7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

Proceedings of the 

AMericAn AssociATion for the AdVAnceMenT of science 

PAciFic diVision 

Volume 30, Part i 12 June 2011 

92 nd AnnUAL MeeTing 

including the 

7 th WorLd congress on MUMMy sTUdies 

ProgrAM with ABsTrAcTs 

University of san diego 

san diego, california 

12 – 16 June 2011

PROCEEDINGS 

of the 

Annual Meeting 


AAAS, PACIFIC DIVISION 

Volume 30, Part I 12 June 2011 

PROGRAM with ABSTRACTS 

92 nd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division of the 

American Association for the Advancement of Science 

including the 

7 th <strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> on Mummy Studies 

University of San Diego 

San Diego, California 

12 – 16 June 2011 

Contents accurate as of 23 May 2011. 

Times and/or locations of events may change. 

Please refer to the “Changes” flyer for updated information.

2 

CONTENTS 

92 nd ANNUAL MEETING of the AAAS, PACIFIC DIVISION 

PROGRAM with ABSTRACTS 

GENERAL INFORMATION 

Policies.................................................................................... 4 

Governance.............................................................................. 5 

Greeting.from.Dr..Alissa.Arp,.President, 

AAAS.Pacific.Division...................................................... 6 

Sections.Sponsoring.Sessions.at.the.Annual.Meeting............. 7 

University.of.San.Diego.and.San.Diego.................................. 9 

Registration............................................................................ 11 

Campus.Housing..................................................................... 9 

Local.Hotels.and.Motels........................................................ 10 

Travel.to.the.Meeting............................................................ 10 

On-campus.Parking............................................................... 11 

Registration.Center................................................................ 11 

Messages................................................................................ 13 

Breaks.................................................................................... 13 

Meeting.Rooms,.Computers, 

and.PowerPoint.Presentations.......................................... 12 

Student.Presentation.Award.Competition.............................. 12 

Special.Events.and.Public.Lectures....................................... 12 

Field.Trips.............................................................................. 14 

Workshops............................................................................. 16 

Program.at.a.Glance.............................................................. 19 

GENERAL SESSIONS 

Opening.Greetings, 

7 th .<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies........................... 19 

Sunday.Poetry.Reading......................................................... 19 

Sunday.Evening.Plenary.Lecture.......................................... 19 

Sunday.Evening.Reception.................................................... 24 

Monday.Noon.Public.Lecture............................................... 19 

Monday.Evening.Plenary.Lecture......................................... 19 

Monday.Evening.Reception.................................................. 19 

Tuesday.Noon.Public.Lecture............................................... 20 

Annual.Banquet,.including.the.Announcement.of 

Student.Awards.and.the.Pacific.Division 

Presidential.Lecture......................................................... 20 

Business.Meeting.of.the.Council.of.the.Pacific.Division...... 20 

Wednesday.Noon.Public.Lecture.......................................... 20 

Museum.of.Man.Field.Trip.and.Reception............................ 20 

TECHNICAL SESSIONS 

I. Symposia 

Sunday, 12 June 

WCMS Applied.Ethics.of.Mummy.Research........................................ 26 

Monday, 13 June 

The.Forensic.Science.of.Clinical.Mental.Health 

Counseling:.The.Theresa.Lewis.Case.............................. 23 

7 th .Annual.Symposium.on.Advances.in.Materials 

Science.and.Nanotechnology........................................... 23 

Quantum.Retrocausation:.Theory.and.Experiment,.Part.I.... 24 

Don’t.Sign.Your.Life.Away:.Author’s.Rights, 

Scientific.Publishing,.Digital.Repositories, 

and.the.Case.for.Open.Access......................................... 24 

Panama.Canal.Expansion...................................................... 25 

New.Humanities.and.Science.Convergences: 

New.Languages.for.New.Realities:.Literature, 

Poetry,.and.Hypertext...................................................... 26 

Tuesday, 14 June 

WCMS Human.Leishmaniasis.in.Mummified.Remains: 

From.Icono-graphical.Sources.to.Modern.Day 

Techniques....................................................................... 27 

Geophysical.Turbulence........................................................ 27 

Antarctic.Ice.Is.Nice.............................................................. 28 

Quantum.Retrocausation:.Theory.and.Experiment,.Part.II........ 29 

The.Second.Law.of.Thermodynamics:.Status 

and.Challenges,.Part.I........................................................ 30 

WCMS Technical.Studies.on.the.Head.of.an.Egyptian 

Child.Mummy.................................................................. 30 

Music.and.the.Sciences:.Synergies.Among.Musical 

Arts,.Math,.Science,.and.Engineering............................. 31 

Science.Education.and.Civic.Engagement............................ 32 

WCMS Human.Experimental.Mummification................................... 32 

Fragile.X.Syndrome:.Advances.In.Our.Understanding 

of.a.Common.Cause.of.Retardation.and.Autism............. 33 

WCMS Mummy.Research.in.the.Electronic.Age............................... 34 

WCMS aDNA.and.Associated.Biomolecules..................................... 34 

WCMS Denotes.a.program.of.the.7 th .<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies

Wednesday, 15 June 

WCMS Princess.Takabuti.–.Analysis,.Interpretation, 

and.Visualization.............................................................. 35 

United.States.and.<strong>World</strong>.Fairs............................................... 35 

Pathways.to.Science:.Promoting.Inquiry-Based 

Learning.Beyond.the.Classroom..................................... 36 

WCMS Facial.Analysis.and.Depiction.of.Preserved.Remains........... 37 

The.Second.Law.of.Thermodynamics:.Status.and 

Challenges,.Part.II............................................................. 37 

WCMS The.Rio.Muerto.Project:.Mummies.of.the 

Tiwanaku.Culture.from.Moquegua,.Perú........................ 38 

Osteoimmunology:.Fundamental,.Clinical.and 

Translational.Implications.in.Temporomandibular 

Disorders.......................................................................... 38 

WCMS State-of-the-Art.Ancient.Mummy.Research................... 39 

The.Changing.Role.of.the.Research.University.in 

K–12.Science.Education.................................................. 40 

Thursday, 16 June 

WCMS Mexican.Mummy.Studies..................................................... 41 

WCMS Studies.on.an.Old.Kingdom.Mummy.................................... 41 

WCMS Heart.Disease.and.Atherosclerosis.in.Ancient 

Egyptian.Mummies........................................................... 42 

WCMS Mummies.as.Cultural.Heritage.............................................. 42 

WCMS A.Multidisciplinary.Collaboration.for.Tissue.Analyses: 

The.Case.of.Kwäday.Dän.Ts’ìnchi.................................. 43 

WCMS Hair.in.Archaeology.............................................................. 43 

II. Workshops 


Finding.Information.in.Open.Access.Journals...................... 45 


Vitamin.D.............................................................................. 45 


Field.and.Advanced.Paleoimaging........................................ 46 

Artefact.Annotation.–.Developing.an.Ontology.to 

Help.Mine.Datasets.......................................................... 46 

III. Contributed Oral Paper Sessions 


<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies,.Session.I.................... 47 


<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies,.Session.II................... 48 

Joint.Session.of.AAASPD.Sections.of 

Education 

Anthropology.and.Archaeology....................................... 50 

NOTES 


Ecology,.Organismal.Biology,.and.Environmental.Sciences 

Earth.Sciences.................................................................. 50 


Health.Sciences 

Engineering,.Technology,.and.Applied.Sciences 

Computer.and.Information.Sciences............................... 51 

Tuesday, 14 June 

Joint.Session.of.Pacific.Division.Sections 

Chemistry.and.Biochemistry 

Cell.and.Molecular.Biology............................................. 52 


History.and.Philosophy.of.Science 

General.and.Interdisciplinary.Studies.............................. 52 


Psychology 

Social,.Economic.and.Political.Sciences 

Engineering,.Technology.and.Applied.Sciences.............. 53 


<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies,.Session.III..................... 54 

IV. Contributed Posters 

Poster.Session.Instructions.................................................... 55 


Poster.Session.I:.<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies......... 55 


Poster.Session.II:.AAAS,.Pacific.Division............................ 58 

ABSTRACTS................................................................................61 

INDEX OF NAMES..............................................................155 

MAPS 

University.of.San.Diego..............................Inside.Front.Cover 

Joan.B..Kroc 

Institute.for.Peace.and.Justice................ Inside.Back.Cover 

3

POLICIES 

Publication 

Publication.of.symposia.or.other.technical.sessions.or.talks.that.have.been.prepared.under.the.auspices.of.the.AAAS,. 

Pacific. Division. requires. written. permission.of.the.AAAS,.Pacific.Division.as.well.as.that.of.the.individual.organizers.and.speakers. 

Video. and/or. audio. taping. of. any. session. 

or. parts. thereof. for. commercial. 

purposes.is.not.permitted.without.prior. 

approval.from.the.speakers,.organizers. 

and.AAAS,.Pacific.Division. 

The. AAAS,. Pacific. Division. is. not. 

responsible. for. the. accuracy. of. advertising. 

information. in. these. Proceedings..Advertising.information.contained. 

herein. is. provided. by. the. participating. 

advertisers. and. does. not. constitute. 

endorsement. by. the. AAAS,. Pacific. 

Division. 

Abstracts. and. summaries. published. in. 

these. Proceedings. reflect. entirely. the. 

individual.views.of.the.authors.and.not. 

necessarily. that. of. the. AAAS,. Pacific. 

Division,. its. Council,. Executive. Committee. 

or. its. officers.. Presentation. of. 

ideas,. products. or. publications. at. this. 

AAAS,. Pacific. Division. meeting. or. 

the.reporting.of.them.in.news.accounts. 

does.not.constitute.endorsement.by.the. 

AAAS,.Pacific.Division. 

4 

Standards of Conduct 

On.April.14,.1978,.the.AAAS.Board.of. 

Directors. adopted. the. following. position. 

statement. regarding. standards. of. 

conduct.at.AAAS.meetings: 

“The.Board.takes.it.for.granted.that.all. 

who.attend.the.Annual.Meetings.of.the. 

Association. will. conduct. themselves. 

with. consideration. for. others. and. with. 

particular. consideration. for. those. who. 

generously.give.their.time.and.thought. 

to.the.sessions..Differing.opinions.will. 

continue.to.be.heard.and.respected..We. 

recognize.that.there.are.areas.of.science. 

that. are. both. controversial. and. troubling.. 

The. Annual. Meeting. can. serve. 

as. an. effective. forum. to. consider. such. 

issues.so.long.as.procedures.of.orderly. 

debate. and. fairness. are. followed.. Discourtesy. 

and. abusive. behavior. have. 

no. place. in. the. annual. Meeting..When. 

excesses. occur. they. do. great. injury. to. 

the. Association. and. to. the. process. of. 

discussion..They.cannot.be.condoned.” 

The. AAAS,. Pacific. Division,. as. part. 

of. the. larger. organization,. ascribes. to. 

this.position.and.will,.if.necessary,.take. 

appropriate. measures. to. assure. adherence.to.it. 

No Smoking Rule 

On. December. 30,. 1971,. the. AAAS. 

Council. approved. a. motion. requesting. 

that.persons.in.attendance.refrain.from. 

smoking. at. Council. meetings. and. scientific.and.public.sessions..The.AAAS,. 

Pacific. Division. ascribes. to. this. policy. 

and.asks.that.all.persons.who.attend.the. 

meeting.comply.with.this.ruling. 

Meeting Development 

The. technical. programs. of. AAAS,. 

Pacific.Division.meetings.are.developed. 

by. proposals. submitted. by. individuals. 

and/or. groups. of. individuals. and. overseen. 

by. the. Executive. Committee. and. 

Executive. Director. of. the. Division.. 

Symposium.planners.are.responsible.for. 

developing. lists. of. presenters. that. represent. 

fairly. the. topic. at. hand.. Papers. 

submitted. separately. from. symposia,. 

referred. to. as. Contributed. Papers. and. 

Contributed. Posters,. are. reviewed. by. 

section.chairs.prior.to.their.inclusion.in. 

the.program. 

All. program. review. is. based. on. scientific. 

significance,. timeliness,. balance,. 

and.clarity.of.organization..In.the.case. 

of.symposia.and.workshops,.this.review. 

is.based.on.materials.provided.by.planners.or.submitters.and.does.not.include. 

a. technical. examination. of. individual. 

presentations. 

Student Awards of Excellence 

The. Council,. Executive. Committee. 

and.officers.of.the.AAAS,.Pacific.Division. 

are. committed. to. encouraging. the. 

scientific. development. of. students. by. 

offering. them. a. friendly. yet. scientifically. 

robust. environment. in. which. to. 

present. their. research. results.. Part. of. 

that. environment. includes. evaluating. 

student. presentations. and. rewarding. 

students’. superior. efforts.. To. that. end,. 

the.Division.has.developed.an.extensive. 

program. of. student. Awards. of. Excellence.that.are.given.at.both.the.sectional. 

and.divisional.levels..More.information. 

about. this. program. may. be. found. on. 

page.12.of.these.Proceedings. 

©.Copyright.2011.by.the.Pacific.Division.of.the.American.Association.for.the.Advancement.of.Science. 

Assembled.and.edited.by.Roger.G..Christianson..Co-edited.by.Angela.R..Christianson. 

Front.Cover:.Front.view.of.Joan.B..Kroc.Center.for.Peace.and.Justice,.courtesy.Roger.G..Christianson. 

Back.Cover:.Rear.view.of.Joan.B..Kroc.Center.for.Peace.and.Justice,.with.Garden.of.the.Sea.meditation.pool.in.foreground,.courtesy.Roger.G..Christianson. 

Printed.at.Valley.Web.Printing,.1299.Stowe.Ave.,.Medford,.OR.97501.

Planning Committee for the 92 nd 

Annual Meeting 

Program Chairs at the University of San Diego 

For.the.general.program: 

Frank Jacobitz, University.of.San.Diego 

Anne A. Sturz,.University.of.San.Diego 

For.the.7 th .<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies: 

Alana Cordy-Collins,.University.of.San.Diego 

Rose Tyson,.San.Diego,.CA 

Program Organizers: 

Alan L. Bain, Retired,.Smithsonian.Institution.Archives 

Steve Bachofer, Saint.Mary’s.College.California 

Andre Barkhordarian, U.California,.Los.Angeles 

Ronald Beckett, Quinnipiac.University 

Amy Besnoy, University.of.San.Diego 

Raffaella Bianucci, University.of.Turin 

Bob Brier, Long.Island.University 

John Cannell, Vitamin.D.Institute 

Robert L. Chianese, Cal.State.University.Northridge 

Francesco Chiappelli, U.California,.Los.Angeles 

Philip Collins,.U.California.Irvine 

Gerald Conologue, Quinnipiac.University 

Alana Cordy-Collins, University.of.San.Diego 

John Czworkowski, U.California,.San.Diego 

Halina Duraj, University.of.San.Diego 

Harinda Joseph S. Fernando, U.Notre.Dame 

Veronica Galván, University.of.San.Diego 

Crystal Goldman,.San.Jose.State.University 

Paul S. Goldstein, U.California,.San.Diego 

Paul Heckman, U.California,.Davis 

Frank G. Jacobitz,.University.of.San.Diego 

Ronn Johnson,.University.of.San.Diego 

Ronald S. Kaufmann, University.of.San.Diego 

Ilán Leboreiro,.Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropologia.e.Historia 

Pearl Ly, Cal.State.University.San.Marcos 

Niels Lynnerup, University.of.Copenhagen 

Carl A. Maida,.U.California,.Los.Angeles 

Josephina Mansilla,.Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropologia.e.Historia 

María Victoria Monsalve, U.British.Columbia 

Andreas G. Nerlich Institute.for.Pathology,.München,.Germany 

Christina Papageorgopoulou, University.of.Zürich 

Anita Petty, Digital.Operations,.Albuquerque,.NM 

Panos Photinos,.Southern.Oregon.University 

Dario Piombino-Mascali, Institute.for.the.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano 

Marvin Rowe, Texas.A&M.University 

Frank Rühli,.University.of.Zürich 

Kai Schneider, Université.de.Provence 

Sherry Seethaler, U.California,.San.Diego 

Thomas F. Schubert, University.of.San.Diego 

Amy Shachter, Santa.Clara.University 

Daniel P. Sheehan,.University.of.San.Diego 

Dong Hoon Shin, Seoul.National.University 

Mark Spigelman, University.College,.London 

Steve Staninger, University.of.San.Diego 


Randall C. Thompson, University.of.Missouri 

Rose Tyson, San.Diego,.California 

Peter W. Vanderlish, The.Scripps.Reaearch.Institute 

Ani Velo, University.of.San.Diego 

Caroline Wilkinson, University.of.Dundee 

Jocelyn Williams, Trent.University 

Andrew S. Wilson, University.of.Bradford 

S.J. Wolfe, American.Antiquarian.Society 

Albert Zink, European.Academy.of.Bolzano 

Officers of AAAS 

2011 – 2012 

Chairman of the Board:. Alice S. Huang,. 

California.Institute.of.Technology 

President:. Nina V. Fedoroff,. U.S.. Department.of.State 

President-elect: William Press,. University. 

of.Texas,.Austin 

Treasurer: David E. Shaw,. D.E.. Shaw. 

Research 

Chief Executive Officer: Alan I. Leshner,. 

AAAS,.Washington,.D.C. 

Officers of the Pacific Division 

2010 – 2011 

President:. Alissa Arp,. Southern. Oregon. 

University 

President-elect:. Robert Chianese,. California.State.University,.Northridge.(retired) 

Past President:.John E. Hafernik,.San.Francisco.State.University 

Executive Director: Roger G. Christianson,. 

Southern.Oregon.University 

Executive Committee of the 

Pacific Division 

2010 – 2011 

Alissa Arp, Southern.Oregon.University 

Robert L. Chianese,.California.State.University,.Northridge.(retired) 

Robert L. Christiansen,.U.S..Geological.Survey,.Menlo.Park,.CA.(retired) 

Roger G. Christianson,. Southern. Oregon. 


Terrence Gosliner,. California. Academy. of. 

Sciences 

John Hafernik,.San.Francisco.State.University 

Frank Jacobitz,.University.of.San.Diego 

Matthew J. James,.Sonoma.State.University 

Léo F. Laporte,. University. of. California,. 

Santa.Cruz.(emeritus) 

Owen M. McDougal,.Boise.State.University 

D. Jeffrey Meldrum,.Idaho.State.University,. 

Pocatello 

Counselor,.non-voting: 

Alan E. Leviton,. California. Academy. of. 

Sciences 

AAAS Liaison to the Pacific Division 

Gretchen Seiler,.AAAS,.Washington,.DC 

GOVERNANCE 

Council of the Pacific Division 

2010 – 2011 

Alissa Arp,.Southern.Oregon.University 

William B.N. Berry,.University.of.California,. 

Berkeley 

John J. Carroll,. University. of. California,. 

Davis.(retired) 

Robert L. Chianese,.California.State.University,.Northridge.(retired) 

Francesco Chiappelli,.University.of.California,.Los.Angeles 

H.K. Choi,. California. State. University,. 

Dominguez.Hills 

Robert L. Christiansen,.U.S..Geological.Survey,.Menlo.Park,.CA.(retired) 

Roger G. Christianson,. Southern. Oregon. 


Stephen Frost,.University.of.Oregon 

Armando J. Galindo,.Pebble.Beach,.CA 

Terrence Gosliner,. California. Academy. of. 

Sciences 

John Hafernik,.San.Francisco.State.University 

Frank Jacobitz,.University.of.San.Diego 

Matthew J. James,.Sonoma.State.University 

Cheryl L. Jorcyk,.Boise.State.University 

Léo Laporte,.University.of.California,.Santa. 

Cruz.(emeritus) 

Alan E. Leviton,. California. Academy. of. 

Sciences 

Michael D. MacNeil,. USDA. Agricultural. 

Research.Service,.Miles.City,.MT 

Carl A. Maida,.University.of.California,.Los. 

Angeles 

Owen M. McDougal,.Boise.State.University 

Donald J. McGraw,.Ephraim,.UT 

D. Jeffrey Meldrum,. Idaho. State. University,. 

Pocatello 

J. Kenneth Nishita,.California.State.University.Monterey.Bay 

Panos Photinos,.Southern.Oregon.University 

Rouel S. Roque,.Touro.University.Nevada 


Kimberly D. Tanner,. San. Francisco. State. 


Richard W. Van Buskirk,.Pacific.University 

Jay Vavra,.High.Tech.High,.San.Diego,.CA 

5

PACIFIC DIVISION SECTIONS 

AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 

SPONSORING SESSIONS AT THE 

SAN DIEGO MEETING 

<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies 

Agriculture.and.Horticultural.Sciences 

Anthropology.and.Archaeology 

Atmospheric.and.Oceanographic.Sciences 

Cell.and.Molecular.Biology 


Computer.and.Information.Sciences 

Earth.Sciences 

Ecology,.Organismal.Biology.and.Environmental.Sciences 

Education.(Science.and.Technology) 

Engineering,.Technology.and.Applied.Sciences 

General.and.Interdisciplinary 

Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice 

92 nd Annual Meeting 


Pacific Division of AAAS 

including the 


University of San Diego 

San Diego, California 

12 – 16 June 2011 

GENERAL INFORMATION 



Mathematics 

Oral.Biology.and.Dental.Medicine 

Physics.and.Materials.Science 

Psychology 


UNIVERSITy OF SAN DIEGO 

AND SAN DIEGO 

The. University. of. San. Diego. (USD). is. a. Roman. Catholic. 

institution.of.higher.learning..Presently.enrolling.more.than. 

7,500.students,.it.is.known.for.its.commitment.to.teaching,. 

the.liberal.arts.and.the.formation.of.values.and.community. 

service..The.university.adds.depth.to.education.by.inspiring. 

students.to.grow.spiritually,.morally.and.socially. 

7

GENERAL.INFORMATION 

USD’s. 180-acre. campus,.Alcalá. Park,. sits. atop. a. mesa. 

overlooking.San.Diego’s.Mission.Bay.and.the.Pacific.Ocean.. 

The.university.campus.is.a.community.treasure,.with.Spanish. 

Renaissance.inspired.buildings.and.breathtakingly.beautiful. 

landscapes,.including.the.spot.where.Father.Junipero.Serra. 

celebrated. the. first. Catholic. Mass. in.Alta. California. more. 

than.230.years.ago..Like.California’s.oldest.city,.the.university.took.its.name.from.San.Diego.de.Alcalá,.a.Franciscan. 

brother.from.Alcalá.de.Henares,.a.monastery.near.Madrid,. 

Spain..The.Spanish.Renaissance.architecture.that.characterizes.Spain’s.five-century-old.University.of.Alcalá.serves.as. 

the.inspiration.for.all.buildings.on.the.USD.campus. 

Under.the.leadership.of.Mother.Rosalie.Hill.of.the.Society.of.the.Sacred.Heart.and.Bishop.Charles.Francis.Buddy.of. 

the.Diocese.of.San.Diego,.the.University.of.San.Diego.began. 

as.separate.colleges.for.men.and.women..Chartered.in.1949,. 

the.first.classes.met.in.1952.and.the.School.of.Law.opened. 

its.doors.in.1954..By.the.late.1960s.it.became.clear.that.both. 

colleges.would.benefit.from.combining.academic.resources.. 

In.1972.the.University.of.San.Diego.became.a.single.coeducational.university. 

Now.governed.by.a.board.of.trustees.independent.from. 

the.founding.organizations,.USD.welcomes.students,.faculty. 

and. staff. of. diverse. religious. traditions. and. remains. dedicated.to.the.values.originally.articulated.by.Mother.Hill.and. 

Bishop.Buddy. 

SAN DIEGO 

With.a.near-perfect.climate,.70.miles.of.beaches,.and.mountains.and.deserts.just.a.short.drive.away,.San.Diego.draws.more.than.26.million.visitors.each.year..Known.for.its.countless.year-round.outdoor.activities,.San.Diego.is.packed.with. 

unique.pursuits.in.the.water,.on.the.trails.and.in.the.sky..The. 

University.of.San.Diego.is.just.minutes.from.sailing,.windsurfing,.kayaking.and.a.host.of.other.water.sports..All.of.the.city’s.beaches.are.ideal.for.surfing,.body.boarding,.snorkeling.or.simply.soaking.up.rays.on.sand.warmed.by.the.everpresent.sun. 

Hundreds. of. miles. of. trails. and. parks. wind. throughout. 

San.Diego.County,.ranging.from.oceanfront.land.to.mountain. 

pine.forests,.making.it.very.easy.to.backpack,.hike,.camp.or. 

rock.climb.in.a.variety.of.elevations.and.environments..The. 

Pacific.Crest.Trail,.which.works.its.way.through.150.miles.of. 

San.Diego.backcountry.in.its.trek.from.México.to.Canada,.is. 

designated.one.of.America’s.National.Scenic.Trails.. 

San. Diego. has. many. attractions,. including. the. worldfamous.San.Diego.Zoo.and.Wild.Animal.Park..Additionally,. 

the.131-year-old.Balboa.Park.is.a.1,200-acre.oasis.in.the.heart. 

of.the.city,.complete.with.15.museums,.eight.gardens.and.the. 

acclaimed.Old.Globe.Theatre..San.Diego.is.also.home.to.one. 

of.only.three.Olympic.training.centers.in.the.nation..And.its. 

coastal.waters.offer.an.exceptional.seasonal.experience:.a.firstrate.vantage.point.from.which.to.witness.the.annual.migration. 

of.gray.whales.from.Alaskan.seas.to.Mexican.lagoons. 

8 

USD STUDENTS 

Though.the.beach.is.nearby,.USD.is.a.serious.academic.institution..And.while.the.campus.itself.is.stunning,.the.people. 

truly.make.the.difference..More.than.7,000.candidates.vie.for. 

1,000.freshman.openings.each.year..The.median.incoming. 

freshman.holds.a.3.72.GPA.and.an.1180.SAT.score,.yet.each. 

student.is.unique.and.selected.on.expressions.of.diversity,. 

leadership,.service,.talent,.and.essential.human.character. 

Of. great. significance. to. USD. students. are. small. class. 

sizes;. great,. accessible. faculty;. and. fantastic. lab. facilities.. 

Students.choose.from.more.than.60.undergraduate.and.graduate.degree.programs.in.academic.divisions,.including.the. 

College. of.Arts. and. Sciences. and. the. schools. of. Business. 

Administration,. Leadership. and. Education. Sciences,. Law,. 

and. Nursing. and. Health. Science.. The. new. Joan. B.. Kroc. 

School.of.Peace.Studies.was.inaugurated.in.2007. 

NATURAL SCIENCES AT USD 

The.natural.sciences.at.USD.include.four.departments:.Biology,.Chemistry,.Physics,.and.Marine.Science.and.Environmental. 

Studies.. Curricula. in. the. sciences. are. centered. on. 

the.belief.that.students.learn.best.when.theoretical.concepts. 

are.combined.with.hands-on.experience..Students.in.the.sciences. 

take. numerous. lab. and. field. courses,. which. provide. 

opportunities.to.learn.useful.techniques.and.participate.in.the. 

scientific.process..Many.students.carry.out.research.and.perform.internships.that.complement.their.formal.course.work.. 

Interdisciplinary.collaborations.are.common.among.faculty. 

and.students.in.different.departments. 

These. interactions. are. enhanced. by. the. inclusion. of. all. 

four.science.departments.in.the.new.Donald.P..Shiley.Center.for.Science.and.Technology,.which.opened.in.2003..The. 

Center.contains.classrooms,.offices,.and.modern.labs.that.are. 

used.for.teaching.as.well.as.faculty.and.student.research..It. 

is.equipped.with.state-of-the.art.instrumentation.and.equipment,.including.500.MHz.and.400.MHz.nuclear.magnetic. 

resonance. systems,. a. high. pressure. liquid. chromatography. 

–.mass.spectrometer,.gas.chromatography.–.mass.spectrometry. 

instruments,. atomic. analyzers,. a. nutrient. analyzer,. a. 

bomb. calorimeter,. and. a. laser. particle. sorter.. Microscopic. 

resources.include,.among.the.usual.assortment.of.compound. 

and.dissecting.microscopes,.scanning.and.transmitting.electron.microscopes.and.an.atomic.force.microscope.Several.facilities.were.constructed.for.specialized.functions,. 

including. a. seawater. system. with. two. 2,000. gallon. 

tanks,.environmental.chambers,.aquarium.room,.a.laser.laboratory,.and.a.greenhouse.with.five.rooms.with.independent. 

climate.controls..Research.and.teaching.collections.include. 

terrestrial. and. marine. vertebrates,. marine. invertebrates,. 

insects.and.an.herbarium..A.16-foot.research.vessel.is.available.for.marine.science.investigations.

ANNUAL MEETING 

REGISTRATION 

The.Registration.Center.will.be.in.the.lobby.of.the.Joan.B.. 

Kroc. Institute. for. Peace. and. Justice. building. (see. campus. 

map. on. the. inside. cover. of. these. Proceedings).. Hours. of. 

operation.are: 

Saturday:.5:00.p.m..–.6:45.p.m. 

Sunday:.8:00.a.m..–.5:30.p.m. 

Monday:.7:30.a.m..–.4:30.p.m. 

Tuesday:.7:30.a.m..–.4:00.p.m. 

Wednesday:.7:30.a.m..–.4:00.p.m. 

Thursday:.7:30.a.m..–.2:00.p.m. 

All.persons.attending.the.meeting,.except.for.public.sessions,. 

must. be. registered. for. the. meeting. and. must. wear. 

their.name.badges.at.all.times.while.participating.in.meeting. 

events..Those.not.displaying.a.meeting.name.badge.may.not. 

make.scheduled.presentations.and.may.be.asked.to.leave.the. 

meeting.site. 

On-site.registration.fees.are.as.follows:.full.meeting.professional,.$120;.program.planners,.program.presenters,.and.field.trip.leaders.full.meeting,.$85;.one-day.of.meeting.professional,.$85.[note.that.individuals.planning.to.attend.more. 

than.one.day.of.the.meeting.must.pay.the.full.meeting.fee];. 

K-12.teachers,.community.college.instructors,.and.emeritus/ 

retired.individuals,.$60;.students,.unemployed,.$50;.spouses/ 

family.members,.$40. 

Special. stipends. of. $75. were. given. to. the. first. twenty. 

K–12.and.community.college.instructors.that.registered.in. 

advance.for.the.meeting.and.requested.the.stipend.on.their. 

registration.forms..The.stipend.is.not.available.to.teachers. 

who.register.on-site. 

Students.were.given.the.opportunity.to.apply.for.travel. 

awards.of.up.to.$150.each.to.help.defray.their.costs.for.the. 

meeting. 

About field trips:.Due.to.limited.seating.in.vehicles.and. 

the.need.to.inform.some.destinations.of.the.number.of.people. 

arriving,. pre-registration. for. all. field. trips. was. required.. If. 

you.didn’t.register.for.a.particular.field.trip.in.which.you.are. 

interested.in.participating,.please.inquire.at.the.Registration. 

Center.to.see.if.space.is.still.available..At.least.one.member. 

of.a.family.group.requesting.field.trip.reservations.must.be.a. 

paid.meeting.registrant..Participants.who.are.not.registered. 

for.the.meeting.will.be.charged.a.one-time.$10.field.trip.registration.fee.in.addition.to.the.fee.for.the.field.trip. 

About workshops:. All. workshops,. with. the. exception. 

of.Field.and.Advanced.Paleoimaging.which.has.a.$20.fee,. 

are.available.at.no.additional.charge.to.meeting.registrants.. 

Some.workshops.have.limited.space.and.persons.indicating. 

their. participation. on. the.Advance. Registration. Form. will. 

have.priority.in.attending.should.a.workshop.fill. 

About refunds:.Requests.for.refunds.must.have.been.in. 

writing.and.received.in.the.Pacific.Division.office.no.later. 

than. 19. May. 2011.. Under. extreme. hardship. conditions. 


beyond. a. registrant’s. control,. requests. for. refunds. may. be. 

honored. beyond. this. date. if. presented. in. writing. with. an. 

adequate. explanation. of. the. hardship. that. precipitated. the. 

request. for. the. refund..A. $15. handling. fee. is. applied..An. 

additional.3.5%.deduction.is.applied.to.the.total.amount.for. 

credit.card.refunds. 

CAMPUS HOUSING FOR 

MEETING REGISTRANTS 

Meeting.registrants.staying.on.campus.are.housed.in.Founders. 

and. Camino. Halls. (#s. 16. and. 20. on. the. campus. map).. 

Founders.Hall.was.originally.built.as.the.San.Diego.College. 

of.Women..For.a.period.of.time,.Founders.and.Camino.Halls. 

were. the. only. dorms. on. the. USD. campus.. The. residence. 

rooms. in. these. two. halls. are. located. on. the. second. floor,. 

offering.most.of.the.rooms.views.of.beautifully.landscaped. 

courtyards..The.rooms.are.typical.dorm.rooms,.with.one.or. 

two.residents.per.room..Each.resident.is.provided.a.twin.bed,. 

chest.of.drawers,.desk.and.desk.chair.and.most.of.the.rooms. 

have.parquet.flooring..Rooms.have.wireless.internet.access.. 

Showers.and.restrooms.are.located.in.typical.dorm.fashion,. 

down. the. hall.. Laundry. rooms. and. vending. machines. are. 

available..A.lounge.with.cable.TV.and.computers.is.located. 

in.the.hall..The.University.Alcohol.Policy.designates.Founders.as.a.no.alcohol.living.area.regardless.of.age.or.class.status. 

If.you.are.an.individual.and.would.like.to.request.double. 

housing,. we. will. be. pleased. to. assign. you. a. same. gender. 

roommate..Please.be.sure.to.note.this.on.your.housing.application.form. 

Room/board charges:.The.basic.housing.package.includes. 

the.nights.of.Sunday,.Monday.and.Tuesday,.12.–.14.June.. 

Additional.nights.on.either.side.of.the.three.night.package. 

are.available,.allowing.one.to.stay.on.campus.from.Friday,. 

10.June.until.Saturday,.18.June..Each.night.includes.an.$8. 

food.credit.to.be.spent.on.campus.at.any.of.the.eateries,.such. 

as.Bert’s.Bistro,.La.Paloma,.La.Gran.Terraza,.Pavilion.Dining,.Aromas,.etc. 

Cost. of. three. night. housing. package. (includes. $24. oncampus.food.credit): 

Double:. $183.per.person 

Single:. $234 

Cost.of.additional.nights.on.either.side.of.the.three.night. 

package.(includes.$8.on-campus.food.credit.per.night): 

Double:. $61.per.person.per.additional.night 

Single:. $78.per.additional.night 

Parking for those staying on campus:.The.cost.of.parking. 

is.$3.00.per.day,.and.was.available.for.purchase.at.the.time.of. 

booking.the.housing.package..Parking.permits.are.for.use.in. 

the.two.parking.structures,.West.Marian.Way.Parking.on.the. 

west.end.of.campus.(#2.on.the.campus.map.and.closest.to.the. 

dorms.but.with.a.steep.hill.to.climb.or.wait.for.a.shuttle).and. 

Mission.Parking.just.to.the.east.of.the.central.campus.(#48.on. 

the.campus.map.and.a.bit.further.away.but.no.hill.to.climb). 

9


10 

LOCAL HOTELS AND MOTELS 

San.Diego.boasts.many.fine.hotels.of.all.qualities,.many.of.which.can.be.accessed.for.reservations.through.web.sites.such.as.expedia.com.or. 

hotels.com. 

The. three. hotels. listed. below. entered. into. 

agreements.with.the.Pacific.Division.to.provide. 

meeting. attendees. special. rates. and. benefits.. 

Attendees.were.asked.to.make.their.reservations. 

directly.with.the.hotel.of.their.choice..The.hotels. 

are.listed.in.order.of.proximity.to.USD.and.not.in. 

order.of.any.preference.on.the.part.of.the.Pacific. 

Division..Note.that.taxes.(currently.12.5%).will. 

be.added.to.the.listed.room.rates. 

Hampton Inn San Diego Airport/Sea <strong>World</strong> 

3888.Greenwood.Street,.San.Diego,.CA 

619-299-6633 

hamptoninn.hilton.com/en/hp/hotels/index.jhtm 

l;jsessionid=NNOJ3XEKQ5EGKCSGBJF222 

Q?ctyhocn=SANGWHX 

$92.(1.to.4.persons) 

Proximity to meeting:.2.2.miles 

Days Hotel 

543.Hotel.Circle.South,.San.Diego,.CA 

1-800-227-4743.or.619-297-8800 

www.dayshotelhc.com 

$79.(1.to.4.persons) 


The Dana on Mission Bay 

1710.W..Mission.Bay.Drive,.San.Diego,.CA 

1-800-445-3339.or.619-222-6440 

www.thedana.com 

Rate:.$129.(1.–.4.persons) 


TRAVEL TO THE 

UNIVERSITy OF SAN DIEGO 

By Automobile from the North:. Use. I-5. South,. 

exit. Sea. <strong>World</strong>. Dr.. and. Tecolote. Rd.. Proceed. 

left.at.stoplight.toward.Morena.Blvd..Turn.right. 

onto.Morena,.left.onto.Napa,.and.left.onto.Linda. 

Vista.Rd.. 

•.If.you.are.coming.onto.campus.for.the.meeting,. 

turn. left. at. the. first. stoplight,. into. USD’s. 

west.entrance..Proceed.past.the.guard.booth.to. 

the.left.turn.into.the.West.Marian.Way.Parking. 

structure,. number. 2. on. the. campus. map. found. 

on.the.inside.cover.of.these Proceedings..Trams. 

regularly.transport.people.to.the.top.of.the.hill. 

and. the. Kroc. Institute. for. Peace. and. Justice. 

(IPJ),.where.the.Registration.Center.is.located.. 

Alternatively,.you.can.walk.the.hill,.but.it.could. 

be.a.strenuous.hike.for.some..To.let.someone.off.

at.the.top,.pass.the.turn.into.the.parking.structure.and.follow. 

the.road.to.the.second.stop.sign..Turn.right.and.pull.up.in. 

front.of.IPJ,.by.the.La.Paloma.food.bar..You.can.then.retrace. 

your.route.back.down.the.hill.and.turn.right.into.the.parking. 

structure. 

•.If.you.are.going.to.your.on-campus.housing.in.Founders. 

and.Camino.Halls,.turn.left.at.the.first.signal.and.follow.the. 

above.directions.to.the.top.of.the.hill..Founders.and.Camino. 

Halls.are.located.on.the.left.side.of.Marian.Way,.past.IPJ.. 

You.can.park.your.automobile.near.your.assigned.Hall.for. 

unloading. before. parking. in. one. of. the. two. parking. structures..The.parking.fee.is.$3.00.per.day.. 

By automobile from the South (or the airport):. Use. I-5. 

North,.exit.Morena.Blvd..(signs.will.say:.Morena.Blvd..use. 

I-8.East)..Stay.to.the.right.and.follow.the.signs.for.Morena. 

Blvd..Once.on.Morena,.take.the.first.right.onto.Linda.Vista. 

Rd. 

•.If.you.are.coming.onto.campus.for.the.meeting,.turn.left. 

at.the.second.stoplight,.into.USD’s.west.entrance.and.follow. 

the.directions.in.the.third.paragraph.above.this.. 

•.If.you.are.going.to.your.on-campus.housing,.turn.left. 

at. the. second. signal. and. follow. the. directions. in. the. third. 

paragraph.above.this.. 

By Automobile from the east:.Use.I-8.West,.exit.at.Morena. 

Boulevard,.turning.right..Once.on.Morena,.take.the.first.right. 

onto.Linda.Vista.Rd..and.follow.the.directions.above.under. 

“By.Automobile.from.the.South.” 

By Air:.San.Diego.is.served.by.several.major.carriers..The. 

airport.is.about.a.ten.minute.taxi.ride.from.campus..Expect.to. 

pay.about.$15.00.for.the.taxi.fare..Alternatively,.you.can.rent. 

a.car.at.the.airport.and.follow.the.above.directions.to.USD. 

ON-CAMPUS PARKING 

On-campus. parking. is. available. in. either. the.West. Marian. 

Way.Parking.or.Mission.Parking..West.Marian.Way.Parking. 

is. much. closer. to. the. Kroc. Institute. for. Peace. and. Justice. 

(KIPJ),. site. of. the. meeting,. but. one. must. walk. up. a. steep. 

hill.to.get.there..USD.provides.regular.shuttle.service.up.the. 

hill,. stopping. at. KIPJ. and. several. other. campus. locations.. 

The.Mission.Parking.is.probably.a.twelve.to.fifteen.minute. 

walk.from.KIPJ,.but.considering.there.is.no.significant.hill. 

to.climb,.may.be.the.better.choice.for.parking..Cost.is.$3.per. 

day.in.either.parking.structure. 

REGISTRATION CENTER 

The.Registration.Center.will.be.in.the.lobby.of.the.Joan.B.. 

Kroc. Institute. for. Peace. and. Justice. building. (see. #12. on. 

the.campus.map.on.the.inside.cover.of.these Proceedings).. 

Hours.of.operation.are: 

Saturday:.5:00.p.m..–.6:45.p.m. 

Sunday: 8:00.a.m..–.5:30.p.m. 

Monday: 7:30.a.m..–.4:30.p.m. 

Tuesday:.7:30.a.m..–.4:00.p.m. 

Wednesday: 7:30.a.m..–.4:00.p.m. 

Thursday: 7:30.a.m..–.2:00.p.m. 


MESSAGES 

To.leave.a.message.for.a.meeting.registrant.or.to.contact.the. 

AAAS,.Pacific.Division.staff,.call.541-292-1115..Please.note. 

that.this.line.will.be.monitored.only.between.the.dates.of.11. 

and.17.June..After.these.dates,.please.use.the.regular.Pacific. 

Division.number,.541-552-6869,.in.order.to.contact.Pacific. 

Division.staff. 

BREAKS 

Mid-morning. and. mid-afternoon. breaks. are. scheduled. for. 

each.session.as.appropriate..Refreshments.will.be.served.in. 

the.Joan.B..Kroc.Institute.for.Peace.and.Justice.rotunda,.near. 

the.Registration.Center. 

CAMPUS FOOD SERVICES 

The.USD.campus.has.several.locations.where.food.may.be. 

purchased..The.most.convenient.is.La Paloma,.situated.in. 

front.of.our.meeting.site,.the.Kroc.Institute. 

for. Peace. and. Justice. (#12. on. the. 

campus.map)..During.summer.hours,.La. 

Paloma.provides.a.food.cart.that.features.sandwiches,.barbecue,.salads,.and.an.assortment.of.beverages..Hours.are.8:00. 

a.m..to.2:00.p.m..Monday.through.Friday. 

Other.locations.you.might.consider: 

La Gran Terraza,. located. on. the. second. floor. of. 

the. University. Center. (#33. on. the. campus. map),. 

includes.three.separate.dining.venues:.Grand Dining,.which.offers.a.two.to.three.course.‘business. 

lunch’.prix.fixe.buffet.in.addition.to.the.regular.a.la. 

carte.menu.and.for.dinner.a.varied.menu.from.tapas.and.hors. 

d’oeuvres. to. upscale. salads,. innovative. entrees. and. divine. 

desserts;.O’Toole’s.lounge,.which.provides.guests.with.a.varied,.flavorful.menu.featuring.hot.and.cold.tapas.as.well.as. 

the.opportunity.to.choose.from.an.extensive.wine.list.that. 

includes.vintages.from.across.the.globe.or.from.an.array.of. 

local.craft.beers.featuring.Stone.Brewing.Co.;.and.The Terrace,. 

which. overlooks. Tecolote. Canyon. and. Mission. Bay. 

and.where.one.will.find.a.casual.al.fresco.menu.featuring. 

tapas,.beer.and.wine,.and.daily.specials. 

Aromas Café,.located.adjacent.to.the.Immaculata. 

on.the.1 st. level.of.Maher.Hall.(#27.on.the.campus.map).is.USD’s.award.winning.coffeehouse.. 

Alumni-owned. Ryan. Bros.. Coffee. is. roasted. 

fresh.on.site,.and.they.also.offer.21.flavors.of.tea,.tea.lattes,. 

Italian.sodas,.blended.drinks.and.gourmet.baked.goods. 

11


Bert’s Bistro,.located.at.the.west-end.of.campus. 

in. Mother. Rosalie. Hill. Hall. (#5. on. the. 

campus.map).offers.a.Mexican.menu.and.$5. 

combos.in.addition.to.sandwiches,.wraps,.sushi,.soup,.salad. 

bar,.frozen.yogurt.and.a.full.espresso.and.tea.bar. 

Pavilion Dining.(#34.on.the.campus.map).is.home.to.an.array. 

of.unique.dining.concepts.that.fuse.distinct.ingredients.and. 

flavors.to.create.delicious.menus.in.an.inviting.environment. 

Tu Mercado. (#34. on. the. campus. map). is. a. 

natural.food.grocery.store.where.visitors.may. 

find.any.number.of.treats.to.bring.back.to.their. 

rooms.or.snack.on.throughout.the.day. 

MEETING ROOMS, COMPUTERS, 

AND POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS 

This.year’s.technical.sessions.will.meet.in.the.Joan.B..Kroc. 

Institute. for. Peace. and. Justice. (#12. on. the. campus. map,. 

which.is.on.the.inside.cover.of.these.Proceedings)..All.meeting.rooms.are.equipped.with.LCD.projectors.and.computers.running.Windows.XP.and.Microsoft.Office.2007..Only. 

CD-ROMs.and.thumb/USB/flash.drives.may.be.used.to.load. 

presentations.onto.the.computers..Speakers.requiring.other. 

specialized. equipment. such. as. slide. or. overhead. projectors.must.have.made.their.requests.known.when.submitting. 

their. abstracts.. If. available,. specialized. equipment. is. provided..Any.rental.costs.incurred.are.the.responsibility.of.the. 

requestor.. 

Should.a.presenter.wish.to.use.their.own.laptop.computer. 

for.their.presentation,.it.will.be.possible.to.connect.the.laptop.directly.to.the.LCD.projector.via.a.VGA.port..It.is.the. 

responsible. of. presenter. doing. this. to. make. sure. that. they. 

bring.any.needed.adapters.to.connect.their.computers.to.the. 

VGA.cable.of.the.LCD.projector. 

STUDENT AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE 

The.AAAS,.Pacific.Division.offers.each.affiliated.society.and. 

section.participating.in.the.annual.meeting.the.opportunity.to. 

recognize.outstanding.student.participants.through.the.presentation.of.Awards.of.Excellence.and.cash.prizes.of.$150. 

for.first.place.and.$75.for.second.place..Additionally,.each. 

winner.receives.a.one-year.student.membership.in.AAAS,. 

which.includes.weekly.issues.of.Science.magazine..Societies. 

often.supplement.these.awards.with.their.own.cash.prizes. 

For.this.meeting,.six.Division-wide.awards.may.be.given:. 

Laurence.M.. Klauber.Award. for. Excellence.(unrestricted);. 

Geraldine.K..Lindsay.Award.for.Excellence.in.the.Natural. 

Sciences;.J..Thomas.Dutro,.Jr..Award.for.Excellence.in.the. 

Geosciences;.Rita.W..Peterson.Award.for.Excellence.in.Science.Education;.Best.Poster.Award.(for.posters.only.but.otherwise.unrestricted);.and.the.AAAS.Robert.I..Larus.Travel. 

Award,.which.will.provide.a.reimbursement.for.travel.and. 

other.meeting.related.expenses.up.to.$750.for.the.awardee.to. 

attend.the.national.meeting.of.AAAS.in.Vancouver,.British. 

12 

Columbia,. 16. –. 20. February. 2012. for. the. purpose. of. presenting.their.winning.presentation.as.a.poster..The.Klauber,. 

Lindsay,.Dutro,.Presidents,.Peterson,.Best.Poster,.and.Larus. 

awards.are.given.to.those.students.whose.presentations.are. 

judged. the. most. significant. in. the. advancement. or. understanding.of.science.To.be.eligible.for.a.sectional.award.or.one.of.the.Divisionwide. 

awards,. a. student. must. be. registered. for. the. meeting. 

prior to judging,.present.the.paper.or.poster,.and.be.the.principal. 

research. investigator.. Student. presentations,. oral. and. 

poster,.are.judged.on.their.abstracts,.content,.style.of.delivery.or.presentation,.and.audiovisual.aids.and/or.handouts.(if.used)..Sample.evaluation.forms.for.both.oral.and.poster.presentations.are.posted.on.the.Division’s.meeting.web.page. 

Students.who.are.eligible.for.Awards.of.Excellence.are. 

invited. to. be. the. Division’s. guests. at. the. annual. Banquet. 

Tuesday.evening,.14.June..Festivities.that.evening.include. 

the. presentation. of. student. awards.. Students. were. asked. 

to.indicate.on.the.Advance.Registration.Form.if.they.were. 

planning.to.attend.the.banquet..Those.who.responded.positively.were.provided.a.ticket.along.with.their.other.registration. 

materials.. If. you. are. a. student. who. is. in. competition. 

for.an.Award.of.Excellence.and.you.do.not.have.a.ticket.for. 

the.banquet,.please.inquire.at.the.Registration.Center.to.see. 

whether.any.tickets.are.still.available. 

IMPORTANT NOTE: All. judging. for. student. awards. 

ends.no.later.than.3:00.p.m..on.Tuesday,.at.which.time.the. 

judges.go.into.closed.session.to.determine.the.winners..Students.with.oral.presentations.beyond.this.cut-off.time.were. 

instructed.to.present.their.oral.presentation.also.as.a.poster.in. 

order.to.be.judged.and.in.the.pool.of.potential.prize.winners. 

SPECIAL EVENTS 

AND PUBLIC LECTURES 

Sunday Evening Public Plenary Lecture..7:00.p.m..in.the. 

KIPJ.Theatre.. NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial 

Networks in Humans,.presented.by.Ishiro.Nishimura,. 

DDS,. DMSc,. DMD,. FAP. (School. of. Dentistry. and. Medicine,.University.of.California. 

Los. Angeles,. Los. Angeles,. 

CA). 

Sunday Evening Welcome 

Reception. Approximately. 

8:00.–.9:15.p.m..Immediately. 

following.the.plenary.lecture,. 

and. hosted. by. the. Pacific. 

Division. and. its. affiliated. 

societies.and.sections,.all.registrants.and.their.families.are. 

invited.to.enjoy.the.conviviality. 

of. this. event. on. 12. June,. 

starting. about. 8:00. p.m.. and. 

Ichiro Nishimura 

running.to.about.9:15.p.m..A.selection.of.soft.drinks,.chips,. 

pretzels.and.good.conversation.will.be.available..Please.wear. 

your.registration.badge. 

Courtesy.UCLA

Courtesy.himself 

Courtesy.Vitamin.D.Council 

Monday Noon Public Lecture.. 

12:15. p.m.. in. the. KIPJ. 

Theatre.. Journeying Through 

Stressed Urban Systems. will. 

be. presented. by. Harindra. 

(Joe). Fernando,. Ph.D.. (Civil. 

Engineering. and. Geological. 

Sciences,. and. Aerospace. and. 

Mechanical. Engineering,. University. 

of. Notre. Dame,. Notre. 

Dame,. IN).will. talk. on.tsunamis.and.storm.surges,.referring. 

to. the. Indian. Ocean. Tsunami,. H.J.S. Fernando 

Hurricane.Katrina.and.sustainability.of.communities. 

Monday Evening Public Plenary Lecture.. 7:00. p.m.. in. 

the.KIPJ.Theatre..David.R..Hunt,.Ph.D..(Physical./.Forensic. 

Anthropologist.and.Collections.Manager,.Physical.Anthropology. 

Division. Department. 

of. Anthropology,. National. 

Museum. of. Natural. History,. 

Washington,. D.C.). will. present. 

the. talk,. Multi-disciplinary 

Approach to the Study of 

Human Remains. 

Monday Evening President’s 

Reception.. Approximately. 

8:00. –. 9:15. p.m.. University. 

of. San. Diego. Executive. Vice. 

David R. Hunt 

President.and.Provost.Dr..Julie. 

Sullivan,.will.welcome.conference. 

attendees. at. an. informal. 

reception.hosted.by.USD.President.Dr..Mary.Lyons..All.registrants.and.their.families.are.invited.to.enjoy.this.relaxed. 

occasion..Non-registered.family.members.are.welcome,.but. 

must.be.accompanied.by.a.registrant..Please.wear.your.registration.badge. 

Tuesday <strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> on Mummy Studies Special 

Invited Lecture..11:45.a.m..in.the.KIPJ.Theatre..The Lanzarote 

and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary 

Islands, Spain,. presented. by. Conrado. Rodríguez. Martín. 

(Instituto.Canariio.de.Bioanthropologia). 

Tuesday Noon Public Lecture.. 

12:15. p.m.. in. the. KIPJ. 

Theatre.. Vitamin D,. presented. 

by. John. J.. Cannell,. MD. 

(Executive. Director,. Vitamin. 

D. Council,. San. Luis. Obispo,. 

CA). 

Tuesday Evening Student 

Awards Banquet.. Reception. 

at. 6:15. p.m.;. dinner. at. 7:00. 

p.m.. in. KIPJ. Rooms. A. –. D.. 

John J. Cannell 

Tuesday. evening. will. be. an. 

exciting. time. for. students. as. 

Courtesy.Arizona.State.University 


Division.representatives.will.announce.the.names.of.student. 

winners.of.sectional.Awards.of.Excellence.and.also.winners. 

of.the.Division’s.Laurence.M..Klauber.Award.for.Excellence. 

(unrestricted),.Geraldine.K..Lindsay.Award.for.Excellence.in. 

the.Natural.Sciences,.J..Thomas.Dutro,.Jr..Award.for.Excellence.in.the.Geosciences,.Rita.W..Peterson.Award.for.Excellence.in.Science.Education,.the.President’s.Award.for.Excellence.(unrestricted),.the.Best.Poster.Award.(for.poster.presentations.only.but.otherwise.unrestricted),.and.the.AAAS. 

Robert.I..Larus.Travel.Award. 

The. evening. is. planned. 

to. begin. at. 6:15. p.m.. with. a. 

reception.. Dinner. service. will. 

begin. about. 7:00. p.m.. After. 

dinner.will.be.the.presentation. 

of.student.awards,.followed.by. 

the. Presidential. Address,. Scientific 

Art and Artful Science: 

Musings of an Arts and Sci- 

ences Dean,. presented. by. Dr.. 

Alissa. J.. Arp. (Dean,. College. 

of.Arts.and.Sciences,.Southern. 

Alissa J. Arp 

Oregon. University. and. President. of. the. Pacific. Division).. 

The.evening.is.expected.to.end.by.about.9:30.p.m. 

At.the.time.of.purchasing.their.tickets,.banquet.attendees.were.asked.to.choose.between.three.entrées:.Gnocchi.(a. 

vegetarian.offering,.made.of.thick,.soft.potato.pillows.that. 

almost. resemble. dumplings. and. covered. with. asparagus. 

tips,. artichokes. and. sun. dried. tomatoes. and. a. white. wine. 

sauce),.Black.Cod.(served.on.a.bed.of.borlotti.bean.ragout. 

infused.with.thyme.and.preserved.lemon).and.Osso.Bucco. 

Milanese(cross-cut.veal.shank,.served.with.vegetables.and. 

broth)..All.entrées.are.served.with.a.baby.spinach.salad,.fresh. 

vegetable,.Chef’s.choice.of.starch,.butter.and.rolls,.coffee,. 

tea,.iced.tea.and.water..If.you.didn’t.already.purchase.a.banquet.ticket.but.would.like.to.attend,.please.check.with.the. 

Registration.Center.for.ticket.availability. 

Students. in. competition. for. Awards. of. Excellence. are. 

invited.to.be.guests.of.the.Division.for.this.event..Note that 

if you are a student who requested a complimentary ticket, 

we expect you to attend the banquet. Please don’t dishonor 

the Division’s generosity in offering you this opportunity to 

fully participate in the meeting with minimal out-of-pocket 

expenses by asking for a ticket and then not showing up! 

Wednesday Morning Business Meeting of the Council 

of the Pacific Division..7:00.a.m..in.the.KIPJ.Boardroom. 

(Room.226)..The.Council.of.the.AAAS,.Pacific.Division.will. 

hold.its.annual.breakfast.and.business.meeting.starting.with. 

breakfast.service.at.7:00.a.m..Once.breakfast.is.served,.the. 

Council.will.get.down.to.business,.electing.officers,.Executive.Committee.and.Council.members,.discussing.programs. 

for.the.2012.and.2013.annual.meetings,.and.transacting.other. 

such.business.as.is.required.by.the.Division’s.By-Laws..This. 

is.an.open.meeting.and.Pacific.Division.members.with.an. 

13 

Courtesy.herself

Courtesy.AAAS 


interest. in. the. governance. of. the. Division. are. invited. to. 

attend. 

Wednesday Keynote Talk..8:45.a.m..in.KIPJ.Room.A,.Shirley. 

Malcom,.Ph.D..(Director.of.Education.and.Human.Resources. 

Programs,.AAAS,.Washington,.D.C.),.as.part.of.the.symposium.Pathways 

to Science: Promoting Inquiry-Based Learning 

Beyond the Classroom,.will.give.the.Keynote.Talk,.The 

Promise of Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom. 

Wednesday Noon Public Lecture..12:15.p.m..in.the.KIPJ. 

Theatre..Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions 

Tell Us about the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals,.Ms..Sharon.Levy.(Science.writer,.Arcata,.CA)..A.book.signing.by. 

Ms..Levy.for.her.recent.book.of.the.same.title.as.her.talk.will. 

immediately.follow.the.conclusion.of.the.talk. 

Wednesday Evening Reception..6:00.p.m..at.the.Museum. 

of.Man,.Balboa.Park..Please.refer.to.Field.Trip.#4.on.page.15. 

of.these Proceedings. 

FIELD TRIPS 

All.field.trips.are.open.to.meeting.registrants.and.their.families..At.least.one.member.of.a.family.group.must.be.registered.for.the.meeting..Unregistered.family.members.will.be.charged.an.additional.one-time-only.$10.field.trip.registration.fee..This.fee.is.paid.only.once.for.this.meeting,.regardless.of.how.many.field.trips.a.non-registrant.participates.in. 

Due.to.limited.space,.advance.registration.was.required. 

for.all.field.trips..Reservation.and.payment.of.field.trip.fee(s). 

was. included. on. the. Advance. Registration. Form.. If. you. 

didn’t.pre-register.for.a.field.trip.in.which.you.would.like.to. 

participate,.inquire.at.the.Registration.Center.to.see.whether. 

any.space.remains. 

A.full.refund.will.be.granted.if.a.trip.is.cancelled.by.the. 

Division..If.a.registrant.cancels.via.e-mail.or.written.notification. 

received. in. the. Pacific. Division. office. no. later. than. 19. 

May.2011,.the.registrant.will.receive.a.refund.of.the.fee(s).paid. 

less.a.$15.processing.fee..If.paid.by.credit.card,.an.additional. 

3.5%.of.the.original.charge.will.be.deducted.from.the.amount. 

being. refunded. to. help. pay. for. fees. charged. to. the. Division. 

by.credit.card.companies..With.the.exception.of.the.Division. 

cancelling.a.field.trip,.no.refunds.will.be.granted.after.19.May. 

14 

Shirley Malcom 

Sharon Levy 

Courtesy.herself 


Field Trip #1: San Diego Coastal Geology and Hazards.. 

Departs.from.the.front.of.KIPJ.at.10:00.a.m.;.returns.about. 

4:00.p.m..Pick.up.your.registration.materials.in.advance.at. 

the.Registration.Center..Includes.transportation,.field.guide,. 

and.box.lunch..Cost:.$70. 

Organized.by.Elizabeth.Baker.Treloar.and.Eric.Cathcart. 

(Department. of. Marine. and. Environmental. Sciences,. University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA),.this.three-quarter.day. 

field.trip.along.the.beautiful.San.Diego.coastline.will.focus. 

on. the. sedimentary. rocks. that. record. 65. million. years. of. 

geologic.events..The.Rose.Canyon.Fault.Zone,.the.geologic. 

hazards.of.the.coastal.region,.and.the.potential.threat.of.the. 

southern.San.Andreas.Fault.will.be.addressed. 

The.field.trip.will.stop.first.at.Mount.Soledad.in.La.Jolla,. 

then.progress.south.to.Sunset.Cliffs.in.Point.Loma,.and.finish.with.a.stop.at.scenic.Cabrillo.National.Monument. 

Weather.can.be.cool.and.foggy.on.the.coast,.so.plan.to. 

bring.a.jacket.or,.even.better,.layer.your.clothing..Tidepools. 

at.Cabrillo.Rocks.can.be.wet.and.slippery,.so.be.sure.to.wear. 

good.shoes--no.heels.or.flip.flops! 

Field Trip #3: Sunday, 12 June: San Diego Botanic Garden. 

Departs.from.the.front.of.KIPJ.at.9:00.a.m.;.returns.about. 

3:00.p.m..Pick.up.your.registration.materials.in.advance.at. 

the.Registration.Center..Includes.transportation,.box.lunch,. 

and.garden.map/guide..Cost:.$70. 

Organized.by.Michael.S..Mayer.(Department.of.Biology,. 

University.of.San.Diego),.this.trip.is.an.exploration.of.the. 

San.Diego.Botanic.Garden..Straddling.a.hill.and.37.acres.in. 

the.seaside.town.of.Encinitas,.the.San.Diego.Botanic.Garden. 

(formerly. Quail. Gardens). harbors. a. wonderful. diversity.of.plant.communities,.which.are.arranged.thematically. 

and.geographically..Highlights.include.a.stand.of.our.local. 

coastal.sage.scrub,.old.world.and.new.world.desert.gardens,. 

a.bamboo.collection,.a.subtropical.fruit.garden,.and.dozens. 

of. species. of. cycads. and. palms. distributed. throughout. the. 

various. continentally-themed. sage. scrub.. Newer. additions. 

to.the.property.include.the.Hamilton.Children’s.Garden,.as. 

well.as.numerous.demonstration.and.interactive.installations. 

on.topics.such.as.Native.Americans.and.native.plants,.and. 

gardening.for.fire.safety.or.water.conservation. 

We.will.leave.the.USD.campus.at.9:00.a.m..for.the.halfhour. 

drive. up. the. coast. to. Encinitas,. location. of. The. San. 

Diego.Botanic.Garden..Upon.arrival,.we.will.take.a.guided. 

walk. around. the. gardens,. ending. with. lunch. (box. lunches. 

provided)..After.lunch.there.will.be.extra.time.for.individual. 

exploration.before.we.leave.the.gardens.at.2:30.p.m..for.our. 

trip.back.to.campus. 

Be. sure. to. wear. comfortable. walking. shoes. and. bring. 

along.a.jacket.in.case.of.cooler.weather,.as.Encinitas.is.on. 

the.coast.


Field Trip #4: Museum of Man. Departs.from.the.front.of. 

KIPJ.at.5:30.p.m.;.returns.about.9:30.p.m..Includes.transportation,.entry.to.the.Museum.of.Man,.and.reception..Cost:. 

$15. 

Sponsored.by.the.Museum.of.Man.in.Balboa.Park,.this. 

field. trip. includes. a. reception. and. a. special. viewing. of. a. 

new.exhibit.–.Modern.Day.Mummy:.The.Art.and.Science. 

of.Mummification..The.exhibit.features.Mumab,.a.modern. 

day. mummy. preserved. using. ancient. Egyptian. techniques.. 

Mumab.is.on.permanent.loan.to.the.Museum.of.Man.from. 

the.University.of.Maryland. 


Field Trip #2:.Come See the Wonders of the Fairs: A Walking 

Tour..Departs.from.the.front.of.KIPJ.at.9:30.a.m.;.returns. 

about.3:30.p.m..Limited.to.27.participants..Includes.transportation,. 

guided. tour. of.<strong>World</strong>’s. Fair. remnants. at. Balboa. 

Park..Cost:.$25. 

Organized. by. Don. Larson. and. Tammy. Lau. (Madden. 

Library,. California. State. University. Fresno,. Fresno,. CA;. 

tammyl@csufresno.edu),.this.walking.tour.of.the.remnants. 

of.San.Diego’s.world’s.fairs.will.be.a.lively.and.entertaining. 

“visit.to.the.fairs,”.imagining.them.as.they.once.were.by.seeing.the.legacies.of.the.fairs..The.tour.guide.will.be.Don.Larson,.a.lifelong.aficionado.and.collector.on.world’s.fairs..The. 

well-known. Donald. G.. Larson. Collection. on. International. 

Expositions. and. Fairs. is. the. largest. world’s. fair. collection. 

on.the.West.Coast.and.resides.at.California.State.University. 

Fresno. 

The.current.Balboa.Park.is.the.site.of.both.of.San.Diego’s. 

world’s. fairs:. the. 1915-16. Panama-California. Exposition. 

and.the.1935-36.California.Pacific.International.Exposition.. 

There.are.dozens.of.features,.attractions,.buildings.and.gardens.that.are.the.remains.of.the.two.fairs,.among.them.the. 

Botanical.Building.(and.beautiful.lily.pond),.the.Spreckels. 

Organ. Pavilion,. the. Old. Cactus. Garden,. Spanish. Village,. 

Japanese.Tea.Pavilion.(now.a.tea.house.restaurant),.the.Ford. 

Building. (now. the.Air. and. Space. Museum),. the. House. of. 

Hospitality. (now. the. Visitors. Center),. the. California. State. 

Building.(now.the.San.Diego.Museum.of.Man),.the.House. 

of.Pacific.Relations.International.Cottages.(with.32.cottages. 

promoting. multicultural. goodwill),. and. the. Zoro. Garden. 

(formerly.a.nudist.colony.built.for.the.1935.fair)..Even.the. 

world-famous. San. Diego. Zoo. grew. out. of. the. fairs,. with. 

exotic.animals.left.after.the.1935.exposition.ended. 

After. lunch. at. one. of. the. numerous. restaurants,. cafes. 

and.snack.shops.in.the.park.(on.your.own.or.as.an.informal. 

group),.there.will.be.time.to.explore.other.parts.of.the.splendid.and.vast.Balboa.Park..An.optional.visit.to.the.Japanese. 

Garden.(and.tea.pavilion).as.of.the.printing.of.these Proceedings.costs.$4..We’ll.plan.on.meeting.the.shuttles.at.3:10.p.m.. 


15


for.our.quick.trip.back.to.campus. 

Due.to.the.nature.of.this.walking.tour,.be.sure.to.wear. 

comfortable.shoes!.Depending.on.the.weather,.a.jacket.may. 

also.be.needed. 

Field Trip #5: Tidepooling at Cabrillo National Monument 

Thursday, 16 June: 4:30 a.m. –8:15 a.m. Departs.from.the. 

front.of.KIPJ.at.4:30.a.m.;.returns.about.8:30.a.m..Limited.to. 

10.participants..Includes.transportation,.admission.fees,.field. 

guide.and.refreshments..Cost:.$55. 

Organized. by. Drew. M.. Talley. (Department. of. Marine. 

Science. and. Environmental. Studies,. University. of. San. 

Diego,.San.Diego,.CA)..Wake.up.early.and.make.the.most. 

of.your.last.day.at.the.meeting.in.San.Diego.by.joining.us. 

for.a.sunrise.visit.to.the.Cabrillo.National.Monument..Home. 

to.the.historic.Old.Point.Loma.lighthouse.and.a.wealth.of. 

biodiversity,.Cabrillo.National.Monument.is.a.protected.area. 

of.65.hectares.situated.on.the.end.of.the.Point.Loma.peninsula..The. 

early-morning. field. trip. will. be. led. by. intertidal. 

ecologists.from.USD.and.the.National.Park.Service,.and.will. 

include.a.copy.of.“The.Life.of.Point.Loma”,.with.chapters. 

covering.the.marine,.intertidal,.and.terrestrial.habitats.of.the. 

peninsula,.as.well.as.coffee.and.pastries.during.a.post-field. 

question.and.answer.session.with.the.Park.Ranger..This.is.a. 

rare.chance.to.visit.the.Cabrillo.National.Monument.when.it. 

is.normally.closed.to.the.public! 

Caution:. you. will. be. walking. on. slippery. rocks. and. in. 

shallow. intertidal. water.. Please. wear. appropriate. footwear. 

and.dress.in.layers! 

Field Trip #6: Mission Bay Aquatic Center Lesson in Sailing 

or Kayaking Thursday, 16 June: 1:45 p.m. – 5:00 

p.m. It.is.participants’.responsibility.to.arrange.for.their.own. 

travel.to.and.from.the.Mission.Bay.Aquatic.Center..Includes. 

all.instruction.and.equipment..Does.not.include.transportation.to.and.from.the.Mission.Bay.Aquatic.Center..Cost:.$35. 

Organized. by. Steven.A.. Murray. (Department. of. Engineering,. 

University. of. San. Diego),. this. field. trip. provides. 

a.choice.for.beginners.of.two.water.sports.opportunities.on. 

beautiful.Mission.Bay:.sailing.or.kayaking..Each.includes.an. 

hour.or.so.of.instruction,.followed.by.on-the-water.practice. 

time. 

Kayaking:.3-hour.Kayak.Lesson.and.Tour..Students.will. 

learn.to.kayak,.then.tour.the.coves.of.Mission.Bay..Activities.may.include.on-the-water.kayaking.games..All.boats.and. 

equipment.is.included. 

Sailing: 3-Hour.Basic.Sailing.Lesson.in.8’.single.handed. 

sabot.. 1. hour. classroom. time. with. 1.5. hours. on. the. water. 

practice..All.Equipment.and.instruction.is.included. 

An.area.will.be.set.up.for.participants.to.store.belongings. 

as. a. group,. so. you. won’t. be. using. the. public. locker. 

room..Bring.typical.beach.wear.for.the.event.(swim.trunks. 

or.swimsuit,.sandals.and.a.beach.towel).and.a.change.of.dry. 

clothes.for.after.the.lesson..You.will.be.wearing.a.wetsuit.for. 

the.duration.of.the.lesson.to.keep.warm..Some.individuals. 

like.to.have.a.hooded.sweatshirt.to.wear.over.the.wetsuit.if. 

16 

they.get.out.of.the.water.early,.but.most.just.wrap.themselves. 

in.their.towel. 

Important.notes: 

1..You.will.be.asked.to.sign.a.liability.waiver.at.the.Mission.Bay.Aquatic.Center.(MBAC).before.you.can.participate. 

in.either.event..Failure.to.sign.the.waiver.will.prevent.your. 

participation..No.refund.of.fees.will.be.made.for.failure.to. 

sign.the.waiver..A.sample.copy.of.the.waiver.form.will.be. 

provided.to.participants. 

