthe leadership of
the Castro brothers. The country has been politically and economically isolated by the
United States since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce
and travel aseffortstonormalise diplomaticrelations have progressed. Domestic economic
reforms are also beginning to modernize Cuba's socialist economy.

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Cuban Revolution:
The Cuban Revolution (1953–59) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel
Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the U.S.-backed authoritarian
government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953 and
continuedsporadicallyuntilthe rebelsfinallyoustedBatistaon1 January 1959, replacinghis
governmentwitharevolutionary socialiststate. The 26th of July Movement later reformed
along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965.
The Cuban Revolution had powerful domestic and international repercussions. In
particular, it reshaped Cuba's relationship with the United States. Efforts to improve
diplomaticrelationshave gainedmomentuminrecentyears. Inthe immediate aftermath of
the revolution, Castro's government began a program of nationalization and political
consolidation that transformed Cuba's economy and civil society. The revolution also
heralded an era of Cuban intervention in foreign military conflicts, including the Angolan
Civil War and the Nicaraguan Revolution.

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Geography:
Cuba isan islandnationinthe CaribbeanSea.Cubahas a landarea 42,426 sq mi.
The Cuba has 3,570 mi of coastline and17.7 mi of landborders.Cubalieswestof the North
AtlanticOcean,eastof the Gulf of Mexico,southof the Straits of Florida,northeastof the
Yucatan Channel.Cubaisthe largestcountryby eland areainthe Caribbean.Itsmainisland
isthe 17th
largestislandinthe worldbylandarea
Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the northern Caribbean Sea at the
confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between
latitudes 19°and 24°N, and longitudes 74° and 85°W. The United States lies 150 kilometers
(93 miles) acrossthe Straits of Florida to the north and northwest (to the closest tip of Key
West,Florida),andthe Bahamas21 km (13 mi) tothe north. Mexicolies210 kilometers(130
miles) across the Yucatán Channel to the west (to the closest tip of Cabo Catoche in the
State of Quintana Roo).
Haiti is 77 km(48 mi) to the east, Jamaica (140 km/87 mi) andthe CaymanIslands to
the south. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by four smaller groups of islands:
the Colorados Archipelago on the northwestern coast, the Sabana-Camagüey
Archipelago on the north-central Atlantic coast, the Jardines de la Reina on the south-
central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwestern coast.
Sierra Maestra
The main island, named Cuba, is 1,250 km (780 mi) long, constituting most of the
nation's land area (104,556 km2
(40,369 sq mi)) and is the largest island in the
Caribbean and17th-largestisland inthe worldbylandarea.The mainisland consists mostly
of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, whose
highest point is Pico Turquino (1,974 m (6,476 ft)).

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The second-largestislandis Islade laJuventud (Isleof Youth) inthe Canarreos
archipelago,withanareaof 2,200 km2
(849 sq mi).Cubahas an official area(landarea) of
109,884 km2
(42,426 sqmi).Its areais 110,860 km2
(42,803 sqmi) includingcoastal and
territorial waters.
Climate:
With most of the island south of the Tropic of Cancer, the local climate is tropical,
moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year-round. The temperature is also
shapedbythe Caribbeancurrent,which bringsinwarmwaterfrom the equator. This makes
the climate of Cuba warmerthanthat of Hong Kong,whichisat aroundthe same latitude as
Cuba but has a subtropical rather than a tropical climate. In general (with local variations),
there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October.
The average temperature is 21 °C (69.8 °F) in January and 27 °C (80.6 °F) in July. The warm
temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to
the Gulf of Mexico combine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes. These are
most common in September and October.
Biodiversity:
Cuba signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on June 12, 1992, and
became a party to the convention on March 8, 1994. It has subsequently produced a
National BiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan,withone revision which was received by the
convention on January 24, 2008.
The revisioncomprisesanaction planwithtime limitsforeachitem, andan indicationof the
governmental bodyresponsible fordelivery. There is, however, virtually no information in
that document about biodiversity itself. The country's fourth national report to the CBD,
however,containsadetailedbreakdownof the numbers of species of each kingdom of life
recorded from Cuba, the main groups being: animals(17,801 species), bacteria (270
species), chromista (707 species), fungi, including lichen-forming species (5844
species), plants (9107 species) and protozoa (1440 species).
As elsewhere in the world, vertebrate animals and flowering plants are well
documented.The numbersrecorded from Cuba for those groups are therefore likely to be

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close to the numbers which actually occur in Cuba. For most if not all of the other groups,
however, the true numbers of species occurring in Cuba are likely to exceed, often
considerably, the numbers of those recorded so far.
Demographics:
According to the official census of 2010, Cuba's population was 11,241,161,
comprising 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women. Its birth rate (9.88 births per thousand
populationin2006) is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Although the country
has grown by around 4 million people since 1961, the rate of increase had simultaneously
beganto fall duringthatperiod,andthe populationbegantodecline in2006, with a fertility
rate of 1.43 children per woman.
Indeed,thisdropinfertilityisamongthe largestinthe Western Hemisphere, and is
attributedlargelytounrestrictedaccesstolegal abortion: Cuba's abortion rate was 58.6 per
1000 pregnancies in 1996, compared to an average of 35 in the Caribbean, 27 in Latin
America overall, and 48 in Europe. Similarly, the use of contraceptives is also widespread,
estimatedat 79% of the female population (in the upper third of countries in the Western
Hemisphere).
Ethnoracial groups:
Cuba's population is multiethnic, reflecting its complex colonial origins.
Intermarriage between diverse groups is widespread, and consequently there is some
discrepancyinreports of the country's racial composition: whereas the Institute for Cuban
and Cuban-AmericanStudiesatthe Universityof Miami determined that 62% of Cubans are
black, the 2002 Cuban census found that a similar proportion of the population, 65.05%,
was white.
In fact, the Minority Rights Group International determined that "An objective
assessmentof the situationof Afro-Cubansremains problematic due to scant records and a
paucityof systematicstudiesbothpre- andpost-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of
people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 34% to
62%".

