PDF - Cunningham Memorial Library

5 

THE 

STUDENT'S MANUAL 

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l'nIXTED IlY SPOTTISWOODE Ar-."D co, 

:t.""E\V·STREET SQUARE:

THE 

STU·DENT'S MANUAL 

DUNG 

AN. ETYMOLOGICAL AND EXPLANATORY 

VOCABULARY 

ill' 

WORDS DElUVED FROM THE GREEK 

BY 

R. HARRISON BLACK, LL.D. 

CI So many of our most expressive words arc derived Crom tho 

Greek, that without some Imo\Vlcdge of that language, or at least 

of the compounds adopted from it, we lose aU the beauties and 

ingenuity of our terms of art or science; which, for want of the 

interesting associations which a knowledge of their origin would 

create, appear to us a mere jumble of letters tlllmcaningly put to. 

gether, and of arbitrary sounds." 

NEW 

EDITION 

J,ONGMA.N, 

LONDON 

GREEN,· LONGMA.N,' AND ROBERTS 

1861

, 

- ~I, ~ 1 

.. 

, ,

PREFACE 

TO 

THE FOURTH EDITION. 

IN the preceding editions of this little book, 

the words were not given in the Greek characters, 

because it was intended for the use 

of young persons, particularly' ladies, who 

were not likely to pursue the study of that 

language; and who, when writing to a Mathe.. 

matical Instrument Maker for a Telescope or 

Microscope, would not require to write 'rEAE 

,n~Cl.l'7I'E or1""1f...E-o-KQ7rE:Cl.', l\r')'~J(J(]'x.C,Jn£ or IVIntS'0~-ery.OT.'ElrJ, 

but the plain English letters. The Author 

has, however, since been honoured by communications 

from several gentlemen engaged 

in teaching the Greek language, suggesting 

that if the Greek characters were added, the 

book-might be advantageously employed as an 

introduction to the knowledge of the Greek 

A 3

vi 

PREFACE. 

language.- Although this was a use not ori~ 

ginally contempiated by the Author, still he 

feels very happy in complying with the suggestion. 

He returns his sincere thanks to 

those correspondents, and is IlighlJ gratified _ 

that the book has been thought worthy or 

being so applied.

·EXTRACTS 

FROil! 

THE PREFACES TO THE PRECEDING 

EDITIONS. 

THE following little volume was originally 

compiled for the use of a young female 

.relative, and is now published with the hope 

of being gemirally useful; more especially to 

young ladies, whose mode of education precludes 

them from an acquaintance with Greek, 

and consequently, to whom the etymological 

knowledge in Johnson's Dictionary is inaccessible, 

- that is, so illr as it relates to the 

Greek language, whence our own has derived 

almost all its scientific words: the English 

letters have therefore been employed instead 

of the Greek characters. The thought of 

arranging the words !mder distinct heads, as 

well as putting them into alphabetical order, 

originated from perusing the observations 

which Locke makes on the association of

viii EXTRACTS :;"ROM THE PREFACES 

ideas, and from having frequently remarked 

that terms of science are much more readily 

retained in the memory when so arranged, 

than when they are arranged simply in an 

alphabetiCal order. vVhen several words are 

deri:,ed from the same root, such as mathe-' 

matics, sub., mathematical, ael):, mathematically, 

adv., mathematician, s;tb., generally, 

only one of them is inserted, and the readers 

are left either to form the rest themselves, 

or to consult their dictionary, to which this 

vocabulary is simply an appendage. Many 

words, inserted in this book, arc not of classical 

authority, though so frequently employed by 

modern writers as to have found their way 

into several of our dictionaries. It is to be 

observed, that names and titles of bool,s, 

engines, instruments, &c., are arbitrary, and 

the authors and inventors make no scruple of 

coining new words when there are no old ones 

which they consider p()rfectly expressive.* 

'$ The words l1. Paneurnatlda" and " Paitlopldlean" 

will serve as examples. 

" PANEUMATIlI.\. or a New l\Ietho,1 of Knowledge, 

capable of universal application in Literature and the 

Sciences." - The term Pan-eu-mathia is formed of

TO THE PItECEDING EDITlOI'S. ix 

The Author has to acknowledge the receipt 

of a communication in which the writer 

" observes, " that deriving the English word 

, enthusiasm' tj'om 8EG" God, ~yjll very much 

limit the sense of the word, and in some degree 

oppose the rules of orthography. An 

enthusiast is not only a zealot in reHgion, 

but- he may be 0l1e in love, ambition, glory, 

honour, or study, about whatever scheme his 

ardent mind is employed, whatever business 

or mode of life he pursues, in war, or peace, 

in virtue or vice. Deriving it from 8"" 

naturally confines the sense of the 1vord to 

religion alone; hut if we derive it from 'Ju.', 

(el'veo, it will bear all the senses I have above 

pointed out, and it will also remedy the perverseness 

of the sentence." 

If further consideration be given to the 

subject, the writer 0,£ the above remark will 

find that many words deviate considerably 

pan, " all, universal," eu," good," and mathia, "know.. 

ledge." 

"PAIDO·PHILEAN System of Education, or a System 

which is the friend qf children," For" notice 01' a 

work under this title, see page 112.

X EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES, ETC. 

from the original orthography, and lJa\'c 

greatly extended their primitive signification; 

in consequence .of his observation, however, 

the word has been more amply illustrated in 

this edition.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 

To Instructors who employ this little Work in 

Tuition, the Author would suggcst that it be occa 

~ionally used in the following manncr:- 

Let the Pupil be directed to seek for the words 

Tele-scope and Geo-graphy, 

Philo-sopher and lUis-anthropy, 

Ortho-dox and Calli-graphy, 

Chrono-meter and l\iytho-logy; 

and then be required to give, without seeking 

furthcr into the Vocabulary, the Etymology of 

Telc-graph-Phil-anthropy- Ortho-graphy - and 

Chrono-logy. 

Thc Greek alphabet has no lettcr It, and ccrtain 

vowels, instcad of being prcceded by that lettcr, are 

mm-ked by an aspirate or rough breathing; but, in 

the present case, for the sake of pcrspicuity, thc 

lettcr It is substituted for the aspirate. In Grcck, 

the letter g is pronounced like an n, when it precedes 

g, k, or c, as Aggelos, an Angel, is pronounccd 

as if written Angelos, and for this reason 

a 3

xvi 

PRELIMINARY 

1L is placed over the g, when it is to be so pronounced. 

It is also to be observed, that the English letter 

y is here used for the Greek letter v (upsilon). 

THERE are a number of words frequently used in tile' 

Englisb language, which by some are said to be derived 

solely from the Arabic, and by others to be compounded 

partly from the Arabic ~nd partly from tlie Greek; 

these the Author has judged right here to class together: 

for the et)'mology of most of which he is indebted to 

Dr. J. BORTHWICK Gn,CHRlsT. 

AL, EL, or UL, as an Arabic noun, denotes" God, heaven, 

divine;n as an Arabic particle, it-is prefixed to words 

to give them a more emphatic signification, signifying 

much the same as our particle tile, as in AlcoranJ 

"The Koran:" and in the Arabic Astronomy we 

have Al Thllraiya, "The Pleiades." 

Alcahest, or alkahest, perhaps from ul, "the," and 

qusd, "project," or q'llssut, " a plaster," qissut, "an 

affair ;" also kalzislz, or kast, "diminution, alloy. n A 

liquor ,vhich has the power of resolving all things into 

their first principles. 'Vith the secret 01 preparing 

this extraordinary liquor Van Helmont" professed 

j' 

,. Helmont was born at Brussels in 1577. He acquired 

such skill in natural philosophy, that he was 

accounted a magi

OBSERVATIONS, 

xvii 

himself to be acquainted, and solemnly affirmed he 

once had some of it in his possession. That these 

pretcnsions should gain credit, when it is so evident 

that no such liquor could cxist, may appear wonderful 

(for no yessel can contain that which is capable 

of dissolving all things); but when we reflect on the 

cxtreme ignorance of thc agc, with respect to physical 

science, and on the extensive utility of such an al. 

kahest, if attainable; and when we also reflect that 

" what men wish they easily believe," we shall be less 

surprised at the avidity with which this, and other 

equally absurd notions, such, for example, as the 

" Philosopher's Stone·," were propagatedandreceived. 

• The Philosopher's Stonc, During a long series of 

ycnrs a subst:mce was eagerly sought for, which was to 

convert lead, mcrcury, and other metals, into gold, and 

which unknown substance was termed the Philosopher's 

Stone, King Henry VI. gmnted letters patent to certain 

per~ons, who undertook to find the Philosopher's Stone, 

and these letters were to free them from the penalties of 

n former statute made against attempts of n like nature. 

It app('nrs that mnny of those persons, who made the 

Philosopher's Stone an object of their search, wcre well 

skilled in sleight of hand, and hence often performed 

tricks which coul,r not fail to impose upon the great 

bod)' of those who witnessed them; and in this way 

must lIcnr)· Vr., and other so\'ereigns who granted si .. 

nlilar protections, have been imposed on. In the present 

dal' it would be a waste of time to enter into an)' minute 

detcction ofsuch impositions or absurd pretensions. "'e 

now know with tolcmble decisiveness that ever)' distinct 

metal is a simple subslnnce, as differcnt from eveT)' other 

metal as fire is from frost, ond Ihal a cT)'slal nla)' as soon

1'1· 

j 

xviii 

PRELIMINARY 

Alchymy: This word is compounded, acconting to 

some writers, of the Arabic particle 'ttl, " the," nnel the 

word keemiyu, or seemi!Ju, " chemistr)' ;" or otherwise, 

as some authors imagine, from the Greek verb elmo, 

" I melt." The objects of Alchymy were two-fold: 

1. The art of making gold from any other metal, including 

the search after the" Philosopher's Stone,n 

which was to effect this transmutation; nnd, 2. The 

discovery of a panacea or mcdicine for the cure of a1l 

diseases to which the human body. is liable. 'This 

study was pursued for many centuries, notwithstand. 

ing the failurcs, the disappointments, and the losses, 

which those who gavc way to it sustaincd. ,Tllis 

delusion scems to havc commenced about the fourth 

ccntury, appears to have .reached its greatest height 

about the eleventh or twelfth, and to have prevailed 

with unabated energy till the sixteenth. 

Some of the Alchymists in Germany, who had the 

unfortunate reputation ofpossessing the Philosopher's. 

Stone, were imprisoned, and furnished with apparatlls 

be converted into a seed, as lead .into mercury,· or mercury 

into gold. Dr. Lmvis, speaking of Commerce, says, 

" This is the true Philosopher's Stone, so much sought 

after in former times, the discovery of which has beenreserved 

for genius, when studying to improve the 

mechanic arts. Hence, a pound of raw materials is converted 

into stuffs of fifty times its original value; and the 

metals too nre not converted into gold - they are more; 

for the labour of man has been able to work the baser 

metal, by the ing'enuity of art, so as to become worth 

more than manY,times its weight in gold."

OBSERVATIONS. 

xix 

.~. ; 

I I· 

till they should have purchased their liberty by producing 

a certain quantity of Gold; but ~ot an ounce 

was ever produced by this method. Though the pursuits 

of A1chym)' were the most preposterous that can 

be conceived, yet th~ ardour with which they were 

followed, and the amazing number of experiments that 

were made in consequence, contributed to the discovery 

of many facts to which chymbtry, even at this 

day, is highly indebted; and thus the activity of error 

was eventually favourable to the cause of truth. 

Alcohol, from ai, "the," and koohi, "a substance ap_ 

plied to the eye, or adjoining parts." Koohl is a general 

term. The substance used as a paint for the 

eyebrows is principally composed of a metal termed 

Antimony, reduced to a most subtle powder, and is 

called simply al koohl, "that is " tile cohol." From 

this powder the name was trausferred to other impalpable 

powders, and afterwards to ardent spirit, or as 

it is commonly called, highly rectified spirits of wine. 

'Dr. Shaw, speaking,of the ,~omen in Barbary, says, 

" None of them cOllsider themselves dressed till they 

have tinged the edges of their eyelids with a1 coho1." 

Lady lIfontagu takes notiee of the eustom among the 

eastern women, and, in her sprightly manner, supposes 

our English ladies would be ove,joyed to know 

the seeret. 

A1coran, ttlqooran, from the particle ttl, "the," and the 

sub:luntive cO"'an, which is derived from the verb earaa,

xx 

PRELIMINARY 

or kaJ"{ta, " I read." Thus it lneans the reading, or 

rather that which ought to be read. l\fahomet gave 

his book this title in imitation of the Christians, who 

call their selection of sacred writings the Bible. Sec 

,} 

BIBLE. 

Alembic, from the Arabic particle ttl, "the," .and 

ttmbeeq, corrupted from the Greek word alllbix, "a 

kind of cup." A chemical vessel used for distilling. 

Algebra, from 11l, "the," jubr, " force, consolidation," 

whence ttljubr'll, our word. 

Algebra is the term applied to a geneml metho,] of 

computation; wherein certain symbols and letters arc. 

made usc of to represent numbers or any other qnantities. 

Numbers were originally expressed by their 

names at full length ; afterwards, these were abridged, 

and the initials of the words used instead of them. 

Alkali, from ai, "the," and "ali, "the name of a 

plant." The word was first applied to a salt obtaine,l 

from the ashes of burnt "ali, and is now.a general 

term for an order of salts of great use and importance 

in chymistry. 

Almanaek. Some derive the word from the Arabic 

particle, ai, "the," and the Greek word men, "a 

month;" others from the two Arabic words, ai, and 

11lanQch, "the diary or journal." 

Carat, is a bean, the fruit of an Abyssinian tree, called 

Kuara. This bean, from the time of its being 

gathered, varies very little in its weight, and seems to

OBSERVATIONS. 

xxi 

have been, in the earliest ages, a weight for gold in 

Africa. In India it is med as aweight for diamonds. 

The Arabic words arc 'l0orl, 'liral, 'lirml, converted 

by Europeans to " carat." 

-" 

I 

'I i

THE 

STUDENT'S 

MANUAL. 

PART 1. 

WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK, 

ARRANGED UNDER. DISTINCT HEADS. 

" ,," The words placed at the head of each class, are 

i intended to show the termination of the words which are 

,I arranged under them: for example _ Ert-S-oDE is compounded 

of epi, upon, and ode. [The letter s being 

added for the sake of euphony.] MON-OllY, of monos, 

single, and ode. PALIN-ODE, of palin, again, and ode .. 

and so on with the rest. The repetition was omitted 

.,,' from a double motive; to confine the work within a 

small compass, and to accustom those who read it to 

aluilyse compound words., 

", A:!;:IDO, AEl8." I sing. - ODE, 08'i, a song, or 

poem, intended to be recited or sung. 

'I CO't-EDY, «OJP:1/, kume, a village. A dramatic repre. 

sentation of the foibles of mankind, intended to make 

vice and folly ridiculous. Comedies were originally 

represente

A E I 

was c311ed ep-ode concluder! the song, so the name 

was afterwards applied to a short "erse, whic11, being 

placed after a long one, concludes the period, and 

finishes the sense which is suspended in the former 

verse. - Epi-s-odc; A digression in a poem, separable 

from the main design, yet rising naturally 

out of it. 

Mon-ody, ~ovos, m~nos, single. A poem in which one 

person only is introduced as speaking. 

Mel-ody, s; from f

A E I 

from the Latin word stare, to rest; because every stana' 

ought to form a complete sense.] Sec also STROPIIE. 

P(\lin~ode, 7t"ai\JV, palin, again. Change in " contrary 

direction. A declaration of a change of opinion, a 

recantation. 

Parcody, "'apa, para, like. A kind of writing, in which 

the words of an author, or his thoughts, are taken, 

and by a slight change adapted to somc new purpose 

Pros-ody «', from 7rPOi, prus, togctl~r with, and ode, that 

is, a song sung in concert with SOlnc musical in.. 

3 

* " Prosody is a term applied to that modulation produced 

by the mixture of long and short syllables in a 

verse; which wc call thcir quantity, although "'poO"'I'o'a 

signifies the accent of syllables. For the proper modulation 

of speech, it is necessary that onc syllable in every 

word should be distinguished by a tone, or an elevation 

of the .voice. This elevation docs not lengthen the time 

of that syllable, so that accent and qllantity are considered 

by the best critics as perfcctly distinct, but by no means 

inconsistent with each other. _ In our language, the 

distinction between accent and quantity is obvious; the 

accent falls on the antepenultimate equally in the words 

liberty and library, yet in the former the tone only 

is elevated;- in the latter, the syllable is also lengthened. 

The same difference will appear in baron and bacon, in 

tevel and lever, in Reading, the name of the place in 

which these observations are written, and the participle 

reading." Valpy's Greek Grammar. [Penultimate, from 

the Latin words, pene, almost, and ultimus, the last, is 

a term applied to the last syllable bllt one in a word, 

and alltepenultimate (ante, before) signifies the last 

'syllable bllt two.] 

An ingenious author distinguishes accent from quantity 

thus: "The beats of a drum," he says, "may_represent 

quantity, which, because of the monotony in that 

instrument, admit only the changes of long and short. 

B 2

=---~~~.-.------_. 

ALG 

struments. In an enlarged sense it implies alI that 

can affect articulated harmony in verse or prose: it 

is common, therefore, to include under this term, 

accent, emphasis, quantity, pause, tone, and the laws 

of versification. 

Psalm-ody, !/Ja?"fLos, psalm';)s, a psalin. The- art or 

practice of singing psalm,s. 0 

lthaps-ody, is used to denote '_' an incoherent jumble o-f 

ideas;" it originally meant any number of parts joined 

together without necessary dependence on natural 

connection, from pa:rr-I'''', rhapto, I sew, or joiJ.1 to": 

gether. - Rhapsodist was a name-given- by the Greeks 

to persons who sung or recited, in public, detached 

parts of the poems of Homer, or other poets. They 

performed on the theatres; and sometimes strove for 

prizes, in contests of poetry, or of singing. 

AGO, AYI

ARC .5 

Cephal-algia, ItEep"7\'1, klJphalii, the head, the head-ache. 

. Cephalic, is a term given to a pal1ieular kind of snuff 

for the cure of the head-ache. 

Odont-algia, OOOVTOS-, owntos, gen. of ODOUS, OcWllS, a 

tooth. The tooth.ache. 

Ot-algi~,. OOTor, utos, gen. of ous, OtiS, car. The car-ache. 

ANTHROPOS, AvOp"''''o" 

ANTHRorO-rllAGr, ep,,:yw, phago, I cat. 

men-eaters. 

l\Iis-anthropy, p,(l'EW, miseo, I hate. 

a man. 

Cannibals or 

Hatred of mankind. 

Phil-anthropy, o/'7\EW, philifii, I love. Love of mankind. 

The-anthropos, ~EOS, th'f6s, God. A title of our Saviour 

being God and man. 

ARCHE, Apy"'1' government.-ARCHOS,ApY..o" 

a chief. 

A-N-ARC,llV, a" a, not, without. 

Chili-arch, X,7\IOI, clliWJi, 1000. 

men. 

'Want of government, 

A commander of 1000 

Gene-arch, 'YfVECC, g~nl!a, a generation. A chief of a 

tribe or family. 

Hept-archy, «hrTa, h..'iJpta, seven. 

seven chiefs. 

A government under 

Hier-archy, [epas, ll-ieros, holy. An ecclesiastical government. 

IVlon..archy, p.ovos, mon'6s, one. A government under 

one chief. .Anti-mon.arehieal; against government 

by a single person. 

Myri-areh, pvplas, mltrias, 10,000. A commamler of 

10,000 men. 

Olig..archy, OAlj'OS, oligils, few. Thatform of govcrll 

D 3 

I 

'\ I I 1 

'~ 

j 

~.'

6 BIO' 

ment in which the supreme power is' pl~~ed in the 

hands of a few. 

I'atri-arch, "'''T7)p, patiir, a father. 

or tr;be. 

The ruler of a family 

Tetr-arch, TfT'pets, t'Etras, .. four. A Roman governor 

oycr four provinces. 

BAPTIZO, Bet"'T'S"" or BAPTO, net....,.." 

I dip. 

ANA-BAPTIST, ava, ana, again. One wlIo baptizes a 

second time. 

Baptism.' A rite or ceremony by which persons are 

initiated into the profession of the Christian ReIigi-on. 

Sec l.£att. xxviii. 19. "The washing with water, or 

dipping into the water, was probably intended to re. 

present the washing away or renouncing the impuritic:i 

of some former state, vito the sins that had been com. 

mitted, and the vicious habits that had been contractco. 

n 

I'",do-baptism, Pedo-baptism, ",,,,oos, p"icMs, gen. of 

...,,'s, pais, (v. Pedagogue) a child. Infallt baptism. 

BIOS, BIOI", lift. 

A"rltI-mous, "I"IJI, amplli, both, double. A term appliod 

to animals that live in two elements, air and 

water. 

Dio-grapher, 7P"¢"', grapl,o, I write. One who relates 

the actions of particular persons. 

Bio-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. The science of life, i. c. 

" the acth'c state of the animal structure." 

Ceno-bite, «OlVOS, k'Uini)s, commOn. ~ A name given to 

monks who live i~l common societJ". 

Lychno-bite, AVXVOS, luclm~s, a candle. Onethat transacts 

business by night, and sleeps by da~"

nox 7 

CHRONOS, Xpwo" time• 

. Al\'"TI... CllR01USM, CWTt, anti, against, contrary LOt - A 

wfong computation of time. 

I 

t Ana...chronism, ava, ana, back. An anachronism is an 

error hi the date of events, which nrc stated to have 

occurred sooner than they reallydid;-and nrc therefore 

thrown back or more distant from the presenttime. 

Iso.~hronous, "TO', is~s, equal. Ferformed in equal time. 

Pnra-chronism, lI"apa, para, beyond. An error in chronology, 

by which an event is placed Intcr than it ought 

to be. The contrary of Anachronism. 

Pro-chronism, lI"pO, pr", before. The act of dating II 

thing before it occurred. 

S~'n-chronism, (J'tJJ', sun, with. A concurrence of events. 

DEMOS, A"/}[J.0" people. 

DE:\I-AGOGUE, tt'Y(J;, ago, I lead. The lcadc~ of a faction. 

Demo..cracy, "pctTOS, h;ratos, power. That form of go... 

\'Crnment in which the power is lodged in the colleetivc 

body of the people. 

En-demic, EV, en, in. A term applied to diseases 

peculiar to a country. 

Epi-demic, E1i'l, epi, upon or among. A tenn applied 

to contagious discases. 

Fnn-demic, lI"av, pan, all.. 

Incident to a whole people. 

nOXA, Aoga, opiniM, glory.-nOKEO, Ao",." 

I perceive. 

DOXO-LOGY, 7\o,,/OS, 109'i$s, a discourse. A form of giving 

glory to God. 

Hctero-dox, hEpos, h-~ter1is, dissimilar. -Deviating from 

established opinion.

8 GEN 

II. 

Ortbo-dox, opeos, ~rthus, correct. Soundness in opinion 

and doctrine. 

Para-dox, 1rapa, para, contrary to. A seeming con. 

tradiction. 

. Pseudo-dox, 1J1EV~7/S, ps~udes, false. 

GAMOS, faV-.', a marriage. -:-- GAMEa, 

fap.'''', I marry, I mia::. 

A-GAlIt!..!ST, a, a~ not. An unmarried person. 

Ama-l-gam, ap.a, ama, togetber. A mixture of metals. 

