Airports and aviation (pdf) - Cowi

Airports and aviation

COWI Group 

COWI is a leading international consultancy company 

founded in 1930 in Denmark. COWI is privately owned 

and entirely independent of any manufacturer, supplier 

or contractor. 

The COWI Foundation is the majority shareholder. The 

Foundation supports research and development in various 

fields of consultancy activities. 

The corporate head office of COWI Group is located in 

Kongens Lyngby 12 km north of Copenhagen, the capital 

of Denmark. 

COWI’s formula for success is simple yet effective. We 

create value for our customers by thinking 360° around 

the challenges we meet. The 360° approach leads to 

more coherent solutions for our customers – and ultimately 

in the society at large. 

ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 

Economic analyses and tools 

Financial analyses and law 

Evaluation and impact assessment 

Organisational development and social studies 

Communication and policy advice 

Transport planning and modelling 

Public transport and ITS 

Spatial planning and urban development 

WATER AND ENVIRONMENT 

Health, safety and environment 

Water supply and waste water 

Water and natural resources management 

Environmental impact assessment and monitoring 

Solid waste management 

Contaminated sites 

Strategic environmental consultancy 

COWI employs in the order of 6,100 staff, of which more than 50% are based 

outside Denmark in subsidiaries, branch offices or projects offices. Most of the 

employees are professionals with Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc. degrees in civil, structural, 

geotechnical, mechanical or electrical engineering and other academic areas 

such as environmental science, geology, hydrology, chemistry, biology, agronomy, 

sociology, economics and planning. 

In 2011 the annual turnover was 631 million EUR (821 million USD). The majority 

of the turnover of the company is generated outside Denmark in more than 100 

countries around the world. 

FULL CIRCLE SOLUTIONS 

Our 360° approach takes lots of 

expertise. Fortunately, we have 

the people to back it up. 

With a full set of world-class 

competences within engineering, 

economics and environmental 

management COWI is able to 

create coherence in the largest 

and most complex projects in the 

world. 

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND IT 

GIS and IT 

3D visualisation and modelling 

Maps and geodata products 

Mapping and data capture 

Surveying 

Property rights and land administration 

INDUSTRY AND ENERGY 

Industry 

Energy 

Oil and gas 

BRIDGE, TUNNEL AND MARINE STRUCTURES 

Bridges 

Tunnels 

Structures for infrastructure 

Offshore wind farms 

Marine, coastal and geotechnical engineering 

Operation and maintenance 

Risk management and analysis 

Service life design 

BUILDINGS 

Building design 

Project management consultancy 

Master planning and urban development 

Refurbishment and retrofit 

Sustainable and green buildings 

Fire engineering 

RAILWAYS, ROADS AND AIRPORTS 

Roads and highways 

Railways 

Light rails 

Metros 

Airports

Airports and aviation 3 

Photo: Arne V. Petersen, 

Københavns Lufthavne A/S

Aviation sector 

Aviation services 

›› 

Business planning 

›› 

Market studies 

›› 

Data mining and route analysis 

›› 

Traffic forecasting 

›› 

Catchment area analysis 

›› 

Sustainable transport 

›› 

CO 2 

quotas management and 

impact assessment 

›› 

Emission tax consultancy 

›› 

Landside access infrastructure 

planning 

›› 

Landside access infrastructure 

design 

›› 

Airside planning/infrastructure 

›› 

Airport City planning 

›› 

Unmanned Aircraft Systems 

(UAS) consultancy 

Even the most effective and well functioning airports are 

highly dependant on the adjacent infrastructure in the air 

and on the ground. COWI has more than 75 years experience 

in transportation consultancy and management covering 

a wide range of projects in the fields of air and ground 

transport. 

Our comprehensive spectrum of transportation services 

ranges from transport system planning and management 

to planning and design of roads, tunnels, bridges, ports, 

marine structures and intermodal facilities. 

Within the aviation and ground transportation sectors 

COWI delivers services to clients in both the public and 

private sector including authorities, airlines, airport operators 

and investors. 

The services for infrastructure projects include all phases 

from initial planning and feasibility studies through to design, 

construction and commissioning as well as maintenance 

management and rehabilitation. 

Projects in the transport sector are often characterized by a close interrelation 

between the physical infrastructure, the economics and the environmental impact. 

The COWI concept where economics, engineering and environmental science is 

combined within one organization offers unique added value for the client 

through cross disciplinary management and optimization. 

Major airport projects also involve a broad range of other disciplines including 

transport planning, environmental management, strategic economic optimization, 

cost benefit analysis, building, road, railway design and IT & telecommunication 

design. 

“The core business of COWI 

lies within the spheres of our 

three service lines ranging 

from classical engineering 

through environmental science 

to modern economic 

analyses and cross disciplinary 

management”


Airports 

COWI has carried out more than 600 airport projects worldwide and employs a 

large number of specialists in a variety of disciplines within the fields of airport planning, 

design, operation and transaction advisory services. 

Transaction advisory services 

The combination of technical specialists and project managers experienced in 

airport transactions creates a unique platform for providing coherent services to 

both the and the buying side of an airport transaction. 

Airport planning 

COWI’s vast experience in airport planning is gained from projects spanning from 

small domestic airports to major international airports with the largest aircraft 

types. 

Programme management 

COWI takes pride in managing time, cost and quality in major development programmes; 

utilising cross disciplinary optimisation within a dynamic environment 

to ensure successfull project outcomes. 

Buildings 

COWI uses state-of-the-art engineering to design passenger 

terminal buildings, air traffic control towers and 

other airport buildings. Close collaboration with the architect 

ensures designs with a high degree of functionality, 

flexibility for future needs and which are cost-efficient and 

architectural landmarks. 


During the process of preparing manuals for operation 

and maintenance we have often identified potentials for 

considerable savings in the organisational set-up, in the 

use of equipment or in operational and maintenance procedures. 

“COWI is in the top 5 as international 

airport designers, 

measured on turnover outside 

own home market” 

Source: Engineering News Record 

february 2012. 

Civil engineering 

Civil engineering is one of the key elements of our involvement in airport projects. 

Our pavement engineers have developed unique recycling concepts for both 

concrete and asphalt. 

Technical installations 

The engineering design of electrical airport installations 

that meet the demand of a modern airport is a discipline, 

where we have extensive experience. Other disciplines 

are fuel supply systems and leak detection. 