2..Transportation.to.and.from.the.MBAC.is.the.responsibility.of.participants..Due.to.the.high.cost.for.bus.rentals.in.the. 

San.Diego.area,.the.Pacific.Division.will.not.be.providing. 

transportation.for.this.event..It.is.up.to.participants.to.arrive. 

at.the.MBAC.in.time.to.take.care.of.the.required.paperwork. 

before.the.beginning.of.the.sessions.at.2:00.p.m..We.suggest. 

you. plan. to. arrive. at. least. 15. minutes. early,. no. later. 

than.1:45.p.m..Directions.to.the.MBAC.will.be.provided.to. 

participants. 

WORKSHOPS 

Workshops.are.available.to.all.meeting.registrants.without. 

additional. fees. with. the. exception. of. Field. and.Advanced. 

Paleoimaging,.for.which.there.is.a.$20.fee..As.with.all.of.the. 

technical.program.for.this.meeting,.all.workshop.participants. 

must.be.registered.for.the.meeting..In.order.to.help.workshop.developers.in.their.planning,.pre-registrants.were.asked. 

to.indicate.their.interest.in.attending.each.workshop..Some. 

workshops.have.limited.room..In.case.a.workshop.fills,.those. 

who. pre-registered. for. the. workshop. will. be. given. preference.in.attendance. 

Descriptions.of.all.workshops.may.be.found.starting.on. 

page.45.of.these.Proceedings.

Future Meetings 

Pacific Division Annual Meetings 

2012.....24 – 27 June in Boise, Idaho 

co-located with the Snake River Section of the American 

Chemical Society at the Boise Convention Center and cosponsored 

by Boise State University. 

The following venues are in negotiation, so keep your fingers crossed! 

2013.....late June in Las Vegas, Nevada 

2014.....late June in Riverside, California 

AAAS National Meetings 

2012.....16 – 20 Feb. in Vancouver, B.C. 

2013.....14 – 18 Feb. in Boston, Massachusetts 

2014.....13 – 17 Feb. in Chicago, Illinois 

17

PROGRAM.AT.A.GLANCE 

18 

SUNDAY – 12 JUNE MONDAY – 13 JUNE TUESDAY – 14 JUNE WEDNESDAY – 15 JUNE THURSDAY – 16 JUNE 

FIELD TRIP 

San Diego Botanic Garden 

Bus departs from in front of KIPJ 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 

<strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> on Mummy Studies 

Session II 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

Human Leishmaniasis in 

Mummified Remains... 

KIPJ Theatre 

BUSINESS MEETING 

Business Meeting of the Council 

the Pacific Division 

KIPJ 226 

FIELD TRIP 

Tidepooling at 

Cabrillo National Monument 

Bus departs from in font of KIPJ 

9:00 AM – 3:00 PM 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM 8:00 AM –10:00 AM 7:00 AM - 10:00 AM 4:30 AM – 8:30 AM 

FIELD TRIP 

San Diego Coastal Geology 

and Hazards 


SYMPOSIUM 

The Forensic Science of Clinical 

Mental Health Counseling... 

KIPJ Room E 

SYMPOSIUM 

Geophysical Turbulence 

KIPJ Room E 

SYMPOSIUM 

Princess Takabuti – Analysis, 

Interpretation, and Visualization 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

Mexican Mummy Studies 

KIPJ Theatre 

10:00 AM – 4:00 PM 8:00 AM – 5:15 PM 8:10 AM – 4:40 PM 8:00 AM – 9:15 AM 8:00 AM – 10:15 AM 

OPENING GREETINGS 

<strong>7th</strong> WORLD CONGRESS ON 

MUMMY STUDIES 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

Advances in Materials Science 

and Nanotechnology 

KIPJ Room 215 

SYMPOSIUM 

Antarctic Ice Is Nice 

KIPJ Room H 

WORKSHOP 

Vitamin D 

KIPJ Rooms E and F 

WORKSHOP 

Field and Advanced 

Paleoimaging 

Museum of Man 


10:00 AM 8:25 AM – 10:00 AM 8:20 AM – NOON 8:00 AM – NOON 8:15 AM – 12:15 PM 

SYMPOSIUM 

Applied Ethics of Mummy Research 

KIPJ Theatre 



Anthropology and Archaeology 

KIPJ Room 220 


Chemistry and Biochemistry 

Cell and Molecular Biology 

KIPJ Room I 

SYMPOSIUM 

United States and <strong>World</strong> Fairs 

KIPJ Room B 

FIELD TRIP 

Come See the Wonders of the 

Fairs: A Walking Tour 


10:15 AM – NOON 8:40 AM – Noon 8:20 AM – NOON 8:30 AM – 5:45 PM 9:30 AM – 3:30 PM 


Ecology, Organismal Biology, and 

Environmental Sciences 

Earth Sciences 

KIPJ Room 218 


History & Philosophy of Science 

General & Interdisciplinary Studies 

KIPJ Room G 

SYMPOSIUM 

Pathways to Science: Inquiry-Based 

Learning Beyond the Classroom 

KIPJ Room A 

SYMPOSIUM 

Studies on an 

Old Kingdom Mummy 

KIPJ Theatre 

8:40 AM – 11:40 AM 8:20 AM – NOON 8:30 AM – NOON 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM 

SYMPOSIUM 

Quantum Retrocausation: Theory 

and Experiment, Part I 

KIPJ Rooms A and B 

SYMPOSIUM 

Quantum Retrocausation: 

Theory and Experiment, Part II 


SYMPOSIUM 

Facial Analysis and 

Depiction of Preserved Remains 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis 

in Ancient Egyptian Mummies 

KIPJ Theatre 

8:45 AM – 4:45 PM 8:45 AM – 4:15 PM 9:15 AM – 11:00 AM 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM 

SYMPOSIUM 

Don't Sign Your Life Away... 

KIPJ Room 217 

SYMPOSIUM 

Second Law of Thermodynamics: 

Status and Challenges, Part I 

KIPJ Rooms C and D 

SYMPOSIUM 

Second Law of Thermodynamics: 

Status and Challenges, Part II 




Session III 


9:00 AM – 3:20 PM 8:45 AM – 4:15 PM 9:30 AM – 3:00 PM 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM 


Health Sciences 

Engineering, Tech., & App. Sciences 

Computer & Information Sciences 

KIPJ 219 

SYMPOSIUM 

Technical Studies on the Head of 

an Egyptian Child Mummy 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the 

Tiwanaku Culture from 

Moquegua, Perú 

KIPJ Theatre 

10:00 AM – 11:40 AM 10:30 AM – NOON 11:00 AM – NOON 

NOON PUBLIC LECTURE 

"Journeying Through Stressed 

Urban Systems" 

KIPJ Theatre 


"Vitamin D" 

KIPJ Theatre 


"Once and Future Giants: What Ice 

Age Extinctins Tell Us about the 

Fate of Earth's Largest Animals" 

KIPJ Theatre 

12:15 PM 12:15 PM 12:15 PM 



Session I 

KIPJ Theatre 

PROGRAMS CONTINUING from MORNING 

WCMS CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 

SYMP: Forensic Sci of Clinical... 

SYMP: Quantum Retrocausation 


SYMP: Geophysical Turbulence 

SYMP: Quantum Retrocausation 

SYMP: 2nd Law Thermodynamics 


SYMP: United States and <strong>World</strong> Fairs 

SYMP: 2nd Law Thermodynamics 

SYMPOSIUM 

Mummies as Cultural Heritage 

KIPJ Theatre 

1:30 PM – 5:00 PM 

SYMP: Don't Sign Your Life Away… 

1:30 PM – 3:15 PM 

POETRY READING 

Poetry and Science 

Garden of the Sea Patio 

(behind KIPJ) 

POSTER SESSION 

AAAS, Pacific Division 


SYMPOSIUM 

Music and the Sciences: Synergies 

Among Musical Arts, Math, 

Science, and Engineering 

KIPJ Room F 

SYMPOSIUM 

Osteoimmunology: Fundamental, 

Clinical and Translational Implications 

in Temporomandibular Disorders 

KIPJ Room G 

FIELD TRIP 

Lesson in Sailing or Kayaking 

Mission Bay Aquatic Center 

4:00 PM – 5:30 PM Noon – 5:00 p.m. 1:15 PM – 5:10 PM 1:15 PM – 3:00 PM 1:45 PM – 5:00 PM 

POSTER SESSION 



SYMPOSIUM 

Panama Canal Expansion 

KIPJ Room H 

SYMPOSIUM 

Science Education 

and Civic Engagement 

KIPJ Room G 

SYMPOSIUM 

State-of-the-Art Mummy Research 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

A Multidisciplinary Collaboration 

for Tissue Analyses: The Case of 

Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi 

KIPJ Theatre 

5:30 PM – 6:30 PM 1:30 PM – 5:30 PM 1:15 PM – 5:00 PM 1:30 PM – 5:15 PM 3:30 PM – 4:15 PM 

SYMPOSIUM 

New Languages for New Realities: 

Literature, Poetry, and Hypertext 

KIPJ Room F 

SYMPOSIUM 

Human Experimental 

Mummification 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

The Changing Role of the Research 

University in K-12 Science Education 

KIPJ Room A 

SYMPOSIUM 

Hair in Archaeology 

KIPJ Theatre 

1:30 PM – 5:00 PM 1:30 PM – 4:15 PM 2:00 PM – 4:50 PM 4:30 PM – 6:15 PM 

WORKSHOP 

Finding Information in 

Open Access Journals 

Loma Hall Room 307 

SYMPOSIUM 

Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our 

Underatanding of a Common Cause 

of Retardation and Autism 

KIPJ Room H 

CLOSING CONVOCATION, 

ANNOUNCEMENTS, and RECEPTION 

<strong>7th</strong> <strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> 

on Mummy Studies 

KIPJ Theatre 

3:45 PM – 4:45 PM 1:30 PM – 5:00 PM 


Psychology 

Soc., Econ., and Pol. Sciences 

Engineering, Tech., and Appl. Sci. 

KIPJ 214 

1:40 PM – 4:20 PM 

STUDENT AWARD JUDGES 

MEETING 

KIPJ Green Room 

3:00 PM 

SYMPOSIUM 

Mummy Research in the 

Electronic Age 

KIPJ Theatre 

4:15 PM – 5:00 PM 

6:30 PM 

EVENING PLENARY LECTURE 

"NeuroEngineering: Evolution of 

Biopsycosocial Networks in Humans" 

KIPJ Theatre 

EVENING PLENARY LECTURE 

"Multi-disciplinary Approach 

to the Study of Human Remains" 

KIPJ Theatre 

SYMPOSIUM 

aDNA and Associated Biomolecules 

KIPJ Theatre 

7:00 PM 7:00 PM 5:15 PM – 6:30 PM 

DIVISION RECEPTION 

TBA 

USD PRESIDENT'S RECEPTION 

TBA 

RECEPTION and 

STUDENT AWARDS BANQUET 

KIPJ 

FIELD TRIP/RECEPTION 

Museum of Man 

Balboa Park 


8:00 PM 8:00 PM 6:15 PM 5:30 PM – 9:30 PM 

STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES 

ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING 

KIPJ ROOM A 

PACIFIC DIVISION PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS 

"Scientific Art and Artful Science: 

Musings of an Arts and Sciences Dean" 

KIPJ Rooms A – D 

9:00 PM APPROX 8:30 PM

GENERAL SESSIONS 

Sunday, 12 June 2011 Monday, 13 June 2011 

OPENING GREETINGS 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Sunday 

10:00 a.m. 

CONRADO RODRíGUEz MARTíN,. MD. (Director. of. the. 

Museum.of.Archaeology.of.Tenerife,.Canary.Islands,.President.of.the. 

Committee.for.the.study.of.the.Gaunche.mummies,.Vice-President. 

of.the.Paleopathology.group.in.Spain,.instrumental.in.the.organization.of.the.6 

th .<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies.held.in.Lanzarote,. 

Canary.Islands.in.2007,.and.co-author.of.the.Cambridge.Encyclopedia.of.Human.Paleopathology.(with.Authur.C..Aufderheide,.M.D.). 

will.open.the.7 th .<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies.with.greetings. 

The <strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> on Mummy Studies program 

continues on page 22 of these Proceedings. 

POETRy SCIENCE READINGS* 

Garden.of.the.Sea 

(behind.KIPJ) 

Sunday 

4:00 p.m. 

EVENING PUBLIC PLENARy LECTURE* 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Sunday 

7:00 p.m. 

1 NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial Networks 

in Humans,. ISHIRO NISHIMURA, DDS, DMSc, DMD, FAP. 

(School. of. Dentistry. and. Medicine,. University. of. California. Los. 

Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

WELCOME RECEPTION 

KIPJ.Rotunda 

Sunday 

8:00 p.m. 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division,.this.informal.reception.features. 

soft.drinks,.pretzels,.and.chips..It.begins.immediately.following.the. 

conclusion.of.the.evening.public.plenary.lecture.and.continues.until. 

about.9:15.p.m..All.registrants.and.their.families.are.invited.to.enjoy. 

the.conviviality.of.this.event..Please.wear.your.registration.badge. 

STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES 

ORGANIzATIONALMEETING 

KIPJ.Room.A 

Sunday 

9:00 p.m. 

*The.public.is.invited.to.attend.this.program.at.no.charge. 

NOON PUBLIC LECTURE* 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Monday 

12:15 p.m. - 1:00 p.m. 

GENERAL.SESSIONS 

2. Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems, H.J.S. FER- 

NANDO, PhD (Environmental. Fluid. Dynamics. Laboratories, 

Departments. of. Civil. Engineering. and. Geological. Sciences. and. 

Aerospace.and.Mechanical.Engineering, University.of.Notre.Dame, 

Notre.Dame,.IN). 

EVENING PUBLIC PLENARy LECTURE* 

KIPJ.Theatre 


7:00 p.m. 

3 Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains,. 

DAVID R. HUNT.(National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.Washington,.D.C.). 

USD PRESIDENT’S RECEPTION 

Garden.of.the.Sea 

(behind.KIPJ) 


8:00 p.m. 

University. of. San. Diego. President. Dr.. Mary. Lyons. will. host. an. 

informal.reception.following.Dr..Hunt’s.talk..All.participants.and. 

their.families.are.invited.to.enjoy.this.relaxed.occasion..Non-registered.family.members.are.welcome,.but.must.be.accompanied.by.a. 

registrant..Please.wear.your.registration.badge. 

19


Tuesday, 14 June 2011 

20 

WORLD CONGRESS ON MUMMy STUDIES 

SPECIAL INVITED LECTURE 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

11:45 a.m. 

4 The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, 

Canary Islands, Spain, CONRADO RODRíGUEz MARTíN 1 *, 

PABLO ATOCHE 2 , and ANGELES RAMíREz 2 ( 1 Instituto. 

Canario. de. Bioantropologia. (OAMC-Cabildo. de. Tenerife);. 2 Universidad.de.Las.Palmas.de.Gran.Canaria). 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

12:15 p.m. 

5 Vitamin D,. JOHN J. CANNELL, MD. (Executive. Director,. 

Vitamin.D.Council,.San.Luis.Obispo,.CA).. 

STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES MEETING 

KIPJ.SOUTH.GREEN.ROOM 

Tuesday 

3:00 p.m. 

RECEPTION AND STUDENT 

AWARDS BANQUET 

Joan.B..Kroc.Institute.for.Peace.and.Justice 

Tuesday 

6:15 p.m. 

Beginning.at.6:15.p.m.,.a.hosted.reception.will.feature.a.cash.bar. 

of.beer.and.wine,.and.soft.drinks.and.juices..Dinner.will.be.served. 

around.7:00.p.m..Be.sure.to.bring.your.dinner.ticket.with.you,.as.it. 

is.needed.to.not.only.verify.that.you.are.on.our.dinner.list.but.also. 

to.let.the.servers.know.your.choice.of.entrée..Tickets.to.the.banquet. 

cost.$40.and.needed.to.be.purchased.in.advance..Students.in.competition.for.Awards.of.Excellence.were.invited.to.attend.the.banquet. 

as.guests.of.the.Division.by.requesting.a.ticket.in.advance.(at.no. 

charge)..If.you.do.not.have.a.ticket.but.would.like.to.attend.the. 

banquet,.please.check.at.the.Registration.Center.to.see.if.any.tickets.remain..Following.dinner.will.be.the.announcement.of.the.winners.of.the.student.Awards.of.Excellence..Student 

award winners 

are asked to stay until the end of the program so that photographs 

may be taken of the group..After.announcement.of.the.award.winners,. 

Dr..Alissa.Arp. (Southern. Oregon. University,.Ashland,. OR). 

will.give.the.Presidential.Address,.Scientific Art and Artful Science: 

Musings of an Arts and Sciences Dean..The.evening.is.expected.to. 

end.by.about.9:30.p.m. 

*The.public.is.invited.to.attend.this.program.at.no.charge. 

Wednesday, 15 June 2011 

MEETING OF THE COUNCIL 

OF THE PACIFIC DIVISION 

KIPJ.Board.Room.(Room.226) 

Wednesday 

7:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. 

The. Council. of. the.AAAS,. Pacific. Division. will. hold. its. annual. 

breakfast.business.meeting.starting.at.7:00.a.m..in.the.KIPJ.Boardroom. 

(Room. 226).. The. Council. will. elect. officers,. discuss. programs.for.the.2012.and.2013.annual.meetings,.and.transact.such. 

other.business.as.is.required.by.the.Division’s.By-laws. 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Wednesday 

12:15 p.m. 

6 Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions Tell Us about 

the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals,. SHARON LEVy. (Science. 

writer,.Arcata,.CA)..A.book.signing.for.Ms..Levy’s.new.book,.from. 

which.this.talk.got.its.name,.will.follow.immediately.upon.the.completion.of.her.lecture. 

MUSEUM of MAN RECEPTION 

Museum.of.Man,.Balboa.Park 

Wednesday 

6:00 p.m. 

This. field. trip. (#4). departs. from. the. front. of. KIPJ. at. 5:30. p.m.;. 

returns.about.9:30.p.m..The.$15.fee.includes.transportation,.entry. 

to.the.Museum.of.Man,.and.reception. 

Sponsored.by.the.Museum.of.Man.in.Balboa.Park,.this.evening. 

at. the. Museum. of. Man. includes. a. reception. and. a. special. viewing.of.a.new.exhibit.–.Modern.Day.Mummy:.The.Art.and.Science. 

of. Mummification.. The. exhibit. features. Mumab,. a. modern. day. 

mummy.preserved.using.ancient.Egyptian.techniques..Mumab.is. 

on.permanent.loan.to.the.Museum.of.Man.from.the.University.of. 

Maryland.

Thursday, 16 June 2011 

CLOSING CONVOCATION, 

ANNOUNCEMENTS, 

and RECEPTION 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

6:30 p.m. 

GUIDO LOMBARDI.(Laboratory.of.Paleopathology,.Lima,.Peru). 

Invitation to the 4 th Meeting of Paleopathology in South America 

(PAMINSA IV), 2 – 5 November 2011, Lima, Peru. 

SHEILA MENDONÇA DE SOUzA. (National. School. of. Public. 

Health,. FIOCRUZ,. Rio. de. Janeiro,. Brazil). and. CLAUDIA 

RODRIGUES-CARVALHO.(National.Museum,.Rio.de.Janeiro,. 

Brazil).Announcement of the 8 th <strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> on Mummy Studies, 

2013 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

JANE BUIKSTRA.(Center.for.Bioarchaeological.Research,.Arizona.State.University,.Tempe,.Arizona,.USA).Announcement 


launching of the Journal of Paleopathology. 


21

SYMPOSIA.–.Sunday 

Sunday, 12 June 2011 

TECHNICAL SESSIONS 

1100 (time.italicized.and.underlined).identifies.a.student.presentation 

*.identifies.the.speaker.from.among.several.authors.listed 

63.(bolded.number).is.the.abstract.number 

Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Sunday 

10:00 a.m. – Noon 

Organizers:.Niels Lynnerup.(University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

and.Frank Rühli.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland,.Head.of.the. 

Swiss.Mummy.Project).. 

Program.sponsored.by.the.<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies.and. 

the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Anthropology.and.Archaeology. 

This. symposium. includes. presentations. on. the. ethical. considerations. 

of. mummy. research. and. display. from. diverse. viewpoints.. 

The.historical.and.theoretical.backgrounds.are.covered,.and.an.ethical.framework.will.be.proposed. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Neils Lynnerup and Frank Rühli 

10:15 7 Introduction to Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy 

Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * and NIELS LyNN- 

ERUP 2 ( 1 University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland; .2 University.of. 

Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

10:30 8 Theoretical and Historical Background,. BETTINA 

M. KREISSL LONFAT 1 , NIELS LyNNERUP 2 , and. 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *.( 1 University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland; . 

2 University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark).. 

10:45 9 Stakeholder Theory for Ancient Mummy Research, 

INA KAUFMANN* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University. 

of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

11:00 10 Who Decides What: Ethical Committees, Local Population, 

Politicians, Lawyers, or Scientists? NIELS LyNN- 

ERUP* and LISE HARVIG.(University.of.Copenhagen,. 

Denmark). 

11:15 11 Death on Display: Lived Life and a Good Story, Ethical 

Considerations when Displaying Mummies for a New 

Museum,.PAULINE ASINGH.(Moesgaard.Museum,.Aarhus,.Denmark).. 

11:30 11a An Historical Perspective on the Display of Egypt’s 

Royal Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American.University. 

in.Cairo,.New.Cairo,.Egypt;.salimaikram@gmail.com).. 

I. SyMPOSIA 

22. 1100 (time.italicized.and.underlined).identifies.a.student.presentation 



abstracts.contain.complete.contact.information.for.authors 

11:45 12 Proposal for an Ethical Framework for Ancient 

Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, BETTINA M. 

KREISSL LONFAT 1 , INA KAUFMANN 1 , and NIELS 

LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 


continues on page 47 of these Proceedings.

Monday, 13 June 2011 

The Forensic Science of Clinical 

Mental Health Counseling: 

The Theresa Lewis Case 

KIPJ.Room.E 


8:00 a.m. – 5:15 p.m. 

Organizer:.Ronn Johnson.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Psychology. 

Death.penalty.cases.often.contain.mental.health.mitigating.factors.. 

CACREP.is.a.counseling.organization.that.accredits.clinical.mental. 

health. training. programs..Among. the. CACREP. standards. are. 

assessment,.diagnosis,.ethics,.psychopathology,.and.forensic.issues.. 

Theresa.Lewis.was.a.death.penalty.case.where.the.aforementioned. 

forensic.mental.health.factors.were.relevant..Lewis.was.the.12th. 

woman.to.be.executed.in.the.United.States.since.capital.punishment. 

was.reinstated.in.1976..She.was.convicted.and.sentenced.to.death. 

in. a. murder. for. hire. incident,. with. the. two. male. co-conspirators. 

receiving.life.sentences..The.Theresa.Lewis.case.is.significant.for. 

two.clinical.mental.health.reasons..First,.it.provides.a.forensic.mental.health.framework.for.the.science-based.application.of.various. 

clinical. tools.. Second,. there. is. an. opportunity. for. examining. the. 

extent.to.which.these.mental.health.tools.meet.Daubert.standards.. 

This. symposium. includes. a. number. of. paper. presentations. that. 

examine.forensic.mental.health.issues.related.to.the.Theresa.Lewis.case.. 

Papers.are.presented.in.two’s.followed.immediately.by.a.“counter.viewpoint”.facilitated.by.discussants.that.have.been.recruited.in.advance. 

Session.Chair:.Ronn Johnson 

8:00 13 Overview and Wrap-up Questions for Forensic Mental 

Health in Death Penalty Cases,.RONN JOHNSON (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

8:45 14 Opposing Forensic Mental Health Reports in Death 

Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*, BRIANNA J. BOW- 

MAN*, and RONN JOHNSON.(University.of.San.Diego,. 

San.Diego,.CA). 

9:30 15 IQ as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, 

KRISTIN M. DASCANIO* and RONN JOHNSON 

(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

10:15 BREAK 

10:30 16 Dependent Personality Disorder as a Mitigating Factor 

in Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*. and 

RONN JOHNSON (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,. 

CA). 

11:15 17 Forensic Mental Health Issues in Domestic Violence,. 

SHARLAINE BROCKHOFF* and RONN JOHNSON 


12:00 LUNCH 

SYMPOSIA.–.Monday 

1:15 18 Forensic Mental Health Cultural and Ethical Considerations 

in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and 

RONN JOHNSON (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

2:00 19 Behavioral Disorders or Mental Impairment not Contained 

in the DSM-IV-TR: Clinical and Forensic Implications, 

HEIDI BECKENBACH* and RONN JOHNSON 


2:45 BREAK 

3:00 20 Clinical Mental Health Issues in Death Penalty Cases, 

KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

3:45 21 Identifying, Securing, Organizing and Reviewing 

Mental Health Data in Death Penalty Cases, KELSEy R. 

CAMPION* and RONN JOHNSON (University.of.San. 

Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

4:30 22 Care of the Mental Health Professional in Death Penalty 

Cases, NICHOLAS F. O’MADDEN* and RONN 

JOHNSON (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

7 th Annual Symposium on Advances 

in Materials Science and Nanotechnology 

KIPJ.Room.215 


8:25 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. 

Organizers:. Panos Photinos. (Department. of. Chemistry,. Physics,. 

Materials. Science. and. Engineering,. Southern. Oregon. University,. 

Ashland,. OR). and. Philip Collins. (Department. of. Physics. and. 

Astronomy,.University.of.California.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA). 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Physics.and.Materials. 

Science. 

Session.Chair:.Panos Photinos 

8:25 Opening Comments 

8:30 23 Single. Molecule Lysozyme Dynamics Monitored by 

an Electronic Circuit, PATRICK C. SIMS*, yONGKI 

CHOI, STEVEN R. HUNT, ISSA MOODy, BRAD L. 

CORSO, GREGORy A. WEISS, and PHILIP G. COL- 

LINS (University.of.California.at.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA). 

8:45 24 Scanning Gate Spectroscopy and Its Application to 

Carbon Nanotube Defects,.ELLIOT J. FULLER*, STE- 

VEN R. HUNT, BRAD L. CORSO, and PHILIP G. 

COLLINS.(University.of.California.at.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA). 

1100 (time.italicized.and.underlined).identifies.a.student.presentation. 23 

. *.identifies.the.speaker.from.among.several.authors.listed 


abstracts.contain.complete.contact.information.for.authors


9:00 25 Experimental Measurements of Endogenous Electric Fields 

in MEMS Devices: Toward a Second Law Challenge,.DANIEL 

P. SHEEHAN.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

9:15 26 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics 

in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions,. 

DANIEL P. SHEEHAN, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARA- 

MELLA.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

9:30 27 Aspects of Quantization in Nucleation: The Bubble, 

K.M. GALDAMEz.(Tufts.University,.Medford,.MA). 

9:45 28 Rheological Measurements in the Isotropic, Nematic 

and Lamellar Phase of the Cesium Pentadecafluorooctanoate/H 

2 O System,. PANOS PHOTINOS. (Southern. Oregon. 

University,.Ashland,.OR). 


Theory and Experiment, Part I 

KIPJ.Rooms.A.and.B 


8:45 a.m. – 4:45 p.m. 

Program continues on Tuesday at 8:45 a.m. 

(refer to page 29 of these Proceedings) 

Organizer:.Daniel P. Sheehan.(Department.of.Physics,.University. 

of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 


Science. 

Causation.–.the.notion.that.earlier.events.affect.later.ones.but.not. 

vice.versa.–.undergirds.our.experience.of.reality.and.physical.law.. 

Although.it.is.predicated.on.the.forward.unidirectionality.of.time,.in. 

fact,.most.physical.laws.are.time.symmetric;.that.is,.they.formally. 

and. equally. admit. both. time-forward. and. time-reverse. solutions.. 

Time-reverse.solutions.would.allow.the.future.to.influence.the.past,. 

i.e.,.reverse.(or.retro-).causation..Why.time-forward.solutions.are. 

preferentially. observed. in. nature. remains. an. unresolved. problem. 

in.physics. 

Laboratory. evidence. for. reverse. causation. is. intriguing. but. 

scarce;.meanwhile,.theoretical.models.for.these.results.have.not.yet. 

made.deep.enough.connections.with.mainstream.physics..Even.the. 

most.basic.physical.constraints.–.e.g.,.whether.reverse.causation.is. 

best.explained.by.energy.transfers.or.simply.by.correlations.without. 

information.exchange.–.remain.open.questions. 

This. symposium. will. explore. recent. experiments,. theory,. and. 

philosophical.issues.connected.with.retrocausation..In.particular,.it. 

is.hoped.that.this.meeting.will.help.generate.comprehensive.theoretical. 

models. by. which. experimental. results. can. be. understood,. 

and. stimulate. new. experiments. and. collaborations. by. which. the. 

underlying.physics.may.be.more.clearly.exposed. 

Session.Chair:.Garret Moddel.(University.of.Colorado,.Boulder,.CO) 

8:45 29 Constructing Retrocausal Models: Decision Points 





and Pitfalls, KEN WHARTON.(San.Jose.State.University,. 

San.Jose,.CA).. 

9:30 30 Delayed Choice Experiments, the Arrow of Time, and 

Quantum Measurement,.L.S. SCHULMAN.(Clarkson.University,.Potsdam,.New.York,.USA). 

10:15 BREAK 

10:30 31 Precision Measurements and Weak Values,.ANDREW 

N. JORDAN.(University.of.Rochester,.Rochester,.NY). 

11:15 32 The Retrocausal Nature of Quantum Measurement 

Revealed by Partial and Weak Measurements, AVSH- 

ALOM C. ELITzUR. (Iyar,. The. Israeli. Institute. for. 

Advanced.Research). 

12:00 LUNCH 

1:30 33 The Broken Symmetry of Time,.RUTH E. KASTNER. 

(University.of.Maryland,.College.Park,.MD). 

2:15 34 Mechanism of the Quantum Speed-up, GIUSEPPE 

CASTAGNOLI.(Elsag.Bailey,.Pieve.Ligure,.Italy). 

3:00 BREAK 

3:15 35 Cyclical Cosmology on a Mobius Strip, MICHAEL IBI- 

SON (Institute.for.Advanced.Studies.at.Austin,.Austin,.TX). 

4:00 36 Understanding Retrocausality – and Losing a Wager, 

RICHARD SHOUP.(Boundary.Institute,.San.Jose,.CA).. 

4:45 36a Pre and post-selection, weak measurements and the 

flow of time in quantum mechanics,.JEFF TOLLAKSEN 

(Chapman.University,.One.University.Drive,.Orange,.CA). 

Program continues on Tuesday at 8:45 a.m. 

Please refer to page 29 in these Proceedings. 

Don’t Sign Your Life Away: 

Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, Digital 

Repositories, and the Case for Open Access 

KIPJ.Room.217 


9:00 a.m. – 3:20 p.m. 

Organizers:.Amy Besnoy.(Science.Librarian/Copley.Library,.University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA),.Crystal 

Goldman (Academic. 

Liaison. Librarian,. Dr.. Martin. Luther. King,. Jr.. Library,. San. Jose.

State.University,.San.Jose,.CA),.Pearl Ly.(Natural.Sciences.Librarian,.Kellogg.Library,.California.State.University.San.Marcos,.San. 

Marcos,. CA),. and. Steven Staninger. (Business. Librarian/Copley. 

Library,.University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.General.and.Interdisciplinary.Studies. 

This. symposium. and. its. accompanying. workshop. will. focus. on. 

author’s.rights,.the.legal.background.on.copyright,.the.broad.field. 

of.scientific.publishing,.and.the.benefits.of.open.access.to.alleviate. 

costs.. Digital. repositories. will. be. discussed. as. a. way. for. the. 

academy.to.reclaim.the.ownership.and.dissemination.of.intellectual. 

property..For.information.on.the.accompanying.workshop,.please. 

turn.to.page.45.of.these.Proceedings. 

Session.Chair:.Amy Besnoy 

9:00 Introductory Comments 

9:05 37 Bibliometric Information Services for Computing, 

Interpreting and Reporting Research Productivity and 

Impact Indicators Using Cited Reference Enhanced Databases 

– Some Caveats for Librarians,. PETER JACSO 

(University.of.Hawaii,.Honolulu,.HI). 

9:25 38 Bibliometric Analysis of the Production of Graduate 

Nursing Students: 2002-2009,. VALERIA E. MOLTENI. 

(San.Jose.State.University,.San.José,.CA). 

9:45 39 HighWire’s Role in the Scholarly Publication Process,. 

BONNIE zAVON. (Public. Relations,. HighWire. Press,. 

Stanford.University,.Palo.Alto,.CA). 

10:15 BREAK 

Session.Chair:.Crystal Goldman 

10:30 40 Retaining Authors’ Rights: Long-term Protection in 

Adopting New Habits for a Flexible Scholarly Future,. 

JULIA GELFAND (University.of.California.Irvine,.Irvine,. 

CA). 

10:50 41 How Faculty in Higher Education Understand Copyright: 

A Multidisciplinary Study of Research and Teaching 

Universities and Community Colleges,. PATRICK NEW- 

ELL (California.State.University.Fresno.Fresno,.CA).. 

11:10 42 The Role of Librarians in the Protection of Author’s 

Rights and Copyright, IFEOMA ANN OLUWASEMI- 

LORE* and NGOzI BLESSING UKACHI.(University. 

of.Lagos,.Lagos,.Nigeria). 

11:30 LUNCH 

Session.Chair:.Pearl Ly 


1:15 43 Communicating Science in the Future, PHILIP 

BOURNE.(Editor.in.Chief,.PLoS.Comp..Biol..and.University.of.California.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

1:45 44 Helping Users Find Versions of Record in the Scholarly 

Literature,.CAROL ANNE MEyER.(CrossRef,.Lynnfield,.MA). 

2:05 BREAK 

2:20 45 Maximizing the Potential Impact of Digital Repositories,.CRySTAL 

GOLDMAN.(San.Jose.State.University,. 

San.Jose,.CA).. 

2:40 46 Building a Local Environmental Repository,. STE- 

PHEN STRATTON* and MELISSA MINDS VANDE- 

BURGT* (California. State. University. Channel. Islands,. 

Camarillo,.CA). 

3:00 47 Building a Global Virtual Herbarium – From the Collection 

Book to the Computer Screen,.LARRy SCHMIDT. 

(University.of.Wyoming,.Laramie,.WY). 

3:20 BREAK 

3:45 Workshop:.Finding Information in Open Access Journals.. 

Please.turn.to.page.45.of.these.Proceedings.for.information. 

about.this.workshop. 


KIPJ.Room.H 


1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. 

Organizer:.Anne A. Sturz.(Department.of.Marine.Science.and.Environmental.Studies,.University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego.CA). 

Program.sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.sections.on.Earth.Sciences,.General.and.Interdisciplinary.Studies,.and.Sociology,.Economics,.and.Political.Sciences. 

The.Panama.Canal.is.a.cornerstone.of.the.global.transportation.system,.connecting.the.Atlantic.Ocean.to.the.Pacific.Ocean.across.the. 

Isthmus.of.Panama..The.original.canal.was.completed.and.opened. 

for.shipping.in.1914..Thirteen.to.fourteen.thousand.vessels.use.the. 

Canal. every. year.. Commercial. transportation. through. the. Canal. 

represents.approximately.5%.of.the.world.trade..The.Canal.has.a. 

work.force.of.approximately.nine.thousand.employees.and.operates.24.hours.a.day,.365.days.a.year..The.Panama.Canal.Authority.is.undertaking.construction.of.new.locks,.new.water.reutilization. 

basins,. plus. widening. and. deepening. existing. navigational. 






channels..Anticipated.completion.of.the.Panama.Canal.Expansion. 

is. in. 2014,. marking. the. 100 th . anniversary. of. Canal. operations.. 

Speakers.contributing.to.this.symposium.will.discuss.the.history,. 

geological.parameters.and.sociological.implications.of.the.Canal. 

Session.Chair:.Anne A. Sturz 

1:30 Introductory Comments, ANNE A. STURz 

1:40 48 General Overview of the History of the Panama Canal,. 

J. DAVID ROGERS.(Missouri.University.of.Science.and. 

Technology,.Rolla,.MO). 

2:10 49 The History of the Panama Canal: An Imperial/Latin 

American Counterpoint, MARíA BÁRBARA zEPEDA 

CORTÉS. (University. of. California. San. Diego,. La. Jolla,. 

CA). 

2:40 50 Sociological Aspects of the Panama Canal, THOMAS 

REIFER (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

3:10 BREAK 

3:30 51 Landslides of the Panama Canal,. J. DAVID ROG- 

ERS. (Missouri. University. of. Science. and. Technology,. 

Rolla,.MO). 

4:00 52 General Overview of the Panama Canal Expansion 

Project, ELDON GATH (Earth.Consultants.International,. 

Santa.Ana,.CA). 

4:30 53 Tectonic Geomorphic and Paleoseismic Investigations 

of the Pedro Miguel Fault for the Panama Canal Expansion 

Project,.ELDON GATH (Earth.Consultants.International,. 

Santa.Ana,.CA). 

5:00 54 Historical Earthquake Activity in Central Panama,. 

TANIA GONzALEz. (Earth. Consultants. International,. 

Inc.,.Santa.Ana,.CA). 

New Humanities and Science Convergences: 



KIPJ.Room.F 


1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 

Program.Organizers:.Robert Louis Chianese.(California.State.University,.Northridge),.Halina 

Duraj.(University.of.San.Diego),.and. 

Carl A. Maida.(University.of.California,.Los.Angeles). 






Session.Chairs:.Halina Duraj.and.Robert Louis Chianese 

1:30 Welcome and Introductions 

1:40 55 Whither Hypertext? Electronic Literature and the Literary 

Canon,. HUGH BURKHART. (University. of. San. 


2:10 56 Exploring the Labyrinth: Typography and Reader 

Engagement in.House.of.Leaves,.ALISON PEARL.(University.of.Utah,.Salt.Lake.City,.UT). 

2:40 57 The [ ] Project: How Hypermedia Can Reshape the 

Critical Essay,.ROBERT GLICK.(University.of.Utah,.Salt. 

Lake.City,.UT). 

3:10 BREAK 

3:30 58 Ethnopoetics and Ethnography of the Oral Tradition, 

CARL A. MAIDA.(University.of.California,.Los.Angeles,. 

CA). 

4:00 59 Poetry, Science, and Ecological Language: the 

Description of Birds, ROBERT LOUIS CHIANESE.(California.State.University.Northridge,.Northridge,.CA). 

4:30 Wrap-up and Additional Questions


Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified 

Remains: From Iconographical Sources 

to Modern Day Techniques 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. 

Organizers:. Andreas G. Nerlich. (Institute. for. Pathology,. Klinikum. 

München-Bogenhausen,. München,. Germany). and. Raffaella 

Bianucci (Laboratory. of. Criminalistic. Sciences,. Department. of. 

Anatomy,.Pharmacology.and.Legal.Medicine,.University.of.Turin,. 

Italy).. 



This.symposium.includes.an.overview.of.the.current.microbiology. 

of.present-day.leishmaniasis.as.both.a.local.and.systemic.disease. 

dependent.on.the.parasite.strain..Molecular.investigations.on.modern.strains.will.provide.first.clues.as.to.the.origin.and.potential.evolution.of.the.pathogens..The.symposium.includes.presentations.on. 

the.most.recent.findings.of.Old.and.New.<strong>World</strong>.leishmaniasis.in. 

mummies.and.skeletonized.human.remains,.shedding.light.on.the. 

distribution.and.strain.differences.during.antiquity. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Andreas G. Nerlich.and.Raffaella Bianucci 

8:00 60 Introduction to Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified 

Remains: From Iconographical Sources to Modern 

Day Techniques, ANDREAS G. NERLICH 1 * and RAF- 

FAELLA BIANUCCI 2,3,4 ( 1 Academic. Teaching. Hospital. 

München-Bogenhausen,.Munich,.Germany;. 2 University.of. 

Turin,. Turin,. Italy;. 3 University. of. Marseilles,. Marseilles,. 

France;. 4 University.of.Pisa,.Italy).. 

8:15 61 Molecular Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Evolution of 

Leishmania, GABRIELE.SCHOENIAN (Charité.University.Medicine.Berlin,.Berlin,.Germany). 

8:30 62 The Unresolved Origins of Leishmaniasis: a Phylogenetic 

Perspective,.KELLy M. HARKINS.(Arizona.State. 

University,.Tempe,.AZ).. 

8:45 63 Evolutionary Origin of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) 

Based on Fossil Evidence and Potential Evolution 

of Host-Leishmania Interactions in the Old and the 

New <strong>World</strong>, REGINALDO PEÇANHA BRAzIL 1 * and 

JOSÉ D. ANDRADE FILHO 2 .( 1 Instituto.Oswaldo.Cruz/ 

FIOCRUZ,. Rio. de. Janeiro,. Brazil;. 2 Centro. de. Pesquisas. 

Rená.Rachou/FIOCRUZ,.Belo.Horizonte,.Brazil). 

9:00 64 Iconography of Mochica Leishmaniasis in Ancient 

Peru,. ALFREDO. ALTAMIRANO. (San. Marcos. University,.Lima,.Perú). 

9:15 65 Review of Paleopathology of Leishmaniasis in South 

SYMPOSIA.–.Tuesday 

America,.ALFREDO ALTAMIRANO.(San.Marcos.University,.Lima,.Perú). 

9:30 66 Molecular Identification of Visceral Leishmaniasis in 

Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Tissue Samples,.ANDREAS 

G. NERLICH 1 *, MARK SPIGELMAN 2,3 , BETTINA 

SCHRAUT 1 , CHARLES L. GREENBLATT 2 , ALBERT 

zINK 1,4 , and HELEN D. DONOGHUE 5. ( 1 Academic. 

Teaching. Hospital. München-Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany;. 

2 The.Hebrew.University.Jerusalem,.Israel;. 3 University.College,.University.of.London,.England;. 

4 EURAC.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

5 University.College.London,.London,.UK).. 

9:45 67 First Evidence of.Leishmania.infantum/Mycobacterium. 

tuberculosis Co-infection from Renaissance Europe, RAF- 

FAELLA BIANUCCI 1,2,9 *, ANDREAS G. NERLICH 3 , 

ABIGAIL BOUWMAN 4 , CHARLOTTE ROBERTS 4 , 

GABRIELE SCHOENIAN 5 , ANNA TRISCIUOGLIO 6 , 

CARSTEN M. PUSCH 7 , MARKUS BALL 7 , BEATRICE 

BACHMEIER 8 , EzIO FERROGLIO 6 , VALENTINA 

GIUFFRA 9 , SANDRA LOESCH 3,10 , and GINO FOR- 

NACIARI 9. ( 1 University. of. Turin,. Turin,. Italy;. 2 University. 

of. Marseilles,. Marseilles,. France;. 3 Academic. Teaching. 

Hospital. München-Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany;. 

4 University.of.Durham,.United.Kingdom;. 5 Charité.Universitätsmedizin,.Berlin,.Germany;. 

6 University.of.Turin,.Italy;. 

7 University.of.Tübingen,.Germany; .8 University.of.Munich,. 

Germany;. 9 University.of.Pisa,.Italy;. 10 University.of.Bern,. 

Switzerland). 




KIPJ.Room.E 

Tuesday 

8:10 a.m. – 4:40 p.m. 

Organizers:.Frank G. Jacobitz.(Mechanical.Engineering.Program,. 

University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA),.Harinda Joseph S. Fernando.(Department.of.Civil.Engineering.and.Geological.Sciences,. 

University. of. Notre. Dame,. Notre. Dame,. IN),. and. Kai Schneider. 

(Laboratoire.de.Mécanique,.Modélisation.et.Procédés.Propres,.Université.de.Provence,.Marseille,.France).. 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Engineering,.Technology.and.Applied.Sciences. 

Turbulent. motion. in. the. geophysical. environment. is. important. for. 

transport.and.mixing.processes.of.natural.and.anthropogenic.quantities,. 

including. momentum,. heat,. nutrients,. or. pollutants.. In. turn,. velocity. 

shear,.density.stratification,.and.system.rotation.present.in.the.geophysical.system.affect.properties.of.the.turbulent.motion..This.symposium.invites.participants.from.a.variety.of.backgrounds.and.employing.various.techniques.to.share.their.insights.into.the.dynamics.of.turbulence. 






Session.Chair:.Frank G. Jacobitz 

8:10 Introductory Comments,.FRANK G. JACOBITz 

8:15 68 InvIted PresentatIon:.Turbulent Rotating Convection,.HERMANCLERCX.(Eindhoven.University.of.Technology,.Eindhoven,.The.Netherlands). 

9:00 69 Numerical Simulations of Stratified and Rotating Turbulence 

using Feature Extraction,.ERIC AROBONE*.and 

SUTANU SARKAR.(University.of.California.San.Diego,. 

La.Jolla,.CA). 

9:25 70 Interactions of Building Flows and Influence of Tall 

Buildings on Ground Level Concentration,. HANSHENG 

PAN*, MARKO PRINCEVAC, and CHRISTIAN BAR- 

TOLOME.(University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,. 

CA). 

9:50 BREAK 

10:20 71 An Application of a Simple Free Convection Model to 

the Fire Flickering Phenomenon,.TREVOR MAyNARD* 

and MARKO. PRINCEVAC (University. of. California. 

Riverside,.Riverside,.CA). 

10:45 72 Laboratory Measurements and Sensitivity Modeling of 

the Thermodynamic and Droplet Characteristics of Superfog,.CHRISTIAN 

BARTOLOME 1 *, MARKO PRINCE- 

VAC 1 , AKULA VENKATRAM 1 , SHANKAR MAHAL- 

INGAM 2 , DAVID R. WEISE 3 , GARy ACHTEMEIER 4 , 

HENRy VU 1 , and GUILLERMO AGUILAR 1 ( 1 University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA;. 

2 University.of. 

Alabama,.Huntsville,.AL;. 3 PSW.Research.Station,.USDA. 

Forest.Service,.Riverside,.CA;. 4 Southern.Research.Station,. 

USDA.Forest.Service,.Athens,.GA). 

11:10 73 Development of the Urban Nocturnal Boundary 

Layer,.SAM POURNAzERI*, MARKO PRINCEVAC, 

AKULA VENKATRAM, SI TAN, and NICO SCHULTE. 

(University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA). 

11:35 74 Systematic Modeling of the Effects of Sound Barriers 

on the Dispersion From Roadways,. BRANDN GAzzOLO*, 

SAM POURNAzERI, and MARKO PRINCE- 

VAC (University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA). 

12:00 LUNCH 

1:30 75 Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low Level Sources 

in Urban Areas,.MARKO PRINCEVAC*, SAM POUR- 

NAzERI, and AKULA VENKATRAM. (University. of. 

California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA). 

1:55 76 Scale-dependent and Directional Statistics in Anisotropic 

Turbulence using Wavelets,. KAI SCHNEIDER 1 *, 





WOUTER BOS 2 ,. MARIE FARGE 3 ,. FRANK JACOB- 

ITz 4 ,.yUKIO KANDEA 5 ,.LUKAS LIECHTENSTEIN 6 ,. 

NAOyA OKAMOTO 5 ,. and. KATSUNORI yOSHI- 

MATSU 5 . ( 1 Université. de. Provence,. Marseille,. France;. 

2 Ecole.Centrale.Lyon,.France;. 3 Ecole.Normale.Supérieure,. 

Paris,. France;. 4 University. of. San. Diego,. San. Diego,. CA,. 

USA;. 5 Nagoya. University,. Japan;. 6 Aix-Marseille. University,.Marseille,.France). 

2:20 77 On Helical Properties of Homogeneous Turbulence, 

FRANK G JACOBITz *1 , KAI SCHNEIDER 2 , 

WOUTER J.T. BOS 3 , and MARIE FARGE 4 ( 1 University. 

of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA;. 2 Aix-Marseille.University,. 

Marseille,.France;. 3 Ecole.Centrale.de.Lyon.-.Universite.de. 

Lyon,. Ecully,. France;. 4 Ecole. Normale. Supérieure,. Paris,. 

France). 

2:45 78 Turbulence in the Near Wake of Strongly Stratified 

Flow Around a Sphere, KyLE A. BRUCKER*, THOMAS 

T. O’SHEA, JAMES W. ROTTMAN, and DOUGLAS 

G. DOMMERMUTH.(Science.Applications.International. 

Corporation,.San.Diego,.CA). 

3:10 BREAK 

3:30 79 Evening Transition in Complex Terrain,.H.J.S. FER- 

NANDO 1 , L. LEO 2 , S. DISABATINO 2 , and A. DALL- 

MAN 1 ( 1 University.of.Notre.Dame,.Notre.Dame,.IN;. 2 Università.del.Salento,.Lecce,.Italy). 

3:55 80 InvIted PresentatIon:.What is Geophysical Turbulence 

and Which Way Does it Cascade?. CARL H. GIB- 

SON (University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 


KIPJ.Room.H 

Tuesday 


Organizers:.Ronald S. Kaufmann.and.Anne A. Sturz.(Marine.Science. 

and. Environmental. Studies. Department,. University. of. San. 

Diego,.San.Diego.CA). 

Program.sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Atmospheric. 

and.Oceanographic.Sciences. 

This.symposium.includes.an.examination.of.Antarctic.ice.and.associated.ecosystems..The.impact.of.global.warming.on.polar.regions. 

has.been.the.subject.of.considerable.recent.research..In.particular,. 

warming.in.West.Antarctica.and.the.Antarctic.Peninsula.has.been. 

correlated. with. retreating. glaciers,. resulting. in. significant. loss. 

of. ice. mass. over. the. past. decade. (Rignot. et. al.,. 2008)..Antarctic. 

glaciers. have. been. accelerating. (Pritchard. and. Vaughan,. 2007),. 

changing.the.dynamics.of.the.continental.ice.sheet..In.addition,.ice. 

shelves.around.the.Antarctic.continent.have.been.breaking.up,.with.

increased.occurrences.of.large.icebergs.originating.from.ice.shelves. 

in.the.Ross,.Bellingshausen.and.Weddell.Seas.(e.g..Scambos.et.al,. 

2000;. Bindschadler. and. Rignot,. 2001;. Ballantyne,. 2002;. Long. et. 

al.,.2002)..Changing.ice.cover.and.the.increased.production.of.icebergs.can.affect.physical.and.biological.processes.on.the.Antarctic. 

continent.and.in.the.Southern.Ocean..Speakers.contributing.to.this. 

symposium.will.discuss.distribution.of.Antarctic.glaciers,.subglacial. 

lakes,.sea.ice,.currents.affecting.ice.transport,.effects.of.icebergs.on. 

water.column.structure.and.biological.communities.in.the.Southern. 

Ocean.. 

Program.Co-chairs:.Anne A. Sturz and Ronald S. Kaufmann. 

8:20 Opening Remarks ANNE A. STURz and RONALD S. 

KAUFMANN 

8:30 81 Elevation Changes on Antarctica’s Ice Shelves,.FER- 

NANDO S. PAOLO 1 *,.HELEN A. FRICKER 1 , and LAU- 

RIE PADMAN 2 .( 1 Scripps.Institution.of.Oceanography,.La. 

Jolla,.CA;. 2 Earth.and.Space.Research,.Corvallis,.OR). 

9:00 82 Cooling, Dilution and Mixing of Ocean Water by Freedrifting 

Icebergs in the Weddell Sea,.JOHN HELLy (University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

9:30 83 Subsurface Melting of a Free-Floating Antarctic 

Iceberg,. GORDON R. STEPHENSON, JR.*, JANET 

SPRINTALL, SARAH T. GILLE, MARIA VERNET, 

JOHN J. HELLy, and RONALD S. KAUFMANN 

(Scripps.Institution.of.Oceanography,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

10:00 BREAK 

10:30 84 From Enigmatic Extremophile Environment to a Window 

on the Workings of a Water System: Antarctica’s Subglacial 

Lakes and Waterways, SASHA CARTER.(Scripps. 

Institution.of.Oceanography,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

11:00 85 The Effect of Free-Drifting Icebergs on the Physiology 

of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia. superba, in the Southern 

Ocean,. DANIELLE. N. GARCIA*, RONALD S. 

KAUFMANN, and MARy SUE LOWERy. (University. 

of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

11:30 86 Composition and Structure of Macrozooplankton 

and Micronekton Communities in the Vicinity of Free- 

Drifting Icebergs in the Southern Ocean,. RONALD S. 

KAUFMANN 1 *, ROB E. SHERLOCK 2 , STEPHA- 

NIE L. BUSH 3 , KAREN J. OSBORN 4 , DANIELLE 

N. GARCIA 1 , KIM R. REISENBICHLER 2 , MARy S. 

LOWERy 1 , BRUCE H. ROBISON 2 , and KENNETH L. 

SMITH, JR. 2 .( 1 University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA;. 

2 Monterey. Bay.Aquarium. Research. Institute,. Moss. Landing,.CA;. 

3 University.of.Rhode.Island,.Kingston,.RI;. 4 University.of.California.Santa.Cruz,.Santa.Cruz,.CA). 





Tuesday 

8:45 a.m. – 4:15 p.m. 

This program is continuing from Monday. Please 

refer to page 24 in these Proceedings for the program description. 

Session.Chair:.Michael Ibison 

8:45 87 Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive 

Influences on Human Cognition and Affect,. DARyL J. 

BEM (Cornell.University,.Ithaca,.NY). 

9:30 88 Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Orthodox 

Quantum Mechanics Refined to Accommodate The Principle 

of Sufficient Reason, HENRy P. STAPP (Lawrence. 

Berkeley.National.Laboratory, Berkeley,.CA). 

10:15 BREAK 

10:30 89 Laboratory Demonstration of Retrocausation in a 

Digital System,.GARRET MODDEL 1 *, zIXU zHU 1 , and 

ADAM M. CURRy 2 . ( 1 University. of. Colorado,. Boulder,. 

CO;. 2 Psyleron,.Inc.,.Princeton,.NJ). 

11:15 90 Electrocortical Evidence for Retrocausation, DEAN 

RADIN 1 *, CASSANDRA VIETEN 1 , LEENA MICHEL 1 , 

and ARNAUD DELORME 2 ( 1 Institute.of.Noetic.Sciences,. 

Petaluma,. CA;. 2 University. of. California. San. Diego,. La. 

Jolla,.CA).. 

12:00 LUNCH 

1:00 91 Retrocausation, Consistency, and the Bilking Paradox, 

yORK DOByNS (Princeton.University,.Princeton,.NJ). 

1:45 92 Toward a Classical Thermodynamic Model for Precognition,.EDWIN 

C. MAy (Laboratories.for.Fundamental. 

Research,.Palo.Alto,.CA). 

2:30 BREAK 

2:45 93 Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory, 

FRED ALAN WOLF.(Have.Brains./.Will.Travel:.a.Global.Quantum.Physics.Educational.Company,.San.Francisco. 

CA). 

3:30 94 Retroactive Event Determination and Its Relativistic 

Roots, SKy E. NELSON.(Santa.Rosa,.CA). 






The Second Law of Thermodynamics: 


KIPJ.Rooms.C.and.D 

Tuesday 

8:45 a.m. – 4:15 p.m. 

Program continues on Wednesday at 8:15 a.m. 

(refer to page 37 of these Proceedings) 

Organizer:.Daniel P. Sheehan.(Department.of.Physics,.University. 

of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA).. 


Science. 

The.second.law.of.thermodynamics.is.considered.one.of.the.central. 

principles. of. science,. engineering. and. technology.. Since. its. 

discovery.185.years.ago,.no.counter-example.has.been.recognized. 

by.the.scientific.community,.and.its.status.is.generally.considered. 

absolute..During.the.last.two.decades,.however,.it.has.come.under. 

unprecedented.scrutiny.by.research.groups.worldwide,.as.evidenced. 

by.the.more.than.two.dozen.distinct.challenges.advanced.against.it. 

in. over. 60. articles.. Several. of. these. challenges. have. moved. into. 

laboratory.testing. 

In.this.symposium,.the.current.experimental.and.theoretical.status.of.second.law.will.be.examined..Topics.will.include.nonequilibrium.systems,.Maxwell’s.demon,.decoherence,.and.the.thermodynamic.arrow.of.time..Emphasis.will.be.given.to.current.and.proposed.experiments.addressing.questions.of.second.law.universality.. 

It.is.hoped.this.meeting.will.generate.new.theoretical.models.by. 

which.emerging.experimental.results.can.be.understood,.and.stimulate.new.experiments.and.collaborations.by.which.the.underlying. 

physics.of.the.second.law.may.be.more.fully.exposed. 

Session.Chair:.Harvey Leff (California.State.Polytechnic.University) 

8:45 95 Second Law Violation for Non-Ergodic Interactions, 

L. S. SCHULMAN (Clarkson. University,. Potsdam,. New. 

York,.USA). 

9:30 96 Reduced Statistical Fluctuations for an Object in a 

Partitioned Environment,.E. DELRE 1,2 , P. DIPORTO 2 , S. 

DI SABATINO 1 , and B. CROSIGNANI 3 * . ( 1 University.of. 

L’Aquila,. L’Aquila,. Italy;. 2 University. of. Rome. “La. Sapienza”,. 

Rome,. Italy;. 3 California. Institute. of. Technology,. 

Pasadena.CA). 

10:15 BREAK 

10:30 97 A Thermodynamic Time-Arrow for Single Particle 

Interactions? AVSHALOM C. ELITzUR 1 *, ELIAHU 

COHEN 2 , and PAz BENIAMINI 3 .( 1 Iyar,.The.Israeli.Institute.for.Advanced.Research;. 

2 Tel-Aviv.University;. 3 Hebrew. 

University.of.Jerusalem,.Israel). 

11:15 98 The Repelling Bose String, J.B. McGUIRE. (Florida. 

Atlantic.University,.Boca.Raton.FL). 

12:00 LUNCH 





1:00 99 The Quantum Solar Cell: Using Quantum Thermodynamics 

to Mitigate Recombination and Enhance Efficiency, 

KONSTANTIN E. DORFMAN*, MARLAN O. 

SCULLy, and ANATOLy A. SVISzINSKy (Texas.A&M. 

University,.College.Station,.TX.and.Princeton.University,. 

Princeton,.NJ). 

1:45 100 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics 

in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions,. 

D.P. SHEEHAN*, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARA- 

MELLA.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

2:30 BREAK 

2:45 101 Experimental Evidence Violating Laws of Thermodynamics 

In Magnetostrictive Materials, GERALD PEL- 

LEGRINI (Northeastern.University,.Boston,.MA). 

3:30 102 The Proell Effect: A Macroscopic Maxwell’s Demon,. 

KENNETH M. RAUEN.(Lubbock,.TX). 



KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

10:30 a.m. – Noon. 

Organizers:.Anita Petty.(Digital.Operations,.3M.Unitek,.Albuquerque,. 

New.Mexico).and.Marvin Rowe.(Conservation.Lab,.Museum.of.New. 

Mexico.and.Science.Program,.Texas.A&M.University). 



This.symposium.presents.the.results.of.analysis.of.the.head.of.an.Egyptian.child.mummy.collected.from.Egypt.during.the.1920.Shelton.Expedition..Included.will.be.the.chemical.analysis.of.the.resin.on.the.wrapping,.the.radiocarbon.dating.by.non-destructive.plasma.oxidation,.and. 

X-ray.fluorescence.of.the.head. 

Session.Chair:.Bob Brier 

10:30 103 Digital.Extraction of Surface Volumes Rendered from 

the CT Scans of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy,.ANITA 

PETTy.(3M.Unitek,.Albuquerque,.NM). 

10:45 104 Chemical Analysis of the Resin on Wrappings of a Late 

Period Egyptian Mummy, DAVE SEAPy 1 , ADEL SAIED 1 , 

MARVIN ROWE 1,2 *, and ANITA PETTy 3 ( 1 Texas.A&M. 

University. (Qatar. campus);. 2 Museum. of. New. Mexico,. 

Santa.Fe,.NM;. 3 3M.Unitek,.Albuquerque,.NM)..

11:00 105 Radiocarbon Dating of a Late Period Egyptian 

Mummy Using Plasma Oxidation, MARVIN ROWE 1,2 *, 

KAREN L. STEELMAN 3 , JERRy KING 4 , and ANITA 

PETTy 5 .( 1 Museum.of.New.Mexico,.Santa.Fe,.NM;. 2 Texas. 

A&M. University. Qatar,. Doha. Qatar;. 3 Central. Arkansas. 

University,.Conway,.AR;. 4 University.of.Arkansas,.Fayetteville,.AR; 

5 3M.Unitek,.Albuquerque,.NM). 

11:15 106 Nondestructive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the 

Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy, MARVIN ROWE 1,2 *, 

ANITA PETTy 3 , and MARK MACKENzIE 1 .( 1 Museum. 

of. New. Mexico,. Santa. Fe,. NM;. 2 Texas.A&M. University. 

Qatar,.Doha.Qatar;. 3 3M.Unitek,.Albuquerque,.NM). 

11:30 107 An Analysis of Mummified Intracranial Content, 

OTTO APPENzELLER 1 *, MIKE SPILDE 2 , ANITA 

PETTy 3 , CLIFFORD QUALLS 4 , GENEVIEVE PHIL- 

LIPS 5, PETER APPENzELLER 6 , and BOB BRIER 7 

( 1 NMHEMC. Research. Foundation,. Albuquerque. NM;. 

2 University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque.NM;. 3 3M.Unitek,. 

Albuquerque,.NM;. 4 University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque.NM;. 

5 University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque,.NM;. 

6 Tricore.Laboratories,.Albuquerque,.NM;. 7 Long.Island.University,.Greenvale,.NY). 

11:45 108 sPecIal InvIted lecture:. The Lanzarote and 

Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary 

Islands, Spain,. CONRADO RODRíGUEz 

MARTíN, PABLO ATOCHE, and ANGELES 

RAMíREz. ( 1 Instituto. Canario. de. Bioantropologia. 

(OAMC-Cabildo.de.Tenerife);. 2 Universidad.de.Las.Palmas. 

de.Gran.Canaria). 



Music and the Sciences: 

Synergies Among Musical Arts, Math, 

Science, and Engineering 

KIPJ.Room.F 

Tuesday 

1:15 p.m. – 5:10 p.m. 

Organizer:.Thomas F. Schubert.(Department.of.Engineering,.University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA).and.Ani 

P. Velo.(Department. 

of.Mathematics.and.Computer.Science,.University.of.San.Diego,. 

San.Diego,.CA). 


The. linkage. between. science. and. music. is. not. a. new. concept;. 

throughout.much.of.western.history,.science.and.art.were.each.considered.as.philosophy..Aristotle’s.exploration.of.the.physical.world. 

led.him.to.study.musical.scales,.modes,.and.harmonic.relationships. 

with.the.use.of.weights..Galileo’s.father.was.a.famous.musician.and. 


Einstein.played.the.violin.. 

The. purpose. of. this. symposium. is. to. bring. people. artificially. 

separated. by. modern. academic. disciplines. together. to. re-explore. 

the. common. ground. shared. by. math,. science,. engineering,. and. 

music.. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Thomas F. Schubert.and.Ani P. Velo 

1:15 Introductory Comments, THOMAS F. SCHUBERT 

1:30 109 Music, Expectation, and Information Theory, 

GARETH LOy (San.Rafael,.CA). 

1:55 110 Restoration of Musical Meter from Memory: How We 

Represent Musical Styles? SARAH C. CREEL (University. 

of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

2:20 111 A Seventeenth-Century Mathematical History of Tuning 

the Musical Scale, JOHN F. BUKOWSKI. (Juniata. 

College,.Huntingdon,.PA). 

2:45 112 Generation and Analysis of Heptatonic Harmonic 

Scales,. JOHN H. CHALMERS. (Scripps. Institute. of. 

Oceanography,. University. of. California. San. Diego,. La. 

Jolla,.CA).. 

3:10 BREAK 

3:30 113 Temperament of Mind: Hector Berlioz and Evariste 

Galois,. JEFF JOHANNES (State. University. College. of. 

Arts.and.Sciences,.Geneseo,.NY). 

3:55 114 An Analytical Oboe Design, RONALD L. FOX* and 

E. RANDOLPH HAGER* (Retired,.General.Atomics,.La. 

Jolla,.CA). 

4:20 115 Using Vocal Spectroscopy to Take the Guesswork Out 

of Powerful Singing,.RONALD SHAHEEN.(University.of. 

San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

4:45 116 Objective and Subjective Analyses of the Steel-String 

Acoustic Guitar,. DAVID M. MALICKy (University. of. 







Science Education and 

Civic Engagement 

KIPJ.Room.G 

Tuesday 

1:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 

Organizers:.Amy Shachter.(Associate.Provost,.Research.and.Academic.Affairs,.Santa.Clara.University,.Santa.Clara,.CA).and.SteveBachofer.(Department.of.Chemistry,.Saint.Mary’s.College,.Moraga,.CA). 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Science.and.Technology.Education. 

This. symposium. will. provide. examples. of. courses. that. link. science.education.and.civic.engagement..Included.will.be.examples.of. 

courses.designed.to.improve.science.education.by.helping.to.develop. 

and.strengthen.efforts.that.teach.through.complex.social.issues.to.the. 

basic.science.necessary.to.comprehend.and.intelligently.act.on.them.. 

Courses.that.foster.student.engagement.in.the.community.to.create. 

a.greater.sense.of.place.and.responsibility.will.also.be.highlighted. 

Session.Chair:.Amy Shachter 

1:15 117 What are the Benefits of Taking the Lab Outside?.STE- 

VEN BACHOFER. (Saint. Mary’s. College. of. California,. 

Moraga,.CA). 

1:45 118 Using Course-Specific Student Course Evaluations 

to Drive Learning-Centered Teaching,. STEPHEN CAR- 

ROLL 1 * and MELISSA GANUS 2 ( 1 Santa.Clara.University,.Santa.Clara,.CA;. 

2 Seattle.Community.Colleges,.Seattle,.WA).. 

2:15 119 Preservice Science Teachers Think About Science and 

Teaching,. CAROLyN VIVIANO. (Loyola. Marymount. 

University,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

2:45 120 Community Guest Speakers Show Forensics Students 

How to Become More Involved in Preventing Campus 

Crimes, VIRGINIA R. CARSON (Chapman. University,. 

Orange,.CA). 

3:15 BREAK 

3:30 121 Science Education in Rural America: SENCER Related 

Learning Outcomes and Attitudes in Chemistry Courses for 

Non-majors,. GREGORy S. VAN DOREN 1 and LAW- 

RENCE K. DUFFy 2 * ( 1 White.Earth.Tribal.and.Community.College,.Mahnomen,.MN;. 

2 University.of.Alaska.Fairbanks,.Fairbanks,.AK). 

4:00 122 Metacognitive Learning: Enhancing Performance 

by Teaching Students HOW to Learn,. STEPHEN CAR- 

ROLL 1 * and MELISSA GANUS 2 , ( 1 Santa.Clara.University,.Santa.Clara,.CA;. 

2 Seattle.Community.Colleges,.Seattle,.WA).. 





4:30 123 Applying the Innovation Diffusion Model to Science 

Education Reform: What can SENCER and Other Reform 

Efforts Learn?. AMy SHACHTER. (Santa. Clara. University,.Santa.Clara,.CA). 

Human Experimental Mummification 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. 

Organizers:.Frank J. Rühli.(Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,. 

Switzerland,.Head.of.the.Swiss.Mummy.Project).and.Christina Papageorgopoulou.(Research.Assistant,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of. 

Zürich). 



Artificial.mummification.methods.have.been.developed.in.many.parts.of. 

the.world.with.that.of.the.Ancient.Egyptians.being.among.the.most.successful..Nevertheless,.little.effort.has.been.made.to.explore.this.process. 

on.an.experimental.basis..This.symposium.aims.to.present.the.results. 

of.a.large.project.which.tried.experimentally.to.reconstruct.the.ancient. 

Egyptian.mummification.method.by.applying.evidence-based.diagnostic.criteria. 

and.state-of-the-art.methodology,.and. to. bring.researchers. 

together.who.have.conducted.similar.experiments.on.animal.and.human. 

tissues. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Frank J. Rühli and.Christina Papageorgopoulou 

1:30 124 Introduction:. Human Experimental Mummification,. 

FRANK J. RÜHLI* and CHRISTINA PAPAGEOR- 

GOPOULOU (University.of.Zürich,.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

1:45 125 Human Mummification: The Experimental Approach, 

BOB BRIER.(Long.Island.University,.Greenvale,.NY).. 

2:00 126 Post-mortem Alterations of Mummified Human Tissue 

under Experimental Setting, CHRISTINA PAPAGEOR- 

GOPOULOU*, NATALLIA SHVED, and FRANK J. 

RÜHLI.(University.of.Zürich,.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

2:15 127 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Method 

Using Evidence Based Methodology: Histological 

Analysis, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU*, 

NATALLIA SHVED, JOHANN WANEK, GIOVANNI 

COLACICCO, and FRANK J. RÜHLI. (University. of. 

Zürich,.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

2:30 128 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Methods 

Using Evidence Based Methodology: MRI, CT Analysis, 

STEPHANIE PANzER 1 , JOHANN WANEK 2 , 

CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU 2 , NATALLIA 

SHVED 2 , GIOVANNI COLACICCO 2 , and FRANK 

J. RÜHLI 2 * ( 1 Berufsgenossenschaftliche. Unfallklinik. 

Murnau,. Murnau. am. Staffelsee,. Germany;. 2 University. of. 

Zürich,.Zürich,.Switzerland).

2:45 129 Swiss Mummy Project: Experimental Human Tissue 

Mummification and Post-mortem DNA Degradation,. 

NATALLIA SHVED, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOP- 

OULOU, KATJA PAULSEN, CORDULA HAAS, 

and FRANK J. RÜHLI. (University. of. Zürich,. Zürich,. 

Switzerland). 

3:00 BREAK 

3:30 130 Experimental Human Ice Mummification for Conservation 

and Taphonomic Studies, E. EGARTER 

VIGL1 , ANGELA GRAEFEN2 *, MARCO SAMA- 

DELLI2 , FRANK MAIXNER2 , ASTRID GRUMER2 , 

and ALBERT zINK2 . ( 1General. Hospital. Bolzano,. Italy;. 

2EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,. Italy).. 

3:45 131 Experimental Archaeology for the Interpretation of 

Taphonomy Related to Bog Bodies: Lessons Learned from 

Two Projects Undertaken a Decade Apart, HEATHER 

GILL-FRERKING 1 * and COLLEEN HEALEy 2 

( 1 Museum. Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. 

Mannheim,. Germany;. 2 Independent. Conservator,. Ottawa,. 

Canada).. 