Bi-gam..ist, f3tS, bis, twice. One who marries a second 

wife wbilst tlle first is living. 

Miso-gam-ist, P.IG'E"', mis~o, I bate. One who dislike,vs, p~llls, many. The state of having 

several whes. 

./' GENa, r.v"" I become. - GENNAD, rEvva;', 

Iproduce. 

HYDRO-GEN, {/8c.Jp,lt-udUr, water. A gas so named, because 

wben combined witb oxygen, water is produced. 

Oxy-gen, o~vs, ~xus, an acid. A gas so called, on 

account of the property it possesses, of cJmnging n 

great number of substances witb which it unites into 

the state of acid. Vital air. 

G:ENOS, rm" ldnd, nature, or race. 

I-IET.F.RO-O:ENE0l!S, ~TfPO~ 'H-et'ifr'Us, dissimilar. :Having. 

contrary qualities.

:'1 

-.'1 I) jj 

., I 

GR.A. 9 

l-!omo.gCI1COUS, ~p.os, "-~mlls, the same. Having the 

~l same nature. 

GONIA, r,ma, an angle. 

DECA-GON, 5EKet, d'iJl,a, ten. A figure having ten equal 

sides and angles. 

Dia-gom,l, 5"", dia, through or across. Applied to a 

line drawn from angle to angle. 

Dodeca.gon, 5w5EKet, dijdl!ka, twelve. A figure haying 

.twelve equal sides and angies. 

Endeca.gon, I-Iendcca-gon, ~J!oEKa, h-'ifllr1iJka, cleven. 

/ 

IIepta-gon, E7M"a, h-epta, seven. 

I-Iexa,;,gon, ~~, h-~.r, six. 

Octa-gon, OK"O, okto, eight. 

Penta-gon, "'EM'e, p'iJnt'iJ, fiye. 

Tetra-gon, ..e"pets, tiJtrets, four. 

Tri-gon, -rpE1S, treis, three. 

GRAMMA, TPetp.p.et, a letter, a character. 

GRAMME, rpetp.p.'I), a line, any writing. 

AGRA1I1MA-TIST, ee, el, without. An unlearned man. 

Ana-gram, ava, ana, again, back. The transposition of 

the letters of a name, so as to compose some other 

word. 

Chrono-gram, Xpovos, chr'i5nus, time. A verse or inscription, 

in which the numeral letters, joined together, 

show the date of the year, or ofsome event. 

Dia-gram, lilet, diet, through. The delineation of a 

geometrical figure. 

Epi-gram, E"', epi, upon. A ~bort poem on one subject.

10

GRA 11 

Chryso-graphy, xpvaos, chrus~s, gold. Writing in,letters 

of gold. 

Cosmo-graphy, KO(fP.OS, kosm~s, the world. Description 

of the entire world, or the science which teaches the 

structure, the form, and position of the worlll, relative 

to the other parts ofthe universe. 

Crypto-graphy, "purrT"', krupto, I hide. 'Writing in 

secret characters. 

Ge-o-graphy, '}'77, ge, the earth. Description of the 

surface of the earth according toits several divisions. 

Hagio-grapha, &'}'lOS, h-agt6s, holy. The Jews divide 

the Old Testament into three parts. I. The Law, 

which comprehends the five books of 1\loses; II. 

The Prophets; and }II. The Writings, termed by 

them Cetubim, and by the Greeks Hagiographa, 

whence the word has been introducer} into the Euglish 

language. The Cetubirr{ comprehended the books. of 

Psalms, Proverbs, Job,. 'Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, 

Chronicles, Ruth, Lament:ltions, Ecclesiastes, and 

Esther. The Hagiogl'apha were distinguished from 

the prophecies because the matter contained in them 

was not received by the way of prophecy, but simply 

by direction of the spirit. 

Horo-graphy, wpa, h-ora, hour. The art of dialling. 

1-1ydro-lnetro-graph, from oooop, h-udZh', water, and p.erpov, 

nletron, a lneasurc. An inrltnllTICnt for measuring 

and recording the quantity of water or other fluid 

discharged in a given time. 

Ichno-graphy, 'xvos, icl!1l~s, a mark. 

Ichthyo-graphy, 'X8vs, ieMl",s, a fish. 

fish. I 

The gronud plot. 

A description of 

. Icon~-g~aphy, EUi"'V, eikon, image or picture. A descnptioll 

of statues or images. 

Ker.amo-graphic, frOnlIiEpap.ts, keramis, a slate. A name 

g,ven toa globe lately invented uy 1\1r. Addison;

12 GRA 

l'\ . (I 

, 

i 

j 

which may he used as a slate, whereon pupils arc' 

able to _delineate their exercises. 

Lexico-grapher, A'~l/

LOG '13 

KOSMOS, Koo-p.o" the UJorld. 

IIIACIlO-COSM, l'aKpor, 71lakrl!S, large. The whole world. 

·In opposition to microcosm. 

l\Iega~cosm, J1.ryas, megas, great. The great world. 

Miero-eosm, I"Kpor, 7Ilikrlls, little. The little world. 

Man is so called as representing the world in miniature. 

KRATOS, KPCl.T~;,power.-KRATEO, Kpam' J 

, I rule. 

.\ 

ARISTO:CRACY, aptUTOS, arist'6s, the best or noblest. 

That form of government which places the supreme 

power in the nobility. 

Auto-erat, aUTor, alltos, self. One who governs by 

himself. Au absolut~ monarch. The autocrat of 

Russia. 

. Demo-craey, ~71I'Or, demos, people. A form of government 

in which the common people have the chief 

power. .. 

Gynmeo.·eraey, "(wa'Kor, gunaikos, gen. of "(vV7), gw';;, 

a woman. Female governmerit. 

Ochlo-crncy, OXAOS, oc!lTos, a multitude. 

- DE~lOCRACY. '. 

The same as 

Theo-cracy, :JEor, t"';fOs, God. A government like that, 

of the J eW5, under .the immediate direction of the 

Divine Being. 

LOGOS, Aoyo" a word, discourse, reason, ratio 

- L:EGO, l ....y"', I say, I tel!, or I speak. 

:1 AEIlO-LOGY, U71P, aer, the air. A discourse relating to 

the nil'. 

Amphibo_logy, ul'pllloAor,'amp"ibo!os, doubtful. A 

:' discourse. of uncertaiu menning. Ambiguity of ex 

C

14' LOG 

pression. It is distingnished from equivocation, which 

means the donble signification of a single word. 

Ana-logr, ava, ana, with. An agreement or resem ... 

blance. 

Antho-Iogy, aveos, anth~s, a flower. A description of 

flowers; figuratively, a collection of beautiful passages 

from different authors. 

Apo-loguc, mro, apo, from. An allegorical discourse 

contrived to teach some moral truth. - Apo-logy, an 

excuse. 

Astra-logy, aU7pov, astron, n.. star. The science· which 

pretends to forctel events from the appearance of the 

stars, an altnow exploded. See l\1ANTEIA, p. 19. 

Bio-Iogy. See BIOS, p. 6. 

Bronto-Iogy, {3P0V'T7/, brontii, thunder. A discourse on 

thunder. 

Cata-Iogue, "aTa, kata, down. A list of things one after 

the other. 

Chiro-logy, XElP, chitir, a hand. 

signs lnadc WIth the hands. 

The art of talking by 

Chrano-logy, xpovos, cll1"onos, time. A discourse relating 

to time. ~ 

Cranio-logy. Sec Cr.ANIOSCOPY. 

Dacty-logy, oalCTvAos, daktulos, a finger. The com.. ( 

munication of our thoughts by signs made with the 

fiugers. ~ 

Deca-logue, o,,,a, ditka, tcn. The teu commandments. 

Dia-logue, 01, di, two. A discourse between two 

persons. 

Doxo-logy, oo~a, aoxa, glory. A form of giving glory 

to God. 

Ee-logue, Etc, ek, from, or Qut of. A selection, a choice; 

thus the Eclogucs .of Virgil are a selection from his 

Bucolics, or !'astoral Poems. Sec BUCOLICS

:1 

i 

LOG 15 

Entomo-Iogy, EVTOP.C., ent()ma, insects. A treatise rclath-°c 

to insects: EVTop.a, from EV, en, in, or into, and 

TEJ1.VW, temn;:;, I cut, because insects nrc nearly cut 

into two parts. 

Epi-logue, E1I"l, epi, upon, at the end of. A speech at 

the end of a play. The opposite to prologue. 

Etymo-logy. The derivation or origin of words. "There 

exists, in the most ancient languages of the East, a 

word, which, if written in Roman characters, we 

should prononnce TUM, or Tnt. It signifies, literally, 

perfection, and figuratively, truth or justice. This 

word, united among the Greeks to the article E, and 

lengthened by the syllable os, became the adjective 

ETU!L0S, E-tum-'ds, nncl signified true or just. The 

Greeks afterwards connecting this adjective with the 

substantive Logia (knowledge or discourse), formed 

the word E.iumo-logia, and which, consequently, signified 

perfect knowledge, and they designated by it, the 

knowledge of the origin and value of words. 1Vc are 

far removed from the wisdom of the Greeks, when we 

consider Etymology:is a frivolous kind of knowledge, 

we confound the thing with the abuse of it." See 

]J[onde Primitifanalyse et compare avec Ie 11fonde ]Jfodeme. 

Par ]Jf. Court de Gebelin. Tom. III. Chap.lO. 

Eu-logy, Eli; ell, well. 

Praise, panegyric. 

Genea-Iogy, j'EJlEa, genea, a generation, origin. Tho 

enumeration of the descendants of a family. 

Genethlia-Iogy, 'YE.

16 LOG 

Ichthy-o.logy, 'X8us, icllthus, a fish. A treatise on the 

lIature and properties of fish. 

Log-arithm, from ap16j.tos, arithm'&s, nurilbcr, signifies 

" the ratio of numbers," or a number in proportion 

with another. Logarithms are numbers in arithmetical 

progression, which answer, term for term, to other 

numb,ers which arc in geometrical progression. 

Logo-griphus, i'ptrpos, griph'&s, or 7pl7rOf, gripos, a net. 

A kind of riddle, proposed to students for solution, 

in order to exercise and improve the mind. 

Logo-metrical, from 7\0705, [j)gos, a ratio, and J1.ETpOV, 

melron, a lneasurc'. The logometrical scale is a scale 

fer the measuring of ratios. 

lIfeno-logy, /-''lV, men, a month. A register of months. 

Meteoro-logy. Sec METEOR. : ;J['I~ /' fJ . - 

l\:lono.loguc, p.ovos, munos, single. A soliloquy; the 

part of a drama in which a person speaks to himself. 

lIfono-poly-logne, 'lI"OAVS, p~lus, many. The title given 

by Mr. Matthews to an entertainment in which he 

performs several characters. 

lIfytho-logy, /-,u80s, mutMs, a fable. An explanation of 

the fabulons history of the heathen divinities. 

Necro-Iogy, v."pos, ntfkr~$, dead. An acconnt of persons 

who are dead. 

Nco-logy, PfOS, n{f()s, new. The formation of new words.; 

or a new application of old words. 

Noso-Iogy, from "ocros, n~s~$, a disease, signifies literally 

a treatise or discourse on diseases. The term; 

however, has been appropriated to a methodical 

arrangement of diseases. 

Dno-logy, avos, vn~$, an ass. A foolish way of talking. 

Onto-Iog)~, 01lTOS, ()lltos, gen. of '-'v, on, a being. The 

science which considers the various distinctions and 

affections of beings.

LOG 17 

Ornitho-Iogy, opu.90s, ~rnitM9, gen. of 0PUIS, ~rnis, a 

bird. A description of birds. 

'Philo-logy,

18 MAN 

Sy].]ogism, lTVV, (sui, for) sun, with. Reasoning. An 

argument composed of threcpropositiol1s or reasons. 

Tauto-logy, Tavro, tauto, the same. The repetition of 

the same words.· 

Theo-Iogy, I'1EOs, th'if6s. God. The science which in_ 

structs us ill the knowledge of Ged and divine things. 

Zoo-logy, twos, ~oos, living. A treatise on living creatures. 

The description of the animal kingdom, as 

botany is that of the vegetable, and mineralogy that 

of the fossil kingdom. Natural history, properly 

speaking, embraces the whole of this department of 

knowledge, though occasionally but improperly restricted 

to the first. Sec' LOGos, p. 13. 

MACHE, MaX'1, afight. 

ALECTORO-MACIIY, a}.£/ITO!p, ali!kti.ir, a cock. Cock-fighting. 

Alcclron is from a, from, and At;ICTpOV, l?kt1'o1l, 

a couch or bed, because the cock rouses men from 

their beds. 

Logo-machy, "A07os, lfJg'tJs, a word. . A contention about 

words. 

l\fono-machy, p.apas, monos, single. A single combat. 

Nau-machy, pews, naus, (whence navis, Latin, and nayr, 

naval, etc., English) a ship. A sea-fight. 

Pan-stereo-machia, from 1Tav, pan, aU, (F'UpfOS,. stereos, 

solid. The name given by 1\1r. Bullock to a repre_ 

sentation of the celebrated battle of Poictiers, consisting 

of upwards of 1500 solid figures, modelled with 

the strictest regard to historical truth in appropriate 

costume and arms. 

MANIA, Mav,a, 'l1!adne.~s,or folly• 

.\NTHO-lIIANIA, aJl8os, anth'6s, a flower. 

fondness for /lowers. 

An extravagant

MET 19 

Biblio-mania, {31€i1l.0S, bibZus, or {31€i1l.10V, bibli~n, a book, 

The rage of possessing scarcce!Jr curious books. 

MANTEIA, Mavwa, divination, or magic. 

See ApPENDIX. 

MANTHANO, Mayeay"" I learn. - MA 

THESIS, Mae~crl" learning. 

Opsr-MATHY, o'fe, ~ps1!, late. An education begun late 

in life. 

Philo-math, pl1l.e"" pltil1!;:;, I love. A lover oflearning. 

Poly_mathy, ,,"o1l.us, p~lus, many. The knowledge of 

several sciences. 

MARTUR, MapTvp, a witness. 

MARTYR, one who by his death bears witness to the 

truth; one who suffers death for the cause of virtue 

or religion. 

Proto-martyr, ""P"'Tos,priit~s,the first. The first martyr; 

a name given to St. Stephen. 

Pseudo-martyr, l/teuo'lS, ps1!udiis, false. A counterfeit 

martyr, or false witness. 

,. 

METRGN, 'M'Tpov, a measure. - 

M'Tp'''', I measure. 

METREO, 

ANEMO-1\tETER, -o.VE}J.OS, anem(Js, ·-the wind. An instrument 

to measure the force and velocity of the wind. 

Al'reO-lneter, apc1,loS', araws, thin. An instrllmc~t ~ to 

measure the density of fluids. 

Daro-meter; f3apos, bar~s, a weight. An instrument to 

. measure the weight of the air. 

j, 

I i'. 

I, 

!

20 MET 

ChronO-lucter, XPOVOS, chr'dnos, time. An instrument 

for the exact n1cnsuration of time. 

Dia-meter, a"., dia, through. The line that passes 

through the centre of a circle. 

Dynamo-meter, from ouVafUS,. dunamis, power. An 

instrument by which is measured the comparative 

strength of men and animals. It is in use at the 

American gymnasiums for ascertaining the relative 

powers of the gymnasts and the increase of power 

gained by exercise. 

Eudio_meter, EtJOtct J eudia, 'purity of air. An instrument 

to measure the purity of ai~ . 

Ge-o-metry, )'11, ge, the earth. Geometry' signified, 

originally, the art of measuring the earth: at present 

it is used to denote the science of extension, or ex... 

tended things, that is, of lines, surfaces, and solids. 

The Egyptians are asserted to have been the first 

inventors of Geometry, and the annual inundations 

of the Nile to have been the occasion; for that river 

bearing away all the bounds and landmarks of men's 

estates, and covering the whole face of the c~untry, 

the people were obliged to distinguish their lands, by 

the consideration of their figures and quantity; and 

thus by experience and habit formed a method or art 

which was the origin of Geometry. 

Hydru-meter, t\awp, It-ltdor, water. An instrument to 

measure the specific gravity of water. a~d other fluids. 

Hygro-meter, tJ/,pos, ll-v..gr'&s, moist. An instrument to 

measure the degrees of mo'isture in the air. 

Mano.meter, /Aavos, manos, thin. An instrument to· 

show the rarity or density of the air. 

:I!'Hctrc, from /AETpOV, 71lel1'On, a nieasurc~ Speech confined 

to a certain' number of harmonical syllables. 

Rhythm respects time only, and comprehends music 

and dancing as well as poetr)": metre respects the

NOM 21 

I 

llime and the order of the syllables, and only extends 

to verse. 

Photo-meter,

22 aNa 

nomy was so called, because this last part of the 

work of 1\1oses comprchends a repetition, or recapitulation, 

which that legislator made to the Israelites 

before his death, of 'the law he bad before delivered 

to them at large. 

Eco-nomy, O'ITOUS, a, a, not, without. Nameless., Being 

Witllout signature. 

l-!om-on),ny, Jp.os, !l-omos, similar. A term applied 

to words similar in their orthography, but of different 

Incanings; as "spring, a fountain; n " spring, a season 

"of the )'cor; 11 " spring, a leap," &c.

OR·A 23 

l\fet-onymy, p.ETa, "wla, change. A figure of speech 

in which one word is put for another, as the cause for 

the effect. 

Onomato-preia, from OVO}.'ctTOS, tlnomatos, tlIe genitive 

of ovop.a, onoma, and '1fDlEW, jJoieo, I make. A figure 

of speech, by which a name is made to imitate the 

natural sound of the thing it signifies, as "cuckoo." 

The South Sea islanders cal1ed a gun a tick-tic-hoo. 

Par~onymous, 'lrapa, para, ncar. A term applied to 

words which 111'C near, or which resemble each .other 

in sound, but differ in their orthography and signification, 

as " heir, air, woe." 

Patr-onymic, 'lraT'lJP, paler, father. Derived as a name 

from ancestors. 

Syn-onymy, (fUV, sun, with. 'Vords of the same signification. 

I 

,ORAMA, Opo,f

ORA 

the building in negen!'S Park, it has been supposed 

the term is formed of BIr, dis, twice, and Drama. But 

it is to be observed, that, if several paintings of the 

same kind were exhibited, each painting would constitute 

a IJiorama. To the first meaning, however, 

it must be confined when only one scene is presented, 

as in an ingenious toy made at Brussels. 

Cosm-orama. The exhibition thus named consists of 

several distinct paintings (seen through a magnifying 

glass) of different places in each quarter of the world 

(/cOUIlOS, k~sm~s, signifiesf.~~e wOJld), , 

- tIL. r. J . 

I\Iyri-orama. (Sec I\IrRIAD.)'i' The 1\1yriorama consists 

of sections or fragments of'landscapes on 24 cards, 

so ingeniously contrived, that any two or more 

placed together will form a pleasing view. ,The 

variations which may be produccd by these 24 

cards, amount to the almost incredible nnmber of 

620,448,401,733,239,439,360,000, the magnitude of 

'i:hieh cannot be better illustrated than by the following 

observations: - Supposing it possible to effect 

one of these changes every minute, night 

and day, to produce them all it would require 

1,180,457,385,337,213,545 years, 75. days; that is 

to say, if all the inhabitants of this globe (computing 

them at 1,000,000,000, of which, according 

to common calculation, they fall considerably short) 

were employed in the task, it would take them 

1,180,457,385 years to complete it: which is more 

than 196,742 times the period which has clapsed since 

the Creation of the 'VorJd." Supposing the space 

occupied in length by each of these landscapes 

(when the whole of the cards arc employed) to be 

a yard (and it is nearly donble), they "'ould, by 

being placed one after the other, cover the length 

of 352,527,500,984,795,136,000 miles, that is, 

" Taking it at 6000 years.

PHA 25 

14,101,100,Og9,g91,805 times the circumference of 

the globe":. to travel ovcr which, a man.._walking 

at the rate of four miles an hour, ,vould reqnire 

10,060,716,gS2,gOS,768 years, 26g days, and 8 hours." 

Since the publication of the 1\1yriorama there have 

appeared four other pictures.of the Same kind. 

IIyper-myri-orama, from V7rfP, ll-up'€r, above, or superior. 

" The advantage (says the pUblisher) which 

the Hypermyriorama has over other works of this 

kind, is, tl~at the views arc selected from nature." 

Marin.:.orama, from the Latin word 1narinus, "be.. 

. longing to the sea." 

Pan-orama-copia, from the Greek .".av, l>«n, all, ami 

the Latin copia, abundance. 

Cho~i-orama, from XWptOV, c!lorwn, a place. 

PASCHO, IIM%""Isuffer, orJeel.-PATHOS, 

rr"e." feeling. 

JEI-PA'I'llY, aEl, llei, continuat 

Anti-path)', aVTl, ~nti, against. 

A-pathy, a, a, not, without•. 

feelhig. 

A continual passion. 

Au aversion or dislike. 

Insensibility or want of 

Sym.pathy, qVV, (S.'Im) sun, with. A fellow or mutual 

feeling. 

Patho-gnomy, -yIV",qlC"', ginijskij, I know. Sec PHY- 

SIOOcNOltlY". ,. ".) 

/-:..! t 

PI-iAGO, ,,1''''' I eat. 

ACRIDO.PItAGl, alCpl~os, akrid6s, gen. of alCols, ams, a 

locust. People who feed on locusts. 

• Taking the circumference at 25,000 miles. 

D

26 SKI 

Ade-phagy, ao'lV, aden, much. Greediness. 

Anthropo-phagi, avOp"'''os, antTn'opos, a man. Canni. 

bals or men-eaters. 

illso-phagns, OL~, oW, I carry. The gullet or tube that 

reaches from the mouth to thc stomach. 

Ichthy-o-phagy, 'XUvs, ic1LtTl1Is, fish. 

eating fish. . 

The practice ot 

Sarco-phagus, (fapKOS, s""leos, gen. of cr"p~, sarx, flesh. 

A name given to a tomb, bccause the flesh is consumed 

therein. 

PHONE, (D""1], speech, or sound. 

A-I'HONY, a, ", not, withont. The loss of speech. 

Caco-phony, «"KOS, 1cak'tJs, bad. Bad pronunciation. 

Eu-phony, ,v, Ifu, well, good. An agreeable sound, a 

graceful flow of words; the contrary to harshness. 

Sym-phony, (fUP, (s!lm) sun, with. Harmony of sound; 

that part of a tunc which is snng or played between 

the words of a song. 

N 

PHTHOGGOS, (DOoyyo" 

a sound. 

Dr.PIITIlONG, 0'5, dis, twice, double. The coalition of 

two vowels in one sound, as ai in praise. . 

Tri-phthong, -rpm, trlfis, three. The coalition of three 

vowels in one sound, as eau in beauty. 

SKIA, ~KLCt, a shadow. 

A"PIlI-SCII, a,.,." amphi, on both sides. The inhabitants 

of the torrid zone; so called, because their 

shadow falls sometimes to the north, and sometimes 

to the south, according to the position of the sun.

SICO 27 

Anti-scii, ~V'T" anti, opposite. A name given to the 

people who inhabit the same meridian, in opposite 

hemispheres, and therefore whose shadows at noonday 

fall in contrary directions. 

A-scii, a, a, without. The inhabitants of the tropics; 

so called, because, at a certain time of the year, they 

have no shadow at noon. 

