The Criminal Justice System (CJS)

The Criminal Justice System (CJS)
The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is a system of practices across England and Wales. It works alongside major agencies such as; the police, the crown
prosecution Service, the National Offender Management Service, the Courts and Prisons who work together to prevent and deter crime by punishing
or working with offenders accordingly. There are also voluntary services that run within the CJS which include Victim Support and the national
Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO). The criminal justice system has some main goals in which they focus on which
include; increasing the public's confidence in the effectiveness and fairness of the CJS, improving the effectiveness of the CJS when bringing offenders
to justice and to improve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They stated that murderers that plead not guilty by the reason of insanity (NGRI) have brain dysfunction. So they obtained a group of individuals who
had been charged with murder but pleaded NGRI, in which some of these individuals had mental illnesses including schizophrenia, some had
personality disorders such as Multiple Personality Disorder and some had brain injuries. To compare, there was also a control group involved who had
schizophrenia but had not committed a crime. This study examined brain activity in the individuals who had committed the offence when completing a
task. The results that were found showed that there is a link between criminal behaviour and the activity and structure of the brain. Although this could
only mean that the brain activity could be a contributing factor towards such behaviours, so it doesn't mean that it's the main cause for the violent
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Guns And Gangs Business Plan
The Vision
The mission of Taking Positive Steps Guns and Gangs resettlement initiative, is to end Gang violence in our communities, thus creating stability in our
neighbourhoods. Taking Positive Steps will be a catalyst that fosters safer communities, by working in a conscientious manner with disaffected young
people, their parents and partner agencies, in order to effect positive change amongst young people socially excluded, involved in guns, gangs,
anti–social behaviour and the criminal justice system. There is strength in every family, thus, we will aim to reconnect those young people who have
become disengaged to their families in order to strengthen the resettlement process.
At Taking Positive Steps we recognise that children and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further details regarding our fees are made available on request.
TPS works in partnership with the following agencies:
Job centre plus
Action mentoring. Leadership and management services
Precious tots' nursery
Dr. Jackie Jeffers of Middlesex University
Faith Groups (National)
Metropolitan Police
Jamaican Police Force (ST ANN'S)
Taking positive steps training services
Taking positive steps is working in partnership with DR Jeffers of Middlesex University to provide training courses for professionals. We also provide
training of crime and their caregivers.
Training offered:
Guns, gangs and the implication for social workers and social care professionals:
Working and engaging hard to reach young people
Foster care and young people on remand
Family mediation and parenting support groups
WE PROVIDE A TEAM AROUND THE CHILD AND FAMILY WITH THE FOLLOWING COURSES AND SUPPORT
DEAD WITH STREET CRED OR NOT

SUPPORT AND RESETTLEMENT OF YOUNG OFFENDERS
SUPPORT OF FEMALES SUBJECTED TO GANG AND, OR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
FAMILY SUPPORT AND MEDIATION
PARENTING IN THE 21 CENTURY

Evaluation Of The Montford Unit Offers Services
Following this even further, the Montford unit offers services to admitted patients regardless if they are offenders or general medical issues for
individuals. The services that are provided is "550 psychiatric beds, a 48 bed general medical and surgical unit, gardens for the Lubbock food bank,
housing stables, and roads located on 120 acres of land" (Hills, Siegfried, and Ickowitz, 2004, p. 86). All of these services help offenders because
everything is done in house regardless of the issue. They have food, roof of over their head; they can provide assistance to others by helping box up
food items for the homeless or low–income families. They could also do nontraditional activities such as "art therapy, music therapy, occupational
therapy, and recreational therapy" (Hills, Siegfried, and Ickowitz, 2004, p. 86). The activities will keep their mind active and thinking constantly. It
could even lead to a hobby that can turn into a business. The most important elements to consider for an individual with a mental illness after being
released from a mental health care facility is how they reintegrate with their family and receive social support. For example, if the individual is going to
live with their family the best thing to do is to assess the families home and living situation, so that the environment is not threatening to them. It will
undermine the treatment process and ruin any positive outcomes the individual has done up to this point. In order to supplement the

The Pros And Cons Of Incarceration
Imposing the deprivation of personal liberty legally is referred to as incarceration (National Research Council, 2014). In doing so, a person is
typically secured in a facility that is specially designed for that purpose. Moreover, incarceration remains one of the most severe forms of punishment
that our society can impose (National Research Council, 2014). Usually, prison terms are reserved for those found guilty of committing more serious
crimes such as violent felonies.
Incarceration may be deemed justified as a means of preventing future crimes by incapacitating those who would otherwise be committing crimes
within a free society (National Research Council, 2014). Moreover, incarceration can be used to otherwise deter or rehabilitate offenders who are
punished from committing future crimes (National Research Council, 2014). While incarcerated, prisons can support an offender's need to
rehabilitation so that following the offender's release, he/she is more likely to live in a law–abiding way and reintegrate successfully (National
Research Council, 2014). Overall, prisons effectiveness can be measured by an outcome that includes lower rates of recidivism and higher rates an
offender's positive standing within the community and his/her overall health and well–being (National Research Council, 2014).
Reentry initiatives resulted in the creation of teams that are structured to assist in managing the process of transition from prisons and community
reintegration,

Management Concerns Of Corrections For Special Populations...
Management Concerns in Corrections for Special Populations
Michelle Bergos
Introduction to Corrections 140
September 25, 2016
Jason Skeens Abstract
More often than not, if John Q. Public is asked the purpose or goals of our American correctional system the reply is incapacitation, retribution,
deterrence, and rehabilitation. However, what we are really asking for our corrections system to do is to secure and supervise the individuals cast out
of society through the judicial process regardless of their individual needs and abilities. The purpose of this particular study is focused on the
management of special needs inmates and the burdens incurred at various levels. For this study, special needs populations are defined as prisoners who
exhibit unique physical, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and to whom jail and prison management
and staff have to respond in nontraditional and innovative ways (Schmalleger & Smykla 2013). The special needs populations included individuals
suffering from mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse and dependency, the elderly, sufferers of chronic and communicable diseases, and physical
disabilities. Keywords: corrections, special needs offenders, management
Corrections and the Management of Special Needs Inmates
To say the correctional system is overwhelmed with the needs and care of the special needs population is an understatement. Nonetheless, jail and
prisons officials have