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An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72%
European,20% African and 8% Native American. A 2008 study of mitochondrial DNA and Y-
chromosome DNA found that 33% of maternal lineages derived from Cuban Native
Americans, compared to 45% from Africa and 22% from Europe, but male lineages were
exclusively Eurasian (80%) and African (20%), indicating the historical bias towards mating
between foreign men and native women rather than the inverse.
Asians make up about 1% of the population, and are largely of Chinese ancestry,
followed by Filipinos, Japanese and Vietnamese. Many are descendants of farm laborers
brought to the island by Spanish and American contractors during the 19th and early 20th
century. The currently recorded number of Cubans with Chinese ancestry is 114,240. Afro-
Cubansare descendedprimarilyfromthe Yorubapeople,aswell as several thousand North
African refugees, most notably the Sahrawi Arabs of Western Sahara.
Immigration and emigration:
Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in Cuba's demographic
profile. Between the 18th and early 20th century, large waves
of Canarian, Catalan, Andalusian, Galician, and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba.
Between 1899-1930 alone, close to a million Spaniards entered the country, though many
would eventually return to Spain. Other prominent immigrant groups included French,
Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Dutch, Greek, British, and Irish, as well as small number of
descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Post-revolution Cuba has been characterized by significant levels of emigration,
whichhas ledtoa large andinfluential diasporacommunity.Duringthe three decades after
January 1959, more than one million Cubans of all social classes — constituting 10% of the
total population — emigratedtothe UnitedStates,aproportion that matches the extent of
emigration to the U.S. from the Caribbean as a whole during that period. Other common
destinations include Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and Sweden, among
others. Those who left the country typically did so by sea, in small boats and fragile rafts.
Between 30,000 and 80,000 Cubans are estimated to have died trying to flee Cuba. On
September 9, 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at

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least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge to prevent further unlawful
departures on boats.
Healthcare in Cuba:
History of Healthcare
Modern Western medicine has been practiced in Cuba by formally
trained doctors since at least the beginning of the 19th century and the first surgical clinic
was established in 1823. Cuba has had many world class doctors, including Carlos Finlay,
whose mosquito-basedtheory of yellow fever transmission was given its final proof under
the directionof WalterReed,James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte. During the period of
U.S presence (1898–1902) yellow feverwasessentiallyeliminateddue tothe effortsof Clara
Maass and surgeon Jesse William Lazear.
In the 1950s the number of doctors per thousand of the population ranked above
Britain,France and the Netherlands. In Latin America it ranked in third place after Uruguay
and Argentina. There remainedmarkedinequalities however. Most of Cuba's doctors were
basedin the relatively prosperous cities and regional towns, and conditions in rural areas,
notably Oriente, were significantly worse. The mortality rate was the third lowest in the
world. According to the World Health Organization, the island had the lowest infant
mortality rate of Latin America.
Followingthe Revolutionandthe subsequent United States embargo against Cuba,
an increase in disease and infant mortality worsened in the 1960s. The new Cuban
governmentassertedthatuniversal healthcare was to become a priority of state planning.
In 1960 revolutionaryand physician Che Guevara outlined his aims for the future of Cuban
healthcare in an essay entitled On Revolutionary Medicine, stating: "The work that today is
entrusted to the Ministry of Health and similar organizations is to provide public health
services for the greatest possible number of persons, institute a program of preventive
medicine,andorientthe publictothe performance of hygienic practices." These aims were
hampered almost immediately by an exodus of almost half of Cuba’s physicians to the
United States, leaving the country with only 3,000 doctors and 16 professors in
the Universityof Havana’smedical college. Beginning in 1960, the Ministry of Public Health
began a program of nationalization and regionalization of medical services.
In 1976, Cuba's healthcare programwasenshrinedinArticle 50of the revised Cuban
constitution which states "Everyone has the right to health protection and care. The state
guarantees this right by providing free medical and hospital care by means of the
installations of the rural medical service network, polyclinics, hospitals, preventative and
specialized treatment centers; by providing free dental care; by promoting the health
publicitycampaigns,healtheducation, regular medical examinations, general vaccinations
and other measures to prevent the outbreak of disease. All the population cooperates in
these activities and plans through the social and mass organizations."