Hetcro-scii,' ETfPOS, 'l-eterus, another, different. The 

l,eople who live between the tropics and the polar 

eireles; so called, because those on the north have 

I . their shadows always in an opposite direction to those 

on the south, and vice versa. 

Peri-scii, 1repl, peri, about, around. The inhabitants of 

\,! the earth within the ,polar cireles; so called, because 

their shadows turn all round them in the space of one 

of their days, or rather during the six months that 

the sun remains on their horizon. -.,. 

[, 

'I 

1" 

r 

SKOP:tt,O, :S"orrEI

--, 

28 . SKO 

Epi-scopal, from cpi-skopos (Errl, 'i!pi, oyer, upon), which 

in its primitive acceptation denoted any inspector or 

overseer: it was afterwards applied to a Bishop, that 

is, one whose duty is to overlook, or take Care of, a 

Christian church or congregation. 

Helio-scope, 1]7\IOS, "·iiZiils, the sun. An instrument to 

look ut the sun without offence to the eye. 

Horo.scopc, &pa., h-ora, an hour. The configuration of 

the planets at any particular time, such as the hour of 

one's birth. 

H )'gro-scope, {rypos, ".ugr'1ls, moist. An instrument to 

show the different degrees of moisture in the air. 

Ral-cido-scope, I

STE 29 

with considerable felicity: some of the figures stanti 

out well from the laudscape, and the whole performance 

is highly creditable to the ingenuity and industry 

ofthe inventor, who is, we understand, a young lady." 

Courier, July, 1824. [SELENa-scorIA is formed from 

O'fA7]V7], s~liJnii, the moon, and O'K07rla, sk~pia, objects 

seen.] 

Tele-scope, '1"7]11.., ti!i~, distant. An instrument to view 

~istant objects. 

The contmll 

Urano-scopy, ovpavos, ouranos, heaven. 

pIation of the heavenly bodies. 

SPHAIRA, };(jJlXlplX, a sphere, or globe. 

ATMO-SPHERE, a'1"p.os, atm~s, vapour. The body of 

vapour that surrounds the earth. 

Hemi-sphere, ~,."O'vs, h-iimisus, half. The half of a 

globe. 

Plani-sphere, 'lrAavvs, planus, plain. Therepresentation 

of one of the spheres on a plain surface. / 

STELLO, };'1"EAAOl, I send. - STELLOMAI, 

};.,.fAAo/-,,,a, I convey myself. 

ArO-STLE, e:t1l"0, apo, from. A messenger; onc of the 

twelve men our Saviour sent forth to preach the 

Gospel. 

Epi-stle, E7rl, ~pi, upon, to, unto, a written communi.. 

cation sent to a person at a distance. An epistle, in 

'conveying our thoughts, in a manner conveys our-. 

selves to another. 

Pseudo-~postle. ""EvollS, ps(fudes, false. 

D (\ 

A false apostle.

so 

TEC 

STICHOS, ~"""O;, a rank or rOto;· order, a lme 

or verse. 

ACRO.STIC, aKpos, a~..rl5sJ the top, extremity. A short 

piece of poetry, of which each verse commences by a 

letter ofthe name of the person or object which forms 

the subject marked by order of the extremities. 

Di-stich, 01, di, dis, two, twice. A couplet. 

Hemi-stich, fJlJ.lCTVS, It-;;niisus, half. HaIfa verse or line. 

1\Iono.stich, P.OIl0S, monos, single. A composition ofone 

single verse. . 

SULLABE, ~vi.A",f:~, a syllable. 

Sn-LADLE, (sul, for) sun, with; and labi!, AaflfJavw, 

[ambano, I take together. A syIlable is properly thc 

letters which are comprised (taken together) in a 

single emission ofthe voice. 

Dis-syIlable, 0,,·di, two. A word of two syIlables. 

lVlono-syIlable, flovos, m~n~s, single. A word of one 

syIlable. 

Poly-syIlable, ",oAv" p~lus, many. A word of several 

syIlables. 

Tri-.yIlable, "'pElS, trl!is, three. A word of three 

syIlables. 

) 

T.f:CHNE, T,,,v~, art, or science. 

ARITIIJ\l-E-TlC, apt(Jf'0r, arithm~s, and TIK1], like, a contr'action 

of 'UXII1J, techne, an art, a number. The 

science of numbers. - Arithmo-meter. "A French 

.artist has lately obtained a patent for a machine so· 

caIled. A person unacquainted with figures may, 

by. this machine, be made to perform all the rules of 

arithmetic. The most complicated calculations are 

done as readily and exactly as the most ·simple; and 

.,j

THE 3] 

I 

,I 

sums in multiplication and division, of seven 01' eight 

figUl'es, rcquire no more time than those of two or 

three. 11 

Technical, belonging to arts. 

rtlnteo-techny, P.a.TCl.IOS, matalos, yain. A vain or un· 

profitable seience. 

Poly-technic, ,,"o;\ur, p~lus, many. Relating to several 

arts, as the Polytechnic School in Paris." 

Pyro-technic, 'I1"Up, pur, fire. 

TH't~OS, €lEo" 

Relating to fire-works. 

G~d. 

Aro-TIlEoSIS, "'11"00,061, ap~th1f(jii, I deify, I rank among 

the gods. A deification or addition to the number 

of the gods. 

A-theist, ", a, not, without. One who believes" there is 

no God. 

En-thnsiast, .v, en, in. First applied to one WllO pretended 

to d"'ine inspiration, and afterwards to one of 

warm imagination. The word is derived from tho 

Greek Ev8eos, entlzNJs, or Ev8ovs, enthous, divine" who 

has God in him - as applied to prophetic enthusiasm. 

~ A man animated in an extraordinary manner with 

the spirit" of God. 'Wheuce the verb EvOoVC1,at." 

~ntll'6usiaz(j, and the noun Ev8ovcru,urjAos, enthousiasmos, 

enthusiasm. One writer defines enthusiasm, to be a 

transport of the mind, whereby it is led to think and 

imagine things in a sublime, surprising, yet probable 

manner. The sublime he thinks a necessary ingredient 

in the definition, as being the proper effect and production 

of enthusiasm. This is the enthusiasm felt 

in poetry, oratory, music, ,painting, sculpture, &c. ; 

but this enthusiasm is very different from that attri. 

buted to the priestesses of oracles and heathen gods, 

which was little else than fanaticism, and consisted 

prineipaUy in grimaces, and contortions of the body. 

See PREFACE.

.' 

32 TlJP 

lIIono-theism, p.ovos, 11l~n;;s, single. The doctrine oC 

one God, as opposed to Poly-theism. The Jews 

were Mono-theists; the Gentiles, Poly-theists. 

Pan-theon, ".av, pan, all. A large temple at Rome, oC 

a drclibr form, in which the statues ofall the heathen 

divinities were placed. 

Poly.theism, ".ol\;., p~llls, many. Plnrality of Gods. 

Theism, lihos, tM~s, God. The opinion of those who 

simply acknowledge the existence of God, without 

believing in revealcd religion. 

Thco-logy. See LOGos, p. 13. 

Thea-cruey, «pU.T~S, krat'6s, "dominion. A government 

like that of the Jews, under the immediate direction 

of the Divine Being. 

Tur6s, T"""o,, that by whiclt any thing is prefigured. 

A printing letter. 

AnClIE-TYl'E, apx'1/, archii, chief. } The original from 

Proto-type, ",pwTos,prot~s,the first. which a thing is 

Pro-type, "'pw, 1'ro, belore. formed. 

Stereo-type, from UT€P€O

PART 11. 

A 

VOCABULARY 

OF 

WORDS DERIVED FROM 1'HE GREEK; 

A. 

A-BYSS, $. from a, a, not, without, nnll (3U(1'O'OS, bussos *, 

a bollom. A bottomless pit. 

Academy, $. from aKaO'lI''''' akadiJmia, the name of a 

public sehool at Athens. The word is now used to 

designate a society of persons, established for the 

improvement ofknowledge ; thus we say, "the Royal 

Academy." The word also implies a school where 

)'oung persons arc instructed in a private way. 

Ache, s. from axos, aeMs, pain. Continued pain. 

Acme, s. from aKft1), akmiJ, a point. The summit of 

any tl~jng, the crisis of a disease. 

Acousticks, $. from aKOVW, ak~uii. I hear, and ....XV'l. 

tcehne, an art. The theory of sounds• 

... From b"th~s, which also signifies" a bollom," we 

have taken the prefix - but - to denote the bottom or 

end of a thing, as when we speak of " the but-end of a 

guu."

AGO 

Acrido-phagi, s. Sec PHAGO, p. 25. 

Acro-spire, s. Sec AKRosp"'E. J S -._ 

Acro-stic, s. See STICHOS, p. BO~ C.. 0.,"'.>: 

A-damant, s. from a, a, not, and OUj.lCX61, damao, I break, 

is a term applied to a stone of impenetrahlc hardness. 

Ade-phagy, or Aden-phagy, s. Sec Pn.'Go, 'p. 25. 

A-dccatist, s. from a, a, not, and OEl(aTOS, dekatos, a tenth. 

One who is exempt from paying tithes, or who refuses 

paying them. . 

lEgis, $. from at')'lS, aigis, a goat's skin (at~, ai:rJ a goat). 

The shield ofthe heathen goddess Pallas was so named, 

because covered with the skin of a goat. 

lEi-pathy, s. Sec PASC/to, p. 25. 

lEolus, s. The heathen god of the winds. The name 

seems derived from awi\os, aioRJs, various, because the 

winds over which he presides arc ever varying. 

Aero-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

Aero.maney, s. Sec MANrEIA, p. 19. 

Acro-naut, $. from anp, aer, the air, and vct.UTlJS, naules, 

a sailor. One who sails through the air in a balloon. 

Acro-station, $. from· al1P, aer, the air, and laTa/.leU, 

istamai, I remain. TJIC art or practice of sailing 

through the airin a balloon." . • 

lEther, s. from aI071P, ait";}r, the shining air, i. e. "the 

. highest or purest air," and thus it differs from the 

. common air (aer) which is dark and heavy. 

lEtna, s. from alOw, ait"o, I burn. A volcano or burn . 

ing mountain in Sicily. 

A-gamist, s. 

See GA'roS, .1;'.8. 

Agonistes, s. from a'l'wv, ago", contention. A prizefighter. 

- Milton wrote a poem called Samson 

Agonistes. /

ALP 35 

Agony, s. from "'Y"'V, agon, contention, struggling, 

writhing -hence excessive pain, great distress of 

mind, as they produce writhing or convulsion. 

A-grammatist, s. See GRAM'IA, p. 9. 

Agrosto-graphy, s. See GRArHE, p. 10. 

Air, s. See lETIlER. 

Ake, s. See ACHE. 

Akro-spire, s. from ""pas, akrli!, the top, and rr"Elpc

56 ANA 

Amal-gam, $. See GAMEO, p. 8. 

A-maranth, s. from a, a, not,- and p.apcuJlw, 7lIuraino, J 

fade. A flower supposed never to fade. 

A-mazon, s. from a, a, -not, without, and I·m~or, ma~$, 

a breast. A nation of warlike women were called 

Amazons, from the practice of cntting off one of their 

breasts, that they might be enabled to handle their 

weapons better. 

A-m-brosia, s. fr,?ffi a, a, not, and [3poToS, br'6tlSs, mortal. 

The imaginary food of the gods. 

A ..methyst, s. from a, not, without, and p.E9u(J'U, '11lethusis, 

intoxication. A stone of a violet colour, so termed 

because, when mixed with spirituous liquids, it was 

supposed to prevent intoxication. 

A-mnesia, s. from a, not, pV1JO"IS, mnesis, fJ.VTJp.rJ, '11memo, 

or JLJ/7](fTU, 1nnestis, memor>". Forgetfulness. 

A ...mnesty, ·s. from a, not, and JlJl11UTlS, mnestis, remembrance. 

An act of general pardon for crimes committed 

against government. 

Amphi-bious, adj. See BIOS, p. 6. 

Amphibo-logy, $. See LOGOS, p. 13. 

Amphi-scii, $. See SKIA, p. 26. 

A mphi-theatre, $. from af'ept,amphi, both (on both 

sides, double), and ~.aTpos, theatr~$, or &eaTpov, 

theatr'm, a theatre. See THEATRE. A building of a 

circular or oval form, having rows of s~ats one above 

another. . 

Ana-baptist, $. See BAPTIZO, p. 6. 

Ana-chorite, An-chorite, $. from ava, ana, again J 

and 

X"'P'''', clloreo, I "eparate; A monk who leaves his 

convent for a still more austere life. A hermit or 

solitary person. 

Ana-chronism, $. See CH&ONOS, p. 7•. 

Ana-gram, s. Sec GRAllIl\tA, 1'. 9,

ANE 37 

, Ana-leptic, aly. from. analepsis, recovery, (from ava, 

, ana, again, and 7I.~'lils,.I",psis, taking, receivingj. A 

, term applied to medicines that ,'evive and strengthen. 

Ana-logy, s. See I,oGos, p. IS. 

Ana-lysis, s. from ava, ana, again, find l\VCIJ, lua, I dis.. 

solve. The separation of a compound into the parts of 

which it consists. To analyse a compound word is to 

distinguish the etymon or root; the prefix,. and the' 

desinence 01' termination. The opposite to Synthesis• 

.A.n-archy, s. See ARCH';, p. 5. 

Ana.thema, s. from ava, ana, apart, and ;;~p.a, thema, a 

thing put. That which is put apart for holy purposes, 

3 victim for sacrifice, a person _sacrificed as a 

victim to' a particular cause, a curse, a person scpo... 

rated (put apart) as being under a curse. Anathema 

is also used to denote the curse 01' censure pronounced 

in excommunication. Excommunication is the act 

of excluding a pel'son from the participation of holy 

mysteries. 

An~tomy, $. frOlll'ava, ana, apart, and 'TEfJ.J/W, t~mno, I 

cut. . Dissection; or the nct of separating and examining 

the parts of animal bodies. 

Anchor, s. from Ct'Y"vpa., agku1'a " (IWpTOS, kurt'6s, a cUl'ved 

hook for ,fishing), a curved iron instrument, which, 

being fastened to the ground by means of a cable 

attached to it, keeps a ship from driving. 

Andro-ides, s. from avopos, andros, of a man, and flOOS, 

1!idOs, form. A term under which some scientific 

writers have classed all the Automata made to imitate 

the human form. 

A-n-ecdotes, s~ from a, a, not, and ElCOOTOS; (fkd'6t'6s, 

published. A circumstance not publicly known. 

Anemo-gmphy,s. See GRArnE, p. 10. 

Anemo-melel', s. See :METREO, p. 19. 

E

,J 

38 ANT 

Anerno-scope, s. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. 

. n 

Angel, s. from ayy€}..}.."', agg'i!llo; I deliver a message, 

A spirit employed by God to manifest his will (that 

is, tocdeliver his orders) to human beings. 

A-ll..odyne, adj. f~om a, a, ~ot, and ol)uv7J, idune, pain. 

A term applied to substances which assuage pain. 

'A-nomaly, A.nomy, s. See NO>IOS, p. 21. 

A-n-onymous, adj. See ONO>IA, p. 22. 

A-n-orexy, s. from a, a, not, and 0PE~IS, orexis, appetite. 

·Want of appetite. 

A-n-osmia, $. lrotn a, a, not; and oup:t}, osme, smel! 

(at"', ~zo, I smell). A loss of the sense of smelling•. 

Ant-agonist, s. from aJ/7Z, anti, against, opposite, and 

a7",vIlTT11S, ag"iYnisles, a combatant. One wI", opposes 

another. 

Ant-arctic, a4i. {rDln anI, anti, against, opposite to, and 

apKTo', arkt~., the bear. Relatiug to the south pole. 

Sec ARC'l'lC. Austral-asia is the designation given 

in modern geography to a fifth great division of ,the 

globe, including New Holland and other islands, 

because they arc to the soutlt of Asia. Auster is the 

Latin word for the south wind, or the south pm't of 

the world; 

Ant-arthritic, adj. from aVTI, anli, against, and apOptT", 

artltritis, the gout. A term applied to medicines 

"gainst the gout. 

Ant-h.elmintics, adj. from avn, anti, against, and 

EAP.tv(JOS, h-elmintllos, gen. of EA/llPS, lz-elmins, a ,vann. 

A term applied to medicines given to destroy worms. 

Antho-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. IS. 

Antho-mania, s. Sec lIfANIA, p. IS. 

Anthro-pophagi, s. See PRAGO, p. 25. 

Anti.chronism, s. Sec CHltoNOS, p. 7.

APO 39 

Anti-dote, s. from CU'Tt, anti, ngainr,t, and ()Cl)'fU'11, datine, 

" thing ghoen. A medicine administered to prevent 

the bad e/fects of any injurious thing taken into the 

stomach; and figuratively, an expedient to prevent 

the bad tendency of any opinion or doctrine. 

Anti-nomy, s. Sec N~MOS, p. 21. LL L~-,~;:

I 

40 ARC 

books of the Apocrypha were cxcluded from the list 

of canonical books rluringthe first four centuries of 

thechurch; therefore hidden from the public. _H It 

is generally agreed, that these books were neyer 

admitted into the Hebrew canon: they were all com_ 

posed after the sacred catalogue was closed: there 

are none of them to be fouud iu Hebrew, all of them 

are in the Greek; except the 2d Book of Esdras, . 

which is only in Latin. The Books of the Apocrypha 

are admitted to be read (in the church of England) 

for' an example of life and instruction of manners, t 

according to the language of our 6th article, which 

is an expression adopted fronl Jerome. tI - Reet'es's 

Bible. 

\ po-lague, s. } 

1\po-logy, s. 

See LOGOS, p. IS. I Ij_ • 

Apo-phthegm,s.from a1rO, ap~,from orforth, amI rpOE')ipa, 

pllthegma, utterance. A remarkable s(1ying, a valuable 

maxim, uttered on some sudden occasion:" 

Apo~stacy, s. from ct7rO, apo, from, and lU'J'7]lJl, istemi, I 

stand, keep away. A departure from principles once 

professed. - Apostate, from ap~stati:s, a deserter. 

Apo-slle, s. See STELLa, p. 29. 

Apo-~trophe, s. from a:rro,ap'd, from, and (J'TPE~N,litrcph;;, 

. I turn. A figure or mode of expression, in which the 

speaker breaks off abruptly, and·directs his discourse 

to some other person. In grammar, a notc of contraction, 

like a comma; as, tho', for though; fov'd, for 

loved. 

Apo·t1ieosis, s. See THEas, p. SI. 

ArICo-meter, s. See :i.\1ETREO, p. 19. 

Arche-type, s. See Turos, p. ·S2•. 

Archi-grapher, s. Sec GRArHE, p. 10. 

Archi-tect, s. from apxos, arcMs, the chief, and 7"

ASM: 41 

Arctic, adj. from apKTOS, arkt~s, a hear. Belonging to 

the constellation calied the Bear, which is in the 

northernhemisphere; hence the word A RCTIC is applied 

to all that relates to the north pole, as, "The Arctic 

Expedition." Sec f1.NTARCTIC. 

Areo-pagus, apew7rctl'0s, a1'';hllpagos, compounded of 

apews,arei'6s, and 7fa..yos, pagos, ", The hill of 1\la1's," 

where .was held the supreme conncil of Athens 

[apeos, arl!'6s, genitive case of Ap7Js, Al"es, Mars, 7ta,,/os, 

pag'6s, a hill or mound]. The court of Areopagns 

was the most sacred and venerable. tribunal of all 

Greece. See Acts, chap. xvii. v. 19. In this court 

all causes were heard in the darl::, in order that the 

senators might not he influenced by seeing either 

plaintiff or defendant. 

Aristo-cracy, s. Sec KRATEO, p. 13. 

Arith-metic, s.. See 1\IETn>:o, p. 19. 

Ar-thritic, s. See ANTARTHRITIC. 

Aromatic, 8, from apw/U:t, a1'oma, an odour. A terlU 

applied to snbstances which have an agreeable spicy 

odour and pungent taste. 

Ar-rhaphostic, from a, a, not, and pa!fJ?1, "!zal'MJ, a sciun. 

" Patent arrhaphostic shoes" arc shoes n~ade ~rom a 

single piece of leather without any sea"'; 

~-5bcstos, s. from a, a, not, and (1(JEVVl:1/-U, sb~nn1lmi, 

I destroy by burning. A fossil so called, because it 

is capable of resisting the power of fire. The ancients 

formed it into cloth, and it is at present used in the 

Eupyrion (see EUPVRION, p. 64), because it is able to 

resist the power of the acid employed in that preparation. 

, 

Ascetic, s. from aCTK7JT7JS, asketes, one whony emplo)'ed 

in cxercises of elcvotion and mortification. 

A-scii, s. Sec SKU., p. 26. 

A~mato.graphr,s. See GItArUE, p. 10. 

y. 3 

II

42 A X I 

Asparagus, s. from o.lT7rapal'0s, crsparag'(,s, a gcilcral tet"Th 

for )'oung plants, beforc thcy unfold their leavc•• 

- Asparagus, with us, is restricted to a particular 

plant well known in kitchcn-gardens. 

A-sphyxia, s. from 0" a, not, and uepu~tS, splmxis, a pulse. 

That state of the body during life in which pulsalion 

cannot be perceived. 

Asthma, s. from auOp.a, asthma, a difficulty in breathing, 

A difficult, laborious, and painful respiration. 

Astro-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

AHtro-nomer, s. Sec NOMOS, 'p. 21. 

Astro-Theology. 

Theology formed on the oysermtiln 

of the celestial bodies. Sec TIIEOLOG" i'ey L. ( .'. 

A. sylum, s. from a, a, not, and ","haW, sulao, I pillage. 

A place of safety, a place free from pillage. 

A-theist, s. See T,IEOS, p. 31. 

Atmo.sphere, s. See SPHAlr.A, p. 29. 

A-tom, s. from el, a, not, :lnd T

B n A 

B. 

BAPTIS'!, s. Sec BArTO, p. 6. 

Baro-meter, s. Sec lI1ETItEO, p. 19. New Barometer. 

Mr. narth of Strns!mrgh has published his discovery 

of a Barometer which will announce every change .of 

the weather 30 hours before it happens. This instrument, 

which, in the time of Galileo, would perhaps 

hnve conducted the inventorinto the prisons of the inlJuisition, 

will, it is asserted, give notice of thulltlerstorms 

12 hours before they OCcur. 

Base, s. from f3o.(nr~ basis, that on which any thing stands, 

the lJottOln of any thing; hence used in a figurative 

sense, as synonymous with low, mean. 

Basis has the same origin as BASE. 

naro-scope, $. Sec SKOPEO, p. 27. 

Bible, s. from {3'€l\os, bib[('s, or (3,€,\IOV, bibli~n, a book. 

The llatnC given to the sacred volume in which UfC 

contained the revelations of God. In" similar 

manner the Mahometans gh'e the title of Alcora" to 

lite book which contains the precepts of their religion. 

Alcoran is formed of the Arabic words ai, the, and 

kordn, book. It is well to remark that it is as erroneous 

to say "The Aleor:m," as it would be to say 

"The Thebible." Sec" The Koran, commonly 

calle,1 the Alcoran, of l\Iohammed," translated into 

English by G. SALE, London, 1734, 

Riblio-grapher, s. Sec GItAPnO, p. 10. 

!3iblio.mania, s. Sec MANIA, p. 18. 

Biblio-theca, s. 1!t7)~7), I"iik;:, a repository. A library. 

