sDkgLsf] l:ylt pT;fxhgs - Nepal Telecom

5}6f} rf}yf] + jflif{sf]T;j :dfl/sf @)^^@)^$ 

th Anniversary 4 th Souvenir 2008 

2010 

6 th 

cGtjf{tf{ 

x/]s b[li6n] sDkgLsf] l:ylt pT;fxhgs 

– k|aGw lgb] {zs, cd/gfy l;+x 

cd/gfy l;+x g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|aGw lgb]{zssf ?kdf 

@)^^ ;fn c;f/ @^ ut]b]lv sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . o;cl3 pxfF 

sDkgLs} gfoa k|aGw lgb]{zssf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . 

k|aGw lgb]{zssf ?kdf lgo'Qm ePkl5 pxfFn] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

;d[4 agfpgsf nflu cfkm"n] x/;Dej k|of; ug]{ atfpg'ePsf] 

lyof] . pxfFn] hLP;Pd tyf ;L8LPdP ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ 

u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ tyf ;j{;'netf, kLP;6LPg ;]jfsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] 

pknAwtf / PghLPg ;]jf leq\ofpg] sfo{df cfkm" k|lta4 eP/ 

nfUg] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . 

k|:t't 5, g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 5}6f}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df 

sDkgLsf ;d;fdlos ljifodf :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;b:o 

nId0f clwsf/Ln] n] pxfF;Fu ug{'ePsf] s'/fsfgLsf] ;f/–;+If]k M 

sDkgLsf] 5}6f}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df ljut Ps jif{df 

sDkgLn] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx? s;/L :d/0f ug'{x'G5 < 

ljut Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf hLP;Pd tyf ;L8LPdP ;]jfsf] 

lj:tf/tkm{ lgs} k|ult ePsf] 5 . kxf8L If]qsf ljleGg :yfgdf 

le:of6 :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L PghLPg k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/sf nflu k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . sDkgLsf] 

cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, :6f]/ cflb If]q ;'b[9 ug]{ p2]Zon] Enterprise 

Resource Planning (ERP) k|f]h]S6 sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|lqmof yfngL 

ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljutsf jif{sf] cfly{s :jf:YonfO{ sfod /fVg] 

k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

utjif{ d+l;/ dlxgfdf sDkgLsf s'n u|fxs cfwf/ sl/a #% 

nfv ePsf]df o; jif{sf] d+l;/ dlxgfdf of] ;+Vofdf #& k|ltztn] j[l4 

eO{ sl/a $* nfv k'u]sf] 5 . o:t} u/L utjif{sf] d+l;/ dlxgfdf 

d'n'ssf #,@%) uflj;df dfq sDkgLsf] ;]jf k'u]sf]df o; jif{sf] 

d+l;/ dlxgfdf #,$@# uflj;df ;]jf k'¥ofO;lsPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf] 

lx;fan] x]bf{ ut jif{;Dd &# lhNnfdf dfq sDkgLsf] kLP;6LPg ;]jf 

k'u]sf]df o; jif{ k'; dlxgfdf d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfdf of] ;]jf 

k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . sl/a @ jif{cl3 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 ;]jf k|f/De 

ul/Psf] b|'tultsf] OG6/g]6 (ADSL) ;]jf efb| dlxgfdf ;j{k|yd 

sf7df8f} + pkTosfaflx/ lrtjgsf] e/tk'/df ljt/0f ul/Psf]df d+l;/ 

dlxgf;Dddf d'n'ssf @$ lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

utjif{h:t} pmhf{ ;+s6 k/] klg sDkgLsf ;]jfx?sf] 

u'0f:t/df sdL cfpg glbg j}slNks pmhf{sf ljleGg pkfox? 

!!

5}6f} + jflif{sf]T;j :dfl/sf @)^^ 

th Anniversary Souvenir 2010 

6 th 

ckgfOPsf 5g\, h;n] ubf{ df]afOn ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df of] jif{ 

vf;} c;/ k/]sf] cg'ej ePsf] 5}g . 

o:t} u/L sDkgLsf] sfo{;~rfng cfo ut cfly{s jif{ )^$/)^% 

df ?= !& ca{ !) s/f]8 /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ )^%/^^ df sfo{;~rfng 

cfo ?= @) ca{ ^$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfly{s jif{ )^$/)^% df 

s/kl5sf] gfkmf & ca{ ($ s/f]8 ePsf]df cfly{s jif{ )^%/^^ df 

sl/a ( ca{ ($ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . 

utjif{nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ ;]jf lj:tf/, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf cfly{s 

;d[l4sf b[li6n] pT;fxhgs g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

o; cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf sDkgLn] s]–s:tf dxTjk"0f{ 

pknlAw xfl;n ug]{nIo lnPsf] 5 < 

o; cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf d"ntM cfly{s jif{ @)^^/)^& 

sf] of]hgfcg'?k kLP;6LPg, hLP;Pd tyf ;L8LPdP ;]jfsf] yk 

lj:tf/ ug]{, clt b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf le:of6 ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{, 

clK6sn kmfOa/ g]6js{ lj:tf/ ug] {, ERP k|f]h]S6sf] sfof{Gjog 

ug]{h:tf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 . 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L sDkgLn] 

rfn" cflys jif{ )^^÷^& sf] cGTo;Dddf @@ nfv hLP;Pd 

df]afOn ljt/0f ug] { nIo /fv]sf] 5 eg] sl/a $ nfv nfOg ;L8LPdP 

kmf]gx? ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} NofG8nfOg ;]jftkm{ %) 

xhf/ nfOg yk ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} ;]jfx?sf] 

ljt/0fkl5 sDkgLsf] s'n u|fxs cfwf/ sl/a &) nfv nfOg k'¥ofpg] 

nIo /x]sf] 5 . o; cly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf &% j6} lhNnfdf 

b| 'tultsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf P8LP;Pn k'¥ofpg] nIo klg /x]sf] 5 . 

o;} u/L cfufdL # jif{leq PghLPg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lkmS:8 

nfOg 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t Jofks lj:tf/ ug] { sfo{nfO{ cem 

cl3 a9fOg]5 . ;L8LPdP tyf hLP;Pd ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otfnfO{ x]/L of] 

;]jfnfO{ cem Jofks?kdf lj:tf/ ug{ yk of]hgf cufl8 ;fl/g]5 . 

k|aGw lgb]{zssf ?kdf sDkgLdf oxfFsf k|fyldstfx? 

s]–s] x'g\ < 

d'n'ssf *% k|ltzteGbf a9L hgtf u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf] 

cj:yfnfO{ dWo/gh/df /fvL sDkgLsf ;]jfx? clt b'u{d If]q;Dd 

Jofks?kdf lj:tf/ ub}{ zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qaLr /x]sf] -l8lh6n 

l8efO8nfO{ sd ug'{ d]/f] k|d'v k|fyldstfdf kb{5 . o:t} u/L zx/L 

If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf Value Added Services ljt/0f ug]{, 

k|zf;lgs ;'wf/tkm{sf sfo{x? cufl8 a9fpg] tyf u'0f:t/nfO{ sfod 

/fVb} cfjZostfcg';f/sf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ klg pRr 

k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;w}F b]zsf] Ps gDa/sf] sDkgLsf 

?kdf sfod /fVgsf nflu s]–s:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf 

ug'{kg]{ b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < 

ef/t / kfls:tfgh:tf blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf ;/sf/L 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx? s'g} ;dodf cu|:yfgdf /lx/x]sf]df 

k|lt:kwf{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sbf tn v:sg'k/]sf] lyof] . sDkgLsf] 

xsdf klg xfnsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf cu|0fL ;]jfk|bfossf] 

?kdf cfkm\gf] :yfgnfO{ sfod /fVb} cufl8 a9\g' cfkm}+df Pp6f 

!@ 

r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf ljBdfg s]xL lgod–sfg'gdWo] d'VotM 

cfly{s lgod–sfg'gsf s]xL k|fjwfgn] ubf{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf obfsbf 

l9nfO x'g] klg u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLdf ePsf leGg–leGg ljrf/nfO{ 

;d]6]/ cufl8 a9\b} hfg] sfo{ yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;+:sf/ 

/ j}rfl/s ;dembf/Lkg j[l4 ub}{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLsf] 

bfFhf]df sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ clt cfjZos 5 . o; k|sf/sf 

r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ x/;Dej pkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5g\ . 

sDkgLdf /0fgLlts ;fe]mbf/ leq\ofpg] s'/fsf] Jofks 

rrf{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfjZostf lsg dx;'; ul/of] / 

xfn o;;DaGwL s]–s:tf] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 < 

sDkgLsf] sfo{k|0ffnL, ;+/rgf, lgod–sfg'gx?df c:ki6tf cflbn] 

ubf{ sDkgL h'g ultdf cufl8 hfg ;Sg'kg]{ xf] Tof] ;Dej eO/x]sf] 

5}g . k|lt:kwf{ eO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf sDkgLnfO{ ;zQm?kn] 

cl3 a9fpg /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg]];DaGwdf ;DefJotf tyf 

pko'Qmtf cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 

Ps ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg cfPkl5 

;~rfns ;ldltn] cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{5 . 

sDkgLn] hnljB't\ If]qdf lsg nufgL ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / 

xfn o;;DaGwL sf/afxL s'g cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 < 

sDkgLsf] k|fylds nufgLsf] If]q b"/;~rf/ If]q g} xf] . o; 

If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL u/]/ klg ;l~rt ePsf] s]xL /sd nufgL 

ljljwLs/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df xfn g]kfn 6]lnsdn] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL 

hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf cf+lzs?kdf nufgL ug{ nfu]sf] xf] . 

b]z ljsf;sf nflu hnljB't\sf] lgs} 7"nf] dxTj x'g] tYonfO{ 

gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . xfn d'n'sdf /x]sf] pmhf{ ;+s6sf] k|efj k|ToIf?kdf 

sDkgLsf ;]jfx?df klg k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljB't\ 

If]qdf nufgL ubf{ /fi6« ljsf;df klg of]ubfg k'Ug] / nufgL 

ljljwLs/0f eO{ sDkgLsf] cfly{s eljio cem ;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvPsf] 

5 . ;fy} ljB't\ k|flws/0f;Fusf] ;xsfo{af6 sDkgLn] OPGW 

kmfOa/sf] lj:tf/ u/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] tyf Double 

feeder dfkm{t sDkgLsf dxTjk"0f{ pks/0fx?df ljB't\sf] pknAwtf 

;'lglZrt ug{ yk ;xof]u klg k'Ug] ePsfn] sDkgLn] hnljB't\ 

If]qdf nufgL ug{ kxn u/]sf] xf] . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf nflu clt cfjZos /x]sf] ljB't\ 

cfk"lt{sf] ;dofjlwdf s6f}tL eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df sDkgLsf 

;]jfx?sf] u'0f:t/df sdL cfpg glbgsf nflu s]–s:tf 

j}slNks pkfox?sf] Joj:yf :yf ul/Psf] 5 < 

xfn nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;dofjlw a9\b} uPsf] / o;n] ubf{ d'VotM 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ePsfn] sDkgLn] 

pQm c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg j}slNks pkfox? ckgfPsf] 5 . 

h]g]/]6/ h8fg tyf ;f}o{pmhf{ (Solar Power) pkof]u ug{ ] sfo{nfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . ;fy} BTS x?df cfjZos kg]{ Aof6«Lsf] 

Ifdtf yk ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} u/L xfn sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq @)) 

:yfgdf !) b]lv !@ 306f;Dd Aofsck Ifdtf ePsf] Aof6«L h8fg 

e};s]sf] 5 eg] @)) :yfgdf ;f}o{ pks/0fx? cfk"lt{ u/L h8fg ug]{ 

sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOPsf] 5 . xfn !) :yfgdf h]g]/]6/ ;~rfng

] 



2010 

6 th 

e}/x]sf]df yk @)) :yfgdf h]g]/]6/ cfk"lt{sf] nflu cfjZos k|lqmof 

cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . 

sDkgLn] eljiodf s]–s:tf gofF ;]jfx? leq\ofpg] nIo 

lnPsf] 5 < 

jfo/n]; k|ljlwaf6 a|f]8AofG8 8f6f ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ ;L8LPdP 

k|0ffnLsf] EVDO ;]jf lgs6 eljiodf ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 

5 . sDkgLn] cfufdL lbgdf IP CDMA ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L 8f6f 

tyf cGo Eofn'P8]8 ;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf 

/fv]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] xfn} cfwf/e"t 6]]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/sf] nflu 

NGN ( Next Generation Network) sf] pks/0f vl/b ug{ 

af]nkq cfx\jfg u/L k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO;s]sf] 5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 

Voice, Data / Video ;]jf Ps} dfWodaf6 Ps} k6s pknAw 

x'g]5g\ . o;} u/L GSM ;]jftk{m sl/a ! nfv nfOg 3G 

df]afOn ljt/0f u/L Wireless Broadband ;]jfsf] dfu 

k"lt{ ug] { nIo /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t GSM ;]jfsf] dfunfO{ 

dWogh/df /fvL o; ;]jfsf] Jofks lj:tf/ ug]{tkm{ sfo{ cufl8 

a9fOPsf] 5 . 

sDkgLsf] cfDbfgL x/]s jif{ j[l4 eO/x]sf] / utjif{sf] 

gfkmf klg k|ltz]o/ emG8} ^@ ?lkofF x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 

cj:yfdf z]o/ ahf/df o;sf] d"No a9\g g;s]sf] cj:yfk|lt 

oxfFsf] s] wf/0ff 5 < 

d'n'ssf] jt{dfg z]o/ ahf/sf] cfsif{0f eg]s} s'g sDkgLn] 

a9L gfkmf u/]sf] 5 eGg] eGbf klg s'g sDkgLn] /fO6 z]o/ / af]g; 

z]o/ ljt/0f ub}{ 5 eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . xfn sDkgLnfO{ k'FhL a9fpg 

cfjZos gePsf] x'gfn] /fO6 z]o/,af]g; z]o/ afF9\g]tkm{ sDkgL 

cu|;/ gePsf] xf] . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ sDkgLsf] gfkmf w]/} eP/ klg 

;j{;fwf/0f o; sDkgLsf] z]o/lt/ cfslif{t gePsf x'g ;S5g\ . 

z]o/ ahf/df cfjZos k'FhL kof{Kt ePkl5 xfn b]lvPsf] cfsif{0fdf 

sdL cfO{ cGo sDkgLx?sf] z]o/ d"No 36\g ;S5 t/ o; sDkgLsf] 

xsdf eg] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ePsf] sf/0fn] eljiodf z]o/sf] d"No 

a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 . 

sDkgLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{] sfo{nfO{ s;/L cufl8 

a9fOFb} 5 < 

sDkgLsf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug] {;DaGwdf k]G6f:sf]kn] tof/ u/]sf] 

k|ltj]bgnfO{ yk kl/dfh{g ug{ :6fkm sn]hsf] k/fdz{ lnOPsf] 

lyof] . oL l;kmfl/;x?nfO{ Ps}rf]l6 sfof{Gjog gu/L ;do;fk]If?kn] 

plrt ;dodf sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg] of]hgfcg';f/ sfo{ cufl8 

a9fOPsf] 5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ xfn} lkmS:8 g]6js{ lgb] {zgfnosf] cjwf/0ff 

sfof{Gjog ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfufdL lbgdf klg k'g;+{/rgfsf] 

k|lqmof hf/L g} /xg]5 . 

sDkgLnfO{ cl3 a9fpg sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] s:tf] 

e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ b]Vg'x'G5 < 

Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L o'lgogaLrsf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwaf6 sDkgLsf] 

p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ d2Q k'U5 . 

sDkgLnfO{ cl3 a9fpg sd{rf/L o'lgogx?sf] ] e"ldsf lgZro g} 

dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljutdf sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] sDkgLsf] lxt ;+/If0f 

ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg k|lt:kwf{sf] ;dodf 

sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ / cfdsd{rf/Lx?df 

sfd ug]{ plrt jftfj/0f agfpg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ 

;S5g\ . 

u|fdL0f If]q / zx/L If]qsf aLr 6]nL3gTjdf eO/x]sf] 

7"nf] vf8n sd ug{ sDkgLn] s:tf] /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 < 

u|fdL0f If]q / zx/L If]qsf aLr b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] If]qdf /x]sf] 

vf8n sd ug{ sDkgLn] ljleGg k|ljlwsf ;]jfx? ;~rfngdf NofO{ 

lj:tf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ;L8LPdP ;]jf ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ g} 

k|fyldstf lbP/ lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L hLP;Pd 

/ kLP;6LPg ;]jf klg qmdzM u|fdL0f If]qdf lj:tf/ ug] { sfd eO/x]sf] 

5 . ;]jf gk'u]sf cGo b'u{d If]qdf le:of6 k|ljlwdfkm{t ;]jf k'¥ofpg] 

sfo{ klg hf/L 5 . clxn] d'n'ssf hDdf #,(!% uflj;dWo] #,$@# 

uflj;df ;]jf k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o; cfly{s jif{df 

sDkgLsf] jflif{s ;]jf lj:tf/ sfo{qmddf gk/]sf tyf cGo 

;]jfk|bfosx?sf] ;d]t ;]jf gk'u]sf !(( uflj;x?df o;} cfly{s 

jif{leq} ;]jf k'¥ofpg ljz]if sfo{bn u7g u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ sfo{qmd 

cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . ;fy} &% j6} lhNnfdf b'|tultsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] 

lj:tf/ sfo{ klg tLj|?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] of] k|of;af6 lgZro g} l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ 

sd ug{ of]ubfg k'Ug] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5' . 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;do;fk]If bIftf clej[l4 / sfo{z}nL 

kl/jt{g ug{ s]–s:tf pkfox? ckgfOFb} 5 < 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] bIftf clej[l4 / sfo{z}nL kl/jt{gsf nflu 

sDkgLsf] ] tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

cfjZos tflnd lbP/ cem bIf agfO{ pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ If]qLo:t/df 

;d]t tflnd ;~rfng ug] { sfo{ z'? ul/Psf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf 

o;nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpFb} nlug]5 . 

sDkgLsf] jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df sDkgLsf pkef]Qmf, 

!# 

z]o/xf]N8/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 < 

sDkgLsf] 5}6f}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df sDkgLsf ;Dk"0f{ 

pkef]Qmfju{nfO{ cfufdL lbgdf k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf cem u'0f:t/Lo 

/ e/kbf]{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' . sDkgLsf] 

;]jf lj:tf/nfO{ cem Jofks ub}{ Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ j[l4 u/]/ 

z]o/xf]N8/ dxfg'efjx?nfO{ plrt k|ltkmn klg k|bfg ub}{ hfg] 

k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' . oL k|lta4tfx? k"/f ug{ tyf sDkgLsf 

of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? ;dod} ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu 

cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ sfo{df sl6a4 eP/ ;DnUg x'g ;a} 

sd{rf/L ;fyLx?nfO{ xflb{s cfu|x ub{5' . 

;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j of]ubfg lbg] tyf b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfosx?dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] uf}/j 

sfod /fVb} sDkgL ;ftf}+ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . u|fxsju{ / 

z]o/wgL dxfg'efjx?sf] sDkgLk|ltsf] ljZjf; / lg/Gt/ ;b\efjsf] 

cfzf ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] sfo{df ;DnUg x'g ;DalGwt ;a}df xflb{s 

cg'/f]w ub{5' .



6 th 

Survive or perish: 

depends on us 

By: Vishwa Nath Goel 

Needless to say NT is going through most challenging 

time since its inception. Two more competitors have been 

added to existing two, so there are four competitors 

knocking NT from four corners. Looking at the market 

growth and network expansion plan of competitors the 

day is not far away when NT will lose its market dominant 

position. Hence it is high time that NT formulates strategy 

to face the challenge for retaining No.1 position. 

Following are the issues NT should decide and implement. 

Sooner it goes into action longer it will live. 

1. Customer care:- Real competition is in the 

customer care areas. It goes without saying that NT's 

customer relation is poorest among all existing operators. 

There is growing tendency in NT employee’s to work 

less & less and seek more & more benefit. It goes 

without comment that it is against principle of survival. 

Here the truth of life is that "one cannot get more then it 

produces". The areas where NT deals with customer / 

people are badly affected due to ‘don’t bother’ attitude 

of NT employees. 

One glaring example is service of ‘1498’.This is 

the number where 3.2 million GSM mobile customers 

are suppose to get response about their querries/complaints 

regarding mobile telephone service. One will be surprised 

to know the quality of service of 1498. Once you want 

service from this number, you will be lucky if you are able 

to get access to this number, even if you get access the 

response is non polite, non professional, rude & incomplete. 

The response is only 3% means that out of 100 only 3 

people get answer to their quarries. 

What is the use of running customer care where 

only 3% get response & 97% don’t? 

!$ 

Conclusion: Either run it properly or close it. 

2. Price war:- Many people feel that reducing 

price retains customers . I feel customer are not retained 

only by price, it is quality of service that is most 

important. What is the value of low price if you cannot 

listen what the other person is telling. Reducing price is 

making business non profitable there by reduces the 

capability of origination to improve Quality of Service. 

Conclusion:- It is not the price, it is quality that 

retains customers. 

3. Pay as you use, pay when you like to pay: 

80% of NT fixed line customer pay less then Rs. 

300/ per month. Out of 600,000 fixed line customers 

480,000 travel to the counter of Nepal Telecom to pay 

their monthly bills. The cost of transportation may itself 

run in hundreds. On the other side more than thousands 

of NT staff is employed in collecting the bills. 

To save both side from this unnecessary trouble 

just think if NT introduces a scheme in which customer 

can pay as the prepaid customers of mobile. He can 

buy the recharge coupon from nearby stores and 

recharge his phone as per his uses & as per his choice 

of time and convenience. NT can not only save thousand 

of its staff involved in bill collection, it can also get three 

months worth of revenue in advance from customers. 

Other case is postpaid mobile subscribers. Out of 

3.2 million GSM Mobile customers only 100,000 are 

postpaid. Many of them live in places where even if 

there is NT counter, it does not have payment facility 

for post paid mobile. Just think if these customers are 

allowed to pay in prepaid mode, how comfortable will 

they feel? 

A man's feet should be planted in his country, but his eyes should survey the world. 

- George Santayana



2010 

6 th 

Conclusion: Technology is available to do this, why 

don’t we do this? 

4. Mobile money transfer: 

Guess what % of people has access to bank? 

What % to people has bank account? You will be surprise 

only 5-7% our population have bank account. How can 

the economy of people in rural areas improve if they don’t 

have access to bank account? How can they save money 

& then start borrowing when needed? In absence of bank 

facility, they inter into vicious circles of borrowing & 

spending and remain poor throughout their life. 

Mobile Telephone can help these people to walk 

out of poverty trap. They can save money in an account 

through mobile telephone. The mobile number will be 

linked to individual bank account in certain bank. The 

owner need not came to bank for opening the bank 

account. He can deposit, withdraw, transfer & make 

payment using his mobile telephone. 

Mobile money will greatly help poor people in the 

rural area, who have no access to a bank account thus 

enhance their standard of living. 

Conclusion: Let us start MMT without delay. 

5. Prescriptions for NT: 

i) Out source: Outsourcing should be done in all 

those areas for which man power is available in 

the country, like inquiry service, cash collection, 

drivers job, letter distribution, service distribution 

like SIM/RUIM, recharge coupons. Even 

network maintenance jobs like BTS 

maintenance, cable network maintenance, cable 

network pulling etc should be out sourced. It 

will be cheaper, predictable and measurable. 

ii) Infrastructure sharing: Let us open a joint venture 

infrastructure company in collaboration with 

other operators in the country. Let all the partners 

put their present infrastructures like Towers, 

Battery, Air-conditioning, Generators into this 

company. This new company will put new 

towers as per the requirement of operators 

and maintain the old ones. This will not only 

make our services, cheaper but also save 

cities from environmental issues. If we don’t 

go for this, the day is not far when all the 

houses in metropolitan will have towers and 

power supply will be a big issue. 

iii) Fund Management NT has NRs 25 billion in 

reserve and it generates around Rs 5 billion as 

surplus each year. It is not able to invest the 5 

billion it generates as surplus each year. Hence 

the reserve amount of NT is growing each year. 

NT has invested this money with Nepal Rastra 

Banks Bonds and deposit with other commercial 

bank. It earns an interest of 9-10% on its 

investment. 

Many infrastructure projects like road, electricity, 

petroleum, civil aviation sector are suffering in lack 

of capital. The country is suffering acute shortage 

of power crippling the telecom network and bringing 

the life of people to hardship. Industries also suffered 

a big way. 

It was with this consideration that I purposed 

that NT should invest in Hydropower. Discussion 

was held regarding upper Tamakoshi and Trisuli III 

Hydro electric project. Now as per information NT 

has agreed to invest NRs. 6.6 billion in the Tamakoshi 

HEP. It will get an interest on 6.0 billion and 0.6 

billion is as equity. Let us see the return NT will get 

on this module. 

Presuming interest of 10% on 6.0 billion and 

return of 25% on 0.6 billion the net return on 

investment will be 0.60+0.15= 0.75 billion or 11.36% 

which is really a poor rate of return considering the 

a) Poor financial position of NEA, b) Poor 

management capability of NEA, c) Likely delay in 

implementation of the project due to different factors. 

I think we need to reconsider this investment. 

It seems necessary that NT develops a criteria for 

such investment like follows. 

1. Put money in project which benefits general 

Nepali people. 

2. Put money in project of national need and 

importance. 

3. Put money in project where rate of return is 

more or equal to ROR as investment in 

Telecommunication. 

4. Put money in projects which are preferably 

owned by government. It helps NT to decide 

investment faster and be less controversial. 

5. Put money in a project which will enhance NT's 

image as agency for national development. 

Conclusion: Major like above has been long due in 

NT and needs action than discussion. 

Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding. 

- Albert Einstein 

!%

] 

{ 



6 th 

b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# df 

;+zf]wgsf] cfjZostf 

Ps l6kf]6 

/fh]Gb| g]kfn 

pk;lrj -sfg'g_ 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf] { / ;j{;'ne agfpg, b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg tyf To:tf] ;]jfnfO{ 

lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug] {;]dtsf] p2]Zo lnP/ b"/ ;~rf/ P]g, 

@)%# hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm P]g hf/L ePsf] sl/a !# jif{ 

Joltt eO;s]sf] / o; cGt/fndf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf pn]Vo?kdf 

ljleGg k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf; Pjd\ dfGotfx?df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 

kl/k| ]Ifdf ljBdfg sfg'gnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfO{ b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] 

ljsf;, lj:tf/ Pjd\ k|j4{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 

ePsf] 5 . t;y{ o; n]vdf pQm P]gdf ug' {kg] { ;+zf]wgsf] 

;DaGwdf s]xL a' Fbfx? ;'emfjsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug] { hdsf] { ul/Psf] 

5, h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ . 

!= g]6js{nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{kg]{ M– 

P]gn] g]6js{sf] kl/efiff u/L g]6js{ ;~rfngsf] nflu 

cg'dltkq lbg] Joj:yf gu/]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf] dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ 

P]gdf ;d]6L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf jf g]6js{ ;~rfng ug{ cg'dltkq 

lng]÷lbg] Joj:yf u/L sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq Nofpg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

@= cg'dltkqnfO{ ;fwf/0f / PsLs[t cg'dltkqsf] 

?kdf kl/eflift ug'{kg]{ M– 

P]gn] xfn u/]sf] cg'dltkqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L 

cGt/f{li6«o k|rng;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L cg'dltkqnfO{ ;fwf/0f 

cg'dltkq / PsLs[t cg'dltkqdf juL{s/0f u/L tbg'?k 

kl/dflift ul/g' cfjZos 5 . 

#= k|flws/0fsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQmsf] 

nflu l;kmfl/; ug] 

{{{{{ ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf P]gdf tf]Sg'kg] 

{ M– 

P]gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug] { k|of]hgsf] nflu P]gn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf u/L k|flws/0fsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox? 

!^ 

lgo'lQmsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Da4 If]qsf 

lj1x? /x]sf] Ps ;ldlt u7g x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ 

To:tf ;Da4 If]qsf lj1 eg]sf sf] x'g\, lghx?sf] lj1tfsf] 

cfwf/ s] x'g] eGg]h:tf j:t'ut cfwf/x? P]gdf gePsf] x' Fbf 

To:tf] ;ldltdf s'g–s'g If]qsf s]–s:tf lj1x? /xg] eGg] 

;DaGwdf P]gdf g} ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf tf]Sg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

o;af6 lj1tfsf] gfpFdf hf]–sf]xL JolQm l;kmfl/; ;ldltdf 

a:g] / a;fpg] ;Defjgf cGTo x'g] b]lvG5 . 

$= cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] cg'ej, of]Uotf tyf 

cof]Uotf;DaGwL Joj:yf P]gdf g} tf]Sg'kg]{ M– 

P]gn] cWoIf tyf ;b:ox?sf] of]Uotf / cg'ej tf]lsPadf]lhd 

x'g] Joj:yf u/L lgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . k|flws/0fh:tf] 

dxTjk"0f{ lgsfodf lgo'lQm x'g] kbflwsf/Lsf] of]Uotf, cof]Uotf 

tyf cg'ejh:tf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx? P]gdf g} Uof/]G6L ug' 

pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 

%= k|ljlw t6:y /xg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{ M 

M– 

xfn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cg'dltkq kfPsf ;+:yfx?n] ;f] 

;]jf;DaGwL ljleGg k|ljlwx? k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5}g . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf gofF–gofF k|ljlwx?nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ 

jt{dfg sfg'gL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmn] 

cg'dltkqdf plNnlvt b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd 

dfkb08 k"/f ug] { h'g;'s} k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|ljlw 

t6:ytf (Technology Neutrality) ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ 

dfGotf lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

^= kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txlssftsf] 

l;nl;nfdf dfu]sf ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf 

ug'{kg]{ M 

M– 

Peace can be fortif'ied, not by weapons, but by cotton, milk, timber and rice. These 

needs challenge this world in arms. 

- Ddddwight D. Eisenhower

{ 


s'g} kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft, cft+ssf/L 

ultljlw jf ;+ul7t s;'/sf] ] lgoGq0f u/L /fli6«o lxt sfod ug] 

l;nl;nfdf To:tf] s;'/df ;+nUg JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf] b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf jf g]6js{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} :yfg kQf 

nufpg jf To:tf] JolQmn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf jf g]6js{ k|of]u u/L 

u/]sf] s'/fsfgL, va/, Od]n, ;+s]t jf s'g} ljB'tLo ;"rgfsf] 

clen]v u/L ;f]sf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg clwsf/k|fKt 

clwsf/Laf6 lnlvt?kdf dfu ePdf cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmn] 

To:tf] JolQmsf] klxrfgsf] ljj/0f / lgh /x]sf] :yfg jf 

To:tf] JolQmn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf jf g]6js{ k|of]u u/L u/]sf] 

va/, ;"rgf, ;+s]t, Od]n jf s'g} ljB'tLo ;"rgf;DaGwL 

ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ / To:tf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg] 

k|of]hgsf] nflu cg'dltkqk|fKt JolQmn] To:tf] ljj/0fsf] clen]v 

pknAw x'g ;Sg] k|0ffnL cfkm\gf] k|0ffnLdf h8fg ul/Psf] 

:yfgdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Lafx]s cGo s;}sf] kx' Fr gx'g] Joj:yf 

ug{;d]t cfjZos b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf 

;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . 

&= 

s;'/ / ;hfodf k'g/jnf]sg ug'{kg]{ M– 

P]gsf] bkmf $& n] u/]sf] b08 ;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ 

k'g/jnf]sg u/L s;'/sf] bfo/f / ;hfo;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ 

km/flsnf] kfg' {kg] { b]lvG5 . 

*= cg'dltkq b:t'/, gjLs/0f / /f]oN6Lh:tf Joj:yfdf 

k'g/jnf]sg ug'{kg]{ M– 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf k'¥ofO{ ;xh / ;/n?kdf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] 

Joj:yf ul/g' cfjZos 5 . o;/L lbOg] ;x'lnotsf] cfwf/, 

Go"gtd cg'dltkq b:t'/, To:tf] cg'dltkq gjLs/0f k|lqmof 

;/n Pjd\ gljs/0f b:t'/ Go"g / To:tf ;+:yfx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ 


2010 

6 th 

ltg' {÷a'emfpg'kg] { /f]oN6Ldf k"/} jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg]h:tf ljifo 

x'g ;S5g\ . t;y{ zx/L If]q / u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

;~rfng ug{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx?aLr ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] 

l;4fGtadf]lhd u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 kof{Kt 

cfly{s, ef}lts, k|fljlws Pjd\ cGo cfjZos ;]jf–;'ljwf pknAw 

u/fpg] Joj:yf u/L u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ljsf; 

Pjd\ k|j4{gsf] dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ e/kbf] { b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf k'¥ofpg' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . 

(= k|lt:kwf{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfdsf/afxL ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf 

ug'{kg]{ M– 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{ lgoGq0f ug] { p2]Zon] b'O{ jf 

b'O{eGbf a9L cg'dltkqk|fKt JolQmx? ldnL b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

;~rfng ug{, z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{, Ps–cfk;df ufleg jf lglZrt 

k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ vl/b ug{ jf u|x0f ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yfnfO{ 

P]gdf ;d]6L ldn]dtf]sf] (Carteling) dfWodaf6 x'g] cjfl~5t 

lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

ctM dfly plNnlvt ;'emfjx?sf cltl/Qm P]gdf lnhnfOg 

tyf gDal/ª / l;Uglnª KjfOG6 sf]8;DaGwL Joj:yf, e]befj 

ug{, kf/:kl/s cg'bfg lbg jf ;]jf k|of]u ug{ afWo u/fpg gx'g] 

Joj:yf, u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ w/f}6L lnPkl5 lglZrt ;doleq 

;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Uof/]G6L Pjd\ u|fxs;Fu lng] ;]jf z'Nssf] 

;fj{hlgsLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf, k|flws/0fn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ 

cfrf/;+lxtfsf ljifox?;d]t ;d]6\g'kg] { b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt 

;'emfjx? ;fdfGo?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf x'g\ . b"/;~rf/ P]g 

cfkm} +df k|fljlws ljifo;d]t ;d]l6Psf] P]g ePsf] x' Fbf o;df 

;+zf]wgsf] nflu ljz]if1x?;d]tsf] ;xof]u / ;'emfj lnO{ o;nfO{ 

;d;fdlos, j:t'k/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfOg' 

cfjZos 5 . 

Family and Friends call : 

of] ;'ljwfcGtu{t GSM Postpaid df]afOn k|of]ustf{n] a9L ;Dks{ ul//xg'kg] { g]kfn 6]lnsds} cGo 

s'g} tLg j6f gDa/df ;x'lnot b/df sn ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf x'G5 . u|fxsn] ;]jf k|fKt ug] { cfj]bg ubf{ 

jf kmf/d e/L pNn]v u/]sf] # j6f gDa/df laxfg ^M)) b]lv a]n'sf !)M)) ah];Dd k|ltldg]6 () k};f 

dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . of] ;]jf lngsf nflu One time Charge ?=%).)) -s/afx]s_ 

u|fxssf] landf g} ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;DalGwt u|fxs s]Gb|df uO{ kmf/d e/L of] ;]jf 

k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, ;fy;fy} of] ;]jfsf] nflu !$)) df lgDgfg';f/sf] Message SMS u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . 

FNF PSTN Mobile 1



6 th 

Establishment of Subsidiary 

Joint Venture Company 

Conceptual Overview for 

Nepal Telecom 

Lok Raj Sharma 

Director IT Directorate 

Nepal Telecom may go to establish Subsidiary/Joint 

Venture Company to achieve the goal laid down by 

Memorandum of Articles-MoA (Prabandha Patra) and 

under provision of the articles 4(Chha) 17 of the same 

MoA. The scope is open to any of the business unit 

(services) like Fixed Line, Wireless, International, IT, 

Rural etc. Nepal Telecom Board/Stake Holders will have 

to play a decisive role for the desired purpose. 

1. Background: 

It is enough to mention in brief that the then Nepal 

Telecommunications Corporation enjoyed over 28 years 

of monopoly business in telecommunications services 

in Nepal. Due to deregulation and under the provision 

of Telecommunication Act 2053 the incumbent operator 

Nepal Telecom is facing stiff competition in many areas 

since 4-5 years. Most pertinent is in Mobile Services 

based on GSM. Nepal Telecom is the first operator to 

start GSM mobile services in 2056/57 in Nepal. The 

growth status is given in the Table. So far it has the 

largest customer base over three million as of Ashadh 

2066. Although there has been very fast rise in mobile 

customer base in last few years, it is all round realized 

that Nepal Telecom should go for strategic decision to 

operate and expand mobile services in ways other than 

the current organizational set up. Some of the obvious 

reasons for the need of paradigm shift are out lined 

below; 

• NT started Mobile services without master 

plan 

• Affordable by mass population and rise in 

demand 

• Capacity expansion not in desired pace 

• All time quality concern by consumers 

• Stiff competition by private operators 

• Inherent working culture 

• Traditionally grown up organization structure 

• Constraints due to traditionally evolved rules 

and regulations 

In order to cope up the challenge laid by above 

conditions it has become necessary to establish/convert 

present Mobile Service Directorate of Nepal Telecom 

in to Subsidiary Joint Venture Company. Taking hold of 

current company strength like skilled technical 

manpower, good will of the customers and sound 

financial position, the main goal to go for joint venture 

shall be to achieve the quality objective and retain number 

one customer base status. 

Two modalities are clearly seen. Firstly establish 

subsidiary company under the given provision by law. 

The company once starts functioning independently under 

the provision it may decide to choose various option like; 

• Joint venture in total system investment 

• Managed service for system operation 

• Value added service(VAS) 

• Marketing and sales 

• Customer care 

Secondly, Nepal Telecom may go to start with for 

joint venture in one of the area under the present 

organizational set up and proceed to establish subsidiary 

company. Once that is achieved then the subsidiary 

company will move towards the full concept of joint 

venture modality. At the transition stage there should 

not be much debate on which modality to go as ultimate 

goal to be achieved either way must be same. 

For an incumbent operator like Nepal Telecom the 

concept of Subsidiary Joint venture scheme is new, 

obviously expert consulting services will be attracted 

!*


during actual proceeding of establishment. However, 

some of the concept to be understood for this purpose 

will be discussed hereafter; 

2. Joint Venture: 

A joint venture is a new enterprise owned by two 

or more participants. It represents a combination of 

subsets of assets contributed by two (or more) business 

entities for a specific business purpose and a limited 

duration. It is essentially a medium to long-term contract 

which is specific and flexible. Though, the joint venture 

represents a newly created business enterprise, its 

participants continue to exist as separate firms. A joint 

venture can be organized as a partnership firm, a 

corporation or any other form of business organization 

which the participating firms choose to select. It generally 

has the following characteristics; 

• Contribution by partners of money, property, 

effort, knowledge, skill or other assets to the 

common undertaking. 

• Joint property interest in the subject matter of 

the venture. 

• Right of mutual control or management of the 

enterprise. 

• Right to share in the property. 

Thus, joint ventures are of limited scope and 

duration. They involve certain fraction of each 

participant's total activities. Each partner must have 

something unique and important to offer the venture and 

simultaneously provide a source of gain to the other 

participants. However, the participants' competitive 

relationship need not be affected by the joint venture 

arrangement. 

3. Benefits of Joint Venture 

Joint ventures perform a useful role in assisting 

companies in the process of restructuring. It can enable 

a firm to achieve market penetration into new areas 

overtime, enter and develop new services markets, 

expand into new geographic areas and participate in new 

technology driven value activities. They can also be used 

by smaller firms protectively as an element of long-range 

strategic planning. Thus, a small firm in a highly 

concentrated industry can negotiate joint ventures with 

several of the industry's dominant firms to form a selfprotective 

network of counterbalancing forces. Joint 

ventures are formed with several motives:- 


2010 

6 th 

• The main motive is to share the risks. It reduces 

the risks in a number of ways as the activities 

can be expanded with smaller investment outlays 

than if financed independently. 

• The expressed purpose of most of the joint 

ventures is knowledge acquisition. The 

complexity of the knowledge to be transferred 

is a key factor in determining the contractual 

relationship between the partners. One or more 

participants may seek to learn more about a 

relatively new product market activity. This 

might concern all aspects of the activity or a 

limited segment like R&D, production, 

marketing or product servicing. 

• A small firm with a new product idea that 

involves high risk and requires relatively large 

amounts of investment capital may form a joint 

venture with a large firm. The larger firm might 

be able to carry the financial risks and be 

interested in becoming involved in a new 

business activity that promises growth and 

profitability. In addition, the larger firm might 

thereby gain experience in the new area of 

activity that may represent the opportunity for 

a major new business thrust in the future. 

• To provide world class services/products at 

competitive prices. 

• Tax advantages are a significant factor in many 

joint ventures. 

• It also helps in expanding the firm's operations 

into foreign countries. The local partners 

contribute in the form of specialized knowledge 

about local conditions, which are essential to the 

success of the venture. 

A joint venture may be subjected to several 

difficulties. As circumstances change, the contract might 

be too inflexible to permit the required adjustments to be 

made. The basic reasons for failure of a joint venture are:- 

• Inadequate preplanning for the joint venture. 

• The hoped-for technology never developed. 

• Agreements could not be reached on alternative 

approaches to solving the basic objectives of 

the joint venture. 

• People with expertise in one company refused 

to share knowledge with their counterparts in 

the joint venture. 

!(



6 th 

• Parent companies are unable to share control 

or compromise on difficult issues. 

A successful joint venture needs to fulfill the following 

requirements:- 

• Each participant has something of value to bring 

to the venture. 

• The participants should engage in careful 

preplanning. 

• The agreement or contract should provide for 

flexibility in the future. 

• There should be provision in the agreement for 

termination including buyout by one of the 

participants. 

• Must take into account the basic regulatory 

requirements of the country 

• Key executives must be assigned to implement 

the joint ventures. 

• A distinct unit should be created in the 

organizational structure which has the authority 

for negotiating and making decisions. 

4. Competition Protection 

Competition refers to the market situation in which 

sellers independently strive for buyer's patronage in order 

to achieve the business objectives of profits, sales or 

market share. In other words, it is the act of competing 

by an enterprise against other business enterprises for 

the purpose of achieving dominance in the market or 

attaining a reward or goal. It is the foundation on which 

a market system works. For market economy to function 

effectively, this competition has to be free and fair. Such 

a competition- stimulates innovation and productivity and 

thus leads to the optimum allocation of resources in the 

economy; guarantees the protection of consumer 

interests; reduces costs and improves quality; accelerates 

growth and development and preserves economic and 

political democracy. 

But market-distortionary practices and anticompetitive 

forces may restrict the working of healthy 

competition in the economy. Also, the era of economic 

reforms has unleashed the competitive forces through 

liberalization and globalization. In the absence of adequate 

safeguards, enterprises may undermine the market by 

resorting to unfair practices for their short term gains. 

Thus, there arises the need to have a proper regulatory 

environment which can ensure a healthy competition in 

the economy so that all business enterprises can grow 

and expand and stimulate economic development of a 

country. Hence, Government should formulate a 

Competition Policy which protects the interests of 

consumers and producers by promoting and sustaining 

a fair competition. 

5. Competition Policy 

This refers to the government policy designed to 

ensure contestability and fair competition in the market 

by removing or preventing those factors and forces which 

tend to distort such competition. It is a measure that 

directly affects the behavior and structure of the 

enterprises. Such a policy is needed to ensure that the 

market-oriented economic regime results in competitive 

outcomes. It promotes the creation of a healthy business 

environment which improves static and dynamic 

efficiencies and leads to maximization of consumer and 

producer welfare. 

The main objectives of competition policy are:- 

• To create and promote active competitive 

environment so as to ensure efficient allocation 

of resources in an economy. 

• To promote efficiency in the market economy and 

maximize both consumers' and producers' welfare. 

• To control the concentration of economic power 

and encourage innovation. 

• To support small and medium sized enterprises 

and encourage regional integration. 

• To aid the process of creating globally 

competitive firms with enhanced investment and 

technical capabilities. 

6. Business Risks 

Every business organization involves some element 

of risk. Risk implies uncertainty of profits or danger of 

loss due to some unforeseen events in the future. An 

entrepreneur may encounter risks in every area or 

function of a business. For example:- in production, risks 

may arise due to irregular supply of raw materials, break 

down of machinery, labour unrest, etc; in marketing, risks 

may occur on account of price fluctuations, change in 

We're our own dragons as well as our own heroes and we have to resecue ourselves from ourselves. 

- Tom Robbins 

@)


tastes and fashions, errors in sale forecasting, trade 

cycles, etc. In addition, there may be loss of assets of a 

firm due to fire, flood, earthquake, riots, war or political 

unrest which may cause unwanted interruptions in 

business operations. Thus, business risks may take place 

in a variety of forms. Though risks are universal, but all 

business enterprises do not face same type and degree 

of risks. They may vary according to the nature and 

size of a business. 

These risks are inevitable in a business and cannot 

be eliminated completely but they can be controlled 

through proper preventive and corrective measures of 

risk management. The process of management of risk 

involves:- 

• Identification of the risks 

• Evaluation of the risks 

• Choice of the right method for handling of risks 

• Evaluating the aftermath of the chosen method 

Hence, an entrepreneur can face the risks 

effectively by anticipating their nature and causes and 

adopting appropriate techniques in order to minimize their 

negative consequences. 

Also, gains in a business are inseparably linked to 

these inherent risks. In other words,' no risks, no gains' 

is a fundamental principle of a business. Hence, high 

profits of the big business houses are the rewards for 

successful management of the business risks by their 

entrepreneurs. 

7. Financial Support 

An entrepreneur needs a continuous flow of funds 

for his business so as to run its activities smoothly. The 

funds are invested in the physical resources i.e. land, 

buildings, machines, equipments, raw materials, etc 

which are used by the enterprise in production and 

marketing process. In other words, these funds are a 

pre-requisite for mobilization of the real resources of 

the firm. An enterprise needs regular and proper financial 

support at every stage in order to grow and sustain the 

business. 

A business enterprise can raise capital from various 

sources like issue of securities and borrowings from 

different agencies. The lenders of funds include individual 

investors, institutional investors, banks and special 

industrial financial institutions. The borrowers and lenders 

are brought together through the financial markets i.e. 

the money and capital markets. In the capital market, a 

firm can raise funds through issue of shares, bonds and 


2010 

6 th 

debentures. Mutual funds have also become an important 

source of financial support to a company. A company 

can offer its shares directly to the public for the purpose 

of raising capital in the primary market through Initial 

Public Offering. It can also enter into an underwriting 

agreement with financial agencies in order to ensure 

that the public will subscribe for the entire issue of shares 

or debentures made by the company. Also, ploughing 

back of profits is an important source of internal or self 

financing by a company. It refers to the process of 

retaining a part of the company's net profits for the 

purpose of reinvesting in the business itself. 

Thus, a company can meet its financial requirements 

through various means. 

8 Concluding Remark 

Besides, the prospective joint venture partner would 

raise issues like Stock Market, Mergers and Acquisitions, 

Human resources and organizational setup. Definitely, 

any other issues would come up before the deal for joint 

venture is finalized. To move ahead Nepal Telecom should 

initiate to forming one high level committee of members 

5-7 comprising legal, financial and technical experts from 

stake holders with mandate to prepare and submit 

proposal/bid inviting document for the said purpose. 

** 

Table 

GSM Mobile Customer Growth 

Fiscal year Customer Addition Total 

First year 056/57 5,571 5,571 

Second year 057/58 7,305 12,876 

Third year 058/59 7,767 20,643 

Fourth year 059/60 28,529 49,172 

Fifth year 060/61 129,572 178,744 

Sixth year 061/62 70,230 248,974 

Seventh Year 062/63 378,853 627,827 

Eighth Year 063/64 281,755 909,602 

Ninth Year 064/65 807,628 1,717,230 

Tenth year 065/66 1,292,732 3,009,962* 

*Source: Various years’ NT MIS Reports. GSM 

customer base latest figure available over 3.4 million 

*** 

@!



6 th 

‘Universal Service an 

Obligation of Country’® 

Advocate 

Kailash Prasad Neupane 

1. Background 

Two decade ago, telecommunications service 

market around the globe was in monopoly. Most of the 

governments have taken as their obligation to provide 

telecommunications service to the citizen and invested 

in the sector using the national treasury and other 

resources for expansion of the service throughout the 

country. Main policy objective of such 

telecommunications service expansion is universal 

availability of access on services to the rural areas 

(costly area) and poor (low income) people. Private 

operators tend to operate in economic areas and 

reluctant to invest in uneconomic areas. So it is essential 

‘to prevent social exclusion, promote regional 

development, and ensure the means of communications 

for all citizens’. 1 This type of such telecommunications 

service expansion policy coined as Universal Service 

(US) or Universal Access (UA) or Universal Service 

Obligation (USO) in modern days. 

The dramatically increase and emergence in use 

of information technology evolved a revolution in the 

telecommunications industry. European Union (EU) 

focused on establishing common technical development 

from 1984 through community policy. 

Like other countries, rural service was expanded 

in Nepal under the Fifth Phase Telecom Project. 2 In 

most of the cases incumbent operator usually provides 

access and private operator 3 in some cases through public 

call office or a phone shop. In order to available the 

universal access of telephone in all Village Development 

Committees as per the Telecom Policy, 2004 Nepal 

Telecommunications Authority had selected new 

operator to cover unserved 398 VDCs under the Telecom 

Sector Reform Project financed by World Bank’s soft 

loan to Government of Nepal. New entrant may not have 

similar strength of network capacity in initial phase as 

incumbent has and may not require the universal service 

obligations in competitive telecommunications market. 

So another operator is selected to establish its core 

telecom network in Mid-Western Development Region 

of Nepal to expand network gradually throughout the 

country. But universal service Fund is created in most 

of the countries for subsidizing the cost of universal 

service obligation portion of the incumbent. Regulator 

imposes universal service obligation provision to 

Significant Market Power (SMP) operato r stipulating 

such conditions in the license. 

® 

(The views expressed in this paper are of the author’s 

own and they do not represent and reflect the opinions 

of the NTA or the Government of Nepal) 

# Author has earned LLM (Commercial Law, T.U. Nepal / Information Technology and 

Telecom Law, University of Strathclyde, UK) 

Deputy Director (Law Section), 

Nepal Telecommunications Authority 

Email: kpneupane@nta.gov.np 

1 InterConnect Communications Ltd, Principles of Telecommunications Regulation, 

Second Edition (2008) United Kingdom, P. 74 

2 http://www.nta.gov.np/files/NTA_MIS_15.doc 

3 Nepal Telecommunications Authority, NTA granted license to STM Telecom Sanchar 

Pvt. Ltd. to operate telecom service in rural areas providing subsidy. Subsidy 

fund was used under Telecom Sector Reform Project financed by World Bank’s 

soft loan to Government of Nepal. See at:http://www.nta.gov.np/ 

@@


2. Universal Service Policy and Concept 

In 1909, ‘universal service’ term coined by Thomas 

Vail, Chairman of Bell Telephone Company, stating the 

motto, ‘One System, One Policy Universal Service. 4 

Universal service is defined and applied by different 

countries in different ways. Some countries have fixed 

the benchmark of universal service as per their national 

requirements and policy. United States codified universal 

service and fixed it through the statute. 5 The preamble 

of the Communications (USA) Act of 1934, declares 

the purpose of the Act is ‘to make available, so far as 

possible, to all the people of the United States, a rapid, 

efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio 

communication service with adequate facilities at 

reasonable charges.’ 6 Similarly Nepal has policy 

statement on universal service obligation 7 with 

declaration of telecommunications market liberalization 

through statutory provision. 8 Statutory provision of 

investment 9 for network and service expansion in rural 

areas and payment of fee for USO 10 fund enhance 

universal service target in Nepal. 

Universal service is defined as ‘availability of 

connections by individual households to public 

telecommunications networks.’ 11 It is specified as ‘the 

provision of a defined minimum set of services to all 

end-users at an affordable price. 12 

4 Ian Lloyd, ‘New Directions in Telecommunications Regulation’ Hands out for 

distance learning students on Telecommunication Law, Theme-2, (Strathclyde 

University, UK, 2008) p.31. 

‘all telephones should be connected over one network so that any customer 

could contact any other customer. 

5 Telecommunications Act, 1996 of USA states as follows regarding the US: 

• to promote the availability of quality services at just, 

reasonable, and affordable rates 

• to increase access to advanced telecommunications 

services throughout the Nation 

• to advance the availability of such services to all 

consumers, including those in low income, rural, insular, 

and high cost areas at rates that are reasonably 

comparable to those charged in urban areas. 

’See at : “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_service 

" 

6 See at: “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_service“ 

7 Telecom Policy, 2004 have some strategy, working methodology and concept of USO. 

See section 4 and 5 of the Policy, 2004 at http://www.nta.gov.np/telecom_policy_2060.htm 

8 Purpose of the Telecommunication (Nepal) Act, 1997 is ‘...expedient to make the 

Telecommunications service reliable and easily available to the public’ 

http://www.nta.gov.np/telecom_act_2053.html#Chapter%20-%201 

9 Section 30 of the Act, 1997 and Rule 25 of Regulation, 1997 

http://www.nta.gov.np/telecom_regulation_2054.html 

10 All Licensees are entitlement to pay 2% of their annual gross revenue in Rural 

Telecommunications Development Fund. 

11 Hank Intven, Jeremy Oliver, Edgardo Sepulveda, Telecommunications Regulation 

Handbook, edited by, Hank Intven, Washington DC USA, published by infoDev program 

of the World Bank (2000) P.6-1. 

http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.22.html (Visited on 1/03/2008) 

12 Article 4 of Directive 2002/22EC. 


2010 

6 th 

Bassically USO is applied in high cost areas and 

in low income customer areas. Universal service obliged 

operator (incumbent in most of the cases and SMP) may 

not run the universal service in a competitive 

environment. It has to invest more and rate of return is 

less from such areas. 

Objectives behind the implementation of universal 

access may be different. Hank Intven and others argues 

some of the common reasons of it in their work. 13 

European Parliament and the Council passed the Voice 

Telephony Directive in December 1995 (Directive 

95/62/EC) which specifies obligations under the universal 

service are, (a) provision of voice telephony service via 

fixed connection, which will also allow a fax and modem 

to operate, (b) provisions of operator assistance, (c) 

emergency and directory enquiry services and (d) 

provision of public payphone. 14 European Union has 

adopted the Directives on universal service and users’ 

rights relating to electronic communications networks 

and services (Directive2002/22/EC) in March 2002. 15 

European Union council identified universal service as 

permitting the access to defined minimum service of 

specified quality to all users everywhere and, in the light 

of specific national conditionals at an affordable price.In 

later days universal service not only refer to the 

accessibility of service in affordable price; it also refers 

the service access to elderly and disabled and for people 

with special social needs. 16 Shared telephone and 

telephone booth is also regarded as US policy. 17 The 

Fundamental requirement of universal service is that 

13 See supra, note 11pp. P.6-3 and 4. The following common reasons behind the UA 

objectives are argued: 

• permit full participation in 21st century society, 

• promote national political, economic and cultural 

cohesion, 

• promote economic development, 

• encourage more balanced distribution of the 

population, 

• eliminate disparity between rural and urban areas. 

14 Universal Service for Telecommunications in the Perspective of a Fully Liberlised 

Environment, Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the 

Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (12 

March 1996) Brussels COM(96)73.mht p. 4. See at : 

. 

http://europa.eu./ISPO/infosoc/telecompolicy/en/d8.htm (Visited on 

3/3/2008). 

15 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/info_centre/ 

documentation/legislation/index_en.htm 

16 Article 7 of Directive 2002/22EC. See at: http://ec.europa.eu/ 

archives/ISPO/infosoc/telecompolicy/review99/com2000-392en.pdf 

17 Section 4 of Telecommunications Policy, 2004 of Nepal. See at 

http://www.nta.gov.np/telecom_policy_2060.htm(Visited on 20/3/2008). 

@#



6 th 

defined affordable telecommunications service should 

be available at all times to all citizens, regardless of 

gender, ethnicity, socio-economic levels, disability, or 

geographic location. 18 

3.Universal Service and Competitive 

Telecommunications Market 

After starting effective competition from 1998 19 

consumers have the benefits in terms of choice, quality 

and best possible tariffs in urban areas. Similarly universal 

service is also defined by various countries to make 

available telecommunications service in unserved area 

or community. European Council adopted the policy of 

avoiding ‘two-tier society’ with regard to information 

society between those who have access to the new 

possibilities of IT and those who have not access any 

enjoy the benefit of the IT development. Directive 

2002/22EC has flexible conditions to determine about 

the USO and national conditions. 

WTO, Reference Telecommunications Paper 

(RTP) 20 Article-3 states about the universal service, 

which leaves open to all member states for defining the 

kinds of universal service obligation. It also ensures that 

such USO will not be regarded as anti-competitive 

activities. This provision indicates USO terms should not 

more burdensome to the operator and should be 

administered in a transparent, non discriminatory and 

competitively nature manner. These parameters are 

important tools in the regulatory framework to make 

universal service efficient and competitive. So the test 

of those parameters should be cared off. ’...So that 

Universal Service provision is undertaken by those 

providers able to do so the most efficiently and at the 

least avoidable net cost. 21 

Most of the countries whether they have monopoly 

market or competitive market, have accepted such 

universal service conditions and defined as per their 

national need and resources are used in various ways. 

To meet the national objectives of elimination digital 

divide and inclusion all citizen in the IT society regulators 

imposes duty to pay or expansion of network and service 

throughout the country to the operators. Regulator fixes 

the tariff of such universal service. New entrant would 

contribute financial support and gradually expand the 

service coverage whereas incumbent and SMP would 

be imposed universal service obligation and paid for that 

in different way in different countries. 22 Annex-1 ofthis 

article explores some of theUSO funding mechanism of 

selected countries. 

OFCOM the than Oftel, regulatory authority of 

United Kingdom, studied and argued operator (British 

Telecom) obtain cost benifit in terms of lifecycle by 

serving uneconomic customers enhancing the brand name 

and image of British Telecom and potential to retain them 

till they become ecnomic. 

OFCOM published the review of USO in 2006 

which shows that uneconomic customers have fallen 

significantly while the costs of providing uneconomic 

payphones has risen sharply and benefits have remained 

broadly stable. 23 

4. Conclusion 

Competition market creates investor/consumer 

friendly environment. The prime objectives of investor 

is profit earning. Investors would have interest in 

18 See supra, note 1 P. 74. 

19 WTO Telecommunication Reference Paper came into force on 1 January 1998. 

20 WTO Fourth Protocol to the GATS Agreement the ‘Agreement on Basic 

Telecommunications (ABT) negotiation under the auspices of the WTO in 

February 1997 which came into effect on 1 January 1998, Reference 

Telecommunications Paper forms parts of the commitment of most of the 

original 69 signatories to the ABT. http://www.wto.org/english/ 

tratop_e/serv_e/telecom_e/tel23_e.htm(Visited on 10/03/2008). 

21 See supra, note 1, p. 76. 

22 The following countries has created fund: (See Annex-1) 

- Chile has the Telecommunications 

Development Fund (FDT), 

- India has the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), 

- England has the Universal Service Obligation (USO), 

- Nepal has the Rural Telecommunications 

Development Fund (RTDF) 

23 Review of Universal Service Obligation, Published by Office of 

Communications, (2006) UK paragraph 1.17, p. 3. 

“Since 2001 the costs of serving uneconomic 

customers have fallen significantly while the costs of 

providing uneconomic payphones has risen sharply by 

a similar amount. Benefits from providin 

g universal services arise primarily from brand image 

and advertising on PCBs. Ofcom estimated that the 

benefits have remained broadly stable. We estimated 

the current costs of USO for BT are around £ 57-74m 

and the benefits are around £ 

59-64m. Ofcom has concluded that these estimates 

are reasonable and believes that there 

is unlikely to be an undue financial burden currently on 

BT as a result of USO” 

See at: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/uso/uso_statement/. (Visited 

on 12/03/2008) 

@$



2010 

6 th 

economic area for the investment otherwise reluctant 

to doing business. It is business sovereignty to select 

any lawful business area or sector and decline in 

no time. No one can force investors to run business 

in loss. Telecommunications service in rural or 

uneconomic area is not finding anywhere profit and 

competitive due to carry the affordable cost. 

Meaning of affordability varies from country to 

country. Obviously operators do not prefer 

uneconomic area. But government has political and 

social interest to make availability in such areas. 

So in telecommunications sector it is allowed to put 

mandatory condition of US to the operators through 

the statutory provision. 

Besides national context, universal service 

concept and policy is guided by international and 

regional agreements such as WTO, (GATS) TRP 

agreement, Universal Service Directive2002/22/EC 

respectively in the concerned countries. 

Every country is free to define and fix the 

universal service mechanism inline with WTO 

(GATS) TRP agreement. Universal service 

obligation deems just opposite concept of open or 

liberalized market. Competitive market ensures the 

business sovereignty whereas universal service 

Annex-1 

USO Funding mechanism in selected countries: 

obligation limits the competition and forced to invest 

or expand within defined telecommunications 

service in uneconomic area. USO concept is fine 

for consumers and welfare governments but 

burdensome to some extent to the 

telecommunications operator. USO is a kind of 

social obligation or corporate social responsibility 

to the operators. All citizens would have an 

opportunity to access into information society of 

21st century even would not have an equal 

opportunity. Universal service concept and 

program help to decrease the digital divide. So 

many countries have adopted and agreed to 

implement the universal service through 

multinational agreement. European Union adopted 

voice telephony Directive 95/62/EC in 1995 and 

Universal Service Drective2002/22/EC in March 

2002 to this end. Sixty-nine original member 

states of WTO agreed to commitment through 

fourth protocol in this regards. The fourth 

protocol of 1998 also declared that US provision 

is not regarded as anti-competition. So the 

regulator should have thought enough to 

implement the USO and create a competitive 

market simultaneously. 

Country Funding Mechanism Funded by: Operator Remuneration by: 

Brazil USF supporting incumbent only Subscriber levies Direct subsidy for defined services 

(sole USO operator) 

Canada USF open to any operator Levies on annual revenues of Subsidy for residential service 

meeting defined conditions C$10m or more in high-cost areas 

Indonesia USF open to any eligible Levies on all operators calculated Subsidy of rural service 

operator 

on basis of annual revenues 

Jamaica USF open to any eligible Subsidy for e-learning and rural 

operator Levies on international carriers Internet/data services 

Mongolia USF open to any eligible Government subsidies, licence Subsidies for infrastructural 

operator fee proceeds and international aid works and rural services 

Sudan USF open to any eligible Levy on all operators, ISPs and Reimbursement of net costs 

operator subscribers of provision for defined services, 

tax incentives and subsidies for 

Telecentres 

Zambia Competitive tendering for USO Government subsidy Contract for service provision 

concessions 

Table 11.1: Varying Global Approaches for Funding Universal Service Provision 

Source: InterConnect Communications Ltd, Principles of Telecommunications Regulation, Second Edition (2008) United Kingdom, P. 79 

@%

{ 



6 th 

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extreme poverty and hunger) 

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universal primary education) 

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health) 

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;fy} ;f] pknlAwsf] d"Nof+sgsf] nflu lgDg ;"rsf+sx? pNn]v 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

!= NofG8nfOg 6]lnkmf]g / df]afOn kmf]gsf] 3gTj 

@= sDKo'6/ k|of]usf] 3gTj / OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] 3gTj . 

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ 

;dflji6 u/L o;sf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eg] ;x;|fAbL 

ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug{ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ 

pTk| ]/ssf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] 

nflu ul/g] nufgLaf6 k|ToIf?kdf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds 

@^

] 


of]ubfg k'Ug'sf] ;fy} o;n] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|bfg ub{5 . 

;fy} ck|ToIf?kdf of] k|ljlwn] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ psf:g] ;a} 

If]qx?sf] ljsf;df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgefPsf] x'G5 . clk|msL 

dxfb]zsf d'n'sx? / l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf ljleGg k|ltli7t 

;+:yfx?af6 ul/Psf] cWoogn] df]afOn kmf]gdf x'g] !)Ü j[l4b/n] 

d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf cf};t !Ü n] j[l4 x'g] glthf 

b]vfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] kl/j]zdf /fli6«o cy{tGq / ;"rgf ;~rf/ 

k|ljlwaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/] lj:t[t j:t'ut cWoog k|ltj]bg 

geP tfklg df]afOn ;]jfsf] u|fdL0f kx' Frn] tL If]qsf ls;fgx?sf 

pTkfbgx?sf] plrt d"No k|fKt eO{ cfly{s :t/ psf:g ;xof]u 

k'lu/x]sf] ;dfrf/ ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodx?af6 ;Dk| ]if0f u/]sf] 

5 . To:t} u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf :yflkt ;"rgf s]Gb|df ePsf] 

OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfaf6 s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / kfn'jf hgfj/x?sf] 

pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] ;dfrf/ klg ;Dk| ]if0f ePsf] 

5 . To:t} l5d]sL d'n's a+unfb]zsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fj{hlgs 

6]lnkmf]g s]Gb| :yfkgf ePkl5 s]Gb| ;~rfnsx?sf] cfly{s :t/df 

@)Ü ;Dd j[l4 ePsf] pbfx/0f 5 . To:t} oL ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g 

k|of]ustf{x?n] oftfoftdf nfUg] nfdf] ;do / vr{ artsf 

sf/0f cj;/ vr{sf] ?kdf rf/ u'0ff cfly{s kmfObf p7fPsf 

lyP . 

ul/aL lgjf/0fafx]s MDG n] lnPsf cGo ;a} nIox? 

h:t}–lzIffsf] kx' Fr, n}lËs lje]b, :jf:y If]qdf ;'wf/, lbuf] 

jftfj/0f;DaGWfL nIox? xfl;n ug{ klg ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t b"/lzIff 

tflnd k|fKt u/]sf sl/a ())) of]Uo k|fylds :s'n lzIfsx?n] 

%=& k|ltztn] k|fylds lzIffdf ;xeflutf j[l4 u/fPsf] pbfx/0f 

xfd| } d'n'sdf 5 . cGTodf s'g} klg If]qsf] r':ttf / k|efjsfl/tf 

ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kg] { 8f6f ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, d"Nof+sg 

;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwn] dfq ;Dej x'g] x'G5 . ;fy} oL If]qx?sf] 

ljsf;af6 cy{tGqdf kg] { ;sf/fTds k|efjn] ;"rgf ;~rf/ 

k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] cy{tGq / 

;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwaLr /x]sf] cGt/lge{/tfsf] d'n'ssf] ;di6 

ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . 

#= MDG / g]kfnsf] k|ult 

MDG 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf] ( jif{ ePsf] 5 . MDG 

cGtu{t lnOPsf ljleGg Target x?dWo] ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt Target g} ;jf{lws?kdf xfl;n ePsf] 

Target dflgG5 . ljZjsf ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x?df 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] pNn]vgLo ljsf; ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] kl/j]zdf 

klg ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/af6 ljleGg 

sbdx? rflnPsf 5g\ . b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# n] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf 

k|lt:kwf{sf] af6f] v'Nnf u/]kl5 d'n'sdf b"/;~rf/ ljsf; 

;sf/fTds?kdf cful8 a9]sf] 5 . ^ jif{leq d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds 


2010 

6 th 

ahf/df ^ ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] pkl:ylt 5 eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf 

b"/;~rf/ ljsf;sf] nflu ;]jfk|bfosx?nfO{ 5'§} cg'dltkq k|bfg 

u/]af6 zx/L If]q / u|fdL0f If]qaLr Digital Divide Go"g ug{ 

;/sf/ k|lta4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) 

n] ljZj;gLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;xh kx' Frsf] nflu hf]8 lbPsf] 

5 eg] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;sf] nflu afXo nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt 

u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))) df ;"rgf k|ljlw 

gLlt klg NofPsf] lyof] . MDG 3f]if0ff ePsf] ( jif{df d'n'sn] 

ljleGg ;]jfx?df xfl;n u/]sf] k|ult lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . 

Year Fixed Mobile Internet 

No. of Lines Tele Density No. of Lines Tele Density No. of Lines Internet Density 

2000 3,00,000 - 17,000.0 - - - 

2001 330,000 - 39,000 - 9000 - 

2002 3,60,000 - 59,000 - 15000 - 

2003 379235 1.6% 83551 - 30000 - 

2004 450858 1.8% 243519 0.9% 40000 - 

2005 515244 2.03% 3,80,000 1.5% 48000 - 

2006 636732 2.46% 1082794 4.03% 49877 0.19% 

2007 788949 2.99% 2500124 9.46% 58,000 0.31% 

2008 787540 3.14% 4238112 15.72% - - 

2009 816918 2.97% 6151060 23.08% 693077* 2.5 

-dfly plNnlvt cfFs8fdf lnld6]8 df]laln6L ;]jfnfO{ df]afOn 

;]jfdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . jif{sf] clGtd dlxgf l8;]Da/sf] 8f6f gkfOPsf] 

cj:yfdf cGo dlxgfsf] cf};t 8f6f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 ._ 

* df]afOn OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{ ;lxt 

ljut !) jif{sf] cjlwdf df]afOn ;]jfsf] 3gTj @#Ü 

k'Ug'nfO{ pNn]vgLo k|ult dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ NofG8nfOg 6]lnkmf]g 

;]jfsf] k|ultnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg ;ls+b}g eg] Gof/f] AofG8 

(Narrowband) OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] j[l4b/ lg/fzfhgs g} /x]sf] 

5 . @)^^ sflt{s d;fGt;Dd OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] u|fxs ;+Vof / 

3gTj qmdzM ^,(#,))& / @=$Ü /x]sf] 5 h;df ()Ü eGbf 

a9L k|of]ustf{x? df]afOn u|fxsx? x'g\ / of] ;+Vof klg ljut 

!–@ jif{df xfl;n ePsf] xf] . Millenium Development Goals 

sf] 3f]if0ff Ps bzscufl8 ul/Psf]n] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf OG6/g]6 

k|of]ustf{sf] 3gTj Gof/f] AofG8 OG6/g]6 ;]jfaf6 lgwf{l/t /x] 

klg cfhsf lbgdf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ljsf;n] lnPsf] cjwf/0ff 

a|f]8AofG8 (Broadband) ;]jf xf] . d'n'ssf] a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] 

3gTj lgs} Go"g sl/a )=!%Ü -k|ltxhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ !% nfOg_ 

dfq /x]sf] 5, h'g clwsf+z ADSL ;]jfsf u|fxsx? x'g\ -!@* 

Kbps nfO{ a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]_ . blIf0f Pl;ofnL 

d'n'sx? ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sfdf ;g\ @))* sf] 

cGTodf a|f]8AofG8 3gTj qmdzM )=%Ü, )=$Ü, )=&Ü / )=(Ü 

@&

{ 

{ 



6 th 

dfq /x]sf] 5 . a|f]8AofG8 ;]jf ADSL k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t x'g' / 

NofG8nfOg 6]lnkmf]gsf] 3gTj sd x'g' g} oL d'n'sx?sf] a|f]8AofG8 

3gTj sd x'gfsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . 

a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf cfwf/x?sf] plrt cWoog / d"Nof+sgaf6 

dfq xfd|f] h:tf] ljs6 tyf sl7g ef}uf]lns cj:yf /x]sf] ul/a 

d'n'sdf a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]6js{ 

k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, nlrnf] ;/sf/L gLlt / lgodg ;+/rgf, d'n'ssf] 

;fIf/tf / ax';+Vos hgtfsf] ;]jf u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] qmozlQm, 

:yfgLo ;fdu|Lx? (Local Content and applications) sf] kof{Kt 

pTkfbgh:tf cfwf/e"t kIfx?sf] plrt ;Daf]wg / ;+Zn]if0faf6 

dfq a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] k|efjsf/L gLlt 

th{ 'df ug{ ;lsG5 . a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] kx' Fr :yflkt ug{sf] nflu 

cfjZos g]6js{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ cTolws k' FhL nufgLsf] 

cfjZostf x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;a} e"–efudf a|f]8AofG8 ;]jf 

lj:tf/ ug{ &% j6} lhNnfx?df clK6sn kmfOa/sf] ;~hfn 

ljsf; ug{ 'kg] { x'G5 . ;fy} k|of]ustf{;Dd k'Ug xfd|f] h:tf] ef}uf]lns 

cj:yfnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ?kdf jfo/n]; g]6js{ 

a[xt\?kdf lj:tf/ ug{ 'kg] { x'G5 . s'g} Ps ;]jfk|bfos PSn}n] 

plrt k|ltkmn xfl;n x'g] u/L o:tf] nufgL ug{ ;Dej x' Fb}g . 

;/sf/n] u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd 

k|of]u u/]/ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df clK6sn kmfOa/ k"jf{wf/ 

ljsf; ug] { gLlt NofPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ rfFbLsf] 3]/fsf] ?kdf 

lng'k5{ . To:t} u/L kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug] 

hg;+Vofsf] kx' Fr :yflkt ug{ pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ?kdf Wimax 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{ ' h?/L x'G5 . t/ xfn;Dd o;sf] cg'dltkq 

k|bfg ug] { ;DaGwdf lgofdg ;+oGq tof/ ePsf] 5}g . of] k|ljlw 

k|of]usf] nflu oyf;So cfjZos jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ lgtfGt 

h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]6js{ afF8kmfF8 (Infrastructure 

Sharing) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag u/]/ ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f 

If]qdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] 

nflu Gofof]lrt lgodg gLlt tyf ;]jfk|bfosx?aLr ljZjf;sf] 

plQs} h?/L x'G5 . 

;fIf/tf %$=!Ü -k'?if ^%=%Ü / dlxnf $@=*Ü_, jflif{s 

k|ltJolQm cfo cd]l/sL 8n/ $&) / ul/aL /]vfd'lg #)=*Ü 

hgtf /x]sf] d'n'sdf a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf] gfddf 

dxTjfsf+IfL nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ 'sf] ;§f d'n'ssf ;a} e"–efudf 

Go"gtd / Gofof]lrt ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] jf:tljstfdf 

cfwfl/t Jofjxfl/s of]hgf tof/ ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . clwstd 

hgtfsf] ;]jf u|x0fljgf ;]jfk|bfosx?n] Jofkfl/s k|ltkmn xfl;n 

ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf] qmozlQmsf] bfo/fdf 

cfpg] Jofj;flos cjwf/0ff ;]jfk|bfosx?n] lgdf{0f ug{ 'k5{ . 

k' FhL nufgL cTolws x'g] t/ ;]jfsf] bfo/f Go"g cfly{s :t/sf 

hgtfaLr a[xt\?kdf lj:tf/ ug{ 'kg] { lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ cfjZostfsf 

sf/0f klg ;'lgof]lht u[xsfo{ljgf a|f]8AofG8 ;]jf lj:tf/ 

bL3{sfnLg?kdf ;kmn x'g g;Sg] vt/f /xG5 . To:t} u/L 

u|fdL0f If]qdf sDKo'6/sf] kx' Fr ;xh ug{ klg TolQs} r'gf}tL 

/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} u/L a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u 

ug{ d'n'ssf] ;fIf/tf b/ klg j[l4 ub} { n}hfg'kg] { cj:yf 5 . ;fy} 

of] ;]jfaf6 clwstd nfe lng :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx?sf] lgdf{0f x'g' 

h?/L 5 . ;fwf/0ftof k|of]ustf{x? ljb]zL ;fdu|Lk|lt ;Lldt 

;dosf] nflu dfq cfslif{t /xG5g\ . t;y{ d'n'ssf] z}lIfs, 

Jofkfl/s, :jf:y If]q OToflb;Fu ;fd~h:o x'g] :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx?sf] 

pTkfbgnfO{ pT;flxt ug] { gLlt lgdf{0f klg plQs} cfjZos 

/xG5 . 

