NUGL Online - Glocalnet

<strong>NUGL</strong> <strong>Online</strong><br />

The online version of the New Updated Guthrie List,<br />

a referential classification of the Bantu languages<br />

Compiled by<br />

Jouni Filip Maho<br />

THIS VERSION DATED<br />

4 juni 2009

---

The 2nd New Updated Guthrie List<br />

The present document comprises an update and expansion of Malcolm Guthrie’s<br />

1971-classification of the Bantu languages. This is the second such update, the<br />

first being Maho (2003). This online document constitutes a simplified version of<br />

a forthcoming update currently being prepared for proper publication.<br />

The <strong>NUGL</strong> (or New Updated Guthrie List) is not offered as a prescriptive list of<br />

language names. The names used here are those that appear to be the most<br />

commonly used names in the literature, other Bantu classifications, and/or the<br />

ones explicitly preferred by authoritative sources.<br />

Obsolete, derogatory, or otherwise inapproariate names have been avoided,<br />

though some commonly used ones are retained in quotes.<br />

G43c..................... Makunduchi, Ka(l)e, “Hadimu”<br />

In general, the language names that appear in Guthrie’s 1971-classification have<br />

been retained, though some of the original spellings have been modernised,<br />

where necessary. Thus Guthrie’s ‘Kxhalaxadi’ appears here as ‘Kgalagadi’.<br />

Also, his many phonetic symbols have been replaced with more standard<br />

(ASCII) characters. Many of his diacritics have been omitted entirely.<br />

The language names are generally given without prefixes. The use of a prefix is<br />

grammatically obligatory in any specific Bantu language, but this text-cum-list is<br />

written in English, and I see no reason to adopt foreign inflectional paradigms<br />

when writing English prose (cfr Bailey 1995:34-35). Still, prefixes are occasionally<br />

added when, for instance, a prefixed name has become the standard English<br />

form (e.g. Kiswahili, Setswana), or when prefixed names can help to disambiguate<br />

two (orthographically) identical language names.<br />

B503..................... Vili, Ibhili<br />

H12....................... Vili, Civili<br />

Many entries below contain more than one name. Usually these are variant<br />

names, as in the examples immediately above. However, the literature is not

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 7<br />

always clear about what is a variant name, a dialect name, a place name, or<br />

whatever, so sometimes a string of names may signify a set of related dialects<br />

(hyponyms). Where I know that they do, I have made it as clear as possible.<br />

Occasionally some sort of specification, such as a location, has been added in<br />

parentheses.<br />

D28a..................... West Holoholo (Congo-Kinshasa)<br />

Extinct languages and dialects are marked in the list with a dagger (†).<br />

D28b................... † East Holoholo (Tanzania)<br />

Tervuren’s J zone<br />

The list incorporates Tervuren’s J zone. This has been achieved by prefixing the<br />

letter J to the codes of relevant languages. For example, ‘E41’ appears here as<br />

‘JE41’. Any code preceded by the letter J is, roughly speaking, equal to the same<br />

code without the letter J. In fact, either code (either the J-less E41 or the Jprefixed<br />

JE41) can be used for referential purposes without any ambiguities.<br />

SIL’s language identifiers<br />

I have added SIL’s language identifiers to the names of those varieties that SIL<br />

recognises as languages in the online version of their Ethnologue, accessed April<br />

2009. These language identifiers comprise three superscripted letters appended to<br />

language names, as in:<br />

A14....................... Bonkeng bvg<br />

SIL’s language identifiers conform to the ISO-639-9 standard.<br />

A few notes on the accompanying maps<br />

The accompanying maps are intended to give rough locations for languages<br />

and/or dialects. The locations are approximate and indicative, and should not be<br />

read as definite statements. A multitude of sources have been consulted for these<br />

maps. Sometimes they have been consistent with each other, sometimes not.

---

8 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

A10 : Lundu-Balong Group<br />

A101<br />

A151<br />

A13<br />

A15<br />

A141<br />

A14<br />

A101 .....................<br />

A11 * .....................<br />

A111 * ...................<br />

A112 * ...................<br />

A113 * ...................<br />

A114 * ...................<br />

A115 * ...................<br />

A12 * .....................<br />

A121 * ...................<br />

A122 * ...................<br />

A123 * ...................<br />

A13 ........................<br />

A14 ........................<br />

A141 ......................<br />

A15 ........................<br />

A15A * ..................<br />

A15B *...................<br />

A15C *...................<br />

A151 ......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Oroko bdu<br />

– Londo (ba Nanga), Lundu<br />

– Ngolo<br />

– Bima<br />

– Lotanga, Dotanga, Batanga<br />

– Koko, Lokoko, Bakoko<br />

– Londo ba Diko<br />

– Lue, Lolue, Balue, West Kundu<br />

– Mbonge<br />

– Kundu, Lokundu, Bakundu<br />

– Ekombe<br />

Balong bwt<br />

Bonkeng bvg<br />

Bafo bwt, Lefo’, “Bafaw”<br />

Manenguba mbo, Mbo<br />

– North-East Manenguba, incl. Nle mbuu, Nlaa mboo<br />

– North-West Manenguba, incl. Mienge,<br />

Nswase (Basossi) bsi<br />

– Central Manenguba, incl. Akoose (Bakossi) bss ,<br />

Elung, Bafun, Bakaka (Ehob mkaa’) bqz, Babong,<br />

Mwahed, Mwaneka<br />

Nkongho nkc, Kinkwa, Upper Mbo

---

A20 : Duala Group<br />

A21 A22<br />

A23<br />

A231<br />

A221<br />

A24<br />

A27<br />

A21 ........................<br />

A22 ........................<br />

A221 ......................<br />

A23 ........................<br />

A231 ......................<br />

A24 ........................<br />

A241 * ...................<br />

A25 * .....................<br />

A26 * .....................<br />

A261 * ...................<br />

A27 ........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 9<br />

Bomboko bqm, Mboko, Wumboko<br />

Kpe bri, Mokpwe, Bakwiri<br />

Bubia bbx, Bobe<br />

Su szv, Isu, Isubu, Bimbia<br />

Kole kme, Bakolle<br />

Duala dua<br />

– Bodiman<br />

– Oli, Ewodi, Wuri<br />

– Pongo<br />

– Mongo, Mungo<br />

Limba mzd, Mulimba, Malimba

---

10 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

A30 : Bubi-Benga Group<br />

A31<br />

A32C<br />

A32a<br />

A32b<br />

A33a<br />

A33b<br />

A34<br />

A31 ........................<br />

A32 ........................<br />

A32a.......................<br />

A32b ......................<br />

A32C......................<br />

A33a.......................<br />

A33b ......................<br />

A34 ........................<br />

Bobe bvb, Bubi, Ediya<br />

Batanga bnm<br />

– Banoo (at Londgi), Nohu, Noko<br />

– Bapoko (at Kribi), Puku, Naka<br />

– Batanga at Fifinda<br />

Yasa yko<br />

Kombe nui, Ngumbi<br />

Benga bng

---

A40 : Basaa Group<br />

A42<br />

A41 A45<br />

A43a<br />

A43b<br />

A44<br />

A461<br />

A46<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 11<br />

A462<br />

A41/42 ...................<br />

A41 ........................<br />

A42 ........................<br />

A43a.......................<br />

A43b ......................<br />

A43c * ...................<br />

A44 ........................<br />

A441 ......................<br />

A45 ........................<br />

A46 ........................<br />

A461 ......................<br />

A462 ......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Lombi-Bankon<br />

– Barombi bbi, Rombi<br />

– Abo abb, Bankon<br />

Basaa bas, Mbene, Mvele<br />

Bakoko bkh, (North Kogo)<br />

– South Kogo<br />

Nen baz, Tunen, Banen<br />

– Aling’a, Eling<br />

Nyo’o, Nyokon<br />

Mandi lem, Lemande, Numaand<br />

Bonek ttf, Ponek, Otomb, Tuotomb<br />

Yambeta yat

---

12 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

A50 : Bafia Group<br />

A51<br />

A52<br />

A54<br />

A501<br />

A53<br />

A501 ......................<br />

A51 ........................<br />

A52 ........................<br />

A53 ........................<br />

A54 ........................<br />

Hijuk hij<br />

Fa’ lfa, Fak, Lefa, Balom<br />

Kaalong dii, Mbong, Dimbong<br />

Kpa ksf, Rikpa’, Bafia<br />

Ngayaba ngy, Djanti, Tibea

---

A60 : Sanaga Group<br />

A622<br />

A621 A623<br />

A62<br />

A65<br />

A63<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 13<br />

A601<br />

A601 ......................<br />

A601A (=A61) * ...<br />

A601B *.................<br />

A601C *.................<br />

A601D * ................<br />

A601E * .................<br />

A601F (=A64) * ....<br />

A601G * ................<br />

A61 ........................<br />

A62 ........................<br />

A62A * ..................<br />

A62B *...................<br />

A62C *...................<br />

A621 ......................<br />

A622 ......................<br />

A623 ......................<br />

A63 ........................<br />

A64 ........................<br />

A65 ........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Ki bag, Tuki<br />