Model photo: Team_T AS

Services 

General: 

›› 

Analyse the market and 

competition 

›› 

Conduct technical due 

diligence 

›› 

Analyze revenue / commercialization 

options. 

For the selling side: 

›› 

Development of minimum technical 

requirements 

›› 

Assist in implementation of 

transaction, e.g. short listing of 

bidders, defining evaluation 

criteria, evaluation of technical 

bids. 

For the investor side: 

›› 

Development of demand driven 

CAPEX 

›› 

Development of OPEX linked to 

the traffic projections 

›› 

Detect environmental issues 

with constrants and/or cost 

implications. 

Develop the above services with 

small broad teams providing 

flexibility to cater for late changes 

in the process of financial 

modeling. 

Technical transaction advisory 

services 

Our services related to airport privatisation and tendering include cross functional optimisation 

of master plans, CAPEX plans, OPEX, commercial plans and terminal design in 

close collaboration with disciplines as route development, business planning and financial 

valuation. 

PPP and BTO projects 

COWI staff has a broad experience from airport privatization 

projects. COWI can offer key staff with many years 

experience from investor side participation in airport privatisations 

and tendering in Europe, Middle East, Asia 

North- and South America. 

COWI has experience as technical consultants working 

for the selling as well as the investor side in airport transactions. 

Technical services 

COWI’s in house specialists are in addition to the cross functional optimisation 

able to deliver detailed support in areas as; airport planning, capacity/demand 

analysis (airfield, terminals, access systems), design of runway, taxiways and 

apron, airfield ground lighting (AGL), Navaids, fuelling systems, design of access 

roads, Curb and parking areas, design of passenger terminals and other buildings 

(cargo facilities, ATC towers, fire stations, hangars, multi storey car park 

etc.).


Airport planning 

The basis for COWI’s airport planning services is our thorough knowledge 

of the details and functions of the physical facilities of the airside and landside 

of an airport. 

The development of an airport master plan is a complex task. The objective is to 

ensure that the immediate development is harmonised with the long-term development 

strategies and that the capacity is, at all times, sufficient but not excessive. 

This goes for new airports as well as for the extension of existing airports. 

Business plans, traffic forecasts and feasibility studies 

COWI analyses the development of airports in terms of passenger and cargo 

volumes. Combined with the commercial aspects, the results are used in feasibility 

calculations allowing the airport management to determine their final development 

strategy. 

Physical planning 

The master planning covers all elements of an airport, 

such as the runway/taxiway system including airfield 

lighting and navigational aids; passenger terminal buildings 

including apron and landside access facilities, control 

tower, freight terminal, maintenance and administration 

buildings, fire rescue facilities and all information and 

security systems and utilities. 

Costing 

The master plan work will be concluded with cost estimates 

of the various alternatives based on COWI’s comprehensive 

cost databases. 

Services 

›› 

Site selection studies 

›› 

Feasibility studies 

›› 

Traffic forecasts 

›› 

Capacity / demand analyses 

›› 

CAPEX and OPEX estimates 

›› 

Aircraft movement analyses 

›› 

Runways, taxiways and 

aprons 

›› 

Terminals 

›› 

Landside access systems 

›› 

Cargo 

›› 

IT systems 

›› 

Environmental assessments

Programme management 

Services 

›› 

Procurement strategies 

›› 

Management consultancy 

›› 

Interface management 

›› 

Design management 

›› 

Construction management 

›› 

Change management 

›› 

Quality assurance 

›› 

Value management 

›› 

Risk management 

›› 

Sustainability assessments 

›› 

Claims and dispute 

management 

COWI’s ability to tailor programme management to a specific programme is 

based on our experience in working with public and private clients; in depth 

knowledge of the consultancy and construction sector in the respective regions 

combined with experience from a large number of projects in the air transport 

sector. 

Procurement strategies 

Procurement strategy is a vital element in successful 

programme management. 

Though a procurement strategy finds its basis in the nature 

of the project, the national legislation and regional 

market must be taken into consideration at an early 

stage. 

Design management 

Larger modern airports are growing into multimodal airport cities and commercial 

revenues are getting more and more important for the ability of the airport to 

deliver a quality product to passengers and business partners. 

In this context complexity is constantly growing and visionary design management 

is becoming increasingly important in order to be able to follow the dynamic 

changes in a volatile aviation sector. 

Photo: Espen Granli 

The combination of a strong centralised knowledge base 

and regional presence gives COWI the ability to design 

the optimum procurement strategy for the client leading 

to the right balance between quality, time and cost. 

Design of larger airport projects includes balancing the demands of a variety of 

stakeholders. COWI is expert in managing stakeholder requirements through 

open communication and facilitation. 

Transforming the design input into world class, efficient and flexible infrastructure 

is obtained by utilising the combined competences of the three COWI 

spheres - engineering, economics and environmental science.

Airports and aviation 9

Civil engineering 

Airport civil engineering comprises design, tendering, contracting and supervision 

services in connection with runways, taxiways, aprons and landside 

access facilities. 

Services 

›› 

Geotechnics 

›› 

Drainage 

›› 

Pavements/recycling 

›› 

Geometrical layout 

›› 

Runways and taxiways 

›› 

Aprons 

›› 

De-icing stands 

›› 

Airside/landside roads and 

parking 

›› 

Project and construction 

management 

Geometrical design 

COWI employs software showing the path of different 

types of aircraft enabling us to secure that all requirements 

of ICAO will be met when designing runways, taxiways 

and aprons. In order to accommodate different aircraft 

mixes, flexible aircraft stands may be introduced to 

minimise the length of building facades and thereby reduce 

initial and future cost. 

Pavement design 

COWI employs modern pavement designs using both 

external and in-house developed software in order to 

cater for different climatic and loading conditions. We employ new technologies 

such as the recycling of asphalt and concrete pavements when existing airfield 

pavements are rehabilitated. These technologies result in savings of 20-40 

percent compared to traditional rehabilitation methods. 

›› 

Performance-driven specifications, e.g. superpave 

›› 

Pavement analysis and modelling 

›› 

Utilisation of waste and marginal materials 

›› 

Specialised binders


Buildings 

COWI’s services related to the design and construction of airport buildings include 

planning, programming, design, tendering and construction supervision of the facilities. 

We also have extensive experience in project management, both in the design 

phase and construction phase. Our experience is founded on many years of involvement 

in airport projects. 