;x;|fAbL nIo / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] bfloTj 

d'n'sdf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ cfkm\gf] Jofkfl/s 

lqmofsnfknfO{ gfkmfd'vL zx/L If]qdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L ljs6 

u|fdL0f If]qx?df ;d]t lj:tf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] 

o; dxTjk"0f{ nIo xfl;n ug{ d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] g]6js{ 

k"jf{wf/ tyf b"/;~rf/ ahf/df cu|0fL l:yltdf /x]sf] g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] cem ;zQm bfloTj lgjf{x ug' {k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;nfO{ s]jn Jofkfl/s /0fgLltsf] ?kdf 

dfq ;Lldt gu/L ;"rgf ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu k"j{cfjZostfsf] 

?kdf /x]sf] g]6js{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] 

axg ug] { Ps cj;/sf] ?kdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . g]kfn 

;/sf/nfO{ clwstd s/ ltg] { of] ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] u|fdL0f If]qdf 

g]6js{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cnfjf l8lh6n l8efO8 Go"g ug] 

p2]Zo;d]t lnP/ qmozlQm Go"g ePsf u|fdL0f hgtfdf a|f]8AofG8 

;]jfsf] kx' Fr :yflkt ug{ skf] {/]6 ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ 

klg h?/L 5 . MDG n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw;Fu 

;DalGwt nIox?sf] ;DaGwdf ;"rgf ;dfh ljZj ;Dd]ng (World 

Summit on Information Society) n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf Target 

x? xfl;n ug{ sDkgLn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . o; 

kl/k| ]Iodf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljz]if u/L cfly{s :t/ Go"g ePsf ljs6 

u|fdL0f If]qx?df ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt 

k|fylds ljBfno, dfWolds ljBfno, sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf ;"rgf 

;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug] { / u|fdL0f If]qdf :yflkt :jf:y 

s]Gb|x? e-Health sf] nflu ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg 

ug{ cfk\mgf] ;fdflhs bfloTj s]lGb|t ug{ ;S5 . To:t} u/L of] If]qsf] 

ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ul//x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf ;+3;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo 

u/L ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L ljsf; ug{ klg ;xof]uL e"ldsf 

lgjf{x ug{ ;lsG5 . 

cGTodf, 

d'n'sdf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{ ] r'gf}tLk"0f{ 

sfo{sf] nflu /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . ;fy} 

o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfox?–g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

k|flws/0f, b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx? / :yfgLo ;fdu|L 

lgdf{0fstf{x?sf aLr cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xof]un] dfq MDG n] 

lnPsf ;du| nIox? xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . 

@*



2010 

6 th 

;]jfu|fxLsf] s;Ldf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

Hof]lt aflgof“ 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] c;Gt'li6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ 

;/sf/L sDkgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yf g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

k"0f{?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg'sf] ljsNk b]lvFb}g o;sf] nflu 

sDkgLnfO{ k"0f{?kdf lghL If]qnfO{ :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/L 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf] 

cfjZostf kb{5 . sDkgLaf6 pknAw ;]jfx?sf] ;xh / ;j{;'ne 

cfk"lt{, u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf ;:tf] d"Nosf] nflu ljZjf; lbnfpg 

;/sf/n] tTsfn k|of; ug' { cToGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

g]kfnsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx? g]kfn 6]lnsd, o"6LPn, 

:kfO; g]kfn / P;=6L=Pd= ;~rf/nufotsf] ;+Vof qmlds a9\bf] 

5 . clxn] tf/;lxtsf] ;]jf * nfv *) xhf/, df]afOn ;]jf %@ 

nfv @) xhf/ u/L hDdf ^! nfv gf3]sf] 5 . zx/ s]lGb|t 

;]jfsf] 6]ln3gTj @@=($ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;]jfk|bfosx? oxL 

k"jf{wf/df @% k|ltzt;Dd ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ tNnLg b]lvG5g\ . 

To;} u/L ;]jf ;~rfng cg'dlt lnPsf g]kfn :of6nfO6 / :df6{ 

6]lnsd gfds sDkgLx?dWo] :df6{ 6]lnsd ahf/ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 

5 eg] csf]{ tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . OG6/g]6 

;]jfk|bfosx?sf] t k|flws/0fn] lgodg g} ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . 

b"/;~rf/ sfg'gn] ;]jfsf] lgodg ug] { lhDdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

k|flws/0fnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . k|flws/0fn] ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cg'dlt lbg], dx;'n 

lgwf{/0f ug] {, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug] {, ;]jfdf dsf{pk/ ;'g'jfO ug] { sfd 

ug{ 'kb{5 . pkef]QmfnfO{ ;]jfk|bfosn] dsf{ / gf]S;fgL k'¥ofP÷gk'¥ofPsf] 

x]g' {kg] { xf], t/ ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lx? kl/jt{g x'g] 

ubf{ ;+:yfsf] på]Zo k|efljt x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf hghLjgsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ?kdf 

:yflkt eO;Sbf klg xfdLsxfFsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf zx/s]lGb|t 5, 

ufpFdf ;xh / ;'ne kx' Fr 5}g . ;]jfdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ljgf If]q 

ljefhg u/L ;]jf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO 

u/L ;f]af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwf/df dx;'n lgwf{/0f ul/Pdf 

;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 x'g] cj;/sf] ;[hgf 

x'G5 t/ To:tf] cEof;tkm{ s;}sf] Wofg cfs[i6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

k|flws/0f / ;]jfk|bfosn] pkef]Qmf lzIff / ;"rgf lbO{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ 

;';"lrt u/fpg'kg] { bfloTj;d]t k"/f ePsf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f 

pk/f]Qmf cfk"mn] lt/]sf] dx;'ncg';f/sf] ;]jf k|fKt ePsf] 5÷5}g 

ljZj:t x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . 

b"/;~rf/sf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ 

sfod ug] {tkm{ ;/sf/ / k|flws/0fsf] k|fyldstf b]lvFb}g . ;fgf 

;]jfk|bfosnfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ lbO{ 7"nfnfO{ dgf]dfgL ug{af6 

/f]Sg ;s]df pkef]Qmfsf nflu /fxt x'g] b]lvG5 . 

b"/;~rf/ sfg'gadf]lhd ;~rf/dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] 

lk|mSj]G;L lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L afF8kmfF8 u/L 

;]jfk|bfosnfO{ lbg] ul/G5 . t/ o;;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08sf] 

cefj / kf/blz{tfsf] sdLn] ubf{ lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f lgoldt 5}g 

ls eGg] cfz+sf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . pkef]QmfnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg 

dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . 

ljutdf nf]8;]l8ªsf] sf/0fn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] u'0f:t/df ;d:of 

cfPsf] elgP klg clxn] ljB't\ cfPsf] avtdf klg 6]lnkmf]gdf 

;d:of cfPaf6 ;f] egfOn] ;Totf u|x0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g /x]5 

eGg] b]lvG5 . ;Lldt k"jf{wf/df c;Lldt ;]jf lj:tf/, pks/0f 

vl/b ubf{ x'g hfg] cg'lrt ;DaGw / ;]jfk|bfosleqsf cjfl~5t 

lqmofsnfkn] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/xLgtf a9]sf] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf 

hGdfpF5 . ljz]if u/L ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] sDkgLsf 

g]kfn 6]lnsd u'0f:t/ x]g] { sd{rf/LnfO{ c? lghL ;]jfk|bfosx?n] 

k|efj kfg] { u/]sf] egfOnfO{ unt ;flat ug{ sDkgLn] lgs} g} 

k|of; ug'{kg]{5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdafx]ssf o"6LPn / :kfO;sf] 

xfnt klg o:t} 5 . af/Daf/ kmf]g ubf{;d]t ;Dks{ x'g g;Sg], 

g]6js{ lahL, s'/f ubf{ub} { aLr}df sfl6g], cfjfh ga'lemg] cflb 

;d:ofn] pkef]QmfnfO{ ;]jfeGbf ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] eP klg 

plrt ;'g'jfO x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfaf6 ;]jfu|fxL 

jl~rt x'g' eg]sf] ;]jfk|bfosx? klg cfkm\gf] cfPsf] ;|f]tnfO{ 

lbuf] agfpg ;Ifd gx'g' xf]Og / < pkef]Qmfn] ;xh?kdf 

;dodf ;]jf k|of]u ug{ g;Sg'n] ;]jfk|bfossf] cfDbfgL;d]t 

k|efljt x'G5 lg t . 

;/sf/ b"/;~rf/ ;'ljwf xf]Og, hgtf;Fu /sd p7fpg] 

dfWod agfpg vf]h]sf] cg'e"lt pkef]QmfnfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 

;/sf/n] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ lgisf;g ubf{ nufgLstf{ 

hgtfnfO{ unt ;"rgf k|jfx ul/Psf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] v:sFbf] 

cfwf/ d"Non] b]vfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg klAns sDkgLsf] ljj/0fkq 

g} k|sflzt gu/L cl3Nnf] jif{sf] gfkmf b]vfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ /sd 

cfjZos lyof] eGb}df z]o/ lgisf;gsf] gfddf hgtf ef]/h'jf 

v]nfpg] sfd cfkm} +n] ug{ x' Fb}g lyof] . clxn] klg * ;ob]lv @^ 

@(

} 



6 th 

;o b/df 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ lsGg] hgtfn] ;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ 7u]sf] 

geg]/ s] eGg] < gful/sk|ltsf] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] bfloTj 

o;/L g} lgjf{x ug] { xf] eg] g]kfnL gful/sn] s:tf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] 

ck]Iff ug] { xf] < To;sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] a]nf;d]t cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfeGbf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;fx| 

;:tf] / ;xh kx' Fr 5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n klg ;fx| } 36L 5 . 

ToxfF s;n] u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf lbg] eGg] xf]8 5 . s;}nfO{ dsf{ 

k/]df tTsfn pkrf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . tL b]zsf ;]jfk|bfosx? klg 

s;/L gofF k|ljlwaf6 ;'ne / ;xh ;]jf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 

k|of;df /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L s/ cToGt} Go"g 5 . ;]jf lgodg 

k|efjsf/L 5 . t/ g]kfndf eg] 7\ofSs} pN6f] 5, cem} #^) 

uf=lj=;= 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . Jofkf/Ln] ufpFsf nflu 

;]jf ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt lnP/ zx/df ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf dxFuf] @^ k|ltzt s/ c;'nL 

ul//x]sf] 5 / pknAw ;]jfsf] :t/;d]t Hofb} Go"g 5 . 

xf], clxn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf zx/ s]lGb|t, u'0f:t/ v:s]sf] t/ 

dx;'n eg] ;flascg';f/ g} ltg' { kg] { ePsf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

jt{dfg ;Gb{edf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO gx'g] ;]jfdf ?kfGtl/t 

ePsf] 5 . o:tf] x'g'df ;~rf/ dGqfno, k|flws/0f, ;/sf/L / 

lghL ;]jfk|bfosx? lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . sfg'gadf]lhd :jR5 lgodg 

ug] { k|flws/0f tyf ;/sf/ b'j} ;/sf/L / lghL ;]jfk|bfosaf6 

k|efljt ag]sf]n] ubf{ o:tf] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] xf] . 

b"/;~rf/ sfg'gn] ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf] {, ;'ne agfpg / lgoldt 

tyf Jojl:yt ug{ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf lj:tf/ 

ug] {, dx;'n lgwf{/0f ug] {, u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08 k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog 

ug] { / c;n lgodg ug] { lhDdf k|flws/0fnfO{ lbP klg tL lhDd]jf/L 

k"/f x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . u}/k|lt:kwL{ lqmofsnfk ug] { Joj;foLn] h] 

k|:tfj u/] klg ;~rfng cg'dlt lbg], sDkgLn] k|:tfj u/]sf] 

dx;'n b/df ljZn]if0f g} gu/L dx;'n lgwf{/0f ug] {, ;]jfk|bfosn] 

u'0f:t/sf ;DaGwdf h] k|ltlqmof lbof] ToxL g} k|flws/0fsf] wf/0ff 

ePsf] eGg] sfd x' Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] lgsfoaf6 s;/L pkef]Qmf 

lxt / :jR5 ahf/sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

kl5Nnf] cjlwdf b| 'tultsf] af]8{ln+s OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ ahf/ 

v'Nnf ug]{ jf gug]{ egL k|flws/0f, g]kfn 6]lnsd / lghL 

;]jfk|bfosaLr Jofks ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5 . o; ;]jfnfO{ v'Nnf 

ubf{ 6]lnsdsf] Jofkf/ sd x'g] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx?sf] 

cfz+sfn] ubf{ /f]Sg vf]h]sf] lghL ;]jfk|bfossf] cf/f]k 5 . b' |t 

ultsf] af]8{ln+s OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ s]xL lghL ;]jfk|bfosn] dfq 

kfpg ;Sg] u/L ljleGg k"j{;t{x? /fvL k|flws/0fn] kmfOn 

dGqfnodf k7fPsf] klg u'gf;f] 5 . k|flws/0fn] rfx]df s'g} klg 

;]jfk|bfosnfO{ OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] / OG6/g]6 

;]jfsf] d"No km/s kfg{ ;Sg] u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] klg k|:tfj 

ul/Psf] ;'lgG5 . o;af6 cem} s]xL ;do OG6/g]6df pkef]Qmfn] 

dxFuf] ;]jf lnO/xg'kg] { b]lvG5 . x'g klg df]afOn ;]jfcl3sf] 

k]h/;/xsf] OG6/g]6 clxn] klg pkef]Qmfn] k|of]u ul//xg'k/]sf] 

5 . oxL b'u{lt OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf cfufdL s]xL jif{;Dd klg 

ef]Ug'kg] { pkef]Qmfsf] lgolt x'g] t xf]Og < 

b"/;~rf/ lgodg lgsfo k|flws/0f, ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfg 

ug] { sDkgLx?sf] lqmofsnfk pkef]Qmfsf] lxtk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfO{ 

u|fxsd'vL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag u/fpg, pkef]Qmfsf] 

:t/Lo ;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] xs :yflkt ug{, hgtfn] lt/]sf] 

/sdnfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/sf] If]qdf k|of]u ug] { jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ 

;+;b\, gful/s ;dfh / cfd;]jfu|fxLsf] ;lqmotfsf] 68\sf/f] 

cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . 

;/sf/L gLlt–lgodg lgsfo / cGo ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] e"ldsf 

Pjd\ pknlAwk|lt ;Gt'i6 x' 'g] cj:yf t 5}g, tyflk ;/sf/L 

x:tIf]ksf afah'b g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] 

lgolt Joxf]g{ k/]sf] 5}g . sl/a–sl/a !$ ca{ hlt ;~rfng 

d'gfkmf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't x'g' 

;sf/fTds kIf xf] . o;af6 nufgLsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f 

ag]sf] 5 / nufgLstf{sf] nufgL;d]t ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . t/ 

;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf z"Gok|foM g} 5 . ;]jf lj:tf/ / 

;]jfsf] :t/f]Ggltdf g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 k|of; hf/L /x]sf] egL 

Joj:yfkgaf6 bfaL ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|of; ePs} klg xf]nf t/ 

cfd?kdf cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfd?kdf sDkgLaf6 ;]jfsf] 

lj:tf/ :t/f]Gglt, ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf b]vfpg 

sDkgL Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu r'gf}tL / cj;/ b'j} xf] . 

sDkgLdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nufgL eO;s]sf] / pbf/ 

cy{gLltcg'?k Psflwsf/sf] cj:yfaf6 k|lt:kwf{df k|j]z u/]sfn] 

nufgLstf{k|ltsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ / sDkgLsf] hLjGttfsf] nflu 

cfly{s ?kdf alnof] x'g'kb{5 . o;df b'O{ dt 5}g / x'g klg 

;Sb}g . sDkgLsf] cfly{s d]?b08sf] cfwf/ ;]jfaf6 k|fKt cfo 

xf]Og / < sDkgLsf ;]jfu|fxL cfosf ;|f]t xf]Ogg\ / < sDkgLsf] 

;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu :t/Lo / nf]slk|o ;]jfk|jfx cfjZos 

kb}{g / < ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] plrt lhDd]jf/L, :t/Lo ;xh / 

;j{;'ne ;]jf g} k|lt:kwf{df ;kmn x'g cfjZos dfkb08 x'g\ . 

t;y{ sDkgL Joj:yfkg sd{rf/L / lgodg lgsfoaf6 otftkm{ 

ljz]if Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ cfd;]jfu|fxLsf] cfu|x 5 . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr gePsf b'u{d, ef}uf]lns ?kdf 

ljs6 If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] 

cjnDag u/L lhDd]jf/ sDkgLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { / :t/Lo 

Pjd\ ;'ne ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ 

;Sg'kb{5 . ;]jf lj:tf/df ePsf k|of;df cem k|fyldstf 

s]lGb|t u/L pkef]Qmfsf] lxtsf] /Iff / :j:y k|l:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 

#) 

b"/;~rf/ ;~hfn lj:tf/ ug] {, cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw 

u/fpg / hgtfsf] sDkgLsf] ?kdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cu|0fL 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg'kb5{ . 

Psflwsf/L ahf/sf] nfe p7fO{ sDkgLn] d'gfkmf cfh{g 

u/]sf] xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ sDkgLn] c;To ;flat u/]/ b]vfpg 

cfjZos 5, h;sf] nflu sDkgLn] ] ;]jfdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; 

ug' { h?/L 5 . w]/} wg sdfPsf] JolQm c;n >f]tf aGg ;Sb}g eGg] 

egfOnfO{ ;fFlRrs} unt ;flat ug] { xf] eg] sDkgLn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] 

cfjfhnfO{ dgg ug} { kb{5 clg dfq sDkgL k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf] 

cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;S5, cGoyf k|lt:kwf{ r'gf}tLdf kl/0ft 

x'g]5 . xfn pkef]Qmfaf6 sDkgLsf] ;]jf cToGt} pT;'stfk"j{s 

pkef]u ug{ vf]Hg' / ;]jfsf] dfu x'g' sDkgLsf] nflu ;'vb cg'ej 

x'g'kg] { xf] t/ To:tf] cg'e"lt ;]jf dfu ug] { ;]jfu|fxLn] dx;'; ug{ 

gkfpg' b'Mvb If0f xf], tyflk ;]jfu|fxLsf] efjgfsf] ;Ddfg ug] {tkm{ 

sDkgLsf] k|of; x'g]5 / ;]jfu|fxLsf] aLrdf cfkm\gf ;]jfx? 

nf]slk|o agfpg ;kmn x'g]5 eGg] z'esfdgf;lxt cfzf ul/Psf] 

5 . log} k|of;sf] dfWodaf6 gofF g]kfnsf] ;'rfns tof/ ug{ 

;lsg] s'/fdf ;d]t ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df 

nufgL ljljwLs/0f 

;'lgn kf]v/]n 

pk–k|aGws 

ljifo k|j]z M 

x/]s Jofkf/df cf–cfkm\g} ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLx? x'G5g\ . 

;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLx? ;do kl/l:yltcg';f/ kl/jt{g e}/x]sf 

x'G5g\ . sDkgLx? hf] ;f] ;docufj} cfkm\gf] Jofkf/af/] 

kl/jt{gnfO{ Address ug{ ;Sg] lglt tof/ u/L cjnDag ug{ 

;S5g\ ltgLx?n] ;f] kl/jt{gnfO{ lr/]/ cufl8 a9\b} hfg ;S5g\ \, 

cGoyf sDkgL ljno eP/ hfG5g\ . cufl8 a9\g' lgsf;sf] 

9f]sf v'Ng' xf] eg] ljno x'g' eg]sf] ;f] sDkgLsf] cl:tTj 

;dfKt eO{ ljsf; of]ubfg ;lsg' xf] . 

g]kfndf x]g{ xf] eg] @)$^ ;fndf ax'bnLo /fhgLlts 

Joj:yf :yfkgf x' Fbf /x]sf ^% j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+3–;+:yfgx? 

Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ w/fzoL x'Fb} xfn #^ j6fdf ;Lldt ePsf 

5g\ . o;/L w/fzoL x'g'df g]kfnL /fhgLlt÷;/sf/L gLlt 

dfq lhDd]jf/ geO{ To; ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L 6«]8 

o'lgog tyf ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf Joj:yfkg klg plQs} 

lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] s'/f ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgdfkm{t cleJoQm 

eO;s]sf] 5 . 

x'g t of] l;nl;nf g]kfndf dfq geO{ ljZjsf ljleGg 

b]zdf klg ePsf] tYo kfOG5 . d'Vo?kdf ;g\ !(*) sf] 

bzsaf6 z'? ePsf] World Bank/IMF sf] Structural 

Adjustment Program (SPA) tyf Deregularization 

Of Corporation sf] k|d'v e"ldsf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof 

36\g'df /x]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk SAP cfpg'sf] k5fl8sf] d'Vo 

sf/0f vf]Hg'sf] ;§f xfdL cGwfw'Gw?kdf ;+:yfx? laqmL ljt/0f 

ug{tkm{ nfUof}+ . gLltut sdhf]/L, /fhgLlts Joj:yfkg 

-Joj:yfkg hlxn] klg Professional g} x'g'k5{ ._, sltko 

6]«8 o'lgogleqsf] c/fhstf, Jofkf/ tyf nufgL 

ljljwLs/0f;DaGwL Go"g ;f]r, sd{rf/L etL{s]Gb| tyf pTkfbg 

Ifdtf÷Quality÷ahf/ Competition df ;do;fk]If lxF8\g 

g;Sg' cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ w]/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx? ;]tf] xfQLsf] 

?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslif{t x'g 

g;s]sf If]qdf ;d]t cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg 

k'¥ofpg] p2]Zoaf6 :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? hgtf / ;/sf/sf] 

;xof]uL x'g'sf] ;§f ;/sf/sf] cfly{s af]em ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] 

e"ldsf, k|fyldstf / sfo{If]qcg'?k ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf p2]Zox? 

klg kl/jt{g x'g'kg] {df ;f];d]t x'g ;s]g eg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] 

cfkm\gf] cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu cfocfh{gsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] 

klxrfg u/L nufgL ljljwLs/0ftkm{ cfjZos sbd p7fPsf] 

klg kfOFb}g, kl/0ffd:j?k w]/} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? vf/]hLsf] 

;+3f/df k'u]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df cGo ljleGg ;d:ofx?dWo] 

o; n]vdf nufgL ljljwLs/0faf/] s]xL rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . 

nufgL ljljwLs/0faf/] 

s'g} klg sDkgLsf] d'Vo Concentration ;f] sDkgLsf] 

d'Vo p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu g} cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ k' FhL tyf kl/>d 

vlr{g' /x]sf] x'g'kb{ {5 . of] cfkm} +df 7Ls gLlt klg xf] . cfkm\gf] 

lj1tf ePsf] If]qdf nfUg' / ;f]sf] ljsf;af6 sDkgLsf] ljsf;sf] 

kl/sNkgf ug' { :jfefljs g} xf] . tyflk Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljutsf] 

cg'ejn] s] atfpF5 eg] x/]s Jofkf/df cfly{s ptf/r9fa 

-Up and down_ lglZrt cjlwdf cfpg] g} u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

o:tf] ptf/r9fa x' Fbf h'g sDkgL l6Sg ;Sb}gg\ pgLx? x/fP/ 

hfG5g\ . o:tf] ptf/r9fanfO{ Trade Cycle eG5g\ / o:tf] 

Cycle df cfpg] cfly{s dGbLnfO{ Economic Recession 

elgG5 . o:tf] cfly{s dGbL x/]s If]qdf lglZrt cjlwdf cfpg] 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . slxn] Industrial (Auto mobile) If]qdf, 

slxn] a} +lsª If]qdf, slxn] 3/hUuf nufgL If]qdf, slxn] shf{ 

If]qdf, slxn] 6]lnsd If]qdf cflb . o:tf] cfly{s dGbLaf6 

#!

} 

} 



6 th 

cfkm\gf] sDkgL÷Jofkf/nfO{ arfpg rflng] ljleGg sbdx?dWo] 

nufgL ljljwLs/0f Ps k|d'v sbd xf] . nufgL ljljwLs/0fn] 

sDkgLsf] d'Vo sfddf cfpg ;Sg] cfly{s dGbLaf6 sDkgLnfO{ 

arfO/fVg d2t ub{5 . lsgls cfly{s dGbLsf] cjlw lglZrt 

;do;Dd dfq /xG5 . 

nufgL ljljwLs/0f / ljZjsf 36gfx? 

pmhf{ If]qdf cfPsf] cfly{s dGbLn] &÷* jif{cufl8 OG/f]g 

gfdsf] dlN6g];gn sDkgL w/fzoL ePsf] 36gf cem klg tfh} 

5 . sl/a @ jif{b]lv cd]l/sf tyf o'/f]kdf cfPsf] cfly{s dGbL 

-d'Vo?kdf l/on :6]6df_ n] xfn;Dd klg ToxfFsf] cy{tGq 

plS;g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s dGbLsf] df/n] c6f]df]afOn / a}lsª 

If]q y'k| } w/fzoL ePsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd General Motor 

Comany nufot sl/a !!^ j6f a} +s cd]l/sfdf dfq} w/fzoL 

ePsf 5g\ . To:t} o'/f]ksf] klg /fd|f] 5}g . nfvf} +n] /f]huf/Laf6 

jl~rt x'g'k/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf] cfly{s dGbLsf] ;dodf klg y'k| 

sDkgLx? -h:t} 6f]of]6f df]6/– hfkfg, l/nfPG; u' |k– ef/t, ldQn 

u' |k– hd{gL÷cd]/Lsf, u'un÷u| 'k– cd]l/sf, ;]n sDkgL– g]b/NofG8 

cflb_ ljZjahf/df l6ls/x]sf 5g\ . sltko Quality Product, 

Production Dinerity sf] sf/0fn] l6ls/x]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] 

nufgL ljljwLs/0f u/L cfly{s dGbLsf] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ ;kmn 

eO{ cfkm\gf] sDkgLnfO{ arfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . 

nufgL ljljwLs/0f / g]kfn 6]lnsd 

o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] af/] s]xL rrf{ u/f} + . g]kfn 

6]lnsd sDkgL g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Ps ;zQm ;aeGbf a9L 

gfkmf sdfpg] / ;/sf/L /fh:j ltg] { ;+:yf xf] . ljut ( jif{b]lv 

Telecom ;]S6/df cfPsf] cfly{s -Expansion pRr j[l4_ 

a'dn] of] ;]S6/ slxNo} klg dGbL gx'g] xf] ls h:tf] nfUg ;S5 

t/ jf:tljstfdf o:tf] gx'g ;S5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf 

o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf cGt/f{li6«o kmf]g ubf{ ?= !*) ;Dd kYof] { eg] 

xfn ;/sf/L b/ g} sl/a ?= ^ / k|fOe]6af6 ?= ! df /x]sf] l:ylt 

tyf cGtb] {zLo kmf]g ubf{ s'g} ;dosf] ?= !* k|ltldg]6 ePsf]df 

xfn cfP/ ?= @.%) df em/]sf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf cGtb] {zLo 

kmf]g nf]sn;/x x'g] lglZrt k|foM 5 . To:t} df]afOnsf] Out 

Going k|ltldg]6 ?= ^ af6 ?= ! sf] xf/fxf/Ldf cfO;s]sf] 5 

eg] In Coming z'Ns gnfUg] ePsf] 5 . of] x]bf{ ca lgs6 

eljiodf ;a} 6]lnkmf]g g]kfnel/ nf]sn;/x x'g] lglZrt g} 

b]lvG5 . of] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df g} k|ljlwn] km8\sf] df/]sf] tyf 

Competition n] ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] . o;} qmddf ljZjsf 

ljleGg b]zdf ;~rflnt sltko 6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/ sDkgLx? 

/fd|/L rNg g;sL of s8f k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0fn] Merger sf] 

Process df cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ef/tdf of] Meger 

Process lgs} g} tLj| ultn] cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 . 

oL ;a} s'/fdf ljrf/ ubf{ Telecom Sector klg s'g} 

;do cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s dGbLaf6 u'lh|g'kb} {g eGg ;lsFb}g . olb 

of] s'/fnfO{ clxn] g} cyf{t\ g]kfn 6]lnsd Comfortable 

gfkmfsf] l:yltdf /xFbf g} cfTd;ft\ ug] { xf] eg] o; sDkgLsf] 

lglZrt k|ltzt gfkmf -a9Ldf !) k|ltzt;Dd_ x/]s jif{ 

Teelecom Sector afx]ssf cGo gfkmfd"ns Jofkf/df 

nufpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o:tf] nufgLn] eljiodf 6]lnsd ;]S6/df 

cfpg ;Sg] cfly{s dGbLsf] vt/faf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ arfpg 

;S5 . o;f] elg/xFbf Pp6f s'/fdf lglZrt?kdf Vofn eg] 

k'¥ofpg} k5{, 6]lnsd ;]S6/sf] sfo{af6 o; sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg 

/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cGo If]qdf Concentration eg] x'g' x' Fb}g . 

cyf{t\ nufgL ljljwLs/0fcGtu{t xfdL cfkm} +n] Lead Role - 

sfo{sf/L?kdf_ df cGo sDkgL rnfpg] eg] xf]Og . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nufgL ljljwLs/0fcGtu{t pmhf{ If]qdf nufgL 

ev{/} dfq g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljB't\ k|flws/0f;Fu ldn]/ hnljB't\ 

If]qdf b'O{ j6f cfof]hgfdf nufgL ug]{ ;xdlt u/]sf] 5 . 

tfdfsf]zL cfof]hgfdf ?= ^ ca{sf] C0f -% jif{sf] bf}/fgdf 

nufgL ug] { u/L_, ?= ^) s/f]8sf] k|fOd/L z]o/ nufgL / sl/a 

?= ( s/f]8sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Laf6 k|fOd/L z]o/df 

nufgL ug] { u/L ;xdlt cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . To:t} lqz"nL # …aLÚ 

hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf !) k|ltzt :yfgLo hgtf / !) k|ltzt 

;fwf/0f z]o/afx]s afFsL /x]sf] *) k|ltzt z]o/df ljB't\ 

k|flws/0f / g]kfn 6]lnsdn] -sd{rf/L z]o/ % k|ltzt_ cfwf– 

cfwf nufgL u/L cufl8 a9fpg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . oL b'j} 

cfof]hgfx?sf] IRR !( k|ltzteGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 eg] pTkfbgsf] 

klxnf] jif{b]lv g} sDtLdf @% k|ltzteGbf a9L nfef+z ljt/0f 

ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvG5 / a} +ssf] C0f 36\g] qmddf x/]s jif{ 

nfef+zsf] /sd a9]/ hfg] eO{ o:fsf ;a} nufgLstf{n] /fd| 

d'gfkmf sdfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;/L sDtLdf #) b]lv %) 

jif{;Dd nuftf/ sdfOg] gfkmfn] ;f] ;dodf cfpg ;Sg] cfly{s 

dGbLsf] df/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ kSs} ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . 

Conclusion 

nufgL ljljwLs/0fsf] d'2f s'g} Pp6f /fhgLlts kf6L{ 

ljz]ifdf Pp6f o'lgogsf] geO{ of] Pp6f Joj:yfksLo 

The Greatest pleasure in life is to do what people say you cannot do. 

- Walter Bagehot 

#@

{ 


;dembf/Låf/f sDkgLnfO{ s;/L cfly{s?kn] ;an agfO/fVg] 

d'2f xf] . cTolws gfkmfdf rln/x]sf] ;dodf g]kfn jfo' ;]jf 

lgud, g]kfn cfon lgud, g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg cflbn] o; 

;f]rnfO{ ;dodf nfu" ug{ ;s]sf] eP clxn] a} +ssf] shf{df 

;+:yfgnfO{ r'n{'Dd 8'afO/xg] l:ylt /xGy]g xf]nf . To;}n] 

cfly{s?kn] ;Ifd ePsf] a]nf ;+:yfsf] d'Vo p2]Zodf /xL 

ug' {kg] { sfo{ ul//xFbf klg ;+:yfdf /sdsf] ;sf/fTds t/ntf 

-Positive Cash Surplus _ ePsf] l:yltdf nufgL ljljwLs/0f 

u/L cGo If]qdf klg s]xL nufgL ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] 

cj:yf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu cj;/ xf] . cGo ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg'?ksf] If]qdf nufgL ug{ klg 

C0f, cg'bfgsf] e/ kg' {k/]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] 

;sf/fTds t/ntfnfO{ gofF ;Defjgfsf] If]qdf k|fKt nufgLsf] 

cj;/sf] pkof]u ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsfn] pmhf{ If]qdf nufgL 

ug{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] z]o/ nufgL;d]t eO;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf nufgLstf{n] d'gfkmfsf] ck]Iff ug' { :jfefjljs xf] 

g} . bL3{sfn;Dd 6]lnsdsf] If]qsf] ahf/df cfpg ;Sg] cfly{s 

ptf/r9fjdf sDkgLnfO{ ;xh?kdf /flv/fVg nufgL ljljwLs/0f 

clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . 

kof{Kt hnzlQm / ljB't\ pmhf{sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf eP 

tfklg nufgLsf] cefjdf hnljB't\ pTkfbgdf ck]Iffs[t pknlAw 

xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ rfx]/ klg n'sfpg ;lsFb}g . 

b"/;~rf/ pks/0f ;~rfngsf] nflu clt cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] 

?kdf ljB'tLo pmhf{ /x]sf] 5 . ljB'tLo pmhf{sf] cefjdf 

;f}o{pmhf{ / l8hn OGwg -h]g]/]6/_af6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ubf{ w]/} 

/sd vr{ ug{ 'kl//x]sf] k[i7e"lddf hnljB't\df x'g] nufgLn] 

cfkm\gf] pks/0f ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] pTkfbg 


2010 

6 th 

/ k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} nf]8;]l8ªsf] sf/0f ;[lht ;d:of 

Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgsL 

/ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug ;S5 . 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf pmhf{ If]qdf ul/g] nufgL ljljwLs/0fsf 

lgDg ;an kIf 5g\ . 

• ;sf/fTds t/n cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg 

• b"/;~rf/ pks/0f ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ljB't\ 

cfk"lt{sf] nflu ;xhtf 

• nufgLsf] ;Defjgf k|z:t 

• k|r'/ d'gfkmfsf] ;Defjgf 

• k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf ug' { gkg] 

• ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs hLjg / /fli6«o hLjgdf of]ubfg k'Ug] . 

• bL3{sfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/df cfpg ;Sg] 

hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfaf6 sDkgLnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;xof]u 

k'Ug] 

• nufgLstf{sf] nufgL ;'/lIft u/L yk k|ltkmnsf] 

;'lglZrttf 

• nf]8;]l8ª 36fpg] cf}hf/sf] ljsf; 

dflysf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfufdL jif{x?df klg 

gfkmfsf] a9Ldf !) k|ltzt ggf£g] u/L 6]lnsdafx]s cGo 

Secure If]qsf] klxrfg u/L yk nufgL ub} { hfg] gLltnfO{ 

lg/Gt/tf lbg' pko'Qm g} b]lvG5 . o;af6 sDkgLsf] ;|f]t / 

;fwgsf] pko'Qm kl/rfng x'g uO{ cfosf ;|f]tx?sf] bfo/f 

km/flsnf] agfpFb} nfg ;lsG5 . sDkgLsf] cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0f g} 

sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf k"lt{sf] cfwf/ ePsfn] o;tkm{ 

b"/;~rf/sdL{ / Joj:yfkgsf] pT;'stf / tTk/tf x'g'kb{5 . 

##

} 

{ 

{ 



6 th 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8sf] z]o/df nufgL M 

slt kmfObf, slt ;'/lIft < 

b]zdf nufgLsf] k"0f{ cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ geO;s]sf] 

jt{dfg kl/k| ]Iodf ;fgf tyf demf}nf nufgLstf{x? ljleGg sDkgL 

tyf ;+:yfsf] z]o/df nufgL ug{ OR5's b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;df klg 

nfef+z ljt/0f ug] {eGbf klg nfef+zsf] ?kdf af]g; z]o/ hf/L ug] 

jf xsk|b z]o/ hf/L ug] { sDkgL tyf ;+:yfx?df nufgL ug{ rfxgf 

ePsf nufgLstf{x?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] 

:jfldTjdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0fdf 

laqmL ljt/0f u/L To:tf z]o/x? bf];|f] ahf/dfkm{t vl/b–laqmL 

eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] z]o/df nufgL ug' { slt 

;'/lIft / nfebfos 5 / To;sf cfwf/x? s]–s] x'g\ eGg]af/]df 

oxfF 5f]6s/Ldf ljj]rgf ug] { hdsf] { ul/Psf] 5 . 

sDkgLsf] z]o/ ;+/rgf 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8sf] z]o/dWo] % k|ltzt z]o/ sDkgLsf sd{rf/L?nfO{ 

/ !) k|ltzt ;j{;fwf/0fju{nfO{ laqmL ljt/0f ug] { g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

lg0f{oadf]lhd sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ % k|ltzta/fa/sf] z]o/ laqmL 

eO;s]sf] / ;j{;fwf/0fju{nfO{ laqmL ug{ 5'6\ofOPsf] z]o/dWo] 

sl/a #=%# k|ltzt z]o/ laqmL eO;s]sf] 5 . sDkgLdf g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] :jfldTjnfO{ sd ub} { lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpFb} 

n}hfg] ;/sf/L of]hgfadf]lhd klxnf] r/0fdf sl/a *=%# 

k|ltzt z]o/ x:tfGt/0f eO;s]sf] / afFsL (!=$& k|ltzt 

z]o/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf g} /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] 9fFrf 

sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLcg';f/ ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;+:yfks 

z]o/wgLdWo]af6 kfFr hgf, sd{rf/L z]o/wgLdWo]af6 Ps hgf 

/ ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/wgLdWo]af6 Ps hgf u/L s'n ;ft hgf 

;~rfns /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnsf] nflu s'n ;ft 

hgf ;~rfns /xg] cj:yfdf z]o/ k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kftdf 

sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/wgLsf] tkm{af6 ;~rfnssf] 

k|ltlglwTj hfoh g} b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 

a'l4 k|;fb cfrfo{ 

Pkm=;L=P=gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs, 

g]kfn 6]lnsd 

;+:yfks kIfsf] dfq lg0f{o x'g] cj:yfsf] cGTo eO{ ;a} z]o/wgLsf] 

k|ltlglwTjsf] lg0f{o x'g] / ;a} lg0f{ox? yk kf/bzL{ x'g] s'/fdf 

ljZj:t x'g] 7fpF /x]sf] 5 . 

sDkgLsf] z]o/sf] ahf/ ljZn]if0f 

sDkgLn] ldlt @)^% ;fn >fj0f #) ut] g]kfn :6s 

PS;r]Gh lnld6]8;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L s'n !% s/f]8 lsQfa/fa/sf] 

z]o/ lwtf]kq ahf/df ;"rLs/0f u/L bf];|f] ahf/df z]o/ sf/f]af/ 

eO/x]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] of] z]o/ ;"rLs/0f z]o/ ahf/df b]zs} 

;a}eGbf 7"nf] /sdsf] ;"rLs/0f xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& 

sf] k|yd q}dfl;s cjlwdf sf/f]af/ ePsf] %% lbgdf s'n 

sf/f]af/ ;+Vof %*( dfkm{t hDdf !,$@,(%) lsQf z]o/sf] 

vl/b–laqmL ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;dofjlwdf k|ltlsQf z]o/sf] 

d"No clwstd ?= ^!& tyf Go"gtd ?= %$) df sf/f]af/ eO{ 

q}dfl;s cjlwsf] clGtd d"No ?= %^) sfod ePsf] lyof] . 

cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] k|yd q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|ltz]o/ cfo ?= 

^@=^@ /x]sf] / ljut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf k|ltz]o/ cfo ?= 

$(=)$ /x]sf] lyof] . o;cg';f/ ljut cjlwsf] t'ngfdf o; 

cjlwsf] k|ltz]o/ cfo @&=&) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} 

;Gbe{df sDkgLsf] k|ltz]o/ cfonfO{ b]zsf] z]o/ ahf/df d'VotM 

ljQ sDkgLx?sf] afx'No /x]sf] x' Fbf z]o/ ahf/df pRrtd d"No 

ePsf s]xL jfl0fHo a} +sx?sf] k|ltz]o/ cfo / k' FhLsf] ljZn]if0f ug' 

;fGble{s b]lvPsf]n] ;f]sf] ljj/0f tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

k|ltz]o/ cfosf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f -?=df_ 

#$ 

;+:yfsf] gfd cfly{s jif{ ;g\ z]o/ k' FhL ?= 

s/f]8df 

@))$÷)% @))%÷)^ @))^÷)& @))&÷)* @))*÷)( 

:6\ofG88{ rf6{8 a}+s ln= !$#=!$ !&%=*$ !^&=#& !#!=(@ !)(=(( (# 

glan a}+s ln= !)%=$( !@(=@! !#&=)* !)*=#! !)^=&^ (^ 

g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 a}+s ln= #(=%) %(=#% ^@=%& %&=*& #&=$@ @$) 

lxdfnog a}+s ln= $&=(! %(=@$ ^)=^^ ^@=&$ ^!=() !@! 

g]kfn 6]lnsd @#=^@ #@=(! #&=^* %@=(% ^#=@( !%))



2010 

6 th 

pk/f]Qm tflnsfcg';f/ g]kfn 6]lnsdafx]ssf rf/j6} 

;+:yfsf] k|ltz]o/ cfo 36\bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] eP tfklg g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] k|ltz]o/ cfo a9\bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :6\ofG88{ 

rf6{8 a} +s g]kfn ln= / glan a} +s ln=sf] z]o/ k' FhL Ps ca{eGbf 

sd /x]sf]df g]kfn /fi6« a} +ssf] lgb] {zgcg';f/ pQm k' FhL @ ca{ 

k'¥ofpg'kg] { j}wflgs cj:yfn] ubf{ tL a} +ssf] k|ltz]o/ cfo klg 

cGo b'O{ a} +ssf] cj:yfdf cfpg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn 

OGe]i6d]G6 a} +s ln=sf] z]o/ k' FhL @ ca{ $) s/f]8 /x]sf]df ;f] 

a} +ssf] k|ltz]o/ cfo #&=$@ dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfodf s'g} 

rfdTsfl/s j[l4 gePsf] cj:yfdf a} +ssf] k' FhL j[l4;Fu} k|ltz]o/ 

cfo qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ca ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] 

z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No / lstfaL d"Nosf] ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf u/f} + . 

z]o/sf] ahf/ tyf lstfaL d"Nosf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f -?=df_ 

;+:yfsf] gfd z]o/ d"No cfly{s jif{ ;g\ 

@))$÷)% @))%÷)^ @))^÷)& @))&÷)* @))*÷)( 

:6\ofG88{ rf68{ ahf/ d"No @,#$% #,&&% %,()) ^,*#) ^,)!) 

a} +s g]kfn ln= lstfaL d"No $@@ $^* %!@ $)@ #@* 

glan a} +s ln= ahf/ d"No !,%)% @,@$) %,)%) %,@&% $,*(( 

lstfaL d"No ##& #*! $!* #%$ #@$ 

g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 ahf/ d"No *)) !,@^) !,&@( @,$%) !,#** 

a} +s ln= lstfaL d"No @)! @$) @#$ @@# !^@ 

lxdfnog a} +s ln= ahf/ d"No (@) !,!)) !,&$) !,(*) !,&^) 

lstfaL d"No @$) @@( @^% @$* @%& 

g]kfn 6]lnsd ahf/ d"No – – – – ^@( 

lstfaL d"No !#( !%* !&( @#^ @&$ 

gf]6 M lwtf]kq ahf/df ;"rLs/0f gePsf] cj:yf 

dfly k|:t't tflnsfcg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @))*÷)( df 

lstfaL d"Nosf] t'ngfdf k|ltz]o/ ahf/ d"No :6\ofG88{ rf6{8 

a} +s g]kfn ln= sf] sl/a !* u'0ff a9L, glan a} +s ln= sf] sl/a 

!% u'0ff a9L, g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 a} +s ln= sf] sl/a * u'0ff / 

lxdfnog a} +s ln= sf] sl/a & u'0ff a9L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lstfaL d"Nosf] t'ngfdf k|ltz]o/ ahf/ d"No 

sl/a @ u'0ff dfq a9L /x]sf] 5 . 

o;af6 lwtf]kq ahf/df z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] 

k|j[lQ ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yfeGbf ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] ahf/df 

z]o/sf] cfk"lt{ / pQm ;+:yfn] ;flas z]o/wgLnfO{ lgisf;g 

ug] { xsk|b / af]g; z]o/n] lgs} k|efj kf/]sf] cg'dfg nufpg 

;lsG5 . s]xL ;doklxn] :yflkt a} +sx? yf]/} k' FhLdf :yflkt 

eO/x]sfdf g]kfn /fi6« a} +sn] lglZrt cjlwleq k' FhL a9fpg 

lgb] {zg hf/L u/]sf] / ;lassf] k' FhL j[l4 ug{ a} +sx?n] xsk|b 

tyf af]g; z]o/ hf/L u/]sfn] nufgLstf{x? To;/L z]o/ k' FhL 

j[l4 x'g] a} +sx?sf] z]o/df nufgL ug{ OR5's ePsf sf/0f 

cfk"lt{sf] t'ngfdf dfu a9\g uO{ z]o/sf] d"Nodf cTolws j[l4 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt lstfaL d"No / ahf/ d"NoaLsf] 

km/s x]bf{ of] tYosf] k'li6 x'g hfG5 . t/ z]o/sf] d"No a9\g'df 

tL a} +sx?sf] k|ltz]o/ cfosf] ;d]t k|efj /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . 

o; cy{df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|ltz]o/ cfo / lstfaL d"Nosf] 

t'ngfdf ahf/ d"No Go"g /x]sf] b]lvPsf]df cGo ;+:yfx?sf] 

k|ltz]o/ cfo / lstfaL d"Nosf] cfwf/df xfnsf] eGbf bf]Aa/ 

x'g'kg] { xf] . k|ltz]o/ Go"gtd ?= ^)) df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sDkgLsf] 

z]o/ vl/b ug] { nufgLstf{x?nfO{ o;n] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj 

kf/]sf] 5 . z]o/ laqmL x' Fbfsf] sDkgLsf] tTsfnsf] ljQLo cj:yfn] 

klg cGo ;+:yfx?sf] z]o/sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df pQm Go"gtd 

nfuteGbf sDtLdf b'O{ u'0ff a9L ahf/ d"No sfod x'g'kg] { lyof] . 

sDkgLsf] z]o/ k' FhL ?= !% ca{ /x]sf] / sDkgLsf] k' FhL 

;+/rgfdf C0f/lxt z]o/ k' FhLsf] dfq c+z /x]sf] cj:yfdf of] 

k' FhL j[l4 ug] { tTsfn s'g} ;Defjgf 

b]lv+b}g . a? ;Dej eP of] k' FhL 

/sdnfO{ 36fpg] / cfjZos eP 

C0f nufgL ;dfj]z u/L gofF k' FhL 

;+/rgf tof/ ug] { / eljiodf k' FhL 

a9fpg xsk|b jf af]g; z]o/ hf/L 

ug] { cj:yf /x]df cGo ;+:yfx?sf] 

h:t} kl/l:yltadf]lhd o; sDkgLsf] 

z]o/ d"No a9\g ;Sg] cg'dfg 

nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ o; sDkgLsf] 

#% 

xfn eO/x]sf] k' FhL / o;sf] k|ltz]o/ 

cfosf] j[l4b/nfO{ s]nfpFbf lgs6 eljiodf g} o;n] cfkm\gf] 

z]o/sf] ahf/ d"Nodf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg] { lgisif{ lgsfNg 

s'g} b'ljwf b]lvb}g . 

eljiodf z]o/sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] ;Defljs cj:yf 

dfly rrf{ ul/Pcg';f/ z]o/ ahf/df afx'No /x]sf s]xL 

jfl0fHo a} +sx?sf] cfpg] lbgx?df z]o/ d"No yk j[l4 x'g jf 

xfnsf] cj:yf g} /lx/xg Tolt ;xh b]lv+b}g . jfl0fHo a} +sn] 

cfkm\gf] k' FhL sDtLdf @ ca{ k'¥ofpg'kg] { afWofTds Joj:yfn] 

k|To]s jif{ k' FhL j[l4 x'g], o;/L j[l4 x'g] k' FhLnfO{ oy]i6 nfef+z 

pknAw u/fpg 7"nf] /sd cfjZos x'g] / xfnsf] cfosf] 

cg'kftdf ;f] ;Dej x'g] gb]lvPsf] sf/0fn] k|ltz]o/ cfo / 

lstfaL d"No emg} 7"nf] cGt/n] 36\g ;Sg] / k' FhL j[l4kZrft\ 

xsk|b jf af]g;sf] ?kdf yk z]o/ hf/L ug{ sl7gfO x'g] t/ 

nufgLstf{x?sf] rfxgf xfnsf] h:t} yk z]o/ k|fKt ug] { x'g] 

x' Fbf cfufdL lbgx?df To:tf a} +sx?sf] z]o/ d"No qmdzM 36\b} 

hfg] cj:yf /xg ;S5 . 

sDkgLsf] z]o/sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] ;DaGwdf xfnsf] k|ltz]o/ 

cfo / lstfaL d"No cGo ;+:yfx?;Fu t'ngfof]Uo /xFbf/xFb} klg

{ 



6 th 

z]o/ d"No lgs} sd /xg' lj8Dagf g} xf] . cfufdL lbgx?df sDkgLsf] 

k' FhLdf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf g/x]sf] t/ k|ltz]o/ cfo / z]o/sf] lstfaL 

d"No cfsif{s b/n] j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] nufgLstf{x?nfO{ plrt 

b/n] nfef+z pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g] x' Fbf o;af6 sDkgLsf] 

z]o/sf] d"Nodf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf k|an /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

sDkgLdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] ;Defjgf 

xfn s'n z]o/ ;Vofsf] sl/a *=%# k|ltzt z]o/ dfq 

sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0fdf ljt/0f xF 'bf sl/a ! s/f]8 @* nfv 

lsQf z]o/ ahf/df k|jflxt x'g] b]lvPsf] / To;df klg sd{rf/Lsf] 

z]o/dWo] clwsf+z z]o/ laqmL gx'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] sd{rf/Lsf] 

s]xL dfqfdf / ;j{{;fwf/0fdf laqmL ePsf] ;a} z]o/ dfq 

ahf/df vl/b–laqmL eO/x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] nflu laqmL ePsf] 

z]o/ l9nf]–rfF8f] ahf/df vl/b–laqmLsf] nflu k|jflxt x'g] x' Fbf 

lglZrt ;dokZrft\ sd{rf/L / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ z]o/ 

ahf/df pknAw x'g] x' Fbf of] ;+Vofsf] z]o/ xfnsf] ahf/sf] 

nflu oy]i6 x'g] b]lvG5 . t;y{, g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf 

/x]sf] z]o/ lghL If]qnfO{ laqmL ug] { xf] eg] sDkgLdf /0fgLlts 

;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf nufgL ug] { u/L s'g} nufgLstf{nfO{ laqmL ug' 

clt pQd x'g] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;j{k|yd ahf/df v'b|f z]o/sf] 

?kdf w]/} z]o/ k|jflxt x'Fb}g / o;n] ahf/sf] dfu tyf 

cfk"lt{df ;Gt'ng /fVg d2t k'Ug] x'G5 eg] bf];|f]tkm{ sDkgLsf] 

;du| ljsf; tyf ;~rfngdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] cfudgn] 

sDkgLnfO{ gofF 9+u / gofF pmhf{sf ;fy cl3 a9\g pTk| ]l/t 

ug] {5 . o;sf ;fy} /0fgLlts ;femf]bf/n] rfF8f]eGbf cfkm\gf] nufgL 

p7fpg / cfkm\gf] z]o/sf] d"No j[l4 u/fpg ckgfpg] /0fgLltn] 

sDkgLsf] k|ultsf ;fy} z]o/ d"Nodf x'g] j[l4n] ;du| 

z]o/wgLx?nfO{ nfeflGjt agfpg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt gxf]nf . 

o;n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ klg sDkgLsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] d"Nodf 

Ps} hgfnfO{ z]o/ laqmL ug{ ;lhnf] / nfebfos x'g] b]lvG5 . 

lgisif{ 

nufgLstf{x?dfem s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yfsf] 

cfwf/df nufgL ug]{ kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f x'Fb} uO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df 

cGo ;+:yfx?sf] t'ngfdf o; sDkgLsf] a9\bf] k|ltz]o/ cfo 

/ k|ltz]o/ lstfaL d"Nosf] sf/0f cfufdL lbgx?df z]o/sf] 

d"No a9\g]tkm{ cfzf ug]{ k|z:t cfwf/x? 5g\ . d'n'se/ 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ cu|0fL ;]jfk|bfos ePsf] sf/0f 

/ ;/sf/sf] cTolws :jfldTj /x]sf] o; sDkgLdf nufgL ug'{ 

nufgLsf] ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt e/kbf]{ dfGg'kb{5 . 

cfufdL lbgx?df ;]jfsf] lj:tf/;Fu} d'gfkmfdf ;d]t pNn]Vo 

j[l4 x'g] ;+s]tn] z]o/sf] d"Nodf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ alnof] 

;Defjgf b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} sDkgLdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] 

cfudg ePdf sDkgLsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} ;'/lIft 

z]o/ nufgL / plrt k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t z]o/ d"No sfod x'g] 

s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . 

#^



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf 

cj;/ / r'gf}tLx? 

uf]kfn 9sfn 

6«fG;ld;g ;'=ef= 

ljZj;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

tLj| ultn] k5\ofO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo ;]jfaf6 k|f/De ePsf] 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfh cToGt cfw'lgs ;]jfx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 

5 . g]kfnsf clt ljs6 If]qdf ;d]t g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;]jfx¿ 

kl/lrt 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]g] { xf] eg] b"/;~rf/ 

If]qsf] ljsf; t'ngfTds lx;fan] klg cGo ;a} If]qeGbf w]/} 

cufl8 5 . uPsf] % jif{df dfq ;~rf/ ;]jf !) u'0ffn] j[l4 

ePsf] 5 . km]l/ klg 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfunfO{ dTy/ kfg{ ;]jfk|bfosn] 

;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf lng pkef]Qmfx¿ cem} 

nfnflot 5g\ . zfob 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfu, cfk"lt{ / hg3gTjnfO{ 

x]/]/ g} ;/sf/n] slt ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cg'dltkq lbg] eGg] 

6'ª\uf]df k'Ug g;s]sf] xf]nf . t/ ;/sf/n] cg'dltkq sltnfO{ 

lbg] eGg] lglZrt ug' {kg] { cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] 

pb\udljGb'af6 ;]jf ;~rfng ub} { Hofb} cK7\of/f]af6 cl3 a9\b} 

cfPsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd h;n] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs bfloTj;d]t 

lgjf{x u/]/ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} Joj;fo cl3 a9fof] o;k|lt g]kfnLsf] 

c6'6 ljZjf;;lxtsf] cGt/lglxt ;DaGw 5 . To;}n] klg g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug{ x/]s g]kfnL cfslif{t 5g\ . g]kfnsf 

s'gf–sGb/fdf ;d]t cfkm\gf] g]6js{ k'¥ofpg ;kmn g]kfn 6]lnsd 

g} o:tf] ;+:yf xf], h;n] pkef]Qmfsf] dfunfO{ oy]i6?kdf ;Daf]wg 

ug{ ;S5 . jf:tjdf of] g} g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu cj;/ xf] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf cufl8 cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{n] cgluGLt ;Defjgf 

/ r'gf}tLx¿sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf 5g\ . 

jt{dfg k|lt:kwf{n] g} jf:tljs ahf/nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 

5 . ahf/df b]lvPsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{ pGd'v g]kfn 6]lnsdsf 

nflu of] ;'j0f{ cj;/ xf] . pkef]QmfnfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf lbg'k5{ 

eGg] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg k|lt:kwL{n] ;flat u/]sf] 5 . of] klg cfkm\gf 

u|fxsnfO{ ;Gt'li6 kfg] { cj;/ xf] . ;do;fk] ]If ;]jfdf cfw'lgsLs/0f 

ug' {sf] ljsNk 5}g . t;y{ ;~rf/hut\df b]lvPsf] k|lt:kwf{n] 

u'0f:t/o'Qm cfw'lgs ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L u|fxsnfO{ 

clwstd ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug] { cj;/ g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ldn]sf] 

5 . oL ;Defjgfx¿sf] k"0f{tfn] g} o; sDkgLnfO{ gDa/–! sDkgLsf] 

?kdf sfod /fV5 . t'ngfTds lx;fan] /fd|f] k"jf{wf/, nugzLn 

hgzlQm / cg'ejL Joj:yfkg ePsf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu 

;Defjgfdf ;kmntf ldNg Tolt sl7g 5}g . t/ klg k"0f{tfsf] 

cefjdf s]xL r'gf}tLx¿ klg g]kfn 6]lnsdleq 5g\ . olb oL 

r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ xfdL ;a}sf] k|of; ;kmn aGg ;Sof] eg] 

g]kfn 6]lnsd slxNo} klg ! gDa/af6 tn emg' {kg] { 5}g . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf dxTjk"0f{ % r'gf}tLnfO{ dfq lr/]/ lgsf; 

lbg ;Sg' sDkgLsf] pHHjn eljiosf] nflu dfu{bz{g x'g]5 . 

!_ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/– sDkgLdf cg'ejL Joj:yfksx¿ 

eP tfklg nfdf] kl/>daf6 ylst eP/ lbg uGg] cj:yfdf 

k'u]sf 5g\ . cfw'lgs cj:yfdf k|ljlw / k|ltk:kwf{ a'em]/ ahf/ 

Joj:yfkg;lxt ;do;fk]If gofF hf]z–hfFu/sf] Joj:yfksLo 

;'wf/ h?/L 5 . To;}n] g]kfn 6]lnsddf /0fgLlts c+lzof/ 

cfjZos 5 . 

@_ u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ 

:tf/– ahf/sf] /fd|f] cWoog 

u/L dfuadf]lhd ;]jf lj:tf/df ;Da4 ;a} kIfsf] ;dGjo 

u/L ;dodf g} g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ahf/ lgoGq0fdf lng'kg]{ 

x'G5 . ahf/sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f g} k|lt:kwf{sf] ;kmntfsf] s;L 

It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. 

- Voltaire 

#&



6 th 

ePsf] xF 'bf Jofkf/ k|j4{gnfO{ clt dxTjsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg 

Jofkf/ ljefunfO{ ljz]if 9+un] Jojl:yt u/L sfo{ cl3 a9fOg'k5{ . 

u'0f:t/o'Qm cfw'lgs ;]jf g} u|fxssf] ;Gt'li6 ePsf]n] 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df /df s'g} klg ;Demf}tf ug'{x'Fb}g . 

#_ ;/sf/L gLlt / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] e"ldsf– 

g]kfnsf] ;~rf/ gLlt :ki6 9+un] cl3 a9\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

sfuhdf Pp6f gLlt 5 Jojxf/df csf] { gLlt 5 . 

s_ lglZrt ;do tf]s]/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ lbPsf] cg'dltkq 

;f] ;dodf ;]jf ;~rfng gubf{ klg j}w 5 . 

v_ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu nufOPsf] 

/f]oN6L tf]s]adf]lhd gltbf{ klg lgoGq0f ePsf] 5}g . 

u_ df]afOnsf] cg'dltkq g} glnO{ df]afOn ;~rfng 

ul//xFbf lgodg lgsfo df}g 5 . 

3_ df]afOnsf] cg'dltkq b:t'/ / gjLs/0f b:t'/df 

lje]b u/L s;}nfO{ Go"g 5 eg] s'g} ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ 

sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k' FhLeGbf klg a9L 5 . 

ª_ k|flws/0f P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf ;]jfafx]s g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

;xdlt u/]/ lbOg] ;]jfdf ;d]t x:tIf]k ul/G5 . 

r_ /fHosf] /fh:jdf ;d]t c;/ kfg] { u/L VOIP ;~rfngaf6 

ePsf] k|lt:kwf{df lgoGq0f ug] { lgsfo df}g 5 . 

5_ /fHodf slt j6f ;]jfk|bfos leq\ofpg] eGg] :ki6 

;/sf/L gLltsf] cefj 5 . cflb . 

jf:tjdf /fHosf] ;~rf/ gLlt / k|lws/0f P]gcg';f/ 

b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] lg:kIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, 

h;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f ;]jf ;~rfng gu/L ;do Joltt 

u/]sf] sDkgL g]kfn :of6nfO6 sDkgL / a9L lk|mSj]G;L lng] 

:kfO; g]kfn;Fu lk|mSj]G;L lkmtf{ gdfuL g]kfn 6]lnsd;Fu 

lk|mSj]G;L dfUg', ADSL ;]jf ISP x¿nfO{ lbg] ;DaGwdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;xdlt u/]/ lbg ;Sg]df NTA n] afWosf/L 

lgb]{zgsf ;fy} hl/jfgf tf]Sg', g]kfn :of6]nfO6nfO{ @% 

nfvdf cg'dltkq lbg'h:tf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . t;y{ NTA 

sf] t6:y e"ldsf gx'g' klg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu b'ef{Uo ePsf] 5 . 

$_ sDkgLsf] lg0f{o / gLltdf ;'wf/– sDkgLsf] 

Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yfsf] kIfdf ul/g] lg0f{ox¿ ;dodf ug{ 'kb{5 . 

lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ljnDan] ubf{ klg sDkgLsf] cu|ultsf nflu 

cj/f]w ;[hgf x'G5, h;n] k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLsf] bfFhf]df g]kfn 

6]lnsd kl5 kg{ hfg] cj:yf 5 . pks/0f vl/bsf] nflu ;d]t 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ :jfoQ sDkgLsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;Sg] / 

u'0f:t/o'Qm ;fdfg vl/b ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 

gLlt NofOg'k5{ . To;}u/L sDkgLsf] ;]jf ;~rfng, dd{t–;Def/ 

/ k"jf{wf/ Sharing sf nflu cfw'lgs gLlt tof/ u/L cl3 

a9\bf g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ gof+ F ult lbg ;lsG5 . 

%_ Joj:yfkg / 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;DaGw– g]kfn 6]lnsddf 

6« ]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf ;+:yfnfO{ ;d[4 ug{ clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 

5 . 6« ]8 o'lgog / Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ x'g' h?/L 5 . 

o'lgog / Joj:yfkgsf sfo{If]qx¿ cf–cfkm\gf x'G5g\ . ;a}n] cf– 

cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . o'lgog / Joj:yfkg Ps 

l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\, t;y{ Ps–cfk;sf] ;xof]uaf6 g} sDkgL / 

sd{rf/Lsf] pGgltdf k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg ;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] 

dgf]andf j[l4 u/]/ ;+:yfnfO{ ;an agfpg o'lgogsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 

x'G5 . Joj:yfkgn] cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpFb} ;xeflutfd"ns 

9+un] cl3 a9\bf sDkgLsf] eljio pHHjn x'g ;S5 . sDkgLsf] 

pHHjn eljio;Fu cfdsd{rf/Lsf] eljio ufFl;g] x' Fbf u|fxssf] ;Gt'li6sf 

nflu k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ x/]s sd{rf/L k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 eg] 

>ldssf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ yk k| ]/0ff k|bfg 

ug{ Joj:yfkg / o'lgogx¿ k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|ultsf nflu ;]jfdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / 

lj:tf/nfO{ b| 'tultdf cl3 a9fP/ hfg'kb{5 . Joj:yfkgdf z]o/ 

xf]N8/sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fP/ gLlt–lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ 

z'ne agfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . Joj:yfkg / o'lgogsf] ;xsfo{df 

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgnufot aflx/L x:tIf]k /f]Sg ;Dej x'G5 . 

oL ;a} ljifonfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ sDkgLnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;Sbf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] eljio clt pHHjn 5 . 

SMS af6 GPRS ;]jf ;~rfng jf aGb ug] 

{{{{{ tl/sf -Post Paid k|of]ustf{sf] xsdf_ M 

-!_ Unlimited GPRS sf] nflu "UGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df SMS k7fpg] . 

-@_ Volume Based GPRS sf] nflu "VGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df SMS 

k7fpg] . 

-#_ GPRS ;]jf aGb ug{ "DGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df SMS k7fpg] . 

-$_ k|lt SMS ?= !÷– nfUg]5 . 

#*

{ 



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ Jofj;flos 

;+:yf agfpg]tkm{ sd{rf/Lsf] 

e"ldsf 

gf/fo0f dxt 

gf=k|=lg= k|zf;g 

g]kfn 6]lnsd tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* cGtu{t 

ul7t g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] gfdn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 

lyof] . To; a]nf klg ;+:yfg ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

agf]6 x]bf{ z]o/ xf]N8/x?sf] tkm{af6 klg k|ltlglw /fVg] Joj:yf lyof], t/ 

;Dk"0f{ cyf{t\ !)) k|ltzt z]o/ ;/sf/s} lyof] . cfly{s ljlgod tyf 

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljlgodnufot sltko cj:yfdf ;+:yfsf] gLlt lgod 

tof/ ug{ ] tyf ;+zf]wgdf ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt cfjZos kb{Yof] . h;n] ubf{ 

tTsfnLg ;+:yfgdf cfjZostfcg';f/ sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg sl7g lyof] . 

@)^) ;fn df3 @@ ut] of] ;+:yf sDkgL P]g, @)@! cGtu{t g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df btf{ eof] . ;+:yfgsf] hfoh]yf, sd{rf/Lnufot 

;a} s'/fx? sDkgLdf x:tfGt/0f eof] . t/ clwsf+z :jfldTj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

-!_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, -@_ cy{ dGqfno, -#_ sfg'g dGqfno -$_ 

pBf]u dGqfno -%_ ;"rgf ljefu / cw{;/sf/L lgsfo gful/s nufgL 

sf]ifdf /xg k'Uof] . tTkZrft\ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] z]o/dWo]af6 

sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ % k|ltzt / ;j{;fwf/0fx?nfO{ sl/a # 

k|ltzt z]o/ ljt/0f ePsf] 5 . ef]lnsf lbgx?df ;j{;fwf/0f tyf cGo 

lghL If]qdf yk z]o/ ghfnf eGg ;lsGg . 

tTsfnLg ;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 o;sf] k|aGwkq 

tyf lgodfjnLcg';f/ sDkgL ;~rfngsf] nflu cfly{s ljlgod, 

sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL tyf cGo gLlt lgoddf ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 

h;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;§f ;~rfns ;ldlt ;jf]{Rr lgsfo ePsf] 

5 . cy{ dGqfnon] ;~rfnsx?sf] s]xL cfr/0f tof/ kf/L k7fP 

tfklg ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;a} k|sf/sf lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd b]lvPsf] 5 . 

To;f] eGb}df ;/sf/sf] emG8} (@ k|ltzt :jfldTj /x]sf] sDkgLdf 

gLlt lgodnfO{ pNn+3g ug{ eg] ;lsg] cj:yf /xg] b]lv+b}g . g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ sDkgL P]gcGtu{t btf{ u/]/ hlt 

klg :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 ToxL?kdf sDkgLnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg 

eg] a]nf–a]nfdf ljleGg afwf–c8\rg cfO{ g} /xG5 . ;fy} xfdL 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] cufl8 xfd|f lj?4 k|lt:kwL{ ;]jfk|bfosx? sDd/ s;]/ 

nfu]sf] ;a}sf cufl8 5n{ª\u 5 . olt dfq geP/ xfd|f cufl8 cGo 

ljleGg r'gf}tLx? gePsf xf]Og\ . k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?sf cufl8 ;]jfsf] 

u'0f:t/, d"No ;dfof]hgh:tf s'/fx?nfO{ klg a9LeGbf a9L Vofn ug} 

k/]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{/t o'lgogx?nfO{ kq–klqsfdfkm{t 

Joj:yfkg c;Ifd / o'lgogx? xfaL ePsf] s'/f 5flkPsf] b]lvof] . slxn]sfxLF 

6]lnsdleqsf o'lgogx?af6 klg Joj:yfkgnfO{ cf/f]k nufPsf] kfOG5 . 

clxn]sf] k|lt:kwL{ cj:yfdf Joj:yfkgn] o'lgognfO{ / o'lgogn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ 

cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k nufpg] cj:yf xf]Og . o:tf] cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]kg kSs} 

klg xfd|f k|lt:kwL{nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . 

g]kfndf ePsf #^÷#& j6f ;+:yfgx?df ePsf Joj:yfkgx? 

dWo] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf xfdL Joj:yfksx? ;fFlRrs} Ps gDa/df 5f}+ 

eGbf km/s gknf{ To;}u/L 6]lnsdsf o'lgogx? klg a9LeGbf a9L 

kl/kSj 5g\ . o:tf] ;Ifd Joj:yfksx? / kl/kSj o'lgogx? ePsf] 

sDkgLnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L Joj;flos agfpg] klg xfd|} lhDdfdf 5 . 

oxLFlg/ ev{/} e}/xjfdf ;DkGg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sd{rf/L ;+3sf] ;ftf}+ 

dxflwj]zgdf ;f] o'lgogn] sDkgLdf sfo{z}nL kl/jt{g / u|fxsx?nfO{ 

cj/f]w x'g] u/L s'g} klg sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL ul/g] 5}g eGg] gf/f 

lbPsf] b]lvof] . of] gf/fn] kSs} sDkgLdf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z b]nf . 

casf lbgx?df 6]lnsddf sfo{/t o'lgogx?n] ;?jf÷sfhnufot 

;fgfltgf s'/fx?df gcndlnOsg sDkgLnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L Jofj;flostftkm{ 

cufl8 a9fpg] s'/fdf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfXjfg ug' {kg] { cj:yf 5 . 

o'lgogx?n] Ps–cfk;df x'g] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ sd u/L Joj:yfkg;Fu ;xsfo{ 

u/]/ tdfd sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ o'lgogsf gfddf ljrlnt x'g lbg'x' Fb}g . sfo{/t 

o'lgogx?dWo]af6 lgjf{rg eO{ cflwsfl/s o'lgog x'g kfpg' /fd|f] s'/f xf] . 

6« ]8 o'lgog P]gcg';f/ Collective bargaining ug{ klg kfOG5, h;n] sd{rf/Lsf] 

xslxtnfO{ 6]jf lbg d2t u5{ t/ o;}sf] sf/0f sd{rf/Lx? sd{rf/L ljlgodnfO{ 

a]jf:tf ug] {tkm{ nfUg lbg' klg t ePg lg < o'lgogx?n] o;nfO{ dWogh/ 

/fv]df sd{rf/Lx? oyf:yfgdf /xnfg\ . 

Joj:yfkgn] klg o'lgogx?nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ lxF8\bf aflx/L cfqmd0fnfO{ 

/f]lsg'sf] ;fy} sd{rf/Lx? cg'zf;gdf a:g ?rfpnfg\ . Joj:yfkgsf] 

cfFvfdf o'lgog grflxg] xf]Og, ;docg';f/ o'lgog cToGt cfjZos 5 

t/ slxn]sfxLF o'lgogn] af6f] la;+{bf Joj:yfkgnfO{ s]xL c;xh x'g] / 

u|fxssf] ;]jfdf cj/f]w cfpF5 ls eGg z+sf ug' {kg] { x'G5 . obfsbf cfpg] 

c;xh kl/l:yltsf] cGTo u/L k|lt:kwL{sf] dgf]an a9\g] sfo{ gug{ / 

u|fxsnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf] { / :yfloTj lbg Joj:yfkg / 

o'lgogx?n] xft]dfnf] ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] dfu /x]sf] 5 . 

k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] sDkgL xfd|f] xf], xfdL z]o/ xf]N8/ xf} +, sDkgLsf] 

;d[l4 eg]sf] xfd|f] ;d[l4 tyf ljsf; xf] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; 

u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . dnfO{ sDkgLn] s] lbof] eGg'eGbf d}n] sDkgLnfO{ s] 

lbg ;s]+ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . 

cGTodf ;+u7g ;~rfngsf dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf ?kdf /x]sf 

xfdL sd{rf/Lx? cfkm\gf] e"ldsfk|lt slQsf] ;Gt'i6 5f} + < st} cf}hf/df 

lvof nfu]sf] jf lau]|sf] 5 ls < olb cfkm"nfO{ To:tf] nfU5 eg] dg, 

jrg / sd{n] lau|]sf] cf}hf/ dd{t ug{ nfuf}+, oxL g} sd{rf/Lsf] 

sDkgLk|ltsf] bfloTj 7xg]{5 . 

#(



6 th 

Optical Fiber Transmission 

Network Deployment in NT: 

Past, Present and Future- 

Proofing NT Network with a New 

Dimension of Opportunities 

Shobhan Adhikari 

Senior Engineer 

Transmission Planning 

Department 

Introduction 

Nepal Telecom has come a long way since the 

introduction of Optical Fiber in its network in 1992 for 

the link between Suketar Microwave repeater to 

Taplejung exchange under the JICA project. With 190 

km for Kathmandu Valley SDH Optical Fiber Network, 

891 km for East-West Optical Fiber Network, 117 km 

for Kathmandu Valley Optical Fiber Access Network, 

115 km for Arniko Highway Optical Network and 401 

km for the Mid Western – Far Western Development 

Region Optical Fiber Network (Lamahi-Kohalpur- 

Attaria-Dhangadhi-Mahendra Nagar and Lamahi- 

Tulsipur sections) as the major Optical Fiber deployments 

and a lease of OPGW/ADSS from Nepal Electricity 

Authority for Kathmandu-Pokhara, Kathmandu- 

Hetauda, Pokhara-Butwal and Siuchatar-Patan inside 

Kathmandu, the major transmission traffic in Nepal 

Telecom is being carried through Optical Fiber links. In 

addition, connectivity to International networks (India 

and also connection to the Internet) is also being 

accomplished using Optical Fiber links. 

It is undeniable that due to the various advantages 

of Optical Fiber like speed, bandwidth availability and 

reliability, it is the best suitable option for transmission 

medium. Further, the deployment of Optical Fiber Cable 

and Networks will help provide a fail-safe (with 

redundant alternate paths of the links) and future-proof 

network. For new service providers, this is a major 

burden to deploy OFC network. Because of this, it may 

be a good opportunity to deploy an extensive OFC 

network throughout the country and get into the carrier 

network business, by providing transmission network in 

the country to cater to the transmission network demands 

of the other service providers by leasing unutilized 

bandwidth/fiber. It shall be beneficial to concentrate more 

on carrying the providers’ traffic (wholesale services) 

in addition to providing customer services. This would 

allow NT to focus on few big subscribers rather than a 

large number of small subscribers, opening up a new 

business avenue. NT has already started providing these 

services to some of the Telecom Service providers. 

Because of Nepal’s strategic positioning between 

India and China, there is a possibility of providing 

connectivity for them using optical fiber. For this also, 

Nepal Telecom needs to provide a failsafe network with 

alternate routes. Hence, looking at business of Carrier 

Network internationally as well as nationally for other 

operators, it is high time that Nepal Telecom build a highly 

reliable network of optical fiber. 

Operational and Upcoming Optical Fiber 

Transmission Networks in NT 

For the nationwide Optical Fiber Network, two 

separate networks are operational in NT. The first is 

the Siemens network installed under the cooperation of 

the Government of India, which is of STM-4 capacity 

as a network (although a few links are of STM-16 

capacity). The other operational network is NG-SDH 

Optical National Backbone Network, with equipment 

procured from ZTE, China through an open tender. This 

network is of STM-64 (10Gbps) capacity, of which STM- 

16 (2.5Gbps) capacity is used for Data Traffic using 

Ethernet (Fast Ethernet (FE) and Gigabit Ethernet (GE)). 

This network is used for all the major transmission traffic 

at present, both TDM and IP traffic (also connection to 

the Internet). Besides these networks, there are two 

separate Optical Fiber transmission networks in 

Kathmandu Valley, the Alcatel Rings of STM-16 capacity 

and AN Transmission Network, also of STM-16 capacity. 

Equipment procured under 20% additional order of 

contract number NDCL/05/063-64 are being installed, 

which include those for Kathmandu Valley Ring in 

addition to a few for outside valley in the National 

Backbone. A new contract has been signed for acquiring 

Spur Optical Transmission Network NG-SDH equipment 

$)


which includes Pokhara Valley Ring, Bhairahawa- 

Lumbini-Taulihawa-Bairiya as the major sections. In 

addition, the new network extends NT Optical Fiber 

Network to Kakadvitta in the east and Bhramhadev 

Mundi in the West. These equipment shall be interconnected 

through the existing NG-SDH Optical 

National Backbone and are of STM-16/STM-4/STM- 

1 according to the requirements. 

Transition towards IP Technology 

With all new systems, services and equipment are 

converging to IP, NT is also gearing towards transition 

to IP. Deployment of IP-based fixed network services 

is already on the pipeline, with the tender for NGN 

already floated. New wireless services (CDMA and 

GSM) are also transitioning towards IP based; hence 

new deployments of these systems in NT will also be 

IP-based. Considering these, no new major TDM-based 

SDH equipment deployment has been planned. The 

planning of SDH equipment has been performed 

only for provisioning the demands of the existing 

systems. For IP-based services and systems, native IP 

transmission equipment will be appropriate and more 

efficient than the presently deployed NG-SDH 

equipment, which carry Ethernet Frames over SDH 

network through encapsulation using the Ethernet over 

SDH (EoS) technology. Considering these, an IP 

backbone inside Kathmandu Valley has already been 

planned, with core routers and L3 switches. Core routers 

shall be installed in Patan and Sundhara and L3 switches 

shall be installed in all the major nodes in the valley. 