– Ngoro, Tungoro<br />

– Cangu, Tucangu<br />

– Kombe, Tukombe<br />

– Tsingo, Tsinga, Tutsingo<br />

– Tonjo<br />

– Cenga, Bacenga, Tocenga<br />

– Mbele, Mbere, Tumbele<br />

see Tuki A601<br />

Central Yambasa<br />

– Yangben yav<br />

– Mmala mmu<br />

– Elip ekm, Libie, Nulibie<br />

Baca baf, Nubaca<br />

Gunu yas, Nugunu<br />

Mbule mlb, Dumbule<br />

Mangisa mct, Mengisa<br />

see Tuki A601<br />

Bati btc

---

14 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

A70 : Ewondo-Fang Group<br />

A71<br />

A751<br />

A73a<br />

A75<br />

A73b<br />

A71 ........................<br />

A72(a)....................<br />

A72b * ...................<br />

A72c * ...................<br />

A72d * ...................<br />

A73a.......................<br />

A73b ......................<br />

A74 ........................<br />

A74a * ...................<br />

A74b * ...................<br />

A75 ........................<br />

A75A * ..................<br />

A75B *...................<br />

A75C *...................<br />

A75D * ..................<br />

A75E * ...................<br />

A75F * ...................<br />

A751 ......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A72<br />

A74<br />

Eton eto<br />

Ewondo ewo, Yaunde<br />

– Mvele<br />

– Bakja, Badjia<br />

– Yangafek<br />

Bebele beb<br />

Gbigbil bxp, Bebil<br />

Bulu-Bene bum<br />

– Bulu<br />

– Bene<br />

Fang fan, Pangwe<br />

– Ntumu<br />

– Okak<br />

– Make<br />

– Atsi, Batsi<br />

– Nzaman, Zaman<br />

– Mveny<br />

South-West Fang

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 15<br />

A80 : Makaa-Njem Group<br />

A832 A831<br />

A82 A86a<br />

A83<br />

A802<br />

A81<br />

A801<br />

A841<br />

A842A84<br />

A803<br />

A85b<br />

A86b<br />

A85a<br />

A801 ......................<br />

A802 ......................<br />

A803 ......................<br />

A81 ........................<br />

A82 ........................<br />

A83 ........................<br />

A83A * ..................<br />

A83B *...................<br />

A83C *...................<br />

A831 ......................<br />

A832 ......................<br />

A84 ........................<br />

A841 ......................<br />

A842 ......................<br />

A85a.......................<br />

A85b ......................<br />

A86a.......................<br />

A86b ......................<br />

A86c.......................<br />

A87 ........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A86c<br />

A87<br />

Gyele gyi, Bagyeli, Bakola<br />

Ukwedjo ukh, Ukhwejo<br />

Shiwe, Oshieba, Ossyeba, “Fang Makina”<br />

Mvumbo nmg, Kwasio, Ngumba, Magbea<br />

So sox<br />

Makaa mcp, South Makaa<br />

– Bebend<br />

– Mbwaanz<br />

– Shikunda, Sekunda<br />

Byep mkk, North Makaa<br />

Bekol biw, Kol, Bikele<br />

Njem njy, Nyem, Zimu<br />

Bajue, Badwee<br />

Koonzime ozm, Nzime<br />

Nkonabeeb, Konabem<br />

Bekwel bkw, Bakwele<br />

Mezime, Medjime<br />

Mpompon mgg, Mpongmpong, Bombo<br />

Mpiemo mcx, Mbimu<br />

Bomwali bmw, Sanghasangha

---

16 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

A90 : Kaka Group<br />

A91<br />

A92b<br />

A92a<br />

A91 ........................<br />

A92a.......................<br />

A92b ......................<br />

A92C......................<br />

A93 ........................<br />

A93<br />

A92C<br />

Kwakum kwu, Bakum<br />

Pol pmm<br />

Pomo<br />

Kweso<br />

Kako kkj, Kaka, Yaka

---

B10 : Myene (Group)<br />

B11a<br />

B11e<br />

B11d<br />

B11c<br />

B11b<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 17<br />

B11F<br />

B11.........................<br />

B11a.......................<br />

B11b.......................<br />

B11c.......................<br />

B11d.......................<br />

B11e.......................<br />

B11F ......................<br />

Myene cluster mye<br />

– Mpongwe<br />

– Rongo, Orungu<br />

– Galwa<br />

– Dyumba, Adjumba<br />

– Nkomi<br />

– Enenga

---

18 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

B20 : Kele Group<br />

B211<br />

B21<br />

B251<br />

B22c<br />

B24<br />

B22E<br />

B252<br />

B203<br />

B22b<br />

B22a<br />

B202<br />

B201<br />

B22D B23<br />

B201.......................<br />

B202.......................<br />

B203.......................<br />

B204 * ...................<br />

B205 * ...................<br />

B21.........................<br />

B211.......................<br />

B22a.......................<br />

B22b.......................<br />

B22c.......................<br />

B22D......................<br />

B22E ......................<br />

B23.........................<br />

B24.........................<br />

B25.........................<br />

B251.......................<br />

B252.......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

B25<br />

Ndasa nda, Andasa<br />

Sig(h)u sxe, Lisighu<br />

Sama, Osamayi<br />

Ndambomo<br />

Metombola<br />

Seki(yani) syi, Bulu, Sheke<br />

Molengue bxc, Balengue<br />

West Kele keb, Kili<br />

Ngom nra, Ungom(o)<br />

Bubi<br />

Tombidi<br />

Mwesa<br />

Mbangwe zmn<br />

Wumbvu wum, Wumvu<br />

Kota koq, Ikota<br />

Shake sak, Asake<br />

Mahongwe mhb

---

B30 : Tsogo Group<br />

B301<br />

B303<br />

B32<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 19<br />

B302<br />

B305<br />

B31<br />

B304<br />

B301.......................<br />

B302.......................<br />

B303.......................<br />

B304.......................<br />

B305.......................<br />

B31.........................<br />

B32.........................<br />

Viya, Gheviva, Eviya, Avias<br />

Himba(ka) sbw, Ghehimba(ka), Simba, (Nsindak?)<br />

Bongwe, Ebongwe, Ghebongwe<br />

Pinzi pic, Ghepinzi, Apindji<br />

Vove buw, Ghevove, Pove, “Bubi”<br />

Tsogo tsv, Ghetsogo, Mitsogo<br />

Kande kbs, Okande

---

20 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

B40 : Shira-Punu Group<br />

B411<br />

B41<br />

B404<br />

B402<br />

B43<br />

B44<br />

B42<br />

B401<br />

B403<br />

B401.......................<br />

B402.......................<br />

B403.......................<br />

B404.......................<br />

B41.........................<br />

B411.......................<br />

B42.........................<br />

B43.........................<br />

B44.........................<br />

Bwisi bwz<br />

Varama bbg, Barama<br />

Vungu vum, Vumbu<br />

Ngubi, Ngove<br />

Shira swj, Sira<br />

Bwali<br />

Sangu snq, Shango<br />

Punu puu<br />

Lumbu lup

---

B50 : Nzebi Group<br />

B503<br />

B52<br />

B51<br />

B53<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 21<br />

B501<br />

B501.......................<br />

B502 * ...................<br />

B503.......................<br />

B51.........................<br />

B52.........................<br />

B53.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Wanzi wdd<br />

Mwele<br />

Vili, Ibhili<br />

Duma dma, Adouma<br />

Nzebi nzb, Njabi<br />

Tsaangi tsa, Tsengi

---

22 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

B60 : Mbete Group<br />

B603<br />

B602<br />

B61<br />

B62<br />

B63<br />

B601 * ...................<br />

B602.......................<br />

B603.......................<br />

B61.........................<br />

B62.........................<br />

B63.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

see Mbaama B62<br />

Kaning’i kzo<br />

Yangho ynh, Yongho<br />

Mbete mdt, Mbere<br />

Mbaama mbm, Mbamba, incl. Mpini (=B601)<br />

Nduumo nmd, Mindumbu

---

B70 : Teke Group<br />

B77a<br />

B73<br />

B77b<br />

B75<br />

B701<br />

B71<br />

B78<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 23<br />

B72<br />

B701.......................<br />

B71.........................<br />

B71a *....................<br />

B71b * ...................<br />

B72(a) ....................<br />

B72b * ...................<br />

B73.........................<br />

B73a *....................<br />

B73b * ...................<br />

B73c *....................<br />

B73d * ...................<br />

B74.........................<br />

B74a *....................<br />

B74b * ...................<br />

B75.........................<br />

B76.........................<br />

B76a *....................<br />

B76b * ...................<br />

B77a.......................<br />

B77b.......................<br />

B78.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

B76<br />

B74<br />

Tsitsege tck<br />

Teghe teg, North Teke<br />

– Keteghe, Tege-Kali<br />

– Kateghe, Njining’i, Nzikini<br />

Ngungwel ngz, Ngungulu, North-East Teke<br />

– Mpumpu<br />

West Teke<br />

– Tsaayi tyi<br />

– Laali lli<br />

– Yaa iyx, Yaka<br />

– Tyee tyx, Tee, Kwe<br />

Central Teke<br />

– Njyunjyu nzu, Ndzindziu<br />

– Boo ebo, Boma<br />

Bali tek, incl. Teke, Tio<br />

East Teke<br />

– Mosieno<br />

– Ng’ee<br />

Kukwa kkw (South Teke)<br />

Fu(u)mu ifm (South Teke)<br />

Wuumu, Wumbu

---

24 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

B80 : Tiene-Yanzi Group<br />

B81<br />

B822<br />

B83<br />

B82<br />

B85<br />

B821<br />

B81.........................<br />

B82.........................<br />

B821.......................<br />

B822.......................<br />

B83.........................<br />

B84 (=B87)............<br />

B85.........................<br />

B85a *....................<br />

B85b * ...................<br />

B85c *....................<br />

B85d * ...................<br />

B85e *....................<br />

B85F * ...................<br />

B86.........................<br />

B861.......................<br />

B862.......................<br />

B863.......................<br />

B864.......................<br />

B865.......................<br />

B87.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

B863<br />

B864<br />

B865<br />

B861 B862<br />

B86<br />

B84<br />

Tiene tii, Tende<br />

Boma boh, Buma<br />

Mpe, Kempee<br />

Nunu<br />

Mfinu zmf, Funika, Mfununga<br />

Mpuono zmp, Mpuun, (Mbuun?), (Mbunda?)<br />

Yans yns, Yanzi<br />

– Mbiem, West Yansi<br />

– East Yans<br />

– Yeei<br />

– Nsong, Tsong soo, Itsong, Ntsuo, “Songo”<br />

– Mpur, Mput<br />

– Tsambaan<br />

Di diz, Dinga, Dzing<br />

Ngul nlo, incl. Ngwi<br />

Lwel, Kelwer<br />

Mpiin, Pindi<br />

West Ngongo<br />

Nzadi<br />

see Mpuono B84

---