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Cuba's doctor to patient ratio grew significantly in the latter half of the 20th
century, from 9.2 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants in 1958, to 58.2 per 10,000 in 1999. In the
1960s the government implemented a program of almost universal vaccinations. This
helped eradicate many contagious diseases including polio and rubella, though some
diseases increased during the period of economic hardship of the 1990s, such
as tuberculosis, hepatitis and chicken pox. Other campaigns included a program to reduce
the infant mortality rate in 1970 directed at maternal and prenatal care. As of 2012, infant
mortality in Cuba had fallen to 4.83 deaths per 1,000 live births compared with 6.0 for the
United States and just behind Canada with 4.8.
Chinese medicinehasalsobeenpracticedinCuba.Itsmostfamouspractitionerwas
the 19th century doctor ChamBom Biamor “El MedicoChino”
Post-Soviet Union:
The lossof SovietsubsidiesbroughtfoodshortagestoCubainthe early1990s.
A Canadian Medical Association Journal paper states that "The famine in Cuba
during the Special Period was caused by political and economic factors similar to the ones
that caused a famine in North Korea in the mid-1990s. Both countries were run by
authoritarian regimes that denied ordinary people the food to which they were entitled
whenthe publicfood distribution collapsed; priority was given to the elite classes and the
military."The regime did not accept donations of food, medicines and money from the US
until 1993.
Malnutrition createdepidemics,butithadpositive effectstoo.Manuel Franco describesthe
Special Periodas"the first,andprobablythe only,natural experiment, born of unfortunate
circumstances, where large effects on diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause
mortality have been related to sustained population-wide weight loss as a result of
increased physical activity and reduced caloric intake".
In 2007, Cuba announced that it has undertaken computerizing and creating national
networksinBloodBanks,NephrologyandMedical Images.Cubaisthe secondcountryinthe
world with such a product, only preceded by France. Cuba is preparing a Computerized
Health Register, Hospital Management System, Primary Health Care, Academic Affairs,
Medical GeneticProjects,Neurosciences, and Educational Software. The aim is to maintain
quality health service free for the Cuban people, increase exchange among experts and
boost research-development projects. An important link in wiring process is to guarantee
access to Cuba'sData TransmissionNetworkandHealthWebsite (INFOMED) to all units and
workers of the national health system.

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The Hospital de San Felipe in Havana(in1900), a healthcare educational facility built by the
religious order San Juan de Dios in the mid-19th century
Present:
WHO healthstatisticsforCuba
Life expectancy atbirth m/f: 76.0/80.0 (years)
Healthy life expectancy atbirth m/f: 67.1/69.5 (years)
Child mortalitym/f: 8/7 (per1000)
Adultmortalitym/f: 131/85 (per1000)
Total healthexpenditurepercapita: $251
Total healthexpenditureas % of GDP: 7.3
Rank
Countries
surveyed
Statistic
Date of
Information
125 167
HIV/AIDSadultprevalence
rate
0.10% 2003 est.

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162 175 Fertilityrate 1.66 (children/woman) 2006.
153 224 Birthrate
11.89 (births/1,000
population)
2006 est.
168 226 Infantmortalityrate 6.04 (deaths/1,000 live births) 2006.
129 224 Deathrate
6.33 (deaths/1,000
population)
2005.
37 225 Life expectancyatbirth 77.23 (years) 2006. est
17 99 Suicide rate
18.3 per 100,000 people per
year
1996.*
Education System:
Primary Education
Cubaneducationwasnationalizedin1959 at a time whenlessthanhalf the children
had accessto education.Todaythe islandhasthe highestliteracyrate inthe world,although
schooling does come at a cost of loyalty to the state, and an obligation to do community
service aswell.The processbeginswith6yearsof primaryeducation,duringwhichtime the
"3 R's" of reading, riting and rhymetic are taught.
MiddleEducation
The purpose of the 3 yearsof middle educationin Cuba is to provide a grounding in
traditional school subjectslike languages, technology and social science. Thereafter pupils
choose to go onto secondary school, or switch to vocational training to prepare them for a
practical career.

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Secondary Education
The final 3 yearsof schoolingatsecondary level are an extension of middle school.
This time though academic standards are tighter, and enthusiastic participation in school
para-military parades a must. School holidays are spent doing one or other form of social
service - the Cuban ethos is built on giving back. Those who complete are awarded
a bachillerato certificate.
Vocational Education
A studentwhoproceedstovocational training following middle school may follow
two streams. These are skilled worker courses, and programs that provide middle-level
technicians.Graduatesof the lattercourseswithgoodgradeshave the choice of going on to
technological institutes for further training.
Tertiary Education
Tertiary academic excellence is not new to Cuba, with the University of Havana
being established in 1727. Today universities, higher institutes, higher pedagogical
institutes, centers of higher education and polytechnic instiutes continue the tradition.
The ministry of higher education manages policy for both undergraduate and
graduate programs.Thisincludescourse content,methodology, teaching and allocations of
student places as well. Currently over 110,000 citizens are enrolled. Each and every one of
these will deliver their new-learned skills for an equivalent number of years in rural
communities, for far lower incomes than national rates.