Similarly, an IP backbone is being planned for the whole 

country. The IP-backbone shall have multi-gigabit 

capacity links and shall use various equipment like L3 

Switches/Routers/DWDM equipment according to the 

requirements. 

The transition towards IP-based 

equipment/system/services could also be considered a 

major leap for NT, similar to the transition from analog 

system to digital system. This major transition demands 

availing the required infrastructure/equipment as well 

as training the manpower adequately in the new 

technology. In addition, some of the existing 

infrastructure need to be examined/inspected and 

adequate measures taken to upgrade their quality to 

the required level, for example, the copper network 

needs to be thoroughly checked for high data rate ADSL 

services. 

Passive Optical Networks and Fiber to the 

Premises (FTTX) 

In addition to the long-haul transmission networks, 

the trend is to deploy optical fiber in the access networks 

also. Sometimes the deployment of optical fiber is up to 

the premises (home/building), termed variously as FTTH 


2010 

6 th 

(Fiber to the Home), FTTB (Fiber to the Building), FTTP 

(Fiber to the Premises), or FTTX. FTTP and FTTN 

(Fiber to the Node/Neighborhood) solutions lay down 

the foundation for tomorrow’s broadband access 

network. FTTP provides optical access architecture 

solution using Passive Optical Networking (PON). It 

delivers a full range of narrowband and broadband 

services to homes and businesses, including the 

residential triple play of voice, video and data. Biznet 

Networks, a network provider in Indonesia, has deployed 

Biznet Metro FTTH network using GE-PON technology 

providing speeds up to 1 Gbps. In Hongkong, HKBN 

has been offering its customers Internet access via fiber 

(to the building and to the home, FTTB and FTTH) for 

speeds of 10 Mbps up to 1 Gbps and PCCW also is 

providing 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps FTTH internet access 

services. FTTH was first introduced in 1999 in Japan 

and showed a remarkable growth rate in 2003-2004 and 

the DSL users declined, the number of FTTH 

connections surpassed the number of DSL connections 

in September 2008. In Korea, many providers offer FTTP 

(Fiber to the Premises) service. In Islamabad, Pakistan, 

Nayatel offered triple play services over Broadband 

Passive Optical Network (BPON) in April 2006. These 

have been examples of Fiber to the Premises 

deployments in Asia; there are massive deployments in 

the more developed regions of Europe and North 

America. 

Passive Optical Network technologies such as 

EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) and 

GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) and their 

upgraded and high bandwidth versions will also be 

useful for providing new services such as the tripleplay 

services. 

From the various deployments worldwide, and closer 

to the home in Asia, it can be seen that Fiber to the 

premises deployment is gaining momentum and is 

sometimes replacing ADSL networks. The demand for 

video is the main driving factor for the deployment of 

Fiber to the Premises and with the introduction of video 

in the soon to be introduced NGN, the demand for video 

is sure to increase in Nepal also. This is a right time for 

Nepal Telecom to deploy FTTX and PON, starting from 

the major cities in the country. Considering this, planning 

has been done to introduce PON technology to NT 

services. Initially, only a small deployment has been 

planned as pilot project, to be enhanced and upgraded 

after studying the performance of the installed system. 

With the ever increasing demand of triple-play services, 

especially video (bandwidth hungry coding such as 

HDTV etc.) globally, NT should also focus its attention 

to providing such services in the new future. For this, 

PON will be very useful. 

$!



6 th 

Why OPGW/ADSS 

OPGW/ADSS cables are deployed in either 

electrical transmission or distribution lines. As such they 

are highly reliable and are free from the major reason 

of cable faults and cuts, intentional as well as 

unintentional. The reliability of OPGW/ADSS 

deployments has been experienced first-hand by NT; 

NT is presently using leased OPGW/ADSS fibers deployed 

by NEA in the routes Kathmandu-Pokhara, Kathmandu- 

Hetauda, Pokhara-Butwal and Patan-Siuchatar inside the 

valley. NT first started using OPGW fiber of NEA in the 

route Kathmandu-Hetauda in 2004. Since using the 

OPGW/ADSS from NEA, there has been no instance of 

cable fault in the OPGW/ADSS. In contrast, there have 

been a lot of instances of cable fault instances in case of 

underground fiber. During a period starting 2065/1/5 till 

2066/1/11, a period of one year, there have been 22 instances 

of fiber cable faults (break/cut) and one special instance of 

fiber break due to the Koshi flood. Not considering the 

cable fault due to Koshi flood, the average restoration time 

has been 25.55 hours for the 22 instances of cable faults in 

a period of one year, leading to an appreciable revenue 

loss. This shows the need of a reliable network. Because 

of the difficult geographic build of the country, deploying 

alternate optical routes for every part of the country will be 

rather difficult. The next best thing seen at present is the 

use of more reliable cables such as ADSS/OPGW. Further, 

the cost for OPGW/ADSS deployment has also been seen 

to be lower than for underground cable deployment for 

hilly areas (the higher cost of the underground cable is mainly 

due to the civil cost). 

Because of the reliability of fiber cables through 

the towers, it is recommended that wherever possible, 

different types of cables should be deployed on NEA 

towers/poles. The reliability of such a deployment has 

also already been seen. 

OPGW/ADSS Introduction 

This section describes the different types of cables 

possible for the deployment. 

a) OPGW (OPtical Ground Wire) 

Cable has dual functions 

- to substitute the usual ground wire, and 

- to house and protect the fibers 

b) ADSS (All-Dielectric Self-Supporting) 

Cable is used for 

- low strength applications in high and medium 

voltage lines 

- railway applications, and 

- use as telecom aerial cable 

c) OPPC (OPtical Phase Conductor) 

Cable has dual functions 

- to substitute one of the phase conductors, and 

- to house and protect the fibers 

Different Cables used on a transmission line 

With the growing demand of new services and the 

development of different systems/technologies and 

services, the demand for high capacity transmission links 

is on the rise. For high capacity transmission links 

supporting a wide array of different systems/services 

and technologies, optical fiber is the only logical option. 

Optical Fiber have the advantage of large capacity, high 

speed and long distance transmission for different types 

of system and technologies. Additionally they are 

uninfluenced by electromagnetic fields and have no 

crosstalk. This is very important for installations in high 

voltage lines. 

Use of high voltage transmission lines, to run optical 

fiber cables, provides a very high degree of reliability as 

has been experienced first-hand by NT also. 

For using fiber over transmission towers/poles, the 

most common method is to install an OPGW (Optical 

Ground Wire) as substitution of a usual ground wire. 

Other possibilities are the installation of ADSS (All- 

Dielectric Self-Supporting) and OPPC (OPtical Phase 

Conductor). The above different types of fiber cable 

can be used depending on the availability of transmission 

towers, the distance between the towers (spans) and 

other factors. In regard to line appearance, additional 

loads, reliability and lifetime a good OPGW is the best 

solution. 

OPGW 

OPGW has the classical function of the ground wire, 

carrying short circuit currents resulting from faults in 

the electrical system and to protect the line from lightning 

strikes. In addition, the optical fibers have to be housed 

in a way that they are protected from forces and are 

uninfluenced by any environmental condition such as 

different temperatures, wind and ice loads. OPGW has a 

long expected life span of about 25-30 years, and it is the 

cable with the characteristics of being strong and possible 

to be deployed for long spans also. As OPGW are 

manufactured according to the needs of the applications, it 

can span up to a couple of kilometers also. 

$@


The main desired characteristics of an OPGW are: 

The mechanical strength is desirable which is mainly 

influenced by the content of steel. The short time current 

capacity determined by the content of aluminum (alloy) 

also has significance. The differences between usual 

ground wires and OPGW, especially in regard to diameter 

and weight, should be smallest possible to prevent the 

towers from additional loads. Basis for the construction 

is the usual rope which mostly consists of a steel core 

made of a central wire and one layer of wires stranded 

around this. In this layer one or more steel wires can 

be substituted by steel tubes. To protect the steel tubes 

from radial pressure the coverage in this layer is 

optimized. Like in standard conductors the core 

structure is greased for corrosion protection. One, two 

or more layers of aluminum alloy wires are stranded 

around this core construction to give the OPGW the 

right conductivity. 

ADSS 

Metal-free aerial cables offer an alternative to 

OPGW to equip overhead power lines with 

communication channels. They are installed at a lower 

height than the OPGW, normally below the phase wires, 

but still well above the ground. They are usually used in 

the low and medium voltage level in cases where there 

are mostly no earth wires which could be substituted by 

OPGW. However, metal-free aerial cables can also be 

installed on high voltage lines. Outer sheath makes the 

use on high voltage lines possible. 

Metal-free aerial cables fulfill all requirements of 

modern transmission technology, i.e. unlimited 

transmission with single-mode fibers. Operation under 

hardest climatic conditions, e.g. high wind and ice loads, 

is also possible. ADSS, however, can be installed for a 

maximum typical span of 300-400 m. 

Cable Structure / Characteristics 

Cable constructions for optical fiber cables mainly 

serve to protect the fibers from mechanical loads caused 

by environmental and other influences, e.g. temperature 

changes and tensile loads. So the cable construction must 

relate to the extent of loads that are expected, and keep 

the fibers free of stresses. 

In a loose tube construction, one or more fibers are 

housed in a loose tube which is usually filled with a 

thixotropic jelly. In this way the fibers are decoupled 

from forces acting on the cable. In stranded loose tube 

constructions a defined strain window can be achieved 

by choice of an adequate pitch length. In central tube 

constructions the excess length can be put directly into 

the tube. Most ADSS constructions consist of a cable 

core with stranded or central loose tube(s). For 

applications in HV lines above 150kV line voltage, special 

tracking-resistant polyethylene can be used. 


2010 

6 th 

OPPC 

Medium voltage lines, and sometimes also high 

voltage lines up to 150 kV, are not equipped with an 

earth wire. Hence, OPGW is not applicable in these 

cases. However, to equip such a transmission line with 

optical fibers, an Optical Phase Conductor (OPPC) may 

be used. For OPPC, it must carry the permanent current 

in the three phase system and it has to house and protect 

the optical fibers. 

Since the optical fibers are installed on high 

voltage level in case of the OPPC, the splicing 

technology is different from that of OPGW. OPPC is 

typically used in the distribution lines, but it can also 

be used in case of 220V. 

Cable Structure / Characteristics 

Insulation unit is made of a tube covered with elastic 

silicon compound. Insulation caps are also made of 

silicon compound. 

Conclusion 

With the increased use of IP for all kinds of services 

and systems, NT should also gear towards building the 

required infrastructure to support these services / 

systems. NT is already on the way for this, with Optical 

Fiber and radio links deployments, both with the required 

transmission systems supporting data services using 

Ethernet over SDH (EoS) technology. At present, the 

majority of the systems and technologies are TDMbased 

and so are the transmission systems. With the 

wireline system in NT leaping towards IP-based 

technology and wireless systems (CDMA and GSM) 

transitioning towards IP technology globally together 

with the new emerging technologies like WiMAX and 

the much-hyped Long Term Evolution (LTE) on the 

way to maturity (both systems being inherently IPbased) 

and the expected increased demand of 

bandwidth hungry applications, NT is gearing towards 

failsafe and future-proof native IP-based networks 

and infrastructure. Optical Fiber is undoubtedly the 

most appropriate medium for such applications. NT 

has been using Optical Fiber networks for over a 

decade now and the infrastructure is constantly being 

extended. Since building a failsafe network is of 

primary concern, OPGW/ADSS appear to be the best 

possible option as building an ideal mesh network is 

rather difficult in Nepal because of the geography. 

With the systems transitioning towards IP technology, 

NT is also gearing towards installation of native IPbased 

equipment for the future-proof infrastructure, 

with technology and equipment such as L2/L3 

switches, Routers, DWDM in the transmission systems 

and Passive Optical Networks (PON) in the access 

networks. 

$#



6 th 

Why Next Generation Network 

“NGN” important for Nepal 

Telecom ??? 

Its Important Trends, 

Characteristics, and Services !!! 

Kamini Rajbhandari 

Manager 

Fixed Network Directorate 

Current Scenario: 

Today, the separate access, transport and switching 

networks (Figure 1) are used to serve the separate 

services networks. These current networks i.e the 

Current Generation Networks (PSTN) are based on 

the circuit switching principles with large numbers of 

tandem, transit and remote exchanges. 

Figure : 1 Today Separate Service Networks 

Separate Access, Transport and Switching 

Networks 

Some of the major problems in the existing networks are 

• Slow to develop new features and capabilities 

• Quit expensive to upgrades and operating expenses 

• Large power and cooling requirements 

• Proprietary vendor troubles and product/model 

obsolescence 

Important Trends and Characteristics: 

The Telecom trends changing very rapidly due to 

the new technology developments. Such that, Fixed line 

usage is reducing dramatically for “classical “services. 

Mobile use is increasing steadily even though penetration 

is already high. Data traffic showing huge growth 

primarily with Broadband access. Broadband access 

emerging as the key demand on all type of user terminals 

and it is faster and cost effective with the wireless based 

access technologies like Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Rapid 

technological developments are taking place in 

transmission networks (optic fiber), access networks 

(wireless), switching (IP) and customer premises 

equipments (integrated). 

The Network of the future is Next Generation 

Network which is about Everything over IP. That 

means any service can be provided through NGN 

platform based on IP. One of the primary goals of 

NGNs is to provide a common, unified and flexible 

service architecture that can support multiple types of 

services and management applications over multiple 

types of transport. These are the networks which is based 

on emerging IP technology which is leading to 

convergence of networks, services and markets and 

providing efficiency and flexibility. 

The requirements of convergence and fast 

deployment of new services give birth to NGN “Next 

Generation Networks" (Figure 2) 

Figure 2. 

$$


NGN should be capable to provide seamless 

converged services from telecom internet, and 

broadcasting infrastructure at any time, anywhere to 

anywhere from any device to any device. NGN with 

the help of softswitch can co-exist with the legacy 

PSTN networks and hence the existing investments 

of operators do not go waste. 

NGN can be thought of as a packet-based network 

where the packet switching and transport elements (e.g., 

routers, switches, and gateways) are logically and 

physically separated from the service/call control 

intelligence ( Figure :3) 

NGN - a layered architecture distributing intelligence at 

every layer Figure :3 

NGN - a layered architecture distributing 

intelligence at every layer 

There are many advantages of NGN. However the 

advantage for the service providers and subscribers are 

as follows. 

NGN makes use of best of both the worlds (flexibility, 

efficiency & Innovativeness of IP and QOS, 

Security, Reliability, Customer-friendly features of 

proven PSTN) 

Advantages for service providers 

‣ Reduced CAPEX due to integrated and efficient 

IP-based technology (Packetize or Perish) 

‣ Reduced OPEX due to transmission cost 

saving, less power consumption, less space 

requirement, less O&M costs 

‣ Ability to offer increased range of services 

‣ More flexibility increasing market penetration 

by offering personal service customization and 

management 


2010 

6 th 

‣ Single network layer for management 

‣ No need for separate networks for voice, data 

and video 

Advantages for subscribers 

‣ Reduced call charges 

‣ New innovative services at a fast speed 

‣ Single connection and bill for voice, data, video, 

mobile (Quad play) 

Nepal Telecom SWOT analysis for NGN at present 

framework. 

Strength/Drivers: 

o NT offers all types of services e.g Fixed , 

wireless , broadband. Thus it can make a 

converged network like NGN 

o NT being the first Telecom operator in Nepal 

with its own brand name. 

Weaknesses/Challenges : 

o It has a multi vendors network with the 

different migration plans. Thus, Network 

Operators and database Management need to 

be strengthened. 

Opportunity/ Benefits : 

o Their is great opportunity to diversify into New 

roles like Data hosting, wholesale Service 

Provider, Network and infrastructure provider. 

Threats/ Risks: 

o Customers churn out can increase in absence 

of new offerings. New Services roll out and 

Migration/ replacement of Legacy network 

need to be planned timely and simultaneously. 

Specific NGN Services 

Emerging and new services are one of the strongest 

drivers for NGNs. The initial NGN profits may actually 

result from the bundling of traditional services. Thus, 

bundled traditional services will pay for the network, 

whereas emerging services will fuel the growth. Among 

the variety of NGN services, some already available, 

others still at the conceptual stage. While some of these 

services can be offered on existing platforms, others 

benefit from the advanced control, management, and 

signaling capabilities of NGNs. Some of the NGN 

emerging services –EOIP are Voice over IP, IP Centrex, 

Distance learning, Unified messaging, Games, 

$%



6 th 

Downloads (MP3), IPTV, Video on demand, TV on 

Demand, PC to phone, Phone to PC, IPVPN, QOS on 

demand, Triple play, Instant messaging, 3G applications 

etc many more…, 

Multimedia Services – Allows multiple parties to 

interact using voice, video, and/or data. 

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) – Voice VPNs 

improve the inter location networking capabilities 

of businesses by allowing large, geographically 

dispersed organizations to combine their existing 

private networks with portions of the PSTN, thus 

providing subscribers with uniform dialing 

capabilities. 

Unified Messaging – Supports the delivery of voice 

mail, email, fax mail, and pages through common 

interfaces. 

E-Commerce – Allows consumers to purchase 

goods and services electronically over the network. 

Call Center Services – A subscriber could place a 

call to a call center agent by clicking on a Web page. 

Interactive gaming – Offers consumers a way to 

meet online and establish interactive gaming 

sessions (e.g., video games). 

As per the rapid change in the global Telecom 

trends, characteristics and emerging new services in 

the NGN environment, it is very important for Nepal 

Telecom to adapt new business model and immediately 

focus on the following major areas such as 

Retain the valuable customers by offering new 

products and services continuously. 

Generate new revenue streams to increase the 

overall revenue from the existing subscriber base 

and improve ARPU. 

Reduce in Operation and maintenance cost by 

way of centralizing OM efforts as much as 

possible. 

Adopting converged network and services in line 

with the global trends 

Next, for the success of the NGN implementation should 

be followed by the following NGN Migration approach. 

i. Create nationwide IP-MPLS backbone 

network (fiber-based Packetisation ) 

ii. Create access agnostic Metro Area 

Networks (MAN) (subscriber access 

capable of convergent voice, video and data 

services over DSL, Optical Ethernet and 

Wireless technologies) 

iii. Implementation of VOIP based Class 4 

services (packetize Trunk Switches) 

iv. Implementation of Class 5 services over 

packet network (Packetize Access Switches) 

v. Offer Multimedia/ Triple play services 

including VOIP and IPTV to Broadband 

subscribers 

The NT migration to NGN should be addressed with the , 

Decision to begin replacement of the infrastructure 

phase wise… 

Replacing the obsolete phase out switches and, 

unsupportive data service switches. 

Partly replacing the infrastructure e.g local switch by 

new infrastructure without forcing all the users to migrate. 

Begin with the partial Overlay. 

Reform the existing network with the maximum 

expansion of the optical fibers FTTC, FFTH 

Conclusions: 

As the intense competition is increasing every year 

, it is very much essential for Nepal Telecom to position 

appropriately to take advantage of their core 

competencies and to prepare for the emerging 

telecommunications environments. One of the key 

critical success factor for the NT is give attention on 

NGN service /concepts and how these concepts can 

be realized in an NGN environment , from the edges 

to the core of the network. 

It is very important for the incumbent operator like 

NEPAL DOORSANCHAR COMPANY LIMITED 

( NDCL) to begin with the new strategic differentiator! 

NT should focus on NGN by migrating their existing 

legacy networks to compete on the technology front . 

Hence, Nepal Telecom can be a leader on the 

technology from sso that it can provide new 

innovative value added services, cut down operating 

expenditure as well as make the network ready for 

the future proof. 

Sources: Training-seminar documents, Internet, 

NT plan 

Once the last tree is cut and the last river poisoned, you will find you cannot eat your money. 

- Joyce McLean 

$^



2010 

6 th 

;]jfdf 58\s] 

k|j]z k|0ffnL 

lji0f' k|;fb kGy 

Jofkf/ clws[t 

;+u7gnfO{ ljz]if k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos 1fg cfjZos 

kg] { vf; k|s[ltsf kbx?df ;+u7gleq} jf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o 

lj:t[t rog If]qaf6 af}l4s hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug] { k|0ffnLnfO{ 

58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL elgG5 . ;+u7g ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos 

kg] { hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug] { k|lqmofdWo] 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL nf]slk|o 

x' Fb} uPsf] eP tfklg of] k4lt lglj{jfb / ;j{;Ddt x'g ;s]sf] 

5}g . k|zf;lgs efiffdf 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL v'Nnf lgo'lQmsf] 

?k dflgP tfklg o; k|sf/sf] lgo'l0Qm z'? lgo'lQm txdf geO{ 

txut z[ª\vnfsf dflyNnf txdf k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfaf6 ul/G5 . 

58\s] eGg] zAbn] g} o; lsl;dsf] egf{ k|0ffnL ;a} txdf gx'g] 

s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . 

;+u7g ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { ;|f]t / ;fwgdWo] 

;+u7gleqsf] dfgjLo ;|f]t–;fwg To:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] 

h;sf] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] s'g} ;+u7gaf6 k|lt:kwf{ x'g ;Sb}g . 

cyf{t\ ljZjahf/df ePsf] k|ljlw / pTkfbgdf Ps?ktf / 

k|lt:kwf{ x'g ;Sg] ePtfklg dfgjLo ;|f]t–;fwgsf] s'g} k|lt:kwf{ 

x'g ;Sb}g . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0f g} sd{rf/Lsf] 

5gf]6 / egf{ k|lqmof xf] . ;+u7gdf of]Uo JolQmsf] 5gf]6 jf 

kl/rfng s;/L ug] { eGg] ;DaGwdf ;+u7gsf] pRr Joj:yfkg 

;b}j rgfvf] /xg' h?/L x'G5 . 

;+u7gdf df}h'bf hgzlQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;+u7gsf] 

cfjZostf cg's"n gePdf jf df}h'bf hgzlQmn] jf df}h'bf 

zlQmn] ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] k|s[ltsf] sfd ePdf ;]jfdf 58\s] 

k|0ffnLåf/f sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ul/G5 . 

58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg wf/0ff eP klg 

o;nfO{ lgDg ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!= 58\s] k|j]z dflyNnf gLlt–lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug] { txdf ul/G5 . 

@= z'? txsf] lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/LeGbf pDd]bjf/ kl/kSj 

x'g'k5{ . 

#= v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|lqmofaf6 5gf]6 ul/g'k5{ . 

$= ;+u7gleqsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQljsf;df afwf k'¥ofOg'x' Fb}g . 

%= dflyNnf lg0ff{os jl/i7 kbx?df gofF ljrf/ / hf]znfO{ 

k|j]z u/fOG5 . 

^= ;+u7gleqsf x/]s sd{rf/LnfO{ ;b}j Update /xL ;]jfdf 

cGo sd{rf/Lsf] t'ngfdf pTs[i6 eO/xg k|f]T;flxt ug' {k5{ . 

ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx?sf] k|zf;g ;+oGqdf 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL 

cToGt nf]slk|o / ;kmn b]lvP tfklg sd{rf/L lgo'lQm k|0ffnLsf] of] 

ljifo plQs} ljjfbf:kb ljifo klg xf] . o;sf ;sf/fTds kIfx? 

a9L x' Fbfx' Fb} klg sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b]lvg] c:ki6tf / ljjfbn] 

;+u7gleq gsf/fTds ;Gb]z hfg] u/]sf] 5 . a' Fbfut?kdf 58\s] 

k|j]z k|0ffnLsf lgDg ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx? /x]sf 5g\ . 

;sf/fTds kIfx? 

!= 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLn] k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag 

u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfdf sfo{/t ePsf] sf/0faf6 ;+u7gdf sfo{ ug{ 

kfpg] / plQs} jf a9L Ifdtf ePsf aflx/sf JolQmx?sf] 

clwsf/ xgg x'g] Joj:yf /xg'x' Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /xG5 . 

;]jfdf /x]sf] sf/0fn] geO{ of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df 5gf]6 

ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf o; k|0ffnLsf kIfw/x?sf] /x]sf] 5 . 

@= o;cGtu{tsf] 5gf]6 If]q Jofks x'G5 . hlt 5gf]6sf] If]q 

Jofks x'G5, plQs} of]Uo JolQm 5gf]6 x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . 

#= ;+u7gdf 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLn] ToxfFleq /x]sf] k'/fgf] 

dfgl;stfsf] cGTo eO{ gofF hf]z, hfu/, ljrf/sf] 

/Qm;~rf/ x'G5 . lgoldt k|lqmofcGtu{t /x]sf ;':t, 

k|lqmofd'vL / xflsdd'vL k|0ffnLsf] cGTo eO{ ablnFbf] 

kl/j]z, cjwf/0ff / k|ljlw;Fu Psfsf/ x'g ;Sg] JolQmsf] 

k|j]zn] ;+u7gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;S5 . 

$= ;+u7gleq} jf b]zdf /x]sf] af}l4s hgzlQmnfO{ knfog 

x'gaf6 /f]S5 . k|ltefjfg\ / d]wfjL JolQmTjx? j}b]lzs ;]jftkm{ 

cfslif{t x'g] k|yfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . 

%= kl/jlt{t k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt ePsf / vf; lsl;dsf] of]Uotf ePsf 

k];fljb\x?nfO{ ;+u7gdf ;Ddfghgs k|j]z ug] { af6f] v'Nb5 . 

^= k'/fgf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQljsf;sf] nflu yk nufgL ug' {eGbf 

ljsf; eO;s]sf k|ltefx?nfO{ cfsif{0f u/L k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t 

of]Uox?dWo] klg clt of]UonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;n] 

;+u7gleq tflnd jf j[lQljsf;sf] nflu ul/g] yk nufgL 

art ug{ ;lsG5 . 

$&

{ 


&= lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hf]lvd axg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf pRr /xG5 . 

*= b]zdf x'g] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gcg';f/ k|zf;g ;+oGqdf klg 

kl/jt{gsf] nflu 58\s] k|j]z cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

gsf/fTds kIfx? 

!= ;+u7gleq gofF / slgi7 JolQmx?sf] dftxtdf jl/i7 tyf 

k'/fgf cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx? /xg'kg] { ePsf]n] dfgdb{gsf] 

l:ylt dx;'; u5{g\ . o;n] cg'ej / sfo{Ifdtfsf] pk]Iff 

x'g ;Sg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . 

@= gofF o'jfx?df k|fl1s hfg a9L eP tfklg Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf] 

sdL x'g] ePsfn] k'/fgf sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . 

#= sd{rf/Lx?n] ;+u7gdf /xL sfo{;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] 

/ bfloTj axg ug] {eGbf j[lQljsf;sf nflu lstfaL 1fg 

xfl;n ug] { k|j[lQ /xG5 . 

$= hflt, ln+u, efiff jf If]q ljz]ifsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg] 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] jt{dfg kl/k| ]Iodf v'Nnf k|j]z k|0ffnLsf] 

sfuhL gf/fdf ;Lldt /xG5 . 

%= s'g} Pp6f d'n's jf s'g} vf; ;+u7gdf ul/Psf] k|of]u 

x'ax'?kdf csf] { If]qdf nfu" x' Fb}g, o;n] ljk/Lt kl/0ffd 

lg:sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . 

^= o;n] sd{rf/L ;+u7gleq k'/fgf cg'ejL sd{rf/L / gofF k|j]z 

ug] { o'jf sd{rf/LaLr c;dembf/L ljsf; x'g ;S5 . 

g]kfndf o;sf] sfof{Gjog 

g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ r':t, k|efjsf/L / hgd'vL 

agfpg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)@% / @)## n] 58\s] k|j]z 

k|0ffnLnfO{ ckl/xfo{ 7x/ u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu l;kmfl/; 

u/]sf] lyof] . t/ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g eg] ;s]g . 

s]xL kbx?df @)$* ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkZrft\ tTsfnLg 

k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] 

pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df 

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) n] o;sf] ;+:yfut 

Joj:yf u/L lghfdtL k|zf;gsf pRr tx pk;lrj / ;x;lrj 

kbx?df tf]lsPsf] cg'ej / z}lIfs of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf JolQmx?nfO{ 

k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t k|j]z u/fpg] u/L 

sfof{Gjog;d]t ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ul/Psf] o; Joj:yfn] 

k|ltefjfg\ JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z u/fO{ k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ 

;dofg's"n ?kfGt/0f / ;'wf/ ub} { nu]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . 

o;} u/L ;/sf/ lgolGqt ;+3, ;+:yf / ;+:yfgx?df 58\s] 

k|j]z k|0ffnLnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L pRr txdf egf{ ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf 58\s] k|j]z 

;/sf/L ;]jfdf 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 

/ b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ePkl5 vf; 

k|s[ltsf kbx?df 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL cjnDag ug] { u/L tTsfnLg 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)%$ df 

Joj:yf u/L ljz]if1 kbsf] ?kdf rf6{8 PsfpG6]G6 kbdf ;f]em} 

k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t tx !) df egf{ ul/of] . kl5 sd{rf/L 

ljlgodfjnLsf] ;+;f]wgn] rf6{8 PsfpG6]G6 kbnfO{ tx ( sfod 

u/L sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn pQm kbnfO{ tx * sfod 


6 th 

u/L z'? egf{ lng]afx]s cGo k|fljlws tyf n]vf÷k|zf;gtkm{sf 

kbx?df ;]jfleqsf tNnf] txdf sfo{/t Ifdtfjfg\ sd{rf/Lx? 

/ ;]jfaflx/sf of]Uo Pjd\ k|ltefjfg\ JolQmx?nfO{ 58\s] k|j]z 

k|0ffnLnfO{dfkm{t ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg] OR5f / cfjZostf sDkgLsf] 

Joj:yfkgn] slxNo} klg dx;'; u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . 

sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLn] l/Qm kbx?df sfo{ 

;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdfkm{t ul/g] a9'jfsf cltl/Qm / l/Qm kbsf] 

Ps txd'lgsf of]Uotf k'u]sf sd{rf/LdWo]af6 k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t 

5gf]6 ug] { u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L Ho]i7tf, cg'ej / of]Uotf 

k|0ffnLnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;+:yfut ug] { k|of; u/]sf] eP tfklg 

58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLdfkm{t pRr Joj:yfksLo kbx?df hgzlQm 

cfk"lt{ ug] { cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . 

sDkgLdf sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLcg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg, a9'jf 

/ cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t lgwf{l/t ;dodf kbk"lt{ gul/Psf] / 

58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLdfkm{t lgo'lQm k|0ffnLnfO{ :jLsf/ gul/Psf]n] 

sltko kbx? vf; u/L k|zf;g ;]jftkm{sf pRr lg0ff{os 

kbx? sd{rf/LljxLg eO{ kb g} vf/]h x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . 

o;n] ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"xsf] txut ;+/rgf k|0ffnL ljR5]b x'g 

hfg] xf]Og, ;DalGwt ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQljsf;;d]t cj?4 

x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfn] sd{rf/Lx?df g}/fZotf k}bf u/]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf 58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf 

!= ;+u7gdf of]Uo, Ifdtfjfg\ / k|ltefnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ / 

;+u7gleq /x]sf o'jf ;d"xsf ;[hgzLn JolQmTjnfO{ cj;/ 

k|bfg u/L k|ltef knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sg . 

@= ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;+u7gnfO{ ;an / 

cfly{s?kdf ;DkGg agfO/fVg . 

#= lg0f{o k|lqmofdf b]lvg] l9nf;':tLnfO{ lg:t]h u/L zL3| 

lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] hf]lvd axg ug{ ;Sg] g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf] 

ljsf; ug{ / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{ . 

$= kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sg] / ;]jfu|fxLsf] rfxgf 

klxrfg tyf k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ . 

%= ;+u7gsf] Jofj;flos klxrfg :yflkt ug{ . 

58\s] k|j]z k|0ffnL ;Dk"0f{ / zfZjt gdflgP klg k/Dk/fut 

k|0ffnLeGbf pQd ePsf]df b'O{dt 5}g . hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] 

;Gbe{df sltko r'gf}tLx? 5n]/ hfg g;lsg] ePsf]n] o:tf 

r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf 

clej[l4 ug{ / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L 

agfpg df}h'bf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQljsf;sf] cj;/nfO{ k|lts"n 

k|efj gkg]{ u/L gLlt–lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf pRr txdf 

;]jfleq jf aflx/sf k|ltefzfnL JolQmx? k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t 

;]jfdf k|j]z u/fpg' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . b]zdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts 

r]tgf / kl/jt{gk|ltsf] rfxgf ;]jfu|fxL tyf sd{rf/L If]qdf 

;d]t tLj| /x]sf]n] sd{rf/L ;+oGqnfO{ g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg] 

JolQmTjx?nfO{ ;]jfdf k|j]z gu/fpg] xf] eg] df}h'bf sd{rf/L 

;+oGq k'/fgf / lgliqmo JolQmx?sf] ;d"x (Old Boy Club) 

sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f xF'b} hfg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . 

$*



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ eGgfn] Quality of Service cyf{t\ QoS sf] 

cy{df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|o'Qm If]qcg';f/ u'0f:t/ (Quality)nfO{ 

km/s–km/s?kn] a'em\g] ul/G5 . h:tf] tfkult lj1fg 

(Thermodynamics) df jfik u'0f:t/ (Vapour Quality) eGg] zAbn] 

afkm / t/nsf] hDdf tf}nsf] cg'kftdf afkm dfqsf] tf}nnfO{ hgfpF5 . 

bz{gzf:qdf u'0f:t/sf] Pp6f cy{ x'G5 eg] ;+uLtdf cs}{ . Jofkf/df 

u'0f:t/ kSsf ug]{ sfd (Quality Assurance) / u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f 

(Quality Control) b'O{ cnu–cun sfo{ u'0f:t/sf] bfo/fleq k5{g\ . 

tL sfo{df u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]/ sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ 

/f]Sg] / s:tf] cj:yfdf ;]jf lgisfd x'G5 / To;sf] c;/ s] x'G5 eg]/ 

ul/g] ljZn]if0f (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis) h:tf u'0f:t/ 

kSsf ug]{ sfd / ;Tofkg (Verification) / k|df0fLs/0f 

(Validation) sf] nflu k/LIf0f u/]/ sdL–sdhf]/L kQf nufpg]h:tf 

u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f sfo{ kb{5g\ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljleGg ;]jfx? k|bfg u5{ . 6]lnsd ;]jfleq} 

klg ;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ u'0f:t/nfO{ km/s?kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 . 

cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;+3 (ITU) k|dfks (Standard) cg';f/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] 

u'0f:t/ eGgfn] Ps jf PseGbf a9L j:t'sf] ;fd"lxs ultljlwsf 

nflu h:tf–h:tf u'0f:t/ cfjZos k5{g\ tL u'0f:t/sf] ;dli6 (Set) 

'A set of quality requirements on the collective behaviour of 

one or more objects' nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ 

(Connection) sf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ;]jfk|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntf 

(Service Response time), l;Ugn / t'd'nsf] cg'kft (Signal to 

Noise Ratio), l;Ugnsf] gf]S;fgL (Loss), jftf{ h'Wg] ;d:of (Cross 

Talk), k|ltWjlg (Echo), cj/f]w (Interrupts), cfj[lQ kl/jt{gaf6 

kg] { k|efj (Frequency Response), cfjfhsf] rsf]{kgf (Loudness 

Levels) cflb ;"rs (Parameter) x?n] ;]jf:t/ lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . 

6]lnkmf]gsf] u'0f:t/leq g} ;]jfsf] :t/ (Grade of Service, GoS) klg 

kb{5 . ;Dks{df x'g] cj/f]w (Blocking Probability) jf ;]jfdf x'g] 

cj/f]w (Outage Probability) nfO{ GoS n] bzf{pF5 . 6«flkms 

OlGhlgol/ªdf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/n] pknAw x'g] ;]jf:t/nfO{ eGbf klg 

;fwg cf/If0f lgoGq0f k|0ffnL (Resource Reservation Control 

Mechanism) nfO{ bzf{pF5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf / lel8of] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/n] 

$( 

lx/0o s'df/ e§/fO{ 

gfoa k|aGws lgb] {zs 

-dd{t ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng_ 

gfKg g;lsg] t/ cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] u'0f:t/ cyf{t\ cfTdk/s cg'e"t 

u'0f:t/ (Subjectively Experienced Quality) nfO{ hgfpF5 . 

cg'e"ltsf] u'0f:t/ (Quality of Experience), k|of]ustf{sf] 

b[li6sf]0faf6 cg'e"t x'g] sfo{;Dkfbg u'0f:t/ (User Perceived Performance), 

k|of]ustf{nfO{ x'g] ;Gt'li6sf] dfqf (The degree of satisfaction 

of the users), ;Gt'i6 k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof (The number of 

happy users), cf};t dt c+s (Mean Opinion Scroe, MOS) 

h:tf zAb–;d"xx?n] klg cfTdk/s cg'e"t u'0f:t/s} cy{df 

u'0f:t/nfO{ kl/eflift u5{g\ . 

;d:of / ;dfwfgsf k|of; 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 

eg]/ hgtfdfem u'gf;f] ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . kqklqsfdf ax'wf o;nfO{ 

;dfrf/sf] ljifo agfpg] ul/G5 . ljz]if u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|bfg 

u/]sf] GSM k|ljlwsf] df]afOn ;]jfdf u|fxsx?sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 . 

dflg; hd36 ePsf] 7fpFdf nfOg gkfpg] Ps lsl;dsf] ;d:of x'G5 

eg] nfOg aLr–aLrdf sfl6g] csf] { lsl;dsf] ;d:of x'G5 . sxLF /flt 

;d:of x'Fb}g eg] ToxL :yfgdf lbpF;f] ;d:of x'G5 . s]xL b"/Lsf] 

cGt/df Ps 7fpFdf df]afOn ;]jf pknAw x'G5 eg] csf]{ :yfgdf 

x' Fb}g . To:t} 5f]6f] ;dosf] cGt/fndf eO/x]sf] ;~rf/ 6'6\g] jf 6'6]sf] 

;~rf/ h'6\g] x'G5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} ;d:ofx? oyfy{ x'g\ 

t/ klg gh/cGbfh ug{ gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] df]afOn ;]jf /]l8of]df 

cfwfl/t ;]jf xf] . xfdL tf/df cfwfl/t PSTN ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df 

olt cEo:t ePsf 5f}+ ls To:t} u'0f:t/ df]afOn ;]jfaf6 ck]Iff 

ub{5f}+ . /]l8of]af6 ztk|ltzt :yfgdf PSTN ;]jfsf] :t/sf] ;]jf 

pknAw x'g ;Sb}g . lkmS:8 ;]jfh:tf] nfdf] ;dofjlw (Duration) sf] 

gx'g], cfudg snsf] dx;'n gnfUg]h:tf cfwf/df df]afOn k|ljlwdf 

cfjZos ;ls{6 ;+Vofsf] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotM cgfjZos 

ukmsf nflu df]afOn ;]jfdf :Yffg g/xg] x'G5 . 

pkef]Qmfsf] dfuadf]lhd g]kfn 6]lndsn] cfudg sndf z'Ns 

gnfUg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 df]afOnsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 

k|efj k/]sf] 5 . k|ToIf k|efj o; cy{df k/]sf] 5 ls PSTN af6 

PSTN df ug{ x'g] snnfO{ ;d]t xfdL df]afOndf ug]{ u5f}{+ . To;sf] 

ck|ToIf k|efj df]afOn ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos 6+ «s ;ls{6x?df kb{5 .

{ 

{ 

{ 



6 th 

cfudg sn ;z'Ns x'Fbf rflxg] ;ls{6eGbf a9L ;ls{6 cfudg sn 

lgMz'Ns x'Fbf rflxg] x'G5 . o;sf] c;/ ljz]if u/L w]/} hd36 x'g] 

:yfgx?df kg] { ub{5 . cfudg sn lgMz'Ns x'gfsf] sf/0fn] u|fxsx?n] 

cgfjZos ukm u/]/ klg snsf] ;dofjlw nDAofpg] ub{5g\, h;n] 

ubf{ cGttf]uTjf 6]lnkmf]g 6«flkmsdf 3rf/f] (Congestion) cfpg]5 

x'G5, c;Lldt ?kdf ;ls{6 a9fpg ;w}{F Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g . ;ls{6 

a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf eP klg Jojxf/df y]Ug g;Sg] dxFuf] x'G5 . 

clwsf+z u|fxsn] ef]Ug] ;d:of 3rf/f] To;}af6 ;[hgf x'g] x'G5 . 

s'g} klg pks/0f ;~rfng ug{ pmhf{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf pks/0fx?nfO{ klg ljB't\ ;KnfOsf] cfjZostf kg] 

x'G5 . . klxn]–klxn] w]/} xb;Dd ljB't\ k|flws/0faf6 ljt/0f x'g] 

ljB't\ cfk"lt{af6 pks/0fx?nfO{ pmhf{sf] Joj:yf x'g] ub{Yof] eg] 

Jofks?kdf h]g]/]6/, Aof6«L cflbsf] k|of]u x'GYof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

ufpFsf s'gfsfKrf;Dd k'¥ofpg ;f]nf/ kfj/sf] klg Jofks?kdf k|of]u 

x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . df]afOnsf BTS x?df pmhf{ vkt w]/} x'g] x'gfn] 

;f]nf/ kfj/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rfng ug{ Jofjxfl/s gx'g] sf/0fn] ljB't\ 

k|flws/0faf6 k|fKt x'g] ljB't\ ;KnfOsf cltl/Qm h]g]/]6/ / Aof6«Ls} 

k|of]u ug]{ ul/GYof] . h]g]/]6/ / Aof6«Lsf] Ifdtf (Dimensioning of 

Generators and Batteries) sDtLdf %) k|ltzt ;do ljB't\ cfk"lt{ 

x'g] cg'dfgdf ul/g] ul/GYof] . utjif{ ljB't\ cfk"lt{ Ps lbgdf ^& 

k|ltzt ;do;Dd aGb x'g] u/]af6 6]lnsd pks/0fsf] ;~rfngdf 

7"nf] ;d:of cfof] . ck|Tofl;t ljB't\ s6f}tLaf6 cfPsf ;d:ofsf] 

;dfwfg ug{ h]g]/]6/ / Aof6«Lsf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug] {, k|ToIf hgtfdf kg] 

c;/ sd ug] { sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ljB't\ k|flws/0f;Fu jftf{ ug] {h:tf 

s'/fx?df g]kfn 6]lnsd hfu?s eof] / ljB't\ k|flws/0faf6 b]vfOPsf] 

;sf/fTds ;xfotf / kmn:j?k ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf b'O{ ;+:yfaLrsf 

;Demf}tf / ;dembf/Laf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf pks/0fx? ;~rfng ug{ 

k/]sf] pmhf{sf] ;+s6df s]xL xb;Dd lzlyntf cfPsf] 5 / eljiodf o; 

lbzftkm{ c? ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] :yfkgf u/]sf b"/;~rf/ pks/0fx? ljs6 

If]qdf ;d]t h8fg ePsf 5g\ . tL :yfgx?df uP/ pks/0f h8fg 

ug{ dfq klg Psflt/ ;d:of 5 eg] ;~rfngdf cj/f]w cfP/ 

dd{tsf nflu k6s–k6s hfg'kg]{ csf]{ afWotf x'G5 . åGåsfndf 

ePsf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] xflg–gf]S;fgLaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gM lgdf{0f 

ug{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] w]/} g} 7"nf] s;/t ug'{k¥of] . pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 

eg] åGåsfndf g]kfn 6]lnsd hlt k|efljt If]q zfob c? s'g} gxf]nf . 

() k|ltzteGbf a9L :jfldTj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ePsf]n] g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{ ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f ug] { k|lqmof k"/f ug' {kg] 

x'G5 . ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gcg';f/ ug' {k5{ . Psflt/ 

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g c? s8f ePsf] 5 eg] 

csf]{tkm{ b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ pbf/Ls/0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'?k 

k|lt:kwL{ lghL sDkgLx? / ;]jfk|bfosx? ylk+bf 5g\ . tL sDkgLx? 

/ ;]jfk|bfosx? ljgf/f]s6f]s ;fdfg lsGg ;S5g\, sfdbf/ /fVg 

;S5g\ / 5f]6f] ;dodf pks/0f h8fg u/]/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ 

;S5g\ . ltgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug' {kg] { g]kfn 6]lnsdn] eg] ;fj{hlgs 

vl/b P]g k|of]u u/]/ ;fdfg lsGg'k5{ . rfx] k|ToIf xf];\ jf rfx] 

;/sf/åf/f ul7t ;~rfns ;ldltdfkm{t ck|ToIf?kdf xf];\, ;/sf/sf] 

lgb] {zgadf]lhd dfq sd{rf/L cfk"lt{nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug' {kb{5 . 

uf]8f af‘lwPsf] dfG5]n] uf]8f gaf‘lwPsf] dfG5];Fu bf}8 k|ltoflutf 

u/]sf] h:tf] c;dfg k|lt:kwf{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;fdgf ug'{kl//x]sf] 

5 . sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf] sl/a ^ jif{kl5 klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

lghL ;~rfnsx?;Fu 86]/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;ls/xg'sf k5fl8 g]kfn 

6]lnsddf /x]sf] bIf / hfu?s hgzlQm / cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] d'Vo 

e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o;} sf/0fn] w]/} jif{b]lv clxn];Dd klg g]kfn 

6]lnsd ;aeGbf gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;~rflnt 5 / ;/sf/nfO{ 

;aeGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . hgtf cem} 

klg g]kfn 6]lnsds} ;]jfk|lt a9L cfslif{t 5g\ . lsgls 6]G8/sf] 

k|lqmofaf6 ;aeGbf ultnf] cfk"lt{stf{af6 ;fdfg vl/b u/L h8fg 

ug]{ s'/fdf g]kfn 6]lnsd r's]sf] 5}g . ;fdfg h8fg ug]{ lgb]{lzsf 

(Installation Guidelines) pRr txdf lgwf{/0f ug] { ul/G5 . To;nfO{ 

s8fOsf ;fy cjnDag ul/g] ul/G5 . 58\s] hfFr (Cross-check) sf] 

?kdf h8fg eO;s]sf ;fdfgsf] cg'df]bg (Acceptance) sf] nflu 

k/LIf0f (Test) ul/G5 / dfq ;~rfng ug] { ul/G5 . sDtLdf klg 

k|fljlws hgzlQmnfO{ ljb]zL / :jb]zL tflndsf] dfWodaf6 ;Lko'Qm 

agfOG5 . kl5Nnf ;dodf cfP/ k|zf;g / n]vftkm{sf hgzlQmnfO{ 

;d]t ;+:yfs} tkm{af6 vr{ Joxf]/]/ eP klg tflndsf] k|aGw ug] { ul/Psf] 

5 . Psflwsf/sf] ?kdf w]/} ;do;Dd ;~rflnt tTsfnLg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/]kl5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sfd 

ug{ ;Sg] lx;fan] ljz]if u/L u|fxsju{x?;Fusf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g 

ug] {tkm{ clwsf+z tflndx? lgb] {lzt 5g\ . w]/} xb;Dd ;kmntf ldn] 

klg :jefj kl/jt{g ug{ ;do nfUg] x'gfn] k|ult dGbultd} /x]sf] s'/f 

:jLsfg' {kg] { x'G5 . :jb]zL tflnd lbg] tlnd s]Gb|nfO{ ljz]if dxTj 

lbOPsf] s'/f t tflnd;Fu ;Da4 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ @% k|ltzt ljz]if 

eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/Paf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg 

g]kfn 6]lnsdaflx/ :yfgLo ;+:yfx?df klg Joj:yfkg tflnddf sDkgLsf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . pks/0f lgdf{tfsxfF x'g] tflndx?sf] 

sf/0fn] pks/0f h8fg / dd{t–;Def/ ug] { hgzlQmaf6 :t/Lo sfo{ 

x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm ;a} sbdx? g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|bfg ug] { ;]jfsf] 

u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug] {tkm{ nlIft /x]sf 5g\ . 

o;/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf u|fxsx?nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg 

ug]{ s'/fdf s'g} s;/ /fv]sf] 5}g . /]l8of]df cfwfl/t df]afOnh:tf] 

;]jfdf u|fxsx?sf] ck]Iff u/]cg'?ksf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;lsPsf] 

sDkgLn] :jLsfg'{kg]{ x'G5 / u'0f:t/ eGg] s'/f klg ;fk]lIft x'G5 . 

lgZro g} ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t b]zsf] 

s'g} PSnf] ;+:yf cGo sltko ;+:yfeGbf w]/} km/s x'g ;Sb}g . g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} hgtfn] pkef]u ug]{ 

df]afOn ;]jf g} xf] / df]afOn ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ (Extension) / cg's"ng 

(Optimization) k|lqmof ;dfgfGt/?kdf nfg'kg]{ afWotfnfO{ ;d]t 

b[li6ut ubf{ u|fxsju{af6 o;sf] u'0f:t/df ePsf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ 

Ifl0fs?kdf /xg] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . 

jf:tjdf cg'e"t ug] { JolQmsf] d"Nof+sgdf u'0f:t/nfO{ cfwfl/t 

ug'{ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . To; cy{df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ 

u|fxsx? g} ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/sf dfks x'g\ . cfkm\gf u|fxsx?af6 k|fKt 

x'g] lgikIf cfTdk/s cg'e"t u'0f:t/sf] dfWodaf6 dfu{bz{g k|fKt 

x'g] ck]Iff ug'{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu c:jfefljs xf]Og . 

%)



2010 

6 th 

Financials- Past, 

Present and Future 

Surya Bhakta Pokharel 

Manager, Central Accounts 

Department 

This article basically a short overview of how Nepal 

Telecom has performed financially for last ten years and 

probable implications on the financials of the company 

in the years to come. 

The company has different types of stakeholders 

like investors, employees, customers, government, 

creditors etc. The types which show more concern to 

the company’s financials are employees and investors. 

For employees and investors, the concern is like how 

and to what extent the company will prosper in coming 

days. Although we can not predict future, but we can 

use our intelligence and business acumen to deal with 

future if stakeholders’ concern are to be addressed 

properly. 

Before we say anything on future, we should briefly 

see how the company performed in last ten years’ time. 

For this purpose, financials are analyzed from the 

financial year 2056/57 to 2065/66. Although at the time 

of writing this article, the statutory audit of financial year 

2065/66 is in almost towards the last stage, the figures 

for F.Y. 2065/66 (see below) is having unaudited status. 

If we analyze total revenue of the company for last 

ten years, compounded Annual Growth rate (CAGR) of 

the company in terms of revenue has been 17.05%. So 

total revenue of Rs. 5.32 Billion has gone up to Rs.21.98 

Billion in F.Y.2065/66(Unaudited) i.e. it has gone up by 

more than four times the revenue of 2056/57. If we 

analyze the data on year on year basis, then it is evident 

that initial few years growth is in the range of 10 plus 

percentage. But from year 2059/60 and afterwards, as 

GSM subscribers started to rise, revenue growth 

happened on 15 plus percentage basis. Financial year 

2061/62 is showing less growth in comparison to other 

years due to the closure of GSM lines for a significantly 

long period. After then as CDMA subscribers started to 

rise, revenue had grown like anything in the range of 

20-25%. 

If we analyze expenses part of profit and loss 

account, expenses has shown a compounded annual 

growth rate of 14.78%. In this period total expenses Rs. 

2.45 Billion (F.Y. 2056/57) has gone up to Rs.8.48 Billion 

(F.Y.2056/57) i.e. almost increased by 3.5 times. But 

analyzing the total expenses on year on year basis, uneven 

fluctuations can be seen. In couple of financial years, 

total expenses had decreased also in comparison to 

previous years. But in totality, expenses have increased 

in the range of 10-20 percent. Major component of cost 

is employee cost; it is almost in the range of 12-17% of 

total revenue. Administrative expenses include 4% and 

2% towards royalty and contribution to rural development 

fund. This is bound to increase as revenue of the 

company increase. One of the amortization cost 

depreciation is likely to increase in coming years, as the 

rates applied for calculation is very low which is in effect 

will inflate the profit. In an industry like telecom where 

technological advances will make the asset no longer 

usable in shorter period of time, useful life of the asset 

and depreciation rates have to be revised accordingly. 

As a rough estimate, from this year depreciation 

expenses would increase almost in the range of 50 to 

100% depending on the type and nature of the asset. It 

is evident that the higher depreciation charge would have 

an impact on the profits reported by the company. 

Similarly the profit after tax figure has gone up from 

Rs. 2.17 Billion to Rs. 9.96 Billion( since this figure is 

Un audited F.Y. 2065/66, so for analysis figure of Rs. 

9.50 Billion is taken , to be on safe side ) having CAGR 

of 17.81% i.e. 4.37 times growth. Similarly, if we talk 

from shareholder’s point of view, shareholders fund is 

%!



6 th 

increased from Rs. 12.88 Billion to Rs. 42.16 Billion i.e. 

it has increased by 3.27 times. In the last couple of years 

net profit margin is also in the range of 40 plus percentage 

and return of shareholder’s fund is also around 22-25%. 

It clearly tells us that as of present the financial health 

of the company is in good position. 

Financials of the company of last ten years is stated 

below. Many figures have been classified or rearranged 

as necessary so as to facilitate the interpretation of facts 

and figures. 

P/L A/c 

After going through the figures put above, one can 

be reasonable satisfied with the growth of the company. 

But no analysis can be done in isolation, so we are 

comparing with one of the competitor in GSM Mobile, 

Spice Nepal. Spice Nepal who as per latest reports claim 

to have subscriber base of 22,00,000 and even if ARPU 

of Rs. 250-300 is estimated, rough annual revenue will 

be in the range of Rs. 6 to 8 Billion. If they continue to 

grow like this, very quickly they can touch the figure of 

Rs. 10-12 Billion in revenue. Considering this success 

done within a span of 4 to 5 years, Nepal Telecom’s 

financials robustness can be under threat if competitors 

grow like this. 

As all of us know, for so 

many years, international 

remained as the sound revenue 

generating segment. Presently, 

all the operators are slashing the 

rates on international outgoing 

and in international incoming 

segment also, reduction of TAR 

will have an obvious impact on 

the revenue. Domestic long 

distance revenue of PSTN is 

also getting low and low. Due 

to this, revenue of PSTN is 

showing a decline. In recent 

days success of ADSL has 

given good signals for revenue, 

we hope that this segment can 

compensate to some extent the 

revenue drop in PSTN 

services. 

It means we will have 

GSM and CDMA segment 

as the important revenue 

generators. In future, as 

competition intensifies, like it 

happened in global markets 

including Asian markets, 

profits will lag despite sales 

surge. It is for obvious 

reasons like reduction of 

tariff, acquisition of low value 

customers. Companies have 

started looking at the rural 

market since the urban 

markets are getting more and 

%@


more saturated. Though rural markets offers growth, 

the average telephony consumption per person is less 

than that of urban areas. Both these factors- stiff 

competition among different players and acquisition of 

more and more low value customers will bring down 

the ARPU for most of the companies. In our country, 

as the number of operators already rises to 6 and 

few more in pipeline, it can be said that the growth 

and sustainability will depend only on the quality of 

service, product innovation and customer care. As 

the phase marked by a race to add subscribers will 

approach the end, a new race has to begin- to retain 

and maximize the value of subscribers acquired. 

Historically the telecom race has been aimed at 

subscriber acquisition, but the new phase unfolding 

is about retaining those customers, particularly the 

high value customers and maximizing their value. 

As good margins in telecom are very difficult, 

introduction of innovative services and entering into 

new value added ventures will keep the momentum 

of the growth. There are examples on what telecom 

competition did to other countries. Countries like 

Bangladesh in micro lending or African nations like 

Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya have exhibited mobile 

healthcare, banking and other applications. Mobile 

telephony can also be a key to make services sector 

more efficient. Many operators feel that just doing 

voice services for very low tariffs is not enough to 

remain in business. Operators in many mature 

markets are moving a pure telecom player to a life 

style company. As new services like banking, mobile 


2010 

6 th 

commerce, money transfers, 

TV and high speed internet on 

mobiles come in, even the 

saturated metro city markets 

are yet to be tapped. This is 

true of all highly developed 

markets like London, Tokyo, 

New York etc. 

To conclude, the level of 

competition can put a brake on 

higher revenue growth; cost 

will be the key ultimately for 

maintaining the healthy bottomline. 

The key component in Nepal Telecom’s cost 

structure is employee cost. Our company is being 

run by 6000 employees and if we compare it with 

the number of employees running the private sector 

competitor companies. In the long run, when margins 

get shrink, it is the productivity of the cost which 

can only sustain our company in the business. Having 

said that let me take an opportunity to say that cost 

management (Say employee cost, administrative 

cost, operation and maintenance cost) has direct link 

with the overall management of the company. As 

telecom is a very dynamic field, current 

management structure also need some kind of 

support from those who are really capable of doing 

it much better. As we are determined to build our 

future, we have to accept and realize our limitations 

in the areas of managing the dynamics of technology 

advancement, business development, customer 

tastes and preferences etc. Current management 

structure also needs the continuous advice on the 

strategy front through some kind of strategic 

alliance. Strategic alliance is not a fashion statement; 

it basically arises out of the fundamental business 

delivery needs. How can our company deliver it more 

efficiently? Therefore it is based on the principle 

that who has a better domain knowledge, which can 

get better economies of scale and to track human 

capital better. If there is somebody who has better 

domain knowledge and economies of scale, we 

should not hesitate in forming that kind of alliance 

or partnership. 

“The ability to express an idea is nearly as important as the idea itself” 

- Bernard Baruch 

%#



6 th 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| M 

7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ cu|;/ 

ljgf]b s'df/ zdf{ 

k|aGws, b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] x/]s sd{rf/LnfO{ jif{df Ps k6s 

Ps xKtfsf] tflnd lbg] bL3{sfnLg nIo lnP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 

kl/k| ]Iodf o;df ljutdf ePsf] k|ultnfO{ d"Nof+sg u/L ;f] 

p2]Zo k|flKt ug{sf] nflu cfpFbf jif{x?df tflnd ;+Vofdf s]– 

slt j[l4 ub} { hfg] / slt jif{df ;f] p2]Zo k|fKt ug] { ;DaGwdf 

d"Nof+sg ug' { ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} ;+VofTds?kdf 

dfq cufl8 ga9L u'0ffTds?kdf ;d]t cufl8 /xgsf] nflu 

tflnd s]Gb|df s]–s:tf ultljlw x'g] u/]sf] 5, ;f]af/] klg 

ljj]rgf ug' { cfjZos x'G5 . 

o;;DaGwdf tflnd s]Gb|sf] ljut cf7 jif{sf] tflnd 

;~rfng;DaGwL ljj/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5 . 

Training Report 

F. Year No. of Training No. of Participants Manweek 

066/067 Mangshir 68 1197 1297.42 

065/066 134 2493 3406.14 

064/065 123 2572 3607.29 

063/064 71 1631 3593.67 

062/063 58 1057 2714.33 

061/062 58 1060 2913.17 

060/061 50 863 3093.8 

059/060 43 748 3878.2 

058/059 54 789 1620 

dflysf] ljj/0faf6 cf7 jif{df k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vofdf !&*# n] 

dfq j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} /km\tf/df hfg] xf] eg] dfly 

pNn]v u/]cg';f/ g]kfn 6]lnsddf xfn sfo{/t &)(! -@)^^ 

c;f]hsf] Pd=cfO{=P;=l/kf]6{cg';f/_ sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg k|lzIffyL{ 

;+Vofdf $%!( n] j[l4 ug' {kg] { eO{ cem} @) cf} + jif{ nfUg] b]lvG5 . xfn 

e}/x]sf] k"jf{wf/ -sIffsf]7f, xf]:6]n Ifdtf, nfOa| ]/L cflb_ sf] clwstd 

pkof]u e}/x]sf] kl/k| ]Iodf k"jf{wf/ yk gu/L ca c? tflnd yk ug{ 

;lsg] cj:yf;d]t gb]lvPaf6 xfns} k"jf{wf/af6 dfly pNn]v 

u/]cg';f/ @) cf} + jif{df ;d]t nIo k|fKt x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lj:tf/;Fu} tflnd s]Gb| klg ;f]xLcg';f/ 

lj:tf/ x' Fb} hfg'kg] {df ljut jif{x?df ;d:t g]kfn 6]lnsddf 

ePsf] lj:tf/cg';f/ tflnd s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ tyf Ifdtf lj:tf/ 

x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/sf] x/]s 

sd{rf/LnfO{ jif{df Ps xKtf tflnd lbg] nIo Psbd} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 

/ sl7g ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ s'g k|sf/n] tflnd 

s]Gb|sf] lj:tf/ ug] { eGg] ;DaGwdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 cfjZos 

u[xsfo{ x' Fb} u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . 

t/ pk/f]Qmcg';f/sf] lj:tf/ x'g nfUg] ;doleq xfn 

ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;a}eGbf ldtJooL / nIo k|fKt ug{ b| 'tt/ 

ultn] cufl8 a9\g;d]t ;lsg] ljsNksf] vf]hL ug{ b"/;~rf/ 

tflnd s]Gb|n] uxg cWoog, 5nkmn / dGyg u/L If]qLo :t/df 

Jofks?kdf tflnd kl/rfng ug] { ;f]rfOsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . 

;f]rfOcg';f/ s]Gb|n] tTsfn} o;;DaGwdf sfd;d]t z'? 

ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;} qmddf ;a} If]=lg=x?df tflnd;DaGwL 

;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ Liason Officer sf] Joj:yf e};s]sf] 5 

eg] Liason Officer x?sf] e]nf u/fO{ o; lbzfdf sfo{ 

cufl8 a9fpg 5nkmn u/L sfo{gLlt;d]t to ePsf] 5 . 

tbg';f/ Liason Officer n] cfkm\gf] If]=lg=cGtu{tsf ;a} 

sfof{nox?sf] tflnd;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f /fVg] / tflnd 

s]Gb|;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ z'?cft e};s]sf] 5 . t/ of] 

Joj:yf xfn;fn} ul/Psf]n] o;n] k|efjsf/L?kdf sfo{ 

ug]{ s]xL ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . 

If]qLo :t/df tflnd ;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f -xn_ 

dlN6ldl8of k|f]h]S6/, k|lzIfs cflb k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{;d]t 

If]=lg=x?;Fu 5nkmn eO{ sfo{ cf/De;d]t e};s]sf] 5 . 

o;df cfzftLt ;kmntf klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 / e}/xjf, 

g]kfnuGh, lj/f6gu/, wgu9L / jL/uGh ;a} If]qLo 

lgb]{zgfnox?df xnsf] Joj:yf e};s]sf] / cGo k"jf{wf/ k"/f 

ug{] lbzfdf sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . If]=lg=x?sf] cnfjf b"=;+=sf= 

kf]v/fdf ;d]t ;f]xLcg';f/ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{;DaGwdf 

5nkmn e}/x]sf] 5 . 

%$



2010 

6 th 

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f eO{ sfo{ k|f/De ubf{ l9nf] x'g] ePsf]n] 

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ;Fu;Fu} nIo k|flKtsf] nflu b|'tt/ ultdf 

cufl8 a9\g cf=j= @)^^.^& sf] jflif{s tflnd sfo{qmddf 

%)–^) j6f tflnd If]qLo:t/df ;~rfng ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd 

tof/ u/L @)^^ kf}if;Dd #^ j6f tflnd ;~rfng;d]t 

e};s]sf 5g\ . 

o;/L tflnd ;~rfng ug{ sIffsf]7f pknAw gePsf 

:yfgdf xn ef8fdf lnO{ / cGo cfjZos s'/fx? ljleGg k|oTg 

u/]/ Joj:yf u/L tflnd ;~rfng ul/cfPsf] 5 . 

o;/L If]qLo:t/df Jofks?kdf tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ 

lgDgcg';f/sf kmfObfx? sDkgLnfO{ x'g] / cGttf]uTjf jif{df 

x/]s sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps xKtf tflnd lbg] nIo;d]t lgs6 eljiodf 

g} egf} + b'O{–tLg jif{df g} k"/f x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

!= If]qLo:t/df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ tflnd vr{df 

ldtJolotf x'g] . 

@= sf7df8f} +aflx/ lhNnfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? a9L dfqfdf 

tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] . 

#= sd{rf/L tflndsf] nflu cfpFbf lghn] u/L cfPsf] sDkgLsf] 

sfddf c;/ kg] { ePsf]n] If]qLo:t/df tflnd ;~rfng 

ubf{ ;Dej eP;Dd laxfg–a]n'sf jf sfof{no ;do cfwf 

dfq k|of]u x'g] u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug] { . pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh cflb 7fpFdf IBS, 

ADSL Customer Care, OFC Splicing cflb tflnd 

;~rfng ubf{ ;f]cg';f/ g} ul/Psf] . 

$= xfn a]nf–a]nfdf e}/xg] aGb jf af6f]3f6f]sf] sf/0faf6 

tflnd ;dfKt e};s]kl5 klg sd{rf/L sfof{nodf kmls{g 

g;sL sDkgLsf] sfddf xflg x'g] tyf cgfjZos sDkgLsf] 

vr{;d]t a9\g] sfo{ w]/} xb;Dd Go"gLs/0f x'g] . 

%= sltko cj:yfdf sfof{nosf] sfddf xflg x'g] sf/0fn] 

tflnddf ;dfj]z x'g g;Sg] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t 

tflndsf] bfo/fdf ;d]l6g] eO{ ;dflhs Gofo ug]{ sfo{df 

;xof]u k'Ug] . 

^= If]qLo:t/df tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ToxfF cjl:yt bIf 

hgzlQmx?nfO{ k|lzIfssf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/g], To;sf] 

nflu If]qLo:t/df k|lzIfssf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm 

tof/ ug{ ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Training of 

Trainers nufotsf tflndx? lbOg], If]=lg=x?;d]t tflnd 

;~rfng;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{x?df k|ToIf ;xefuL eO{ 

tflndsf] Ownership sf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'g] / tflnd 

;~rfng;DaGwL bIftf a9\g] ePsf]n] ef]lnsf lbgdf 

If]qLo:t/df tflnd s]Gb|sf] zfvf ;~rfng ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] . 

&= tflndsf] qmddf lkmN8 6« ]lgªsf] bf}/fgdf ;DalGwt If]qsf] 

pQm tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of s]xL dfqfdf eP klg 

lg/fs/0f x'g] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf, 

%% 

g]kfnuGh cflb 7fpFdf Network Rehabilitation and 

Improvement ;DaGwL tflndsf] lkmN8 6«]lgª x'Fbf 

;DalGwt :yfgsf] g]6js{df s]xL dfqfdf eP klg ;'wf/ 

ePsf] . 

o;sf] ;fy;fy} ;~rfng ePsf tflnd sltsf] k|efjsf/L 

/x] eGg]tkm{ klg rgfvf] /xg'kg]{ / tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / 

pTkfbsTjnfO{ ;d]t a9fpg]tkm{ tflnd s]Gb|n] a9L g} ;hutf 

ckgfpg'kg] { cToGt} cfjZos xG5 . of] tYo ljutdf ;~rfng 

ePsf tflndsf] lkm8Aofsaf6 :ki6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . 

tflndsf] ;+Vofdf dfq j[l4 eof], cfjZostfcg';f/sf 

tflnd ;~rfng ePgg\, tflndsf] lgx' Fdf sf7df8f} + wfpg] k|j[lQsf] 

ljsf; eof] eGg] u'gf;f] lkm8Aofsdf k6s–k6s cfPsf] x'gfn] 

ldlt @)^^.)!.@( df ;a} If]=lg=x?sf] ;xeflutf u/fO{ 

o;;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L tflndsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg 

k'/fgf] tflnd dgf]gog kmf/fddf ;'wf/ u/L gofF dgf]gog 

kmf/fd ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . of] kmf/fd nfu" u/L cgfjZos 

tflnd ;~rfngdf /f]s nufpg] k|of; tbf?stfsf ;fy 

ul//flvPsf] 5 . 

o;/L ;'wf/ ul/Psf] dgf]gog kmf/fdaf6 tLg r/0fdf 

cgfjZos tflndnfO{ /f]Sg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

klxnf] r/0fdf tflndsf] nflu dgf]gog kmf/fd eg] { sd{rf/Ln] 

g} cfkm"n] xfn s] sfd ul//fv]sf] xf] / ;DalGwt tflnd lnPkl5 

s] sfd ug{ rfx]sf] xf], :ki6 v'nfpg'kg] { Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;n] ubf{ c;DalGwt tflndsf] nflu dgf]gog kmf/fd eg{ 

lgoGq0f x'g] b]lvG5 . 

bf];|f] r/0fdf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] zfvf k|d'vn] lgh 

sd{rf/Ln] xfn ul/cfPsf] sfd / dfu u/]cg';f/sf] tflnd 

k|fKt ePkl5 u/fpg] sfd :ki6 v'nfO{ tflndsf] nflu l;kmfl/z 

ug' {kg] { x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ c;DalGwt / cgfjZos tflndsf] 

l;kmfl/zdf lgoGq0f x'g] b]lvG5 . 

t];|f] r/0fdf ;DalGwt If]=lg=af6 pQm sd{rf/Ln] klxn] 

lnPsf] tflnd / lghnfO{ dfu u/]sf] tflnd lbg pko'Qmtfsf] 

ljrf/ u/L l;kmfl/z ug' {kg] { ePsf]n] o;af6 ;d]t cgfjZos / 

cg'Tkfbs tflnddf lgoGq0f x'g] b]lvG5 . 

oL tLg} r/0fkZrft\ klg tflnd s]Gb|af6 Ps sd{rf/LnfO{ 

;fdfGotof jif{df Ps tflnddf dfq ;dfj]z u/fpg]nufotsf 

tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTj a9fpg ljleGg sfo{x? x'g] 

u/]sf] 5 . 

tflnd s]Gb|df Ps Training Course Development and 

Modification Committee /x]sf] 5 . o;n] s'g} klg tflndsf] 

sf];{ tof/ ubf{ tflndsf] nfutnfO{ 36fpg / pTkfbsTjnfO{ 

a9fpgsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f u/]/ 5nkmn 

u/L ;s];Dd ldtJooL / sDkgLsf] nflu x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] kmfObf 

k'Ug] u/L sf];{ tof/ tyf kl/dfh{g ug] { u/]sf] 5 .


x/]s tflndkZrft\ k|lzIffyL{x?af6 ;DalGwt tflnd;DaGwdf 

lkm8Aofs lng] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df pQm tflndnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L 

/ pkof]uL agfpg cfjZos sbd rflng] u/]sf] 5 . k|fKt 

lkm8Aofssf] cfwf/df tflndsf] sf];{, k|lzIfs tyf sIffsf]7fsf] 

Joj:yfkg cflbdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} jflif{s 

tflnd sfo{qmd tof/ ubf{ d'n'sel/ ljutdf ;~rfng ePsf] 

tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf / pkof]lutf;DaGwdf lkm8Aofs sfo{qmd 

;~rfng u/L sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos ePsf a9L pkof]uL tflnd 

sfo{qmd dfq 5gf]6 ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . ;fy} ;a} ljefu, 

lgb] {zgfnox?, If]=lg=sfof{no tyf s]=sf=af6 ;d]t cfufdL 

jif{sf] nflu cfjZos tflndx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/G5 / 

tbg';f/ a9L pkof]uL / sDkgLsf] nflu ldtJooL;d]t x'g] u/L 

jflif{s tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vf tof/ x'G5 . 

tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{qmd k|aGw lgb] {zsHo", gfoa k|aGwsHo"x? 

tyf lgb] {zsHo"x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pRr:t/Lo tflnd sld6Ldf 

k]; u/]/ k|fKt lgb] {zgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L 

jflif{s tflnd sfo{qmdsf] 6' +uf] nfUg] ub{5 . 

o; k|sf/ dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ljleGg r/0fdf tflndsf] 

u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTj a9fpg ljleGg lqmofsnfk x'g'sf] ;fy} 

jflif{s tflnd sfo{qmddf gk/]sf t/ sDkgLsf] ljleGg ;]jfx? 

h8fg tyf ;~rfng;DaGwdf tTsfn cfjZos b]lvPsf 

tflndx?;d]t ;DalGwt sfof{nox?af6 dfu ePcg';f/ k|yldstf 

lbO{ ;~rfng ug] { ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ADSL ;]jf 

;~rfngk"j{ Internet Billing System, ADSL 

Trainings sf] tflnd cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] ;DalGwt 

sfof{noaf6 cg'/f]w ePcg';f/ tflndsf] sf/0faf6 ;]jf 

;~rfngdf Ps lbg klg l9nf x'g glbg] efjgfsf ;fy k|fyldstf 

lbO{ e/tk'/, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnuGh, kf]v/f, afUn'ª, jL/uGh cflb 

7fpFdf tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf / tflndnuQ} ;]jf ;~rfng;d]t 

ePsf] 5 . 

dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/ tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTj 

a9fpg ljleGg Joj:yfx? ul//x]sf] eP tfklg ltgsf] sfof{Gjog 

kIfdf ePsf sdL–sdhf]/Lx?df ;'wf/ ub} { hfg / u'0f:t/ / 

pTkfbsTj a9fpg];DaGwdf gofF–gofF Joj:yfsf] ;w} F vf]hLdf 

/xg tflnd s]Gb|df Continuous Improvement sf] k|lqmof 

;w} F rln/xG5 . 

cGtdf o; cf=j=df g} k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ;s];Ddsf] sfo{ 

k"/f u/L cfufdL cf=j=sf] sfo{qmddf g} dfly plNnlvt nIo 

clwstd xfl;n x'g] u/L sfo{qmd tof/ ug] { ;f]rfO tflnd 

s]Gb|n] agfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu xfn tflnd s]Gb|df /x]sf 5 j6} 

lj+ucGtu{t sf7df8f} +df Ps / If]qLo:t/df tflnd ;~rfng ug{ 

Ps u/L b'O{ l6d tyf yk ;jf/L;fwgsf] cfjZostf kg] { x'G5 . 

o;sf] nflu s]=sf=;Fu 5nkmn / cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . 

pk/f]Qmcg';f/sf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]df tflnd s]Gb| cfkm\gf] 

;f]rfOcg';f/ sfo{ ug{ b[9 5 . 


6 th 

s]xL xfOs' 

gofF g]kfn 

u0ftGq . 

cfd"n kl/jt{g 

k'g;{ +/rgf 

rdTsf/ . 

:jfut 

g]kfn 6]lnsd 

cfd"n kl/jt{g 

k'g;{ +/rgf 

rdTsf/, 

ljutdf l;+xb/af/, afn'jf6f/ / gf/fo0flx6L 

b/af/s} jl/kl/ a:g] ljutdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, 

If]qLo lgb] {zgfno / 3/kfoss} jl/kl/ a:g] ljutsf 

9f]ns] ;+3, 7]s]bf/ / h]7f HjfOFx?sf] 

af‘sL &$ lhNnfdf 

klxnf] k6s 

lhNnf e|d0f 

x'g] xf] jf gx'g] xf] 

ca t x'g} kg] { xf] 

ca t x'g} kg] { xf] 

t/ s}n] x'g] xf] < 

l;+xb/af/, afn'jf6f/ / /fi6«klt ejgdf s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{no, If]qLo lgb] {zgfno / 3/ kfosdf 

x'g'k5{ ca 

d]/f] klg kx' Fr 

x'g'k5{ ca 

xfd|f] klg kx' Fr 

cg'xf/, hLp8fn / gftfuf]tf x]/]/ ;?jf a9'jf ug] {, 

u/fpg] o'lgog / Joj:yfks 

afO{afO{ 

gLlt / sfo{Ifdtfcg';f/ ;?jf a9'jf ug] {, u/fpg] 

o'lgog / Joj:yfks 

xfO{xfO{ 

d]/f] g]kfn 6]lnsd 

xfd|f] g]kfn 6]lnsd 

– ;Gtf]if s'df/ kf}8]n 

;=n]=c=, b"/;~rf/ sfof{no wgs'6f 

%^



2010 

6 th 

Internal Audit and 

Revenue Assurance 

Sudhir Prasad Aryal 

DMD (Audit) 

Internal audit is the strategic brains guiding the 

tactical brawn of revenue assurance. The role of internal 

audit is changing. Risk-Based Auditing explains the 

concepts and practice behind a risk- based approach to 

auditing. The real internal audit managers should provide 

a blueprint for refocusing the internal role to embrace 

risk and to help plan, market, undertake and report a 

risk-based audit. 

Internal auditing is an independent,objective 

assurance, and consulting activity designed to add value 

and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an 

organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a 

systematic disciplined approach to evaluate and improve 

the effectiveness of risk management, control, and 

governance process. The importance of internal audit is 

recently further enhanced by requiring the internal auditor 

to report directly to the board’s internal audit committee, 

which is responsible to the companies overall audit. 