C10 : Ngondi Group<br />

C102 C103 C13<br />

C12<br />

C11<br />

C105<br />

C141<br />

C15 C101<br />

C143<br />

C101.......................<br />

C102.......................<br />

C103.......................<br />

C104 * ...................<br />

C105.......................<br />

C11.........................<br />

C12.........................<br />

C12a *....................<br />

C12b * ...................<br />

C13.........................<br />

C14.........................<br />

C141.......................<br />

C142.......................<br />

C143.......................<br />

C15.........................<br />

C16.........................<br />

C161.......................<br />

C162.......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 25<br />

C14<br />

C142<br />

C162<br />

C161<br />

C16<br />

Dibole bvx, Babole<br />

Ngando ngd<br />

Kota, Dikota<br />

Yaka axk, Aka, incl. Babenzele<br />

Mbenga<br />

Ngondi ndn, Ngundi<br />

Pande-Gongo bkj<br />

– Pande<br />

– Bogongo, Gongo<br />

Mbati mdn<br />

Bomitaba zmx, Mbomitaba, “Bamitaba”<br />

Enyele, Inyele<br />

Bondongo<br />

Mbonzo, Impfondo<br />

Bongili bui, Bongiri<br />

Lobala loq, incl. Likoka, Iboko bkp<br />

Bomboli bml, Bombongo<br />

Bozaba bzo

---

26 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

C20 : Mboshi Group<br />

C23<br />

C24<br />

C21 C22<br />

C25<br />

C201 * ...................<br />

C21.........................<br />

C22.........................<br />

C23.........................<br />

C24.........................<br />

C25.........................<br />

C25A *...................<br />

C25B * ...................<br />

C25C * ...................<br />

C25D *...................<br />

C25E * ...................<br />

C26.........................<br />

C27.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

C27<br />

C26<br />

Bwenyi<br />

Mboko mdu, Mboxo, incl. Ngare (=C23)<br />

Akwa akw<br />

see Mboko C21<br />

Koyo koh<br />

Mbos(h)i mdw<br />

– Bunji, Mbonzi<br />

– Olee<br />

– Ondinga<br />

– Ngolo<br />

– Eboi<br />

Kwala kwc, Likwala<br />

Kuba kxx, Likuba

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 27<br />

C30 : Bangi-Ntomba Group (I)<br />

C31a C312<br />

C351<br />

C323<br />

C35C<br />

C31C<br />

C32<br />

C31b C36gC302<br />

C301<br />

C321<br />

C372 C371<br />

C37<br />

C373<br />

C36H<br />

C36a<br />

C36c<br />

C36d<br />

C33<br />

C34<br />

C311<br />

C36e<br />

C35b C315<br />

C322<br />

C35a<br />

C301....... Doko<br />

C302....... Bolondo bzm<br />

C31a....... Loi biz, incl. Likila lie<br />

C31b....... Ngiri<br />

C31C...... Nunu, Kenunu<br />

C311....... Maba(a)le mmz<br />

C312....... Ndo(o)bo ndw<br />

C313 * ... Litoka<br />

C314 * ... Balobo<br />

C315....... Enga, Baenga-Bolombo<br />

C32......... Bangi bni, incl. Liku,<br />

Moi mow, Rebu<br />

C321....... Binza liz, Libinza<br />

C322....... Dzamba, Zamba<br />

C323....... Mpama<br />

C33......... Sengele szg<br />

C34......... Sakata cluster skt<br />

C34A *... – Sakata proper<br />

C34B * ... – Djia, Wadia<br />

C34C * ... – Bai, Kibay<br />

C34D *... – Tuku, Ketu, Batow<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

C35a ......<br />

C35b ......<br />

C35C .....<br />

C351 ......<br />

C36 ........<br />

C36a ......<br />

C36b * ...<br />

C36c ......<br />

C36d ......<br />

C36e ......<br />

C36f *....<br />

C36g ......<br />

C36H .....<br />

C37 ........<br />

C371 ......<br />

C372 ......<br />

C373 ......<br />

C374 * ...<br />

Ntomba nto, incl. Ntomba-<br />

Bikoro<br />

Bolia bli<br />

Sakanyi, Lotsakani<br />

Mbompo, Mpombo<br />

Losengo cluster lse<br />

– Poto, Pfoto, incl.<br />

Yakata<br />

– Mpesa, Limpesa<br />

– Mbudza<br />

– Mangala, Ngala<br />

– Boloki bkt<br />

– Kangana<br />

– Ndolo ndl<br />

– Yamongeri ymg<br />

Budza bja, Buja<br />

Tembo tmv, Motembo<br />

Kunda<br />

Gbuta, Egbuta<br />

Babale

---

28 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

C40 : Ngombe Group<br />

C42 C415 C41B C401 C43<br />

C41C<br />

C411<br />

C412<br />

C413<br />

C41A<br />

C401.......................<br />

C402.......................<br />

C403.......................<br />

C41.........................<br />

C41A......................<br />

C41B......................<br />

C41C......................<br />

C41D......................<br />

C411.......................<br />

C412.......................<br />

C413.......................<br />

C414.......................<br />

C415.......................<br />

C42.........................<br />

C43.........................<br />

C43A *...................<br />

C43B * ...................<br />

C43C * ...................<br />

C43D *...................<br />

C44.........................<br />

C441.......................<br />

C45.........................<br />

C45A *...................<br />

C45B *...................<br />

C45C * ...................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

C414<br />

C441<br />

C41D<br />

C45<br />

C403<br />

C402<br />

C44<br />

Pagibete pae<br />

see under Bwa C44<br />

Kango kty, Likango<br />

Ngombe ngc<br />

– Ngombe of the Congo River<br />

– Ngombe at Bosobolo, North Ngombe<br />

– Ngombe at Libenge, North-West Ngombe<br />

– Binza, East Ngombe<br />

Bomboma bws, incl. Ebuku, Lingonda<br />

Bamwe bmg, incl. Lifonga, Likata, Libobi<br />

Dzando dzn<br />

Ligendza lgz<br />

Likula, Kula<br />

Bwela bwl, Lingi<br />

Benge-Baati<br />

– Baati<br />

– Benge<br />

– Boganga, Boyanga<br />

– Ligbe<br />

Bwa (cluster) bww, Boa, incl. Yewu (=C402)<br />

Bango bbm, Babango, South-West Bwa<br />

Ngelima agh, Angba<br />

– Beo<br />

– Buru<br />

– Tungu

---

C50 : Soko-Kele Group<br />

C501.......................<br />

C502.......................<br />

C51.........................<br />

C52.........................<br />

C53.........................<br />

C54.........................<br />

C55.........................<br />

C56.........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 29<br />

C51<br />

C53<br />

C52<br />

C55<br />

C501 C502<br />

C56<br />

C54<br />

Likile<br />

Linga, Elinga<br />

Mbesa zms<br />

So soc, Soko, Eso<br />

Poke pof, Pfoke, Topoke, Gesogo<br />

Lombo loo, Turumbu<br />

Kele khy, Lokele<br />

Foma fom

---

30 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

C60 : Mongo-Nkundo Group<br />

C61.........................<br />

C61A......................<br />

C61B......................<br />

C61C......................<br />

C61D......................<br />

C61E ......................<br />

C61F ......................<br />

C61G......................<br />

C61H......................<br />

C61I .......................<br />

C61J .......................<br />

C61K......................<br />

C61L ......................<br />

C61M .....................<br />

C61N......................<br />

C61O......................<br />

C61P ......................<br />

C611.......................<br />

C62 * .....................<br />

C63.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

C611<br />

K<br />

B<br />

E<br />

J<br />

F A D<br />

L P H<br />

M<br />

I G C<br />

N O<br />

C61<br />

C63<br />

Mongo-Nkundo lol, Lomongo, Lonkundo<br />

– Bakutu<br />

– Bokote, incl. Ngata<br />

– Booli<br />

– Bosaka<br />

– Konda, Ekonda, incl. Bosanga-Ekonda<br />

– Ekota<br />

– Emoma<br />

– Ikongo, incl. Lokalo-Lomela<br />

– Iyembe<br />

– Lionje, Nsongo, Ntomba<br />

– Yamongo<br />

– Mbole, incl. Nkengo, Yenge, Yongo,<br />

Bosanga-Mbole, Mangilongo, Lwankamba<br />

– Nkole<br />

– South Mongo, incl. Bolongo, Belo,<br />

Panga, Acitu<br />

– Yailima<br />

– Ngombe-Lomela, Longombe, Ngome à Múná<br />

Bafoto, Batswa de l’Equateur<br />

Lalia lal<br />

Ngando nxd, Bongando

---

C70 : Tetela Group<br />

C701.......................<br />

C71.........................<br />

C72.........................<br />

C73.........................<br />

C74.........................<br />

C75.........................<br />

C76.........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 31<br />

C74<br />

C73<br />

Langa<br />

C75<br />

C701<br />

C71<br />

C76<br />

C72<br />

Tetela tll, incl. Hamba hba<br />

Kusu ksv, Fuluka, Kongola<br />

Nkutu nkw, Nkucu<br />

Yela yel, Boyela<br />

Kela kel, Lemba<br />

Ombo oml

---

32 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

C80 : Bushoong Group<br />

C81.........................<br />

C82.........................<br />

C83.........................<br />

C83A *...................<br />

C83B * ...................<br />

C83C * ...................<br />

C83D *...................<br />

C84.........................<br />

C85.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

C84<br />

C85<br />

C82<br />

C81<br />

C83<br />

Dengese dez, Nkutu<br />

Hendo soe, Lohendo, “Songomeno”<br />

Bushoong buf, Kuba<br />

– Ngeende, Ngendi<br />

– Ngongo<br />

– Pyaang, Pianga, Piong<br />

– Shuwa, Loshoobo<br />

Lele lel<br />

Wongo won, Tukungo

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 33<br />

D10 : Mbole-Enya Group<br />

D11 ........................<br />

D12 ........................<br />

D13 ........................<br />

D14 ........................<br />

D14A .....................<br />

D14B......................<br />

D141 ......................<br />

D11<br />

D141<br />

D13<br />

D14A<br />

D12<br />

D14B<br />

Mbole mdq<br />

Lengola lej<br />

Metoko zmq, Mituku<br />

Enya gey, Ena, Genya<br />

– Enya at Kisangani<br />

– Enya at Kongolo<br />

Zura, Zula

---

34 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

D20 : Lega-Holoholo Group<br />

D211<br />

D21<br />

D23<br />

D24<br />

D251<br />

D26<br />

D27<br />

D201<br />

?<br />

D28a<br />

D22<br />

D25<br />

D28b<br />

D281<br />

D282<br />

D201 ...................... Liko lik, Lika<br />

D21 ........................ Ba(a)li bcp, South-East Bua (Bwa)<br />

D211 ...................... Kango kzy, Dikango<br />

D22 ........................ Amba rwm, Kwamba, Rwamba<br />

D23 ........................ Komo kmw, Kumu<br />

D24 ........................ Songola sod, Songoora, North Binja<br />

D25 ........................ Lega-Mwenga lgm, Lega-Ntara, Isile<br />

D251 ...................... Lega-Malinga lea, Lega-Shabunda, incl. Kanu khx,<br />