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Religion:
In 2010, the religiousaffiliation of the country was estimated by the Pew Forum to
be 65% Christian (60% Roman Catholic or about 6.9 million in 2016,
5% EvangelicalProtestant or about 575,000 in 2016), 23% unaffiliated, 17% folk
religion (such as santería), and the remaining 0.4% consisting of other religions.
Cuba is officially a secular state. Religious freedom increased through the 1980s,
withthe governmentamendingthe constitutionin1992 to drop the state's characterization
as atheistic. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion, with its origins rooted in Spanish
colonization. Despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics in 2006, it
nonethelessremainsthe dominantfaith.[191]
Pope JohnPaul IIandPope BenedictXVIvisited
Cuba in1998 and 2011, respectively,andPope FrancisvisitedCubainSeptember2015. Prior
to each papal visit, the Cuban government pardoned prisoners as a humanitarian gesture.
The government's relaxation of restrictions on house churches in the 1990s led to
"an explosionof Pentecostalism",withsome groups claiming as many as 100,000 members.
However, mainline evangelical sects, organized into the umbrella Cuban Council of
Churches, remain much more powerful.
The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly defined by syncretisms of various
kinds.Christianity is often practiced in tandem with Santería, a mixture of Catholicism and
mostlyAfricanfaiths,whichinclude anumberof cults.La Virgende laCaridaddel Cobre (the
Virgin of Cobre) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In
Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess Oshun.
Cuba alsohostssmall communitiesof Jews (500 in 2012), Muslims, and members of
the Bahá'í Faith.Several well-known Cuban religious figures have operated outside the
island, including the humanitarian and author Jorge Armando Pérez.
Literature:
Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. The major works
publishedinCubaduringthattime were of anabolitionistcharacter. Notable writers of this
genre include GertrudisGomezde Avellaneda andCiriloVillaverde. Following the abolition
of slaveryin1886, the focusof Cubanliterature shifted.Dominantthemesof independence
and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the modernista movement in Latin

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Americanliterature.Writerssuchasthe poet Nicolás Guillén focused on literature as social
protest.Others,includingDulce MaríaLoynaz,José Lezama Lima and Alejo Carpentier, dealt
with more personal or universal issues. And a few more, such as Reinaldo
Arenas and Guillermo Cabrera Infante, earned international recognition in the
postrevolutionary era.
Most recently, there has been a so-called Cuban "boom" among authors born
during the 1950s and '60s. Many writers of this younger generation have felt compelled to
continue theirworkinexiledue toperceived censorship by the Cuban authorities. Many of
them fled abroad during the 1990s. Some well-known names include Daína
Chaviano (USA), Zoé Valdés (France),Eliseo Alberto (Mexico), Pedro Juan
Gutiérrez (Cuba), Antonio Orlando Rodríguez (Cuba) and Abilio Estévez (Spain).
Cuban literature is one of the most prolific, relevant and influential literatures
inLatin Americaandall the Spanish-speaking world, with renowned writers including José
Martí, Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, José María Heredia, Nicolás Guillén (the National
Poet of Cuba), José Lezama Lima, Alejo Carpentier (nominee for the Nobel Prize for
Literature and previously thePremio Cervantes winner in 1977), Guillermo Cabrera
Infante (PremioCervantes,1997), VirgilioPiñeraandDulce María Loynaz (PremioCervantes,
1992), among many others.
Human Rights:
Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, who accuse
the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses, including arbitrary
imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.
Cubanlaw limitsfreedomof expression,association,assembly, movement, and the
press.Concernshave alsobeenexpressedaboutthe operationof due process. According to
Human RightsWatch,eventhough Cuba, officially atheist until 1992, now "permits greater
opportunities for religious expression than it did in past years, and has allowed several
religious-runhumanitarian groups to operate, the government still maintains tight control
on religiousinstitutions,affiliatedgroups,andindividual believers." Censorship in Cuba has
also been at the center of complaints.

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Holidays:
Holiday name Holiday type
Liberation Day National holiday
New Year Day National holiday
Epiphany Observance
José Martí´s Birthday Memorial Observance
Daylight Saving Time starts Clock change/Daylight Saving Time
Palm Sunday Observance, Christian
March equinox Season
Maundy Thursday Observance, Christian
Good Friday National holiday
Labor Day / May Day National holiday
Mother´s Day Observance
Independence Day Observance
June Solstice Season
Revolution Anniversary National holiday
Day of the Rebellion National holiday
Revolution Anniversary Celebration National holiday
September equinox Season
Beginning of the War of Independence National holiday
Daylight Saving Time ends Clock change/Daylight Saving Time
December Solstice Season
Christmas Day National holiday
New Year's Eve National holiday

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Music:
The music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance and dance, comprises a
large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European (especially
Spanish) music. Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often
considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world. For
instance, the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar (tres), melody, harmony, and
lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms. Almost nothing remains of the
original native traditions,sincethe native populationwasexterminated in the 16th century.
Since the 19th century Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential
throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since
the introductionof recordingtechnology.Cubanmusichascontributedtothe development
of a wide variety of genre and musical styles around the globe, most notably in Latin
America, the Caribbean, West Africa and Europe. Examples include rhumba, Afro-Cuban
jazz, salsa, soukous, many West African re-adaptations of Afro-Cuban music (Orchestra
Baobab, Africando), Spanish fusion genres (notably with flamenco), and a wide variety of
genres in Latin America.
Hispanicheritage:
It isobviousthat the first popular music played in Cuba after the Spanish conquest
was broughtbythe Spanishconquerorsthemselves,andwasmostlikelyborrowedfrom the
Spanishpopularmusic in vogue during the 16th century. From the 16th to the 18th century
some danceable songs that emerged in Spain were associated to Hispanic America, or
considered as been originated in America. Some of these songs with picturesque names
such as Sarabande,Chaconne,Zambapalo,RetambicoandGurrumbé,amongothers, shared
a common trait, its characteristic rhythm called Hemiola or Sesquiáltera (in Spain).
Thisrhythmhas beendescribedasthe alternationorsuperpositionof aduple meter
and a triple meter (6/8 + 3/4), and its utilization was widespread in the Spanish territory
since at least the 13th century, where it appears in one of the Cantigas de Santa María
(Como poden per sas culpas).
Hemiola or Sesquiáltera is also a typical rhythm of the African musical traditions,
bothfrom the Northof the Continentasfromthe South. Therefore,itis quite probable that