Internal auditing is an ongoing appraisal of the 

financial health of a company's operations by its own 

employees. During an internal audit, internal auditors will 

evaluate and monitor a company's risk management, 

reporting, and control practices and make suggestions 

for improvement. Internal auditing covers not only an 

organization's finance function but all the operations and 

systems in a company. While internal auditors are 

typically accountants, this activity can also be carried 

out by other professionals who are well - versed with a 

company's functions and the relevant regulatory 

requirements. 

Internal audit's Role in modern corporate governance : 

Recent events all over the world have highlighted 

the critical role of board of directors in promoting good 

corporate governance. In particular, boards are being 

charged with ultimate responsibility for the effectiveness 

of their organizations' internal control systems. An 

effective internal audit function plays a key role in 

assisting the board to discharge its governance 

responsibilities. 

The board’s responsibility for internal controls: 

The following points are identified as a number of 

best practices in relation to the role played by the board 

- audit and/or risk - management committees. 

a) Assessing the scope and effectiveness of the 

systems established by management to identify, 

assess, manage and monitor the various risks arising 

from the organization's activities. 

b) Ensuring senior management establishes and 

maintains adequate and effective internal controls. 

c) Satisfying itself that appropriate controls are in place for 

monitoring compliance with laws, regulations, supervising 

requirements and relevant internal policies. 

d) Monitoring and reviewing the effectives of the 

internal audit function. 

e) Reviewing and assessing the internal audit plan and 

its progress. 

f) Ensuring that the internal audit function is adequately 

resourced and enjoys appropriate standing within 

the organization. 

g) Considering management's response to major 

internal audit recommendations and progress in their 

implementation. 

h) Approving the appointment or dismissal of the head 

of internal audit. 

Internal audit assists the board discharge its 

corporate governance responsibilities : 

Considering the board's overall responsibility for 

ensuring the effectiveness of their organization's internal 

control framework, the recent developments have 

highlighted the key role that internal audit can play in 

supporting the board in ensuring adequate oversight of 

internal controls and in doing so form an integral part of 

an organization's corporate governance framework. 

%&



6 th 

The key role of internal audit is to assist the board 

and /or its audit- committee in discharging its governance 

responsibilities by delivering : 

a) A review of the organization's control culture, 

especially the "tone at the top". 

b) An objective evaluation of the existing risk and 

internal control framework. 

c) Systematic analysis of business processes and 

associated controls. 

d) Reviews of the existence and value of assets. 

e) A source of information on major frauds and 

irregularities. 

f) Ad-hoc reviews of other areas of concern, including 

unacceptable levels of risk. 

g) Reviews the compliance framework and specific 

compliance issues. 

h) Reviews of operational and financial performance. 

i ) Recommendations for more effective and efficient 

use of resources. 

j) Assessments of the accomplishments of corporate 

goals and objectives. 

k) Feedback on adherence to the organisation's values 

and code of conduct/code of ethics. 

However in attempting to adequately discharge their 

responsibilities, internal auditors often find themselves 

in anomalous positions. They report to the senior 

management within the organization, yet are expected 

to objectively review management's conduct and 

effectiveness. The only satisfactory solution to this 

problem is for internal audit to report primarily and 

directly to the board and its audit committee rather 

than to senior management. 

The board should ensure that the minimum standards 

internal audit should meet, as well as the need to have 

the audit commitee to ensure that the internal audit 

function is adequately resourced and has appropriate 

standing within the company. The audit committee, at 

least annually, should ensure the adequacy of the internal 

audit function, and how it meets the stakeholder's needs 

and interests. 

Critical success factors for an internal audit function : 

Is internal audit strategically positioned to 

contribute to business performance ? 

The mission and role of internal audit are defined 

within a wider governance framework and are 

effectively communicated. 

The structure of internal audit promotes objectivity, 

consistency and business understanding. 

Internal audit is managed in a way that promotes 

objectivity and consistency in the quality of services 

it provides across the organization. 

Internal audit contributes value to the business as 

defined by appropriate success criteria. 

Are internal audit's processes enabling and dynamic 

in meeting business needs ? 

Internal audit has a strong risk identification and 

planning methodology and delivers a high quality 

service. 

Technology is used appropriately to enhance the 

provision of internal audit services. 

An appropriate framework is in place to 

measure‘internal audit’s performance. 

Internal audit develops and manages appropriate 

relationships with its key stakeholders. 

Does internal audit have the right people strategy 

to deliver its mission / objectives ? 

Internal audit's core competencies are directly 

related to its mission, role and scope of work. 

Internal audit’s staffing strategy reflects its mission, 

role and required competencies. 

The strategy is sufficiently flexible to respond to 

changes in demand. 

Revenue Assurance : 

Revenue assurance can be defined as a continuous 

endeavour aimed at improving operational efficiency 

and ensuring that all possible revenue is collected. 

Revenue Assurance service is an end-to-end 

analysis of revenue stream processes that goes beyond 

traditional approach to revenue assurance, identifying 

problems that are generally not revealed by analyzing 

any single area of revenue generation in isolation. While 

implementing the revenue assurance service we should 

take a balanced view of achieving short-term, bottomline 

impact while implementing long-term / fundamental, 

process-driven changes that prevent future revenue 

leakage. The revenue assurance team should take a 

more comprehensive, process-based view of the causes 

of revenue leakage by focusing on the processes, 

systems, and human resource practices that drive the 

financial performance in the functional areas across the 

company. 

what are the benefits for the company ? 

Recovered revenue for services provided but not 

billed 

Minimized enterprise risk 

Optimized operational performance 

Establishment of an on-going process to avoid 

future leakage. 

The communications market is one of the most 

competitive sectors in the commercial world. As 

economic pressure increases, many operators are 

moving from a growth – based business model, where 

success is measured in numbers of subscribers or 

%*



2010 

6 th 

ARPU, to a value –based model where success is 

measured by margins and profitability. 

As part of this transition operators are targeting 

both cost reduction and new, high-margin services 

that can increase revenues. Both of these can directly 

increase profitability. 

However, there is another area where 

profitability can be substantially improved with 

minimal investment, by implementing a pro-active 

Revenue Assurance strategy. 

To start with Nepal Telecom should establish a 

Revenue assurance unit which will be responsible 

for supporting the DMD (Audit). This will involve 

the development of a strong working relationship with 

operational groups including Internal Audit, 

Accounting, Marketing, Operations and 

Maintenance, Customer Care/ Service, IT, Finance, 

etc in order to escalate opportunities to improve 

performance across the Nepal Telecom. The revenue 

assurance unit will aid in development of processes 

that ensure all current and future revenue sources 

are correctly captured, recorded, and billed as well 

as manage the on-going monitoring. The Revenue 

Assurance will also ensure that revenue –impacting 

changes to network and billing are tested. The 

Revenue Assurance will monitor and perform 

reconciliations between network elements and billing, 

between telephone signaling and switch records and 

aid in developing further procedures and 

measurements.. 

As the Nepali telecom industry is beginning to see 

some fierce competition and strong growth indicators 

ahead, the fast maturing revenue assurance function 

is changing rapidly, and the revenue teams are now firmly 

positioned to play a leading role in the long-term strategic 

growth plans. Revenue assurance can be supported by 

automation. Revenue leakage is a remarkably large 

problem at most service providers, reprensenting a major 

opportunity for improved EBIT /, cash flow and 

profitability. 

We should now focus towards the current trends in 

revenue assurance field world-wide. Keeping in mind 

the current trends, we should adopt the appropriate 

methods within our Internal Auditing Department. 

Today, communications companies face continuing 

challenges in areas such as revenue leakage, process 

improvement, cost cutting, and customer retention. 

Revenue Assurance is a function to validate the 

end-to-end operational process completeness, accuracy, 

and data - integrity of the capture, recording, billing and 

reporting of all revenue – producing events or 

transactions from sales and marketing through collection, 

account receivable. A revenue assurance process can 

help increase bottom line profits, minimize waste and 

improve operational efficiencies if a company commits 

to change internal systems, processes and management 

style. Service assurance is highly essential in modern 

telecommunications. Revenue assurance is not about 

eliminating risk, but learning how to mitigate that risk. 

Telecom billing is moving from a back-office to a central 

role. Real time multi-media services,pre-paid 

subscriptions, revenue assurance are examples of the 

centrality of the charging/ billing process and many 

modern networks are built with billing at its core. 

“Managing is like holding a dove in your hand. 

Squeeze too hard and you kill it, not hard enough 

and it flies away." - Stephen R. Covey 

xf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 (HCD-Nepal Direct) ;]jf M 

of] ;]jf klg lk|k]8 slnª sf8{dfkm{t k|of]u ul/G5 . ljb]z ofqfdf hfFbf 

lk|k]8 slnª sf8{ lnP/ uPdf g]kfnL d'b|fdf g} cfkm\gf] d'n'sdf kmf]g ug{ 

;lsG5 . o;n] ljb]zL d'b|fsf] art x'G5 eg] ;'ljwfhgs;d]t x'G5 . xfn 

of] ;'ljwf ^ j6f d'n'sx? -hfkfg, sf]l/of, o'=P=O{=, o'=s]=, l;+ufk'/ / 

yfONofG8_ af6 pknJw 5 . ?= %)), !))) / @))) b/sf sf8{x? pknJw 5g\ . 

%(

{ 



6 th 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf 

;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 

ljifo k|j]z 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] cjwf/0ff @)cf} + ztfAbLdf cfPsf] 

xf] . ljz]iftM bf];|f] ljZjo'4af6 tx;gx; ePsf] cy{tGqnfO{ 

Recovery ug] { / /fHosf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jofks agfO{ gful/snfO{ 

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zoaf6 clek| ]l/t eO{ ;fj{hlgs 

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;+:yfgsf] dfWodaf6 lghL If]qsf] cfsif{0f gePsf If]qx?df 

;/sf/L nufgL u/L b}lgs cfjZosLo j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw 

u/fpgsf ;fy;fy} /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff ul/P 

tfklg /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, Joj:yfksLo csd{0otfsf sf/0f 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? w/fzoL aGb} uPsf 5g\ . x'g t ;g\ 

!(*) sf] bzsdf cfPsf] Privatization, Globalization 

sf] cjwf/0ffcg'?k ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / sfo{If]qnfO{ lglZrt 

If]qdf dfq ;Lldt u/fO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghL If]qsf] 

k' FhL kl/rfng u/fpg] / ;/sf/ nufgLstf{ xf]Og ;xhstf{, 

lgodgstf{, lgoGq0fstf{sf] e"ldsfdf b]vf kb} { cfPsf] 5 . 

jt{dfg ;Gbe{df Public Private Parternership sf] 

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lgofNbf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df klg ;/sf/L nufgL x6fpg 

;fGble{s b]lvG5 . 

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] 

cfGbf]ngkZrft\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] b'u{lt g} ef]Ug'k/]sf] l:yltnfO{ 

gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . sltko ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f eP, slt lj36g 

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s]xL ;+:yfgx? d'gfkmfdf ;~rfng eP tfklg clwsf+z ;+:yfgx? 

lj36gsf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf 5g\ . ljz]iftM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg;DaGwL 

:ki6 gLltsf] cefj, a9\bf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, sd{rf/L etL{s]Gb| 

tyf Joj:yfksLo cIfdtf g} ;+:yfgsf] cjGgltsf k|d'v sf/0f 

x'g\ eGbf cGoyf lng gknf{ . ;do–;dodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;'b[9Ls/0f u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfof]u u7g 

^) 

;/f]h s'df/ 9'+ufgf 

cWoIf 

g]kfn 6]lnsd sd{rf/L 

o'lgog (NTEU) 

u/L cWoog u/fpg], k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/P tfklg ;f] k|of; 

k|ltj]bg tof/ ug] { / ;fj{hlgs ug] {df g} ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . xfn 

klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfggLo cy{dGqLsf] ] ;+of]hsTjdf ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg tyf tL ;+:yfgx?df x'g] 

/fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf nflu dfkb08 tof/ u/L k]; ug{ Ps 

pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . 

ca klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf sDkgLk|ltsf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff 

/ gLlt gx'g] xf] eg] afFsL ;+:yfg klg ;]tf] xfQLsf] ?kdf kl/0ft 

eO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf af]emsf] y}nf] x'Ggg\ eGg ;lsGg . cem 

klg xfd|f] cy{ Joj:yfsf b'O{ kfª\u|fx? u|fdL0f If]q / zx/L If]q 

/x]sf 5g\ . ljz]iftM zx/L cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg 

pNn]vgLo /x] tfklg u|fdL0f cy{tGqdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] 

e"ldsf gfd]6 x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ ;/sf/n] sfo{If]qsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo kl/jt{g u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] 

Jo:yfksLo ;+/rgf ;'wf/, pTkfbsTj j[l4, ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/Lotf 

clej[l4, ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df b]xfoadf]lhd 

ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] of] n]vdfkm{t ;'emfjsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ 

k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / ;fj{hlgs sDkgLsf] ;+/rgf sfo{d"ns 

gePsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf cfjZos sfg'gL ;'wf/ u/L sfo{d"ns 

agfpg]tkm{ tTsfn 7f]; sbd rfNg h?/L b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?sf] ;+:yfut :jfoQtf tyf ;/sf/L lgodnfO{ 

k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g, h;sf] nflu ;+:yfut ;'wf/ 

u/L k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

;+Vof / ;+/rgf sfg'gåf/f g} :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . ;+:yfgsf cWoIf, 

sfo{sf/L k|d'v ;+:yfgleqaf6 jf aflx/af6 lgo'Qm ug] { ;DaGwdf 

:ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf gePsf]n] a9L cGof]n ;[hgf x'g] / /fhgLlts 

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k/Dk/fn] ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf x|f; x' Fb} uPsf]n] sfg'gåf/f g} :ki6 

Joj:yf ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L k|d'v slt ;dosf] 

nflu lgo'Qm x'g] xf], ;f] sfg'gdf g} :ki6 x'g'kg] {5 . s'g P]g jf

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sfg'gcg';f/ lgo'Qm x'g] xf], ;f]sf] ;d]t ls6fg ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . 

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x'g] sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] ;+:yf ;'wf/df eGbf cfkm\gf] kb hf]ufpg]tkm{ 

Wofg s]lGb|t ug' {kg] { ljBdfg cj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . 

;~rfns ;ldlt jf sfo{sf/L k|d'vdf s:tf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n 

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sfg'gL :ki6tf 5}g . /fd|f] xf]Og xfd|f] dfG5]sf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf 

lbOg] ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? gLlt sfo{qmdsf] 

cfwf/df geO{ k/Dk/fut 9/f{af6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf / sfo{sf/L k|d'v cnu–cnu JolQm 

x' Fbf JolQmut dte]bsf sf/0f ;+:yfsf] sfd–sf/afxLdf s]xL 

hl6ntf pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu sfg'gL 

Joj:yfåf/f :j]R5frf/L x'g glbO{ lgoGq0fsf] bfo/f ;[hgf u/L 

sfo{sf/L k|d'v g} cWoIf /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpFbf ;+:yf ljjfb/lxt 

9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfn jfo' ;]jf 

lguddf xfn b]lvPsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ljjfbn] lguddf 

cGof]ntfsf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . 

;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] nflu lglZrt ;dodf ug{ 

;lsg] Bussiness Plan dfu ug] {, pko'Qm Bussiness Plan 

adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug] { cfwf/;d]tsf] Pp6f Target Assign 

u/L sfo{sf/L k|d'vdf lgo'Qm ug] {, ;f] cg';f/ p;n] sfo{;Dkfbg 

ug{ g;s]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fO{ lghnfO{ 

sfnf];"rLdf ;"rLs/0f ug] { Joj:yf sfg'gadf]lhd g} lglZrt 

u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf cGo ;~rfns / 

Joj:yfksLo lhDdf lng] JolQm jf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ 

Performance Based Evaluation sf] cfwf/df yk lhDd]jf/L 

lbg], ;f]xL lhDd]jf/L lg/Gt/tf ug] { jf lhDd]jf/Laf6 jl~rt ug] 

Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug'{sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] 

pTkfbsTj clej[l4 x'g] vfnsf ;Lkd"ns / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] 

tflnd lgoldt?kdf pknAw u/fO{ bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug' 

pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 

dfgj ;+;fwg g} ;+:yfgsf] d"n cfwf/ ePsf] / ;f]sf] 

kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg, lgoGq0f Psbd} hl6n x'g'sf] ;fy} ljleGg 

lsl;dsf] Ifdtf, of]hgf, lhDd]jf/L / cfj/0f ePsf JolQmx?sf] 

;xsfo{ / Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;Ifd / ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/sf] 

Jofjxfl/s / ;}4flGts 1fg ePsf JolQm jf kbflwsf/Laf6 

dfq ;Dej ePsfn] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] dxfzfvf k|d'v jf ljefuLo 

k|d'vdf To:tf] ;Lk–Ifdtf ePsf] JolQm kb:yfkg u/L 

sfg'gadf]lhd g} lghsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ lglb{i6 u/L 

:jfoQtf k|bfg ug' { h?/L b]lvG5 . 

;+:yfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] 

sfo{bIftf, of]Uotf, Jofj;flos Pjd\ ;}4flGts 1fgsf] ;fy;fy} 


2010 

6 th 

pknAw cGo ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf, b]zsf] gLlt, sfg'gL 

Joj:yf / k|ljlwsf] c+lusf/df k"0f{?kdf lge{/ x'g] ePsfn] 

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jftfj/0fdf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg Pjd\ laqmL ljt/0fsf 

nflu ;xh / d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ 

cfjZostf 68\sf/f]?kdf b]lvG5 . 

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;]jf pkef]u ug{ gkfPsf] sf/0f u|fxs kLl8t ePsf]df, ;dodf 

dd{t–;Def/ x'g g;s]df jf ;]jf cj?4 eO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] 

xflggf]S;fgL k'u]df ;]jfk|bfosn] ;f]sf] lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{ 

k|fjwfg;d]t Joj:yf x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . 

s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lsf] JolQmut 

sf/0faf6 ;+:yfgdf xflggf]S;fgL ;[hgf ePdf lghnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ 

u/fpg] Joj:yf sfg'gdf :ki6 x'g] u/L lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'k"j{ g} 

;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lnlvtd hfgsf/L u/fpg' cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . 

d]l;g/L pks/0f jf dd{t–;Def/sf] cf}hf/sf] :t/Lotf 

;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'udg u/L s8fO ug' {kg] { . h:tf]– 

oftoft Joj:yf lgodfjnLn] g]kfndf cfoft x'g] ;a} 

;jf/L;fwgsf df]8]n;DaGwdf k"0f{:jLs[t lng'kg] { k|fjwfgh:t} 

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u/fpFbf :t/Lo pks/0fx? lelqg] / ;]jf ;'rf??kdf ;~rfngdf 

d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;+:yfgsf] 

sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'lQm ubf{ lghn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] Target sf] 

pknlAw ;do–;dodf cg'udg u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df ;"rgf ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug] { / 

d"Nof+sg, cg'udg klg u/fpg] kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL ubf{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] 

af]w x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg 

cg'udg, d"Nof+sgsf] nflu 5'§} sfg'g df]lhdsf] :jfoQ lgsfo 

:yfkgf ul/g' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . 

v'Nnf tyf pbf/ cy{gLltcg'?k lghL If]qnfO{ ;lqmo u/fpg 

;/sf/n] ;xhtfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L ;/sf/L nufgL If]q / 

bfo/f ;Lldt u/fpg klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo k'g/jnf]sg 

ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/L 

;xof]u, ;xeflutf / nufgLsf] cfjZostf /lx/x]sf]n] zx/L 

cy{tGq :jtGq eO;s]sf]n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ u|fdL0f 

cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/fpg cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

;/sf/L cg'bfgaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf v'jfpg'kg] { / 

/fli6«o cy{tGqdf af]emsf] ?kdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] 

vf/]h u/L ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ cGo pTkfbgzLn If]qdf 

:yfgfGt/0f u/fO{ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf k/Dk/fut?kdf /x]sf cgfjZos 

b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L l56f]5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sfo{ u/fpg] Joj:yf 

^!

{ 

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6 th 

ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df cfly{s ef/af6 aRg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] 

;[hgf x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ 

d'Qm /fVg'sf ;fy} Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L ;+:yfg tyf 

sDkgLnfO{ pTkfbgd'vL agfpg cToGt h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . 

;/sf/df cfl;g JolQmx? tyf pRr k|zf;lgs 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'ljwfsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf ;+:yfg tyf ;/sf/L 

:jfldTjdf /x]sf sDkgLx?sf] cg'TkfbgzLn vr{ k"0f{?kdf 

lgoGq0f ug]{ :ki6 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ h?/L 

b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ cfjZos x'g] ;fdfgsf] 

cnfjf cfly{s k|nf]egdf k/L ;]jfk|jfx, ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / 

laqmLdf k|of]udf gcfpg] ;fdfgx? klg vl/b ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] 

cGTo ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu vl/bstf{nfO{ lhDd]jf/L 

u/fO{ clgoldttfsf] 5fglag u/L bf]ifLnfO{ s8f sf/afxLsf] 

bfo/fdf Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf 

sDkgLx?df s/f]8f}+sf ;fdfgx? k|of]uljxLg eO{ oqtq 

kmflnPsf] cj:yfdf e]l6g' / To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g' g} 

d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sfn] tL ;fdfgx?sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkg ug] {tkm{ 

lqmofzLn x'g' h?/L 5 . 

;fdfg, oGq, cf}hf/, pks/0f vl/b ug] { sfo{df Joj:yfkgsf] 

Wofg a9L s]lGb|t x'g] t/ h8fg / ;~rfngdf Wofg glbg] k|j[lQn] 

;]jfsf] pknAwtf / cfo b'j} If]q b'ik|efljt x'g uO{ sDkgLsf] 

cfly{s ;+/rgf gsf/fTds pGd'v ePsf]n] vl/b ul/Psf] ;fdfgsf] 

h8fg Pjd\ ;~rfngdf s8fO ug] { / ;f] gePdf vl/b lg0f{o ug] 

lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;f]xL cj:yfdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg 

u/L bl08t ug] { kl/kf6L s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . ;fy} 

lgod–sfg'gnfO{ cfkm\gf] lghL :jfy{ cg's"n x'g] u/L hah{:tL 

JofVof ug]{ kl/kf6L cGTo x'g cfjZos 5 . 

;+:yfg tyf sDkgLdf sfo{/t ;a} tx / kbsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q;DaGwL ljifodf cg'ej x'g] u/L lglZrt 

cjlwdf ;?jf u/L sfo{ ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf 

ug] { / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog gug] { kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t ljefuLo 

sf/afxL ug] { Joj:yf x'g;d]t h?/L b]lvG5 . 

aflif{s ah]6, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ubf{ oyfy{sf] 

?kdf ug] { / nlIft sfo{df eGbf cGo If]qdf vr{ ug{ a9jf lbg] 

k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug] { . eOk/L cfpg] jf gu/L gx'g] cfsl:ds 

sfo{sf] nflu cfsl:ds ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug] { / ;f]xLaf6 sfo{ 

u/fpg] tyf sfo{qmddf gk/]sf] cGo sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f 

u/]/ cfufdL cf=j=df l;km\6 u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg pko'Qm 

x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Pjd\ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 

;Defjgf cWoog u/L ;f]xLd'tfljs of]hgf tof/ ug] { / pTkfbgnfO{ 

of]hgfcg'?k Acclerate ug] {, ahf/d'vL pTkfbgdf Wofg lbg] 

/ ahf/sf] dfucg'?k j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos 

cTofw'lgs k|ljlw / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pks/0f Pjd\ cGo 

^@ 

cf}hf/ k|0ffnLsf] vl/b Pjd\ h8fg u/L l56f]5l/tf] 9+uaf6 

u|fxsdf k'¥ofpg] cfjZos Joj:yf x'g'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / sDkgLsf] pknAw IfdtfnfO{ k"0f{?kdf 

k|of]udf Nofpg'sf ;fy} ;x–;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ef}lts ;+/rgf 

oGq pks/0fx?sf] ;fd"lxs pkof]u u/L nfut Joj:yfkg ug' {kg] 

b]lvG5 . ;]jf ;xh Pjd\ ;kmn?kdf pknAw u/fpg], ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ 

;]jf pknAw u/fO;s]kl5 Customer Support sf] k|aGw 

ldnfpg], ;]jfu|fxLk|lt plrt / lhDd]jf/ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug] {, 

nufgLsf] If]qnfO{ ljljlws/0f u/L cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;'lglZrt 

u/fpg], Ps ;+:yfgsf] pTkfbgnfO{ csf] { ;+:yfgn] klg pkof]u 

ug{ ;dGjo, k|lt:kwf{ / cfjZos gLlt th' {df ug' {sf ;fy} 

pkef]Qmfsf] lxt / ;'ljwf k|j4{g u/L pgLx?sf] ;Gt'li6 a9fpg 

Pjd\ dg lhTgsf] nflu laqmL k|j4{g / lj1fkgdf hf]8 lbg] tyf 

l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . 

;+:yfg jf sDkgLn] cGo If]qdf nufgL ug' {eGbf klxn] 

;f]af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn / cfDbfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug] { cfwf/x? 

vf]hL u/]/ dfq nufgL ug] { kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug' { h?/L 5 . 

cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljlwx? cjnDag u/L pknAw ef}lts 

;DklQ Pjd\ ;fwgx?sf] plrt ;Def/ ug{ ljz]if pkfox? 

cufl8 a9fpg';d]t ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 

lg0f{o u/L labf lbg] k|rng ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf sDkgLx?df 

/f]Sg' h?/L b]lvG5 . /fi6«k|d'vsf] ljb]z e|d0f jf e"tk"j{ ;/sf/ 

k|d'x?sf] lgwgdf ;d]t labf lbg] rngnfO{ /fd|f] ?kdf lng 

;ls+b}g . o:tf k|rngx?nfO{ x6fO{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ jflif{s?kdf 

lglZrt lbg -!% lbg÷@) lbg jf #) lbg_ kj{ labf tf]sL 

cfkm\gf]–cfkm\gf] wd{, /Lltl/jfhcg'?k labf lng ;Sg] u/L k|aGw 

ldnfpg cfjZos b]lvG5, h;n] ubf{ Pp6f ;d'bfosf] rf8kj{df 

csf] { ;d'bfosf] sd{rf/Ln] clkm;sf] sfd 5f]8L afWotfjz 3/ 

a:g'kg] { k|rngsf] ;d]t cGTo eO{ ;a} ;dodf ;a} ;+:yfg tyf 

sDkgLx?sf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 

ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf sDkgLx?sf] jt{dfg 

cj:yfnfO{ ;"Id cWoog ubf{ ljleGg axfgfdf p2]ZoljxLg 

sfdsf nflu pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx?n] nuftf/ ljb]z e|d0f ug] 

k|rngnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf sDkgLx?sf] 

ljBdfg cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cToGt h?/L b]lvG5 . 

;fy} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL, g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f tyf g]kfn 

vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgh:tf k|ToIf hgtfdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;]jfd"ns 

;+:yfx?n] hgtfnfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ 

(Strategic Partner) leq\ofO{ ;xsfo{ u/]/ hg;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ 

gDa/ Ps ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /flv/xg ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf]n] ;DalGwt 

;+:yfsf pRrkb:y Joj:yfksx?, lqmofzLn o'lgogx? / g]kfn 

;/sf/;d]t cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

Your most unhappy customer is your greatest source of learning 

- Bill Gates



2010 

6 th 

The heart of our prosperous 

company: Customer care in 

the present era 

Shiv Bhushan Lal 

Director, Satellite 

Service Directorate, NT 

Good customer service is all about bringing the 

customers back; it is the lifeline of any business. It is 

about making them happy enough to provide positive 

feedback to others who in turn would become your repeat 

customers. No company can afford to take its customers 

for granted. The mantra for good customer service today 

is “You will be judged by what you do, not by what you 

say.” In this technologically driven business milieu, data 

mining, obtaining customer information, and a mass of 

other measures are considered to help companies’ better 

serve individual customers. Today for many companies, 

customer service is the only means of achieving 

competitive gain because of contender similarities in 

promotion, merchandise, and pricing. 

All companies are seeing themselves as service 

providers. Obtaining information and distribution of 

products being easier, the differentiation businesses can 

make is how well they can serve their customers, what 

is known about the customer can be turned into a 

competitive advantage. Constructing a loyal base of 

satisfied customers makes it more difficult for competitors 

to allure them away. To deliver superb customer service 

is even more important in an era of financial prudence 

and prospect of continually increasing profit margins. 

Customer service has become a major constituent of 

corporate competitiveness. The delivery of high levels 

of customer service is becoming more difficult, as the 

customer base for most firms becomes both more diverse 

and more demanding. Customer loyalty pays off 

enormously in a variety of ways to firms that put in 

wherewithal in measures designed to build customer 

relationships. Customer loyalty has become a means of 

productivity, brand distinction, and enhancing 

product/service value in an era of augmented 

competition, increasingly sophisticated and demanding 

consumers, and a slothful economy. 

The phenomenon of customer service is 

everywhere. The current requirement hence is the idea 

to enhance the customer service to retain our loyal 

customers and attract new ones. The new approach 

worldwide is being proactive. The underlying 

techniques include: 

A] Email is the ultimate medium for distributing a single 

message to any number of recipients and is applied 

to an extensive array of service-and-support issues. 

B] Implementing a variety of processes to proactively 

put pertinent information in front of their customers 

wherever and whenever it’s needed. 

C] Monitoring both their objective statistical performance 

and their customers’ subjective perception of service 

quality. 

A multi-channel knowledge base, a complete email 

setup, knowledge base subscription, natural language 

processing, full-featured chat and survey and reporting 

tools constitute the true essence of the above mentioned 

proactive approach. With proactive customer service, 

problems can be eliminated before the customer is even 

aware of them. This demonstrates the coverage of a 

company’s dedication to customer satisfaction and largely 

exceeds customers’ expectations. This high quality of 

service can be a serious competitive differentiator and 

guarantee the permanence of customer relationships. It 

further has the benefit of reduced costs. The arithmetic 

is uncomplicated. Comparing the cost of receiving and 

responding to several hundred phone calls to the charge 

of sending a single, well-crafted email message to a 

^#



6 th 

targeted list. It also allows supporting more customers 

and more products within existing staffing levels. The 

profit in these terms would thus include stronger customer 

relationships, lower operating costs and enhanced use 

of human resources. 

Being proactive is all about giving answers to 

customers before they ask questions, constantly remain 

relevant to customers’ prime requirements. 

a) The content of the knowledge base of the service 

provider should be wide and practical and be 

extensively used through all communication 

channels. 

b) Emails have to be optimally designed and formatted 

in order to maximize their impact. 

c) Apt distribution lists for each type of message have 

to be created and maintained and customer 

responses to those messages should also be 

managed. 

d) An information subscription system would allow 

customer notification of updates and changes as per 

their preferences. 

e) Introducing a staff hotline, so staff can call a central 

number to get customer problems solved. This 

means that any staff member can refer the 

complaints they receive to someone who knows how 

to resolve them. 

f) Chat interactions should be logged in a common 

system with phone, email and web communications 

to ensure a complete view of the customer. 

g) Co-browsing tools are also useful since they allow 

the workforce to straightforwardly assist online 

customers. 

h) Email surveys can be used to provide customers 

the opportunity to quickly give numerical scores for 

service attributes such as speed, helpfulness and 

professionalism; which would further be tallied and 

presented to the managers for review. Constraints 

in the financial statement and limited IT resources 

may make the cost of acquiring these technologies 

prohibitive. 

We must respond to mounting pressures and upand-coming 

opportunities. Proactive customer service 

evidently offers a potent strategy for exceeding customer 

expectations, reducing costs and supporting advantageous 

business escalation. But to implement this strategy, 

customer care service providers must become agents 

for change. New processes must be implemented and 

new technologies adopted. 

As it becomes more difficult to set apart products 

by functionality or price, the quality of a company’s 

customer service is becoming an increasingly critical 

competitive differentiator. Proactive customer 

service delivers this differentiation. That makes it 

a fundamental strategic imperative for every 

company. When customer is talking about his 

problem with someone who is directly at the heart 

of company and understands technology that means 

that translation of problem in technical language and 

communication to right engineer in right perform is 

automatically there. Such things will make 

resolution faster. 

Offering promotions and slash prices brings in many 

new customers, but unless you can get some of those 

customers to come back, your business won’t be 

profitable for long. That's why customer service providers 

must move quickly to get proactive and secure the 

customer relationships on which their companies' future 

depend. 

Nepal Telecom is also stepping toward this direction 

of Customer Care slowly and cautiously. 

P8\efG:8 k|mL kmf]g (AFS - Toll Free) ;]jf M 

7"nf–7"nf Jofkfl/s, ;fdflhs, ;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL ;+3–;+:yfx?, a} +sx?, Po/nfoG;x? 

cflbn] b]zel/sf cfk\mgf clkm;/ zfvfx?nfO{ Pp6} gDa/ pknAw u/fO{ hg;Dks{ 

u/fpg / sn ug] { JolQmnfO{ sn ug{ ] rfh{ gnfUg] u/fpg P8\efG:8 k|mL kmf]g 

(AFS - Toll Free) ;]jf pkof]uL 5 . 

^$

{ 



2010 

6 th 

egf{df :jtGqtf 


cfjZostf 

/fh' afa' cof{n 

;+u7gn] cfk\mgf] Vofltsf] cfwf/df / JolQmn] cfk\mgf] 

of]Uotf, Ifdtf / JolQmTjsf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ug' { g} egf{sf] 

k|d'v l;4fGt xf] . ;+u7gsf] Voflt pRr ePdf / /fd|f] ;'ljwf 

-cfly{s, u}/cfly{s / j[lQ ljsf;_ pknAw ePdf pRr JolQmTj 

ePsf sfdbf/ :jtM cfslif{t x'G5g\ / pRr JolQmTjjfnf 

sfdbf/nfO{ ;+u7gn] cfkm} + vf]Hg cfpF5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] 

cfzo xf] . klZrdL cf}Bf]lus / lghL If]q ljsl;t ePsf] 

;dfhdf of] l;4fGt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . of] l;4fGt nfu" x'g 

j}slNks sfdsf] cj;/, pRr JolQmTjjfnf sfdbf/x?sf] 

afx'Notf, >d ;"rgfsf] lgaf{w k|jfxsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 

lk5l8Psf] s'g} vf; ef}uf]lns If]qsf hfthflt jf 

s'g} vf; ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ JolQmx?sf nflu 

lglZrt k|ltzt :yfg cf/If0f ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltnfO{ 

cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ;+u7gx? >d ahf/df pknAw of]Uo JolQm 

5gf]6df c;dy{ x'G5g\ . 

hgzlQm of]hgf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] k|yd sfo{ xf] eg] >d 

ahf/sf] output / sfd vf]Hg] ;+:yfsf] input sf] ?kdf 

egf{nfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] bf];|f] sfo{ dflgG5 . egf{ sfd 

vf]Hg] sfdbf/ / sfd lbg] ;+:yfaLr k|yd ldngljGb' xf] . 

lgo'lQmsf] ;|f]t >d ahf/ xf] . cem Jofks cy{df eGg] xf] eg] 

employer n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos 

kg] { hgzlQmx? >d ahf/df pknAw hgzlQmdWo] ;jf] {Qd 

hgzlQm 5gf]6 ug] { k|lqmof g} jf:tjdf egf{ xf] . t;y{ o;nfO{ 

Linking activity among Employee & Employer klg 

elgG5 . egf{n] hgzlQmsf] ;|f]tsf] klxrfg, ;jf] {Qd hgzlQmsf] 

cfsif{0f, k|fKt hgzlQmdWo] ;jf] {Qd hgzlQmsf] 5gf]6 u/L >d 

ahf/nfO{ efjL hgzlQmsf] nflu ck|ToIf?kdf Feed Back 

lbg] sfo{;d]t ub{5 . sd{rf/L egf{df ljleGg tTjx?n] k|ToIf 

ck|ToIf k|efj kfg] { u/]sf 5g\, h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ . 

– ;+u7gsf] cfsf/, k|s[lt / ;DalGwt ;fdflhs 

jftfj/0f 

– hgzlQm 5gf]6df ;+u7gsf] Ifdtf tyf lgikIftf 

– ;+u7gn] sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] cfly{s / u}/cfly{s 

;'ljwf 

– ;+u7gleq ljBdfg j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x? 

– ;+ugleqsf] nrstf, ;'ljwf j[l4sf] b/ / ultzLntf 

– ;+u7gsf] sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf 

– ;+u7gsf] :jfoQtf, :jtGqtf tyf k|lta4tf pk/f]Qm 

sf/0fx?afx]s klg s]xL afWofTds?kdf kfng ug' {kg] 

o:tf sf/0fx? x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ ;+u7gn] of]Uo JolQmsf] 

5gf]6 ug{ ;Sb}g . tL x'g\ M 

– ;+u7gsf] hgdfg;df JofKt 5lj . 

– cfsif{0fljxLg sfd . 

– ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s gLlt . 

– ;+u7gleq / aflx/sf sfdbf/x?sf] bafa tyf cGo 

;|f]t (Un due Resource) af6 lgikIftfdf cfFr 

k'¥ofpg lbOg] bafa . 

– ;/sf/L gLlt tyf ;+u7gsf] hgzlQm gLlt . 

egf{sf] l;4fGtx? 

;+u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug] { eljiosf Joj:yfks, k|zf;s 

/ ljleGg sd{rf/Lx? egf{s} dfWodaf6 ;+u7gdf leq\ofOg] 

ePsf]n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf egf{sf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg x'G5 . egf{sf 

s]xL :yflkt l;4fGtx? lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ . 

-!_ egf{sf] bf]xf]/f] ;f]kfgsf] l;4fGt (Two street 

Theory of Recruitment) M sfd lbg] / sfd lng] cyf{t\ 

lgo'lQmstf{ / lgo'lQm x'g rfxg] b'j} cf–cfkm\gf] If]qdf :jtGq 

x'g'kb{5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] cfzo xf] . s;nfO{ egf{ ug] { / s'g 

;+:yfdf egf{sf] nflu k|of; ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf b'j} kIfn] 

:jtGqtfk"j{s ljrf/ ug{ / sfo{ ug{ kfpgkb{5 . 

^%



6 th 

-@_ egf{ x'g rfxg]sf] 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt 

(The 

choice of Recruitee of Recruitment) M o; 

l;4fGtcg';f/ egf{ x'g rfxg]n] egf{ ug] { ;+u7gsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ 

lbOg] tna, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf (Fringe Benefits) / j[lQ 

ljsf;sf cj;/x?sf] d"Nof+sg u/L To; ;+u7gdf hfg] jf 

ghfg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg'kb{5 . 

-#_ egf{sf] cfnf]rgfTds ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt 

(Critical Contract Theory of Recruitment) M 

Ps k6s lgo'Qm e};s]sf] JolQmn] ;+u7gsf] rfnrng, 

Jojxf/, ;+:s[lt, cj;/ / ;'ljwfaf/] cWoog u/L cfkm"nfO{ To; 

;+:yf;Fu cfa4 ug] { jf gug] { lg0f{o ug{ / ;+u7gn] lgo'lQm lbPsf] 

JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtf, of]Uotf, lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtf x]/L 

lghnfO{ /fVg] jf g/fVg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg'kb{5 . h;nfO{ 

egf{sf] cfnf]rgfTds ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt elgG5 . 

s'g} klg ;+u7gdf sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ dfly plNnlvt 

l;4fGtx? s'g} g s'g} dfqfdf cfslif{t ePsf x'G5g\ . g]kfn 

6]lnsd sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f e};s]sf] Pp6f :jfoQ ;+:yf eP 

tfklg ax';+Vos z]o/ ;/sf/sf] /x]sf] / ljutsf] ;/sf/L 

;+:yfgsf] Culture af6 d'Qm x'g g;s]sf]n] sd{rf/L 5gf]6df 

k"0f{?kdf :jtGq x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ ljZjJofkL dfGotfk|fKt 

dflysf ;a} l;4fGtx? k"0f{?kn] nfu" x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . tyflk 

plNnlvt l;4fGtx?nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd c+lusf/ ug] { / sd{rf/L 

5gf]6df :jtGq x'g] k|of;:j?k sd{rf/L egf{ tyf kbf]Ggltsf] 

nflu sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L 

lgDgadf]lhdsf] Pp6f kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] ljlgod ( adf]lhd 

kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7g M 

-!_ 

gofF egf{ tyf kbf]Ggltsf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhd 

Ps kbk"lt{ ;ldlt /xg] 

-s_ k|aGw lgb] {zs 

– cWoIf 

-v_ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] sDkgLsf] Ps jl/i7 clws[t 

– ;b:o 

-u_ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] Ps cg'ejL k|ltli7t JolQm 

– ;b:o 

-3_ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] Ps jl/i7 clws[t 

– ;b:o 

-8_ sDkgLsf] k|zf;g x]g] { gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs 

– ;b:o 

-r_ kbk"lt{ ;ldlt ;lrjfno k|d'v 

– ;lrj 

-@_ 

;xfos:t/sf kbx? k"lt{ ug{ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] b]xfo 

adf]lhdsf] Ps kbk"lt{ pk;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . 

-s_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] s'g} 

;b:o Jff sDkgLsf] jl/i7 clws[t – cWoIf 

-v_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} 

clws[t 

– ;b:o 

-u_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] cWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt ljz]if1 

– ;b:o 

-3_ ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] k|zf;g x]g] { clws[t 

– ;lrj 

g]kfn 6]lnsd sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] plNnlvt 

Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ sDkgLsf] nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L 5gf]6df 

:jtGq eP/ ug{ vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvP tfklg kbk"lt{sf] hl6n 

k|lqmof, k' FhLtkm{ ;/sf/sf] clwstd c+z ePsf] sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] 

lxtnfO{ yfFtL /fvL ;dfh tyf d'n'ssf] ;d:oftkm{ k|ToIf jf 

ck|ToIf?kdf nfUg'kg] { afWotf, :jtGq cl:tTj ePsf] :jzfl;t 

;+u7g eP tfklg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg 

cfof]uh:tf /fHosf lgsfox?sf] a9\bf] lgoGq0fh:tf ljljw 

sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g t egf{sf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx? k"0f{?kdf nfu" 

x'g ;s]sf 5g\, g sDkgLsf] sfdsf] cgs"nsf sd{rf/Lx? 

;'ne tyf ;'ky dfWodaf6 5gf]6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu b/vf:t lbPsf pDd]bjf/x? ;a}nfO{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z 

gu/L 5gf]6 ePsf s]xLnfO{ dfq k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;dfj]z 

u/L 5gf]6 ubf{ 5gf]6 k|lqmof l56f] x'g'sf ;fy} ;+u7gsf] nflu 

pko'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'g] ub{5 . o;} 

b[li6sf]0fn] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf pRrtd c+s xfl;n ug] { lglZrt 

;+Vofsf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ dfq k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z u/fpg] 

Joj:yf nfu" ug{ gkfpFb} vf/]h ug{ afWo x'g'k/]sf] tLtf] pbfx/0f 

sDkgL;Fu tfh} 5 . o;}n] abln+bf] kl/l:yltdf sDkgLn] ;/sf/L 

lgsfox?af6 :jtGq eO{ cfkm\g} cgs"nsf] kbk"lt{ tyf egf{sf] k|lqmof 

cjnDag ug] { :jtGqtf /fHo;Fu dfu ug' {kg] { a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

-#_ z'? egf{ tyf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f -ljlgod !#_ 

-s_ ztk|ltzt v'Nnfaf6 dfq k"lt{ ul/g] kbx? M 

tx kbsf] gfd 

! x]Nk/, lkog, rf}lsbf/ / ;f] ;/x 

^^ 

@ nfOgd]g -cfp6;fO8, kfj/_ 

# gf=;=, gf=;= -sDKo'6/_, 6fOlk:6 t[tLo, h'=6]=-kfj/_ / x=;=rf= 

$ ef=;=rf=, ;xfos -sDKo'6/_ 

% cf]e/l;o/, jl/i7 lgdf{0f ;xfos, jl/i7 ;"rgf k|ljlw 

^ 

& 

;xfos lk|lG6ª clws[t 

d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/ / 6]lnsd d]lG6g]G; OlGhlgo/

{ 

{ 


-v_ ztk|ltzt a9'jfaf6 dfq k"lt{ ul/g] kbx? 

tx kbsf] gfd 

$ ;jf/Lrfns 

% jl/i7 ;jf/Lrfns 

-u_ v'Nnf / d"Nof+sg a9'jftkm{sf] kb ljefhg M 

kbsf] ljj/0f v'Nnf d"Nof+sg 

a9'jf 

k|ljlwstkm{ tx *, (, !), !! *@)÷) *)÷!)) 

k|zf;gtkm{ tx &, *, (, !), !! *@)÷) *)÷!)) 

k|fljlws clws[t tx & &% @% 

k|zf;g clws[t tx ^ %) %) 

k|zf;gtkm{ afFsL ;a} %) %) 

* lrGx lbPsf] kbx?sf] k|ltzt ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgb] {zg 

ePdf dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/ x'g]5 . 

-3_ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf -ljlgod !# -!_ h_ 

a9'jfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] kbsf] tx * / ;f]eGbf dflysf] 

kbdf !) k|ltzt / cGo kbdf @% k|ltzt 

-ª_ of]Uotf gePsfsf] nflu d"Nof+sg a9'jf -ljlgod !# -!_ em_ 

clws[t :t/sf] s'g} kbaf6 dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'gsf] 

nflu clws[t :t/ z'? txsf] v'Nnfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] 

Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf t/ ;]jf cjlw ^ jif{ 

k'u]sfnfO{ a9'jfsf] cj;/ lbg cfGtl/s d"Nof+sg a9'jfsf] 

nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] kbsf] @) k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofpg'kg] { . 

-$_ 

v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] c+s ef/ 

lnlvt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] c+s======================&) 

-lnlvt tyf k|of]ufTds b'j} x'g] ePdf lnlvtsf] nflu 

#) / k|of]ufTdssf] nflu $) c+s ljefhg x'g]5 ._ 

cGtjf{tf{sf] c+s===============================================@% 

z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c+s =========================================)% 

k"0ff{Í !)) 

z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c+s ljefhg b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 . 

of]Uotfsf] lsl;d 

k|yd >]0fL låtLo >]0fL t[tLo >]0fL 

Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt # @ ! 

Ps txdflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt @ !=% ! 


2010 

6 th 

-%_ 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg a9'jfsf] c+s ljefhg M 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgafkt =====================$) 

-;'k/Lj]Ifs=======@), k'g/jnf]sgstf{==!@, 

k'g/jnf]sg ;ldlt=======*_ 

ef}uf]lns If]qafkt===================================================@) 

-…sÚ ju{ ====$ c+s, …vÚ ju{=========#=&% c+s, …uÚ ju{=========#=%) 

c+s, …3Ú ju{=====#=@% c+s, …ªÚ ju{ ====@ c+s_ 

z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt=====================================================!% 

z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c+s ljefhg b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 . 

of]Uotfsf] lsl;d k|yd låtLo t[tLo 

Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] !# !@ !! 

! txdflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] @ !=% ! 

xfnsf] txsf] Ho]i7tfafkt k|ltjif{ @ sf b/n] clwstd=====@@ 

sfof{no k|d'vafkt k|To]s jif{sf] =&% sf b/n] clwstd====)# 

k"0ff{Í M !)) 

;hfo / k'g/fj]bg 

ljlgod *( ;hfo 

-!_ gl;xt lbg] 

-@_ tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ug] 

-#_ a9'jf /f]Ssf ug] 

-$_ % u| ]8 36'jf 

-%_ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] 

-^_ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] 

ljlgod ($ ;hfo lbg] clwsf/L 

-!_ clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflysf] !,@,# cg';f/sf] 

;hfo lbg'kbf{ k|aGw lgb] {zsn] / cGo ;fhosf] xsdf 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lnP/ k|aGw lgb] {zsn] . 

-@_ ;xfos :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflysf] !,@,# cg';f/sf] 

;hfo lbg'kbf{ If]qLo lgb] {zs jf ;DalGwt gf=k|=lg=n] / 

cGo ;hfosf] xsdf k|aGw lgb] {zssf] :jLs[lt lnP/ 

If]qLo lgb] {zs jf ;DalGwt gf=k|=lg=n] . 

-#_ dfly h] n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ 

s]Gb|Lo :t/af6} sf/afxL ug' {kg] { b]lvPdf dflysf] !,@,# 

cg';f/sf] ;hfo gf=k|=lg= -k|zf;g_n] k|aGw lgb] {zssf] 

:jLs[lt lnP/ lbg ;lsg]5 . 

"Help Ever Hurt Never" 

"LOVE All Serve All" 

- Satya Sai Baba 

^&



6 th 

;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf 

sDKo'6/fOH8 k|0ffnL ERP 

uf]s0f{ l;6f}nf 

pkk|aGws, sf=If]=lg= 

g]kfn 6]lnsd, g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] Ps ;kmn 

;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf u|fxsju{x?df ;do;fk]If ;]jf–;'ljwf 

pknAAw u/fpFb} cfufdL lbgx?df k|ljlw, cfly{s ;fwg / dfgj 

;+;fwgsf] clwstd k|of]u u/L cem pTs[i6 ;]jf k|bfg ug] {tkm{ 

of]hgfa4 / /0fgLlts?kdf nflu kl//x]sf] ;+:yf xf] . 

b]zdf :yfkgf ePsf w]/} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] cfkm\gf] 

cl:tTj u'dfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm"nfO{ kl/:s[t 

ub} { hfg'df o;n] ckgfPsf gLltx? h:t}– dfgj ;fwgnfO{ cfw'lgs 

k|ljlw;Fu kl/ro u/fpg', Dofg'on Process x?nfO{ qmdzM 

Computerized ub} { hfg', ljZjdf k|of]u x'g] ;~rf/sf] cfw'lgs 

gofF k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]u / u|fxsju{x?df ;do;fk]If cTofw'lgs 

;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg ;Sg' g} xf] eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf . 

sDkgLsf] ljsf;df cfly{s tyf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] /]s8{, 

;"rgf tyf s'g} lglZrt ;dodf To;sf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L 

k|fKt ug' { dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L ljutsf 

jif{x?df Human Resources, Welfare Management / 

Accounting sfo{df :yfgLo ahf/df tof/ ul/Psf ;–;fgf 

Stand Alone Mode sf Software x?sf] k|of]u u/L ;"rgfsf] 

clen]v /fVg], k|zf]wg ug] { / l/kf]6{ lng] sfo{ ub} { cfO/lxPsf] 

5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu} cfPsf] k|lt:kwf{, Working Culture, 

Cost of Human Resources tyf ;/sf/L gLltsf] sf/0f o;/L 

cnu–cnu sfof{nodf k|of]u ul/Psf Software/System x? 

nfO{ Integrated Module sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug' { cTofjZos 

ePsf]n] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] uxg cWoog–cg';GwfgkZrft\ ljZjel/ 

pTs[i6?kdf k|of]u ePsf] Oracle Financial, Enterprise 

Resource Planning (Orcle ERP) sf] k|of]u ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . 

s] xf] Oracle ERP ? 

ljZjljVoft Software sDkgL ORACLE n] n]vf tyf 

hgzlQmsf] ljj/0fx? Computerized ug{sf] nflu ljleGg 

Module x?df ljeQm u/L Centralized Database Concept 

df tof/ u/]sf] Integrated Standard Software g} Oracle 

ERP xf] . 

ORACLE n] Oracle ERP nfO{ ;do;fk]If 

Customisation/Development ub} { ljleGg Module x? tof/ 

u/L Integration ub{ } cfO/x]sf] 5 . ERP sf ljleGg Module 

x?dWo] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] cfjZostfcg';f/ jt{dfgdf !) 

j6f Module x? vl/b u/L k|of]udf Nofpg nfu]sf] 5 . h;sf] 

k|of]uaf6 xfn b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? h:t}– ;dodf n]vf ljj/0f 

tof/ x'g g;Sg,] n]vfkfngdf e}/x]sf] ljljwtf, l:y/ ;DkQLsf] 

ljj/0f, n]vf+sg, Valuation, lhG;L Joj:yfkg, zfvf lx;fa, 

sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v cflbdf ;dfwfg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;/L k|of]udf Nofpg nfluPsf] Module x? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

!= Human Resources (HR): 

sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0fx? h:t}– sd{rf/Lsf] 

cfjZostf, lj1fkg, k/LIff, glthf, Posting, Transfer, 

Upgrade, Reward & Punishment, Leave Record 

cflbsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu . 

@= Payroll : 

tna, eQf ljj/0f, k]G;g, pkbfg cflb;Fu ;DalGwtsDkgLsf] 

ERP ;~rfng x'g] sfof{nox?sf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

tna eQf s]Gb|Ls[t ?kdf tof/ ul/g] / ;f] tna eQf 

;DalGwt sfof{nox?af6 a} +sdf hDdf gub ljt/0f ul/g] . 

#= Account Receivable (AR) : 

sDkgLsf] cfo -/fh:j_ sf] n]vf+sg;Fu ;DalGwt- o;n] 

CBS, GSM, CDMA, IBS cflb System ;Fu ;dGjo 

u/L Billing tyf Collection sf] ;"rgfx? lng] / 

ljj/0f tof/ ug] { sfo{sf] ;fy} Incoming / Outgoing 

Sharing ;DaGwL ljj/0f tof/ ug] { . 

$= Treasury and Cash Management (TRCM) : 

sDkgLsf] gub Joj:yfkg, ah]6 tyf nufgL;DaGwL sfo{sf] 

clen]v /fVg] / ljj/0f tof/ ug] { sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt . 

%= Inventory (INV) : 

lhG;L Joj:yfkg h:t}– k|flKt, x:tfGt/0f cflb;Fu ;DalGwt . 

^= Fixed Assets (FA): 

^*

{ 

+ 


l:y/ ;DklQsf] n]vf+sg, x|f; s§L cflb;Fu ;DalGwt . 

&= Project (PA) : 

sDkgLaf6 ;~rfng x'g] of]hgfx?sf] ljj/0fsf] nflu . 

*= Purchasing (PO) : 

vl/b;DaGwL sfo{x? h:t}– dfukmf/fd tof/, vl/b cfb]z 

cflbsf] nflu . 

(= Account Payable (AP) : 

e'QmfgL, Letter of Credit cflb;Fu ;DalGwt . 

!)= General Ledger (GL) : 

dfly pNn]v ePsf ;a} Module x?sf] Consolidate 

u/L cfly{s ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{sf] nflu . 

ERP sf] cfjZostf M 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljleGg ;]jfx?sf] lj:tf/ ub} { u|fxs ;+Vofdf 

x/]s jif{ pNn]Vo?kdf j[l4 ub} { cfO/x]sf] / o;af6 sf/f]af/sf] 

;+Vof;d]t j[l4 ePsf] 5 . csf] {tkm{ sDkgLsf] cfly{s, dfgj 

;+;fwg tyf cGo ljj/0fx? l56f]eGbf l56f] ;xL?kdf tof/ 

ug' {kg] { afWotf /x]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{sf] lx;falstfa jif{ ;dfKt 

ePsf] ldltn] # dlxgfleq ;DkGg u/L sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f;ef 

ug' {kg] { sfg'gL bfloTj;d]t 5 . oL s'/fx?nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ 

k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]uljgf dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] sfo{ 

;DkGg ug{sf] nflu cg]s k|sf/sf afwf–c8\rgx? cfOkg] { / 

kl//x]sf]n] klg ERP sf] k|of]u cfjZos ePsf] 5 . 

b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, /fhgLlts l:ylt, sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

sfo{z}nL, cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfo{df cfPsf] ;d:of tyf 

b}lgs?kdf sfo{ ;DkGg gu/L ef]lnsf] lbg kv{g] xfd|f] xfnsf] 

sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g gu/L ahf/df b]lvPsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;dfgf ug{ 

c;Dej 5 . To;}n] b]zel/sf sfof{nox?sf] sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g 

u/L sfddf Ps?ktf Nofpg;d]t ERP sf] cfjZos 5 . To;} u/L 

jt{dfgdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf n]vf ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{ / 

dfgj;|f]t;DaGwL ;xL ;"rgfsf] cefjdf o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ 

g;Sgfn] sDkgLsf] ;fvdf ;d]t x|f; cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjljVoft 

o; k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] ;xL k|of]u sDkgLsf] cfly{s tyf dfgj;|f]t– 

;fwgsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df sf];]9' +uf ;flat x'g]5 . 

ERP Implementation Phases : 

s'g} klg kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu bIf hgzlQm ePsf] 

Ps l6dsf] cfjZostf x'g] ub{5 . o;} k|of]hgsf] nflu Oracle 

ERP Project ;~rfng ug{sf] lglDt sDkgLn] ljleGg lj1x?sf] 

;d"x v8f u/L r/0fa4?kdf sfo{ ub} { cfO/xsf] 5 . o; Project 

;DaGwL ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 . 

!= Project Implementor : 

LG CNS, India 

@= SRD (System Requirement Document ) tof/ ug] 

sfo{ o; Project sf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] ldlt -!) 

h'g, @))(_ af6 ^% lbg . pQm sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] . 


2010 

6 th 

#= sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljleGg Module ;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd qmdzM 

;~rfng e}/x]sf] ] . 

$= CRP (Conference Room Piloting) System Overview 

/ Nepal Telecom sf] cfjZostf sxfF–s;/L k"/f x'G5 

eGg]af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] . 

%= UAT (User Acceptance Test) – Data Entry / l/kf]6{ 

tof/ ug] {;DaGwL Users tflnd @! lbgsf] ;DkGg e};s]sf] . 

^= Data Migrition- @)^^ sflt{s d;fGt;Ddsf] 8]6f ERP 

System df 6«fG;km/ ug] { sfo{ -s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sf=If]=lg= 

/ b"=;+=sf= kf6g / s]Gb|Lo :6f]/_ ;DkGg e};s]sf] . 

&= Go Live - k|yd r/0fdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f} 

If]qLo lgb] {zgfno, b"=;+=sf= kf6g / s]Gb|Lo :6f]/df ERP 

;~rfng ug] { sfo{ of]hgfcg';f/ 31 December, 2009. 

b]lv pQm :yfgdf ERP ;~rf/g e};s]sf] . o;kl5 klxnf] 

/ bf];|f] r/0fdf u/L @ jif{leq cyf{t\ h'g (, @)!! ;Dd 

;a} sfof{nox? ERP df cfa4 e};Sg]5g\ . 

o;/L dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ @ jif{sf] Project cjlwdf 

g]kfnel/sf ljefu, lgb] {zgfno, n]vf sfof{nox? tyf gub 

;+sng s]Gb|x?df ERP nfu" ePkl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] n]vf 

tyf k|zf;gsf] If]qdf gofF o'usf] yfngL eO{ o; If]qdf sfd 

ug] { ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{s'zntf, sfo{bIftf tyf 1fg / 

;Lkdf j[l4 x'g]5 . 

ERP ;~rfngaf6 x'g] kmfObfx? M 

ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv kf}if d;fGtleq n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ 

;DkGg u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefudf sDkgLsf] gfkmf– 

gf]S;fg tyf ;DklQ Pjd\ bfloTjsf] ljj/0fx? (Profit & Loss 

Account and Balance Sheet) k]; ul/;Sg'kg] { sfg'gL afWotf 

eP klg xfnsf] Manual System / To;df klg Ps?ktfsf] 

cefj /x]sf sf/0f ;Dej ge}/x]sf]n] sDkgLsf] ;fvdf gsf/fTds 

k|efj kl//x]sf] tyf ;dodf cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug{ g;Sbf 

sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef;d]t lgwf{l/t ;dodf ug{ 

g;lsg] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ERP sf] ;~rfngaf6 sDkgLnfO{ 

w]/} kmfObf x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 x'g] kmfObfx?nfO{ 

o; k|sf/n] a' Fbfut x]g{ ;lsG5 . 

-s_ Ps?ktf – 

ERP k"0f{?kdf ;~rfng ePkl5 ;a} sfof{nox? Central 

Database ;Fu cfa4 x'g] x' Fbf ;a}n] k|of]u ug] { Program df 

Ps?ktf cfpg] / o;af6 xfn b]lvPsf] Compilation, Assets 

and Inventory Codification tyf Reconciliation sf] ;d:of 

x6\g uO{ sfo{s'zntf j[l4 x'g]5 . 

-v_ l:y/ ;DklQ / lhG:fL df}Hbftsf] n]vf+sg – 

xfn /x]sf] l:y/ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f n]vf+sg nut tyf 

lhG;L df}Hbftsf] d"No Pjd\ PsfOsf] lx;falstfadf b]lvPsf 

;d:ofx? k"0f{?kdf ;dfwfg x'g uO{ sDkgLsf] ;DklQ tyf lhG;L 

^(

{ 



6 th 

df}Hbftsf] ljj/0f tyf n]vf b'?:t x'g] / sDkgLsf] ;DklQ / 

bfloTjsf] ;xL ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf tof/ ug{ d2t ldNg]5 . 

-u_ ;dodf ljj/0f tof/ x'g] – 

x/]s sf/f]af/x? b}lgs jf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Posting/ 

Update x'g] x' Fbf rfx]sf] a]nfdf Trial Balance nufot 

cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{ ;lsg] x' Fbf xfnsf] h:tf] 

ljj/0f tof/ u/L Compile/Consolidation ug' {kg] { sfo{df 

lg/LIf0f tyf lgoGq0f ug] { sfo{Dff ;/ntf cfO{ s'g} klg a]nf 

sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lng ;lsg]5 . 

-3_ zfvf lx;fasf] ;d:of ;dfwfg – 

xfn b]lvPsf] )^)@, )^)$ b]lv )^!# ;Dd 

l/slG;lno;gsf] ;d:of ERP ;~rfngkl5 /xg]5}g . 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna eQf s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 tof/ x'g] / tof/ ePs} 

cj:yfdf ;DalGwt sfof{nox?df n]vf+sg x'g] tyf lhG;L :yfgfGt/0f 

x' Fbfsf] ljj/0f / d"Nosf] ljj/0fx? System n] g} Track u/L 

Accounting ug] { x' Fbf xfn b]lvPsf] )^)@ / )^)% sf] lx;fa 

ldnfgsf] ;d:of x6\gu} o;df jt{dfgdf /x]sf] sdL–sdhf]/L 

g/xg] x' Fbf ;do / hgzlQmdf 7"nf] dfqfdf art x'g]5 . 

-ª_ sf/f]af/sf] hfFr, Control tyf ;'/Iff – 

ERP System df User x? h:t}– Key Use, Manager, 

Super User cflb ljleGg txdf sfd ug] { sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljefhg 

u/L sfd / clwsf/sf] cfwf/df System df Access lbOg] 

x' Fbf Data Entry, Verification, Approval tyf Positing / 

Update cflb sfo{df txut Control /xg] ePsf]n] Data 

x? ;'/lIft tyf z'4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/G5 . Entry ePsf Data x? 

s;n], slxn] Entry u/]sf] xf] < Approve u/]sf] xf] h:tf 

ljj/0fx?sf] Log/History System df /xg] x' Fbf pRr:t/sf] 

Data Security o; System df /xg]5 . 

-r_ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u – 

g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf] b]zJofkL?kdf ;~hfn ePsf] / 7"nf] 

dfqfdf k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx? tyf bIf hgzlQm /x]sf] ;+:yfsf] 

n]vf tyf k|zf;g;DaGwL sfo{ Manual x'g'n] k|lt:kwL{x?n] 

o;nfO{ x]g] { b[li6sf]0f / Manual System df /x]sf] ljljw 

;d:ofsf] sf/0f sDkgLsf] sfo{s'zntf tyf ;fvdf cfOk/]sf] 

gsf/fTds k|efjdf Jofks kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu ljZjJofkL?kdf 

k|of]udf cfPsf] Ps :t/Lo Software, Oracle ERP g]kfn 

6]lnsddf ;kmntfsf] ;fy ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 o;sf] ;fvdf 

pNn]Vo j[l4 eO{ sd{rf/L, Joj:yfkg tyf z]o/ xf]N8/x?df 

;sf/fTds efjgf k}bf x'g uO{ sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf 

xfnsf] eGbf yk b/df j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . 

ERP sf] ;~rfngdf cfpg ;Sg ;d:ofx? M– 

xfn k|of]udf /x]sf Software x? h:t}– CBS Mofin, IBS, 

Acct 2000, Cash Card othe Salable Items Sales Module 

cflbsf] ;~rfngdf ljutdf /x]sf] Network, Oprational, 

Internal Coordination cflb ;d:ofx?nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ERP 

sf] ;~rfngdf klg s]xL ;d:ofx? cfpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ 

;lsGg . ljleGg !) Module x? / ltgLx?aLrsf] Integration, 

Billing tyf Cash Collection System x?af6 ;d/L 8]6f Transfer 

ug] { sfo{x? ;dodf / ;xL tl/sfn] ] ug{ ;lsPg eg] jf b]zsf] ;a} 

n]vf sfof{no–gub ;+sng sfof{nodf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?df 

kof{Kt tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPg eg] ERP Implementation 

/ ;~rfngdf ;d:of cfOkg{ ;Sg]5 . sDkgLn] k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf 

7"nf] km8\sf] df/L k|lt:kwL{x?;Fu d'sflanf ug{ cu|;/ eO{ ;~rfngdf 

Nofpg nfu]sf] o; System nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf d'n'sel/ 

;~rfngdf Nofpgsf] nflu sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?df o;sf] 

hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;a}sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . 

cGtdf M 

cfly{s?kdf ;an g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] n]vf / k|zf;g;Fu 

;DjlGwt sf/f]af/x? Traditional Manual System df ;~rfng 

e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjs} pTs[i6 Software, Oracle ERP 

System df ;~rfng x'g] s'/fdf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?n] uf}/j ug' {kg] 

x'G5 . h'g !), @))( af6 z'? ERP ;~rfngsf] k|f]h]S6 cfh;Dd 

tf]lsPsf] sfo{ tf]lsPs} ;dodf ;DkGg x' Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf] 

;dodf k|yd r/0fsf] sfd k"/f u/L ERP ;~rfngdf Nofpg o; 

k|f]h]S6sf] nflu lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t /x]sf 

5g\ . ;a}sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / ;xof]u k|fKt ePdf tf]lsPsf] @ 

jif{leq of] Software g]kfn 6]lnsdel/ nfu" x'g uO{ sDkgLsf] 

sfo{If]qdf cfw'lgskgf cfpg] / cfjZos ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{ 

;lhnf] eO{ cfjZos ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] x' Fbf ;a} 

b"/;~rf/sdL{x?n] cf-cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 Ps k6s cys k|of; u/L 

ERP Project nfO{ k"0f{?kdf ;~rfngdf Nofpg kxn ug{ ;s] 

sDkgLnfO{ bL3{sfnLg?kdf kmfObf k'Ug]5 . 

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) : 

df]afOn ;]6af6 g} Internet Browsing, E-mail, Multimedia Message k7fpg jf rnfpg ;lsg] ;'ljwf 

k|fKt ug{ GPRS lng cfjZos kb{5 . of] ;]jf lnPsf u|fxsx?nfO{ Internet af6 ;a} lsl;dsf Information 

x? k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwf x'g]5 . of] ;]jf k|of]u ug{sf] nflu GPRS support ug{ ] df]afOn set x'g'k5{ . ;]jf 

pkof]u u/]afkt lgwf{l/t z'Ns e'Qmfg ug' {kb{5 . of] ;]jf k|of]u ug] { u|fxsn] cfkm\gf] df]afOn ;]6af6 g} e-mail, 

Internet, Browse ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] x/]s ;do cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] JolQm;Fu ;Dks{df /lx/xg tyf OG6/ 

g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ug' {kg] { cfkm\gf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x? ;lhn};Fu hxfF /x]/ klg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] of] ;]jf ;do tyf 

>dsf] ;b'kof]u ug{df cToGt k|efjsf/Ll;4 x'g]5 . 

&)



2010 

6 th 

6«fG;ld;g of]hgf M 

jt{dfg l:ylt Pjd\ 

efjL sfo{qmd 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b]zsf ;a} zx/x? Pjd\ ahf/f]Gd'v 

ufpFx?df PS:r]Ghåf/f 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . 

@)^^ efb|;Dddf b]zsf &# lhNnfx?sf @ ;o #$ :yfgx?df 

6]lnkmf]g PS:r]Ghx?sf] :yfkgf u/L % nfv ^% xhf/eGbf a9L 

nfOg u|fxsx?sf] 3/–3/;Dd tfdfsf] tf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;]jf 

pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L GSM k|fljlwsf gd:t] 

Pjd\ NTC df]afOnsf sl/a ## nfv l;dx? ljt/0f u/L 

u|fxsx?nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] CDMA k|ljlwdf 

cfwfl/t C- kmf]g, SKY kmf]g, SKY 8f6f cflb sl/a * nfv 

;]6 l/d ljt/0f u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

ljZjahf/df ev{/ cfPsf] 3G df]afOn;d]t ;~rfngdf NofO{ 

^*# hgf u|fxsx? agfO;s]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fdf !^=%* k|ltzt 6]ln3gTj 

k'¥ofpg g]kfn 6]lnsdn ;kmn eO;s]sf] 5 . xfn b]zsf] s'n 

6]ln3gTj nueu @@=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cGo ;fs{ /fi6«x?;Fu 

t'ngf ug] { xf] eg] of] cToGt Go"g xf] . hgj/L @))( sf] 

tYof+snfO{ x]g] { xf] eg] ef/tsf] @^ k|ltzt, e'6fgsf] #@ k|ltzt, 

>Ln+sfsf] ^! k|ltzt, kfls:tfgsf] ^) k|ltzt tyf dflNbE;sf] 

!$$=^* k|ltzt k'lu;s]sf] 5 . o; cy{df g]kfnsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] 

ljt/0f s5'jf ultdf lxFl8/x]sf] 5 eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . 

cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f Pjd\ k|of]unfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf klg 

*) k|ltzt;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f x'g ;S5 eGg] ;xh} cg'dfg 

nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu hgtfsf] qmozlQmsf] cfwf/df 

6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n qdzM 36fpFb} n}hfg'kg] { b]lvG5 . o;sf 

nflu PS:r]Ghaf6 PS:r]Gh, BSC af6 BTS, PSTN af6 MSC, 

Legacy Switch af6 Soft Switch (NGN) ;Ddsf] hf]8\g] 

6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ cToGt e/kbf] { Pjd\ ;:tf] h8fg ug' { cTofjZos 

kb{5 . b]zsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6sf sf/0f 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{df 

k|of]u x'g] k|ljlwx?df Microwave Communication, 

ljdn cfrfo{ 

j=O= g]kfn 6]lnsd 

Fellow IETE, M.E. (AIT), B.Sc. 

Eng. (BUET) 

Optical Fibre, Satellite Communication cflbsf] k|of]u 

ug' {kg] { x'G5 . g]kfnsf] clt b'u{d lhNnfx? h:t}– d'u', x'Dnf / 

8f]Nkfdf Satellite k|ljlwdfkm{t Transmission Link k'¥ofO{ 

Exchange, GSM BTS Pjd\ CDMA BTS x? ;~rfngdf 

NofOPsf] 5 . h:t}– 8f]Nkfsf] h'kmfn, d':tfªsf] d'lQmgfy, ;f]n'v'Da'sf] 

gfDr], /f]Nkfsf] 3tL{ufpF . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

b'u{d If]qdf PS:r]Gh jf df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu 

Satellite k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]t cFufNg'kg] { of]hgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} 

n}hfg'kb{5 . Satellite k|ljlw w]/} vlr{nf] k|ljlw ePsf] sf/0f t/fO{ 

Pjd\ kxf8L ;'ud :ynx?df tf//lxt 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ (Microwave 

Communication) sf] l56f]5l/tf] 9+un] lj:tf/ ub} { n}hfg' 

h?/L b]lvG5 . 

Microwave Communication lj:tf/ 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o;sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} PS:r]Ghx? 

hf]8\gsf nflu k|of]u ub} { cfPsf] k|ljlw Microwave xf] . o; 

k|ljlwdf 1-30 GHZ Frequency sf] k|of]u ul/G5 / o;sf] 

&!


nflu Pp6f 6fj/b]lv csf] { 6fj/;Dd b]lvg' (Line of sight) 

kb{5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] PDH, Super PDH Pjd\ SDH Radio 

x?sf] k|of]u ub} { cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljutdf ;w} F Pp6f E1 sf] nflu 

6fpsf] sGofpg'kg] { afWotfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L 6«fG;ld;g of]hgf 

ljefun] b]zsf &@ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?;Dd sDtLdf STM1 

cyf{t\ ^# j6f E1 k'¥ofpg] nIo /fvL of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . 

cfufdL b'O{ jif{leqdf b]zsf &@ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?;Dd sDtLdf 

^# j6f E1 k'¥ofpg] nIo /fvL of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] Teletra, Nokia, JRC, OKI, Nera sDkgLsf PDH 

System sf /]l8of], dS; pks/0fx? lemsfO{ z'?sf Exchange 

x?aLr E1(2Mb/s), E2(8Mb/s), E3(34Mb/s) / 

E4(140Mb/s) Ifdtf;Ddsf] /]l8of] ln+sn] hf]8\g] sfd u/]sf] 

lyof] . sf7df8f} +b]lv g]kfnuGh;Dd Nera sf] E4 Ifdtf;Ddsf] 

PDH Radio Link 6GHz Frequency df ;~rfngdf 

NofOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] SDH Microwave Radio 

pks/0fx? klg d'Vo zx/sf Exchange x? / MSC x?aLr 

h8fgdf k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] Siemens / 

Harris sDkgLsf SDH pks/0fx? k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . b'j} 

ln+ssf] Ifdtf 7+1 STM1 ;Ddsf 5g\ . Siemens sf $^ 

j6f ln+sx? ljz]if u/L k"jf{~rndf ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] %* j6f 

Harris sf ln+sx? b]zel/ g} ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . s]xL 

d'Vo ln+sx?sf] lrqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Harris tyf Siemens 

sf SDH Microwave pks/0fx? Upper 6 GHz 

Frequency Band df ;~rflnt 5g\ . 

clK6sn 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b]zsf k|d'v zx/x?aLr w]/} Ifdtfsf] 

6«flkms k7fpg ;Sg] u/L MSC-PSTN, PSTN-PSTN, MSC- 

MSC, MSC-BSC cflb aLrsf] Transmission Link df 

clK6sn kmfOa/ k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . k"j{ sfFs8le§fb]lv 

;'b"/klZrdsf] dx]Gb|gu/;Dd k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df @$ j6f 

Optical Fiber Duct df /fvL laR5\ofOPsf] 5 . ;f]dWo] sl/a 


6 th 

%) k|ltzt dfq xfn STM1, STM4, STM16 sf] ?kdf 

k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . t/ afFsLsf] g t g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm"n] 

k|of]udf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5, g t cGo ICT ck/]6/ (Telecom 

ck/]6/ / OG6/g]6 ck/]6/ cflb_ x?nfO{ ef8fdf nufpg ;s]sf] 

5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] k"jf{wf/nfO{ Bandwidth lease 

jf s]xL ;t{x?df /fvL s]xL Dark Fiber lglZrt cljlwsf 

nflu ef8fdf lbg ;s]sf] eP sDkgLnfO{ a;] {lg s/f]8f} + cfDbfgL 

x'GYof] . csf] { p:t} sfo{sf nflu cGo lghL 6]lnsd ck/]6/x?n] 

clK6sn kmfOa/ k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df laR5\ofpg h?/L 

kb} {gYof] . ;f] /sd 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfu k"lt{ ug{ jf lah'nL pTkfbg 

ug{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] lyof] . o:tf] /fli6«o ;DklQ 

cgfjZos?kdf bf]xf]/f]–t]xf]/f] nufgL ug{ lbg gx'g] jftfj/0f 

agfpg g;Sg' b]zsf] gLltsf] klg sdhf]/L xf] eGgdf cTo'lQm 

gxf]nf . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] sf7df8f} +b]lv tftf]kfgL;Dd Optical 

Fiber la5\ofO;s]sf] 5 . ;f] kmfOa/nfO{ ef/t / rLgaLrsf] 

6«flkms cfbfgk|bfg ug{ k'nsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ug' { cTofjZos 

5 . cGt/f{li6«o snsf] 6«flGh6 KjfOG6sf] ?kdf sfd ug{sf 

nflu e/kbf] { Transmission ln+ssf] dfu cfpg' :jfefljs xf], 

t;y{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ef/t–sf7df8f} +–tftf]kfgL–rLg;Ddsf] 

ln+snfO{ !±! sf] Optical Fiber g]6js{ :yfkgf ug' { cTofjZos 

5 . !±! eGgfn] Pp6f t hldgd'lg laR5\ofOPsf] Optical x'g 

;S5 eg] cGo OPGW/ADSS k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 . 