Services 

›› 

Passenger terminals 

›› 

Control towers 

›› 

Cargo terminals 

›› 

Hangars 

›› 

Administration buildings 

›› 

Maintenance buildings 

›› 

Catering buildings 

›› 

Hotels 

Specialist areas 

›› 

Structural engineering 

›› 

Value engineering 

›› 

Fire protection 

›› 

Acoustics 

›› 

Indoor climate 

- sustainable solutions 

›› 

IT installations 

Airport buildings 

Airport buildings encompass many specialised buildings 

such as passenger terminal buildings, control towers, 

cargo buildings, hangars, airport maintenance buildings 

and fire and rescue stations. 

A number of other buildings also play an important part 

in many airports. We have design experience with most 

types of airport buildings and their interfaces with the civil 

works including car parks, catering and hotels. On all of 

our projects we create synergies between technology 

and architecture, and focus on functionality, buildability, 

construction technology, energy savings and sustainable 

developments. 

COWI has a number of LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) 

certified engineers. LEED is normally used for certifying single buildings, but 

COWI has developed a method where LEED can also be used to screen sustainability 

in an entire property portfolio. LEED allows you to asses the sustainability 

of a property in six categories; the site and its location, water consumption, 

energy consumption, materials and resources, indoor climate and innovation. 

Design objectives 

Our aim is to ensure that the client’s objectives are always exceeded were possible. 

Therefore, COWI’s first planning step is to define these objectives in cooperation 

with the client. Issues for considerations are typically functionality, flexibility, 

architectural aesthetic and cost. 

Photo: Trond Isaksen / 

Oslo Lufthavn AS


Photo: Tao Lytzen


The basis of airport operation and maintenance services is a detailed understanding 

og the function of physical facilities and systems, aligned with the 

appropriate people and processes to create a smooth operation. 

COWI has gained intimate knowledge of airport operations 

and maintenance during many years of airport consultancy 

and co-operation with partners in airport operations. 

Services 

›› 

Manuals for operation and 

safety 

›› 

Organisational development 

›› 

Facility management 

programmes 

›› 

Activity planning 

›› 

Apron selection programmes 

›› 

Maintenance management 

›› 

De-icing 

Operation and safety manuals 

We have assisted airport authorities in establishing specific 

manuals and local regulations such as general operation 

and safety manuals, manuals for runway use, emergency 

planning and security, as well as the development of software 

for gate selection and simulation of aircraft movements, 

baggage and passenger flows. 

Operational analysIs 

COWI has carried out studies of various operational aspects 

such as tractor towing of aircraft and evaluation of 

de-icing procedures. In close cooperation with our partners, 

we have established operational frameworks and 

procurement philosophies and a strategy for operations 

and maintenance procurement, concentrating on economies 

of scale and adaptiability to individual airport operation. 

Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation 

Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation are planned 

and co-ordinated with other activities to ensure that the 

total work programme can be implemented with a minimum 

of operational restrictions.


Photo: Arne V Petersen 

Københavns Lufthavne AS 

Photo: Andrew Stewart / 

Cappelen Digital

Technical installations and IT systems 

Airport technical installations comprise airfield ground lighting, navigational and communication aids, meteorological 

equipment, terminal equipment and fuel and power supply systems. 

Services 

›› 

Instrument landings systems 

›› 

Radio navigation aids 

›› 

Aviation ground lighting 

›› 

Communication systems 

›› 

Air traffic control systems 

›› 

Fuel supply 

›› 

Leak detection 

›› 

IT systems/infrastructure 

›› 

Water supply systems 

›› 

Stormwater drainage 

›› 

Sewage systems 

›› 

Solid waste 

A modern airport is totally dependent on efficient 

technical installations, ranging from traditional high 

voltage and low voltage, electrical installations, navigational 

and communication aids and IT systems to 

mechanical installations and fuel supply systems. 

This complexity demands a multitude of specialised 

staff, to deliver superior planning, design and construction 

management and supervision. 

Airfield ground lighting 

Depending on the airport category the airfield 

ground lighting comprises all installations on the airfield, 

including centre line and edge lights, threshold 

and end lights, approach and touch-down zone 

lights, PAPI and intensity control systems. 

Navigational and communication aids 

Depending on the airport category the navigational and 

communication aids may comprise instrument landing 

systems (ILS), GPS systems, guidance systems, air traffic 

control (ATC), precision approach and ground radar, 

radio- and data communication. 

Meteorological equipment 

Meteorological equipment comprises systems for measuring 

and data processing for example wind and visibility 

data, cloud heights. 

Terminal Equipment and Information 

Technology (IT) 

Modern airport terminal equipment and associated information 

technology comprises ever growing system and 

network capability requirements. COWI offers highly skilled IT professionals with 

knowledge and expertise in the very latest IT airport design technology, supporting 

business visions by utilising state-of-the-art technology solutions. 

The processes for check-in, baggage drop and boarding control operate in close 

interaction with information display screens (IDS), baggage transport systems, 

screening and sorting as well as stand allocation, passenger boarding bridges 

and aircraft docking facilities. Simplified and automated processes through the 

use of NFC, RFID, biometric and 2D barcodes on paper or a cellular phone allow 

for a wide use of self-service products and streamlining processes. 

Focus on security and safety leads to ever more advanced screening of passengers 

and hand baggage, CCTV, public address systems and fire fighting systems. 

COWI has expertise in Airline Ground Handling, Airline/Airport IT systems and 

Airport processes with focus on airline trends in automation and simplifying the 

passenger travel process through the airport, together with impact assessment 

of airlines automation requirements on landside/airside operations. COWI has a 

leading role in the technical standards development of operational data exchange 

between Airlines and Airport through IATA and ACI. 

Fuel and power supply systems 

Fuel supply systems may comprise storage tank farm and pumps and filter separators 

for jet fuel, hydrant distribution line system including hydrant pits, and 

leak detection systems. Power supply systems may comprise high voltage primary 

supply and secondary, on-site generated power supply to all airport functions.


Photo: Andrew Stewart / 

Cappelen Digital

Sustainability, environment, 

health and safety 

Modern infrastructure projects must consider sustainability, environmental impacts and 

health and safety to be fully successful. A solid vision and policy with a high standard for 

environment, health and safety provides a more sustainable airport. COWI offers high 

quality consultancy services covering all phases of an airport project from planning and 

design to construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning. 