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the original song-dancesbroughtbythe SpanishtoAmericaalreadyincludedelements from
the Africanculture,withwhichthe blackslavesthatarrivedto the Island were familiar with
and further utilized in order to create new creole genres.
The well known Son de la Ma Teodora, an ancient Cuban song, as well as the first
Cuban autochthonous genres, Punto and Zapateo, show the Sesquiáltera rhythm on their
accompaniment,whichgreatlyassociate those genresto the Spanish song-dances from the
16th to the 18th centuries.
Politics:
Cuba hashad, accordingto the Constitution,a democraticcentralist political system
since 1959 basedon the “one state – one party” principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined
as a Marxist–Leninist"socialiststate guidedbythe political ideasof Marx,one of the fathers
of historical materialism,EngelsandLenin."The present Constitution also ascribes the role
of the CommunistPartyof Cuba to be the "leading force of society and of the state" and as
such has the capability of setting national policy.
Executive power is exercised by the Cuban Government, which is represented by
the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is exercised through
the unicameral National Assemblyof People'sPower,which is constituted as the maximum

CUBA
20
authority of the state. Currently Raúl Castro—brother of former President Fidel Castro—
is President of the Council of State, President of the Council of Ministers (sometimes
referredtoas the Prime Minister), FirstSecretary of the CommunistParty,andCommander-
in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces. Esteban Lazo Hernández is President of the
National Assembly.
Legislature:
EL Capitolio, seat of the National Assembly of People’s Power
Cuba has an elected national legislature, the National Assembly of People's
Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular), which has 612 members, elected every 5
yearsand holds brief sessionstoratifydecisionsbyexecutivebranch.The National Assembly
convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions. However, it has permanent
commissionstolookafterissuesof legislative interest. Among its permanent or temporary
commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy, sugar industry,
industries,transportationandcommunications,constructions,foreignaffairs,public health,
defense and interior order. The National Assembly also has permanent departments that
oversee the workof the Commissions,Local Assembliesof the People'sPower,International
Relations, Judicial Affairs and the Administration.
Article 88(h) of the Constitution of Cuba, adopted in 1976, provides for citizen
proposalsof law,prerequisite thatthe proposal be made by at least 10,000 citizens who are
eligible tovote.In2002 supportersof a movementknownasthe VarelaProject submitted a
citizenproposal of lawwith11,000 signaturescalling for a national referendum on political
and economic reforms. The Government response was to collect 8.1 million signatures to

CUBA
21
requestthatCuba's National Assemblyenactaconstitutional amendment making socialism
an unalterable feature of Cuban government.
State leaders:
Communist Party of Cuba:
Current First Secretary of the Communist Party Raúl Castro
 First Secretary: Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz
 SecondSecretary: José Ramón Machado Ventura
 Members of Politburo: Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz, José Ramón Machado
Ventura, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Abelardo Colomé Ibarra, Esteban Lazo
Hernández,RicardoAlarcónde Quesada,Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez Mario, Leopoldo
Cintra Frías, Ramón Espinosa Martín, Álvaro Lopez Miera, Salvador Valdés
Mesa,Mercedes López Acea, Marino Murillo Jorge, Adel Yzquierdo Rodríguez.
 Membersof Secretariat: José RamónMachado Ventura, EstebanLazo
Hernández,AbelardoÁlvarezGil, JoséRamónBalaguerCabrera,VíctorGaute
López,OlgaLidiaTapia Iglesias.

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22
Ministry of the Interior building on the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana
Council of State:
 President: Raúl Castro Ruz
 FirstVice President: Miguel Díaz-CanelBermúdez
 Vice Presidents: AbelardoColomé Ibarra,RamiroValdésMenéndez,JuanEstebanLazo
Hernández,GladysMaría BejeranoPortela,José RamónMachadoVentura
 Secretary:HomeroAcostaÁlvarez
Council of Ministers:
 President:Raúl CastroRuz
 FirstVice President: Miguel Díaz-CanelBermúdez
 Vice Presidents: José RamónFernándezÁlvarez,MarinoAlbertoMurilloJorge,Ulises
Rosalesdel Toro,RamiroValdésMenéndez,RicardoCabrisasRuíz,AntonioEnrique
LussónBatlle
 Ministerof Interior: AbelardoColomé Ibarra
 Ministerof ArmedForces:PositionVacant
National Assembly of People's Power:
 President:EstebanLazoHernández
 Vice President:Jaime AlbertoCrombetHernández-Baquero
 Secretary:MiriamBrito Sarroca