Kwami ktf<br />

D26 ........................ Zimba zmb, Nyangwe, South Binja<br />

D27 ........................ Bangubangu bnx<br />

D28 ........................ Holoholo hoo<br />

D28a....................... – West Holoholo (Congo-Kinshasa), Guha, Kalanga<br />

D28b .................... † – East Holoholo (Tanzania)<br />

D281 ...................... Tumbwe, Etumbwe<br />

D282 ...................... Lumbwe

---

D30 : Bira-Nyali Group<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 35<br />

D336<br />

D301<br />

D306<br />

D332<br />

D333<br />

D335<br />

D334<br />

D31<br />

D312<br />

D303<br />

D311<br />

D302<br />

D301 ...................... Kari kbj, Kare<br />

D302 .................. ?† Guru bqu, Boguru, Kogoro<br />

D303 ...................... Ngbinda nbd, Ngminda<br />

D304 .................... † Homa hom<br />

D305 .................. ?† Nyanga-li nyc<br />

D306 .................. ?† Gbati-ri gti<br />

D307 * ............... ?† Mayeka myc<br />

D308 * ............... ?† Bodo (CAR) boy<br />

D31 ........................ Bhele bhy, Peri, Pere<br />

D311 ...................... Bila bip, Forest Bira<br />

D312 ...................... Kaiku kkq<br />

D313 * ................... Ibutu, Mbuttu<br />

D32 ........................ Bira brf, Plains Bira, Sese, Sumbura<br />

D33 ........................ Nyali nlj, “Huku”<br />

D331 ...................... Bvanuma vau, South Nyali<br />

D332 ...................... Budu buu, Bodo, Ebudu<br />

D333 ...................... Ndaaka ndk<br />

D334 ...................... Mbo zmw, Imbo<br />

D335 ...................... Beeke bkf, Ibeeke<br />

D336 .................. ?† Ngbee jgb,<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Lingbee<br />

D304<br />

D305<br />

D33<br />

D331<br />

D32

---

36 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

D40 : Nyanga Group<br />

D41 ........................<br />

D42 ........................<br />

D43 ........................<br />

D43<br />

see under JD40<br />

see under JD40<br />

Nyanga nyj

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 37<br />

D50 : Bembe-Buyi Group<br />

D501-D531 ............<br />

D54 ........................<br />

D55 ........................<br />

D56 ........................<br />

D54<br />

D55<br />

see under JD50<br />

Bembe bmb<br />

Buyi byi<br />

see under JD50

---

38 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

D60 : Ruanda-Rundi Group<br />

SEE UNDER JD60<br />

E10 : Nyoro-Ganda Group<br />

SEE UNDER JE10<br />

E20 : Haya-Jita Group<br />

SEE UNDER JE20<br />

E30 : Masaba-Luhya Group<br />

SEE UNDER JE30

---

E40 : Temi Group<br />

E401-E45 ...............<br />

E46.........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 39<br />

see under JE40<br />

Temi soz, Ketemi, “Sonjo”<br />

E46

---

40 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

E50 : Kikuyu-Kamba Group / Central Kenya Bantu<br />

E51.........................<br />

E52.........................<br />

E53.........................<br />

E531.......................<br />

E54.........................<br />

E541.......................<br />

E55.........................<br />

E56.........................<br />

Kikuyu kik, Gikuyu<br />

Embo ebu<br />

Mero mer, Meru<br />

Mwimbi-Muthambi mws<br />

Tharaka thk<br />

Cuka cuh, Chuka<br />

Kamba kam<br />

Daisu dhs, “Se(n)geju”<br />

E541<br />

E53 E531<br />

E51 E52<br />

E55<br />

E56<br />

E54

---

E60 : Chaga Group<br />

E61.........................<br />

E62a .......................<br />

E62b.......................<br />

E62c .......................<br />

E621.......................<br />

E621A (=E61) *.....<br />

E621B (=E62a) * ...<br />

E621C * .................<br />

E621D * .................<br />

E621E * .................<br />

E621F * .................<br />

E622.......................<br />

E622A (=E62a) *...<br />

E622B * .................<br />

E622C (=E62b) *...<br />

E622D * .................<br />

E623 (=E62c).........<br />

E623A * .................<br />

E623B * .................<br />

E623C * .................<br />

E623D * .................<br />

E63.........................<br />

E64.........................<br />

E65.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 41<br />

E63<br />

E622<br />

E621<br />

E64<br />

E623<br />

E65<br />

see West Kilimanjaro E621<br />

see West Kilimanjaro E621, Central Kilimanjaro E622<br />

see Central Kilimanjaro E622<br />

see Rombo E623<br />

West Kilimanjaro, Chaga<br />

– Rwa rwk, Rwo, Meru<br />

– Mashami jmc, “Hai”<br />

– Siha<br />

– Kiwoso, incl. Kindi, Kombo, Mweka<br />

– Masama<br />

– Ng’uni<br />

Central Kilimanjaro, Chaga<br />

– Mochi old<br />

– Mbokomu<br />

– Wuunjo vun, Kivunjo-Chaga, incl. Kiruwa,<br />

Kilema, Mamba, Morang’u (Marangu), Mwika<br />

– Uru<br />

Rombo rof<br />

– Useri, Kiseri<br />

– Mashati<br />

– Mkuu<br />

– Keni<br />

Arusha-Chini, “Rusha”, “Kuma”<br />

Kahe hka<br />

Gweno gwe

---

42 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

E70 : Nyika-Taita Group<br />

E701....................... Elwana mlk, Mala(n)kote<br />

E71......................... Pokomo, Pfokomo<br />

E71A * ................... – Upper Pokomo pkb<br />

E71B * ................... – Lower Pokomo poj, Malachini<br />

E72......................... North Mijikenda, Nyika<br />

E72a *.................... – Giryama nyf<br />

E72b *.................... – Kauma<br />

E72c *.................... – Conyi coh<br />

E72d *.................... – Duruma dug<br />

E72e *.................... – Rabai<br />

E72F * ................... – Jibana<br />

E72G * ................... – Kambe<br />

E72H * ................... – Ribe<br />

E73-732 * .............. South Mijikenda<br />

E73......................... – Digo dig<br />

E731 *................ ?† – Segeju seg<br />

E732 *.................... – Degere<br />

E74......................... Taita dav<br />

E74a (=G21) * ....... – Dabida tvs, Taveta, “Tubeta”<br />

E74b....................... – see Sagala E741<br />

E74C * ................... – Kasigau<br />

E741 (=E74b) ........ Sagala tga<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

E74<br />

E741<br />

E72<br />

E73<br />

E701 E71

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 43<br />

F10 : Tongwe-Bende Group<br />

F11 .........................<br />

F12 .........................<br />

Tongwe tny<br />

Bende bdp<br />

F11<br />

F12

---

44 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

F20 : Sukuma-Nyamwezi Group<br />

F21 .........................<br />

F21A * ...................<br />

F21B * ...................<br />

F21C * ...................<br />

F21D * ...................<br />

F21E * ...................<br />

F21F *....................<br />

F21G * ...................<br />

F21H * ...................<br />

F22 .........................<br />

F22A * ...................<br />

F22B * ...................<br />

F22C * ...................<br />

F22D * ...................<br />

F22E * ...................<br />

F22F *....................<br />

F22G * ...................<br />

F22H * ...................<br />

F22I *.....................<br />

F22J * ....................<br />

F22K * ...................<br />

F23 .........................<br />

F24 .........................<br />

F25 .........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

F23<br />

Sukuma suk, “Gwe”<br />

– Kemunasukuma<br />

– Kemunangweeli<br />

– Kiiya<br />

– Kemunadakama<br />

– Nasa<br />

– SumaaBu<br />

– Nelaa<br />

– Ntuzu<br />

Nyamwezi num<br />

– Galaganza<br />

– Mweri<br />

– Konongo kcz<br />

– Nyanyembe<br />

– Takama<br />

– Nangwila<br />

– Ilwana<br />

– Uyui<br />

– Rambo<br />

– Ndaala<br />

– Nyambiu<br />

Sumbwa suw<br />

Kimbu kiv<br />

Bungu wun<br />

F25<br />

F21<br />

F22<br />

F24

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 45<br />

F30 : Nilamba-Rangi Group<br />

F31 .........................<br />

F31A * ...................<br />

F31B * ...................<br />

F31C * ...................<br />

F31D * ...................<br />

F31E * ...................<br />

F32 .........................<br />

F33 .........................<br />

F34 .........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

F31<br />

F32<br />

Nilamba nim, Ilamba<br />

– Central Laamba, Kinilaamba<br />

– Ihaanzu isn, Isanzu<br />

– Ushoola, Kinaushoola<br />

– Iambi, Nyambi<br />

– Mbuga<br />

Nyaturu rim, Remi<br />

Rangi lag, Langi, Irangi<br />

Mbugwe mgz, Buwe<br />

F34<br />

F33

---

46 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

G10 : Gogo-Kagulu Group<br />

G11 ........................<br />

G12 ........................<br />

G11<br />

G12<br />

Gogo gog<br />

Kagulu kki, North Sagara, Megi, incl. Mangahele<br />

(Mangaheri)

---

G20 : Shambala Group<br />

G21 ........................<br />

G22 ........................<br />

G22A * ..................<br />

G22B *...................<br />

G221 ......................<br />

G23 ........................<br />

G24 ........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 47<br />

G22<br />

G221<br />

G24<br />

G23<br />

see Dabida E74a<br />

Pare asa, Pare-Asu, Asu, Chasu<br />

– North Pare<br />

– South Pare, incl. Gonja, Mbaga<br />

Mbugu, Kimbugu cha Kawaida, Outer Mbugu, Normal<br />

Mbugu<br />

Shambala ksb, Shambaa<br />

Bondei bou

---

48 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

G30 : Zigula-Zaramo Group<br />

G301 ......................<br />

G31 ........................<br />

G311 ......................<br />

G32 ........................<br />

G33 ........................<br />

G34 ........................<br />

G35 ........................<br />

G36 ........................<br />

G37 ........................<br />

G38 ........................<br />

G39 ........................<br />

G35 G36<br />

G39<br />

G34<br />

G31<br />

G38 G33<br />

G37<br />

Doe doe<br />

Zigula ziw, Zigua<br />

Mushungulu xma (Somalia), incl. Shanbara<br />

Ngh’wele cwe, incl. Kwere<br />

Zaramo zaj, Dzalamo<br />

Ngulu ngp<br />

Ruguru ruf, Luguru<br />

Kami kcu<br />

Kutu kdc<br />

Vidunda vid<br />

Sagala sbm<br />

G311<br />

G301<br />

G32

---

G40 : Swahili Group<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 49<br />