4:00 132 Sheep and Cats and Cows, Oh My!: Experimental 

Mummification, SALIMA IKRAM.(American.University. 

in.Cairo,.New.Cairo,.Egypt).. 



Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our 

Understanding of a Common Cause 


KIPJ.Rooms.H.and.I 

Tuesday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 

Organizers:. Veronica V. Galván. (Department. of. Psychological. 

Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA).and.Peter W. 

Vanderklish (Department.of.Neurobiology,.The.Scripps.Research. 

Institute,.La.Jolla,.CA).. 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Health.Sciences. 

Fragile. X. syndrome. is. the. most. common. inherited. form. of. mental. 

retardation. and. the. leading. known. cause. of.Autism.. . Many. affected. 

individuals. also. suffer. from. anxiety,. attention. deficit,. hyperactivity,. 

obsessive-compulsive. disorders,. developmental. seizures. and. subtle. 

physical.symptoms..These.wide.ranging.symptoms.are.caused.by.the. 

silencing. of. a. single. gene,. denoted. Fmr1.. In. unaffected. individuals,. 

this.gene.is.active.and.produces.a.protein.(FMRP).that.regulates.the. 

de.novo.synthesis.of.hundreds.of.other.proteins.at.synapses..Intensive,. 

multidisciplinary.studies.of.FMRP.and.synaptic.dysfunctions.that.arise. 

from.its.absence.in.Fragile.X.syndrome.have.provided.exciting.insights. 


into. the. neural. basis. of. this. syndrome. that. may. also. apply. to. other. 

causes.of.Autism..These.efforts.have.led.to.candidate.therapies.while. 

also.advancing.our.basic.understanding.of.the.mechanisms.that.control. 

neuronal.excitability.and.synaptic.plasticity..This.symposium.will.provide.a.forum.for.scientists,.teachers,.students,.and.interested.lay.public.to.hear.both.an.introduction.to.Fragile.X.from.parents.of.affected.children.and.a.series.of.talks.from.scientists.that.will.present.some.of.the. 

latest.research.in.the.field..Scientific.topics.will.include.the.molecular. 

basis.of.synaptic.dysfunction.in.Fragile.X.syndrome,.alterations.in.synaptic.plasticity.and.aggregate.neural.activity,.and.potential.therapeutic. 

strategies..Further.information.and.resources.will.be.made.available.by. 

the.FRAXA.Research.Foundation,.an.organization.founded.by.parents. 

that.funds.Fragile.X.research.and.has.been.instrumental.in.advancing. 

the.field.by.supporting.scientists.to.find.a.cure. 

Session.Chair:.Veronica Galván 

1:30 133 The Journey So Far, CINDy de GRUCHy (Cofounder,.The.Fragile.X.Center.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

2:00 134 Translating Fragile X, PETER W. VANDERK- 

LISH 1 *, JOHN B. FARNUM 1 , JULIE PILOTTE 1 , and 

VERONICA GALVÁN 2 .( 1 The.Scripps.Research.Institute,. 

La.Jolla,.CA;. 2 University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

2:30 135 OSWALD STEWARD* et al..(University.of.California,.Irvine,.CA). 

3:00 BREAK 

Session.Chair:.Peter Vanderklish 

3:20 136 Defective GABAergic Neurotransmission and Pharmacological 

Rescue of Neuronal Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala 

in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome, MOLLy 

M. HUNTSMAN 1 *, JOSE LUIS OLMOS-SERRANO 1 , 

SCOTT M. PALUSzKIEWICz 1,2 , BRANDON S. MAR- 

TIN 1,2 , WALTER E. KAUFMANN 3 , and JOSHUA G. 

CORBIN 1 .( 1 Children’s.National.Medical.Center,.Washington.DC,.USA;. 

2 Georgetown.University.School.of.Medicine,. 

Washington,. DC;. 3 Johns. Hopkins,. University. School. of. 

Medicine,.Baltimore.MD). 

3:50 137 Impairments in the Pathways that Regulate the Spine 

Actin Cytoskeleton in a Mouse Model of Fragile X, JULIE 

C. LAUTERBORN*, GARy LyNCH, and CHRISTINE 

M. GALL.(University.of.California.at.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA). 

4:20 138 Long-lasting Effects of Minocycline on Behavior 

in Neonatal and Adult Fragile X Mice, IRyNA M. 

ETHELL 1 *, LORRAINE DANSIE 1 , KELLy PHOM- 

MAHAXAy 1 , SARAH ROTSCHAFER 2 , KHALEEL 

RAzAK 2 , and DOUGLAS W. ETHELL 3 ( 1,2 University.of. 

California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA;. 3 Western.University.of. 

Health.Sciences,.Pomona,.CA). 

4:50 Open Discussion 






Mummy Research in the Electronic Age 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

4:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 

Organizers:.S. J. Wolfe.(American.Antiquarian.Society,.Worcester,. 

MA).and.Jasmine Day.(The.University.of.Western.Australia,.Perth,. 

Australia). 



This.symposium.covers.the.recent.digitization.of.many.19 th. century. 

periodicals.that.have.revealed.a.flood.of.mummy.fiction,.including. 

poetry,.plays,.and.novels. 

Session. Chair. and. Commentator:. David A. Rawson. (Worcester. 

Polytechnic.Institute,.Worcester,.MA) 

4:15. 139. Introduction: The New Age of Research: Digitization 

and Electronic Access, DAVID A. RAWSON. (Worcester. 

Polytechnic.Institute,.Worcester,.MA).. 

4:30 140 The Mythology of Mummy Paper: Deconstructing an 

Urban Legend,.S. J. WOLFE (American.Antiquarian.Society,.Worcester,.MA).. 

4:45 141 The Mummy Speaks: An Interdisciplinary Study of 

the Mummy in Literature, Theatre and Politics,. JAS- 

MINE DAy.(The.University.of.Western.Australia,.Perth,. 

Australia). 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Tuesday 

5:15 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. 

Organizers:.Mark Spigelman.(Windeyer.Institute.of.Medical.Sciences,. 

University. College,. London,. UK,. and. The. Kuvin. Centre, . 

Hebrew.University,.Jerusalem,.Israel).and.Dong Hoon Shin.(Department.of.Anatomy,.Seoul.National.University.College.of.Medicine,. 

Seoul,.Korea,.and.Dankook.University,.Choenan,.Korea). 



This.symposium.will.discuss.how.aDNA.and.associated.biomolecues. 

form. an. important. and. growing. part. of. research. associated. 

with. mummy. studies. and. how. they. contribute. to. a. better. understanding.of.the.life.and.death.of.people.that.were.mummified..As. 

this.research.is.potentially.destructive,.the.symposium.will.show. 

how. to. biopsy. mummies. using. minimally. destructive/intrusive. 

methodology.as.well.as.trying.to.establish.baselines.and.protocols. 

on.how/what.to.sample. 





Session.Co-Chairs:.Mark Spigelman.and.Dong Hoon Shin 

5:15 142 Ancient DNA and Parasites from Korean Mummies, 

DONG HOON SHIN 1 *, MyEUNG JU KIM 2 , yI-SUK 

KIM 3 , CHANG SEOK OH 1 , and MIN SEO 4 ( 1 Seoul. 

National. University. College. of. Medicine,. Seoul,. Korea;. 

2 Dankook. University,. College. of. Medicine,. Choenan,. 

Korea;. 3 Ewha. Womans. University. School. of. Medicine,. 

Seoul,. Korea;. 4 Dankook. University. College. of. Medicine,. 

Cheonan,.Korea).. 

5:30 143 Mummy Response to Pathogens, GILA KAHILA 

BAR-GAL 1 *, ANAT LICHTER-PELED 1 , and MARK 

SPIGELMAN 2 . ( 1 The. Hebrew. University. of. Jerusalem,. 

Rehovot,.Israel;. 2 University.College.London,.London,.UK. 

and.The.Hebrew.University.of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem.Israel). 

5:45 144 Analysis of Ancient Mummy DNA – Problems and 

Perspectives, ALBERT. zINK*, ANGELA GRAEFEN, 

CHRISTIAN MITTERER, and FRANK MAIXNER. 

(EURAC.–.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,. 

Italy). 

6:00 145 Progress Report on the Progress of Scientific Studies 

of Three Large Mummy Collections: Results and Prospects,. 

MARK SPIGELMAN.(University.College.London,.London,.UK.and.The.Hebrew.University.of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem,.Israel). 

6:15 146 Panel Discussion on the Importance of aDNA and 

Biomolecules in the Study of Ancient Mummies, MARK 

SPIGELMAN 1 * and DONG HOON SHIN 2 *. ( 1 University.College.London,.London,.UK.and.Hebrew.University. 

of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem,.Israel;. 2 Seoul.National.University. 

College.of.Medicine,.Seoul,.Korea.and . Dankook.University,. 

Choenan,.Korea).

Wednesday, 15 June 2011 

Princess Takabuti – Analysis, 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Wednesday 

8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m. 

Organizer:. Caroline Wilkinson. (Centre. for.Anatomy. and. Human. 

Identification,. College. of. Life. Sciences,. University. of. Dundee,. 

Dundee,.Scotland).. 



This.symposium.relates.the.study.of.“Princess”.Takabuti,.an.Egyptian.mummy.from.the.Ulster.Museum.in.Belfast,.Ireland..This.was. 

the.first.mummy.to.be.displayed.in.Ireland.(1835).and.has.been.the. 

highlight.of.the.Ulster’s.Egyptian.collection..In.2008,.the.mummy. 

was.taken.to.the.University.of.Manchester.where.Rosalie.David.and. 

a.team.of.scientists.analyzed.the.mummy.for.evidence.of.disease,. 

diet,. lifestyle,. lifespan,. status,. and. religious. practices.. Caroline. 

Wilkinson.from.the.University.of.Dundee.created.a.3-D.reconstruction.of.the.mummy’s.face..See.Facial 

Analysis and Depiction of 

Preserved Remains.on.page.37.for.a.continuation.of.this.topic. 

Session.Chair:.Caroline Wilkinson 

8:00 147 Introduction to the Takabuti Project, JENEFER 

COCKITT* and A.R. DAVID (University.of.Manchester,. 

Manchester,.UK). 

8:15 148 The Mummy of the Ancient Egyptian Noblewoman, 

Takabuti of Thebes, WINIFRED GLOVER. (Ulster. 

Museum,.Belfast,.Northern.Ireland,.UK). 

8:30 149 Imagine Takabuti: Radiology and Osteology, JUDITH 

E. ADAMS 1 * and EILEEN M. MURPHy 2 .( 1 The.Royal. 

Infirmary,. Manchester,. UK; . 2 Queen’s. University. Belfast,. 

Belfast.Northern.Ireland,.UK).. 

8:45 150 Reconstruction of the Face of Princess Takabuti, 

CAROLINE WILKINSON, SARAH SHRIMPTON, 

and JANICE P. AITKEN.(University.of.Dundee,.Dundee,. 

Scotland). 

9:00 151 Show Me the Mummy – the Face of Takabuti,.CAR- 

OLINE WILKINSON. (University. of. Dundee,. Dundee,. 

Scotland). 



SYMPOSIA.–.Wednesday 


KIPJ,.Room.B 

Wednesday 

8:30 a.m. – 5:45 p.m. 

Organizer:.Alan L. Bain.(Emeritus.Certified.Archivist;.Volunteer,. 

National.Anthropological.Archives;.Retired.Archivist,.Smithsonian. 

Institution.Archives). 

Program.sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Anthropology.and.Archaeology. 

<strong>World</strong>.fairs.are.good.fun.and.food..But,.that.is.not.all..Fairs.are.complex.events.that.contain.multiple.ideas.and.meanings.to.the.directors.and.managers,.business.community,.the.audience,.participants,. 

exhibitors.and.government.administrators..They.reflect.themes.of. 

technological. and. industrial. advance,. empire. and. colony,. racism. 

and.research,.self-image,.respect.and.independence..This.symposium.covers.a.wide-range.of.topics.and.fairs.documenting.Asia.and. 

Asian.American.communities.represented.at.the.fairs,.the.reasons. 

for.the.collections.of.ethnological.material.and.other.artifacts.and. 

what.happened.to.them,.Californians.response.to.the.Panama-Pacific. 

Exposition,.mummies.on.display,.how.Native.Americans.were.represented.and.how.the.Japanese.depicted.the.Ainu..Anthropologists,.historians.and.archivists.will.participate.at.this.symposium..In.addition.to.the.above,.there.will.be.a.discussion.on.the.use.of.archives. 

to.document.fairs,.the.information.they.contain,.and.the.continuous. 

need.to.acquire.additional.records.and.special.collections. 

Session.Chair:.Robert W. Rydell 

8:30 Opening Comments,. ROBERT W. RyDELL. (Montana. 

State.University,.Bozeman,.MT). 

8:45 152 Writing the History of <strong>World</strong>’s Fairs, JAMES G. GIL- 

BERT (Distinguished.University.Professor.Emeritus,.University.of.Maryland,.College.Park,.MD). 

9:15 153 Asian Americans and Asian Nations at U. S. <strong>World</strong> 

Fairs, 1876-1915,. BENNET BRONSON. (Chinese. in. 

Northwest. America. Research. Committee.. Bainbridge. 

Island,.WA). 

9:45 Question and Answer Period 

10:00 BREAK 

10:20 154 Living ‘Cliff Dwellers’ at the 1893 <strong>World</strong>’s Columbian 

Exposition: An Enduring Metaphor of a 21 st Century 

Indigenous People, LARS KRUTAK.(National.Museum.of. 

Natural.History,.Washington,.DC). 

10:50 155 A Publicly Ethereal Manifestation: Chicago, Anthropology, 

and the <strong>World</strong>’s Columbian Exposition, STEPHEN 

E. NASH.(Denver.Museum.of.Nature.and.Science,.Denver,. 

CO). 


. 1100 (time.italicized.and.underlined).identifies.a.student.presentation. 35 





11:25 LUNCH 

1:00 156 Mummies in Context: Displays of Human Remains at 

<strong>World</strong>’s Fairs in the United States,.SAMUEL REDMAN. 

(University.of.California,.Berkeley,.CA). 

1:30 157 Platform for Immigration Battles: Chinese Americans 

at <strong>World</strong> Fairs before 1920,. CHUIMEI HO. (Chinese. in. 

Northwest. America. Research. Committee,. Bainbridge. 

Island,.WA). 

2:00 158 Documenting the New Colony through its Objects: 

The Smithsonian’s Philippine Collections from the early 

20 th Century International Fairs,.PATRICIA O. AFABLE. 

(Smithsonian.Institution,.National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.Washington,.DC). 


2:45 BREAK 

3:05 159 Performers, Interpreters, and the Showman Onstage 

and Offstage at the Pay Streak’s ‘Igorrote Village’,.DEANA 

WEIBEL 1 and PATRICIA O. AFABLE 2 ( 1 Grand.Valley. 

State. University,. Allendale. MI;. 2 Smithsonian. Institution,. 

National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.Washington,.DC). 

4:05 160 Defining a Californian: Visions of California at the 

Panama-Pacific International Exposition,. ABIGAIL 

MARKWyN.(Carroll.University,.Waukesha,.WI). 

4:35 161 The Legacy of an Ainu Activist, Kayano Shigeru: 

His Lifelong Efforts to Save Ainu Heritage,. yOSHIKO 

yAMAMOTO.(San.Francisco.State.University,.San.Francisco,.CA). 

5:05 162 <strong>World</strong>’s Fairs as Special Collections,.TAMMy LAU. 

(California.State.University.Fresno,.Fresno,.CA). 

5:25. Question and Answer Period 

Pathways to Science: Promoting 

Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom 

KIPJ.Room.A 

Wednesday 


Organizers:.Carl A. Maida.(University.of.California,.Los.Angeles). 

and.Paul Heckman.(University.of.California,.Davis). 

Sponsored.by.the.Education.Section.and.the.Education.Committee. 

of.the.AAAS,.Pacific.Division. 

This. session. will. combine. didactic,. experiential,. and. reflective. 





activities.–.essential.elements.in.Inquiry-Based.Learning.–.to.engage. 

audience. members,. including. K-14. teachers. and. informal. science. 

educators,. and. presenters. in. a. professional learning community. 

experience.. The. intent. is. to. provide. an. opportunity. for. collaborative.inquiry.and.the.learning.related.to.STEM.(Science,.Technology,. 

Engineering.and.Mathematics).in.out-of-school-time settings..While. 

increasing.numbers.of.students.start.college.with.plans.to.major.in.the. 

STEM. fields,. their. completion. rates. are. lagging,. especially. among. 

under-represented. minorities.. Generating. and. sustaining. interest. in. 

a.scientific.career.will.require.engaging.students.in.STEM.learning. 

activities.outside.of.the.classroom,.such.as.collaborating.with.their. 

peers.on.group.projects.in.after-school.programs.and.science.clubs.. 

This.workshop.will.consider.ways.to.increase.students’.scientific.literacy. 

through. involvement. in. project-based. learning. –. that. is. also. 

inquiry-based.–.in.after-school.programs.and.in.experiential,.community-based. 

learning. activities,. including. mentored. internships,. with. 

the.objectives.of:.1).increasing.knowledge.of.science;.2).improving. 

the.sense.of.self-efficacy;.and.3).promoting.basic,.applied,.and.clinical. 

sciences. as. career. choices.. Panelists. will. discuss. current. issues. 

and. future. trends. in. out-of-classroom. science. education,. including. 

STEM. after-school. programs,. pre-college. science. enrichment. and. 

“pipeline”.programs,.university-community.partnerships,.STEM.scientist.educational.outreach.and.mentoring.activities,.Informal.STEM.education,.“National.Lab.Day,”.“living.classrooms,”.scientific.literacy,.and.“citizen.science”.initiatives..The.session.will.also.consider. 

the.ways.high.school.seniors.and.college.students,.together,.can.serve. 

as.science ambassadors.and.role.models.to.engage.their.peers.in.outof-classroom.activities.that.enhance.an.understanding,.appreciation,. 

and.perhaps.a.passion.for.science.and.scientific.inquiry. 

Following.the.symposium.and.lunch.(on.your.own).will.be.an. 

informal.field.trip.to.the.San.Diego.campus.of.High.Tech.High..High. 

Tech.High.began.in.2000.as.a.single.charter.high.school.launched. 

by.a.coalition.of.San.Diego.business.leaders.and.educators..It.has. 

evolved. into. an. integrated. network. of. schools. spanning. grades. 

K-12,.housing.a.comprehensive.teacher.certification.program.and.a. 

new,.innovative.Graduate.School.of.Education..The.Gary.and.Jerri- 

Ann.Jacobs.High.Tech.High.is.the.original.High.Tech.High.school.. 

Founded.in.the.fall.of.2000,.the.school.is.located.at.HTH.Village.in. 

San.Diego.and.serves.approximately.535.students.in.grades.9-12.. 

High.Tech.High.now.operates.eleven.schools.in.San.Diego.County:. 

two.elementary.schools,.four.middle.schools,.and.five.high.schools.. 

All.of.these.schools.serve.a.diverse,.lottery-selected.student.population;.all.embody.the.High.Tech.High.design.principles.of.personalization,.adult.world.connection,.common.intellectual.mission,.and. 

teacher.as.designer..Participants.in.this.symposium.are.invited.to. 

join.in.this.unique.opportunity.to.see.how.this.innovative.school. 

functions..Additional.details.will.be.announced.in.the.session. 

8:30 Welcome,.PAUL HECKMAN and CARL MAIDA 

8:35 Keynote address: The Promise of Inquiry-Based Learning 

Beyond the Classroom,.SHIRLEy MALCOM.(AAAS,. 

Washington,.D.C.). 

9:00 Panel: Styles of Inquiry-Based Learning in Out-of-School 

Time Environments 

Introductory.Remarks: 

JEFF DAVIS.(University.of.California,.Davis). 

Moderator: 

PAUL HECKMAN.(University.of.California,.Davis).

Panelists: 

WILLIAM B.N. BERRy. (University. of. California,. 

Berkeley). 

PAUL BUNJE.(University.of.California,.Los.Angeles) 

MARVIN MARCUS. (University. of. California,. Los. 

Angeles) 

KIMBERLy TANNER.(San.Francisco.State.University) 

10:00 Workshop: Promoting Student Inquiry-Based Learning and 

Development of STEM Activities Outside the Classroom 

. Breakout.Sessions.with.Audience.and.Panelists 

11:00 Synthesis Panel: Reflections on Inquiry-Based Learning in 

Out-of-School Time Environments 

. Introductory.Remarks: 

. PAUL HECKMAN.(University.of.California,.Davis) 

. Moderator: 

. CARL MAIDA.(University.of.California,.Los.Angeles) 

. Panelists: 

. ANDEE PRESS-DAWSON. (University. of. California,. 

Davis) 

. JOHNNIE SAVOy.(College.Bound,.Los.Angeles) 

. STU SEMIGRAN.(EduCare.Foundation) 

. JAy VAVRA.(High.Tech.High,.San.Diego) 

12:00 LUNCH 

1:00 Informal Field Trip to High Tech High, San Diego (optional) 



KIPJ.Theatre 

Wednesday 

9:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. 

Organizer:. Caroline Wilkinson. (Centre. for.Anatomy. and. Human. 

Identification,. College. of. Life. Sciences,. University. of. Dundee,. 

Dundee,.Scotland). 

Program.sponsored.by.the.<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies.and.the. 

Pacific.Division.section.on.Anthropology.and.Archaeology. 

This.is.the.second.part.of.a.double.symposium.(see.Princess Takabuti 

– Analysis, Interpretation, and Visualization.on.page.35.for.the. 

first.part).which.explores.techniques.by.various.researchers.on.the. 

visualization. of. a. wide. range. of. subjects. from. the. possible. skull. 

of.Cleopatra’s.sister,.a.shrunken.head.from.South.American,.and.a. 

bog.body.from.Ireland,.to.a.mummified.anatomical.child.specimen. 

Session.Chair:.Caroline Wilkinson 

9:15 163 The Craniofacial Analysis of the Possible Skull of 

Arsinoe, Sister of Cleopatra,.CHRISTOPHER RyNN 1 *, 

CAROLINE WILKINSON 1 , FABIAN KANz 2 , and 


JANICE P. AITKEN 1 ( 1 University. of. Dundee,. Dundee,. 

Scotland,.UK;. 2 Medical.University.of.Vienna,.Austria). 

9:30 164 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from 

the Shuar Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON 

(University.of.Dundee,.Scotland). 

9:45 165 The Texturing of a Facial Depiction of Clonycavan 

Man – A Bog Body from Ireland,.JANICE P. AITKEN*, 

CAROLINE WILKINSON, and C. D. EROLIN (University.of.Dundee,.Dundee,.Scotland). 

10:00 BREAK 

10:30 166 Body Snatchers – The Analysis of a Mummified Human 

Child as an Anatomical.Specimen,.CAROLINE WILKIN- 

SON, SUE BLACK, XANTHE MALLETT, and WOL- 

FRAM MEIER-AUGENSTEIN (University. of. Dundee,. 

Dundee,.Scotland). 

10:45 167 Historical/Archaeological Digital Forensic Facial 

Reconstruction from CT Scans, JOSHUA HARKER (Chicago,.IL). 






Wednesday 

9:30 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. 

This program is continuing from Tuesday. Please 

see page 30 in these Proceedings for the program description. 

Session.Chair:.Andrew Rex.(University.of.Puget.Sound) 

9:30 168 Relaxation Phenomena in the Adiabatic Phase Transition 

of Type I Superconductor Particles, PETER D. 

KEEFE (University.of.Detroit.Mercy,.Eastpointe,.MI). 

10:15 BREAK 

10:30 169 The Production of Electricity Out of a Heat Bath, 

RODERICH W. GRAEFF.(Private.Scholar,.Koenigsfeld,. 

Germany.and.Ithaca,.NY). 

11:15 170 On Entropy in Eulerian Thermodynamics,. CHRIS- 

TIAN FRONSDAL. and. ABHISHEK PATHAK*. (University.of.California.Los.Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA).. 






12:00 LUNCH 

1:30 171 A Generalized Second Law for Heterogeneously Coupled 

Energy Systems that Exhibit Equilibrium Temperature 

Differentials and Comments on Time Reversibility and 

Entropy,.CHRISTOPHER G. JESUDASON.(University. 

of.Malaya,.Kuala.Lumpur,.Malaysia). 

2:15 172 Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and 

Entropy Generation:From Sadi Carnot’s Ingenious Reasoning 

to Holistic Generalization, MILIVOJE M. KOSTIC 

(Northern.Illinois.University,.Dekalb,.IL). 

The Rio Muerto Project: 

Mummies of the Tiwanaku Culture 

from Moquegua, Perú 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Wednesday 

11:00 a.m. – noon 

Organizer:.Paul S. Goldstein.(University.of.California.San.Diego,. 




This. symposium. outlines. the. bioaracheological. study. of. one. of. 

the. best-preserved. Tiwanaku. sites. (AD. 500-1000). in. Peru.. The. 

high.degree.of.preservation.of.the.human.and.cultural.remains.has. 

allowed. the. study. of. paleodiet,. gender,. and. status-based. differences,.through.body.preparation,.cranial.deformation,.textile.evidence,.carbon.and.nitrogen.isotope.data,.and.mortuary.architecture. 

Session.Chair:.Paul S. Goldstein 

11:00 173 The Rio Muerto Project 2006-2010: Mummy Preparation, 

Mortuary Practice, and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku 

State (AD 500-1000), PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN 1 *, 

ULRIKE M. GREEN 1 , ALICIA BOSWELL 1 , SARAH 

BAITzEL 1 , and PATRICIA PALACIOS 2 ( 1 University. 

of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA;. 2 Museo.Contisuyo,. 

Plaza.de.Armas,.Moquegua,.Peru). 

11:15 174 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: 

Textile Evidence from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, 

Peru,. ELIzABETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S.. 

GOLDSTEIN (University. of. California. San. Diego,. La. 

Jolla,.CA).. 

11:30 175 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope 

Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru,. 

ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, 

SARAH I. BAITzEL, MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, 

SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and LINDA yzURDIGA 

(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 





11:45 176 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity 

Patterns in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from 

the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER. 

(University. of. North. Carolina. Chapel. Hill,. Chapel. Hill,. 

NC). 






KIPJ.Room.G 

Wednesday 

1:15 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. 

Organizers:. Andre Barkhordarian and. Francesco Chiappelli. 

(UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

Program.sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Oral.Biology. 

and.Dental.Medicine. 

Osteoimmunology.refers.to.the.regulating.interplay,.interaction,.and. 

(or).interconnectivity.between.bone.and.immune.biology..The.interplay.begins.when.bone.provides.the.microenvironment.that.is.critical.for.the.development.of.the.hematopoietic.stem.cells.from.which. 

all.cells.of.the.mammalian.immune.system.derive,.and.they.in.turn. 

produce.various.immunoregulatory.cytokines.that.influence.the.fate. 

of.bone.cells..Besides.sharing.signaling.molecules,.bone.and.immune. 

cells. have. a. common. site. of. origin.. They. influence. each. other. not. 

only.after.maturation.and.activation,.but.also.at.the.formation.stage.as. 

apparent.in.the.role.of.osteoblasts.in.the.establishment.of.hematopoietic.stem.cell.niches.and.their.maintenance.in.bone.marrow..Abnormalities.in.immune.system.cause.skeletal.damages.that.eventually.lead. 

to.osteoimmunpathologies.such.as.Temporomandibular.disorders.and. 

dysfunctions.(TMD/TMJD)..Temporomandibular.disorders.are.conditions.that.affect.masticatory.muscles,.the.mandibular.joints,.and.other. 

associated.structures..Various.inflammatory.mediators.and.cytokines. 

influence.the.pathogenic.mechanisms.involving.interactions.between. 

immune.cells.and.bone..Temporomandibular.disorders.whether.they. 

are.internal.derangements.or.a.mal-relationship.of.the.mandible.to.the. 

cranial.base.have.a.systemic/neurologic.component..The.compression. 

or. irritation. of. the.Auriculotemporal. nerve. at. a. sub-threshold. level. 

may.lead.to.neurologic.disorders.such.as.Cervical.Dystonia.and.Parkinson’s..When.the.TMJ.is.treated,.decrease.or.cessation.of.the.symptomology.is.observed..In.this.symposium.we.will.explore.local.and. 

systemic.implications.that.are.associated.with.TMD/TMJD. 

Session.Chair:.Francesco Chiappelli 

1:15 Welcoming Comments 

1:20 177 Fundamental Osteoimmunology: From Stem Cells to 

Bone-immune Metabolism,. ANDRE BARKHORDAR- 

IAN* and FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI,.(University.of. 

California.Los.Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA).

1:45 178 Psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunology and Temporomandibular 

Disorders,. FRANCESCO CHIAP- 

PELLI* and ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN.(University. 

of.California.Los.Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

2:10 179 Systemic Correlates of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders,.GARy 

DEMERJIAN.(Burbank,.CA). 

2:35 180 Osteoimmunology I: Integrating Fundamental Osteoimmunology 

Research in Clinical Practice,. JAy SISON. 

(Los.Angeles,.CA). 

State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Wednesday 

1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m. 

Organizers:.Frank J. Rühli.(Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,. 

Switzerland,.Head.of.the.Swiss.Mummy.Project),.Albert Zink.(Head.of. 

the.EURAC.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.European.Academy. 

of. Bolzano/Bozen,. Italy). and. Niels Lynnerup. (Department. of. Forensic. 

Medicine,. Laboratory. of. Biological. Anthropology,. University. of. 

Copenhagen,.Denmark). 



Ancient. mummies. have. been. examined. for. centuries.. The. enormous. 

ongoing. advance. of. examination. modalities. allows. researchers. to. 

expand.their.studies..The.aim.of.this.symposium.is.to.review.the.current.“gold-standard”.for.scientific.studies.of.ancient.mummies.and.to. 

predict.future.developments,.both.in.terms.of.examination.standards.as. 

well. as. possible. “high-end”. single. case. methodologies.. Presentations. 

range. from. high-resolution. imaging. and. histology. to. coprolites. and. 

stable.isotopes. 

Session. Co-Chairs:. Frank J. Rühli, Albert Zink, and Niels 

Lynnerup 

1:30 181 Introduction to State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy 

Research,. FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, ALBERT zINK 2 , and 

NIELS LyNNERUP 3 .( 1 University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

2 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 3 University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

1:45 182 Macroscopic Investigation of Mummies,. SALIMA 

IKRAM. (American. University. in. Cairo,. New. Cairo,. 

Egypt). 

2:00 183 CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummies,.FRANK J. 

RÜHL 1 * and NIELS LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 University.of.Zürich,. 

Switzerland;. 2 University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

2:15 184 State-of-the-Art of High Resolution Imaging of Ancient 

Mummified Tissue,. FRANK J. RÜHLI* and JOHANN 

WANEK.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 


2:30 185 3D-Analyses and 3D-Visualisations, NIELS LyNN- 

ERUP (University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

2:45 186 Histological Investigation of Human Mummified 

Remains – Potential and Drawbacks of the Analysis of 

Ancient Soft Tissue Material,. FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, 

ASTRID GRUMER 1 , BARBARA PICHLER 1 , DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , FRANz SCHROFFENEG- 

GER 2 , EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 2 , and ALBERT 

zINK 1 .( 1 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,. 

Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy). 

3:00 BREAK 

3:30 187 Molecular Investigations of Microbial Communities 

in Mummified Human Remains, FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, 

THOMAS RATTEI 2 , GUADELUPE PINAR 3 , KATJA 

STERFLINGER-GLEIXNER 3 , DARIO. PIOMBINO- 

MASCALI 1 , GIOVANNA CIPOLLINI 1 , and ALBERT 

zINK 1 .( 1 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,. 

Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 University.of.Vienna,.Austria;. 3 University. 

of.National.Resources.and.Applied.Life.Sciences,.Vienna,. 

Austria). 

3:45 188 State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research: Coprolites, 

KARL J. REINHARD.(University.of.Nebraska,.Lincoln,. 

NE). 

4:00 189 Preservation of Human Mummified Remains,. 

ALBERT zINK 1 *, MARCO SAMADELLI 1 , DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , and EDUARD EGARTER 

VIGL 2 .( 1 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,. 

Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy). 

4:15 190 Dental Studies,.ROGER SEILER* and FRANK J. 

RÜHLI.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

4:30 191 Advancing the Stable Isotopic Analysis of Mummies: 

Some Suggested Future Directions, CHRISTINE D. 

WHITE* and FRED J. LONGSTAFFE (The.University. 

of.Western.Ontario,.Canada). 

4:45 192 Using Rapid Prototyping in Mummy Studies – Bridging 

Science and Public Presentation,. HEATHER GILL- 

FRERKING* and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL. (The. 

German. Mummy. Project,. Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. 

Mannheim,.Germany). 

5:00 193 Next Generation Sequencing Technology in Mummy 

Studies: The Genome of the. Tyrolean Iceman,. ANGELA 

GRAEFEN 1 *, ANDREAS KELLER 2 , MARKUS 

BALL 3 , MARK MATzAS 4 , VALESCA BOISGUERIN 4 , 

FRANK MAIXNER 1 , PETRA LEIDINGER 2 , ANDRE 

FRANKE 5 , JENS MAyER 2 , RABAB KHAIRAT 3 , 

JESSICA SPANGLER 6 , STEPHEN McLAUGHLIN 6 , 

MINITA SHAH 6 , CLARENCE LEE 6 , TIMOTHy HAR- 

KINS 6 , ALEXANDER SARTORI 6 , JAN HAAS 7 , HUGO 

KATUS 7 , BENJAMIN MEDER 7 , NIKOLAUS BLIN 3 , 






ECKART MEESE 2 , CARSTEN PUSCH 3 , MARCO 

SAMADELLI 1 , EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 8 , and 

ALBERT zINK 1 ( 1 EURAC. -. Institute. for. Mummies. and. 

the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 Saarland.University,.Homburg,. 

Saar,.Germany;. 3 University.of.Tübingen,.Germany;. 4 Febit. 

Biomed. GMBH,. Heidelberg,. Germany;. 5 Christian-Albrechts-University. 

Kiel,. Germany; . 6 Lifetech/Applied. Biosystems,. 

Beverly,. MA,. Foster. City,. CA;. 7 University. of. Heidelberg,.Heidelberg,.Germany;. 

8 General.Hospital.Bolzano,. 

Italy). 




University in K–12 Science Education 

KIPJ.Room.A 

Wednesday 

2:00 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. 

Organizers:.Sherry Seethaler.(Staff.Director.of.California.Teach,.Division.of.Physical.Sciences,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,. 

CA).and.John Czworkowski.(Lecturer,.PSOE,.Department.of.Chemistry. 

and.Biochemistry,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

Sponsored.by.the.Pacific.Division.section.on.Science.and.Technology. 

Education. 

Concerns.about.America’s.future.science.and.technology.competitiveness.in.the.global.economy.are.changing.the.role.of.the.nation’s.research. 

universities. in. K-12. science. education.. . The. National. Academies’. 

report,.Rising Above the Gathering Storm,.recommended.three.actions. 

to.improve.K-12.STEM.education:.1).Attract.more.of.America’s.brightest.students.to.the.teaching.profession;.2).Strengthen.the.skills.of.the. 

nation’s.current.K-12.teachers;.and.3).Enlarge.the.pipeline.of.students. 

prepared.to.pursue.STEM.degrees...This.symposium.reveals.how.four. 

research. universities. broke. down. intra-institutional. barriers. (between. 

science. and. education. departments). and. inter-institutional. barriers. 

(between. universities. and. K-12. schools). to. address. these. aspects. of. 

precollege.science.education...University.of.Arizona’s.Science.Teacher. 

Preparation.Program,.University.of.California,.San.Diego’s.California. 

Teach,.and.University.of.California.Berkeley’s.Cal.Teach.and.Summer. 

Research.Institute.exemplify.ways.to.bridge.the.traditional.gap.between. 

undergraduate.science.curricula.and.education.credential.programs.to. 

develop.future.teachers’.pedagogical.content.knowledge...Project.PASS. 

at. the. University. of. Nevada,. Las. Vegas. uses. a. professional. learning. 

community.to.strengthen.the.skills.of.current.teachers.through.a.collaborative.partnership.between.a.university.and.a.large.urban.school.district...Another.strategy.is.the.creation.of.University-led.charter.schools,. 

such.as.the.University.of.California,.San.Diego’s.Preuss.School,.that. 

provide.rigorous.college.preparatory.courses.for.diverse,.low-income,. 

first-generation. college. students.. . The. panel. will. explore. these. programs,. 

institutional. changes. that. made. them. possible,. how. early. dissonance.was.overcome,.implementation,.impact,.and.unexpected.effects. 

that.continue.to.engage.research.universities.in.science.education. 

Session.Chair:.Sherry Seethaler 





2:00 Introduction, SHERRy SEETHALER.(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA) 

2:10 194 UC Berkeley’s Response to The Gathering Storm: Cal 

Teach and MfA Berkeley, NICOLE NUNES,.(University.of. 

California.Berkeley,.Berkeley,.CA). 

2:35 195 Content-Intensive Courses in UC San Diego’s Science 

Education Minor: Preliminary Results on Their Effects on 

Pre-Service Science Teachers,.JOHN CzWORKOWSKI 

(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA).. 

3:00 BREAK 

3:15 196 Growing a Culture for Science Education in the University 

of Arizona’s College of Science, DEBRA TOMANEK. 

(University.of.Arizona, Tucson,.AZ). 

3:40 197 Leveraging a Collaborative Partnership to Achieve 

High Quality Professional Development for Science Teachers, 

KENT J. CRIPPEN.(University.of.Nevada,.Las.Vegas,. 

NV).. 

4:05 198 More Than Outreach: Starting a Charter School on a 

Research University Campus, BARBARA SAWREy.(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

4:30 Questions and Discussion (synthesis of common themes and 

lessons learned)



KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. 

Organizers:.Josefina Mansilla.and.Ilán Leboreiro.(Instituto.Nacional.de. 

Antropología.e.Historia.(INAH),.México). 



Researchers. from. México. will. cover. the. latest. research. on. Mexican. 

mummies.in.this.symposium.. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Josefina Mansilla .and. Ilán Leboreiro 

8:00 199 Incidents in the Sierra Tarahumara, ENRIQUE CHACÓN 

SORIA . (Centro.INAH.Chihuahua,.Centro,.Chihuahua,.CP). 

8:15 200 The “Why” of the Mortuary Context of Mexican 

Mummies, ILÁN LEBOREIRO* and JOSEFINA.MAN- 

SILLA. (Instituto. Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. 

Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.Col..Polanco,.México,.D.F.).. 

8:30 201 Brief Overview about the Mexican Mummies, JOSE- 

FINA MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Instituto. 

Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,. 

Col..Polanco,.México,.D.F.).. 

8:45 202 México’s Most Ancient Mummy: Tm-c-247 at Romero´s 

Cave, JOSEFINA MANSILLA* . and ILÁN LEBO- 

REIRO. (Instituto. Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. 

Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.Col..Polanco,.México,.D.F.). 

9:00 203 Ancient DNA from Mummified Tissue in México: A Case 

Study for the Early Colonization of the Americas, CRISTINA 

VALDIOSERA 1 *, COLIN SMITH 1 , MORTEN RAS- 

MUSSEN 1 , VICTOR MORENO 1 , ESKE WILLERLEV 1 , 

ILÁN LEBOREIRO 2 , and JOSEFINA MANSILLA 2. 

( 1 Center.for.GeoGenetics,.Geologiske.Museum,.Copenhagen. 

K,.Denmark;. 2 Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropologia.e.Historia,. 

Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P..11560,.México.D.F.). 

9:15 204 Traditions of the Ancient Northern Mexican Desert: Furwrapped 

and Flexed Positioned Mummies of Infant Cadavers, 

LETICIA GONzALEz 1 *, JOSEFINA MANSILLA 2 , 

SANDRA POMPA 3 , MARCO ANTONIO RODRI- 

GUEz 4 , and ILÁN LEBOREIRO 2 ( 1 Museo.Regional.de.La. 

Laguna,.Bosque.Venustiano.Carranza.s/n,.Torreon,.Coahuila,. 

C.P.;. 2 Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Reforma. 

y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P..11560,.México,.D.F.;. 3 Universidad.Nacional.Autonoma.de.México,.Ciudad.Universitaria,.C.P..04510,. 

México.D.F.;. 4 Universidad.Nacional.Autonoma.de.México,. 

Ciudad.Universitaria,.C.P..04510,.México,.D.F.).. 

9:30 205 Characterization of Mummy Hair at Nanometric Level 

Through Atomic Force Microscopy, CARMEN PIJOAN 1 *, 

SYMPOSIA.–.Thursday 

PEDRO BOSCH 2 , CARLOS FLORES 2 , JOSEFINA 

MANSILLA 1 , ILÁN LEBOREIRO 1 , and MARíA 

TERESA MENENDEz-TABOADA 3 ( 1 Instituto. Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P.. 

11560,.México,.D.F.;. 2 Universidad.Nacional.Autonoma.de. 

México,. Ciudad. Universitaria,. C.P.. 04510,. México. D.F.;. 

3 Escuela. Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. Periférico. 

Sur.y.Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030.México,.D.F.). 

9:45 206 Trace Elements in Ancient Tarahumara Mummy Hair, 

MARíA TERESA MENENDEz-TABOADA (Escuela. 

Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. Periférico. Sur. y. 

Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030,.México,.D.F.). 

10:00 207 Analysis of the Genetic and Historical Context of Two 

Prehispanic Mummies from México: Phylogeography as 

an Approach to Complement the Understanding of Past 

Populations, ANA SERRANO* and MARIEL DURÁN. 

(Escuela. Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. Periférico. 

Sur.y.Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030.México,.D.F.). 

Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

10:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. 

Organizer:.Bob Brier.(Long.Island.University,.Greenvale,.NY). 



The. Carlos. Museum. at. Emory. University. in. Atlanta.. Georgia. has. 

recently.displayed.a.rare.Old.Kingdom.mummy,.giving.researchers.the. 

opportunity. to. explore. aspects. of. its. preservation..The. history. of. the. 

mummy,.its.analysis.and.conservation.are.presented. 

Session.Chair:.Bob Brier 

10:30 208 Introduction: Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy, 

BOB BRIER (Long.Island.University,.Greenvale,.NY). 

10:45 209 A History of the Oldest Egyptian Mummy in the Americas,.PETER 

LACOVARA 1 and.BOB BRIER 2 *.( 1 Michael. 

C..Carlos.Museum,.Atlanta,.GA;. 2 Long.Island.University,. 

Greenvale,.NY). 

11:00 210 Interpreting the Life of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom 

Mummy,. MONIQUE OSIGBEME*, CHENERE 

PIERCE RAMSEy, MALU TANSEy, JOSHUA ROB- 

INSON, JOHN KINGSTON, and ARRI EISEN.(Emory. 

University,.Atlanta,.GA). 

11:15 211 Project Update on the Conservation Treatment of 

the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MIMI 

LEVEQUE 1 * and RENÉE STEIN 2 . ( 1 Peabody. Essex. 

Museum.and.Archaea.Technica.Conservation;. 2 Michael.C.. 

Carlos.Museum,.Emory.University,.Atlanta,.GA). 








KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. 

Organizer:. Randall C. Thompson. (The. Mid.America. Heart. Institute,. 

University.of.Missouri,.Kansas.City,.MO). 



This.symposium.presents.a.comparison.of.cardiovascular.disease.from. 

52.Egyptian.Mummies.with.studies.of.atherosclerosis.in.the.preindustrial. 

world..The. work. of. the. HORUS. Study. group. and. its. “Hunt. for. 

Atherosclerosis”.is.outlined. 

Session. Chair:. Janet M. Monge (University. of. Pennsylvania. 

Museum) 

11:30 212 Introduction: An Overview of the HORUS Study,. 

RANDALL C. THOMPSON. (University. of. Missouri,. 

Kansas.City,.MO). 

11:45 213 The HORUS Study – The Hunt for Atherosclerosis,.L. 

SAMUEL WANN. (The. Wisconsin. Heart. Hospital,. Milwaukee,.WI). 

12:00 214 Comparative Studies of Atherosclerosis in Communities 

in the Preindustrial <strong>World</strong>, CALEB E. FINCH (University.of.Southern.California,.Los.Angeles,.CA).. 

12:15 215 Demonstration of Cardiovascular Disease on CT 

Scans in Egyptian Mummies – Examples from 52 Mummies, 

RANDALL C. THOMPSON. (University. of. Missouri,. 

Kansas.City,.MO). 

Concurrent Session 

Contributed Papers, Session III 


Thursday 

11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. 

Please refer to page 54 in these Proceedings for 

complete details of this session. 

11:30 320 Development of a Nubian Pathological Ontology, 

RyAN METCALFE (University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

11:45 321 Re-thinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery 

(Fag el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt),. DAVID M.. 

WHITCHURCH* and R. PAUL. EVANS. (Brigham. 

Young.University,.Provo,.UT).. 

12:00 322 The Alleged Bog Body or the Identification of a South 





American Mummy via Multi-element Isotope Analyses, 

SANDRA LOESCH 1 , CHRISTINE LEHN 2 , ULRICH 

STRUCK 3 , PETER HORN 4 , STEFAN HÖLzL 4 , OLI- 

VER PESCHEL 2 , ANDREAS NERLICH 5 , and BRI- 

GITTE HAAS-GEBHARD 6 . ( 1 Bern. University,. Bern,. 

Switzerland; 2 University. of. Munich,. Munich,. Germany; 

3 Humboldt.University.of.Berlin,.Berlin,.Germany; 4 Bavarian.State.Collection.of.Palaeontology.and.Geology,.Munich,. 

Germany; 5 Municipal. Clinic. Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany; 

6 Bavarian. State. Archaeological. Collection. and. 

Museum,.Munich,.Germany). 

12:15 323 Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Ancient 

Egyptian Mummy;. X-ray, CT and MR Analysis,. MISLAV 

CAVKA 1,2 , GORDANA IVANAC 1,2 LEJLA AGAN- 

OVIC 3 *, GERT REITER 4 , SONIA NIELLES-VALLES- 

PIN 5 , PETER SPEIER 5 , IVOR JANKOVIC 6 , IGOR 

URANIC 7 , and BORIS BRKLJACIC 1,2. ( 1 University. 

Department.for.Diagnostic.and.Interventional.Radiology.in. 

University.Hospital.“Dubrava”,.Zagreb,.Croatia;. 2 University. 

of.Zagreb.Medical.School,.Zagreb,.Croatia;. 3 University.of. 

California.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA;. 4 Siemens.AG.Healthcare,. 

Erlangen,. Germany;. 5 Siemens.AG. Healthcare,. Graz,. 

Austria;. 6 Institute. for. Anthropological. Research,. Zagreb,. 

Croatia;. 7 Archeological.Museum.Zagreb,.Zagreb,.Croatia).. 

Mummies as Cultural Heritage 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. 

Organizers:.Dario Piombino-Mascali.and.Albert Zink.(EURAC.-.Institute.for.the.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy). 



A. wide. range. of. mummy. preservation. and. national. recognition. is. 

explored.from.museum.specimens.to.bog.bodies..One.of.these.is.the. 

Zweeloo.Woman,.a.bog.body.from.The.Netherlands.with.evidence.of. 

Leri-Weill. dyscondrosteosis. (DSC). a. dominantly. inherited. dysplasia. 

marked.by.short.stature.with.mesomelic.shortening.of.middle.segments. 

of.the.forearms.and.lower.legs..This.is.the.first.case.of.DSC.syndrome. 

recognized.in.a.2 nd .century.bog.body.from.The.Netherlands. 

Session. Co-chairs:. Dario Piombino-Mascali, Albert Zink, and. 

Heather Gill-Frerking. (Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. Mannheim,. 

Germany) 

1:30 216 Introduction to Mummies as Cultural Heritage,. 

DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI.(EURAC.-.Institute.for. 

Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy). 

1:45 217 The Anatomical Collection of Giovan Battista Rini 

(1795-1856): A Paleoradiological Investigation,. DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 *, ALBERT zINK 1 , ALBERTO 

CARLI 2 , and STEPHANIE PANzER 3 ( 1 EURAC.

–. Institute. for. Mummies. and. the. Iceman,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 

2 University.of.Molise,.Campobasso,.Italy;. 3 Trauma.Center. 

Murnau,.Murnau,.Germany).. 

2:00 218 Development of a New Glass Case System for Mummies 

Conservation,. MARCO SAMADELLI 1 *, DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , F. U. ROLLO 2 , VITO C. 

FERNICOLA 3 , and ALBERT zINK 1. ( 1 EURAC.-.Institute. 

for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 UNICAM,. 

Scuola.di.Bioscienze.e.Biotecnologie.dell’Università.degli. 

Studi. di. Camerino,. Camerino,. Italy;. 3 I.N.RI.M.,. Torino,. 

Italy). 

2:15 219 The Royal Mummies of Ancient Egypt: A History Rewritten 

by Science,.ALBERT zINK 1 *, yEHIA z. GAD 2 , 

SOMAIA ISMAIL 2 , PAUL GOSTNER 3 , ASHRAF 

SELIM 4 , CARSTEN M. PUSCH 5 , and zAHI HAWASS 6 

( 1 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 2 National. Research. Center,. Cairo,. Egypt;. 3 Central. 

Hospital. Bolzano,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 4 Cairo. Scan. Radiology. 

Centre,. Giza,. Egypt;. 5 University. of. Tübingen,. Tübingen,. 

Germany;. 6 Supreme.Council.of.Antiquities,.Cairo,.Egypt). 

2:30 220 Marking with Needles and Lancets: The Antiquity 

of Therapeutic Tattooing, LARS. KRUTAK (National. 

Museum.of.Natural.History,.Smithsonian.Institution,.Washington,.DC). 

2:45 221 Zweeloo Woman: Multidisciplinary Investigation of a 

Bog Body, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 1,2 *, DON BROTH- 

WELL 3 , WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN 4 *, CHRIS- 

TINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU 5 , PAUL GOSTNER 6 , 

PATRIzIA PERNTER 6 , EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 7 , 

FRANK MAIXNER 8 , MAREK JANKO 9,10 , DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 8 , GRAzIA MATTUTINO 1 , 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 11 , and ALBERT zINK 8. ( 1 University.of.Turin,.Turin,.Italy;. 

2 University.of.Marseilles,.Marseilles,.France; 

3 University.of.York,.York,.UK; 4 Drents.Plateau,.The.Netherlands;. 

5 Johannes.Gutenberg.-.Universität,. 

Mainz,. Germany;. 6 General. Regional. Hospital,. Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 7 General.Regional.Hospital,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 8 EURAC. 

-. Institute. for. Mummies. and. the. Iceman,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 

9 Ludwig. -. Maximilians. -. Universität. München,. Munich,. 

Germany;. 10 Center. for.NanoSciences,. Ludwig.-.Maximilians. 

-. Universität. München,. Munich,. Germany;. 11 Zürich. 

Irchel.-.Universität,.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

3:00 222 Mummies in Private Collections: Aspects of Law, Ethics, 

and Heritage, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING 1 * and 

CHRISTOPHER FRERKING 2 ( 1 Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,.Mannheim,.Germany;. 

2 Attorney-at-Law.and.Independent.Scholar,.Mannheim,.Germany). 


A Multidisciplinary Collaboration 

for Tissue Analyses: The Case of 

Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

3:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. 

Organizer:. María Victoria Monsalve. (Department. of. Pathology. and. 

Laboratory.Medicine,.University.of.British.Columbia,.Vancouver,.BC). 



Session.Chair:.María Victoria Monsalve 

3:30 223 The Value of Morphological Observations of Soft 

Tissues of Frozen Ancient Corpses, MARíA VICTORIA 

MONSALVE 1 , ELAINE HUMPHREy 2 , and DAVID 

WALKER 1 * ( 1 University.of.British.Columbia,.Vancouver,. 

BC,.Canada;. 2 University.of.Victoria,.Victoria,.BC,.Canada). 

3:45 224 FTIR Spectromicroscopy Investigations of Preserved Tissue 

from Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi, LUCA QUARONI 1 *, COL- 

LEEN CHRISTENSEN 2 , and MARíA VICTORIA MON- 

SALVE 3 ( 1 Paul. Scherrer. Institut,. VILLIGEN-PSI,. Switzerland;. 

2 University. of. Saskatchewan,. Saskatoon,. SK,. Canada;. 

3 University.of.British.Columbia,.Vancouver,.BC,.Canada). 

4:00 225 The identification of a Latent Tuberculosis Infection 

in the Ancient Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi Individual, TREENA 

SWANSTON*, HARRy DENEER, and ERNIE WALKER. 

(University.of.Saskatchewan,.Saskatoon,.SK,.Canada). 


KIPJ.Theatre 

Thursday 

4:30 p.m. – 6:15 p.m. 

Organizers:. Jocelyn S. Williams. (Department. of. Anthropology,. Trent. 

University,.Peterborough,.ON,.Canada).and.Andrew S. Wilson.(School.of. 

Life.Sciences,.University.of.Bradford,.Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,.UK). 



This.symposium.will.showcase.the.diversity.of.research.using.hair.from. 

archaeological. contexts. and. explore. how. this. research. has. enhanced. 

the. understanding. of. past. populations..The. chemical. analysis. of. hair. 

can.provide..information.about.diet,.mobility,.disease,.stress,.drug.use,. 

genetic.data,.season.of.death,.and.a.variety.of.biochemical.processes. 

Session.Co-chairs:.Jocelyn S. Williams .and. Andrew S. Wilson 

4:30 226 Assessment of the State of Preservation of Archaeological 

Keratin Fibers – A Study of Different Analytical 

Approaches, GABRIELE WORTMANN*, ALAA 






JABUR, and FRANz-JOSEF WORTMANN (University. 

of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

4:45 227 The Richest Ornament: Hair Analyses of Women from 

the Kellis 2 Cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt,. LANA J. 

WILLIAMS*, TOSHA L. DUPRAS, and SANDRA M. 

WHEELER (University.of.Central.Florida,.Orlando,.FL). 

5:00 228 Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation 

into Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, 

Peru, LAUREN CADWALLADER.(University.of.Cambridge,.Cambridge,.UK).. 

5:15 229 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Hair from 

Inca-Period Mummies: Exploring Mobility and Resource 

Use in Central Peru, JOCELyN S. WILLIAMS 1 *, 

ANDREW S. WILSON 2 , EMMA BROWN 3 , ANDREW 

GLEDHILL 3 , and M. ANNE KATzENBERG 4 ( 1 Trent. 

University,. Peterborough,. ON,. Canada;. 2,3 University. of. 

Bradford,. Bradford,. West. Yorkshire,. UK; . 4 University. of. 

Calgary,.Calgary.AB,.Canada).. 

5:30 230 Insight into the Final Months of the Capacocha from 

El Plomo Using Stable Light Isotope Data,.ANDREW S. 

WILSON 1 * and MARIO M. CASTRO 2 ( 1 University. of. 

Bradford,. Bradford,. West. Yorkshire,. UK;. 2 University. of. 

Chile,.Santiago,.Chile). 

5:45 231 Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive 

Plants in Andean Archaeological Populations,.EMMA 

BROWN*, ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB 

JANAWAy, and TIMOTHy TAyLOR (University. of. 

Bradford,.Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,.UK).. 

6:00 232 Biologic Rhythms in Ancient Hair, ANTONIO LANzIROTTI 

1 , MIKE SPILDE 2 , CLIFFORD QUALLS 3 , RAF- 

FAELLA BIANUCCI 4,5,6 , MARIO GIUSIANI 4 , VALEN- 

TINA GIUFFRA 4 , GINO FORNACIARI 4 ABDUL-MEHDI 

ALI 2 , LARRy AGENBROAD 7 , and OTTO APPENzELLER* 

8 . ( 1 Brookhaven. National. Laboratory,. Upton,. NY;. 

2,3 University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque,.NM;. 4 University.of. 

Pisa,.Italy;. 5 University.of.Turin,.Italy;. 6 University.of.Marseilles,.France;. 

7 The.Mammoth.Site.Hot.Springs,.South.Dakota,. 

USA;. 8 NMHEMC.Research.Foundation,.Albuquerque,.NM). 







II. WORKSHOPS 

Monday, 13 June 2011 Wednesday, 15 June 2011 

Finding Information in 

Open Access Journals 

Loma.Hall.307 


3:45 p.m. – 4:45 p.m. 

Half-day.workshop.organized.by.Amy Besnoy.(Science.Librarian,. 

Copley. Library,. University. of. San. Diego,. San. Diego,. CA;. abesnoy@sandiego.edu. 

). and. Pearl Ly. (Natural. Sciences. Librarian,. 

California. State. University. San. Marcos,. San. Marcos,. CA;. ply@ 

csusm.edu). 

This. half-day. workshop. follows. the. symposium,. Don’t Sign 

Your Life Away: Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, Digital 

Repositories, and the Case for Open Access,.and.is.a.hands-on.session.on.finding.and.accessing.information.in.open.access.journals.. 

Participants.will.learn.how.to.utilize.the.Directory.of.Open.Access. 

Journals,.Google.Scholar,.and.PubMed.to.find.full-text.open.access. 

articles..In.addition,.search.strategies.and.tips.for.efficient.database. 

searching.will.be.discussed..Participants.will.have.access.to.computers.and.will.be.encouraged.to.share.topics.of.interest.during.the. 

session. 

Participation. is. limited. to. 24. individuals.. Preference. will. be. 

given.to.those.who.pre-registered.for.this.event..No.fee.other.than. 

meeting.registration. 

Vitamin D 

KIPJ.Rooms.E.and.F 

Thursday 


WORKSHOPS.–.Monday 

Half-day. workshop. organized. by. John Cannell, MD. (Executive. 

Director,.Vitamin.D.Council,.San.Louis.Obispo,.CA). 

For.the.last.ten.years,.the.media.has.reported.on.hundreds.of. 

scientific.studies.on,.what.the.New.York.Times.called,.“the.nutrient. 

of.the.decade.”. 

This. workshop. will. present. an. overview. of. vitamin. D. with. 

a. focus. on. the. three. compelling. aspects. of. vitamin. D,. influenza,. 

autism,.and.athletic.performance.. 

The. manifold. mysteries. of. influenza. become. less. confusing. 

when.the.epidemiology.of.vitamin.D.(the.antibiotic.vitamin.according.to.Science.News).is.understood..In.2006,.Dr..Cannell.noticed. 

an.unusual.pattern.when.an.influenza.outbreak.swept.through.the. 

hospital.for.the.criminally.insane.where.he.worked..Workshop.participants. 

will. review. and. discuss. Dr.. Cannell’s. eventual. paper. in. 

Epidemiology.and.Infection. 

In.2007,.the.Vitamin.D.Council’s.Newsletter.published.Dr..Cannell’s. 

detailed. theory. of. the. controlling. role. that. vitamin. D. deficiency.plays.in.the.etiology.of.the.autism.epidemic,.the.first.time. 

anyone.had.connected.the.numerous.dots..Autism.experts.laughed. 

until.2009,.when.Scientific.American.published.a.reworked.version. 

of.the.same.theory..Workshop.participants.will.review.and.discuss. 

Dr..Cannell’s.latest.paper.on.autism.and.vitamin.D. 

Finally,.workshop.participants.will.understand.the.role.that.vitamin.D.plays.in.athletic.performance..They.will.hear.evidence.that. 

the.30-year.domination.of.the.Olympics.by.the.East.Germans.and. 

the.Russians.was.not.due.to.anabolic.steroids.but.rather.is.related.to. 

the.fact.that.German.and.Russian.scientific.literature.of.the.1950s. 

demonstrated. their. understanding. of. the. role. vitamin. D. plays. in. 

physical.performance.. 

No.fee.other.than.meeting.registration. 

45

WORKSHOPS.–.Thursday 


46 

Field and Advanced Paleoimaging 

Museum.of.Man,.Balboa.Park 

Thursday 

9:00 a.m. – 11:45 a.m. 

Half-day.workshop.organized.by.Ronald Beckett, PhD.(Professor. 

Emeritus. of. Biomedical. Sciences,. Co-director,. Bioanthropology. 

Research. Institute,. Quinnipiac. University,. Hamden,. CT;. Ronald. 

beckett@quinnipiac.edu);.co-organized.by.Gerald Conlogue,.MHS. 

(Professor. of. Diagnostic. Imaging,. Co-director,. Bioanthropology. 

Research. Institute,. Quinnipiac. University,. Hamden,. CT;. Gerald. 

conlogue@quinnipiac.edu). 

This.workshop.is.intended.to.give.participants.an.overview.of. 

the. varied. methods. and. technologies. used. in. paleoimaging,. with. 

a. focus. on. field. and. advanced. applications.. The. workshop. will. 

demonstrate. how. the. participants. can. maximize. each. paleoimaging. 

modality. in. the. field. or. lab. setting..Additionally,. this. workshop.will.explore.advanced.imaging.modalities.and.emphasize.the. 

importance. of. “Diagnosis. by. Consensus.”. Several. mini-lectures. 

will. present. foundational. information. followed. by. four. separate. 

rotating.stations..Two.stations.will.provide.the.participants.with.the. 

opportunity.to.gain.practical.hands-on.skills.and.knowledge.related. 

to.field.photography.and.endoscopy..Two.additional.stations.will. 

focus.on.interpretation.of.paleoimaging.data.with.an.emphasis.on. 

differential.diagnoses.and.age.at.death.determination.using.dental. 

paleoimaging.data..Participants.are.asked.to.bring.in.their.digital. 

cameras.and.slides.of.their.research/cases.for.group.discussion.and. 

interpretation. 

The. target. audience. for. this. workshop. is. <strong>World</strong>. <strong>Congress</strong>. on. 

Mummy.Studies.attendees..Participation.of.Anthropologists,.Radiologists,.and.students.of.Mummy.Sciences.is.encouraged.. 

Participation.is.limited.to.40.participants..Cost:.$20. 

Artefact Annotation – Developing 

an Ontology to Help Mine Datasets 

KIPJ.Room.E 

Thursday 

11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. 

workshop withdrawn


III. CONTRIBUTED ORAL PRESENTATIONS 

1100 (time.italicized.and.underlined).indicates.a.student.presentation 

*.indicates.the.speaker.from.among.several.authors.listed 

63.(bolded.number).indicates.abstract.number 


Contributed Papers, Session I 

KIPJ.Theatre 

Sunday 

1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 

Organizer:.Frank J. Rühli.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

Session.Chair:. Niels Lynnerup. (University. of. Copenhagen,. 

Denmark) 

1:30 233 Microscopic and Molecular de. novo. Analysis of 

the Iceman’s Stomach Content, FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, 

EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 2 , ANDREAS KELLER 3 , 

ANDRE FRANKE 4 , KLAUS OEGGL 6 , GIOVANNA 

CIPOLLINI 1 , ANGELA GRAEFEN 1 , PAUL GOS- 

TNER 5 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , MARCO 

SAMADELLI 1 , and ALBERT zINK 1 ( 1 EURAC. -. Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

2 General. 

Hospital. Bolzano,. Bolzano,. Italy; . 3 Saarland. University,. 

Homburg,.Saar,.Germany;. 4 Christian-Albrechts.University. 

Kiel,.Kiel,.Germany;. 5 Central.Hospital.Bolzano,.Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 6 University. of. Innsbruck,. Sternwartestr.. Innsbruck,. 

Austria). 

1:45 234 Terahertz Imaging of Ancient Mummies,.LENA OEH- 

RSTROEM 1 , ANDREAS BITzER 2 , MARKUS WAL- 

THER 3 , THOMAS BÖNI 4 , GIOVANNI COLACICCO 5 , 

and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

2 Albert-Ludwigs-University,. Freiburg. im. Breisgau,. 

Germany,. 3 University. of. Bern,. Bern,. Switzerland;. 4,5 University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland).. 

2:00 235 Comparative CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummified 

Tissues, LENA OEHSTROEM 1 , HENDRIK von 

WALDBURG 1 , PETER SPEIER 2 , MICHAEL BOCK 3 , 

and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 

2 Siemens.Medical.Solutions,.Erlangen,.Germany;. 

3 German.Cancer.Research.Centre,.Heidelberg,.Germany).. 

2:15 236 A Medieval Infant Burial from Quimper (Bretagne– 

France): An Example of Brain Preservation in Wetland, 

VERONIQUE GALLIEN 1,2 *, CHRISTINA PAPA- 

GEORGOPOULOU 3 , RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 4,5,6 , 

ANNE DIETRICH 1,7 , FRANCOIS GUILLON 8 , 

KATHARINA RENTSCH 9 , MAANASA RAGHA- 

VAN 10 , MARIA-INES HOFMANN 11 , GIOVANNI 

COLACICCO 11 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 11 ( 1 INRAP,. 

French. National. Institute. for. Preventive. Archaeological. 

Research,. Le. Mans,. France;. 2 University. of. Nice. Sophia. 

CONTRIBUTED.ORAL.PAPERS.–.Sunday 

Antipolis,. Campus. Saint-Jean-d’Angély,. Nice,. France;. 

3 Zürich. Irchel–Universität,. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 4 University. 

of. Turin,. Turin,. Italy;. 5 University. of. Marseille,. Marseille,. 

France; . 6 University. of. Pisa,. Italy;. 7 University. of. 

Nanterre,. Nanterre,. France;. 8 Avicenne. Hospital,. Bobigny,. 

France;. 9 University.Hospital.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 10 Natural. 

History.Museum.of.Denmark,.University.of.Copenhagen,. 

Copenhagen,.Denmark;. 11 Zürich.Irchel–Universität,.Zürich,. 

Switzerland). 

2:30 237 Dental Pathologies of the Iceman, ROGER 

SEILER 1 *, ALBERT zINK 2 , PAUL GOSTNER 3 , EDU- 

ARD EGARTER VIGL 4 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 ( 1 University. 

of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 EURAC. -. Institute. for. 

Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 3 Central.Hospital. 

Bolzano,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 4 General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy). 

2:45 238 Evidence Based Paleopathology: Meta-analysis of 

PubMed-listed Scientific Studies on Pre-Columbian, South 

American Mummies,.KATI DAGEFOERDE and FRANK 

J. RÜHLI*.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

3:00 BREAK 

3:15 239 The Value of Ancient Mummified Tissue for Clinical 

Research: A Perspective,.FRANK J. RÜHLI (University. 

of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

3:30 240 The Chehr Abad Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP) – A 

Multidisciplinary International Mummy Research Project,. 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, AyDIN ABAR 2 , ABUL- 

FAzI AALI 3 , N. BOENKE 4 , DON BROTHWELL 5 , 

MARK POLLARD 6 , SAHAND SAEDI 7 , and THOMAS 

STÖLLNER 8 . ( 1 University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 Ruhr. 

University,. Bochum,. Germany;. 3 Archaeology. Museum,. 

Zanjan,. Iran;. 4 Institut. für.Archäologische.Wissenschaften,. 

Ruhr-Universität,. Bochum;. 5,6 University. of. York,. UK;. 

7 Abhar. University,. Iran; . 8 German. Mining. Museum. and. 

Ruhr.University,.Bochum). 

3:45 241 Archaeogenetic and Histological Analysis of Natural 

Mummification under High Salt Conditions: Investigation of 

the Chehr Abad Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP),.CHRISTINA 

WARINNER, NATALLIA SHVED, KARL LINK, and 

FRANK J. RÜHLI*.(University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

4:00 242 Lyuba (41,910 BP), A Baby Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus.primigenius 

Blumenbach, 1799): Histological Findings, 

KARL LINK, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOU- 

LOU, and FRANK J. RÜHLI*. (University. of. Zürich,. 

Zürich,.Switzerland). 





CONTRIBUTED.ORAL.PAPERS.–.Monday 

4:15 243 CT-based Assessment of Relative Soft Tissue Alteration 

in Different Types of Ancient Mummy, CHRISTINA 

SyDLER, THOMAS BÖNI, ULRICH WOITEK, and 

FRANK J. RÜHLI* (University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland). 

4:30 244 Funeral Traditions, Premature Burial and Mummification: 

Advances in the “Mummies of Tamaulipas Bioarchaeological 

Project,” GUSTAVO A. RAMíREz CASTILLA 

(Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia.(INAH),.Ciudad.Victoria,.Tamaulipas,.México). 

4:45 245 A ‘Defective Mummy’ at the Museo de La Plata in 

Buenos Aires, M. BELÉN DAIzO 2 *, HÉCTOR M. 

PUCCIARELLI 1 , DIEGO M. SANTOS 2 , FERNANDO 

ABRAMzON 3 , and SONIA LESyK 3 ( 1 Museo.de.La.Plata,. 

Buenos.Aires,.Argentina; 2 CEEMO.Centro.de.Estudios.del. 

Egipto.y.del.Mediterráneo.Oriental,.Ciudad.Autónoma.de. 

Buenos.Aires,.Argentina;. 3 Hospital.Municipal.de.Trauma.y. 

Emergencias.Malvinas.Argentinas). 









Contributed Papers, Session II 

KIPJ.Theatre 


8:00 a.m. – 5:15 p.m. 

Organizers:.Alana Cordy-Collins.(University.of.San.Diego).and. 

Rose Tyson.(San.Diego,.CA). 

Session. Chair:. Teri Saffon. (San. Diego. Museum. of. Man,. San. 

Diego,.CA) 

8:00 246 A New Use for an Old Tool: Intestinal Content ‘Histology’ 

in Paleopathology and Beyond,.GUIDO P. LOM- 

BARDI*, FRANCISCO A. TEJADA, and URIEL GAR- 

CIA-CACERES.(Universidad.Peruana.Cayetano.Heredia,. 

Lima,.Perú). 

8:15 247 Sha-Amun-em-su: The Singer of Amun,. SHEILA 

MENDONÇA DE SOUzA 1 , ANTONIO BRANCAL- 

FON 2 , and CLAUDIA RODRIGUES-CARVALHO 2 

( 1 Escola. Nacional. de. Saúde. Pública/FIOCRUZ,. Rio. de. 

Janeiro,.Brazil;. 2 Museu.Nacional,.Rio.de.Janeiro,.Brazil). 

8:30 248 The Lost Mummies of Lower Nubia, JENEFER A. 

COCKITT*, RyAN J. METCALFE, and A.R. DAVID 

(University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

8:45 249 Feathered Cape, Camelid Fiber, and Cordage – Peruvian 

Mummies in Oslo, GWyN MADDEN 1 , JORDAN 

KARSTEN 2 *, and ROSE DREW 3 ( 1 Grand. Valley. State. 

University,.Allendale,. MI;. 2 State. University. of. New.York. 

Albany,.Albany,.NY;. 3 University.of.York,.Heslington,.York,. 

UK).. 

9:00 250 The Meaning of Mummification among the Anga of the 

Aseki Region of Papua New Guinea: A Tradition in Transition, 

ANDREW J. NELSON 1 and RONALD G. BECK- 

ETT 2 *. ( 1 The. University. of. Western. Ontario;. 2 Quinnipiac. 