Services 

›› 

Noise analysis, monitoring and 

mitigation 

›› 

Air quality analysis, monitoring 

and mitigation 

›› 

Surface runoff and drainage 

system design 

›› 

Waste and wastewater 

treatment planning 

›› 

Surface water, soil and 

groundwater analysis 

›› 

Terrestrial and aquatic ecology 

(flora and fauna) 

›› 

Landscape and land use 

›› 

Cultural and historical heritage 

›› 

Social and socio-economic 

aspects 

›› 

Resources and energy 

›› 

Sustainable design 

›› 

Climate change adaptation/ 

mitigation 

›› 

Hazard and risk assessment 

and mitigation 

›› 

Working environment and 

safety 

Environmental Impact Assessment 

Both authorities and other stakeholders demand minimisation 

of the possible environmental impacts of an airport 

development project during construction and in subsequent 

operations. Therefore, the possible impacts of a 

project should be considered in the early planning stage 

and include both negative and positive aspects. COWI 

has many years of experience in carrying out environmental 

impact assessments (EIAs) of airport and other 

large infrastructure projects in compliance with national 

or international guidelines. EIAs can include assessment 

of impacts on public health, working environment, social 

and socio-economic issues, public hearings and handling 

of other stakeholder issues, as requested. We also 

assist project developers already in site selection phase 

by performing environmental and social due diligence 

(ESDD) evaluations. 

Sustainable design 

Sustainability considerations are implemented from the 

beginning of design development thus enabling full 

integration of this approach in the design process and 

optimising the possibilities of achieving a result that will 

reduce future operational costs (often up to 50%) 

through careful use of natural resources and minimisation 

of the carbon (CO 2 

) footprint of the project. Examples of 

specific measures in sustainable building design are: 

›› 

Life cycle cost perspective in the design phase 

›› 

Use of sustainable materials for the construction 

›› 

Use of standardized systems in the design phase (DGNB, LEED or BREEAM) 

›› 

Orientation of buildings 

›› 

District cooling / heating plants 

- Absorption cooling in combination with district heating and/or geothermal storage 

- Sea water cooling in combination with heat pumps 

- Natural / hybrid ventilation / free-cooling 

›› 

Recycling of grey wastewater 

›› 

Thermo-active constructions 

›› 

Mega heat pumps in connection with geothermal heating and/or solar cells/ 

panels 

›› 

Low energy lighting concept and low energy passenger lifts 

›› 

Renewable energy by wind turbines 

›› 

Renewable energy by solar cells / solar panels. 

HSE management 

It is vital that environmental, health and safety (HSE) issues are addressed and 

managed adequately by careful planning starting in the design phase and 

continued in the construction and subsequent operation of an airport. COWI 

has a long track record of successful HSE-related assignments around the 

world. Taking a holistic approach, we assist in developing and establishing a 

management system and action plan, including auditing and monitoring, 

adapted to the specific needs of a project, covering environment, occupational 

health and safety in construction phase as well as in the operation.


Photo: Arne V Petersen 

Københavns Lufthavne AS

Salalah International Airport 

Model photo: COWI-Larsen JV 

Muscat International Airport 

Muscat International and Salalah Airports, Oman 

Services 

›› 

Master planning 

›› 

Conceptual, preliminary and 

detailed design 

›› 

Tendering and contracting 

›› 

Construction management 

›› 

Construction supervision 

Project period 

2005 - 2014 

Client 

Ministry of Transport and 

Communications, Sultanate 

of Oman 

In a joint venture with Larsen Architects, COWI is the responsible 

designer and supervising engineer on this 

prestigious project to develop Oman’s largest airport, 

Muscat International Airport and Salalah airport in the 

south of the country, resulting in two of the world’s most 

advanced airports. 

On completion of the first phase of development Muscat 

will have a capacity of 12 million passengers a year and 

Salalah will reach 2 million passengers a year. 

Muscat International Airport 

Muscat International Airport is the largest project to be 

undertaken in the history of Oman and has been 

designed with a modern approach and strong locally 

influenced aesthetics. It will become one of the largest landmarks in the nation 

and will be among the world’s leading and most prevailing airports. Muscat 

International Airport will be a national symbol of growth, development and pride. 

The new airport will include: 

›› 

Brand new passenger terminal building with a 6-lane access road, interchanges 

and parking for 8,000 cars 

›› 

New 4,000 m second runway and taxiways for CAT II operation, serving all aircraft 

types including the A380, the worlds largest passenger aircraft 

›› 

Apron areas with 59 aircraft stands, of which 29 are connected to the terminal 

by passenger Boarding Bridges 

›› 

New control tower and area control centre 

›› 

More than 100 ancillary and utility buildings. 

The north runway system is planned to open by the end of 2013 and the full airport 

is to be completed by the end of 2014.


Model photo: COWI-Larsen JV 

Salalah Airport 

In order to meet the growing demand until opening of the new facilities COWI 

has prepared a redesign of the existing apron. By updating the aircraft parking 

concept from power-in/power-out to a power-in/push-back the apron capacity 

has been enhanced by around 25% within the existing area. 

Salalah Airport 

Salalah is the second largest city in the Sultanate of Oman, located in the 

Dhofar region. Its environment is distinctive to the region, as it experiences an 

unusual monsoon season, making it an extremely lush green and cooler destination. 

This unique natural environment attracts many tourists to the area. 

COWI-Larsen JV has used the beauty of this region to influence the design of 

the brand new passenger terminal building. With palm-like pillars in the check-in 

area, the 65,000 sqm area of the structure is an iconic symbol for the nation. 

›› 

Brand new passenger terminal 

building with parking facilities for 

2,000 cars 

›› 

Apron area with 12 aircraft stands 

of which 8 are connected to the 

terminal by passenger boarding 

bridges 

›› 

New taxiways and a 4,000 m runway 

to CAT II 

›› 

More than 50 ancillary and utility 

buildings. 

The first phase of airport development 

is to be completed by the end of 2013.