Appr. extent of the entire<br />

Swahili-speaking area<br />

G401 ...... see Mgao G43F<br />

G402 ...... Makwe ymk<br />

G403 ...... Mwani wmw<br />

G404 * . † Sidi (Pakistan), Habsi<br />

G41-43 ... Swahili swh, Kiswahili<br />

G41 ........ – Tikuu, Tikulu, Bajuni,<br />

Gunya<br />

G411 * . † – Socotra Swahili<br />

G412 ...... – Mwiini, Miini, Barawa,<br />

Mbalazi<br />

G42a....... – Amu, Pate, Siu, † Ozi<br />

G42b ...... – Mombasa Swahili,<br />

Mvita, Ngare, Jomvu,<br />

Changamwe, Kilindini<br />

G42c....... – Mrima, Mtang’ata,<br />

† Lugha ya Zamani<br />

G42d ...... – Unguja, Kiunguja<br />

G42E...... – Mambrui, Malindi<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

G42a<br />

G42E<br />

G42b<br />

G42c<br />

G42d<br />

G43F<br />

G402<br />

G403<br />

G41<br />

G412<br />

G42F<br />

G42G<br />

G43a<br />

G42H G43b<br />

G43c<br />

G43D<br />

G43E<br />

G44a<br />

G44b<br />

G44C<br />

G44D<br />

G42F...... – Fundi, Chifundi<br />

G42G ..... – Chwaka<br />

G42H ..... – Vumba<br />

G42I *.... – Nosse Be (Madagascar)<br />

G43a ...... – Pemba<br />

G43b ...... – Tumbatu<br />

G43c ...... – Makunduchi, Ka(l)e,<br />

“Hadimu”<br />

G43D ..... – Mafia, Mbwera<br />

G43E ... † – Kilwa<br />

G43F.. ?† – Mgao, Kimgao<br />

G44 ........ Comorian swb<br />

G44a ...... – Ngazija zdj, Shingazidja<br />

G44b ...... – Njuani wni, Hinzua<br />

G44C ..... – Mwali wlc<br />

G44D ..... – Maore

---

50 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

G50 : Pogolo-Ndamba Group<br />

G51 ........................<br />

G52 ........................<br />

Pogolo poy, Pogoro<br />

Ndamba ndj<br />

G52<br />

G51

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 51<br />

G60 : Bena-Kinga Group<br />

G61 ........................<br />

G62 ........................<br />

G63 ........................<br />

G64 ........................<br />

G65 ........................<br />

G651 ......................<br />

G66 ........................<br />

G67 ........................<br />

Sango sbp, Rori<br />

Hehe heh<br />

Bena bez<br />

Pangwa pbr<br />

Kinga zga<br />

Magoma gmx<br />

Wanji wbi<br />

Kisi kiz<br />

G66<br />

G651<br />

G65<br />

G67<br />

G61 G62<br />

G64<br />

G63

---

52 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

H10 : Kikongo Group<br />

H14<br />

H13<br />

H12<br />

H15<br />

c<br />

d<br />

H131<br />

b<br />

e<br />

a<br />

f g<br />

h<br />

H112<br />

H11<br />

H11 ........................<br />

H111 ......................<br />

H112 ......................<br />

H112A * ................<br />

H112B *.................<br />

H12 ........................<br />

H13 ........................<br />

H131 ......................<br />

H14 ........................<br />

H15 ........................<br />

H16 ........................<br />

H16a.......................<br />

H16b ......................<br />

H16c.......................<br />

H16d ......................<br />

H16e.......................<br />

H16f .......................<br />

H16g ......................<br />

H16h ......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

H111<br />

H16<br />

Bembe beq, incl. Keenge<br />

Hangala, Ghaangala<br />

Kamba-Doondo<br />

– Kamba xku<br />

– Doondo dde<br />

Vili vif, Civili<br />

Kunyi njx<br />

Suundi sdj, Kisuundi, incl. Sundi-Kifouma, Suundi-<br />

Kimongo<br />

Ndingi (Cabinda), Ndinzi<br />

Mboka (Cabinda)<br />

Kikongo kon, Kongo<br />

– South Kongo, incl. Kisikongo kwy, Mboma,<br />

Songo, Solongo<br />

– Central Kongo, incl. Suundi, Mazinga,<br />

Manyanga<br />

– Yombe yom<br />

– West Kongo, incl. Woyo, Fiote, Kakongo, Kako<br />

– Bwende, incl. Sonde<br />

– Laadi ldi<br />

– East Kongo, incl. Santu, Ntandu<br />

– South-East Kongo, incl. Nkanu, Zoombo, Pende

---

H20 : Kimbundu Group<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 53<br />

H22 H23<br />

H21 ........................<br />

H21a * ...................<br />

H21b * ...................<br />

H22 ........................<br />

H23 ........................<br />

H24 ........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

H21<br />

H24<br />

Mbundu cluster kmb<br />

– Kimbundu, Ngola<br />

– Mbamba, Njinga<br />

Sama smd<br />

Bolo blv, Haka<br />

Songo nsx, Nsongo

---

54 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

H30 : Yaka Group<br />

H31<br />

H35<br />

H31 ........................<br />

H32 ........................<br />

H321 ......................<br />

H33 ........................<br />

H34 ........................<br />

H35 ........................<br />

H34<br />

H32<br />

H321<br />

Yaka yaf, Kiyaka, incl. Ngoongo noq, Pelende ppp, Lonzo lnz<br />

Suku sub<br />

So(o)nde shc, Kisonde<br />

see Holo L12b<br />

Mbangala mxg<br />

Shinji, Yungo

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 55<br />

H40 : Mbala-Hunganna Group<br />

H41 ........................<br />

H42 ........................<br />

H42<br />

H41<br />

Mbala mdp<br />

Hunganna hum, Huana

---

56 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

JD40 : Konzo-Ndandi Group<br />

JD41.......................<br />

JD42.......................<br />

JD43.......................<br />

JD42<br />

JD41<br />

Konzo koo, Konjo<br />

Nandi nnb, Ndandi, Kinande, incl. Shu, Yira<br />

see under D40

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 57<br />

JD50 : Shi-Hunde Group<br />

JD501.....................<br />

JD502.....................<br />

JD51.......................<br />

JD52.......................<br />

JD53.......................<br />

JD531.....................<br />

JD54.......................<br />

JD55.......................<br />

JD56.......................<br />

JD53<br />

JD501<br />

JD531<br />

JD56<br />

JD51<br />

Nyindu nyg<br />

Yaka<br />

Hunde hke, Kobi<br />

Haavu hav<br />

Shi shr, Nyabungu<br />

Tembo tbt<br />

see under D50<br />

see under D50<br />

Bwari kcw, Kabwari<br />

JD52<br />

JD502

---

58 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

JD60 : Ruanda-Rundi Group<br />

JD61.......................<br />

JD62.......................<br />

JD63.......................<br />

JD631.....................<br />

JD64.......................<br />

JD65.......................<br />

JD66.......................<br />

JD67.......................<br />

JD63<br />

JD62<br />

JD61<br />

JD631<br />

Ruanda kin, Kinyarwanda<br />

Rundi run, Kirundi<br />

Fuliiro flr<br />

Vira job, Joba<br />

Subi suj, Shubi, “Sinja”<br />

Hangaza han<br />

Ha haq, Kiha<br />

Vinza vin<br />

JD65<br />

JD67<br />

JD64<br />

JD66

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 59<br />

JE10 : Nyoro-Ganda Group<br />

JE101 .....................<br />

JE102 .....................<br />

JE103 .....................<br />

JE11 .......................<br />

JE12 .......................<br />

JE121 .....................<br />

JE13/14 ..................<br />

JE13 * ....................<br />

JE14 * ....................<br />

JE15 .......................<br />

JE16 .......................<br />

JE17 .......................<br />

JE18 .......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

JE102<br />

JE12<br />

JE13/14<br />

JE121<br />

JE101<br />

JE15<br />

JE11<br />

JE103<br />

Gungu rub<br />

Talinga-Bwisi tlj<br />

Ruli ruc, Luduuli<br />

Nyoro nyo, Kyopi<br />

Tooro ttj<br />

Hema nix<br />

Nkore-Kiga<br />

– Nyankore nyn, Nkole, (incl. Hima?)<br />

– Kiga cgg, Ciga<br />

Ganda lug, Luganda<br />

Soga xog, incl. Kenyi lke<br />

Gwere gwr<br />

West Nyala<br />

JE17<br />

JE16<br />

JE18

---

60 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

JE20 : Haya-Jita Group<br />

JE21 .......................<br />

JE22 .......................<br />

JE22A * .................<br />

JE22B * .................<br />

JE22C * .................<br />

JE22D * .................<br />

JE22E *..................<br />

JE22F *..................<br />

JE22G * .................<br />

JE221 .....................<br />

JE23 .......................<br />

JE24 .......................<br />

JE25 .......................<br />

JE251 .....................<br />

JE252 .....................<br />

JE253 .....................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

JE21<br />

JE221<br />

Nyambo now, “Karagwe”<br />

Haya hay<br />

– Kyamutwara<br />

– Bugabo<br />

– Bukara<br />

– Ziba, Kiziba<br />

– Hanja, Ki(h)anja<br />

– Hangiro, Ihangiro<br />

– Missenyi<br />

Rashi, Kirashi<br />

Zinza zin, Dzindza<br />

Kerebe ked<br />

Jita jit<br />

Kwaya kya<br />

Kara reg, Regi<br />

Ruri, Rori<br />

JE22<br />

JE25<br />

JE251<br />

JE253<br />

JE23 JE24<br />

JE252

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 61<br />

JE30 : Masaba-Luhya Group<br />

JE31 .......................<br />

JE31a * ..................<br />

JE31b * ..................<br />

JE31c * ..................<br />

JE31D * .................<br />

JE31E *..................<br />

JE31F *..................<br />

JE31G * .................<br />

JE32 .......................<br />

JE32a * ..................<br />

JE32b * ..................<br />

JE32C * .................<br />

JE32D * .................<br />

JE32E *..................<br />

JE32F *..................<br />

JE33 .......................<br />

JE34 .......................<br />

JE341 .....................<br />

JE342 .....................<br />

JE343 .....................<br />

JE35 .......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

JE35<br />

JE34<br />

Masaba cluster myx<br />

– Gisu<br />

– Kisu<br />

– Bukusu bxk<br />

– Syan<br />

– Tachon, Tatsoni<br />

– Dadiri<br />

– Buya<br />

Lu(h)yia cluster luy<br />

– Hanga, Wanga<br />

– Tsotso<br />

– Marama<br />

– Kisa<br />

– Kabarasi, Kabras<br />

– East Nyala nle<br />

Nyore nyd<br />

Saamia<br />

Xaayo, Khayo<br />

Marachi<br />

Songa<br />

Nyuli nuj, Nyole<br />

JE31<br />

JE343<br />

JE33<br />

JE341<br />

JE342<br />

JE32

---

62 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

JE40 : Logooli-Kuria Group<br />

JE403<br />

JE431<br />

JE432<br />

JE433<br />

JE434<br />

JE405<br />

JE406<br />

JE404<br />

JE44 JE45<br />

JE402<br />

JE41<br />

JE411<br />

JE412<br />

JE413<br />

JE42<br />

JE43<br />

JE401<br />

JE401 ..................... Ngur(u)imi ngq, Ngoreme<br />

JE402 ..................... Ikizu ikz<br />

JE403 ..................... Suba suh, incl. Ivwang’ano, Gase, Kune, Muulu, Suuna,<br />