CSOM Review Paper
CSOM Review
The CSOM is a national clearinghouse/technical assistance center, whom supports people with state and local jurisdiction information regarding sex
offenders. The aims are to provide people with responsible managing sex offenders as well as training with related issues with sex offenders.
According to CSOM, they provide you with the following listed below:
Provides useful, current, and accessible information widely to the field by developing and distributing policy and practice briefs on pressing issues;
operating the CSOM web site; and responding to information inquiries from the field and public;
Creates and delivers training programs across the country for agencies that share responsibility for sex offender management; and ... Show more content
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Justice Department has awarded grants to improve sex offender management services.
Fiscal Year 2004
BJA announced that twelve states received a total of approximately $2.8 million to implement comprehensive strategies to manage sex offenders under
community supervision. These awards, made under the FY 2004 Comprehensive Approaches to Sex Offender Management Grant program, mark the
sixth year that the U.S. Justice Department has awarded grants to improve sex offender management services.
Fiscal Year 2003
BJA announced that eleven communities in eight states received a total of approximately $2.4 million to implement comprehensive strategies to
manage sex offenders under community supervision. These awards, made under the FY 2003 Comprehensive Approaches to Sex Offender
Management Grant program, mark the fifth year that the U.S. Justice Department has awarded grants to improve sex offender management services.
Fiscal Year

The Unemployment Rate Within The City Of Newark
The unemployment rate within the City of Newark has been moving in the opposite direction when compared to the national rate. The country as a
whole, continues to see a decline in unemployment while Newark numbers have started to climb. A number of variables are key players in
contributing to the employment struggles the city faces, including voluntary unemployment, lack of skills/training/education, and acts of crime or
criminal history affecting a person 's employment eligibility. As disheartening as it may be, the issue is one that isn 't being ignored. On the state,
city, and community level, there are several programs and services to help combat the rising unemployment level affecting the City of Newark. One
could hope, with the dedication and support of the government and citizens alike, that Newark will soon follow the same trend as the rest of the
country at combating unemployment. To solve the unemployment issue in Newark, government takes actions. Department of Labor and Workforce
Development provides unemployment insurance. People who are unemployed can claim weekly benefits by filing the forms online. What's more,
N.J. is first to qualify for federal funds for unemployment. New Jersey received nearly $207 million in federal stimulus money to pay unemployment
claims in 2009 (The Associated Press). The loan is free of interest through 2010. It also has programs called job Seekers and Career Development. The
first one is to help people find employment

The Effects Of Recidivism On The United States
Reviewing Literature
Sociologist, psychologist, and political figures have made concerted efforts, to analyze, predict, and resolve the detrimental social and economic impact
of recidivism as it relates to communities within the United States. Yet recidivism remains a problem in the US. The focus here is notrecidivism itself,
but to understand which aspects of case management services may assist in lessening recidivism after an offender's incarceration.
Nationally within three years of release, about two–thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested (National Institute of Justice, 2014). In
Illinois, over 45 percent of offenders released from prison each year recidivate (Green, "Illinois Policy," 2015). There are many possible factors
contributing to recidivism. However, this study will only explore the lived experiences of ex–offenders and their case management services. This study
will focus on identifying the phenomenon that exists within participants lived experiences who received case management services in a transitional
homes setting after incarceration.
Case Management
Case management assists ex–offenders returning to the community through a vast array of programs. Case managers coordinate and expedite the use of
medical screening, housing assistance, parenting classes, and employment (Sheedy & Whitter, 2013). Case management assists with leadership
philosophies that initiate change within the offenders and provided needed skills for offenders to

The Success Of Juvenile Pre Trial Diversion Program
The success of juvenile pre–trial diversion programs is often dependent on cost analyses and recidivism rates. However, from a psychosocial
perspective, success of a diversion program cannot be based solely on the completion of the program, the absence of a future arrest, or the short term
cost beneficial. There is a need to include the evaluation of the diversion program participant's psychological and emotional health following the
completion of the program, as well as a positive perception of their future in order to truly measure the success of these programs.
Data from the National Center for Juvenile Justice's Juvenile Court Statistics in 2009 concluded that there were a total of 1,504,100 delinquency cases
handled by juvenile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, much literature discusses the juvenile's experiences while in the programs, but lacks an understanding of what happens long after the
juvenile completes the program and transitions into adulthood. Due to this, the literature review will focus on the major topics of juvenile's
experiences prior to and during participation in a program, focusing on mental health, substance abuse, and success and failures of different treatment
approaches. The purpose of examining the literature from this point of view was to gain an understanding of what possible outcomes participants in
this study may have experienced.
Mental health is a major factor to consider with juvenile offenders. Much of the literature regarding the juvenile justice system and juvenile diversion
programs focus on mental health. It is estimated that 50%–70% of juveniles in the justice system have a diagnosable disorder, oftentimes with a
comorbid substance use disorder, yet these disorders are sometimes overlooked during intake (Schubert, Mulvey & Glasheen, 2011). In a 2010 study
by McReynolds, Schwalbe and Wasserman, almost half of the sample of 915 youths participating in the study reported a disorder such as an anxiety
disorder, affective disorder and disruptive behavior disorder, with substance use disorder being the most prevalent. Approximately half of the
participants were first time offenders,

Penal Studies for Professional Practice Essay example
Penal Studies for Professional Practice
"Women in prison face greater resettlement problems than men on release". Examine this statement and use research and academic writing and your
own practice to find evidence to support or disprove this statement.
The purpose of this essay is to support of disprove the statement "women in prison face greater resettlement problems than men on release". Research
undertaken on the resettlement of female and male offenders has highlighted that little information currently exists. Therefore, I have widened my
reading to include information on the characteristics of female and male offenders, their experiences of prison and the impact this has on their lives, ...
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This is based upon findings that the majority receive short–term sentences meaning that they are not eligible for post–release supervision. Also there
appears to be limited resources specifically for women, and their offending is less accepted in society. Furthermore, the majority of women are affected
by one, or a combination of the following factors; single parenthood, homelessness, unemployment and addiction, thus indicating that re–integration
into the community will be more of a challenge. It is acknowledged that efforts are being made to improve the services offered to women via the
introduction of NOMS (National Offender Manager Service), new policies and new legislation, however these are not without some expected
limitations. It is appreciated that women are not a homogenous group of individuals and that some may not face any or as many resettlement problems
on release. Also, allowing individual choice and decision making are integral to avoid re–offending and allow effective re–integration. Finally, I am
aware that men do face resettlement needs, which may differ from those of females but can also be as problematic. Nevertheless these appear to be
more effectively addressed in accordance with the current climate and a system designed with, and for, male offenders. Therefore actions need to be
taken to redesign resettlement provisions so that better and more effective