Model photo: Team_T AS 

Oslo Airport Norway 

Services 

›› 

Project management 

›› 

Master plan 

›› 

Conceptual design of 

runways, taxiways and aprons 

›› 

Environmental evaluations 

›› 

Railway works 

›› 

Mechanical equipment 

›› 

IT systems 

›› 

Water, sewerage and solid 

waste 

›› 

Design of markings 

›› 

Pavement de-icing evaluations 

›› 

HVAC in the terminal building 

›› 

Acoustics 


1990 - 1991 

1996 - 1999 

2009 - 2017 

Client 

The Norwegian Civil Aviation 

Administration,(Avinor) and 

Oslo Airport (OSL) 

In February 2009 a team including COWI A/S, Narud 

Stokke Wiig, architects and Plannes and Norconsult won 

the tender for a major expansion of the airport. The project 

includes primarily a large extension of the passenger 

terminal building, a new pier with contact stands, new 

taxiway system and a redesign of the forecourt areas. 

Since the inauguration of the new Oslo International 

Airport at Gardermoen in October 1998 passenger figures 

have risen from 14.1 million passengers in 1999 to 

21.1 million passengers in 2011 and the airport has now 

reached a milestone where a major expansion of the 

passenger terminal capacity is required. 

The planned expansion of the terminal building and 17 

new aircraft stands will take the capacity of the airport to 

28 million passengers in the first phase and to 35 million 

passengers in a later stage. 

COWI proposed a continuation of the single terminal 

concept rather than a second terminal. The presented 

single terminal concept allows for premium flexibility, simplifies 

passenger way finding and optimizes staff resources 

by minimizing split operation. The single terminal concept 

is estimated to have more than 20% higher capacity 

compared with a dual terminal concept of the same size. 

The construction of stands and taxiways started in 2011 and completion of the 

several billion NOK expansion project is now scheduled for 2017. 

Original airport development programme 

In 1991, Aviaplan, a group of Norwegian and Danish architects and engineers including 

COWI, completed a master plan project for the new Oslo International 

airport at Gardermoen, approximately 50 km north of Oslo. 

Located on a site of an existing military airport, the project included the planning 

and conceptual design of new runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, pier buildings, 

maintenance facilities and passenger approach facilities such as motorway 

and railway station. Gardermoen Airport, with two runways and 40 gates, had a 

capacity of 12 million passengers in the opening year 1998 and 17 million passengers 

in year 2010. The airport occupies an area of 13 km². The approximated 

cost for this project amounted to 11 billion NOK. The two runways, 3,600 m and 

2,950 m long, respectively, were placed as staggered parallel lanes with 2,200 m 

between them. 

The terminal including two traverse piers is situated between the runways. The 

entire system of taxiways and runways created a high level of efficiency based 

on a minimal distance between aprons and runways. Markings on runways, taxiways, 

aprons and internal roads were designed the year prior to the opening, 

and in close co-operation with the airport administration. Approximately 60,000 m² 

of markings have been applied on the surfaces. Based on the experience from 

the first year of operation the expected quantities of de-icing chemicals to be 

used on pavements in “normal” winter seasons were evaluated. The results 

formed the basis for negotiations with the environmental authorities.


Model photo: Team_T AS

Bergen Airport Flesland, Norway 

Services 

›› 

Project Management 

›› 

Geometrical design of 

taxiways 

›› 

Design of civil works and 

pavements 

›› 

Drainage design 

›› 



2009 - 2012 

Client 

The Norwegian Civil 

Aviation Administration (AVINOR) 

and Bergen Airport 

Reallocation of taxiways 

COWI was contracted by Bergen Airport, Flesland to carry out a major redesign 

of taxiways due to non compliance with ICAO rules. 

The work consisted of relocation of Taxiway Y for a distance of 3,000 m and 

Taxiway W for a distance of 1,000 m and also relocation of cross taxiways for a 

total length of 1,500 m. 

In connection with the taxiway relocation a new primary and secondary cable 

duct system was designed and constructed along with a new surface drainage 

system with separators for collection of contaminated substances. An important 

design feature was an underground channel from the ocean to a nearby lake to 

secure water flow and allow for passage for sea trout and eel.


Model photo: Narud Stokke Wiig / Aviaplan 

New Terminal Development 

In September 2011 an engineering team with COWI as one of the partners won 

the tender for the engineering services for a major expansion of the airport. The 

project includes a new passenger terminal building (Terminal 3), redesign of the 

existing terminal for use as a future satellite terminal, and a major redesign of airside, 

forecourt areas and access roads. 

The existing terminal was built more than 20 years ago with a design capacity of 

3 mppa. Passenger figures have grown steadily reaching 5.5 mppa in 2011. 

The new terminal will be connected to the existing terminal through a skyline 

passenger walkway and a culvert for goods transportation. The new terminal will 

facilitate an integrated light rail station for swift and environmentally friendly access 

between the airport and the downtown of Bergen. 

Several solutions have been developed to make the terminal 

energy efficient and as environmental friendly as 

possible. The use of seawater for building cooling/heating 

and a high degree of recycling of warm air for heating 

purposes are some of the concepts adopted for minimising 

the energy consumption. 

The planned expansion will take the capacity of the airport 

to 7.5 mppa in the first phase and to 10 mppa in a 

later stage. The preliminary design was completed in 

March 2012 and the completion of the expansion project 

is scheduled for 2016. 

Services 

›› 


›› 

Environmental evaluations 

›› 

Mechanical equipment 

›› 

IT systems 

›› 

Docking systems 

›› 

Water, sewerage and solid waste 

›› 

Design of markings 

›› 

Energy solutions 

›› 

HVAC in PTB 

›› 

Acoustics 


2011 - 2016 

Architect 

Narud Stokke Wiig, Norway 

Client 

The Norwegian Civil 

Aviation Administration (AVINOR) 

and Bergen Airport

Rajiv Gandhi International 

Airport Hyderabad India 

Services 

›› 

Master plan 

›› 

Engineering design 

›› 

Tender documents and 

assistance 


2003 - 2008 

Client & financing 

Hyderabad International Airport 

Limited, India 

“Best in class 

2010 and 2011” 

Source: ACI, ASQ Survey 

The new airport in Hyderabad commenced operations 

on 23 March 2008. In a hassle-free start up period the 

greenfield airport has been handling 250+ ATM’s per day. 

COWI in association with Aviaplan of Norway and STUP 

of India provided consulting services in the preparation of 

the master plan, engineering/architectural design and 

tender documents for the new Hyderabad airport. 

The new airport is located at a greenfield site near the village 

of Shamshabad, approximately 20 km southwest of 

Hyderabad. Hyderabad International Airport Limited is a 

public private partnership which includes GMR Group, 

India, MAHB of Malaysia, State Government of Andhra 

Pradesh and Airport Authority of India. 