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23
Democracy:
Officially, Cuba considers itself a "people's democracy", as opposed to the "liberal
democracy"of Westernstates.Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of
apprehension for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states. It
alludestothe grass rootselements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level
(in the so-called circunscripciones).
Oppositiongroupsinside andoutsidethe country as well as international NGOsand
foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic.
The United States Government has initiated various policy measures; these have been
ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi-party
electoral system. These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government, who
accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba's affairs. The Cuban political system is
normally described as undemocratic by human rights groups and academics and is usually
classifiedasadictatorship, one-party state or a totalitarian state. Those who see Cuba as a
democracy have described it a grassroots democracy, a centralized democracy or a
revolutionary democracy.
Cuba is the only authoritarian regime in the Americas, according to the
2010 DemocracyIndex. Cuba'sextensive censorshipsystem wasclose toNorthKoreaon the
2008 PressFreedomIndex.The mediaisoperatedunderthe CommunistParty’sDepartment
of Revolutionary Orientation, which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies".
Accordingto Maria Werlau,the extreme concentrationof powertothe Castro family seems
comparable in modern times only to that of North Korea under the regimes of Kim Jong
Il and Kim Il Sung.
Human Rights:
According to Human Rights Watch, Castro constructed a "repressive machinery"
that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights. The Cuban government has been
accusedof numerous humanrightsabuses,includingtorture,arbitraryimprisonment,unfair
trials, and extrajudicial executions (a.k.a. "El Paredón").Human Rights Watch reports that
the governmentrepresses nearly all forms of political dissent. There are many restrictions
on leaving the country.
The country's firstevertransgendermunicipal delegate waselected in the province
of VillaClarain early 2013. Adela Hernández, born José Agustín Hernández, is a resident of
the townof Caibarién andworksas a nurse electrocardiogramspecialist.In Cuba, delegates
are not professional politicians and, therefore, do not receive a government salary.

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24
Corruption:
The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked
the Cuba 58th out of 176 countries, tied with Jordan and Namibia and therefore has lower
levelsthanmostof the othercountriesinthe CaribbeanandCentral America.Alsorankedin
112th
place in 2006, tied with India.
Languages:
The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it.
Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean
Spanish. Lucumí, a dialect of the West African language Yoruba, is also used as a liturgical
language bypractitionersof Santería, andso onlyas a secondlanguage. HaitianCreole isthe
second largest language in Cuba, and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and their
descendants. Other languages spoken by immigrants include Galician and Corsican
Largest Cities in Cuba:
Nº City Population
1 Havana 2,135,498
2 Santiagode Cuba 425,851
3 Camagüey 305,845
4 Holguín 277,050

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25
5 Guantánamo 207 857
6 Santa Clara 205,812
7 Las Tunas 153,982
8 Bayamo 147,563
9 Cienfuegos 144,207
10 Pinardel Río 137,523
11 Matanzas 132,664
12 Ciegode Ávila 110,422
13 Sancti Spíritus 98,794
14 Manzanillo 97,038
15 Cárdenas 80,832
16 PalmaSoriano 76,179

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26
17 Moa 57,652
18 Florida 53,847
19 Morón 53,551
20 NuevaGerona 46,923
21 Contramaestre 44,752
22 Colón 44,520
23 Artemisa 43,427
24 Güines 42,801
25 Sagua laGrande 41,756
26 Trinidad 41,293
27 Placetas 40,982
28 Baracoa 39,190

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27
29 Nuevitas 38,995
30 Banes 34,452
Tourism:
Tourismin Cuba isan industrythatgeneratesover 3 million arrivals per year, and is
one of the main sources of revenue for the island.[1]
With its favorable climate, beaches,
colonial architecture and distinct cultural history, Cuba has long been an attractive
destination for tourists. "Cuba treasures 253 protected areas, 257 national monuments, 7
UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 7 Natural Biosphere Reserves and 13 Fauna Refuge among
other non-tourist zones.
CubaTourist Arrivals in 2010
1. Canada - 945,248
2. UK - 174,343
3. Italy - 112,298
4. Spain- 104,948
5. Germany - 93,136
6. France - 80,470
7. Mexico- 66,650
8. US - 63,046
9. Argentina- 58,612
10. Russia- 56,245
Tourism by sector:
Health tourism:
As well as receiving traditional tourism revenues, Cuba attracts health tourists,
generating annual revenues of around $40 million for the Cuban economy. Cuba has been a
popular health tourism destination for more than 20 years. In 2005, more than 19,600 foreign
patients travelled to Cuba for a wide range of treatments including eye
surgery, neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease,

CUBA
28
and orthopaedics. Many patients are from Latin America, although medical treatment
for retinitis pigmentosa, often known as night blindness, has attracted many patients from
Europe and North America.
Some complaints have arisen that foreign "health tourists" paying with dollars
receive a higher quality of care than do Cuban citizens. Former leading
Cuban neurosurgeon and dissident Dr. Hilda Molina asserts that the central revolutionary
objective of free, quality medical care for all has been eroded by Cuba's need for foreign
currency. Molina says that following the economic collapse known in Cuba as the Special
Period, the Cuban government established mechanisms designed to turn the medical
systemintoa profit-makingenterprise,thuscreatingadisparity in the quality of healthcare
services between Cubans and foreigners.
Cultural tourism:
Cuba has a rich mixture of various cultures of Europeans, Africans and natives. It is
reflected in Cuban architecture, music, dance, food and handicrafts. Cuba is undertaking
renovation programs of its cultural heritage sites such as colonial buildings
in Havana and Matanzas
Sex tourism:
Although Fidel Castro sought to eliminate prostitution after taking power, the
discrepancy between typical Cuban wages (less than one US dollar per day) and the
spendingpowerof foreigntourists lures some Cubans, including minors, into prostitution.
However, allegations of widespread sex tourism have been downplayed by Cuban justice
minister Maria Esther Reus. According to the Miami Herald, prostitution is not illegal in
Cuba, but procuring a prostitute for others is outlawed. The age of sexual consent on the
island is 16. According to a travel advice website by the government of Canada, "Cuba is
activelyworkingtopreventchildsextourism, andanumberof tourists,includingCanadians,
have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under.
Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years." It is illegal to import, possess or produce
pornography in Cuba.