University,.Hamden,.CT). 

9:15 251 Scientific Exploration of the Smoked Body Mummification 

Practice of the Anga of Koke Village, Papua New 

Guinea,. RONALD G. BECKETT 1 * and ANDREW J. 

NELSON 2 . ( 1 Quinnipiac. University,. Hamden,. CT;. 2 The. 

University.of.Western.Ontario). 

9:30 252 The Warrior Ways of the Anga, Trauma and Artifact 

Analysis, ANDREW J. NELSON 1 and RONALD G. 

BECKETT 2 *. ( 1 The. University. of. Western. Ontario,. London,.ON,.Canada;. 

2 Quinnipiac.University,.Hamden,.CT). 

9:45 253 Assessment of the Restoration of the Smoked Body of 

Moimango, Former Clan Leader, Warrior, and Shaman of 

the Anga of Koke Village, Papua New Guinea, RONALD 

G. BECKETT 1 * and ANDREW J. NELSON 2 ( 1 Quinnipiac.University;. 

2 The.University.of.Western.Ontario).

10:00 BREAK 

10:30 254 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH 

Centre for Biomedical Egyptology (Part I),.MICHAEL R. 

zIMMERMAN* and BARBARA H. zIMMERMAN 

(Villanova.University,.Villanova,.PA). 

10:45 255 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH Centre 

for Biomedical Egyptology, (Part II: Mummies Meet the Digital 

Age), BARBARA H. zIMMERMAN* and MICHAEL R. 

zIMMERMAN (Villanova.University,.Villanova,.PA). 

11:00 256 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank at the KNH 

Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, University of Manchester, 

LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, A.R. DAVID, STEPHANIE 

ATHERTON, and CONSTANCE LORD (University.of. 

Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

11:15 257 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank – Preliminary 

Results of the Northern England Pilot Study,.LIDIJA McK- 

NIGHT*, A.R. DAVID, STEPHANIE ATHERTON, 

CONSTANCE LORD, and KATHERINE CURRIE 

(University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

11:30 258 Pathology in Sacred Bird Remains: Evidence of Substandard 

Husbandry in Ancient Egypt? STEPHANIE 

ATHERTON (University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

11:45 259 IMPACT – A PACS Based Collaborative Mummy Database 

Project, ANDREW J. NELSON 1 *, ANDREW D. 

WADE 1 , and GREG GARVIN 2 .( 1 The.University.of.Western.Ontario;. 

2 London.X-ray.Associates). 

12:15 LUNCH 

Session. Chair:. Tori Randall. (University. of. San. Diego. and. San. 

Diego.Museum.of.Man,.San.Diego,.CA) 

1:30 260 Re-thinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of 

a Diagnostic Trend (Case Study from a 19 th Century West 

Virginian Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD 1 *, CATHE- 

RINE GAITHER 1 , RAMONE GONzALEz 2 , RONALD 

G. BECKETT 2 , GERALD J. CONLOGUE 2 , CARLyNE 

COOL 3,4 , and STEVE GROSHONG 4 . ( 1 Metropolitan. 

State.College.of.Denver;. 2 Quinnipiac.University;. 3 University.of.Colorado,.Denver;. 

4 National.Jewish.Health). 

1:45 261 Elmer McCurdy, Mummified “Outlaw” from Oklahoma’s 

Wild West, JUDy MyERS SUCHEy (Department.of. 

the.Coroner,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

2:00 262 A Contextual Analysis of a Mummy from the Sierra 

Gorda, Querétaro Region of México, Dated 900 to 1200 

BC, ELIzABETH MEJíA 1 *, MARTHA BENAVENTE 2 , 

ALEJANDRO TERRAzAS 2 , and ALBERTO HER- 

RERA 1 .( 1 INAH.Querétaro,.Querétaro,.México;. 2 Universidad.Nacional.Autónoma.de.México). 


2:15 263 ‘Thinking Makes It So’: Reflections on the Ethics of 

Displaying Egyptian Mummies, JASMINE DAy.(The.University.of.Western.Australia,.Perth,.Australia). 

2:30 264 Cultural and Logistical Challenges in Preparing a 

Large Travelling Mummy Exhibition. for American Museums 

and Science Centers, HEATHER GILL-FRERK- 

ING 1 *, WILFRIED ROSENDAHL 1 , and JAMES 

DELAy 2 ( 1 Museum.Weltkulturen,.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,. 

Mannheim,. Germany;. 2 American. Exhibitions,. Inc.,. 

Boca.Raton,.FL). 

2:45 265 Supernumerary Vertebrae and Other Spinal Pathology 

in Three 17 th Century Crypt Mummies from Germany, 

HEATHER GILL-FRERKING 1 *, JAMES SCHANAN- 

DORE 2 , and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL 1 ( 1 Museum. 

Weltkulturen,.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,.Mannheim,.Germany;. 

2 North.Dakota.State.University,.Fargo,.ND). 

3:00 BREAK 

3:30 266 Relic, Ritual or Residue: the ‘Saint Achilles’ Remains 

at Torre de Palma, Portugal, MARy LUCAS POWELL 1 

and DELLA COLLINS COOK 2 * ( 1 Lexington,.KY;. 2 Indiana.University,.Bloomington,.IN). 

3:45 267 Tattoos and a Scar: Visible Marks and Invisible 

Pathology of a South American Woman from the 14 th Century, 

HEATHER GILL-FRERKING*, ANNA-MARIA 

BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (Museum. 

Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. Mannheim,. 

Germany). 

4:00 268 An Interesting and Indeterminate Disease from the 

Nubian Pathological Collection, MERVyN HARRIS (The. 

University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK).. 

4:15 269 The Ankhpakhered Mummy Project, SABINA MAL- 

GORA 1 * and LUCA BERNARDO 2 ( 1 Castello.del.Buonconsiglio. 

di. Trento,. Trento,. Italy;. 2 Fatebenefratelli. and. 

Macedorio.Melloni.Hospital,.Milan,.Italy). 

4:30 270 Teeth Used as a Tool: Evidence of Task-related Dental 

Modifications from an Ancient Cemetery at Saqqara, Egypt, 

IWONA KOzIERADzKA-OGUNMAKIN (University. 

of.Manchester,.Manchester,.England).. 

4:45 271 Hearts and Minds: Excerebration and Evisceration 

in the Egyptian Mummification Tradition, ANDREW D. 

WADE* and ANDREW J. NELSON (University.of.Western.Ontario). 

5:00 272 Crime and Punishment: A Reconstruction of Mortuary 

Practices in Nomadic Mongolia Based on the Study 

of Human Burials from 3,000 BP (Bronze Age) to AD 

1700 (Ming Dynasty),. BRUNO FROHLICH 1 , TSEND 

AMGALANTUGS 2 , DAVID HUNT 1 *, and KRISTEN 

PEARLSTEIN 1. ( 1 National. Museum. of. Natural. History,. 






Smithsonian. Institution,.Washington. DC,. USA.;. 2 Institute. 

of.Archaeology,.Mongolian.Academy.of.Sciences,.Ulaanbaatar,.Mongolia). 



Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of 


Anthropology and Archaeology 

KIPJ.Room.220 



Organizer.for.the.Education.Section:.William B.N. Berry.(Department. 

of. Earth. and. Planetary. Sciences,. University. of. California. 

Berkeley,.Berkeley,.CA). 

Organizer.for.the.Anthropology.and.Archaeology.Section:.Stephen 

Frost.(Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.Oregon,.Eugene,. 

OR). 

Session.Chair:.TBA 


8:40 273 Marine Invasive Species Assessment in San Diego Bay,. 

KATHLEEN F. ESTRELLA*, GABRIEL L. TUKE- 

MAN*, and.JAy S. VAVRA.(High.Tech.High,.San.Diego,. 

CA).. 

9:00 274 A Model for Empowering Young People from Urban 

and Diverse Backgrounds to become Tomorrow’s Scientific 

Leaders, SHARA FISLER and LINDSAy GOODWIN* 

(Ocean.Discovery.Institute,.San.Diego,.CA). 

9:20 275 Initial Results from Piloting a Science Literacy Concept 

Inventory,.EDWARD B. NUHFER 1 *, CARL KLOOCK, 2 

CHRISTOPHER B. COGAN, 1 and GREGORy WOOD 1 

( 1 California. State. University. Channel. Islands,. Camarillo,. 

CA;. 2 California. State. University. Bakersfield,. Bakersfield,. 

CA). 

9:40 276 

10:00 BREAK 

presentation withdrawn 

10:20 277 Development and Implementation of a Workshop on 

Inclusive Teaching for Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching 

Assistants by Postdoctoral Scholars at UCSD,. SAN- 

DRA L. CLEMENT*, SAURABH JOSHI, SUzANNE 

R. LEE, EVAN C. MERKHOFER, STEFANIE OTTO, 





MARTA VICENTE-CRESPO, and GABRIELE WIEN- 

HAUSEN. (University. of. California. San. Diego,. La. Jolla,. 

CA). 

10:40 278 On Mathematical Education: Mathematics Neither 

Necessary Nor Sufficient for Science,.G. ARTHUR MIH- 

RAM 1 * and DANIELLE MIHRAM 2 . ( 1 Princeton,. NJ;. 

2 University.of.Southern.California,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

Session.Chair:.TBA 

Anthropology.and.Archaeology 

11:00 279 The Seri, the Sun and the Slug: Cultural and Natural 

History of Berthellina ilisima (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) 

from the Central Sea of Cortez,.HANS BERTSCH 1 * and 

CATHy MOSER MARLETT 2 . ( 1 Universidad.Autónoma. 

de.Baja.California,.Imperial.Beach,.CA;. 2 SIL.International,. 

Tucson,.AZ). 

11:20 280 Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot of 

Australopithecus afarensis, JEFF MELDRUM 1 *, ESTE- 

BAN SARMIENTO 2 , and PAUL MITCHELL 3 ( 1 Idaho. 

State.University,.Pocatello,.ID;. 2 Human.Evolution.Foundation;. 

3 University.of.Pennsylvania,.Philadelphia,.PA). 

11:40 281 Review of the Patterson-Gimlin Film as Evidence of an 

Unrecognized North American Ape, JEFF MELDRUM 1 * 

and BILL MUNNS 2. ( 1 Idaho. State. University,. Pocatello,. 

ID;. 2 Bill.Munns.Creature.Gallery). 


Ecology, Organismal Biology, and 

Environmental Sciences 

Earth Sciences 

KIPJ.Room.218 


8:40 a.m. – 11:40 a.m. 

Organizer.for.the.Ecology,.Organismal.Biology.and.Environmental. 

Sciences. Section:. Richard Van Buskirk. (Department. of. Environmental.Studies,.Pacific.University,.Forest.Grove,.OR). 

Organizer.for.the.Earth.Sciences.Section:.vacant position. 

Session.Chair:.Richard Van Buskirk 

Ecology,.Organismal.Biology.and.Environmental.Sciences 

8:40 282 Fungal Endophyte Growth in a Nitrogen-free Solution: 

Nitrogen Fixation Symbiosis May Extend Beyond Bacteria, 

RACHEL SEWELL NESTERUK 1,2 * and RUSTy 

RODRIGUEz 2 ( 1 University. of. Washington,. Seattle,. 

WA;. 2 United. States. Geological. Survey. Western. Fisheries. 

Research.Center,.Seattle.WA)..

9:00 283 A New Honey Bee Threat – the Phorid Fly Apocephalus 

borealis,. ANDREW CORE 1 *, CHARLES RUNCKEL 2 , 

JONATHAN IVERS 1 , CHRISTOPHER QUOCK 1 , 

TRAVIS SIAPNO 1 , SERAPHINA DENAULT 1 , BRIAN 

BROWN 3 , JOSEPH DERISI 2 , CHRISTOPHER D. 

SMITH 1 , and JOHN HAFERNIK 1 ( 1 San. Francisco. 

State. University,. San. Francisco,. CA; 2 University. of. California.San.Francisco,.San.Francisco,.CA; 

3 Natural.History. 

Museum.of.Los.Angeles.County, Los.Angeles,.CA). 

9:20 284 Cutthroat Trout Phylogenetic Relationships: Geologic 

Processes Preserved in DNA,. DENNIS K SHIOzAWA 1 , 

PETER UNMACK, DEREK HOUSTON 1 , JASON 

MATHIS 1 , and R. PAUL EVANS*.(Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,.UT). 

9:40 BREAK 

10:00 285 Emergence Times of the Giant Clam (Genus Tridacna) 

in Response to Varying Degrees of Disturbance 

in Areas of High and Low Human Impact, REBECCA F. 

SCHWARTz 1 * and IAN TIBBETTS 2 .( 1 University.of.San. 

Diego,.San.Diego,.CA;. 2 University.of.Queensland.Australia,.Brisbane,.QLD). 

10:20 285 Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Six Mile 

Cypress Slough, JOHN M. MURRAy (Southern.Utah.University,.Cedar.City,.UT). 

Earth.Sciences 

10:40 287 Evidence for Large Scale Catastrophic Flooding in 

Eurasia,.GEORGE R. DE NEEF.(Vista,.CA). 


Health Sciences 

Engineering, Technology, and Applied Sciences 

Computer and Information Sciences 

KIPJ.219 


10:00 a.m. – 11:40 a.m. 

Organizer.for.the.Health.Sciences.Section:.H.K. Choi.(Department. 

of.Biology,.California.State.University.Dominguez.Hills,.Carson,. 

CA). 

Organizer.for.the.Engineering,.Technology.and.Applied.Sciences. 

Section:.Frank Jacobitz.(Department.of.Engineering,.University.of. 


Organizer. for. the. Computer. and. Information. Sciences. Section:. 

position vacant. 

Session.Chair:.H.K. Choi 



10:00 288 Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Is Caused Primarily by 

Cycling of Hypoxic Drive, Not CO 2 Cycling, WARREN 

G. GUNTHEROTH.(University.of.Washington.School.of. 

Medicine,.Seattle,.WA). 

10:20 289 Eggsploitation in the Human Fertility Trade,. KALA 

PERKINS.(Bioethics.Institute,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 


10:40 290 Feedback Effects of Extracellular Matrix Composition 

on AMPK Signaling Pathway: Pathway to Novel Drug 

Therapeutics Targeting Atherosclerosis,. PRASHANTHI 

VANDRANGI 1 *, VICTOR G.J. RODGERS 1 , and JOHN 

yJ SHyy 2 .(University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,. 

CA). 

Computer.and.Information.Sciences 

11:00 291 Mapping User Search Queries to Product Categories,. 

CAROLyN T. HAFERNIK.(The.Pennsylvania.State.University,.University.Park,.PA). 

11:20 292 How Fast Does a Continued Fraction Converge?.C.E. 

FALBO. (Professor. Emeritus,. Sonoma. State. University,. 

Rohnert.Park,.CA). 





CONTRIBUTED.ORAL.PAPERS.–.Tuesday 


Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections 

Chemistry and Biochemistry 

Cell and Molecular Biology 

KIPJ.Room.I 

Tuesday 


Organizer.for.the.Chemistry.and.Biochemistry.Section:.Owen M. 

McDougal. (Department. of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,. Boise. 

State.University,.Boise,.ID). 

Organizer. for. the. Cell. and. Molecular. Biology. Section:. Kristen 

Mitchell. (Department. of. Biology,. Boise. State. University,. Boise,. 

ID). 


Session.Chair:.Owen M. McDougal 

8:20 293 Predictive Potential Unraveled with DockoMatic, 

REED B. JACOB* and OWEN M. McDOUGAL.(Boise. 

State.University,.Boise,.ID). 

8:40 294 Collagen XI α1 Chain Amino Propeptide Structural 

Model and Glycosaminoglycan Interactions in Silico,. 

CHRIS MALLORy.(Boise.State.University,.Boise,.ID). 

9:00 295 Bridging the Experimental to Computational Divide,. 

OWEN M. McDOUGAL.(Boise.State.University,.Boise,. 

ID). 

9:20 296 Biochemical Components Effecting Myocyte Membrane 

ATPase,.DAVID BLACKMAN.(retired,.UC.Berkeley;.current:.Phoenix,.OR). 

9:40 BREAK 

Session.Chair:.Kristen Mitchell 

Cell.and.Molecular.Biology 

10:00 297 Biochemical and Biophysical Study of Functional 

Characteristics of Hemoglobin Components from Caspian 

Sea Sturgeons (Acipenser. persicus and Acipenser. stellatus) 

Blood, SHOHREH ARIAEENEJAD 1 *, SHAHLA 

JAMILI 1,2 , MEHRAN HABIBI-REzAEI 3 , MOHAM- 

MAD REzA FATEMI 1 , NAJMEH POURSASAN 3 , and 

ALIA MOOSAVI-MOVAHEDI 3 ( 1 Iua,. Pobox,. Tehran,. 

Iran;. 2 Iranian.Fisheries.Research.Organization.of.Iran;. 3 University.of.Tehran,.Tehran,.Iran). 

10:20 298 Loss of Bacterial MTN Activity Causes Polyamine 

Deficiency, KEN CORNELL (Boise. State. University,. 

Boise,.ID). 





10:40 299 Exposure to TCDD (Dioxin) Increases Hepatic Stellate 

Cell Activation, WENDy A. HARVEy*, COLEy J. 

DOOLITTLE, JALISA J. ROBINSON, and KRISTEN 

A. MITCHELL.(Boise.State.University,.Boise,.ID). 

11:00 300 Expression of Multipotency Markers in Adult Adipocyte-Derived 

Stem Cells as a Function of Time,.LAURINE 

J. SHAHMIRIAN 1 * and KRISTINA I. BOSTROM 2 

( 1 Chaminade.College.Preparatory.High.School,.West.Hills,. 

CA;. 2 David.Geffen.School.of.Medicine,.University.of.California.Los.Angeles,,Los.Angeles,.CA). 

11:20 301 Oncostatin M: Potential Target for Inhibiting Breast 

Cancer Metastasis to Bone, CELESTE BOLIN, KEN 

TAWARA, and CHERyL L. JORCyK*.(Boise.State.University,.Boise,.ID). 

11:40 302 MicroRNA Signatures in Small Molecule Induced 

Cardiac and Neural Lineage-Specification Direct from Pluripotent 

Human Embryonic Stem Cells, XUEJUN H. PAR- 

SONS (San. Diego. Regenerative. Medicine. Institute,. San. 

Diego,.CA.and.Xcelthera,.San.Diego,.CA). 


History and Philosophy of Science 

General and Interdisciplinary Studies 

KIPJ.Room.G 

Tuesday 


Organizer.for.the.History.and.Philosophy.of.Science.Section:.Donald 

J. McGraw.(Ephraim,.UT). 

Organizer. for. the. General. and. Interdisciplinary. Studies. Section:. 

Robert L. Chianese. (Retired,. California. State. University. Northridge,.Northridge,.CA). 


Session.Chair:.Donald J. McGraw 

8:20 303 The First Pacific Conchologist: Eusebio Kino SJ, Abalones 

and California’s Insularity,.HANS BERTSCH.(Universidad.Autónoma.de.Baja.California.Sur,.Imperial.Beach,. 

CA). 

8:40 304 Tracing the Birth of New Science in the Literature of 

the 17 th and 18 th Centuries,.FAyE MANKOWSKE.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

9:00 305 Darwinian Evolution and Jack London: Dualistic 

Representations of Evolution and Social Darwinism in the 

Character of Buck, BERNADETTE E. SMITH (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

9:20 306 Public Mathematics and Discrete Policy: Federal

Administrations and Mathematics Education Reform in the 

20 th Century United States, EMILy T.H. REDMAN.(University.of.California.Berkeley,.Berkeley,.CA). 

9:40 307 A Measurably Sanitary Landscape: Malaria and 

Flooded Rice Agriculture in California’s Great Central Valley, 

BARBARA yABLON MAIDA.(University.of.California.Los.Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

10:00 BREAK 

10:20 308 Millennial Biology: The National Science Foundation 

and the Life Sciences, 1975-2005,.DONALD J. McGRAW 

(“Dr..Donald.J..McGraw,.Independent.Scholar/Contractor,”. 

Ephraim,.UT). 

10:40 309 On Science: Natural Philosophy Its Basis, Analogy 

Its Advance,.DANIELLE MIHRAM 1 *.and G. ARTHUR 

MIHRAM 2 .( 1 University.of.Southern.California,.Los.Angeles,.CA;. 

2 Princeton,.NJ). 

General.and.Interdisciplinary.Studies 

Session.Chair:.Robert L. Chianese 

11:00 310 Pleistocene Ecology and the Rise of Civilization,.JEF- 

FREy GRITzNER. (The. University. of. Montana,. Missoula,.MT). 

11:20 311 Across the Divide: An Expedition into the American 

West,. JOHN M. MURRAy 1 *, WENDy V. MURRAy 1 , 

and JOSEPH KAKAREKA 2 ( 1 Southern.Utah.University,. 

Cedar.City,.UT;. 2 Florida.Gulf.Coast.University,.Fort.Myers,. 

FL). 

11:40 312 Science and Law: A Meeting of the Minds,. DEBO- 

RAH M. HUSSEy FREELAND.(University.of.San.Francisco.School.of.Law,.San.Francisco,.CA). 


Psychology 

Social, Economic and Political Sciences 

Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences 

KIPJ.Room.214 

Tuesday 

1:40 p.m. – 4:20 p.m. 

Organizer.for.the.Psychology.Section:.J. Kenneth Nishita.(California.State.University.Monterey.Bay,.Seaside,.CA). 

Organizer.for.the.Social,.Economic.and.Political.Sciences.Section:. 

Carl A. Maida.(UCLA.Schools.of.Dentistry.and.Medicine,.University.of.California.Los.Angeles,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

CONTRIBUTED.ORAL.PAPERS.–.Tuesday 

Organizer.for.the.Engineering,.Technology.and.Applied.Sciences. 

Section:.Frank Jacobitz.(Department.of.Engineering,.University.of. 


Session.Chair:.Carl A. Maida 

Psychology 

1:40 313 Heterogeneity and Transgroupness of Individual Cognitive 

Types,.MAGOROH MARUyAMA.(Interactive.Heterogenistics,.San.Diego,.CA). 


2:00 314 Cartooning the Issues: Popular Understanding of 

Economic Policies, 1865-1919,.MARK ALDRICH (Smith. 

College,.Northampton.MA). 

2:20 315 Ethiopia’s Planned Gibe III Hydrodam: Dismantling 

Pastoral Survival Systems, Armed Conflict and Political 

Destabilization in the Kenya-Ethiopia-Sudan Border 

Region, CLAUDIA J. CARR (University. of. California. 

Berkeley,.Berkeley,.CA). 

2:40 316 Neoclassical Theory of the Fully Temporal System 

Yielding Completed Input/Output Substitution, THOMAS 

E. CHAMBERLAIN (Independent.Researcher,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

3:00 317 The Science of Laws: Data Base of Cause and Effect 

Reports,.DAVID G. SCHRUNK 1 * and GARy B. SANER 2 . 

( 1 Quality.of.Laws.Institute,.Poway,.CA;. 2 Primero.Systems,. 

San.Diego,.CA).. 

3:20 BREAK 


3:40 318 Multidisciplinary Engineering Approach to the Design 

of Laws, DAVID G. SCHRUNK.(Quality.of.Laws.Institute,. 

Poway,.CA). 

4:00 319 Prospective versus Retrospective View of Engineering 

Design –Testing the Engineering Design Process Through 

Litigation, MICHAEL S. MORSE (University. of. San. 






CONTRIBUTED.ORAL.PAPERS.–.Thursday 



Contributed Papers, Session III 


Thursday 

11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. 

Organizers:.Alana Cordy-Collins.(University.of.San.Diego).and. 

Rose Tyson.(San.Diego,.CA). 

Session.Chair:.Ryan Metcalfe.(University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK) 

11:30 320 Development of a Nubian Pathological Ontology, 

RyAN METCALFE (University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK). 

11:45 321 Re-thinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery 

(Fag el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt),. DAVID M.. 

WHITCHURCH* and R. PAUL. EVANS. (Brigham. 

Young.University,.Provo,.UT).. 

12:00 322 The Alleged Bog Body or the Identification of a South 

American Mummy via Multi-element Isotope Analyses, 

SANDRA LOESCH 1 , CHRISTINE LEHN 2 , ULRICH 

STRUCK 3 , PETER HORN 4 , STEFAN HÖLzL 4 , OLI- 

VER PESCHEL 2 , ANDREAS NERLICH 5 , and BRI- 

GITTE HAAS-GEBHARD 6 . ( 1 Bern. University,. Bern,. 

Switzerland; 2 University. of. Munich,. Munich,. Germany; 

3 Humboldt.University.of.Berlin,.Berlin,.Germany; 4 Bavarian.State.Collection.of.Palaeontology.and.Geology,.Munich,. 

Germany; 5 Municipal. Clinic. Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany; 

6 Bavarian. State. Archaeological. Collection. and. 

Museum,.Munich,.Germany). 

12:15 323 Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Ancient 

Egyptian Mummy;.X-ray, CT and MR Analysis,.MISLAV 

CAVKA 1,2 , GORDANA IVANAC 1,2 LEJLA AGAN- 

OVIC 3 *, GERT REITER 4 , SONIA NIELLES-VALLES- 

PIN 5 , PETER SPEIER 5 , IVOR JANKOVIC 6 , IGOR 

URANIC 7 , and BORIS BRKLJACIC 1,2. ( 1 University. 

Department. for. Diagnostic. and. Interventional. Radiology. 

in. University. Hospital. “Dubrava”,. Zagreb,. Croatia;. 2 University. 

of. Zagreb. Medical. School,. Zagreb,. Croatia;. 3 University.of.California.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA;. 

4 Siemens. 

AG.Healthcare,.Erlangen,.Germany;. 5 Siemens.AG.Healthcare,.Graz,.Austria;. 

6 Institute.for.Anthropological.Research,. 

Zagreb,.Croatia;. 7 Archeological.Museum. Zagreb,.Zagreb,. 

Croatia).. 





IV. CONTRIBUTED POSTER PRESENTATIONS 

189.poster.number.is.also.the.abstract.number 

193 (number.italicized.and.underlined).identifies.a.student.presentation 

*identifies.the.presenter.from.among.several.authors.listed 

CONTRIBUTED.POSTERS.–.Sunday 

Boards.on.which.to.attach.poster.presentations.will.be.set.up.in.KIPJ.Rooms.C.and.D..The.poster.boards.have.numbers.on.them.that.coincide. 

with.the.numbers.assigned.to.the.posters.in.this.program.(see.number.to.the.left.of.the.title.of.each.presentation)..You.are.expected.to.use.the. 

appropriately.numbered.board.for.your.poster. 

<strong>World</strong> <strong>Congress</strong> of Mummy Studies Posters:.Posters.are.to.be.set.up.Sunday.morning.for.viewing.all.day..All.posters.must.be.removed. 

by.11:00.a.m..Monday..All.presenters.are.expected.to.be.at.their.posters.from.5:30.p.m..to.6:30.p.m..Sunday.to.allow.attendees.the.opportunity. 

to.discuss.results.with.presenters..Students should expect two judges to review their presentations. Judging may extend beyond 6:30 p.m.. 

AAASPD Posters:.Posters.can.be.set.up.beginning.at.11:00.a.m..Monday...All.set.up.should.be.finished.at.least.10.minutes.prior.to.noon,.the. 

start.of.the.session..All.presenters.must.be.present.with.their.posters.for.at.least.two.hours.during.the.poster.session.in.order.to.discuss.their.work.. 

Students must be present with their posters from at least noon to 2:00 p.m. in order to give judges the opportunity to review and discuss their work 

with them..No.posters.are.to.be.removed.before.4:00.p.m.,.the.end.of.the.session..All.posters.must.be.removed.no.later.than.8:00.p.m..that.evening. 

Presenters assume full responsibility for the security of their poster and other materials..Unclaimed.posters.will.be.discarded.at.the. 

close.of.the.technical.sessions.Wednesday.afternoon. 

Quick Directory of Sponsoring Sections/Societies 

and Their Posters 

Section or Society poster numbers 

<strong>World</strong>.<strong>Congress</strong>.on.Mummy.Studies .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .324.–.363 

Agriculture.and.Horticultural.Sciences.Section.. . . . . .372.–.373 

Anthropology.and.Archaeology.Section. . . . . . . . . . . .381.–.382 

Atmospheric.and.Oceanographic.Sciences.Section.. . .377.–.378 

Cell.and.Molecular.Biology.Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388.–.393 

Computer.and.Information.Sciences.Section.. . . . . . . .370.–.371 

Earth.Sciences.Section.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 

Ecology,.Organismal.Biology.and 

Environmental.Sciences.Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379.–.380 

Education.Section.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375.–.376 

Health.Sciences.Section.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364.–.368 

Oral.Biology.and.Dental.Medicine.Section.. . . . . . . . .383.–.387 

Social,.Economic.and.Political.Sciences.Section.. . . . . . . . . .369 


POSTER SESSION I 



Sunday 

5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. 

324 The Bioarchaeology of Activity and Labour Under Inka 

Occupation: A Regional Analysis of Provincial Burials from 

Lima, Peru,.TRISHA M. BIERS 1 * and GUILLERMO A. 

COCK CARRASCO 2. ( 1 University. of. Cambridge,. Cambridge,. 

United. Kingdom;. 2 ConsultPatCu. E.I.R.L.,. Lima. 

Peru). 

325 Residential Mobility and Stress in Nasca, Peru: New 

Insights from Cortisol and Isotopic Analyses of Archaeological 

Hair,.EMILy WEBB*, CHRISTINE WHITE, STAN 

VAN UUM, and FRED LONGSTAFFE.(The.University. 

of.Western.Ontario,.London,.Ontario,.Canada). 

326 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity 

Patterns in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from 

the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER. 

(University.of.North.Carolina,.Chapel.Hill,.NC). 

327 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile 

Evidence from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru,. 

ELIzABETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S.. GOLD- 

STEIN.(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA).. 

328 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope 

Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, 

Peru,.ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLD- 

STEIN, SARAH. I. BAITzEL, MARGARET J. 

SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and 

LINDA yzURDIGA (University.of.California.San.Diego,. 


329 Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive 

Plants in Andean Archaeological Populations,. EMMA 

BROWN*, ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB 

JANAWAy, and TIMOTHy TAyLOR (University. of. 

Bradford,.Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,.United.Kingdom).. 

330 Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation 

into Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, Peru, 

LAUREN CADWALLADER. (University. of. Cambridge,. 

Cambridge,.UK).. 

331 Archaeohelminthology of the Chiribaya Shepherd, Canis. 

familiaris, (AD 700-1476) from Southern Peru,. DENNIS 

J. RICHARDSON 1 , SONIA GUILLÉN 2 , RONALD G. 

BECKETT 1 , WESLEy KyLE 1 , GERALD J. CON- 

LOGUE 1 *, and KATHERINE HARPER-BECKETT 1 

( 1 Quinnipiac.University,.Hamden,.CT;. 2 Centro.Mallqui,.Ilo,. 

Peru).. 

332 Preliminary Results of the Histological Study of Ancient Skin 

Tissue Samples from the Chinchorro Mummies,. BRUNO 

DORE 1 *, BERNARDO ARIAzA 2 , ROSA BOANO 1 , and 

EMMA RABINO MASSA 1 .( 1 University.of.Turin,.Torino,. 

. 189.poster.number.is.also.the.abstract.number. 55 



*identifies.the.presenter.from.among.several.authors.listed


Italy;. 2 Instituto. de.Alta. Investigación. and. Universidad. de. 

Tarapaca,.Arica,.Chile). 

333 Shrinking Misconceptions: A Neutral Perspective on Shuar 

Tsantsas,.CHEyENNE MCCARTHy* and BENJAMIN 

KOOBA.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

334 Historical Context of Tsantsa, TOBIAS HOULTON (University.of.Dundee,.Scotland). 

335 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the 

Shuar Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON 

(University.of.Dundee,.Scotland). 

336 Facial Reconstruction of an Anga Mummy, ANDREW J. 

NELSON 1 , VICTORIA LyWOOD 2 , and RONALD G. 

BECKETT 3 *. ( 1 The. University. of. Western. Ontario,. London,.ON,.Canada;. 

2 John.Abbott.College,.Sainte-Anne-de- 

Bellevue,. Québec,. Canada;. 3 Quinnipiac. University,. Hamden,.Connecticut). 

337 Analysis of an Offering of Cultural Materials Associated 

with Partially Mummified Remains from Sierra Gorda, 

Querétaro, México,. ELIzABETH MEJíA 1 *, AURORA. 

MONTUFAR 2 , and ALBERTO HERRERA 1 ( 1 INAH. 

Querétaro,.Querétaro,.Qro.,.México;. 2 INAH,.Laboratorios. 

y.Apoyo.Académicox).. 

338 Haida Mummy Rediscovered, GWyN MADDEN (Grand. 

Valley.State.University,.Allendale,.MI). 

339 The German Mummy Project, HEATHER GILL-FRERK- 

ING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED 

ROSENDAHL (Museum. Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. 

Museums,.Mannheim,.Germany). 

340 Standardizing Recording Forms for Mummy Studies, 


BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (Museum. 

Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. Mannheim,. 

Germany).. 

341 X-ray Imaging and its Impact on Ancient DNA: A Monte 

Carlo-based Simulation, JOHANN WANEK 1 , LIz 

PARVIN 2 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 University. of. 

Zürich,.Switzerland;. 2 Open.University,.United.Kingdom). 

342 The North American Mummy Database; An Interdisciplinary 

Online Resource,.S.J..WOLFE (American.Antiquarian. 

Society,.Worcester,.MA). 

343 New Findings on a Roman-period Egyptian Mummy at 

the University of Illinois,.SARAH U. WISSEMAN 1 *.and. 

DAVID R. HUNT 2 .( 1 Illinois.State.Archaeological.Survey,. 

University.of.Illinois,.Champaign.IL;. 2 National.Museum.of. 

Natural.History,.Washington,.D.C.). 

344 Mummified Baboons, Stable Isotopes, and the Location 

of Punt, GILLIAN L. MORITz 1 *, GILLIAN A. O. 

BRITTON 2 *, SALIMA IKRAM 3 , and NATHANIEL J. 

56. 189.poster.number.is.also.the.abstract.number 




DOMINy 4 ( 1,2,4 Dartmouth.College,.Hanover,.NH;. 3 American.University.in.Cairo,.New.Cairo,.Egypt). 

345 Backroom Treasures: CT Scanning of Two Ibis Mummies 

from the Peabody Museum Collection,. ANDREW 

D. WADE 1 *, SALIMA IKRAM 2 , GERALD J. CON- 

LOGUE 3 , RONALD G. BECKETT 3 , ANDREW J. NEL- 

SON 1 , and ROGER COLTEN 4 . ( 1 University. of. Western. 

Ontario;. 2 American.University.in.Cairo;. 3 Quinnipiac.University;. 

4 Peabody.Museum.of.Natural.History). 

346 Interpreting the Life of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom 

Mummy,. MONIQUE OSIGBEME*, CHENERE 

PIERCE RAMSEy, MALU TANSEy, JOSHUA ROB- 

INSON, JOHN KINGSTON, and ARRI EISEN.(Emory. 

University,.Atlanta,.GA). 

347 Evidence of Trepanation in a 26 th Dynasty Mummy from 

Akhmim, Egypt,. JONATHAN P. ELIAS 1 *, CARTER 

LUPTON 2 , and ROBERT D. HOPPA 3 ( 1 Akhmim. 

Mummy. Studies. Consortium,. Carlisle,. PA;. 2 Milwaukee. 

Public.Museum,.Milwaukee,.WI;. 3 University.of.Manitoba, . 

Manitoba,.Canada). 

348 The Weird and the Wonderful – The Scientific Study of a 

Miniature Mummy, LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, NATALIE 

McCREESH, and ANDy GIzE (University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK).. 

349 DNA, EDAX, and Radiocarbon Analysis of Burials and 

Textiles from the BYU Excavation of the Fag el Gamous 

Cemetery in Fayoum, Egypt,. ADDISON ALLEy*, 

CHRISTOPHER EPPICH*, MATTHEW BIGGS, 

GARRETT MULLINS, CARTER NEWEy, DAVID 

M. WHITCHURCH, RICHARD HECKMANN, and R. 

PAUL EVANS.(Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,.UT). 

350 Rethinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag 

el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt),.DAVID M..WHITCHURCH* 

and R. PAUL EVANS.(Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,. 

UT).. 

351 Parasitology of the Piraino 1 Mummy, Sicily, Italy, 

KELSEy J. KUMM 1 *, KARL J. REINHARD 2 , DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 3 , ADAUTO ARAÚJO 4 , and 

SCOTT L. GARDNER 5 ( 1,2,5 University. of. Nebraska- 

Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE;. 3 Istituto.per.le.Mummie.e.l’Iceman,. 

EURAC,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 4 Escola.Nacional.de.Saúde.Pública,. 

Rio.de.Janeiro,.Brazil). 

352 Forensic Palynological Analysis of Piraino 1, Sicily, Italy: 

Diet, Medicine, and Season of Death, MELISSA LEIN1 *, 

DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 2 , and KARL J. REIN- 

HARD3 ( 1,3University. of. Nebraska-Lincoln,. Lincoln,. NE;. 

2Istituto. per. le. Mummie. e. l’Iceman,. EURAC,. Bolzano,. 

Italy). 

353 Macrofossils, Microfossils and Dietary Interpretations for 

Piraino 1, Sicily, SARA LEROy-TOREN 1 *, DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 2 , and KARL J REINHARD 3 .

( 1 Lincoln.Public.Schools.Science.Focus.Program,.Lincoln,. 

NE;. 2 Istituto.per.le.Mummie.e.l’Iceman,.EURAC,.Bolzano,. 

Italy; .3 University.of.Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE). 

354 Forensic Palynological Analysis of Intestinal Contents of a 

Korean Mummy,.PAULETTE ARGUELLES 1 *, KARL J. 

REINHARD 2 , and DONG HOON SHIN 3 ( 1,2 University.of. 

Nebraska-Lincoln,. Lincoln,. NE;. 3 Seoul. National. University,.College.of.Medicine,.Seoul,.South.Korea). 

355 Parasitism of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body with Overview 

of Bog Body Helminths,. NICOLE SEARCHEy 1 *, 

KARL J. REINHARD 2 ,.SCOTT L. GARDNER 3 , DON 

BROTHWELL 4 , WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN 5 , 

FRANK MAIXNER 6 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 6 , 

ALBERT zINK 6 , and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 7,8 

( 1,2,3 University. of. Nebraska-Lincoln,. Lincoln,. NE. 68588;. 

4 University. of.York,.York,. United. Kingdom;. 5 Drents. Plateau,.Assen,.The.Netherlands;. 

6 EURAC-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

7 University.of.Turin,. 

Turin,.Italy;. 8 University.of.Marseilles,.Marseilles,.France). 

356 Microfossil Analysis of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body,. 

KARL J. REINHARD 1 *, DON BROTHWELL 2 , 

WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN 3 , FRANK MAIXNER 4 , 

DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 4 , ALBERT zINK 4 , and 

RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 5,6. ( 1 University. of. Nebraska. –. 

Lincoln,. Lincoln,. NE;. 2 University. of. York,. York,. United. 

Kingdom;. 3 Drents. Plateau,. Assen,. The. Netherlands;. 

4 EURAC-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 5 University.of.Turin,.Turin,.Italy;. 6 University.of.Marseilles,.Marseilles,.France). 

357 Hounsfield Units Ranges in CT-scans of Bog Bodies and 

Mummies,. CHIARA VILLA. and NIELS LyNNERUP*. 

(University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark). 

358 Taphonomic Studies on the Joseon Mummies in Korea,. 

CHANG SEOK OH 1,2 *, MyEUNG JU KIM 3 , and 

DONG HOON SHIN 1,2. ( 1,2 Seoul.National.University.College.of.Medicine,.Seoul,.Korea;. 

3 Dankook.University.College.of.Medicine,.Cheonan,.Korea). 

359 Examples of Paleopathological Studies on Korean Mummies, 

MyEUNG JU KIM 1 *, yI-SUK KIM 2 , CHANG 

SEOK OH 3,4 , JAI-HyANG GO 5 , IN SUN LEE 6 , and 

DONG HOON SHIN 3,4 ( 1,3 Dankook. University. College. 

of.Medicine,.Cheonan,.Korea;. 2 Ewha.Womans.University. 

School. of. Medicine,. Seoul,. Korea;. 4 Institute. of. Forensic. 

Medicine,. 6 Seoul.National.University.College.of.Medicine,. 

Seoul,.Korea). 

360 Leishmaniasis in 15 th Century Italian Nobles and Mercury 

Treatment, ANTONIO LANzIROTTI 1 , RAFFA- 

ELLA BIANUCCI 2,3,4 , CLIFFORD QUALLS 5 , EzIO 

FERROGLIO 6 , ANDREAS G. NERLICH 7 , VALEN- 

TINA GIUFFRA 4 , GINO FORNACIARI 4 , and OTTO 

APPENzELLER 8 *. ( 1 Brookhaven. National. Laboratory,. 

Upton,. NY,. USA;. 2 University. of. Turin,. Italy;. 3 University. 

of.Marseilles,.France;. 4 University.of.Pisa,.Italy; .5 University. 


of. New. Mexico,. Albuquerque,. NM,. USA;. 6 University. 

of. Turin,. Italy;. 7 Academic. Teaching. Hospital. München- 

Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany;. 8 NMHEMC. Research. 

Foundation..Albuquerque,.NM,.USA). 

361 Rethinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of a 

Diagnostic Trend, (Case Study from a 19 th Century West Virginian 

Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD 1 *, CATHERINE 

GAITHER 1 , RAMONE GONzALEz 2 , RONALD G. 

BECKETT 2 , GERALD J. CONLOGUE 2 , CARLyNE 

COOL 3,4 , and STEVE GROSHONG 4 . ( 1 Metropolitan. 

State.College.of.Denver,.Denver,.CO;. 2 Quinnipiac.University,. 

Hamden,. CT;. 3 University. of. Colorado,. Denver,. CO;. 

4 National.Jewish.Health;.jhwoodw@yahoo.co.uk).. 

362 Dental Morphology of a Juvenile Mummy from the Shelton 

Expedition: Observations and Measurements Made from 

CT Scans and Stereolithography, HEATHER EDGAR 1 * 

and SHARA BAILEy 2 .( 1 University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque,.NM;. 

2 New.York.University,.New.York,.NY). 

363 Preliminary Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy of Ancient 

Egyptian Embalmed Heads from the Museum of Anthropology 

and Ethnography of the University of Turin, Italy,. 

MARIA GRAzIA BRIDELLI 1 , ALIDA DELL’ANNA 1 , 

ROSA BOANO 2 *, and SERGIA DE IASIO 1 .( 1 University. 

of.Parma,.Italy;. 2 University.of.Turin,.Italy). 







CONTRIBUTED.POSTERS.–.Monday 


POSTER SESSION II 




NOON – 4:00 PM 

IMPORTANT.NOTE:.Please.pay.close.attention.to.the.instructions. 

for.poster.presenters.on.page.55.of.these.Proceedings. 

HEALTH SCIENCES 

364 Association of Marijuana Use and Active Caries in a 

National Probability Sample,. MONIQUE R. BELIN*, 

EUGENIO AQUINO*, yAN WANG, HONGHU LIU, 

and MARVIN MARCUS (California.Endowment.Pipeline. 

Program,.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

365 Vitamin D Deficiency in Humans Associates with Delayed 

P300 Latency and Reduced Voltage Predicting Cognitive 

Decline, ERIC R. BRAVERMAN 1 , KENNETH 

BLUM 2,3 *, KENNETH PERRINE 1 , and UMA J. 

DAMLE 2 .( 1 Weill.Cornell.College.of.Medicine,.New.York,. 

NY;. 2 Path.Foundation.NY,.New.York,.NY;. 3 University.of. 

Florida,.Gainesville,.FL). 

366 Relationship Between Adiposity and Physical Function in 

Older Adults, ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (University. of. 

Nevada,.Reno,.NV). 

367 Role of Muscle Mass in Weight Loss Among Obese Women, 

ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (University.of.Nevada,.Reno,.NV). 

368 Frequency of Pregnancies and Long-Term Effects of 

Periodontal Disease in a National Probability Sample, 

LOLIyA BOB-MANUEL*, MARISOL CEBALLOS*, 

JOSE M. RODRIGUEz*, yAN WANG, HONGHU LIU, 

and MARVIN MARCUS (California.Endowment.Pipeline. 

Program,.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and POLITICAL SCIENCES 

369 How to Live to Be 100: Utah Centenarians in Their Own 

Words,.THOMAS W. DRAPER* and ELENA OLIVER. 

(Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,.UT). 

COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 

370 Quadrocopter Aerial Monocular Vision for Improved 

Autonomous Robot Navigation,.KENNy LEI.(Walnut.High. 

School,.Walnut,.CA). 

371 An Algorithm to Determine Protein Structure Using Secondary 

and Tertiary Structure Prediction,.VIKRAM SUN- 

DAR.(The.Harker.School,.San.Jose,.CA). 

AGRICULTURE and HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 

58. 189.poster.number.is.also.the.abstract.number 




372 Non-Cytotoxicity of Novel Antifungal Aminoglycosides in 

Mammalian Cells, SANJIB SHRESTHA 1,3 *, CHENG- 

WEI TOM CHANG 2,3 , MARINA FOSSO 2 , yUKIE 

KAWASAKI 1 , MICHELLE GRILLEy 1 , and JON y. 

TAKEMOTO 1,3 .( 1,2 Utah.State.University,.Logan,.UT;. 3 Synthetic.Biomanufacturing.Center.(USTAR),.Utah.State.University,.Logan,.UT). 

373 Scalable Production of Syringomycin E as an Organic 

Compatible Agrifungicide,. yUKIE KAWASAKI*, 

MICHELLE GRILLEy, and JON TAKEMOTO (Utah. 

State.University,.Logan,.UT). 

EARTH SCIENCES 

374 Modeling the Climate Effects of 21 st Century Global Warming 

on Selected Ski Resorts in Western Canada,.MICHAEL 

PIDWIRNy. (University. of. British. Columbia,. Kelowna,. 

British.Columbia,.Canada). 

EDUCATION (SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY) 

375 Mosquito Biodiversity in San Diego: Human and Environmental 

Health Concerns, AMALIA R. BERSIN*, LILIA GALVEz*, 

and JAy S. VAVRA.(High.Tech.High,.San.Diego,.CA). 

376 Development and Implementation of a Workshop on Inclusive 

Teaching for Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching 

Assistants by Postdoctoral Scholars at UCSD,.SANDRA L. 

CLEMENT*, SAURABH JOSHI, SUzANNE R. LEE, 

EVAN C. MERKHOFER, STEFANIE OTTO, MARTA 

VICENTE-CRESPO, and GABRIELE WIENHAUSEN. 

(University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA). 

ATMOSPHERIC and OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES 

377 Analysis of Climate and Tree Growth over the Last 1000 

Years Using Tree Rings from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,. 

ARMAND ANSELMO* and zHI-yONG yIN (University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

378 The Bioclastic Composition of Carbonate Sediments in 

Hurricane Hole and other Coral Reef Environments, St. 

John, USVI, CASEy CHAPMAN* and SARAH GRAy 

(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA).. 

ECOLOGY, ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY 

and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 

379 Scrubbing the Air: Reducing Carbon Dioxide Levels with. 

Frageria.californica,.Galvezia.speciosa,.Heteromeles.argutifolia,.and.Salvia.clevelandii,.CAROLINEFROST.(Chaminade. 

College. Preparatory. School,. Los. Angeles,. CA. and. 

Loyola.Marymount.University,.Los.Angeles,.CA).

380 Examination of Physiological and Behavioral Effects on 

White Seabass Atractoscion.nobilis.in a Closed Recirculating 

System, SAMUEL M. HOLLEy. (Huntington. Beach. 

High.School,.Huntington.Beach,.CA).. 

ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHAEOLOGY 

381 Analysis of Hair Attributed to an Unidentified Species of 

Primate, KyLE GRAGG, JEFF MELDRUM*, and 

HENNER FAHRENBACH (Idaho. State. University,. 

Pocatello,.ID). 

382 Incomplete Lumbar Spine and Its Applications in the Estimation 

of Sex,. MARIA JELACA-TAVAKOLI 1 * and 

MARy E. LEWIS 2 ( 1 Southwestern.College,.Chula.Vista,. 

CA;. 2 University.of.Reading,.Reading,.United.Kingdom).. 

ORAL BIOLOGY and DENTAL MEDICINE 

383 Developing a Rat Model of Facial Inflammation, CHAR- 

DONNAy WARD*, yATENDRA MULPURI, and IGOR 

SPIGELMAN.(Howard.Hughes.Medical.Institute.Pre-College. 

Science. Education. Program,. UCLA. School. of. Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA).. 

384 Chronic Inflammation and Epigenetic Gene Regulation 

in Oral Keratinocytes, REBECCA UDOKOP* and KI- 

HyUK SHIN (Howard.Hughes.Medical.Institute.Pre-College.Science.Education.Program.and.the 

. UCLA.School.of. 

Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

385 UBC9 Expression in Oral Cancerous Cells, BERENICE 

FLORES*, MICHELLE PICENO*, CHENXI SONG, 

MIN zHANG, and SHEN HU (Howard.Hughes.Medical. 

Institute. Pre-College. Science. Education. Program. and. the. 

UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

386 Susceptibility of Oral Cancer Stem Cells to NK Cell Death 

versus their Differentiated Counterparts, CAMILLE 

BROWN*, CANDy MACIAS*, HELEN TSENG, 

CAITLIN LANzON, and ANAHID JEWETT (Howard. 

Hughes. Medical. Institute. Pre-College. Science. Education. 

Program.and.The.Weintraub.Center.for.Reconstructive.Biotechnology,.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

387 Combined Effects of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha on Dental 

Pulp Stem Cell Differentiation, XAVIER BROOKS*, 

ESMERALDA ALVAREz*, JU EUN OH, SHEBLI 

MEHRAzARIN, SUSAN BAE, and MO KANG.(Howard. 

Hughes.Medical.Institute.Pre-College.Science.Education.Program.and.the.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Los.Angeles,.CA).. 

CELL and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

388 The Effect of Ginkgo biloba on the Mouse Hippocampus,. 

ALEXA ARANJO.(Chadwick.School,.Palos.Verdes.Peninsula,. 

CA.and.University.of.Southern.California,.Los.Angeles,.CA). 

CONTRIBUTED.POSTERS.–.Monday 

389 Identifying Myostatin in Yellowtail (Seriola. lalandi) using 

Degenerate PCR,. ALySSA BERNARDI* and MARy 

SUE LOWERy.(University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

390 The Effects of Exercise on the Expression of Insulin-like 

Growth Factor in Juvenile Yellowtail,. SARAH JONES* 

and MARy SUE LOWERy (University.of.San.Diego,.San. 

Diego,.CA). 

391 Identification of a Second Site Suppressor of. cdc24. in. 

Schizosaccharomyces pombe, SHANI M.C. CHAPMAN* 

and SALLy G. PASION.(San.Francisco.State.University,. 

San.Francisco,.CA). 

392 Ah Receptor Interacts with Activated Stat1 to Promote 

Cell Proliferation, CHERI L. LAMB*, BRIAN ELLS- 

WORTH, and KRISTEN A. MITCHELL. (Boise. State. 

University,.Boise,.ID). 

393 Effects of the Orai1 Gene on the Skull Formation, AyANA 

USSERy 1 *, ROSA NAPOLES 1 , HyE-WON CHOI 2 , 

and JEANNE NERVINA 3 ( 1,2 Howard. Hughes. Medical. 

Institute. Pre-College. Science. Education. Program. and. the. 

UCLA.School.of.Dentistry;.Los.Angeles,.CA;. 3 University. 

of.Michigan.School.of.Dentistry,.Ann.Arbor,.MI). 





NOTES 

60

ABSTRACTS 

Abstracts are grouped by program. 

Not all presenters submitted an abstract. 

Except for editing of titles, authors and affiliations for consistency, abstracts have not 

been edited to any degree for grammar or content and are presented as submitted by the authors. 

PLENARY LECTURES 

Sunday Evening Public Lecture 

Sunday, 7:00 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

1 NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial Networks in 

Humans,. ICHIRO NISHIMURA. (Professor. and. Director,. The. 

Weintraub.Center.for.Reconstructive.Biotechnology,.UCLA.School. 

of.Dentistry;.inishimura@dentistry.ucla.edu). 

The. mission. of. UCLA. Weintraub. Center. is. to. sustain. the. 

quality.of.life.of.our.patients.who.suffer.from.facial.defects.and. 

dysfunction..What. are. the. functions. of. the. human. face?. In. “The. 

Expression.of.Emotions.in.Man.and.Animals”.published.in.1872,. 

Charles.Darwin.proposed.that.the.innate.facial.expression.was.universal.among.all.human.races.and.obtained.through.our.evolutional. 

process..Emotional.experiences.in.the.brain.immediately.activate. 

neuro-muscular.networks,.resulting.in.the.delicate.modulation.of. 

smooth. muscles. of. vasculature. and. intestinal. systems. and. arrector.pili.of.hair.follicles,.as.well.as.skeletal.muscles.of.shoulders,. 

arms.and.legs..However,.the.most.significant.emotional.influence. 

may.be.projected.to.the.facial.muscles,.resulting.in.the.recognizable. 

changes.in.facial.form..The.facial.expression.of.emotions.plays.the. 

most.significant.role.in.non-verbal.communication. 

Various.disorders.affect.the.central.or.peripheral.nervous.systems.and.interfere.with.the.ability.to.control.facial.expression..As.a. 

result,.these.patients.are.isolated.from.social.networks..It.has.been. 

noted.in.many.cases.that.innate.and.voluntary.facial.expressions. 

are.differentially.affected,.suggesting.that.the.voluntary.control.of. 

facial. expression. is. regulated. through. a. separate. mechanism.. In. 

fact,.a.large.part.of.social.communication.today.may.be.achieved. 

by.the.voluntary.facial.expression,.which.is.considered.unique.to. 

humans.and.thus.may.be.acquired.through.evolutional.development. 

of.the.neuro-muscular.system.of.the.face. 

The.therapeutic.use.of.both.innate.and.voluntary.facial.expressions.may.provide.a.clue.in.addressing.the.ill-fated.biopsychosocial.network.of.our.patients..In.order.to.engineer.the.lost.smile,.a.concept.of.NeuroEngineering.is.currently.being.developed. 

Monday Noon Public Lecture 

Monday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

2 Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems, H.J.S. FER- 

NANDO (Environmental. Fluid. Dynamics. Laboratories, Departments.of.Civil.Engineering.and.Geological.Sciences.and.Aerospace. 

and. Mechanical. Engineering, University. of. Notre. Dame, Notre. 

Dame,.IN.46530;.Fernando.10@nd.edu). 

The.Earth.system.is.maintained.in.a.stable.climatic.state.by.a. 

myriad.of.forcing,.responses.and.feedbacks..While.the.components. 

of.Earth.system.have.ability.to.absorb.disturbances.while.maintaining. 

essential. functions. and. structure. (resilience),. beyond. certain. 

thresholds.either.the.entire.system,.its.components.or.building.blocks. 

thereof.may.shift.to.entirely.different.functionalities..While.little.control.is.possible.on.natural.(external).disturbances,.humans.have.the.ability.to.minimize.their.own.environmental.stressors.via.sound.planning,.designs.and.management.so.that.(human-centric).urban.systems.can.be.developed.and.maintained.in.sustainable.manner..This.presentation.concerns.some.recent.catastrophic.failures.of.urban.ecosystems. 

during. natural. disasters. due. to. environmentally. incongruous. engineering.designs.(e.g.,.Hurricane.Katrina).or.poor.regulatory.enforcement.(e.g.,..Sumatra.Tsunami)..Lessons.learnt.from.such.studies.can. 

be.incorporated.into.future.sustainable.urban-systems.designs. 

Monday Evening Public Lecture 

Monday, 7:00 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

3 Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains,. 

DAVID R. HUNT.(Physical/Forensic.Anthropologist.and.Collections. 

Manager,. Physical. Anthropology. Division,. Department. of. 

Anthropology,.National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.Washington,. 

D.C.;.huntd@si.edu). 

Comprehensive,. in-depth. study. of. human. remains,. especially. 

desiccated. and. mummified. bodies. requires. a. broad. spectrum. of. 

knowledge..With.advances.in.techniques.and.methods.of.research,.no. 

one.person.can.adequately.conduct.all.the.analytical.procedures.which. 

should.be.employed..It.is.essential.to.assemble.a.team.of.specialists. 

and.experts.in.their.particular.areas.of.research.to.effectively.investigate.the.remains,.associating.artifacts.and.the.relating.provenance. 

A.multidisciplinary.study.of.a.preserved.body.from.a.19 th .Century.Iron.Coffin.recovered.in.Washington,.DC.will.be.presented.and. 

used.as.the.foundation.to.discuss.other.mummy.projects.which.have. 

incorporated.a.diverse.panel.of.specialists.and.experts.from.various. 

disciplines..This.methodology.resulted.in.a.greater.understanding. 

about.the.life,.death.and.cultural.context.of.the.individual..If.we. 

choose.to.risk.damage.to.our.irreplaceable.artifacts.of.the.past,.it.is. 

then.our.responsibility.to.be.rigorous,.thorough.and.employ.the.best. 

practices.in.research. 

Tuesday Pre-Noon Lecture 


Invited Lecture 

Tuesday, 11:45 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 




61

ABSTRACTS.–.Public.Lectures 

Canario. de. Bioantropologia. (OAMC-Cabildo. de. Tenerife);. 2 Universidad.de.Las.Palmas.de.Gran.Canaria;.crodriguez@museosdetenerife.org).This.paper.is.devoted.to.the.physical.anthropological.characteristics.and.pathological.features.of.the.protohistoric.(Prehispanic). 

populations.of.Lanzarote.and.Fuerteventura,.both.belonging.to.the. 

Canarian.Archipelago.(Spain),.located.in.the.Atlantoic.Ocean.closest.to.the.northwest.shore.of.Africa..Besides.a.comparative.study. 

between.both.islands,.the.main.goal.of.this.study.is.to.advance.the. 

knowledge. of. the. population. groups. in. these. islands. before. the. 

European. Conquest. (15 th . century.AD),. especially. their. bioadaptability.to.the.islands’.environments. 

Please.note:.This.paper.is.included.in.the.Project.Canarias: Colonización 

Humana Protohistórica, Bioadaptación Insular y Transformación Medioambiental.(Ministerio 

de Ciencia e Innovación, HAR20009-08519). 

Tuesday Noon Public Lecture 

Tuesday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

5 Vitamin D,.JOHN CANNELL.(Executive.Director,.Vitamin.D. 

Council,.San.Luis.Obispo,.CA;.www.vitamindcuncil.org). 

In.the.last.decade,.no.other.nutrient.has.been.the.object.of.as. 

much.publicity.as.has.vitamin.D..Is.it.really.a.vitamin?.How.does. 

it. work?. How. does. one. make. it. from. the. sun?.Why. has. it. been. 

called.the.“repair.and.maintenance”.steroid.hormone?.Is.it.true.that. 

its.substrate.is.solely.dependent.on.human.behavior?.What.is.the. 

strength.of.the.science.connecting.it.to.cardiovascular.disease,.cancer,.infections,.autoimmune.disorders,.and.mental.illness?.What.is. 

an. adequate. vitamin. D. blood. level?. What. is. an. ideal. vitamin. D. 

blood.level?.How.much.vitamin.D.can.one.make.from.sunshine?. 

How.much.vitamin.D.should.indoor.workers.take.every.day?.How. 

much.should.pregnant.women.and.children.take.every.day?.This. 

talk.will.attempt.to.answer.some.of.these.questions. 

Wednesday Noon Public Lecture 

Wednesday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

6 Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions Tell Us about 

the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals,. SHARON LEVy. (Science. 

writer,.PO.Box.4352,.Arcata,.CA.95518:.sharon@sharonlevy.net). 

Mammoths,. camels,. saber-toothed. cats. and. massive. ground. 

sloths.once.walked.the.ground.that.has.become.Wilshire.Boulevard. 

in.Los.Angeles,.and.foraged.on.the.marsh.land.now.buried.beneath. 

Chicago’s.streets..Then,.just.as.the.first.humans.settled.the.Americas,. 

these. Ice.Age. giants. vanished. forever.. New. research. on. the. 

demise.of.Ice.Age.megafauna.now.offers.vital.insights.for.modern. 

conservation..Understanding.the.demise.of.the.mastodon.may.help. 

us.create.strategies.to.protect.today’s.endangered.elephants,.rhinos,. 

tigers.and.wolves.. 

Conservation. biologists. steeped. in. the. lessons. of. the. Pleistocene.take.the.argument.further:.they.now.suggest.that.in.some. 

cases,.deliberately.introducing.exotic.megafauna.may.be.critical.to. 

restoring. damaged. ecosystems.. Should. we. strive. to. replicate. the. 

species.assemblages.found.by.the.first.Europeans.as.they.colonized. 

the.globe,.as.traditional.conservation.efforts.assume?.Or.should.we. 

instead.work.to.rebuild.whole.ecosystems,.filling.niches.left.empty. 

by.the.top.predators.and.large.herbivores.humans.have.extirpated? 

62 

SYMPOSIA 

Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research 

Sunday, starting at 10:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

7 Introduction to Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research, 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * and NIELS LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland; 

.2 Laboratory. 

of. Biological. Anthropology,. Department. of. Forensic. Medicine,. 

University. of. Copenhagen,. Denmark;. frank.ruhli.uzh.ch;. NLY@ 

sund.ku.dk). 

Research. on. ancient. mummified. human. tissues. may. raise. 

issues.of.ethical.dimensions..Hitherto,.only.very.limited.scientific. 

groundwork.has.been.published.(e.g..Kaufmann.and.Rühli,.J.Med. 

Ethics,.2010)..The.aim.of.this.symposium.is.to.highlight.various. 

ethical. interests. as. well. as. to. propose. an. ethical. framework. for. 

future.studies..We.wish.to.focus.on.how.some.ethical.concerns.have. 

been.specifically.met. 

8 Theoretical and Historical Background,.BETTINA M. KREISSL 

LONFAT 1 , NIELS LyNNERUP 2 , and. FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *. 

( 1 Centre. for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland; 

. 2 Laboratory. of. Biological. Anthropology,. Department. of. 

Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;.Bettina. 

kreissllonfat@anatom.uzh.ch).. 

In.recent.years.new.ethical.challenges.concerning.any.work. 

with.human.remains.have.arisen,.particularly.in.the.field.of.mummy. 

studies..Until.now.neither.philosophical.ethics.nor.medical.ethics. 

have.accounted.for.said.problems.and.this.has.led.to.a.void.that. 

needs. to. be. addressed.. Are. destructive. methods. of. research. of. 

aDNA.a.lesser.evil.when.faced.with.the.potential.gain.of.learning. 

more.about.the.genetical.mutations.of.viruses,.bacteria.etc.?.Are. 

mummified.remains.to.be.considered.as.‘patients’?.Do.historically. 

necessary. results. into. the. causes. of. deaths. of. Egyptian. Pharaohs. 

warrant.their.exposedness.in.the.media? 

Classical. theories. of. the. concept. of. ‘person’. and. its. rights. 

are.geared.towards.the.living.and.can.therefore.only.ever.satisfy. 

one. portion. of. the. problem.. A. new. examination. of. the. historically.grown.theories.and.stances.towards.death,.a.person’s.rights. 

and.research.for.the.living.is.needed.to.find.new.ways.to.balance.a. 

mummy’s.rights.to.privacy.and.what.can.be.achieved.through.the. 

newest.methods.in.evolutionary.medicine. 

9 Stakeholder Theory for Ancient Mummy Research, INA 

KAUFMANN* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (Centre.for.Evolutionary. 

Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;.frank.ruhli@anatom. 

muzh.ch). 

Research.with.ancient.mummies.has.currently.evoked.the.discussion.of.ethical.issues.that.should.be.reflected.and.integrated.in. 

the. discussion. of. researchers.. Such. an. undertaking. poses. significant.hurdles.in.the.identification.of.ethical.claims,.the.legitimacy,. 

and.the.evaluation.of.such.claims..For.this.reason.we.make.use.of. 

the.stakeholder.approach.(Donaldson.and.Preston.1995;.Mitchell,. 

Agle,.and.Wood.1997),.a.valuable.instrument.to.identify.different. 

interest.groups.with.their.variety.of.claims..Possible.stakeholders. 

affected.by.ancient.mummy.research.are.for.example.political.and. 

economical.groups,.the.research.community,.civil.society,.and.the. 

mummy.and.its.ancient.cultural.background..Claims.among.these.

stakeholders.might.vary.according.to.their.ethical,.political,.or.economical.content..Next.to.the.identification,.systematization.of.these. 

claims.is.needed.in.order.to.balance.and.judge.those.with.ethical. 

relevance. and. to. identify. morally. conflicting. positions.. The. proposed.stakeholder.analysis.for.ancient.mummy.research.will.start. 

with.a.general.introduction.of.stakeholder.theory,.a.presentation.of. 

possible.stakeholders.and.their.claims,.and.finally.a.detailed.discussion.of.ethical.claims..The.stakeholder.analysis.can.enrich.the.discussion.of.ancient.mummy.research.in.general.and.the.development. 

of.research.guidelines.in.specific. 

10 Who Decides What: Ethical Committees, Local Population, Politicians, 

Lawyers, or Scientists? NIELS LyNNERUP* and LISE 

HARVIG.(Laboratory.of.Biological.Anthropology,.Department.of. 

Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;.NLY@ 

sund.ku.dk). 

Natural. science,. as. developed. in. the. 17 th . and. 18 th . centuries,. 

involves. utilitarian. and. consequential. thinking.. Analyzing. bone. 

tissue.from.archaeologically.found.human.material,.does.not.present.an.ethical.problem,.as.the.aim.and.result.will.add.knowledge. 

about.the.past.and.give.us.a.better.understanding.of.our.biocultural. 

development..However,.categorical.imperatives.may.be.brought.by. 

people. feeling. close. to. the. remains. so. that. handling. and. analyzing.the.bones.is.seen.as.invasive.and.wrong..Following.this.line. 

of.ethical.reasoning,.analyzing.human.remains.must.not.be.done.. 

There. is. no. simple. philosophical. solution. to. these. kinds. of. ethical. 

discussions,. as. the. deontological. and. utilitarian. positions. are. 

incompatible..To.address.these.problems,.authorities.have.resorted. 

to.setting.up.ethics.committees,.to.which.scientists.can.apply.for. 

permission. to. perform. analyses.. These. committees. may. also. be. 

charged.with.discussing.ethical.principles.for.the.general.population..In.an.archaeological.excavation.involving.human.remains,.the. 

use.of.stakeholder.analysis.may.be.advocated,.as.this.is.a.quick.way. 

to.ascertain.who.may.play.a.role.in.the.excavation..Setting.up.ethics.committees,.or.outlining.ethical.guidelines,.is.beneficial..Aside. 

from.ethical.principles,.we.also.stress.that.scientific.correctness.is. 

ethical. in. itself.. Sloppy. handling. of. human. remains. and. botched. 

sampling. is. not. only. bad. science,. but. should. also. be. judged. as. 

unethical..When.excavating.and.analyzing.human.remains,.ethical. 

behaviour.also.implies.correct.documentation.and.the.effort.to.keep. 

destructive.sampling.to.a.minimum..Human.remains.must.be.seen. 

as.a.fundamentally.different.kind.of.archaeological.material:.they. 

must.be.handled.with.respect..The.archaeologists.and.natural.scientists.involved.in.analyses.of.human.remains.must.be.prepared.to. 

explain.their.intended.projects,.analyses,.and.ethical.considerations. 

to.the.general.public. 

11 Death on Display: Lived Life and a Good Story, Ethical Considerations 

when Displaying Mummies for a New Museum,.PAULINE 

ASINGH. (Moesgaard. Museum,. Aarhus,. Denmark;. c/o. frank. 

ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch).. 

Grauballe.Man,.the.world’s.best.preserved.bog.body,.is.on.display.at.the.Moesgaard.Museum.in.Denmark..The.exhibition.is.built. 

around.the.results.of.new.scientific.investigations.of.the.bog.body. 

in.which.ethical.considerations.were.important.in.developing.the. 

scenographic.context..The.story.of.life.behind.the.death.has.resulted. 

in.a.tremendous.interest.from.our.audience. 

In.2014.Moesgaard.Museum.opens.a.new.15,000.m 2 .museum. 

of.archaeology.and.social.anthropology..Focus.of.the.exhibitions. 

is.man.and.a.good.story..Offset.of.the.stories.lies.mainly.in.new. 

ABSTRACTS.–.Symposia 

scientific. studies. of. bog. bodies. and. skeletons. from. past. history.. 

We.let.them.tell.the.story.in.a.whole.new.way.to.identify.with.the. 

audience..The.exhibited.bodies.and.human.remains.are.thus.central.to.the.narration..This.also.entails.ethical.considerations,.as.how. 

and. when. recognizable,. well-preserved. human. remains. are. to. be. 

exhibited,.if.at.all,.and.how.the.human.remains.enter.into.a.broader. 

context..In.a.museum.exhibit,.the.questions.of.ethics.are.not.only. 

concerned.with.the.human.remains.and.their.provenance.and.ancestry,.etc.,.but.also.with.the.ethical.notions.of.the.visitors. 

11a An Historical Perspective on the Display of Egypt’s Royal 

Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American.University.in.Cairo,.New. 

Cairo,.Egypt;.salimaikram@gmail.com).. 

This. paper. will. present. the. history. of. display. of. the. royal. 

mummies.and.discuss.issues.in.Egypt.that.relate.to.the.display.of. 

human.remains.from.ancient.Egypt. 

12 Proposal for an Ethical Framework for Ancient Mummy 

Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, BETTINA M. KREISSL LON- 

FAT 1 , INA KAUFMANN 1 , and NIELS LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 Centre. 

for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 

2 Laboratory. of. Biological. Anthropology,. Department. of. Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;.frank.ruhli@ 

anatom.uzh.ch). 

The.debate.on.whether.to.and.if.so.how.to.examine.(and.display).ancient.mummies.is.one.of.great.controversy..One.must.be. 

aware.that.the.issue.of.how.to.store,.analyze,.and.communicate.on. 

ancient.mummies.in.an.ethical.way.requires.further.discussions.by. 

the.research.community.and.a.strong.integration.of.current.local. 

ethical.frameworks.and.culture..Based.on.the.stakeholder.approach. 