The vision has been to build an airport of international 

standards with emphasis on: 

›› 

Cost efficiency 

›› 

High standards of safety and security 

›› 

Functionality and flexibility 

›› 

High level of service for passengers 

›› 

Modern architecture 

›› 

Efficient operation and maintenance 

›› 

Environmental considerations. 

The new airport in Hyderabad handled 6.5 million passengers in its opening year. 

In February 2010 and again in 2011 the airport has been awarded as the best 

airport among 5-15 MPPA airports in the world by ACI (Airport Council 

International). 

The capacity of the first construction phase is around 12 million passengers a 

year and the maximum passenger capacity is estimated at 40 million passengers 

a year. 

The master plan addresses the following facilities related to air traffic operations 

in the initial phase: 

›› 

Runway, taxiways and aprons 

›› 

Passenger terminal building 

›› 

Cargo terminal facility 

›› 

Control tower/technical building 

›› 

Maintenance workshop 

›› 

Fuel farm 

›› 

Airport crash, fire and rescue service 

›› 

Aircraft hangar and maintenance 

›› 

Airside/landside fencing and security 

›› 

Road access 

›› 

Car parking 

›› 

Airport hotel 

›› 

Administration building. 

Photo: K Sridhar 

Kumar / GMR Group


Photo: Aviaplan AS

Sofia International Airport Bulgaria 

Services 

›› 


›› 

Design review 

›› 



2001 - 2009 

Client 

Sofia Airport EAD, Bulgaria 

In a joint venture with KEO (Kuwait Engineer’s Office) and 

STROL 1000 (Bulgaria) COWI was awarded the contract 

for construction supervision of a new runway system 

within the Sofia Airport reconstruction, development and 

extension project. 

The consultants’ main services were project management and supervision during 

construction of the runway system and related works. COWI provided the 

resident consulting engineer, the supervisor of civil works, the tendering expert 

and the contracting expert. The total scope of specialist services was 305 manmonths, 

of which 95 man-months were provided by COWI. 

The project to upgrade Sofia Airport was initiated back in 1995 - 1996 with the 

issuance of a master plan. The main elements of the master plan were the construction 

of a new parallel runway and a new passenger terminal building. 

Accordingly, the project was divided into two main packages: 

›› 

Lot B1 – new passenger terminal building and related infrastructure 

›› 

Lot B2 – new runway system and related works - construction of a new 

runway system, a bridge across the Iskar River, existing runway extension, 

construction of taxiways to connect the new runway with the existing one, a 

de-icing platform, a fire and rescue substation, additional crash roads, a new 

fence around the new territory for the international airport in Sofia. Other works 

include a new circular road, a road for inspecting the fence and related infrastructure. 

The construction included the provision of runway power supply, a 

lighting system and two navigational systems. The construction works were 

carried out whilst ensuring that the airport remained fully operational during the 

construction period. 

Landscaping project 

In 2005-06 COWI carried out a landscaping project at Sofia Airport. The project 

included a review of the existing preliminary design to ascertain its suitability and 

applicability to the requirements for landscaping at an airport as well as schedule 

changes and cost estimates. COWI’s scope included the following elements: 

›› 

Review of the preliminary design 

›› 

Tender documents for Design Build Contract (FIDIC based) 

›› 

Tender documents for the contract for supervision of the design.


Third airports development 

project, Philippines 

Services 

›› 

Review of original scope of 

works and master plan 

›› 

Preliminary and detailed 

design 

›› 

Tender documents 

›› 

Tender assistance, contract 

negotiations 


2000 - 2006 

Client 

Department of Transportation 

and Communications, 

Philippines 

Financing 

ADB, Mindanao and Palawan, 

TransAsia and Basic Team 

COWI in a joint venture with NACO (Netherlands Airport 

Consultants) carried out the rehabilitation and upgrading 

of 6 regional airports in the southern part of the Philippines. 

The project included services from three sub-consultants: 

TransAsia, Basic Team and COWI Philippines. 

The project included a review of the original scope of 

works, master plan, preliminary and detailed design, and 

assistance to the client during bidding and contract negotiations. 

The scope of works included rehabilitation of airport facilities 

in order to meet ICAO safety and security standards. 

This included pavement rehabilitation of runways, runway 

widening and lengthening, grading of safety areas adjacent 

to the runway, improvements of taxiways and 

aprons, construction of proper fencing between airside 

and landside areas and installation of X-ray equipment. 

COWI designed an upgrade to the facilities to increase 

the service level and to handle expected demands for 

year 2010. This included expansion of terminals, construction 

of new terminals, cargo buildings, installation of 

airfield lighting to secure night flights, expansion of utility 

facilities such as water supply and sewage treatment and 

improvements to landside parking facilities.


Riga International Airport Latvia 

Services 

›› 


›› 

Conceptual design 

›› 

Advisor/sparring partner to 

local design companies for all 

engineering services 

›› 

Socioeconomic study 

›› 

Technical feasibility study 

›› 

Construction cost estimates 

›› 

Financial feasibility study 


1999 - 2000 

2009 - 2011 

Client 

Riga International Airport, Latvia 

Architect 

Arhis 

Project management and supervision 

during construction of the 

runway system and related works. 

COWI has been involved in a number of projects in Riga 

International Airport. 

Rehabilitation and extension 

Riga International Airport is changing to become a modern 

international airport. 

The number of passengers served by the airport has 

grown significantly in recent years and a continued 

growth is expected the next 10-20 years. It was, therefore, 

decided to extend the existing terminal building with 

a new pier, to renovate the shopping areas in the existing 

terminal building and to renovate the existing apron areas. 

In 1999, Riga International Airport tendered a design for 

the related building and civil works. The Latvian architectural 

firm Arhis in co-operation with COWI won this competition. 

The airport served approximately 500,000 passengers a 

year in 1999 and had about 20,000 aircraft operations 

annually. The planned expansion enabled the airport to 

serve 1,300,000 passengers a year. 

The building and civil works comprised: 

›› 

A new two-storey pier building (150 by 18 m) with a total 

floor area of 5,200 m² 

›› 

Refurbishment of shopping and waiting areas in the existing 

terminal building, an area of approximately 3,100 m² 

›› 

New west facade of the existing terminal building constructed 

as a glazed curtain walling 

›› 

New freshwater treatment system for the entire Riga 

Airport complex 

›› 

New apron and taxiway pavement including drainage 

and oil separators 

›› 

Two new de-icing platforms at each end of the runway 

›› 

New apron lighting. 