Community Corrections Must Be Defined As Orders And Strict...
Community Corrections Community corrections can be defined as orders and strict instructions given to convicted adults and juveniles, which occur in
a community setting outside jail or prison. It involves the supervision and management of offenders by community correction officers in the
community. It usually happens when offenders are imposed to undertake community projects as an alternative to imprisonment. It can also be a
condition of release on parole from prison. Community corrections bring several benefits to the offender such as learning how to become accountable
and how to plan effectively (National Institute of Justice, 2014).
What It Involves Community corrections involve instilling of corrective behaviors and acceptable practices to offenders by teaching them how to do
new things and at the same time correcting their mistakes, which the court has convicted them for. Offenders are often required to participate in
community work, appropriate educational programs and assessment, and treatment programs. They are managed and supervised in the community by
individuals known as community correction officers. Offenders who completed their orders successfully with identifiable behavior change are allowed
to live freely without any more supervision from the correction officers, so they can interact and participate actively in community and society building
projects.
Programs Involved
A) Residential Program This program caters for male and female adults convicted

Social Work Personal Statement
There are many reasons why I want to join the undergraduate program in social work. Many of these reasons come from both academic and personal
experiences. As a child I lived in a poor neighborhood where I was surrounded by people who were experiencing poverty, homelessness, cultural and
language barriers, unemployment, discrimination, and other problems. I also saw friends and family later in my life go through hardships that ranged
from child abuse, domestic violence, to drug addiction. These experiences greatly affected how I saw the world. As I started to gain more insight into
the social problems and inequalities that were present in contemporary society, this knowledge instilled in me a desire to do something to address them.
Encouraged... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abrams et al. (2011) found that education and employment are very important factors that can protect against criminal activity (p.506). Programs such
as the North Carolina Workplace and Community Transition of Youth Offenders that started in 1998 is a great example that provides offenders with
education, behavior management, and career planning services (as cited in Urrieta et al., 2011, p. 493). According to Urrieta et al. (2011), the
recidivism rate for participates of this youth offenders program has been 19.33 percent, far less than the national rate. Therefore, without programs and
services to assist these youth offenders, there is a high probability that they will return to criminal or maladaptive behaviors that can hurt their future
and their community. Social workers trying to work with this population need to be competent in the interventions available and conduct themselves in
a manner that are consistent with the Code of Ethics established by the National Association of Social

Mental Health Estimates: Case Study
2.2 Fresno: The Jailed Population and Behavioral Health Estimates
In 2015, an average of 543 individuals in Fresno's county jail facilities received psychological medication each month . On average, 54 individuals
were assigned to mental health beds in 2015.
2.3 Fresno: The Actors in the Problem
A Community Corrections Partnership (CCP) was established as part of the local planning process to develop an implementation strategy for Fresno
County. Members include, but are not limited to: в—ЏChief probation officer
в—ЏChief of police
в—ЏSheriff
в—ЏDistrict Attorney
в—ЏPublic Defender
в—ЏPresiding judge of the superior court (or their designee)
в—ЏRepresentatives from the County Department of Social Services, Mental Health, and/or Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs, as appointed by
the County Board of Supervisors
4.Fresno County: Current Behavioral Health Services, Programs and Policy
Due to building ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adult Field Special Services
High–Risk Felony/Repeat DUI Intensive Supervision provides intensive supervision for repeat DUI offenders convicted of driving under the influence
of drugs or alcohol. The program includes random home visits, surveillance, and drug and alcohol testing to insure court–ordered compliance of those
who may be in violation of probation due to substance abuse.
Mentally Ill Supervision is provided through a collaboration between the Department of Behavioral Health, community–based organizations, medical
providers, and DPOs. Ongoing supervision is provided for offenders identified with behavioral health issues to ensure that they are having their mental
health, medication, substance abuse, and housing needs met.

As of June 30, 2015, Adult Field Services held 3,664 cases under active supervision. Transition from Jail to Community

Young Youth Display Anti Social Behavior
However not all young youth display anti–social behavior while others are deeply influence peer pressure and wanted to look cool researcher from
The MORI demonstrated that 60% of young people between 10 and 17 years of age wanted more police on the street as protections while 38% wanted
harder treatment for their peer who committed an offence, Hopkin –Burke, 2011 (cited in Barnard 2011). Although Smith, (2013). Argued that seemed
to be discord in the balancing neo–liberal and neo–conservative approaches within such communities may vary regionally. Both New Labour and
conservative have suggested, that there should be greater emphasis on enforcement contrasts with the local implementation of social inclusion policies.
Both government also share the belief the eradication of delay was important illegitimacy and the cost effectiveness with the justice system. While
Maguire, Morgan, and, Robert, (2012) have suggested the delay within the system was sending a message to the youth that nobody care about them.
Although Roger, (2005) have highlighted that while parenting courses could be seemed as successful in the short–term which in some cases have also
reduces the level of anti–social behavior. However in longer term there have been many concerns have about the long–term efficacy and the cost
effectiveness of national implementation of these strategy. Drakeford, and Butler, (2001) have argued that system replicate the inconsistent parenting
which most young offender

Criminal Behavior And The Justice System Essay
Incarceration rates are extremely costly and the rates of incarceration are alarmingly high in the United States. Individuals engage in criminal behaviors
for many reasons. Although the reasons are numerous and vary, the justice system has attempted to narrow down the causes of criminal behavior. The
justice system has also put into place specialty courts that are designed to better address these particular causes of criminal behavior. The goal of these
courts is to better address the individual's reason that they engaged in criminal behavior in hopes that with the additional support, in the future the
individual will become a productive member of society. What are specialty Courts? Specialty courts are becoming more and more popular throughout
the country. Specialty courts are also commonly referred to as problem–solving courts. These courts mainly focus on a specific type of criminal offense
or a cause of a criminal offense. Specialty courts differ from the traditional court system. Traditional court systems are not always equipped to
effectively deal with certain needs of the offenders that they come into contact with. Specialty courts are set up to help better address certain issues
and are able to provide options that are specific to the offender's needs. In addition, specialty courts tend to take on less severe cases, which also help
decongest the traditional system. Specialty courts usually have staff that specialize and are trained on the specific type of court