Optical Ground wire (OPGW) eGgfn] lah'nLsf] High 

Tension Line df tflgg] Ground wire xf], h;af6 

Earthing Pjd\ Information Flow x'G5 . o:t} All 

Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) Optical Cable 

lah'nL kf]ndf Telephone Cable tflgg] kmfOa/ xf] . 

o;af6 kmf]g, 8f6f, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f;Fu sf7df8f}+–x]6f}+8f– 

e}/xjf, sf7df8f}+–kf]v/f–e}/xjf;Dd OPGW ef8fdf lnO{ 

;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] cToGt} 

e/kbf]{ / cToGt sd dd{t–;DEff/df vr{ x'g] k|ljlw xf] . 

o;sf] k|of]usf] JofkstfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} hfg] nIo 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lnPsf] 5 . ef/t / rLgsf] 6«flkms Flow 

ug{sf nflu jL/uGh–x]6f}+8f–sf7df8f}+–ef]6]sf]zL;Dd 

OPGW / ef]6]sf]zLb]lv tftf]kfgL;Dd ADSS sf] k|of]u 

u/L j}slNks ln+ssf] Joj:yf u/fO{ cGt/f{li6«o snsf] 

Transit Point sf] ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ ljsl;t ug{ ;s]df 

a;]{lg s/f]8f}+ 8n/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . 

&@

+ 



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] sfd7f8f} + pkTosfleqsf rfalxn–gS;fn–;'Gwf/f– 

hfjnfv]n cflb Exchange x?aLr Optical Ring agfO{ 

;~rfngdf NofPsf] w]/} jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] Ifdtf STM1, 

STM4, STM16, STM64 ;Dd /flvPsf] 5 . xfn sf7df8f} 

pkTosfsf nflu yk Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/ ug' {kg] { ;do cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

port df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] lgs6 eljiodf lelqg 

nfu]sf] IP based NGN k|ljlwsf] nflu cfjZos kg] { IP 

Port x? cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/jt{g u/L ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 

sf7df8f} + pkTosfsf] nflu g]kfn 6]lnsdn] High Capacity 

sf IP based Router x? vl/b ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . Router 

sf] Ifdtf 1.2 Tb/s ;Dd x'g] x'Fbf sf7df8f}+sf] Broad 

band Traffic nfO{ ;d]t o;n] ;xh} wfGg ;Sg]5 . o;} u/L 

k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df /x]sf] clK6sn kmfOa/sf] Ifdtf j[l4 

Pjd\ gofF zx/x?df yk Ifdtfsf] MSC Pjd\ PSTN/NGN 

Switch h8fgsf nflu cfjZos kg] { NG-SDH k|ljlwdf 

cfwfl/t pks/0fx? vl/b ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;af6 cfufdL 

NGN Expansion sf nflu Transmission Tetwork 

sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t kl/k"lt{ ug] {5 . 

efjL sfo{qmd M 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b]zsf ;a} ;b/d'sfdx?df sDtLdf 

STM1 (63E1) k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] Super PDH k|0ffnLsf 

pks/0fx? vl/b ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . cfufdL b'O{ jif{leqdf x'Dnf, 

d'u' / 8f]Nkfafx]s cGo ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df Microwave 

SPDH Radio x? h8fg ug] { sfo{qmd tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

To:t} k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsfx?, zx/f]Gd'v ufpFx?;Dd sDtLdf 

@) j6f E1 k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] yk pks/0fx? vl/b ug] { k|lqmofdf 

cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 . Super PDH sf /]l8of] pks/0fx? 

cToGt ;/n, ;fgf], e/kbf] { / ;:tf] ePsf sf/0f ljZjahf/df 

of] k|ljlw nf]slk|o x' Fb} uPsf] 5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 E1 b]lv 2 

*STM1 ;Dd / FE/GE ports x?;d]t /xg] x'gfn] 

TDM/IP based Requirement x?;Fu sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . 

h:t} 100Mb/s sf] Port 5 eg] o;nfO{ @% j6f TDM 

based E1 (50 Mb/s) / 50Mb/s sf] IP Based data 

&# 

efjL /0fgLlt M 

g]kfn 6]lnsd :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} k|foM ;'lgg] u/]sf] s'/f s] 

xf] eg] E1 g} k'u]g t;y{ PS:r]Gh hf]8\g kfOPg, sn nfu]g, 

BTS rn]g, UTEL, Spice, STM cflbnfO{ Interconnect 

ug{ ;lsPg . o; /f]uaf6 ca g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;bfsf 

nflu d'Qm kfg' {kb{5 . dfly plNnlvt sfo{qmdx?n] cfufdL # 

jif{;Ddsf nflu kof{Kt Transmission Network sf] Ifdtf 

k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cfufdL % jif{;Dddf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

cfkm\gf] 6]ln3gTjnfO{ ^) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnO{ nfOg 

Ifdtfdf GSM/WCDMA k|ljlwaf6 ! s/f]8, CDMA 

af6 @% nfv / Fixed nfOg Network nfO{ @% nfv 

k'¥ofpg] nIo lnO{ sfo{qmdsf] /0fgLlt tof/ kfbf{ pko'Qm 

x'G5 . g]kfnleq ^ j6f 6]lnsd ck/]6/x? cfO;s]sf] kl/k| ]Iodf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] Fixed/Wireless Network nfO{ 

b| 'tultdf lj:tf/ ub} { nfg ;Sg'kb{5, cGoyf xfnsf] ;a}eGbf 

7"nf] ck/]6/ eGg] pkflw s'g} klg a]nf vf]l;g ;S5 . o;sf 

nflu e/kbf] { Transmission g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ x'g' h?/L 5 .



6 th 

xfn slxn] d';fn] tf/ sf6]/ Pp6f ljsf; If]q g} ;~rf/ 

;]jfaf6 cj?4 x'g], slxn] dd{t x'g g;s]/, slxn] clK6sn 

sf6]/ cj?4 x'g] cj:yfnfO{ aGb ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu 

xfnsf] Mircrowave k|ljlwnfO{ j}slNks ?6sf] ?kdf k|of]u 

ug] {, d'Vo ?6sf] nflu g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] OPGW/ADSS 

nfOgsf] k|of]unfO{ Jofks agfpg'kb{5 . o;af6 lau|g] ;d:ofdf 

*) k|ltztn] sdL cfpg]5 / cfjZos Ifdtfsf pks/0f /fvL 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfjZostfnfO{ t kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 g}, 

b]zleqsf cGo ICT ck/]6/x?nfO{ cfjZos Bandwidth 

;d]t ef8fdf lbg ;lsg]5 . xfnsf] k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{nfO{ Jofkfl/s df]8ndf 

9fnL cfkm"nfO{ t k'Ug] x'g' g} k¥of], To;sf] ;fy;fy} b]zleqsf] 

dfunfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug] { u/L Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o:t} g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] cfkm";Fu /x]sf] t/ k|of]udf gcfPsf] k"j{–klZrd 

/fhdfu{sf] clK6sn kmfOa/sf] k|of]u u/L k|z:t cfDbfgL ug{ 

;Sg'kb{5 . To:t} ef/t–rLgaLrsf] cToGt e/kbf] { g]6js{ :yfkgf 

u/L 6«flGh6 KjfOG6sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug' { cTofjZos 5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M 

i. Mis Report of Nepal Telecom F/Y2066 

ii. MIS Report of NTA 

iii. www.itu.int 

iv. www.aptsec.org 

Call Forwarding 

g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 pknAw PSTN, GSM df]afOn / CDMA ;] ]jf k|of]ustf{n] cfkm\gf] kmf]gdf 

cfPsf] Call nfO{ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] csf] { s'g} g]kfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df Transfer ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf g} Call 

Forwarding xf] . df]afOn Busy ePdf, kmf]g gp7]df jf kmf]g gnfUg] 7fpFdf /x]df df]afOn k|of]ustf{n] 

of] ;]jf lnPkl5 cfˆgf] df]afOn kmf]g Forward u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/af6 ;"rgf ;xh} cfbfgk|bfg ug{ 

;lsG5 . Call Forwarding tn plNnlvt cj:yfdf ug{ ;lsG5 M 

1. Unconditional : of] Option Use u/]df x/]s ;dodf u|fxsn] Call Forward u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g g+= df 

Call transfer x'G5 . of] Option Prepaid df]afOn k|of]ustf{ u|fxsnfO{ ;d]t 

pknAw 5 . 

2. On Busy : of] Option Use u/]df u|fxssf] kmf]g Busy ePdf Call Forward u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g g+= 

df Call Transfer x'G5 

3. No Reply : of] Option Use u/]df u|fxssf] kmf]g gp7]df Call Forward u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g g+= df 

Call Transfer x'G5 . 

4. Not Reachable : of] Option Use u/]df u|fxssf] kmf]g gnfUg] cj:yf ePdf Call Forward u/]sf] 

6]lnkmf]g g+=df Call Transfer x'G5 . 

of] ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt u|fxsn] cfj]bg ug' {kg] {5 . o;/L cfj]bg u/L ;]jf ;~rfng 

ePkZrft\ pQm ;]jf lng] u|fxsaf6 Call Transfer ul/Psf] call sf] nflu lgodfg';f/sf] dx;'n nfUg]5 . 

&$



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ 

;+/rgf / z]o/wgLsf] 

xslxt ;+/If0f 

c?0f s'df/ dlNns 

pkk|aGws, sfg'g zfvf 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 -g]kfn 6]lnsd_sf] :yfkgf 

sDkgL P]g @)%# adf]lhd lj=;+= @)^) df3 @@ ut] ePsf] 

xf] . o; sDkgLdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

;+:yfgnfO{ ldlt @)^) r}q @^ ut] g]kfn /fhkqsf] v08 %# 

cltl/QmfÍ &* sf] ;"rgfcg';f/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ 

lj36g u/L ;f] ;+:yfgsf] ;a} hfoh]yf / bfloTj x:tfGt/0f 

u/L tyf sd{rf/Lx? o; sDkgLdf ;dfof]hg u/]sf] xf] . o:t} 

u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^)÷!!÷@* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)^! 

a}zfv ! ut]b]lv g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg sDkgLdf kl/jt{g 

eO{ ljlwjt\?kdf o; sDkgLsf] sfd–sf/afxL z'? u/]sf] xf]. 

g]kfn 6]lnsd @)^^ df3 @@ ut] 5}6f}+ jif{ k"/f u/L ;ftf}+ 

jif{df k|j]z ug{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . 

o; sDkgLsf] :yfkgf x' Fbfsf avt clws[t k' FhL @% ca{ 

/ hf/L k' FhL !% ca{ /x]sf]df xfn;Dd oyfjt\ /x]sf] 5 . clws[t 

k' FhL @% ca{nfO{ ?= !))÷– sf b/n] @% s/f]8 ;fwf/0f z]o/df 

ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] hf/L k' FhLsf] z]o/ tTsfn sDkgL 

;+:yfksx?df lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . 

z]o/ ;+Vof 


&,%),)),))) 

pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno !,))) 

dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no !,))) 

gful/s nufgL sf]if %),))) 

cy{ dGqfno 

&,$(,$^,))) 

sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno !,))) 

;"rgf ljefu !,))) 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf=j= )^@÷^# sf] ah]6 jQmJoaf6 

sDkgLsf] z]o/ k" FhLdWo] % k|ltzt sd{rf/L / !) k|ltzt 

;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ laqmL ug] {cg'?k ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] 

:jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/dWo] laqmL eO{ xfn z]o/sf] :jfldTj 

;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . 

z]o/ ;+Vof 


^,@@,**,&%) 

pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno !,))) 

dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no !,))) 

gful/s nufgL sf]if %),))) 

sd{rf/L 

&#,&!,!^) 

cy{ dGqfno 

&,$(,$^,))) 

sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno !,))) 

;"rgf ljefu !,))) 

;j{;fwf/0f %#,$),)() 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] :yfkgf ;Lldt bfloTj ePsf] klAns 

sDkgLsf] ?kdf ePsf]n] h–h;n] hlt /sdsf] z]o/ lnPsf] 5, 

clwstd bfloTj ;f]xL /sd;Dddf dfq x'G5 . ;f] eGbf a9L 

bfloTj z]o/wgLn] axg ug' { kb} {g . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

k|ltz]o/ ?= !))÷– c+lst d"No ePsf] z]o/nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 

laqmL cfx\jfg ubf{ Go"gtd ?= ^))÷– jf ;f] eGbf a9Ldf 

u/]sf]df klg ;f] z]o/sf] c+lst d"No ?= !))÷– g} ePsf]n] 

z]o/wgLn] lsg]sf] a9L d"Nodf geO{ c+lst d"No cyf{t\ k|ltPs 

z]o/sf] ?= !))÷– ;Dd dfq bfloTj axg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . cyf{t\ 

sDkgLsf] gfkmf–3f6fdf z]o/wgL k|ltz]o/ c+lst d"No;Dd 

dfq lhDd]jf/ x'G5, ;f] eGbf a9L /sddf lhDd]jf/L x'g'kb} {g. 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ :6s PS;r]Ghdf btf{ ePsfn] ;j{;fwf/0fn] 

cfkm\gf] z]o/sf] xs x:tfGt/0f cyf{t\ vl/b–laqmL ug{ kfpg] 

Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 

o; sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] k|yd ;fwf/0f;efaf6 g} cfkm\gf 

&%

{ 



6 th 

z]o/wgLx?nfO{ cf=j= )^$÷^% sf] d'gfkmfaf6 @% k|ltztsf 

b/n] nfef+z ljt/0f ug] { lg0f{ocg'?k nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . 

utjif{;Dd of] sDkgL g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j 

a'emfpg] sDkgLsf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf]df @)^% k'; d;fGtsf] 

n]vfk/LIf0f x'g afFsL /x]sf] jf;nft x]bf{ cfufdL jif{df ;d]t 

of] qmd hf/L /xg] cfzf /fVg] 7fpF b]lvG5 . cf=j= )^$÷^% df 

k|ltz]o/ cfDbfgL ?= %@÷(% /x]sf]df cf=j= )^%÷^^ sf] ^ 

dlxgfsf] cjlwdf n]vfk/LIf0f x'g afFsL /x]sf jf;nftcg'?k 

k|ltz]o/ cfDbfgL ?= ^)÷!$ /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] cf=j= )^$÷^% 

df @% k|ltzt ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z cf=j= )^%÷^^ df a9\g 

;Sg] ck]Iff ug] { cfwf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

z]o/wgLx?sf] xslxt /Iffy{ sDkgL P]g @)^# bl/nf]?kdf 

cfufl8 ;/]sf] 5 . z]o/wgLx?nfO{ o; P]gcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ 

;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

!= z]o/wgLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ 

-s_ sDkgLsf] v'b ;DkQL r'Qmf k' FhLsf] cfwf jf ;f]eGbf 

sd x'g cfPdf To:tf] Joxf]/f ;fwf/0f;ef jf ljz]if 

;fwf/0f;efdf ;~rfnsx?n] pko'Qm /0fgLltaf/] 

hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg] {5 . ;ef gaf]nfPdf ;~rfnsnfO{ 

sf/afxL / Ifltk"lt{ u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 

-v_ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef ug{sf] lgldQ sDtLdf @! 

lbgcufj} / ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef ug{sf] lgldQ sDtLdf 

!% lbgcufj} z]o/wgLx?sf] 7]ufgfdf ;ef x'g] 7fpF, 

ldlt / 5nkmn ug] { ljifo vf]nL ;+lIfKt jflif{s 

cfly{s ljj/0f;lxt ;"rgf k7fpg'kg] {5 . ;f] s'/fsf] 

;"rgf sDtLdf b'O{ k6s /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf 

klg k|sfzg ug' {kg] {5 . 

@= cbfntaf6 ;+/If0f x'g kfpg] 

-s_ s'g} ;~rfns jf kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]q 

gf3L sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 s'g} sfd u/]df ;f]pk/ 

/f]s nufpg To:tf] sDkgLsf] z]o/wgLn] cbfntdf 

lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . 

-v_ sDkgLsf] ;DaGwdf sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 

lgo'Qm lg/LIfsn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 To:tf] sDkgLsf] 

sf/f]af/ ;f] sDkgLsf s'g} jf ;a} jf s'g} vf; ju{ 

jf ;d"xsf z]o/wgLx?sf] xs–lxtljk/Lt x'g] u/L 

;~rfng x'g ;Sg] jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] jf sDkgLn] 

u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] s'g} sfo{ jf sDkgLn] ug' {kg] 

s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 To:tf z]o/wgLx?sf] 

-u_ 

-3_ 

-ª_ 

clxt ePsf] jf clxt x'g]5 eGg] s'/f sDkgL 

/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nonfO{ nfu]df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] 

sfof{non] To:tf] sDkgL jf To;sf ;~rfns jf 

kbflwsf/Lsf lj?4 cbfntdf ph'/L lgj]bg lbg 

;Sg]5 . 

sDkgLsf] s'g} z]o/wgLsf] xs–lxtlj?4 x'g] u/L 

sDkgLsf] sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ePsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 

jf sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 ul/Psf] jf ug{ nfluPsf] s'g} 

sfd jf sDkgLn] ug' {kg] { s'g} sfd gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 

s'g} z]o/wgLsf] xs–lxtljk/Lt sfd ePsf] jf x'g 

;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] cfwf/df s'g} z]o/wgLn] pko'Qm 

cfb]zsf] nflu cbfntdf ph'/L lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . 

sDkgLsf] s'g} xs–lxt k|rng u/fpg sDkgLsf] 

r'Qmf k' FhLsf] ;f9] b'O{ k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ 

lnPsf] s'g} z]o/wgLn] PSn} jf kfFr k|ltzt z]o/ 

k'Ug] PseGbf a9L z]o/wgLx? ldnL sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 

To:tf] ;~rfns jf kbflwsf/L jf sDkgL lgoGq0f 

ug] { JolQm jf cGo s'g} JolQmsf] lj?4 cbfntdf 

d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]5 . ph'/jfnf z]o/wgLsf] bfaL 

k'Ug] 7x/]df To:tf] d'2f rnfpg lghn] ug' {k/]sf] 

vr{sf] /sd / sfg'g Joj;foLsf] ;]jfafkt ePsf] 

dgfl;a vr{;d]t sDkgLn] zf]wegf{ ul/lbg'kg] {5 . 

bfaL gk'Ug] 7x/]df d'2f k|lt/Iff ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] 

Joxf]g' {k/]sf] vr{dWo] cbfntn] pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] 

/sd ph'/jfnf z]o/wgLn] ltg' {kg] {5 . 

sDkgL vf/]hL ubf{ lnlSj8]6/sf] sfd–sf/afxLsf 

;DaGwdf s'g} clgoldttf ePsf] egL sDkgLsf] 

s'g} z]o/wgLnfO{ nfu]df To:tf] sfd–sf/afxLsf 

lj?4df ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] !% lbgleq 

To:tf z]o/wgLn] cbfnt;dIf ph'/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . 

#= sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] 

-s_ sDkgLsf] ;DaGwdf sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] 

cfkm"n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] lg/LIfsn] ;f] sDkgLsf] hfFra'em 

u/L k]; u/]sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 To:tf] sDkgLsf] s'g} 

;~rfns, k|aGw ;~rfns, k|aGws,= sd{rf/L jf 

cGo s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] hfgL–hfgL sDkgLnfO{ xflg– 

gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf], z]o/wgL jf ;fx'x?nfO{ 7uL 

u/]sf], hfn;fFh u/]sf] jf cGo s'g} u}/sfg'gL sfd 

u/]sf] b]lvPdf k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] 

eP tfklg sfof{non] To:tf] sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 

&^



2010 

6 th 

lghx?lj?4 gfln; ph'/ ug{ sDkgLnfO{ cfb]z 

lbg'kg] {5 tyf sDkgLdf lghx?nfO{ sfd ug{ lbO/xFbf 

sDkgLnfO{ yk xfgL x'g ;S5 eGg] nfu]df lghx?nfO{ 

lgnDag ug{;d]t sDkgLnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sb5 . 

-v_ sDkgLsf] lx;falstfasf] hfFra'em ubf{ s'g} sf/0fn] 

ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef af]nfpg cfjZos b]lvPdf 

n]vfk/LIfsn] To:tf] ;ef af]nfpgsf] lgldQ 

;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f]adf]lhd 

;~rfns ;ldltn] To:tf] ;ef gaf]nfPdf 

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;f] s'/f v'nfO{ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] 

sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f]adf]lhd sDkgLsf] 

ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef af]nfOlbg ;Sg]5 . 

-u_ sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k' FhLsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt z]o/ 

lng] z]o/wgLx? jf z]o/wgLx?sf] hDdf ;+Vofsf] 

sDtLdf @% k|ltzt z]o/wgLx?n] sf/0f v'nfO{ 

ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef af]nfpg sDkgLsf] /lhi68{ 

sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ dfu u/]df ;~rfns ;ldltn] 

sDkgLsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef af]nfpg'kg] {5 . #) 

lbgleq ;~rfns ;ldltn] ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef 

gaf]nfPdf ;DalGwt z]o/wgLx?n] ;f] s'/f v'nfO{ 

sfof{nodf ph'/L lbPdf sfof{non] To:tf] ;ef 

af]nfOlbg ;Sg]5 . 

$= ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] 

-s_ sDkgL P]g jf sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf 

ul/Psf]df afx]s z]o/wgLx?n] ;fwf/0f;efdf 

pkl:yt eO{ cfkm"n] lnPsf] k|To]s z]o/sf] Pp6f 

dtsf] lx;fan] dtbfg ug] { clwsf/ x'g]5 . 

-v_ ;~rfns lgjf{rg ug{sf] nflu dtbfg ubf{ To;/L 

dtbfg ug]{ z]o/wgLn] cfkm\gf] ;a} dt Pp6} 

pDd]bjf/nfO{ jf PseGbf a9L pDd]bjf/nfO{ lghn] 

tf]s]adf]lhd ljefhg x'g] u/L dtbfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . 

-u_ 

-3_ 

sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsx?sf] lgo'lQm lgodfjnLdf 

n]lvPsf Joj:yfx?sf] clwgdf /xL sDkgLsf] 

;fwf/0f;efåf/f ul/g]5 . t/ sDkgLsf] k|yd jflif{s 

;fwf/0f;ef geP;Dd ;~rfnsx?sf] lgo'lQm 

;+:yfksx?åf/f ul/g]5 . 

sDkgLn] ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ljz]if k|:tfj kfl/t u/L 

nfef+z afF8\g ;lsg] /sdaf6 cfkm\gf z]o/wgLx?nfO{ 

af]g; z]o/ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 t/ To:tf] z]o/ hf/L 

ug' {cufj} sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L 

lbg'kg] {5 . 

%= ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] 

-s_ sDkgL P]g / lgodfjnLdf n]lvPsf s'/fx? / 

;fwf/0f;efsf] lg0f{osf] clwgdf /xL sDkgLsf ;Dk"0f{ 

sf/f]af/sf] Joj:yfkg, clwsf/x?sf] k|of]u / st{Josf] 

kfng ;~rfnsx?n] ;fd"lxs?kdf ;~rfns ;ldltdfkm{t 

ug] {5g\ . 

-v_ sDkgL P]g, sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL cGoyf 

Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;~rfns ;ldltn] cfkm"dWo]sf 

s'g} ;~rfnsnfO{ jf sDkgLsf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps} jf 

;+o'Qm?kdf sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 s'g} klg sfd–sf/afxL 

ug{, n]vfk9L ug{, ljlgdo clwsf/kq jf r]s cflbdf 

;xL5fk ug{;d]t ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L 

cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw v8f ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L clwsf/ 

k|Tofof]hg ubf{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ sDtLdf 

Ps hgf ;~rfns / sDkgL ;lrj eP lghn] ;f] s'/f 

k|dfl0ft ug' {kg] {5 . 

-u_ z]o/wgLaf6 lgjf{lrt ;~rfnsn] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

a}7sdf efu lnO{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] ug] { ;Dk"0f{ sfo{pk/ 

k|ToIf / ck|ToIf?kdf lgu/fgL tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 . 

Olhsn lk|k|]8 slnª sf8{ -kL=;L=;L= (PCC - EasyCall) ;]jf M 

sDkgLaf6 pknAw PSTN, GSM, CDMA, Payphone / le:of6dfkm{t of] sf8{sf] k|of]uaf6 :yfgLo, 

cGt/b]zLo / cGt/f{li6«o snx? ug{ ;lsG5 . ljz]iftM 3/aflx/ jf ofqfsf qmddf jf cfkm";Fu kmf]g ;fwg 

gePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;]jf Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o sn ubf{ )) 8fon u/L 8fO/]S6 8folnª / 

!$@% jf !$$% 8fon u/L ah]6 sn ljZjel/ tyf !$@$ 8fon u/L clt ;:tf] b/df !@ a6f d'n'sx?df 

sn ug{ ;lsG5 . 

&&

{ 

{ 

{ 



6 th 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf b]vf 

k/]sf r'gf}tL / 

;Defjgfx? 

Psgf/fo0f cof{n 

pk;lrj 

u[x dGqfno 

e"ldsf M 

;"rgf k|jfx ug] { k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] 7"nf] 

dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . ;~rf/n] lzIff, :jf:Yo /f]huf/L cfocfh{g 

tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ ;d]t k|efljt ub{5 . ;~rf/dflysf] 

kx' Fr ;j{;'ne ePdf dflg;sf] ;do tyf ;fwfg b'j}sf] art 

x'G5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm o;n] cfo–Ifdtfsf] ;fy} pkef]u Ifdtfdf 

klg j[l4 x'G5 . b"/;~rf/df kof{Kt kx' Fr geP cfocfh{g / 

lzIffdf nufpg'kg] { ;do cGoq nufpg] afWotf ;[hgf eO{ 

dfgjLo ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ klg afwf / cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] 

b"/;~rf/df hg kx' Fr (People Access) a9fpg' /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ 

nIo x'g'kb{5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltcg'?k 

b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; k|lt:kwf{Tds?kdf ug] { cjwf/0ff lnO{ 

b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf nflu 

;~rf/ eGg] wf/0ffcg'?k b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg 

Pjd\ ;]jfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg] { ePsf]n] b"/;;~rf/ 

;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgL P]gcGtu{t g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] 

5 . o; If]qdf lghL If]qsf] k|j]z;d]t v'nf ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;sf 

cltl/Qm b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ;]jfsf] 

Jofks lj:tf/ Pjd\ lgodg tyf cg'udg ug{ b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# 

cGtu{t b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] ;d]t :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ckgfPsf d'Vo–d'Vo /0fgLlt Pjd\ 

sfo{gLltx? ( Main strategy & Action Policy of TC) 

s_ /0fgLlt 

– b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx' Fr (Universal Access) 

– ;]jf k|bfg ug] { bfloTj (Univarsal Service Obligation) 

– Jofj;flos (Corporate) ;]jfsf] ljsf; 

– b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0f 

– v'nf cg'dltkq k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g] 

– lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] 

– ;"rgf ;dfhdf k|j]z ug] 

– u|fdL0f If]qsf k|of]ustf{sf] nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw 

– ljsf; sfo{df nfu]sfnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

e/k"/ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] Joj;foLs/0f 

– gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+yfut ljsf; 

– b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] cfly{s ;Ifdtf 

v_ sfo{gLlt (Action Policy) 

– b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx' Fr (Universal Access) 

– d'Vo ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cGo ;]jfk|bfosåf/f dfu ePsf] 

;]jf k|bfg ug' {kg] 

– Jofj;flos (Corporate) ;]jfdf ljsf; 

– b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f 

– v'nf cg'dltkq k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g] 

– lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg 

– ;"rgf ;dfhdf k|j]z ug] 

– u|fdL0f If]q k|of]ustf{sf] nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw 

– ljsf; sfo{df nfu]sfnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

e/k"/ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] Joj;foLs/0f 

– gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+yfut ljsf; 

– b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] cfly{s ;Ifdtf 

jt{dfg tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf / b"/;~rf/ M 

b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ljgf cfw'lgs ljsf;n] ;fy{s 

kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x' Fbf o;tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofg ;dod} k'Ug' 

cfjZos 5 . b]zsf] ljBdfg ljs6 ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, sdhf]/ 

cfly{s cj:yf / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf Pjd\ Go"g ef}lts 

k"jf{wf/x?aLr gful/sx?sf] r]tfgf:t/df j[l4 NofO{, gofF–gofF 

k|ljlw Pjd\ cfljisf/x?df kx' Fr k'¥ofpg, ;dosf] art, 1fg 

/ ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{, lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af/] ;j{;fwf/0fx?nfO{ 

;';"lrt ug{, ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ / ;du|df 

e"d08nLs/0fsf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g;d]t b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ 

k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug{ h?/L ePsf] s'/f 

cGtl/d of]hgf -)^$÷^%–)^^÷)^&_ n] c+uLsf/ u/]sf]5 . åGå 

?kfGt/0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] o; ;dodf lgDgadf]lhdsf gLlt / 

&*

{ 


sfo{gLlt cjnDag u/L o; If]qsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lbuf] lgsf; lbg 

vf]h]sf] 5 . 

– b"/;~rf/sf If]qut ;+/rgfx?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f tyf k"gM 

:yfkgf sfo{ u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx' Fr z'ne / ;/n 

agfpg]5 . k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{ -ndxL÷dx]Gb|gu/_ 

c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ -sf7df08f+ }–tftf]kfgL_ / ndxL–t'N;Lk'/ 

– b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg 

u/L cem a9L pbf/ / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] gLlt lng] . 

– 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / j}1flgs agfpgsf 

;fy} 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n 36fpgdf g]kfne/ :yfgLo snsf] 

Pp6} b/ sfod ug{ kxn ug] { . 

– d' 'n'ssf ;a} uf=lj=;= df pko'Qm k|ljlwsf b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf k'¥ofpg] . 

– k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] dfWodåf/f gofF ;]jfsf] yfngL ug] { . 

– b]ze/sf u|fdL0f If]qdf 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf u/L ICT ;DaGwL 

ljleGg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug] { Joj:yf ldnfpg] . 

- SASEC If]qdf Imformation Super Heighway lgdf{0f ug] 

kxn u/L g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf 6«flGh6sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ul/g] plNnlvt sfo{n] hgtfsf] x/]s 

kIfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]vf kb{5 . d' 'n'ssf] cfly{s Pjd\ 

r]tgfTds ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ cfofd ylkg'sf ;fy} ;"rgf / 

;~rf/ If]qdf ;a} hgtfsf] kx' Fr :yflkt x'g hfG5 . o;sf] 

nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;Da4 dGqfno, cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ 

;+u7g;Fusf] ;xof]udf lg/Gt/tf /xg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . b]zdf 

zflGt–;'/Iffsf] l:ylt k'gM lau|g]h:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] 

ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf gx'g] / b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfsf] j[l4df ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 

x'gfn] ;a} ju{, ;d'bfo, ;/f]sf/ kIf;Fu o; dxTjk"0f{ sfo{df 

;xof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug] { ck]Iff;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] xfnsf] cj:yf M 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf gofF gLlt nfu" ePkZrft\ pNn]Vo k|ult 

ePsf] 5 . pbf/Ls/0f;Fu} ;+:yfn] cfk"mnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} 

nu]sf] klg 5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs a'y k|of]u ug] {x?dWo] 

%$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof #) ldg]6leq 6]lnkmf]g a'ydf k'Ug ;S5g\ . 

t/ ljs6 u|fdL0f 3/–kl/jf/sf] nlfu eg] 6]lnkmf]gdflysf] kx' Fr 

lgs} sl7gk"0f{ 5 . lsgeg] ljs6 u|fdL0f If]qdf 3/–kl/jf/sf] 

nflu 6]lnkmf]g a'ydf k'Ug] cf};t ;do $ 306f;Dd kb{5 . To:t} 

pRr kxf8, ;'b"/klZrd / dWoklZrd If]qdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] kx' Fr 

cGoGt sd b]lvPsf] 5 . )^% kmfu'g d;fGt;Dddf ;a} gu/If]qx? 

/ yk ! ;o $) uf=lj=;= u/L # xhf/ $ ;o ^( uf=lj=;= df 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn b";~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] MIS 

Report cg';f/ ;f] @)^^ sflt{s;Dddf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8af6 ;~rflnt ADSL ;]jf;d]t u/L g]kfn df Data & 

Internet Subscriber sf] s'n ;+Vof ^ nfv (# xhf/ && k'usf] 

5 . PSTN 6]lnkmf]g % nfv ^& xhf/ % ;o #%, GSM 

Mobile %% nfv %% xhf/ # ;o %(, CDMA Mobile (SKY 


2010 

6 th 

Phone) % nfv (% xhf/ & ;o ! CDMA Fixed @ nfv $( 

xhf/ / GMPCS ! xhf/ % ;o !&, Limited Mobility 

!(^*#! / WCDMA u/L hDdf &! nfv ^& xhf/ ( 6]lnkmf]g 

u|fxs ;+Vof k'u]sf] 5 . ljZj a} +ssf] C0f ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 

b"/;~rf/ If]q ;'wf/ cfof]hgfdfkm{t lk|mSj]G;L dlg6l/ª pks/0fx? 

k|fKt eO{ Automated Monitoring System :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . 

ljBdfg r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx? M 

xfn;Dd o; If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ljBdfg r'gf}tL / 

;Defjgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ d'n'sdf åGåsf] cj:yf /xg', dfgjLo 

/ cfly{s ;+;fwfgsf] sdL, ef}lts ;+/rgfx?df Iflt k'Ug', 

zflGt–;'/Iffsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /xgfn] ;]jf lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' 

cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ o; If]qdf ul/Psf nIoadf]lhdsf pknlAwx? 

xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] v'nf / k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs 

jftfj/0f ;sf/fTds kIfsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;} kl/k| ]Iodf 

o; If]qdf lgDg r'gf}tLx? /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf nufgLsf] ;|f]t a9fpg] tyf åGåsf] 

sf/0fn] Wj:t ePsf ;+/rgfx?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f u/L b"/;~rf/;DaGwL 

;]jfdf lgoldttf Nofpg'kg] { cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug' {k/]sf] . 

o:tf ;+/rgfx?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f tyf ePsf ;+/rgfx?sf] 

;'/Iffsf] nflu yk ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug' {kg] { cj:yf /x]sf]n] 

To;sf] nflu cltl/Qm ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug' {k/]sf] . 

g]kfnsf afFsL uf=lj=;= x?df ;]jf lj:tf/ ug' {kg] { sfo{df 

b]lvPsf ;fwg ;'/Iff tyf sfo{x?sf cefjsf] ;fdgf ug' {k/]sf] . 

pRr kxf8sf !$ k|ltzt 3/–kl/jf/nfO{ dfq #) ldg]6leq 

k|fKt x'g] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k|fKt e}/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L 

cf};t :t/df Nofpg'kg] { cj:yf /x]sf] . 

gofF k|ljlw / cj/;nfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQmsf] 

Joj:yf ug' {kg] { cj:yf /x]sf] . 

cfjZostfcg';f/sf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkg / pTk| ]/0ffsf] 

jftfj/0f tof/ ug' {kg] { . 

b"/;~rf/sf] If]qnfO{ ljZj ;"rgf ;Fhfndf :yflkt u/fpg'kg] { . 

g]kfnsf] ;dfrf/ ;~hfnnfO{ ljb]zdf ;d]t lj:tf/ u/L g]kfnnfO{ 

ljZjfJofkL ;dfrf/ ;~hfnsf] dfglrqdf :yflkt u/fpg'kg] { . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] lghL If]q;Fu k|lt:kwf{ u/L sDkgLdf 

gofF k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u / Joj:yfkg u/L gfkmf]Gd'v agfpg 

cfjZos ePsf] . 

g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;~hfnnfO{ ljb]zdf ;d]t ;xh?kdf 

lj:tf/ u/L g]kfnnfO{ ljZjJofkL b"/;~rf/ ;~hfnsf] dfglrqdf 

:yflkt u/fpg'kg] { . 

;'emfjx? M 

u|fdL0f tyf s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpgsf] 

nflu ahf/sf] vf]hL ug{, pTkfbgnfO{ a9fpg, rflxg] 

;fdu|L;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, k|fKt ahf/ tyf qm]tfnfO{ cfk\mgf 

j:t' tyf To;;DaGwL ljj/0f pknAw u/fO{ vl/b cfb]z lng, 

s[lifdf cfpg] Jojwfgsf] pkrf/ ug{ 6]lnkmf]g tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf] 

&(

{ 

] 



6 th 

cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g] sDKo'6/sf] cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g] 

;"rgf k|ljlw cGoGt} pkof]uL x'g] x'gfn] oL If]q?df 6]lnkmf]g 

lj:tf/ u/L 6]lnkmf]gsf] Jofj;flos k|of]u a9fpg;d]t 

u|fxsx?nfO{ pTk| ]l/t ul/g'kb{5 . a+unfb]zsf ls;fgn] df]afOn 

kmf]gsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 s[lifdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{t cfPsf] 

s'/fnfO{ cg'ejsf] ?kdf lnOg'kb{5 . rLg, ef/t tyf 

OG8f]g]l;ofdf klg 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;xfotfn] Joj;fo lj:tf/ ug] 

qmd tLj| ePsf] 5 . xfdLsxfF klg df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]un] 

ljb]lzPsf] nf]Ug];Fu ufpFdf 3fF; sf6\bf >LdtLn] b'Mv–;'vsf 

s'/f u/]sf] tyf cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf kmnk"mn, t/sf/Lsf] 

af/]df ahf/efp a'em\\g zx/df s'/f u/]sf b[Zo gb]lvPsf 

xf]Ogg\ . ljutsf] t'ngfdf b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] lgs} k|lt:kwf{Tds 

9+uaf6 cfk\mgf] ;]jfnfO{ ufpF3/;Dd lj:tf/ ul/lbFbf s[lif 

pTkfbgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ca b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f e]usf hgtfn] ;xh pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] ;j{;'ne, 

;:tf] dx;'ndf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg' cfjZos 

b]lvG5 eg] s[ifs ;d'bfon] of] ;]jfnfO{ cfkm\gf] Joj;fo lj:tf/, 

ahf/Ls/0ftkm{ k|of]u u/L cfly{s pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug] { ;f]r 

/fVg'kg] { x'G5 . ta dfq s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fn] :yfg kfpF5 . 

log} ;Gbe{df b"/;~rf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ljsf;sf nflu 

b]xfoadf]lhdsf ;'emfj ;fGble{s 7flgPsf] 5 . 

b"/;~rf/df dflg;x?sf] kx' Fr a9fpg 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;]jf 

z'Ns 36fO{ ;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f Onfsf;Dd a[xt\?kdf lj:tf/ 

ug' {kb{5 . ;]jf z'Ns 36fpg tf/ k|0ffnLeGbf jfo/n]; k|0ffnLsf] 

dfWodaf6 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul/g'kb{5 . 

g]kfnsf] t'ngfdf ef/tdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n ;:tf] / ;]jf 

u'0f:t/Lo Pjd\ e/kbf] { 5 . o;sf] sf/0f k|lt:kwf{ g} xf] . b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] bIftfdf clej[l4 u/L nfut sd ug] { tyf Pp6} sn 

tyf Pp6} u|fxsaf6 w]/} d"No lng'eGbf u|fxs tyf sn ;+Vof Pjd\ 

;do (Talk Time) a9fP/ d"Nodf sdL Nofpg] gLlt lnOg'kb{5 . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] l:y/ ;DklQsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f u/L 

vftf cBfjlws gu/]sf] k|of]udf cfO;Sbf klg sltko ;DklQsf] 

k' FhLs/0f gu/]sf, dd{t tyf k|lt:yfkgsf] nflu aflx/ k7fOPsf 

;DklQx?pk/ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf], a]rNtL 

/ a]sDdf l:y/ ;DklQ Plsg u/L /lh:6/af6 gx6fOPsf] / 

ckn]vg u/]/ l:y/ ;DklQx? /lh:6/af6 gx6fOPsf] h:tf sf/0fn] 

;+:yfsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf k|Zglrx\g nfu]sf] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k 

;]jfsf] nfut tyf d"Nodf ;d]t c;/ kg{ hfg] x' Fbf o;;DaGwdf 

;do;Ldf tf]sL ;DklQsf] clen]v cBfjlws ug' {kg] { . 

b"/;~rf/ If]q k|lt:kwf{sf] If]q ePsf]n] b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] 

cfk\mgf] dfgj ;+;fwfgnfO{ bIf / pTk| ]l/t agfO/fVg'kb{5 . sd{rf/L 

Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfw'lgs 9+uaf6 Joj:yfkg ub} { n}hfg sDkgLn] 

bL3{sfnLg dfgj ;+;fwfg ljsf; gLlt -Human Resource 

Development Policy_ agfpg], nfu" ug] {, sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf 

(Code of Conduct_ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] cGo k|lt:kwL{ sDkgL;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug' {kg] { 

*) 

ePsf] x' Fbf dfgjLo ;+zfwfgsf cltl/Qm ;+u7g Joj:yfkg, 

gofF k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L ljZj;gLo ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf 

ck"mnfO{ :yflkt ug] { . 

sDkgLleq sfo{/t sd{rf/LaLr cfk;L ;b\efj, e|ft[Tjsf] 

jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L :jR5 / dof{lbt sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] ;+:s[lt 

-Working Culture_ sf] ljsf; ub} { n}hfg] . 

sDkgL ;'b[9 / ;Ifd eP dfq ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] eljio 

pHhn x'G5 . sDkgLleq /x]sf k];fut ;+u7gn] sDkgLsf] p2]Zo 

/ nIo k"/f ug{ cfk\mgf k];fut -Corporate_ xslxtsf] s'/fdf 

Wofglbg] . sDkgLsf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ 

Feed Back lbg] . 

Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj rog ubf{ k];fut dof{bf, g}ltstf, 

/fhgLlts :jR5Gbtfdf Wofg lbg] . ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf] dfG5]eGbf 

klg /fd|f] dfG5 5gf]6 ug] { . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] 

sDkgLsf] sfdsf] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg tby{?kdf xf]Og oyfy{tfdf 

(Public Hearing) ug] { kl/kf6L a;fNg] . 

Governance Reform under -real world conditions 

citizens, stakeholders and voice (SINA,THOMAS World 

Bank Publication 2009 df ;~rf/sf] If]qsf # j6f cfofd 

Participation, Transparancy, consensus building df Wofg 

lbg'kg] { s'/f pNn]v ub} { ;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu lgDg s'/f 

clgjfo{ 7x/ u/]sf] 5, h'g b"/;~rf/ sDkgLh:tf] k|lt:kwL{ 

;+:yfn] cg'z/0f ug' { cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

• People First 

• Useful Infrastructure 

• Government Close to the People 

• 21st Century Modernity 

• Common Project 

• Friendly and Verification Data 

• Added Value and Open Opportunities 

o;/L b"/;~rf/ sDkgLnfO{ @!cf} + ztfAbLsf r'gf}tL;Fu 

;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;/sf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo, ;Da4 

kIf ;a}n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . b"/;~rf/sf] If]qsf] ljsf;df 

o; sDkgLnfO{ cu|0fL ;+:yf -Leading Agency_sf] ?kdf cuflb 

a9fpg sDkgLsf] sfddf ldtJolotf -Ecomony_, k|efjsfl/tf 

-Effectiveness_, bIftf -Efficiency/Quality_, ;dfgtf - 

Equity_ Nofpg' clgjfo{ 5 . o; sfo{df ;/sf/, sDkgLsf] 

Joj:yfkg, sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

• Governance Reform under real world conditions, 

citizens, stakeholers and voice (SINA, ODUGBEMI 

THOMAS JACCBSON) W/B Publication 2009 

• # jif{ cGtl/d of]hgf )^$.^% )^^.^& /f=of]= cfof]u 

• b"/;~rf/ gLlt, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 

• cfly{s ;j] {If0f )^%.^^, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno 

• dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg 

• NTA MIS Report 32



2010 

6 th 

Point to Ponder: 

Organizational Socialization 

Rajesh Joshi 

Senior Engineer 

Central Office 

Background 

Socialization builds confidence and develops 

camaraderie among members of the group. From 

organizational perspective, socialization within 

organization is the process whereby an organization 

teaches its members, down up to the individual level, 

the organizational values, behaviors, social 

knowledge and professional skills that are necessary 

to assume his or her role in a more satisfying manner. 

And, from the individual’s perspective, socialization 

is important as this helps to weigh realities in the 

organization and to calculate prospects for career 

development. 

Organizational Socialization is often identified as 

the primary process that facilitates work adjustment to 

new employees, and prepares the incumbent employees 

to take on new roles. Whether formal socialization 

opportunities are available or not, the innate human 

tendency to socialize comes into action. When the 

organization facilitates this opportunity for socialization, 

then this can be termed as “Socialization-in-the- 

Workplace”, and it is expected that the lessons and 

knowledge transmitted are consistent in content and 

single in interpretation. 

According to Van Maanen & Schein (Theory of 

Org. Socialization/http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/ 

org_site/org_theory/. . .), there are six dimensions in 

Organizational Socialization, and they are Collective 

vs Individual, Formal vs Informal, Sequential vs 

Variable, Fixed vs Variable, Serial vs Disjunctive 

and Investiture vs Divestiture. However, considering 

the fact that huge information on Organizational 

Behavior and Organizational Socialization are readily 

available in the Internet and that those can be 

conveniently searched by using search engine of one’s 

choice, the main focus here with this article is not to 

discuss those “established findings” related to 

“Socialization-in-the-Workplace” but to make a quick 

overview on them, and, more importantly, to emphasize 

on the necessity to ponder on subtle issues related to 

“Socialization-away-from-Workplace”. 

Relevance 

An organization is a long-lasting entity, but its 

individual members are replaced over time. In big 

organizations, it is expected that Organizational 

Socialization transmits its own organizational 

culture from its current members to the new 

generation. On the contrary, smaller organizations, 

intentionally or unintentionally, change their 

organization culture quite easily as their members 

get replaced. 

Socialization is important both to the organization 

and the individual. It is said that people who are well 

socialized into an organization are more likely to stay 

and develop their careers with that organization. 

Furthermore, the ability to build a wide and strong 

social network within the organization helps the 

organization to build an effective and competent 

workforce. 

When things are not moving forward, issues are 

stagnating, general dissatisfaction in the masses is 

spreading, negative information is flowing, and friction 

among the groups is deepening, then socialization can 

*!



6 th 

work wonders to plant the seeds-of-consensus-building 

in the organization. 

Socialization-in-the-Workplace 

Internship, Recruitment & Interviews 

For prospective newcomers and the organization, 

these are often the beginning to gain insight into each 

other. The first impressions, exchange of information 

and level of confidence exhibited in these processes 

further strengthens the bond between the individual and 

the organization. The match between the expectations of 

organization and that of individual might transform the 

individual’s status from a prospective-employee to a 

member-of-the-organization. Internship, recruitment 

process and interviews, if accomplished with true gravity 

and honesty, will make socialization smooth and enduring. 

Employee Orientation 

Apart from initial impression and exchange of 

information as a prospective member of the organization, 

when an individual begins a new job, then it is very 

natural that the newcomer has some expectations about 

the job and the organization. Based on the depth of 

information that the newcomer has been fortunate to 

access to, some of those expectations may be realistic, 

worthy and achievable. 

Providing orientation program to the newcomers 

in the beginning of their presence in organization 

paves the way for new employees’ satisfaction in the 

job and their commitment to the organization. The 

success of new employees depends on how effective 

was the early socialization. It is important to note that 

in case management delays early socialization 

opportunity to the new recruits, then employees take 

support of more informal means to learn corporate 

values, ways of doing things, etc. Such informal 

interpretations of organization’s core values make the 

employees prone to interpreting them to their own 

convenience, and not to the vision of the organization. 

When employees are new, their adjustment issues may 

be more intense, and they may need more attention 

and assurance that their expectations are realistic. A 

genuine orientation program helps to make transition 

of the individual from an outsider to a member of the 

organization, and allows the organization to impart 

positive influence to the newcomer on adapting to 

his/her new job, new responsibility and new work 

environment. 

Mentoring and Re-socialization 

Regardless of whether formal socialization programs 

exist or not, employees eventually become socialized to 

the extent they feel comfortable to. In order to enable 

the incumbent employees to face challenges at work 

and to facilitate smooth transition to the changes in their 

jobs, assignments and responsibilities, the role of 

mentoring and re-socialization become more important. 

Mentoring, however, provides informal means to 

socialization-in-the-workplace and helps to groom the 

junior members for a successful career within the 

organization. 

Socialization-away-from-Workplace 

Social Networking via websites 

Social networking is the formation of groups of 

individuals (or even organizations) as guided by their 

interest, culture, profession, etc. Nowadays a convenient 

replacement to traditional social networking is provided 

by websites. These websites, called social sites, are fast 

catching up the user base and rapidly multiplying the 

community of their fans. The convenient access among 

individuals across geographic, political, academic, 

economic, cultural, and even religious boundaries is the 

main beauty of social networking via websites. 

There are, basically, two approaches employed by 

designers of social networking sites. Facebook 

(www.facebook.com) offers a portal-like interface (i.e. 

like a website or webpage) and Twitter 

(www.twitter.com) look simpler like a search engine. In 

general, people are attracted to Facebook in order to 

reconnect with old friends, classmates and family 

members, and even to search for new friends online. In 

contrast, Twitter employs the concept that is similar to 

blogging for posting queries, initiating discussions and/or 

spreading updates. The basic difference between the 

two examples is that with Facebook, people are 

encouraged to communicate within the inner circle, but 

with Twitter, people are facilitated to reach the world 

beyond the inner circle of friends. 

The convenience provided by social-networking-viawebsites 

in Socialization-away-from-Workplace can 

hardly be exaggerated. Anybody can discuss on anything, 

but its relevance for improving subjective processes 

within the organization and for tackling unique 

organizational issues can be debated. With praise and 

respect to those concerned who had conceptualized and 

*@


implemented this concept for socializing, and to those 

who are creatively addicted to its’ potential, it can still 

be said that socialization involving physical presence of 

the group members can hardly be under-estimated in 

the context of Organizational Socialization. 

Japanese Style 

Relationship with co-workers is considered very 

important in Japanese work culture. It is an accepted 

practice for the company employees to go out for dinner 

or to go out for drinking with their colleagues after work. 

The main idea behind this is to improve inter-office 

communication, where they are allowed to discuss about 

what displeased them in the organization they are 

working in. It is said that this opportunity relieves stress 

and strengthens the feeling of solidarity among company 

employees. Participating in such gatherings helps to 

understand the reality at work, and also provides 

opportunity to understand the other colleague’s interest 

and character. Such opportunities help, in turn, to 

accomplish their jobs with minimum of hiccups. The 

interesting thing about such gatherings is that the superior 

pays (not the subordinate) or the older pays (not the 

younger) or the high-earning colleague chips away the 

larger chunk of the bill (and not the other way round) or 

that the bill is shared equally when the group members 

do not differ much in their earnings (or age, or status). 

German Tradition 

“Stammtisch” is an interesting word in German, but 

it is not easy to translate exactly into English language. 

Literally speaking, the word Stammtisch is a large (and, 

often round) table in a bar or restaurant that is reserved 

for a group of people who regularly gather around that 

table at the same time every day or every week or every 

month. This German tradition is practiced by the German 

communities worldwide for casual get-together, and 

generally, it is not organized on a formal basis. However, 

the focus of a Stammtisch could be on any specific topic 


2010 

6 th 

(for example, for the foreigners to improve German 

language) or for social togetherness or even as a reason 

for friends to drink together or even for discussing 

political/philosophical issues. 

The opportunity for the colleagues to have a casual 

gathering outside of the usual, formal office environment 

makes a good chance for much better and friendly 

conversation. It is a normal practice in Stammtisch to 

order drinks and food as per individual choice, and also 

to pay the bill individually. 

Finally, 

Let’s leave the organization’s role to the organization 

itself since organization has the right and authority to decide 

on the necessity, implementation schedules and monitoring 

of activities related to socialization-in-the-workplace. The 

point to ponder, at this moment, is whether we should open 

our eyes (and, ears too) to learn from the others, and to 

initiate “Socialization-away-from-Workplace”. 

Of course, putting our profiles in the FACEBOOK 

or start TWITTERing is just a click away - but let’s 

respect one popular saying that “Family that eats 

together, stays together”. This can be interpreted to 

mean that not only via websites, but we, as a family, 

should introduce opportunities to socialize in Japanesestyle 

for more important, bigger get-togethers, and/or 

initiate the tradition of STAMMTISCH within our smaller 

circles within NEPAL TELECOM. 

Let’s imagine the organizational, social, 

professional and other relevant issues that we all would 

be discussing, the casual dining we all would be enjoying 

and the chipping of bills we all would be doing! Let’s 

TWITTER on how to play more responsible roles in 

making our organization more vibrant, more professional, 

more competitive and more prosperous!! And, definitely, 

the gist of all these words is: Let’s STAMMTISCH!!! 

kL=P;=6L=Pg= q]ml86 lnld6 -kL=;L=Pn=_ ;]jf M 

nf]sn ;'ljwf dfq ePsf] PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf u|fxsn] 3/af6} cfk\mgf] PSTN 6]lnkmf]gaf6 !^*) 

8fon 

u/L pQm ;]jfsf] nflu btf{ u/fO{ cfk\mg} gDa/df lk|k]8 vftf vf]Ng] / cfjZostfcg'?k Olhsn 

sf8{af6 pQm lk|k]8 vftf l/rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . PS;]; sf]8 !^*) 8fon u/L nf]sn, cGt/b]zLo / 

cGt/f{li6«o snx? ug{ ;lsG5 . 

*#



6 th 

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ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg :jod\ Ps hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn 


2010 

6 th 

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tof/ u/fpg] ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ ;d]l6Pdf ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg 

ePsf] cg''e"lt cfd sd{rf/Lju{n] ub{5g\ . sDkgLsf] nIo 

k|flKt;Fu} To;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] nIo;d]t cfa4 x'g] s'/f 

;+u7gfTds Jojxf/jfbL cWoogaf6 k|of]ulz4 ePsf] x' Fbf ;+u7gdf 

sd{rf/Ln] s] of]ubfg ug] { / ;+u7gn] sd{rf/LnfO{ s:tf] of]ubfg 

k'¥ofpg] eGg]df Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?n] ljz]iftM Wofg s]lGb|t 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . pbf;Lg / lg/; sd{rf/Lsf] ;hLj pkl:ylt dfq 

;+u7gsf] nIok|fltsf] dfWod aGg ;Sb}g . ;+u7gk|lt pQ/bfoL 

/ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt hjfkmb]xL sd{rf/Laf6 ;+u7gsf] nIo 

xfl;n x'g] ePsfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf 

/ ;+u7gk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg], ;+u7gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xof]u 

k'Ug], b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] gftfn] ;dfhdf ;uj{ 

k|:t't x'g ;Sg] dgf]an k|bfg ug] { vfnsf sd{rf/Lsf dfunfO{ 

ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgdfkm{t ;Daf]wg x'g'kb{5 . o;af6 g} sDkgLsf] 

eljio / sd{rf/Lsf] eljio ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 / c;n 

Joj:yfkgsf] gd'gf;d]t k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ;DalGwt 

;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g' cfjZos 5 . 

*%



6 th 

Nepal Telecom on Corporate Social 

Responsibility 

-;+:yfut ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfloTjdf g]kfn 6]lnsd_ 

lbg]z s'df/ /]UdL 

;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t 

cjwf/0ff 

;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] lglb{i6 nIo xfl;n ug{ p2]Zocg'?k 

Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf]] x'G5 . o;/L 

Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] nflu k'FhL, dfgj ;+;fwg, cGo ;|f]t 

/ ;fwg cfjZos kb{5 . h;nfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 

pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] ?kdf a'e\mg] ul/Psf] 5 . j:t' tyf 

;]jfsf] pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] pknAwtf ;dfhaf6 x'G5 eg] 

;+:yfsf] Joj;fo, sf/f]af/, j:t' jf ;]jfsf] laqmL ljt/0f 

klg ;dfh ;[lht ahf/, ;d'bfo, If]qdf g} x'G5 . 

;dfhljgfsf] ;+:yf jf ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] 

sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g . o;af6 s] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g ;lsG5 

eg] ;+:yf / ;dfhsf] ;'-;DaGw cfjZos 5 . ct: 

Jofj;flos ;+:yfn] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu, ;dfhsf] 

Joj:yfkgdf ;dfhsf] ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs sNof0f -Social 

Welfare_, dfgjLo ;+j]bgfk|lt lglZrt?kdf cfkm\gf] 

pkl:ylt b]vfpg cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfh / ;fdflhs 

lqmofsnfkdf ;+:yfsf] pQ/bfloTj ;[hgf ePsf] x'G5 . 

;dfhsf] cfjZostf, ;dfhsf] OR5fcg'?ksf] j:t' jf 

;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug{'kg]{ Joj;fosf] jf 

;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos bfloTj -Business Responsibility_ 

leq kb{5 eg] Jofj;flos ultljlwsf cnfjf ;+:yfn] cfkm"n] 

cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfsf] s]xL lx:;f s'g} g s'g} dfWodaf6 

u}x|-Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx? ;fdflhs lxt, dfgjLo lxt, 

:jf:Yo, lzIff, jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, dxfdf/L 

Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf nufgL ul/Psf] x'G5 . Jofj;flos nIo 

/ ;fdflhs nIo Ps–csf{sf] kl/k"/s /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfloTj Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf] xsdf clgjfo{ ;t{s} ?kdf 

:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

ljZjdf Joj;fosf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] cjwf/0ff 

;j{k|yd cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lj8«f] ljn;gn] lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf x'g\ . 

…pBf]ux?n] ] plrt Joj;foL Jojxf/sf] ;fy} Joj;flos 

;d'xx?df cg'zf;g sfod ug{ ' xf] .Ú 

kl/efiff 

“Corporate Social responsibility is the set of obligations 

of an organization which it has undertaken to protect 

and enhance the society in which it functions.” 

;+:yfut ;fdflhs bfloTj ;+u7gsf] Ps tof/L cfwf/ xf], 

h;df o;n] ;+/If0f / ;dfhsf] pGglt ug] { sfo{x? ub{5 . 

- R Griffin 

“Social Responsibility is a firm’s obligation beyond that 

required by the law and economics to pursue long term 

goals that are good for society.” 

;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj ;+:yfsf] pQ/bfloTj xf], sfg'g / cy{zf:qn] 

rfx]sf] eGbf afx]s bL3{sfnLg nIo k|flKtaf6 ;dfhnfO{ lxtsf/L 

x'G5 . 

- Robbins & Decenzo 

“Social Responsibility focuses on what an organization 

does to society and what it does for society.” 

;+u7gn] ;dfhnfO{ s] u5{ / ;dfhsf nflu s] u5{ eGg] s'/f 

g} ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L xf] . 

- Richard Steers 

;+u7g ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;~rfng x'G5 . ;dfhdf 

:yfkgf x'G5, ;dfhdf x's{G5 / ljsl;t x'G5 . ;dfhsf cfjZostf 

k"/f ub{5, t;y{ ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 . ;dfhsf] lxt x'g] 

nIo klxNofO{ Jofj;flos nIo xfl;n ug' { g} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj 

xf] . ;+:yfn] ;/f]sf/jfnf u|fxs, sd{rf/L, :jfldTjstf{, ;/sf/ 

/ ;d'bfosf] lxt ub{5 . ;+u7gaf6 x'g] cyjf Joj:yfksaf6 

lnOg] lg0f{o ;dfhsf] lxttkm{ cu|;/ xf];\ jf ;+u7gaf6 x'g] 

lqmofsnfkaf6 ;dfhsf] lxtdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/f];\ eGg] 

ljrf/ ug' { g} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj xf] . 

*^

{ 

' 

' 


;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf If]qx? (Areas of Cooperate 

Responsibility) 

Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?n] cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] ;xof]u / 

;dy{gljgf ljZjahf/ -Global market_ df cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt 

b]vfpg ;Qm}gg\ . t;y{ oL Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?n] Global market 

df cfkm\gf] bl/nf] pkl:ylt b]vfpg ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ 

cf}hf/ jf ljlwsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs If]qdf 

of]ubfg u/] lj1fkgdf clej[l¢ x'g uO{ ;dfhdf efjgfTds 

;DaGw sfod x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ xfnsf lbgdf Jofj;flos 

;+u7gx?n] :j]lR5s lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf a9fjf lbO/x]sf] kfOG5 . 

;fdlhs lqmofsnfk cyf{t\ ;fdlhs lxt clej[l4 ljz]iftM 

;/f]sf/jfnfk|lt nlIft x'G5 . ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf If]qnfO{ 

lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . 

Social Responsibility towards Consumers 

-pkef]Qmfk|ltsf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj_ 

Promotion of Product -j:t' k|j¢{g_ 

Product Safety -;'/lIft j:t' pTkfbg_ 

Product Quality -u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg_ M :jf:Yodf 

k|efj kfg] {, ld;fj6o'Qm j:t' pTkfbg gug] 

Protection of Consumers’ Interest -pkef]Qmf lxt 

;+/If0f_ M pkef]Qmfsf] u'gf;f Joj:yfkg, lqmlqd 

cefjsf] ;[hgf x'g glbg] . 

Social Responsibility towards Investors 

-nufgLstf{k|ltsf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj_ 

Fair Return -pRrtd k|ltkmn_ 

Financial Transparency -cfly{s kf/blz{tf _ 

Participation -;xeflutf_ 

Social Responsibility towards Personnel -sd{rf/Lk|ltsf] 

;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj_ 


2010 

6 th 

Work Environment -sfo{ jftfj/0f_ M 3/fo;L / 

Jofjxfl/s jftfj/0f, plrt sfdsf] nfuL k'/:sf/, 

Recognition . 

Safety and Health -:jf:Yo / ;'/Iff_ 

Quality of Work Life -sfo{ hLjg u'0f:t/_ 

sfd ug{ :jtGqtf lbg' 'kb{5 . 

of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug{ lbg'kb{5 . 

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf . 

Gofof]lrt ljt/0f . 

kbf]Gglt / j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ . 

sd{rf/L lxtsf lqmofsnfk . 

labour Relation -;' 'dw' '/ >d ;DaGw_ 

Complain Handling -u'gf;f Joj:yfkg_ 

Industrial Peace Promotion -cf}Bf]lus zflGt 

k|j4{g_ 

Discipline Maintain -cg'zf;gsf] kfngf_ 

Social Responsibility towards Community 

-;d''bfok|ltsf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj_ 

Jftfj/0f ;+/If0f 

/f]huf/ k|j¢{g 

;fd'bflos cfjZostf 

:j]lR5s lgM:jfy{ ;]jf 

lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b, hgr]tgf clej[l¢ 

cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k' 'Ug] 

;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j¢{g 

lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] pTyfgdf ;xof]u 

dfgjLo ;xof]u 

Social Responsibility towards Government 

-;/sf/k|ltsf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj_ 

sfg' 'g kfngf 

/fhgLlts lgikIftf 

/fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfg 

Positive Aspect of Corporate Social Responsibility 

-;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf ;sf/fTds kIf_ 

;+u7gk|lt hgljZjf;df clej[l¢ : u|fxs, 

sd{rf/L, nufgLstf{ tyf ;dfhsf] cfzfs]Gb| . 

;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO{ pkef]Qmf 

-;]jfu|fxL_ sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf, Jojxf/sf] 

hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] . 

ahf/sf] dfucg'?k j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg . 

;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf ;' 'wf/ . 

;dfhdf /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] cj;/ . 

:yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 pRr:t/sf] hgzlQm pknAwtf . 

*&



6 th 

lzIff, ;+:s[lt, :jf:Yo, af6f], k'n, v]ns'b, k|of]uzfnf, 

dxfdf/L lgoGq0f, c:ktfn cflb If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ 

;dfhdf ckgTjsf] ljsf; . 

;+:yfsf] k"jf{wf/, pks/0f cflb ;'/Iffdf ;xof]u . 

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg jf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df 

;sf/fTds ;xof]u . 

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lj1fkgsf] dfWod / Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf 

;xof]u . 

g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgLn] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdf 

k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] of]ubfg M 

;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjcGtu{t sDkgLn] ljleGg 

;dodf ljleGg If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ 

;a}eGbf w]/} /fh:j lt/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} 

cfPsf] ;+:yfn] b'u{d, lk5l8Psf] If]qdf ;]jfsf] kx'rF k'¥ofO{ 

;/sf/k|ltsf] ;fdflhs bfloTj t lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 g}, ;f]sf] 

cnfjf k|fs[lts k|sf]k, af9L-klx/f], cflbsf] sf/0f ;[lht /fli6«o 

ljkQLsf] cj:yfdf dfgjLo ;xof]u u/fpgsf] cnfjf kLl8t 

ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L lgMz'Ns ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

To;} u/L ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf] nflu sDkgLn] 

cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|of]udfkm{t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

cfjZostfcg'?k ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjcGtu{t of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} 

cfP tfklg of]hgfa¢ 9+uaf6 jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L 

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5}g . cfufdL lbgdf To;tkm{ s]xL 

kxn ug{ ;s]df sDkgLn] ;]jfk|bfossf] x}l;otdf ;dfhdf h'g 

cu|0fL e"ldsf (Market laeading Agency) lgjf{x u/]sf] 5, 

;f]xLcg';f/ g} ;fdflhs / sNof0fsf/L If]qdf ;d]t cu|tf lng 

;lsG5 . ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] If]qdf xfn;Dd eP÷u/]sf 

k|of;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cleJoQm ug] { k|of; ePsf] 5 . 

lgMz'Ns ;~rf/ ;]jf M sf]zL gbLdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] 

sf/0f lj:yflkt kl/jf/ -af9Lk|efljt_ nfO{ nlIft u/L lgMz'Ns 

CDMA ;]jf k|jfx u/]sf] lyof] eg] xfn 6«flkms k|x/L, PDa'n]G;, 

jf?0foGq, ;}lgs k|x/L u'Nd, rfON8 x]NknfOg cflbnfO{ 

lgMz'Ns?kdf cfsl:ds 6]lnkmf]g -tLg c+ssf]_ ;]jf ;~rfng 

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 

ef}lts ;xof]u M ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ 

sDKo'6/, lk|G6/, 6]lnd]l8l;gsf] pks/0fh:tf ;fdu|L pknAw 

u/fPsf] 5 . h:tf]– utjif{ /fli6«o ckf+u sf]ifnfO{ sDKo'6/, 

ADSL Modem pknAw u/fOPsf] . 

cfly{s ;xof]u M k|fs[lts Pjd\ b}ljs k|sf]k k|efljtx?nfO{ 

gub} /sd, tyf SMS dfkm{t /sd ;+sng u/L pknAw u/fpFb} 

cfPsf] 5, To:t} k|To]s jif{ x'g] CAN Infotech h:tf sfo{qmdx?df 

k|fof]hssf ?kdf of]ubfg k'¥opFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

** 

k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf k|of]u M ljleGg u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fdflhs 

;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 6fj/, /]l8of], 

pmhf{ k|of]usf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

h:tf]– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ljZj vfB sfo{qmdn] 89]Nw'/fdf 

E-Learning sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu sDkgLsf] k"jf{wf/ k|of]u 

ul//x]sf] 5 . To:t} d':tfª lhNnfdf klg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] 

cfly{s ;xof]ucGtu{t E-Education sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu 

/x]sf sDkgLsf] k"jf{wf/ k|of]usf] ;'ljwf pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . 

k|f]T;fxg tyf k'/:sf/ M sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf 

;GttLdWo] k|j]lzsf / k|df0fkq txsf] k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 

c+s xfl;n ug] { 5fq5fqfnfO{ k|f]T;fxgafkt dfl;s z}lIfs j[lQ 

pknAw u/fO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfloTjcGtu{t of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] ;Defljt If]qx? M 

 

 

 

lzIffsf] ljsf; 

b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf k|fylds ljBfnox?df 

;xof]u -5fqj[lQ, k'/:sf/, 8] «;, k':ts, vfhf cflbsf] 

k|aGw ldnfP/ ._ 

u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf ljBfnodf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx' Fr 

(Lease Connectivity, Technical Assistance) 

ljZjljBfno, lzIf0f ;+:yfx?df ;xof]u -OlGhlgol/ª 

sn]hdf 6]lnNofa, d]l8sn Nofa, k':tsfno, cflb_ 

sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] nflu ljBfno 

;~rfng jf 6«:6sf] :yfkgf . 

:jf:Yo ;]jf M 

;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f 

/ lgMz'Ns pkrf/ 

b'u{d tyf pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf 6]lnd]l8l;gsf] 

nflu Technical support 

:jf:Yo k|lti7fg tyf c:ktfnx?df lglZrt ;+Vofdf 

lgMz'Ns a]8sf] k|aGw 

s8f /f]u h:t}– SofG;/, d'6'/f]u, lduf} {nf h:tf] /f]usf] 

pkrf/sf nflu ljz]if sf]ifsf] k|aGw 

;?jf /f]ux?sf] af/]df hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd 

;~rfng 

s8f /f]usf] cg';Gwfg Pjd\ pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos 

pks/0fx?sf] k|aGw 

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f M 

kfs{ lgdf{0f Pjd\ ;+/If0f 

j[If/f]k0f 

h+un ;+/If0f 

O{iof{ Tof] af3h:tf] xf], h;n] l;sf/sf] hLpHofg dfq} Roft]/ w'hf–w'hf kfb} {g . p;n] t kfiff0f d'6'nfO{ 

klg l5ofl5of kfl//fV5 . 

- Michael Beer

{ 


k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgfaf/] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd 

e"-Ifo / e"-:vnglj?2sf] cleofg 

v]ns'bsf] ljsf; tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; 

v]nx?sf] k|fof]hg u/L v]nf8LnfO{ ;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ 

v]n;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf tyf v]nf8Lx?nfO{ sDkgL 

;]jf lgMz'Ns k|bfg 

ljleGg v]nsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos v]n 

;fdu|Lx?sf] k|fof]hg 

 

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf z]ol/ª 

af6f], vfg]kfgL, c:ktfn, k|tLIffno lgdf{0fdf 

;xeflutf 

sDkgLsf] k"jf{wf/ 6fj/, kfj/ k|of]u ug{ lbO{ ;fdflhs 

lqmofsnfk ;~rfng 

k':tsfno lgdf{0f tyf k':tsx?sf] k|aGw 

ljleGg :yfgdf sDkgLn] cfkm\gf pks/0f h8fgsf] 

nflu agfPsf ejgx?df :yfgLo Sna, ;fd'bflos 

;+:yfnfO{ sfof{no ;~rfngsf] ;'ljwf 

k|s[lts k|sf]k k|efj Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ dfgjLo 

;xfotf 

k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u 

lzlj/ ;~rfngdf ;xof]u 

a;fOF Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u 

dxfdf/L ;?jf /f]u lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u 

;8safns Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u 

;fd'bflos PDa'n]G; ;~rfngdf ;xof]u 

lgisif{ M 

sDkgL d'Vo p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu nlIft sfo{qmdsf] ;fy} 

sDkgLn] /fi6« / gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x 

ug{ ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjk|lt uDeL/ x'g'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

x'g t sDkgLn] ;fdflhs If]qdf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|ToIf Return 

k|fKt gx'g] ePsfn] nufgLstf{nfO{ k|fKt x'g] d'gfkmfsf] c+zdf 

s]xL c;/ kg{ ;S5 eGg] ts{ klg cfpg ;S5 t/ sDkgLn] 

d'gfkmf cfh{g ug' {sf] cnfjf d'gfkmfsf] lglZrt k|ltzt /sd 

jflif{s?kdf ljlgof]hg u/L ;fdflhs ljsf;df nufgL ubf{ 

;f]af6 ck|ToIf?kdf sDkgLnfO{ nfe g} x'G5 . Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf 

k|ToIf ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 . lj1fkgsf] dfWodaf6 eGbf ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfloTjdfkm{t ahf/df j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otf a9fO{ 

Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg]df Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?sf] em'sfj a9\b} 

uPsf] kfOG5 . 

sDkgLsf ljleGg :yfgdf h8fg ePsf Repeater 

Station (Tower microwave Radio, Power system) 

x? cGo cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?n] k|of]u 


2010 

6 th 

u/L ;fdflhs, z}lIfs lqmofsnfk E-learning, Telemedicine 

h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;dfhsf] cem eGg'kbf{ b]zsf] 

ljsf;df sDkgLsf] ck|ToIf of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 g} . o:tf] k"jf{wf/sf] 

;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfloTjcGtu{t Nofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g . sDkgLsf] 

k"jf{wf/x?sf] k|of]unfO{ df}lb|s?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/]/ jf To:tf 

;+:yf;Fu ef8f lnO{ ;f]xL sfo{qmddf k|ToIf nufgL u/]sf] 

cj:yfdf ;fdlhs If]qsf] ljsf;k|ltsf] of]ubfgsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] 

/ pNn]vgLo x'G5 . h;sf] k|efj k|ToIf / df}lb|s?kdf dfkg x'g 

;S5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd cfkm} +df k|fljlws ;+:yf xf] . k|fljlws 

hgzlQmsf] cefj 5}g, k|ljlwsf] ckof{Kttf 5}g, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] 

pknAwtf kof{Kt 5 / sDkgLn] yk vr{ gu/Lsg cfGtl/s 

;|f]t–;fwg -hgzlQm, ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?_ sf] kl/rfngaf6 /fli6«o 

hLjgsf] cGo If]qsf] ljsf;sf] cleofgdf ;d]t sfFr'nL g} km]g] 

of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . sDkgLnfO{ cGo ;|f]tsf] Allocation 

ljgf g} k|ToIf of]ubfgsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf pknAw 5 eg] 

cj;/sf] pkof]u lsg gug] { < ljleGg :yfgdf sDkgLsf] 6fj/ 

k|of]usf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of], PkmPdaf6 cg'/f]w 

eOcfPsf] 5 / To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ lglZrt /sd ef8f lnO{ k"jf{wf/ 

k|of]u ug{ lbg] / ;f]xLafktsf] cfDbfG.L ;DalGwt :yfgLo If]qsf] 

ljsf;df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

o:tf] ;Defjgf / cj;/sf] pkof]uaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

Neighbour organization -l5d]sL ;+:yf_ sf] ?kdf g]kfnL 

hgtf / ;]jfu|fxLaLr :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ;+:yf / 

gful/saLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / ckgTjdf clej[l¢ eO{ …xfdL 

xfd|f] sDkgL, xfd|f] ;]jfÚ eGg] egfOn] ;fy{stf kfpF5 . 

b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;, ;+:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;fy;fy} /fli6«o 

cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df ult k|bfgsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

z[ª\vnfljxLg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0faf6 g} gofF g]kfnsf] 

;+sNk k"/f x'g ;S5 . o;/L z[ª\vnfljxLg ;dfhsf] 

cfwf/ klg b'u{d, lk5l8Psf], ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kx'Fr gePsf] 

;dfhsf] ljsf;af6 dfq ;Dej 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

z[ª\vnfljxLg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;fdflhs ;+:yfut 

pQ/bfloTjdfkm{t k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo x'g]5 . 

;Gb{e ;fdfu|L M 

- Social Responsibility Of Business, Bowen Howardk 

- “Corporate mission statements, The Bottom Line”, Pearce John 

and Fred David 

- Business Environment in Nepal, Prem raj Panta 

- Principles of Management in Nepal, Dr. Govinda Ram Agrawal, 

- Principles of Management, Sherjung Khadka 

- Business Environment in Nepal, Dr. Govinda Prasad 

Kusum,Durgesh Man Shrestha 

- Magazine Letter –Nepal Telecom 

God gives every bird its food, but he does not throw it into the nest. 

- J.G.Holland 

*(



6 th 

A change in employee 

attitude is possible ! 

Ishwor Chandra Rimal 

Senior Business Officer 

Change Management Dept of NT conducted a 

survey to know about the employee attitude on work 

prior to the study of bench marking of different 

categorized offices of our company. Survey was 

conducted from 7th Oct. 2009 to 14th Oct within which 

directorate offices, accounting offices, revenue offices 

of mid and far western directorate were covered. 

Questionnaires were prepared for different levels of 

employees covering areas like management, team work, 

communication, job satisfaction, career, recognition, job 

respect, equality and security. 

During survey, most of the positive responses of 

employees we found are as follows. 

1. Considering everything, I am satisfied at the 

company. 

2. I believed that all the division in the company 

work together to achieve a company's goal and 

vision. 

3. Company's image is that of high quality company 

of Nepal. 

4. I am aware of available training and department 

activities. 

Above answers relates with the company's image. 

But we got responses/grievances which are directly 

related at work and working environment rather than 

the company and career of employee: 

• There is no enough recognition of my ability to 

work in the organization. 

• There is no certainty that if I do a good job; I 

have a better chance of promotion or abroad 

training. 