The new pier was connected with five passenger boarding bridges serving various 

types of aircraft. The pier and the areas in the existing terminal building were 

equipped with modern communication systems comprising access control, fire 

alarm system, data installations, telephone installations, check-in facilities, etc. 

All mechanical and electrical installations were connected to a building management 

system for control of the installations. 

Feasibility study and Cohesion Fund application 

COWI, in a joint venture with Integra carried out a feasibility study and Cohesion 

Fund application for improvement of Riga Airport (RIX) starting 2009 and concluding 

with final approval from EU in 2011. 

The feasibility study comprised of an analysis of RIX position in the transportation 

market of the Baltic region; identification of potential infrastructure elements to 

include in feasibility study; technical and financial feasibility study of selected infrastructure 

elements; analysis of socio economic benefits of the project elements; 

preparation of sketch design and construction cost estimates for selected 

infrastructure elements. The study was concluded in a feasibility study report 

for Cohesion Fund application use. 

The analysed infrastructure elements included in the feasibility study included: 

›› 

Strengthening of the runway strip 

›› 

Runway surface repairs 

›› 

CAT II lighting 

›› 

Additional runway entries and exits 

›› 

De-icing platforms with de-icing fluid re-collection 

›› 

Storm water system and subsurface drainage system 

›› 

Reconstruction of aprons 

›› 

Improved surface drainage including oil separators 

›› 

Fuel hydrant systems for aprons 

›› 

Dedicated solid waste handling area 

›› 

Vehicle washing facility 

›› 

Improved power supply.


Selected references 

New ATC Tower Stockholm Arlanda Airport, 

Sweden 

In the late 1990’s Arlanda 

International Airport – the main 

airport for Stockholm the capital of 

Sweden – underwent major expansion. 

Included in this expansion 

was a new third runway and a plan 

for a fourth runway. 

In order to continue to perform air 

traffic control for the expanded 

airport a new 83 m high ATC tower 

was constructed, providing the 

ability to have a direct line of sight 

from the tower cab to all runway ends. 

The cab included areas for approach and departure 

controllers as well as area for ground movement 

controllers. 

COWI AB was responsible for the structural 

design of the ATC tower and the surrounding new 

utility and administration building. The tower was 

a prestressed concrete tower structure with a 

concrete foundation directly on bedrock. The air 

traffic controllers were situated in the control room 

(cab) at the top. The control room was built from a 

steel structure (space frame) at the top of the tower. 

Client 

Luftfartsverket (Civil Aviation Authority of Sweden) 

Completion 

2000 

Services by COWI 

Structural design. The scope included static and 

dynamic loads including comfort criteria for the 

personnel in the control room. Concept design, 

preliminary design, detailed design and construction 

supervision. 

New Terminal at Vagar Airport, Faroe Islands 

Vagar Airport is changing to become a modern international airport. 

The number of passengers served by the airport has grown significantly 

in recent years and a continued growth is expected the next 

many years 

COWI has supported team FAERPORT winning the design contest for 

the new airport passenger terminal and service buildings. 

The new passenger terminal will be a modern terminal which incorporates 

the Faroe Islands heritage, and getting its shape and form from 

the buildings built by the British engineers during World War II. 

The terminal will be approx 3500 m 2 with 4 (5) aircraft stands. The 

apron and access area to the airport will also be a part of the new 

design together with new service building for the airport. 

Client 

Vága Floghavn 


2011 - 2013 


Project Management support, 

airside design, passenger 

and baggage flow consulting, 

IT infrastructure design, PA/ 

Acoustic, security and fire 

engineering concepts and 

quality assurance.


Cheddi Jagan International Airport, 

Guyana 

Design and supervision for rehabilitation 

of the main runway in the only international 

gateway to Guyana. Comprehensive 

topographical surveys, FWD measurements 

and soils and materials investigations were 

carried out on the 2,300 m composite 

pavement runway in order to evaluate 

the condition and bearing capacity. To 

improve the present condition and to raise 

the PCN-value, asphaltic overlays were 

designed. Further design of a new lighting 

system including both runway edge, runway 

threshold/end lights, upgrading of the 

remote control supply system. 

Client 

Inter-American Development Bank 

Completion 

2004 


Pavement evaluations, preliminary 

and detailed design, tender documents 

and supervision of civil works 

and lighting installations. 

Madinah Airport PPP, Kingdom of Saudi 

Arabia 

COWI with SH&E as sub consultant was in 2009 

appointed as lead technical advisor for the first full 

airport PPP in Saudi Arabia. 

COWI and SH&E has provided technical due 

diligence, market analysis for passengers and cargo 

traffic, demand trends and associated revenue 

sources. The technical advisor assisted in developing 

a financial model for the transaction including 

providing a set of minimum technical requirement, 

CAPEX, OPEX and revenue estimates. 

COWI and SH&E provided assistance in defining 

prequalification criteria for potential bidders and in 

the evaluation of interested private side consortiums. 

For the bidding process the assistance included 

defining requirement to the content of the technical 

proposal and setting up a detailed bid evaluation 

model as well as evaluation of the technical bids. 

COWI provided assistance in procurement and 

review of deliverables regarding land surveyor 

performing a LIDAR survey of the airport site. 

COWI has performed an EISA screening of the 

airport. The ESIA program addressed all relevant 

environmental and social issues and proposes 

relevant mitigation actions. 

Client 

International Finance Corporation (IFC) 


2009 - 2012 


Technical due diligence, preparation of minimum 

technical requirements, CAPEX planning, assistance 

in the prequalification and bidding process and 

assistance in the bid evaluation and implementation 

of the transaction.

The economic conditions for civil 

aviation in Scandinavia 

The analysis consisted of updating and 

evaluating data for the economic conditions 

of civil aviation on selected routes in Sweden. 

The project was based on an evaluation from 

2000 that also covered Denmark and Norway. 

The analysis focused on competition between 

air transport, railways, cars, busses and ferries. 

The impact of the different modes of transport 

was assessed in terms of both economic and 

environmental effects to identify the relative 

performance. 

Client 

Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) 

Completion 

2005 


All services in the study. 