Adam Walsh Child Protection Act Of 2005 Case Study
Briefly describe the nature and scope of the problem this law seeks to correct?
The purpose of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 was established to protect children from sexual exploitation and violent
crimes, to prevent child abuse and child pornography with an emphasis on comprehensive strategies across federal/state/local communities, to prevent
sex offenders access to children, to prevent internet safety.
Who or what provoked the passage of the legislation?
In 1981 Adam Walsh was abducted from a shopping mall in Florida. Sixteen days after his abduction he was found murdered. The perpetrator was
named on December 16, 2008. John Walsh Adam's father and also the founder of National Center for Missing and Exploited ... Show more content on
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The specific outcomes the law is attempting to accomplish are to provide a revised sex offender registration system. To make amendments to the child
and sex related federal criminal laws.
Provide child protective grant programs. Conduct programs and campaigns to prevent and punish sex offenders, and those who victimize children.
Improve federal criminal law enforcement to ensure sex offender compliance with registration and notification. Provide access to information and
resources needed to ensure that children are not attacked or abused.
What social work values are incorporated in the policy, explicitly and implicitly?
The social work value that is incorporated in the policy is service " according to the NASW Code of Ethics (2008) Social workers' primary goal is
to help people in need and to address social problems. The second social work value that I believe is incorporated in the policy is the importance of
human relationships. According to the NASW Code of Ethics (2008) ethical principal states "Social workers recognize the central importance of
human relationships". Lastly, social injustice is a value that is incorporated in this policy. According to the NASW Code of Ethics (2008) the ethical
principal

Forensic Database Research Paper
Erin Connors
Mrs. Gilvin
Forensics B4
Oct. 20, 2016
Forensic Database Research Paper Forensic scientists and investigators need to use databases to quickly store and organize information. The use of
these databases allows information about criminals to be stored and easily accessed, so investigators can identify whoever committed the crime. The
NIBIN, IAFIS, and CODIS databases are some of the tools widely used and available to forensic scientists. NIBIN, or the National Integrated
Ballistic Information Network, allows prompt and easy identification of ballistics information from across the country (ATF.) It was formed in the
1990's in conjunction with law enforcement and is run under the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF.) The program is able to
automate ballistics evaluations, a process that previously took a lot longer. Cartridge casing evidence is entered into NIBIN, which then allows the
data unique to each bullet to be compared against other bullets to find a common perpetrator (ATF.) The network is largely used by law enforcement,...
The IAFIS, or the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, is run by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and headed by David
Cuthbertson and the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (FBI.) The FBI has collected fingerprints since 1924, and, in 1999, fingerprint
identification was digitalized so fingerprints from criminals, government workers, and military workers, among others, could be identified and shared
more easily (FBI.) The database is able to identify fingerprint characteristics and compare them with other individuals who share a lot of the unique
features between fingerprints (FBI.) There is a lot of information about criminals on their database: their fingerprint, their criminal history, and their
photograph (FBI.) Law enforcement, from the state to national level, use IAFIS to compare fingerprints found at crime scenes to fingerprints from all
around the country

Restoring Re Entry Programs Will Benefit Us All Rough...
Restoring Re–entry Programs Will Benefit Us All Rough Draft unit 8 assignment To wit, there are easily over 700,000 offenders released from state
or Federal prisons. A disappointing factor, another nine million cycle throughout local jails and another 10,000 of these offenders are released back
into the communities (Caporizzo, 2011). Nevertheless, more than 650,00 of those newly released offenders will be more than likely to re–offended and
return back into the confined setting in which, they were once released from less than three weeks to three years of their release. One might wonder
why is this, namely, offenders are being released with no bearing as to what to do with themselves once they are released due to lack of education,
coping skills, lack of obtaining employment due to their criminal background. Another factor of ex–offenders re–offending is due to the time of their
conviction. If one has been sentenced to a lot of time one may be disconnected from love ones in the addition, to the era of the times of their release.
Namely, all across the nation, state legislatures are facing the challenges, with providing the means of monies to build more prisons that are overly
populated. For that reason alone, reinstating re–entry should be restored to save taxpayer's money along with, containing the construction of unwanted
prisons in our residential districts. These efforts also provide ex–offenders with the skills to remain free. Particularly, re–entry programs

In our world today there are a very large number of...
The Range of Problems Facing Human Service Clients Chaleetra Johnson–Hornes University Of Phoenix Karen Miner 18 August 2014 BSH/305
"Problems for clients are rarely single issues and the human service Professional should approach each client with the expectation of more than
One problem." (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 13) In our world today there are a very large number of problems that human service client's face on a
daily basis and problems in living is at the top of the list because there are many people who are not capable of taking care of them–selves physically,
financially or mentally. These clients are all different ages and nationalities. Stemming from the elderly and mentally challenged, the... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Institute on Drug Addiction reveals substance abuse has been linked to mental health problems, illness and occupational problems. It
affects their social life and their ability to function as a healthy individual (The Truth about Drugs pg.21, 22, 35). The complexity of the assistance
required from the human service professional depends on the severity of the problem and the state of the client. The human service professional can
use the Erikson's stages developmental model to identify some of the problems with earlier stages of the basic human life span. It is also important to
develop a relationship with the client by breaking the ice and asking open–ended questions in order to get them to open up about their problems. The
helping process occurs over a period of time and there is preparation, exploring the problems and intervention strategies put in place to determine if
other referrals are needed. Responsive listening or SOLER is a method created by G. E. Egan to communicate to the client that the human service
professional is listening (Egan, 2002). SOLER stands for: S: Sit SQUARELY on to the client, preferably at a 5 o'clock position to avoid the
possibility of staring. O: Maintain an OPEN posture at all times, not crossing your arms or legs which can appear defensive. L: LEAN slightly in
towards the client. E: Maintain EYE CONTACT with the client without staring. R: RELAX. This should in turn help the client to relax In conclusion
the range

Public Eye on Sexual Offenders Essay example
Public Eye on Sexual Offenders In preparing for this essay it has been identified that sexual offenders are not a homogenous group of individuals and
that this is an umbrella term used to describe a range of behaviours ranging from acts of voyeurism and exhibitionism, to more serious acts of
pedophilia and rape. For the purpose of this essay I have chosen to focus on the more serious forms of sex offending which in my opinion, are the
cause of much of the current attention. In order to understand why sexual offenders attract so much attention I will begin by considering today's society
and the emergence of post–modernist values and the preoccupation with risk. I shall then go on to consider... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was during the period of "modernity" which stems back to the 18th century, that notions of tradition, feudalism and superstition began to be replaced
by reasoning, science and exploration. There was a move away from harsh penal conditions and a move towards reforming individuals. It was during
this period of modernity that there existed societal consensus and a general air of optimism which generated high levels of trust and respect for people
in authority. During the mid–1980s post–modernism emerged as an area of academic study, and it is this which currently describes today's developed
world. Attempts have been made to chart the shift from modernism to post–modernism, however this is largely attributed to the work of Ulrich Beck
and what he describes as the emergence of a 'risk society' (Beck 1986). Beck argued that the public are constantly being "confronted with socially
created risks which endanger survival" (Beck 1986, p32). He saw one of these being globalisation, whereby communication is now effortless, thus
increasing the risk of messages being distorted and information saturated which hence has the potential to perturb (Beck, 1986). Another was the
creation of moral panics, first introduced by Stanley Cohen in his book "Folk Devils and Moral Panics" in 1972. He identified a