• I am not recognized whenever I do a good job. 

• The relationship between management and 

employees is not good as compared to private 

company because management responses only 

to union rather than the employees. 

• Though the management of our company makes 

wise decision but implementation is weak. 

• Company is not committed to ensure equal 

opportunities for all employees. 

• I do not feel free to express my opinion without 

worry about negative response. 

• There is no alternative place to put staff 

grievances rather than the union. 

From the above cognitive statements we find a way 

of having or thinking about the organization and 

employee himself. These cognitive statements or opinions 

of employees are one's feeling about the situation of the 

company, surrounding environment and events. This is 

often referred to as the attitude object. Attitude is made 

up of people's way of thinking, what the people think, 

act and feel. Attitude is a multidimensional concept with 

three main components i.e. cognition, affect and 

behavior. Thus attitudes include references to a persons 

like or dislike for something whether it will be a physical 

thing or a set of circumstances. Again it leads positive 

or negative thinking in events. Yet, most of the people 

are also said to have an attitude that is not completely 

positive or completely negative. In fact, some people 

actually maintain mixed feelings or almost no state of 

mind at all in certain situation. 

While asking the questions in survey, most of the 

employee had expressed the cognitive, emotional and 

behavioral attitudes toward management policies, 

competition between service provider and union. Staffs 

whom we had contacted had more positive attitudes 

toward physical property of office and existing human 

resources and set of circumstances. But most of 

()


employees have shown the negative attitudes rather than 

positive attitude in the working environment. They had 

expressed negative views about policies and patterns of 

the management, unions, workers who are free from 

their job. They had shown the desire to apply reward 

and punishment system actively and accurately to those 

who have been working for the betterment of the 

company and to those who are displaced for their jobs 

of the company. 

Regarding to the negative attitude, if director or 

senior manager or superior of every employee don’t deal 

with negative attitude, there is strong possibility that other 

employees may either begin to exhibit the same negative 

attitude and their work performance may suffer. A 

negative attitude can be disastrous for the productivity 

of the company. In addition the supervisors and managers 

who hide from such conflict may lose credibility with 

employees. An attitude of rudeness, malice or disrespect 

can be one of the most insidious threats to workplace 

and the management. It is neither possible nor desirable 

to confront every employee who complains. 

We should always have positive attitude. A positive 

attitude is the inclination to generally be in an optimistic, 

hopeful state of mind. It is how we perceive events, 

experience and things in our lives. Maintaining a cheerful, 

positive outlook and avoiding negativity is also positive 

attitude. Studies have shown that maintaining a positive 

attitude does contribute to health and longevity. This also 

translates to a more productive work atmosphere. An 

employee with a positive attitude sees and finds 

opportunities while others do not. 

Nepal Telecom is customer oriented serviceprovider 

Company and customer service is not easy. 

Everyone of its employee has been challenged by difficult 


2010 

6 th 

customers and competitors .The skilled employee of its 

can face constantly with situation that require the utmost 

skill, tact, diplomacy and positive attitude in order to 

succeed in even the most adverse condition. 

Employee attitudes can be changed with positive 

thinking and actions. Listening to employee complaints 

and offering constructive feedback and resolution 

encourages positive thinking. Learning how to appease 

and motivate employees can salvage talent from even 

the most negative work environment. Training, disclosing 

the performance evaluation and getting feedback from 

it, arranging the staff meeting on required basis for 

molding employee behavior for desired performance can 

change the attitude of employee negative into positive. 

Once we manage to change employee’s attitude, can 

succeed on achieving the goals and mission of the 

company. 

To build up our positive attitude and work culture, we 

should reinforce on, 

a) Selecting a customer focused attitude 

b) Striving for constant improvement by replacing 

the negative thoughts with positive ones 

c) Avoiding gossip/ sometime in meeting also 

d) Avoiding blame to another departments or 

employee for a mistake and to be accountable 

for the company/ do not try to escape goat 

e) Avoiding complacency in the areas we need to 

improve 

f) Resolving conflicts immediately when it arises 

g) Using positive language / show your own 

responsibility 

h) Avoiding negativity in thought of action 

i) Pro-active to solve the challenging situation. 

PSTN (Wire-Phone) 6]lnkmf]gdf pknAw ;]jfx? M 

a. STD, ISD, Fax 

b. Call forwarding, Call Holding 

c. Lock Code 

d. Conference Call 

e. Olhsn lk|k| ]8 slnª sf8{ - kL=;L=;L= -PCC - EasyCall_ ;]jf 

f. P8\efG:8 k|mL kmf]g -AFS - Toll Free_ ;]jf 

g. kL=P;=6L=Pg= q]ml86 lnld6 -kL=;L=Pn=_ ;]jf 

h. xf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -HCD-Nepal Direct_ ;]jf 

i. PSTN EjfO; d]n -VMS_ ;]jf 

J= cfO{=eL=cf/ -IVR_ ;]jf 

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;]jf cj?4 / tfnfaGbL 

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b]z kf6L{–kf6L{sf] :jfy{df ljeQm 5 . /+u, hflt, j0f{, t/fO{, kxf8 

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tfnfaGbL, ;]jf cj?4 ug] {h:tf sfo{ dfu k"/f ug{ ;lhnf dfWod 

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6] «8 o'lgog cfGbf]ng klg o;af6 c5'tf] /xg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . kf6L{lkR5]sf 

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hlt sfG5f] plt g} qmflGtsf/L . afWotf klg xf]nf . Joj:yfkg klg 

o:t}–o:t} ultljlwaf6 dfq Ao" FlemG5 . o; /f]un] g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfg yk wf/fzoL aGb} uPsf 5g\ . 

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a;fNg'kb{5 . o;n] yk lhDd]jf/ agfpF5 . 6] «8 o'lgog cfGbf]ngsf] 

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5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{ nfU5, Ps hgf dx;'/sf] 

e/df sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}nfO{ qmflGtsf/L 

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sf]0faf6 p7] klg To;sf] pQ/ eg] lbg} kb{5 . 

rqmkfl0f cfrfo{ 

dxf;lrj 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sd{rf/L ;+3 (TEAN) 

sd{rf/L ;+3 -TEAN_ n] of] pb\3f]if ul//xFbf of] k|ltj4tfnfO{ 

s;/L :yflkt ug] { / 6« ]8 o'lgogsf] prfOnfO{ s;/L sfod ug] 

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lgisif{sf ;fy ef]lnsf lbgdf o;nfO{ sfo{If]qdf :yflkt ug] { g} 

5f} + . /fli6«o?kdf h'g ax; ;[hgf u/]sf] 5, of] l;+uf] g]kfnsf] 

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aGg]5 . 

k|Zgsf] csf] { kf6f]nfO{ x]bf{ st} xfd|f] k|ltj4tf oxfFsf 7"nf 

/fhgLlts kf6L{ ;Qfdf 5Fbf aGb ug] {nfO{ sf/afxL ul/g]5 / 

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t u'h|Fb}g eGg] cfz+sf klg hGdg ;S5 . xfdL To;nfO{ 

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kb}{g . clxn]sf] k|lt:kwL{sf] /0fgLlt, ;r]t / ljsNk;lxtsf 

u|fxssf] aLrdf 6]lnsdsf] ;]jf cj?4 / sfof{nodf ul/g] 

tfnfaGbLaf6 s;}nfO{ qmflGtsfl/tfsf] cfTd/lt, ldNg ;Snf 

t/ o;n] sDkgLnfO{ kfg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df 6«]8 o"lgogsdL{ 

uDeL/ x'g} kb{5 . 6«]8 o'lgog cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] 

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cfDbfgLsf] lglZrt lx:;fnfO{ pgLx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{sf] 

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cg'ej, :ki6 b[li6sf]0f, Odfgbfl/tf, lqmofzLntf / cfTdljZjf; 

eg] x'g} kb{5 . 

(@



2010 

6 th 

u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg 

pTyfgdf g]kfn 6]lnsd 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t NofG8nfOg, 

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u|fdL0f If]qsf v]tdf df]afOnsf] k|of]u 

sflGtk'/ 

nId0f clwsf/L 

;Dkfbs, 6]lnsd Go"hn]6/ 

laxman.adhikari@ntc.net.np 

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tyf ;f+:s[lts kmfObfx? ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf b]zel/ cem 

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] 



6 th 

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cfly{s pGgltdf 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] tyf hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ePsf] 

s'/f g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;]jf;DaGwL Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmddf atfP . 

To:t} u/L ahf/af6 ;fdfg k|fKt ug{ tyf ;fdfgsf] c8{/ 

lngsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lgs} pkof]uL ePsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf 

Jofkf/Lx? atfpF5g\ . 

ndh'ª lhNnfsf] ufpFzx/ uflj;sf :yfgLo Jofkf/L gf/fo0f 

v8\sf eG5g\– …klxn] k;nsf] nflu ;fdfg lng cfkm}+ 

gf/fo0f3f6;Dd hfg'kYof]{ eg] clxn] gf/fo0f3f6af6 ;dfg 

dufpg / ;fdfgsf] c8{/ lng 6]lnkmf]gn] lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 

5 . o;n] ;do, >d / vr{sf] ;d]t art ePsf] 5 . kmf]g 

;]jfn] ubf{ d]/f] Jofkf/;d]t km:6fPsf] 5 . klxn] dsxfF ePsf] 

NofG8nfOg kmf]gaf6 s'/f ug{ 6f9f–6f9faf6 dflg;x? cfpFy] 

eg] ca ufpFsf o'jfx?sf] xftxftd} kmf]g ePsfn] pgLx?nfO{ 

w]/} g} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .Ú 

ufpFzx/ uflj; es'G8] j8f g+=& df s]xL dlxgfcl3 cfof]lht 

Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf :yfgLo Jofkf/L u0f]z sF8]nn] eg]– 

…g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf kfPsf]df xfdL lgs} v'zL 5f} + . 

oxfFsf dflg;x?nfO{ cGoeGbf g]kfn 6]lnsds} df]afOn kmf]gsf] 

rfxgf 5 / o;}k|lt ljZjf; klg 5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]un] dnfO{ 

Jofkf/df c;fWo kmfObf ePsf] 5 . ;fdfgsf] c8{/ lng tyf 

;dfg ;KnfO ug{ kmf]gn] w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;n] d]/f] 

($ 

cfly{s hLjgdf lgs} 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 .Ú o:t} :ofª\hfsf 

oftfoft tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf :yfgLo Jofkf/L eLd yfkf 

eG5g\– …oxfF ;L8LPdP kmf]g ;]jf z'? ePkl5 cfkm\gf] uf8L sxfF 

k'Uof], dfn kfof] jf kfPg eg]/ yfxf kfpg, Jofkfl/s ;fdfg 

dufpg tyf k;ndf ;fdfgsf] c8{/ lng lgs} lskmfotL tyf 

;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .Ú 

:jf:Yo If]qdf of]ubfg 

u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf] :Jff:Yo pkrf/sf nflu klg b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf lgs} nfebfos eO/x]sf] 5 . sfe|], sf7df8f}+, bf]nvf, 

b}n]v, ;+v'jf;efnufot sltko lhNnfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|of]u u/L 6]lnd]l8l;g ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 

5 . o;n] u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf pkef]u ug{ lgs} 

;xof]u k'lu/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf o:tf 6]lnd]l8l;g 

;]jf ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] yk ;xof]u;d]t u/]sf] 5 . 

sfe| ]sf] w'lnv]n c:ktfnn] utjif{ z'? u/]sf] 6]lnd]l8l;g 

;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos pks/0fx? Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] s]xL /sd ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] c:ktfnn] sfe] |, 

l;Gw'kfNrf]s / sf7df8f}+sf s]xL u|fdL0f If]qdf 6]lnd]l8l;g 

;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f e]usf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ 

;j{;'ne tl/sfn] ljz]if1 lrlsT;sLo ;]jf lbg] p2]Zon] ;~rfng 

ul/Psf] pQm 6]lnd]l8l;g ;]jfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;L8LPdP 

6]lnkmf]g k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . 

b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a;]/ :Jff:Yo ;]jf lbO/x]sf 

:jf:YosdL{x?sf nflu / ;]jf pkef]u ug]{x?sf nflu klg 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf clt g} pkof]uL ePsf] u|fdL0f hgtfx? g} atfpF5g\ . 

pgLx?sf] egfO 5– …klxnf :Jf:Yo;DaGwL cfsl:ds ;]jfsf] 

h?/t kbf{ 8fS6/nfO{ e]§fpg} d'l:sn kYof] { . sltko cj:yfdf 

eL/ tyf ?vaf6 n8]sf, hgfj/n] Iflt k'¥ofPsf, em}–emu8f 

u/L rf]6 nfu]sf, aRrf kfpg g;s]sf la/fdLx? tyf cGo 

/f]un] l;ls:t ePsf la/fdLnfO{ pkrf/ ;]jf lbg 8fS6/ e]§fpg} 

d'l:sn kYof]{ . nfdf] af6f] la/fdL af]s]/ uof], 8fS6/ cs}{ 

ufpFdf k'u]sf x'Gy] / 8fS6/ vf]Hbfvf]Hb} la/fdLn] dg' {kg] { l:ylt 

x'GYof] . t/ clxn] :JfYosdL{x?;Fu df]afOn kmf]g x'g] ePsfn] 

hxfF eP klg e]§fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . l;ls:t ePsf a]nfdf 

dfq xf]Og, cGo ;fdfGo pkrf/ / ;f]wk'5sf nflu klg nfdf] 

af6f] lxF8]/ b'Mv kfO/xg'kb} {g, w]/} :Jff:Yo ;Nnfx kmf]gaf6 lng 

;lsg] ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;do / >dsf] cgfjZos vr{ x'gaf6 

dfq arfPsf] xf]Og ls la/fdLn] ;dod} pkrf/ kfO{ hLjg 

arfpg;d]t ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . :Jff:Yo;DaGwL ;fwg–;|f]tsf] 

clwstd pkof]usf nflu ;xof]u k'lu/x]sf] 5 .Ú 

:ofª\hf lhNnfsf] xf6vf]nf uflj;sf :jf:YosdL{ Clif 

nfld5fg] eG5g\– …d}n] ;L8LPdP kmf]g lnPkl5 la/fdLnfO{ cfpg, 

cf}iflwaf/]df ;f]wk'5 ug{, k|;'lt u/fpg'kbf{ jf st} Odh]{G;L 

la/fdL kbf{ klg kmf]gaf6} af]nfpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;n] d]/f] 

sfd ug] { Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ 'sf ;fy} la/fdLx?nfO{ klg lgs} ;'ljwf 

k'u]sf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf d]/f] ;fgf] ;Nnfxn] la/fdL afFRg 

;kmn ePsf 5g\ . clxn] u|fdL0f If]qsf :Jff:YosdL{sf ;fy} 

la/fdLx?sf nflu klg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf j/bfgh:t} ePsf] 5 .Ú 

To:t} u/L ndh'ª lhNnfsf a]+;Lzx/ uflj;sf :yfgLo 

:jf:YosdL{ O{Zj/ kGtn] s]xL dlxgfcl3 ufpFzx/ uflj; es'G8]df

{ 

{ 


cfof]lht Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] df]afOn 

;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] la/fdLnfO{ df]afOnaf6 Odh] {G;L :jf:Yo ;Nnfx 

lbg w]/} ;'ljwf k'lu/x]sf] atfP . pgn] eg]– …la/fdLx?n] hxfF 

k'u] klg, hltv]/ klg df]afOndf kmf]g u/]/ e]§fpg ;S5g\, 

cf}iflwsf af/]df kmf]gaf6 ;Nnfx lng ;S5g\ . TolQsf nflu 

klxn] #–$ 306f lxF8]/ cfpg'kYof]{ . clxn] df]afOn kmf]gsf] 

;'ljwfn] w]/} g} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .Ú 

:jf:YosdL{sxfF hl6n lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:of ePsf 

la/fdLx? cfpFbf pgLx?nfO{ g} lg0f{o ug{ sl7gfO k/]sf a]nf 

glhs} ;f]Wg] ljz]if1 gx'Fbf la/fdLnfO{ g} cGoq} hfpm eg]/ 

;Nnfx lbg' 'kYof] { eg] clxn] kmf]gaf6 ljz]if1;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ 

la/fdLsf] tTsfn pkrf/ ug{ ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . ndh'ªsf 

:jf:YosdL{ O{Zj/ kGt la/fdLnfO{ s'g} hl6n ;d:of kbf{ cfkm"eGbf 

l;lgo/nfO{ e/tk'/df kmf]g u/]/ ;f]Wg] u/]sf] / o;n] cfkm"nfO{ 

klg lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] atfpF5g\ . 

;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / z}lIfs If]qdf of]ubfg 

u|fdL0f hgtfsf] cfly{s hLjg dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs / 

;f+:s[lts hLjg ;fy{s agfpgsf nflu klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

lgs} pkof]uL eO/x]sf] u|fdL0f hgtf atfpF5g\ . :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] 

vx/] k|fljsf lzIfs lzj uf}td df]afOn kmf]gsf] lj:tf/n] ubf{ 

To; If]qsf hgtfsf] z}lIfs, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts 

If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfpF5g\ . ;fy} ljjfx, 

j|taGwh:tf z'esfo{df sf8{ jf ;'kf/L afF8\g, rf8af8 tyf 

lthdf lbbL–alxgL af]nfpg klg 306f}+ lxF8]/ hfg'kg]{ l:ylt 

ePsf]df xfn g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;L8LPdP kmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] 

w]/} ;'ljwf k'u]sf] pgn] atfP . o:t} u/L ndh'ª lhNnfsf] Ps 

:yfgLo af]l8{ª :s'nsf sd{rf/L r]tgfy a/fnn] df]afOn kmf]gsf] 

lj:tf/n] 3/–Jojxf/ rnfpg, ufpFsf dflg;x?;Fu s'/f ug{, 

e]63f6 ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] atfP . rf8kj{df lgDtf] ug{ klg kmf]g 

;]jfn] lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] / cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf 7"nf] 

kl/jt{g cfPsf] pgsf] cg'ej 5 . :ofª\hfsf :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL 

g]qaxfb'/ sfsL{n] To; If]qdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;]jf lj:tf/ 

u/]kl5 k|ToIf–ck|ToIf?kdf ;a}nfO{ nfe k'u]sf] ;'gfpFb} cfkm"nfO{ 

306f}+ psfnf]–cf]/fnf] lxF8]/ a}7s af]nfpg hfg'kg]{ u/]sf]df 

df]afOn kmf]gsf] lj:tf/n] w]/} ;'ljwf k'u]sf] atfP . 

u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf] z}lIfs :t/ psf:g] sfddf klg 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;]jfx? lgs} pkof]uL eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] ] hLP;Pd tyf ;L8LPdP kmf]gsf] Jofks lj:tf/kl5 

u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qsf ljBfyL{x?n] cg'ej u/]sf] ;a}eGbf 

7"nf] ;'ljwf P;Pn;Lsf] l/hN6 ;'Gg / OG6/g]6af6 z}lIfs cWoog 

ug{ ;lhnf] x'g' xf] . pgLx?n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t /fli6«o ?kdf dfq 

geP/ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf klg ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . 

;L8LPdP df]afOn kmf]g &% j6} lhNnfdf k'u]sf] / o;df ePsf] 

OG6/g]6 ;]jf pkof]u u/]/ b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{x?n] 

w]/} nfe lng ;ls/x]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qd} a;]/ ;+;f/el/sf] 

1fg k|fKt ug] { cj;/ kfpg', ljZje/sf pRr lzIff k|bfg ug{ 

z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf af/]df 3/d} a;]/ hfgsf/L lng] cj;/ kfpg' 

u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu Pp6f ;'gf}nf] cj;/ xf] . 

pgLx?n] OG6/g]6af6 Od]n / Rof6 u/]/ cfkm\gf] ;fdflhsLs/0f 

klg ug] { cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ k9fOsf qmddf k/]sf 


2010 

6 th 

u|fdL0f If]qdf df]afOnsf] a9\bf] dxTj 

c8\rg km'sfpg ;fyL jf lzIfs;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gn] 

lgs} ;xof]u u/]sf] ljBfyL{x?sf] cg'ej 5 . 

cTofw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 

z}lIfs / cfly{s cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ug] { p2]Zon] g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] ?d 6' l/8 / Sjfnsd;Fu ;fem]bf/L u/L ljleGg 

ljBfnosf nflu EVDO Wireless k|ljlwsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf 

pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . 

k|yd r/0fdf sfe| ]knf~rf]ssf >Lv08k'/, ;kg]Zj/ / dx]Gb| 

dfWolds ljBfno tyf sf:sLsf cd/Hof]lt / ;/:jtL dfljsf 

ljBfyL{n] of] k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ ] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ 

;xof]u ug] { sfo{qmdcGtu{t ?d 6' l/8 gfds lzIffsf] If]qdf 

sfo{/t ;+:yfn] sDKo'6/ tyf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] EVDO k|ljlwsf] 

b| 'tultsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf x'g\ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf OG6/g]6nufotsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx' Frn] 

ljBfyL{sf nflu dfq geP/ lzIfsx? klg plQs} nfeflGjt 

eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 gd:t] df]afOn lnPsf ndh'ªsf] 

Ps :yfgLo ljBfnosf lzIfs lji0f' vqLn] ndh'ªdf OG6/g]6 

;]jfsf] pknAwtfn] cWoog–cWofkgdf lgs} ;xof]u k'lu/x]sf] 

atfpFb} OG6/g]6 z}lIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 

hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . k':tsfnosf] cefj /x]sf] / k':tsfno 

eP/ klg ;ko;fk]If k':tsx? gx' Fbf cGof]ndf kg] { tyf k'/fg} 

hfgsf/Lx? ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg afWo ePsf lzIfsx?sf nflu 

df]afOn kmf]g tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf j/bfg g} eO/x]sf] u|fdL0f 

e]usf lzIfsx?sf] cg'ej 5 . 

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fdf of]ubfg 

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf b[li6n] x]g] { xf] eg] klg u|fdL0f If]qdf 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] 7"nf] qmflGt g} NofPsf] 5 . ufpFsf 

w]/}h;f] k'?ifx? ljb]zdf sfd ug] {x? 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qsf sltko 

uflj;sf &% k|ltzt;Dd k'?ifx? j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf 

5g\ . cfkm\gf 5f]/f, klt jf bfh'efO;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ rfx]/ 

klg 3/df kmf]g gx'g] / 6f9fsf] kL;Lcf]df s'/f ug{ hfg ljleGg 

sl7gfOx? kg] { xF 'bf dlxnfx?n] rfx]/ klg jiff} +;Dd cfkmGt;Fu 

s'/f ug{ gkfO{ dfgl;s kL8f lnP/ a:g'kg] { l:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . 

t/ xfn u|fdL0f If]qdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ 

ugf{n] o; lsl;dsf] ;d:of w]/} g} ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx?n] 

(%

{ 

{ 



6 th 

3/d} a;]/ ljb]zdf s'/f ug{ kfpg' lgs} ;sf/fTds s'/f xf] . 

ljb]zdf a;]sf cfkmGt;Fu s'/f ug] { dfq geP/ ljb]zaf6 t'?Gt 

/sd k|fKt u/L uhf] { 6fg] { sfddf klg kmf]gn] lgs} ;xof]u u/]sf] 

5 . klxnf cfkm\gf klt nfx'/ hfFbf jiff} +;Dd b'Mv kfP/ a:g] 

u|fdL0f dlxnfx? clxn] cfjZostfcg';f/ nf]Ug];Fu vr{ dfu]/ 

5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIff, :Jff:Yodf vr{ ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . 6]lnkmf]g 

;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] pgLx?sf] hLjgdf NofPsf] of] 7"nf] kl/jt{g xf] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 b'O{ j6f df]afOn / Ps lkmS:8 

kmf]g lnPsL :ofª\hf lhNnf km]bLvf]nf uflj;sL ^% jifL{of 

k|]ds'df/L u'?ª elG5g\– …klxn] ljb]zdf Ps sn kmf]g ug{ 

klg 3G6f}+ nfOgdf a:g'kg]{, dxFuf] z'Ns ltg{'kg]{ afWotf 

/x]sf]df clxn] 3/d} a;]/ xªsª, hfkfg / a]nfotdf /x]sf 

cfkmGt;Fu lwt dg]{ u/L s'/f ug{ kfPsL 5' . 5f]/fx?sf] 

;Grf]–la;Grf] yfxf kfPkl5 dnfO{ pgLx?sf] s'g} lrGtf 

x'Fb}g . cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf a]nfdf vr{ k7fpm eG5', pgLx?n] 

k7fOlbG5g\ . dnfO{ kmf]g ;]jfn] w]/} v'zL t'NofPsf] 5, 

dx;'n klg klxn]eGbf lgs} sd nfU5 .Ú 

o;n] u|fdL0f dlxnfx?sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg'sf ;fy} 

cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf klg a9fPsf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf 

sltko dlxnfx?n] vf;u/L ef/tdf sfd ug{ hfg] cfkm\gf 

k'?ifx?nfO{ kmf]gdfkm{t PrcfO{eLaf6 aRgsf nflu ;r]t u/fpg] 

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo tyf cfly{s hLjgnfO{ 

;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ d2t k'lu/x]sf] 5 . 

u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljleGg lsl;dsf k|ljlwx?dfkm{t 

b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu hf]8 

lbO/x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ lgs} b'?x 5 / of] lgs} vlr{nf] klg 

5 . tyflk g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

lj:tf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf g} /fv]sf] 5 . o;}sf] k|ltkmn:j?k 

clxn] d'n'ssf hDdf #,(!% uflj;dWo] #,$)# uflj;df ;]jf 

k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o; cfly{s jif{df sDkgLsf] 

jflif{s ;]jf lj:tf/ sfo{qmddf gk/]sf tyf cGo 

;]jfk|bfosx?af6 ;d]t ;]jf gk'u]sf d'n'ssf !(( uflj;x?df 

o;} cfly{s jif{leq} ;]jf k'¥ofpg :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfnocGtu{t 

Ps ljz]if sfo{bn (Task Force) u7g u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ 

sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . ;fy} w/f}6L /sd klg 36fOPsf] 5 . 

d'n'ssf] vf;u/L pQ/L If]qdf kg]{ oL clt b'u{d uflj;df 

nIocg'?k ;]jf k'¥ofpg :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfnon] ;j] {If0f 

/ pks/0fsf] h8fg sfo{ Ps} k6s z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f 

If]qdf ;do;fk]If k|ljlw kl/jt{g u/L cem u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf 

k'¥ofpg] sfo{nfO{ klg sDkgLsf] :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfnon] 

plQs} dxTj lbP/ sfd cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . 

ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm d'n's ePsfn] kxf8sf pRr :yfg 

tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf d}bfgdf df]afOn ;]jf ;xh} k'u] klg kxf8sf 

vf] +rx?df / lxdfnL If]qdf o:tf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg lgs} sl7g / 

vlr{nf] klg x'G5 . To:tf :yfgx?df k|ltkmnsf] ;Defjgf klg 

x' Fb}g . t/ sDkgLn] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj ;Dem]/ To:tf :yfgx?df 

le:of6 k|ljlwdfkm{t ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . ;L8LPdP df]afOn 

klZrdf~rnsf] clt b'u{d If]qdf df]afOnaf6 s'/f ub}{ Jofkf/L dlxnf 

;]jf k'u]sf :yfgx?df pkef]Qmx?n] OG6/g]6 ;]jf klg k|of]u ug{ 

;Sg] ePsf]n] To; If]qsf pkef]Qmfx?sf nlfu of] ;]jf a/bfgh:t} 

ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf eljiodf b|'t ultsf] 

OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ] nIo klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] /fv]sf] 

5 . sDkgLn] xfn} d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]ddf Pp6} dfWodaf6 EjfO;, 

8f6f / lel8of] ;]jf Ps};fy k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] PghLPg ;]jf 

;~rfng z'? u/]sf] 5 / eljiodf cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ug] 

nIo /x]sf] 5 . eljiodf Nofpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] PghLPg ;]jf 

u|fdL0f If]qdf klg Jofks?kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . 

o;n] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;"rgfsf] kx' FrnfO{ cem l56f]5l/tf] / ;xh 

agfpg]5 . 

;"rgfsf] clwsf/nfO{ /fHon] gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/s} 

?kdf /fv]sf] ] / To;sf] k"jf{wf/ eg]sf] g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ePsfn] 

sDkgLn] s'g} klg If]qnfO{ e]befj gu/L cTofw'lgs tyf u'0f:t/Lo 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/df hf]8 lbO/x]sf] 5 . 

b]zsf emG8} *% k|ltzt hgtf u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; 

u5{g\ . t/ klg u|fdL0f If]qdf 6]ln3gTj sd 5 . u|fdL0f 

If]qdf 6]ln3gTj )=$ 5 eg] zx/L If]qdf !# k|ltzt 5 . zx/L 

If]q / u|fdL0f If]qsf] vf8n lgs} 7"nf] 5 . of] vf8nnfO{ sd ug{ 

tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf 6]ln3gTj a9fpg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljleGg 

k|ljlwsf ;]jfdfkm{t sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . b]zsf] sl/a #! 

k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ / oL hgtfx? ljz]if u/L 

u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . oL dflg;x?df b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfsf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg tyf pgLx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, 

z}lIfsnufot ;jf]{kl/ ljsf;sf nflu zx/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf 

dx;'n b/df s]xL g/dkgf x'g cfjZos 5 . k|ltkmn clt sd 

cfpg] u|fdL0f If]qdf sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs bfloTj ;Dem]/ 

;]jf lj:tf/ ug' { klg ;fwf/0f s'/f xf]Og t/ klg g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf] 

g]t[TjbfoL ;]jfk|bfosn] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf b[li6n] clt 

lk5l8Psf] s0ff{nL c~rnh:tf If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfsf 

nflu ;x'lnotk"0f{ dx;'n lgwf{/0f ug' { ;fdflhs Gofosf b[li6n] 

klg plrt g} x'G5 . 

(^



2010 

6 th 

NT’s PSTN VMS Notice 

Board Service 

Pratibha Vaidya 

Deputy Manager 

Switching Division 

KRD, Sundhara 

Trapped in the traffic jam of Kathmandu valley and you 

want to hear the latest news update on your mobile phone 

while you wait? Or do you want to know today’s vegetable 

prices before you go to the market to buy? Or do you want to 

make sure whether the school is really open or not on a bandh 

declared day before you send the kids to school? Or are you 

tired of repeating the same message by phone to hundreds of 

people? Well no problem! Nepal Telecom is here to facilitate 

you with its Notice Board Service. 

Commemorating the 4 th Anniversary of the 

commissioning of Intelligent Network Services, Notice Board 

service was launched on 11 th Mangsir 2065 (26 th November, 

2008) which is another value added service based on 

Intelligent Network Platform. It is a supplementary service of 

PSTN VMS (Voice Mail Service) in which the mailbox can be 

used as a Notice Board by the subscribers. Using this service, 

notices (information/messages) required to be published (via 

Notice Board i.e. Suchana Pati) can be recorded through 

telephone by the subscribers themselves and such recorded 

notices can be played when people call to that telephone 

number having Notice Board Service facility. Subscribers of 

NT’s PSTN (fixed wire line) telephone lines can subscribe 

and avail Notice Board Service free of cost. 

Important Features Of Notice Board Service 

Free Registration 

No need to add new equipment on customer’s premises 

Service can be implemented from installed telephone 

after enabling Notice Board feature from the VMS 

Section, Switching Division, Kathmandu Regional 

Directorate, Sundhara 

Notice board owners can record/edit/delete his/her 

notice board message by themselves 

Access to Notices can be password protected so that 

nobody can edit/play with the uploaded messages 

apart from the owner 

Message duration can vary from 1-3 minutes 

Messages can be accessed many people 

simultaneously without making the telephone line busy 

Notices can be directly recorded from the same PSTN 

telephone line subscribed for Notice Board Service by dialing 

Access Code 1616, followed by local area code & the 

telephone number and following voice prompts. Similarly, 

Notices can also be indirectly recorded from any other 

telephone line within NT’s network (fixed wire line or wireless 

Prepaid/Postpaid GSM or CDMA mobile phone) by dialing 

Access Code 1610, followed by local area code & the 

telephone number with Notice Board Service facility, with 

password protection. To listen to such Notices published 

through PSTN VMS Notice Board Service, callers have to 

dial Access Code 1618, followed by local area code & the 

telephone number with Notice Board Service facility 

subscription. 

Example: For Direct Recording Dial 1616 + 01 + 4241566 

(for Kathmandu) 

For Indirect Recording Dial 1610 + 021 + 

521500 (for Biratnagar) 

To Listen to Notices Dial 1618 + 01 + 4241566 

(for Kathmandu) 

DIALLING PATTERN FOR RECORDING AND 

LISTENING TO NOTICE BOARD MESSAGES 

For Recording Notice Board Messages: 

Direct Recording: (from own Phone subscribed for Notice 

Board Service) 

For initially recording message: 

Dial 1616 from your telephone set 

Press 1 for Nepali and 2 for English 

After choosing language prompt the following 

announcement will be played 

0 Please record your notice message when 

you hear the beep tone and press hash(#) 

key at the end 

o Press 1 to hear the recorded message 

o Press 2 to record the message again 

o Press * (star) key not to record the new 

o 

message 

Press # key to replace the old message with 

new message 

For recording new message: 

Dial 1616 from your telephone set 

Your existing message will be played 

(&



6 th 

Press 2 to record new notice message when existing 

message is playing and the following announcement 

will be played 

o Please record your notice message when 

you hear the beep tone and press hash (#) 

key at the end 

o Press 1 to hear the recorded message 

o Press 2 to record the message again 

o 

o 

Press *(star) key not to record the new message 

Press # key to replace the old message with 

new message 

Indirect Recording: (from other PSTN, GSM or CDMA Mobile 

and Fixed Phones not subscribed for Notice Board Service) 

Dial 1610 + Area Code + Telephone Number 

subscribed for Notice Board Service 

o 

o 

For Example: Dial 1610-01-4241433 for 

Kathmandu’s telephone number 

OR 

Dial 1610-01-021521433 for Biratnagar’s 

telephone number 

Input your password 

Follow the same procedure as for Direct Recording 

For Listening to recorded Notice Board messages 

Dial -> 1618 + area code + Telephone number 

Dial 1618 + 01 + 4241566 for Kathmandu (inside Valley) 

OR 

Dial 1618 + 021 + 521500 for Biratnagar.(Outside Valley) 

Such recorded Notices can be accessed from all NT 

network; from fixed line PSTN, VSAT, Payphones and C- 

Phones from throughout the country @ NRs 1 per minute 

and from Prepaid/Postpaid GSM and CDMA mobile network 

@ airtime charge. 

Notice Board Service is especially suitable for publicizing 

important notices; urgent/emergency notices; commercial 

notices etc for business houses, Metrology departments, 

organizations, Travel Agencies, Schools & Colleges, 

Educational Consultancies, Airlines, Traffic Police Office; 

Money Exchange centers or Banks, Stock Exchange centers, 

News Agencies, FM radios and other Media, etc. 

In today’s fast changing world, the need for information 

flow to the right person at the right is very important. For 

example, the havoc created by unexpected bandhs can be 

very much minimized by the use of Notice Board Service by 

Schools and Colleges by keeping their information of 

School/College closure through Notice Board Service. News 

agency companies can broadcast breaking news through 

notice board service so that the general public can access 

news anytime, from anywhere, even while on the move by 

phone. Similarly, the traffic police station can keep updates of 

traffic jams in their Notice Board to inform the general public 

to use alternative routes; Airline offices can update their flight 

schedules and pre-inform their passengers of flight delays; 

the Share market can daily update the share prices for faster 

transactions, etc. 

Notice Board Service solution adds value to the existing 

telephone service providing efficient customer friendly 

interface with customers, strengthening customer loyalty. 

Answered phones help keep customers informed. One of the 

key advantages of Notice Board Service is that it can free 

companies from deployment of huge human resources for 

intensive tasks, particularly repetitive monotonous functions. 

It can take the pressure off from the working staffs by 

narrowing away the chunk work and still provide callers with 

options that let them reach the appropriate people to address 

for more issues. 

Notice Board Service can be used for the following purposes: 

For Product Information, Ads, etc - Business organizations 

For weather updates - Metrology Departments 

For travel information - Travel Agencies 

For flight information and updates - Airlines offices 

For traffic updates - Traffic Police Office 

For forex rates - Money Exchanges Centers and Banks 

For Program schedules and updates - FM radios/TV stations 

For Breaking News - News Agencies 

Horoscopes - Astrologers 

For recent film updates - for Film Halls 

For General and Emergency notices - Schools/Colleges 

For Educational information - Education Related 

Consultancies 

Nepal Telecom now has more than 270 notice board 

subscribers, mostly schools and colleges from all over Nepal. 

Breaking news was first publicized via notice board service 

by Onlinekhabar.com and other news agencies like Ujjyalo 

FM, Radio Nepal, Blast News, Rainbow FM, Dinesh FM etc 

are also on this trail now. Even Kalimati Tarkari Bazaar has 

subscribed to NT’s notice board service. Nepal Telecom has 

also publicized two notice board numbers mainly 1618-01- 

4241566 for publicizing information on Notice Board Service 

and 1618-01-4244400 for ADSL Service. 

Subscribers who want to subscribe to NT’s Notice Board 

Service may contact VMS Section, KRD Sundhara. 

Subscribers outside Kathmandu valley may contact VMS 

Section via their nearest Telecom Office in their area. 

Subscription forms for Notice Board Service is also available 

at NT’s website www.ntc.net.np. 

For More information please contact: 

Nepal Telecom, Kathmandu Regional Directorate 

Switching Division, VMS Section, Sundhara 

Telephone: 4241566/ 4241433 

Email: ntc.krd.vms@ntc.net.np 

Notice Board Service: 1618-01-4241566 

Now you don’t have to give information by yourself by phone, 

…… your phone will do it for you via Notice Board Service !! 

(*



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf 

k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ 

k| = c = /fwf l;Dv8f 

hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu 

-lstfa zfvf_ 

;fdfGo cy{df s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;fwg– 

;|f]tsf] plrt kl/rfng, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo, ;~rfng Pjd\ 

Joj:yfkg ug] { sfo{ g} k|zf;g xf] . Felix A. Nigro sf cg';f/ 

…s'g} p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ dfgjLo ;+zfwg Pjd\ ;fwg–;|f]tsf] 

k|of]u g} k|zf;g xf] .Ú 

(Administration is the use of men and materials to 

accomplish a purpose). 

s'g} klg j:t' cfkm} +df k"0f{ x' Fb}g . To:tf rLhx? h;af6 

cem /fd|f] kl/0ffdsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 jf h:faf6 nIo a9LeGbf 

a9L xfl;n ug] { p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5, To:tf s'/fx?df lgoldt 

;'wf/sf] lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 . ;'wf/ljgf pknlAw, :t/f]Gglt 

tyf yk kl/0ffdsf] cfzf ug' { lIflth r'Dg vf]Hg';/x x'G5 . /fHo 

/ gful/saLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ dfWod / gful/ssf] 

cfjZostf klxrfg u/L /fHosf] efjgf cleJolQm ug] { dfWod 

;/sf/ xf] . ;/sf/n] /fHosf] tkm{af6 gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj, 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { / lqmofsnfk ug] {÷u/fpg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf 

k|jfx u/fpg] dfWod k|zf;g xf] . t;y{ gful/ssf] rfxgfadf]lhd 

gful/s ;/sf/n] b]zdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{, cflY{fs, ;fdflhs, 

;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts ?kfGt/0faf6 nf]stflGqs /fHosf] :yfkgf 

ug{sf] nflu k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . k|zf;g cd"t{ rLh 

xf] . k|zf;gsf] ef}lts :j?k x' Fb}g, k|zf;gnfO{ ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df 

a'em\g ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{sf] cfwf/df, d"NofÍg 

ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt, /fhgLlts jftfj/0f, 

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cEof; / /fHosf] 

e"ldsfcg'?k g} ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kl/kf6LnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ 

cfjZos x'G5 . ;f]xLadf]lhd k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf] 

cfjZostf dx;'; eO{ To;sf] nflu ul/g] k|of; g} k|zf;lgs 

;'wf/ xf] . csf] { cy{df k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L / lqmofsnfknfO{ b]z 

/ kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;dofg's"n agfpg ;dfof]hg, Joj:yfkg / 

sfof{Gjog ub} { hfg' g} k|zf;g ;'wf/ xf] . k|zf;g ;'wf/ eGg] 

s'/f s'g} hfb'sf] 58L geO{ lgoldt?kdf rln/xg] k|lqmof 

(Reform is a continious process) xf] . t;y{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ 

uGtJo geO{ lIflthtkm{sf] ofqf (Reform is a journey rather 

than destination) xf] . 

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cf}lrTotf 

• ljBdfg k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf, k|lqmof, kl/kf6L, Jojxf/, 

;f]r / sfo{ k|0ffnLdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g Nofpg . 

• k|zf;lgs Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{ . 

• ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg . 

• k|zf;lgs ;+u7gx?nfO{ r':t, b'?:t, kf/bzL{ / 

k|efjsf/L agfO{ ldtJooL tyf pTkfbgd"ns agfpg . 

• k|zf;gdf gofFkg, l;h{gfTdstf / Jofjxfl/stfnfO{ 

k|j]z u/fpg . 

• k|zf;lgs kl/kf6LnfO{ ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] 

Jofks ljsf; / lj:tf/;Fu ;dfof]hg ug{ . 

• k|zf;lgs d"No / dfGotfdf cfPsf] cfoflds 

kl/jt{g;Fu k|zf;gnfO{ cg's"n agfpg . 

• hgefjgf / hgrfxgfsf] ;Daf]wg x'g] lsl;dsf] 

k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{ / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; 

/ ;Dd[4 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ . 

• k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ sfod ug{ . 

• e|i6frf/d'Qm ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{ . 

• gful/s ;/sf/sf] dfGotf :yflkt u/L k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ 

dflns ge};]jssf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ . 

• ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] l5d]sL / cleefjssf] ?kdf 

:yflkt u/fpg . 

k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos sbdx? M 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ rf8kj{h:tf] s'g} Ps lbg dgfP/ 

dfq kl/0ffd cfpFb}g, Pp6f cleofgs} ?kdf lgoldt 

u/fpg'kb{5 . 

((

{ 



6 th 

• ;'wf/ egfOdf xf]Og, u/fOdf b]vfpg'k5{ . 

• ax; ug{ ', cfkm\gf] ljrf/x? nfb\g' / k|ltj]bg th' {df 

ul/g' dfq ;'wf/sf] k"0f{lj/fd x'g ;Sb}g . 

• sfof{Gjogdf gk'uL cGTo x'g] ;'wf/x? ;'wf/sf gfddf 

ul/g] r6safhL dfq x'g\ . o;af6 pknlAw xfl;n x'g 

;Sb}g . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ la;{g} gx'g] rLh xf] . h;nfO{ 

;a}lt/af6 dnhn lbg'k5{, pmhf{ lbg'k5{ . of] ePg, 

Tof] ePg eGg'eGbf klg ;flass} k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L, 

sfo{ljlw / clwsf/sf If]qx?nfO{ kl/is[t / kl/dfh{g 

ul/g'k5{ . 

• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nflu kl/jt{g rfx]h:tf] / vf]h]h:tf] 

ug] { t/ Tofu / ;dk{0f gug] { k|j[lQ TofUg'k5{ . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ Team Effort / Team Support af6 

b]lvg] kl/0ffd xf] . ;Fu} a:g' z'?cft xf], ;Fu} lxF8\g' 

k|of; xf] / ;Fu} sfd ug' { ;kmntf xf] . 

• k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ k|zf;gleqsf] ;'wf/ dfq geO{ ;jf{lË0f 

ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;f]rfOsf] gofFkgsf] ?kdf 

dfGg'k5{ . 

• sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf ;'emfjx? dfq ;'wf/sf 

nflu cl3 ;fg' {k5{ . tTsfn pTkGg ;d:ofaf6 dfq 

;'wf/ k| ]l/t x'g' x'Gg . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu sfof{Gjogsf] ;+oGq ljjfb/lxt 

/ :jLsf/of]Uo x'g'k5{ . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu k|:t't b[li6sf]0fx? bL3{sfnLg 

x'g'k5{ . 

• xfdLleqsf] ;f]rsf] w/ftn ;'wf/k| ]dL geO{ ;'wf/kL8s 

/xg] u/]sf]n] ;'wf/sf] k| ]/0ff :jo+df cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g'k5{ . 

• ;'wf/ ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] kmfObfdf dfq ;Lldt /flvg' 

x'Gg, ;du|?kdf ;d]6\g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] nflu k|zf;g / 6« ]8 o'lgogaLr 

;xof]ufTds Pjd\ ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/L 

;xsfo{sf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ 'k5{ . 

• ;+:yf / sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf] {kl/ lxtsf] nflu Psn o'lgogsf] 

cjwf/0ff nfu" ug' {k5{ . 

• k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr 

/xg], pTk| ]/0ff hfu[t ug] { jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g'k5{ . 

• k|zf;g af]lemnf], vlr{nf], cg'Tkfbs / ckf/bzL{ 

x'g'x'Fb}g . 

!)) 

• ;+:yf / sd{rf/Lsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwnfO{ :yflkt 

u/L Ps–csf{sf] pGglt / cjgltaf6 kg] { k|efjsf] 

lrq0f ul/g'k5{ . 

• cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ 

;f]xLcg';f/ cl3 a9fpg gofF k|ljlwcg';f/ sfo{ ug{ 

;Sg] ;Ifd sd{rf/LnfO{ k|j]z u/fpg'k5{ . 

• sfo{af]emsf] cWoog u/L sfdsf] rfk sd ePsf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ a9L sfd x'g] sfof{nodf sfd ug] 

Joj:yf ug{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf sfof{nonfO{ g} 

lhDdf lbg] Joj:yf ug' {k5{ . 

• o'l6ln6L ;]jfcGtu{t -8«fOe/, lkPg, kl/r/, :jLk/ 

cflb_ sf ;a} kb l/Qm ePkl5 vf/]h u/L cfp6 

;f]l;{Ëaf6 sfd u/fpg] Joj:yf ug' {k5{ . 

• 6fOlk:6 kbsf] b/aGbL k"0f{?kdf vf/]h ug] { Joj:yf 

ug{ 'k5{ . 

• k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg'g, lgod tyf sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ 

;dofg's"n agfpg'k5{ . 

• lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug] { / gug] { sd{rf/Lx?sf] /]s8{ ;DalGwt 

sfof{noaf6 tof/ ug] { / oxL /]s8{sf] cfwf/df j[lQ 

ljsf;sf] nflu cfwf/ agfpg'k5{ . 

• ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf agfP/ k|efjsf/L 

sfof{Gjog u/fpg'k5{ . 

• jflif{s?kdf k|efjsf/L sfd ug] { sfof{no / sd{rf/LnfO{ 

c;n sfof{no / c;n sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf 5gf]6 u/L 

k'/:s[t ug] { Joj:yf ug' {k5{ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu x'g'kg]{ k|of; M 

lj=;+= !(&) df sf7df8f} +df DofUg]6f] k|0ffnLaf6 b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf z'? u/]sf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/n] Dofg'on, l8lh6n l:jlrªdf 

cfwfl/t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnufot GSM, CDMA h:tf 

tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;fy;fy} ADSL, Easy call card, 

Home country dial up card, E-mail, Internet cflbh:tf 

;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf] 5 . ;~rf/ If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gjLg 

k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jf;d]t qmlds?kdf NofO/x]sf] 5 . xfn 

NGN k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Wire Phone Nofpg] hdsf] { ul//x]sf] 

5 . o;/L ljleGg k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfsf] ] dfWodaf6 /fli6«o 

/ cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . 

cfh ;~rf/ljgfsf] hLjg kl/sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] e};s]sf] 

People who declare future are bold and audacious. They are the leaders. They are 

willing to invent the future in their speaking. 

- Adluin Toffler

{ 



2010 

6 th 

5 . t;y{ o:tf] uxg lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] sDkgLn] cfkm"nfO{ 

;zQm ;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df cfkm\gf] uxlsnf] 

pkl:ylt /fVg lglZrt ug{ cGo ljljw If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] ;fy;fy} 

k|zf;lgs If]qdf klg ;'wf/ Nofpg cfjZos 5 . ljBdfg 

k|;f;lgs ;+/rgf, lg0f{o k|lqmof, sfd ug] { kl/kf6L, sfo{z}nL, 

Jojxf/ / dgf]j[lQdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g Nofpg lgtfGt h?/L 

5 . o;} ljifonfO{ dgg u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|zf;lgs If]qdf 

;d;fdlos ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] k]G6f:sf]k, :6fkm sn]h / 

sDkgLleqs} ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1x?sf] sld6L u7g u/L 

cWoog ljZn]if0f u/fPsf] 5 . cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;'emfjcg'?k 

;'wf/sf] nflu a/fa/ kxn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;f]xLcg'?k sDkgLn] 

Change Management Department / Research & 

Development Unit u7g u/L sDkgLsf] ;+/rgf, 

Joj:yfksLo :j?k, ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] efjL 

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k|of; x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . 

• sDkgLsf tx ^ b]lv tx ( ;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

kbcg'?k sfd–st{Jo;lxt dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

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ug] { . 

• sd{rf/LnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg Job 

description, Performance Appraisal, 

Benchmarking h:tf sfo{x?nfO{ nfu" ug{ / Change 

Management Department sf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L 

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klxrfg u/L If]qut?kdf ;~rfng ub} { hfg] . 

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pkef]Qmfsf] lxtnfO{ k|j4{g ub} { u|fxs ;]jfdf ljz]if 

Wofg lbg], ahf/ Joj:yfkg / ahf/ lj:tf/ Pjd\ 

ahf/ cg'udgsf nflu ;DalGwt If]qLo sfof{nox?nfO{ 

g} lqmofzLn agfpg] . 

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• ljlgoddf Joj:yf ePcg';f/sf] Job Rotation sf] 

Joj:yf tTsfn If]=lg= :t/df nfu" ug] { . 

• Exchange Capacity, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+Vof, ef}uf]lns 

If]qsf] cj:yf, sfo{af]em cflb ljifox?nfO{ cfwf/ 

dfg]/ lglZrt dfkb08 (Standard) sfod u/L k|To]s 

sfof{nosf] b/aGbL k'g/jnf]sg -Review) ug]{ / 

b/aGbLcg';f/ kb:yfkg ub} { nfg] . 

• Globalization sf] sf/0fn] k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL, sfo{z}nL, 

kl/kf6L / k|zf;lgs k|lqmofdf Jofks kl/jt{g 

cfO;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ k'/fgf] z}nLaf6 sfo{ ;~rfng / 

;Dkfbg ug] { k|yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ k|zf;g / n]vfsf] 

If]qdf sfo{ ug] { sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg ;do;fkIf ;Ifd 

/ bIf agfpgsf] nflu ;fs{ b]zx?nufot ljleGg cGo 

t];|f] d'n's hxfFsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{–k|s[lt / sfo{z}nL 

g]kfnnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] x'G5 To; ljifodf s]Gb|Lo tflnd 

zfvfn] vf]h tyf klxrfg u/L a9LeGbf a9L k|zf;lgs 

If]qdf sfo{ ug] { sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ j}b]lzs tflnddf 

;xefuL u/fO{ s'zn k|zf;s tyf Joj:yfksx? tof/ 

ug] { . bIf / Ifdtfjfg\ hgzlQmsf] lgdf{0f u/L g]kfn 

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k'u]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZostfcg'?k tflnd, uf]i7L, 

k|lzIf0f / ljz]if l;sfOsf] dfWodaf6 Rennovation 

ug] { . ?kfGtl/t k|ljlwdf k|lt:kwf{Tds:t/df sfo{;Dkfbg 

ug{ cIfd sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if of]hgf VRS NofO{ ;Ddfghgs 

labfO ug] { . 

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cfwf/lznf x'g ;Sg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L 

cg'zfl;t / cfTd;+odL sd{rf/Lju{sf] ;[hgf ug] { . 

o; k|sf/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfGtl/s k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf 

;fy;fy} hgtfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug] {, ljtl/t ;]jfx?sf] 

u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg kxn ug]{, u|fxs ;]jfdf Wofg lbg], ahf/ 

cg'udg tyf lj:tf/sf ;fy} hgtfsf dfu / 

cfjZostfcg';f/ cTofw'lgs ;~rf/ ;'ljwf pnknAw u/fpFb} 

hfg] xf] eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] Telemarket df cfkm\gf] :yfg 

;'/lIft ug{ ;kmn /xg]5 . 

IF you trust fate, you have one chance in a million. If you trust your goals, you have 

every chance in the world. 

- Richard Gaylora Birely



6 th 

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / 


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n]vf clws[t 

cy{ ljefu, s]=sf= 

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kl/jt{gsf] of] c;/af6 g]kfn 6]lnsd klg c5'tf] /xg ;Qm}g . 

ljZjdf cfkm"nfO{ ljsl;t Pjd\ wgf8\o d'n'ssf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt 

u/fpg] xf]8afhLn] ubf{, bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / jftfj/0fLo c;/nfO{ 

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jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9\b} uof] / o;af6 Green 

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k[YjLsf] tfkdfgdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;/L ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ ;Lw} 

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sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«; cS;fO8, HFS, PEC / 

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lyof] eg] xfn rLgn] pl5g]sf] 5 . ;fy} ci6]«lnof k|ltJolQm 

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k|sf/sf k|fs[lts kl/jt{gx? b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . h:t}M l9nf] 

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lxdfnx? kUnFb} hfg', ;d'b|L ;tx a9\b} hfg' cflb k|ToIf b]lvg] 

c;/x? z'? eO;s]sf 5g\ . oxL b/n] tfdqmddf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg] xf] 

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g} s]jn dfglrqdf dfq ;Lldt x'G5g\ eg] g]kfnh:tf lxdfR5flbt 

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;d]t 7"nf] ;+s6 Nofpg] b]lvPsf] 5 . log} c:jfefljs kl/jt{g 

tyf c;/nfO{ g} ;du|df hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . 

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx? M 

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sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nufotsf Uof;x? pT;h{g x'g] u/L cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ 

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k[YjLdf kg{af6 /f]Sg] cf]hf]g tx Kjfn kb}{ uof] / k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf 

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j[l4 x'Fb} hfg' o;sf] csf]{ k|d'v sf/0fsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ltg} 

a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ ufF;, af; / skf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ k|s[ltdfly g} 

cGwfw'Gw?kdf k|xf/ ul/g' / k|fs[lts ;Dkbf Pjd\ ;|f]t–;fwgsf] 

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x'g\ . a9\bf] cf}Bf]lus nx/ / ljnf;L hLjgz}nLsf sf/0f dflg;x?n] 

cTolws dfqfdf ;jf/L;fwg, Electronic Items tyf cGo ljnf;L 

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k|b"if0f, jfo' k|b"if0f, Wjlg k|b"if0f, df6f] k|b"if0fh:tf k|b"if0fx? a9\b} 

uP / hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofof] . 

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ckf6{d]G6, hyfefjL?kdf /fhgLlts :jfy{af6 ag]sf sfnf] kqx? cflb 

sf/0fn] vfnL hldgsf] dfqf 36\b} uof] / hldgn] kfgL ;f]:g]eGbf klg 

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k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] s]jn bnut 

:jfy{df dfq Wofg lbP, k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] Ph]G8f / sfo{qmd 

slxNo}, sxLF–st}af6 z'?cft ePg . hgtfx? ltg} g]tfsf kl5 nfu] . 

ljz]if u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?df o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0f b]lvP . To;}u/L 

ljZjsf ljleGg efudf IfKof:q k/LIf0f, u[xo'4, cf0fljs k/LIf0f cflb 

klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|d'v sf/sx? dflgG5g\ . 

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? M 

a;]{lg k[YjLsf] tfkdfgdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnh:tf] 

lxdfR5flbt /fi6«x?n] k|ToIf c;/x? ef]Ug z'? eO;s]sf] 5 . lxdfnb]lv 

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kftln+b} uPsf 5g\ / !) b]lv @) ld6/ kl5 ;b}{ uPsf 5g\ . ;g\ 

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!(&% b]lv @))^ ;Ddsf] tYofÍ x]g] { xf] eg] lxdfnL If]qdf ! bzdnj 

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qmd uPsf] bzsdf dfq} t]Aa/ a9]sf] 5 . OG6/ ue/d]G6n Kofgn 

cg SnfOd]6 r]Gh gfds INGO n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf eg]sf] 5– 

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uPsf 5g\, clxn]sf] b/ sfod ePdf ;g\ @#%) df To;sf] cl:tTj 

g} x/fpg]5 / clxn]sf] eGbf a9L tfkqmd b/ a9]df Tof] lbg emg\ 

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ca{ hgtfnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ k'g hfg] k|foM lglZrt 5 . ljZjdf xfn 

eO/x]sf] tfkqmd j[l4b/ sfod /lx/xg] xf] / lxpF kUng] qmd hf/L 

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ld6/;Dd a9\g] vt/f b]lvPsf] 5 . 

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/f]Kg gkfO{ v]taf/L afFem} 5f]8g', nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;do a9\b} hfg', z'4 

vfg]kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ x'g', Ogf/, s'jf tyf kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;'Sb} hfg', 

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jfo' k|b"if0f tyf Wjlg k|b"if0f a9\b} uO{ Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]ux? 

a9\b} hfg'h:tf c;/x? k|ToIf?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;'Svf ofddf 

g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf dfq a;{lg %) xhf/eGbf a9L dflg;x? udL{af6 

x'g] Hj/f] tyf /f]ux?af6 u|l;t ePsf ;dfrf/x? cfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] 

a]df};dL jiff{ Pjd\ cltj[li6af6 xhf/f}+ dflg; 3/af/ljxLg eO/x]sf 

5g\ . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ;g\ @))& df k|sflzt tYofÍn] 

ljut !) jif{b]lv wgs'6f, sf7df8f} +, kf]v/f tyf bLkfon If]qdf a;] {lg 

kfgL kg] { qmd 36\b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 lxpFbsf] ;dodf a9L 

;'Svfkgsf] dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . s]xL jif{cl3;Dd h+unL tyf k|fs[lts 

hLjhGt'sf] ;'/lIft af;:yfgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfn Pl;ofdf !!cf} + :yfgdf 

/ ljZjdf @%cf} + :yfgdf kb{Yof] . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf c;/n] 

ubf{ lxdfndf /xg] hLjhGt'x? lxdfn kUng] qmdn] ubf{ k|foM nf]k 

eO;s]sf], jg kmF8fgL u/L a:tL a;fpg], jg–h+undf cfuf] nufpg], 

sf7 t:s/ ug] {h:tf sfo{n] h+unL hLjhGt'x? a;fOF ;g] { qmd tLj| 

x'g'sf ;fy} sltko nf]k;d]t eO;s]sf 5g\ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf o;sf] k|efj M 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ d'n'se/ lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt g]kfn 

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lj:tf/ u/L cGo k|lt:kwL{ ;]jfk|bfoseGbf ;]jf ljt/0f, sd{rf/L, 

;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] /fh:j, k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, cfocfh{g cflb b[li6sf]0faf6 

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ljz]ifu/L k|ljlwo'Qm ;+:yf ePsf]n] k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6 tyf k|of]udf ;d]t 

u'0f:t/Lo / l6sfpkg x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; cfdhgtfdf lbnfpg ;Sg' g} 

cfhsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL xf]. g]kfn 6]lnsd / u'0f:t/Lo k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jf Ps– 

csf{df kof{osf] ?kdf lrgfO/xg' g} cfhsf] nIo ag]sf] 5 . 

cfh ljZje/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ b]vf kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;d]t o;n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf k|efj kfl/;s]sf] 

5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|of]u ug]{ k|ljlw :jod\ cfkm}+df kl/k"0f{ xf]Og . 

o;sf] nflu lg/Gt/ ljB't\ ;]jf jf Aof6«L jf ;f]nf/h:tf Support 

Service sf] klg plQs} h?/L eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ljut s]xL jif{b]lv 

g]kfnL hgtfn] ;fdgf ug'{kl//x]sf] nf]8;]l8ªsf] cj:yfn] g]kfn 

6]lnsdnfO{ klg k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofO/x]s} 5 . b]zsf] ljBdfg /fhgLlts 


2010 

6 th 

cj:yf, a9\bf] ljnf;L hLjgz}nL, hg;+Vofdf j[l4 / ljZjJofkL hnjfo' 

kl/jt{gsf] c;/n] ubf{ cfufdL Ps bzs;Dd klg nf]8;]l8ªsf] 

Schedule df ;'wf/ cfpg] b]lv+b}g . Tolt a]nf;Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

cfkm\gf] sfo{of]hgf / k|ljlwdf yk kl/jt{g u/L j}slNks dfWodaf6 

pmhf{sf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd Nofpg cToGt h?/L 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] af]g;, nfef+z tyf Aofh cfh{g ug] { b[li6sf]0fn] 

bL3{sfnLg cfly{s nufgL ug' { h?/L 5}g . o;sf] nufgLsf] If]q eg]sf] 

gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf] vf]hL u/L b"/;~rf/sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] k|ljlwsf] 

cjnDag ug]{ / cfkm"n] k|of]u ul//x]sf] k|ljlwnfO{ Support ug]{ 

k|fljlws If]qnfO{ g} d'Vo k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5. xfn} 6]lnsdn] dflyNnf] 

tfdfsf]zLdf ^ ca{ ?lkofF nufgL ug]{ of]hgf NofPsf] 5 . o;afkt 

s]xL c+z z]o/;d]t kfpg] elgPsf] 5 . t/ of] nufgL cfufdL 

!)÷@) jif{;Dd sltsf] ;'/lIft 5, ;f]sf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ 

b]lvPsf] 5 . ljZj tfkdfgsf] qmd a9\bf] 5, lxdfnsf] lxpF kUng] 

qmd tLj| 5 . o; dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL gbLsf] d'xfg klg lxdfno g} 

xf] . olb oxL b/df tfkdfg hf/L /xg] xf] eg] cfufdL 8]9–b'O{ 

bzsdf g} ;f] gbLdf kfgLsf] rfk sd x'g hfg] lglZrt 5 . To; 

kl/l:yltdf of] of]hgf xfnsf] s'n]vfgL hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfh:t} 

gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . o;tkm{ klg uDeL/?kdf ;f]Rg' h?/L 5. 

o;sf] ljsNk g} vf]lhxfNg' h?/L geP klg csf]{ j}slNks nufgLsf] 

lkg TolQs} h?/L b]lvG5 . ;f] j}slNks nufgL eg]sf] Hydro Power 

Industries h:t} Solar Power Industries tyf Air Power 

Industries h:tf Industries sf] :yfkgf u/L lglZrt kl/df0fdf 

jflif{s pTkfbgsf] nIo /fvL g]kfn 6]lnsdnufot cGoq;d]t cfk"lt{ 

ug{ ldNg] Joj:yf ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sf] nflu 6]lnsdn] cu|0fL e"ldsf 

lgjf{x ug{;d]t kl5 kg' { x' Fb}g . o;sf] ;fy} l8h]n Plant Industries 

h:tf Power Generate ug] { j}slNks pBf]usf] :yfkgf ug] { ljifodf 

;d]t uDeL/ rf;f] /fVg'kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 g} 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] 

nIo xfl;n ug{ / ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{x x'g ;S5 . To;}u/L hnjfo' 

kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;jf/L;fwgsf] klg plQs} e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsd b]zs} 7"nf] sDkgL ePsf]n] ;jf/L;fwgsf] k|of]u x'g' klg :jfefljs} 

xf] t/ uf8LnfO{ w]/} k|of]u gug' {, k|b"if0f/lxt ;jf/L;fwgsf] k|of]udf hf]8 

lbg', jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] k'/fgf uf8Lx?nfO{ k|of]u gug' {, 

lkmN8sf] nflu afx]s cGosf] xsdf ;se/ 5'§f5'§} uf8L k|of]u gu/L 

;+o'Qm uf8Lsf] cjwf/0ff ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . 

b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm 

b]lvPsf], ljls/0f/lxtsf] k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'kb{5 . k|ljlwsf] 

decentralized xf]Og Centralized ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ub}{ To;sf] 

nflu 5'§} k"jf{wf/ v8f u/L jftfj/0fLo c;/ Pjd\ ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 

;d]t plrt k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 . o;sf lglDt df]afOn ;]jf 

;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos BTS h8fg tyf Tower lgdf{0f Pjd\ 

;~rfngsf] nflu k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?aLr ;femf /0fgLlt 

ckgfpg'kb{5 . sDkgLn] k|To]s jif{ cfkm\gf] v'b cfosf] ! k|ltztn] 

x'g] /sd j[If/f]k0f, jftfj/0f k|b"if0f lgoGq0f, lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo 

lzlj/h:tf If]qdf vr{ ubf{ klg pbfx/0fLo g} b]lvG5 . ctM hnjfo' 

kl/jt{gaf6 6]lnsdnfO{ k'Ug] xflg / To;sf] /IffTds pkfosf] vf]hL 

ug]{ lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] Ps sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf 

NofOg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 

!)#



6 th 

GSM Data Service: An 

Opportunity 

Rabindra Jha 

Manager 

Background: 

In Nepal, Nepal Telecom’s mobile market serves 

about 34 Lakh GSM customers out of which about 10 

% customers are using SMS frequently. It shows that 

data market is in growing stage. This article is focusing 

on GSM Data market hence it will be practical to 

understand what data is: 

Originally "data" is a Latin word and used as plural 

of word datum in English. The term data means groups 

of information that represent the qualitative or 

quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. 

In this article, data is related with GSM services 

used by customer besides voice and aims to identify 

some of the key aspects of GSM data market in Nepal. 

Data marketing is fully related with data services such 

as SMS, High Speed Internet, Video call, Video 

streaming, Live TV, Gaming, e-commerce etc used by 

GSM mobile subscribers. 

GSM data services have launched a new era of 

mobile communications. GSM offers a high quality high 

speed data link which opens the way for useful data 

applications. This will be possible by providing 3-G service 

to the customer. It was apparent that the percentage of 

frequent data users is still small. Most of this number is 

made up of corporate users among which 60% of them 

are high-end technical users who know how to use 

mobile data. 

Data services are expected to gain momentum next 

year with more data users by commissioning 3G services 

all over Kathmandu Valley and other major cities. As 

we know that the "Best Wishes..." messages in Bada 

Dashain and in New Year eve are growing abruptly high 

every year. If we see the SMS data rate, during Dashain 

festival 2066 more than one Crore sms has been 

delivered. It shows that Nepal’s mobile users are moving 

towards data as in other developed countries. The 

problem with using data, as it turned out, was not in the 

services themselves, rather user should also understand 

how to use such type of services and operator should 

educate user. 

Today’s GSM data: 

As we know, Nepal Telecom has been providing 3- 

G service since May 17, 2007 in limited area of 

Kathmandu city. At present, about 56 Node B (BTS for 

3G) are on-air in Kathmandu out of 80 Node B and 

Pokhara, Lumbini, Banepa, Birgunj, Janakpur, Biratnagar, 

Dharan will be connected in 3-G network in near future. 

We are providing mostly 2.5 G GSM services to the 

customer by which maximum data speed will be available 

about 171.2 kb/s (theoretical) but no operator in the 

world provides such speed for a single subscriber. 

Generally, one to three time slots are reserved for GPRS 

function which means about 40 kb/s data speed can be 

realized practically. At present, more than 1200 BTS 

provides GPRS service throughout the country but in 

some area, few BTS are not providing such service. It 

is planned already to upgrade those BTS so that GPRS 

will be available all over country. 

In certain part of Kathmandu city, where 3G services 

is available, data speed can be provided up to 2mb/s .At 

present, we have provided 3G service to 683 subscribers 

@ 384 Kb/s and GPRS service to 75,000 subscribers. 

Among 683 customers of 3G, very few customers (less 

than 10) are using video call hence it shows that either 

quality, tariff or marketing is bad. Our 3G customers 

have used 130 video calls, 653 Multimedia Messaging 

!)$



2010 

6 th 

service (MMS) and 45812 M Byte download and GPRS 

customers (Pre paid + Post paid) have downloaded 325 

Giga byte in one month (November 2009). It shows that 

there is opportunity for data market in NT’s network. 

Tomorrow’s GSM data: 

As we know, everyday technology is changing and 

we as an operator has to synchronize with this pace. 

For it, we have to do aggressively marketing of 3G 

service. 

In 3G of GSM mobile, following services are 

included: 

Voice, SMS, GPRS /high speed Internet services. 

Music Listening, Music download, Ring Tone, e- 

business, Wall paper etc. 

Video call, Video on Demand, High speed (2Mbps) 

data rate, video chat, Live TV, Gaming etc. 

We should focus on these values added services in 

order to satisfy the growing demand of services by 

customer and virtually add revenue for us. 

In GSM data market, there is potential for growth 

and as an operator, we have to be serious about 

investment for upgrading the network and other capital 

investment. Now days, Mostly vendors are busy to 

discover better technology for data communication using 

mobile so that in future, they can grab the upcoming 

market. As new data applications continue to emerge, 

an operator's competitive advantage will depend on being 

first to market with these applications. 

Mostly vendors are focusing on R&D for mobile 

data equipment enhancement. It is very important for 

3G application designers to consider the capabilities of 

the lower level bearer i.e. customer. We have to consider 

and copy those steps which have been taken by other 

operator in neighboring countries to do marketing and 

promote data usage. Data market has attracted handset 

manufacturers, content developers, music companies, 

logo generators and audio/ video content suppliers which 

will be the integral part of 3G business. Mostly service 

providers/manufacturer has already presented their 

product profile to us. 

Youngster customers have craze about chatting 

through SMS. If we provide video chat, we can imagine 

how much revenue it will generate. In my opinion, if the 

video content will be available as per customers demand, 

about 1-2 % of the total revenue will be achieved. 

!)% 

At the same time as GSM networks become 

popular; we as an operator has to utilized the mobile 

network efficiently. As the customers using voice and 

data have different behaviors and accordingly, operators 

have to change the type of services to motivate the 

customer to use it. Though the ARPU (Average revenue 

per user) of prepaid subscriber lies between Rs. 223 to 

Rs. 270 per month per subscriber, it means the data 

market should be choose in such a way that will match 

with affordability of Nepalese customer. Also, it is normal 

that as the subscriber volume increases, ARPU will 

decrease little bit accordingly. 

3G networks operators can offer users a wider 

range of more advanced services while achieving greater 

network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. 

Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, 

video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile 

environment. Additional features also include HSPA data 

transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4 

Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink. 

Now, let us discuss about GSM data service for 

tomorrow: 

We're likely to see 3G services enter our day -today 

lives in all sorts of new ways: through mobile phone, 

for example, in shopping, especially Internet "mail order" 

(e-commerce), banking, or playing interactive computer 

games over the Net, music download, to find the map of 

city & find the required College/Hotel/temple etc, pay 

electricity/water/Cable TV/phone bill, shopping, Put 

On/Off your Air conditioner, refrigerator etc before 

reaching to your house, Video Conference, Video 

On Demand, Gaming etc. Similarly, we can use our 

mobile for reservation of Train, Buses, Aero plane, 

Ship, Hotels. We can say in general language that 

mobile phone become e-wallet, e-banking, 

e-marketing, e-business and serve for all services 

for human life. 

In future mobile network technology, machine-tomachine 

communications will also be enabled and enhanced. 

Domestic appliances will have built-in radio modems to provide 

remote control and diagnostics. Our refrigerators will have 

built-in sensors that detect which items need restocking and 

automatically send a reminder message to our Pre-defined 

mobile number. We could even get the refrigerator to send 

an order direct to our local store. 

æcj;/ eGg] s'/f vf]nleq k"/} 5f]lkg] / To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ sl7g sd{h:t} b]lvg] x' Fbf w]/} dflg;n] To;nfO{ u'dfpF5g\ .Æ 

- Thomas Addison



6 th 

Where do we go from here? 

Data transport is becoming cheaper and cheaper 

as economies of scale drive down the cost of equipment. 

User devices are becoming more sophisticated, smaller 

and cheaper. But the mass market for data devices is 

the key to future success. We must make the best use 

of the available data services to avoid excess cost. 

For this, basic requirements are: 

a) Affordable Handset. 

b) Customer’s education. 

c) Network quality. 

d) Tariff as customer demand or market fixed. 

e) Sufficient bandwidth for internet. 

f) Suitable Audio, Video content. 

g) Favorable Rules & Regulation for "Video Content". 

h) Proper Marketing strategy. 

i) Adequate capital for all. 

As mentioned in (a) & (g), it is not in our company’s 

control but we can try to convince concern department 

and we can focus upon other remaining basic 

requirements. Also, the competition cannot be ignored 

rather we have to consider competitor’s movement. 

However mobile phone keypads are limited in terms of 

the speed of data entry. Now days mostly advanced 

GSM handset is equipped with QWERTY keypad so 

that user can type easily what s/he required. There are 

some ways for Railways/Banks service to use predefined 

words acts as a command. 

Packet switching is more efficient at carrying burst data, 

and mobile networks employing packet switching right 

up to the end terminal if they are to cope with the 

expected demand for future data services. Hence, NT 

should install the IP based network for GSM & 

Transmission link so that data marketing can be done at 

low cost and efficiently. It means the tomorrow data 

market is by 3G service using broadband data service. 

Though one GSM consultant has said "Mobile 

broadband is manna from heaven for consumers, 

but it is hell for operators: (John Strand, Consultant) 

which shows that operators should carefully decide for 

investment in new technology in developing country like 

Nepal. Since our company cannot afford frequent 

changes in technology due to huge CAPEX as well as 

OPEX. It shows that decision making for it is not so 

easy rather risk factor has to be considered. 

The future expectation of growth in the mobile market 

is driven by data and multi-media. Our company should 

!)^ 

focus on data market without delay otherwise competitor 

may grab the market. 

Conclusion: 

GSM data provides a wealth of opportunity for 

transferring a variety of information to the user on the 

move. From simple email to video and multimedia, almost 

anything is possible. The future will bring even higher 

bandwidths, larger markets and with them lower costs. 

However in order to achieve the goal of mass market 

data use, the applications must be developed by 

considering customer demand, rule/regulation and 

affordability for that service. 

We should start to introduce more data services to mobile 

user and should be given full concentration to above 

mentioned nine basic requirements. In marketer’s point 

of view, data market is a good opportunity to generate 

revenue potentially. 

The future is bright for data, if we get it right! 

References: 

1. Global System for Mobile communications - what’s 

in store?, K A Holley, 

2. Mobile Data Services, C J Fenton, W Johnston and J D 

Gilliland, BT Technology Journal Vol. 14 No. 3 July 1996 

3. WWW.judyb.com 

4. MIS report of Nepal Telecom 

GSM mobile phone df 

pknAw ;]jfx? M 

- International Roaming. 

- SMS. 

- GPRS. 

- 3G.(voice,video,data) 

- Call forwarding 

- Call Waiting 

- Call Holding 

- Multiparty Conference 

- VMS 

- Websms 

- 3G services 

- On line bill payment of postpaid 

mobile through Bank.



2010 

6 th 

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6 th 

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leq\ofpg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] :jfutof]Uo 5 . t/ cfk\mgf] 

lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'wf/ gu/L ljb]zLsf] e/df ;'wf/ x'g] sNkgf 

ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] ofqfdf k"0f{lj/fd nfUg ;Sb}g . lIflthsf] 

ofqf k|f/De;/x x'g]5 . To;tkm{ gLlt, lgdf{tf, Joj:yfks, 

sd{rf/L, 6« ]8o'lgog ;+j]bgzLn x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds 

r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfjZostf 

cTo'lQm gxf]nf . 

SMS af6 GPRS ;]jf ;~rfng jf aGb ug]{ tl/sf -Post Paid k|of]ustf{sf] xsdf_ M 

-!_ Unlimited GPRS sf] nflu "UGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df 

SMS k7fpg] . 

-@_ Volume Based GPRS sf] nflu "VGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df SMS k7fpg] . 

-#_ GPRS ;]jf aGb ug{ "DGPRS" message type u/L !$)) df SMS k7fpg] . 

-$_ k|lt SMS ?= !÷– nfUg]5 . 