Bi-gamist, s. Sec GA'IOS, p. 8. 

Rio-graphy, s. Sec GnAFno, p. 10. Sec also BIOS, p. G. 

Dotan)', s. from (3oTaV7), bolan;:, an herb. That part of 

natural history which trents of plants, herbs, and 

nowers. 

Drachy-graph)', s. Sec GItAFnO, p. 10.

44 CAC 

Broma, fro;" fJpwila, broma, food of any kind that is 

masticated and not drank. 

Bronto-logy, s. See LOGos, p. 13. 

Bucolic, a(lj. frOln povr, b'6us, an ox (whence bou-kolas, 

a shepherd or herdsman). A term applied to poetry 

in which shepherds or herdsmen are represented as 

speaking. - In composition, bous or bou, means 

"large :If" or "much;" hence we have Bn-limy 

(linitis; hunger), which signifies an enormous appetite. 

- Bou-cephalus, the celebrated horse of Alexander, 

received its name on account of its large head. See 

eEl'HAI.-ALOIA. 

Bullet, s. from fJo7l.'I), b~le (fJCf.7I.7I.w, ballo, I throw), th~ 

action of throwing, or the thing thrown. 

I i 

I 

CABAL, S. by some, is derivedfl"Om the noise made by the 

trampling of horses, in Greek, Kaga7l.1.1js, kaballes: by 

others it is said to be of true English origin, al1(l of 

no higher authoriW than the time of Charles II. 

who, according to Goldsmith, "was beset by some 

. desperate counsellors." The principal of these 

As/. 2ft V were Clifford, Ashby, Buckingham, Arlington, and 

. L ~ Lauderdale; a junto distinguished by the appellation 

the "Cabal," a word formed of the initial letters of 

their names. 

C. 

Cach-exy, s. from KaKOS, kak~s, had, and ~~'" h-i!xis, a 

habit. Such a habit of body as hinders nutrition and 

weakens the vital functions• 

.-..: CaeD-ethes, S. from Kalms, kalc'tJs, bad, and ?]611J elhe, custom. 

.A bad custom. The word is 'seldom used alone, 

but generally in combination with some other word: 

as, Cacoethescnrl'enrli, a rage for collecting;' Cacoethes 

.. In like manner, we use the word" horse," when 

we speak of a "horsc.. radisl)~" a ." horse.-Inugh. n 

•.

C A '1 '45 

loquelldi, a rage for speaking, II wish 01' itching to 

speak frequently in,public; Cacoethes scribendi, an, 

itch for writing. He has the cacoethes scribencli; that 

is, he is an arrant scribbler. 

Caea-phany, s. Sec PnONE, p. 26. 

Calea-graphy, s. Sec GRAPIIO, p. 10. 

Cali-graphy, s. Sec Gl~APna, p. 10. 

Calis-thenic, from "aXos, l({JI~s, fair, and crOeI/OS, stMfnus, 

strength. Calisthenic exercises, are exercises devised 

for giving strength and elegance to the female figure. 

Capno-mancy, s. See ArPENlllx. 

Cardi-algia, s. Sec ALGas, 1" 4. 

CatuNcomb, s. from Ko:ra., kala, below, nnd IWfL€os, 

kumblls, a hollow place. A subterraneous cavity for 

the burial of the dead. 

Cata-lague, s. Sec I,aGos, p, 1S. 

Cata-ract, s.. from KetTet, kala, duwn, anel fJCJ.(f(Jw, rlwsso, I 

. dash against. A cascade or fall of water. 

Cata-rrh, s. from KetTa, kala, down, and pEW, rllev, I flow. 

The disease commonly called a cold in tlle head. 

Catn-strophe, s. from fla.'ra, "'-ala, against, and (T'fpeq>w, 

str'tpho, I turn. The change which produces the final 

eyent in a dranlatic poem, or tragedy; whence it 

usually means nn unhappy conclusion. 

Catc-chism; s. A form of instruction by question and 

answer; or oral instruction, as distinct from 'Written 

instruction, and accommodated to thosc who could not 

rend. The word is fanned of lect"rct, kata, from side 

to sidC', and 71XoS, ~chus, a sound, in allusion to the 

noise made in this sort of exercise, or to the zenl antI 

earnestness with wl1ich things nrc to be inculcated 

into tlIe luinds of learners. ....... 

Cntc-gol)~, s. from KCl.TCf., kala, according to, :mel Ctj'OpEW, 

(l:,(ih-eii, I, speak. A distinct arrnngclnent. 'rhe 

odjccth'c categorical is applied to whnt'is precise, a3 

(I a catrgOJical answer."

46 eRA 

Cathedral, s. from I

CHR 47 

Ohili-arch, s. Sec ARCHE, p. 5. 

Chiliast, s.f,'om X'A,as, eldlias, a thousand. One who 

believes that Christ will reign a thousaud years on 

earth before the general judgment. 

Chimera, $. from X'f'a,pa, chimaira, a goat. See ArrENDIX. 

~ _;-, 1/: .. 

Chiro-mancy, $. See ArPENIJIX. 

Chiro-Iogy, $. 'See LOGos, p. IS. 

Chiro-plast, s. frOln X£Lp, chfJ{r, hand) Rnd 7rAC!.r1'ff(J), 

plassu, I form j is the name given to n machine elnployed 

in order to form the hand for playing the 

piano-forte. 0 

Chir-urgy,s. The Engtish word surgery is a corruption 

of this word. Chirurgy is formed of XElP, eheir, a 

hand, and ffYYOV, ergon, a ,"ark, because surgical operations 

arc performed by the hand. 

Choler, s. from XOA.'I), cll~lii, bile. Passion. The ancients 

supposed that °a superabundance of bile produccd a 

disposition to anger. Sec lVIELANClIOLV. 

Choro-graphy, $. See GRAPIIE, p. 10. 

Christ, $. from XP'CTTOS, ehrist6s anointed. Hence used 

as a title of Jesus.. The Anointed, The Christ. It 

is of the same import as the Hebrew word :MeSsiah. 

So St. John expressly informs us. John i. 20., and 

iv. 25. ~II. The word Christ somctimes denotes the 

Christian. church, or that society of which Christ is 

the hcad, as 1 Cor. xii. 12. 27. - III. It denotes 17/C 

doctri"e of CIlIist. Eph. iv. 20. - IV. The ben,!!its 

ifChrist. Heb. iii. 14. - V. The Christian Spirit {met 

Temper. Eph. iii. 17., Gal. iv. 10. Parkllllr.\t., 

Chromatics, s. from xpwl,a, chroma, colour. That part 

of optics which explains the several properties of the 

colonrs of light, and of natnral bodies. Chromatic is 

* ThewonI"Jesus" means Saviour. Seel\Tatt. i. 21.

CLE 

a term applied to a species of music which proceed. 

by several semi-tones and minor thirds. 'Why it 

received tills denomination is not very clear. "Xp",p.a 

(chrama) may, perhaps, not only signify a colow', but 

that shade ofa colour by which it melts into another, 

or what the French call nuance. Ifthis interpretation 

be admitted, it will be highly applicable to scmitoncs; 

which, being the smallest inten'al allowed in the 

diatonic scale, will most easily run into another. If 

(Ellcy.Brit.) "The ch""matic species of music is 

admirably fitted to express grief and affliction." 

Chromato-graphy, S', Sec GRAPHE, p. 10. 

Chronic, adj. from Xpovos, c/wonos, timc. A tenn 

applied to diseases which continue a long time. 

The word Chronicle has the same origin. 

Chrono-gram, s. See GRAl\UIA, p. 9. 

,Chrono-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

Chrono-meter, s. See l\1ET""O, p. 19. 

Chrysalis, s. from Xpvuos, chrusos, gold. \In natural 

history, a state of rest and seeming iuscnsibility, 

which butterflies, and several other kinds of insects, 

must pass through' before they arrive attheir wingeu 

or most perfect state. Many of the butterfly species 

appear superbly clothed in gold. These elegant species 

have obtained the names Chrysalis and Aurelia, 

which are deriveu from the Greek and Latin words, 

signifying gold; and from these all other bodies of 

the same kind have been called by the same name, 

though less or not at aU entitled to them• 

...J' Chryso-preia, s. from xplJdOr, cllrusos, gold, and 1rOfEW, 

powii, 1 make. The supposed artof making gold. 

Chyle, s. from XVAos, cllldils, jniee or liqnid. The 

milk-like fluid formed in the stomach by digestion, 

anu afterwarus changed into bloou. 

Clepsyura, s. from 1

eLI 

Cler"Y, from I

50 COM 

in the following instance: H After we have practised 

good actions awhile, they become easy; and when they 

urc casy, we begin to take pleasure in them; and 

when they please us, we do them frequently; and hy 

frequency of acts, a thing grows into a habit, and 

confirmed habit is a second -kind of nature; and so 

. far as any thing is natural, so far it is necessary, and 

we can hardly do otherwise; nay, we do it nlany 

times when we do not think of it."- Dr. 'l'illotson. 

~oflin, s. from HO¢WDS, kophinos, n coffer or coffin. The 

chest in which a dead body is usually put for inter 

1nent. Being put into a coffin was by'the ancients 

. considered as a mark ofthe highest distinction, though 

with· us the poorest people have their coflim. At 

this day, in the East, they arc not at all made hSC of. 

Joseph II. Emperor of Germany,.in 1781, enacted 

a law by which the interment of dead bodies was 

prohibited; nay, it was ordered that they should be 

buried in bags, amI covered with qnicklime, in order 

to promote their pntrefaetion, and prevent the exhalation 

of noxious vapours. The regulation met 

with so universal and decided an opposition, that the 

monarch was speedily indnced to repeaHt. 

Comedy, So Sec AEIDO, p. 1. 

Comet, s. A heavenly body in the planetary region, 

appearing snddenly, and again disappearing; and, 

during the time of its appearance; moving in its proper 

orbit like a planet. The popular division of comets 

into tailcd, bearded, and hairy, rather relates. to the 

different circumstances of the same comet, than to the 

phenomena ofseveral._ ThuS", ",-hen the comet is westward 

onhe sun, and sets after it, the comet is said to 

be tailed, hecause·" train of light follows it in the 

manner lIf a tail; when the comet is eastward of the 

sun, and moves from it, the comet is said to be 

bearded, because the light is before it in the manner 

of a beard; lastly, when the comet and the sun are 

diametrically opposite (the earth between them), the 

I 

) 

(

COS 51 

train is hid behind the body of the comet, except a 

little that appears round it in the form of a border qf 

!lair; and from this last appearance the word comet is 

derived; the Greek word 1

52 C 11 I 

Cosm-orama, s. See 0 RA)lA, p. 2S. 

Crime, s. from "ptp.a., l.:·'l"ima, a transgression of the law. 

" It is a melancholy truth, that among the ,""riely of 

actions which men nrc daily liable to commit, no less 

than 160 have ueen declared by act of parliament to 

be felonies without benefit of clergy; or, in other 

words, to be crimes which incnr the penalty of capital 

punishment, that is, death." In distinguishing between 

words often esteemed synonymous, we m3)p 

remark, that actions contrary to the precepts of 

religion, arc sins,· actions contrary to the principles 

of morals, are called vices; and actions contrary to 

the laws of the state, arc called crimes. Consistentl)· 

with this, a sin is the object of Theology; a vice, of 

Ethics; and a crime, of Jurisprudence. 

Crisis, s. from "PIC"'S, krisis, the act of fOlming a jndgment. 

The sudden change of symptoms in acnte, 

febrile diseases, indicating recoyery or death; it 

denotes also the point of time at which any affair 

comes to its height. 

Criterion, s. from "pt'T'1]pfOV, kriteri~n, a mark by which 

any thing is judged of, with regard to its goodness or 

badness. . . 

Critic, s. from KptPw, krillu, I discern. One who is 

capable of judging in matters of literature, and able 

to distinguish the beauties and £~ults of writing; it is 

also used to express a person apt to find fault. 

Critical, adj. from KpWW, krino, I discern. Exact, nicely 

judicious.- CRITICAL DAYS. l\fany physicians have 

been of opinion, that there is something ,in the nature 

of fevers, which generally determines them to be of a 

certain duration; and therefore that their terminations, 

whether salutary or fatal, happen at certain periods of 

the disease, rather than at others. These periods are 

called critical days• . The critical dap are the Sd, 5th, 

7th, 9th, lIth, 14th, 17th, 20th.

eye 53 

Crypt, s. from "purrT"', leruplo, I hide. A slIbterraneous 

cellm', or vault, especially under" church, for the 

interment of particular families or persons. 

C"ypto-graphy, s. See GRAPHE, p. 10. 

Crystal, s. from "purrTCJ.1\.1\.os, lcrust"IWs, icc. The term 

crystal seems to have been first applied to rock crystal, 

for, from its hyaline appearance, and its being procured 

among cold mountainous regions, in which icc 

is to be found in all seasons of the year, it bears a 

much nearer resemblance- to icc than any other crystallized 

substance; and was at first supposed to be 

nothing more than water indurated by continued 

frost to a greater degree than COlnmOll icc, and there.. 

fore morc permanent. The tertn was, however, afterwards 

used in a more extended sense, and applied to 

all substances, uniting, after a separation of their 

lJarticlcs, into a regular figure. Thus the term is 

used to express salts congealed in the manner of 

crystal. 

Cube, s. from "ugos, lcllb~s, a die. A regular solid 

body, consisting of six square aUlI equal faces 01' 

sides, with the angles all right, and therefore equal. 

- CUBES AND SQUARES OF NUMBERS. The square 

root of a nnmber is that which, multiplied by itself, 

produces the square, thus, 

1 1 

1 1 

1 1 

:; is the square root of 9, and 9 is the square of 3. 

The cubes oreubitnumbers arc fonned bymnltiplying 

any numbers twice hy themselves, thus 3 is the cube 

Tool of 27 (3 times 3 arc nine, and 3 times 9 arc 27), 

and 27 is the cube of 3. 

Cyclo-predia, s. from KUKXOS, kukl'6s, a circle, and '1TaIBerlT, 

lJaideia, instruction. A course of the sciences. The 

term has of late been applied to books which, without 

pretending to exhibit the entire circle of the sciences. 

F 3

DES 

convey a familiar and instructive exposition' of the 

most important of them. Of the various books published 

under the title of Pocket Cyclopredia, that 

edited by 1\lr. l\1ILLA RD is, perhaps, the best that can 

be named. It is' riot a lncre compilation, as, in consequence 

of the public situation held by the editor, he 

has been enabled to give an accurate and interesting 

view of the various branches of thesciences, either 

from his personal knowledge, or by the assistance of 

some of the first practical men of the metropolis. 

Cyclops, s. A race of men of gigantic stature, who 

inhabited the western part of Sicily. They arc said' 

to have had but one eye, and that in the middle of 

the forehead; whence their name, ''"''ADS, kuklas, a 

circle, and 0''''' ops, an eye. The tradition of their 

having but one eye originating from their wearing 

bucklers which had a small aperture in the middle. 

Cylinder, $. from "vAw5w, kulindo, I roll. A body 

]laving a circular form. 

Cynic, 8: from' ICVVllCOS, kU1Zikos, dog-like. A term 

applied to a critic who is too apt to find fault. 

D. 

DAeTY-LOGY, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. 

Deacon, s. from OlCtI{OVOS, diakonus, a minister, whose 

office is to assist the priest at the altar. 

Deea-gon, $. See GONIA, p. 9. 

Deea-logue, ,s, See LOGOS, p. 13. 

Dem-agogue, s. See AGO, p. 4. 

Demo-eraey, $. See KRATOS, p: 13. 

Demono-latry, $. from oa,p.wv,· daimon, an evil spirit, 

and AaTp

l 

D!A 55 

- Deutero-nomy, s. Sec NOMOS, p. 21. 

Diadem, s. from 0,,,01)1-''', di"diJma, a mark of royalty 

worn on the head. 

})i-reresis,from lim:, dia, asunder, and atpew, aireo, I 

take. The disjunction 01' separation of letters, as in 

the word "erial. The act of dividing. 

Diagnosis, ,so from ota:YWCc.lO'KW, diaginosko, I know 

thoroughly, signifies the distinction of the nature of 

one disease from that of another resembling it, by 

means of a collected view of the symptoms. Sec 

PnOGNOsIS. 

\ 

Dia-gonal, s. See GONIA, p. 9. 

Dia-gram, s. Sec GRA]IMA, p. 9. 

Dialect, s., from O,a~EI('TOS, diaa!kt~s, a dialect, which is 

_from the verb O',,7I.E'YOf'''I, diareg~mai, I discourse. 

T!,e peculiar language of some province, or part of 

a nation,. formed by corruption of the general or 

national language. In Great Britain, almost every 

county has a dialect of its own; all differing considerably 

in pronunciation,_accent, and tone, though 

the language is the same. 

Dialeetics,~. (S~e DIALECT.) That branch of logic 

which teach~s the rules and Inodc of reasoning. 

. Dia-Iogue. Sec LOGOS, p. IS• 

.Diu-meter, s. See :lVIETRO, p. 19. 

Din-pason, $. from ata, dia, through, and 1rQS, pas, all. 

A chord in music including all the tones. 

Dia-phanous, adj. from 0,,,, dia, through, and

-::-. 

56 DIL 

Dia-r-rhrea, s, from Ola, dia, through, aud P~"" r!leo, I 

flow. A looseness. 

Din-stoIc, s. from ala, dia, asunder, and uTe]..]..w, slt!IUJ, 

I stretcb. The dilatation of the heart, the opposite 

to 8gstole. . . 

Dia-touic, aev, a tcrm signifying the ordinary s"rt of 

mU5ic, which proceeds by tones or degrees. It contains 

only the greater and l.csser tonc t and the greater 

semitone. Diatonic is compounded of o~a, dia, n 

preposition signif),jng 3 transition from one thing 

to another, and the substantive TOVOS', tonos, which 

imports n given degree of tension. See TONE. 

Din-tribe, s. from ala, dia, through, and "P!(Jw, irivu, 

I weal'. A tedious disputation. 

Didactic, adj, from oloaCT""', didasko, I teacb. A terl11 

applied to writings which inculcate moral prccepts. 

Dj-lemma, s. from DU', dis, twice, and A1Jfl.fl.a, lemma, 

an argument. An argument condsting of two or 

more propositions, so dispo>ed, that, grant which you 

will of them; yon will be pressed by the conclusion: 

as in the following celebrated dilemma. " A youth 

named Evathlus engaged with Protagoras to leal'll 

dialectics, upon condition that he should pay him a 

large sum of money the first cause he pleaded, in case 

lie gained the same. Evathlus, when fully instructed, 

refused to pay the condition. Protagoras brings his 

action, arguing thus: 'You must pay the money 

, hOWCVPT the cause go; for if I gain, you must pay 

, in consequence of the sentence, as being cast in the 

, cause; and if you gain it, )'OU must pay in pur 

, sunnce of onr. covenant.' 'Nay,' Evathlns retorts, 

t which way soever the cause is decided, you will 

'have nothing; for if I prevail, the sentence gives 

, it that nothing is due; and if I lose, then there 

'is nothing due by the covenant.' It is said't1mt 

the court, unable to decide in favour of either party, . 

ordered them to appear a hundrcd years aftcrward~

DIS 57 

to receive judgment." The word is nOw commonly 

used to express a difficult or doubtful choice; a vexatious 

alternative. 

Dio-astro-doxon, s. from om, dia, through or by, acrT7/p, 

aster, a star, and oo~a, noxa; glory. The name given 

to a machine constructed lately by :1\1r. Lloyd, and 

intended to show the glory of the stars. See E! 

DOURANlON. 

Dio-cese, ,5. Sec OIKEO, p. 22. 

Di.orama, s. Sec OnA'lA, p. 23. 

Di-phth~ng, s. Sec PllTIIONGOS, p. 26. 

Diploma, s. from onI"A"'l-'a, diploma (o'7I"AOOS, 'dipWos, 

double), "double thing, or that of which there is a 

duplicate. It was originally a letter or writing of a 

sovereign, conferring a title or dignity, or granting 

some privilege, of which a duplicate was kept. These 

instruments were originally written on tables of wax 

fohled together, whence their name. The term is 

now restricted to the instrument by which a legalised 

incorporation, as a university or college, -confers n 

title or dignit)·, or a privilege to practise in a learned 

llrofcssion. 

Diplomacy is the knowlellge of the relations of 

independent states to each other. Diplomatics is the 

science of diplomas, or of ancient litcrar)~mOnUlTICnts, 

public documents, &c. Diplomatics is now more 

commonly usell to denote that branch of knowledge 

which ought to be possessed by an ambassador to a 

foreign court. The art of diplomatics has been 

cultivated with great assiduity by every country in 

Europe, for many )'ears past. The principal aim of 

the Corps Diplomatique (as the J1I'ench term ambassadors) 

is to discover the movements and intentions 

of their brethren, and to conceal their own. 

Disk, s. from 01(m05, diskos, " dish, also '" quoit. The 

face of the sun or any planet, such us it nppcars to us. 

Though rach of these bodies is nearl)' spherical, it

58 DUD 

appears as a circular plane, an,l this is the disk. Tllc 

disk of a leaf is the whole surface; the disk of a 

flower is the central part. The discus of the ancients 

is sometimes called, in English, qutJit, but improperly; 

the game of quoits is a game of skill. [Quoit is 

from the Dutch word ceele, and means something 

which is thrown at a certain object, placed-at a great 

distance.] The discus was only a trial of strength, 

as among us is the ga~e of throwing the hammer. 

[The discus was a dish, as above Incntioncd; it was 

also a hroad piece of stone or metal used in a gymnastic 

exercise, wherein he was victor who threw it 

highest, or to the greatest distance.] 

Dis-syllahle, s. See SULLABE, p. SO. 

Di-stich, s. Sec STIClIOS, p. SO. 

Docimasia, s. from Bolt,par""

EeL 59 

iJrllo-prcdia, the title of a work lately published relative 

to the Druidical System of Edueatioll. [For 

tho meaning of" pmdia," sec ENCYCLOP.JEIlIA.] 

Dryads, s. from lipvs, drlts, an oak. A species of female 

deities, supposed by the anciellts to preside over the 

woods. It is probable that the origin of the preceding 

word Druid has been confounded with the origin of 

the word now under consideration.. 

Dynamics, s. from OvvaJ.1.ts, clunamis, power. That 

llart of mechanics which has for its object the action 

of forces on solid bodies, when the result of that 

actiorl is Illation. 

Dynamo-meter, s. See lIfETltEO, p. 19. 

Dynast)", s. from OUVat1T1]S, clunastes, government. A 

race or succession of kings in the same line or famil)". 

Dys-pepsia,s. from livs, dllS, bad, and 1wrTW, pep/ti, I 

concoct. TInel digestion. 

Dys-pnrea, s. from livs, dlts, bad, and :1I"V'W, plleU, I 

. breathe. A diffieulty of breathing. 

E. 

ECCLESIASTIC, s. from EKKA1]lTtet, 'iJkklesia, the church. 

A person dedicated to the ministry. 

Echo, . s. from 71Xos, cch'tJs, n sound. 

sound. 

The return of a 

Ec-lectie, adj. from EIe, 'ek, out of, and AEICTOS, (Cl:t'6s, 

collected. One of those philosophers, who, without 

attaching themselves to any particular sect, took from 

any what they judged good. The term is now used 

as the title of a review. 