(Kaufmann.and.Ruehli.2010),.we.now.continue.with.a.first.draft. 

of.a.general.ethical.framework.that.is.intended.to.provide.ethical. 

guidance.in.research.with.artificial.and.natural.mummies,.independent.to.their.culture.of.origin..The.framework.addresses.aspects.of. 

the. integrity. of. the. mummy,. questions. of. informed. consent,. and. 

the.extent.of.invasive.and.tissue-.destroying.examinations..These. 

are. contrasted. with. the. interests. of. the. single. researcher. and. the. 

research.community.(e.g..uniqueness.of.the.mummy.as.a.research. 

object.and.the.progress.of.knowledge)..We.hope.to.present.a.framework.that.gives.researchers.working.with.human.remains.an.orientation.on.how.to.ethically.treat.these.dead..The.framework.intends.to.guide.progress.in.ancient.mummy.research.in.an.ethical,.desirable,. 

and. justifiable. manner.. It. does. not. advocate. for. completely. 

stopping. research. with. human. remains.. Thus,. we. do. not. intentionally.recommend.a.specific.solution.or.decision,.but.rather.we. 

want.to.stimulate.an.open-minded.discussion..Without.knowing.or. 

understanding.the.ethical.concepts.of.the.deceased,.it.is.dangerous. 

and.short-sighted.to.assume.the.best.manner.on.how.to.act.in.such. 

unique.scientific.situations. 

Kaufmann,. I.. M.. and. Ruehli,. F.. J.. 2010.. Without. ‘Informed. Consent’?. 

Ethics.and.Ancient.Mummy.Research. Journal of Medical Ethics,.36(10):. 

608-613. 

63


The Forensic Science of Clinical Mental 

Health Counseling: The Theresa Lewis Case 

Monday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Room E 

13 Overview and Wrap-up Questions for Forensic Mental Health in 

Death Penalty Cases,.RONN JOHNSON (Clinical.Mental.Health. 

Counseling,.School.of.Leadership.and.Education.Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.ronnjohn@sandiego.edu). 

Capital.case.research.has.informed.the.U..S..Supreme.Court. 

that.jurors.often.make.sentencing.decisions.based.on.personal.feelings.about.a.defendant..Juror.decisions.are.also.made.with.a.measurable.degree.of.uncertainty.about.their.responsibilities.as.triers.of. 

fact..Clinical.mental.health.professionals.are.frequently.involved.in. 

a.key.role.during.capital.cases.as.part.of.a.multidisciplinary.team..At. 

a.minimum,.the.role.and.responsibilities.of.a.mental.health.professional.by.default.requires.advanced.clinical.skills,.knowledge.of.the.court.system,.as.well.as.competencies.for.appropriately.responding.to.cultural,.ethical.and.forensic.mental.health.issues.emerging. 

from. capital. cases.. For. example,. one. mental. health. standard. for. 

mitigation.practice.is.the.forensic.assessment.and.presentation.of. 

clear.and.convincing.evidence.about.a.defendant’s.life.and.character.that.is.sufficient.to.compel.jurors.to.consider.a.complexity.of. 

biopsychosocial.issues.in.deciding.attribution.of.responsibility.that. 

mitigate. defendants’. legal. accountability. in. capital. offenses.. The. 

same.concerns.about.scientific.methods.(e.g.,.Daubert.or.Frye.Standards).are.applicable.with.judges.in.these.death.penalty.cases..This. 

forensic. mental. health. science. symposium. presents. a. conceptual. 

framework.of.the.issues.that.surround.mitigation.practices.in.capital.cases..This.symposium.uses.the.capital.case.of.Theresa.Lewis. 

as.a.platform.to.examine.several.forensic.mental.health.factors..A. 

question.and.answer.period.follows.a.counter-point.discussion.of. 

each.paper.presented. 

14 Opposing Forensic Mental Health Reports in Death Penalty 

Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*, BRIANNA J. BOWMAN*, and 

RONN JOHNSON. (School. of. Leadership. and. Education. Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;.ebessen@sandiego.edu). 

Teresa. Lewis. was. executed. in. the. state. of. Virginia. for. two. 

counts. of. capital. murder. for. hire. and. related. charges. of. conspiracy.to.commit.capital.murder,.robbery,.and.use.of.a.firearm..There. 

has. been. much. debate. about. Lewis’s. mental. state. at. the. time. of. 

her. crimes. and. whether. this. was. a. mitigating. factor. in. her. commission.of.the.crimes..Two.opposing.psychological.reports.will.be. 

presented,.reviewing.the.assessment.and.diagnosis. of.her.dependent.personality.disorder.with.an.examination.of.its.co-morbidity. 

to. her. diagnosis. of. mental. retardation.. One. psychological. report. 

will. include. testimony. from. Dr.. Costanzo. and. Dr.. Haskins,. who. 

concluded.that.Teresa.Lewis.did.suffer.from.dependent.personality. 

disorder,.which.affected.her.mental.state.at.the.time.she.committed. 

her.crimes..The.opposing.psychological.report.will.include.testimony.from.Dr..Hagan,.who.concluded.that.Teresa.Lewis.did.not. 

suffer.from.dependent.personality.disorder.and.exhibited.conduct. 

that.showed.a.passive.aggressive.or.an.aggressive.dependency.. 

15 IQ as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTIN 

M. DASCANIO* and RONN JOHNSON (School.of.Leadership. 

and. Education. Sciences,. University. of. San. Diego,. 5998. Alcala. 

Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.kdascanio@sandiego.edu). 

64 

In.2004,.the.Circuit.Court.of.Pittsylvania.County.sentenced. 

Teresa.Wilson.Bean.Lewis.to.death.for.two.counts.of.capital.murder.(Lewis 

v. Commonwealth of Virginia,.2004)..She.was.the.first. 

woman.to.be.given.a.death.sentence.in.Virginia.in.almost.a.century..Her.case.stirred.controversy.in.the.public.eye.for.a.number.of. 

factors,.especially.her.low.intellectual.functioning..Years.earlier,.in. 

Atkins v. Virginia (2002),.the.court.ruled.that.it.constituted.cruel.and. 

unusual.punishment.to.impose.the.death.penalty.on.someone.who. 

is.classified.as.mentally.retarded..Opponents.of.the.ruling.on.Lewis. 

cited.her.low.IQ.score.of.72.as.falling.within.this.category,.arguing. 

that.the.sentence.of.death.should.have.been.waived..This.presentation.will.address.the.significant.considerations.for.IQ.that.arose. 

as.a.result.of.the.Atkins.and.Lewis.cases,.specifically.with.regard. 

to.the.question.of.intellectual.functioning.and.the.death.penalty..It. 

will.cover.definitions.of.mental.retardation.as.held.clinically.and. 

by.state.legislatures,.assessment.practices.in.forensic.psychology,. 

controversies. over. current. practices. and. standards,. implications. 

and.suggestions.for.forensic.psychologists,.and.finally.current.and. 

future.trends.in.relevant.research. 

16 Dependent Personality Disorder as a Mitigating Factor in 

Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*.and RONN JOHN- 

SON (School. of. Leadership. and. Education. Sciences,. University. 

of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.ebessen@ 

sandiego.edu). 

Dependent.personality.disorder.is.defined.in.the.DSM.IV-TR. 

as.a.“pervasive.psychological.dependence.on.other.people.”.People. 

diagnosed. with. dependent. personality. disorder. can. suffer. from. 

symptoms.such.as.difficulty.making.decisions.without.the.reassurance.of.others,.needing.others.to.take.responsibility.for.his.or.her. 

actions,.seeking.relationships.as.a.resource.of.comfort,.care,.and. 

support,. and. feeling. severely. fearful. at. the. thought. of. being. left. 

alone..Dependent.personality.disorder.has.also.been.brought.up.as.a. 

mitigating.factor.in.death.penalty.cases..In.the.recent.case.of.Teresa. 

Lewis,.her.appeal.to.have.her.death.penalty.sentence.commuted.to. 

life.in.prison.was.denied,.although.she.argued.that.her.dependent. 

personality.disorder.and.low.IQ.were.mitigating.factors.in.the.commission. 

of. her. crimes.. She. was. executed. in.Virginia. in. September.2010..Dependent.personality.disorder.has.been.brought.up.as.a. 

mitigating.factor.in.other.death.penalty.cases.(Examples:.Basden.v.. 

Lee.and.State.v..White)..In.some.cases,.dependent.personality.was. 

considered. a. mitigating. factor. and. precluded. the. defendant. from. 

receiving.the.death.penalty..In.other.cases,.such.as.Teresa.Lewis,. 

dependent.personality.was.not.considered.to.be.a.mitigating.factor. 

in.preventing.her.from.execution..This.presentation.will.examine. 

these.past.cases.of.dependent.personality.disorder.as.a.mitigating. 

factor.in.death.penalty.cases.in.the.United.States. 

17 Forensic Mental Health Issues in Domestic Violence,.SHAR- 

LAINE BROCKHOFF* and RONN JOHNSON (School. of. 

Leadership.and.Education.Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998. 

Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.sharlaineb@sandiego.edu). 

Teresa.Lewis.was.convicted.of.domestically.violent.criminal. 

offenses.for.hiring.two.gentlemen.to.shoot.and.kill.her.husband.and. 

her.stepson..Studies.have.suggested.that.individuals.who.have.experienced. 

domestic. violence. during. their. childhood. or. within. their. 

marriage. may. be. predisposed. to. act. violently. towards. their. own. 

children.or.spouses.later.on.in.their.lifetime..Although.there.is.little. 

evidence.of.Teresa.Lewis.having.been.exposed.to.serious.acts.of. 

domestic.violence.within.her.marriage,.Lewis.testified.that.she.was.

exposed.to.adultery,.physical.abuse.and.abandonment.from.an.early. 

age..Domestic.violence.extends.beyond.physical.and.sexual.abuse. 

to.include.emotional.and.psychological.abuse,.financial.abuse,.and. 

verbal.abuse..Teresa.Lewis’.family.experienced.financial.problems. 

which. contributed. to. stress. in. her. relationship. with. her. husband.. 

Additionally,.Teresa.Lewis.was.assessed.during.court.proceedings. 

as.being.borderline.mentally.retarded.with.an.IQ.score.of.72..She. 

was.also.diagnosed.with.dependent.personality.disorder..This.essay. 

will.review.forensic.mental.health.assessments.and.evaluations.of. 

offenders.in.domestic.violence.cases..The.psychological.effects.of. 

domestic.violence.both.among.offenders.and.victims.will.also.be. 

discussed..Lastly,.we.will.review.research.on.the.mental.health.conditions. 

of. domestic. violence. offenders,. focusing. on. women. who. 

commit.physically.violent.acts.in.domestic.relationships.. 

18 Forensic Mental Health Cultural and Ethical Considerations 

in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN 

JOHNSON (School.of.Leadership.and.Education.Sciences,.University. 

of. San. Diego,. 5998.Alcala. Park,. San. Diego,. CA. 92110;. 

kgreider@sandiego.edu). 

In.the.U.S..Supreme.Court.hearing.of.the.case.of.Furman v. 

Georgia (1972),.which.included.the.cases.of.three.African.American.men.who.were.sentenced.to.death;.two.for.rape.and.one.for. 

a.possibly.accidental.fatal.shooting.of.a.man,.the.public.became. 

aware.that.a.disproportionate.number.of.ethnic.minority.defendants. 

were.sentenced.to.death.by.juries..The.U.S..Supreme.Court.decided. 

in.a.5-4.decision.that.the.juries.were.violating.the.Eighth.Amendment.of.the.Constitution,.which.protects.citizens.from.“cruel.and. 

unusual”. punishment.. This. decision. had. many. ramifications,. but. 

what.will.be.discussed.in.this.presentation.is.the.role.of.ethnicity.in. 

death.penalty.cases. 

Judgments.determining.an.offender’s.level.of.risk.and.whether. 

he/she.is.deemed.to.be.a.mentally.disordered.offender.or.a.mentally. 

‘normal’. offender. influences. his/her. sentencing,. placement. and. 

treatment.after.trial..In.Barefoot v. Estelle (1983).the.U.S..Supreme. 

Court.asserted.that.the.psychiatrists’.testimony.on.Barefoot’s.future. 

dangerousness.was.acceptable.and.allowable..Barefoot.was.subsequently.executed..Assessments.of.dangerousness,.therefore,.can.act.as.a.significant.mitigating.factor.in.death.penalty.cases..Risk.assessments.for.violence.commonly.used.in.forensic.settings.include.the. 

Historical,.Clinical.and.Risk.Management.Scheme.(HCR-20).and. 

the.Psychopathy.Checklist-Revised.(PCL-R)..The.literature.review. 

focused. on. the. validity. and. reliability. of. the. HCR-20. and. the. 

PCL-R.with.ethnically.diverse.and/or.female.mentally.disordered. 

criminal.offenders.. 

19 Behavioral Disorders or Mental Impairment not Contained 

in the DSM-IV-TR: Clinical and Forensic Implications, HEIDI 

BECKENBACH* and RONN JOHNSON (School. of. Leadership.and.Education.Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala. 

Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.hbeckenbach@sandiego.edu). 

For.those.who.work.in.the.mental.health.field,.proper.diagnosis.of.a.client.is.rendered.after.steps.that.include:.a.clinical.interview,. 

information. gathering,. assessment,. and. consultation. of. the. 

Diagnostic.and.Statistical.Manual.of.Mental.Disorders.Fourth.Edition.Text.Revision.(DSM-IV-TR)..These.steps.are.standard.practice. 

in.the.clinical.field,.but.what.about.the.situations.where.a.client.has. 

most.but.not.all.the.criteria.of.a.disorder.listed.in.the.DSM-IV-TR?. 

Or.when.a.client.exhibits.symptoms.of.a.disorder/impairment.that. 

is.supported.by.the.scientific.community.but.not.contained.in.the. 


DSM-TR-IV,.(i.e.,.Psychopathy,.Munchausen.Syndrome,.Anaclitic. 

Depression,.Sociopathy.and.Battered.Women’s.Syndrome)?.How. 

do.these.examples.effect.working.with.clients.in.clinical.and.forensic. 

settings?. These. questions. represent. issues. that. mental. health. 

workers.are.currently.forced.to.wrestle.with..This.proposal.aims.to. 

shed.light.on.specific.disorders/impairments.not.listed.in.the.DSM- 

IV-TR,.their.implications.for.current.clinical/forensic.practice.and. 

hopes.for.future.changes.in.the.field. 

20 Clinical Mental Health Issues in Death Penalty Cases, KRIS- 

TEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON.(School.of.Leadership.and.Education.Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala. 

Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.kgreider@sandiego.edu). 

Defendants.in.death.penalty.cases.often.present.with.mental. 

health.issues.that.act.as.mitigating.factors.during.trial,.sentencing,. 

commitment,.and/or.execution..Important.factors.include.the.defendant’s.prior.mental.health.diagnoses.and.history,.state.of.mind.at.the.time.of.offense,.and.current.mental.health.status..Common.clinical.mental.health.issues.in.death.penalty.cases.include.competency,. 

malingering,. criminal. responsibility. and. capacity,. civil. commitment,.and.assessing.for.dangerousness..Depending.on.current.state. 

law,.a.defendant.may.or.may.not.meet.the.criteria.for.these.different. 

factors..For.example,.in.Teresa.Lewis.Case,.analysis.of.intelligence. 

tests.performed,.adaptive.functioning.assessments,.and.a.review.of. 

her.personal.history.failed.to.meet.the.requirements.for.the.determination.of.mental.retardation.in.capital.cases.according.to.Virginia. 

Code.of.Law.Section.19.2-264.3:1.1..This.presentation.will.review. 

mitigating.mental.health.factors.in.the.context.of.influential.death. 

penalty.cases..A.critical.review.of.current.research.on.risk.assessments.and.risk.management.in.forensic.populations.will.be.used. 

to.address.risk.as.a.mitigating.factor.in.death.penalty.cases;.with. 

a.focus.on:.violence.recidivism,.risk.assessments.most.commonly. 

used.in.forensic.populations,.and.civil.commitment.considerations. 

for.mentally-disordered.criminal.offenders.. 

21 Identifying, Securing, Organizing and Reviewing Mental Health 

Data in Death Penalty Cases, KELSEy R. CAMPION* and 

RONN JOHNSON (School. of. Leadership. and. Education. Sciences,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;.kelseycampion@sandiego.edu). 

When. a. counselor. becomes. involved. in. death. penalty. cases. 

there. is. information. that. must. be. taken. into. consideration. when. 

evaluating,. treating. and. making. clinical. judgments. regarding. 

the.client..Before.a.counselor.can.determine.what.information.is. 

needed,.clearly.defined.roles.must.be.established.because.the.information.needed.may.vary.depending.upon.the.counselor’s.role.as.an. 

expert.witness,.a.consultant,.or.a.therapist..Once.roles.are.defined. 

the.counselor.must.have.an.understanding.of.legal.and.behavioral. 

issues.regarding.the.case,.determine.the.information.they.will.need. 

to.fulfill.their.roles.and.gather.that.information..School,.psychiatric,. 

psychological,. criminal,. and. employment. records. need. to. be. 

secured.in.order.to.review.relevant.background.information.regarding.the.client..Once.information.is.gathered,.counselors.must.organize.it.in.a.relevant,.informative,.and.defensible.manner.in.order.to. 

serve.their.intended.purpose.. 

Counselors. must. determine. if. writing. a. report. is. necessary. 

and/or.in.the.best.interest.of.the.client.and.the.case.as.once.a.report. 

is.written.it.is.considered.evidence.and.is.discoverable..Forensic. 

work.can.be.extremely.time.consuming.for.counselors.involved.and. 

therefore.it.is.important.that.the.counselor.on.the.case.is.aware.of. 

65


upcoming.deadlines.and.pertinent.information.relating.to.the.case.. 

Counselors’.gathering,.organizing.and.presentation.of.case-related. 

information. is. imperative. when. serving. on. death. penalty. cases.. 

Understanding.what.is.needed.before.court.proceedings.begin.can. 

help.counselors.to.better.manage.their.time.and.resources.during. 

often.lengthy.and.time-consuming.trials.. 

22 Care of the Mental Health Professional in Death Penalty Cases, 

NICHOLAS F. O’MADDEN* and RONN JOHNSON (School. 

of. Leadership. and. Education. Sciences,. University. of. San. Diego,. 

5998. Alcala. Park,. San. Diego,. CA92110;. nfomadden@sandeigo. 

edu). 

The.idea.that.self-care.is.a.primary.obligation.for.mental.health. 

professionals.is.an.interesting.notion.that.should.be.addressed..The. 

consensus.among.many.mental.health.professionals.is.that.self-care. 

is.an.ethical.imperative..Without.caring.for.themselves,.it.is.unlikely. 

that. they. will. be. able. to. optimally. care. for. their. clients.. Mental. 

health. professionals. involved. in. death. penalty. cases. may. experience.increased.stress.due.to.operating.in.forensic.settings,.having. 

to.confront.and.negotiate.their.own.beliefs.and.ethics.regarding.the. 

death.penalty,.and.being.confronted.with.the.imminent.execution.of. 

their.client(s)..Inmates.receiving.services.from.mental.health.professionals.often.present.with.loneliness,.powerlessness,.hopelessness,. 

dehumanization,. demoralization,. tension,. decay,. apathy,. and. psychological.pressure.(Brown.and.Benningfield,.2008)..Mental.health. 

professionals.are.ethically.obligated.to.help.their.clients.with.these. 

particular. symptoms. while. operating. under. the. realization. of. the. 

inevitable.death.of.their.clients..To.ensure.that.mental.health.professionals.are.practicing.at.their.highest.level.of.functioning,.and.are. 

not.compromised.by.stress.or.burnout,.they.should.be.encouraged. 

to.monitor.four.dimensions.of.health:.physical,.mental,.emotional,. 

and.spiritual..Subjective.and.objective.methods.that.mental.health. 

professionals. can. use. to. self-evaluate. their. level. of. health. while. 

working.in.death.penalty.cases.will.be.explored.in.this.presentation. 

7 th Annual Symposium on Advances 

in Materials Science and Nanotechnology 

Monday, starting at 8:25 am. in KIPJ Room 215 

23 Single.Molecule Lysozyme Dynamics Monitored by an Electronic 

Circuit, PATRICK C. SIMS 1 *, yONGKI CHOI 2 , STEVEN R. 

HUNT 1 , ISSA MOODy 3 , BRAD L. CORSO 1 , GREGORy A. 

WEISS 3,4 , and PHILIP G. COLLINS 1,2 ( 1 Department.of.Physics. 

and.Astronomy,.University.of.California.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA.92697- 

4576; . 2 Institute. for. Surface. and. Interface. Science,. University. of. 

California.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA.92697-2375;. 3 Department.of.Molecular. 

Biology. and. Biochemistry,. University. of. California. Irvine,. 

Irvine,. CA. 92697-4292;. 4 . epartment. of. Chemistry,. University. of. 

California.Irvine,.Irvine,.CA.92697-2025;.collinsp@uci.edu). 

The. electronic. properties. of. nanoscale. conductors. are. very. 

sensitive.to.their.environment,.and.this.property.has.led.to.a.decadelong.investigation.of.potential.chemical.sensor.and.biosensor.applications..Single.walled.carbon.nanotubes.(SWCNTs).are.particularly. 

appealing.elements.because.they.are.hollow.conductors.with.all.of. 

their. conduction. electrons. on. the. exposed. surface.. Recently,. we. 

have.demonstrated.single.molecule.dynamic.sensitivity.using.field. 

effect.transistors.made.out.of.individual.SWCNTs.(1).. 

Similar. devices. have. now. been. applied. to. the. problem. of. 

66 

sensing. protein. dynamics. in. physiologically-relevant. solutions.. 

Our.work.focuses.on.the.dynamics.of.the.lysozyme.enzyme..By. 

attaching.a.lysozyme.to.a.SWCNT.device,.we.have.accomplished. 

real-time. monitoring. of. lysozyme’s. single. molecule. dynamics.. 

Electronic.monitoring.with.a.temporal.resolution.of.10.microseconds.occurs.as.the.mechanical.motions.of.the.protein.cause.changes.in.the.conductance.of.the.SWCNT..Acquisition.times.can.be.continued.for.tens.of.minutes,.allowing.for.the.investigation.of.a.single. 

protein.over.a.wide.range.of.time.scales..This.data.helps.to.address. 

uncertainty. concerning. the. mechanism. of. lysozyme’s. enzymatic. 

turnover.. Analysis. of. the. changes. in. conductance. show. various. 

Poisson.processes.that.may.be.related.to.the.hinge.motion.of.the. 

lysozyme. molecule. during. non-catalytic. and. catalytic. binding. of. 

the.peptidoglycan.substrate..Furthermore,.the.single.molecule.rates. 

show.the.expected.pH.dependence. 

1..B..R..Goldsmith.et.al.,.Nano Lett..8,.189.(2008);.B..R..Goldsmith.et.al.,. 

J. Mat. Res..23,.1197.(2008). 

24 Scanning Gate Spectroscopy and Its Application to Carbon 

Nanotube Defects,.ELLIOT J. FULLER*, STEVEN R. HUNT, 

BRAD L. CORSO, and PHILIP G. COLLINS.(Department.of. 

Physics.and.Astronomy,.University.of.California.at.Irvine,.Irvine,. 

CA.92697,.USA;.efuller@uce.edu). 

This. presentation. describes. a. novel. type. of. scanning. probe. 

characterization. called. scanning. gate. spectroscopy. (SGS).. Our. 

method.is.based.upon.scanning.gate.microscopy,.a.technique.for. 

characterizing.the.electronic.properties.of.a.surface.and,.in.particular,. 

of. electronic. devices.. Scanning. gate. microscopy. has. proven. 

very.important.for.understand.nanomaterials.and.how.they.might. 

be.used.in.circuits.. 

In. the. new. SGS. technique,. we. have. extended. the. usefulness. 

of.scanning.gate.microscopy.by.acquiring.images.using.a.continuous.range.of.probe.potentials..The.result.captures.not.just.a.surface.image,.but.also.the.energy.dependence.of.scattering.sites,.boundaries,.and.other.electronic.surface.features..As.an.example,.we.investigate.resistance.along.a.single-walled.carbon.nanotube.(SWCNT).. 

SGS.clearly.observes.the.individual.sites.that.contribute.most.to.a. 

SWCNT.resistance,.including.defects.or.chemical.attachments.that. 

are.not.visible.topographically..Furthermore,.SGS.directly.resolves. 

the.energy.spectrum.of.electronic.scattering.at.a.defect.site.and.allows. 

us.to.extract.the.effective.barrier.width.and.heights.of.such.features. 

25 Experimental Measurements of Endogenous Electric Fields in 

MEMS Devices: Toward a Second Law Challenge,. DANIEL P. 

SHEEHAN. (Department. of. Physics,. University. of. San. Diego,. 

5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.dsheehan@sandiego.edu). 

Nanoscale.devices.traditionally.rely.on.external.voltage.sources. 

for. power,. e.g.,. batteries,. fuel. cells,. power. supplies.. In. principle,. 

however,.electric.potentials.and.fields.at.the.microscale.can.be.established.between.dissimilar.metals.and.semiconductors.via.the.dissimilar.chemical.potentials.of.their.mobile.charge.carriers..These.endogenous. 

potentials. and. fields. can. be. sustained. indefinitely. without. 

power.consumption.and.can.regenerate.quickly.at.system.boundaries..It.has.been.proposed.that.these.fields.can.lead.to.challenges.to.the. 

second.law.when.incorporated.in.MEMS.and.NEMS.devices.[1,2]..A. 

decade-long.objection.to.these.challenges.has.been.that.endogenous. 

fields.have.not.been.experimentally.measured..This.paper.details.the. 

experimental.verification.of.the.magnitudes.and.locations.of.these. 

predicted.fields,.using.scanning.Kelvin.probe.microscopy. 

1).D.P..Sheehan,.A.R..Putnam,.and.J.H..Wright,.Found..Phys..32,.1557.(2002).

2).D.P..Sheehan.and.D.H.E..Gross,.Physica.A.370,.461.(2006). 

26 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics 

in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions,.DANIEL P. SHEE- 

HAN, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA.(Department.of. 

Physics,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;.dsheehan@sandiego.edu). 

It.is.well.known.that.gas.molecules.can.adsorb,.desorb,.dissociate.and.recombine.at.different.rates.on.different.chemical.surfaces;. 

the.world’s.catalyst.industry.relies.on.these.differences..It.has.been. 

predicted.that,.under.low-pressure.blackbody.cavity.conditions,.differences.in.these.rates.between.surfaces.could.give.rise.to.steadystate.gas.phase.nonequilibria,.thereby.challenging.of.the.second.law. 

of.thermodynamics.[1-4]..This.paper.reports.on.the.first.laboratory. 

realization.of.this.scenario..Low-pressure.molecular.hydrogen.was. 

found.to.dissociate.and.desorb.preferentially.on.rhenium.compared. 

with.tungsten.at.elevated.temperatures..Inside.of.blackbody.cavities. 

lines.with.either.tungsten.or.rhenium,.resistors.and.thermocouples. 

fashioned.from.rhenium.and.tungsten.filaments.were.monitored.for. 

changes.in.their.temperatures,.based.on.electrical.resistance.and.Seebeck.voltage..As.predicted.by.theory,.under.hydrogen.atmospheres. 

--.but.not.under.either.vacuum.or.helium.atmospheres.--.filament. 

resistances. and. Seebeck. voltages. indicated. large. temperature. differentials.(>.100K).were.maintained.between.the.metals.inside.the. 

cavities,.in.conflict.with.the.second.law..Theory,.experiment,.and. 

possible.applications.of.these.results.will.be.detailed. 

1).D.P..Sheehan,.Phys..Rev..E.57,.6660.(1998). 

2).D.P..Sheehan,.Phys..Lett..A.280,.185.(2001). 

3).V..Capek.and.D.P..Sheehan,.“Challenges.to.the.Second.Law.of.Thermodynamics:.Theory.and.Experiment”.(Springer,.Dordrecht,.2005). 

4).S.L..Miller,.Found..Phys..37,.1660.(2007) 

27 Aspects of Quantization in Nucleation: The Bubble, K.M. GAL- 

DAMEz. (Physics. Department,. Tufts. University,. Medford,. MA. 

02155;.kgaldamez@alumni.tufts.edu). 

It.is.our.aim.to.investigate.the.representation.of.macroscopic. 

systems. that. exhibit. quantum. effects.. Underlying. this. work. is. a. 

class. of. systems,. which,. when. using. Dirac. Quantization,. lack. a. 

1:1.mapping.between.classical.functions.and.operators..This.class. 

of. problems. results. in. a. position. dependent. mass. (PDM). Hamiltonian.. 

In. nucleation,. PDM. Hamiltonian. has. not. been. analyzed. 

because.of.the.foundational.questions.it.raises..Further,.the.quantum. 

effects. exhibited. in. this. system. have. been. well. established.. 

Thus.nucleation.provides.an.interesting.template.for.our.work..We. 

will.approach.our.problem.from.two.different.perspectives..Starting.from.first.principles.(ab.initio),.we.will.present.a.microscopic. 

description. of. nucleation. arriving. at. a. final. quantum. mechanical. 

Hamiltonian..Then,.we.will.introduce.the.topic.of.rules.of.quantization.with.an.emphasis.on.the.Weyl.transform..Surprisingly,.our.ab.initio.microscopic.treatment.is.equivalent.to.that.of.Weyl.quantization.thus.revealing.a.1:1.correspondence.between.quantum.and. 

classical.representation.methods.. 

Subsequently,. we. utilize. the. same. procedure. on. one. and. 

two. dimensional. systems. with. the. goal. to. show. an. identification. 

between.Weyl.quantization.and.a.microscopic.approach.to.quantization..We.hypothesize.that.there.are.system.characteristics.such. 

as.density.and.size.that.make.these.similarities.possible..Our.aim.is. 

to.attain.a.greater.understanding.of.the.particular.traits.of.systems. 

that.lead.to.an.equivalence.between.Weyl’s.procedure.and.that.of. 

our.microscopic.approach..We.expect.that.our.results.may.be.applicable.to.lower.dimensional.fluids.where.the.ordering.of.operators. 

is.at.question.. 


28 Rheological Measurements in the Isotropic, Nematic and Lamellar 

Phase of the Cesium Pentadecafluorooctanoate/H 2 O System,. 

PANOS PHOTINOS. (Department. of. Chemistry,. Physics,. Materials.and.Engineering,.Southern.Oregon.University,.Ashland,.OR. 

97520;.Photinos@sou.edu). 

The. flow. curves. of. the. Cesium. Pentadecafluorooctanoate. 

(CsPFO)/H 2 O. at. concentration. 46%. by. weight. are. presented.. The. 

system.shows.a.~.5.ºC.wide.disk.nematic.(N D ).range.between.the. 

isotropic.and.the.lamellar.smectic.phase..At.low.shear.rates.(


has.therefore.been.difficult.to.distinguish.experimentally.from.the. 

conventional. view.. However,. certain. consequences. of. the. theory. 

require. large. (i.e.,. Cauchy-distributed). perturbations. and. through. 

these.the.delayed.choice.experiment.provides.the.possibility.of.an. 

experimental. test. of. the. “special. state”. theory.. In. the. talk. background.information.on.all.topics.mentioned.will.be.provided. 

31 Precision Measurements and Weak Values,.ANDREW N. JOR- 

DAN.(Department.Physics.and.Astronomy,.University.of.Rochester,.Rochester,.NY.14627;.jordan@pas.rochester.edu).Weak.values.of.quantum.operators.occur.when.quantum.measurements.are.both.pre-.and.post-selected..They.are.characterized. 

by.the.peculiar.features.of.both.being.complex.and.exceeding.the. 

eigenvalue.bound.of.the.operator..We.show.how.this.quantity.may. 

be.described.in.a.theoretically.consistent.way.by.defining.contextual.values.as.a.generalization.of.the.eigenvalues.of.an.observable. 

that.takes.into.account.both.the.system.observable.and.a.general. 

measurement.procedure..We.further.present.experiments.in.optical. 

systems.showing.how.weak.values.may.be.used.as.a.novel.amplification.scheme.for.precision.measurements..A.discussion.of.timesymmetry.in.generalized.measurements.will.be.given. 

32 The Retrocausal Nature of Quantum Measurement Revealed 

by Partial and Weak Measurements, AVSHALOM C. ELITzUR. 

(Iyar,.The.Israeli.Institute.for.Advanced.Research;.Avshalom.Elitzur@weizmann.ac.il). 

Partial. quantum. measurement. turns. the. initial. superposition. 

not.into.a.definite.state.but.to.a.greater.probability.for.it..Consequently,. 

it. enables. better. probing. of. the. measurement. process. in. 

cases.where.complete.measurement,.due.to.the.uncertainty.principle,.obstructs.it..Aharonov’s.weak.measurement.is.another.method.of.measuring.values.normally.obstructed.by.the.uncertainty.principle..Happily,.the.two.methods.complement.and.corroborate.one. 

another.in.some.interesting.ways..In.this.paper.I.gedankenly.apply. 

partial.measurements.to.the.EPR.case.in.order.to.demonstrate.the. 

temporal.uniqueness.of.quantum.nonlocality..A.pair.of.entangled. 

particles.undergoes.more.than.a.pair.of.measurements.while.remaining.partially.correlated.(something.impossible.with.complete.measurements)..Surprisingly,.the.temporal.relations.between.the.measurements. 

do. not. follow. the. temporal. sequence. perceived. by. an. 

external.observer..For.each.particle,.the.measurements.performed. 

on.the.other.particle.behave.as.if.they.occurred.(with.their.values. 

reversed).in.that.particle’s.past..This.fully.accords.with.Cramer’s. 

transactional.interpretation.and.Aharonov’s.two-vector.formalism.. 

I.next.consider.EPR.erasure,.also.much.easier.with.partial.than.with. 

complete.measurements..Here.too,.the.temporal.relations.between. 

several. measurements. and. erasures. are. fully. consistent. with. the. 

intriguing.spacetime.zigzag.of.the.retrocausal.models. 

33 The Broken Symmetry of Time,.RUTH E. KASTNER.(Department. 

of. Philosophy,. University. of. Maryland,. College. Park,. MD. 

20742;.rkastner@umd.edu). 

The.fundamental.physical.laws.of.nature.are.time-symmetric,.yet. 

our.temporal.experience.is.decisively.time-asymmetric..In.this.presentation.I.consider.the.question:.exactly.what.is.it.that.needs.explaining.about.the.broken.symmetry.of.time,.and.to.what.extent.does.this.situation.differ.from.other.instances.of.symmetry.breaking.in.physics? 

34 Mechanism of the Quantum Speed-up, GIUSEPPE CASTAG- 

NOLI.(ICT.Division,.Elsag.Bailey,.Via.San.Bernardo.9/A,.16030. 

68 

Pieve.Ligure,.Italy;.giuseppe.castagnoli@gmail.com). 

Quantum.information.is.more.and.more.becoming.a.tool.for. 

investigating.the.foundations.of.quantum.mechanics..A.recent.theoretical.development.suggests.that.there.is.a.connection.between.the. 

well-known.quantum.speed-up.–.the.fact.that.quantum.algorithms. 

can.require.fewer.computation.steps.than.their.classical.equivalent. 

–.and.forward.and.reverse.time.effects.. 

In.database.search,.Bob.chooses.a.database.location.and.gives.to.Alice. 

a.black-box.that.outputs.1.if.the.input.is.that.location,0.otherwise.. 

Alice.should.find.the.database.location.chosen.by.Bob.by.running.an. 

algorithm.that.tries.black-box.computations.for.different.inputs. 

There. is. of. course. a. one-to-one. correlation. between. Bob’s. 

choice.and.the.solution.found.by.Alice..In.quantum.database.search. 

(which.yields.a.quadratic.speed-up),.this.correlation.becomes.quantum..This. 

explains. the. speed-up..All. is. like. the. final. read. out. of. 

the.solution.on.the.part.of.Alice.contributed.to.Bob’s.choice..Back. 

evolving.this.contribution.to.before.running.the.algorithm,.where. 

Bob’s. choice. is. positioned,. shows. that.Alice. knows. half. of. this. 

choice.in.advance..The.quantum.algorithm.is.the.quantum.superposition.of.all.the.possible.ways.of.knowing.in.advance.half.of.Bob’s.choice.and.classically.identifying.the.missing.half.through.blackbox.computations..This.naturally.yields.a.speed-up.with.respect.to. 

the.classical.case.where.Bob’s.choice.is.completely.hidden.to.Alice.. 

Noticeably,.this.explanation.of.the.quantum.speed.up.involves. 

a.causality.loop..Alice.produces.the.solution.of.the.problem.with. 

fewer.black-box.computations.than.classically.possible.because.she. 

knows.in.advance.50%.of.the.information.about.the.solution.she.will. 

produce.in.the.future,.in.all.possible.ways.in.quantum.superposition.. 

The. same. argument. extends. to. the. quantum. algorithms. that. 

yield.an.exponential.speed.up. 

35 Cyclical Cosmology on a Mobius Strip, MICHAEL IBISON 

(Institute.for.Advanced.Studies.at.Austin,.11855.Research.Boulevard,.Austin,.TX.78759,.USA;.ibison@ias-austin.org). 

The. Cosmological. Expansion. will. continue. forever. in. time. 

measured.with.a.proper.clock..But.the.expansion.will.come.to.an. 

end.in.about.47.GYr.as.measured.with.a.conformal.clock..At.that. 

time,.according.to.a.literal.interpretation.of.the.Friedmann.equation,. 

the.Universe.will.start.to.contract..Fermionic.and.electromagnetic. 

fields. expressed. in. a. conformal. coordinate. system. turn. out. to. be. 

sensitive.to.the.conditions.at.the.time.of.this.sudden.reversal,.so.it. 

would.not.be.safe.to.ignore.that.event.as.of.no.consequence..At.issue. 

is.to.what.extent.the.future.turn-around.might.impose.an.effective. 

boundary.condition,.perhaps.with.present-day.observable.effects. 

Based.primarily.on.an.assumption.that.fermionic.fields.continue.analytically.through.the.future.singularity,.we.infer.a.relationship.between.discrete.symmetries.of.charge,.parity,.mass,.and.time.inversions,.and.the.topology.of.the.manifold..We.discuss.a.topology.that.is.closed.in.time.but.nonetheless.permits.identification.of. 

a.cosmological.arrow.of.time..The.status.of.the.electrodynamic.and. 

thermodynamic.arrows.for.this.model.are.presently.unknown.. 

36 Understanding Retrocausality – and Losing a Wager, RICH- 

ARD SHOUP.(Boundary.Institute,.P.O..Box.10336,.San.Jose,.CA. 

95157;.rshoup@boundary.org).. 

In.further.investigation.of.a.wager.made.during.the.previous. 

AAAS.Retrocausality.Symposium.5.years.ago,.we.examine.why. 

exactly.it.is.that.a.message.cannot.be.sent.into.the.past.and.received. 

there,.yet.certain.anomalous.correlations.can.make.it.appear.just. 

that.way..But.to.accomplish.this,.we.must.first.explore.more.deeply,.

and.reinterpret,.the.usual.concepts.of.superposition,.entanglement,. 

measurement,.locality,.and.causality.. 

From.these.reinterpreted.concepts,.and.through.analyses.of.the. 

usual.forward.EPR.experimental.arrangement.and.a.time-symmetrical.backward.version,.we.can.better.understand.the.fundamental. 

inadequacy.of.the.idea.of.“causality”.(both.forward.and.backward),. 

and.also.provide.a.possible.explanation.for.retrocausal.anomalies. 

such.as.those.of.the.recent.Bem.experiments..Finally,.we.conclude. 

whether.the.wager.was.actually.lost.or.not. 

36a Pre and post-selection, weak measurements and the flow of time 

in quantum mechanics,.JEFF TOLLAKSEN (Director,.Center.for. 

Quantum. Studies,. Head,. Faculty. of. Physics,.Associate. Professor. 

of.Physics,.Schmid.College.of.Science,.Chapman.University,.One. 

University.Drive,.Orange,.CA.92866;.tollaksen@chapman.edu). 

Quantum.mechanics.allows.one.to.independently.fix.both.the. 

initial.and.final.state.of.a.single.system..Novel.effects.occur.for.such. 

systems,.challenging.our.ideas.about.what.time.is.and.how.it.flows. 

Don’t Sign Your Life Away: 

Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, 

Digital Repositories and the Case 

for Open Access 

Monday, starting at 9:00 a.m. in KIPJ Room 217 

37 Bibliometric Information Services for Computing, Interpreting 

and Reporting Research Productivity and Impact Indicators Using 

Cited Reference Enhanced Databases – Some Caveats for Librarians,.PETER 

JACSO (University.of.Hawaii,.Department.of.Information.and.Computer.Sciences,.Library.and.Information.Science. 

Program,.2550.The.Mall,.Honolulu,.HI.96822;.jacso@hawaii.edu). 

Citation-based,. purportedly. simple. and. objective. assessments.of.the.research.performance.of.individual.scientists,.research. 

groups,.departments.and.entire.institutions.have.moved.center.stage. 

in.academia..They.complement.traditional.reviews.by.a.panel.of. 

peers.for.decision-making.in.promotion,.tenure.and.grant.applications,.as.well.as.for.creating.league-tables.of.scientists,.journals,.and.universities..Most.are.based.on.the.innovative.h-index.(introduced.by.Jorge.E..Hirsch.in.2004),.or.some.of.its.derivative.bibliometric.indicators.More.than.300.papers.were.published.about.these.new.bibliometric.indicators..Much.less.has.been.published.about.how.the.content.and.the.software.deficiencies.of.the.cited.reference.enhanced. 

databases.may.yield.highly.discordant.indicators.due.to.differences. 

in.the.rigor.of.the.citation.matching.module.of.the.software,.in.the. 

scope,.breadth,.completeness.of.source.coverage,.and.in.the.consistency.and.accuracy.of.metadata.elements.about.authors,.journals,. 

numerical.or.chronological.designations,.institutional.and.country. 

affiliations. 

The. essential. findings. of. this. author. will. be. presented. and. 

explained. on. a. sample. set. of. prominent. scholars. and. journals. of. 

various.disciplines.using.5.bibliometric.indicators.created.from.the. 

Web.of.Science,.Scopus,.Google.Scholar,.Scimago.and.the.Eigenfactor.databases..They.demonstrate.the.essence.of.what.librarians. 

must. know. about. the. content. and. software. of. these. databases. in. 

order. to. produce,. interpret. and. validate. metrics-based. research. 

reports. adequately. and/or. to. provide. support. for. faculty. and. 

administrators.in.such.exercises. 


38 Bibliometric Analysis of The Production of Graduate Nursing 

Students: 2002-2009,.VALERIA E. MOLTENI.(Academic.Liaison.Librarian,.Dr..Martin.Luther.King.Jr..Library,.San.Jose.State. 

University,. One. Washington. Square,. San. José,. CA. 95192-0028;. 

Valeria.Molteni@sjsu.edu). 

Bibliometric.provide.useful.analyses.of.the.nature.of.research. 

in.small.knowledge.areas.such.as.university.departments.that.can. 

be.convened.to.larger.scientific.domains.at.institutional.or.national. 

levels..This.presentation.will.deliver.publications.habits,.most.commonly.used.journals,.and.the.productive.knowledge.areas.covered. 

in.the.production.of.a.specific.graduate.course.in.San.Jose.State. 

University. 

San.Jose.State.University.is.an.urban.university.located.in.San. 

Jose,.California,.United.States.and.it.has.nearly.31,280.students.. 

SJSU.is.part.of.the.California.State.University.system,.which--with. 

its.23.campuses,.417,000.students,.and.46,000.faculty.members- 

-is.one.of.the.largest.institutions.of.public.higher.education.in.the. 

nation. 

The.SJSU.Valley.Foundation.School.of.Nursing.has.2,045.students.(Academic.Year.2010-11).and.offers.undergraduate.and.graduate.degrees..The.Master.program.has.concentrations.in.four.different.nursing.roles:.Nurse.Administrator,.Nurse.Educator,.Family.Nurse.Practitioner,.and.School.Nurse.Clinical.Specialist..In.addition,.the.program.offers.Post-Master.preparation.in.Nurse.Educator,. 

Family.Nurse.Practitioner.Certificate,.and.School.Nurse.Credential.. 

Undergraduate,.graduate.and.post-master.certification.programs.are. 

certified.by.National.and.States.Boards. 

The.MSN.Program.students.have.two.options.for.their.Graduate.Degree:.a.thesis.or.project.(course.number.NURS297)..The.outcome.of.the.latter.is.the.submission.of.a.publishable.article.to.a.specific.journal..This.presentation.will.concentrate.on.the.bibliometric. 

analysis.of.the.published.articles.of.this.course. 

39 HighWire’s Role in the Scholarly Publication Process,.BONNIE 

zAVON. (Public.Relations,.HighWire.Press,. Stanford.University,. 

1454. Page. Mill. Road,.Palo. Alto,. CA. 94304;. bzavon@stanford. 

edu). 

HighWire’s.role.in.the.scholarly.publication.process.will.be. 

discussed,. including. a. brief. “tools. and. features. on. the. HighWire. 

portal”.section;.a.bit.about.the.Free.and.OA.content.that.is.currently. 

or.about-to-be.hosted.on.HighWire;.and.then.some.time.for.questions.and.answers.from.the.audience. 

40 Retaining Authors’ Rights: Long-term Protection in Adopting 

New Habits for a Flexible Scholarly Future,.JULIA GELFAND 

(Applied.Sciences.and.Engineering.Librarian,.University.of.California,.Irvine,.Ayala.Science.Library.228,.Irvine,.CA.92623-9556;. 

jgelfand@uci.edu). 

Copyright. law. today. encourages. authors. and. all. contributors. 

to. intellectual. capital. to. consider. the. best. methods. to. protect. their. 

output..With.increasingly.technology.directed.publishing.and.communications. 

mediums. it. is. in. all. authors’. best. interests. to. consider. 

how.they.can.retain.their.rights.to.their.creative.works.in.an.electronic. 

environment..When.academics.or.faculty.want.to.use.their.scholarly. 

work.in.their.teaching,.share.with.colleagues.via.disciplinary.repositories.or.make.available.on.an.institutional.repository,.or.professional. 

or. personal. website,. it. is. in. one’s. best. interests. to. consider. adding. 

an. author’s. addendum. to. the. copyright. notice. a. publisher. usually. 

69


requires..Today’s. reliance. on. electronic. delivery. and. dissemination. 

and.a.growing.presence.of.digital.resources.forming.the.core.collections.in.libraries.also.are.motivating.reasons.to.develop.familiarity. 

with.the.components.of.an.author’s.addendum.and.how.to.promote. 

the.need.for.such.a.document.when.authors.are.negotiating.over.the. 

terms.of.submission.and.acceptance.of.manuscripts.and.other.creative. 

work. with. scholarly. and. commercial. publishers.. This. presentation. 

will.contextualize.the.publishing.process.and.review.standard.steps.in. 

how.authors’.can.be.comfortable.in.requesting.to.retain.their.author’s. 

rights.and.introduce.the.key.elements.of.an.author’s.addendum. 

41 How Faculty in Higher Education Understand Copyright: A 

Multidisciplinary Study of Research and Teaching Universities 

and Community Colleges,.PATRICK NEWELL (Henry.Madden. 

Library,.California.State.University,.Fresno.5200.N.Barton.Avenue,. 

Mailstop.ML34,.Fresno,.CA.93740;.pnewell@csufresno.edu).. 

Copyrighted.materials.are.used.by.faculty.throughout.higher. 

education,.although.the.way.in.which.faculty.learn.about.and.understand.how.the.copyright.law.applies.to.the.materials.that.they.use.varies.greatly..This.empirical.study.uses.qualitative.and.quantitative.methods.to.investigate.how.faculty.in.three.different.disciplines.(Art.History,.Physics,.and.Political.Science).at.three.different.levels. 

of. public. higher. education. institutions. (Two-Year. Colleges,. 

Teaching. Universities,. and. Research. Universities). learn. to. enact. 

the.copyright.law.in.their.daily.work.lives..A.delineation.of.areas. 

in.which.faculty.in.different.disciplines.and.institutions.understand. 

how.to.use.materials.within.the.boundaries.of.copyright.law.(and. 

their.beliefs.about.how.the.law.should.pertain.to.the.world.of.higher. 

education).is.followed.by.a.typification.of.faculty.by.their.interest. 

in.and.understanding.of.copyright.law.and.areas.in.which.the.Academy.can.improve.faculty.knowledge.of.copyright.law.and.how.to. 

apply.it.in.the.fair.use.of.materials.in.their.work.. 

42 The Role of Librarians in the Protection of Author’s Rights and 

Copyright, IFEOMA ANN OLUWASEMILORE 1 * and NGOzI 

BLESSING UKACHI 2 . ( 1 Law. Library,. University. of. Lagos.. 

Akoka-Yaba,.Lagos,.Nigeria,.ifeomashodeinde@yahoo.com;. 2 University.of.Lagos..Akoka-Yaba,.Lagos,.Nigeria..ukachingozi2001@ 

yahoo.com). 

This. paper. gives. an. overview. of.Authors’. rights. and. copyright. 

with. emphasis. on. the. librarians. who. are. the. custodians. of. 

most.artistic.and.literary.works..The.paper.dwells.on.the.librarian’s. 

role.in.the.protection.of.their.users’.rights.and.also.safeguarding. 

the. interests. of. creators. who. are. authors.. Such. copyright. protection.provides.the.necessary.incentives.for.scientific,.technological. 

and. intellectual. creativity.. Librarians. need. to. pay. close. attention. 

to.the.balance.between.promoting.the.users’.right.to.research.and. 

development. and. the. creator’s. right.. It. is. submitted. that. it. is. the. 

responsibility.of.librarians.to.protect.the.copyright.of.authors..They. 

have.to.discourage.library.users.from.infringing.on.copyright.laws.. 

The.paper.offers.suggestions.that.will.reduce.the.infringement.on. 

copyright.to.the.barest.minimum.. 

43 Communicating Science in the Future, PHILIP BOURNE.(Editor.in.Chief,.PLoS.Comp..Biol.,.Professor.and.Associate.Director. 

RCSB.and.PDB,.Skaggs.School.of.Pharmacy.and.Pharmaceutical. 

Sciences,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA). 

Scientific.publishing.has.changed.too.little.over.the.years..It. 

is.my.opinion.that.in.its.present.form.it.does.not.maximize.the.dissemination.and.comprehension.of.research.results.obtained.using. 

70 

taxpayer.dollars..This.is.particularly.true.in.the.internet.era,.when. 

much.of.the.research.enterprise.is.digital,.yet.much.of.publishing. 

(authors.and.publishers.alike).is.still.analog..The.ideas.that.a.paper. 

distributed.as.a.PDF.file.is.just.one.view.of.the.research,.that.supplemental.material.is.too.useless,.that.we.hold.reproducibility.as. 

a. cornerstone. of. science. but. can’t. do. it,. and. that. as. quantitative. 

scientists.we.evaluate.ourselves.in.a.qualitative.way.at.best,.are.just. 

examples. of. what. we. will. touch. on. as. we. consider. one. person’s. 

view.of.communicating.science.in.the.future. 

44 Helping Users Find Versions of Record in the Scholarly Literature,.CAROL 

ANNE MEyER.(CrossRef,.40.Salem.Street,.Lynnfield,.MA.01940;.cmeyer@crossref.org).Researchers.have.a.wealth.of.resources.open.to.them.in.discovering. 

and. using. scholarly. literature:. journal. sites,. aggregated. 

databases,.author.home.pages,.institutional.repositories,.and.disciplinary.digital.libraries..But.what.happens.when.a.published.article. 

must.be.changed?.Corrigenda,.errata,.notices.of.concern,.corrected. 

versions,.and.even.retractions.might.impact.the.interpretation.of.a. 

work.that.a.research.has.already.accessed.and.stored.locally... 

This.presentation.will.discuss.CrossMark,.a.collaborative.service. 

that.researchers.can.use.to.identify.whether.a.piece.of.content.is. 

being. maintained. by. the. publisher,. whether. it. is. up. to. date,. and. 

where. the. latest. version. of. record. can. be. found.. Librarians. will. 

learn.tools.to.be.able.to.educate.their.patrons.about.how.to.evaluate. 

scholarly.content.. 

45 Maximizing the Potential Impact of Digital Repositories,. 

CRySTAL GOLDMAN.(San.Jose.State.University,.King.Library,. 

One.Washington.Square,.San.Jose,.CA.95192-0028;.crystal.goldman@sjsu.edu).. 

This. presentation. will. discuss. strategies. for. encouraging. 

involvement.in.digital.repositories.by.marketing.the.many.valueadded.services.the.repository.provides.to.various.constituencies.in. 

the.campus.community. 

The.prevailing.attitude.when.digital.repositories.first.emerged. 

in.the.United.States.was.“If.you.build.it,.they.will.come.”.Libraries. 

relied.on.faculty.to.self-archive.pre-prints.and.post-prints.of.their. 

scholarly.output..Not.only.was.this.assumption.proven.incorrect,. 

forcing.librarians.to.reconsider.their.approach.with.teaching.faculty,.but.many.institutions.found.that.the.scope.of.their.repository. 

needed.to.widen.in.order.to.sufficiently.grow.their.content. 

Focusing. solely. on. archiving. refereed. publications. limits. the. 

potential.of.the.repository.to.serve.as.a.venue.to.publicize.the.administrative. 

business. of. the. institution,. highlight. undergraduate. and. 

graduate.student.research,.and.provide.open.access.to.electronic.dissertations.and.theses.(ETDs)..Librarians.may.also.consider.partnering.with.faculty.and.scholarly.societies.to.use.the.repository.as.a.publishing.platform.for.conference.proceedings,.peer-reviewed.journals,.and. 

even.scholarly.monographs..Additionally,.teaching.faculty.might.be. 

interested.in.disseminating.datasets,.images,.multimedia,.video,.and. 

audio.content.that.may.be.produced.during.the.research.and.teaching. 

process,.but.are.not.always.included.in.academic.publications.. 

46 Building a Local Environmental Repository,. STEPHEN 

STRATTON* and MELISSA MINDS VANDEBURGT* (JS. 

Broome.Library,.California.State.University.Channel.Islands,.One. 

University. Drive,. Camarillo,. CA. 93012;. stephen.stratton@csuci. 

edu). 

The. Broome. Library. has. actively. sought. collections. from.

Ventura. County. environmental. and. conservation. activists. to. create.a.digital.repository.of.materials.to.be.used.by.students,.faculty. 

and.the.community.interested.local.environmental.issues..The.Jean. 

Harris.Environmental.Collection.will.serve.as.a.research.base.for. 

multiple.departments.here.at.Channel.Islands;.specifically.the.Environmental.Science.and.Resource.Management,.Chicana/o.Studies,. 

Political. Science,. and. History. departments. will. find. material. in. 

these.collections.that.will.be.useful.to.their.research.and.the.study. 

of.local.history,.activism.and.the.natural.environment.in.Ventura. 

County. 

47 Building a Global Virtual Herbarium – From the Collection 

Book to the Computer Screen,. LARRy SCHMIDT. (University. 

of.Wyoming,.UW.Libraries,.Department.3334,.1000.E..University. 

Ave.,.Laramie,.WY.82071-2000;.lschmidt@uwyo.edu). 

The. Global. Plants. Initiative. (GPI). is. an. international. project.with.the.goal.to.digitize.and.make.available.the.world’s.plant. 

type. specimens.. Funded. by. the. Andrew. W.. Mellon. Foundation,. 

GPI.started.as.the.African.Plants.Initiative.in.2003,.then.expanded. 

in.2008.to.include.Latin.America.and.is.now.global..In.2009.the. 

University.of.Wyoming.(UW).Libraries.and.Rocky.Mountain.Herbarium.(RM).joined.this.international.undertaking,.which.now.has. 

over.190.partner.institutions.from.over.60.countries.. 

University.of.Wyoming’s.participation.in.this.global.initiative. 

is.a.direct.outgrowth.of.building.on.previous.projects,.in.particular.major.efforts.by.UW.Libraries.to.create.a.virtual.herbarium.for. 

Grand.Teton.National.Park.in.2008..UW.Libraries.took.an.active. 

role. in. the. imaging. of. specimens,. database. management. and. the. 

development. of. an. online. interface. to. the. virtual. collection.. UW. 

Libraries.was.able.to.parlay.those.experiences.and.obtain.additional. 

grants..This.includes.not.only.a.major.grant.from.the.Mellon.Foundation.to.digitize.RM.type.specimens.but.also.grants.for.imaging.additional.Grand.Teton.specimens..In.addition,.this.has.led.to.funding.for.a.forest.service.collection,.as.well.as.the.digitization.of.collecting.books.of.prominent.botanists... 

GPI. content.is.managed,.preserved. and.published.online.by. 

JSTOR.as.“JSTOR.Plant.Science”.and.now.contains.over.1.million. 

images.of.type.specimens,.botanical.illustrations,.archival.materials.and.other.related.content..UW’s.and.UW.Libraries.experience. 

proves.the.importance.of.engaging.with.communities.beyond.our. 

traditional.library.sphere.of.operation. 


Monday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Room H 

48 General Overview of the History of the Panama Canal,. J. 

DAVID ROGERS.(Department.of.Geological.Sciences.and.Engineering,.Missouri.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.1400.N.. 

Bishop.Ave.,.Rolla,.MO.65409;.rogersda@umr.edu). 

The. French. began. excavating. the. Panama. Canal. in. 1881,. 

envisioning. a. sea. level. crossing,. like. the. Suez. Canal. completed. 

in. 1869.. When. excavations. of. the. highlands. approaching. Continental. 

Divide. ensued. in. 1884,. damaging. landslides. occurred. at. 

Culebra.and.Cucaracha..As.geological.problems.slowed.progress,. 

health.epidemics.related.to.outbreaks.of.yellow.fever.and.malaria. 

bankrupted.the.enterprise.and.the.French.abandoned.the.project.in. 

1889..After.re-financing.an.allegedly.improved.scheme,.they.began. 

anew.in.1894,.but.without.success..They.sold.their.franchise.to.the. 


United.States.in.1903..The.Americans.approached.the.project.with. 

vigor.and.confidence,.treating.it.as.an.enormous.railroad.engineering.project..By.1907.the.various.excavation.problems.led.American.engineer.John.Stevens.to.redesign.the.project,.using.a.series.of.three.locks.at.either.end.to.lift.ships.85.feet.and.transit.across.manmade.Gatun.Lake..In.1908.control.of.the.project.passed.to.the.Army. 

Corps. of. Engineers,. who. completed. the. project. in.August. 1914,. 

excavating.96.million.cubic.yards.of.material.at.a.cost.about.260%. 

beyond. that. originally. envisioned,. which. required. an. additional. 

2-1/2.years.to.complete..Despite.all.the.setbacks.and.cost-overruns,. 

the.project.was.the.jewel.of.an.emerging.American.empire,.and.its. 

contributions.to.world.health.and.sea-born.commerce.were.without. 

precedent.. 

49 The History of the Panama Canal: An Imperial/Latin American 

Counterpoint, MARíA BÁRBARA zEPEDA CORTÉS.(Department. 

of. History,. University. of. California. San. Diego,. MC. 0104,. 

9500. Gilman. Drive,. La. Jolla,. CA. 92093-0104;. mzepedac@ucsd. 

edu). 

While.2014.announces.itself.as.the.centenary.of.the.opening. 

of. the. Panama. Canal,. the. possibility. of. such. feat. of. engineering. 

had.been.in.the.minds.and.dreams.of.powerful.statesmen,.businessmen,.and.political.leaders.for.more.than.a.hundred.years.before.its. 

completion..This. paper. offers. an. overview. of. the. significance. of. 

a.Central.American.artificial.waterway.for.men.of.influence.from. 

different.empires.and.world.powers,.such.as.Spain,.Great.Britain,. 

and.later.France.and.the.Unites.States,.but.also.from.Latin.America,. 

like. Francisco. de. Miranda. and. Simón. Bolívar. in. the. early. nineteenth.century,.and.General.Omar.Torrijos.in.the.second.half.of.the.twentieth.century..I.compose.an.imperial/Latin.American.counterpoint.to.show.how.the.less.than.fifty.miles.that.separate.the.Atlantic.from.the.Pacific.Ocean.have.been.conceived.as.a.strategic.“natural.resource”.for.empires.and.national.governments.alike.since.the. 

1700s..My.analysis.of.these.leaders’.projects.and.actions.illuminates. 

a. progression. of. contemporary. understandings. about. the. Panama. 

Canal..It.also.provides.provocative.insights.into.competing.agendas.and.ambitions.among.empires.and.Latin.American.countries.. 

This.“great.men”.approach.may.seem.antiquated,.but.I.demonstrate. 

that.single.political.wills.have.loomed.largely.in.the.background.of. 

this.enterprise.throughout.different.periods.of.its.long.history,.precisely.because.of.the.outstanding.implications.of.planning,.building,.and.maintaining.a.“path.between.the.seas,”.as.historian.David. 

McCullough.simply,.but.poetically.called.the.Canal. 

50 Sociological Aspects of the Panama Canal, THOMAS REI- 

FER (Department. of. Sociology,. University. of. San. Diego,. 5998. 

Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110). 

The.building.and.development.of.the.Panama.Canal,.viewed. 

from.the.vantage.point.of.both.geohistory.and.historical.sociology,. 

brings.together.both.the.centrality.of.transport.in.the.modern.worldsystem,.and.its.relationship.to.the.global.division.of.labor.and.construction.of.America’s.informal.empire.of.trade.and.finance..This. 

paper.reviews.the.creation.and.development.of.the.Panama.Canal,. 

with.a.particular.focus.on.the.role.of.transportation.and.transport. 

workers.from.the.dawn.of.the.American.Century.to.the.early.21 st . 

century,.with.a.particular.focus.on.the.shift.of.the.global.economy. 

first.towards.the.Atlantic.and.more.recently.in.the.shift.of.the.center. 

of.the.global.market.towards.the.Pacific. 

71


51 Landslides of the Panama Canal,.J. DAVID ROGERS.(Department. 

of. Geological. Sciences. and. Engineering,. Missouri. University.of.Science.and.Technology,.1400.N..Bishop.Ave.,.Rolla,.MO. 

65409;.rogersda@umr.edu). 

The.French.began.excavating.the.Panama.Canal.in.1881,.and. 

began.experiencing.landslides.in.1884,.and.abandoned.the.project. 

in.1889..The.Americans.took.over.the.project.and.commenced.construction.in.1905..Within.two.years.they.began.experiencing.slope. 

failures.and.the.decision.was.made.to.construct.a.locked.canal,.the. 

supervision. of. which,. passed. onto. the.Army. Corps. of. Engineers. 

in.1908..By.1911.landslides.threatened.to.shut.the.project.down.. 

The.Corps.was.forced.to.alter.their.approach.to.the.excavation.and. 

project. completion. was. pushed. off. for. 2-1/2. years.. The. volume. 

of.excavation.increased.by.300%.beyond.its.original.estimates.at. 

Culebra. and. Cucaracha.. By. 1913. 75. million. m 3 . of. material. was. 

excavated.from.the.Gaillard.Cut,.of.which,.60%.was.slide.debris.or. 

slope.laybacks.made.necessary.to.achieve.stability..In.October.1913. 

the.Corps.gave.up.on.stabilizing.the.slopes.through.unloading.and. 

drainage.diversion,.opting.to.flood.the.canal.and.complete.the.canal. 

excavation.using.suction.dredges,.because.it.was.a.less.expensive. 

method.to.excavate.the.slide.debris..The.canal.has.been.closed.by. 

landslides.on.16.occasions.over.the.past.97.years..Concerted.effort. 

was.made.to.understand.how.the.Cucaracha.Shale.loses.significant. 

shear.strength.during.shearing,.which.has.lead.to.a.better.understanding.of.landslides,.world-wide.. 

52 General Overview of the Panama Canal Expansion Project, 

ELDON GATH (Earth.Consultants.International,.1642.E..4 th .St.,. 

Santa.Ana,.CA.92701,.gath@earthconsultants.com). 

Driven.by.the.desire.to.accommodate.larger.container.ships,. 

the.$5.2B.expansion.of.the.Panama.Canal.is.well.underway..This. 

expansion. program. has. dozens. of. components,. including. new. 

Pacific.and.Atlantic.locks,.extensive.water.recycling.facilities,.deepening.of.both.oceanic.approach.channels,.an.~7.km.long.bypass. 

channel,.four.new.dams.(collectively.termed.‘Borinquen.Dam’).to. 

form.this.channel.11.m.above.Miraflores.Lake,.main.channel.deepening,.a.~1.m.raising.of.the.Gatun.Lake.level,.raising.of.dozens.of. 

Gatun.Lake’s.surrounding.saddle.dams,.a.new.spillway.for.Gatun. 

Dam,.a.new.bridge.over.the.Atlantic.approach,.and.numerous.roads,. 

pipelines,. and. other. new. infrastructure. components..As. currently. 

planned,. the. new. locks. will. be. 427. m. long,. 55. m. wide,. 18.3. m. 

deep,.employ.a.three-step.drop,.use.roller.gates,.and.recycle.most. 

of.the.water..The.design.will.result.in.140.million.cubic.meters.of. 

excavation,.not.including.remedial.volumes..As.part.of.the.planning. 

for.the.expansion,.hundreds.of.new.geotechnical.borings.have.been. 

drilled. and. geologically. logged,. and. extensive. studies. have. been. 

completed. to. define. and. quantify. the. seismic. hazards. of. central. 

Panama..The.schedule.calls.for.the.grand.opening.of.the.Expansion.Project.to.be.on.August.15,.2014,.the.100 

th .anniversary.of.the. 

original.Panama.Canal.opening. 

53 Tectonic Geomorphic and Paleoseismic Investigations of the 

Pedro Miguel Fault for the Panama Canal Expansion Project,. 

ELDON GATH (Earth.Consultants.International,.1642.E..4 th .St.,. 

Santa.Ana,.CA.92701,.gath@earthconsultants.com). 

As.part.of.the.seismic.hazard.investigation.for.design.of.the. 

Panamá.Canal.Expansion.Project,.we.completed.detailed.investigations.of.the.Pedro.Miguel.fault..The.previously.assumed.inactive. 

fault.was.shown.to.right-laterally.deform.all.fault-crossing.streams. 

and.paleoseismic.trenching.excavations.demonstrated.that.the.fault. 

72 

has.experienced.recurrent.Holocene.displacements..Therefore,.the. 

fault.not.only.poses.a.shaking.hazard.to.the.Panamá.Canal.structures,.it.also.poses.a.rupture.hazard.where.it.crosses.through.the. 

proposed.footprint.of.the.~7.km.long,.11.m.high,.multi-segmented. 

earthen.Borinquén.Dam,.a.critical.part.of.the.expansion.program.. 

Our.studies.of.the.fault.eventually.involved.over.100.geologically. 

logged.trenches,.including.3.locations.where.we.excavated.the.fault. 

in.3-D.to.determine.earthquake.recurrence,.quantify.displacement. 

magnitudes.and.understand.the.fault’s.detailed.fault.slip.kinematics..We.were.able.to.determine.that.it.has.had.3.surface-rupturing. 

earthquakes.in.the.last.1600.years.that.cumulatively.produced.at. 

least.8.meters.of.right-lateral.displacement..The.most.recent.event. 

produced.3.meters.of.slip.on.May.2,.1621..At.the.surface,.the.fault. 

exploits.weak,.low-angle.bedding.planes.of.the.La.Boca.and.Pedro. 

Miguel. Formations. to. rupture. as. a. series. of. north-stepping,. enechelon,. 

west-dipping. fault. petals. that. roll. over. near. the. surface. 

to.almost.horizontal..The.challenge.for.the.dam’s.designers.will.be. 

to.understand.the.geology.of.the.fault-crossing.location.to.be.able. 

to.predict.the.fault.rupture.kinematics,.and.then.to.understand.how. 

that.rupture.will.transfer.into.the.dam’s.earthen.structure. 

54 Historical Earthquake Activity in Central Panama,. TANIA 

GONzALEz. (Earth. Consultants. International,. Inc.,. 1642. E.. 

Fourth.Street,.Santa.Ana,.CA.92701;.tgonzalez@earthconsultants. 

com). 

Panama.in.general,.and.central.Panama.specifically,.has.long. 

been.considered.as.having.a.low.seismic.activity..This.perception. 

is. based. on. a. lack. of. large,. damaging. earthquakes. in. more. than. 

120.years..However,.recent.geomorphic.and.paleoseismic.studies. 

conducted.as.part.of.the.Panama.Canal.expansion.project,.together. 

with.a.new.review.of.the.historical.records,.show.that.this.region. 

has.a.much.higher.seismic.hazard..The.historical.record.shows.that. 

several.moderate.to.large.earthquakes.have.occurred.here.since.the. 

Spanish.arrival.in.the.early.1500s,.including.two.very.large.events. 

in.1621.and.1882..Our.field.studies.have.shown.that.several.faults. 

local.to.the.Canal.area.have.experienced.at.least.one.surface-rupturing.earthquake.in.the.last.about.500.years,.with.the.Limón.and. 

Gatún.faults.rupturing.in.the.late.1800s..The.geomorphic.signature. 

of.these.ruptures,.extending.tens.of.kilometers.in.length,.indicate. 

that.these.earthquakes.had.magnitudes.of.at.least.6.7..Detailed.topographic. 

and. paleoseisimc. studies. of. the. Camino. de. Cruces. have. 

shown.that.the.old.Spanish.cobblestone.road.was.displaced.about. 

2.8.meters.right-laterally.by.rupture.of.the.Pedro.Miguel.fault,.confirming.the.source.of.the.1621.earthquake.that.destroyed.the.old. 

capital.of.Panama..These.findings.indicate.that.central.Panama.is. 

undergoing.substantial.internal.deformation,.at.the.rate.of.several. 

millimeters.per.year,.and.that.the.earthquake.hazard.of.this.area.has,. 

until.recently,.been.underestimated. 

New Humanities and Science Convergences: 



Monday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Room F 

55 Whither Hypertext? Electronic Literature and the Literary 

Canon,.HUGH BURKHART.(Copley.Library,.University.of.San. 

Diego,.5998.Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110-2492;.hburkhart@ 

sandiego.edu).

‘Hypertext’. is. a. broad. term. often. assigned. to. electronic. literature..Starting.with.a.few.enthusiasts’.works.in.the.1980s,.electronic.literature.grew.steadily.following.the.birth.of.the.Web..The. 

enthusiasm.and.media.coverage.that.welcomed.literary.hypertext. 

diminished.over.time,.however,.eclipsed.by.Kindles,.iPads,.social. 

networking,. and. texting.. Many. hypertext. creations. have. since. 

entered.the.literary.canon,.yet.permanent.access.to.these.seminal. 

works.is.strangely.absent.in.academic.libraries..In.his.2000.book. 