Ngoe<br />

JE404 ..................... Shashi szk, Sizaki<br />

JE405 ..................... Kabwa cwa<br />

JE406 ................... † Singa sgm, Cula<br />

JE407 * ................ † Ware wre<br />

JE41 ....................... Logooli rag, Ragoli<br />

JE411 ..................... Idaxo ida, Itoxo<br />

JE412 ..................... Isuxa ida, Isukha<br />

JE413 ..................... Tiriki ida<br />

JE42 ....................... Gusii guz, Kisii<br />

JE43 ....................... Kuria kuj, Koria<br />

JE431 ..................... Simbiti<br />

JE432 ..................... Hacha<br />

JE433 ..................... Surwa<br />

JE434 ..................... Sweta<br />

JE44 ....................... Zanaki zak<br />

JE45 ....................... Ikoma ntk, Nata<br />

JE46 .......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

see under E40

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 63<br />

K10 : Ciokwe-Luchazi Group<br />

K12a<br />

K17<br />

K18<br />

K12b<br />

K11 ........................<br />

K12a.......................<br />

K12b ......................<br />

K13 ........................<br />

K14 ........................<br />

K15 ........................<br />

K16 ........................<br />

K17 ........................<br />

K18 ........................<br />

K13<br />

K11<br />

K14<br />

K16<br />

K15<br />

Ciokwe cjk, Chokwe, Tshokwe<br />

Luimbi lum<br />

Ngangela nba, Nyemba<br />

Luchazi lch, Lujazi, Ponda<br />

Lwena lue, Luvale<br />

Mbunda mck, Mbuunda<br />

Nyengo nye<br />

Mbwela mfu<br />

Nkangala nkn

---

64 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

K20 : Lozi (Group)<br />

K21 ........................<br />

K21<br />

Lozi loz, “Kolololo”

---

K30 : Luyana Group<br />

K33<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 65<br />

K352<br />

K35<br />

K34<br />

K353<br />

K354<br />

K331<br />

K332<br />

K322<br />

K321<br />

K32<br />

K31<br />

K36<br />

K333<br />

K351<br />

K31 ........................ Luyana lyn, Luyi<br />

K32 ........................ Mbowe mxo<br />

K321 ...................... – Mbume<br />

K322 ...................... – Liyuwa<br />

K33 ........................ Kwangali kwn, Rukwangari, incl. Mbundza<br />

K331 ...................... see Manyo K322<br />

K332 ...................... Manyo, Rumanyo, incl. Gciriku diu (Dciriku), Sambyu<br />

(=K331)<br />

K333 ...................... Mbukushu mhw, Thimbukushu<br />

K334 .................... † Mbogedu, “Manyo”, “Rumanyo”<br />

K34 ........................ Mashi mho, Masi, incl. Kwandu<br />

K35 ........................ Simaa sie<br />

K351 ...................... Mulonga<br />

K352 ...................... Mwenyi<br />

K353 ...................... Koma, Makoma<br />

K354 ...................... Imilangu<br />

K36 ........................ Shanjo<br />

K37 ........................ Kwangwa<br />

K371 * ...................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

– Kwandi<br />

K37

---

66 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

K40 : Subiya-Totela Group<br />

K401 ......................<br />

K402 ......................<br />

K41 ........................<br />

K411 ......................<br />

K42 ........................<br />

K411<br />

K402<br />

K41<br />

K401<br />

K42<br />

see Ikuhane K42<br />

Fwe fwe<br />

Totela of Zambia ttl<br />

Totela of Namibia<br />

Ikuhane sbs, Subiya, incl. Mbalangwe (=K401)