Ec-tips£.>, s. from EIC, tfk, out of, and AEf1rOO, !e,i/u, I leave. 

The obscuration or darkening of the luminaries of 

heaven. ~ 

Ec-Iogue, s. See LOGOS, 1'. 13.

60 EMP 

Eco-nomy, s. Sce NOMOS, p. 21.· 

Ec-sbsy, s. frOlTI EK, 'ek, ·out of.' and o'Tcto'lf, stasis, a 

standing. An excess ofjoy. Any passion hy which 

the thoughts are ahsorbed, and in which the mind is 

for a time lost. 

Eid-ouranion, s. from EJ150S, eiclt)s, a form,

ENe 61 

laid on any word or sentence, or peculiar fOl'CC impressed 

by style or pronunciation. The great importance 

of emphasi, may be seen by the following 

exampIe : - Will you call on me to-morrow ? Yes, 

Ishall cal/. - 'Vill you call on me to-morrow? No, 

but I shall call On .'/ollr brother. - 'Viii you call on 

me to-morrow? No, but I shall call on thefollowing 

day. - '/Till you call on me to-morrow? No, but 

my brother will. . 

Empiric, s. ii-om £}!7rEtplKOS, i!mp(firik"'(5s, one who makes 

experiments. One who practises the healing art upon 

experience, and not theory. This. is the, true sense 

in which it was originally applied, in opposition to 

the methodists, who were actuated by some theory or 

other; but it is now applied, in a very opposite sense, 

to those who deviate from the line of conduct pursued 

by scientific and regular practitioners, and vcnd 

nostrums, or sound their own praise in the public 

papers. [Nostrum is a me

62 E P I 

frequent in French, dcmnez Ie 1II0i (give it to me). 

est-ce llli (is it he), and particularly in parM]e, where 

tlte last syllable ofparle must be accented before the 

Enclitic. In Italian and Spanish the Enclitic is 

joined." (VaZpy's Greek Grammar.) Therc are others 

which" may be called Proclitics, as they ,incline the 

nccent on the following word: thus, i~l English, the 

article the is pronounced quickly, as ifit mnde part of 

the following word. In poetry it coalesces with it, 

ns ' Above lit..' Aonian mount.' 11 - Valpyo . 

En·comiurn, s. frOtn EV, en, in, amI HW}-4at'CAJ, kumazii, I 

celebrate in song. Praise, 

En..cyclo-predia, s. from lEV, en, in, KIJKAOS, l:ukl'tJs, a circle, 

and "al~ela, paidlfia, education. A work which treats 

of the whole circle of sciences. 

Endeca-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. 

En-demie, a,y. See DEnIOs, 1" 7. 

En.ergy, s. from EV, en, in, and EnOV, erg'tJn, work. 

Peculiar force. 

Enigma, s. from alVl'l'l'a, ainigma.. A term applied to 

that which is expressed in an· ambiguous manner. 

Enigmatically, (adverb) inasense which is diflerentfrom 

that which words in their familiar acceptation imply. 

Ennea-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. 

Entelcchia, EJlTEi\eXEla:, entewcllein.Thc state of a thing 

when complete, perfection, form; i. e. EIOOS,'cidt>s, one 

of the three great principles of creation held by 

Aristotle. "Of the secret workings of the spirit, 

enteleclda, or' soul, we arc not conscious."-Haslam's 

Lectures. 

Entomo-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. 1S. 

Enthusiast, s. See THEOs, p. S1. 

Ep-hemeris, s. from E71"1, IIpi, upon, and ~fl'P(l" 

a day. ,An account of daily events. 

Epi-demic, adj. See DEnIOs, p. 7. 

'l-'i!ma,

EPO 63 

Epi-dcl'mis, s. from E7I"1, epi, upon, and oepJ'(I., ([erma, 

the skin. The scarfor outer thin skin. 

Epi-gram, s. See GRAM>IA, p. 9. 

Epi-logue, s. See LOGos, p. 13. 

Epi-phany, s. from Em, epi, upon, and epCUVCIJ, plzaino, I 

appear. . The commemoration of our Saviour's mani. 

festation to the world by the blazing star, which conducted 

the magi to the place where he was. 

Epi-scopal, ae[j. See SKOPEO, p. 27. 

Epi.stle, s. See STELLO, p. 29. 

Epi-s-ode, s. See AEIDO, p. 1. 

Epi-taph, s. frOlu E7rI, cpi, upon, and "aepo;, taph'6s, a 

tomb. An inscription on a tomb. The French 

have a proverb, ]'fenti>' eamme une epitaph; " To lie 

like an epitaph;" in allu·sion to the eulogics ordi. 

narily contained therein, which are not always rigidly 

just. 

Epi-thalamium, s. frOIn em, C!pi, upon, and ~aA.ap.os, 

thalamus, a marriage bed. A nuptial song. 

Epi.thet, s. from ~7I"l, IIpi, upon, and 'newu, titleemi, I' 

place. A word denoting any quality, good or bad, 

in the person or thing to which it is applied. In the 

phrase " Alexander the Great," great is nn epithet, 

inasmuch as it designatcsAIcxander in distinction from 

all other persons; it is an adjective, as it expresses a 

quality in distinction from the noun. Thus the same 

word is an cpU/let, as it qualifies the sense; it is an 

ndjective as it is a part of speech. 

Epoch, or Epocha, s. from .T'OX'l), IIp~che, signifies a 

resting.place, bnt appliecl to n time from which some 

dates nre numbered, nnd to a period of time dis. 

tinguished by SOlnc remarkable c\'cnt or cvent~. 

" The grand rebellion is an epaella in the Hi"tor)" of 

England." 

El'0ode, s. See ODE, p. I. 

G Q

EUT 

Eu-pyrion, 3~ from EV, Cll~ good, mul 7rVP; pur, fire. 

The 'name given to a newly invented fire-box. 

Erotic, avo from EpWTOS, ~rulos, genitive of EpCdS, (:1"-oS, 

love. Relating to the passion of love, as Erotic 

Poems. 

Ethics, s. from 7)Oos, iJlh~s. A system of morality. 

Ethnic,' Q(lj. from EOVOS, ctlmus. A pagan. 

Etymon, and Et)'mo-Iog)', s. See LOGOS, p. 13. 

n 

Ev-angelist, s. from EV, eu, good, and a"Y'YEAAw, aggtfllo. 

to declare. 'A nmne given to the writers .of the Four 

Gospels. 

Eucharist, s. frOln EvXaplCfTla, cllcharistia, thanksgiving. 

The sacrament in which we lhanlifllll!l commemorate 

the death of CllllSt. The Lord's.Sllpper. 

Eudio-meter, s. Sec l\IF.TllON, p. 19. '>.J. \.'\"\ It,.~ .. t,) ;:: \'f· 

Eu-logy, s. .See LOGOS, p. l~. t\ .; 

En-phony, s. (See PnmlE, p. 26.)-Eu--phollon. "Pinnock's 

Patent Grand Euphollon is submitted to the 

musical world as an instrument every way entitled to 

their notice and patronage. Its exterior bears a ncar 

resemblance to the upright gran'l piano-forte, but its 

interior construction is altogether different. It produces 

the most nlelodious sounds, and is n'mnrkablc 

for its sweetness, power, rm

GAM 65 

Ex~ergllc, s. from E~, eot, from or out of, and epi'oJl, (fr.. 

g~n, a work. The space between the work and the 

edge of a medal, on which the inscription is usually 

pnt. 

Ex-odus, s. from fE, ex, from or out of, and DUOS, od~s, 

a way. A departurc from a place. The second 

book of Moses is so called, because it descri"es the 

journey of the Israelites out of Egypt. 

Ex-orcise, v. a. from EC;t ex, out of, and OpICft"', t1rkizo, I 

abjure. To deliver from the inflnence of evil spirits 

by re]igious rites. 

Exotics, $. (rmn E~CI)Tl«OS, exotik'Us, foreign. Plants 

brought from a foreign country, or produced in it. 

F. 

FANTASY, $. from ¢CWTuCflU, phantasia, an appearance. 

Something imaginar~" subsisting only in the fane)'. 

G. 

GALAXY, s. from oya;>'a, gala, milk. A stream of light 

in the sky, so called from its white appearance. The 

"galaxy or milky way is composed of an infinite number 

of stars. 

Gamut, Gammut, s. The scale of musicaluotes. Guy 

of Arezzo, who reformed the church music about the 

year ] O~4, composed a musical scale with these six 

words, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, lao Afterwards he placed 

on the side of these notes, the following seven letters, 

A, B, C, D, E, F, G. And by reason that IlC placed 

the letter G (called ill Greek gamma) on the note 

which he Ilad added to his ancient system, the whole 

scale was therefore denominated, as it is to this dn)'J 

gamut. [Query. I 'Vas it not gamma."t?] 

G :3

66 GYM 

Genesis, s~ from I'€Vea'iS, gcnt!sis J a generation. The 

first book of Scripture is so termed, because it treats 

of the produetion of the 'yorld. 

Genca-Iogy, s. See J.ooos, p. 13. 

Genc.arch, s. See AnclIos, p. 5. 

Genethlia-Iogy, s. See Laoas, p. 13. 

Gco-chrono:'logy, $. from I'll, ge, the earth, and xpOJlOS, 

cllr~n~s, time. (See Looos, p. 13.) - Geochronology 

of Europe. The title of a map, published by 

1\1r. Harris, St. Paul's Church Yard, which exhibits 

at one view the geographical situation of countries, 

and the chronological succession of the soyereigns 

which have governed them. 

Geo-graphy, s. See GRAPllE, p. 10. 

Geo-Iogy, s. See Laoas, p. 13. 

Geo-metry, s. See lVIETRON, p. 19. 

- Ge-orgics, s. from ')''11, ge, the earth, and 'P'Y0v, ~rg~n, 

work; A poem relating to husbandry. 

Glossary, s. from ')'AW

HEP 67 

O'O""O'T'l/S, $~p1liste$, a sophist. A term applied to a 

sect of Indian phil9Sophers who go naked. 

Gynmco-cracy,. $.. 

See KRATOS, p. IS. 

H. 

HAGIO-GRAPlIA, $. Sec GRAPHO, p. 10. 

Halo, s. from ""OJs, h-alOs, area of a circle. A meteor 

surrounding the moon in the form of a ring. 

Harmony, $. from "ppav,o, h-arm15nia, an agreement of 

parts." See )\'fELODY. 

Harpy~ $. from "p7ratOJ, h-arpaz'ii, I snatch away. A 

fabulous kind of bird said to be exceedingly voracious. 

Hebdomad, s. from USapo, h-ebrI6ma, seven. A week. 

Hebdomadal publications arc those which are issue,l 

weekly. 

Hebe, $. from ~€'I/, h-ehi!, youth. The heathen goddess 

of youth. 

HecatoI)lb, $. from ~"oTav, h-ekat~n, a hundred, and 

(3avs, b15us, an ox. A sacrifice of a llUndred .oxen. 

Helio-scope, $. See SKOPEO, p. 27. 

Hemi-sphere, $. See SPHAIRA, p. 29. 

Hemi-stich,s. See STICIIOS, p. SO; 

Hemo-r-rhage, s. from al/Lo, h-aima, blood, and p'OJ, 

rMo, I flow. A flowing of blood. 

Hepta-gon, $. See GON'A, p. 9• 

. ~ " It appears that I-Iarmony, as we call it, was unknown 

to the ancients: they used that term as we use 

simple melody, when we speak of it as a thing distinguished 

from modulated air. The term melody was 

npplied ~ what we call (Air,' or 'Song.'''- Burney.

68 HYB 

Hept-~rchy,s. See ARCIlE, p. 5. 

:Heresy, s. {rmn alpEGu, h-airesis, n wrong opinion..- An 

opinion different from that received by the church. 

IIcro, s. fronl ~P(dS, h-eros, one that prescnoes. A man 

eminent for his bravery. 

Hetero.dox, s. See DOXA, 1" 7. 

Hetero-geneous, m{j. See GENOS, p. 8. 

Hetero-scii, s. See SKIA, p. 26. 

Hexa-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. 

Hier-archy, s. See ARCHE, p. 5. 

Hiero-glyphs, s. from I,pos, 1I-iifr'5s, sacred, and 7l.v'Pw, 

·glupllO, I carve. The symbolical characters used by 

the ancient Egyptiaus. 

Hippo-drome, s. from I".,ros, ',-ipp'i$s, allOrse, and ~pop.os, 

. dramas, a course. A racc-course. 

Homily, s. from hp.'l.

HYP 69 

species; these arc extremely common, and as produc. 

tive as the simple vegetable. /,' 

Hydm, s. from vowp, It-udor, waleI'. A term applied to 

a monstrous kind of water-serpent said to have 

several heads. It is supposed that the Hydra was 

a multitude of serpenls that infested the marshes of 

Lerna in Greece. These Hercules is said to have 

extirpated by setting fire to the reeds in which they 

lodged. The word is sometimes applied, as an 

epithet, to that which is productive of a multiplicity 

of evils. Thus, an outrageous mob is figurative])' 

termed" a hydra-headed monster." 

I-Iydr-a~llics, s. frOln ;'Bwp, ll·udur, water, and aVAos, 

aul'iJs, a pipe. The'science of conveying water hy 

pipes. 

Hydro-meter, s. See lIfE'fREO, p. 19. ~', ,~ t', ,1. '"He «.:- i"r- 

• 

H)'dro-metro-graph, s. See GR~rHE, p. 10. 

'\ I 

lI)'dro-stntics, s. fro"m {,owp, !l-udul', water, and C1TaTlK.,. 

stalike, the science of weighing. The science which 

treats of weighing fluids, or of weighing hodies in 

fluids. 

Hydro-gen, s. Sec GENO, p. 8. 

Hydro-phobia, s. from vowp, It-udor, waleI', and

70 JOT 

any thing is increased 01' decreased heyond the exact 

truth. 

Hyper-myri-orama, s. Sec ORAMA, p. 28. 

Hypo-chondria, s. A species of melancholy fOlme'ly 

supposed to arise from disease in the IIYPOCHONDRES, 

that is, those parts of the hody which lie under the 

false rihs. IIypochondres is formed of ~"o, "-1lP~, 

linder, and xovopos, chondr'6s, a cartilage. 

lIypo-thesis, $. from v7ro, Tt-upo, under, and iJ'E(nr, thesis, 

a position. A syslem formed on principles not absolutely 

certain. 

1. 

ICmlO-GRArIlY, s. See GRAr'lE, p. 10. 

Iehthy-o-graphy, s. Sec GRAPIIE, p. 10. 

Ichthy-o-logy, s. See LOGos, p. 18. 

Ichthy-o-phagi, s. See PIIAGO,. p. 25. 

Icon-a-clast, s. from ELKWV, eikun, an image, anUIi7\o.w, 

klao, I break. A destroyer of images. 

Icono-graphy, s. Sec GRArIlE, p. !O. 

Idea, s. from toea, idea, the image or resemblance of u. 

thing which, though not seen, is conceived by the 

mind. 

Idiom, s. from ,alOS, 1IZiOs, peculiar. A mode of speak_ 

ing pecnliar to a langnage. Thus," Is Mr. A. at 

home?" is a phrase conformable to the idiom of the 

English language. If we translate this into French, 

and 1'e-translate the expression into English, we 

should say, "Mr. A. is he at home?" This would 

be an English phrase, wntte!\ according to the idiom 

of the French language. 

Ido-Iater, s. from Ela",;\.OV, 1!idol'iJn, an idol, and },.arpEla, 

Zatreio, worship. One who worships idols. - 

Jot, or Iota, s. from 'WTa, iota, the name of the vowel i

LAC 71 

ill the Greek alphabet. These words are used in a 

figurative sense to designate the least quantity possible 

of any thing. 

' 

Irony, s. from ErpCAJVEta., eiro~eia, a mode of speech in 

which the meaning is quite contrary to the words. 

Iso-ehronous, adj. See CIIIIONOS, p. 7. 

K. 

KAL-EIDO-SCOPE, s. (Sec SKOPEO" p', 27.) "Musical 

Kaleidoscope. A very curious invcntion has becn 

made in the art of musical composition. Cards are 

prepared, on each of which a bar of an air is arrange!1 

according to a certain rhythm and key; Four packs 

of these cards marked A, B, C, D, are mingled 

together; and as the cards are drawn and arrangel! 

before a performer in the order of that series, it ,,,ill 

be found an original air is obtained. The invention 

may be called Musical Permutation. 'It has received, 

however, improperly, that of Musical Kaleidoscope." 

[Permutation is formed from the Latin word permltlo, 

I change frequently.] 

Kalo-gynomia, s. from ICa7l.os, !caWs, beautiful, and 'YUV'fI, 

gUM, 'woman; ,the title of n book relative to Female 

Beauty. 

Kemmo-graphic, adj. Sec GIlArHE, p. 10. 

L. 

LACONIC, adj. from AaIC",vla, Lakon;a, the nameofa country 

in ancient Greece, ofwhich Sparta was the capital. 

The Spartans being taught to think profonndly and 

to express themselves concisely, obtained such a habit 

ofanswering sharply, and were so remarkable forthe 

sharpness of their repartees, that" laconic brevity" 

became a by-word; and the epithet laconic is still 

npplied to a sentence that conveys much in a few 

words; such, for example, is that answer returned by 

Il,e Spart.~ns to a long epistle of an enemy, threaten-

72 LIT 

iog to destroy them by fire and sword: "if, ". that is, 

"do if you can." Or that epistle of Cresar to the· 

Roman Senate, after conquering Phnrnaces, King of 

Pautus, ]Teni, Vidi, riel; " I came, I saw, I COilquered." 

Lemma, s. a thing which is taken. This term denote. 

a previous proposition, laid down in order to clear 

the way for some following demonstration. 

Lexico-grapher, s. See GRAl'HE, p. 10. 

Litany, s. from AlTav..", litall~ia, supplication. A. 

solemn form of supplication to God, in which the 

priest utters some things fit to be prayed for, and tllC 

people join in the intercession, saying, "·We beseech 

thee to hear us, good Lord," &c. 

At first Litanies were not fixed to any stated time, 

but were only employed as exigencies required. They 

were observed, in imitation of. the Ninevites, with 

ardent supplications and fastings to avert threatening 

judgments of fire, earthquakes, inundations, or hostile 

invasions. About 400 years after Christ, litanies 

began to be used in processions, the people walkinO" 

barefoot, and repeating them with great devotion~ 

and it is pretended, that by this means seyeral counlries 

were preserved from great calamities. The 

days on which these were used were called rogation 

days: from the Latin word TOgO, I beseech. These 

were appointed by councils,until it was decreed that 

they should be used every month throughout the year, 

and thus by degrees they came to be used weekly on 

"\Vednesdays and Fridays, the ancient stationary da).• 

for fasting. To these days the rubric" of Qur church 

has added Sunday, as being the greatest day for as. 

sembling at divine service. 

;f Ru~ric, froul the Latin word Tuber, rcd; directions 

printed 111 books of law and in prayer-books, are 30 

termed, because they were originally distingi,i.hed by 

.1leing in rcd ink. .

Lye 73 

Defore the last review of the Common Prayer, the 

Litany was a distinct service by itself, amI used 

sometime after the morning prayer was o,'cr; at 

present it is made one office with the morning service, 

being ordered to be read after the third collect for 

grace, instead of the intercessional prayers in the 

daily service. 

Litho-graphy, s. Sec GRArHE, p. 10. 

I,it-urgy, s. from A'lITOS, ltiit'6$, public, and

74 MAN 

M. 

MACIIINE, s. in general signifies any thing that serves to 

nugmcnt or to }"cgulate moving powers, or it is nny 

hody destined to prodnce motion, so as to save either 

time or force. The word comes from fL'fJXa.vi], mecllalle, 

a machine. In strictness, a r~,achinc is something 

which consists morc in art and invention than in the 

strength and solidity ofthe materials, for which reason 

it is thatthe inventors ofmachines arc called engineers. 

The word Machine is nearly synonymous with 

engine, a term altogether modern, and bestowed 

chiefly on contrivances for executing work, in which 

much ingenuity and mechanical skill arc manifest. 

Indeed, the term engine is limited, by careful writers, 

to machines of considerable magnitude, or of considerable 

art and contrivance. Thus we say with 

propriety, a steam engine, and a fire engine; a copying 

machine, and an electrical machine. 

l\facro-cosm, s. See KOS'IOS, p. 18. 

Mamma, s. Some etymologists derive this word from 

the Greek papa, mama, or papp.a, mamma: but it 

appears that" this word, like PAPA, is one of those of 

which it is needless to seek the etymology in any 

language, and which is formed by nature in the 

mouth even of infants. In all countries infants begin 

to speak by pronouncing the labial letters (viz. m, b, 

p, j), because they are the most easily pronounced; 

and the first sounds which we hear from them are, 

ma, pa, em, &c. 

" TJlese 'words, thus dictated by nature, have been 

adopted by fathers and mothers in all countries. 

Thus, for example, in the Hebrew we find em; in 

the Syriac and Arabic, ~ma;in the Chaldean, imma; 

in Latin and Italian, mamma; in Spanish, mama; 

in the Dutch, mcm; and in German, memme.~J 

Mano-meter, s. See l\fETRON, p. 19. .

MAT 75 

,Mano-scope, s. See SKOTEO, p. 27 

Marty,r, s. See MARTua, p. 19. 

Mateo-techny, s. See TECIINE, p. so. 

~l\I~~ih-orama, S., See DRAMA, p. 23. [llfarinus is a 

" ,..Latin word, and signifies belonging to the sea.] 

r""'::" :Mathematics, s. from f'cdJ1]';.tet, '11wth2ma, a science. 

The science which contemplates whatever is capable 

of being numbered or mcasured. Mathematics is 

commonly distinguished into Speculative and Prac- 

,tical,. Pure and Mixed. Speculative :Uathcmatics 

simply considers the properties of things; and Practical 

l1Iatllematics applies the knowledge of those 

:. - properties to some uses in life. 

Pure l1Iathematics is that branch which considers 

quantity abstractedly", and without any relation to 

matter or bodies, as Arithmetic and Geometry. 

'l1fixed l1Iatllematics, considers quantity as subsisting 

in material being; for instance, length in a pole, 

depth in a l'iver, height in a tower, &c.-Pure l1Iathe 

-malics, again, either considers quantity as abstract or 

discrete t (these words are synonymous in this sense), 

and so computable, as Arithmetic; or as concrctef, 

" Abstraction is formed from the Latin words, abs, 

from, and traho, I draw. It is that operation of the 

Inind, whereby we separate things naturally existing 

together; and form and consider ideas of things thus 

separated. • 

ri" Discrete is from dis, a particle denoting separation, 

and cerno (of which the participle is cretus), I consider. 

'V:hen we speak of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, without 

applying them to any thing, they arc called discrete, 

Of, morc usually, abstract numbers; but if we say 2 

men, S womell, 4 boys, and so on, 2, 3, '4, become 

conC"cle numbers. 

* Concrete is from con, with or togcther, and (;erno. 

Sec the prcceding note. 

H 2

76 MET 

and so measurable, ns Geometry. lVixed l1fatllematics 

is very extensive, and is distinguished hy various 

names, according to·tllC different subjects it considcr~ 

and the different views in which it is tal\:cn, such 

as. astronomy, geograph)-, optics, llydrostatics, navi 

gation, &e. 

l\Icchanics, s. from J1.7JxaV11, 11lecllane, a machine. That J 

branch of practical mathematics which considers 

motion and moving }Jowers, their nature and laws, 

with their effccts in machines. (Sec lI!AellIlIE.) The 

term is equally applied to the doctrine of th~ equilihrium 

of powers, more properly called statics (Sec 

STATICS); and to that science which treats of the 

generation and communication of lllations, which 

constitutes dynamics, or mechanics strictly so called. 