Othermindedness: The Emergence of Network Culture,. hypertext. 

creator.and.scholar.Michael.Joyce.discusses.“an.area.that…most. 

troubles.librarians.–.common.formats…and.shared.listings.of.electronic.resources”(73)..Eleven.years.later,.this.issue.has.still.not.been. 

adequately.addressed.by.academic.institutions..This.paper.aims.to. 

engage.scholars.in.a.discussion.of.electronic.writing.by.providing. 

a.brief.history.of.literary.hypertext,.exploring.the.possible.effects. 

this.gap.in.library.collections.could.have.on.future.scholarship,.and. 

offering.a.rationale.for.providing.stable.electronic.access.to.canonical.texts..In.light.of.recent.scholarship.such.as.Astrid.Ensslin’s.2007. 

book,. Canonizing Hypertext: Explorations and Constructions,. 

scholars,. especially. those. involved. with. building. collections. for. 

departments. with. creative. writing. programs. or. emphases,. should. 

be.aware.of.this.field.and.prepared.to.promote.access.that.maintains. 

this.small.but.valuable.part.of.the.cultural.record.. 

56 Exploring the Labyrinth: Typography and Reader Engagement 

in. House. of. Leaves,. ALISON PEARL. (Department. of. English,. 

University.of.Utah,.255.S.Central.Campus.Drive.Room.3500,.Salt. 

Lake.City,.UT.84112;.pearl.alison@gmail.com). 

This.paper.explores.the.interaction.of.hypertext.and.codex.in. 

Mark.Danielewski’s,.House of Leaves..Digital.technologies.allow. 

for.new.uses.of.the.traditional.page,.expanding.the.author’s.ability. 

to. engage. the. reader..Typographical. play. in. the. novel. forces. the. 

reader.to.manipulate.the.codex.in.a.manner.that.evokes.a.physical. 

reaction.from.the.reader,.a.reaction.that.mirrors.that.of.the.characters..It.changes.our.perceptions.of.how.one.can.construct.character:. 

not.simply.with.words,.but.with.text,.the.pages.themselves..Reader. 

interaction.becomes.a.means.for.character.development..House of 

Leaves is.not.only.aware.of.itself.as.a.book.by.pointing.to.the.physicality.of.pages,.it’s.aware.of.the.physical.reality.of.the.reader.and. 

of.reading.as.an.action.. 

The.application.of.technology.through.typography.is.literally. 

and.figuratively.influencing.the.shape.of.narrative.in.Danielewski’s. 

novel..Reading.House of Leaves.is.reading.an.object.that.we.hold.in. 

our.hands,.born.out.of.the.tradition.of.the.codex,.but.understanding. 

itself.as.a.codex.in.a.whole.new.physicality.through.its.hypertextual. 

implications..While. a.print.novel. asks. us. to.turn.pages.and.controls.our.reading.with.pacing,.House 

of Leaves asks.us.to.hold.the. 

book.sideways.by.one.side.and.read.upward,.toward.the.center,.and. 

then. upward. again,. toward. the. margin. with. Danielewski. asking:. 

how.can.I.use.technology.and.the.physicality.of.print.to.enhance. 

or. distort. the. reader’s. experience. of. narrative. and. the. traditional. 

techniques.novels.employ? 

57 The [ ] Project: How Hypermedia Can Reshape the Critical 

Essay,.ROBERT GLICK.(Department.of.English,.University.of. 

Utah,. Languages. and. Communication. Building,. 255. S.. Central. 

Campus. Drive,. Room. 3500,. Salt. Lake. City,. UT. 84112;. robert@ 

robertglick.com). 

Robert. Glick’s. “The. [. ]. Project”. explores. how. writers. and. 

critical.theorists.might.use.the.web.and.other.new.media.to.expand. 


not.simply.what.falls.under.the.definition.of.critical.theory.but.how. 

we.read.it..As.an.example.of.Raymond.Federman’s.notion.of.“critifiction,”.“The.[.].Project”.salvages.and.spin-cycles.critical.theory,. 

fiction,.memoir,.and.news.clipping.in.an.attempt.to.provoke.unusual. 

and.sometimes.anxious.understandings.of.ideas.from.unaligned.discourses..In.an.extension.of.critifiction.away.from.the.printed.page,. 

hypermedia.further.allows.the.content.of.“The.[.].Project”.to.be. 

revealed.not.as.a.linear.presentation.of.axioms.but.as.blocks.of.text. 

whose.appearance,.order,.and.design.(size,.font,.opacity).fall.in.and. 

out.of.the.reader./.viewer’s.control..“The.[.].Project”.asks.us.to.ask:. 

Can.new.media.help.widen what.we.understand.as.theory?.What. 

happens.if.we.imagine.theoretical.texts.less.as.rigorous.chains.of. 

logic.and.more.as.tumults.of.loosely.linked.ideas.that.spark.creative. 

response?. 

58 Ethnopoetics and Ethnography of the Oral Tradition, CARL A. 

MAIDA. (University. of. California,. 63-037. Center. for. the. Health. 

Sciences,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095;.cmaida@ucla.edu). 

Ethnopoetics.redefines.poetry.by.focusing.on.alternative.traditions.in.language.and.performance..The.“recovery.of.the.oral,”.in. 

Jerome.Rothenberg’s.words,.“involves.a.poetics.deeply.rooted.in. 

the.powers.of.song.and.speech,.breath.and.body...with.or.without. 

the.existence.of.a.visible/literal.text.”.Ethnopoetics.surfaced.after. 

<strong>World</strong>.War.II,.with.the.end.of.European.colonialism,.risks.of.nuclear. 

and.environmental.hazards,.and.concern.for.the.fate.of.wilderness. 

and.traditional.societies..Two.postwar.frameworks.inform.its.cognitive.model..Social.phenomenology.views.the.body.as.a.“community. 

of.senses”.organizing.individual.experience.and.shaping.meaning.. 

A.social.“life.world”.emerges.from.commonly.shaped.experiences. 

and.interpretations..Culture,.as.social.memory,.promotes.adaptive. 

learning,.taking.precedents.into.account.to.anticipate.outcomes,.and. 

using. foresight. and. intentionality. as. cognitive. potentials. to. reorganize. 

the. world. to. resist. entropy.. Symbolically.representing. the. 

physical.universe.as.a.cognitive.map,.culture.imposes.“consistency. 

among.meanings”.for.working.with.the.energetic.world..Symbolic. 

anthropology.views.this.unifying.of.the.mental.and.the.energetic.in. 

a.symbolic.system.as.encoding.cultural.knowledge.through.ritualization..Ritual.symbols.prompt.social.action.because.their.referents. 

call. up. polarities. between. physiological. phenomena. and. norms.. 

Social.dramas.are.recurrent.forms.of.experience.surrounding.life. 

crises,. with. their. attendant. liminality—a. transitional. state. analogous. 

to. the. “subjunctive. mood”. of. culture. (fantasy,. hypothesis,. 

conjecture)..Performance.behavior.promotes.“living.through”.this. 

passage,.using.multiple.sensory.domains.to.dramatize.the.liminal. 

state.to.provoke.an.exchange.between.physiological.and.cultural. 

poles,.and.restore.a.sense.of.communitas.. 

59 Poetry, Science, and Ecological Language: the Description of 

Birds, ROBERT LOUIS CHIANESE. (California. State. University,. 

Northridge,. Department. of. English,. Northridge,. CA. 91320;. 

robert.chianese@csun.edu). 

In.science,.ecologists.insist.on.a.comprehensive.view.of.life. 

that.attends.to.the.web.of.connections.that.underlie.biological.systems..The.new.way.of.seeing.requires.new.language,.but.science. 

often.lacks.or.even.shuns.this.“ecological”.language,.a.vocabulary,. 

grammar,.and.syntax.of.interdependent.life.systems.and.processes. 

Such. language. would. convey. complex. interactions. among. 

things. rather. than. the. simple. one-way. effects. of. a. subject. upon. 

an.object..Poet.Gerard.Manley.Hopkins.achieves.this.in.the.poem. 

“The.Windhover,”.where.he.describes.the.diving.of.a.kestrel.in.its. 

73


interaction. with. the. air,. its. prey. object,. and. itself,. and. equates. it. 

symbolically. to. the. “pursuit”. of. the. non-believer. by. Christ..This. 

mystical.description.nonetheless.evokes.the.dynamics.of.the.kestrel’s. 

hovering. and. diving. with. both. denotative. and. connotative. 

accuracy..Other.poets.express.the.behavior.of.birds.in.similar,.ecological.language. 

Scientists,.ornithologists,.and.field.guide.writers.usually.avoid. 

radical.forms.of.expression.that.might.push.their.descriptive.language.to.new.metaphoric.heights..Science.in.its.traditional.focus. 

on.individual.subject-object.interactions.of.a.single.creature.misses. 

an.opportunity.to.learn.and.borrow.from.poets..While.the.core.of. 

scientific.description.often.relies.heavily.on.metaphor,.the.“As.if”. 

explicit.and.implicit.in.scientific.discourse,.few.scientists.deliberately.venture.over.the.denotative,.abstract.language.line.to.employ.a. 

poetic,.suggestive,.and.evocative.language.which.would.in.fact.lead. 

to. more,. not. less. accurate. descriptions.. Both. science. and. poetry. 

would.gain.from.it. 

Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified 

Remains: From Iconographical Sources 

to Modern Day Techniques 

Tuesday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

60 Introduction to Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified Remains: 

From Iconographical Sources to Modern Day Techniques, 

ANDREAS G. NERLICH 1 * and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 2,3,4 

( 1 Academic. Teaching. Hospital. München-Bogenhausen,. 

Englschalkingerstr.. 77,. D-81925. Munich,. Germany;. 2 Laboratory. 

of. Criminalistic. Sciences,. Department. of. Anatomy,. Pharmacology.and.Legal.Medicine,.University.of.Turin,.Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 

3 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR. 

6578. CNRS-EFS,. Faculty. of. Medicine,. Secteur. Nord,. Batiment. 

A-.CS80011,.University.of.Marseilles,.Boulevard.Pierre.Dramard,. 

13344. Marseilles,. France;. 4 Division. of. Paleopathology,. History. 

of.Medicine.and.Bioethics,.Department.of.Oncology,.Transplants. 

and.Advanced.Technologies.in.Medicine,.University.of.Pisa,.Italy;. 

andreas.nerlich@extern.lrz-muenchen.de).. 

Parasitic.diseases.affected.mankind.since.antiquity..The.investigation.of.human.remains-.with.particular.emphasis.on.mummified. 

tissues-.provides.us.with.an.encouraging.novel.source.to.evaluate. 

origin.and.spread.of.those.diseases. 

The. present. symposium. is. devoted. to. an. update. presentation. on. 

the.history.of.human.leishmaniasis.and.related.parasitic.infections.. 

This. will. include. also. the. comparison. between. molecular. analysis.and.archaeological.disease.evidence,.such.as.from.literary.and. 

iconographic.sources.. 

The. symposium. is. planned. to. start. with. an. overview. of. the. 

current.microbiology.of.present.day.leishmaniasis.as.both.as.local. 

and.systemic.disease.dependent.on.the.parasite.strain..Molecular. 

investigations.on.modern.strains.will.provide.first.clues.as.to.the. 

origin.and.potential.evolution.of.the.pathogens.. 

Subsequently. presentations. on. the. most. recent. findings. of. 

Old.and.New.<strong>World</strong>.leishmaniasis.in.mummies.and.skeletonized. 

human.remains.will.shed.light.on.the.distribution.and.strain.differences.during.antiquity..Particular.reference.will.be.made.to.the.“clinical”.consequence.of.the.occurring.disease,.including.cutaneous.(CL),.mucocutaneous.(MCL),.and.visceral.leishmaniasis.(VL). 

for.infected.individuals.and.the.disease.impact.on.living.conditions.. 

74 

Thereby,.we.aim.to.reconstruct.both.the.temporary.and.spatial.evolution.of.the.disease..As.a.further.important.issue,.the.significance. 

of.analytical.techniques-.including.paleoserology.and.ancient.DNA. 

technology-.will.be.presented.and.discussed.as.well. 

In.summary,.the.symposium.may.add.a.though.specialized,.but. 

circumstantial.view.on.a.disease.where.novel.analytical.techniques. 

are.beginning.to.teach.us.much.about.biology,.pathology.and.live. 

conditions.by.help.of.the.investigation.of.mummy.tissues. 

61 Molecular Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Evolution of Leishmania, 

GABRIELE. SCHOENIAN (Institute. of. Microbiology. and. 

Hygiene,. Charité. University. Medicine. Berlin,. Dorotheenstr.. 96,. 

D-10117.Berlin,.Germany;.gabriele.schoenian@charite.de). 

Leishmaniases. are. sand. fly-borne. diseases. caused. by. protozoan.parasites.of.the.genus.Leishmania.that.affect.people.in.vast. 

areas.of.the.world..The.obligate.intracellular.parasites.are.known. 

to.infect.humans.leading.to.different.forms.of.the.disease,.visceral. 

(VL),.cutaneous.(CL).and.muco-cutaneous.(MCL).leishmaniasis.in. 

88.countries.of.the.Old.New.<strong>World</strong>s.. 

The. current. classification. system. of. the. genus. Leishmania. 

based.on.multilocus.enzyme.electrophoresis.proposes.up.to.35.species..Molecular.phylogenies.of.Leishmania.have,.however.increasingly. 

suggested. that. the. number. of. species. may. be. too. large..A. 

revision. of. Leishmania. classification. leading. to. its. simplification. 

without.losing.the.detailed.knowledge.built.up.so.far.is.therefore. 

now.under.discussion..Whether.the.genus.appeared.first.in.the.Old. 

<strong>World</strong>.or.in.the.New.<strong>World</strong>.is.still.controversial.although.several. 

rooted.sequenced-based.phylogenies.favour.a.neotropical.origin.. 

Many.molecular.markers,.most.recently.multilocus.microsatellite.typing,.have.demonstrated.substantial.intra-species.diversity.and.the.existence.of.geographically.and.genetically.isolated.populations.in.all.Leishmania 

species.tested.so.far..Microsatellite.analysis. 

reevaled.that.the.agent.of.visceral.leishmaniasis.in.the.New.<strong>World</strong>. 

has. recently. been. imported. from. southwest. Europe. to. south. and. 

Central.America. 

A.predominantly.clonal.evolution.has.been.proposed.for.Leishmania.with.rare.sexual.recombination.events..This.hypothesis.has.repeatedly.been.challenged.by.the.detection.of.hybrids,.mosaic.genotypes,.and.gene.flow.between.populations,.strong.inbreeding.and,. 

finally,.the.detection.of.recombination.under.laboratory.conditions. 

62 The Unresolved Origins of Leishmaniasis: a Phylogenetic Perspective,. 

KELLy M. HARKINS. (Center. for. Bioarchaeological. 

Research,.School.of.Human.Evolution.of.Social.Change,.Arizona. 

State.University,.Tempe,.AZ,.85287;.kelly.harkins@asu.edu).. 

Understanding.disease.in.the.past,.including.host-parasite.evolution,.relies.on.the.use.of.many.lines.of.evidence,.none.of.which.are.without.limitations..The.incongruence.of.molecular.and.hostbased.phylogenies.has.stirred.debate.regarding.the.origins.and.dispersal.of.the.parasite.Leishmania.and.the.resulting.human.disease,. 

leishmaniasis..Despite.advancements.in.molecular.techniques.and. 

sequence.availability,.evolutionary.relationships.within.the.genus. 

Leishmania. remain. poorly. resolved.. Here,. maximum. likelihood,. 

maximum.parsimony.and.Bayesian.analyses.are.used.to.highlight. 

the.shortcomings.of.these.methods.when.applied.to.multiple.gene. 

sequences.within.Leishmania..Additional.genomic.data,.as.well.as. 

new.sequences.isolated.from.ancient.remains.may.help.resolve.the. 

debate;.however,.the.“true”.phylogenetic.tree.is.yet.to.be.found.

63 Evolutionary Origin of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) 

Based on Fossil Evidence and Potential Evolution of Host-Leishmania 

Interactions in the Old and the New <strong>World</strong>, REGINALDO 

PEÇANHA BRAzIL 1 * and JOSÉ D. ANDRADE FILHO 2 . 

( 1 Instituto.Oswaldo.Cruz/FIOCRUZ,.Lab..Bioquímica.&.Fisiologia. 

de.Inseto,.Av..Brasil.4365,.Pav..26.-S/213,.Rio.de.Janeiro,.21045- 

900,. RJ,. Brazil;. 2 Centro. de. Pesquisas. Rená. Rachou/FIOCRUZ,. 

Belo.Horizonte,.MG,.Brazil;.rpbrazil@ioc.fiocruz.br). 

The.Psychodidae.is.widespread.on.all.continents.except.Antarctica,.suggesting.that.the.family.has.a.long.evolutionary.history. 

which.began.during.the.Mesozoic..The.earliest.known.psychodid.is. 

from.the.late.Triassic.of.Virginia,.USA).and.the.next.oldest.specimens.in.this.group.are.from.the.Jurassic.period.of.Germany..Large. 

numbers.of.these.Diptera.have.been.found.preserved.in.amber.from. 

the. Baltic. region,. Lebanon,. México,. Dominican. Republic,. and. 

Burma.(Myanmar).. 

The. sub-family. Phlebotominae. includes. several. genera. that. 

are.habitual.animal-biters.and.the.vectors.of.flagellates.Kinetoplastidae.(Trypanosomatidae).to.different.groups.of.animals.including. 

humans..Of.all.Trypanosomatidae.infecting.extant.animals.there.is. 

no.doubt.that.leishmaniases.is.one.of.most.widespread.in.the.world,. 

and.humans.may.be.one.of.the.early.hosts.of.this.parasite. 

Evolutionary. hypotheses. are. given. to. explain. the. long. relationship.of.Phlebotominae.sandflies.and.Leishmania.in.the.world.. 

64 Iconography of Mochica Leishmaniasis in Ancient Peru,. 

ALFREDO. ALTAMIRANO. (Department. of. Archaeology. of. 

San.Marcos.University,.Lima,.Perú;.Alfredo-altamirano@hotmail. 

com). 

Leishmaniasis. (CL. and. ML). has. been. present. in. Peru. since. 

ancient.times..It.seems.to.have.influenced.the.cosmology.of.ancient. 

people.and.been.represented.in.portrait.vessels.(or.huacos retratos),. 

where.a.skin.form.ulcer.appears.on.pottery.within.the.middle.valleys.of.the.north.coast.occupied.by.the.Moche.. 

We.analyzed.a.group.of.90.huacos.with.apparent.CL.and.ML,. 

noting. their. relationship. to. living. human. groups. which. cultivate. 

coca.leaf,.corn,.cotton,.fruits,.and.potatoes..Some.of.these.huacos. 

depict.humans.sitting.on.llamas;.they.are.mutilated.and.have.had. 

their. extremities. amputated.. They. are. associated. with. sand. flies,. 

brushy. areas,. and. dogs..This. animal. is. the. principal. host. of. ML. 

and.CL.. 

Our.working.hypothesis.is.that.those.suffering.from.diseases. 

(Leishmaniasis.and.Bartonelosis),.a.hard.life,.and.mutilation.in.the. 

Mochica. area. had. received. punishment. by. the. “Mythic.Woman”. 

who. organized. “the. revolt. of. the. objects”. and. produced. weather. 

changes.in.ancient.times..Mutilation.and.amputation.were.means. 

to.control.those.diseases.in.a.relationship.to.the.agrarian.calendar.. 

Human.sacrifice.to.mountains.was.important.in.the.Mochicas’. 

cosmovision. to. calm. the. ire. of. land. gods. (mountains). who. were. 

believed.to.produce.epidemics.of.those.diseases..Ceremonies.were. 

organized.by.elites.to.restore.equilibrium.between.the.<strong>World</strong>.of.the. 

Dead. and. the.<strong>World</strong>. of. the. Living.. Our. interpretation. is. that. the. 

symbolic.significance.of.these.huacos.is.traceable.to.persons.who. 

saw.CL.and.ML.in.living.people. 

65 Review of Paleopathology of Leishmaniasis in South America,. 

ALFREDO ALTAMIRANO.(Department.of.Archaeology.of.San. 

Marcos. University,. Lima,. Perú;. Alfredo-altamirano@hotmail. 

com). 

The.origin.of.the.most.severe.form.of.Leishmaniasis.(ML.or. 


espundia).has.been.proposed.to.have.been.in.the.western.Amazon. 

region,.between.Brazil,.Peru.and.Bolivia..Research.indicates.at.least. 

four.principal.routes.in.pre-Columbian.times..The.first.route.is.proposed. 

to. have. been. from. Loreto-Amazonas-Cajamarca-La. Libertad,.across.the.Porculla.Abra.and.Jequetepeque.valley.on.the.north. 

coast.of.Peru,.beginning.in.the.late.Formative.period..In.this.valley,. 

the.Amazon.forest.advances.to.the.“heart”.of.the.Andean.region;. 

our.proposal.can.be.supported.by.iconographic.representations.in. 

Moche.and.Salinar.cultures.and.petroglyphs..The.second.route.was. 

via.Huanuco-Junin-Lima.because.in.the.Makatampu,.Rímac.valley,. 

central.coast.of.Peru,.were.discovered.five.cases.of.adults.with.ML.. 

The.third.route.was.via.Madre.de.Dios-Puno-Cuzco-Ayacucho,.a. 

route.supported.by.rich.ethnohistoric.data.of.ML.and.high.mortality. 

cases.of.highland.herders.(mitmaq).who.went.down.to.the.Amazon. 

forest.to.exploit.coca.leaf.during.the.Inca.Empire..The.fourth.route. 

was.Beni/Cochabamba-La.Paz-Atacama.where.four.cases.of.adult. 

women.with.ML.were.found,.dating.to.the.Middle.Horizon.during. 

Tiwanaku.domination.(700.to.1200.AD). 

The.risk.of.acquiring.this.disease.is.and.was.high.because.most. 

Andeans. who. entered. the. forest. were. principally. farmers..Those. 

routes.could.have.originated.during.the.beginnings.of.agriculture. 

and.llama.domestication..The.expansion.of.Leishmania (V.) braziliensis.and.its.adaptation.to.the.Andean.region.probably.developed. 

into.Leishmania (V.).peruviana.that.is.well.documented.by.recent. 

paleopathological.research.. 

66 Molecular Identification of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ancient 

Egyptian and Nubian Tissue Samples,.ANDREAS G. NERLICH 1 *, 

MARK SPIGELMAN 2,3 , BETTINA SCHRAUT 1 , CHARLES 

L. GREENBLATT 2 , ALBERT zINK 1,4 , and HELEN D. DONO- 

GHUE 5. ( 1 Institute. of. Pathology,. Academic. Teaching. Hospital. 

München-Bogenhausen,. Munich,. Germany;. 2 Kuvin. Center. for. 

Infectious.Diseases,.Hadassah.Medical.School,.The.Hebrew.University.Jerusalem,.Israel;. 

3 Department.of.Microbiology,.University. 

College,.University.of.London,.England;. 4 present.address:.EURAC. 

Bolzano,.Italy;. 5 University.College.London,.Centre.for.Infectious. 

Diseases. and. International. Health,. Windeyer. Institute. of. Medical. 

Sciences,. 46. Cleveland. St.,. London. W1T. 4JF,. UK;. andreas. 

nerlich@extern.lrz-muenchen.de).. 

This.report.describes.the.identification.of.L. donovani.DNA.in. 

ancient.Egyptian.and.Christian.Nubian.mummies..We.analyzed.91. 

bone.samples.from.Egyptian.mummies.and.skeletons.and.70.bone. 

marrow. samples. from. naturally. mummified. remains. from. Upper. 

Nubia..The.Egyptian.material.is.from.the.Pre-.to.Early.Dynastic. 

site.of.Abydos.(n.=.7;.3500–2800.BC),.a.Middle.Kingdom.tomb.in. 

Thebes.West.(42;.2050–1650.BC),.and.tomb.complexes.in.Thebes. 

West,.used.between.the.Middle.and.New.Kingdom.until.the.Late. 

Period.(42;.c..2050–500.BC)..The.Nubian.samples.(pre-flooding.of. 

Aswan.Dam).were.taken.from.two.early.Christian.sites.at.Kulubnarti,.dated.from.550--750.AD.and.c.750--1500.AD..All.samples. 

were.characterized.by.direct.sequencing. 

In.four.of.the.91.Egyptian.and.nine.of.the.70.Nubian.samples,. 

a.120-bp.fragment.of.a.conserved.region.of.the.parasite’s.minicircle.molecule.of.kinetoplastid.mitochondrial.DNA.was.successfully. 

amplified..With.the.first.primer.pair,.it.was.unambiguously.related. 

to.L. donovani.species.after.sequencing..The.positive.samples.from. 

Egypt.originated.from.the.Middle.Kingdom.tomb,.while.no.molecular.evidence.for.ancient.Leishmania.DNA.was.found.in.the.Pre-.to. 

Early.Dynastic.and.the.New.Kingdom.to.Late.Period.specimens. 

The. Sudan. is. highly. endemic. for. visceral. leishmaniasis,. 

75


considered. to. have. originated. in. East. Africa. and. spread. to. the. 

Indian.subcontinent.and.the.New.<strong>World</strong>..In.the.Middle.Kingdom,. 

the.Egyptians.traded.with.Nubia..Therefore,.the.high.incidence.of. 

Leishmania. DNA. in. the. Middle. Kingdom. samples. (4. [9.5%]. of. 

42).and.its.lack.in.earlier.or.later.time.periods,.may.indicate.that. 

leishmaniasis.was.introduced.into.Egypt.at.this.time..The.high.frequency.of.Leishmania.DNA–positive.samples.in.the.Nubian.mummies.(12.9%).suggests.that.leishmaniasis.may.have.been.endemic. 

in. Nubia. during. the. Early. Christian. period. and. probably. several. 

thousand.years.before..Our.results.support.the.theory.that.the.Sudan. 

could.have.been.the.original.focus.of.visceral.leishmaniasis. 

67 First Evidence of.Leishmania.infantum/Mycobacterium.tuberculosis 

Co-infection from Renaissance Europe, RAFFAELLA 

BIANUCCI 1,2,9 *, ANDREAS G. NERLICH 3 , ABIGAIL BOU- 

WMAN 4 , CHARLOTTE ROBERTS 4 , GABRIELE SCHOE- 

NIAN 5 , ANNA TRISCIUOGLIO 6 , CARSTEN M. PUSCH 7 , 

MARKUS BALL 7 , BEATRICE BACHMEIER 8 , EzIO FER- 

ROGLIO 6 , VALENTINA GIUFFRA 9 , SANDRA LOESCH 3,10 , 

and GINO FORNACIARI 9. ( 1 Laboratory. of. Criminalistic. Sciences,.Department.of.Anatomy,.Pharmacology.and.Legal.Medicine,. 

University.of.Turin,.Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 

2 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR.6578.CNRS-EFS,.Faculty. 

of.Medicine,.Secteur.Nord,.Batiment.A-.CS80011,.University.of. 

Marseilles,.Boulevard.Pierre.Dramard,.13344.Marseilles,.France;. 

3 Academic. Teaching. Hospital. München-Bogenhausen,. Munich,. 

Germany;. 4 Department. of. Archaeology,. University. of. Durham,. 

United.Kingdom;. 5 Institute.for.Microbiology,.Charité.Universitätsmedizin,.Berlin,.Germany;. 

6 Laboratory.of.Parasitology.and.Parasitic. 

Diseases,. Department. of.Animal. Production,. Epidemiology. 

and.Ecology,.University.of.Turin,.Italy;. 7 Institute.of.Anthropology. 

and.Human.Genetics,.Division.of.Molecular.Genetics,.University. 

of. Tübingen,. Germany; . 8 Department. of. Clinical. Chemistry. and. 

Clinical.Biochemistry,.University.of.Munich,.Germany;. 9 Division. 

of.Paleopathology,.History.of.Medicine.and.Bioethics,.Department. 

of.Oncology,.Transplants.and.Advanced.Technologies.in.Medicine,. 

University.of.Pisa,.Italy;. 10 present.address:.Department.of.Physical. 

Anthropology,. Institute. of. Forensic. Medicine,. University. of. 

Bern,.Switzerland;.raffaella.bianucci@unito.it;.raffaella.bianucci@ 

gmail.com). 

We.provide.first.evidence.for.visceral.leishmaniasis.(VL).and 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.complex.(TB).co-infection.in.the.skeletal.remains.of.Eleonora.of.Toledo.(1522.–.1562),.wife.of.Cosimo. 

I.de’.Medici. 

Positive.identification.of.Leishmania infantum.in.bone.samples. 

by. Western. blot. SDS-PAGE. detected. an. IgG. response. anti-. 

L. infantum.. PCR. yielded. successful. amplification. of. a. 121-bp. 

fragment.of.a.conserved.region.of.the.minicircle.molecule.of.the. 

parasite´s. kinetoplastid. mitochondrial. DNA.. Unique. M. tuberculosis.complex.sequences.(IS.6110.and.rpoB).were.also.identified. 

in.Eleonora’s.remains.indicating.that.the.historical.reports.which. 

implied.that,.at.age.of.29,.she.developed.pulmonary.tuberculosis,. 

were.correct. 

Although.distinct.in.aetiology.and.transmission.mechanisms,. 

VL.and.TB.share.several.features..Many.infections.remain.asymptomatic..Symptoms.usually.develop.after.several.months.or.years. 

in.those.who.progress.to.clinical.disease..The.very.long.incubation. 

periods. may. be. related. to. immune. suppression. which. apparently. 

turns.the.latent.infection.into.active.disease. 

It. has. been. suggested. that. TB. represents. one. of. the. 

76 

immunosuppressive. conditions. that. can. cause. the. progression. of. 

latent.leishmanial.infection.to.clinical.leishmaniasis..Similarly,.VL. 

can.reactivate.a.latent.mycobacterial.infection.. 

Eleonora’s.true.state.of.health.cannot.now.be.evaluated..Longterm.infections.such.as.VL.and.TB.pose.many.fundamental.biological.questions.which.are.of.great.current.interest.in.mammalian. 

immune.surveillance. 


Tuesday, starting at 8:10 a.m. in KIPJ Room E 

68 InvIted PresentatIon:.Turbulent Rotating Convection,.HER- 

MAN CLERCX.(Department.of.Applied.Physics,.Eindhoven.University.of.Technology,.Den.Dolech.2,.Eindhoven,.The.Netherlands;. 

h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl). 

Rayleigh-Bénard.convection.is.a.classical.problem.in.which.a. 

fluid.layer.enclosed.between.two.parallel.horizontal.walls.is.heated. 

from.below.and.cooled.at.the.top..In.a.rotating.frame.of.reference. 

the. dynamics. can. change. considerably. through. the. fundamental. 

involvement. of. a. combination. of. buoyancy. and. Coriolis. forces.. 

The.rotating.Rayleigh-Bénard.(RRB).setting.is.important.for.many. 

applications,. e.g.,. in. engineering. and. climate. modelling.. Direct. 

numerical.simulation.(DNS).is.used.to.calculate.the.heat.transfer,. 

flow.structuring.and.small-scale.turbulent.properties.at.systematically.varied.rotation.rates..The.DNS.code.solves.the.incompressible.Navier-Stokes.equations.in.a.cylinder.in.a.rotating.frame.of.reference,.coupled.to.the.heat.equation.within.the.Boussinesq.approximation..The.results.from.the.DNS.will.be.compared.to.data.from. 

SPIV. measurements. in. a. water-filled. cylindrical. convection. cell. 

and.Nusselt.measurements..In.particular,.the.fate.of.the.Large.Scale. 

Circulation,.present.in.non-rotating.RB.convection,.and.enhanced. 

heat.transfer.under.influence.of.increasing.rotation.rate.will.be.discussed.in.this.talk. 

69 Numerical Simulations of Stratified and Rotating Turbulence 

using Feature Extraction,. ERIC AROBONE*. and SUTANU 

SARKAR.(Department.of.Mechanical.and.Aerospace.Engineering,. 

University.of.California.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,. 

CA.92093-0411;.earobone@ucsd.edu). 

Submesoscale. ocean. dynamics. are. characterized. by. significant,.but.far.from.dominant.effects.of.rotation.and.stable.stratification..Coherent.vortices.are.a.prominent.feature.of.flows.in.this.regime..Stratification.tends.to.increase.vertical.shear.via.the.kinematic.decorrelation.mechanism,.while.rotation.can.either.stabilize. 

or.destabilize.the.flow.field.via.the.shear/Coriolis.instability. 

We. focus. our. study. on. a. mixing. layer. with. purely. horizontal.shear.and.moderate.rotation.and.stratification,.with.Rossby.and.Froude.numbers.of.O(1)..This.model.seeks.to.help.explain.dynamics.of.quasi-vertical.submesoscale.coherent.structures.in.the.ocean. 

without.the.influence.of.horizontal.density.variation. 

To.facilitate.greater.understanding.of.the.role.of.coherent.vorticity.in.the.evolution.of.the.flow.field,.we.utilize.coherent.vortex. 

extraction. via. the. λ 2 . criterion. and. wavelet. analysis.. The. computational. 

domain. is. divided. into. coherent. and. incoherent. vortical. 

regions.. Prior. work. by. the. authors. investigating. a. stratified. mixing.layer.showed.that.both.subdomains.(λ 

2 ).are.important.according.to.global.fluxes,.with.the.incoherent.field.accomplishing.most. 

of.the.lateral.energy.transfer.in.the.flow.and.coherent.field.being.

esponsible. for. most. of. the. vertical. mixing.. Wavelet. analysis. 

showed.a.significant.reduction.in.degrees.of.freedom.for.stratified. 

turbulence,.with.the.incoherent.vorticity.field.playing.a.lesser.role. 

in.the.turbulence.energetics.than.when.density.was.uniform. 

70 Interactions of Building Flows and Influence of Tall Buildings 

on Ground Level Concentration,.HANSHENG PAN*, MARKO 

PRINCEVAC, and CHRISTIAN BARTOLOME. (Department. 

of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University.of.California.Riverside,.900. 

University.Ave.,.Riverside,.CA.92521;.hapan@engr.ucr.edu). 

Water.channel.experiments.were.conducted.to.model.an.urban. 

area.in.downtown.Los.Angeles.with.complex.building.configurations.and.traffic.arterials..Tracer.plumes.were.released.from.ground. 

level.line.sources.to.simulate.pollutants.emitted.from.vehicles.in. 

arterials.. Simultaneous. Particle. Image. Velocimetry/Planar. Laser. 

Induced.Fluorescence.(PIV/PLIF).technique.was.applied.to.acquire. 

the.flow.velocity.and.plume.concentration.data.in.selected.vertical. 

planes.. 

The.impact.of.an.individual.tall.building.on.flow.characteristics.and.plume.dispersion.was.investigated..The.non-dimensional. 

concentration.(where.the.concentration.of.pollutant.is.[mg/m 3 ],.the. 

free.stream.velocity.is.[m/s],.the.characteristic.length.is.[m],.taken. 

as.the.average.building.height,.and.the.pollutant.emission.rate.is. 

[mg/s]).of.plume.was.compared.between.case.with.tall.building.and. 

without.tall.building..In.the.presence.of.the.tall.building,.clockwise. 

vortex.regions.were.observed.upwind.the.building..At.the.upstream. 

roof.edge.of.the.tall.building,.there.was.an.acceleration.region.with. 

high.turbulent.kinetic.energy..The.street.level.plume.can.be.lifted. 

up.by.the.wake.of.tall.building..The.near.surface.concentration.is. 

much.higher.for.the.case.without.the.tall.building..The.recirculation. 

flow.upwind.of.the.tall.building.diluted.the.plume.quickly,.which. 

is.corresponding.to.the.high.turbulence.intensity.region..The.concentration.of.this.region.is.more.uniform.and.much.lower.than.that. 

without.tall.building..The.presence.of.tall.building.could.amplify. 

the.influence.on.plume.extend..The.influence.of.building.configurations.and.the.physical.mechanisms.governing.ground.level.concentrations.will.be.presented. 

71 An Application of a Simple Free Convection Model to the Fire 

Flickering Phenomenon,.TREVOR MAyNARD* and MARKO. 

PRINCEVAC (Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University. 

of.California.Riverside,.900.University.Ave.,.Riverside,.CA.92521;. 

tmaynard@engr.ucr.edu). 

A.unique.characteristic.of.non-premixed.(diffusion).flames.is. 

their.tendency.to.pulsate,.or.“flicker”,.at.a.well-known.frequency. 

that.appears.to.be.sensitive.only.to.fire.diameter.and.ambient.air. 

entrainment. path.. Though. the. dynamics. of. fire. oscillation. have. 

been.widely.studied,.no.simple.and.consistent.physical.explanation. 

for.this.phenomenon.currently.exists..In.this.presentation,.physical. 

mechanism.for.flickering.will.be.related.to.another.phenomenon.of. 

free.convection,.the.development.of.thermals.(warm.fluid.“blobs”). 

over. a. heated. surface..A. simple. scaling. model. adapted. from. the. 

study.of.thermals.will.be.introduced..The.model.assumes.uniform. 

entrainment. and. blob. separation. from. the. surface. upon. reaching. 

a.critical.size.expressed.via.Rayleigh.number..The.model.predicts. 

a.pulsation.frequency.which.is.proportional.to.the.inverse.of.fire. 

diameter.. The. model. is. compared. with. high-speed. photography. 

experiments.and.numerical.simulations.performed.using.the.NIST. 

Fire.Dynamics.Simulator.(FDS),.a.computational.fluid.dynamics. 

(CFD).fire.model..It.was.found.that.the.frequency.of.pulsation.for. 


fires.greater.than.5.cm.in.diameter.is.proportional.to.the.inverse. 

square. root. of. fire. diameter,. which. agrees. with. existing. experiments.in.the.literature..However,.fires.smaller.than.5.cm.pulsated.at. 

a.greater.frequency..It.is.hypothesized.that.upon.reaching.a.critical. 

fire.diameter,.multiple.thermals.begin.to.form.above.the.fuel.surface,.modifying.overall.fire.behavior..Theoretical.analysis,.numerical.modeling.and.laboratory.experiments.will.be.presented. 

72 Laboratory Measurements and Sensitivity Modeling of the Thermodynamic 

and Droplet Characteristics of Superfog,.CHRISTIAN 

BARTOLOME 1 *, MARKO PRINCEVAC 1 , AKULA VENKA- 

TRAM 1 , SHANKAR MAHALINGAM 2 , DAVID R. WEISE 3 , 

GARy ACHTEMEIER 4 , HENRy VU 1 , and GUILLERMO 

AGUILAR 1 ( 1 Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University. 

of. California,. 900. University. Ave.,. Riverside,. CA. 92521;. 2 College.of.Engineering,.University.of.Alabama,.301.Sparkman.Drive. 

Huntsville,.AL.35899;. 3 PSW.Research.Station,.USDA.Forest.Service,.4955.Canyon.Crest.Drive,.Riverside,.CA.92507;. 

4 Forestery. 

Sciences.Laboratory.Southern.Research.Station,.USDA.Forest.Service,.320.Green.Street.Athens,.GA.30602-2044;.cbartolo@ucr.edu).Land.management.techniques.in.wildland.areas.include.prescribed.fires.to.promote.biodiversity.and.reduce.risk.of.severe.wildfires..Several.fatal.car.pileups.have.been.associated.with.smokerelated. 

visibility. reduction. from. prescribed. burns.. Superfogs. are. 

special.cases.of.smoke.visibility.reduction.to.less.than.three.meters.. 

The.need.to.accurately.characterize.and.model.conditions.that.lead. 

to.superfog.is.of.importance.to.land.managers.to.be.able.to.prevent. 

dangerous.low.visibility.situations.when.planning.prescribed.burns. 

Empirical.relations.developed.for.naturally.occurring.advection.fogs.relate.visibility.to.the.liquid.water.content.(LWC)..It.has. 

been.hypothesized.that.extremely.hygroscopic.cloud.condensation. 

nuclei.(CCN).from.the.smoldering.phase.of.a.fire.can.produce.a. 

large.number.of.droplets.smaller.in.size.than.in.naturally.occurring. 

fog..Consequently,.it.is.feasible.to.achieve.superfog.conditions.at. 

relatively.low.LWC.(~2.g.m -3 )..Laboratory.generated.fogs.resembling.near.superfog.visibilities.have.been.measured.by.Phase.Doppler.Particle.Analyzer.(PDPA).system.to.determine.droplet.number.density.and.size.distribution..A.sensitivity.study.of.droplet.size.distributions.was.carried.out.to.understand.the.impact.on.visibility.and. 

LWC..Superfog.formation.under.various.concentrations.of.solute. 

CCN. was. modeled.. It. was. found. that. for. high. concentrations. of. 

solute.pollutants,.water.vapor.will.readily.condense.to.a.large.number.of.droplets.to.form.superfog..Effect.of.turbulent.entrainment.of. 

the.ambient.air.was.investigated.numerically..Modeling.results.of. 

droplet.size.distribution.and.turbulent.entrainment.impact.on.visibility.will.be.presented.together.with.laboratory.measurements.of. 

size.distribution.and.number.density.during.superfog.generation.. 

73 Development of the Urban Nocturnal Boundary Layer,. SAM 

POURNAzERI*, MARKO PRINCEVAC, AKULA VENKA- 

TRAM, SI TAN, and NICO SCHULTE.(Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University.of.California.Riverside,.Riverside,.CA. 

92521;.spournazeri@engr.ucr.edu). 

Boundary.layer.height.is.one.of.the.key.input.parameters.into. 

air.pollution.dispersion.models.as.it.limits.the.vertical.mixing.of. 

pollutants.especially.during.nighttime..Correct.parameterization.of. 

nocturnal.boundary.layer.height.can.significantly.improve.the.performance.of.models.in.predicting.the.ground.level.concentrations.. 

Although. many. parameterizations. of. the. boundary. layer. height. 

exist,. none. of. them. predicts. the. nighttime. boundary. layer. height. 

77


accurately..Therefore,. in. order. to. have. a. better. understanding. on. 

the. nighttime. urban. boundary. layer,. a. comprehensive. field. study. 

was.conducted.in.Riverside,.CA.where.the.vertical.profiles.of.temperature;.wind.speed;.and.humidity.were.measured.using.a.tethered. 

meteorological.balloon.up.to.500m.from.the.ground..In.addition.to. 

sounding.data,.surface.meteorology.was.also.measured.using.sonic. 

anemometers. 

Results. from. this. field. study. have. shown. that. during. nighttime,.urban.boundary.layer.is.very.stable.close.to.the.ground.and. 

becomes.neutrally.stable.at.distances.of.200-300m.from.the.ground.. 

Using. the. sounding. data,. boundary. layer. height. associated. with. 

each.profile.was.determined..It.has.been.observed.that.nighttime. 

boundary.layer.height.increases.almost.linearly.with.time.(h~t 0.9 ).. 

In.addition.to.analyses.of.observations,.a.methods.for.predicting.the.boundary.layer.height.using.surface.friction.velocity.(u 

* ). 

were. proposed.. The. performance. of. this. method. was. evaluated. 

using.the.observed.data..The.new.model.performs.well.in.predicting.the.boundary.layer.height.during.nighttime. 

Data. from. the. field. study. and. the. performance. of. the. new. 

boundary.layer.height.parameterization.will.be.presented. 

74 Systematic Modeling of the Effects of Sound Barriers on the Dispersion 

From Roadways,.BRANDN GAzzOLO*, SAM POUR- 

NAzERI, and MARKO PRINCEVAC (Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University.of.California,.Riverside,.900.University.Ave..Riverside,.CA.92521;.bgazz001@student.ucr.edu). 

Previous. research. of. air. quality. in. the. vicinity. of. roadways. 

has. used. either. field. measurements,. where. results. are. site. specific,. 

or. modeling,. which. can. be. computationally. expensive. or. 

too.simplified.and.misleading..The.presented.research.consists.of. 

systematical. laboratory. and. numerical. investigation. of. the. influence.of.different.sound.barrier.(SB).and.roadway.configurations.. 

The.laboratory.experiments.are.being.conducted.at.the.Laboratory. 

for.Environmental.Flow.Modeling.at.the.University.of.California,. 

Riverside.which.has.a.custom.made.water.channel.with.the.capability.of.performing.Particle.Image.Velocimetry.and.Planar.Laser. 

Induced. Fluorescence.. The. water. channel. is. also. being. used. for. 

visualizations.by.releasing.a.mixture.of.dye.and.alcohol.(to.obtain. 

the.desired.dye.buoyancy).and.presented.measurements.have.been. 

made.with.a.neutrally.buoyant.release..The.laboratory.experiments. 

are.accompanied.with.numerical.modeling.using.Quick.Urban.and. 

Industrial.Complex,.which.consists.of.a.wind.model.and.a.dispersion.model..The.wind.model.is.a.Computational.Fluid.Dynamics. 

model.that.solves.the.Reynolds.Averaged.Navier-Stokes.equations. 

and.the.dispersion.model.is.a.Lagrangian.particle.dispersion.model.. 

It.was.found.that.in.both.water.channel.and.QUIC.simulations.the. 

presence.of.SBs.increases.the.vertical.spread.of.the.plume.relative. 

to.that.of.no.SBs..Having.two.SBs.of.equal.height.produces.a.small. 

recirculation.cavity.on.the.lee.side.of.the.downwind.SB,.and.this. 

recirculation.is.much.greater.when.the.downwind.SB.is.double.the. 

height.of.the.upwind.SB..We.expect.to.find.that.the.presence.of.SBs. 

will. decrease. the. downwind. concentrations. due. to. the. increased. 

vertical.mixing..The.effects.of.increased.roadway.turbulence,.buoyant.release.and.the.effects.of.ground.heating.on.the.dispersion.of. 

pollutants.will.be.investigated.next. 

75 Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low Level Sources in Urban 

Areas,. MARKO PRINCEVAC*, SAM POURNAzERI, and 

AKULA VENKATRAM. (Department. of. Mechanical. Engineering,. 

University. of. California. Riverside,. Riverside,. CA. 92521;. 

78 

marko@engr.ucr.edu). 

Rapid. increase. in. the. use. of. distributed. power. generators. 

(DGs).has.raised.the.concerns.on.the.impact.of.DGs.on.the.air.quality.in.urban.areas..The.pollutants.produced.due.to.the.combustion. 

process.in.DGs.are.released.at.relatively.low.heights.(about.10.m). 

in. urban. areas. in. the. vicinity. of. businesses,. schools,. hotels,. and. 

hospitals.where.they.can.be.captured.in.the.wake.of.surrounding. 

buildings,.thus.increasing.the.ground.level.concentrations..One.way. 

of.increasing.the.efficiency.in.DGs.is.by.capturing.the.waste.heat. 

from.exhaust.and.coolant..This.heat.recovery.process.decreases.the. 

exhaust. temperature. and. leads. to. a. lower. plume. rise,. which. can. 

cause.higher.ground.level.concentrations..Therefore,.realistic.modeling.of.plume.rise.from.DGs.plays.a.major.role.in.determining.the. 

ground.level.concentrations.associated.with.these.sources. 

Since. none. of. the. past. and. current. studies. have. focused. on. 

plume.rise.from.low.level.buoyant.sources.a.comprehensive.field. 

study.was.conducted.in.Palm.Springs,.CA.where.plume.rise.from. 

a.DG.located.in.Sunrise.Park.was.measured.by.using.a.new.plume. 

rise. photography. method.. Results. from. field. study. show. that. for. 

low.wind.speeds.the.plume.rise.is.not.influenced.by.the.buildings. 

and.the.Briggs.plume.rise.model.performs.reasonably.well. 

In.addition.to.the.field.study,.a.laboratory.study.was.conducted. 

in.a.water.channel.in.order.to.understand.the.effect.of.surrounding. 

buildings. on. plume. rise.. The. experiments. reveal. that. plume. rise. 

from.low.level.buoyant.sources.is.highly.affected.by.the.complex. 

flows.induced.by.buildings.stationed.upstream.and.downstream.of. 

the. source.. The. results. obtained. from. the. laboratory. study. were. 

compared.with.a.revised.numerical.plume.rise.model.based.on.the. 

conservation.equations.of.mass,.momentum.and.buoyancy.flux. 

Results.from.field,.laboratory.and.numerical.plume.rise.model. 

will.be.presented. 

76 Scale-dependent and Directional Statistics in Anisotropic Turbulence 

using Wavelets,.KAI SCHNEIDER 1 *, WOUTER BOS 2 ,. 

MARIE FARGE 3 ,. FRANK JACOBITz 4 ,. yUKIO KANDEA 5 ,. 

LUKAS LIECHTENSTEIN 6 ,.NAOyA OKAMOTO 5 ,.and.KAT- 

SUNORI yOSHIMATSU 5 .( 1 M2P2-CNRS.&.Centre.de.Mathématiques.et.d’Informatique,.Université.de.Provence,.39.rue.Frédéric. 

Joliot-Curie,. 13453. Marseille. cedex. 13,. France;. 2 LMFA,. Ecole. 

Centrale. Lyon,. France;. 3 LMD,. Ecole. Normale. Supérieure,. Paris,. 

France;. 4 University.of.San.Diego,.San.Diego,.CA.USA;. 5 Nagoya. 

University,. Japan;. 6 M2P2,. Aix-Marseille. University,. Marseille,. 

France;.kschneid@cmi.univ-mrs.fr). 

Wavelet. decomposition. of. flow. fields. yields. information. on. 

scale,.position.and.direction..Scale-dependent.statistical.analysis.of. 

turbulent.flows.can.thus.be.performed.by.considering.the.wavelet. 

coefficients,.e.g.,.of.velocity.or.vorticity..Wavelet-based.directional. 

energies. can. be. defined. which. capture. the. properties. of. velocity. 

gradients..A.comparison.with.Reynolds.stress.and.the.dissipation. 

rate.anisotropy.provides.a.reference.for.these.newly.defined.wavelet.based.anisotropy.measures..The.intermittency.of.the.flow.in.different.directions.can.be.quantified.with.scale-dependent.directional. 

flatness..The. scale-dependent. velocity. flatness. is. shown. to. quantify.the.spatial.variability.of.the.energy.spectrum..Scale-dependent. 

helicity.probability.distribution.functions.allow.one.to.statistically. 

characterize.the.geometry.of.the.motion.at.different.scales..We.will. 

present. applications. to. different. anisotropic. flows. computed. by. 

direct.numerical.simulation,.like.rotating,.sheared.and.stratified.turbulence.and.also.give.some.illustrations.for.MHD.turbulence..This. 

work.is.joint.work.with.Wouter.Bos,.Marie.Farge,.Frank.Jacobitz,.

Yukio.Kaneda,.Lukas.Liechtenstein,.Naoya.Okamoto.and.Katsunori.Yoshimatsu.. 

Publications. can. be. downloaded. from. http://www.cmi.univmrs.fr/~kschneid.and.http://wavelets.ens.fr. 

77 On Helical Properties of Homogeneous Turbulence, FRANK G 

JACOBITz *1 , KAI SCHNEIDER 2 , WOUTER J.T. BOS 3 , and 

MARIE FARGE 4 ( 1 Mechanical.Engineering.Program,.University. 

of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110,.USA,.jacobitz@sandiego.edu;. 

2 M2P2-CNRS.&.CMI,.Aix-Marseille.University,. 

39,. rue. F.. Joliot-Curie,. 13453. Marseille,. Cedex. 13,. France,. 

kschneid@cmi.univ-mrs.fr;. 3 LMFA-CNRS,. Ecole. Centrale. de. 

Lyon.-.Universite.de.Lyon,.36,.avenue.Guy.de.Collongues,.69134. 

Ecully,.France,.wouter.bos@ec-lyon.fr;. 4 LMD-IPSL-CNRS,.Ecole. 

Normale. Supérieure,. 24,. rue. Lhomond,. 75231. Paris,. Cedex. 5,. 

France,.farge@lmd.ens.fr). 

Helical.properties.of.a.variety.of.prototypical.turbulent.flows,. 

including.forced.isotropic.turbulence,.sheared.turbulence,.rotating. 

sheared.turbulence,.and.rotating.turbulence,.are.investigated.in.this. 

study.using.results.obtained.from.direct.numerical.simulations..Distributions.of.velocity.helicity.show.a.preference.for.two-dimensionalization.for.flows.with.growing.turbulence.and.a.trend.to.helical. 

motion.for.decaying.turbulence..A.scale-dependent.analysis.shows. 

a.trend.to.two-dimensionalization.for.large.scales.of.motion.and.a. 

preference.for.helical.motion.at.small.scales..These.results.are.consistent.for.all.flows.considered.in.this.study..Joint.probability.distribution.functions.show.a.strong.correlation.of.the.signs.of.velocity. 

helicity.and.vorticity.helicity.for.all.cases..This.correlation.implies. 

that.vorticity.helicity.diminishes.velocity.helicity. 

78 Turbulence in the Near Wake of Strongly Stratified Flow Around 

a Sphere, KyLE A. BRUCKER*, THOMAS T. O’SHEA, 

JAMES W. ROTTMAN, and DOUGLAS G. DOMMERMUTH. 

(Naval. Hydrodynamics. Division,. Science. Applications. International. 

Corporation,. 10260. Campus. Point. Drive,. San. Diego. CA. 

92121;.kyle.a.brucker@saic.com). 

The. results. of.a.set.on.numerical.simulations.of. a.spherical. 

body.traveling.horizontally.at.constant.speed.through.uniform.and. 

uniformly.stratified.fluids,.are.presented.and.discussed..This.study. 

employs. the. Numerical. Flow. Analysis. (NFA). tool. for. simulating.high.Reynolds.number.flows.around.obstacles..Details.of.the. 

implementation.of.NFA.on.distributed.memory.high.performance. 

computing.platforms.and.the.addition.of.the.stratified.flow.capability. 

are. discussed.. The. results. of. several. validation. studies. are. 

discussed;. subsequently. attention. is. given. to. the. case. where. the. 

internal.Froude.number.is.unity..Here,.the.internal.Froude.number. 

is.defined.as. Fr=U/(ND),. where.U. the.speed,.N. is.the.buoyancy. 

frequency,.and.D.the.diameter.of.the.sphere..Visualizations.of.the. 

density.disturbance,.rho(x,y,z,t)-rho(x,y,z,t=0),.on.the.vertical.center.plane.illustrate.the.formation.of.thin.shear-layers.in.the.lee.of. 

the.sphere..These.shear.layers.are.unstable.and.rapidly.breakdown. 

which.results.in.the.generation.of.turbulence..The.turbulence.modifies. 

the. body. generated. internal. gravity. waves.. The. presence. of. 

these.shear.layers.have.not.been.previously.observed.in.numerical. 

simulations.because.the.Reynolds.numbers.were.moderate. 

79 Evening Transition in Complex Terrain,.H.J.S. FERNANDO 1 , 

L. LEO 2 , S. DISABATINO 2 , and A. DALLMAN 1 ( 1 University.of. 

Notre.Dame,.Environmental.Fluid.Dynamics.Laboratories,.Departments.of.Civil.Engineering.and.Geological.Sciences.and.Aerospace. 


&.Mechanical.Engineering,.Notre.Dame,.IN.46556;. 2 Dipartimento. 

di.Scienza.dei.Materiali,.Università.del.Salento,.Lecce,.Italy;.Fernando.10@nd.edu). 

The. evening. transition. between. up. and. down. slope/valley. 

flows.in.complex.terrain.remains.one.of.the.least.understood.aspects. 

of.mountain.meteorology..Non-stationary.and.spatially.inhomogeneous. 

nature. of. processes. involved. and. possible. front. formation. 

have.stymied.the.data.analysis,.delineation.of.physical.processes. 

and.numerical.modeling.of.evening.transition..Following.the.theoretical,.laboratory.and.observational.insights.gained.from.VTMX,. 

we.have.conducted.an.evening.transition.experiment.in.the.complex. 

terrain.of.Phoenix.airshed.(TANSFLEX-2007).and.participated.in. 

Meteo-Diffusion.studies.in.the.Biferno.Valley.of.Italy,.organized. 

by. ENEA.. The. results. of. former. show. that. evening. transition. is. 

associated.with.the.formation.of.a.front,.immediately.followed.by. 

its.downward.propagation.to.initiate.the.katabatic.flow..Once.the. 

downslope.flow.is.established,.the.near.surface.stable.layer.cuts.off. 

the.communication.of.ground.with.the.upper.layers,.thus.increasing. 

the.longevity.of.upslope.flow.aloft..On.the.other.hand,.the.Biferno. 

valley.case.is.complicated.by.the.contiguous.ocean,.and.differential. 

cooling.rates.between.oceans.and.valley.complicate.the.transition. 

mechanism..The.front.formation.may.still.be.present,.but.the.mean. 

flow.is.dominated.by.the.horizontal.pressure.gradients.induced.by. 

the.variation.of.land.cover. 

80 InvIted PresentatIon:.What is Geophysical Turbulence and 

Which Way Does it Cascade?.CARL H. GIBSON (Departments. 

of.MAE.and.SIO,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA. 

92093;.cgibson@ucsd.edu,.http://sdcc3.ucsd.edu/~ir118). 

Geophysical.turbulence.can.be.considered.as.turbulence.in.a. 

particular.context,.like.oceanic.turbulence.or.astrophysical.turbulence..If.the.definition.of.turbulence.is.restricted.to.eddy-like.states. 

of.fluid.motion.where.the.inertial.vortex.forces.of.the.eddies.are. 

larger.than.any.other.forces.that.tend.to.damp.the.eddies.out,.then.it. 

becomes.unnecessary.to.distinguish.between.different.forms.of.turbulence..Turbulence.flows.become.universally.similar.according.to.the.Kolmogorov.similarity.laws,.whether.the.context.is.geophysical,.laboratory.or.numerical.simulations,.or.cosmological.. 

This. is. the. good. news..The. bad. news. is. that. generations. of. 

students. must. unlearn. what. they. have. been. taught. about. turbulence.. 

We. were. all. taught. that. turbulence. cascades. from. large. 

scales.to.small..This.is.wrong..Turbulence.defined.by.the.inertial. 

vortex. forces. of. its. eddies. always. cascades. from. small. scales. to. 

large..Eddy-like.motions.that.are.irrotational.are.not.turbulence.by. 

definition,.even.though.such.motions.supply.the.kinetic.energy.of. 

turbulence.at.the.Kolmogorov.scales.where.turbulence.begins..The. 

mechanism.of.the.turbulence.cascade.is.merging.of.adjacent.eddies. 

with. the. same. spin,. which. induce. inertial. vortex. forces. towards. 

each.other..Adjacent.eddies.of.opposite.spin.induce.repulsion.and. 

translation,.and.entrainment.of.irrotational.fluid.into.the.interstices. 

of.the.turbulence. 

In.natural.flows.such.as.geophysical.turbulence,.the.cascade. 

from.small.scales.to.large.is.limited.by.buoyancy,.converting.turbulent.kinetic.energy.to.that.of.fossil.turbulence.waves.that.dominate. 

all.vertical.transport.processes.and.mixing. 

79



Tuesday, starting at 8:20 a.m. in KIPJ Room H 

81 Elevation Changes on Antarctica’s Ice Shelves,.FERNANDO 

S. PAOLO 1 *,.HELEN A. FRICKER 1 , and LAURIE PADMAN 2 . 

( 1 IGPP,.Scripps.Institution.of.Oceanography,.9500.Gilman.Drive,. 

La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0225,.USA,.fpaolo@ucsd.edu.and.hafricker@ 

ucsd.edu;. 2 Earth.and.Space.Research,.3350.SW.Cascade.Ave.,.Corvallis,.OR.97333-1536,.USA,.padman@esr.org). 

Recent.observations.have.shown.that.ice.sheets.of.Antarctica. 

and.Greenland.are.likely.to.become.the.dominant.contributors.to. 

global.sea.level.rise.in.the.21 st .century;.the.global.sea.level.equivalent.of.these.ice.sheets.is.about.65.m..In.Antarctica,.more.than.80%. 

of.the.ice.drains.through.its.fringing.ice.shelves..Since.they.are.in. 

direct.contact.with.both.the.atmosphere.and.the.ocean,.ice.shelves. 

are.potentially.vulnerable.to.environmental.changes..Indeed,.over. 

the.past.15.years.several.ice.shelves.of.the.Antarctic.Peninsula.(AP). 

have.undergone.dramatic.collapses.in.response.to.local.warming. 

(e.g.,.Wordie,.Larsen-B,.Wilkins)..Although.ice.shelf.collapse.itself. 

does.not.affect.sea.level,.measurements.of.the.velocity.and.elevation.of.grounded.glaciers.feeding.these.ice.shelves.indicate.that.the.flow.of.land.ice.into.the.ocean.rapidly.accelerates.after.the.buttressing.ice.shelf.has.collapsed,.which.does.contribute.to.sea.level..Predicting.global.sea.level.rise.therefore.requires.that.we.understand. 

the.link.between.climate.forcing,.ice.shelf.change.and.glacier.flow,. 

which.means.we.need.to.establish.the.causes.and.mechanisms.of. 

recent. changes. in. the. ice. shelves. around. the.Antarctic. continent.. 

Our.approach.to.the.problem.is.based.on.the.use.of.multi-mission. 

satellite.radar.altimetry:.combining.historical.altimeters.[e.g.,.Seasat.(1978).and.Geosat.(1985)].with.modern.ones.[ERS-1,.ERS-2. 

and.Envisat,.as.well.as.the.recently.launched.CryoSat.(2010)],.to. 

investigate.changes.in.Antarctic.ice.shelves.and.the.links.between. 

this.process.and.atmospheric.and.oceanic.forcing. 

82 Cooling, Dilution and Mixing of Ocean Water by Free-drifting 

Icebergs in the Weddell Sea,. JOHN HELLy (San. Diego. Supercomputer.Center,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.La.Jolla,.CA. 

92093-0505,.USA;.hellyj@ucsd.edu). 

Iceberg.C-18a.(35.x.7.x.0.184.km).was.studied.repeatedly.by. 

five.circumnavigational.surveys.in.March-April.2009..During.the. 

period.of.the.surveys,.C-18a.traveled.109.nautical.miles.in.23.days,. 

covering.an.area.of.8.1.x.10 3 .km 2 ..This.iceberg.was.formed.from. 

iceberg.C-18.(76.x.7.km).that.originated.from.the.Ross.Ice.Shelf.in. 

May,.2002..Ship-based.measurements.showed.that.this.iceberg.produced.fresh.meltwater.above.the.seasonal.pycnocline.that.diluted. 

and.chilled.the.water.it.passed.through.from.the.surface.to.a.depth. 

of.approximately.50.m.(summer.mixed.layer)..The.surface.meltwater.effects.were.detectable.as.far.away.as.19.km.and.persisted. 

for.at.least.10.days..We.also.found.evidence.that.this.iceberg.was. 

disrupting.the.Weddell.Deep.Water.to.depths.up.to.1500.m..If.we. 

include.these.deep.effects.through.the.water.column,.the.estimate. 

of.ocean.water.altered.by.this.single.iceberg.reaches.3.x.10 12 .m 3 . 

over.23.days..Chemical.and.biological.effects.were.detected.at.the. 

same.space.and.time.scales.as.the.physical.properties,.with.decreasing.partial.pressure.of.carbon.dioxide.(pCO 

2 ).close.to.the.iceberg. 

and. lower. particle. and. chlorophyll. concentration.. Ten. days. after. 

the.passage.of.C-18a,.chlorophyll.a.had.increased.by.15%..These. 

results.are.consistent.with.alternative.hypotheses.regarding.the.role. 

of. icebergs. as. mediators. of. a. localized. geophysical. disturbance. 

(H1).as.well.as.promoters.of.chlorophyll.a.production.(H2). 

80 

83 Subsurface Melting of a Free-Floating Antarctic Iceberg,.GOR- 

DON R. STEPHENSON, JR.*, JANET SPRINTALL, SARAH 

T. GILLE, MARIA VERNET, JOHN J. HELLy, and RONALD 

S. KAUFMANN (Scripps.Institution.of.Oceanography,.University. 

of. California. San. Diego,. 9500. Gilman. Dr.,. Mail. Code. 0230,. La. 

Jolla,.CA.92093,.USA;.grstephe@ucsd.edu). 

Temperature.and.salinity.profiles.were.used.to.estimate.the.dispersal.of.meltwater.from.melting.below.the.sea.surface.near.a.large. 

tabular.iceberg.in.the.Weddell.Sea.in.March.and.April.2009..Two. 

distinct. modes. of. distribution. were. observed.. Turbulent. entrainment.of.meltwater.at.the.iceberg’s.base.into.the.surrounding.water.resulted.in.upward.transport.of.water.from.the.permanent.thermocline;. 

this. appeared. as. a. warm,. salty. anomaly. in. T-S. diagrams.. 

Double-diffusive. processes. acting. on. the. vertical. sidewall. of. the. 

iceberg. transferred. meltwater. horizontally,. rather. than. vertically,. 

and.resulted.in.stepped.profiles.of.temperature,.salinity,.and.density. 

in.the.seasonal.thermocline..The.amounts.of.meltwater.contributed. 

by.each.process.to.the.upper.200.m.were.similar:.O(0.1.m 3 ).in.a.1. 

m 2 .water.column,.but.only.basal.melting.resulted.in.significant.local. 

upwelling,.suggesting.the.two.processes.may.have.different.effects. 

on.vertical.nutrient.transport. 

84 From Enigmatic Extremophile Environment to a Window on the 

Workings of a Water System: Antarctica’s Subglacial Lakes and 

Waterways, SASHA CARTER.(Scripps.Institution.of.Oceanography,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0225,.USA;.Shasha. 

ase.carter@gmail.com). 

As.recently.as.eight.years.ago.subglacial.lakes.were.popularly. 

believed.to.be.static,.sparse,.and.hydraulically.isolated.water.bodies. 

located.primarily.beneath.the.remotest,.thickest.parts.of.the.Antarctic.ice.sheet..Recent.satellite.remote.sensing.of.changes.in.the. 

ice. surface. has. since. revealed. that. subglacial. lakes. are. far. more. 

widespread.than.previously.thought.and.undergo.periodic.fluctuations.in.volume..Consequently.they.comprise.a.critical.component. 

of.the.water.system.that.controls.basal.lubrication.and.enables.the. 

rapid.basal.motion.of.the.overlying.ice.in.nearly.all.of.the.major. 

ice.streams.through.which.mass.loss.occurs.in.Antarctica..Where. 

sufficient.data.exists,.it.has.been.recently.shown.that.the.volume. 

change. undergone. by. subglacial. lakes. can. account. for. nearly. all. 

of.the.basal.meltwater.produced.upstream..Therefore.it.is.possible. 

to.use.observations.of.subglacial.lake.volume.change.over.time.to. 

test. hypotheses. about. the. evolution. of. the. water. system,. predict. 

its.impact.on.the.flow.of.the.overlying.ice,.and.make.inferences. 

about. the. geological. and. glaciological. controls. on. the. subglacial. 

environment. 

85 The Effect of Free-Drifting Icebergs on the Physiology of Antarctic 

Krill, Euphausia.superba, in the Southern Ocean,.DANIELLE. 

N. GARCIA 1 *, RONALD S. KAUFMANN 1 , and MARy SUE 

LOWERy 2 .( 1 Marine.Science.and.Environmental.Studies.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;. 2 Department. of. Biology,. University. of. San. Diego,. 5998. 

Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.dgarcia-09@sandiego.edu). 

Recent.loss.of.ice.shelves.around.Antarctica.has.resulted.in. 

an.increase.in.free-drifting.icebergs.in.the.Southern.Ocean..These. 

icebergs. are. thought. to. enrich. surrounding. waters. by. releasing. 

terrestrially-derived.material,.but.few.studies.have.examined.their. 

effects. on. surrounding. ecosystems.. Antarctic. krill,. Euphausia 

superba, represent. the. keystone. species. in. the. Antarctic. pelagic. 

food.web.and.serve.as.a.major.food.source.for.organisms.at.higher.

trophic.levels..Morphological.measurements.and.activities.of.the. 

enzymes. lactate. dehydrogenase. (LDH). and. citrate. synthase. (CS). 

were.used.to.assess.the.metabolic.status.of.E. superba collected.at. 

various.distances.from.free-drifting.icebergs.in.the.Atlantic.sector. 

of. the. Southern. Ocean. over. three. seasons.. Krill. collected. during. 

late.spring.were.larger.and.had.higher.enzyme.activity.compared.to. 

krill.captured.in.late.fall..Male.krill.generally.had.higher.activities. 

of. LDH. than. females. (especially. during. the. late. spring),. but. CS. 

activities.were.similar.between.males.and.females..There.was.no. 

consistent.pattern.in.physical.and.metabolic.indicators.among.krill. 

with.distance.from.different.icebergs,.and.in.many.cases.significant. 

differences.were.found.in.these.indicators.among.samples.from.the. 

same.distance..These.results.suggest.that.physiological.condition.in. 

E. superba.is.influenced.primarily.by.seasonal.variation.and.not.by. 

proximity.to.an.iceberg. 

86 Composition and Structure of Macrozooplankton and Micronekton 

Communities in the Vicinity of Free-Drifting Icebergs in the 

Southern Ocean, RONALD S. KAUFMANN 1 *, ROB E. SHER- 

LOCK 2 , STEPHANIE L. BUSH 3 , KAREN J. OSBORN 4 , DAN- 

IELLE N. GARCIA 1 , KIM R. REISENBICHLER 2 , MARy 

S. LOWERy 5 , BRUCE H. ROBISON 2 , and KENNETH L. 

SMITH, JR. 2 .( 1 Marine.Science.and.Environmental.Studies.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;. 2 Monterey. Bay.Aquarium. Research. Institute,. 7700. Sandholdt. 

Rd.,. Moss. Landing,. CA. 95039;. 3 Department. of. Biological. 

Sciences,.University.of.Rhode.Island,.Kingston,.RI.02881;. 4 Institute.of.Marine.Science,.University.of.California.Santa.Cruz,.1156. 

High.Street,.Santa.Cruz,.CA.95064;. 5 Biology.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA,.USA.92110;. 

kaufmann@sandiego.edu). 