Reentry And Reentry Initiatives : Jenifer
Reentry and Reentry Initiatives
Jenifer Roberts Brown Mackie College
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...PAGE 3
INTRODUCTION....PAGE 3
SUMMARY.....PAGE 3
WHAT IS REENTRY......PAGE 3
GOALS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT.....PAGE 4
LAW ENFORCEMENT REENTRY INITIATIVES...PAGE 4
REENTRY COURTS.....PAGE 4
WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF FAITH–BASED AND COMMUNITY INITIATIES...PAGE 5
SERIOUS VILENT OFFENDER REENTRY INITIATIVE (SVORI)...........PAGE 5
TRANSITION, REUNIFICATION, AND REENTRY...PAGE 5
PROJECT GREENLIGHT.....PAGE 6
CONCLUSION...PAGE 6
REFERENCES.......PAGE 7
Abstract There are many different initiatives that are for the reentry process of prisoners (Delisi ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction This paper will inform one on the different types of initiatives that are set into place to help when the prisoners who are released from
prison. The reentry process is difficult for an offender to transition back into the community. The initiatives that are going to be mentioned in this paper
will describe the help that is offered to the offender and their families if they want to utilize it
(Delisi & Conis). There are also other groups that will help the prisoner with different areas in their lives.
Summary
What is Reentry? Reentry is a process of preparations and assisting offenders who are in adult detention and the delinquent correctional facilities while
they finish their sentence and integrate back into the community (Delisi & Conis). This is a complex transition for the prisoner, the prisoner's families,

and the community. Congress seen this was a serious problem so they passed the
Second Chance Act 2007 (SCA) (NIJ, 2015).
Goals of Law Enforcement Just to name a few of the goals that law enforcement looks at and considers that is related to reentry of prisoners. These
goals are the public safety, the officer's safety, they want to lower recidivism, lower crime, and try to educate plus inform the community about what the
reentry program is and some of the issues they may encounter in their community. This will prepare the community to help with supervision of the
offender once released

Challenges in the Justice System: Case Management of Drug...
Challenges in the justice system: Case management of drug crimes
Drug abuse represents one of the greatest challenges for any criminal justice professional. The question of whether drug abuse should be viewed as a
medical issue, a criminal issue, or a unique combination of both remains hotly–debated question, particularly in regard to juvenile offenders. There are
indications that the two are often interlinked: "research indicates that a relatively small group of serious and violent juvenile offenders who are also
serious drug users accounts for a disproportionate amount (more than half, according to one national study) of all serious crimes committed by
delinquents" (VanderWaal et al 2001: 1). Given the chronic and addictive nature of drug abuse, these offenders often go on to commit more crimes as
adults, unless the cycle is broken.
Case management is one of the most common techniques used to treat juvenile drug offenders. It allows for an integration of rehabilitation and drug
treatment. "A key approach to interrupting the juvenile drug–crime cycle is an integrated case management strategy that coordinates the various service
needs of youths from the time they enter the juvenile justice system until they no longer require supervision" (VanderWaal et al 2001: 2). Ideally,
interventions should take place before the juvenile becomes a hardened, repeat abuser and offender.
Counseling for non–institutionalized juveniles on parole can be effective, but not all programs are

Comparative Analysis Of Db Implementation Case Scenarios
Comparative Analysis of DB Implementation Case Scenarios
1.0Introduction
Information Systems management is envisaging rapid progress in the current trend digital environment, and globally there are significant proportion of
organizations that are depending on the information systems and technology solutions that can empower them in effective management of their business
and increasing the overall efficiency.Database designs and implementation is turning out to be a major power factor that shall ensure that the
information systems of the organizations are turning out to be robust. (Benoit, 2003)
There are various instances of database implementation scenarios in which the organizations are turning out to be extremely successful or have
encountered significant challenges in terms of deploying quality database solutions that could be resourceful for the organization in terms of effective
outcome from technology solutions. There could be various factors that shall impact the positive outcome or result in the negative outcome of
Database Systems implementation in an organization. (Mullins, 2014) In this report, the focus is upon understanding the key attributes that support to
the success of an organization in terms of effective DB implementation and also the key challenges that might be encountered by the organization in
terms of implementing the DB implementation. For the purpose of this study, two case scenarios of one successful implementation and the other in
terms of

The Criminal Justice System Deals With The Risk And...
Critically evaluate the ways in which the criminal justice system deals with the risk and management of sex offenders. According to the Office for
National Statistics (ONS), from December 2013 to December 2014, the amount of recorded sexual offences has risen by 32 percent to 80,262 for
England and Wales (ONS, 2015:13). The most serious cases of sex offending will result in a custodial sentence. From 2005 to 2011 the proportion of
offenders who received a custodial sentence for committing sexual offences is between 55 and 59 percent (ibid, 41). Custody is an immediate way of
protecting the public from the future risks posed by a serious sexual offender. However, at some point of the offender's custodial sentence, it is likely
that they will be granted their right to parole; and eventually will be released into the community. Furthermore, the less serious sexual offenders who
receive suspended sentences, community sentences, or fines are also dealt with in the community and therefore put the public at immediate risk of
harm. Although the risks can never be fully eliminated, it is extremely important that the amount of risk imposed on society is kept to a minimum
(Harrison, 2011:78). This essay will focus on the Violent and Sex Offenders Register (ViSOR) and Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements
(MAPPA), and evaluate their effectiveness on minimising the risk of harm to the public. One method that the CJS uses to reduce risk is the Sex
Offenders Register, which was