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29
While the growth of tourism has benefited the city of Havana economically, there
have beenseveral negative side effects.One suchside effect is the revival of sex tourism in
the city. Sex tourism was a central part of the tourism industry before the Revolution.
However, after 1960, prostitution was essentially eradicated on the island due to
government initiatives and a significant drop in demand as tourism was minimized. With
tourismbecomingmore prevalentinthe 1990s, however,sodidthe practice of prostitution.
The demographicprofile of tourists (the overwhelming majority being men between ages
25–60) is a key indicator of the existence of prostitution. Additionally, websites and
magazines, such as Playboy, have outlined the opportunities for both heterosexual and
homosexual sextourism. AccordingtoTrumbull,manyprostitutesengage inthe practice out
of economicnecessity,buttheydonotworkinoppressive conditionsanda large number of
prostitutes in contemporary Havana see the work as a way to earn a better living than if
theywere towork inopenjobsthroughoutthe city. Therefore,contemporaryprostitutionis
different than the sex tourism of the 1950s in this regard.

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30
Cuban Cuisine:
Arroz con pollo (rice with chicken)
Cubancuisine isa blendof Native American Tainofood, Spanish, African, Caribbean
cuisines Chinese influence, similarities with the cuisine of the neighboring Dominican
RepublicandPuertoRico,French,.Thisresult inaunique,interesting and flavorful blend of
the several different cultural influences, Cuba is in a tropical climate. The tropical climate
produces fruits and root vegetables that are used in Cuban dishes and meals. Important
factor is that Cuba itself is an island, making seafood something that greatly influences
Cuban cuisine. Another contributing factor to Cuban cuisine is the fact that A typical meal
wouldconsistof rice and beans,cookedtogetherorapart.Whencookedtogetherthe recipe
iscalledeither"Congri"or"Moros" or "Moros y Cristianos"(blackbeansandrice). If cooked
separately it is called "Arroz con/y Frijoles" (rice with/and beans).

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31
Sandwiches:
Cuban sandwich
A Cuban sandwich (sometimes called a "mixto", especially in Cuba) is a popular
lunchitemthat grewout of the once-openflow of cigar workers between Cuba and Florida
(specifically KeyWestandYbor City, Tampa) in the late 1800s and has since spread to other
Cuban-American communities.
The sandwichisbuilt on a base of lightly buttered Cuban bread and contains sliced
roast pork, thinly sliced Serrano ham, Swiss cheese, dill pickles, and yellow mustard. In
Tampa, Genoa salami] is traditionally layered in with the other meats, probably due to
influence of Italian immigrants who lived side-by-side with Cubans and Spaniards in Ybor
City. Tomatoes and lettuce are available additions in many restaurants, but these are
considered by traditionalists as an unacceptable Americanization of the sandwich.
Afterassembly,the Cubansandwichmaybe pressedinagroovelesspanini-type grill
called a "plancha", which both heats and compresses the contents. It is usually cut in half
diagonally before serving.
Other sandwiches
A medianoche sandwich is very similar to a Cuban sandwich except that Cuban
bread is replaced by an egg loaf and ham is sometimes excluded. It received its name
(medianoche means"midnight")fromitspopularityasamidnightsnack in the nightclubs of
Havana.
Pan con lechón isa traditional pressed sandwich created simply with Cuban bread,
roastedpork,onions,and mojito. Panconbistecismade inthe same fashion,butthe pork is
replacedwithathinsirloinsteak(palomilla).The frits became popular in Cuba in the 1930s.
It is a Cuban version of the American hamburger, although with significant changes. It is
preparedwithgroundbeef mixedwithgroundchorizo.The pattiesare made small andfried

CUBA
32
on a griddle. The fried patty is served in a small Cuban bread hamburger bun, topped with
onion and julienne potato fries.
Cuban Art:
Cuban art is an exceptionally diverse cultural blend of African, South American,
Europeanand NorthAmericanelements,reflectingthe diversedemographic makeup of the
island.CubanartistsembracedEuropean modernism, andthe early part of the 20th century
saw a growthin Cubanvanguardist movements, which were characterized by the mixing of
modern artistic genres.
In CentroHabana,a small neighborhood of artistshastransformedthe wallsaround
them. October 2002. Better known internationally is the work of photographer Alberto
Korda, whose photographs following the early days of the Cuban Revolution included
a picture of Che Guevarawhichwasto become one of the most recognizable images of the
20th century.
There isa flourishing streetartmovementinfluencedbyLatinAmericanartists José
Guadalupe Posadaandthe muralistDiegoRivera.
The "rebirth"of expressioninCubanartwasgreatlyaffectedby the emergence of a
newgenerationof Cuban,whichdidnotrememberthe revolutiondirectly.
In 1981 Cubans saw the introduction of "Volumen Uno", a series of one man
exhibitionsfeaturingcontemporaryCubanartists.Three years later, the introduction of the