Sec DYNA.lICS. 

IIIega-cosm, s.. Sec Kos"os, p. 13. 

l\1ela-n-choly, s. from J.t

MET 77 

1\IeH\.uwrphosis, s. from p.e-ra, m/fta, again, anu p.oP'P1], 

':Il'6rplli, a form. The change of n person or thing 

into another form. l\Iost of the ancient Inetamor- . 

}lhoscs include some allegorical lucaning, relating 

either to ph)'sics or moralil),. Some authors arc of 

opinion, that a great part of the ancient philosoph), is 

couched under them. 

1\1eta-phor, s. from fl.ETa, 1Il~ta, heyond, and CPEp"', pMro, 

I carry. The application of a word to a usc to which 

in its original import it cannot be put, as "he bridles 

his anger;" "the golden harvest." 

l\Iela-ph)'sics, s. from fl.ETa, 1Il~la, be)'ond, and cpu'1Ir, 

~_ plmsis, nature. The science which considers beings 

as abstracted from all matter, particularl)' beings 

llurely spiritual, as God, angels, the human soul; or 

it may he defined, the science of the principles and 

causes of all things existing. HOllce it is that mind 

or intelligence, and especiaIIy the Supreme Intelli. 

gence, which is the cuuse of the universe, and of every 

thing which it contains, is the principal subject of this 

science. 

The word originatec] with Aristotle, who has termed 

a treatise which chiefly relates to the intellectual 

world, and which is l;laced after his physics (Sec 

l'nyslCs), META TA rnus,s. So that it may mean 

either something "beyond ph)'sics," "or merely an 

appendix to physics," or natural history. 

l\Ict-cm-ps)'chosis, s. from p.c"Ta, meta, again, r:p., em, 

in, aml t[JuX7l, pSl/cltii, the soul. (Sec note, p. 17.) 

Transmigration, or the supposed passage of the soul 

from one bod)' to another. Pythagoras ancl his followers 

believed that, uftcr death, Im~n's souls passed 

into other hodies, of this -or that kind, according to 

the manuel' of life the)' had led. If the)' had been 

Yicious, they were imprisoned in the bodies of miserable 

beasts, there to do penance for several ages, at 

the expiration whereof, they retnrned afresh to animnte 

lnen. llut if the~' lived virtuously, S0111(' hap- 

JI ~\

78 MET 

pier brute, or even n human creature', was to be their 

lot, Pythagoras is supposed to have horrowed this 

notion from the ancient Brachmans (certain inhahitants 

of India). The notion still makes the principal 

foundation of their religion. lIIany not only 

forhear eating any thing which IIOS life, hue even 

refuse to defend themselves from wild heasts. 

1\lct-oor, s. from ;CETct, meta, beyond, and aerp"', ai'!iro, I 

lift up. A body in the air, of a luminous and transitOT)' 

nature. 

nIet.hod, s. from !.tETe

MNE 79 

,. 

~:.' 

sonic path or way of transit from one to the olher of 

the things related; -there must be some Inw of 

agreement or of contrast between theln; there must 

be some tnodc of comparison; in short, there must·be 

meUwc/. 

l'flet.on)'my, s. Sec ONO>lA, p. 22. 

IIIetre, s. Sec MURON, p. 19. 

l'fletro-polis, s. from f''1T'1P, miiliir, mother, and ",oAI.

80 MYR 

thus, by means of such compartments or symbols, a 

whole discourse might be committed to memory, amI 

recollected when occasion required. 

. "Upon these principles was founded the topical 

memory of the ancients; and from this source, without 

doubt, are derived all the various systems of local 

and symbolical memory that have been practised in 

more modern times." 

Monachal, adj. from pov"xos, m~nacMs, solitary. Belonging 

to monks. 

lVlon-archy, s. Sec AltCIIE, p. 5. 

Monastic, mg. from pov"rw, mtlna.ii, I lead a solitary 

life Guavas, ?nonos, [lIane, and atw, azu, I worship]. 

Mou-ody, s. Sec AElDo, 1" 1. 

l\Iono-gamist, s. See GAnas, p. 8. ' 

Mono-gram, s. Sec GltAMMA, p. 9. 

Mono-logue, s. Sec LOGos, 1'. 18. 

l\Iono-maehy, s. Sec MACIlE, 1" 18. 

Mono-stich, s. Sec STICHas, 1'. 80. 

l\fono-poly, s. from }lovas, munus, alone, and 7TWi\ECtJ, 

puleo, I sell. The sale powe!', or an assumption of 

the sale power, of selling any commodity. 

lIIono,syllable, s. Sec SULI,ABE, p. 80. 

1\Iono-tony, s. from }J.OVOS, munos, alone, and TOPOS, 

tonus, a tone. A want of proper cadency or variation 

in pronunciation. 

lVIono-theism, s. Sec TUEOS, p. 81. 

My-apia, s. from pvw, muii, I wink, and Oljt, 0]1s, an 

eye. The state of being ncar-sighted. 

Myl'iad, s. from pvp"'s, mur;as, ten thousand. Pro. 

verbiallya very great number. 

Myri-areh, s. Sec ARCIm, p. 5. 

lVIyri.orama, s. Sec ORAMA, p. 23.

NUM 81 

r'. 

Mystery, s. from I'VCTT1JP'OV, 11l11stiiri'iln, something secret, 

,'impossible, or difficult to he eompl'ehemled. Mystery 

is plimarily used in speaking of certain truths 

revealed in Scripture, into the full'understandin" of 

which human reason cannot penetrate. 0 

Mytho-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

N. 

NAU-~IACHY, s. See MACH", p. 18. 

Necro-logy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

,Nectar; s. from VEKTCtp, nectar, a pleasant liquor, said 

- to be drunk by the heathen deities. Their food Was 

called ambrosia. Sec AMBROSIA. 

Necro-mancy, s. 

Nco-logy, s. 

Sec ApPENDIX. 

Sec LOGOS, p.13. 

Neo-gamist, s. Sec GA'IOS, p. 8. 

Neo-phytc, s. from VEOS, n~ils, new, and cpu"" pTmo, I 

, grow. A person regenerated. 

N e-penthe, s. from V1j, nu, not, and "'Ev8os, penthils, 

pain. A kind of potion, which made persons forget 

aU their pains and misfortunes. The nepenthe mentioned 

by ancient authors was the juice of a plant 

now unknown. The word is now used, by some of 

our poets, as a figurative expression for any thing 

which affords consolation to the mind. 

Nouse, s. from voos, n'6~s, or VOL'S, 'Il'6us, the Dlind, is 

used in familiar language to denote" understanding" 

or Ie prudence." 

Nomo-graphy, s. 

Sec GnAPIIE, p.10. 

Numismatic, mij. that which has relation to ancient 

medals or coins, from VO"'CTI'Ct, llilm;s7llo, a medal or 

piece of money. '

82 ONO 

Nyctal-opia, s. from VVI

OUT 83 

Onomato-preia, s. Sec ONO>lA, p. 22. 

Opistho-graphy, s. Sec GaArIIE, p. 10. 

Ophthalmia, s. from oepea;\p.or, ~p!lthalm~s, the eye. An 

inflammation in the coats of the eye. 

Opsi-mathy, s. Sec 1\IANTIlANO, p. 19. 

Optic3, s. from 00/, ~ps, ,m eye. Relating to the science 

of.vision. 

Orcheso-graphy, s. Sec GaAPIlE, p. 10. 

Organ, s. fr01n opj'Ctv"Ov, tlrgan~n, nn instrument. The 

nnme given to no particular tnusical instrument, as 

, heing the instrnment, in preference to all others. As 

. in English we sa)", I am, going to TowN', that is, the 

Town in preference to all others, namely, London. 

Sec BIBLE and CATIlEDaAL. 

Ornilho-Iogy, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13. 

Orphan, s. from ,opepavos, ~'l'han~s, destitute. A fatherless 

or motherless child. 

Ortho-dox, /lev. Sce DOXA, p. 7. 

Ortho-epy, s. from opeos, ~rtl,~s, correct, and Err"',

PAN 

is every body's business is nobody's business. Tho 

Outinian Lectures'are givcn at No. 10. New Street, 

Spring Gardens," - London Museum. 

Oxy-gen, s. See GXNNAO, p. 8. 

Oxy-mel, s. from o~us, ~xus, sharp, and 1'

PAN 85 

Pan.dect, $. from ",av, pan, all, and a.Xo!'"" rl;tch~maj, 

I contain. A treatise that comprehends the whole 

of any science. 

Pan-demic, adj. Sec DE~IOS, p. 7. 

Pan-egyric, s. An oration in praise of some person 

01' thing. The word is formed of ",av, pan, all, and 

aj'Elpw, ageiro, I assemble; because panegyric~ were 

anciently prononnced in pnblic and solemn assemblies 

of the Greeks, both at their games and religious 

meetings. To make their" panegyrics the more 

solemn, the Greeks used to begin with the praise of 

the; Deity in whose hononr the games, &c., were 

celebrated; then of the magistrates who presided at 

" them; and, lastly, of the champions who had gained 

the prizes in them. 

Panic, s. is :l terln used for a needless or ill.grounded 

fright. The most mtional account of the origin of 

this expression is the following: "Pan was the name 

of ri. general, who, with a few men, put a numerous 

,enemy to the rout, by a noise in a rocky valley, 

favoured by a great number of echoes. This stra ... 

tagem making their ~umbcr appear much greater 

than it really was, the enemy qnitted a very commodions 

encampment and fled. Hellee all ill. 

gronnded fears hiwe been called panics, 01' panic 

fears."- The imaginary Being termed the heathen 

God PAN was Inercly an emblem of universal nature. 

The ,,",ord pan signifies" all. II 

Pun-oply, s. from ",av, 1'an, all, and p"'Aa, ~pla, armour. 

Complete armour. 

Pan-orama, So (Sec ORA"1., p.2S.)-Pan-orama-copia, 

or Picture of Endless Transposition, is another pro... 

fessed improvement upon the lVlyriorama.. Pa", all; 

copia is a Latin word, and signifies ce abundance." 

Pan-theon, $. Sec TIIEOS, p. SI. 

P:mto.mimc, s. fronl 1TCtJI'TOS, POl1t'()S, genitive of ?rav 

I

86 .PAR 

1,an, all, and JlIJlOS, mim~s, mimicry. A talc exhibitel1 

only in gestme and dumb

PAS 87 

were still to remain at her disposal, IInless there was 

some provision Inade to the contrary in the marriage 

contract. 

Para-phrase, s. from 7rapa, para, ncar to, similar, and 

eppao"LS, phmsis, a speeeh. An interpretation according 

to the sense, and not merelr according to the words. 

Para-site, s. from 7rapa, para, with, and crtTOS, sitos, corn, 

was the title given br the Greeks to those who had 

the'care of the corn used in loeligious ceremonies; 

and who had a share of the sacrifice at the altar: 

afterwards it ,,;as applied to those who frequented 

the tables of great men, and earned their welcome br 

flatterr. Pamsite plants are those which grow upon 

othcrs. ___ 

..Par-cnthesis, s. from 7rapa, para, between, EV, en, into, 

.. and ·nen,.,.', tithilmi, I place; that is, the act of pntting 

) between. A sentence so included in another sentence, 

' __us that it tuay be taken out without injuring the sense 

'if that which incloses it. In speaking, parentheses 

are to be pronounced in a different tone; and in 

writing, they arc marked thus (), to distinguish them 

from the rest of the discourse. 

Parish, s. frqm 7rapolKta.} paroi/cia, ,tlIe union of neighbouring 

houses. Our realm was first divided into 

parishes by Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 

ill the year of our Lord 636: the word has the same 

origin as Parochial. See OIKEO, p. 22. 

Par-od)', s. Sec Amno, p. I. 

Par-OIl)'mOUS, acij. See ONOMA, p. 22. 

Paroxysm, s. from '1l"~PO~VO'fWS, paroxusmos, irritation. 

The periodical exacerbation or increase of a disease. 

Paschal, adj, from 1racrxa, pasclza, a passage. Relating 

to the .Jewish pa~sovcr. It is called Easter, in 

Englisb, from the goddess Eastre, worshipped by the 

Saxons with peculiar ceremonies in the month of 

April. - Pasch-egg, is all egg d~'etl or stained, pre.. 

I 2

88 PEN 

sented to young people about the time of Easter, in 

several parts of the north of England. Such egg. 

arc sold ycry commonly in France during Lent. 

l~athclic, mY. from '1rw90s, pathos, feeling, affecting the 

feelings. 

Patho-gnomy, s. Sec PATHOS, p. 25. 

Patri-arch, s. See AncHos, p. 5. 

Patriot, s. from 1rctTpU.lJT71S, l'alriotes, a layer of his 

country. 

Patr-onymic, my; Sec ONOMA, p. 2S. 

Ped-agoguc, s. See AGo, p. 4. 

Peda-meter, s. from 7I"OOOS, jJoclos, gen. of 1rotJS, pOllS, a 

foot, and P.ETpOP, melrun, a mensure. An instrument 

in the form of a watch, consisting of various wheels 

with teeth catching in onc another, whirh, by means 

of a chain or string fastened to a man'sfoot, or to the 

wheel of a chmiat, advances a notch eacl) slep, or each 

revolution of the wheel; so that the number being 

marked on the edge of each wheel, one may number 

the paces, or measure the exact distance from one 

place to another. 

Racing Pedometer. "An instrument has lately 

been invente(l in France which precisely marks the 

time that not only the winning, but every other horse 

takes in running the course, even if there should be 

SO of thein, and the interval between eaeh only a 

'lua.ter of a second. The' Jury of the Races,' at 

Paris, have expressed their full approbation of the 

instrument."-Annals ifPhilosophy, No. xi. 

Penta-gon, s. See GONIA, p. 9. 

Penta-teuch, s. from 1TEVTE., p'iJnle, five, and 'TEVXOS, 

t~llchos, a volume. The five books of 1\1oses. • 

Pentecost, s. from 'Il"EVT7JKOUTOS, p~ntekoSlos, fiftieth. A 

feast among the Jews, so called because it was celebrated 

fifty days after the Passover.

PHA 89 

Peri-cranium, $. from 'fr'epl, peri, about, and Kpa.VWV, 

kmniun, the skull. The memhrane that covers the 

skull. 

Peri-ad, s. from 7rEpl, peri, about, and t5aos, It-()(lOs; a war. 

The term period is variously emplo)"ed, hut still preserving 

the primitive acceptation of a way about, a 

circuit. Thus a period is said to be "a round of 

,vards, which renders the sense completc,1I or a 

"course of eyents." Time, included within any 

given points, is termed a period. Thus the period 

ofday, or of night, is the space oftime comprehended 

hetween the rising ahd setting, or the setting and 

rising of the sun. The period of a year comprehends 

the space which the earth requires for its annual 

revolution. So in an extended and moral application, 

we have stated periods in our life. 

Peri-oeci, s. See OIKEO, p. 22. 

l:>eri-osteum, s. from 'lTEpl,peri,.about, and OG''TEOV, osteon, 

a hone. The memhrane that covers the hones. 

Peri-pateti.c, adj. from 7rEpt, peri, about, and '1rctTEW, 

pat;Hi, I walk. A sect of philosophers were so named, 

hecause they discoursed while '.walking. 

Peri-phery, s. from "'

90 PHI 

"pparatus, by means of which the appearance oC per. 

sons and things is produced. 

Ilhcnorocnon, s. from tpalvop.ac, phainomai, I appear. 

A striking or peculiar appearance in the works of 

nature. 

Phil-anthropy, $. See ANTIlRoros, p. 5•. 

Phil-harmonic, ar!i. A title lately adopte,l by a IIInsical 

Society: it is formed of pl?or, phillis, lover of, 

and harmonia. See HARMO"Y. ~ 

Philo-logy, s. See LOGOS, p. 13. 

Philo-math, s. See MANTIlANO, p. 19. 

Philo-sopher, s. from

PHY 91 

consid

92 POE 

I 

I 1\ 

\L 

I 

p}i)'sio~gnomr, s. frolu epVC1lS, phllSis, nature, and 

7IVWrJICCr1, giniis","tJ, I know. This term is usually employed 

to designate the science or knowledge of the 

corresponding analogy between the confonnation of 

the features and the ruling passions of the Mind. 

Lavater ~ays, "Physiognomy, opposed to .Pathognomy, 

is the knowledge of the signs of the 

powers and inclinations of men. Pathognomy is the 

kuowledge of the signs of the passions. Physiognomy, 

therefore, teaches the knowledge of characters at rest, 

and pathognomy of characters in motion. The former 

shows what man is in general; the latter what he 

becomes at particular moments." 

Pirate, s. from ';'etpa'T1]s, pfJirates, onc that robs on the 

sea. The term Piracy is also applied to literary thefts. 

Plague, s. from Tril.7/")% pliJgi!, a stroke. A very contagious 

and destructive disease. Any thing more 

than commonly troublesome, as we say, The plagues 

of Egypt. 

Planet, s. from Tril.avaaJ1.a" plana~71lai, I wander. Those 

heavenly bodies that move round the. sun. 'Ve 

number the earth among the primary planets, because 

we know that it moves round the sun; and 

the moon is accounted among the secondary planets, 

or satellites of the primary, since she moves round 

the earth. 

Plani-sphere, s. See SPlIAIltA, p. 29. 

Pleonasm, s. from Tril.Eavatw, pll!1Jnazo, I abound. .A 

mode of speech in which more words are used than 

what arc necessary. 

Pneulnatics, s. from 7rVEvp.a, pn~umet, air. That part 

of natural philosophy which treats of the mechanical 

properties of air, and the different elastic fluids. 

Pneumato-Iogy, s. See LOGOS, p. IS. 

Poet, s. from Tra«w, p~i~o, I do or make. The.author 

of a fiction; poems being for the most part works of 

fiction.

PRA 93 

Polemic, acfj. frOIn 7ro'Ae/-,os, p~lem'6s, war. Belonging 

"to controversy. 

Poly-gamy, s. See GAMOS, p. 8. 

IJoly-glot, $. from '1i"OAVS, polus, many, and 7i\wO'

94 PRO 

by Great Britain, France, and most of the powers of 

Europe. 

Presbyter, s. from lI"pfcrl!UTfpOS, IJresbut11r~s, old. An 

elder, One of the second order of ecclesiastics among 

the first Christians, bishops being the highest order, 

and deacons the lowest. 

Problem, s. from lI"potlA7)J.'a, l)r~bli!ma, which is formed 

of lI"pO, pr~, before, {3aAAw, ballo, I place. A problem. 

in logic, is a proposition that neitherappears ahsolutely 

true nor false; but which is probahle on both sirles, 

and may be asserted either in the negative or affirmative, 

with equal 'evidence. Thus, that the moon and 

the planets are inhabited by animals in SOme respects 

like ourselves, is a problem; that the fixed stars are 

also suns, and eaeh the centre of a separate system of 

planets and" comets, is a problem. 

A problem, in geometry, is a proposition given to 

be demonstrated, in which something is required to be 

done; and what is done to be proved to be the thing 

required. See THEOItEM. 

Pro-chronism, s. 

See CHItONOS, 1'.7. 

Pro-gnostic, s. from 7fpO, pro, -before, and I'l",/vwrrKW, 

gignosko, I know. A prediction or knowledge beforehand. 

Pro.gramme, s. Sec GRA'MMA, p. 9. 

Prolegomena, from 1rpOAE'Y"" pr'lUegu, I llreface, or speak 

belore, is a term applied to certain preparatory 

observations, or discourses, prefixed to a bo·ok, con. 

taining something necessary for the reader to .be 

apprised of, to enable him the better to understand 

the book. 

Prolepsis, from lI"pOA7)'jltS, pr~li!psis, anticipation, a term 

applied to a previous and concise view of a subject, 

or an anticipation of objections. 

Pro-loglle, s. Sec LOGOS, p. 13.

PYR 95 

Pro-phccy, s. from "'po, pr~, beforc, and r~~opo-proia, s. from 7rpoa'oorrov, prosopon, a person, 

. and "lTO~EW, poi(1o, I tnake. A personification. 

Proto-col, s. from 1rp"'TOf, protos, the first, and IlDl\l\a, 

kulla, gluc. Thus protocol means the writing that is 

glued the first; because, among the ancients, writings 

.were glued together. Protocol is now used to 

.express a writing which is at first briefly noted, and 

afterwards ameuded and furthcr enlargcd. A rough 

draft. 

Proto-martyr, s. See l\TARTUR, p. 19. 

Proto~type, s. Sce Toros, p. 32. 

Psalm, s. from >/JaAAw, psall'ii, I sing. A sacrcll song. 

Psalm-ody, s. See AEIDO, p. 1. 

Pseudo-apostle, s. Scc STELLO, p. 29. 

Pseudo-dox, s. See DOXA, p. 7. 

Pscudo-marty,·, s. Scc MARTUR, p. 19. 

Pseudo-prophct, s. from '!'

96 SCH 

by 1\11'. Garden, an eminent chemist in Oxford Street, 

for producing instantaneous light by the aClion of 

inflammable air upon a metallic substance. 

R. 

RHAPS-ODIST, s. Sec AElDO, p. I. 

Rhetoric, s. from In1TCtJp, rhetor, a declaimer. The art 

. of speaking with eloquence and persuasion. 

Rheum, s. from pew, rh1l0, I flow. The technical term 

for a disease usually called a cold. 

Rhyme, s. Rhyme was, in the first edition, on the 

authOl·ity of the sixth edition of Dr. Johnson's 

Dictionary, said to be derived from the Greek word 

IJV6p.os, rlmtll1nos, a rule; but the writer has since 

found the following remark on the subject: "Rhyme 

and Rhythm are two distinct things; the latter only 

is derived from {wOp.as, rlmthmos, which signi~es the 

proportion which the parts of motion bear to each 

other. Rhythm, as applied to poetry, denotes the 

measure of the feet, or the number and combination 

of long and short syllables. Rhyme is from the 

Gothic ryma, or rim, and signifies properly the 

correspondence of the last sound of one verse to the 

last sound of the next." [A foot (so called from the 

ancient custom ofbeating time by the foot) is·a part 

of a verse, and consists of two or more syllables.] See 

page 20. 

S. 

SAN-HEDRI:U, s. from O'l'V, sun, with, and Eopa, l~ ..edra, a 

scat. The supreme council among the Jews. 

Sarco-phagus, s. Sec PHAGO, p. 25. 

Scheme, s. from

SOP 97 

through diversity of opinions mnong people of the 

same religion and faith. Thus the Romanists bestow 

the name of English schism on the reformation of 

religion in this kingdom. Those of the church of 

England again apply the term schism to the separa. 

tion of the Nonconformists; viz. the Preshyterians, 

Independents, and Baptists, who contend for a farthcr 

reformation. 

School, s. axol\:rr, sclz'6Ze, case, leisure, freedom from 

lnhour; "a school, i. e. a place or huilding where 

persons, being at leisure from hodily labour and 

business, attend to the improvement of the Inind. 

The word occurs in Acts xix. 9. The Greek writers 

in like manner use this. word for the Schools of the 

Philosophers." - Parkhurst. 

Sidero-graphy, s. from C1&811POS, sider'lJs, iron, or steel. 