Juvenile Sex Offenders Essay example
Sexual assault is one of the fastest growing violent crimes in America. Approximately 20% of all people charged with a sexual offense are juveniles.
Among adult sex offenders, almost 50% report that their first offense occurred during their adolescence. (FBI, 1993) There are many different opinions,
treatment options and legislation to manage the growing numbers of juvenile sex offenders. In today's society the psychological and behavioral
modification treatments used to manage juvenile sex offenders is also a growing concern. To understand and determine the proposed treatment
methods, several related issues will need to be reviewed such as traditional sex offender therapy methods like cognitive therapy and alternative therapies
like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Phoenix police, the girl was lured to a storage shed at an apartment complex. The four boys, who had offered the girl chewing gum,
allegedly restrained and sexually assaulted her. The Phoenix police officers called the case, one of the worst they have investigated in many years. The
14–year–old was charged as an adult and will face two counts of sexual assault and one count of kidnapping. The other three boys were charged in
juvenile court with sexual assault, and two of them also were charged with kidnapping. (Trevino CNN, 2009) Currently, it is estimated that adolescents
(ages 13 to 17) account for up to one–fifth of all rapes and one–half of all cases of child molestation committed each year (Barbaree, Hudson, and
Marshall, 1993).
Who are Juvenile Sex Offenders?
There is a moderate portion of juvenile law violations that are minor; however some young offenders are extremely dangerous and violent. (Caldwell,
2002) Studies have shown that most delinquent behavior stems from some sort of underlining issue or issues in a youth's present or past history. State
and county authorities must deal with these offenders while also responding to their personal social problems. This could range from child abuse and
neglect, family issues and drug abuse, exposure to pornography and exposure to aggressive role models.
Juvenile sex offenders are those who target children and those who offend

Prison Has A Huge Problem Within The United States
"The United States is the world's leader of incarceration with 2.2 million people in jails and prisons; having an increase in population rate of 500%
over the past thirty years "(The Sentencing Project, 2014). Of the 2.2 million individuals in these facilities, over one million are mentally ill persons.
According to the National Institute of Corrections, mentally ill offenders have strained the correctional system. Since the deinstitutionalization of
mentally ill from public hospitals in the 1990s, civilians with mental health issues are more likely to be free in the community, without any
programming and are more likely to inflict in criminal behavior. The prison population rate for mentally ill offender makes up more than half the
overall population. 78,000 in Federal prison, 705,600 in State prisons, and 479,000 in local jails. Overcrowding prison has become a huge problem
within the United States, which lead to seeking in alternative options. Since there isn't enough space or resources applicable to provide for all those
who are diagnosed with mental issues, a shift to community supervision have taken place; probation and parole being the greatest form of supervision.
The National Institute of Corrections continues to state how parole and probation are overrepresentation of those who are mentally ill, with rates two
to four times greater than the general population. Even with this being true, the combination of the cost of imprisonment, treatment needs and

Society 's Preoccupation With Risk
The 'risk society' has created a 'risk awareness' in the Criminal Justice System. Professionals have become anxious of the hazards presented by
'modernisation', new innovative strategies to deal with the risks, and technological advances. These developments have caused uncertainty, creating
further risks and a collective vulnerability to 'risk awareness' (Giddens, 1991). This assignment will critically analyse the way in which society's
preoccupation with risk, influences the way in which the probation service and police work.
The first part of this paper will discuss the significate changes to probation practice, by reviewing probation history from the 1960s in England and
Wales. Discussing how influential penal trends, policy and practice evolution, have resulted in social work and probation work training becoming
detached (Robinson and McNeill, 2004). 'Retributivism theory' in a 'culture of risk' will be studied, with the recommendations to punishment
examined. The 'what works agenda' (Martinson, 1974) will be discussed progressing on to the emergence of 'populist punitiveness', and critically
examining the correlation with risk theory. Focusing on the progression of probation practice in late modernity, and the use of risk assessments, it
focuses on the risk instruments of clinical, actuarial and mixed approaches. Attention is also given to Multi–Agency Public Protection Arrangements
(MAPPA), and how the probation service and police, work together to protect the public

Literature Review Of Sex Offender And Sexual Offences
Chapter 1 Literature Review 1.1Definition: 'Sex offender' and 'Sexual offence' A sex offender is an individual convicted of a sex crime including
such offences as rape, sexual assault, offences related to prostitution, or against children, severe pornography and the ownership and circulation of
offensive images (The Crown Prosecution Service, 2017) or who evinces a paraphilic disorder as classified in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 1.2.Statistical Data 1.2.1Ireland Sex offenders are viewed by society
as 'remorseless, unrehabilitable, monsters' (Scheela, 2001, p.757) therefore it is disconcerting to comprehend sexual offences, both in Ireland and
internationally are increasing. According to the Central Statistics Office in Ireland (2014), there were 1,480 sexual offences recorded in 2009, rising...
Through its cognitive behavioural approach, offenders are encouraged to develop significant life goals and change cognitive and behavioural patterns
to reduce the risk of re–offending once re–integrated into the community (HM Prison & Probation Service, 2017). Research shows sex offenders
receiving treatment, either in prison or in the community have lower sexual reconviction rates compared to those who do not receive treatment, which
concurs with findings from an exploratory investigation of twenty–six research studies which showed a 27% reduction in sexual offending for sex
offenders receiving treatment (Schmucker & Losel, 2009). Circles of Support and Accountability schemes also operate throughout the country and
work together with sex offenders to help minimise isolation and support re–integration back into the community to reduce re–offending (Circles UK,

Restorative Justice Policy Proposal for Juvenile Justice...
A growing number of probation officers, judges, prosecutors as well as other juvenile professionals are advocating for a juvenile justice system which
is greatly based on restorative justice. These groups of people have been frustrated by the policy uncertainty between retribution and treatment as well
as unrealistic and unclear public expectations. As a primary mission, the balanced approach or policy allows juvenile justice systems together with its
agencies to improve in their capacity of protecting the community and ensuring accountability of the system and the offenders . It enables the youths to
become productive and competent citizens. This guiding philosophical framework for this policy is restorative justice as it promotes the ... Show more
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They are calling for an evaluation of policies which continue to increase incarceration and improvement of criminal justice as this population reaches
historical high level in America. There are over 2 million individuals housed in national jails or prisons and nearly 5 million individuals on parole or
probation. United States of America leads the world in punishment and incarceration, and the cost of the correctional system now surpasses $60billion
annually. The rise in the costs and size of correctional facilities occurs after nearly two decades of tough reforms on crime. These 'tough on crime'
reforms got the support of both Republican and Democratic administrators in response to the increasing crimes rates experienced since 1970s.
Ironically, the unabated correctional costs and financial crises have put strains on health, education and human services budgets. It is, therefore,
apparent that in as much as prison systems are costing the government more money, they are becoming less effective in addressing crime rates.
The criminal justice system recognizes the importance of restorative justice practice and programs to offenders in reducing the overall national crime
rates. It also recognizes that a range of improvements is necessary to achieve successful integration of offenders to the community. Some of the
programs that will ensure reduction in the number of individuals incarcerated must be