---

L10 : Pende Group<br />

L12a<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 67<br />

L13<br />

L12b<br />

L101.......................<br />

L11.........................<br />

L12a .......................<br />

L12b (=H33)..........<br />

L13.........................<br />

??<br />

L101<br />

L11<br />

Sonde<br />

Pende pem, Pheende<br />

Samba smx, Tsamba, Tsaam<br />

Holo hol, Holu, Hongu<br />

Kwese kws, Kwezo, Pindi

---

68 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

L20 : Songe Group<br />

L201 *....................<br />

L202.......................<br />

L21.........................<br />

L21A * ...................<br />

L21B * ...................<br />

L21C * ...................<br />

L22.........................<br />

L221.......................<br />

L23.........................<br />

L231.......................<br />

L24.........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

L22<br />

L221<br />

L231 L24<br />

L21<br />

L202<br />

L23<br />

Budya<br />

Yazi<br />

Kete kcv, Tshikete, Ciket<br />

– Kete proper, East Kete<br />

– Kete-Kuba, North Kete<br />

– Kete-Lulua, South-West Kete<br />

Mbagani, Binji<br />

Lwalwa lwa, Lwalu<br />

Songe sop, Yembe<br />

Binji bpj, Bindji<br />

Luna-Inkongo luj

---

L30 : Luba Group<br />

L301.......................<br />

L31.........................<br />

L31a .......................<br />

L31b.......................<br />

L32.........................<br />

L33.........................<br />

L33.........................<br />

L331.......................<br />

L35.........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 69<br />

L32<br />

L31b<br />

L33<br />

L301<br />

L31a<br />

L35<br />

L34<br />

L331<br />

Kebwe<br />

Luba-Lulua lua<br />

– Luba-Kasai, Tshiluba, Ciluba<br />

– Lulua, Luluwa, West Luba<br />

Kanyoka kny<br />

Luba-Katanga lub, Kiluba<br />

Luba-Katanga lub, Kiluba<br />

Ze(e)la, Kizela<br />

Sanga sng, Garengaze, South Luba

---

70 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

L40 : Kaonde (Group)<br />

L41.........................<br />

L41<br />

Kaonde kqn, Kahonde

---

L50 : Lunda Group<br />

L51.........................<br />

L511.......................<br />

L52.........................<br />

L53.........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 71<br />

L511<br />

L51<br />

L53<br />

L52<br />

Salampasu slx<br />

– Luntu<br />

Lunda lun<br />

Ruund rnd, Luwunda

---

72 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

L60 : Nkoya (Group)<br />

L60.........................<br />

L601.......................<br />

L602.......................<br />

L603.......................<br />

L61.........................<br />

L62.........................<br />

L62<br />

L602<br />

L601<br />

L61<br />

L603<br />

Nkoya cluster nka<br />

– Kolwe, Lukolwe<br />

– Lushangi<br />

– Shasha, Mashasha<br />

– Mbwera, Mbwela<br />

– Nkoya proper

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 73<br />

M10 : Fipa-Mambwe Group<br />

M11........................<br />

M12........................<br />

M13........................<br />

M13A *..................<br />

M13B *..................<br />

M13C *..................<br />

M13D *..................<br />

M13E * ..................<br />

M13F * ..................<br />

M13G *..................<br />

M13H *..................<br />

M13I * ...................<br />

M131......................<br />

M14/15...................<br />

M14 *.....................<br />

M15 *.....................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

M11<br />

M14/15<br />

M12<br />

M13<br />

M131<br />

Pimbwe piw<br />

Rungwa rnw<br />

Fipa fip, Icifipa<br />

– Fipa-Sukuma, Sukuuma, Icisukuuma<br />

– South Fipa<br />

– Kandaasi, Icikandaasi<br />

– Siiwa, Icisiiwa<br />

– Nkwaamba, Icinkwaamba<br />

– Kwa, Icikwa<br />

– Kwaafi, Icikwaafi<br />

– Ntile, Icintile, Cile, “Yantili”<br />

– Peemba, Icipeemba<br />

Ku(u)lwe<br />

Mambwe-Rungu mgr<br />

– Rungu, Lungu<br />

– Mambwe

---

74 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

M20 : Nyiha-Safwa Group<br />

M201......................<br />

M201A *................<br />

M201B *................<br />

M201C *................<br />

M202......................<br />

M21........................<br />

M22........................<br />

M23........................<br />

M23A *..................<br />

M23B *..................<br />

M23C *..................<br />

M23D *..................<br />

M24........................<br />

M25........................<br />

M25A *..................<br />

M25B *..................<br />

M25C *..................<br />

M25D *..................<br />

M25E * ..................<br />

M26........................<br />

M27........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

M201<br />

M26<br />

M22<br />

M21<br />

M27<br />

M202<br />

Lambya lai, Rambia<br />

– North Lambya (Tanzania)<br />

– Central Lambya (Malawi)<br />

– South Lambya (Zambia)<br />

Sukwa<br />

Wanda wbh, Wandia<br />

Mwanga mwn, Namwanga<br />

Nyiha nih, Nyika<br />

– West Nyika<br />

– Nyiha of Mbozi, Central Nyiha<br />

– Nyika of Rungwe, East Nyika<br />

– South Nyiha (Zambia)<br />

Malila mgq<br />

Safwa sbk<br />

– Safwa of Mbeya<br />

– Mbwila, Uleenje<br />

– Soongwe<br />

– Polooto, Poroto<br />

– Guruka<br />

Iwa<br />

Tambo<br />

M23<br />

M25<br />

M24

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 75<br />

M30 : Nyakyusa-Ngonde Group<br />

M301...................... Ndali ndh<br />

M302.................. ?† Penja<br />

M31........................ Nyakyusa-Ngonde nyy, “Sokili”<br />

M31A *.................. – Nyakyusa proper, Nyekyosa<br />

M31B *.................. – Kukwe, Ngumba<br />

M31C *.................. – Mwamba, Lugulu, “Sokelo”<br />

M31D *.................. – Ngonde<br />

M31E * ..................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

– Kaaselya, Selya<br />

M301 M302<br />

M31

---

76 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

M40 : Bemba Group<br />

M401......................<br />

M402......................<br />

M41........................<br />

M42........................<br />

M41<br />

M401<br />

M402<br />

M42<br />

Bwile bwc<br />

Aushi auh, Usi<br />

Taabwa tap, Rungu, incl. Shila<br />

Bemba bem, Icibemba, incl. Bangweulu Twa

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 77<br />

M50 : Lala-Bisa-Lamba Group<br />

M51/52...................<br />

M51 *.....................<br />

M52 *.....................<br />

M521......................<br />

M522......................<br />

M53........................<br />

M54........................<br />

M541......................<br />

M542......................<br />

M55........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

M55<br />

M53<br />

M54<br />

M542<br />

Lala-Bisa leb<br />

– Bi(i)sa, Wisa<br />

– Lala<br />

Ambo<br />

Luano<br />

Swaka<br />

Lamba lab<br />

Lima, Bulima<br />

Temba<br />

Seba kdg, Shishi<br />

M541<br />

M522<br />

M51/52<br />

M521

---

78 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

M60 : Lenje-Tonga Group / Bantu-Botatwe Group<br />

M61........................<br />

M611......................<br />

M62........................<br />

M63........................<br />

M631......................<br />

M632......................<br />

M633......................<br />

M64........................<br />

M633<br />

M63<br />

M632<br />

M611<br />

Lenje leh, Ciina Mukuni<br />

Lukanga Twa<br />

Soli sby<br />

Ila ilb<br />

Sala shq<br />

Lundwe<br />

Kafue Twa<br />

M61<br />

M62<br />

M631<br />

M64<br />

Tonga toi, incl. Leya, Mala, Plateau Tonga, Valley Tonga,<br />

Ndawe, Dombe dov

---

N10 : Manda Group<br />

N101 ......................<br />

N102 ......................<br />

N11 ........................<br />

N12 ........................<br />

N121 ......................<br />

N13 ........................<br />

N14 ........................<br />

N15 ........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 79<br />

N121<br />

N15<br />

Ndendeule dne<br />

Nindi nxi<br />

Manda mgs, Manda-Matumba<br />

Ngoni of Tanzania ngo<br />

Ngoni of Malawi<br />

Matengo mgv<br />

Mpoto mpa<br />

Tonga tog, Siska<br />

N11<br />

N13<br />

N101<br />

N102<br />

N14<br />

N12

---

80 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

N20 : Tumbuka Group<br />

N201 ......................<br />

N21 ........................<br />

N21a * ...................<br />

N21b * ...................<br />

N21c * ...................<br />

N21d * ...................<br />

N21e * ...................<br />

N21f *....................<br />

N21g * ...................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

N21<br />

Mwera of Mbamba Bay mjh<br />

Tumbuka cluster tum, Chitumbuka<br />

– Tumbuka proper<br />

– Poka<br />

– Kamanga, Henga<br />

– Senga<br />

– Yombe<br />

– Fungwe<br />

– Wenya<br />

N201

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 81<br />

N30 : Chewa-Nyanja (Group)<br />

N31 ........................<br />

N31a * ...................<br />

N31b * ...................<br />

N31c * ...................<br />

N31D * ..................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

N31<br />

Chewa-Nyanja nya, Nyanja-Chewa, Chichewa<br />

– Nyanja<br />

– Chewa, Cewa<br />

– Manganja<br />

– Nyasa (Mozambique), Nyasa-Cewa

---

82 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

N40 : Senga-Sena Group<br />

N41 ........................<br />

N42 ........................<br />

N43 ........................<br />

N44 ........................<br />

N441 ......................<br />

N45 * .....................<br />

N46 * .....................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

N42<br />

N43<br />

N44<br />

N41<br />

N441<br />

Nsenga nse, Cinsenga, Senga, incl. P(h)imbi phm<br />

Kunda kdn, Chikunda<br />

Nyungwe nyu, Chinyungwe, Tete<br />

Sena seh, incl. Podzo (=N46), Rue/Barwe bwg (=N45)<br />

Sena-Malawi swk<br />

see under Sena N44<br />

see under Sena N44

---

P10 : Matuumbi Group<br />

P11/12....................<br />

P11 .........................<br />

P12 .........................<br />

P13 .........................<br />

P14 .........................<br />

P15 ........................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 83<br />

Ndengereko-Rufiji<br />

– Ndengereko ndg<br />

– Rufiji rui, Ruihi<br />

Matuumbi mgw, Kimatuumbi<br />

Ngindo nnq<br />

Mbunga mgy<br />

P15<br />

P12<br />

P14<br />

P11<br />

P13

---

84 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

P20 : Yao Group<br />

P21/22....................<br />

P21 .........................<br />

P22 .........................<br />

P23 .........................<br />

P24 .........................<br />

P25 .........................<br />

Yao-Mwera<br />

– Yao yao, Ciyao<br />

– Mwera mwe<br />

Makonde kde, incl. Machinga mvw<br />

Ndonde njd, Mawanda<br />

Mabiha, Mavia<br />

P21<br />

P22<br />

P23<br />

P24<br />

P25

---

P30 : Makhuwa Group<br />

P31 .........................<br />

P31A ......................<br />

P31B ......................<br />

P31C ......................<br />

P31D ......................<br />

P31E.......................<br />

P31F.......................<br />

P31G ......................<br />

P311 .......................<br />

P312 .......................<br />

P32 .........................<br />

P33 *......................<br />

P331 .......................<br />

P34 .........................<br />

P341 .......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 85<br />

P331<br />

P32<br />

P34<br />

P31<br />

C<br />

G<br />

B<br />

A<br />

F<br />

E<br />

D<br />

P341<br />

P311<br />

Makhuwa, Emakhuwa, Makua<br />

– Central Makhuwa vmw, “Makhuwa-Makhuwana”<br />

– Me(e)tto mgh<br />

– Chirima vmk, Shirima, incl. Kokola kzn, Lolo llb,<br />

Manyawa mny, Marenje vmr, Takwane tke<br />

– Marrevone xmc<br />

– Enahara, Naharra<br />

– Esaka xsq<br />

– Ruvuma Makhuwa, incl. Imithupi, Ikorovere<br />

Koti eko, Ekoti, “Angoje”<br />

Sakati nte, Sangaji, Nathembo<br />

Lomwe ngl (West Makhuwa)<br />

– Ngulu, Mihavane (West Makhuwa)<br />

Lomwe of Malawi lon<br />

Echuwabo chw, Cuabo, incl. Maindo cwb<br />

Moniga mhm<br />

P312

---

86 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

R10 : Umbundu Group<br />

R103<br />

R14<br />

R11<br />

R12<br />

R101<br />

R102<br />

R13<br />

R101....................... Kuvale<br />

R102................... ?† Kwisi<br />

R103....................... Mbali, Olumbali, Kimbari<br />

R11......................... Umbundu umb, Mbundu, Nano<br />

R12......................... Ndombe ndq<br />

R13......................... Nyaneka nyk<br />

R14......................... Khumbi khu

---

R20 : Wambo (Group)<br />

R216<br />

R218<br />

R242<br />

R241<br />

R215<br />

R24<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 87<br />

R212<br />

R20.........................<br />

R21.........................<br />

R211.......................<br />

R212.......................<br />

R213.......................<br />

R214.......................<br />

R215.......................<br />

R216.......................<br />

R217.......................<br />

R218.......................<br />

R22.........................<br />

R23.........................<br />

R24.........................<br />

R241.......................<br />

R242.......................<br />

R23<br />

R213<br />

R211<br />

R22<br />

R217<br />

R21<br />

R214<br />

Wambo, Oshiwambo, Ovambo<br />

– Kwanyama kua<br />

– Kafima<br />

– Evale<br />

– Mbandja<br />

– Mbalanhu lnb<br />

– Ndongwena<br />

– Kwankwa<br />

– Dombondola<br />

– Esinga<br />

– Ndonga ndo<br />

– Kwambi kwm<br />

– Ngandjera nne<br />

– Kwaluudhi<br />

– Kolonkadhi-Eunda

---

88 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

R30 : Herero Group<br />

R31A<br />

R30.........................<br />

R31A......................<br />

R31B......................<br />

R311.......................<br />

R312.......................<br />

R311<br />

R31B<br />

R312<br />

Herero her, Otjiherero<br />

– Central Herero<br />

– Mbanderu, East Herero<br />

– North-West Herero, Kaokoland Herero,<br />

incl. Zemba dhm<br />

– Botswana Herero, incl. Mahalapye Herero

---

R40 : Yeyi (Group)<br />

R41.........................<br />

R41A......................<br />

R41B......................<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 89<br />

R41B<br />

R41A<br />

Yeyi yey, Siyei, “Kuba”<br />

– East Caprivi Yeyi<br />

– Ngamiland Yeyi

---

90 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

S10 : Shona Group<br />

S16<br />

S11<br />

S11-15 ≈ S10 ......... Shona sna, Chishona<br />

S11 ......................... – Korekore, incl.Tavara twl, Shangwe, Gova, Budya<br />

S12 ......................... – Zezuru, incl. Shawasha, Harava, Gova, Hera<br />

S13 ......................... – Manyika mxc, incl. Tewe twx, Hungwe<br />

S14 ......................... – Karanga, incl. Duma, Govera, Mhari, Nyubi<br />

S15 ......................... – Ndau ndc, “Sofala”, incl. Garwe, Danda, Shanga<br />

S16 ......................... Kalanga kck, Ikalanga, West Shona<br />

S16A * ................... – Kalanga (proper)<br />

S16B * ................... – Nambya nmq, Nanzwa<br />

S16C * ................... – Lilima, Humbe<br />

S16D * ................... – Nyai, Rozvi<br />

S16E * ................... – Lemba, Remba<br />

S16F *.................... – Lembethu, Rembethu<br />

S16G * ................... – Twamamba, Xwamamba<br />

S16H * ................... – Pfumbi<br />

S16I *..................... – Ja(w)unda<br />

S16J * .................. † – Romwe<br />

S16K * ................. † – Peri<br />

S16L * ................. †<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

– Talahundra<br />

S14<br />

S15<br />

S12<br />

S13

---

S20 : Venda (Group)<br />

S21 .........................<br />

S21A * ...................<br />

S21B * ...................<br />

S21C * ...................<br />

S21D * ...................<br />

S21E * ...................<br />

S21F *....................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 91<br />