(See GRAPHO, p. 10.) Engraving on steel. 

Simony, s. The act of buying or selling a church preferment, 

so termed from Simon the Sorcerer, who 

wished to buy of St. Peter the gift of conferring the 

Holy Ghost. See Acts, viii. 18. 

Skeptic, s. from CfKE'Tf''Top.al, skept'6mai, I look round 

about. One who doubts or pretends to doubt of 

. every thing. 

Solecism, s. from (fo"A.olK'o-jJ.O~, solOikismosJ an impropriety 

in la:nguage. A DARBAnIsn may be in one word, a 

SOLECIS>t must be in more. The SOLI, a people of 

Greece, lost the purity of their ancient tongue, and 

became ridiculons to the Athenians for their impro_ 

prietics of speech; hence originated the expression. 

The termination ismos. marks" imitation. U 

Sophist, s. from O'oepos, s~ph~s, wise, or O'OeplO'T'1S, s~pllist'iiJ,' 

an impostor or deceiver. A person who frames 

sophisms; that is, subtile argnments, with design to 

deceive those liC would persuade or convince. 

The term sophist, which is now reproachful, was 

nr.ciently honourable; it signified a rhelor, or professor 

K

98 STE 

of eloquence, nnd Wns npplicd indifferently to nil 

who excelled in any art or science; whether ilivincs, 

pocts, physicians, lawyers, orators, or musicians. 

However, ns rhetoricinns often employed their nrt 

rnther to vindicnte whnt wns fnlse nnd unjust thnn to 

support truth nnd virtue, their conduct brought discredit 

both upon themselves nnd their professions; 

nnd therefore the nnme Sophist hns been more 

generally used in ;Ill ill sense, to signify one skillcd 

rather in the art of cavilling thnn qunlified to spenk 

well and accurately upon any subject. 

A sophism is nn argument which, with some subtHty, 

carries much appearance of truth, but little solidity, 

and only invented to amuse and embarrass tbe person 

to whom it is addressed; as, "You have every thing 

you hnve not lost; you have not lost horns, therefore 

rou have horns. " See PHILOSOPHY•. 

Span, s. from O'1raw, spau, I draw or extend. "Spannew, 

properly of cloth just extended on the rack and 

smoothed. Spick-and-span-new, just taken from the 

spicks, or spikes." - J:.lugenJ. 

Spasm, s. from O''1I"a"" spaa, I draw. A sudden and 

violent contraction of any part. 

Statics, s. from CT'raTUtos, statz1'os, having the power of 

remaining still, or in a state of equilibrium. That 

branch of meehnnics_ which·treats of the doctrine of 

forces considered as they balance each other in a stnte 

of rest. (See D:n,A>ncs and MECHANICS.) Such is 

the strict meaning of the term Stntics. The general 

definition of it is, the science which considers the 

weight of bodies; the science of weighing. 

Statistics, s. A term of very recent adoption, which is 

intended to express a comprehensive view of the various 

pnrticulnrs constituting the natural and political 

strength and resources of a country. It is derived 

from the same source as statics. Sec STATICS. 

Steno-graphy, s. Sec GItAPIJE, p. 10. 

lltentorian, adj. from Stentor, the name of a herald who.e

S T I 99 

_voice was said to be as loud as that of fifty men. A 

person who talks very loud is said to have stentorian 

lungs. 

Stereo-type, s. 

See Turos, p. S\? 

Stigma, s. This term offers an example of the various 

uses to which words arc applied, and which llevcrthc":' 

less preserve their primitive signification. 

1. If 'YO seck for stigma in an English dictionary, 

we find "a brand, a mark with n hot iron, a 111ark of 

infamy; -,-" it is unjust to attach a stigma to a whole 

body of men for the speculative views of some one 

among tlicm;"-" the cross which our Saviour's 

enemies thought was to stigmatize him with ioHnny, 

became the ensign of his renown." (Blair.) - [Slig 

1natize. 'rhe ancients wore accustomed to punish 

their slaves by applying a red-not iron, marked with 

certain letters, to their foreheads. The word is now 

lIsed figuratively, and means to brand or mark with 

some token of infamy. Among some nations, however, 

stigmatizing was considered as a distinguished 

mark of honour and nobilit)·, and such is still the 

case with many of tho inhabitants of the islands ill 

the South Sea.] 

II. Ifwe seek in a Latin dictionary, we findsti'gma, 

genitive stigmatis, a lnark or brand on the forehead, 

reproach, infamy. 

II1. If in a dictionary of Medical terms, we find 

stigma, a small red speck in the skin, occasioning 110 

elevation of the cuticle. 

IV. If we seek the meaning of stigma in a Glos. 

sary of Botanic Terms, we find, "The stigma, or 

summit, is the upper part of the pistil. The pistil is 

an organ in the centre of the flower, which adheres to 

the fruit, and is destined for the reception of the pollen. 

The pistil is denominated the female part of the 

flower: it consists of three parts; 1st, the germcll, or 

seed-bud, which is the lowest part; 2d, the style or 

shaft, which is the part that stands upon the gcrmcn, 

K2

100 S T 0 

and snpports the 3d part, i. e. the stigma."-" In 

most flowers the stigma is single; in some there arc 

two stigmata." (Bingley.) -." For the preparation of 

saffron (which word is derived from the Arabie Sap"aran), 

the flowers arc gathered early in the morning, 

jnst as they are about to blow; they are then spread 

upon a table, and the stigmas, with a proportion of 

the style, carefnHy picked ant of the flower, which 

is thrown away as useless. The stigmas arc then 

dried on a portable kiln, of a peculiar construction." 

(Thomson.) . 

V. The term Stigmata is also applied to the apertures 

in different parts of the bodies of insects, which 

serve for the office of"rcspiratiol1.o 

VI. If we refer to a Greek Lexicon, we find 

"O"TtrW, slizo, I prick, stamp, or imprint a mark, distinguish 

by points, draw in miniature; metaphorically, 

prick or bite a person, slander or asperse him. 

::S'ni'}la, stigma, a mark or spot imprinted upon an)" 

thing." (Nugent's Primitives if the Greek 7'ongue.) 

Thus it appears, from the l,,:st research, that stigma 

meant, in the original, simpI)· a mark, and was subsequently 

applied to a mark made by a hot iron; an,l 

also to the upper part of the pistil, as being the m9st 

marked. 

Stoics, s. A sect ofancient Philosophers, the followers 

of Zeno; thus called from UToa, stoa, a portico, oecause 

Zeno used to teach under a portico. The 

Stoics led a very austere life, and affected an indifference 

to all things. One of their doctrines was, 

that pain is no real evil; but that a wise. tpan is 

happy in the midst of the severest torture. Hence, 

we sometimes hear it said, "he bore the pain like a 

Stoic;" or " with stoical fortitude. U 

Stole, s. from UTOA7), st~li!, a long robe. The G nooM 

OF THE STOLE is the eldest lord of his Majesty's hedchamber, 

whose office and honour it is to present and 

put on his l\I'\iesty's first garment every morning: 

t!lis is usually done by proxy. .

SYM 101 

Stratagem, s. from

" 

102 S Y S 

I 

I I 

comprehends in its figure a representation of somcthing 

else. The Freueh term the Apostle's Creed (that 

which we usually call" The Belief") "La Symbole," 

because it is a collection and abridgment of theil' faith. 

Sym-metry, s. See METRO", p.19. 

Sym-pathy, s. See PATHOS, p.25. 

Sym-phon)', s. Sec PUONE, p. 25. 

Sym-ptom, .t;. from f1VP., sum (for (fVP, sun), together, 

and 1I'Twp.a, pluma, a fall. Something which happens 

concurrently with something else, not as the original 

cause, nor as the necessary or constant effect. 

Syn-agogue, s. See AGO, p. 4. 

S)·n.chronism, s. ClIROHOS, p. 7. 

Syn.dic, s. from erup,_ sun, with, and oHt1], dike, justice. 

A person deputed to act on behalf of a'corporation 

or community. 

Synod, s. from crvvooos, sun'6d'6s, an assembly' called for 

consultation: used particularly of ecclesiastics. 'Ve 

speak of a provincial synod and :t general council. 

Sunodos (from O"VV, sun, together, and 600s, h..f';aos, a 

way or journey) is, literally, a meeting of those who 

arc travelling in the same path. This has figuratively 

heen understood of the Christian pastors. 

Syn-onymy,~. See ONO>tA, p. 22. 

Syn.opsi~, s. from o'VV, sun, witl~, and 011', ~ps, a view. 

A general vicw, all the parts being brought into one 

view. 

Syn..tax, s. fr~m erup, sun, together, nnd Tarro'CIJ, tasso, I 

put in order. That part of grammar which teaches 

the construction of words in a sentence. 

Syn.thesis, s. from cruv, sun, together, and 'Tt97)f'.t, tithiimi, 

I put. The act ofjoining, the contrary to analysis. 

Sy..stem, s. from t1VV, sun, with, and 100'T77/·U, istemi, I 

stand, signifies that which is put together so as to

TEL 103 

form a whole. "System is an arrangement of many 

single or individual objects according to some given 

rule, so as to make them coalesce. :Uethod is thc 

manner of this arrangement, or the principle upon 

which this arrangement takes place." - Crabb. 

Sy-stole, s. from O'VV, sun, .together, and U'TEI\I\W, sma;, 

I draw. A contraction, the contrary to diastole. 

T. 

1'ACllY...DIDAXY, $. from 'TctXVS, tacTtUs, short, and a,OCtXl1, 

didachii, instruction. In the 15th No. 'of the London 

Magazine, the Editors remark, "'Ve have invented 

this term, in order to designate one of the most 

wonderful inventions, even in this age of invention 

and discovery. A German, of the name of Kastner, 

has written two works that may justly he called a 

short Cllt to the learned languages. One of these is 

the art of learning Greek in two months! the other, 

that of learning to read and to understand Hebrew 

in four weeks! ! 'I 

Tachy-graphy, s. Sec GRArHE, p. JO. 

Tactics, s. from .,-al

104 THE 

Tele-scope, s. See SKOPEO, p. 27. 

Tetr-areh, s. Sec AncHE, p. 5. 

Tetra-gon, s: See GONIA, p. 9. 

Thauma-trope, from ~c'"f'a, ilwlI1na, ,~onder, and TpEI. - . 

Theory, s. from S-Ewpla, th'ifona, a speculation: A plal~ 

or system yet subsisting only in the mind. A doctrine 

which terminates in the sale speculation .or consideration 

ofits object, withoutany view to the practice 

(lr application of it. To be learned in an art, &c.,

TRA 105 

the theory suffices; to be master of it, both the theory· 

and the practice of it arc required. Machines, muny 

times, promise very well in the theory, yet fail in the 

practice. The sciences arc ordinarily divided into 

theorelical, as theology, philosophy, &c.; andpmctical, 

as medicine, law, &c. 

Thermo.meter, s. See l\fETaoN, p. 19. 

Thesis, s. from iJ"fClU, t!lesis, a position, fanned from 

.,.,OW

I" 

(l 

" 

lOG 

TYR 

Dr. lllair says, "A Greek Tragedy is the relation 

of any distressful or mc1ancllOly ineident; somethnes 

the cflcct of passion or crime, oftener of the decree of 

the gods, simply exposed; without much variety of 

parts or events, but naturally and beautifully setbefore 

us; heightened, by the poetry of the chorus. 

" A F,'eneh Tmgedy is a series of artful and refined' 

conversations, founded upon a variety of tragical and 

interesting situations, carried on with little action and 

vehemence; but with much poetical beauty, and high 

propriety amI decorum. 

• 

"A" English Tragedy is the combat of strong 

pil~sions, set b.cfore us in all their violence; producing 

deep disasters; often irregularly conducted; 

abounding in action; and filling the spectators with 

grief. - The ancient Tragedies were more natural 

and simple; the modern are more artfnl amI complex. 

',~ 

Tri-gon, $. Sec GONIA, p. 9. 

Tri-phthong, $, Sec PIlTIIOGGOS, 1" 26. 

Tri-gl)'ph, $. (Sec GLY!'II.) An ornament in the Doric 

order of architecture, consisting of three glyphs. 

Tri-syllable, $. See SULLAlJf:, p. 30. 

Trope, Trophy, and Tropic, from TpE1ro), irepu, I turn. 

'Prope is used to denote the change of a word from a 

literal to a figurative sense, as "the cloudsforetelrain. It 

'l"'l'OpTtV' the spoils of an enemy with which n. victorious 

army turns homeward, and which are preserved in 

,token of victory. 

For an explanation of Tropic, the reader must refer 

to some book on Geography. The '1'1'O]>ic8 derive their 

name from the circumstance of the sun appearing to 

us to tum back. 

Typo-graphy, 8. See GRArJIE, p. 10. 

Tyrant, s. Among the Greeks the word Tvpavvos, 

lurannos, whence tyrant, implied no more t11UI1 what 

we now understand by despot, namely, a possessor of

zon 107 

unlimited power; but from the natural abuse of such 

power, it has acquired the significatioll now attached 

to it, namely, of exercising power to the injury of 

another. 

URANO-ORAPHV, s. 

u. 

Sec OUU.ANOOItAPUY. 

Urano-scopy, s. See SKOPEO, p. 27. 

V..tapin, s. from OU, ~u, not, and 'T01rOS, tlSpus, n place. 

UTOPIA is the title of a work written by Sir '1'. More, 

relative to an imaginary country. Hence the tCl"IU 

'utopian is used as synonymous with imagiharyo 

z: 

ZEAL, s. from g~1I.os, z;;los, a passionate ardour for any 

person or thing, 

Zephyr, s. from reepvpos, zlfp!",':;;s, for z;;p"~r~s, lif,, 

bearer, a soft western wind which brings the fine 

weather, aml with it life and health to mankind. 

Zodiac, s. from ~w~la"os, zodiakos (rwov, zoon, an animal), 

the line in tbe heavens throngh which the snn 

appears to move. This line is divided by twelve 

signs which take their denominations from different 

animals. 

The twelve signs of the Zodiac were intended to 

represent some remarkable natural occurrence in each 

month of the year, as the sun was pmising through 

his annual circuit. 

The first three months, from the vemal equino", 

(March, April, May), were remarkable for the production 

of those animals which were the most employed 

and valued, viz. sheep, kine, and goats. The 

lambs came first, which are represented bytheir parent, 

1110 Ram; next, the calves, represented by the Bnll; 

. then the kids, which commonly come in pairs. But, 

instead of the twin kids, the Greeks substituted the 

Twin Brothers, Castor and Pollux.

108 zoo 

"When in the fonrth month (June) the sun is arrived 

nt tho summer solstice, he hegins to go back again 

to the southward; which ret.rograc1c tnation the 

Egyptians expressed by the Crab, which is said to go 

backward. 

The excessive heat, which "usually follows in the 

next month (July), is expressed by the Lion, for its 

fierceness, and strength. 

The symbol for the harvest month (August) is the 

Virgin Reaper, with an caf of corn. 

'Vhen the snn arrives at the autumnal equinox (in 

September) it is expressed by the Balance or Scales, 

in equilibria, because the days and nights arc then 

every where equal. 

October is a sickly season, when'the hot months of 

the summer produce their fatal effects: the symbol 

therefore is the Scorpion, whose sting is deadly. 

The diversion of hunting, which is chieny followed 

in N ovemher, is signified by the Archer. 

As the Crab, which goes haekward, signified the 

summer solstice, when the sun begins to go back from 

the northern tropic; so the Goat, which delights to 

browse up hill, is the symbol of the winter solstice, 

when the sun (in Deccmher) hegins to ascend from 

the southern tropic, and is continually mounting for 

the ensuing half year. . 

Aquarius, or the 'Vatering Pot, fitly represents the 

rains and snows of the winter (January). 

And the 

Two Fishes appear to have a reference to the fishing 

season, which takes place in February. 

Zone, s. from ~"'V71> %on", a girdle. A division of the 

earth. 

Zoo-logy. See LOGOS, p. IS. 

Zoo-phyte, s. fl'Om t",ov, %0011, an animal, and rpvrov, 

1,kttt~1I, a plant. A telID applied to certain snbstance. 

which partake of the nature ofvegetable. and ~nimals.

109 

Tf,e following words are i,el'e inserled to illustl'ale the 

remark made in the Preface to the Second Edition. 

" Phalanx, f6Aa~ks, orfal-laliks. The second manner 

of pronouncing this word is morc general, but 

the first is more analogical. The quantity" of the 

original has very little to ,10 in this case, and )'et 

nothing but an absurd regard to this could h3\'C influenced 

the generality of speakers to pronounce this 

word with the first vowel short. The authority of 

Mr. Sheridan, lVIr. Scott, and Dr. Ash, who make 

the first vowel long, ought to outweigh that of Dr. 

}{enrick, Mr. Perry, Entick, and Buchanan, who 

make it short." Walker. - PHALANX is from '1'ar..a"~, 

phalanx, a square compact battalion, formed of infantry, 

set close to one another, with their shields 

joined, and pikes turned cross-wa)'s; so that it was 

almost impossible to break them. 

H Drama, dra-ma, or clram.ma. The last mode of prollouncing 

this word is that which was universally 

current tin within these few yenrs; but the first has 

insensibly stolen into u£c, as we may observe from the 

several dictionaries which have adopted it. 1\Ir. Sheridan, 

'V. Johnston, IVlr. Nares, and, as far fiS we can 

judge by the position of the accent, Entick and Baile)", 

pronounce it with the first a long; an,l Dr. Kenrick, 

Buchanan, and, if we may guess at Dr. Ash by his 

accent, with the same letter short. 1\11'. Scott gives it 

both ways; but, by placing the sound with the long a 

first;scems to prefer it. The authorities m:e certainly 

on the side I have adopted: but I wish also to establish 

it 1,>y analog)'." Walker• 

. Pharmaceutical, pronounced by ·Walker far-ma-s';-Iekal; 

and by Perry thus, phar-ma-c!l-ti-cal. - PharlUaC)", 

from epapp.a.1Cov, l'lzarmakun) a remedy, denotes 

that branch of medicine which teaches the choice, 

preparation, and mixture of medicines. 

~ See note, page 3. 

L

APPENDIX. 

DIVINATION, SEE MANTEIA, rAGE 16. 

DIVINATION is the pretended act or art of foretelling 

future events. This art or science, in which the 

Pagans thought themselves sure of success, if they 

proceeded nccordillg to certain established rules, was 

founded on their system of theology. They had deified 

all the parts and powers of nature, and more especially 

the heavenly bodies; ascribing to the latter not ouly life 

and intelligence, but a forc.pcrcciving notion, and a 

sovereign influence On e\'ery thing here below. 

DIVINATION was divided, by the ancients, into llatural 

and Artificial.--Natuml Divination is that which 

presages things from a mere internal sense and pcrsug. 

sian of the mind under a particular cmotion or agitation, 

wi~hout any assistance of signs. This was not to be 

attained by any rules of art, but infused or inspired into 

the diviner, without his taking any farther care about it 

than to purify and prepare himself for the reception of 

the divine afflatus. Of this kind were all those who 

delivered oracles, and foretold future events by inspiration, 

without observi!1g external signs. '* 

'* Natural Divinatiort, again, is of two kinds; the onc 

native, and the other by influx. Thefirst is founded on 

Ihe supposition that the soul, which was thought 10 be 

1.2

11Z 

APPENDIX. 

Artificial Divination is that whid;proceeds by reasoning 

upon certain external signs, considered as indications 

of futurity. This, contrary to Natural Divination, was 

not obtained by direct inspiration; but proceeded upon 

certain experiments and observations arbitrarily instituted 

and mostly superstitious. Infinite are the s)'siems 

ofdivination reducible to this head; the principal species 

thereof, and their names, arc imdermclltioned. 

PS!Jclwmancy, Sciomancyo 'Vhich consi8tcd in calling 

.up the souls or shades of the dead, to learn of them 

something l'€quired. -Daetyliomaney. Performed by 

one or nlore rings.-Hydromancyo Performed with 

sea water.-Pegomancyo Performed \vithspring watc1'. 

OrnitllOmaney, Augury. Divining by the actions of 

birds. - Clidomaney. Performed by keys. - AlpMto. 

maney, Aleuromaney. Performed by /lour. - Capnomaney. 

Performed by smoke. -Pyromaney. Performed 

by fire. - LitllOmaney. Performed by stones. - Lye" 

nomaney. Performed by lamps. - ~Veeromaney. Performed 

by the dead or their bones. - Oneiromaney, 

Oneiroeritiea. Performed by dreams. - Gastromaney. 

Performed by the stomach. - CMromaney. Performed 

by the lines of the hand. - Aritlmzomaney. Performed 

by numbers. 

n particle of the divine air or spirit, taken out of God, . 

and to have existed from eternity, collected within itself, 

and not diffused or divided among the organs of the 

body, h::.s., from its own nature and essence, some fOl"cknowledge 

of future things; witness whaf is seen in 

dreams, ecstasies, the confines of death. The second is 

founded on this, that the soul receives, after the manner 

of a mirror, some secondary illumination from the presence 

of God, and other spirits, and hence proceed 

oracles; for it was a received opinion among the Heathens 

that the Gods were wont to converse familiarly 

with some men, whom they eudowed with extraordinary 

powers, and admitted to the knowledge of their councils 

and designs.

APPENDIX. 113 

Di,ination ojall kbul$ was necessarily made an occult 

science, which naturally remained in.the hands of the 

priests and priestesses, the false prophets, and other like 

professors, till tlie time of the coming of Jesus Christ. 

The light of the Gospel, it is true, has dissipated much 

ofthe darkuess; but it is more diflicult than is commonly 

conccived, to eradicate from the human ulind a deeprooted 

superstition, even though the truth be set in the 

strongest light, especially when the error has been believed 

almost from the beginning of the worId: so we 

still find existing among us the remains of this pagan 

superstition in the following chimeras*-, which enthusiasts 

and designing .men have formed into arts and 

sciences; though it lunst be owned, to the honour of 

the nineteenth century, that the pure doctrines of Christianity, 

ami the spirit of Philosophy, which become 

every day more diffused, equally concur in banishing 

t.hese visionary opinions. The. "ogue for these prc- 

"to Chimera waS a monster which the Pocts feign to 

have had the heatl of a lion, the body of a goat, and the 

tail of a dragon. Thc foundation of the fable is this: 

" There was in Lydia a volcano, or burning mountain, 

of this name; the top whereof was inhabited only by 

lions: the middle, having good pastures, was frequented 

by goats; and the foot, being marshy, by serpents. 

Dellcrophon being the first who caused this mountain to 

be inhabited, it was feigned that he slew the Chimera." 

Among other explanations that have been given of this 

fable, some ha,'c supposed that the Chimera was a 

pirate ship, whose prow bore the figure of a liol1, her 

middlc that of a goat, and her stern a scrpcnt. 1\11'. 

Parkhurst supposes Chimera to be one of the heathen 

imitations of the cherubic emblems. - In common 

language, Chimera (as in the instance above) denotes a 

lucre creature of the imagination. lIenee we have the 

mljcclive chimerical, which means fanciful, as chimerical 

ideas. .. . - L 3 .