CUBA
33
"Havana Bienal"assistedinthe further progression of the liberation of art and free speech
therein.
Political influencesin Cuban art:
"A question of major importance in Cuban culture is the link between radical
political and artistic positions…where culture carries a marked social edge attuned to the
circumstancesinwhichitisproducedand where it is forced to construct a national identity
in the face of colonial and neo colonial powers.
In the 1980s, whenthe NewCuban Art Movement was consolidating, many still hoped
to establishthe ThirdWorld utopiaof social justice promisedbythe Cubanrevolution.While
Cuba shares many characteristics with other Latin American countries three factors
guarantee ita unique placementamongstthe formerlycolonizedcountriesof the Americas:
 SpaincontinuedemigrationtoCubainlarge numbersuntil the middleof the 20th
century
 The native populationwaseliminatedinthe 17th century.
 Cuba possessesthe mostvariedcultural traditionsof all the AfricanDiasporain
America.
Religious influencesin Cuban art:
In additiontothe Christian,predominatelyCatholic,there are fourAfrican Religions
continuing to influence culture being practiced in Cuba: Santeria (Yoruba), Palo
Monte(Kongo), Regla Arara (Ewe Fon), and the secret, male only, Abakua (Calabar). The
Africanreligionsoperate independently and synthesized with each other and the Christian
religions (syncretism). These unique views of reality form a core of practices, beliefs, and
customs that has shaped a cultural distinction labeled Afro-Cuban and known as the
dominate force in Cuban art; a transracial, "hybridized, inventive, and influential in the
construction of contemporary [Cuban] culture"

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34
Cinema of Cuba:
Cine Praga in Pinar del Rio, Cuba
Number of
screens
313
Per capita 3.0 per 100,000 (2009)
Main distributors Dist. Nac. ICAIC100.0%
Produced feature films (2009)
Fictional 8
Number of admissions (2011)
Total 2,230,200
Gross box office (2006)
Total CUP 2.45 million
National films CUP 1.36 million (55.7%)

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35
Cinema arrived in Cuba at the beginning of the 20th century. Before the Cuban
Revolution of 1959, about 80 full-length films were produced in Cuba. Most of these films
were melodramas.Followingthe revolution, Cuba entered what is considered the "Golden
age" of Cuban cinema.
Cuban Films:
 Cubacollage (MiguelTorres,1998)
 Madagascar - (FernandoPérez,1994)
 Guantanemera(TomásGutiérrezAleaandJuanCarlosTabío,1995)
 La VidaesSilbar- Life isa Whistle (FernandoPérez,1998)
 Lista de Espera- The WaitingList(JuanCarlosTabío, 2000)
 Suite Habana- Havana Suite (FernandoPérez,2003)
 Habana Blues - Havana Blues(BenitoZambrano,2005)
 El Benny - (Jorge LuisSánchez,2006)
 Memoriesof Overdevelopment - (Miguel Coyula,2010)
Airports:
Locationserved Province ICAO IATA Airportname
Publicairports
Baracoa Guantánamo MUBA BCA GustavoRizo Airport
Bayamo Granma MUBY BYM CarlosManuel de Céspedes

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36
Airport
Caibarién VillaClara MUCB CaibariénAirport (abandoned)
Camagüey Camagüey MUCM CMW IgnacioAgramonte International
Airport
Cayo Coco Ciegode Ávila MUCC CCC Jardinesdel ReyAirport
Cayo Coco Ciegode Ávila MUOC Cayo CocoAirport (abandoned)
Cayo Largo del Sur Islade la
Juventud
MUCL CYO ViloAcuñaAirport (Juan
VitalioAcuñaAirport)
Cayo SantaMaria VillaClara MUBR BWW Las Brujas Airport
Ciegode Ávila Ciegode Ávila MUCA AVI MáximoGómezAirport
Cienfuegos Cienfuegos MUCF CFG Jaime GonzálezAirport
Florida Camagüey MUFL FloridaAirport

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37
Guantánamo Guantánamo MUGT GAO Mariana GrajalesAirport
Guardalavaca Holguín MUGV GuardalavacaAirport
Havana Havana MUHA HAV José Martí International Airport
Havana Artemisa
Province
MUPB UPB PlayaBaracoa Airport
Holguín Holguín MUHG HOG Frank País Airport
Las Tunas Las Tunas MUVT VTU HermanosAmeijeirasAirport
Manzanillo Granma MUMZ MZO SierraMaestra Airport
Mariel Artemisa
Province
MUML Mariel Airport(abolished)
Mayajigua Sancti Spiritus MJG MayajiguaAirport(abandoned)
Militaryairports

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38
GuantánamoBay Guantánamo MUGM NBW LeewardPointField (Naval
StationGuantanamoBay)
Havana Havana MUMG Managua Airport
Havana Havana MULB CiudadLibertadAirport
Pinardel Río Pinardel Río MUSJ SNJ San JulianAirBase
San Antoniode
losBaños
Artemisa
Province
MUSA San Antoniode losBañosAirBase

CUBA
39
Facts about the Cuba:
The average state salary in Cuba rose 1 percent in 2013 to 471 pesos ($20) a month,
which maintains the trend toward slight increases seen in recent years, according to an
official report published.
Gross Net Income (GNI) per capita 15,520 PPP Dollars
GDP per capita $ 6,051.22
Gross Domestic Product $ 68.23 Billion
Population 11.28 Million
Life Expectancy 79.07 Years
Literacy Rate 99.8%
Average Salary-2013 471 Pesos or $ 20 p.m.
(All Statsaccordingto 2011)
 Obama isthe firstsittingU.S Presidenttovisitcubainalmosta century.
 5% of Cubanshave accessto the open internet.
 Cuba & northkorea are2 countriesinthe worldare not allowedtosell coca-cola.
The Cuban trogon is the national animal of Cuba

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