Community Corrections Must Be Defined As Orders And Strict...
Community corrections can be defined as orders and strict instructions given to convicted adults and young ones, which occur in a community setting
outside jail or prison. It involves the supervision and management of offenders by community correction officers in the community. It usually happens
when offenders are imposed to undertake community projects as an alternative to imprisonment. It can also be a condition of release on parole from
prison. Community corrections bring several benefits to the offender such as learning how to become accountable and how to plan effectively
(National Institute of Justice, 2014).
What It Involves Community corrections involve instilling of corrective behaviors and acceptable practices to offenders by teaching them how to do
new things and in the same time correcting their mistakes, which made them charged in court. Offenders are required to participate in community
work, appropriate educational programs and assessment and treatment programs. They are managed and supervised in the community by individuals
known as the community correction officers. Offenders who complete their orders successfully upon identifiable behavior change are allowed to live
freely without any more supervision from the correction officers, and they can interact and participate actively in community and society building
projects.
Programs Involved
A) Residential Program This program caters for male and female adults convicted of a felony offense through intensive

Structure of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and...
The Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) has traditionally operated under a function organization structure within state government that
clearly separated services provided into two primary categories: prisons and parole services with both categories reporting to the agency Director. An
organization structure based on functions provides a clear direction for job requirements, allows the opportunity for staff to become experts in their
field of assignment, which increases productivity. Although this structure was successfully utilized by the DRC for many years, unintentionally, it
created a separation between levels of management and their subordinates and division and a division between the agency's prison and parole services.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This office works with local criminal justice officials and community and state agencies to provide safe, meaningful reentry into the community. This is
done by providing opportunities for offenders to change behaviors or situations, which brought about their incarceration. Possibly one of the most
crucial offices within the DRC is the Office of Research and Evaluation. This Office develops information reporting systems regardingrecidivism,
prepares regular reports, conducts program evaluations, and provides research studies to aide in policy–making. The offices described above are by no
means representative of every office and function within the Ohio DRC; they are merely a snapshot of the major functions that keep the system
running. It is common knowledge that no organization can function without people; thus, we must also address the personnel and their demographics.
The Ohio DRC, according to the 2013 Annual Report, employs 11,803 administrative employees, 6,400 correctional officers, and 434 parole
officers throughout the State. Among the correctional officers, 1,221 are female and 5,179 are male. The female correctional officers are
represented by 792 Caucasian, 406 African American, and 23 "Other." The male officers are made up of 4,377 Caucasian, 691 African American, and
111 "Other." There are fewer parole officers, 175 female and 259 male. Of the 175 female parole officers, 125 are

The Criminal Justice Field Is The Topic Of Offender...
One topic that is a very important in the criminal justice field is the topic of offender rehabilitation. Offender rehabilitation should be continually
studied to find new and better ways of rehabilitating offenders. This is incredible important especially with the recidivism rates that are seen around the
country. In Indiana, in 2015 recidivism rates increased slightly for the 2nd time in as many years. Of those offenders released in 2012, 38.2% were
recommitted to the Indiana Department of Correction within three years of their release date, for either a new conviction or a violation of post–release
supervision (2015 Adult Recidivism Summary, 2015).
There are several sources that support the issue that recidivism in correctional issues are of real importance, such as the National Institute of Justice,
who believes recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice (National Institute of Justice, 2016). The U.S. Department of
Justice and the National Institute of Corrections relate that state sentencing policies have resulted in historically high rates of offender recidivism with
some of the highest incarceration rates in the world (U.S. Department of Justice, 2016)
One of the points of prison is to prevent offenders from reverting to their criminal behavior after being released into society. However, the life of an
offender does not always prepare him or her for normal living in society. Recidivism means that an offender either repeats or relapses into

Primary Purpose Of Sentencing Essay
Introduction
This essay will explore and evaluate the question "The Primary Purpose of sentencing for criminal offences should be to deter future offending" with
reference to primary and secondary sources.
Firstly this essay will look at what a sentence is for according to the law and analyse what the disputed words mean and its consequences. Then the
different theories of punishment will be explored and will continue to look at how reoffending is prevented during an offenders sentence. Following
this – the effectiveness of the prevention is analysed. Finally, prior to the final conclusion, this essay will take a close look at what is in society's and
the offender's best interest based on the research conducted so far earlier in the essay. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what about custodial life sentences? Sentencing an offender to life in prison will mean that there will be rehabilitation of the offender but there
will be no chance for them to go back to life as a regular citizen hence deterrence is primary, here. They are considered so dangerous to the public and
prone to reoffend that the only way to deter them from reoffending is a custodial sentence for the rest of their life. When deterring by rehabilitation is
not an option, deterring by imprisonment is used. Again – Making deterrence a very primary purpose of a sentence.
The theories of punishment
Desert theories: This theory is about punishment being the right response to crime as long as it is suitable for the seriousness of the offence. That a
person who has committed a crime should and deserves to be punished. An eye for an eye so to say. The theory is about retribution but it faces
difficulties where it may be less straightforward to determine what is an appropriate punishment for what crime.
Rehabilitivate theories: This theory focuses on the consideration that people commit crimes because they are struggling in life. Rehabilitation is crucial
in order to prevent them from reoffending and in turn becoming a productive member of society. This theory believes that treatment needs to be
adjusted individually for each

The Issue of Accounting Entity Definition in Regards to...
The UK public sector has been transformed over the past few decades. In an increasingly global economy, the main lever by which central governments
can influence the success of the domestic economy is by ensuring its public sector operates efficiently. The central governments of the developed
economies have adopted similar change agendas to transform their public sectors. These change agendas entail the introduction of new structures, new
kinds of organizations and a 'reinvention' of many parts of the public sector. The intention of successive governments has been the creation of a 'New
Public Sector', which is more strategic and corporate in its thinking. This 'New Public Sector' is intended to replace a public sector characterized by ...
Despite of that definition, the creation of an accounting entity is also a political process with potentially huge implications. KurunmГ¤ki states that the
boundaries which describe an organization as an economic unit separate from other units are not as clear–cut, natural or fixed as the accounting entity
assumption implies . To which extent does NOMS now fulfill the above described requirements? What are the issues involved in the representation of
NOMS as an accounting entity? By defining NOMS as an accounting entity, the financial controls involved seek to limit accountability to the very
institution which is fair to say and in line with the so–called market–based New Public Sector reforms (Arnold, 1991). As a consequence, NOMS has to
face the challenge to act within a managerial, instead of an administrative culture. When looking for example at healthcare reforms throughout Western
Europe during the late 1970s and 1980, we find out that before introducing those reforms and seeing hospitals as accounting entities, several problems
occurred: Poor management followed by arm's length management, with organizational actions guided by practices rooted in a rationality that
privileged "professional" or "clan" over "bureaucratic" or "managerial" forms of control (KurunmГ¤ki, 1999). These associated problems could be