Recent.warming.in.the.Antarctic.has.increased.iceberg.production,.with.ecological.effects.that.are.not.yet.well-understood..We. 

studied.macrozooplankton.and.micronekton.in.the.upper.300.m.of. 

the.water.column.near.free-drifting.icebergs.in.the.Atlantic.sector.of. 

the.Southern.Ocean.during.three.seasons..Communities.were.dominated. 

in. all. seasons. by.Antarctic. krill. (Euphausia superba). and. 

salps.(Salpa thompsoni),.which.collectively.comprised.60-95%.of. 

the.community.wet.biomass.in.most.cases..During.spring.and.summer,.mean.biomass.was.elevated.within.0.4.km.of.large.icebergs. 

vs..>9.km.away..No.trend.in.biomass.with.distance.was.apparent. 

in.late.fall,.when.total.biomass.was.relatively.low..Biomass.levels. 

near.icebergs.during.spring.and.summer.were.comparable.to.values. 

from. highly. productive. marginal. ice. zones.. Sample. variance. 

also. was. significantly. higher. within. 1.85. km. of. icebergs. during. 

spring.and.summer,.reflecting.increased.patchiness.on.scales.of.10 4 . 

m 3 ..This.trend.was.not.significant.during.late.fall..Large.predatory. 

medusae.were.observed.within.1.85.km.of.icebergs.and.in.areas. 

through.which.icebergs.pass.frequently,.but.were.virtually.absent.in. 

areas.remote.from.icebergs..Small.euphausiids.showed.an.inverse. 

distribution,.with.low.densities.in.areas.populated.by.large.medusae..Our.results.suggest.that.the.macrozooplankton.and.micronekton. 

assemblages. near. free-drifting. icebergs. can. be. quantitatively. 

and.qualitatively.different.from.those.in.surrounding,.iceberg-free. 

waters,.perhaps.due.to.both.bottom-up.and.top-down.processes.as. 

well.as.physical.forcing.by.the.passage.of.a.large.object.through.the. 

upper.ocean. 




Tuesday, starting at 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms A and B 

(Continued from Monday; see page 67 of these Proceedings for 

Monday abstracts.) 

87 Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences 

on Human Cognition and Affect,. DARyL J. BEM (Department. 

of. Psychology,. Cornell. University,. Uris. Hall,. Ithaca,. NY. 14853;. 

d.bem@cornell.edu). 

Six. experiments. are. described. that. take. well-established. 

psychological. effects. on. human. cognition. and. affect. and. “timereverse”. 

them. so. that. the. individual’s. responses. are. obtained. 

before. the. putatively. causal. stimulus. events. occur.. For. example,. 

two.experiments.tested.for.the.retroactive facilitation of recall:.It. 

is.well.known.that.rehearsing.or.practicing.a.set.of.verbal.materials. 

enhances.an.individual’s.ability.to.recall.them.on.a.subsequent.test.. 

In.our.experiment,.participants.are.first.shown.48.common.words. 

one.at.a.time.and.are.then.asked.to.recall.as.many.of.those.words. 

as.they.can..They.are.then.given.practice.exercises.on.a.randomly. 

selected.subset.of.those.words..The.results.show.that.participants. 

recalled. more. of. the. words. they. later. practiced. than. the. control. 

words.they.did.not.practice..Two.experiments.on.retroactive priming 

provide. evidence. for. retroactive. influence. on. an. individual’s. 

response.times.when.judging.the.pleasantness.or.unpleasantness.of. 

visual.stimuli..Finally,.two.experiments.provide.evidence.for.the. 

retroactive habituation to.emotionally.arousing.visual.stimuli..Each. 

of.the.six.experiments.was.independently.statistically.significant,. 

and.across.all.six,.the.combined.z =.3.66,.p =..0001,.with.an.effect. 

size.(d).of.0.25..The.six.experiments.described.are.a.subset.of.nine. 

retroactive. influence. experiments. whose. combined. z =. 6.66,. p =. 

1.34.×.10-11,.with.an.effect.size.of.0.22 

88 Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Orthodox Quantum 

Mechanics Refined to Accommodate The Principle of Sufficient 

Reason, HENRy P. STAPP (Lawrence.Berkeley.National.Laboratory, 

University.of.California,.Berkeley,.CA.94720;.hpstapp@lbl. 

gov). 

The. principle. of. sufficient. reason. asserts. that. anything. that. 

happens.does.so.for.a.reason:.no.definite.state.of.affairs.can.come. 

into. being. unless. there. is. a. sufficient. reason. why. that. particular. 

thing.should.happen..This.principle.is.usually.attributed.to.Leibniz,.although.the.first.recorded.Western.philosopher.to.use.it.was. 

Anaximander. of. Miletus..The. demand. that. nature. be. rational,. in. 

the.sense.that.it.be.compatible.with.the.principle.of.sufficient.reason,.conflicts.with.a.basic.feature.of.contemporary.orthodox.physical.theory,.namely.the.notion.that.nature’s.response.to.the.probing. 

action.of.an.observer.is.determined.by.pure.chance,.and.hence.on. 

the.basis.of.absolutely.no.reason.at.all..This.appeal.to.pure.chance. 

can. be. deemed. to. have. no. rational. fundamental. place. in. reasonbased. 

Western. science.. It. is. argued. here,. on. the. basis. of. other. 

basic.principles.of.quantum.physics,.that.in.a.world.that.conforms. 

to.the.principle.of.sufficient.reason,.the.usual.quantum.statistical. 

rule.will.naturally.emerge.at.the.pragmatic.level,.in.cases.where. 

the.reason.behind.nature’s.choice.of.response.is.unknown,.but.that. 

the.usual.statistics.can.become.biased.in.an.empirically.manifest. 

way.when.the.reason.for.the.choice.is.empirically.identifiable..It.is. 

shown.here.that.if.the.quantum.statistical.rule.were.to.be.biased.in. 

this.way.then.the.basically.forward-in-time.unfolding.of.empirical. 

reality.described.by.orthodox.quantum.mechanics.would.generate. 

81


appearances.of.backward-time-effects.of.the.kind.recently.reported. 

in.the.scientific.literature.. 

89 Laboratory Demonstration of Retrocausation in a Digital 

System,. GARRET MODDEL 1 *, zIXU zHU 1 , and ADAM M. 

CURRy 2 .( 1 Department.of.Electrical,.Computer,.and.Energy.Engineering,. 

UCB. 425,. University. of. Colorado,. Boulder,. CO. 80309- 

0425;. 2 Psyleron,.Inc.,.211.N..Harrison.St.,.Suite.C,.Princeton,.NJ. 

08540;.moddel@colorado.edu). 

We.show.experimental.evidence.for.retrocausal.signal.transfer.between.digital.systems..A.system.incorporating.two.electronic. 

random.event.generators.(REGs).was.designed.and.built.to.test.for. 

machine-based. retrocausal. signaling.. In. each. trial. one. REG,. the. 

“controller”,.sent.a.signal.at.a.random.time.to.a.relay.shutting.off. 

the.power.to.a.second.REG,.the.“subject”..The.output.of.the.REGs. 

was.recorded.for.a.run.(set.of.trials)..After.the.run.was.completed. 

the.data.were.analyzed,.showing.any.deviation.from.randomness.of. 

the.subject-REG.output.as.a.function.of.time.. 

Statistically. significant. changes. in. the. subject-REG. output. 

occurred.before.its.power.was.cut..As.a.control,.the.controller-REG. 

sent.the.usual.power.shut.off.signals.to.the.relay,.but.the.relay.was. 

deactivated.before.those.trials..In.the.control.runs,.the.subject-REG. 

output. did. not. exhibit. a. significant. deviation. from. randomness. 

before.the.dummy.shut.off.signals.sent.from.the.controller-REG. 

The.scientific.literature.includes.many.reports.of.retrocausation.and.precognition.in.living.systems..We.show.how.the.effects. 

that. we. observe. in. our. machine-based. system. are. linked. to. the. 

effects.of.intention.and.consciousness. 

90 Electrocortical Evidence for Retrocausation, DEAN RADIN 1 *, 

CASSANDRA VIETEN 1 , LEENA MICHEL 1 , and ARNAUD 

DELORME 2 ( 1 Institute.of.Noetic.Sciences,.625.Second.St..Suite. 

200,. Petaluma,. CA. 94954,. dean@noetic.org;. 2 Swartz. Center. for. 

Computational.Neuroscience,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,. 

9500.Gilman.Drive.#.0559,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093).. 

Advanced.meditators.occasionally.report.states.of.awareness. 

that.seem.to.transcend.the.usual.boundaries.of.the.subjective.present..To.investigate.this.phenomenon.in.eight.experienced.meditators. 

and. eight. matched. controls,. 32. channels. of. EEG. were. measured. 

prior. to. exposure. to. unpredictable. light. and. sound. stimuli.. 

The.postulate.was.that.if.some.aspect.of.awareness.extends.beyond. 

the.present.moment,.then.pre-stimulus.electrocortical.signals.would. 

differ.depending.on.stimuli.that.were.about.to.be.selected.by.a.truly. 

random.process,.and.that.such.differences.would.be.more.apparent. 

in.meditators.than.in.non-meditators..Each.of.the.32.EEG.channels. 

was.baseline-adjusted.by.the.electrical.potential.averaged.between. 

2. to. 1. second. pre-stimulus,. then. for. each. channel. the. average. 

potential.was.determined.from.1.second.pre-stimulus.to.stimulus. 

onset.. Resulting. means. across. subjects. in. each. group. were. compared.by.stimulus.type.using.randomized.permutation.procedures. 

and.adjusted.for.false.discovery.rate..Within.the.control.group,.no. 

EEG.channels.showed.pre-stimulus.differences.between.light.vs.. 

sound.stimulus.conditions,.but.within.the.meditator.group.5.of.32. 

channels.resulted.in.significant.differences..Comparisons.between. 

control.and.meditator.groups.showed.pre-stimulus.differences.prior. 

to.audio.tone.stimuli.in.14.of.32.channels.(p.

93 Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory, FRED 

ALAN WOLF. (Have. Brains. /. Will. Travel:. a. Global. Quantum. 

Physics. Educational. Company,. San. Francisco. CA,. USA;. fred@ 

fredalanwolf.com). 

It.is.shown.that.the.usual.quantum.field.theoretical.argument.for. 

the.vanishing.of.the.commutator.(VC).for.spacelike.separated.fields. 

implying. causality. is. not. tenable.. For.VC. to. be. tenable. negative. 

energy.antiparticles.traveling.forward.in.time.must.exist.and.negative.energy.particles.traveling.backward.in.time.are.not.allowed.. 

Hence.VC.denies.the.existence.of.positive.energy.antiparticles. 

94 Retroactive Event Determination and Its Relativistic Roots, 

SKy E. NELSON. (3414. Idaho. Drive,. Santa. Rosa,. CA. 95405;. 

theskyband@gmail.com). 

Quantum.theory.limits.what.we.are.allowed.to.say.about.the. 

“true”. state. of. a. quantum. system. if. that. system. is. unobserved.. 

But.special.relativity.relies.fundamentally.on.a.universal.assumption.about.what.a.light.particle.is.doing.at.ALL.times,.regardless. 

of. being. observed. (namely,. traveling. at. speed. c. relative. to. any. 

inertial. observer)..This. constitutes. a. fundamental. conceptual. gap. 

between.the.theories..In.resolving.this.impasse.we.show.that.the. 

state.of.a.light.particle.(and.hence.space.and.time).is.not.objective. 

or.continuous. 

Time.dilation.and.length.contraction.become.infinite.for.a.photon,.so.light.has.no.“experience”.of.event.separation.in.space.or.time. 

(Δt’.=.0,.Δx’.=.0)..The.principle.of.simultaneity.is.applied.between. 

an.inertial.observer.and.a.light.particle,.such.that.the.relative.speed. 

of.the.two.systems.is.c,.and.gamma.=.infinite/undefined..Although. 

light.experiences.no.separation.between.events,.the.Lorentz.transform.Δt’.=.γ.(Δt.–.ΔLv/c2.).implies.that.the 

inertial observer experiences.a.separation.between.those.same.events.of.exactly.Δt.=.ΔL/c,. 

a.light-like.separation..In.other.words,.although.light.has.no.sense. 

of.time.or.space.itself,.light.will.always.be.measured.by.an.observer. 

at.a.position.and.time.exactly.as if.it.had.travelled.at.speed.c.continuously.through.the.intervening.medium..This.fits.nicely.within. 

the.limitations.set.by.quantum.mechanics. 

This. result. is. connected. with. previous. work. on. retroactive. 

event. determination,. suggesting. the. ubiquitous. existence. of. 

“synchronicity”. 



Tuesday, starting at 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms C and D 

(Continues on Wednesday at 8:45 a.m.; please refer to page 99 of 

these Proceedings for abstracts.) 

95 Second Law Violation for Non-Ergodic Interactions, L. S. 

SCHULMAN (Physics. Department,. Clarkson. University,. Potsdam,.New.York,.USA,.schulman@clarkson.edu). 

The.implication.of.the.title.should.surprise.no.one..What.may. 

be.surprising.though.is.how.easy.it.is.to.produce.a.quantum.system. 

with.this.feature;.moreover,.that.system.is.one.that.is.often.used. 

for.the.purpose.of.showing.how.systems.equilibrate..The.violation. 

can. be. variously. manifested;. for. example,. bringing. together. two. 

systems.at.the.same.temperature.can.cause.one.of.them.to.cool,.with. 

no.work.necessary.to.maintain.the.disequilibrium. 


96 Reduced Statistical Fluctuations for an Object in a Partitioned 

Environment,.E. DELRE 1,2 , P. DIPORTO 2 , S. DI SABATINO 1 , 

and B. CROSIGNANI 3 * . ( 1 Department.of.Electrical.and.Information. 

Engineering,. University. of. L’Aquila,. 67100. L’Aquila,. Italy;. 

2 IPCF-CNR,. University. of. Rome. “La. Sapienza”,00185. Rome,. 

Italy;. 3 California. Institute. of. Technology,. Pasadena. CA. 91125. 

USA;.bcross@caltech.edu). 

Objects.that.are.small.enough.as.to.feel.the.single.collisions. 

of.the.agitated.molecules.that.make.up.their.hosting.medium.move. 

randomly. about. their. equilibrium. position.. This. is,. in. particular,. 

the. mechanism. at. the. basis. of. the. intriguing. behavior. of. the. socalled.“adiabatic.piston”,.a.system.which.appears.to.be.unable.to. 

reach. thermal. equilibrium. if. not. for. extremely. long. time. scales.. 

This.problem,.which.does.not.admit.a.clear.way.out.in.the.frame. 

of. non-equilibrium. statistical. mechanics,. is. part. of. the. general. 

problem.of.understanding.the.statistical.fluctuations.of.partitioning. 

objects..Their.stochastic.movement.is.expected.to.obey.the.ergodic. 

hypothesis,.which.states.that.equal.phase-space.allowed.volumes. 

are.occupied.for.equal.time.durations,.provided.a.conveniently.long. 

observation.time.has.elapsed..We.here.demonstrate.how.ergodicity. 

is.to.all.practical.purposes.violated.and.replaced.by.a.considerable. 

lower.noise.limit.for.specific.micro-objects.partitioning.in.two.their. 

environment..More.precisely,.we.show.how.the.final.ergodic.limit. 

is.only.attained.after.an.extremely.long.time,.during.which.quite. 

relevant. time. slots. are. present,. characterized. by. the. quasi-static. 

sub-ergodic.vibrations.of.the.object..The.above.results,.obtained.by. 

numerical.dynamics.simulations,.can.also.be.theoretically.justified.. 

These.reduced.random.movements.breach.statistical.limits.and.may. 

form.a.paradigm.for.ultrasensitive.instruments.and.for.the.design. 

and.operation.of.non-Brownian.deterministic.microscale.mechanical.motors. 

97 A Thermodynamic Time-Arrow for Single Particle Interactions? 

AVSHALOM C. ELITzUR 1 *, ELIAHU COHEN 2 , and PAz 

BENIAMINI 3 .( 1 Iyar,.The.Israeli.Institute.for.Advanced.Research,. 

Avshalom.Elitzur@weizmann.ac.il;. 2 Physics.Department,.Tel-Aviv. 

University,.eliahuco@post.tau.ac.il;. 3 Physics.Department,.Hebrew. 

University.of.Jerusalem,.Israel,.paz.beniamini@gmail.com). 

The. debates. on. the. origin. of. entropy. increase. (such. as. the. 

Einstein-Ritz. controversy). usually. study. many-particles. interactions.and.macroscopic.processes,.assuming.that.no.preferred.time. 

direction. appears. in. one-. or. two-particle. systems.. We. argue. that. 

the.fact.that.every.single.particle.has.a.field.(electric.and/or.gravitational). 

suffices. to. give. rise. to. a. probabilistic. time-asymmetry.. 

The.macroscopic.time.asymmetry.may.be.thus.derived.from.two. 

givens.of.the.microscopic.world:.i).The.presumably-infinite.field. 

is.larger.than.the.presumably-pointlike.particle,.and.ii).The.causal. 

influences.between.these.two.entities.propagate.with.finite.velocity.. 

The.next.move.is.more.speculative..A.single.particle’s.electric.field. 

exhibits.a.striking.similarity.between.the.curvature.of.the.field.lines. 

under.i).acceleration.of.the.charge.and.ii).interaction.of.the.charge. 

with.another.charge..Since.the.latter.case.also.involves.acceleration.(attraction.or.repulsion),.a.very.simple.symmetry,.unnoticed. 

so.far,.suggests.itself.between.field.curvature.and.acceleration..Our. 

attempts,. however,. to. find. a. simple. mathematical. equation. relating. 

the. two. are. still. hindered. by. technical. difficulties.. Nevertheless,.if.the.above.intuition.is.correct,.the.resulting.symmetry.offers.a. 

basis.for.the.time-asymmetry.governing.a.single.particle-plus-field. 

system. 

83


98 The Repelling Bose String, J.B. McGUIRE. (Department. of. 

Physics,. Florida. Atlantic. University,. 777. W.. Glades. Rd,. Boca. 

Raton.FL,.33431,.mcguj@me.com). 

There.is.a.body.of.conventional.wisdom.that.holds.that.a.solvable.quantum.problem,.by.virtue.of.its.solvability,.is.pathological. 

and.thus.irrelevant..It.has.been.difficult.to.refute.this.view.owing. 

to. the. paucity. of. theoretical. constructs. and. experimental. results.. 

Recent.experiments.involving.equivalent.ions.trapped.in.a.spatial. 

conformation. of. extreme. anisotropic. confinement. (longitudinal. 

extension. tens,. hundreds. or. even. thousands. of. times. transverse. 

extension).have.modified.the.view.of.relevancy,.and.it.is.now.possible.to.consider.systems.previously.thought.pathological,.in.particular.point.bosons.that.repel.in.one.dimension..It.has.been.difficult.for.the.experimentalists.to.utilize.existing.theory,.mainly.due.to. 

long-standing.theoretical.misunderstanding.of.the.relevance.of.the. 

permutation.group,.in.particular.the.non-commutativity.of.translations.(periodicity).and.transpositions.(permutation)..This.misunderstanding.is.most.easily.rectified.in.the.case.of.repelling.bosons.. 

99 The Quantum Solar Cell: Using Quantum Thermodynamics 

to Mitigate Recombination and Enhance Efficiency, KONSTAN- 

TIN E. DORFMAN*, MARLAN O. SCULLy, and ANATOLy 

A. SVISzINSKy (Texas.A&M. University,. College. Station,. TX. 

77843.and.Princeton.University,.Princeton,.NJ.08544;.dorfman@ 

physics.tamu.edu). 

The. fundamental. limit. to. solar. cell. efficiency. is. radiative. 

recombination.which.balances.radiative.absorption..This.detailed. 

balance.condition.yields.a.classical.Carnot.thermodynamic.limit.. 

We. here. show. that. it. is. possible. to. break. detailed. balance. via. 

quantum.coherence,.as.in.the.case.of.lasing.without.inversion.and. 

the. photo-Carnot. quantum. heat. engine.. This. yields,. in. principle,. 

a.quantum.Carnot.limit.to.solar.cell.operation.which.exceeds.the. 

classical.one.. 

The.efficiency.of.solar.energy.conversion.is.an.important.problem.of.twenty.first.century.quantum.science.and.engineering..The. 

first.p-n.junction.Si.solar.cells.had.an.efficiency.of.around.5%..The. 

(empirical).limit.at.that.time.was.thought.to.be.20%..Half.a.decade. 

later,.Shockley.and.Quiesser.(SQ).showed.that.the.limit.was.more. 

correctly.attributed.to.the.fact.that.electron-hole.pairs.generated.by. 

absorption.of.sunlight.are.often.lost.due.to.radiative.recombination. 

before.they.can.contribute.to.useful.work. 

Here.we.analyze.a.toy.photocell.illuminated.by.a.monochromatic.slice.of.the.solar.spectrum.to.show.how.we.can.mitigate.radiative.recombination.and.enhance.efficiency.via.quantum.coherence. 

100 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics 

in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions,. D.P. SHEE- 

HAN*, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA.(Department.of. 

Physics,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110;.dsheehan@sandiego.edu). 

It.is.well.known.that.gas.molecules.can.adsorb,.desorb,.dissociate.and.recombine.at.different.rates.on.different.chemical.surfaces;.the.world’s.catalyst.industry.relies.on.this..In.principle,.under. 

low-pressure. blackbody. cavity. conditions,. differences. in. these. 

rates. between. different. surfaces. can. give. rise. to. steady-state. gas. 

phase.nonequilibria,.thereby.challenging.of.the.second.law.[1,2].. 

This.paper.reports.on.a.laboratory.realization.of.this.scenario..Lowpressure.molecular.hydrogen.was.found.to.dissociate.and.desorb.preferentially.on.rhenium.compared.with.tungsten.at.elevated.temperatures..Inside.of.blackbody.cavities.lined.with.either.tungsten.or. 

84 

rhenium,.resistors.and.thermocouples.fashioned.from.rhenium.and. 

tungsten.filaments.are.being.monitored.for.changes.in.their.temperatures,.based.on.electrical.resistance.and.Seebeck.voltage..Under. 

hydrogen. atmospheres. --. but. not. under. either. vacuum. or. helium. 

atmospheres.--.Seebeck.voltages.indicate.large.temperature.differentials.(∆T.~.100K).can.be.maintained.between.the.metals.inside.the.cavities,.in.apparent.conflict.with.the.second.law..Theory,.experiment,.and.possible.applications.of.these.results.will.be.detailed. 

References:. 

1).D.P..Sheehan,.Phys..Rev..E.57,.6660.(1998). 

2).D.P..Sheehan,.Phys..Lett..A.280,.185.(2001). 

101 Experimental Evidence Violating Laws of Thermodynamics In 

Magnetostrictive Materials, GERALD PELLEGRINI (Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer.Engineering,.Northeastern.University,. 

360. Huntington.Ave.,. Boston,. MA. 02115;. gnpellegrini@ 

aol.com). 

There.have.been.a.number.of.experimental.results.which.show. 

that. the. magnetomechanical. coupling. in. certain. magnetostrictive. 

materials.do.not.satisfy.the.thermodynamic.“Maxwell.Relations”.. 

These.startling.results.have.come.from.different.laboratories.including.the.Naval.Surface.Warfare.Center,.Carderock.Division.and.the. 

University. of. Maryland,. College. Park.. If. these. experiments. are. 

correct,.and.the.“Maxwell.Relations”.are.violated,.the.experiments. 

represent.the.very.important.discovery.of.magnetic.materials.that. 

do.not.obey.the.standard.thermodynamic.laws..In.this.paper,.the. 

experimental.evidence.will.be.presented.along.with.the.theoretical. 

analysis.demonstrating.that.the.experimental.data.is.not.consistent. 

with.the.existence.of.the.standard.thermodynamic.potentials,.and. 

demonstrating.how.magnetomechanical.cycles.may.be.constructed. 

by. which. energy. can. be. extracted. from. the. ambient. temperature. 

environment.. Experimental. measurements. of. an. extraction. of. 

energy.in.such.magnetomechanical.cycles.will.also.be.presented. 

102 The Proell Effect: A Macroscopic Maxwell’s Demon,. KEN- 

NETH M. RAUEN.(1005.Huron,.Lubbock,.TX.79416;.kmpr27@ 

yahoo.com). 

Maxwell’s.Demon.is.a.legitimate.challenge.to.the.Second.Law. 

of.Thermodynamics.when.the.“demon”.is.executed.via.the.Proell. 

effect.. Thermal. energy. transfer. according. to. the. Kinetic. Theory. 

of.Heat.and.Statistical.Mechanics.that.takes.place.over.distances. 

greater. than. the. mean. free. path. of. a. gas. circumvents. the. microscopic. 

randomness. that. leads. to. macroscopic. irreversibility.. No. 

information.is.required.to.sort.the.particles.as.no.sorting.occurs;.the. 

entire.volume.of.gas.undergoes.the.same.transition. 

The.Proell.effect.achieves.quasi-spontaneous.thermal.separation.without.sorting.by.the.perturbation.of.a.heterogeneous.constant. 

volume.system.with.displacement.and.regeneration..The.classical. 

analysis.of.the.constant.volume.process,.such.as.found.in.the.Stirling.Cycle,.is.incomplete.and.therefore.incorrect..There.are.extra. 

energy. flows. that. classical. thermo. does. not. recognize.. When. a. 

working.fluid.is.displaced.across.a.regenerator.with.a.temperature. 

gradient.in.a.constant.volume.system,.complimentary.compression. 

and.expansion.work.takes.place.that.transfers.energy.between.the. 

regenerator.and.the.bulk.gas.volumes.of.the.hot.and.cold.sides.of. 

the. constant. volume. system.. Heat. capacity. at. constant. pressure. 

applies.instead.of.heat.capacity.at.constant.volume..The.resultant. 

increase.in.calculated,.recyclable.energy.allows.the.Carnot.Limit.to. 

be.exceeded.in.certain.cycles..Super-Carnot.heat.engines.and.heat. 

pumps.have.been.designed.and.a.US.patent.has.been.awarded.



Tuesday, starting at 10:30 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

103 Digital.Extraction of Surface Volumes Rendered from the CT 

Scans of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy,.ANITA PETTy.(Director,.Digital.Manufacturing,.3M.Unitek,.5620.Venice.Ave.NE,.Suite. 

G,.Albuquerque,.NM.87113;.anitapetty@comcast.net). 

This. project. is. part. of. a. multidisciplinary. study. of. a. Late. 

Period. Egyptian. child. mummy. head. (MCCM. 1921.56). collected. 

from.Egypt.during.the.1920.Shelton.Expedition..Its.purpose.is.to. 

demonstrate.the.efficacy.of.a.non-destructive.method.for.digitally. 

extracting.3-D.volumetric.data.sets.from.CT.scans..In.this.study,. 

the.primary.and.unerupted.permanent.dentition.of.a.four.year-year. 

old.child.mummy.were.digitally.extracted,.separated,.and.rendered. 

using.advanced.surfacing.algorithms.and.3-D.engineering.software.. 

The.resulting.teeth.models.were.then.physically.reproduced.using. 

stereo-lithography.to.allow.for.follow-on.odontology.studies.. 

104 Chemical Analysis of the Resin on Wrappings of a Late Period 

Egyptian Mummy, DAVE SEAPy 1 , ADEL SAIED 1 , MARVIN 

ROWE 1,2 *, and ANITA PETTy 3 ( 1 Science.Program,.Texas.A&M. 

University. (Qatar. campus);. 2 Conservation. Lab,. Museum. of. New. 

Mexico,.706.Camino.Lejo,.Santa.Fe,.NM.87505;. 3 Digital.Operations,.3M.Unitek,.5620.Venice.Ave.NE,.Suite.G,.Albuquerque,.NM. 

87113;.anitapetty@comcast.net).. 

This. analysis. is. part. of. a. multidisciplinary. study. of. a. Late. 


from.Egypt.during.the.1920.Shelton.Expedition..Its.purpose.is.to. 

derive.information.on.the.chemical.composition.and.potential.origin. 

of.the.resin.collected.from.this.mummy.using.gas.chromatography. 

-.mass.spectrometry.(CG-MS),.Fourier.Transform.Infrared.(FTIR). 

and.Nuclear.Magnetic.Resonance.(NMR).Spectroscopy..Samples. 

of. the. resin-coated. wrappings. were. obtained. from. the. mummy. 

head.and.prepared.for.analysis..Solid.state.FTIR.was.performed.to. 

obtain.a.molecular.fingerprint.and.qualitative.analysis.of.the.materials.present..The.resin.was.then.extracted.from.the.wrappings.using. 

dichloromethane. (CH 2 Cl 2 ). and. other. solvents. which. allowed. the. 

molecules.present.to.be.studied..CG-MS.and.NMR.spectroscopy. 

studies.of.the.resin.are.complementary.techniques.to.the.FTIR.analysis.as.they.are.capable.of.yielding.specific.identities.of.substances. 

present.in.test.samples..Test.data.collected.will.then.be.compared. 

with.the.chemical.signatures.and.compositions.of.resins.known.to. 

be.used.in.the.ancient.Egyptian.mummification.process. 

105 Radiocarbon Dating of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy Using 

Plasma Oxidation, MARVIN ROWE 1,2 *, KAREN L. STEEL- 

MAN 3 , JERRy KING 4 , and ANITA PETTy 5 . ( 1 Conservation. 

Lab,.Museum.of.New.Mexico,.706.Camino.Lejo,.Santa.Fe,.NM. 

87505;. 2 Science.Program,.Texas.A&M.University,.Qatar,.P.O..Box. 

23874,. Doha. Qatar;. 3 Department. of. Chemistry, . Central.Arkansas. 

University,. Conway,.AR. 72035;. 4 Department. of. Chemical. Engineering, 

. University.of.Arkansas,.Fayetteville,.AR.72701; 5 Digital. 

Operations,.3M.Unitek,.5620.Venice.Avenue.NE,.Suite.G,.Albuquerque,.NM.87113;.marvin.rowe@qatar.tamu.edu).This.study.seeks.to.determine.the.radiocarbon.date.of.a.sample.of.the.wrappings.collected.from.a.Late.Period.Egyptian.child. 

mummy. (MCCM. 1921.56).. Plasma. oxidation,. a. non-destructive. 

radiocarbon.dating.method.that.offers.an.alternative.to.conventional. 


destructive.combustion.methods,.has.been.shown.to.be.extremely. 

accurate. in. dating. organic. samples—there. is. no. statistical. difference. 

between. combustion. and. plasma. oxidation. derived. results.. 

This.technique.was.employed.as.part.of.a.multidisciplinary.study. 

to. help. verify. the. mummy’s. age. and. to. demonstrate. the. efficacy. 

of.plasma.oxidation.in.analyzing.vary.rare.or.valuable.organic.test. 

samples.. 

A.sample.of.the.wrappings.obtained.from.the.mummy.head. 

was. first. treated. with. dichloromethane. (CH 2 Cl 2 ). and. other. solvents. 

to. remove. surface. contaminants. and. the. resin. coating. that. 

was.applied.to.the.wrappings.in.the.mummification.process..The. 

collected.sample.appears.to.have.been.conserved.in.recent.years. 

with.subsequent.application(s).of.resin,.therefore,.additional.super. 

critical.fluid.cleaning.steps.were.employed.to.carefully.remove.all. 

resinous.layers.prior.to.dating..Using.low-temperature.(~50-150 o C). 

electrically.excited.ionized.gases.(non-reactive.argon.and.reactive. 

oxygen),.minute.samples.of.organic.carbon.dioxide.from.the.flax. 

(linen).gauze.wrapping.were.collected.and.analyzed.without.any. 

detectable.change.to.the.original.test.specimen 

106 Nondestructive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Head of an 

Egyptian Child Mummy, MARVIN ROWE 1,2 *, ANITA PETTy 3 , 

and MARK MACKENzIE 1 . ( 1 Conservation. Lab,. Museum. of. 

New. Mexico,. 706. Camino. Lejo,. Santa. Fe,. NM. 87505;. 2 Science. 

Program,. Texas.A&M. University,. Qatar,. P.O.. Box. 23874,. Doha. 

Qatar;. 3 Digital.Operations,.3M.Unitek,.5620.Venice.Ave.NE,.Suite. 

G,.Albuquerque,.NM.87113;.marvin.rowe@qatar.tamu.edu). 

This. analysis. is. part. of. a. multidisciplinary. study. of. a. Late. 


from.Egypt.during.the.1920.Shelton.Expedition..The.mummified. 

skull.in.this.study.was.covered.with.linen.wrappings.coated.with.a. 

dark.brown,.resinous.material..Using.portable,.Bruker.Tracer.III- 

V,. X-ray. fluorescence. spectroscopy. (pXRF),. low-level. radiation. 

was.applied.to.various.regions.of.the.surface.wrappings.to.obtain. 

the. elemental. composition. at. those. sites.. This. analysis. (see. figure.below),.indicated.that.beneath.the.wrappings,.both.orbits.had.been.covered.with.gold.(Au).foil.during.the.mummification.process..Physical.inspection.revealed.that.a.thin.layer.of.this.material. 

extended.from.the.superciliary.to.the.zygomatic.arches.of.the.right. 

orbit.with.a.smaller.foil.overlaying.the.left.orbit. 

The.two.major.gold.peaks.at.energies.at.9.71.And.11.44.keV. 

are.among.the.most.prominent.of.the.elements.seen..The.one.exception.is.that.for.iron.(Fe).at.energies.of.6.403.and.7.057.keV..The.iron.may.have.been.added.as.iron.ocher.to.provide.an.initial.red.coloration.to.the.mummy..Another.explanation.for.the.presence.of.iron. 

is.that.it.is.a.post-depositional.remnant.resulting.from.the.subject’s. 

exposure. to. soil. after. burial.. Other. elements. are. observed. are. at. 

relatively.low.levels.and.are.likely.just.due.to.soil/dirt.contamination..All.peaks.occurring.at.energies.over.16.keV.are.disregarded.in. 

this.analysis.as.they.are.caused.by.instrumental.artifacts.and.are.not. 

representative.of.the.sample.. 

107 An Analysis of Mummified Intracranial Content, OTTO 

APPENzELLER 1 *, MIKE SPILDE 2 , ANITA PETTy 3 , CLIF- 

FORD QUALLS 4 , GENEVIEVE PHILLIPS 5, PETER APPENzELLER 

6 , and BOB BRIER 7 ( 1 NMHEMC.Research.Foundation,. 

Albuquerque. NM;. 2 Institute. of. Meteoritics,. University. of. New. 

Mexico,. Albuquerque. NM;. 3 Digital. Manufacturing,. 3M. Unitek,. 

Albuquerque,. NM;. 4 Department. of. Mathematics. and. Statistics,. 

University. of. New. Mexico,.Albuquerque. NM;. 5 Cancer. Research. 

85


and.Treatment.Center,.Fluorescence.Microscopy.Facility,.University. 

of. New. Mexico,. Albuquerque,. NM;. 6 Tricore. Laboratories,. 

Albuquerque,.NM;. 7 Long.Island.University.Greenvale,.NY;.ottoarun12@aol.com). 

Identification. of. mummified. tissues. presents. great. difficulties;.their.appearance.having.been.altered.by.taphonomic.changes,. 

trauma.and.climatic.influences.over.millennia. 

Here. we. describe. a. multimodal. analysis. of. tissue. obtained. 

non-invasively,.through.an.existing.hole.in.the.skull.of.an.Egyptian. 

mummified.child’s.head. 

We. used. histological. sections. with. special. stains. and. comparisons.with.contemporaneous.tissues,.confocal.microscopy-autofluorescence. 

and. scanning. electron. microscopy,. X-ray. analysis. 

using.wavelength.dispersive.spectrometers.equipped.with.layered. 

synthetic.crystals.optimized.for.light.elements.to.quantize.Al,.C,. 

Ca,.Cl,.Fe,.K,.Mg,.Na,.O,.P,.S,.and.Si.as.well.as.statistical.analyses. 

including.fractals..We.found.that.the.piece.was.composed.of.resin. 

which.contained.significantly.higher.levels.of.C.and.other.biologic. 

material,.most.likely.dura.mater. 

Plant. resin. used. in. ancient. Egypt. for. embalming. is. a. proxy. 

for. atmospheric. CO 2 ,. climate. and. of. tree. growth. rate.. Thus. 

Egyptian. embalmers. intentionally. preserved. the. body. but. unwittingly.left.a.climate.record.which.could.be.of.interest.to.modern. 

climate-modelers. 




Canario. de. Bioantropologia. (OAMC-Cabildo. de. Tenerife);. 2 Universidad.de.Las.Palmas.de.Gran.Canaria;.crodriguez@museosdetenerife.org).This.paper.is.devoted.to.the.physical.anthropological.characteristics.and.pathological.features.of.the.protohistoric.(Prehispanic). 

populations.of.Lanzarote.and.Fuerteventura,.both.belonging.to.the. 

Canarian.Archipelago.(Spain),.located.in.the.Atlantoic.Ocean.closest.to.the.northwest.shore.of.Africa..Besides.a.comparative.study. 

between.both.islands,.the.main.goal.of.this.study.is.to.advance.the. 

knowledge. of. the. population. groups. in. these. islands. before. the. 

European. Conquest. (15 th . century.AD),. especially. their. bioadaptability.to.the.islands’.environments. 

Please.note:.This.paper.is.included.in.the.Project.Canarias: Colonización 

Humana Protohistórica, Bioadaptación Insular y Transformación Medioambiental.(Ministerio 

de Ciencia e Innovación, HAR20009-08519). 

Music and the Sciences: 

Synergies Among Musical Arts, 

Math, Science, and Engineering 

Tuesday, starting at 1:15 p.m. in KIPJ Room F 

109 Music, Expectation, and Information Theory, GARETH LOy 

(POB.151185,.San.Rafael,.CA.94915;.dgl@GarethInc.com). 

When.is.music.successful?.Taking.a.Darwinian.view,.music. 

is.successful.if.listeners.attend.to.it,.which.they.do.if.they.find.it. 

sufficiently. interesting.. Listeners. reward. successful. music. with. 

interest.based.on.how.well.it.sustains.their.ordinarily.quite.fleeting. 

attention..Attention.is.sustained.by.manipulating.the.expectations. 

of.the.listener..Expectation.is.an.anticipatory.belief.that.ranges.from. 

certainty.to.uncertainty..The.perspective.thus.articulated.allows.for. 

86 

the.question.of.when.is.music.successful.to.be.studied.via.the.information. 

theory. of. Shannon. and.Weaver..The. thesis. of. this. talk. is. 

that.information.theory.can.contribute.to.a.theory.of.musical.expectation,.meaning,.and.emotion.in.music..This.presentation.introduces.key.ideas.of.information.theory.and.points.in.the.direction.of.a.theory.of.musical.expectation. 

110 Restoration of Musical Meter from Memory: How We Represent 

Musical Styles? SARAH C. CREEL (Department. of. Cognitive.Science,.UC.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA. 

92093-0515;.creel@cogsci.ucsd.edu). 

What.happens.in.the.mind.when.a.listener.hears.a.tune?.Recent. 

work.suggests.that.listeners.activate.detailed.memory.representations. 

of. previous. hearings. of. that. tune.. For. instance,. if. one. has. 

heard.a.melody.previously.in.a.3/4.meter,.the.isolated.melody.yields. 

a.percept.of.3/4.meter..The.current.study.explores.how.such.melody-specific.memories.might.build.up.to.representations.of.musical. 

style—specifically,. whether. listeners. integrate. meter. (event. rate). 

and.timbre.(tone.quality).in.style-specific.representations. 

In.several.different.experiments.(108.listeners.total),.each.listener. 

was. exposed. to. 12. melodies.. Half. each. occurred. in. one. of. 

two.artificial.musical.“styles,”.each.with.a.characteristic.meter.(3/4,. 

6/8). and. timbre. (French. horn,. saxophone).. During. the. exposure. 

phase,.additional.musical.instruments.heard.with.the.melodies.provided.clear.metrical.information..After.hearing.each.melody.several.times,.listeners.heard.isolated.melodies.followed.by.metrical.continuations..Ratings.of.metrical.continuations.suggested.that.listeners’.perceptions.of.meter.were.shaped.by.their.listening.exposure.. 

Meter.percepts.were.limited.to.the.original.instrumental.timbre.as. 

long.as.meter-timbre.pairings.were.consistent.(horn.always.played. 

in.3/4,.saxophone.in.6/8)..Meter.percepts.generalized.across.timbre. 

when.meter-timbre.pairings.were.inconsistent.(e.g..horn.and.saxophone.were.equally.likely.to.play.in.3/4.or.6/8). 

These. data. suggest. that,. when. musical. features. (timbre. and. 

meter).are.consistently.linked,.listeners.represent.them.integrally,. 

influencing. processing. of. a. basic. aspect. of. musical. experience. 

(meter)..This.suggests.a.basis.for.acquisition.of.style-specific.musical.expectations. 

111 A Seventeenth-Century Mathematical History of Tuning the 

Musical Scale, JOHN F. BUKOWSKI.(Department.of.Mathematics,. 

Juniata. College,. 1700. Moore. Street,. Huntingdon,. PA. 16652;. 

bukowski@juniata.edu). 

The.tuning.of.the.intervals.in.the.musical.scale.has.a.long.history.dating.back.to.the.Pythagoreans..Several.seventeenth-century. 

mathematicians.proposed.ways.of.resolving.the.inherent.difficulties. 

in.tuning.the.musical.scale.. 

We. will. discuss. the. methods. proposed. by. Simon. Stevin,. Marin. 

Mersenne,.and.Christiaan.Huygens,.and.we.will.discuss.in.detail. 

how.Huygens.used.logarithms.to.divide.the.octave.into.a.31-tone. 

scale..We.will.then.compare.his.tuning.to.other.tunings.of.the.scale. 

112 Generation and Analysis of Heptatonic Harmonic Scales,. 

JOHN H. CHALMERS.(Geosciences.Research.Division,.Scripps. 

Institute. of. Oceanography,. University. of. California,. San. Diego,. 

9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92038;.jhchalmers@ucsd.edu).. 

Harmonic.scales.are.composed.of.Prime.(generalized.major). 

and.Conjugate.(generalized.minor).triads.such.that.every.note.is.a. 

member.of.at.least.one.triad.and.all.the.triads.are.connected.by.common.tones..There.are.52.species.of.such.scales.with.seven.tones,.

and. these. may. be. described. as. points. on. the. D. (dominant). x. M. 

(Mediant).rectangular.or.triangular.lattice,.the.latter.having.a.third. 

axis.for.the.Conjugate.(D-M).interval..Examples.of.harmonic.scales. 

include. the. Principal. Trichordals. of. Ellis,. the. 5-limit. Incipient. 

Tonality.Diamond.of.Partch,.the.Gipsy.Minor.scale.and,.of.course,. 

the.major.mode.and.the.harmonic.and.melodic.minor.scales..This. 

set.of.52.species.may.be.further.reduced.to.six.equivalence.classes. 

related.by.linear.transformations.when.the.notes.of.the.scales.are. 

expressed.as.vectors.in.the.D.x.M.plane.. 

Software.has.been.written.in.TrueBasic.to.analyse.the.properties.of.these.scales.as.D.and.M.each.vary.over.the.range.from. 

0. to. 1200. cents.. Functions. computed. include. harmonic. function. 

sequence,. Rothenberg-propriety,. interval. sequence,. interval. content,.number.of.in-tune.triads,.heteromorphic.profile,.and.the.number.of.interval.differences..For.example,.the.major.mode,.expressed. 

as.functions.of.D.and.M.by.0.2*D.M.1200-D.D.M-D.D+M.1200.in. 

cents,.has.32.harmonic.function.sequences.and.6.regions.of.Strictly. 

Proper.or.coherent.tunings.and.16.of.R-Proper..The.output.of.these. 

programs.is.graphical.and.tabular..Selected.examples.are.available. 

in.Scala.format.for.sound.synthesis. 

113 Temperament of Mind: Hector Berlioz and Evariste Galois,. 

JEFF JOHANNES (Mathematics.Department,.South.Hall,.State. 

University. College. of. Arts. and. Sciences,. Geneseo,. NY. 14454- 

1401;.johannes@geneseo.edu). 

Composer.Hector.Berlioz.and.mathematician.Evariste.Galois. 

were.both.revolutionarising.their.disciplines.in.Paris.during.the.restoration..In.this.talk.we.will.examine.several.parallels.in.their.lives. 

and. in. their. art.. We. will. also. consider. to. what. extent. they. were. 

merely.a.product.of.their.tumultuous.time. 

114 An Analytical Oboe Design, RONALD L. FOX 1 * and E. 

RANDOLPH HAGER 2 * ( 1,2 Retired,.General.Atomics,.3550.General.Atomics. 

Ct.,. La. Jolla,. CA. 92037;. 2 San. Diego. State. University,.Campanile.Dr,.San.Diego.CA;. 

1 current;.2973.Fried.Ave.,.San. 

Diego,.CA.92122,.rlfox55@aol.com; .2 current;.2322.Bahia.Drive,. 

La.Jolla,.CA.92037,.randyhager@aol.com). 

The.typical.present.day.oboe.is.based.on.the.empirical.design. 

developments. of. several. centuries. of. hand. crafting.. Each. instrument.requires.careful.tuning.based.on.position.and.modification.of. 

tone.holes.and.their.respective.back-countersinks..Such.fine.tuning. 

applies.primarily.to.first.class.orchestral.instruments,.and.even.these. 

are,.at.best,.a.compromise.in.uniformity.of.tone.quality,.in.relative. 

intonation.and.tuning.stability..Tone.quality.is.related.to.the.number. 

of.harmonics.present,.their.relative.amplitudes.and.their.positions. 

with.respect.to.the.fundamental.frequency.or.first.harmonic..Relative.intonation.within.the.fundamental.range.or.first.register.of.the. 

instrument.is.related.to.tone.hole.position,.size,.shape,.and.depth.for. 

each.hole..Relative.intonation.between.the.fundamental.range.and. 

its.second.harmonic.or.octave.range.depends.on.bore.uniformity,. 

which.includes.uniformity.of.the.type.of.bore.aberrations.caused.by. 

the.existence.of.the.closed.tone.holes..Current.oboes.possess.sufficient.empirical.compromise.that.the.harmonics.deviate.from.perfect. 

multiples.of.the.fundamental.frequencies.beginning.with.some.3 rd ,. 

and. particularly. with. 5 th . and. higher. harmonics..This. affects. tone. 

quality.and.requires.special.fingerings.in.the.third.octave.range..A. 

relatively.small.and.constant.ratio.of.tone.hole.size.to.that.of.the. 

bore.is.required.to.yield.a.spectrum.of.harmonics.of.roughly.equal. 

amplitude.and.of.correct.multiples.of.its.fundamental.frequency.for. 

each.note. 


The. mathematical. principles. derived. by.Arthur. Benade. and. 

others.were.used.to.calculate.tone.hole.positions.and.dimensions. 

for.a.theoretical.oboe.design..This.included.correction.factors.for. 

the.reed.cavity,.effect.of.closed.holes,.and.of.the.straight.section. 

without.holes..The.strong.interdependence.between.bore.and.tone. 

holes.was.programmed.for.calculation,.iteration,.and.converging.to. 

the.initial.oboe.design.specifications,.from.which.the.first.oboe.was. 

constructed. and. tested.. From. this,. the. effect. of. small. open. holes. 

was.measured,.and.a.further.uniform.correction.was.defined.empirically..Small.open.holes.add.a.more.critical.step.to.tuning.than.those. 

of.the.open.end.cylindrical.flute,.etc.,.whose.tone.hole.diameters.are. 

almost.comparable.with.that.of.the.bore..Applying.the.final.correction,.a.second.instrument.was.constructed.and.tested..This.showed. 

accuracy.of.tuning.to.the.equal.tempered.chromatic.scale.base.on. 

A.=.440.Hz.within.a.few.10ths.of.a.cycle.for.each.note..Further,. 

the.octave.range.of.2 nd .harmonics.were.in.tune,.as.were.the.3 rd .and. 

4 th . playable. harmonics..The. instrument. represents. a. current. state. 

of.achievement.and.proof.of.concept.for.a.model.based.on.certain. 

principles.of.acoustics..The.next.step.could.be.to.add.a.bell.and.set. 

of.keys.to.make.a.playable.instrument. 

115 Using Vocal Spectroscopy to Take the Guesswork Out of Powerful 

Singing,.RONALD SHAHEEN.(Music.Department,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.rshaheen@sandiego.edu). 

As.an.important.part.of.their.training,.classical.singers.learn. 

to.produce.a.full,.resonant.sound.that.can.be.heard.over.an.orchestra.without.the.use.of.microphones..That.process.has.traditionally. 

relied.on.the.singers’.perception.of.vibratory.sensations.inside.their. 

own.bodies.and.on.the.ears.of.their.voice.teachers,.a.method.that. 

is.highly.subjective.and.sometimes.unreliable..Nowadays.the.act. 

of.maximizing.resonance.for.efficient.and.effective.singing.can.be. 

objectively.seen.by.using.a.computer.program.called.“Voce.Vista”. 

(“The.Visible.Voice”),.which.is.essentially.a.portable.sound.spectrometer..This.presentation.will.review.the.relevant.basics.of.acoustics.as.they.pertain.to.singing,.and.then.discuss.the.related.concepts. 

of.vowel.formants,.vowel.modification,.and.resonance.tuning..This. 

presentation.will.then.show.how,.by.using.Voce.Vista,.singers.can. 

actually.see.(not.just.feel.or.hear).how.to.align.the.strongest.harmonic.of.a.pitch.with.the.strongest.frequencies.of.the.vowel.formant,. 

and. thus,. based. on. scientific. data,. maximize. the. power. of. 

their.voices. 

116 Objective and Subjective Analyses of the Steel-String Acoustic 

Guitar,.DAVID M. MALICKy (Department.of.Engineering,. 

University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;. 

dmalicky@sandiego.edu). 

Through.trial-and-error,.keen.sensitivity,.and.some.objective. 

methods,.luthiers.and.factories.have.developed.the.design,.materials,.and.manufacturing.processes.of.the.steel-string.acoustic.guitar.to.a.relatively.refined.level..The.scientific.relationship.of.the.guitar’s.subjective.sound.qualities.to.material.and.component.properties.(stiffness,.density,.thickness,.damping,.resonance,.etc).is.poorly. 

understood..The.aim.of.this.pilot.study.is.to.examine.some.initial. 

correlations.among.component.properties,.acoustic.resonances,.and. 

the.subjective.sound.qualities.of.the.acoustic.guitar.. 

Twenty-five. Sitka. spruce. tops. (soundboards). were. prepared. 

using. common. luthier. practices.. Tops. were. assessed. for. density. 

and. bidirectional. bending. stiffnesses,. and. two. common. subjective.acoustic.measures:.shake-tone.strength.and.tap-tone.strength.. 

87


Acoustic.guitars.of.a.common.design.were.constructed.using.these. 

tops.by.students.in.a.shop.practice.class..Finished.guitars.were.first. 

assessed. for. subjective. sound. qualities,. then. for. FFT. analysis. of. 

body.resonances.(main.air,.main.top,.and.main.back)..Univariate. 

linear. regression. was. performed. among. candidate. input,. output,. 

and.intermediate.variables..Correlations.were.found.between.tops’. 

shake-tone.strength.and.tap-tone.strength.(R 2 .=.0.34),.shake-tone. 

strength.and.guitar.sound.complexity.(R 2 .=.0.32),.tap-tone.strength. 

and.guitar.sound.complexity.(R 2 .=.0.14),.and.main.top.and.main.air. 

frequency.(R 2 .=.0.57).. 

This. pilot. study. demonstrates. that. relationships. may. exist. 

between.an.isolated.guitar.top’s.tone.properties.and.the.sound.quality.of.the.finished.guitar..Future.work.will.develop.the.reliability. 

of.subjective.measures,.assess.additional.material.and.component. 

properties,.and.develop.a.multiple-regression.model. 

Science Education and 

Civic Engagements 

Tuesday, starting at 1:15 p.m in KIPJ Room G 

117 What are the Benefits of Taking the Lab Outside?.STEVEN 

BACHOFER. (Department. of. Chemistry,. Saint. Mary’s. College.of.California,.1928.Saint.Mary’s.Road,.Moraga,.CA.94556;. 

bachofer@stmarys-ca.edu). 

Field. sampling. labs. give. students. the. science. content. in. 

context.. Students. observe. and. evaluate. field. conditions. directly.. 

Students.work.diligently.on.labs.when.the.results.are.to.be.communicated.to.the.public..Faculty.must.have.alternatives.in.case.of. 

inclement.weather.. 

Two.field.sampling.labs.will.be.presented..An.air.monitoring. 

lab.is.somewhat.low.tech.and.it.utilizes.gas.diffusion.tubes..The. 

soils.analysis.is.somewhat.high.tech.and.uses.a.field-portable.XRF. 

to.screen.for.various.elements.in.the.soil..Civic.engagement.questions.are.explored.in.both.labs..A.self.reported.student.attitudinal. 

data.will.be.discussed.along.with.the.general.trends.in.the.data.. 

118 Using Course-Specific Student Course Evaluations to Drive 

Learning-Centered Teaching,. STEPHEN CARROLL 1 * and 

MELISSA GANUS 2 ( 1 Department. of. English,. Santa. Clara. University,.500.El.Camino.Real,.Santa.Clara,.CA,.scarroll@scu.edu;. 

2 School.of.Business,.Seattle.Community.Colleges,.8746.Phinney. 

Ave..N,.Seattle,.WA.98103,.ganus.research@gmail.com).. 

The.SALG.(Student.Assessment.of.their.Learning.Gains).is.a. 

valid,.reliable,.FREE,.online.instrument.developed.by.the.National. 

Science. Foundation. to. improve. teaching. by. providing. coursespecific,.formative.feedback.on.students’.learning.gains.and.on.the. 

pedagogy.responsible.for.those.gains..The.SALG.drives.learning.by. 

promoting.alignment.of.objectives.and.pedagogy.and.by.stimulating.metacognition..A.SALG.for.departments.collects.and.analyzes.data.about.department.learning.goals.while.preserving.faculty’s.privacy.and.ability.to.adapt.the.instruments.to.their.own.classes. 

McKeachie.and.Seldin.(POD,.2006).reported.that.over.85%.of. 

American.universities.and.colleges.use.standardized.student.course. 

evaluations.(SCEs).as.the.primary.means.of.evaluation.of.faculty.. 

Yet.as.Seymour.(and.others).found,.traditional.student.course.evaluation.instruments.are.inaccurate.as.indicators.of.students’.learning.gains.and.ineffective.in.soliciting.useful.feedback..(Seymour,. 

2005).. 

88 

Now.there.is.an.alternative:.the.SALG..This.free,.online.course. 

evaluation.system.focuses.not.on.teacher.behaviors,.but.on.learning. 

outcomes..It.promotes.pedagogical.innovation.and.development.by. 

encouraging.reflection.on.learning.goals.and.suggesting.pedagogical.strategies.to.meet.those.goals..Instructors.are.encouraged.to.tailor.their.assessment.instruments.to.their.classroom.pedagogies.and. 

to.measure.students’.learning.gains.relative.to.their.specific.learning. 

goals..The. SALG. embeds. current. research. on. how. people. learn,. 

and.extensive.testing.shows.that.the.results.are.valid.and.reliable.. 

It.is.easy.to.use,.yet.it.offers.analytical.tools.powerful.enough.for. 

professional.researchers.. 

119 Preservice Science Teachers Think About Science and Teaching,. 

CAROLyN VIVIANO. (Department. of. Natural. Sciences,. 

Loyola.Marymount.University,.1.LMU.Drive,.MS.8160.Los.Angeles,.CA.90045;.cviviano@lmu.edu). 

Students.become.agents.of.change.and.empowered.teachers.as. 

they.tackle.issues.related.to.water.and.the.environment..Participation.in.a.community.based.learning.course.enables.pre-service.science.teachers.to.work.with.environmental.educators.as.they.develop. 

high.school.service.learning.projects..This.presentation.will.focus. 

on. the. development. and. outcomes. of. an. NSF. funded. SENCER. 

(Science.Education.for.New.Civic.Engagement.and.Responsibility).project.designed.to.foster.collaborations.between.future.science.teachers.and.environmental.educators.for.the.benefit.of.all.stakeholders..The.project.resulted.in.the.creation.of.the.capstone.course,.Workshop.Biology/Chemistry,.for.LMU’s.secondary.science.education.majors..Broad.issues.related.to.water.and.the.environment. 

form.the.core.of.the.course,.whereas.individual.projects.focus.on. 

topics. relevant. to. the. Santa. Monica. Bay. and. Los.Angeles. River. 

watersheds..LMU.students.collaborate.with.environmental.educators. 

from. Heal. the. Bay. and. Environmental. Charter. High. School. 

in.the.design.of.service.learning.projects.that.enable.high.school. 

students.to.address.environmental.issues.within.their.community.. 

As.a.result,.both.groups.of.students.strengthen.their.ties.to.the.community. 

and. begin. to. appreciate. the. connection. between. environmental.health.and.community.health..Science.content.becomes.relevant,.and.each.student.begins.to.think.about.his/her.role.in.a.wider. 

context..The. science. curricula. created. as. part. of. the. project. will. 

become.an.online.service.learning.resource.available.through.Heal. 

the.Bay.(Healthebay.org)..By.sharing.our.experiences.we.hope.to. 

encourage.others.to.explore.the.role.of.community.based.learning. 

in.science.and.to.promote.a.fruitful.discussion.of.civic.engagement. 

in.the.classroom. 

120 Community Guest Speakers Show Forensics Students How to 

Become More Involved in Preventing Campus Crimes, VIRGINIA 

R. CARSON (Crean.College.of.Health.Sciences,.Chapman.University,.One.University.Drive,.Orange,.CA.92866;.carson@chapman.edu). 

One.in.four.coeds.experience.sexual.assault,.yet,.according.to. 

a.recent.60 Minutes.episode,.most.of.these.assaults.go.unreported.. 

Often.sexual.assaults.involve.the.use.of.alcohol.and/or.drugs..While. 

studying.Forensics,.students.learn.about.ways.to.prevent.themselves. 

and.others.from.getting.into.situations.where.they.could.be.harmed. 

One. topic. in. Forensics. is. the. study. of. drugs..A. local. police. 

drug.recognition.expert.comes.and.gives.a.very.interactive.presentation.about.alcohol..He.demonstrates.various.field.sobriety.tests. 

and.has.students.wear.glasses.that.give.them.the.visual.impression. 

of.being.under.the.influence..When.they.are.wearing.the.glasses,.he.

has.them.try.to.do.the.field.tests..Students.are.encouraged.to.keep. 

their.fellow.students.from.engaging.in.drinking.and.driving. 

After.learning.about.drugs.and.alcohol,.students.study.DNA.. 

In.the.course.of.this.study,.rape.is.discussed..A.physician.and.female. 

police. officers. come. and. talk. with. the. students.. The. physician. 

describes.what.to.do.if.one.is.raped..(Don’t.shower.but.report.the. 

crime.to.the.police.).The.police.will.take.the.victim.to.a.hospital. 

where.she.will.be.examined..The.details.of.the.exam.are.explained.. 

The. police. then. describe. various. date. rape. drugs. and. give. the. 

females.in.the.class.advice.about.how.to.avoid.getting.themselves. 

into.situations.where.they.might.be.raped..After.learning.about.how. 

to.avoid.rape,.many.students.take.active.parts.in.various.rape.prevention.workshops.. 

121 Science Education in Rural America: SENCER Related Learning 

Outcomes and Attitudes in Chemistry Courses for Non-majors,. 

GREGORy S. VAN DOREN 1 and LAWRENCE K. DUFFy 2 * 

( 1 White.Earth.Tribal.and.Community.College,.124.S..1 st .St.,.Mahnomen,.MN.56557;. 

2 University.of.Alaska.Fairbanks,.Department.of. 

Chemistry.and.Biochemistry,.PO.Box.6160,.Fairbanks,.AK.99775;. 

lkduffy@alaska.edu). 

A. comparative. study. using. the. SENCER. capacious. topic. 

approach.was.piloted.to.examine.participants’.self-assessments.of. 

their.science.learning.gains.and.attitudes.towards.chemistry..In.this. 

comparison,.we.report.the.results.of.the.SALG.survey.at.the.University.of.Alaska.Fairbanks.(UAF).and.Heritage.University.(HU),. 

Washington..University.students.consistently.claimed.the.greatest. 

learning. gains. (post-course. survey). for. the. same. areas. that. they. 

claimed.the.greatest.understanding.in.the.pre-course.survey..This. 

result.was.observed.in.relation.to.the.topics.of.“ph”.and.“periodic. 

table”..The.topic.of.dyes.discussed.in.Chem.100.at.HU.was.not. 

discussed.in.the.UAF.Chem.100x.class..The.UAF.course.was.used. 

as.an.internal.validation.of.the.comparison..Supported.by.NSF.and. 

NIH. 

122 Metacognitive Learning: Enhancing Performance by Teaching 

Students HOW to Learn,.STEPHEN CARROLL 1 * and MELISSA 

GANUS 2 , ( 1 Department.of.English,.Santa.Clara.University,.500.El. 

Camino.Real,.Santa.Clara,.CA.95053,.scarroll@scu.edu;. 2 School. 

of.Business,.Seattle.Community.Colleges,.8746.Phinney.Ave..N,. 

Seattle,.WA.98103,.ganus.research@gmail.com).. 

We. aim. to. develop. self-motivated. critical. thinkers,. yet. few. 

instructors.know.how.to.teach.students.how.to.do.this.kind.of.learning..Explicitly.teaching.students.optimized.methods.of.learning.that. 

leverage.advancements.in.cognitive.science,.physiology.of.learning. 

and. emotional. intelligence. accelerates. students’. progress. toward. 

these.goals. 

Teaching.students.how.to.learn.(especially.higher-order.thinking.skills).through.an.in-class.learning.boot.camp.(LBC).has.proven. 

an.effective.way.to.address.this.problem..Five.years.of.data.show. 

that.taking.up.to.two.weeks.of.class.time.(in.a.ten-week.quarter). 

not.only.helps.students.learn.more course content,.they.learn.faster,. 

retain.what.they.learn.better.and.become.more.sophisticated,.more. 

intentional.learners.. 

Drawing.on.diverse.sources.from.Mind Brain and Education: 

Neuroscience Implications for the Classroom.and.The Art of Changing 

the Brain.to.Emotional Intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer 

and Salovey Model.and.Language and Learning in the Digital Age,. 

LBC. teaches. students. learning. strategies. optimized. for. different. 

purposes.. Students. learn:. purpose-driven. reading. strategies. that. 


minimize.time.spent.and.maximize.retention.of.information,.how. 

to.take.notes.that.help.them.retain.more.while.spending.less.time,. 

and.how.to.think.about.what.they.are.learning.in.strategic,.metacognitive.ways..Students.also.learn.to.work.with.Bloom’s.taxonomy,. 

Perry’s.scheme.of.intellectual.development,.Kolb’s.learning.cycle. 

and.the.Mayer-Salovey.model.of.emotional.intelligence..All.help. 

students.not.only.learn.course.content.better.and.retain.it.longer,.but. 

also.become.the.kinds.of.learners.we.want.them.to.become.. 

123 Applying the Innovation Diffusion Model to Science Education 

Reform: What can SENCER and Other Reform Efforts Learn?. 

AMy SHACHTER. (Department. of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,.Santa.Clara.University,.500.El.Camino.Real,.Santa.Clara,.CA. 

95053;.ashachter@scu.edu). 

For.over.ten.years,.faculty,.staff.and.students.have.worked.to. 

develop.a.SENCER.courses.across.the.country..In.some.cases,.the. 

SENCER.approach.has.moved.beyond.individual.courses.and.has. 

been.applied.to.the.development.of.general.education.programs.and. 

to.courses.within.science.majors..The.innovation.diffusion.model. 

will.be.discussed,.generally,.as.a.way.to.understand.how.innovation. 

can.move.from.innovators.and.early.adopters.to.the.mainstream.or. 

majority..The.potential.for.the.model.to.serve.as.a.framework.for. 

reforming.the.undergraduate.science.curriculum.will.be.explored.. 

In.addition,.we.will.consider.strategies.based.on.the.innovation.diffusion.model.for.advancing.science.education.reform.efforts. 

Human Experimental Mummification 

Tuesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

124 Introduction:.Human Experimental Mummification,.FRANK 

J. RÜHLI* and CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU (Center.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr..190,.8057.Zürich,.Switzerland;.frank.ruehli@gmail.com). 

Artificial. mummification. methods. have. been. developed. in. 

many.parts.of.the.world.with.that.of.the.Ancient.Egyptian.being. 

among. the. most. successful.. Many. ancient,. e.g.. Herodotus,. and. 

modern. historical. reports. have. been. concerned. with. the. ancient. 

Egyptian. mummification. method.. Nevertheless,. little. effort. has. 

been.made.to.explore.this.process.on.an.experimental.basis..The. 

present.symposium.aims.1).to.present.the.results.of.a.large.project.which.tried.experimentally.to.reconstruct.the.ancient.Egyptian.mummification.method.applying.evidence-based.diagnostic.criteria.and.state-of-the-art.methodology.(macroscopical,.radiological,. 

histological. and. biomolecular. analysis). and. 2). to. bring. together. 

researchers.which.have.conducted.similar.experiments.on.animal. 

and.human.tissues..We.hope.that.this.session.will.help.to.improve. 

knowledge. on. post-mortem. alterations,. both. within. ancient. and. 

modern.settings,.will.advance.our.knowledge.on.artificial.and.natural. 

mummification,. and. will. motivate. researchers. of. the. field. on. 

carrying.out.more.experimental.analysis. 

125 Human Mummification: The Experimental Approach, BOB 

BRIER. (C.W.. Post. Campus,. Long. Island. University,. Greenvale,. 

NY.11548,.USA;.mummy123@aol.com).. 

The.experimental.approach.to.learning.about.mummification. 

has. been. successfully. used. by. numerous. researchers.. However,. 

most.of.this.experimentation.has.been.with.animals.and.relatively. 

89


little.as.been.with.human.cadavers..This.paper.surveys.the.history. 

of.experimental.mummification.with.humans,.discusses.why.this.is. 

important,.and.suggests.areas.of.future.research. 

126 Post-mortem Alterations of Mummified Human Tissue under 

Experimental Setting, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU*, 

NATALLIA SHVED, and FRANK J. RÜHLI.(Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr.. 

190,. 8057. Zürich,. Switzerland;. christina.p@anatom. 

uzh.ch). 

Post-mortem. alterations. of. human. bodies. are. of. utmost. 

importance. in. forensic. medicine,. bioarchaeology. and. associate. 

disciplines..The.determination.of.the.time.and.cause.of.death,.the. 

interment. duration,. the. burial. micro-environment. with. its. various.parameters.and.the.diagenetic.changes.are.crucial.issues.with. 

which.researchers.have.to.confront..Thus,.conducting.taphonomic. 

experiments.to.post-mortem.alterations.of.human.bodies.is.of.great. 

importance..Many.forensic.reports.exist.on.post-mortem.changes. 

but.few.experimental.studies..The.present.study.is.a.part.of.a.larger. 

project.which.tries.experimentally.to.reconstruct.the.ancient.Egyptian.mummification.method..Specifically,.macroscopical,.radiological,.histological.and.biomolecular.analysis.has.been.performed.on. 

samples. from. a. mummified. human. limb. sampled. on. a. standard. 

basis..The.current.paper.discusses.the.alterations.seen.on.the.measurements.made.on.the.temperature,.the.humidity,.the.pH.and.the. 

weight.of.the.mummifying.tissue..All.measurements.were.made.(1). 

on.a.constant.point.on.the.tissue.and.(2).on.the.area.from.where. 

each.sample.was.extracted..An.24-hour.automatic.measurement.of. 

the.temperature.and.humidity.was.also.made..Temperature.was.on. 

average.stable.(20°C).whereas.a.steady.increase.of.pH.and.humidity. 

from. 35%. to. 70%. were. observed..This. had. a. negative. effect. 

on.the.mummification.rate.resulting.to.a.prolonged.duration.in.the. 

mummification.process.compared.to.known.historical.sources.(e.g.. 

Herodotus.ca..484.–.425.BC)..Based.on.this.pilot.study.one.may.be. 

able.in.future.research.to.enlighten.the.puzzling.process.of.human. 

tissue.mummification.and.post-mortem.disintegration. 

Grant.Support:.Swiss.National.Science.Foundation.(Nr..325130_120662). 

and.Mäxi.Foundation. 

127 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Method Using Evidence 

Based Methodology: Histological Analysis, CHRISTINA 

PAPAGEORGOPOULOU 1 *, NATALLIA SHVED 1 , JOHANN 

WANEK 1 , GIOVANNI COLACICCO 2 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 . 

( 1 Centre. for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. Institute. of. Anatomy,. University.of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr..190,.8057.Zürich,.Switzerland,. 

2 Division.of.Functional.Neuroanatomy,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr..190,.8057.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

christina.p@anatom.uzh.ch). 

Artificial. mummification. methods. have. been. developed. in. 

many.parts.of.the.world.with.that.of.the.Ancient.Egyptian.being. 

among. the. most. successful.. Many. ancient. and. modern. historical. 

reports.have.been.concerned.with.the.ancient.Egyptian.mummification.method..Nevertheless,.little.effort.has. 

been.made.to. explore. 

this.process.on.an.experimental.basis..An.experiment.was.carried. 

out.at.the.Institute.of.Anatomy.(University.of.Zürich)..One.human. 

lower.limb.was.amputated.from.a.female.donor.and.underwent.an. 

ancient. Egyptian-like. mummification. (20-26°C,. 35-70%). using. 

natron. (54%. NaCl,. 16%. Na 2 SO 4 ,. 18%. Na 2 CO 3 . 12%. NaHCO 3 ).. 

Skin.and.muscle.samples.were.taken.for.histological.examination. 

at. specific. time. intervals. and. standard. histological. analysis. was. 

90 

performed.(Hematoxylin-Eosin,.Goldner.and.Van.Giesen.staining).. 

The.total.duration.of.the.experiment.was.208.days..From.the.125. 

day.on,.additional.samples.were.taken.for.rehydration.in.a.Ruffer. 

solution. (Ruffer,. 1921).. Photographic. documentation. was. at. the. 

same.time.intervals.performed.using.the.same.setting.and.equipment. 

for. meticulous. documentation. of. the. changes.. The. current. 

paper.deals.with.the.alterations.seen.on.a.macroscopical.(discolorations,. 

skin. slippage,. putrefactive. dehiscence). and. microscopical.level.(degeneration.of.the.epidermis.and.the.stratum 

corneum,. 

muschle.disintegration.particularly.affecting.the.epimysium).offering.a.valuable.record.on.the.appearance.of.human.tissue.on.various. 

stages.of.mummification.. 

Grant. support:. Swiss. National. Science. Foundation. (Nr.. 325130_120662). 


128 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Methods Using 

Evidence Based Methodology: MRI, CT Analysis, STEPHA- 

NIE PANzER 1 , JOHANN WANEK 2 , CHRISTINA PAPA- 

GEORGOPOULOU 2 , NATALLIA SHVED 2 , GIOVANNI 

COLACICCO 2,3 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 2 * ( 1 Berufsgenossenschaftliche.Unfallklinik.Murnau,.Murnau.am.Staffelsee,.Germany;. 