Exit taxiway 2L, Copenhagen International 

Airport, Denmark 

Design of a rapid exit taxiway and 730 m 

taxiway, parallel to runway 04L-22R. The 

taxiways will mainly be used for landings 

on runway 22R when dependent parallel 

approaches occur on 22R/L. More than half 

of the taxiway system was constructed on a 

ramp, as the parallel taxiway had to cross a 

highway at a later development stage. The 

taxiways are designed for B777 and B747. 

Client 

Copenhagen Airports A/S 

Completion 

1999 


Programme, geotechnical investigations, 

preliminary and detailed design and tender 

documents. 

Rehabilitation of taxiway no. 2, 

Copenhagen International Airport, 

Denmark 

The airport’s main taxiway was rehabilitated 

using the same extensive recycling techniques 

as used for the main runway. All old concrete 

and asphalt pavement materials were reused. 

The new asphalt concrete base and binder 

course contained more than 50% of recycled 

old asphalt concrete, while the wearing course 

contained Trinidad Lake Asphalt and steelslag 

from electric furnaces. The rehabilitating works 

also included new lightings systems and all 

electrical works. The savings compared to 

traditional rehabilitation were 25-40 percent. 

Client 

Copenhagen Airports Authority 

Completion 

1989 


Programme, pavement investigations, preliminary 

and detailed design, tender documents 

and construction supervision. 

New taxiway no. 7, Copenhagen International 


The project included a realignment of the 

taxiway in the very complicated northeast 

corner of the airport. The construction work 

was planned in stages lasting a very short 

time in order to maintain the airport in full 

operation. 

Client 


Completion 

1991 


Preliminary and detailed design and supervision 

of civil works.


Entebbe International Airport, 

Uganda 

Pavement strength evaluation study 

comprising condition surveys, bearing 

capacity measurements, recommendations 

for required strengthening to 

accommodate for wide-body aircraft. 

Client 

ICAO, Montreal 

Completion 

1992 


Pavement studies. 

Karup Airport, Denmark 

Design for a 12,000 m 2 extension of the 

civil apron, raising the number of aircraft 

stands from 2 to 5. The design included 

survey, pavement dimensioning, surface 

water run-off system, power distribution 

for lighting, markings and application for 

approvals from different authorities. 

Client 

The Danish Defence Construction Service 

Completion 

1998 


Preliminary and detailed design. 

New pier A, Copenhagen International 


Re-arrangment of ten aircraft stands 

along the renovated and new pier A. The 

stands were equipped with apron drive air 

bridges and allowed for nose-in parking 

combinations with different aircraft types. 

The aircraft stand and service areas close 

to the pier were rehabilitated with new 

concrete and asphalt pavements, and one 

stand was strengthened with a special top 

layer “Densit Ferrotop 2000”. 

Client 

Copenhagen Airports A/S 

Completion 

1995 


Preliminary and detailed design including 

tender documents. 

Nice Côte d’Azur International 

Airport, France 

Feasibility study for expansion of 

Nice International Airport. A number 

of scenarios were identified 

and the technical and economic 

consequences covering the period 

1992-2010 were analysed. The 

services included comprehensive 

simulation of the aircraft movements 

in the manoeuvering area. 

Client 

Chambre de Commerce et 

d’Industrie, Nice Côte d’Azur 

Completion 

1994 


Traffic prognoses and studies, 

simulation of aircraft movements 

and proposals for airside extensions.

Commuter aprons, Copenhagen 

International Airport, Denmark 

Construction of new stands for aircrafts 

F50, BAe-ATR42. All 9 aircraft stands were 

paved by interlocking concrete blocks and 

have lead in/out markings, docking guidance 

systems, electrical power supply from 

boxes embedded in pavement and huts 

which contain power distribution facilities 

and printing equipment. 

Client 


Completion 

1991 


Preparation of programme, preliminary and 

detailed design and supervision of construction. 

Renovation of runway 22R and 

taxiway no. 1, Copenhagen International 


Pavement renovation using extensive 

recycling techniques which allowed the 

base and binder courses to contain up to 

30% recycled asphalt. In addition, both the 

wearing and binder courses contain natural 

Trinidad Lake Asphalt, and antiskid surface 

treatment was applied to the wearing 

course on the runway. Renovation work also 

included the installation of a new drainage 

system, lighting system and all electrical 

works. 

Client 


Completion 

1992 


Pavement investigations, preliminary and 

detailed design, tender documents and 

construction supervision. 

STOL Airports, Greenland 

Pavement consultancy and supervision on 

7 new STOL airports including development 

of arctic asphalt using Superpave binder 

investigations and Superpave mix design for 

extreme cold climates. Two of the airports 

opened for operations in 1998, one in 1999 

and one in 2000. 

Client 

Greenland Airport Authority 

Completion 

2000 


Pavement consultancy and supervision. 

Aircraft shelters, air bases in 

Denmark 

Planning, design and supervision of 3rd 

generation aircraft shelters and pool truck 

shelters at various military airfields. The 

project included the pavements adjacent to 

the shelters and a registration of all pipelines 

in the project areas. 

Client 

The Danish Defence Construction Service 

Completion 

1992 


Detailed planning, design and supervision.


Transport Commission for Greenland 

The Transport Commission for Greenland was 

appointed by the government of Greenland 

in 2009 to analyze the main challenges of 

the transport system in Greenland, to identify 

development opportunities and to provide 

recommendations on how to arrange and organize 

the future air, sea and land transport system. 

COWI had a central role as part of the secretariat 

function for the commission and in addition 

prepared comprehensive technical background 

studies in air, sea and land transport planning, 

economics, finance, organization and regulation. 

One outcome was a plan for 

the future transport system in 

the country including airports, 

seaports and roads. 

Client 

Government of Greenland 

Completion 

2011 


All services in the study

cowi A/S is a leading Northern 

European consulting 

group. We provide stateof-the-art 

services within 

the fields of engineering, 

environmental science 

and economics with 

due consideration to the 

environment and society. 

COWI is a leader within 

its fields because COWI’s 

6,100 employees are 

leaders within theirs. 

adress Parallelvej 2 

DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby 

Denmark 

TEL +45 56 40 00 00 

fax +45 56 40 99 99 

Email cowi@cowi.com 

www cowi.com 

021-1500-025e-12a 

Printet by Kailow Graphic 

Model photo frontpage: Team_T AS

Airports and aviation (pdf) - Cowi

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?