Incident Based Reporting System
The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), is the system that police use to report crime data. The data includes; the nature or type of the
specific offense, the characteristics of victims and offender, the type and value of property stolen and/ or recovered, and characteristics of persons
arrested with crime incidents. Incident–based data provides a large amount of criminal information. This is organized in complex, it reflects the
different aspects of a crime incident.
Local state and federal agencies generate the NIBRS data from their management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest into Group A
and Group B offense categories. There are 49 Group A offenses, but grouped into 23 crime categories. Group B has 10... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It will also be used by criminologist at a greater level to study crime in the United States. Nearly 6,000 law enforcement agencies submit the data in 35
different states. The FBI is working with the Department of Justice in order to make sure all police agencies facilitate in participation. The goal for the
NIBRS is to become the new standard for law enforcement to report crime data to the FBI.
NACJD, a part of the Inter–University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), was conducted at the University of Michigan, and was
designed to learn about the NIBRS dataset, to connect the information to other NIBRS sources. The NIBRS is comprehensive because it accounts for
22 offense categories. David Cuthbertson, the assistant director of the Criminal Justice Information Services Division explains, the NIBRS 2011 and
contains the information about the offenders, victims, and ect. According to Cuthbertson, the data has new categories such as; gang offenses, weapons
offenses, and some vice offenses.
NIBRS provides more comprehensive data to law enforcement and academic communities better than ever. It is available for management, training,
planning, and research. The NIBRS will implement pace commensurate with the abilities, the resources, and the limitations for the contributing law
enforcement agencies. NIBRS is being implemented throughout the FBI and police agencies to report crime and create statistical tables from raw
criminal

Correctional Facilities and Environments
Processes of Correctional Environments:
Correctional facilities play an integral role in the criminal justice system as many individuals who are convicted of offenses are normally placed on
probation rather than being sent to prison. In other cases, convicted criminals who have served their jail terms are usually released on parole. In
addition to meeting other requirements, criminals are required to stay out of trouble during parole and probation periods. In order to prevent offenders
from committing new offenses; probation, parole, and correctional treatments officers and specialists are involved in supervision of these criminals.
Probation officers are involved in supervising criminals placed on probation rather than prison while parole officers supervise those who have been
released from prison. On the other hand, correctional treatment specialists counsel criminals and develop rehabilitation plans for them to follow upon
their release from prison or parole.
Processes of Jails, Prisons, Probation, and Parole: As part of accomplishing their mandates, probation and parole officers usually meet the offenders
through personal contact with them and their families. These officers meet with the criminals in their homes and employment places for therapy
sessions and also seek help from community organizations and other necessary institutions and groups. In some cases, parole and probation processes
involve the requirement for the offenders to wear electronic devices so

The Reentry Policy Brief Provides
Executive Summary
The Reentry policy brief provides input to the Task Force set up by Florida Governor Rick Scott to reduce the number of incarcerated juveniles and
avoid increasing the already wide racial disparities of the incarcerated population of juveniles. Most reentry facilities in Florida are run by reentry
programs that were expanded from Transition from Prison to Community (TPC) and Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) models. Yet these
programs appear to not have fully addressed recidivism among juveniles and are also not tailored to lower the widening racial disparities among the
incarcerated juvenile population. Better evidence–based reentry practices are needed to ensure that these programs are not only effective in
discontinuing the cycle of recidivism but also address the disproportionate minority contact. A growing body of research demonstrates that
comprehensive multi–dimensional reentry frameworks increase the chances of reentry programs stopping the cycle of crime among Florida's juvenile
offenders. A comprehensive multi–dimensional reentry program refers to a standardized program that is implemented statewide and which incorporates
evidence based practices such as assessment of needs and risks, individual case planning, and cognitive behavioral interventions.
Introduction
Criminal justice statistics released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 2013 indicated that incarceration numbers for youths in the State of Florida
dropped by 32 percent between

Accredited programme requirements were created from the...
Accredited programme requirements were created from the Criminal Justice Act 2003 but in order to understand how this came to be it is significant
that the history and political context of the probation service is understood.
The Probation of Offenders Act was established in 1907 and under this act the release if offenders into the community under the control of probation
officers were made official. The primary aim of the probation was made clear under this act which was to advise, assist and befriend and it continued
that way until 1970's. During this period it transformed into an agency concerned with casework, diagnosis, and rehabilitation rather than the influence
of personal character, psychological understandings of human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, research carried out in the 1990's as part of 'what works' movement identified that the most successful sentences were those that attempted to
change, not only the offender's behaviour but also their attitude towards their offending (Hollin, 2007). This catalysed the push towards
cognitive–behavioural approaches and by 1999 one especially important development was the establishment of the Correctional Services Accreditation
Panel, which 'quality assured' probation and prison programmes for rehabilitating offending. This technique brought an emphasis of individual
responsibility of an offender (Mair,2004). A criticism of this was the lack of attention of sociological factors that can influence criminal behaviour.
Responsibility of offenders can be considered to have arose as part of the 'Just Deserts' in which is fundamental to it rational in two ways. First, the
need to sentence individuals for the crime committed rather than sociological or behavioural issue that may have been a factor in the offender
committing the crime. Secondly, under the concept of proportionality in which the sentence is proportionate to the crime. At this point a very subtle
difference in sentencing had an impact on the way probation was viewed because non–custodial sentences became recognised as an alternative to
prison rather than an alternative to punishment (Worrall, 2006). Thus, probation was regarded as a punishment in its own right which is

Substance Abuse And Its Impact On Criminal Involvement
This paper highlights how substance abuse, the lack of treatment, and how it plays a role in continuous recidivism. I will focus on substance abuse
and its impact on criminal involvement, discuss whom this problem effects, and elaborate on how this problem is being viewed. In the second half of
this paper I will discuss what interventions are being used to address the substance abuse problem in the criminal justice system. Interventions will
include: the establishment of drug courts, substance abuse treatment [both in and out of prison], and specialized intensive probation/parole.
It is commonly viewed among key stakeholders in the criminal justice system that drug and alcohol use share a relationship with some criminal acts
and repeat offenses. A study by Beth Huebner shows that drug and alcohol use is widespread among offenders in Illinois (Huebner). A total of 64
percent of Huebner's study sample had previous substance abuse history, which is consistent with documented national research (Huebner). Taking a
deeper look into the nation's prison population, it shows that drug and alcohol use will greatly increase the probability that an individual will enter into
serious criminal doings. According to The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, in 2006 drugs and/or alcohol were connected with 78
percent of violent crimes; 83 percent of property crimes; and 77 percent of public order, immigration, weapon offenses, and probation/parole violations
(National

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