S21<br />

Venda ven, Tshivenda<br />

– Phani<br />

– Ilafuri, West Venda<br />

– Manda, Central Venda<br />

– Mbedzi, East Venda<br />

– Tavhatsindi<br />

– Ronga, South-East Venda<br />

JFM ' 2006

---

92 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

S30 : Sotho-Tswana Group<br />

S31<br />

S311<br />

S301 .......................<br />

S302 .......................<br />

S303 .......................<br />

S304 .......................<br />

S31 .........................<br />

S31a .......................<br />

S31b .......................<br />

S31c .......................<br />

S31d .......................<br />

S31E.......................<br />

S311 (=S31d).........<br />

S32 .........................<br />

S32a * ....................<br />

S32b *....................<br />

S32C * ...................<br />

S32D * ...................<br />

S32E.......................<br />

S32F.......................<br />

S33 .........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

S33<br />

E<br />

c<br />

a<br />

b<br />

F E<br />

S32<br />

S301<br />

S302<br />

S303<br />

S304<br />

Phalaborwa<br />

Kutswe (East Sotho)<br />

Pai (East Sotho)<br />

Pulana (East Sotho)<br />

Tswana tsn, Setswana<br />

– Central Tswana, incl. Rolong, Ngwaketse<br />

– East Tswana, incl. Kgatla, Tlokwa<br />

– North Tswana, incl. Tawana, Ngwato, Kwena<br />

– see Kgalagadi S311<br />

– South Tswana, incl. Thlaping, Thlaro<br />

Kgalagadi xkv, Sekgalagadi, Qhalaxari<br />

Northern Sotho nso, Sesotho sa Leboa, Sepedi<br />

– Pedi, Masemola, Tau, Koni<br />

– Lobedu, Kgaga<br />

– Gananwa, Tlokwa<br />

– Kopa, Ndebele-Sotho<br />

– Birwa brl<br />

– Tswapong two<br />

Southern Sotho sot, Sesotho<br />

JFM ' 2006

---

S40 : Nguni Group<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 93<br />

S41<br />

S407<br />

S408<br />

S42<br />

S403<br />

S401 *.. † Old Mfengu, Fingo<br />

S402 ....... Bhaca, Baca<br />

S403 ....... Hlubi<br />

S404 ....... Phuthi<br />

S405 ....... Nhlangwini<br />

S406 *.. † Lala<br />

S407 ....... South Ndebele nbl,<br />

Isikhethu, “Southern<br />

Transvaal Ndebele”, incl.<br />

Nrebele, Ndzundza<br />

S408 ....... Sumayela Ndebele,<br />

“Northern Transvaal<br />

Ndebele”<br />

S41 ......... Xhosa xho, Isixhosa,<br />

“Kaffir”<br />

S41A * ... – Mpondo, Pondo<br />

S41B * ... – Xesibe<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

B<br />

S44<br />

A<br />

C<br />

D<br />

S404<br />

S41C *...<br />

S41D *...<br />

S41E * ...<br />

S41F * ...<br />

S41G *...<br />

S41H *...<br />

S41I * ....<br />

S42 ........<br />

S42A......<br />

S42B ......<br />

S42C ......<br />

S42D......<br />

S43 ........<br />

S44 ........<br />

S43<br />

S405<br />

S402<br />

JFM ' 2006<br />

– Bomwana<br />

– Gaika<br />

– Gcaleka<br />

– Thembu<br />

– Mpondomise<br />

– Ndlambe<br />

– Hlubi (in former Ciskei)<br />

Zulu zul, Isizulu<br />

– KwaZulu-Natal Zulu<br />

– Transvaal Zulu<br />

– Qwabe<br />

– Cele<br />

Swati ssw, Swazi, Siswati,<br />

Ngwane<br />

Ndebele of Zimbabwe nde,<br />

Sindebele

---

94 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

S50 : Tswa-Rhonga Group<br />

S51 .........................<br />

S51A * ...................<br />

S51B * ...................<br />

S511 .......................<br />

S52 .........................<br />

S53 .........................<br />

S53A * ...................<br />

S53B * ...................<br />

S53C * ...................<br />

S53D * ...................<br />

S53E (=S52) * .......<br />

S53F *....................<br />

S53G * ...................<br />

S53H * ...................<br />

S54 .........................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

S53<br />

S51<br />

S54<br />

S511<br />

Tswa tsc, Xitswa<br />

– Dzibi<br />

– Dzonga<br />

Hlengwe<br />

see Changana S53<br />

Changana tso, Xichangana, Tsonga<br />

– Xiluleke<br />

– N’walungu<br />

– Hlave<br />

– Nkuna<br />

– Gwamba<br />

– Nhlanganu<br />

– Djonga, Jonga<br />

– Bila<br />

Rhonga rng, Xironga, incl. Konde, Ssonga, Xonga<br />

JFM ' 2006

---

S60 : Copi Group<br />

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 95<br />

S62<br />

S61<br />

S61 ......................... Copi cce, Cicopi<br />

S611 *................ ?† Lenge<br />

S62 ......................... Tonga toh,<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Gitonga, Shengwe<br />

JFM ' 2006

---

96 JOUNI FILIP MAHO<br />

‘New’ languages in the Bantu area<br />

A20A<br />

A70A<br />

H10B<br />

C30B<br />

H10A<br />

C30A<br />

(D20A?)<br />

G40G<br />

G40F<br />

G40A<br />

D20B JE10A<br />

M40A<br />

S50A<br />

S40A,B,C<br />

G40C<br />

N40A<br />

G40B,C,D,E,H<br />

G20A<br />

JFM ' 2006

---

A REFERENTIAL CLASSIFICATION OF BANTU 97<br />

A20A ..................... Jo<br />

A70A ..................... Ewondo Populaire, Pidgin A70<br />

C30A...................... Bangala bxg<br />

C30B...................... Lingala lin<br />

D20A ..................... Gengele<br />

D20B.................... † Vamba<br />

G20A ..................... Ma’a mhd, Kimbugu cha Ndani, Inner/Mixed Mbugu<br />

G40A ..................... Asian Swahili, Kibabu<br />

G40B...................... Cutchi-Swahili ccl<br />

G40C...................... Kisetla sta, Settla, Settler Swahili<br />

G40D ..................... Engsh<br />

G40E...................... Sheng<br />

G40F ...................... Shaba Swahili, Katanga Swahili, Lubumbashi Swahili<br />

G40G ..................... Ngwana swc, Kingwana, Congo Swahili<br />

G40H ..................... KiKAR, Kikeya<br />

H10A ..................... Kituba ktu, Kikongo ya Leta<br />

H10B...................... Munukutuba mkw, Monokutuba<br />

H10C *................... Habla Congo (used in Cuba), Habla Bantu<br />

JE10A .................... Runyakitara (artificial)<br />

L30A * ................... Pidgin Chiluba<br />

M40A..................... Town Bemba<br />

N40A ................... † Chikunda<br />

S30A ...................... Pretoria-Sotho<br />

S40A ...................... Fanagalo fng, Basic Bantu, “Kitchen Kafir”, incl.<br />

Chikabanga (Zambia), Chilapalapa (Zimbabwe)<br />

S40B ...................... Iscamtho cmt<br />

S40C .................... † Shalambombo, Salambom<br />

S50A ......................<br />

(* = not in map)<br />

Pretoria-Tsonga

---

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Abdulaziz, Mohamed H. Mkilifi; Osinde, Kenneth. 1997. Sheng and Engsh:<br />

development of mixed codes among the urban youth in Kenya. International<br />

journal of the sociology of language, v. 125, p. 43-63.<br />

Adendorff, Ralph. 2002. Fanakalo: a pidgin in South Africa. In: Language in<br />

South Africa, p. 179-198. Ed. by Rajend Mesthrie. Cambridge Univ. Press.<br />

Afido, Pedro J.; Firmino, Gregório; Heins, John H.; Mbuub, Samba; Trinta,<br />

Manuel. (Eds.) 1989. I seminário sobre a padronização da ortografía de<br />

línguas Moçambicanas. Maputo: Núcleo de Estudo de Línguas Moçambicanas,<br />

Fac. de Letras, Univ. Eduardo Mondlane.<br />

Afido, Pedro J., others. 2000. Proposta da ortografia da língua Emakhuwa. In:<br />

Relatório do II seminário sobre a padronização da ortografia de línguas<br />

moçambicanas, p. 67-76. Ed. by Bento Sitoe and Armindo Saul Atelela<br />

Ngunga. Maputo: Núcleo de Estudo de Línguas Moçambicanas; Centro de<br />

Estudos das Línguas Moçambicanas, Univ. Eduardo Mondlane.<br />

Alewijnse, Bart; Nerbonne, John; Veen, Lolke J. van der; Manni, Franz. 2007. A<br />

computational analysis of Gabon varieties. In: Proceedings of the RANLP<br />

(Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing) workshop on computational<br />

phonology, p. 3-17. Ed. by Petya Osenova. Borovetz (Bulgaria).<br />

Alexandre, Pierre. 1963. Aperçu sommaire sur le pidgin A70 du Cameroun.<br />

Cahiers d’études africaines, v. 3, 12, p. 577-582.<br />

Alexandre, Pierre. 1981. Les langues bantu: tableau d’ensemble; description<br />

sommaire de deux langues (swahili et bulu). In: Les langues dans le monde<br />

ancien et moderne, p. 351-398. Ed. by Jean Perrot, Gabriel Manessy and<br />

Albert Valdman. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.<br />

Andersson, Lars-Gunnar; Janson, Tore. 1997. Languages in Botswana: language<br />

ecology in southern Africa. Gaborone: Longman Botswana.<br />

Ardener, Edwin W. 1956. Coastal Bantu of the Cameroons: the Kpe-Mboko,<br />

Duala-Limba and Tanga-Yasa groups of the British and French trusteeship<br />

territories of the Cameroons. Ethnographic survey of Africa, Western<br />

Africa, n. 11. London: International African Inst.<br />

Bailey, Richard Anthony. 1995. The Bantu languages of South Africa: towards a<br />

sociohistorical perspective. In: Language and social history: studies in<br />

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