114 APPENDIX. 

tended sciences and arts, morcover, is past, and they can 

no longer be named without exciting ridicule in all 

sensible people. By relating them here, tberefore, and 

drawing them from their obscnrity, it is only intended 

to show theit· futility. For the attaining of these super. 

natural qualifications, there are still existing in the world 

the remains of Astrology, Horoscopy, Cliiromallcyo 

I. Astrology is divided into :lolatural Astrology and 

Judicial Astrology.-Nal1l1·al Astrolof},y, or meteorology, 

is confined to the foretelling of natural effeets, as the 

wind, rain, hail and snow, frosts and tempests. In this 

consists one branch of the art of Almanack makers; 

and by merely confronting these predictions in the 

calendar, with. the weather which each day produces, 

every person of sense will see what regard is til be 

paid to this part of Astrology. Almost ever since 

Almanacks have been known, astrological and other 

predictions llOve been ·considered, if not an essential 

part, at least a very uEeful auxiliary: this. continues 

to be the case to the present day; notwithstanding that 

?:lost people pretend to disbelieve such predictions. 

It is a curions fact, that in the year 1800, about 

400,000 copies were sold of Moore's Almanack; while 

other much more useful and instructive Almanacks, as 

the Lm;1.ies' and Gentlemen's Diaries, were confined in 

thcir circulation to a few thousands. ·See " Almanack," 

in the Cyclopredia called Pantalogia. It must be con_ 

fessed that, with one or two exceptions, the Almanacks 

published in t!lis country are very inferior, in point of 

utility, to what might naturally be expected, considering 

the state of human knowledge amongst us. "They 

rnannge these tbings better in France." STERNE. - It 

is much to be wished, that our Almanacks ,'esembled 

in some measure the departmental Almanacks published 

in France, which contain, in addition to some general 

information relative to the kingdom atlarge, much valuable 

information conl)ecled with the particular'department 

i1l which they are printed. -Judzcial Astrology is 

still far more illusive and rash than the former: und

APPENDIX. 11.5 

having been at first the wonderful art of visionaries, it 

afterwards became that of impostors. This art pretends 

to teach the method of predicting all sorts of events that 

shall happen upon the earth, as well such as relate to 

public as to private persons; and that by the inspection 

of the stars and planets. 

II. Huroscopy, or casting of nativities, which Inay 

also be considered as a part of astrology, is the art by 

which they draw a fignre, or celestial scheme, containing 

12 houses, wherein they mark' the disposition of 

the heavens at a certain moment; for example, that at 

which a man is born, in order to forete111~is fortune, or 

the incidents of his life. But as there cannot be any 

. probable or possible relation between the constellations 

and the human race, all the principles they lay down, 

.and the prophecies they draw from them, arc chimerical, 

false, absurd, and a c!'iminal imposition on mankind. 

Surely it is not less absurd, to pretend to predict future 

events by the inspection of the ~rmmds of a cup of tea 

or coffee, or by cards, ~liti many other like matters. 

III. Chiromancy is the art "!lich teaches to know, 

by inspecting the hanrl, not only the iuclination of a 

man, but his future destiny. The impostors who practise 

this art, pretend that the different parts, or the lines, 

of the hand have a relation to the internal parts of the 

body. - The notion connected with the substance sold 

under the name of tho" Chinese Sensitive Leaf,It is to 

be considered equally as ridiculous as Chiromancy. By 

putting this substance into the hand, a person's disposition 

is supposed to be ascertained. 

In Scripture we find mention made of several kinds 

of Divinations. 

The ancient Britons were greatlY'addictcd to Divination, 

and excelled so much in the practice of all its 

arts, that they might have given a lesson to the ancients 

themselves. Besides those which the Britons practised 

in common with other nations, they hall one of a very' 

horrid Datur::. "On great occasions," says an histo 

Tian, Hthe Britonfi pr'llcthse a "CJ'jT strange and incrcdibl

---------_.,- --' - -_.- ---_. - _. ~ ._- ~,---~-,•• -~---.....-••_---- >--- .--- - - --- -~- 

Jl6 

APPENDIX. 

manner of divination. They take a man who is to 

be sacrificed, and kill him by one stroke of the sword; 

mid by observing the posture in which he falls, his dif 

Ferent convulsions, and the direction in which the blood 

flows from the body, they form their predictions, according 

to certain rnles which have been left them by their 

nnceetor.!." 

THE END. 

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Gmauatea Series if Ellglish Reculilll/-LesSOll Books. 

the tirst section no attempt has been made to furnish information 

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the child to read. It will prore nO disadvantag-e, but rather an ad. 

"antage, if his car happens to be already familiar with some of tlle 

carlier rhymes and tales. The occasional repetition of certain words 

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amusement, to facilitate the acquirement of reading. The second 

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prove influential in the Imnds of the teacher ,,,ho can pqint a 1no1'ul 

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which the First ilooI, closes, arc desi~ncd to introduce the young 

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. which he will meet with on n sligl1tly extended scale when he passes 

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The rcading-.lessons of the SECOKD BOOK nrc arranged in three 

groups, under the heaus of 1.1Iiscellaneous, BiD1'ics of Animals, and 

Advent"re. To these a small collection of simple IJnllae!s has been 

added. In this, as in the other books, the grand end aimed at has 

been to cultiratc a taste for reading br presenting to the pupil only 

that sort of material which he is capable of assimilating in an easy 

and healthy manner. A glance at the subjects of the pieces will 

show that tlle Editor has made a diligent endeavour to furnish, in 

ample variety, some congenial food for those f

Graauated Series if Englislt Reading-Lesson Books. 

on nc~ount of their comhination of simplicity nnd substantialinterest. 

The' V1'ose lessons occasionally take a didactic t1Jrn, but without detri~ 

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Descriptive Travel of the third volume, being' introductory to the 

corresponding department in Dooks IV. and V., has reference to 

North Europe only. A few technical or scientific expressions, the 

usc of which could not well be dispensed ,,,ith, and which rather lie 

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tonches chiefly on that portion of nnhuateu nature with Which, in 

.this country, ,ye are uUin more Of less frequent and familiar contact. 

To certain descriptions which nre furnished of the most marvellous 

displays of instinct, the Editor attaches, in nn educational point of 

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a series of sketches, freell as much as possible from nIl detail that is 

not graphic. These sketches are intended to present a general, fwlimcntnryt 

and, as it were, a panoramic view of the more important or 

entertaining features of English history, up to the date of the Battle 

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TIOOK the FOURTII, which wus published first on- account of the 

more pressin~ demands for such n volume, carries the series a step 

in advance in the snme direction, nnd is dcsig-ned for the hi~hest class 

of small rural schools. "The contents of the Fourth 13.ook," 

observed a criticnl writer in the Inquirer newspaper, " nre gathered 

" from the richest and most varied fields of literature. In the first 

(r .:1Iiscellalleous section, we harp, among mnny others, ·the works of 

n Herschel, Channin!{, Rusldn, Leigh Hunt, Irving-, Sterne, Charle!) 

H Lamb, Gnizot, Scott, and Emerson, bid undcr contribution. In 

" the part which treats of Descriptive Travel, we have some of the 

"finest word-painting from the works of ParIq'us, 'Varburtont 

"Kin~lakc,Hettner, W. Ware, GaUenga, Laing, and Wills. The 

" NaturGlllistol'Y is written hy'Yaterton; I{irby, Spence, A. Ran', 

" nUcldnnd, Lewes, GonIon Cumming, Livin~stone,and other·natu 

"ralists i whilst the HistoJ'y is gathered from the finest passages in 

H the works of Arnold, Macaulay, Hallam, Froutle, Cayendis]l, 

" Stanley, H.ussell, Bancroft, Carlyle, and D'lsraeli. The Biography 

" and Natural Science and Pltysics arc equally attractive and excel.. 

" lent. •.. For children of ten years old and upwards there is not a 

U selection that is not full of interest, and that is not &Ure to com 

"mand their sympathiN!. The book is onc of the cheapest, as well 

TJonelon: LONGMAN, GREEN, anel CO. Paternoster Row.

Graauutea Series qj' English Reaaing-Lessoll Bool·s. 

u ns t110 best, that has come under our notice. 'Y'bcommend it ,"cry 

" strongly to the attention of every teacher, wllctllCf in our clemen 

".tary schools or in our homes, and earnestly hope it mny attain tIte 

I' eml its compiler had in view, of training up some good renders to 

,{ cheer and charm the poor man's fireside, nnd to pour the rich 

It stream of modern attainment into thirsting, though humble, souls." 

'fhe arrangement of the FJFTII BOOK corresponds with thnt of 

Dook IV., embracing the same departments of knowledge, but, of 

coursc, from n more advanced point of view. The l\liscellancol1s 

section 'presents, in ample variety, typical specimens of our best 

writers from the Johnsonian era to the present day. The Descriptive 

'rravel has reference to those portions of the globe Which, in accordance 

with the J:reneral plan, the preceding volumes 11a\'c left un" 

touchcd; and its chief aim is to dircct attention to the results of 

scientific inquiry with regard to cosmical phenomena in general. 

The section on Natuml History has been restricted to the more 

interesting examples of fel'ce naturre. The History continues the 

thread where it is broken off in Book IV., viz. from 1688 to the present 

time, and it necessarily dwells largely on the events which 

attended the administration or the acquisition of OUf chief foreign 

possessions. The chapters on the English Constitution, with which 

this section closes, present a g-eneml tableau of leading- points of 

interest and importance. To the division on Natural Science a 

series of valuable chapters on the prominent questions connected 

witb Social Science is appended. 

The l~ive Books of this series are arranged, eaell in corresponding 

sections, on a serial and uniform scheme of progressh'e, ret constantly 

varied, selections. BOOK the FIRST is adapted to the com· 

prehension of clli1dren who hayc mastered the first steps in re~ding. 

BOOK the SECO~D contains miscellanies, tales of ml\·cnture, imngi. 

n~ti\'e :md real, anccdotes in natural llistor.r, amI baUnt! poctrr, 

011 preliminary to tbe Third Book. BOOK the TlIlnn comprises 

literarr selections in prose and verse, dcscriptive trnrel, natural 

bistor~r (with reference to the pre,·iolls section), and nnrrati\'cs of 

English I,islory. BonK the FounTH, to which tllC Third Book is 

intrOductory, is a further extension of the same general plan, with 

the addition of a·division on the more popnlar branches o( Natuml 

Science and Physics, sequentially arranged. nOOK the FIFTHwhich 

completes the Course, forms n furtller advance and a comple, 

tion of the general plan, and aims at allsweringthe practical purposes 

of a Clnss.Book of later English Literatnre. 

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row.

GLEIG'S SCHOOL SERIES. 

A NEW SERIES OF ELEMENTARY 

SCHOOL..BoOKS; EACH DOOK" (IN l'.IOST ~ 

INSTANCES) COMPLETE IN ITSELF, PRICE NINEPENCE. 

INTENDED TO 'COMPRISE A COMPLETE COURSE OF ELEMENTARY 

EDUCATION. PnOJECTED AND EDITED BY THE 'REY. 

G. R. GLEIG, M.A., CHAPLAIN·GENERAL TO 

IlER MAJESTY'S FORCES. ASSISTED BY 

'. WALTER l\lACLEOD,'F.R,G,S. \ Dr. R. J. MANN, l\l.R.C.S.E. 

WILLIA~I HUGHES, F.ltoG.S. Prof. R. W. BROWNE, l\l.A. 

lIlr. JAMES OWEN.' 

THO~IAS TATE, F.R.A.S. 

The Rev. J. HUNTER, liLA. A. K. ISllISTER, liLA. 

W. J. REYNOLDS, III.A. &c. 

m;r New and greatly improved editions of the following works may 

nowbehad:- 

Reading.~ 

1\1.Y FIRST SCHOOL BOOK to Teach me .Reading and 

1\ 'Vriting, By WALTER MlLEOD, F.R.G.S., Royoll\lilitnry Asylum, Chelsea. 

lama. prico Ga. 

My SECOND SCHOOL BOOK to Teach me Reading and 

Spellinc. By WALTER !I'LEOD, F.R.G.S., RoyalltIilitary Asylum, Chelsea.. 

18mo. price 9a. 

SIMPLE TRUTHS, in Easy Lessons; 

A 

being an abridged 

Scriphrre History, arrnngedns n. RendingwBook for Junior Classes. lama. price6d. 

Writing. 

GRADUATED SERmS of NINE COPY-BOOKS, mainly 

. on the :Method of:Mlllhnuser: with cn~rtl:\'"CdCopy-henus,conveying useful In. 

formntion, llistoricnl, Geographicnl, !lnd Scicntific. By W ALTP:R l\l'L:eon, F .R.G.!:t. 

ObloD!: 4tO. price Threepence ench CopY-Dook. 

1. Ruled ~·ith dia~onnl nnel horizontnl lines, contains Exerci!!lcs in Right-lined 

Letters i ns i, u. n, m, l(,:C. 

·5: ~~'ImnJl~~~~~t'n~~eh~:iio~~SuJ~~~,n~1te~~~fJ)~~i~~;~f&~:rnaL~I;p:J¥.e~i~~: 

4. c~~ith~~ t~~'g~'ft:;"d,andTInlfTcxt. 

~: i~~~~[Lii'n~~:)\!lt~~i:~~~~.rSe~~lt~n~W.!lllIInnd, 

7. lInlfTcxt nnd Small linDd. 

R. ~mnlI Hnnd. 

9. For ExercIscs in Dictntion and Compo~!ition. 

-,.. or thCfC COP)' Dooks collectivelY' nbol"c a. million and n. half (l,lJI2,(06) have 

now been sold. 

London:. LONGMAN, GREEN, nIHl CO. Paternoster Row.

I 

2 List of IVor1ls in Gldg's School Serics. 

A 

Arithmetic, Booh-liCcp;,'g, lIfcllsllration. 

MANUAL of ARITHl'ilETIC: Containing a Gmduotcd 

Seric! of 1,7W Questions for Class Instruction. Dy WAr.TER l\IILEOD, F.R.a.S. 

l8ma. price fJd. 

)/!l/f:+' 

Dfthis Arithmetic nbo,c 21,000 copies have been sold. 

ELEMENTS of BOOK-KEEPING by SINGLE and DOUBLE 

ENTRY. With Practical Explanations nnd Exercises on the most useful Forms 

of Dusiness. Dy A. K. ISDJSTER, l\I.A•••••••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••.• ,ISma. Dr/. 

ISBISTER'S SET of EIGHT ACCOUNT BOOKS by 

SINGLE and DOUDLE ENTRY, R(Inptcd to the above Elements of Book· 

keeping•••. •••••••••••••••••.••••••Oblong 4.to. price Sixpence each Account Dook. 

ELEMENTS of MENSURATION: With Demonstrntive Explanations 

of the va.TioU'l Rules and Processes of Calculation. and numcrou~ 

Ori,!!inal Problems. Dy the Hev. J. lIONTF.R, M.A., formerly Yice·Principalof 

the National ~ociety'sTraining College, Battersen. •••••••.•••••••••18mo. priee 9d. 

KEY, by the Author, containing full Solutions ofuU the Exercises•••• I8mo. price 9d. 

Thc English Language. 

E 

XPLANATORY ENGLTSH GRAMMAR for Beginners; 

with Practical Exercises on the Pa.rts of Speech, u Gradua.ted Course ofParsing. 

l.essons, nmI nn Appendix on the Conjugntion of Compound Verbs. By ,VALTER 

l\l'LEOP, F.It.G.S 18Ino. price 9d. 

Or, for the convenience ofElcmentnry Schools, in"Fourseparnte Parts :_1. nnd III. 

One lIenor ench; II.· FourIlence ; nnd IV. Sixpenee._AIso, Definitions, for Home 

Study, One Penny. 

~*.. Of this Grammnr above 53,000 copies have been sold. 

HISTORY of the ENGLTSH LANGUAGE, tracing it from 

its Celtic n.nd Anglo·Snxon Source ~ 'Vith Thirt;r-one Specimens ofeminent Eng.. 

Bi~l )/f1:g~t;::.ro~ix~~it~rtJlk~W~nft~~ ~f°J}u~W~R?~li~~s ~~det11~hiIfJ;g/ 6~a~:~:~~ 

T 

Schools. By JOITN EO'VAHDS 18mo. price 9d. 

Physiology and Domestic Economy. 

HE BOOK of HEALTH. 

By ROBERT JAMES MANN, M.D., 

- l\l.R.C.S.E., Author ofA Guide to the Knowledge oftlte IIcarens•• I8mo. price 9d. 

DOl\1ESTIC ECONOMY: Comprising Housekeeping; Choice 

ofn. Dwelling; Domestic Expenditure; Household Work; Needlework. Wnsh-· 

~~~~i~r::nlr~l~i~·~,og~.n:dn\~~\h81p~~iiii~~~g~~~Ct~~~~~}lit~1~'Mi~ti~g~?tgl~13f~ 

drcn j l'rayers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1Bmo. price 9d. 

Geography. 

THE CHILD'S FIRST BOOK of GEOGRAPHY, arranged 

in It Series of Easy Reading-Lessons. By 'Y'LLl.ul lIuonEs. F.R.G.S. 'Vith 

'Voodcuts 18mo. price 9d. 

GEOGRAPHY of the BHITISH Ei\IPIRE. For the use of 

Beginners. 

By 'VtLLtUr lIu(JuEs, F.R.G.S•••••••I8mo. pp. 158, price Ninepencc. 

fl 

. London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. rnternQstcl' Row, "

List of W01'lls in Gleig's School Series. 3 

GENEHAL GEOGRAPHY for Beginners. By WrLLrAM 

llconr:s,F.R.G.S.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••18me. price 9d. 

-**' Of'thesc three Geographical 'Yorks above 87,000 copies have been sold. 

HAND-ATLAS of GENERAL GEOGRAPHY: Comprising 

29 fuU·colourcrl Maps. nnd containing nearly every Plnce mentioned in the Geo~ 

graphical nnd Historical 'Yorks of the Series. By 'YALTER 1\1' LEOP, F.R.G.B. 

i Sma. price 39. half-bound; or sewed, 28. Gd. 

CJ~ASS-ATLAS of PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: Comprising 

20 full-coloured Maps, nnd 10 Sections nnd Diagrnms : preceded by explo.nator)~ 

letterpress, forming It concise Synopsis ofrhysicnl·Geograph)~. Dy'VALTEIt 

l'Il'LEOD, }"It.G.S•••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. 3s. half-bo:und; or sewed, 2s. ekl. 

~ql!* Of these two Atlases above 15,500 copies havc been sold. 

BOWMAN'S QUESTIONS on M'LEOD'S CLASS-ATLAS of PllYSICAL 

GEOGRAPIIY ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IBmo. price Js. 

Hislory and Biography, 

'FIRST BOOK of HISTORY-ENGLAND, 

By the Rev. 

G. R. GLEIO, 1\f.A••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••J8mo. price 2s. 

To be lind nlso in Two Parts, pricc Ninepence cacho 

*'ll!* Of this History ofEngland above J23,OOO copies hnve been·sold. 

The BRITISH COLONIES. 

Forming the Second Book of 

History. Dy the Rcv. G. R. GLEIO, l\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••J8mo. price Del. 

BRITISH INDIA. 

Forming the Third Book of History. 

Dy the Rev. G. R. GLEIO, 1\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Dd. 

SACRED HISTORY. Forming the Fourth Book of History. 

Dy the Rev. G.ll. GLElo, 1\I.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••28. 

18mo. pricc 23. cloth; or, in Two Pnrts,9el. cacho 

HISTORICAL QUESTIONS, PART 1. On the above Four 

JIistories••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••18mo. price 9d. 

BOOK of BIOGRAPHY: Comprising Lives of S. Cromplon, 

:~~ f.~~~~tfs~ °fJ.t~~c~h~~~i~ih~rE~Cgi~rer~~c;dei~~l.rl~~t.~:~fOt~~'If~;,{ {Y!l~~~~i~cr 

the Rev. ~. n. GLEIO,!tI.A•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. prIce r:!(r. 

HISTORY of FRANCE, By Capt. A. C. GLEIG, R.A., 

Assilltnnt-InsIlcctor of !\~ilitnn'Schools ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •9d. 

HISTORY of ROllIE. By the Venernble R. W. Bnom.-r-:, 

M.A., ArclHlencon of Taunton, and Professor of Classical Literature in )\Jn~'a 

College. wndon•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••l8mo. price 9d. 

HISTORY of GREECE. Dy the Venerable R. W. Bnomm, 

M.A., Archdeacon of TauntoD, nnd Professor of Classical Literature in Kin~'lJ 

CoJlCi,iC, :London ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18mo. price 9d• 

••- Ofthe above Historics (c.J:cluslt"c ofthe llistory of England) 1!J71~0copics hnt"c 

been sold. 

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, nnd CO. Paternoster Row.

4 List of Works in Gleig's School Series. 

E 

Algebra, Euclid, and GeoVlelry. 

LEMENTARY ALGEBRA for Beginners.. By W. J. 

REYNOLDS, M.A., ROYal Mi1itn.11" Allylum, Che18ea. LA SECOND PAnT is in the 

pre8sJ PART I. 18~o. price 9d. 

ANSWERS to the EXAMPLES for PRACTICE in REYNOLDS'S ALGE:DRA, 

PART I ..•.••.............•••........................•................18mo. price 3d. 

The FIRST THREE BOOKS of EUCLID'S ELEi'oIENTS 

ofGEOMETRY. ~Y' T. TATE, F.R.A.S. ·W1thDiagrnms lama. price 9d. 

PRACTICAL GEOUETRY, containing. the Construction of 

N 

nIl the most useful Geometrical Problems, with their-Applications. By T. T.A.TF., 

F.R.A.S. With 261 'Voodcuts 0' II 11',.0 II II •••• o •••••18ma.price Is.' 

Science simplified for Beginners. 

ATURAL HISTORY for BEGINNERS: A Reading-Book 

for Schools and Families. Dy JA.MES OWE:'l. 'VHh Woodcuts. . 

lama. price 28. cloth i or, in Two Parts,9d. cach. 

ASTRONOMY and the USE of the GLOBES simplified for 

the Instruction ofBeginners. 

Dy Tno:.u.s TA.TE, F.R.A.S. 1Yith Woodcuh. 

lame. price gel. 

EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY simplified for the Instruction 

of Beginners, nnd illustrll.ted b)' Dingrams nnd Wood Engro.vings. By T. 

TATE, F .R.A.S..•. ,....II ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••II ••••18me. price !ld. 

HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, ul1(l PNEUlIIATICS 

simplified for the Instruction ofDeginners. By T. TATE, F.R.A.S. 'Vith numerous 

'Voodculs ,.. 0 •••••• IIII •••••••••• IIII 11.0 •••••••• IIIIIIII I •••••18mo. price 9d. 

MECHANICS and the STEAi\f-ENGINE simplified for the 

Instruction of Ucginners, and elucidnted with Diagrams amI Woodcuts. Dy 

T~ TATE, F .R.A.S..............•• 0 •• I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ISmo. price 9el. 

LIGHT and HEAT, familiarly explained and illustrated, for 

the me ofBeginners. By T. TATE, F.H..A.S. With WOOdCl!tS ISmo. 9(~. 

ELECTRICITY, familiarly explained ant1 iIInstrated for the 

use ofBeginnera. BY,T. TAT£, F.R.A.S •............•..••....•.... 18mo. price 9el. 

:MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY, and ELECTHO- 

DYNAMICS, familiarlY explained for the Usc of Beginners. By T. Tuv 

F.R.A.S ISmo. ,\·ith 'VOOdCUt3, price 9d. 

• ;:~ Of the 'l're:ltis'e's' on: Nahirnl Philosophy collectively above 42,000 copies have 

been sold. 

London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO. Paternoster Row;

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