!)*



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Jofkf/ / 

BSNL af6 l;Sg'kg]{ kf7 

df]xgk"0f{ ;Tofn 

;=Jof=c= 

s]=sf= hgzlQm th' {df 

k[i7e"ld M 

lj=;+= !(&) df z'? eO{ lj=;+= @))% af6 hgtfsf] nflu 

#)) nfOgsf] klxnf] PS;r]Gh ;~rfng ePkl5 xfnsf lbg;Dd 

b]zel/ km}lnPsf] ljzfn ;~hfndf emG8} %) nfv g]kfnLx?nfO{ 

;~rf/sf ljleGg ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{ ;kmn g]kfn 6]lnsd 

cfkm\gf] uf}/jdo Oltxf;;Fu} xfn b]zs} gDa/ ! sDkgLsf] 

?kdf :yflkt 5 . 

z'?sf lbgx?df ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] xfn 6]lnkmf]gafx]s GSM Prepaid / Postpaid 

Mobile, CDMA Fixed / Mobile, Email, Internet h:tf 

;]jfsf ;fy} gf]l6; af]8{, OhL sn sf8{ cflb y'k| } ;ljwfx? 

cfdg]kfnLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fP/ ;~rf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;Fu} 

lxF8fpFb} ;~rf/sf] ljsf;;Fu} ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j lt/L 

/fi6«sf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

o;/L g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfx? 

;~rfng ub}{ cu|0fL?kdf /x] klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] jt{dfg 

k|lt:kwL{ o'udf cfkm\gf] ;]jf lj:tf/;Fu} u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg 

;kmn eP dfq ef]lnsf] eljio ;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvG5 cGoyf 

cfpg] lbgx? kSs} klg w]/} sl7g x'g ;S5g\ . Pp6f egfO 5– 

“ it is easy to be number one, but very difficult to remain 

number one” 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Jofkf/ / jt{dfg cj:yf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b]zsf &% j6} lhNnfx?df cfkm\gf] ;]jf 

lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] b]zel/sf #(!% uf=lj=;= 

dWo] #$)) eGbf a9L uf=lj=;=;Dd xfd|f ;]jfx? lj:tf/ 

e};s]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 clt b'u{d / 8fF8fsfF8fn] 

el/Psf] xfd|f] d'n'sdf olt w]/} e"efudf ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf k'Ug' 

7"nf] pknlAw xf] . o; sfdsf] nflu g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] e"ldsfnfO{ 

;/fxgf ug} { k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf PSTN, GSM Prepaid 

Postpaid Mobile, CDMA Mobile / Fixed Set, E-mail , 

Internet cflb ;]jfx? d'n'sel/sf ef}uf]lns If]qdf k'Ug'n] 

;~rf/sf] If]qdf qmflGt ePsf] :jLsfg' {kb{5 . cfh x/]s zx/, 

ufpF, 6f]nx?df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;~rf/sf ;'ljwfx? k'Ugfn] 

hghLjg ;fx|} g} ;xh ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljljw lsl;dsf 

;'ljwf;Fu;Fu} ;:tf] z'Nsn] ubf{ Go"g cfo ePsf 

pkef]Qmfsf] kx'Frdf ;]jf k¥ofpg ;Sg' g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

7"nf] ;kmntf xf] . 

of] ] pknlAw / ;kmntf sDkgLsf] nflu ;'vb cg'ej xf] t/ 

o;}df ;Gt'i6 eP/ a:g] cj:yf kSs} xf]Og . ;kmntf / 

pknlAw;Fu;Fu} xfd|f ;]jfdf sdL–sdhf]/Lx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . 

To:tf sdhf]/Lx? ;'wf/tkm{ cfdsd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] Wofg 

s]lGb|t x'g cfjZos 5 . To:t} sfo{z}nL / ;f]rdf klg 

k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] dfu{cg'?k ?kfGt/0fsf] dx;'; 

x'G5 . pknAw ;]jf / ;'ljwfdf b]lvPsf lgDgfg';f/sf 

sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ lg?k0f u/L sDkgLk|lt ;]jfu|fxLaf6 bzf{OPsf] 

ljZjf;nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|fKt u/]sf] 

! g+= ;]jfk|bfossf] pkflw arfpg ;lsFb}g . 

;]jfdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/L M 

GSM Mobile 

• Network Congestion, Error in Connection, 

Network busy / Rf optimization h:tf ;d:of 

• Call drop rate high, cfjfh :ki6 gx'g' 

CDMA 

• Sky phone sf] pknAwtf ;xh gx'g' 

• C-Phone sf] Set sf] cefjdf gofF ljt/0f x'g 

g;Sg', 

• Spare sf] cefjdf ljt/0f ul/Psf ;]6 dd{t x'g 

g;Sg' 

!)(



6 th 

PSTN 

• Core Area df nfOg pknAw x'g g;Sg' 

• Cable rf]/Lsf] sf/0f ;]jf cj?4 x'g' 

• Repeater Station df Power, / Radio df cfpg] 

;d:ofsf sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf ljR5]b x'g' 

Customer Support 

• ;]jf pknAw u/fO;s]kl5 Maintenance support 

sf] cefj 

• ;]jf ljR5]b ePsf] jf lalu|Psf] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf 

Restore x'g g;Sg' 

• u|fxsk|ltsf] plrt Jojxf/ lhDd]jf/L sdL 

• ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf x'g g;Sg' 

PskN6 u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf lbP/ u|fxssf] ;+Vof a9fpg' 7"nf] 

s'/f x}g t/ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf;Fu} After Sales Service 

(Maintenance Support) /fd|f] lbP/ u|fxs;Fusf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ 

agfpg ;Sg' 7"nf] s'/f xf] . h:tf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu Xerox 

sDkgLn] w]/} klxn] u/]sf] ;j] {If0fcg';f/ pRr u'0f:t/ / /fd|f] 

Service Support sf] sf/0f Pp6f u|fxsn] Xerox sf ;fdfgx? 

p;sf] hLjgel/df ^ kN6 lsG5 / sl/a %) hgf c? ;fyLx?nfO{ 

Xerox s} ;fdfg lsGg] ;Nnfx lbG5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg 

u|fxs;Fu o:t} ;DaGw agfpg] k|of; ug' { csf] { cfjZos kIf xf], 

lsgls “A Relation found in business is far better than a 

business found in relation” 

o;sf cltl/Qm xfdLn] cfˆgf nlIft u|fxsx?;Dd 

lj1fkgdfkm{t pxfFx?sf nflu s]–s:tf ;]jf–;'ljwfx? k|bfg 

u/]sf 5f} + eGg] hfgsf/L k'¥ofpg g;Sg' jf y'k| } k|sf/sf ;]jfx? 

;~rfngdf cfpFbf klg ;f] ;]jf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L lbg 

;Sg] u/L x/]s sfof{nodf hgzlQm jf Marketing Unit Joj:yf 

ug{ g;Sg' xfd|f cGo sdhf]/Lx? x'g\ . GSM Prepaid ;]jf On 

Demand kfOg] hfgsf/L xf];\ jf IN Service ;DaGwL ;"rgf 

xfdLn] u|fxsx?sf]df cem};Dd /fd|/L k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gf} + . 

o:t} GPRS ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofP klg ;f]sf] k"/f 1fg gkfP/ 

u|fxsx?;Fu Deal ubf{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fx| } ufx|f] k/]sf] tYo 

csf] { oyfy{ xf] . 

BSNL, ef/tsf] Communication Market / g]kfn 

6]lnsd 

Eff/tdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] Oltxf; ;g\ !**@ b]lv z'? ePsf] 

xf] . u|fdj]nn] ;g\ !*&^ df 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f u/]kl5 

;g\ !*&* df cd]l/sfsf] Go" x]j]gdf ;+;f/s} klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g 

PS;r]Gh :yflkt eof] . To;sf] s]jn rf/ jif{kl5 g} ef/tsf] 

snsQfdf (# nfOgsf] 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]Gh :yfkgf eof], h;sf] 

gfd “Central Exchange” lyof] . o;/L ef/tdf z'? ePsf] 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg] qmddf ;g\ !(() df 

“Liberalization / Privatization” cjwf/0ffcg';f/ cGo Private 

Companies klg ;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf cfpg kfpg] eP . ef/tdf 

Jofkfl/s lx;fan] df]afOn ;]jf ;g\ !((% cu:6b]lv z'? eof] . 

To;kl5 cGo ;]jfk|bfosx? h:t} Airtel (Airtel Bharati, 

1995), Idea(1995), Tata Telecom (1995) cflb lj:tf/} ;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf cfpg yfn] . s]xL ;dokl5 Reliance, 

Vodaphone nufot cGo y'k|} ;]jfk|bfosx? klg Indian 

Communication Market df lelqP . ;g\ @))) cu:6 ! 

tfl/vb]lv Government Of India n] Depart of Telecom 

sf] Operation wing nfO{ ef/t ;~rf/ lgud lnld6]8 (BSNL) 

sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

;]jf lj:tf/;Fu} BSNL n] Indian Telecom Market df 

cfˆgf] cflwkTo hdfpFb} uof] / cGo k|lt:kwL{x?n] p;nfO{ 

k5\ofpFb} uP . Market share/Revenue sf] lx;fadf p;n] 

;g\ @))& ;Dd 7"nf] ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))& 

sf] cGTo;Dd BSNL hDdf ^ s/f]8 $* nfv u|fxs;Fu} klxnf] 

:yfgdf lyof] eg] k|lt:kwL{ Airtel @))& dfr{;Dd # s/f]8 () 

nfv u|fxs;Fu} w]/} k5fl8 lyof] . t/ sl/a Ps jif{sf] cGt/fndf 

g} cfˆgf sdL–sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f BSNL n] b| "t ultdf ahf/ 

lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]g eg], Airtel n] cfˆgf] cfqmfds of]hgf, 

;]jfsf] ;j{;'netf / Customer Care h:tf u|fxs;Fu ;DalGwt 

kIfdf a9L Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] sf/0f ;]jf lj:tf/df ck]lIft 

pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl/0ffd:j?k @))* 

sf] cu:6 dlxgf;Dddf BSNL sf] u|fxs;+Vof & s/f]8 #) 

nfv / Airtel sf] & s/f]8 !& nfv k'u]sf] lyof] . of] o;sf 

cltl/Qm cGo ;]jfk|bfosx? klg cfqmfds?kdf ahf/ lj:tf/df 

nfu]sf lyP . 

xfnsf] l:ylt x]g] { xf] eg] ;g\ @))( ;]K6]Da/sf] l/kf]6{cg';f/ 

s'n !!,#$,&(,^&) u|fxs;Fu} Airtel klxnf] gDa/df 5 eg] s'n 

*,&@,)#,%^& u|fxs;Fu} BSNL k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cGo 

;]jfk|bfosx? h:t} Reliance, Vodaphone , Idea cflbn] cem} 

BSNL sf] ahf/ vf]:b} 5g\ . 

o;/L s]xL jif{cufl8af6 Market Share u'dfpg z'? 

u/]sf] BSNL dfr{ @))& df ePsf] @!=% k|ltzt Market 

Share af6 em/]/ @))( cu:6;Dddf !#=*^ k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 

5 . ljZn]zsx?sf cg';f/ tLg jif{sf] cGt/fndf BSNL n] 

emG8} %) k|ltztn] ahf/ u'dfPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . 

xfnsf] of] cj:yf x]bf{ ljz]if1x?sf] cg'dfgcg';f/ ;g\ 

@)!# ;Dd Airtel sf] Market Share @$=& k|ltztaf6 @&=$ 

k|ltztdf a9\g] b]lvG5 eg] BSNL sf] Market Share xfnsf] 

!#=*^ k|ltztaf6 36]/ &=# k|ltztdf emg] { ;Defjgf 5 . 

!!)


o;sf ;fy} BSNL sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ klg x]/f}+ . 

Year 2004 2007 2008 2009 (Expected) 

Operating Income 

(In Billion) 

Net profit 

320 397.15 380 360 

(in billion) 58.76 78.06 30 5.74 

+ o;sf ;fy} xfnsf] Market Share sf] cj:yf klg x]/f} . ;g\ 

2009 August 12 sf] l/kf]6{ 

Company Customer Market Share Revenue Market Share 

Airtel Bharity 24.3% 33.8% 

Vodaphone 18.8% 20.7% 

Idea 11.2% 12.1% 

Reliance 18.9% 11.5% 

BSNL 13.86% 10.2% 

o;/L s]xL jif{cl3;Dd ef/th:tf] ljzfn /fi6«sf] ;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfosdf gDa/ ! df /x]sf] sDkgL kl5 kb} { hfg'df d'Vo b'O{ 

sf/0f /x]sf] ljZn]ifsx?sf] egfO 5 . klxnf] sf/0f ;g\ @))^ 

sf] cGTolt/ ePsf] “450 Million GSM” sf] Contract Finalize 

u//] ;dod} sfd z'? ug{ g;Sg' / bf];|f] k|d'v sf/0f “Lack of 

Sense of Customer care” cyf{t\ u|fxsx?sf] ;+j]bgfk|lt 

uDeL/ gx'g' . oL s'/fx? ;'Gbf ;fdfGo nfUg ;S5g\ t/ xfnsf] 

k|lt:kwL{ ;dodf sfd l9nf] ug' { / Customer Care df Wofg lbg 

g;Sgfn] Jofkf/df w]/} 7"nf] c;/ k5{ . h;sf] k|ToIf pbfx/0f xfdL 

BSNL af6 kfpg ;S5f} + . 

BSNL sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

cfkm\gf ultljlwx?df cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf] 

5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf xfd|f] sfd u/fOsf] tl/sf x]bf{ sfd 

ug]{ ult w]/} a9fpg'kg]{ Pp6f cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{ Customer 

care df xfdL w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf] s'/f ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] 

u'gf;fx?af6 cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . sDkgLaf6 pknAw ;]jfx? 

nf]slk|o eO{ pRr dfu x'g' sDkgLsf] nflu cj;/ eP tfklg 

dfucg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;sL cj;/ u'dfpg'k/]sf]n] 

dfu g} r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . h;sf] kmfObf xfd|f k|lt:kwL{x?n] 

lnO/fv]sf 5g\ . o:t} l:ylt /x]df sDkgL ahf/af6 k|lt:yflkt 

gxf]nf eGg ;ls+b}g, lsgls “Time and Tide waits for none” 

6]lnsdsf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf] nflu ul/g'kg]{ sfo{x? M 

k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf glnO{ cj;/sf] 

?kdf pkof]u u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;j{;fwf/0fn] :t/Lo ;]jf 

pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] ;d]t k|Tofe"lt ug{ 

;s]sf] v08df ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jfk|bfossf] aLrsf] ;x;DaGw 

:yflkt x'g ;S5 . oxL ;DaGwsf] cf8df sDkgLn] ;]jfu|fxLaLr 


2010 

6 th 

nf]slk|o 5lj sfod /flv/fVg ;Dej x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu 

sDkgLn] lgDg kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg] { dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . 

• ;]jf k|jfxkZrft\ k|efjsf/L Maintenance Support 

pknAw u/fpg] . 

• sDkgLaf6 pknAw ;]jf (Value added services) 

x?sf] af/]df lj1fkg ;]jfdfkm{t ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ oy]i6 

dfqfdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] / To:tf ;]jf pkef]usf] 

nfuL k|f]T;flxt ug] { . 

• Market Research Unit x?sf] :yfkgf u/L ahf/d'vL 

;]jf k|jfxdf hf]8 lbg] . 

• Customer care unit sf] dfWodaf6 Integrated ?kdf 

;]jf k|jfxsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] . 

• u|fxsk|lt plrt lHfDd]jf/ / Joaxf/ k|:t't ug] { Joj:yf 

ldnfpg] . 

• ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg] . 

• nfut Joj:yfkg u/L ;'ky d"Nodf ;]jf k|jfx 

u/fpg] . 

• gjLgtd k|ljlwx? Nofpg] . 

• ;]jfsf] lgoldt?kdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg 

ug]{÷u/fpg] . 

• Effective Customer service df hf]8 

o;sf cltl/Qm u|fxssf] rfxgf, k|lt:kwL{x?sf] sfo{ / 

/0fgLlt a'em]/ ;f] cg';f/sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpgsf] 

nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?df “Market 

Research Unit” agfP/ k"/} ahf/sf] Information /fVg'kg]{ 

h?/L e};s]sf] 5 eg] cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfof{nox?df “Customer 

Care Unit” sf] Joj:yf u/L u|fxssf] dg lhTg h?/L 

e};s]sf] 5 . 

o;/L BSNL sf] c;kmntfdf h;/L “GSM 450 Million” 

sf] sfof{Gjog ;dod} ug{ g;Sg' / “Customer Care” k|lt 

;+j]bgzLn gx'g'n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5, o;af6 Nepal 

Telecom n] 1fg ln+b} cfkm\gf sdhf]/Lx? ;'wf/ ub} { eljio 

;'lglZrt ug{ ' h?/L 5 . Nepal Telecom cfkm\gf] sfdsf] ult 

a9fpFb} u|fxsx?sf] rfxgfcg'?k u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf lj:tf/df 

nfluk/]df dfq} gDa/ ! df /lx/xg ;kmn x'g] b]lvG5 

References : 

1. Fundamentals of Marketing – Philip Kotler 

2. www.ntc.net.np 

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India 

4. http://www.trai.gov.in 

5. http://www.financialexpress.com 

6. http://www.telecompaper.com 

!!!



6 th 

NofG8kmf]gdf cfp“b} 5g\ 

ljZjsf cTofw'lgs ;]jfx? 

;'netf / …df]laln6LÚ sf sf/0f df]afOn ;le{;x¿ nf]slk|o 

eO{ tf/o'Qm ;]jfaf6 u|fxsx¿ ljslif{t x'g yfn]kl5 To;df 

cTofw'lgs …Eofn' P8]8Ú ;]jfx¿ yKg]tkm{ ljZjsf 6]lnkmf]g 

sDkgLx¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . o;af6 u|fxsn] klg cTofw'lgs ;]jfx¿ 

kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] bfFhf]df tf/o'Qm ;]jfsf] /fh:j 3l6/x]sf] 

l:yltdf To:tf kmf]gsf] ;+Vof g} 36\bf sDkgLsf] /fh:j ´g\ 

36\nf ls eÌ] lrGtf al9/x]s} a]nf ljBdfg pks/0fx¿sf] 

cTolws pkef]u u/L gofF ;]jfdf nufgL ug{ 'kg] { ljrf/ klg 

sDkgLleq p7\g yfn]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf ;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfnosf 

ljsf; k|aGws nf]rgnfn cdfTo s'n nufgLsf] !) b]lv @% 

k|ltzt dfq yk ubf{ gofF ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] / To;af6 

$) b]lv %) k|ltzt cfDbfgL a9fpg ;lsg] atfpg'x'G5 . 

s] x'g ;S5g\ t gofF ;]jf < 

sDkgLn] ljBdfg pks/0fsf] cTolws pkof]u ub} { yf]/} yk nufgLdf 

tTsfn ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] s]xL ;]jfx¿af/] oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 

df]afOn jfn]6 -df]afOn a}+lsª_ M sDkgLn] ljBdfg 

k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k|of]u u/L rnfpg ;Sg] Pp6f ;]jf …df]jfOn 

jfn]6Ú xf] . o;df df]afOn ;]jf ck/]6/sf] dWo:ytfdf p;sf] 

gDa/sf] PsfpG6 a} +sdf vf]lnG5 . zx/sf ljleÌ 7fpFdf /xg] 

Jofkf/Lx¿n] To;sf] Ph]G6sf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf x'G5g\ . 

To:tf] df]afOn gDa/df @ k|sf/sf l/rfh{ x'G5g\ . Pp6f 

Aofn]G;n] sn u/fpF5 eg] csf] { Aofn]G; a} +s vftfdf hDdf 

x'G5 . Tof] /sd rfx]sf] ;dodf ljleÌ Ph]G6dfkm{t gubdf 

kl/0ft ug{ cyjf vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . df]afOn wgLn] P;PdP;dfkm{t 

vr{ ug]{ lgb]{zg lbPkl5 k;n]n] To;sf] hfgsf/L df]afOn 

ck/]6/nfO{ k7fpF5, Tof] ck/]6/af6 wgLnfO{ P;PdP;dfkm{t 

To;sf] k'li6 dfluG5, p;n] :jLs[t u/]kl5 sf/f]af/ x'G5 / 

p;sf] PsfpG6af6 /sd 36\5 . 

df]afOn wgLn] ;fdfGotof cfˆgf] df]afOndf olt k};f 5 

eÌ] dfq a'‰b5 . p;sf] a'´fOsf] …;'lsnf dflg;x¿ dfq hfg] 

a} +sÚ;Dd p;n] hfg'kb} {g, af6f]af6} p;n] a} +lsª sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf] 

x'G5 . cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};f b]ze/ rfx]sf] 7fpFdf ;lhn}l;t 

k7fpg klg ;S5 . of] ;]jf u|fxsnfO{ lbOg] cnUu} lkgsf]8af6 

lgolGqt x'g] ePsf]n] df]afOn x/fPdf klg k};f x/fpFb}g . 

u0f]z kf}8]n 

;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfno, hfjnfv]n 

ganesh.paudel@ntc.net.np 

cNkljsl;t b]zdf lgDgcfo:t/sf HofdL, el/of, 7]nfjfn 

OToflbn] d]xgt u/]/ lbgdf $-% ;o ?lkofF;Dd sdfpg] t/ 

Tof] k};f art ug{ g;s]sf] tYofÍx¿af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ 

a} +ssf] gfd}b]lv 8/fpg] ePsfn] k};f art ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] 

lgDgcfo:t/nfO{ nlIft u/]/ ef/t, a+unfb]z, >LnÍfh:tf 

b]zx¿df z'¿ ul/Psf] …df]afOn jfn]6Ú ;]jf ;kmn ePsf] 5 . 

lel8of] cg l8dfG8 M sDkgLn] lbg ;Sg] csf] { cTofw'lgs 

;]jf …lel8of] cg l8dfG8Ú xf] . u|fxsnfO{ rfx]sf] lel8of] rfx]sf] 

;dodf lbg' of] ;]jfsf] ljz]iftf xf] . 

lzIff If]qn] of] k"j{fwf/sf] cTolws k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . 

clxn] /]l8of]af6 rnfOg] b"/lzIffdf PsftkmL{¿kdf k9fOg] ePsf]n] 

To;df ;'Ì]n] s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfpg ;Sb}g . cfO{6L k"jf{wf/ agfpg 

;s]df To:tf b"/lzIffnfO{ klg cGt/lqmofd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 . 

h;af6 k|:6 x'g g;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] lkm8Aofs tTsfn k7fP/ 

sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf To;sf] ;d]t :ki6Ls/0f lng ;lsG5 . 

:s'n / ljZjljBfno:t/;Ddsf s'g} klg ljifosf] :t/Lo 

g]kfnL n]Sr/ lglZrt /sddf pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

k|ltn]Sr/sf] lglZrt ?lkofFdf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPdf u|fxsn] 

klg ;lhn} x]g{ kfpg] / To;sf] /sd n]Sr//n] Psd'i6 kfpg] 

x'G5 . o;df …sG6]G6 xf]:6Ú ug{ sDkgL cfkm} + jf cs} { kIfnfO{ klg 

lbg ;lsG5 . lalnª l;:6dx¿n] sG6]G6x¿sf] cfwf/df k};f 

p7fpg] / To;sf] /]s8{ /fVg] ub{5g\ . 

sltko /fd|f lzIfsx¿ hf] 6\o';g k9fpF5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ 

EofO{-gEofO{ x'G5 . otf /fd|f] lzIfs;Fu k9\g] ;do gldn]/ 

ljBfyL{x¿ klg b'Mv kfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf] lzIfsn] cfˆgf] 

;Lldt ;donfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ljBfyL{df´ afF8\g ;S5 . clxn] 

/fd|f] 6\o';g k9fpg cleefjsx¿ dlxgfsf] ^-& xhf/ klg vr{ 

ub{5g\ eg] otf lzIfsn] klg a9Ldf @)-@% xhf/ sdfpF5g\ . 

olb Tof] k|ljlw Nofpg] xf] eg] p;n] dlN6ldl8of Sofd]/f hf]8]/ 

Ps}rf]l6 ;of} + ljBfyL{ k9fpg ;S5 . cleefjsn] klg $-% ;o 

lt/] k'Ug], ptf lzIfsn] klg dlxgfd} nfvf} + ?lkofF sdfpg] x'gfn] 

/fHosf] gfz e}/x]sf] k};f hf]luG5 . dWo:ytf u/]afkt lglZrt 

/sd sDkgLn] kfpg] ePsfn] of] ;]jf hlt w]/ rN5 Tolt g} w]/ 

cfDbfgL x'G5 . To;} u/L aRrfx¿n] OG6/g]6df vf]h]sf] n]Sr/ 

!!@


gkfpg] / pgLx¿ grflxg] s'/f x]g{tkm{ tNnLg x'g] s'/f /f]Sg 

klg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L lszf]/-lszf]/L :jf:Yo OToflbsf] ljifodf 

lzIff lbg ;lsG5 . 

cfO{kL l6eL M sDkgLn] ;DefJotf cWoogsf] qmddf 

/fv]sf] csf]{ gofF ;]jf xf] …cfO{kL l6eLÚ . of] ;]jf sDkgLn] 

:of6]nfO6 l6eLsf] nfO;]G; lnP/ u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdfkm{t 

tTsfn} ljt/0f ug{ ;S5 . 

k|aGws cdfTo eÌ'x'G5– …l;4fGttM P8LP;Pndf clxn] 

xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf] s]a'naf6 %) d]uflj6;Ddsf] l;Ugn 

k7fpg ;lsG5 eÌ] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . cGo b]zx¿df clxn] !% 

d]uflj6 / g]kfndf & d]uflj6;Ddsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f e};s]sf] 

5 . To;}n] of] ;]jf tTsfn ljt/0f ug{ ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5 .Ú 

o;df Pdk]u # jf Pdk]u $ sDk| ];gsf] …xfO{ l8lkmlg;g l;UgnÚ 

k7fpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf] :t/df qmflGt g} 

cfpg] bfaL pxfF ug{ 'x'G5 . 

…cfO{kL l6eLÚsf] d'Vo ljif]iftf To;df cfpg] Rofgnx¿nfO{ 

6fOd l;ˆ6 u/]/ lbpF;f] cfpg] sfo{qmd a]n'sL u/]/ x]g{ ;lsg' xf] . 

s]a'n l6eLsf] l;:6ddf ;a} Rofgnsf l;Ugnx¿ Ps}rf]l6 k7fOG5 

t/ …cfO{kL l6eLÚdf Pd8LPkm;Dd ;a} l6eLsf] l;Ugn cfpg] eP klg 

u|fxsn] h'g Rofgn x]g{ rfxG5, p;sf] s]a'ndf rflxF ToxL Rofgn 

dfq k7fOg] ePsf]n] Sjfln6L Psbd} /fd|f] x'G5 . $-% j6f Rofgn 

Ps}rf]l6 …ljG8f] :KnL6Ú u/]/ klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . 

% ;o nfOg u|fxs ePsf] Pp6f ck/]6/n] s'g} ;z'Ns 

Rofgn k|;f/0f ug{ Tolt g} nfO;]G; lng'kg] { x'G5 . t/ ;a} 

u|fxsn] Tof] x]/]sf] x' Fb}g . cfO{kL l6eLdf s;n] s] x]/]sf] 5 eÌ] 

/]s8{ klg x'g] ePsf]n] p;n] Ps k6sdf slt hgfn] x]5{g\ eg]/ 

kmf]sf{:6 ug{ ;S5 / ToxL dfqfdf nfO;]G; lnFbf u|fxsnfO{ sd 

k};fdf Tof] ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] x'G5 . 

sDkgLsf Jofkf/ k|aGws ;'/]Gb| k|;fb lys] clxn] tTsfn 

6]lnsf:6lt/ uOxfNg] cj:yf g/x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . oBlk gofF 

If]qdf …lalhg]; Pe]Go"Ú vf]Hg ;lsg] pxfFsf] ts{ 5 . 

cfO{=eL=cf/= M …OG6«ØflS6e EjfO; /]:kf]G; cyf{t\ 

…cfO{eLcf/Ú 6]lnsdn] lgs} klxn]b]lv z'¿ u/]sf] k|ljlw xf] . 6]lnsdsf] 

;]jf k|of]u ug] { Ps y/L u|fxsx¿ w]/} lsl;dsf ;]jfx¿ k|of]u u/L 

a9L z'Ns lt5{g\, h;nfO{ xfdL sDkgLleq …xfO{ OG8Ú u|fxs eGb5f} + . 

csf{lt/ sd ;]jf k|of]u ug] { ;fwf/0f cyf{t\ …nf] OG8Ú u|fxsx¿ 5g\ . 

…cfO{eLcf/Ú k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L …xfO{ OG8Ú u|fxsn] ljleÌ ;]jf 

pknAw u/fpF5g\, h'g ;]jf ToxL g]6js{ k|of]u u/L …nf] OG8Ú 

u|fxsx¿n] k|of]u ub{5g\ . clxn] k|of]u e}/x]sf] EjfO;d]n / gf]l6;af]8{ 

;le{;h:tf ;]jfx¿ To;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . 

gf]l6;af]8{df Ps} ;dodf ;of}+ u|fxsn] kmf]g u/L Pp6} 

;Gb]z ;'Ì ;S5g\ . o;af6 dflyNnf] u|fxs / ;fwf/0f u|fxsaLrdf 

gofF lsl;dn] ;DaGw x'g] / sDkgLn] klg snsf] k};f kfpg] 

x'G5 . o;df xfd|f] k"jf{wf/ k|of]u x' Fbf tLg j6} kIfnfO{ kmfObf 

x'G5 . gf]l6;af]8{sf] gDa/df /flvg] ;"rgf l5g\-l5g\df km]g{ klg 

;lsG5 . h:tf] ls aGb jf x8tfnsf sf/0f s'g} :s'n cs:dft\ 

aGb x'g] ePdf tTsfn cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug{ ;lsFb}g . 

w]/} hgf cljefjsx¿n] :s'ndf Ps}rf]l6 kmf]g ubf{ Ps t 

;a}sf] kmf]g gnfUg ;S5 / ;a}sf] kmf]g p7fpg ;Dej klg gx'g 


2010 

6 th 

;S5 . olb Tof] :s'nn] cfˆgf] ;fwf/0f NofG8nfOgdf gf]l6;af]8{ 

;]jf /fv]df To:tf] ;"rgf ;lhn}l;t ;a}nfO{ lbg ;Sb5 . 

…cfO{eLcf/Ú df c¿ klg w]/} ;]jf Nofpg ;lsG5 . 

s] ca NofG8nfOg 6]lnkmf]g cfp6 8]6 ePs} xf] t< 

xf]Og, df]afOnsf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} uPsf]n] NofG8nfOgaf6 

j}b]lzs snafkt k|fKt x'g] /fh:j s]xL dfqfdf 36]sf] s'/f sDkgLn] 

:jLsf/]sf] 5, t/ nfOg ;ª\Vof a9]sf]n] nf]sn snsf] /fh:j a9]sf] 

egfO sDkgLsf Jofkf/ k|aGws ;'/]Gb| k|;fb lys]sf] 5 . æof] 

ljZjJofkL …lkmgf]ldgfÚ xf] t/ NofG8nfOgk|ltsf] cfsif{0f g} 36]sf] 

eÌ]df d]/f] ljZjf; 5}gÆ, lys] eGg'x'G5– æu|fxssf] dfucg';f/sf] 

NofG8nfOg c´;Dd klg ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .Æ 

df]afOn ;]jfsf] pknAwtfn] Psflt/ b]zsf] 6]lnkmf]g dfunfO{ 

wfÌ ;/n ePsf] 5 eg] cs{flt/ cfly{s ultljlwdf klg j[l4 

u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;dofg';f/ df]afOn ;]jf ljt/0f ug] { / tf/o'Qm 

;]jfnfO{ klg lj:tf/ ub} { n}hfg] sfo{qmd sDkgLn] agfPsf] 5 . 

clxn] EjfO;, 8f6f df]afOn OToflb eg]/ n]vfhf]vf x'g] 

k|ljlwnfO{ t'?Gt cfpg nfu]sf] …eLcf]cfO{kLÚ n] cGTo ug] { atfpg'x'G5 

k|jGws cdfTo . pxfF eGg'x'G5– æha Kofs]6df 8f6f cfbfgk|bfg 

x'G5, To;kl5 EjfO; / 8f6f eÌ] s'/f landf g} /xFb}g .Æ 

sDkgLn] tTsfn Nofpg nfu]sf] l;k ;le{;af6 EjfO; 

8f6f gegL Ps}rf]l6 dlN6ldl8of Kofs]h k7fpg] k|ljlw z'¿ x'g] 

atfOPsf] 5 . l;k ;le{;df Pp6f o'lgs gDa/ lbOG5, h;df 

/f]ldª ;le{; klg x'G5, h;af6 b]ze/ hxfF uP klg of] ;]jf 

rnfpg ;lsG5 . xfnnfO{ sDkgLn] ] tL;-rfnL; xhf/ nfOg 

l;k ;le{; Nofpg] tof/L u/] ]sf] ] 5 . 

df]afOn pks/0f rf]/L lgoGq0f 

sDkgLsf] Jofkf/ /fd|f] x'gdf o;sf u|fxsx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'g' klg 

Pp6f d'Vo kIf dflgG5 . lbgx' F ;of} + u|fxssf d"Nojfg\ df]afOn 

;]6x¿ x/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;/L x/fPsf ;]6 c¿n] k|of]u ug{ 

g;Sg] l;:6d NofPdf sDkgLk|ltsf] ljZjf; ´g\ a9\5 . 

df]afOn ;]6 x/fpg] sfo{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf nflu ck/]6/x¿n] 

ljleÌ pkfox¿ ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . h;dWo] …OSo'kd]G6 cfO8]lG66L 

/lh:6/Ú cyf{t\ …O{cfO{cf/Ú eÌ] l;:6d lgs} ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . 

of] l;:6ddf kmnfgf] ;]6 kmnfgf] gDa/sf nflu v6fOPsf] 5 

eg]/ /]s8{ /xG5 . u|fxsn] kmf]g ubf{ Tof] ;]6af6 tf]lsPsf] 

gDa/sf] sn dfq rNg] gq grNg] u/fpg ;lsG5 . u|fxsn] ;]6 

km]g{ rfx]df To;nfO{ k'gM /lh:6/ u/fpg'k5{ . 

6]lnsddf klg …O{cfO{cf/Ú Nofpg] tof/L e}/x]sf] df]afOn 

;]jf lgb] {zgfnosf jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ ;~hLj b]j atfpg'x'G5 . 

pxfF eÌ'x'G5– …of] k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;a} df]afOn ;]jf ck/]6/x¿df 

of] l;:6d pknAw x'g'k5{ . d]/f] kmnfgf] u|fxssf] ;]6 x/fPsf] 5, 

ToxfF cfPdf grnfpg" eg]/ ck/]6/x¿n] cfk;df hfgsf/L k7fpg] 

/ To:tf] gDa/nfO{ ANofsln:6 u/]/ grNg] u/fpg ;lsG5 .Ú 

k|ljlw To:tf] s'/f xf], h;nfO{ 5]s]/ 5]Sg ;lsFb}g . lghL 

OG6/g]6 ;]jfk|bfosx¿sf] cg]sf} + if8\oGqnfO{ lg:t]h kfb} { clxn]sf] 

nf]slk|o P8LP;Pn ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ h;/L 6]lnsd ;kmn eof] 

To;} u/L gofF ;]jfx¿ Nofpg / ltgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ sDkgL 

Joj:yfkg b[9tfk"j{s lqmofzLn /xg'kb{5 . ljZjf;k"j{s ;a}n] 

cf-cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f u/]df clxn] xfdLn] sNkgf g} gu/]sf 

;]jfx¿ u|fxsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 . 

!!#



6 th 

Access Network for NGN 

j = O = gf/fo0f k|;fb sfk\mn] 

P=g]=Knf=lj=,5fpgL 

df]xg cfsfzjf0fLb]lv g]kfn 6]lnsd;Dd km8\sf] dfg{ 

cfwf/e"t Fixed 6]lnkmf]gsf] dxTj w]/} ePsf] b"/;~rf/sf] 

ljsf;qmdaf6 emlNsG5 . cfwf/e"t Fixed 6]lnkmf]g (Public 

Switched Telephone Network ) sf] Network ce r':t, 

Reliable, Cost Effective agfpg @)%% ;fndf s]a'n g]6js{ 

Knflgª ljefu :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cfwf/e"t Fixed 

Telephone Network sf] u|fxs xfn;Dd sl/a ^ nfv 

dfq 5g\ . !) jif{cl3 lelqPsf] Wireless k|ljlwsf ;]jf 

lng] u|fxs ;+Vof clxn] emG8} $) nfv k'lu;s]sf 5g\ . 

k|ljlw k|s[ltn] ubf{ g} olt w]/} leGgtf cfPsf] xf] . tf//lxt 

k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ljZjJofkL?kdf HofldtLo tl/sfn] j[l4 5 . 

;fy} tf/;lxtsf] k|ljlwsf] klg clt ljsl;t d'n'sdf plQ g} 

dxTj /fv]sf] kfOG5 . 

s]a'n g]6js Knflgª ljefu @)%* ;fndf Access 

Network Planning ljefudf kl/0ft ePkl5 Fiber Network 

sf] ;d]t o;n] of]hgf ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . ljz]iftM b"/;~rf/ 

k|ljlw ljZjJofkLs/0f cg'?k g} ;~rflnt ePsf] x'G5, of] 

s'/f g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu klg nfu" x'G5 . ;do;fk]If 

cfPsf k|ljlwx?nfO{ klg cfTd;ft\ ub} { gof“ gof“kg vf]Hg] 

u|fxsnfO{ gof“–gof“ ;]jf lbgsf] nflu GSM, CDMA, Internet 

cflbh:tf ;]jf cfPsf x'g\ . To;dWo] tf/af6 rNg] ;]jf 

PSTN (TDM Based) sf] g]6js{ Plan ug] { ;Dk"0f{ cleef/f 

ANPD n] lnO/x]s} cj:yfdf IP Based NGN Network sf] 

Access Network agfpg] Planning sf] cleef/f klg o; ljefusf] 

sf“wdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ;/n efiffdf lrq0f ug' {kbf{ANPD n] lgDg 

cfwf/df ;DalGwt :yfgsf] Planning u/]sf] x'G5 . 

• Indentification of Planning sites - Property, 

Population, Economic Activites, Field Feed Back 

cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ Plan ug' {kg] { :yfgsf] klxrfg ug] { . 

• Site x? Identify ul/;s]kl5 Priority sf cfwf/df 

Seletcion ug]{ . 

] 

• pQm :yfgx?nfO{ Scheduling ug]{ . 

• Scheduling cg'?k Survey ug]{ . 

• Detail Plan ug]{ . 

• ;f] Plan nfO{ Geographical Information System 

(GIS) sf] dfWodaf6 Data conversion ug]{ . 

• pQm Plan ul/Psf] Network sf] nflu cfjZos 

Resource tyf Material Estimation ug]{ . 

• cGtdf pQm Plan nfO{ :jLs[t u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf 

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k7fpg] . 

• Field af6 Implement Report cg'?ksf] Plan (As 

built drawing) k|fKtkZrft\ Plant record df Modify 

u/L Update ul//fVg] . 

dflysf Planning Procedure ANPD sf lgoldt sfo{x? 

x'g\, o;sf] cnfjf lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy 

ul//x]sf] x'G5 . 

1. Long Term Planning. 

2. Resource Planning (Materials and Logistics ) 

3. Technical specifications of different required goods 

for AN. 

4. Evaluation and Quality control. 

5. Inter Departmental Co-ordination. 

ANPD n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Planning ul//x]sf] 5 . 

1. Civil Network Planning. 

2. Fiber Network Planning (FTTC/FTTB/Junction 

Network) 

3. Copper Network Planning (Primary and Secondary 

Network ) 

4. Access Equipment Planning ( MSAN,L2/L3 

Switches, ONU,OLT etc.) 

Copper Network Planning sf ;fy} Fiber Network 

Planning ug'{kg]{ cleef/f;d]t /x]sfn] o; ljefusf] 

pQ/bfloTj cem j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf b"/;~rf/sf] 

k|ljlw ljsf;;“u} Nepal Telecom n] TDM Based 

!!$

{ 


Network nfO{ IP Based Network df kl/jt{g ub} 

n}hfg'kg] { xfnsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub} { NGN Based 

k|ljlw leq\ofpg nfu]sf] s'/f xfdL;fd' 5n{· 5 . lgDgfg';f/ 

sf/0fn] ubf{ NGN k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] xf] . 

• Single Common/Transmission Network ;a} 

k|sf/sf ;]jfx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg], t/ Legacy 

Network df w]/} k|sf/sf Network k|of]u u/]/ dfq 

w]/} k|sf/sf ;]jfx? lbg ;lsg], h;n] ubf{ NGN 

Based k|ljlwdf CAPEX (Capital Expenditure ) / 

OPEX (Operating Expenditure) Legacy Network 

eGbf sd x'g] . 

• GSM, CDMA cflb Wireless k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 

Voice, Data etc. ;]jf sd vr{df ;/n k|s[ltaf6 lbg 

;lsg] x' “bf wired Telephone 5f8\g ;Sg] cj:yf 

gcfpg lbg cfwf/e"t Fixed Line Telephone df 

ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;]jfx? lbP/ Costumer nfO{Retain 

ug{ ;lsg] . NGN k|ljlwsf] tf/;lxt g]6js{af6 

High speed internet, DSL, Voice, Video/Audio on 

Demand (VOD/AOD), Internet Protocol TV, Online 

gaming, Video Broadcasting, E-Learning, 

E-Business, Tele-Medicine tyf cGo VAS ;]jf 

lbg Broadband cfjZos kg] { x' “bf ;/n?kdf NGN 

n] Broadband service x? lbg ;Sg] . 

• Easy Provisioning and data maintenance- Control 

Equipment ;+VofTds sd x'g' (Soft Switch ) . h;n] 

ubf{ Upgrading Control Software sf] cost sd x'g', 

To:t} Space / Power requirement klg sd x'G5 . 

• eljiosf] Upcoming Technology IMS, FMC sf] 

nflu cfwf/e"t Infrastructure tof/ x'g' . 

• tyf cGo ;+lIfKtdf pNn]v ug] { xf] eg] NGN Network 

sf] lgDglnlvt k|d'v Components x'g]5g\ . 

• $ j6f Soft Switch x? h'g sf7df8f} +, lj/f6gu/, a'6jn 

/ g]kfnuGhdf cjl:yt x'g]5g\ . oL rf/ j6f Soft 

Switch x? Ps–csf{df Redundant df sfd ug{ ]5g\ . 

• xfnsf] TDM Network (PSTN, GSM, CDMA ) / 

Point of Inter-Connection ;“u NGN Network sf] 

Trunk Gateway (TGW ) / Signaling Gateway (SGW) 

N7 Signaling af6 Interconnection ub{5g\ . 

• Access Gateway (AG ) jf MSAN (Multi service 

Access Node) - Demand Survey sf] cfwf/df u|fxs 

If]qdf Triple Play (Voice, Data and IPTV cflb_ 

;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu Access Gateway (AG ) jf 

MSAN (Multi service Access Node) sf] Plan 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/n efiffdf a'e\mgsf] nflu "Node" 

zJbaf6 MSAN eGg] a'lemG5 . 


2010 

6 th 

MSAN sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/af6 Pp6f Aggregation Site 

Fix ul/Psf] x'G5 . h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnuGh 

If]qcGtu{t ljleGg dWoklZrdf~rn lhNnfx?sf] Demand 

Survey u/]/ hlt MSANs sf] Plan ul/Psf x'G5g\, tL 

;a}sf] Aggregation Site g]kfnuGh dflgPsf] x'G5 . oL ;a} 

MSAN x?nfO{ Fiber Network or Microwave Link af6 

Aggregation Site df cjl:yt Aggragation Switch (Layer 

2 or Layer 3 ) ;“u cfa4 ul/Psf] x'G5 / ;f] Switch af6 

Optical Network jf Microwave Radio Link af6 glhssf] IP 

Backbone ;“u cfa4 u/L Soft switch ;“u hf]l8Psf] x"G5 . 

DS ( Demand Survey ) ubf{ Bandwidth, Demand / 

;]jf lbg] If]qnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL COPEX / OPEX sd ug{sf] 

nflu MSAN sf] Chassis Capacity qmdzM 100 Ports, 500 

Ports / 1000 Ports ANPD n] Selection u/]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] P3f/f+ } of]hgfcGtu{t NGN k|ljlwaf6 sl/a 

2,71,940 POTS ( Plain Ordinary Telephone System), 

1,44,815 DSL / 2,50,000 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) 

phone ljt/0f ug{ sl/a 1087 MSAN Install ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 

zx/L If]qdf DSL sf] k|of]u a9L x'g] x' “bf DSL Ports a9L x'g] 

MSAN / u|fdL0f If]qdf Voice a9L k|of]u x'g] x' “bf POTS 

Ports a9L x'g] MSAN Knfg ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL Ports x? 

E1 Link h;af6 Lease Line lbg / GSM,CDMA BTS sf] 

nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . 1000 Ports Ifdtfsf MSAN x? 

k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df Exchange df /fv]/ Existing Copper 

Network af6 Customer nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{, 500 Ports 

Ifdtfsf MSAN x? Remote site df / 100 Ports Ifdtfsf 

MSAN x? ljz]iftM High Rise Building or Small Settlement 

If]qsf] nflu Knfg ul/Psf] 5 . Aggregation site df 

cjl:yt L2/L3 Switch b]lv Access Gateway jf MSAN 

;Dd Optical Fiber Network Star Protected Ring Topology 

df cfa4 ePsf x'G5g\ . olb Optical Fiber Network gePdf 

Microwave Radio Link af6 cfa4 ul/Psf x'G5g\ . MSAN 

sf] csf]{Interface df Directly Secondary Copper Network 

x'G5 . ;fdfGotM Secondary Network sf] Area Broadband 

support sf] nflu zx/L If]qdf MSAN b]lv rf/}tkm{ DP ;Dd 

sl/a 800 ld6/ Copper Centre / u|fdL0f If]qdf 1200 ld6/ 

Copper centre /xg] u/L last Mile sf] Network Plan u/]sf] 

5 . h;af6 Copper consumption sd x'g], Joint ;+Vof 

sd x'g], Service Area ;fgf] x'g] x' “bf Customer n] Maximum 

Bandwidth k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . 

NGN k|ljlwsf] Access Network Part x? Civil 

Network, Fiber Network, Local Aggregation Switch, 

Access Equipment (MSAN) / Aerial Network /x]sf 

5g\ . h;sf] Quantity / Deployment Management ANPD 

!!%



6 th 

åf/f Plan ul/Pcg'?k x'g]5 . NGN tyf TDM Access 

Network af6 Quality of service k|bfg ug{ ANPD n] 

lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{qmd z'? ug{ nfu]sf] ;Gbe{ pNn]vof]Uo 5g\ . 

!= xfn k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] CAT-1 Copper Cable eGbf 

CAT-3 Copper Cable n] High Bandwidth carry ug]{ 

Ifdtf x'g] x' “bf 16 MHZ df 10 Mbps Speed Carry 

ug{ ;Sg] CAT-3 Copper Cable vl/b u/L NGN 

Access Network df k|of]u ug]{ . 

2. Secondary Network sf] Copper Cable rf]/Lsf 

sf/0fn] ubf{ Nepal Telecom sf] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]gk|lt 

hgljZjf; u'Db} uPsf] / NT sf] Revenue df 

k|ToIf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] x' “bf Pilot Project 

:j?k s]xL High Payer Customer ePsf] Area df 

Secondary Network nfO{ Underground u/L ;]jf 

k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;fgf Size sf UG Cable vl/b 

ug] { / ;f]xLcg'?k Minimum Civil Network Plan ug]{ . 

#= lxhf]sf] lbgdf Copper Network nfO{ Voice ;]jf 

k|bfg ug{ ] d'Vo dfWodsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] / xfnsf] 

cj:yfdf u|fxssf] dfucg'?k High Bandwidth k|bfg 

ug] { pb]Zon] Copper Network Go"gLs/0f u/L Optical 

Fiber Network Jofks lj:tf/ ug]{ . 

$= Civil Works, Duct tyf Sub Duct sf] k|of]u sd 

u/L Project Cost sd ug{ Micro duct Technology 

sf] z'?cft ug]{ . 

%= Emerging Technology sf nflu Infrastructure tof/ 

ug{ FTTH ;]jf lbgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] d'Vo–d'Vo 

zx/x?df u|fxssf] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] Bandwidth 

k|bfg ug{ GPON/GEPON Technology eljiodf 

leq\ofpg] . 

^= NGN k|ljlw lelqg'k"j{sf] z"Go ;donfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ 

Bridging Project sf] cjwf/0ffcg'?k cfwf/e"t Fixed 

Telephone Jofkfl/s, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd 

ePsf @% j6f :yfgx?df ONU tyf Switch /fvL 

;]jf k|bfg ug{ ANPD sf] sfo{of]hgf cl3 al9/x]sf]af/] 

pNn]vof]Uo 5 . h;cg';f/ !% j6f :yfgx?df 

Microwave Link tyf Optical Link åf/f ONU 

;~rfng ug] { / af“sL !) :yfgdf E10B tyf JRACK 

Exchange af6 u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ . 

;du|df eGg] xf] eg] ;do / k|ljlw eGg] s'/fx? zlQmzfnL 

x'G5g\ . h;nfO{ xfdLn] c+sdfn u/]/ cl3 a9]df dfq Survive 

ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] ;dofg';f/ PSTN Network sf] eljio ca 

NGN k|ljlwdf ePsf] x' “bf pQm k|ljlwnfO{ rf“8f]eGbf rf“8f] leq\ofO{ 

Nepal Telecom sf] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g (PSTN) sf] ljsf; tyf 

lj:tf/df ANPD k"0f{?kn] ;dlk{t /xg]5 . 

z'e–sfdgf 

s}nfz/fh e§ 

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

z'e–sfdgf 5, z'e–sfdgf 5 

x] g]kfn 6]lnsd ltdLnfO{, 

;kmntf;lxt cgGt j;Gt kf/ u/ 

d]/f] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf 5 . 

lxhf]sf tL zfGt / ;xh lbg, 

cfFwLa]x/Ldf kl/0ft x'Fb} 5g\ . 

kl/jt{gsf] cfFwLa]x/L 

k|lt:kwf{sf] cfFwLa]x/L 

lbuf] pleg ;s, r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ 

lg/Gt/ ;'b[9 / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf 

;b}j u|fxsk|ltsf] ;dk{0f 

aGg ;sf];\ d"ndGq ltd|f] . 

sd{7 hgzlQm / hfu?s o'lgog 

cu|ufdL Joj:yfkg / ljj]szLn af]8{ 

;w}F ltd|f] k|ultkydf tNnLg x'g ;s"g\ 

ltd|f] ;LdfljxLg k|ultsf] sfdgf 

;kmntf;lxt cgGt j;Gt kf/ u/, 

oxL d]/f] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf . 

!!^



2010 

6 th 

A New Paradigm 

Bhuwan Raj Chataut 

Babarmahal Exchange 

Background 

Let me quote few lines before deepening onto this 

piece of writing: 

“Two roads diverged in wood, and I, 

I took the one less traveled by, 

And that has made all the difference.” 

The lines are from the last stanza of ‘The Road 

Not Taken’ by the famous American poet Robert Frost. 

Though, the lines are from the heart of poet, these are 

exemplary for managers and leaders as well. Truly, these 

lines provokes for the people and organization competing 

in this ever changing environment. Certainly, one step 

to move would create the vast difference. The essence 

of success lies on getting right decision making and right 

move. The success stories are made by choosing the 

right one out of a series of alternatives. And the people 

and organizations could only go long and survive with 

sustainability if they could act to create the difference. 

So, today’s need is to find the right move to leap. The 

perception, learning, information, intelligence and 

experience empower the people and the whole 

organization that could produce the right move and the 

consequent leaping by right move necessarily gives the 

difference. 

We, the people, of Nepal Telecom – preparing for 

4G and would hold on highly ambitious projects in 

coming days – need a series of newness to work upon 

this complex and globalize market. It has to create value 

for customers and shareholders as well; so it is in need 

of a new paradigm for the coming scenario. Here, I 

have presented a new paradigm in this contemporary 

context to produce the right move to adapt change and 

a new approach to create the difference. 

Defining A New Paradigm 

“The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to 

the stormy present.” – Abraham Lincoln. 

The quote is much relevant for contemporary world 

and it would have its relevancy for forth coming days. 

Truly, for NT, the past days were quiet, it enjoyed 

monopoly. These days, NT has to compete only with 

few operators. However, the storm has come nearby 

door, as new entrants start threatening by launching their 

products and taking market share; we should be prepared 

to replace the old dogmas, so-called beliefs and obsolete 

cultures if we think to sustain and survive for long. 

The meaning of paradigm, according to Cambridge 

dictionary is- model of something, or a very clear or 

typical example of something. The word paradigm stems 

from the Greek word paradeigma, basically it is the 

scientific term but it has been using today to mean a 

perception, assumption, theory, frame or reference or 

the window through which we view the world. The word 

paradigm that I have used here definitely indicates the 

window through which an organization can visualize its 

future and sought confidence to travel an endless journey 

with creating value for the all stakeholders. A new 

paradigm, here, consists the approach not only for an 

organization alone but for the people too. An 

organization is the function of its human capital. It 

starts its existence with common interest to attain the 

predetermined set of goals but it sustains in the 

changing environment by practices, behavior and 

attitude of the people, i.e., human capital. Let us 

discuss the new paradigm with 360 degree approach 

and few other supportive aspects along with the 

techniques to manage life style to cope and opt the 

paradigm shift. 

!!&



6 th 

360 Degree Approach as A New Paradigm 

Perhaps most of organizations have the four 

resources- physical, financial, human and information. 

The 360 degree approach emphasizes on the human 

resources and it assumes that people must be put first. 

The approach not only supports the ‘people-first’ 

strategies but it advocates how the people should be 

treated in the organization setting to get more for less in 

this competitive and complex environment. It, simply, 

opens the secret that human is not just a body or object 

or thing like rather a person has something more or nonsubstantial 

with in. A human is comprised of all four 

dimensions of life – Body, Mind, Heart and Spirit as the 

four quadrants in a full circle. These four dimensions of 

a person are described in different religions, mainly in 

the Vedic scriptures. Since, the approach suggests the 

people should be treated focusing on the all dimensions 

or all quadrants; I named it – 360 Degree Approach. 

We all know, we are the people in 21 st century, 

embodied with information and information. We could 

know the world at other pole in a fraction of second. 

The advanced technology has made people and 

organization easy to be updated. Hence, we are in the 

era of information and knowledge, as the successive 

evolution occurred to reach here from the Stone Age to 

Industrial age and Industrial age to this age of 

Information, Knowledge and Technology. Even we are 

in this knowledge age, time and again people are getting 

treated as in Industrial age. People were taken as an 

object in the past days and were behaved like as thing. 

So that, the approach, here, clearly speaks to give 

importance in the all quadrants of a whole human to 

make people more energized, motivated, and resultoriented. 

The approach addresses both the people and 

manager to identify their own dimensions and apply in 

work-life as well as in the family and community-life 

with trust and healthy relationship. Let me mention the 

four quadrants in brief one by one: 

Body- It is the outermost layer of person or first 

quadrant. It needs to live and survival. It demands the 

bodily needs. And people were thought as if they were 

just the body in the previous days so that they were 

used as the object and just were given food, or more 

up to clothing and shelter. However, this approach 

argues body needs to be paid fairly as it relies on 

discipline, i.e., it is committed, willing to sacrifice, 

hard-working and focused. So, it needs to be 

compensated fairly. 

Mind- It is a second layer, responsible to the growth 

and development. Like body needs to be paid, mind needs 

to be used creatively to grow and develop. I like here to 

recall a saying of the enlightened one named Zarathusthra 

– Knowledge keeps the mind young. Hence, the mind 

that is willing to know and learn only could get the way 

for creativity; other wise it may seek the way to 

destruction. It produces the vision as it is the dreamer, 

philosophical and strategic thinker. 

Heart- It is the third layer that needs to be loved. It 

needs caring and sharing; on the other side it loves cares 

and shares too. Once, it gets loved, it consequently knows 

to love and shows belongings. So, it is responsible for the 

relationships which is the key to quality work-life and equally 

important to family and community. It fulfils a person with 

passion and courage giving zeal, an energy and motive to 

perform challenging job. This layer must be focused by 

manager who certainly needs the job to be done with quality 

and in-time outputs producing long term outcome. 

Spirit- It is the fourth layer; however, it is the first 

from the inside. What does a person seek out of her/his 

job? Generally, the most may say a person wants to 

complete a job as manager needs that to be done. But it 

is superficial and apparently, it may be true; rather the 

people try to find meaning out of whole job being done. 

She or he gets success only after getting the meaning 

upon the entire job. This success of finding worthiness 

of particular job leads her or him to self-respect and 

self-actualization. This layer makes a person fair, intuitive 

and compassionate. It helps in finding the right move 

through wisdom, integrity and intuition. 

As body, mind, heart and spirit are the integral 

quadrants of the being; she or he should be viewed and 

behaved in the light of 360 degree approach while getting 

the job done in work-life. If this approach gets opted at 

workplace, it ensures a more dedicated and committed 

workforce that would improve productivity by finding willing 

employees to put extra effort. It would increase the 

belonging and able to recruit the potential, more 

conscientious and more loyal employees with reducing 

turnover. However, the approach seems vague, blurred and 

impractical to the organizations having affinity to the oldies. 

Five Supportive Elements to New Paradigm 

First is the understanding of mutual benefit. It is 

something like knowing a fact in deep that I am working 

not for the customers or company but first for myself to 

sustain and also knowing that I am given a opportunity 

by organization to find something meaningful out of job that 

!!*


would create the value for all. Secondly, recognition- it is one 

of the best tool for management to get the job done perfectly, 

it really touches the heart of anyone; however, the manager 

needs less ego or needs to ego-less to tackle the people and 

foster relationships. And it also needs minimal hierarchy and 

possible-more authority to lower level. The third is feedback. 

It is greatest technique of learning where teacher or master 

is not needed rather one learns through her or his past 

endeavors. I have heard a saying that even an ass does not 

trip with the same obstacle again. Here, feedback is 

concerned with getting people at work with trust, belonging 

and relationship on the basis of self assessment. 

And the next is playful communication in work-life. 

Humor, laughter and play enrich our interactions and 

create a positive bond; it relieves tension, enhances 

creativity and problem solving ability. It brings people to 

heart and enhances relationships smoothing out conflicts. 

Last but not the least is transparency and righteousness 

would play vital role for the given approach. When and 

wherever the leaders miss it, the whole system and 

organization would be less to pay for it. Once, the leader 

in work-life exploits it, it may settle there as culture that 

becomes disease. Corruption is one of exploitation of 

the transparency and righteousness that can be easily 

seen at bureaucracy. Here, I like to remember the verse 

of Mahabharat by Sage Vyas for righteousness and it 

says – one should never forsake Righteousness out of 

desire, fear, greed or fear of loss of life because 

Righteousness is permanent while happiness and 

unhappiness are only momentary. The embodied soul is 

eternal while the gross body is temporary. 

g hft' sfdfGg eofGg nf]eft\ wd{ Toh]HhLljt:oflk x]tf]M . 

lgTof] wd{M ;'vb'Mv] TjlgTo] lgTof] hLjf] wft'/:o TjlgToM .. 

Managing Life Style to Opt New Paradigm 

A new paradigm is not easy to find it with in self 

and among the people and organization. Few things are 

fundamental to it and that must be managed with in 

personal life to find all quadrants healthy. Then, only 

one can find oneself ready for paradigm shift and can 

make others ready. Here, new paradigm seems to be 

based on religion but it is not true. Yes, it stands on 

spirituality but keeps no relation with theological part of 

any religion; spirituality, in the sense to find something 

meaningful or of value, which could lead to growth, 

sustainability and success. Let me point the aspects for 

managing life style below. 

First, for body, a new paradigm demands very simple 

things, they are- right food, right water & right breathing 


2010 

6 th 

(with awareness up to belly or naval centre), right labor 

(physical activities), right sleep and right sex (the highest 

hierarchy is the spirituality- oneness or non duality). Next 

is for mind, it demands a self-assessment of all deeds carried 

out over the day. It can be easily done before sleeping for 

fifteen minutes or less. It will keep mind fresh and proactive. 

Thirdly, heart functions when mind stops the interpretation 

and calculation. For it, becoming non-utilitarian and being 

non-purposiveness for little time is essential. Playing with 

children, creating art or just wandering on etc. may be some 

examples for the heart. Finally, for spirit or being, it needs 

the all organs work for inner, I mean the inner journey. And 

those who could not find the way for inner journey, they 

could do the same making a point outside on the wall nearby. 

The inner journey becomes simple to those who have found 

their body, mind and heart healthy. 

Summary 

Aesop’s fables have always won my heart. I would 

like to recall one of them in brief that would show the 

pictorial background for the need of a new paradigm, 

i.e., paradigm shift. One day a poor farmer finds his pet 

goose producing golden egg. First, he does not believe, 

later he knows they are pure. A goose keeps on providing 

a golden egg each day. Soon, he becomes rich. With 

becoming rich, his greed rises and becomes unable to 

wait for the further day for eggs. And he decides to open 

the goose to get all the golden eggs at a time and he does. 

There, he finds nothing like eggs and at the same moment 

also drop the way of getting a golden egg each day. 

We need to replace the old pattern with new and 

need a empowering for the people and the whole 

organization for the sake of customers and shareholders 

strategy; if we miss it be done this moment, we may 

lose as like as the farmer above. We need to input our 

efforts and skills with proper operating equipments to 

produce the quality and in-time services for the valued 

customers. NT will be no more until and unless it creates the 

customers. Creating new customers and retaining the old 

one is a today’s big challenge to us. Certainly, customer 

creation and retention is only the validity of successful 

existence of an organization. Hence, a new paradigm is to 

get newness in the decision-making, modeling and path-finding 

for the meaningful end-result with passion, enthusiasm and 

zeal through a healthy structure, strong corporate cultures 

and system formed by vision, mission and strategy. 

(Author is also a freelance trainer & counselor to 

management related matters and the article is based on 

learning and practice on meditation for some extent.) 

* * 

!!(



6 th 


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cfjZostf k"/f u5{ . cfh klg u|fxs dxfg'efjx?df g]kfn 

6]lnsdk|ltsf] ;b\efjgf plQg} b]Vg kfOG5 t/ lj8Dagf, xfdLn] 

u|fxsn] dfu]sf] ;]jf / u'0f:t/ b'j} lbg ;s]sf 5}gf} + . 

cfh xfdLn] xfd|f cfof]hgfx? ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf 

!@)

{ 

{ 


5}gf+} . cfof]hgf ;dodf ;DkGg gx'Fbf hjfkmb]lxtf s;n] 

af]Sg] < k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf sDkgLx?sf] cfof]hgf k|aGwsx?sf] 

hjfkmb]lxtf / clwsf/sf] v'n:t lgwf{/0f x'g' h?/L 5 . cfh 

k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf] sDkgLsf cfof]hgfx?n] ztk|ltzt pknlAw 

xfl;n ug' { h?/L 5 . cfh xfdL sd{rf/Lx?n] eg] { d"NofÍg 

kmf/fddf ztk|ltzt c+seGbf sd c+s kfpg ?rfpFb}gf} + t/ of] 

sDkgL h;af6 xfd|f] /f]hL–/f]6L rn]sf] 5, ;dfhdf xfd|f] k|lti7f 

sfod 5 / o;n] xfdLnfO{ gf]s/af6 dflns agfPsf] 5, o;sf] 

sfd ubf{ xfdLn] Go"gtd pknlAwaf6 lrQ a'emfpg' nfhdbf] 

s'/f x}g / < o;} ;Gbe{df Pp6f s'/f c? s] a'em\g' h?/L 5 eg] 

xfdLn] af]s]sf] ef/ olb xfd|f] IfdtfeGbf a9L 5 jf ;f] 

ef/sf] nflu sDkgLn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;|f]t–;fwg ck'u 5 

eg] To;sf] lgSof]{n Odfgbf/Lk"j{s ;dodf u/]/ ;DalGwt 

lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fO{ To;sf] Joj:yf ;doleq 

clgjfo{?kn] u/fpg'k5{ . 

sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf kfPsfx?nfO{ pQm 

lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg] { clwsf/;DkGg ug' 

cfjZos 5 . sfdsf] lhDdf / hjfkmb]lxtf cfof]hgf k|d'vdf 

/ clwsf/ s]Gb|lt/ /fVbf ;f]r]cg';f/ k|ltkmn kfpg c;Dej 

x'G5 . To;}n] Ifdtf / ?lrsf] lx;fan] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L 

lbO;s]kl5 sfd ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos kg] { clwsf/ lbgsf] nflu 


2010 

6 th 

sGh':ofOF ug' { sDkgLsf] nflu lxts/ x' Fb}g . sDkgLnfO{ cufl8 

a9fpg ;~rfns ;ldltb]lv lnP/ o;sf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

bfloTj x'g] x'gfn] s]–slt sf/0fn] xfdln] ;f]r]cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn 

kfpg ;s]sf 5}gf+ }, To;sf] nflu lg/Gt/?kdf SWOT Analysis 

eO/fVg' h?/L 5 . o:tf] SWOT Analysis af6 xfdLn] xfd|f] 

sDkgLsf alnof / sdhf]/ kIfsf] klxrfg ug' {sf] ;fy} ljBfdfg 

cj;/ / r'gf}tLsf] ;d]t 1fg xfl;n u/L cfkm\gf] gLlt / 

/0fgLltdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;do;fk]If lg0f{o lng ;S5f} + . 

cfh sDkgLn] x/]s Individual sf] Performance 

Indicator agfpg' h?/L 5 / To;df klg ljefuLo k|d'vx?sf] 

Performance sf] d"NofÍg lglZrt ;do cGt/fndf eO/xg' 

h?/L 5 . ;f] Performance sf] e/df To:tf k|d'vx?sf] 

sfo{ef/df yk36 x'g' h?/L x'G5 . s'g} JolQmsf] cIfdtfsf] 

d"No sDkgLnfO{ lt/fpg' dgfl;a x' Fb}g . ljefuLo k|d'vx?nfO{ 

lhDd]jf/L lbg'cufl8 lghsf] ?lr tyf Motivation sf] ;d]t 

Vofn /fVg' h?/L 5 . sDkgLn] ljefuLo k|d'vsf] e"ldsfnfO{ 

:ki6 kfg' { hlt h?/L x'G5 Tolt g} To:tf k|d'vsf] lnlvt 

Commitment sf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;f] ubf{ bIftfsf] cfwf/df 

sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lng / lbg ;lhnf] x'g hfG5 . 

cfhsf] lbgdf b"/;~rf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ eO/fv]/ dfq k'Ub}g, 

Market Leader /lx/xg cfjZos 5 . 

!@!



6 th 

Positive Attitude to Duties 

Mahesh Bhattarai 

KRD, Revenue Section 

Currently performing attitude is the most challenge 

at workplace in NTC regarding the improvement & development 

of company's administrative activities as well 

as quality improvement of existing products & new product 

development. The entire employees of NTC have a 

desire to have a complete change in working styles, but 

similarly, they are not ready to change their attitude towards 

the duties & responsibilities because many of them 

can't estimate their service performance to company & 

the customers that they have been performing. Therefore, 

positive attitude to the duties is most important for 

employees of NTC. 

How to improve employee attitude? 

If an employee has a bad attitude it is important that it be 

corrected or improved as soon as possible. Sometimes a bad 

attitude can spread like a virus throughout the workplace and 

this can be very detrimental to productivity. You can improve 

an employee's attitude with a number of different techniques 

and strategies. One strategy may help one employee but not 

another. It is important that you choose the correct method if 

you want to be successful. We may go through some instructions 

to change the Negative attitude of Employee to 

Positive attitude: 

Step 1 

Bring it to the attention of the employee that they 

have a bad attitude. You may have to have a conference 

or talk with the employee and let them know what your 

concerns are. In some cases just bringing it to the attention 

of the employee will cause them to monitor their 

own behavior and correct it themselves. In other situations 

you will have to implement some other type of strategy 

along with making the employee aware. 

Step 2 

Ask the employee what they are dissatisfied about. 

Once you know the employee's concerns you are better 

equipped to implement a remedy to the problem. They 

could be unhappy with their job, the hours, other employees, 

management or even the company itself. An 

employee may want to do another job or they may have 

been passed over for a promotion. 

Step 3 

Thank the employee for their contribution to the company, 

if applicable. Give the employee words of encouragement. 

Let them know that they are a valued part of 

the team and you won't be able to hit the goals and objectives 

without their contribution. Find the employee 

doing something good and recognize them in front of the 

entire team. 

Step 4 

Get the employee more involved with the day-to-day activities. 

Let them lead a team meeting. Sometimes employees 

don't feel valued or they don't feel like they are 

making a valuable contribution. Let the employee facilitate 

a department contest from start to finish. Ask them 

if they would like more duties and responsibilities or different 

duties altogether. When they feel connected to 

the company and the other employees, chances are they 

will feel like they belong on the team. An employee that 

has what he or she sees as meaningful work is less likely 

to have a bad attitude. 

Step 5 

Put together an action plan, with input from the employee 

that addresses every concern and issue. The plan of action 

!@@


should help the employee deal with all the issues that 

affect their behavior. The supervisor should meet with 

the employee on an established basis for follow-up to 

see how things are going. When an employee sees 

that a company is taking a sincere interest in their 

well-being, they will sometimes change their attitude 

for the better. 

How to cultivate positive attitude by an individual 

employee to ownself ? 

The answer on how to cultivate positive attitude is simple. 

Make yourself one of the linking pins in your organization. 

A linking pin is someone to whom everybody turns 

to, to get information and advice from. It is also someone 

who can link persons, sections and departments for 

better co-operation. But most important of all, it is someone 

who can exert influence upwards, downwards and 

sideways in the organization structure. In other words 

you must be able to influence people around you to carry 

out the wishes, policies and strategies of top management, 

by earning respect through your display of expertise 

and thoroughness. You can become a linking pin by 

striving to attain the following traits: 

- Cloak yourself with expert knowledge in your technical 

field of operation. If you are an electrician, do 

not only be satisfied with your qualification. Try to 

gain more in depth expertise in this technical field of 

yours, to distinguish yourself from other electricians. 

If you are an accountant, avail yourself of in depth 

knowledge about bookkeeping practices by studying 

or reading up on subjects pertinent for your field of 

technical expertise. This is where the cookie crumbles 

or you succeed. The point is you must not only perform 

at an average level, but you must display exceptional 

or above average expertise, so that others 

can start to rely on your opinions and advice. 

- Produce accurate work. Cultivate a habit to carry 

out your work correctly with a minimum of mistakes. 

Sloppiness or tardiness must definitely not be present 

in your attitude, personal appearance or any of your 

work outputs, be it notes, memos, letters, spreadsheets, 

conversations or anything related to your work. 

Imagine what will happen if debits and credits are being 

processed the wrong way around in a financial department. 

It will have disastrous consequences. 

- Strive for professionalism in what you do. Be quicker 

than most. This is one of the best ways to demonstrate 

your superiority and efficiency. By executing 


2010 

6 th 

duties and tasks speedily, you are being more productive 

and can entice more important tasks your 

way and thereby not only increase your merit ratings, 

but also your ultimate job rating. If you can 

perform your duties speedily, do not wait and stay 

idle, but present yourself to your superior for more 

work. Find a balance to be both quick and accurate. 

- Display awareness of productivity. This must start 

with your own self-evaluation. Ask yourself constantly 

if you are giving more back to the organization 

in value, than what you are being paid every 

month. Although not easy to calculate, just thinking 

about it may have enough of an impact. Just imagine 

for a moment if your organization were to be solely 

dependent for profit on the output of human beings 

only. Being more productive in what you do as a 

human being, can contribute significantly to the profits 

of any organization. 

- Get rid of time wasters. Arriving late for work, 

stretching of tea and lunch breaks and elongated private 

conversations on the phone, showing up the initiation 

to trade union as gossiping, are not only wasting 

your valuable time, but are a reflection of your 

poor awareness of productivity. Private conversations 

on the telephone are one of the most abused 

methods of stealth stealing from your employer. If 

you cannot be trusted on the use of the telephone, 

what else can you be trusted with? Are you a role 

model for getting rid of these time wasters or for abusing 

it? Are you earning respect for your ethical conduct 

in eradicating time wasters or are you just one of 

the crowd? If you discipline yourself and others around 

you on the economical use of time, you are on your 

way to earn a respected leadership role. Others must 

detect a sense of urgency in your execution of duties 

to begin to respect and follow your example. 

- Make your target to customer satisfaction & relationship. 

The hot challenge of this crowed business 

competition is to provide best satisfaction to customers 

& make good relationship with them for everlasting 

connection. Uninterested behavior to customers' 

complaints may gradually lead to bankruptcy of 

the business at last and all hopes of company & 

employees will plunge into Deep Ocean. Therefore, 

your every effort should solve the customers' 

problems & satisfy them with the help of adequate 

service. Only after treating the best performance 

from your inner heart & creative mind to custom- 

!@#



6 th 

ers may help to retain them & make them your 

long lasting partners. 

- Be open-minded and ready for organizational 

changes. Whenever changes are announced, be 

positive and display a leadership role in executing 

the new policies and strategies. If you participated 

in the planning of the changes, then you were forewarned. 

But even if you experience unexpected 

changes, be first to look out for positive reasons for 

such changes and to influence others around you to 

accept it with positive attitudes. Defending superiors 

and higher management will increase your leadership 

status and trustworthiness. In a political sense 

it will display your role as siding with management 

against the disgruntled crowd. 

- Arrange and organize your paperwork. A good filing 

system allows you to retrieve required documents 

and information fast for own use or for use by other 

parties. It is a reflection of your efficiency and your 

ability for sound logic thinking. If you surround yourself 

with paperwork to impress on others how busy 

you are, you are making the mistake of your life. It 

can be interpreted in many different ways, like you 

cannot cope with the workload, you cannot delegate, 

you spend too much on time wasters, you are too 

slow and worst of all you cannot manage yourself 

or others. You will be a walk over and ripe for being 

misused by subordinates not respecting you. Rather 

be a reliable source of information with the time for 

training your subordinates and others. Clean up your 

desk to make time for others. 

- Familiarize yourself with the knowledge on how to 

be a good supervisor or manager. If you can display 

management capabilities, you will sooner be identified 

for promotion. It is better to be promoted for 

your managerial capabilities than for your technical 

proficiency. It will allow you to perform your managerial 

duties better. Apart from being technically proficient, 

prepare yourself in advance for possible promotion. 

Make yourself ready and available for your 

employer and the future needs of your organization. 

- Confidential information. Your treatment of confidential 

information is going to be a good gauge of 

your character. You only have to make one mistake 

in this area, not to be trusted ever again. If you have 

a problem in this area, rectify it quickly. Your superiors 

and employer have to trust and rely on your discretion 

with confidential information. Some information must 

be kept confidential or secret until it is time for disclosure. 

You must proof your ability for discretion with this 

type of information, so that they know they can trust 

and rely on you. Let them know and understand that 

you are part and parcel of management. 

- Show initiative. Make suggestions to improve methods 

of work and systems. See problems as opportunities 

for improvement. Do not just report problems, 

but analyze it wisely and make recommendations for 

improvement. Recognize opportunities for improvement 

and development and utilize it. 

- Be honest, open and direct. Other persons will eventually 

detect it and despise you for it. You can just as 

well fire yourself, because that is where you will 

end up. Nobody will trust you after you have been 

exposed. Be open and direct in your communications 

and handling of conflict situations. Do not be afraid to 

air your opinions, as long as it is genuine and true. 

Truthful mistakes can always be remedied later on. 

Life is ever so short that nobody can really afford 

to remain average in the obscured crowd of nobodies. 

Make yourself stand out as someone with strong principles 

and work ethics, so that others can rely on your 

strengths. Qualifications alone, without work ethics, are 

totally worthless. Performance at workplace in NTC from 

all employees needs fully positive awareness & attitude 

to their duties & responsibilities so that overall result will 

be led to prosperity of the company & its employees. 

Make the following words part of your life and your philosophy 

on your outlook of work: 

- Tenacity – keep on trying. 

- Conscientious – keep on thinking about ways to finalize 

and improve your work. 

- Urgency – you must finalize your work with speed 

and accuracy. 

- Trustworthiness – proof yourself to be a reliable 

and dependable person. 

- Openness and honesty – be a person of honor and 

proud of yourself. 

- Humorous – make life bearable and enjoyable. 

æYou have to a question and not seek an answer because the answer will in variably be 

according to your conditioning , and to break down the conditioning you ask without 

seeking an answer .Æ 

- Jaya Krishnamurti 

!@$



2010 

6 th 

lbnf] Hofg lbg'k5{ 

6]lnsdsf] lglDt 

oxL d]/f] sfdgf 5 

oxL d]/f] laGtL . 

oxL 5 d]/f] sfdgf 

ljZjgfy 9'+u]n 

sf7df8f} + If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

lat]sf tL lbgnfO{ 

kmsL{ x]/L ;Demf}+ 

xfdL cfkm\gf] dfGotf lnO{ 

cl3–cl3 a9f}+ . 

;do / kl/l:ylt 

gf£g' x'Gg ;fyL 

hgtfdf ;]jf lbP 

x'G5f}+ ;w}F hftL . 

cGofodf lxF8g' x'Gg 

Gofo vf]Hg'k5{ 

c;TonfO{ TofuL xfdL 

;To /f]Hg'k5{ . 

6]lnsdsf] ;]jf lbg 

Odfgbf/L agf}+ 

af6f] la/fO{ hfg]nfO{ 

hfg x'Gg egf}+ . 

;xL dfu{ k}NofP/ 

hfpmF o;}u/L 

hgtfn] dfof lbG5g\ 

xfdLnfO{ ;w}Fel/ . 

xfdL ;a} ;fyLefOsf] 

Pp6} dGtJo 

6]lnsdsf] lj:tf/df 

p:t} uGtJo 

eTsfpg vf]Hg' x'Gg 

hf]ufpg'k5{ 

lalu|hfG5 eGg] 8/n] 

;3fpg'k5{ . 

6]lnsdsf] lj:tf/ 5f]8L 

xfdL 8'Ng' x'Gg 

hgtfsf] dfof lng 

slxNo} e'Ng' x'Gg . 

sf]xL 5}g k/fO{ xfdL 

;a} bfh'efO 

ljj]s–ljrf/ gk'¥ofP 

kmfObf c?nfO{ . 

xfd|f] cfkm\gf] kl/>d 

gxf];\ etfe'ª\u 

bfh'efO w]/} eP 

klg Pp6} c+u 

lsg xfd|f] ;]jf lbg] 

z}nL kl5 k¥of] 

5'6\g' x'Gg km'6\g' x'Gg 

Ps x'g' k¥of] . 

hgtfdf ;]jf lbg 

ldnL sfd u/f}+ 

nTofP/ x'Gg sfd 

k5\ofP/ u/f}+ . 

sdn?kL of] km"nsf] 

xfFuf efFRg' x'Gg 

sfd ug'{k5{ ;w}F 

o;} Ho"g' x'Gg . 

af6f] st} la/fPsf] 

xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 

stf–stf xfd|f] dg 

cGt} uP h:tf] nfU5 . 

kmlqmPsf] km"nleq 

ljif 5g'{ x'Gg 

Pp6} xfdL bfh'efO 

l/; ug'{ x'Gg . 

!@%



6 th 

“Nation Building our Motto”: 

Ownership Matters 

Bishal Bhardwaj 

AAO, Mobile service 

directorate 

Abstract: 

“Ownership” is the least understood but most talked 

issue these days. Nepal today’s transition and struggle 

for transformation also stands on ownership issue. Nation 

building is really a hard and an unending effort. “Nation 

Building Our Motto” NT has full ownership for this 

tireless effort. As simple it looks, it is complex 

multidimensional preposition that relates vertical and 

horizontal responsibilities, strategies and actions that 

always tend to orient toward positive and successive 

benefits. NT leads Nepal’s corporate sector. The linked 

dimensions should be oriented toward achievement of 

Nation Building. Here in first section we will overview 

about context, second part as definition and actors 

of ownerships, third part will be discussed on 

connection and nexus of ownerships, fourth part as 

benefit, threat and its treatment strategies and finally 

conclusion and recommendation remains at last. 

Introduction: 

“Nation Building our Motto” is an unending 

responsibility and spontaneous motivation that exists as 

a core of NT. NT is the leading company and the largest 

taxpayer. Being a historic institution and pioneer 

organization it holds both pride and responsibilities for 

telecommunication sector reform in Nepal. NT connects 

Nepal and Nepalese to world with its services. Not 

over a night, NT stands on foundation of different 

successive institutional generation, employee tenure and 

small, timely and meaningful contribution made on the 

past. NT till today is continuously fighting for achievement 

of Nation Building motto and service to valued 

customers. However the situation has changed in the 

telecom sector as time and rule of the game has changed. 

NT is exposed to face the furious and competitive 

market. With opportunities, threats and challenges are 

also increasing. Moreover keeping up the number and 

pride gifted by the past and transferring it to next 

generation are the greatest challenges we should win. 

Time came to demonstrate our ownership and capacity 

to compile an objective into action and institution. 

Context: Both volume of market and number of 

service provider have increased. The institution and 

behavior of the valued customers have changed 

significantly. Value for money, quality and spontaneity 

in service is the first and the foremost. Tremendous 

opportunities exist in cutting edge competition. NT 

peculiarities regarding governmental stake and peoples 

orientation have some obligations to be fulfilled. In this 

competitive race NT carries extra, unnecessary but owned 

provisions. Though tremendous opportunities and strengths 

exist but there also remains major threats and weakness 

which should be improved as soon as possible. Thus NT’s 

past, present and future can best be compiled under 

execution of its value for ownership at various degrees. 

What does ownership signify? Here, organization 

of responsibilities for felt goodness has been resembled 

as ownership. NT is common property of GON, Public 

and Employee. NT spends millions of rupees for service 

delivery in rural areas of Nepal, NT presents wide ranges 

of services to valued customers, NT cooperates and 

coordinates corporate and communication sectors reform 

etc are all the action that have been compiled for goodness 

and promotion of what we think of us. Being an 

autonomous and responsible institution, ownership 

automatically exists but degree varies depending upon 

governance, intuition and motive of establishment. 

Aspect of ownerships: 

Here we will discuss the four major aspect of ownership. 

These are prioritized and strategic mandate of us too. 

The four following statement reasonably indicate them. 

a) NT remained as a government invested and 

governed institution till today and is never out from 

the government policy and plan instead of being 

business oriented- National Orientation 

!@^


b) Owned and build up from effort of employees from 

decade NT should and have been integration by 

objective- Management by objective. 

c) Valued Customers are greatest concern these days 

for NT. NT’s efforts for providing Choice and Voice 

to customers at an affordable price- Customer based. 

d) Nothing exists in vacuum, NT as a component of 

Nepalese society - Social Responsibilities. 

Figure 1 Aspect of Ownership 

Actors: The following figure depicts the actors of NT’s 

ownership. Government stakes are also represented 

from our institution. The social perception and demand 

toward is demanding rather that of buying. People 

complain and revolt for NT practices; these are outcomes 

of their deep sense of belongings to us. The customers, 

in comparison to earlier years, have now been value 

added. Employees are executor of decisions and also 

inescapable responsibilities of NT. Nothing exists outside 

society. NT accepts and truly wants to represent the 

feelings of Nepalese society. 


2010 

6 th 

Connections: 

HR Goal Integrations: NT and its employees 

should integrate their goals for best outcomes. Overall 

concern should hang upon the NT’s motto of Nation 

Building along with customer satisfaction. NT also should 

feel and make effort towards quality of life, career 

opportunities and continuous motivation of its human 

assets. In real sense this is the greatest strengths of NT. 

Ownership for objective: NT holds specific 

objectives providing quality and reliable services to 

customers. “Giving voice and choice to customer” 

NT should be managed by objectives. The ownership 

for objective should be felt from government, customers 

and employees. 

Social Responsibilities: Being a leading legend 

NT possess some peculiar responsibilities. These are 

a} Demonstrating Public Enterprise for successive 

entrepreneurship, b} Corporate responsibilities to society 

c} Institutional support and promoting prioritized sector, 

living with people and d} fair play 

Ownership for Nationality: “Nation building our 

motto”, NT’s ownership for national development is 

unending. NT has played long role as governmental 

institutions. NT has a public concept similar to those of 

governmental agencies. There remain no debates that 

NT should look to peoples and national priorities. 

Remaining under government ownership; NT want to 

face the challenge of competitive market and 

Nepal’s effort of development at a time. As we are 

much responsible and feel ownership to these factors 

we also possess rights to seek autonomy on our inspired 

activities and decision making. 

Figure 2 Nexus between corporate 

responsibilities and gravity of Motto 

Figure 3 Vertical integration of ownership in NT 

Nexus between corporate objectives and gravity of 

Motto: “Nation Building our Motto” NT aims to develop 

telecommunication sector for nation’s development. But 

!@&



6 th 

now this is not enough. Global tendencies signify a 

company through broader view. From capital 

formation/mobilization to culture building a corporate is 

expected to develop and build strength that can represent 

the nation and its people. HR is becoming the global 

resources. Mobilization has been easier. Customers have 

number of options. No one is going to stick out in the 

name of governmental or else. Societies have now 

learned its contribution and expect some meaningful 

benefit from these. Thus the nexus of gravity of Motto 

and corporate responsibilities can only be understood if 

we can outlay our strategies toward its formulation. But 

the best way to endorse it is vertical and horizontal 

integration of ownership. Figure 3 can be illustrated 

through following figure. The ownership has close 

connection toward social development and national 

orientation. The social reorganization and prestige is 

among the most important motivation for NT Employee. 

Benefiting strategies: 

Ownership issues above discussed are among the 

greatest opportunities. Ownership vertically integrated 

will definitely generate a self-perpetuating and dynamic 

system. It possess following benefits: 

1. Responsible and professional employee driven by 

objective. Corruption and sycophancy will be 

significantly reduced. 

2. Strength and linkage of company should be 

enhanced. Management by objective should be 

adopted. Technical and managerial promotion, i 

nvestment diversification and increased marginal 

profit should be adopted 

3. Satisfied customer, their reliability and ownership to 

our services. Make them say “NTC is NTC” in 

positive note. 

4. Lead the society, live with it and represent where 

needed. Corporate Social responsibilities are to be 

prioritized and implemented. 

Threat and Treatments: Implementation of the above 

discussed issues are very much complex, time 

consuming, andneed much effective managerial skills 

and sensitiveness toward cases. There are several 

threats that should be faced and turned to benefits. The 

major threats and treatments are 

1. Employees: Managing all conceptual, skill, working 

style diversity of employees to progressive dynamism. 

This may be misled and resulted in unwanted conflict 

and hazels to interrupt progress. HR strategies and 

departmental succession system can be useful 

treatments. 

2. Company: Misled and undermanaged NT is another 

threat. Price of share in market and management 

capacities are most talked issues support it. Company 

should formulate SMART strategies in participation 

of stakeholders and be managed by it. 

3. Customer: As number of Option has now developed, 

customers have freedom to choose and use options. 

The growing young generation customers have no 

or less conception of dominancy of NT thus they 

seek for full value for money. The best treatment 

can be a) Give customer voice and choice b) Give 

respect and take respect. Make them continuously 

say “NTC is NTC” in positive note. 

4. Nation: There is also risk of exploitation of national 

orientation of NT. We feel and priorities the national 

plans and activities at tremendous costs. We also 

respect and cover governmental directions, but still 

there remain threats of great interventions and worst 

political culture. The best treatment is concerning 

some special and objective focused national subjects 

like investment diversification, telecommunication 

promotion and service delivery and making overall 

commitment for them to implement. We should be a 

company being so. 

Conclusion and recommendations: 

NT possesses ownership to nation and people. In 

return people affection, governmental support and 

corporate respect are with us. Moreover NT 

management and employee have some degree of goal 

integration. Ownership among each other is appreciable. 

NT has and will be always be moving towards these 

dimensions of ownership and also towards their 

strengthening. 

But still there are some lags which we should be 

fulfilled. Few of them are Strategic Management, social 

representation, integrating national priorities through 

investment diversification, management by objectives 

etc. Thus to keep up the ownership among these aspect 

and promote them NT and its stakeholders must think 

out more seriously. As we are strengthened and been 

promoted through these issues we must be able to keep 

them up and respected. 

Young and energetic people like us should lead the 

task to convince and satisfy growing volume of 

youngsters. We must never forget the nations and the 

objectives of ours. We are to supports the suburbs of 

“nation building our motto” because ownership really 

matters. 

!@*



2010 

6 th 

ERP Software sf] ;kmn 

;~rfng M 6]lnsdsf] 

cfjZostf 

ab|Lk|;fb 9sfn 

n]vf clws[t 

;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfno, 

;~rfng ljefu, hfjnfv]n 

!= kl/efiff M- 

pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;dGjofTds 9+un] 

k|of]u ug]{ snf / s8LnfO{ g} Enterprise Resource 

Planning (ERP) elgG5 . ERP sf] ;kmn ;~rfngaf6 

Inventry sf] plrt pkof]u eO{ sDkgLsf] pGglt x'g]df b'O{dt 

5}g . /fd|f] ;~rfng ePdf yf]/} ;fwg–;|f]taf6 klg ;+:yfsf] w]/} 

pGglt ug{ ;lsG5 . cGoyf cy{sf] vf]nf] aufP klg ;kmntf 

e]l6Fb}g . hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf klg To:t} xf] . dfgjz/L/ 

lhpg /Qm;~rf/ / Zjf;–k|Zjf;g k|0ffnLsf] dxTj /x]h:t} 

;+:yf hLljt /xgdf cy{ / k|zf;gsf] dxTj /xG5 . k|efjsf/L 

;~rfng / cTofjZos Resource Joj:yf ePg eg] ERP 

;~rfngdf afwf k'U5 . ;~rfng e}xfn] klg Useless x'G5 . 

o;}n] ERP nfO{ k|fKt ;|f]t–;fwg tyf Activities x?sf] 

Internal Link df kl/rfng ug] { ljlw dfGg ;lsG5 . ERP df 

sDkgLsf ;a} ljefu / zfvfx?sf sfo{x? Ps–cfk;df cfa4 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . Software df Function Approach x? 7Ls 

9+un] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] v08df Single Computer sf] 

dfWodaf6 sDkgLsf] Whole Picture yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . 

o;}n] ERP nfO{ cfw'lgs o'usf] pQd ljlw dflgPsf] xf] . 

@= sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g M- 

@!cf} + ztfAbLsf] of] o'u Information Technology 

df 2nd Generation sf] o'u xf] . cd]l/sf, a]nfot / k|mfG;h:tf 

ljsl;t /fi6«x?df k|of]u e}/x]sf] ERP ljZjd} nf]slk|o /x]sf] 

5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf h]7f] / s/ Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t 

cufl8 /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ERP k|of]usf] clGtd tof/L 

;DkGg u/L pQm k|ljlwsf] ;~rfng z'? eO;s]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd 

sDkgLsf] b}lgs sfo{df xfd|f] sfo{z}nL sfuhd'vL /x]sf] 5 . 

b}lgs sfo{sf cfb]zkqx? Ps sf]7faf6 csf] { sf]7f x' Fb} Different 

Step x? kf/ u/]/ dfq ;DkGg x'g] afWotfn] sfddf l9nfO 

e}/x]sf] 5 . …;/sf/L sfd slxn] hfnf 3fdÚ eGg] ;f]rfO / 

n]vf tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{sf Order Paper x? Pp6f 

afs;af6 csf] { afs;df yGSofpg] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo klg x'g} 

k5{ . k'/fgf] sfo{z}nLdf jiff}{+ latfPsf sd{rf/Lx? ToxL 

jftfj/0fdf sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ . gofF kl/l:yltdf ablng sl7g 

x'G5 . ERP System n] sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nL 

b'j}sf] kl/jt{gdf hf]8 lbG5 . lsgls Jojxf/df ;'wf/ u/]/ 

ljNs'n} gofF 9+un] sfd ug] { jftfj/0f aG5 . of] System sf] 

k|of]ukl5 sDkgLsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / cfb]zsf sfuhkqx? Inbox 

df yGSofpg] / x/fpg]h:tf ;d:ofx?Aff6 klg d'lQm ldNg 

;S5 . 

# sDkgL ;'wf/df ERP sf] e"ldsf M- 

xfn ;~rfngdf Nofpg nfluPsf] ERP System 

Oracle Corporation n] ljsl;t u/L ;+;f/el/ w]/} ;+:yfdf 

;~rfngdf NofO;s]sf] 5 . o;}n] ERP sf] dxTj w]/} 5 . 

ERP df sDkgLsf] ;a} zfvfx?nfO{ System ;Fu cfa4 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] s'g} klg Transaction sf] Pp6f zfvfdf 

Entry ePkl5 tL ;"rgfx? cGo zfvfdf :jtM s[ofzLn 

x'G5g\ . /, Further Process sf] nflu cufl8 a9\5 . ;a} 

sfo{If]qsf] Work Flow cfk;df uf]naGb x'gfn] sDkgLsf] 

;a} If]qaf6 ul/g] sfo{sf] Movement l56f]–l56f] x'G5 . 

Inter Branch Connection, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, Finance 

/ Store sf] plrt k|aGwn] sDkgL]sf] ljsf;df 6]jf ldN5 . 

o;}n] sDkgL ;'wf/df ERP sf] dxTj hlxn] klg /lx/xg] 

b]lvG5 . 

!@(

{ 



6 th 

ERP sf] cfjZostf lsg < 

clxn] ERP Software ;a} Business sf] s]Gb|ljGb' 

ag]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] ;~rf/ Joj;fo / cfGtl/s sf/f]af/df 

o;n] emg} dxTj /fV5 . :t/f]Gglt, r':t / b'?:t n]vfk|0ffnL 

tyf bIf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] ;fy;fy lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ 

klg 6]lnsddf ERP sf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

s_ ljQLo ;"rgfsf] nflu M- 

pRr Joj:yfkgnfO{ sDkgLsf] Overall 

Performance yfxf x'g' h?/L 5 . To;df klg Financial 

Information n] a9L dxTj /fV5 . 6]lnsdn] k|bfg u/]sf] 

;]jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n /fh:j, u|fxs ljj/0f, GSM ,CDMA / 

PSTN sf] 5'§f5'§} cfo ERP af6 ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . 

ah]6 Joj:yfkg, Store Management, 7]sbf/nfO{ e'QmfgL 

ug' {kg] { bfloTj ljj/0f tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf ;]jf / ;'ljwf;DaGwL 

s'/fx?df klg ERP sf] dxTj /xG5 . clxn] lgs} ;do vr] {/ 

agfO/xg'k/]sf] Trail Balance, Profit and loss Account 

/ Balance Sheet h:tf ljQLo ljj/0fx? ERP 

k|of]ukZrft\ t'?Gt lgsfNg ;lsg]5 . o;}n] ERP Software 

sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . ERP k|f]h]S6 jf:tljstfsf] 

Single Version xf] . of] Version sf] System df s;}n] 

klg Ps –csf{k|lt cljZjf; u/L k|Zg p7fpg klg ;Sb}g . 

lsgls, ;a} ljefu / zfvfx?n] Ps} k|sf/sf] k|ljlw k|of]u 

ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . 

ERP df Transaction Order Loding ePkl5 

Financial Invoice tof/ x'G5 . sfo{cfb]zsf] ljQLo ljj/0fnfO{ 

Single Software System sf] dfWodn] c? System df 

k|jfx ub{5 . pQm ;"rgfx?nfO{ qmda4 :jLs[t u/L ;a} zfvfx?df 

;dGjo ug] { Joj:yf ERP n] ;lhn} ;DkGg ub{5 . 

v_ pTkfbgdf tLj|tf / :t/Lotf M- 

Multiple Product ePsf pTkfbgd"ns sDkgLx? 

h;df km/s–km/s Method / System sf] k|of]un] Output 

lgsfNbf klg ;a} Product df Pp6} u'0f:t/Lotf kfpg' ERP 

sf] csf] { dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . of] Pp6f o:tf] Standard Method 

xf], h;df s]xL Operational Step x? :jtM ;~rfng x'G5g\ . 

:t/Lotf, ;dosf] art, pTkfbgdf tLj|tf / yf]/} sd{rf/Laf6 

w]/} sfdh:tf dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostfx? ERP n] k"/f ub{5 . 

u_ Inventory 36fpgsf nflu M- 

uf]bfddf xf];\ jf sfo{If]qsf] Work-in-Progress 

df Material sf] plrt Joj:yfkg Stock Management 

af6 g} x'G5 . Inventory sdL eP pTkfbgdf c;/ k5{, a9L 

eP cgfjZos vr{sf] ef/ a9\5 . o;}n] sRrf kbfy{sf] :6s 

l7Ss /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . ERP k|of]un] cgfjZos Inventory 

vktdf lgoGq0f u/L Stock, Production / Supply df 

;dGjo NofpF5 . 

3_ dfgj ;+;fwgsf kIfdf M- 

ljz]if u/L x/]s sDkgLsf] sfo{If]qdf Multiple unit 

x? x'G5g\ . ;a} dflg;sf] :jefj klg Ps}gf;sf] x' Fb}g . sf]xL 

sd{rf/Lx? tLI0f k|ltefsf wgL x'G5g\ t sf]xL ;fdfGo . Pp6} 

t/fh'df ;a}nfO{ hf]Vg klg ldNb}g . sDkgLsf] of]ubfgdf ;a}sf] 

plQs} e"ldsf klg /xg'kb{5 . ERP n] bIftf / Ifdtf;d]tsf] 

Vofn u/L ;]jf–;'ljwfdf clej[l4 ug' {sf] ;fy} Right man 

Right Job sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . 

dfly plNnlvt cfjZostfx? ;lhn} k"/f ug{ ERP 

sf] dxTjaf/] t rrf{ eof] . sfof{Gjogdf cfF6 / ;~rfngdf 

bIftf geOgx'g] s'/f xf] . bIf hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug{ sDkgLn] ;a} 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ERP ;Fu kl/lrt u/fO{ Handiling ug{ ;Sg] 

agfpg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu tflnd clgjfo{ x'G5 . s'g} klg Project 

;kmn sfof{Gjog x'g Supporting kIfx?n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'k5{ . 

v/fa dfgl;stf / cl:y/ /fhgLlts sf/0fn] 7"nf Project x? 

;~rfngdf afwf k'U5 . o;}n] Project nfu" ubf{ Joj:yfkgn] 

To;tkm{ klg Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . tfls, Project ;~rfng x'gdf 

s'g} klg afws tTj cfOgnfuf] ];\ . 

cGtdf M g]kfn cfdfsf w]/} ;Gtfg -;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg 

/ sDkgLx?_ n] cfkm" afFRg / ;]jf lbg d"No j[l4sf] ;xf/f 

lnO/x]sf] a]nf 6]lnsdn] ;flas d"Nod} k6s–k6s s6f}tL u/]/ 

;x'lnot b/df ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . nfvf+ }nfv u|fxs ;Gt'li6sf] 

nflu dfgj ;+;fwg, ;a} ;]jfsf] Psd'i6 lan lgdf{0f, ah]6sf] 

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;fy;fy Joj:yfkgsf] j}1flgsLs/0f 

/ u|fxs dgf]efjgfdf ERP sf] Hofb} dxTj /xG5 . ljj]szLn 

dfgj k' FhL sDkgLsf] 7"nf] ;DklQ xf] . /fi6«sf] cfly{s pGgltdf 

cem} 6]jf k'¥ofpg' / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cu|:yfgd} /lx/xg' 

sDkgLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . ;/n nfutdf ;]jf k|bfg, pTs[i6 / 

e/kbf] { ;]jf lj:tf/, u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, bIftfsf] clej[l4, k|lt:kwf{sf] 

dfWodaf6 ;~rf/ ahf/ lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm sbd rfNg'sf] 

;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] afgLdf ;'wf/ / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug' {kg] 

s'/fdf klg sDkgLsf] Wofg k'Ug' cfjZos 5 . ERP sf] 

;~rfngaf6 plNnlvt s'/fsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg x'g]df z+sf 

5}g . 5}6f} + aflif{sf]T;j dgfO/xFbf ERP Software sf] ;kmn 

;~rfng, j}1flgs n]vf k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog / 6]nLsdL{x? 

u|fxs ;]jfdf ;dk{0fsf] ;fy} /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] dxfo1df ;fd]n 

x'g' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . 

!#)

{ 



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfOh]g 

9'g axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL 

;+3if{ 

cfhsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] o'udf 

s'g} klg sDkgL u|fxssf] x[bodf :yflkt x'g / ahf/df l6Sg 

pQm sDkgLn] k|bQ u/]sf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cGt/j:t' ;fj{ef}d 

geO/xg ;Sb}g . o; cy{df u'0f:t/ (Quality) n] zfZjt 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd cfkm} +df ;]jfk|bfos 

Joj;flos k|lti7fg x'g'sf] gftfn] u'0f:t/Lo, lgoldt, e/kbf] { / 

;j{;'ne ;]jfx? k'¥ofpFb} d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts 

?kfGt/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] clei6x? jIfdf vf]k]/ …u|fxssf] ;]jfdf 

;dlk{tÚ, …/fi6« lgdf0f{ xfd|f] nIoÚ eGg] cf]hZjL gf/f lz/f]w/ ub} 

v'nf k|lt:kwf{df plqPsf] 5 . o;n] /fi6«, u|fxs, / sDkgLsf] 

lqsf]0ffTds lxt cIf'00f /fVg] s;d vfPsf] 5 / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfnfO{ 

;jf{lws dxTj lbg' jf~5gLo geO/xg ;Sb}g . 

sDkgLsf] j[Qdf u'0f:t/sf ;DaGwdf ax; eO/fVbf sDkgLsf] 

k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws k|Ifx?sf ljljw kf6f]x?sf] ;'wf/ u/]/ :t/Lo 

;]jf k|bfg ug{÷u/fpg hfkflgh k|zf;lgs k|ljlw sfOh]g (KIZEN) 

Pp6f ;zQm xltof/ x'g ;S5 . To;f] t cf}Bf]lus c;'/Iff / 

/fhgLlts cl:y/tf v]lk/x]sf g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL 

k|lti7fx?n] o; bl/nf] cf}hf/nfO{ vf;} cjnDag u/]sf] kfOFb}g . 

tyflk g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf] cfly{s :jf:Yo tGb'?:t ePsf], hgljZjf; 

bx|f] ePsf], $% nfv clws u|fxsx? ePsf], ;]jfsf] kxF 'r &% j6} 

lhNnfx?df k'u]sf] ;fj{hlgs sDkgLn] ljutsf] Psflwsf/af6 dfly 

p7]/ lghL sDkgLx?;Fu kf} +7]hf]/L v]ln/xg'k/sf] cj:yfdf o; 

cf}hf/nfO{ oyf;Dej c+lusf/ ug' { jf~5gLo geO/xg ;Sb}g . 

sfOh]g h;nfO{ ;kmntfsf] hfb'sf] ;+1f klg lbOG5 . o; 

ljlwdf ;+u7gleq cgGt ;'wf/x?sf lIflthsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 

x'G5, ;'wf/sf nflu Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?aLrsf] cGof]Gofl>t 

k|oTgnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5, b}lgs :t/Lo sfo{of]hgf lgdf0f{, 

cfjZos 5fglag, cgfjZos rLhx?sf] lj;h{g, k|fKt kl/df0f 

lg/LIf0f / gofF hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df k'gM ;'wf/ ug{ cfXjfg 

!#! 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . s;/L cem /fd|f] sfo{ ug] { eGg] r'/f]nfO{ ;Daf]wg 

ug{ Kf|To]s sd{rf/Ldf cfTdcg'zf;gsf] hudf 6]s]/ PDCA (Plan 

Act Do - Check) sf] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] x'G5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsd cfkm} +df k|ljlwsf] v'§f 6]s]/ ;]jfx? laqmL 

ug] { sDkgL x'g'sf] gftfn] sfOh]gsf] k|of]u a9L g} ;fGble{s 

b]lvG5 . sDkgLsf] xsdf sfOh]gnfO{ c+lusf/ ubf{ Psftkm{ 

df}h'bf k|Zff;g / k|ljwfnfO{ s;/L Effective Maintance 

ug] { clg s;/L ;fdlos Reform ug] { eGGf] r'/f]nfO{ v"a} 

/fd|f];Fu ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o; ljlwdf Maintanance 

Function cGtu{t gLlt, lgod, lgb] {zg / ;~rfngsf d"No / 

k|lqmof Standard Operation process (S0P) lgdf0f{ ul/g'kb{5 

/ Reform Function cGtu{t df}h'bf d"No–dfGotfx?nfO{ ;'wf/ 

ul/g'kb{5, h'g k|lqmof cgGTf x' 'g'kb{5 . 

;'wf/sf] /0fgLlt u|fxsd'vL, ;]jfd'vL / k|lt:kwL{ x'g'kb{5, 

cyjf gfkmfeGbf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 tfls 

c? k|lt:kwL{x?n] xfd|f u|fxsx?sf dg ckx/0f u/]/ n}hfg 

g;s"g\ . Maintanance Function cGtu{t ;+u7gdf k|To]s 

sfo{lbgdf s'g} g s'g} c+udf ;'wf/ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . cem ulx/fOdf 

uP/ eGg'kbf{ If]= lg= / sfof{nox?df :yflkt u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|sf] 

sfo{nfO{ s;/L r':t kfg{ ;lsG5 < k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] Efficiency 

and Productivity s;/L lgvf{g ;lsG5 < Customer and 

Market sf] 7f]; klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < Customer 

Need s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 < Product postining s;/L 

;zQm kfg{ ;lsG5 < Profitability and Integrated Marketing 

s;/L pRr kfg{ ;lsG5 < Advertsment and sales promotion 

Strategy s;/L wfl/nf] kfg{ ;lsG5 < Long Term Customer 

Loyalty s;/L dha't agfpg ;lsG5 < R and D s;/L 

vf]hd"ns agfpg ;lsG5 < Market Segmentation s;/L 

km/flsnf] kfg{ ;lsG5 < Strategic market policy, marketing

{ 

{ 



6 th 

mix, product mix, product life cycle design, New product 

development, pricing, Distribution and customer want 

satisfaction s;/L ahf/d'vL, u|fxsd'vL / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg 

;lsG5 < s;/L df]afOnsf] v:sFbf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 < 

s;/L kfj/sf] ;d:of bL3{sfnLg?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < 

s;/L lalnªsf] ;d:of ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L l:jlrª, 

6«fG;ld;g, aL 6L P;df cem ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L /fh:j 

r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L 5l/tf] / ;Ifd dfgj 

;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L k|efjsf/L of]hgf th' {df 

/ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg 

lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L sd{rf/Ldf pTk| ]/0ff, b08, k'/:sf/ 

/ j[lQ ljsf; j:t'lgi7 u/fpg ;lsG5 < s;/L u|fxs / sd{rf/Lsf] 

u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L ;+u7gleq åGå, ;+s6 / 

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L Joj:yfkg ;"rgf 

k|0ffnLsf] pRr k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0f 

ug{ ;lsG5 < s;/L ;+u7gleq ultzLn, pmhf{jfg\, g}ltsjfg\, 

kf}/vL, ;[hgzLn, ahf/d'vL / ;]jfd'vL k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj lgdf{0f 

ug{ ;lsG5 < oL ljifox? sfOh]gsf] Maintanance Function 

n] /fd|/L ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . sfOh]gn] ;xsfo{ ;xeflutfd"s 

Joj:yfkg / ;d"x sfo{df ljZjf; ug] { x' Fbf df}h'bf dhb'/ / 

dflnssf] ;fdGtL cjz]if cfdsd{rf/Lx?sf] dfg;k6naf6 

x6fOPsf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ ckm;f];, clws[t txeGbf d'lgsf 

sd{rf/Lsf] ;'emfjnfO{ s'g} d"No g} lbPsf] kfOFb}g . pgLx?nfO{ 

s] ]jn sn+ssf] ?kdf ufl8Psf] 5 . hals sfo{;~rfng:t/sf] 

u?Ëf] ef/L pgLx?af6} axg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;} u/L sDkgLdf 

b]vf k/]sf / kQf nfu]sf l;sfotx? ;+sng u/L ;dfwfgsf 

nflu ;'emfj lbg ;Sg] lgle{s jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g'kb{5, h'g 

Jofjxfl/s ?kdf lkmtnf] g} b]lvG5 oxfF . 

sfOh]gdf cg'zf;g / cfr/0fnfO{ pRRf dxTj lbPsf] 

x'G5 . sDkgLdf sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^!, cfly{s ljlgodfjnL 

@)^! tyf ei6«frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)%* sf] alv{nfk u/]sf] 

kfOPdf lg8/k"j{s s8f sf/afxL u/]/ b08 / k'/:sf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ 

r':t kfl/g'kb{5 . sfOh]gn] sDkgLsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ :jrflnt 

;+oGqdf hf]8 lbG5, To;}n] k|ljlw leq\ofpFbf :jrflnt k|0ffnLnfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbg'kg] { b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df t xflh/L zfvfdf 

hl8t lkmª\u/ lk|G6 tyf ;j]bgzLn :yfgdf hl8t ;L=;L=6L=eL= 

sf] klg k|z+;f gu/L/xg ;lsGg . cem cfufdL lbgx?df xfd|f 

k|ljlw / sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f lglZrt sfo{lbgdf 7f];?kdf ;Dkfbg 

u/]sf] sfo{sf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] :jrflnt k|ljlw leq\ofpg'kg] 

b]lvG5 . sfOh]gn] cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg gLlt, 

of]hgf, sfo{qmdsf] vfsf sf]g{ / To;}sf] kl/lwleq /x]/ nIo 

k|flKtsf] nflu 3lge"t?kdf elu/y k|oTgzLn x'g cfXjfg ub{5 . 

xfd|f] sDkgLsf] xsdf l6Kk0fL ug' {kbf{ nueu &) nfv ;DefJo 

u|fxsx? xfd|f ;dLk kf]lvPsf 5g\, nufgL ug{ 9's'6L alnof] 5, 

hgljZjf; bx|f] 5, tyflk k|lt:kwL{ w't{ 5, pRRf Jofj;flos 5, 

;/sf/n] ;]jfdf c+s'z nufpFbf] 5, lkm|So'PG;L 36fpFbf] 5, 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ v:sFbf] 5 . o; kl/k| ]Iodf sDkgLn] b"/bzL{ 

gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd k:sFb} sfof{Gjog ug] { bl/nf] cfF6 ug' 

h?/L geO/xg ;Sb}g . o;} hudf 6]s]/ sDkgLsf] P3f/f+ } lqjifL{o 

of]hgfcGtu{t cf=j= )^^÷&& sf] jflif{s gLlt, of]hgf tyf 

sfo{qmd ljZn]if0f ubf{ nueu jflif{s $^ ca{sf] eLdsfo 

ah]6sf] s'Dnf] af]s]/ (Teledensity ) @$% k'¥ofpg], PSTN, 

CDMA k|ljlwn] 9fSg g;s]sf] :yfgdf D-Sat k|ljlwdfkm{t 

@–@ nfOg 6]lnkm]fg k'¥ofpg], 8f6f sDo'lgs];gnfO{ cfly{s 

ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{, ;"rgf dxfdfu{cg'?k 

IP Backbone nfO{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf tof/ kfg]{, zx/df On 

demand / u|fdL0f If]qdf dfucg'?k ;]jfx? k'¥ofpg], IP 

CDMA k|ljlw cufl8 a9fpg], Convergent Billing, ERP, 

Mediation & Interconnection, IP base Service, 

Wi-Max service leq\ofpg], %) nfv GSM sf] af]nkq 

cufl8 a9fpg], R & D wing :yfkgf ug]{, Value added 

services Expansion ug]{, CDMA tyf Optical 

nufot ;ft j6f of]hgfx? cufl8 a9fpg] cflb ;'Gb/ 

nIox?nfO{ lkmSsf?kdf lng ;ls+b}g . tyflk cNksfnd} 

bL3{sfnLg of]hgfx? ;+zf]lwt x'g] k'/fgf] /f]unfO{ oyf;So 

lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . 

sfOh]gn] u'0frqm (Quality Circle) / ;Dk"0f{ u'0f 

Joj:yfkg (TQM) nfO{ ;d]t u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ug] { ljZjfl;nf] 

cf}hf/sf] ?kdf cufl8 ;fg] { x' Fbf Quality Circle sf] hudf 

6]s]/ PSTN, CDMA, GSM, Data Communication nufot 

cGo cfOkg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx?sf xsdf df}h'bf ;d:of ;dfwfg 

ug{ Rank and File sf sd{rf/Lx?af6 *–!) hgfsf] u'0frqm 

lgdf0f{ u/L tt\leq Leader, Facilator and Co-ordinator 

sf] ;d]t k|aGw u/L ;d:of klxrfg, ;d:ofsf] k|fyldsLs/0f 

rog, sf/0f, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of ;fdfwfgsf] pQd ljsNksf] 

rog / sfof{Gjog u/L nfut s6f}tL ug{, q'l6 Go"g ug{, bIftf 

clej[l4 ug{ / u'0f:t/ pRRf /fVg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L TQM sf] 

hudf 6]s]/ xfd| |f ;]jfx?nfO{ Error Free ;flat ug{ ;]jf k|bfg 

ug' {k"j{ / ;]jf k|bfgkZrft\ km]nf k/]sf k|To]s q'l6x? lg/fs0f 

ug{ pRRf Joj:yfkgn] /0fgLlts k|lta¢tf hfx]/ ug' {k5{ . h;sf 

nflu k|To]s ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ Data Based lgoGq0f ul/g'kb{5, 

ZTE h:tf] Vendor sf] k'g/jnf]sg ul/g'kb{5, 5 xhf/ 

!#@


sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wfl/nf] kfg{ TTC sf] ultljlwnfO{ r':t kfl/g'kb{5, 

hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf b]vf k/]sf j[lQljsf;;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 

Joj:yfkg / o'lgogsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf j}1flgs?kn] xn ul/g'kb{5 . 

sfOh]gdf csf] { dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] eg]sf] Reform xf], h;df 

df}h'bf Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ / gofF If]qsf] ljsf;sf] sNkgf ul/Psf] 

x'G5 . of] kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf klg xf], hxfF 7"nf] nufgL, pBdzLntf 

/ ;fx;sf] vfFrf] :jfefljs?kn] x'G5 . of]Uo Jo:yfkgsf] 

/0fsf}zntfaf6 sDkgLnfO{ hLjGttf lbFb} gofF lbzfdf 8f]¥ofpg 

of] cj:yfsf] e"ldsf cxd\ ;flat x'G5 . cem eGg'kbf{ sDkgLsf] 

eljion] oxL ljGb'df cfP/ sf]N6f] km]b{5 . xfd|f] sDkgLsf] 

xsdf cNk;dodf GSM, CDMA, Data Communication, 

Inteligent Network Servics, NGN, GPRS, Opticl fiver, 

ADSL, ERP and VMS etc. h:tf cTofw'ls k|ljlwx? 

leq\ofP/ sDkgLnfO{ hLjGttf lbOPsf] ;TotfnfO{ k|z+;f gul//xg 

;lsFb}g, oxfFlg/ . casf lbgx?df Latest Technology 

leq\ofpg, PSTN EXCHANGE/BTS lj:tf/ ug{, sd{rf/L 


2010 

6 th 

ljlgodfjnL ;fdlos?kdf ;+zf]wg ug{, CDMA / Data 

Service nfO{ Business point of view k:sg, dx';nsf] b/ 

kl/dfh{g ub} { Cost Leadership dfkm{t kf]lvPsf u|fxs? 

;f]xf]g{, Quality service, Cheap service, Office service 

and business oriented service k:sg v'§f lans'n} sdfpg' 

gx'g] b]lvG5 . xfn sDkgLsf] ax;df cfO/x]sf] Public Private 

Partnership (PPP), Management Contract, Investment 

Diversification, Outsourcing, Strategic Partner h:tf ;'Gb/ 

cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ klg sDkgLsf] cfFugdf pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df 

/f]Kg'kg] {, x'sf{pg'kg] { / k'mnfpg'kg] { blvG5 . 

cfb/0fLo hfkflgh lj¢fg\ df;fsL OdfO{n] -!(^*_ k|ltkfbg 

ug' {ePsf] Joj:yfksLo bz{gnfO{ xfd|f] sDkgLdf c+lusf/ ug{ 

;lsPdf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? cfo{3f6df d'To'j/0f ul//xFbf 

o; sDkgLn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv sfod ub}{ cfPsf] ul/dfdo 

lj/f;tnfO{ cem cf]hZjLjfg\ u/fpg ;lsg]5 . 

!##

{ 



6 th 

sDkgLleqsf ;d:of / 

;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx? 

kz'klt lu/L 

s]=sf=, eb|sfnL 

cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds kl/l:yltdf sDkgLleq /x]sf cgluGtL 

;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos kxn ug{ 

h?/L 5 . sd{rf/L;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf ljifox?nfO{ 

Joj:yfkgn] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf u'gf;fx? w]/} ;dob]lv ;'Ggdf 

cfO/x]sf 5g\ . @)^@ ;fnb]lv 5}6f} + txsf] lj1fkgdf k/]sf] d'2f 

clxn];Dd s'g} 6'Ëf] nfUg ;s]sf] 5}g . jf:tjdf sfd u/]kl5 

sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] j[lQljsf; rfxg' :jfefljs xf] . cfO{=P;=;L= / 

gg\ cfO{=P;=;L= aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ cem nDAofpFb} n}hfg'eGbf o;sf] 

;dfwfg vf]Hg' Joj:yfkg / sDkgLdf lqmofzLn o'lgogx?sf] klg 

bfloTj xf] . cfkm"x?n] Gofo gkfPs} sf/0f gg\ cfO{=P;=;L= sd{rf/Lx?n] 

afWo eP/ ;jf] {Rrdf hfg'k/]sf] oyfy{tf xfdLn] la;{g'x' Fb}g . k6s– 

k6ssf] e]nfn] klg s'g} lgisif{ lgsfNg ;s]sf] 5}g . 

sd{rf/L ;]jf ;t{ ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] @^cf} + ;+zf]wgaf6 

k|fKt ePsf /fd|f s'/fx?sf] ;dy{g ub} { ljutdf ePsf ;'ljwfx? 

@^cf} + ;+zf]wgkl5 s6f}tL ePsf 5g\ . tL ;]jf–;'ljwfx? l56f]eGbf 

l56f] Joj:yf ul/g' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . sd{rf/L ;]jf ;t{n] 

s'g} kIfsf] lxt ubf{ s'g} csf] { kIfsf] clxt kSs} klg ul/g'x'Fb}g . 

s;}sf] efu vf];]/ sf]xL a9'jf x'g] Joj:yf gu/L To;sf] bfo/f 

km/flsnf] kfl/g'kb{5 . xfdLn] sDkgL / sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf dfq 

x}g, u|fxssf] ;'ljwfdf Wofg lbgsf] lgldQ klg sd{rf/Lsf] 

dgf]an 36\g] sfo{ ul/g'x'Fb}g . ;w}F bf]if c?nfO{ dfq lbg] u5f}{ +, 

cfkm"n] ug]{ st{Jo la;{G5f}+ . ca Joj:yfkg / 6«]8 o'lgogx?n] 

k'/fg} 9+un] k]; x'g'eGbf sDkgL, sd{rf/L / u|fxssf lxtdf s] 

ug{ ;lsG5, To;sf] lrGtg ug{ h?/L 5 . ;w}F k/Dk/fut 9+un] 

k]]; x'Fbf gofF ljrf/ / ;f]r s'l07t x'g k'U5 . xfd|f] ;+:yfnfO{ 

gf]S;fg k'Ug] 9+uaf6 sf]xL klg k]; x'g gkfpg] gLlt / ljlwsf] 

Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . gLlt / ljlwleq /x]/ hf]–;'s}n] klg sfo{ 

ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf nfu" eP dfq ;a}sf] j[lQ ljsf; x'g] lglZrt 

5 . gLltcGtu{t /x]/ sfo{ u/]df s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] kL8f 

ef]lu/xg'kb}{g . ;jf]{Rrdf d'2f kgf{n] Ps kIf dfq kL8fdf 

xf]Og, b'j} kIfn] kL8f ef]Ug'k/]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] sfg'gadf]lhd d'2fsf] km};nf x'g jiff} + nfUg] u/]sf 

pbfx/0fx? k|;:t kfOG5g\ . kfFrf} Faf6 5}6f} +df hfg )^@ ;fnb]lv 

v'n]sf] lj1fkgsf] cfh;Dd 6' +uf] gnfUg' o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f 

xf] . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg o;/L klg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;/L 

Sjflnlkms];g ePsf sd{rf/L * jif{df / gePsf !) jif{df 

cku| ]8 x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, To;} u/L cfO{=P;=;L= / gg\ 

cfO{=P;=;L=nfO{ klg Ps–b'O{ jif{sf] km/sdf a9'jfsf] nflu 

pDd]bjf/ aGg kfpg] Joj:yf ljlgoddf ul/g' cfjZos 5 . 

cfkm\gf j[lQljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf gb]v]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd 

ug] { OR5fzlQmdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . sfo{ u/fOdf hf]z–hfFu/ 

ePg eg] s'g} klg sfo{ ;dodf ;Dkfbg x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] 

sDkgLnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . 

xfdL o; sDkgLsf sfl/Gbf dfq x}gf} +, lx:;]bf/ klg xf} + . 

To;}n] cfkm\gf] bfloTj axg ug{ kl5 kg' {x' Fb}g . gofF tl/sfaf6 

;d:of ;dfwfg ug] {tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] 

;+:sf/ g} ablnPsf] 5 . To;sf] c;/ sDkgLleq klg k|z:t 

b]lvG5 . sfdb]lv jfSs ePsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ gofF sfddf 

df}sf lbg], tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / tflndcg';f/sf] sfd 

lbg]df Joj:yfkgsf] Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 . d'Votof $ s'/fdf 

Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . 1fg, k|ljlw, /0fgLlt / pks/0fsf] 

;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sof} + eg] sDkgL ;w} F gDa/ Ps eO/xg]5 . o;sf 

lgldQ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub} { sd{rf/LnfO{ k/]sf] kL8fdf 

d"sbzL{ eP/ df}g /xg'eGbf kf/blz{tf ckgfP/ lg/fs/0f ug{ 

h?/L 5 . clxn];Dd af]8{df sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlglw geP/ sd{rf/Ln] 

ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8fx?sf] uGtL ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lxhf]sf lbgdf 

cflwsfl/s 6« ]8 o'lgogsf] tkm{af6 af]8{df k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 

cj:yf lyof] . cfh Tof] geP/ ca xfdLn] z]o/ xf]N8/ sd{rf/Lsf 

tkm{af6 ;fwf/0f;efdfkm{t l56f]eGbf l56f] af]8{df sd{rf/Lsf] 

k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' h?/L 5 . xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf–;'ljwf / ;d:ofx? 

Aff]8{af6 clGtd 6'Ëf] nufpg'kg] { ePsf]n] sd{rf/L k|ltlglw zL3| 

af]8{df k7fpg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . 

!#$

{ 

+ { 


clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;L=aL=P= sf] lgjf{rg l56f]eGbf l56f] 

u/fPdf sDkgL / sd{rf/L b'j} kIfsf] nflu lxt x'g]5 . 

Joj:yfkgsf] cd"No ;do sDkgLdf lqmofzLn % j6f o'lgogn] 

kfn}kfnf] lnFbf w]/}h;f] ;do o'lgog;Fu} latfpg'k/]sf] oyfy{tf 

5 . ;a} o'lgogx?n] sDkgL / sd{rf/Ls} lxtdf sfo{ ug] { xf] eg] 

;femf ;jfndf ;femf ;+oGq agfP/ jftf{, ;xdlt, ;dembf/L 

/ ;xsfo{ ug' {k5{ . o;f] u/]df 7"nf–7"nf ;d:of klg kf/ ug{ 

;lsG5 . o'lgogx?n] s]jn ef]6sf] /fhgLlt dfq gu/]/ sDkgLsf] 

lxtdf sbd rfNg'kg] { cfjZostf 5 . % j6f o'lgogn] t]/f] / 

d]/f] u/]/ sDkgLdf kg{ uPsf] c;/ ck"/0fLo 5 . ;dodf s'g} 

7fpFdf sd{rf/Lx? k"lt{ ug{ ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . Joj:yfkgn] 

aflx/sf] nflu eg]/ lnPsf sd{rf/L klg ljleGg o'lgogdf uO{ 

;f];{ nufP/ s]Gb|df jf ;'ud 7fpFdf al;/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] 

cj:yfdf Joj:yfkg / o'lgogn] :ki6 gLlt agfP/ gLltcg'?k 

sfof{Gjog ug{ cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . olt w]/} k' FhL ePsf] 

sf/0fn] xfd|f] z]o/ efp vl:s/x]sf] 5 . ca xfd|f] k|oTgaf6 

z]o/nfO{ dfly psf:g h?/L 5 . sDkgL k'gM;+/rgfsf nflu w]/} 

k6s kxn ul/P tfklg xfn;Dd 6'Ëf] nfUg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

t/fO{ If]qdf ljleGg vfnsf 36gfx? lbg–k|ltlbg 3l6/x]sf 

5g\ . xfd|f sd{rf/Lx? ckx/0fdf kg] {, n'6kf6 x'g], xTof / 

lx+;fsf] cfz+sfn] ;dodf sfd ;Dkfbg gx'g] ;d:of ;[lht 

ePsf 5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfksf] k|ltsf/ ug{ ;dodf g} Joj:yfkgsf] 

Wofgfsif{0f u/fpgdf 6« ]8 o'lgogn] v]Ng'kg] { e"ldsfx? h:t}– u'Ktr/ 

sld6Lsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf, n'6kf6, lx+;f / 

xTofdf ;+nUg /x]sf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg u/L b08–;hfosf] s8f 

sf/afxL ug{df cu|;/ x'g'kg] { b]lvG5 . /fd|f sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k'/:s[t 

ub} { b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . ;a} vfnsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ 

;DalGwt ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] plQs} bfloTj xf] t/ clwsf/k|fKt 

;+oGqn] uxg e"ldsf lgefpg'kg] { x'G5 . 

;femf ;+oGq agfP/ ;fem]bf/L k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f ug{df 6« ]8 

o'lgogx?n] klg ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg ;Sg'k5{ . Ps} lsl;dsf 

sfdsf nflu cnu–cnu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ Psflt/ /fi6«sf] 

7"nf] wg/flz v]/ hfg] / csf] {lt/ zx/sf] ;'Gb/tf lalu|g] x'G5 . 

ca klg km/s tl/sfn] g;f]Rg] xf] eg] ef/tsf] aL=P;=Pg=Pn= 

sDkgL Ps gDa/af6 5}6f} + gDa/df k'u]h:t} xfd|f] sDkgLn] klg 

Joxf]g' { gknf{ eGg ;lsGg . clxn]sf] kl/l:yltdf ;+s'lrt ;f]rn] 

x}g, km/flsnf] ;f]rn] lgdf{0fsfo{df nfUg'k5{ . @)^! sf] 

ljlgodfjnL xfn;Dd @^cf} + k6s;Dd ;+zf]wg eO;Sbf klg 

s'g} 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . 


2010 

6 th 

7"nf] ;+Vofdf nfdf] ;do;Dd c:yfoL?kdf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] gf]s/L ;]jf cjlw u0fgf x'g cfjZos 5 . lsgls 

pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do o; sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf 

nufPsf 5g\ . sltn] pd]/sf sf/0f k]G;g gx' Fb} cjsfz x'g] 

cj:yf 5 eg] slt sd{rf/Lx?n] ;fk6L gkfPsf sf/0f 3/af;sf] 

7]ufg 5}g . slt sd{rf/Lx? !%–!^ jif{;Dd Pp6} kbdf sfo{/t 

/xFbf pgLx?n] kL8f dx;'; ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} ;d:ofx?nfO{ 

dWogh/ /fVb} ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug' {kg] { cfjZostf 5 . 

;+zf]wg klg Pp6f–Pp6f ljifodf x}g, Psd'i6?kdf af]8{df 

k]; ul/g'k5{ . ca sDkgLdf lqmofzLn o'lgogx?n] klg cfkm\gf 

6« ]8 o'lgog ultljlwx?df kl/dfh{g ug' { cfjZos 5 . ;w} Fel/ 

dflns / sfdbf/sf] x}l;otn] x}g, o; sDkgLsf lx:;]bf/sf 

x}l;otn] sfo{of]hgfx? k]; ug' {kb{5 . cfkm\g} sDkgLdf ;fgfltgf 

dfu k"/f gePsf] cfwf/df tfnfaGbL, 3]/fph:tf ;]jf cj?4 

ug] { sfo{ ul/g'x' Fb}g . xfdLn] ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf nflu gofF tl/sfaf6 

;f]Rg'kg] { x'G5 . xfd|f ;]jfx? ljZj;gLo x'g h?/L 5 . k/Dk/fut 

9+uaf6 dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t;y{ sDkgLnfO{ 

Joj;foLs/0f ul/g'k5{ . o; cj:yfdf h;n] gofF pks/0f, 

k|ljlw, ;Lk, 1fg leq\ofpg ;S5 ToxL sDkgL cu|k+lQmdf /xg]5 . 

Joj:yfkgn] sDkgLk|lt cg'Q/bfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ 

;Sg'k5{ . 6« ]8 o'lgogx?n] klg unt ug] {, cfly{s lxgfldgf ug] 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug] { sfo{ ug' {x' Fb}g . xfd|f] sDkgLdf kfFr– 

kfFr j6f o'lgog lqmofzLn ePsf]n] uNtL ug] { sd{rf/Lx? s'g} 

g s'g} o'lgogsf] ;+/If0fdf /xg] k|j[lQ df}nfpFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . 

tflnd, ;?jf, a9'jfdf klg :ki6 gLlt gePsf sf/0f Gofof]lrt 

9+uaf6 lg0f{o geP/ efua08fdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 6« ]8 

o'lgogx?n] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df sDkgLnfO{ 

3f6f x'g] vfnsf ultljlw TofUg'kb{5 . 

;dod} ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox? vf]Hg' 

h?/L 5 . c;n sfo{sf nflu o'lgogx?n] c;xdt hgfO/xFbf 

sDkgLsf] sfo{of]hgfcg'?k cufl8 a9\g ;lsFb}g . 

bL3{sfnLg kl/jt{gsf] nflu k'gM;+/rgf u/]/ hfg'kg] { x'G5 . 

b'O{–tLg jif{cl3b]lv k'gM;+/rgfsf nflu w]/} k6s a}7s a;]/ 

l/kf]6{ k]; e};Sbf klg xfn;Dd s'g} 6'Ëf] nfUg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

s'g} klg lg0f{o lng olt nfdf] ;do nufpFbf sDkgLnfO{ k|lt:kwf{ 

ug{ cToGt sl7g x'G5 . casf lbgx?df Pp6} lg0f{o ug{ jiff} 

nufpg] x}g, ;dosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/jt{gsf nflu t'?Gt 

lg0f{o ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

When the whole mind, including the brain, is empty of the known, then you will use the known when 

necessary but functioning always from the unknown, from the mind that is free of the known. 

- Jaya Krishnamurti 

!#%



6 th 

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Ramesh Nath 

Asst. Business Officer 

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happened .Unfortunately, it is equally distributed among 

companies, industries and nations”. Today we have to 

run faster to stay in same places. Can we do such? 

Obviously yes, we can, we have and we go for 

“Hoarding Board.” 

Background: 

Billboard (Hoarding Board) means a very large 

board on which advertisements are shown, especially 

around the big buildings sites, complexes and at the 

road sites. In other words, it is a large outside sign board, 

found in places with highest public mobility, Such as 

city centers, Public squares and motor ways .Billboards 

show large advertisement aimed at passing pedestrians, 

motor drivers and passengers. 

Billboards are the most prominent media and come 

in a variety of shapes and sizes as well as location 

opportunities. These include spectacular electric signs, 

which feature moving message and color graphics. 

Other outdoor media include transit shelter, terminals 

and airports; both inside and outside of transit vehicles 

such as taxis, buses and street cars; stadiums (many 

sport facilities carry the names of logos of prominent 

manufacturers); blimps, parking meters, public phones, 

and shopping malls also are the specific carriers of 

billboards. 

Theoretically, billboards should have a visibility of 

three to five seconds; but it captures the attention of the 

viewer in a few seconds and send the message across. 

Why it is essential: 

Over the past few years the billboard advertising 

has evolved into a rejuvenated media force to be 

reckoned with that is poised to compete aggressively in 

the 21 st century media fray. Billboards ubiquitous 

presence ensures that when a consumer is ready to 

purchase ,the brand is in the top of the mind. Today it 

seems, consumers are hurry and bill board provides 

quick and concise information to help individuals make 

rapid purchase decisions. Billboards reach people on the 

go and offers extremely targeted messages designed to 

intercept consumers, wherever they go either in an urban 

market or on suburban highways. 

Should Nepal Telecom go for “Hoarding Board” 

In this competitive world, every market is full of 

advertising woven into a complete media mix. No one 

can ignore this fact that the billboard advertising is an 

important media for advertisers in today’s global market 

so Nepal Telecom should also adopt the strategy for 

developing the hoarding boards to get a chunk a market 

share. Nepal Telecom has vary of alternatives to provide 

a service as well as image value to its customers but 

due to deficiency of information they are unaware and 

unreluctantly buying the services of other service 

providers. In this scenario of cut throat competition NT 

also build beautiful billboards to run faster and stay as a 

barometric and dominant market leader. Beautiful 

billboards may be the symbol of good nightlife in urban 

areas if properly managed. Majority of the respondences 

suggests that the billboard advertisement should not be 

banned but it should be regulated appropriately by making 

a policies and guidelines. Local govt. should develop a 

mechanism to discourage the illegal billboards. Finally, 

each and every advertising media should play friendly 

competition to develop prosperous business environment 

without discrimination. 

!#^



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn 6]lnsd / 

sfo{–;+:s[lt 

lszf]/ pk|]tL 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|, aa/dxn 

;+u7g eg]sf] k|flwsf/sf] z[ª\vnf xf], h;df p2]Zo 

(Objectives), ;+/rgf (Structure), clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg 

(Authority), sfo{ljefhg (Division of Labor), ;~rf/ 

Joj:yfkg (System of communication) / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+of]hg 

/x]sf] x'G5 . ;+u7g Pp6f ;f+s]lts ljifo ePsf]n] o;df hLjGttf 

Nofpg dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] cjZostf kb{5 . dfgj ;+;fwg 

;+u7gdf ljleGg ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5, h:t}– g]t[Tjsf] ?kdf, 

;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsfdf / ;lqmo ;fwgsf] ?kdf . Ps y/Lsf] 

egfOcg';f/ ;+u7gsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] 

g]t[Tj xf] . csf{ ] y/Lsf] egfOcg';f/ ;+u7gsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntf 

g]t[Tjdf dfq lge{/ ub{ }g, lgoGq0f / k|efj kfg{ ] cfGtl/s / 

afx\o tTjx? klg /x]sf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ ;+:s[ [lt / jftfj/0f 

elgG5 . Shephen P. Robbins / Mary Coulter n] 

Organization environment / Organization Culture sf] 

km\o'hgaf6 Managerial discretion pTkGg x'g] s'/f u/]sf 

5g\ . ;+u7gdf sfo{–;+:s[lt sfd ug{ ] sd{rf/Lx?n] lg/Gt/?kdf 

sfd ub{ } hfFbf cEo:t eP/ ljsf; x'g] tTj xf] . h'g gjk|j]zLx?sf 

nflu Pp6f dfu{bz{g / kyk|bz{g x'g hfG5 . ;kmntd Oltxf;sf] 

rrf{ ug{ ] xf] eg] Motorola sDkgLn] gofF–gofF k|of]unfO{ t'?Gt} 

:jLsf/ ug{ ] Core Culture Value sf] ?kdf ckm"nfO{ lrgfof] . To;} 

u/L Design / Quality klg o;sf] sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf lrlgof] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] P]ltxfl;s kIf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k'vf{sf] rrf{ ubf{v]/L ljz]iftM 

6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefuaf6 z'? ePsf] kfOG5 , oBlk o;eGbf 

cufl8 g} + g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lgs} cl3 k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 

lyof] . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu, ;ldlt / ;+:Yffg x' Fb} cfh sDkgLsf] 

?kdf xfd|f] cufl8 b]lvPsf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] sfo{–;:s[ltsf] z'? 

cfwf/ eg]s} sd{rf/LtGq g} + xf] . Max Weber h:tf ljåfg\n] 

sd{rf/LtGqLo k4ltnfO{ cToGt /fd|f] egL rrf{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . 

tyflk sd{rf/LtGqLo k4ltdf cfPsf] ljs[ltnfO{ x6fpg] ;f]rsf 

;fy ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg b]vf 

k¥of] . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;}4flGts cfwf/x? Public 

choice theory, principle agent theory, Cost minimizing 

theory / Marketization theory x?n] sd{rf/LtGqLo k4ltnfO{ 

r'gf}tL lbFb} u|fxsnfO{ ;jf{ ]kl/ dfGb} cufl8 a9] . g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs 

OG6/k|fOh]hx?n] g/fd|f] wSsf vfO/x]sf] Psbd} ;+qmd0fsfnLg 

cj:yfdf klg 6]lnsdn] ;kmntf r'Db} u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ 

dgg ubf{ub} { klg sd{rf/LtGqLo ;f]raf6 xfdL d'Qm x'g ;s]gf} + . 

cfhsf] lbgdf t'ngfTds?kdf Customer Care df ;r]ttf 

eg] cjZo a9]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+u7gfTds sfo{k4lt 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+u7gfTds sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] 

cWoogsf] b:tfj]hx? kfpg Psbd} d'l:sn 5 . ;]jfk|jfxsf] ljifonfO{ 

lnP/ gsf/fTds rrf{ / cfnf]rgf a9L ;'Gg kfOG5 . s'g} klg 

;+u7gsf] ljifodf cfddflg;x?n] s:tf] wf/0ff /fV5g\ eGg] ljifon] 

To; ;+u7gsf] sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] 

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf s]xL k|rlnt cEof;x?nfO{ o;/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . 

• sfd gu/]kl5 uNtL x' Fb}g, uNtL gug' { eg]sf] ;kmntfsf] 

cfwf/ xf] . 

• lgod–sfg'gadf]lhd eGg] t/ lgod–sfg'g / sfo{ljlw 

:ki6 gagfpg] . 

• Formal Relationship sfod /fVg] / Risk lng grfxg] . 

• ;"rgf c?nfO{ lbg gx'g] / xflsd;Fu c;xdt x'g gx'g] 

• lgod, sfg'g / jf:tljstfnfO{ eGbf kl/kf6LnfO{ kR5\ofpg] . 

• Group df ldn]/ sfd ug{ g;Sg] / Group df a;]kl5 

cfkm\gf] k|efj c;fGble{s eP klg b]vfpg'kg{ ] . 

• Leader n] Participatory Management sf] 

dfWodaf6 ;a}sf] IfdtfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ]eGbf lgb{ ]zg 

lbg dg k/fpg] . 

• ;+u7gsf] sfo{–;+:s[ltnfO{ cWooog gu/Lsg dflyaf6 tn 

sfo{qmd nfb\g] / tnaf6 ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] . 

• Authority nfO{ Power df kl/0ft ug{ vf]Hg] . 

!#&


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] sfo{–;+:s[ltsf cfhsf cfofd 

• xflsd ;+u7g ;~rfngsf] nflu clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L 

dfq x'g\, unt s'/fdf c;xdlt JoQm ug{ ;Sg] sfo{– 

;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g h?/L 5 . 

• clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/LnfO{ h] s'/fdf klg /f]Sg vf]Hg' 

;+u7gsf] ljsf;df afws x'G5 . o:tf] ;+:s[ltsf] cGo 

x'g cfjZos 5 . 

• kl/cfPdf cfjZos Risk lng ;Sg] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f 

tyf sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g h?/L 5 . 

• Authority nfO{ Authority df g} /xg lbg] kl/kf6Lsf] 

ljsf; ub{ } n}hfg' h?/L 5 . 

• c?sf] sfo{nfO{ jf JolQmnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ] jftfj/0f 

x'g h?/L 5 . 

• pknlAwxLg sfddf Jo:t x'geGbf Information Share 

u/]/ sfo{Ifdtf a9fpg] lsl;dsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; 

x'g h?/L 5 . 

• gofF lqmofsnfknfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ] / sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7gdf 

k|j]z u/]b]lv g}+ Development sf lqmosnfkdf 

;dfj]z ug{ h?/L e};s]sf] 5 . 

• clxn]sf] Culture / rflxPsf] Culture aLrsf] Deviation 

kQf nufP/ Gap fulfill ug{ ] k|of; x'g' cfjZos 5 . 

• Leader n] /fd|f] Culture k|bz{g u/]/ Subordinate 

nfO{ cfTdfb]lv g} + Follower agfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . 


6 th 

• ;a}sf] k|of;af6 ;+u7gdf g}lts l;h{gfTds / vfhd"ns 

Pjd\ u|fxsf]Gd'v sfo{–;+s[ltsf] :yfkgf ug{ hf]8 lbg] 

jftfj/0fsf] h?/L 5 . 

• ;+u7gdf s'g} klg sfo{qmd Nofpg'cufl8 sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] 

/fd|f];Fu cWoog x'g h?/L 5 . 

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo ;]jf, ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs lxt 

x'G5 eg] gfkmf / lx:;]bf/sf] lxt Jofkfl/s k|zf;gsf] x'G5 . 

o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm\g} ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] sfo{–;+:s[ltsf] 

ljsf; ug' { g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 . 

• Jofkf/sf] gfkmf sdfpg] /0fgLltdf kIfkftL Jojxf/ klg 

cfjZos dflgG5 -h:t}– nfesf/L u|fxs / ;fwf/0f 

u|fxsaLrsf] lje]b_ t/ gfkmfsf] k|of]hg x' Fbfx' Fb} klg ;fj{hlgs 

lxtdf g]kfn 6]lnsd cu|0fL :yfgdf /xg'kg{ ] afWotf ePsfn] 

;+of]hgsf/L Jojxf/o'Qm ;+:s[lt cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

• glthfdf hf]8, cj;/ ;b'kof]udf hf]8 / ;dok|lt 

;+j]bgzLn sfo{–;+:s[lt g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfhsf] 

cfjZostf xf] t/ k|lqmofut / sfg'gL ;~hfnaLrsf] 

tfnd]n ldnfpg] r'gf}tL / cj;/ klg ;Fu;Fu} /x]sf] 5 . 

;+If]kdf 

k/Dk/fut sd{rf/LtGqLo ;+u7gfTds k4ltaf6 cfkm\gf] 

;]jfnfO{ z'?cft u/L cufl8 a9\b} cfPsf] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

Strong mutual relationship, sense, community, caring / 

trust n] o'Qm ;+u7gfTds ;+:s[lt ePsf] u|fxsd'vL Learning 

Organization sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug' { cfhsf] cfjZostf x]f . 

!#*



2010 

6 th 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 

@)^^ ;fn df3 @@ ut];Dd @% jif{ :yfoL ;]jfcjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL ljj/0f 

l;=g+= s=b=g+= bhf{ tx sd{rf/Lsf] gfd–y/ sfo{/t sfof{no 

!= !($ gf=k|=lg= !! >L ;'wL/k|;fb cof{n s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

@= %# k|aGws !) >L lji0f'k|;fb s;h" lkmS:8 g]6js{ lgb] {zgfno 

#= ^) k|aGws !) >L ;'/]Gb|k|;fb lys] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

$= !)^ k|aGws !) >L /fh]Gb| gsdL{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

%= !#* k|aGws !) >L afa'sfhL zfSo 6«fG;ld;g ljefu 

^= !^% k|aGws !) >L Zofd;'Gb/ k|= ofbj If]qLo lgb] {zgfno lj/f6gu/ 

&= !#$ k|aGws !) >L :joDe'jh| jh|frfo{ jfo/n]; 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*= ** k|aGws !) >L g/xl/bf; hf]zL g]6js{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefu 

(= !(# k|aGws !) >L ljgos'df/ rfln;] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

!)= @## OlGhlgo/ & >L afa'/fd zdf{ If]qLo, lgb] {zgfno, e}/xjf 

!!= ^!* n]=c= & >L sf}/j a:g]t If]qLo lgb] {zgfno, lj/f6gu/ 

!@= %&! n]=c= & >L ab|Lk|;fb 9sfn ;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfno 

!#= ^)) k|=c= & >L ;'lgns'df/ 1jfnL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, a'6jn 

!$= %#@ k|=c= & >L ;Dkts'df/ cfrfo{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

!%= %%( ;=k|=c= ^ >L dbgs'df/ 1jfnL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, 5fpgL 

!^= !@)^ ;=n]=c= ^ >L zf/bf >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

!&= #@) ;=O{= ^ >L nIdLs[i0f >]i7 df]afOn ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

!*= #$* ;=O{= ^ >L r]tfgGb s0f]n df]afOn ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

!(= !$!$ a=;=6f= ^ >L dw'/nfn >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

@)= (!( ;=O{= ^ >L c?0fk|;fb s0f{ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, hgsk'/ 

@!= !)$! ;=O{= ^ >L cho yfkf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, e/tk'/ 

@@= !#@^ ;=n]=c= ^ >L s]bf/k|;fb 9sfn s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

@#= !$!( ;=n]=c= ^ >L eLdaxfb'/ pk| ]tL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, kf6g 

@$= !#*) ;=n]=c= ^ >L /fds'df/ ofbj b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, nxfg 

@%= !#@& ;=Jof=c= ^ >L nIdLs'df/L v8\sf If]qLo lgb] {zgfno, e}/xjf 

@^= !#^# ;=Jof=c= ^ >L b'uf{k|;fb kf]v/]n b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ 

@&= !$)( ;=Jof=c= ^ >L k~r/fd 8+uf]n df]afOn ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

@*= (*& ;=O{= ^ >L /fh]Gb| >]i7 :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

@(= !@&) ;=n]=c= ^ >LdtL zfGtf zdf{ clwsf/L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rfalxn 

!@@ !#(



6 th 

+ 

+ 

+ 

#)= !@^* a=;= % >L clgtf /]UdL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

#!= !#() a=;= % >L jlsn /fo b;f}gL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, hn]Zj/ 

#@= (&^ ;'=ef= % >L 6fgaxfb'/ kf}8]n b"/;~rf/ sfof{no,= e/tk'/ 

##= !$!! a=;= % >L lbns]z/L zfSo g]6js{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefu 

#$= ^&# a=;= % >L anaxfb'/ u'?ª :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

#%= @))* a=;=6f= % >L t]haxfb'/ 8+uf]n s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

#^= !&&) a=;= % >L dLgaxfb/ sfsL{ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, bds 

#&= @!(( ;xfos $ >L xl/af]n sfsL{ sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

#*= @)$# cf=6]= $ >L k| ]daxfb'/ >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, kf6g 

#(= @)#* cf=6]= $ >L k"0f{axfb'/ dxh{g b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, kf6g 

$)= @##^ cf=6] $ >L 1fgnfn b]zf/ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

$!= @#($ cf=6]= $ >L ;fg'afa' yfkf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, kf6g 

$@= @$)@ cf=6]= $ >L Zofds[i0f dxh{g b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, 7]rf] 

$#= @##$ h'=6]= # >L ;'bz{g e08f/L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rfalxn 

$$= @##& h'=6]= # >L lji0f' >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, eb|sfnL 

$%= @##* h'=6]= # >L k| ]daxfb'/ e8]n b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/ 

$^= @*$) h'=6]= # >L /fw]Zofd lhDaf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x]6f}8f 

$&= @%&( h'=6]= # >L r]taxfb'/ u'?ª b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, a'6jn 

$*= @%*) h'=6]= # >L lji0f'axfb'/ /fjn If]qL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, a'6jn 

$(= @%(# h'=6]= # >L tLy{/fd e'h'jf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, vh'/f 

%) @!#@ nf=d]= @ >L hg/fh v8\sf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, l7dL 

%!= @#)# nf=d]= @ >L k|Nxfb >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

%@= @#)& nf=d]= @ >L d's'Gbk|;fb Kofs'/]n b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

%#= @##! nf=d]= @ >L 7"nf]afa' gu/sf]6L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, sLlt{k'/ 

%$= @$$# nf=d]= @ >L /fd zfx 7s'/L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rfalxn 

%%= @*$! nf=d]= @ >L nfnaxfb'/ l3l;ª b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x]6f}8f 

%^= @!&^ nf=d]= @ >L tLy{axfb'/ dxh{g cy{:6];g anDa" 

%&= @%&* nf=d]= @ >L cfOtaxfb'/ u'?ª b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, a'6jn 

%*= @&@@ nf=d]= @ >L jf;'b]j 7fs'/ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, /+u]nL 

%(= @*&( nf=d]= @ >L dbgaxfb'/ uf]tfd] b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, xl/jg 

^)= @!!* x]Nk/ ! >L eQmaxfb'/ u'?ª s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

^!= @##@ x]Nk/ ! >L ;fg' nfdf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, kf6g 

^@= @### x]Nk/ ! >L bLkaxfb'/ /fgf sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

^#= @##% x]Nk/ ! >L e/tk|;fb e08f/L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rfalxn 

^$= @##( x]Nk/ ! >L b'uf{k|;fb >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;}a" 

!$) !@#



2010 

6 th 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

^%= @!#% sf=;= ! >LdtL sdnf kf}8]n b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| 

^^= @!#^ sf=;= ! >L xf]dgfy ;fksf]6f b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| 

^&= @@@* sf=;= ! >L sfG5f dxh{g sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

^*= @@#% sf=;= ! >L /fdk|;fb clwsf/L sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

^(= @@#^ sf=;= ! >L dx]Gb|eQm >]i7 sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

&)= @@$% sf=;= ! >L b'uf{axfb'/ vqL sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

&!= @@%! sf=;= ! >L g/]Gb|k|;fb pkfWofo b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, eb|sfnL 

&@= @@%# sf=;= ! >L k|df]b cfrfo{ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, ;'Gwf/f 

&#= @@%% sf=;= ! >L lzjs'df/ ;'j]bL sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

&$= @@(# sf=;= ! >L Clif/fd pkfWofo sf7df8f} If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

&%= @$^^ sf=;= ! >L Psk|;fb l3ld/] b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, wflbª 

&^= @$^* sf=;= ! >L dgbf; >]i7 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rf}tf/f 

&&= @$*! x]Nk/ ! >L clhh'nfx d';ndfg If]qLo lgb] {zgfno, e}/xjf 

&*= @!)% sf=;= ! >L eLdaxfb'/ hf]zL s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

&(= @!$* sf=;= ! >L b]jgf/fo0f ;fksf]6f 6«fG;ld;g ljefu 

*)= @!&( sf=;= ! >L ;fgLsfG5L g]kfnL :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*!= @!*$ sf=;= ! >L xl/k|;fb nfld5fg] :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*@= @!*% sf=;= ! >L h'h'sfhL dfgGw/ :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*#= @!*^ sf=;= ! >L s[i0faxfb'/ sfsL{ :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*$= @$*$ sf=;= ! >L k|Nxfbk|;fb df}o{ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, s[i0fgu/ 

*%= @%@* sf=;= ! >L lbnaxfb'/ uf}nL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, bdf}nL 

*^= @%%! sf=;= ! >L 6]saxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, uf] +ua' 

*&= @&@) sf=;= ! >L eLd/fh ;'j]bL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, Og?jf 

**= @!(! rf}lsbf/ ! >L lzj dxh{g :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

*(= @!(@ rf}lsbf/ ! >L k'?iff]Qd 9sfn b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, rfalxn 

()= @^)) rf}lsbf/ ! >L lav{axfb'/ v8\sf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, l5Gr' 

(!= @^)& rf}lsbf/ ! >L /fdaxfb'/ 8f+uL b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, t'N;Lk'/ 

(@= @^)( rf}lsbf/ ! >L z]/axfb'/ e/f/L b"/;~rf/ sfof{no,;'v] {t 

(#= @&)( rf}lsbf/ ! >L lhtaxfb'/ /fhj+zL If]qLo lgb] {zgfno, lj/f6gu/ 

($= @*$& rf}lsbf/ ! >L jL/axfb'/ ?Daf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x]6f} +8f 

(%= @*$* rf}lsbf/ ! >L dflxnf yfkf b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x]6f}8f 

(^= @!(^ l:jk/ ! >LdtL sdnfdfof k'hf/L :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

(&= @!(% au}+r] ! >L zfGt dxh{g :of6nfO6 ;]jf lgb] {zgfno 

(*= @*$$ au}+r] ! >L /fdaxfb'/ lji6 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x]6f} +8f 

((= @$*& nf=d]= ! >L /fdaxfb'/ 3tL{ b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, axfb'/uGh 

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6 th 


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+ cWoIf M 

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…… >L afa'hL kl08t 

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…… >L /fhf/fd zdf{ 

…… >L ;Gb]z /]UdL 

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;b:o ;lrj M 

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>L /fhLj l;+x l;hfklt 

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>L z/bdfg >]i7 

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sDkgLsf] l:ylt pT;fxhgs - Nepal Telecom

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