2 Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University. 

of. Zürich,. Winterthurerstr.. 190,. 8057. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 

3 Division.of.Functional.Neuroanatomy,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University. 

of. Zürich,.Winterthurerstr.190,. 8057. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 

stephanie.panzer@)bgu-murnau.de,.frank.ruehli@gmail.com).. 

The. radiologic. appearance. of. mummified. human. tissues. is. 

of.foremost.interest.in.forensics.and.paleopathology..The.goal.of. 

this.study.is.to.apply.evidence-based.diagnostic.criteria.and.stateof-the-art. 

methodology. to. analyze. mummified. human. tissues. to. 

improve. knowledge. on. post-mortem. alterations. in. ancient. and. 

modern.settings.with.a.particular.focus.on.radiological.appearance.. 

Two.human.lower.limbs.(LL).were.amputated.from.a.female.donor. 

(intra.vitam.body.donation.declaration;.ethics.committee.approval). 

24h. post-mortem. and. “naturally”. mummified. by. heat. (ca.. 40°C,. 

10-20%. humidity. (H)). and. by. “ancient. Egyptian-style. artificial”. 

mummification.(20-26°C,.35-70%.H).by.natron.(54%.NaCl,.16%. 

Na 2 SO 4 ,.18%.Na 2 CO 3 .12%.NaHCO 3 )..At.multiple.days.magnetic. 

resonance.imaging.(MRI;.a.o..T1-,.T2-weighted,.ultra-short-echo. 

time. sequences). and. computed. tomography,. were. performed.. 

According.to.MRI,.the.remaining.pockets.of.humidity.were.particularly.visible.along.anatomical.compartments.and.more.towards. 

the.interior.regions.of.the.limb..The.initial.study.outcome.shows. 

a.surprisingly.low.rate.of.mummification-related.tissue.alteration.. 

However,.based.on.this.pilot.study,.future.research.will.enlighten. 

the.enigmatic.process.of.human.tissue.mummification,.particularly. 

at.a.radiological.level.. 

Grant. support:. Swiss. National. Science. Foundation. (Nr.. 325130_120662). 


129 Swiss Mummy Project: Experimental Human Tissue Mummification 

and Post-mortem DNA Degradation,.NATALLIA SHVED 1 , 

CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU 1 , KATJA PAULSEN 1 , 

CORDULA HAAS 2 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 .( 1 Centre.for.Evolutionary. 

Medicine,. Institute. of. Anatomy,. University. of. Zürich,. 

Winterthurerstr..190,.8057.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 2 Institute.of.Legal. 

Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr..190,.Zürich,.Switzerland;.n.shved@anatom.uzh.ch). 

The.aim.of.this.study.is.to.analyze.the.degree.of.post-mortem. 

DNA.alterations.in.such.tissues.in.order.to.improve.our.knowledge.

of. the. level. of. DNA. fragmentation. that. occurs. during. the. mummification.process.in.both.ancient.and.modern.mummies..Human. 

lower. limbs. used. in. the. study. were. from. a. female. donor’s. body. 

(approved. by. Ethics. committee).. They. were. amputated. ca.. 24h. 

post-mortem.and.mummified.by.an.ancient.Egyptian-like.artificial. 

mummification. process. with. natron. (hood. temperature. 20-26°C,. 

35-70%.relative.humidity)..At.days.0,.1,.3,.5,.7,.11,.14,.19,.25,.32,. 

38,.45,.52,.60,.73,.94,.125.and.322.post-mortem,.skeletal.muscle. 

and.skin.were.excised..The.level.of.nuclear.DNA.and.mitochondrial.DNA.(nDNA.and.mtDNA).preservation.was.assessed.by.PCR. 

amplification.of.different.fragment.sizes.within.the.hypervariable. 

region.I.of.the.mtDNA.control.region.and.hypoxanthine.guanine. 

phosphoribosyl.transferase.1.gene.of.the.nDNA..In.addition,.sex. 

and.autosomal.chromosome.genotyping.with.short.tandem.repeats. 

(STR)-multiplex.system.was.completed..The.initial.study.outcome. 

shows.a.lower.rate.of.skin.genomic.DNA.fragmentation.in.comparison.to.muscle.and.no.change.in.mtDNA.amplification.rate.occurred. 

in. either. tissue. during. the. experiment.. Chromosome. genotyping. 

demonstrated. stable. STR. profiles. for. the. skin. at. all. investigated. 

time. points. and. incomplete. STR. profiles. for. the. muscle. towards. 

the.end.of.the.experiment..Based.on.this.pilot.study,.future.research. 

shall.further.enlighten.the.process.of.human.tissue.mummification. 

at.the.molecular.level. 

Grant.support:.Swiss.National.Science.Foundation.(Nr..325130_120662);. 

Mäxi-Foundation. 

130 Experimental Human Ice Mummification for Conservation 

and Taphonomic Studies, E. EGARTER VIGL 1 , ANGELA 

GRAEFEN 2 *, MARCO SAMADELLI 2 , FRANK MAIXNER 2 , 

ASTRID GRUMER 2 , and ALBERT zINK 2 . ( 1 Department. of. 

Pathological.Anatomy. and. Histology,. General. Hospital. Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 2 EURAC. -. Institute. for. Mummies. and. the. Iceman,. Viale. 

Druso.1,.39100.Bolzano,.Italy;.egarter.vigl@claudiana.bz.it,.albert. 

zink@eurac.edu).. 

Twenty.years.ago,.the.Tyrolean.Iceman.was.discovered.in.the. 

Ötztal.Alps,.near.the.Austrian-Italian.border..The.exceptional.state. 

of.preservation.of.this.5300-year-old.ice.mummy.makes.it.an.invaluable.archive,.on.the.one.hand.offering.unique.scientific.opportunities,.on.the.other.hand.requiring.meticulous.long-term.conservation. 

and.invasive.studies.kept.to.a.minimum,.with.a.careful.evaluation. 

of.the.potential.insights.to.be.gained.versus.the.costs.(in.terms.of. 

material. loss).. One. of. the. projects. to. support. these. requirements. 

was.the.experimental.ice.mummification.of.a.human.body.(which. 

had.been.donated.to.science).shortly.after.the.find.and.upheld.to. 

this.day..The.body.is.kept.within.a.duplicate.of.the.Iceman’s.storage. 

chamber. under. the. same. temperature,. humidity,. and. atmospheric. 

parameters,.away.from.public.view.at.the.archaeological.museum. 

of.Bolzano..Any.novel.conservation.techniques,.such.as.rehydration.or.atmospheric.modifications.designed.for.the.Iceman’s.chamber.are.first.tested.on.“Ötzi.3”.(as.the.experimentally.mummified. 

modern.body.is.referred.to),.to.avoid.any.potential.damage.to.the. 

Iceman.. Furthermore,. analyses. carried. out. on. the. experimentally. 

mummified.body.provide.information.on.how.long-term.ice.storage. 

could.affect.soft.tissue.and.biomolecular.preservation. 

131 Experimental Archaeology for the Interpretation of Taphonomy 

Related to Bog Bodies: Lessons Learned from Two Projects Undertaken 

a Decade Apart, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING 1 * and 

COLLEEN HEALEy 2 ( 1 German.Mummy.Project,.D5,.Museum. 

Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. 68159. Mannheim,. 


Germany;. 2 Independent. Conservator,. Ottawa,. Canada;. Heather. 

Gill-Robinson@mannheim.de).. 

The. taphonomic. impact. of. an. acidic. peat. bog. environment. 

on.human.bodies.is.not.well.understood..Although.many.publications.speculate.as.to.the.importance.of.factors.such.as.temperature,. 

pH.and.water.levels,.very.little.experimental.archaeology.has.been. 

undertaken..This.presentation.reports.not.on.the.results.of.two.sets. 

of.experimental.burials.of.juvenile.pig.corpses.in.raised.bog.peat,. 

but.on.the.lessons.learned.from.the.research.in.terms.of.methodology.and.validity.of.this.type.of.research.for.the.interpretation.of. 

human.peat.bog.bodies.from.northwestern.Europe. 

The. first. project,. conducted. in. the. mid-1990s. in. three. peat. 

bogs.in.England.and.Wales,.involved.the.immersion.of.more.than. 

ten.piglets.in.raised.bog.peat.from.periods.ranging.from.six.months. 

to. three. years,. with. limited. environmental. monitoring..Analyses. 

of. these. specimens. consisted. primarily. of. necropsy,. radiography. 

(X-ray),. scanning. electron. microscopy. of. teeth. and. microCT. of. 

bone..The.second.project,.conducted.in.2008.and.still.in.progress,. 

involved.three.piglets.in.raised.bog.peat.in.Ireland.for.a.period.of. 

19.months,.with.no.environmental.monitoring..The.purpose.of.this. 

project.was.to.replicate,.as.much.as.possible,.bog.body.skin.in.order. 

to.determine.their.feasibility.in.experimental.conservation.procedures.for.long.term.preservation.of.bog.bodies..Analyses.of.these. 

specimens.will.include.radiology.(CT),.necropsy.and.histology. 

132 Sheep and Cats and Cows, Oh My!: Experimental Mummification, 

SALIMA IKRAM.(American.University.in.Cairo,.P..O..Box. 

74,.Road.90,.Tagammu.5,.New.Cairo,.11825,.Egypt;.salimaikram@ 

gmail.com).. 

This.lecture.will.present.the.results.of.experimental.mummification.carried.out.on.different.animals.in.Egypt.in.2010.and.2011,. 

building.on.earlier.mummification.experiments.on.rabbits.carried. 

out.by.this.author,.as.well.as.information.gathered.from.the.human. 

mummification.experiment.executed.of.Drs..B..Brier.and.R..Wade.. 

Discussion.as.to.how.close.this.might.have.been.to.actual.ancient. 

Egyptian. mummification. and. queries. raised. about. materials. and. 

technologies.used.will.be.discussed,.together.with.the.effects.that. 

mummification.has.on.remains.with.regard.to.scientific.testing. 

Fragile X Syndrome: Advances 

In Our Understanding of a Common Cause 


Tuesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Rooms H and I 

133 The Journey So Far, CINDy de GRUCHy (Co-founder,.The. 

Fragile.X.Center.of.San.Diego,.4653.Carmel.Mountain.Road.Ste.. 

308-515.San.Diego,.CA.92130;.cdegruchy@gmail.com). 

A.mother’s.perspective.of.raising.her.21.year.old.son,.Scott,. 

who.has.Fragile.X.syndrome. 

. 

134 Translating Fragile X, PETER W. VANDERKLISH 1 *, 

JOHN B. FARNUM 1 , JULIE PILOTTE 1 , and VERONICA 

GALVÁN 2 .( 1 Department.of.Neurobiology,.The.Scripps.Research. 

Institute,.10550.N..Torrey.Pines.Rd.,.La.Jolla,.CA.92037;. 2 Department. 

of. Psychological. Sciences,. University. of. San. Diego,. 5998. 

Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.pvanderk@scripps.edu). 

Fragile.X.syndrome.(FXS).is.the.most.common.inherited.form. 

of.mental.retardation.and.the.leading.known.cause.of.Autism..From. 

91


a.scientific.perspective,.it.is.also.among.the.most.illuminating.areas. 

of.research.in.modern.neurobiology..FXS.results.from.the.silencing. 

of.a.single.gene.denoted.Fmr1..The.protein.encoded.by.this.gene,. 

FMRP,.is.an.RNA-binding.protein.that.regulates.the.translation.of. 

potentially. 100s. of. mRNAs. in. neuronal. dendrites. and. synapses.. 

Research.into.the.molecular.and.synaptic.deficits.that.arise.when. 

FMRP.is.absent.has.shed.light.on.long-standing.questions.about.the. 

synaptic.biology.of.memory.formation,.while.providing.the.basis. 

for. potential. therapies. that. may. also. benefit. other. neurodevelopmental.disorders.such.as.Autism..A.brief.overview.of.this.research.will.be.presented,.and.the.relationship.of.key.findings.to.pharmacological.therapies.currently.under.evaluation.will.be.discussed.. 

135 OSWALD STEWARD* et al..(Department.of.Anatomy.and. 

Neurobiology,. Gillespie. Neuroscience. Research. Facility,. University.of.California,.Irvine,.CA.92697-4265;.osteward@uci.edu). 

No.abstract.was.provided.for.this.talk. 

136 Defective GABAergic Neurotransmision and Pharmacological 

Rescue of Neuronal Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala in a Mouse 

Model of Fragile X Syndrome, MOLLy M. HUNTSMAN 1 *, JOSE 

LUIS OLMOS-SERRANO 1 , SCOTT M. PALUSzKIEWICz 1,2 , 

BRANDON S. MARTIN 1,2 , WALTER E. KAUFMANN 3 , and 

JOSHUA G. CORBIN 1 . ( 1 Center. for. Neuroscience. Research,. 

Children’s.National.Medical.Center,.Washington.DC,.20010.USA;. 

2 Interdisciplinary. Program. in. Neuroscience,. Georgetown. University.School.of.Medicine,.3900.Reservoir.Road.,.NW,.Washington,. 

DC.20057;. 3 Center.for.Genetic.Disorders.of.Cognition.and.Behavior,.Kennedy.Krieger.Institute,.Johns.Hopkins,.University.School. 

of. Medicine,. Baltimore. MD,. 21205;. mhuntsman@cnmcresearch. 

org). 

Fragile.X.Syndrome.(FXS).is.a.neurodevelopmental.disorder. 

characterized. by. variable. cognitive. impairment. and. behavioural. 

disturbances. such. as. exaggerated. fear,. anxiety. and. gaze. avoidance.. 

Consistent. with. this,. findings. from. human. brain. imaging. 

studies. suggest. dysfunction. of. the. amygdala.. Underlying. alterations. 

in. amygdala. synaptic. function. in. the Fmr1 knockout. (KO). 

mouse. model. of. FXS,. however,. remain. largely. unexplored.. Utilizing.a.combination.of.approaches,.we.uncover.profound.alterations.in.inhibitory.neurotransmission.in.the.amygdala.of.Fmr1 

KO. 

mice..We.demonstrate.a.dramatic.reduction.in.the.frequency.and. 

amplitude.of.phasic.inhibitory.postsynaptic.currents.(IPSCs),.tonic. 

inhibitory.currents,.as.well.as.in.the.number.of.inhibitory.synapses. 

in.Fmr1 KO.mice..Furthermore,.we.observe.significant.alterations. 

in.GABA.availability,.both.intracellularly.and.at.the.synaptic.cleft.. 

Together,.these.findings.identify.abnormalities.in.basal.and.action. 

potential-dependent.inhibitory.neurotransmission..Additionally,.we. 

reveal.a.significant.neuronal.hyperexcitability.in.principal.neurons. 

of.the.amygdala.in Fmr1 KO.mice,.which.is.strikingly.rescued.by. 

pharmacological. augmentation. of. tonic. inhibitory. tone. using. the. 

GABA.agonist,.gaboxadol..Thus,.our.study.reveals.relevant.inhibitory.synaptic.abnormalities.in.the.amygdala.in.the.Fmr1 

KO brain. 

and. supports. the. notion. that. pharmacological. approaches. targeting.the.GABAergic.system.may.be.a.viable.therapeutic.approach. 

toward.correcting.amygdala-based.symptoms.in.FXS. 

137 Impairments in the Pathways that Regulate the Spine Actin 

Cytoskeleton in a Mouse Model of Fragile X, JULIE C. LAUT- 

ERBORN 1 *, GARy LyNCH 1,2 , and CHRISTINE M. GALL 1 . 

( 1 Department. of.Anatomy. and. Neurobiology. and. 2 Department. of. 

92 

Psychiatry.and.Human.Behavior,.University.of.California.at.Irvine,. 

Irvine,.CA.92697;.jclauter@uci.edu). 

The.long.held.view.that.changes.in.dendritic.spine.and.synapse. 

size.are.associated.with.learning.has.given.rise.to.the.expectation. 

that.remodeling.of.the.spine.actin.cytoskeleton.plays.a.critical.role. 

in. learning. and. memory.. In. accord. with. this,. disruption. of. pathways.that.regulate.the.actin.cytoskeleton.disturbs.the.stabilization. 

of. synaptic. long-term. potentiation. (LTP),. a. mechanism. of. memory.encoding..Recent.studies.in.our.laboratories.have.investigated. 

mechanisms.of.spine.actin.regulation.in.a.mouse.model.of.Fragile. 

X.syndrome.(Fmr1-KO.mouse),.a.disorder.characterized.by.mental. 

retardation.and,.in.a.portion.of.these.individuals,.by.autism..Our. 

studies. have. focused. on. two. major. Rho. GTPase. signaling. pathways,.the.Rho.>.cofilin.and.the.Rac.>.Pak.cascades,.that.regulate. 

polymerization.and.stabilization.of.filamentous.(F-).actin.in.adult. 

spines,. respectively.. Our. work. has. shown. that. in. the. Fmr1-KO. 

hippocampus,.the.Rho.>.cofilin.pathway.it.engaged.normally.following. 

stimulation. that. elicits. LTP.. By. contrast,. the. Rac. >. PAK. 

pathway.is.not.engaged.by.the.same.stimulation.indicating.that.in. 

Fmr1-KOs.newly.formed.F-actin.fails.to.stabilize.appropriately..We. 

tested.directly.whether.actin.stabilization.in.spines.was.impaired. 

in.the.Fmr1-KO.and.found.that.the.timing.associated.with.the.stabilization. 

process. was. prolonged. in. the. mutants. as. compared. to. 

wild-type.mice..These.data.indicate.that.the.processes.underlying. 

LTP,.and.thus.memory,.are.significantly.perturbed.in.the.Fragile.X. 

mouse.model..These.data.also.provide.potential.therapeutic.targets. 

and.suggest.intervention.strategies.for.enhancing.cognition.in.this. 

syndrome.. 

138 Long-lasting Effects of Minocycline on Behavior in Neonatal 

and Adult Fragile X Mice, IRyNA M. ETHELL 1 *, LORRAINE 

DANSIE 1 , KELLy PHOMMAHAXAy 1 , SARAH ROTSCHA- 

FER 2 , KHALEEL RAzAK 2 , and DOUGLAS W. ETHELL 3 

( 1 Division.of.Biomedical.Sciences.and. 2 Department.of.Psychology,. 

University.of.California.Riverside,.900.University.Ave.,.Riverside,. 

California.92521;. 3 College.of.Biomedical.Sciences,.Western.University.of.Health.Sciences,.Pomona,.CA.91766;.iryna.ethell@ucr. 

edu). 

Fragile.X.syndrome.(FXS).is the.most.common.single-gene. 

inherited.form.of.mental.retardation,.with.behaviors.at.the.extreme. 

of.the.autistic.spectrum..Patients.with.FXS.display.childhood.seizures,. 

hyperactivity,. anxiety,. developmental. delay,. attention. deficits,.and.visual-spatial.memory.impairment,.as.well.as.a.propensity.for.obsessive-compulsive.behavior..Several.of.these.aberrant.behaviors.are.also.seen.in.the.FXS.mouse.model,.fragile.X.mental.retardation.(Fmr1).gene.knock-out.mice.(Fmr1 

KO)..We.have.reported. 

that. minocycline. promotes. dendritic. spine. maturation. in. primary. 

cultures.of.hippocampal.neurons.and.in.developing.hippocampus. 

of. Fmr1. KO. mice,. accompanied. by. improvements. in. behavioral. 

performance.in.neonatal Fmr1.KO.mice.(Bilousova.et.al.,.2009).. 

We. have. recently. tested. the. effects. of. minocycline. treatment. on. 

obsessive.compulsive.behavior.(marble.burying),.the.tendency.to. 

travel.to.the.center.of.an.open.field.(open.field).and.sensitivity.to. 

audiogenic.seizures.in.both.neonatal.and.adult.Fmr1 . KO.mice..Our. 

new.findings.demonstrate.that.minocycline.was.effective.in.reducing.obsessive-compulsive.marble.burying.behavior.and.anxiety.in. 

both.young.and.adult.Fmr1 KO.mice,.but.showed.the.maintenance. 

of.the.effect.only.in.young.Fmr1 KO.mice..Finally,.our.findings. 

demonstrate.that.minocycline.significantly.reduces.the.number.and. 

severity. of. audiogenic. seizures. in. Fmr1 KO. mice..These. studies.

further.support.a.role.for.minocycline.in.improving.aberrant.behaviors.in.the.Fragile.X.mouse.model.and.indicate.that.minocycline. 

treatment.can.maintain.some.effectiveness.after.the.treatment. 

This.work.is.supported.by.a.grant.from.the.FRAXA.Research. 

Foundation. 

Mummy Research in the Electronic Age 


139 Introduction: The New Age of Research: Digitization and 

Electronic Access, DAVID A. RAWSON (Department.of.Humanities.and.Arts,.Worcester.Polytechnic.Institute,.100.Institute.Road,. 

Worcester,.MA.01609;.drawson@WPI.EDU).. 

The.last.twenty.years.have.seen.a.transformation.in.historical.research,.especially.here.in.the.United.States..The.growth.and. 

spread.of.the.Internet,.driven.by.the.development.of.graphical.user. 

interfaces. (GUI),. has. generated. an. ever‐increasing. demand. from. 

researchers.for.digitization.of.both.primary.and.secondary.sources;. 

materials.that.could.then.be.easily.accessed.via.that.new.electronic. 

access..The.simple.convenience.of.such.access.may.be.the.primary. 

impetus.for.digitization.efforts,.by.eliminating.the.need.for.expensive.travel.to.archive.collections,.but.there.are.also.important.new. 

insights. into. the. past. emerging. as. a. result. of. researchers’. ability. 

to.both.process.larger.quantities.of.material.in.their.research.and. 

unearth.scraps.of.information.buried.in.the.mass.of.source.materials..This.symposium.presents.elements.of.two.projects.that.were.built.on.digital.resources..My.introduction.to.them.provides.a.context.for.their.development..It.begins.with.an.overview.of.the.types.of.materials.that.are.available.currently.to.researchers,.before.turning.to.the.rationale.for.the.digitization.of.particular.materials.and. 

the.methods.used.to.create.them..It.also.considers.the.strengths.and. 

weaknesses.of.the.digitized.resources.discussed,.as.well.as.trends. 

for.the.future..This.presentation.will.suggest.that.the.research.possibilities.of.digitized.materials.have.yet.to.be.fully.realized,.and.that. 

the.two.projects.that.follow.represent.the.innovations.in.research. 

that.are.beginning.to.appear.among.researchers.who.understand.the. 

promises.and.limitations.of.this.new.resource.form. 

140 The Mythology of Mummy Paper: Deconstructing an Urban 

Legend,.S. J. WOLFE (American.Antiquarian.Society,.185.Salisbury.Street,.Worcester,.MA.01609;.swolfe@mwa.org).. 

Long.thought.to.be.an.urban.legend,.the.existence.of.“mummy. 

paper”.has.been.both.championed.and.denigrated.by.writers..Among. 

the.latter.is.a.refutation.by.Joseph.Dane,.“The.Curse.of.the.Mummy. 

Paper,”.in.which.he.decried.the.reliability.of.newspaper.accounts. 

and.personal.recollections.as.valid.historical.sources;.argued.that. 

the.absence.of.the.specific.term.“mummy.rags”.indicated.that.the. 

practice.did.not.exist;.and.complained.about.his.inability.to.locate. 

both. supportive. textual. information. on. the. topic. and. supposed. 

actual.examples.of.paper.made.from.mummy.wrappings.. 

Through. the. use. of. both. basic. and. advanced. electronic. 

resources. (some. of. which. were. available. to. Dane. at. the. time. of. 

his.writing),.these.refutations.can.be.themselves.rebutted.and.the. 

reality.of.using.mummy.wrappings.for.paper.making.demonstrated. 

and.elucidated.as.a.not.uncommon.practice.in.19 th -century.America. 

Beginning.with.the.discovery.of.documents.which.explicitly. 

state.they.are.made.from.mummy.wrappings,.and.including.various.newspaper.and.periodical.accounts.of.the.practice,.and.ending. 


with. the. descriptions. of. the.Alexandrian. warehouses. where. animal.and.human.mummies.were.stripped.of.their.wrappings.for.the. 

international.rag.trade.(the.bodies.being.ground.up.for.fertilizer). 

this.presentation.argues.for.the.acceptance.of.“mummy.paper”.as.a. 

product.of.the.industrialization.of.America.and.its.innovative.use.of. 

the.mummy.as.commodity.during.the.19 th .century. 

141 The Mummy Speaks: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Mummy 

in Literature, Theatre and Politics,.JASMINE DAy.(Discipline.of. 

Anthropology.and.Sociology,.The.University.of.Western.Australia,. 

22.Coolidge.Street,.Como.W.A..6152,.Perth,.Australia;.mummywoman@hotmail.com). 

The.recent.digitisation.of.nineteenth.century.periodicals.has. 

revealed. that. that. many. more. creative. literary. works. featuring. 

Egyptian. mummies. were. written. than. were. previously. known. to. 

scholars. or. the. public..Anthologies. of. mummy. fiction. published. 

to. date. are. considerably. incomplete. and. it. will. now. be. possible. 

to.anthologise.mummy.poetry.and.plays..With.much.more.source. 

material.for.study,.scholars.can.begin.to.build.a.more.comprehensive. 

account.of.the.evolution.and.social.functions.of.fictional.mummies. 

in.Britain.and.the.United.States..A.chronological.study.of.mummy. 

poetry.demonstrates.the.abiding.influence.of.Horace.Smith’s.seminal.Address 

to the Mummy.(1821).upon.later.poems.and.shows.that. 

poets.gendered.mummies.as.female.in.order.to.submit.mummies. 

to. metaphorical. interrogation..This. use. of. a. patriarchal. vision. of. 

gender. relations. as. a. means. to. symbolise. colonial. and. economic. 

domination.of.Egypt.was.mirrored.in.mummy.romance.fiction,.in. 

which.male.explorers.conquered.female.mummies.–.but.recently. 

discovered.mummy.curse.fiction,.authored.by.American.women.in. 

the.1860s,.reversed.this.motif:.men.who.defiled.female.mummies. 

were. slaughtered. by. ancient. magic.. Digitised. fiction. reveals. the. 

proto-feminist.origins.of.the.“mummy’s.curse”.and.demonstrates. 

that.Conan.Doyle’s.Lot Nº. 249.(1892),.upon.which.Hollywood’s. 

mummy. films. were. apparently. based,. was. derived. from. a. genre. 

already. long. established.. New. theoretical. studies. of. mummymania.made.possible.by.the.digitisation.of.Victorian.source.material. 

will.establish.mummymania.as.a.core.subject.within.the.History.of. 

Egyptology,.an.emerging.subdiscipline.of.Egyptology. 



142 Ancient DNA and Parasites from Korean Mummies, DONG 

HOON SHIN 1 *, MyEUNG JU KIM 2 , yI-SUK KIM 3 , CHANG 

SEOK OH 1 , and MIN SEO 4 ( 1 Anthropology.and.Paleopathology. 

Lab,.Department.of.Anatomy,.Seoul.National.University.College.of. 

Medicine,.28,.Yongon-dong,.Chongno-gu,.Seoul.110-799,.Korea;. 

2 Department. of.Anatomy,. Dankook. University,. College. of. Medicine,. 

Choenan. 330-715,. Korea;. 3 Department. of. Anatomy,. Ewha. 

Womans. University. School. of. Medicine,. 911-1,. Mok-6-Dong,. 

Yangcheon-gu,. Seoul. 158-710,. Korea;. 4 Department. of. Parasitology,.Dankook.University.College.of.Medicine,.Cheonan,.330-715,. 

Korea;.cuteminjae@gmail.com.or.bbbenji@naver.com).. 

For.the.past.several.decades,.molecular.biological.studies.on. 

ancient.DNA.(aDNA).retrieved.from.archaeological.samples.have. 

attracted.attention.from.the.paleopathology.community..PCR-based. 

analysis.on.aDNA.has.served.as.an.effective.way.to.develop.molecular.approach.for.the.detection.of.parasite.eggs.in.ancient.samples.. 

We,. the. paleopathologists. in. Korea,. also. tried. to. perform. aDNA. 

93


analysis. on. the. coprolites. or. sediments. which. could. be. obtained. 

from. Korean. mummies.. By. our. experiments,. we. conclude. that. 

PCR-based.analysis.could.be.applicable.to.the.molecular.detection. 

of.Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Paragonimus westermani, 

and.Clonorchis.sinensis in.archaeological.samples..Consensus.sequence.expressed.100%.homology.with.modern.genes.of.the. 

species.from.GenBank..Applying.PCR.methods.to.further.study.on. 

aDNA.of.various.parasite.species.from.geographically.and.temporally.wider.ranges.will.undoubtedly.improve.our.understanding.of. 

evolution.of.the.species. 

This.study.was.achieved.with.the.support.of.a.national.R&D. 

project.hosted.by.the.National.Research.Institute.of.Cultural.Heritage. 

of.the.Cultural.Heritage.Administration.(NRICH-1107-B09F-1). 

143 Mummy Response to Pathogens, GILA KAHILA BAR- 

GAL 1 *, ANAT LICHTER-PELED 1 , and MARK SPIGEL- 

MAN 2 . ( 1 School. of. Veterinary. Medicine,. The. Hebrew. University. 

of.Jerusalem,.Rehovot,.Israel;. 2 Centre.for.Infectious.Diseases.and. 

International.Health,.Department.of.Infection,.Windeyer.Institute. 

of.Medical.Sciences,.University.College.London,.London,.UK.and. 

The.Kuvin.Centre.for.the.Study.of.Infectious.and.Tropical.Disease,. 

Faculty.of.Medicine,.The.Hebrew.University.of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem.91120,.Israel;.bargal@agri.huji.ac.il).In.the.last.30.years,.over.fifty.newly.identified.human.pathogens. 

have. emerged. in. the. African. continent.. Therefore,. Africa. 

offers. the. greatest. panorama. of. the. interaction. between. human. 

evolution.and.infectious.diseases,.and.is.of.special.relevance.to.the. 

“emerging. and. re-emerging”. diseases..The. origin. of. a. disease. in. 

Africa.and.its.migration.with.man.out.of.Africa.is.a.common.story. 

in.today’s.emerging.diseases..The.main.agents.causing.the.diseases. 

are.zoonotic.and.are.transmitted.from.animals.to.man.either.directly. 

or.via.vectors.. 

Bacterial.and.viral.diseases.have.made.a.heavy.impact.on.our. 

society.in.the.past.and.are.still.part.of.our.everyday.lives.today..The. 

survival.of.humans.and.other.species.relies.heavily.on.their.ability. 

to.fight.disease.through.the.immune.system..Genetic.characterization.of.the.immune.response.among.ancient.specimens,.especially. 

Nubian.and.Hungarian.mammies.known.to.be.infected,.makes.it. 

possible.to.study.the.genetic.factors.influencing.human.resistance/ 

susceptibility.to.pathogens.in.historical.times. 

144 Analysis of Ancient Mummy DNA – Problems and Perspectives, 

ALBERT. zINK*, ANGELA GRAEFEN, CHRISTIAN 

MITTERER, and FRANK MAIXNER.(EURAC.–.Institute.for. 

Mummies. and. the. Iceman,.Viale. Druso. 1,. 39100. Bolzano,. Italy;. 

albert.zink@eurac.edu). 

The.analysis.of.ancient.DNA.(aDNA).from.mummies.offers. 

unique. possibilities. for. the. study. of. their. origin,. family. relationships. 

and. diseases.. Several. reports. have. been. published. on. the. 

molecular. investigation. of. ancient. pathogen. DNA. in. mummies,. 

revealing.important.information.on.the.occurrence,.frequency.and. 

evolution.of.infectious.diseases,.such.as.tuberculosis.and.malaria.. 

In.other.studies,.the.feasibility.of.aDNA.for.determining.the.genetic. 

relationships.of.Royal.Egyptian.mummies.have.been.demonstrated. 

Nevertheless,.the.analysis.of.aDNA.from.mummies.is.often. 

severely.hampered.by.the.presence.of.PCR-inhibiting.substances. 

either.introduced.during.the.mummification.process,.e.g..embalming.material.in.Egyptian.mummies,.or.from.the.environment.during. 

the.course.of.natural.preservation,.such.as.the.presence.of.humic. 

acids.in.bog.bodies..Therefore,.many.well-established.protocols.for. 

94 

the.extraction.of.aDNA.from.bone.samples.cannot.be.directly.used. 

for.mummy.tissues.without.additional.working.steps..Up.to.now,. 

only.a.few.studies.have.addressed.the.preservation.of.aDNA.in.soft. 

tissue..Recently,.we.have.tested.several.different.extraction.methods.and.are.currently.developing.new.protocols.specifically.adapted. 

to.preserved.soft.tissue,.such.as.skin,.muscle.or.inner.organs.and.to. 

overcome.inhibition.problems.. 

In. summary,. the. excellent. overall. preservation. of. mummies.makes.them.a.valuable.source.for.aDNA.studies,.but.further. 

research. is. necessary. to. understand. the. specific. requirements. for. 

optimized.mummy.tissue.aDNA.extraction.protocols. 

145 Progress Report on the Progress of Scientific Studies of Three 

Large Mummy Collections: Results and Prospects,. MARK SPI- 

GELMAN. (Centre. for. Infectious. Diseases. and. International. 

Health,. Department. of. Infection,. Windeyer. Institute. of. Medical. 

Sciences,.University.College.London,.London,.UK.and.The.Kuvin. 

Centre.for.the.Study.of.Infectious.and.Tropical.Disease,.Faculty.of. 

Medicine,.The.Hebrew.University.of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem.91120,. 

Israel;.spigelman@btinternet.com). 

We. have. for. many. years. been. studying. scientifically. three. 

large.mummy.collections..Initially.we.started.with.the.Hungarian. 

collection. of. almost. 250. mummies. from.Vac. with. the. assistance. 

of.Ildico.Pap.and.colleagues..Then.we.were.able.to.study.the.400. 

mummies.from.Kulubnarti.in.Northern.Sudan.located.in.Boulder. 

Colorado.with.the.assistance.of.Sue.Sheridan.and.Dick.Van.Gervan.. 

More.recently.we.have.commenced.collaboration.with.Dong.Hoon. 

Shin.on.the.Korean.mummies. 

Our.studies.started.with.simple.identification.of.small.pieces. 

of.DNA.using.PCR.techniques.to.show.the.presence.or.absence.of. 

DNA.of.mycobacterium.tuberculosis..This.presentation.will.overview.almost.20.years.of.studies.and.discuss.how.technology.has. 

advanced.and.allowed.us.to.revisit.time.and.again.our.collection. 

and.glean.more.and.more.data.from.the.individuals.concerned.with. 

the.aid.of.numerous.dedicated.scientist..Furthermore,.we.have.now. 

branched.out.into.areas.other.then.DNA.to.gain.more.information. 

in.related.fields.and.discuss.the.implications.for.the.future.as.well. 

as.conveying.our.more.recent.results.and.how.they.can.improve.our. 

knowledge.base. 

146 Panel Discussion on the Importance of aDNA and Biomolecules 

in the Study of Ancient Mummies, MARK SPIGELMAN 1 * 

and DONG HOON SHIN 2 *.( 1 Centre.for.Infectious.Diseases.and. 

International.Health,.Department.of.Infection,.Windeyer.Institute. 

of.Medical.Sciences,.University.College.London,.London,.UK.and. 

The.Kuvin.Centre.for.the.Study.of.Infectious.and.Tropical.Disease,. 

Faculty.of.Medicine,.Hebrew.University.of.Jerusalem,.Jerusalem. 

91120,.Israel;. 2 Anthropology.and.Paleopathology.Lab,.Department. 

of.Anatomy,.Seoul.National.University.College.of.Medicine,.28,. 

Yongon-dong,.Chongno-gu,.Seoul.110-799,.Korea;. 2 Department.of. 

Anatomy,.Dankook.University,.College.of.Medicine,.Choenan.330- 

715,.Korea;.spigelman@btinternet.com,.radyds@dankook.ac.kr). 

Ancient.DNA.and.Associated.biomolecules.form.an.important. 

and. growing. part. of. research. associated. with. mummy. studies..A. 

panel.discussion.on.the.progress.of.the.science.as.well.as.its.future. 

direction.would.help.mummy.researches.better.understand.how.this. 

type.of.investigation.can.assist.workers.in.the.field.to.learn.more. 

about.this.research.and.how.it.can.contribute.to.a.better.understanding.of.the.life.and.death.of.mummies.

Princess Takabuti – Analylsis, 


Wednesday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

147 Introduction to the Takabuti Project, JENEFER COCKITT* 

and A.R. DAVID (KNH.Centre.for.Biomedical.Egyptology,.University.of.Manchester;.Jenefer.Cockitt@manchester.ac.uk). 

In.2009,.a.team.of.scientists.from.the.Ulster.Museum,.Queen’s. 

University. in. Belfast,. the. KNH. Centre. for. Biomedical. Egyptology.at.the.University.of.Manchester,.and.the.University.of.Dundee.undertook.a.multidisciplinary.study.of.the.Egyptian.mummy.Takabuti.in.the.Ulster.Museum..The.mummy.was.first.brought.to.Belfast. 

from.Egypt.in.1834.by.Thomas.Greg,.a.wealthy.young.man.who. 

had.bought.the.mummy.at.a.‘mummy.market’.in.Luxor,.Egypt..On. 

returning.home.to.Belfast,.he.donated.the.mummy.to.the.Belfast. 

Natural.History.and.Philosophical.Society.whose.members.carried. 

out.a.multidisciplinary.investigation.of.the.body.in.the.1830s..Subsequently,.the.mummy.was.placed.in.the.Ulster.Museum.in.Belfast,. 

Northern.Ireland. 

As.part.of.the.current.investigation,.the.mummy.was.brought. 

to.the.University.of.Manchester.where.various.studies.were.undertaken.to.identify.any.evidence.of.disease,.diet,.lifestyle,.lifespan,. 

status. and. religious. practices.. Procedures. undertaken. included. a. 

CT-scan.and.endoscopic.removal.of.minute.samples.of.tissue.for. 

microscopic.analysis,.to.attempt.to.identify.any.disease.processes. 

present.in.the.mummy;.the.teeth.were.also.studied.and.hair.samples. 

were.analyzed. 

The. research. on. Takabuti. is. now. presented. as. a. permanent. 

exhibition. in. the. new. gallery. displays. at. the. Ulster. Museum;. an. 

important.element.of.this.is.the.three-dimensional.scientific.reconstruction.of.the.head.and.face.of.Takabuti,.produced.by.scientists.at. 

the.University.of.Dundee. 

The.Belfast.Mummy.Project.was.the.subject.of.a.60-minute. 

BBC.television.documentary.shown.in.2009.and.entitled.‘Show me 

the Mummy: The Face of Takabuti.’ 

148 The Mummy of the Ancient Egyptian Noblewoman, Takabuti of 

Thebes, WINIFRED GLOVER.(Ulster.Museum,.Botanic.Avenue,. 

Belfast.BT9.5AB,.Northern.Ireland,.UK,.retired.curator.of.<strong>World</strong>. 

Cultures;.winifredglover@live.co.uk). 

The.mummified.body.and.case.of.Takabuti.was.brought.to.Belfast.in.April.1834..She.had.been.bought.in.Egypt.by.Mr..Thomas.Greg.of.Ballymenoch.House,.Holywood,.Co..Down,.and.he.presented.her.to.the.Belfast.Natural.History.and.Philosophical.Society. 

Her. arrival. in. Belfast. caused. a. sensation. and. on. 27 th . January.1835,.she.was.unwrapped.in.the.presence.of.the.distinguished. 

members. of. the. Society,. men. only.. The. hieroglyphs. on. her. case. 

were.deciphered.by.the.Rev..Dr..Edward.Hincks.(1792-1866),.the. 

eminent. Egyptologist. and.Assyriologist.. He. was. able. to. say. that. 

she.was.between.20.and.30.years.of.age.and.the.mistress.of.a.great. 

house.in.Thebes..Her.father.Nespare.was.a.priest.of.Amun.and.her. 

mother. was. called. Tasenirit.. He. placed. her. in. the. Twenty-Fifth. 

Dynasty..Recent.research.has.produced.some.surprises. 

149 Imagine Takabuti: Radiology and Osteology, JUDITH E. 

ADAMS 1 * and EILEEN M. MURPHy 2 .( 1 Department.of.Clinical. 

Radiology,.Central.Manchester.University.Hospitals.NHS.Foundation.Trust,.The. 

Royal. Infirmary,. Oxford. Road,. Manchester,. M13. 

9WL,.UK; .2 School.of.Geography,.Archaeology.and.Palaeoecology,. 

Queen’s. University. Belfast,. Belfast. BT7. 1NN,. Northern. Ireland,. 


UK;.judith.adams@manchester.ac.uk).. 

This.paper.describes.how.the.mummified.remains.of.Takabuti. 

were.visualised.in.3D.through.Computed.Tomography..The.results. 

of.the.radiological.analysis.are.discussed.in.relation.to.dental.and. 

osteological.imaging. 

150 Reconstruction of the Face of Princess Takabuti, CAROLINE 

WILKINSON, SARAH SHRIMPTON, and JANICE P. AIT- 

KEN.(Forensic.Art,.Centre.for.Anatomy.and.Human.Identification. 

and.Duncan.of.Jordanstone.College.of.Art,.University.of.Dundee,. 

Dundee,.DD14HN;.c.m.wilkinson@dundee.ac.uk). 

As.part.of.a.multi-disciplinary.project.to.bring.to.life.the.Egyptian. 

Princess,. Takabuti,. a. facial. reconstruction. was. produced. to. 

depict.her.living.appearance..Virtual.software.with.haptic.technology.was.utilised.to.allow.intuitive.sculpture.and.a.3D.model.of.the. 

skull.was.isolated.from.the.CT.data..Princess.Takabuti.was.female,. 

aged.between.20.and.30.years.of.age.and.her.skull.exhibited.a.mix. 

of.Caucasian.and.Sub-Saharan.African.features.. 

The.anatomical.structures.of.the.face.were.modelled.and.modern.Egyptian.tissue.depths.were.used.as.guides.when.adding.the. 

skin. and. subcutaneous. fat. layers..The. facial. features. were. determined. 

using. anatomical. standards. and. anthropological. measurements.to.create.the.finished.facial.appearance.. 

A.3D.replica.of.the.digital.reconstruction.was.produced.using. 

stereolithography,. eyes. and. a. wig. were. added. and. the. face. was. 

painted.to.create.the.final.craniofacial.depiction..The.textures.were. 

based.on.information.provided.from.research.collaborators.as.to.her. 

skin.colour,.make-up.and.hair.colour.and.style. 

151 Show Me the Mummy – the Face of Takabuti,. CAROLINE 

WILKINSON. (Centre. for. Anatomy. and. Human. Identification. 


Dundee,.DD1.4HN,.Scotland;.c.m.wilkinson@dundee.ac.uk). 

Borderline. Productions. and. BBC. NI. produced. a. 60-minute. 

documentary.on.the.history.and.analysis.of.the.Egyptian.mummy. 

Takabuti,.one.of.the.most.famous.residents.of.the.Ulster.Museum.in. 

Belfast..A.selection.of.clips.from.the.original.production.will.show. 

how.the.team.of.experts.from.all.over.the.world.came.together.at. 

Belfast.Castle.to.unravel.the.mystery.of.Takabuti..The.two.mysteries.were:.where.in.Egypt.did.she.come.from,.and.could.the.experts. 

recreate. her. face.. Dr.. Zahi. Hawass,. then. head. of. the. Supreme. 

Council.of.Antiquities.at.the.University.of.Cairo.and.the.Curator. 

at.the.Museum.of.Cairo,.guides.two.of.the.experts.through.various. 

Egyptian.sites.to.set.the.stage.for.Takabuti’s.origin..In.Show Me the 

Mummy,.the.audience.is.asked.to.join.the.experts.in.the.discovery. 

of.the.true.Face of Takabuti. 


Wednesday, starting at 8:30 a.m. in KIPJ B 

152 Writing the History of <strong>World</strong>’s Fairs, JAMES G. GILBERT 

(Distinguished.University.Professor.Emeritus,.History.Department,. 

University.of.Maryland,.College.Park,.MD.20742;.gilbertj@umd. 

edu). 

The. history. of. <strong>World</strong>’s. Expositions. might. be. divided. into. 

four. loose. temporal. categories:. 1). Victorian. Fairs. from. 1851. to. 

around.the.Beginning.of.<strong>World</strong>.War.I..2).Fairs.of.the.1920s.and. 

1930s.including.the.failed.Rome.Exposition..3).Postwar.fairs.up. 

through.perhaps.Vancouver.in.1986.and.4).Post-modern.fairs..An. 

95


exploration.of.similarities.within.these.eras.might.be.helpful.in.constructing.an.overall.history.of.<strong>World</strong>’s.Fairs. 

My. principal. focus. is. on. the. much. written. about. late.Victorian. 

American. Expositions.. The. existing. literature. is. fascinating,. 

smart,.and.provocative,.and.dominated.by,.but.not.limited.to,.issues. 

of. race. and. imperialism.. These. were. certainly. important. subjects. 

for.the.elites.who.planned.them.and.the.anthropologists.who.sought. 

confirmation.of.their.new.profession.by.lending.academic.rigor.to. 

the.enormous.and.largely.entertainment-focused.ersatz.villages.and. 

native.pavilions..My.approach.is.somewhat.different.and.calls.for. 

an.orientation.that.attempts.to.1).examine.the.audience.reaction.to. 

the.various.elements.of.the.fairs,.how.they.understood.them,.what. 

they.actually.saw,.and.how.they.transformed.this.experience.and.2). 

the.contexts.in.which.these.fairs.existed:.the.history.of.previous.fairs. 

and.other.expositions,.the.burgeoning.cities.that.hosted.them,.the. 

technology.of.travel.and.tourism.and.photography,.important.political.and.social.issues.of.the.day,.and.so.forth..This.perspective.allows. 

a.different.point.of.view.than.the.reproduction.of.elite.intentions. 

153 Asian Americans and Asian Nations at U. S. <strong>World</strong> Fairs, 

1876-1915,.BENNET BRONSON.(Chinese.in.Northwest.America.Research.Committee..P..O..Box.19090,.Bainbridge.Island,.WA. 

98110;.Bronson@cinarc.org). 

The.nations.of.Asia,.independent.and.colonized.alike,.treated. 

international.expositions.as.showcases.for.products.and.culture.and. 

as.platforms.for.stating.political.positions..However,.at.a.surprisingly.early.date,.U.S.-based.Asians.focused.on.different.objectives:. 

promoting. respect. among. white.Americans,. benefiting. their. own. 

communities,.and--not.least.important--making.money..The.existence. 

of. splits. between.Asian. governments. and.Asians. in. the. U.. 

S..constitutes.some.of.the.first.evidence.we.have.of.the.growth.of. 

distinct.Asian-American.identities. 

154 Living ‘Cliff Dwellers’ at the 1893 <strong>World</strong>’s Columbian Exposition: 

An Enduring Metaphor of a 21 st Century Indigenous People, 

LARS KRUTAK. (Repatriation. Office,. Smithsonian. Institution,. 

National. Museum. of. Natural. History,. 10 th . and. Constitution. 

Avenue,. NW,. MRC. 138,. Washington,. DC. 20013krutakl@si.edu.. 

202-633-0869). 

At.the.end.of.the.19 th .century,.new.discoveries.of.prehistoric. 

ruins.and.living.“cave.and.cliff.dwellers”.in.the.Greater.Southwest. 

excited.the.imaginations.of.scientists,.travel.writers,.and.popular. 

magazine.readers.alike..As.this.frontier.world.was.revealed.for.the. 

first.time,.a.constellation.of.ideas,.images,.and.cultural.markers.were. 

selectively.created.to.later.“sell”.the.region.and.its.peoples.to.tourists,.including.those.individuals.who.visited.the.“Cliff-Dwellers”. 

exhibition.at.the.1893.<strong>World</strong>’s.Columbian.Exposition.in.Chicago.. 

Inhabited.by.members.of.Laguna.Pueblo.during.the.Fair,.this. 

70-foot-tall. diorama. was. modeled. after. the. now-vanished. Battle. 

Rock. ruin. located. in. McElmo. Canyon,. Colorado.. However,. this. 

paper. will. suggest. that. the.Tarahumara. (Rarámuri). of. Northwest. 

México. probably. were. the. original. source. of. inspiration. for. the. 

Cliff-Dwellers.installation.. 

Since. 1890,. the. Tarahumara. had. been. described. as. “living. 

cave.and.cliff.dwellers”.in.a.variety.of.scientific.and.mass-produced. 

publications.penned.by.writers.including.the.pioneering.archaeologist.Adolph. 

Bandolier,. the. explorer. Frederick. Schwatka,. and. the. 

noted.ethnologist.Carl.Lumholtz..Today,.the.“living.cave.dwellers”. 

theme.continues.to.be.endorsed.and.exploited.by.Mexican.state.and. 

federal. tourism. sectors. to. draw. travelers. to. the. homeland. of. the. 

96 

Tarahumara:.the.remote.Copper.Canyon.region.which.is.promoted. 

as.the.“Last.Frontier”.of.México. 

Drawing.on.the.literary.and.ethnographic.record.of.the.late.19 th . 

century,.this.paper.will.explore.the.enduring.legacy.of.the.“living. 

cave.dwellers”.trope.and.reveal.how.it.is.implicated.in.the.commercialization.of.21 

st .century.Tarahumara.culture. 

155 A Publicly Ethereal Manifestation: Chicago, Anthropology, and 

the <strong>World</strong>’s Columbian Exposition, STEPHEN E. NASH.(Curator,. 

Department.of.Anthropology,.Denver.Museum.of.Nature.and.Science,.2001.Colorado.Blvd.,.Denver,.CO.80205;.snash@dmns.org). 

Although. the. 1893. <strong>World</strong>’s. Columbian. Exposition. (WCE). 

in.Chicago.has.been.heralded.as.a.social,.historic,.political,.economic,. 

anthropological,. and. symbolic. turning. point. in.American. 

history,. publicly. recognizable. vestiges. of. the. Exposition. itself. 

are.remarkably.hard.to.find.on.the.city’s.landscape..Although.the. 

50,000.ethnographic.and.archaeological.objects.on.display.at.the. 

Fair.became.the.seminal.collection.of.the.Columbian.Museum.(now. 

Field.Museum).of.Chicago,.publicly.visible.acknowledgment.of.the. 

Museum’s.auspicious.origins.are.difficult.to.find.. 

During. the. Museum’s. first. years,. the. <strong>World</strong>’s. Columbian. 

Exposition.collections.were.processed.into.hundreds.of.accessions. 

in.the.Department.of.Anthropology;.tens.of.thousands.of.catalog. 

numbers.were.assigned.in.the.process..In.the.ensuing.decades,.however,.a.remarkably.large.number.of.the.original.pieces.were.deaccessioned,.lost,.consigned.to.waste,.sold,.or.exchanged,.to.a.degree. 

that.suggests.the.WCE.Collection.was.not.considered.an.entity.into. 

and.of.itself..In.a.proud.and.pugnacious.city.that.takes.its.history. 

seriously,. the. publicly. ethereal. nature. of. the. <strong>World</strong>’s. Columbian. 

Exposition.in.general,.and.the.Anthropology.collection.in.particular,.defies.easy.explanation. 

156 Mummies in Context: Displays of Human Remains at <strong>World</strong>’s 

Fairs in the United States,.SAMUEL REDMAN.(Ph.D..Candidate,. 

Department. of. History,. University. of. California,. Berkeley;.Academic.Specialist,.Regional.Oral.History.Office,.Bancroft.Library,. 

University. of. California,. Berkeley,. CA. 94720;redman@berkeley. 

edu). 

Numerous. displays. at. international. expositions. exhibited. 

human.remains..The.most.popular.of.these.were.often.exhibitions. 

of. mummified. bodies.. Mummified. remains. from. Egypt. and. the. 

Americas.attracted.massive.audiences.and.forced.visitors.to.reconsider.ideas.about.race.and.human.history..Displays.of.mummies,. 

however,.were.not.the.only.exhibits.of.human.remains.hosted.by. 

international.expositions..This.paper.places.the.display.of.mummified.remains.into.the.broader.context.of.the.display.of.the.human. 

body.at.world’s.fairs.in.the.United.States. 

157 Platform for Immigration Battles: Chinese Americans at <strong>World</strong> 

Fairs before 1920,.CHUIMEI HO.(Chinese.in.Northwest.America. 

Research. Committee,. P.. O.. Box. 19090,. Bainbridge. Island,. WA. 

98110;.cmho@cinarc.org). 

Chinese.in.America.began.to.take.part.in.U.S..<strong>World</strong>.Fairs.at. 

the.<strong>World</strong>.Columbian.Exposition.in.Chicago.in.1893..Their.primary. 

motivation.was.to.represent.Chinese.culture.when.the.Chinese.government.had.declined.that.role..A.less.obvious.objective.was.to.use. 

the.event.to.advocate.for.more.favorable.immigration.laws..These. 

goals. lingered. on. through. other. world. fairs. during. the. following. 

two. decades.. This. paper. will. examine. attempts. to. achieve. those. 

goals,.their.success.and.failure.

158 Documenting the New Colony through its Objects: The Smithsonian’s 

Philippine Collections from the early 20 th Century International 

Fairs,. PATRICIA O. AFABLE. (Research. Associate,. 

Asian. Cultural. History. Program,. Department. of. Anthropology,. 

Smithsonian.Institution,.National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.10 th . 

and.Constitution.Avenue,.NW,.MRC.112,.Washington,.DC.20013;. 

afablep@si.edu). 

Soon.after.the.U.S..annexation.of.the.Philippines,.numerous. 

objects. collected. by. government. officials. and. military. personnel. 

began.to.reach.the.Smithsonian.Institution..Two.large.collections. 

were.the.result.of.exhibitions.at.the.Pan-American.Exposition.in. 

Buffalo.in.1901.and.the.Louisiana.Purchase.Exposition.in.St..Louis. 

in.1904..The.intention.of.this.paper.is.twofold:.First,.it.will.survey. 

the.major.collectors.and.donors.to.the.1901.and.1904.Fairs,.their. 

motivations,.institutional.backgrounds,.and.collecting.contexts..It. 

will.show.how.these.accessions.were.part.of.a.sustained.effort.to. 

obtain.knowledge.about.the.peoples,.the.history,.and.the.commercial.potential.of.this.recently.acquired.Pacific.territory. 

Second,. I. will. examine. the. history. of. a. basketry. collection. 

made. by. two. women,. the. Massachusetts-born. sisters,. Elizabeth. 

and.Sarah.Metcalf,.who.decided.to.go.the.Philippines.after.meeting.Filipino.participants.at.the.St..Louis.Fair..They.acquired.textiles.and.baskets.over.more.than.three.decades,.while.they.traveled,.taught.in.primary.schools,.and.became.retailers.of.Philippine.handicrafts..Through.a.study.of.the.materials,.techniques,.and.production. 

sources.of.the.Metcalf.basketry.collection,.I.explore.the.intersection. 

of.goals.among.government-sponsored.science,.business.corporations,.and.the.U..S..insular.administration.in.the.long-term.project.to.document.the.Philippine.colony.through.its.objects..The.Philippine.Bureau.of.Education.exhibition.in.the.1915.Panama.Pacific. 

Exposition. provides. a. pertinent. illustration. of. this. confluence. of. 

interests.. 

159 Performers, Interpreters, and the Showman Onstage and Offstage 

at the Pay Streak’s ‘Igorrote Village’,. DEANA WEIBEL 1 

and PATRICIA O. AFABLE 2 ( 1 Associate. Professor. of.Anthropology,. 

Department. of.Anthropology,. 1149.AuSable. Hall,. Grand. 

Valley.State.University,.Allendale.MI.49401,.weibeld@gvsu.edu;. 

2 Research. Associate,. Asian. Cultural. History. Program,. Department.of.Anthropology,.Smithsonian.Institution,.National.Museum. 

of.Natural.History,.10 th .and.Constitution.Avenue,.NW,.MRC.112,. 

Washington,.DC.20013;.afablep@si.edu). 

The. “Igorrote. Village”. in. the. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific. Exposition’s. 

Pay. Streak. showcased. the. cultural. activities. and. performances.of.about.40.people.from.the.Bontoc.region.of.the.northern. 

Philippine.highlands..They.arrived.in.Seattle.in.early.1909.with.a. 

showman.from.Detroit,.Richard.Schneidewind,.who.had.contracted. 

with.them.and.arranged.for.their.journey.from.the.Philippines..For. 

most. of. that. year,. the. “Igorrotes”. built. their. “Village,”. including. 

thatched-roof.houses.imitating.their.own.homes,.and.stone-walled. 

terraces.that.were.said.to.resemble.the.irrigated.rice.fields.of.their. 

home.region..On.a.stage.and.in.adjoining.grounds,.they.performed. 

traditional.dances.and.gong.music,.and.staged.ceremonies,.mock. 

battles,.and.trials..As.part.of.their.daily.routine,.they.displayed.their. 

weaving.techniques,.cooking.practices,.and.other.portrayals.of.(as. 

one.brochure.put.it).“the.life,.manners,.customs.and.industries.of. 

these.remarkable.children.of.nature”.to.the.Pay.Streak.audience.. 

This.account..by.two.anthropologists,.attempts.to.recover.some.of. 

the.lives.and.historical.experiences.of.the.indigenous.participants. 

in. the. 1909. “Igorrote. Village”. at. the.AYPE. and. their. showman,. 


Richard.Schneidewind. 

Family.stories.and.the.body.of.documents.taken.as.a.whole. 

also. reveal. to. us. how,. during. the. long. journeys. to. the. Fairs,. the. 

Bontoc. performers. developed. viable. working. relationships. with. 

Richard.Schneidewind.and.his.family.that.made.life.“onstage”.and. 

“offstage”.comfortable.and.stimulating.collaborative.experiences. 

160 Defining a Californian: Visions of California at the Panama- 

Pacific International Exposition,.ABIGAIL MARKWyN.(Assistant.Professor.of.History,.Carroll.University,.100.North.East.Avenue,.Waukesha,.WI.53186;.amarkwyn@carroll.edu). 

The. fair. directors. of. San. Francisco’s. 1915. Panama-Pacific. 

International. Exposition. promoted. a. vision. of. California. history. 

that.glorified.the.white.male.pioneer’s.conquest.of.the.state’s.native. 

population.and.that.denied.the.participation.of.other.nonwhite.peoples..Yet,. 

many. different. organizations. and. individuals. produced. 

the.spectacle.of.the.exposition,.and.although.exposition.directors. 

maintained.some.control.over.exhibits,.they.could.not.control.all. 

events.on.the.grounds..Local.residents,.including.woman.suffragists,.Catholics,.Chinese.and.African.Americans.staged.parades.to. 

celebrate.their.ethnic.heritage,.hometown,.or.county;.and.fraternal,. 

political.and.religious.groups.created.pageants,.speeches,.and.processions.to.assert.their.particular.place.in.local.and.national.society.. 

The.fair.therefore.became.a.stage.for.these.groups.to.assert,.and. 

at.times,.debate,.their.place.in.American.society..This.paper.will. 

examine.the.visions.of.California.–.and.Californians.–.created.at. 

the.PPIE,.both.through.official.art.and.rhetoric,.as.well.as.through. 

unofficial.activities.and.debates.sponsored.by.local.residents. 

161 The Legacy of an Ainu Activist, Kayano Shigeru: His Lifelong 

Efforts to Save Ainu Heritage,.yOSHIKO yAMAMOTO.(Curator,.Treganza.Anthropology.Museum.Archives,.San.Francisco.State. 

University,. 1600. Holloway. Avenue,. San. Francisco,. CA. 94132;. 

yamamoto@sfs.edu). 

Kayano.Shigeru.was.a.political.activist,.born.at.Nibutani,.an. 

Ainu.village.known.to.the.world.since.the.19th.century..He.dedicated.his.life.to.documenting.Ainu.culture.in.the.face.of.exposure.of. 

this.village.to.curious.visitors,.historians,.linguists,.geographers.and. 

folklorists.from.Japan.and.abroad..Nibutani.is.where.Neil.Gordon. 

Munro.shot.“Iyomande:.The.Ainu.Bear.Festival”.in.1935,.a.film. 

which.brought.the.Ainu.to.world.attention..Kayano’s.father.was.an. 

actor.in.this.film.and.he.himself.took.a.small.part..Nibutani.is.also. 

known.for.the.large.number.of.archaeological.sites.in.the.vicinity,. 

many.of.which.have.been.excavated.. 

. Kayano. learned. the. Ainu. language. from. his. grandmother,. 

mastering.the.idiom.through.listening.to.her.narration.of.traditional. 

oral.literature..His.father.was.a.traditional.religious.man.who.performed.rituals.for.the.villagers. 

The.Nibutani.Ainu.had.been.chosen.as.participants.in.the.1904. 

St..Louis.<strong>World</strong>.Fair..At.this.time.a.considerable.number.of.cultural. 

treasures.from.the.village.were.brought.to.the.U.S..Concomitantly,. 

the.exposure.of.Ainu.to.the.outside.world.brought.changes.to.the. 

village.as.well..Kayano.realized.how.urgent.it.was.to.protect.the. 

Ainu.heritage.before.it.was.lost..He.became.a.strong.advocate.of. 

the.Ainu’s.rights.as.the.original.settlers.of.Japan..Kayano.published. 

many.works.on.Ainu.heritage,.showing.the.richness.of.their.culture. 

and.how.necessary.it.was.to.respect.and.to.know.of.this.cultural. 

heritage.in.the.generations.to.come. 

97


162 <strong>World</strong>’s Fairs as Special Collections,.TAMMy LAU.(Head,. 

Special. Collections. Research. Center,. California. State. University,. 

Fresno,.5200.North.Barton.Avenue,.ML34,.Fresno,.CA.93740;.tammyL@csufresno.edu).This.will.be.a.brief.description.of.the.Donald.G..Larson.Collection.on.International.Expositions.and.Fairs,.the.largest.world’s.fair.collection.on.the.West.Coast.as.well.as.a.discussion.of.the.challenges.of.documenting.all.world’s.fairs.from.1851.to.the.present,. 

the. promise. of. working. with. scholars. and. researchers. in. developing. 

a. collection,. the. importance. of. collecting. primary. sources. 

and.the.future.of.the.field.in.world’s.fair.research.and.collection. 

development. 



Wednesday, starting at 9:15 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

163 The Craniofacial Analysis of the Possible Skull of Arsinoe, 

Sister of Cleopatra,. CHRISTOPHER RyNN 1 *, CAROLINE 

WILKINSON 1 , FABIAN KANz 2 , and JANICE P. AITKEN 1 

( 1 Centre. for.Anatomy. and. Human. Identification,. College. of. Life. 

Sciences,.University.of.Dundee,.DD1.5EH,.Dundee,.Scotland,.UK;. 

2 Unit. of. Forensic. Anthropology,. Medical. University. of. Vienna,. 

Department.of.Forensic.Medicine,.Austria;.chrisrynn@gmail.com). 

The.remains.of.a.teenage.female,.dated.to.between.210.and. 

20BC,.were.discovered.in.1926.by.Josef.Keil.(Austrian.Archaelogical. 

Institute). at. the. “Oktogon”. -. a. Heroon. tomb. in. the. centre. of. 

ancient. Ephesus..Thought. to. belong. to.Arsinoe. IV. of. Egypt,. the. 

exiled.and.murdered.younger.sister.of.Cleopatra.VII,.the.skull.has. 

been.lost.for.over.50.years.. 

Photographs. taken. of. the. skull. in. anatomical. planes. were. 

scaled. and. imported. into. SensAble. Freeform. 3D. modelling. software.. 

Each. photograph. formed. one. wall. of. a. 3D. cuboid. shape,. 

into. which. the. 3D. model. of. a. skull. of. similar. biological. profile. 

was. imported,. aligned,. and. subsequently. manually. distorted. to. 

fit.each.image.in.the.appropriate.elevation..Detailed.craniometric. 

measurements.taken.before.the.skull’s.disappearance.in.1953.were. 

employed.to.improve.the.accuracy.of.the.virtual.skull.model..The. 

absent. mandible. was. estimated. using. roentgenographic. cephalometric.analysis,.and.modern.forensically-tested.methods.were.used. 

to.reconstruct.the.face. 

164 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the Shuar 

Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON (College.of.Anatomy.and.Human.Identification,.MSI/TMW.Complex,.Dow.Street,. 

University. of. Dundee,. DD1. 5EH,. Scotland;. tobias.houlton@hotmail.com). 

Original.MSc.research.was.on.a.tsantsa.(shrunken.head).from. 

the.McManus.Museum.in.Dundee.and.thought.to.be.from.the.Shuar. 

Tribes.in.South.America..It.challenged.recent.speculation.that.the. 

head. was. simian,. and. not. an. authentic. example. of. human. head. 

shrinking..The.tsantsa.was.assessed.for.sex.and.age.and.the.effects. 

of.shrinking.on.facial.morphology,.studied.using.pig.heads..A.3D. 

facial. approximation. was. attempted. using. a. laser. scanner. (Fast- 

SCAN.Scorpion).and.3D.modelling.software.(FreeForm.Modelling. 

Plus).. 

To.establish.the.identity.of.the.McManus.tsantsa,.morphologies. 

of. extant. authenticated. human. tsantsa,. a. shrunken. monkey. 

98 

head,.and.living.simian.morphologies.were.assessed..Microscopic. 

hair.analysis.confirmed.the.tsantsa.as.human,.of.Mongoloid.ancestry..Population.demographics.resulted.in.the.head.being.estimated. 

as.male,.age.20-30.years.. 

The.tsantsa.scan.was.constructed.utilizing.craniofacial.measurements,.obtained.from.the.McManus.tsantsa.and.superimposed. 

subject.photographs..A.scanned.template.cranium.was.manipulated. 

in.FreeForm.to.conform.to.extant.Peruvian.craniofacial.measurements,.and.a.template.mandible.developed.using.Sassouni.Analysis,.providing.a.hypothetical.scaffold.for.reconstruction..Texturing.and.tribal.decoration.was.applied.with.Autodesk.Maya.2010..Verification.of.the.reconstruction.was.not.possible.due.to.the.absence.of. 

ante-mortem.photographs. 

165 The Texturing of a Facial Depiction of Clonycavan Man – A 

Bog Body from Ireland,. JANICE P. AITKEN 1 *, CAROLINE 

WILKINSON 2 , and C. D. EROLIN 2 ( 1 Duncan. of. Jordanstone. 

College. of. Art. and. Design,. University. of. Dundee,. Perth. Road,. 

Dundee,. Scotland,. DD1. 4HT;. 2 Center. for. Anatomy. and. Human. 

Identification,. MS1/TMW. Complex,. Dow. Street,. University. of. 

Dundee,.Scotland,.DD1.5EH;.j.z.aitken@dundee.ac.uk). 

The.facial.morphology.and.proportions.of.the.bog.body.‘Clonycavan. 

Man’. were. established. from. CT. scans,. including. a. 3D. 

model.of.the.preserved.soft.tissues,.and.high.quality.photographs. 

taken.at.the.time.of.discovery..The.soft.tissue.model.was.used.to. 

recreate.the.facial.appearance.whilst.referring.to.the.skeletal.material.for.basic.proportions..The.digital.3D.facial.model.was.manipulated.in.Freeform.Modelling.Plus.software.to.produce.a.head. 

Skin.textures,.eyes.and.hair.were.added.to.the.3D.model.using. 

Maya. 3D. animation. software. and. Adobe. Photoshop.. Digitally. 

painted.images.or.‘texture.maps’.were.added.to.the.model.using. 

a. subsurface. scattering. shading. group. designed. to. simulate. the. 

appearance.of.the.translucence.of.skin..The.texture.of.the.skin.was. 

simulated.by.adding.a.‘bump.map’.which.gives.the.appearance.of. 

pores,. wrinkles. and. marks..The. bump. map. simulated. textures. in. 

a.relatively.shallow.depth.and.the.geometry.of.the.model.was.not. 

changed.and.so.retained.the.integrity.of.the.original.forensic.facial. 

reconstruction. 

Eyes. were. created. as. 3D. models. and. colour. added. according.to.that.estimated.by.the.National.Museum.of.Ireland..Hairstyle. 

and. facial. hair. were. created. using. the. ‘Paint. Effects’. tool. within. 

Maya.to.the.style.and.colour.suggested.in.the.report.provided.by. 

the.Museum.of.Ireland..A.final.rendered.animation.was.created.of. 

a.rotation.of.the.head.to.allow.the.viewer.to.see.the.model.from.a. 

range.of.angles. 

166 Body Snatchers – The Analysis of a Mummified Human Child 

as an Anatomical. Specimen,. CAROLINE WILKINSON, SUE 

BLACK, XANTHE MALLETT, and WOLFRAM MEIER- 

AUGENSTEIN (Centre. for. Anatomy. and. Human. Identification. 


Dundee,.DD1.4HN,.Scotland;.c.m.wilkinson@dundee.ac.uk). 

This.paper.describes.the.analysis.of.a.dissected.and.preserved. 

child.thought.to.be.a.19th.century.anatomical.specimen..The.analysis. 

included. historical. research,. stable. isotope. assessment,. resin. 

content.assessment.and.facial.depiction..The.research.follows.an. 

interesting.path.in.darkest.Victorian.Britain,.and.the.story.leads.to.a. 

possible.murder.victim.

167 Historical/Archaeological Digital Forensic Facial Reconstruction 

from CT Scans, JOSHUA HARKER (2017.W..Warner,.Chicago,.IL.60618,.info@joshharker.com). 

Putting.a.face.on.the.skull.of.a.long.deceased.individual.has. 

the.innate.ability.of.helping.connect.us.to.the.subject.in.a.significant. 

way.that.humanizes.the.remains..The.face.is.arguably.our.most.recognizable.attribute..From.birth.we.are.programmed.in.facial.recognition.and.much.of.our.communication.is.based.on.how.we.identify. 

with.the.faces.of.others..By.reconstructing.the.face.of.a.mummy. 

from.digital.scans.we.are.able.to.peer.into.the.eyes.of.a.past.life. 

without.disturbing.the.remains..A.host.of.new.technologies.brings. 

us.closer.than.ever.without.ever.having.to.touch.the.physical.body.. 

Forensic.artist.Joshua.Harker.will.be.discussing.digital.facial.reconstruction.from.CT.Scan/DICOM.data..The.presentation.will.specifically.address.techniques,.related.technologies,.process.reliability,. 

benefits,. and. reconstruction. results.. His. recent. depictions. of. the. 

Oriental.Institute’s.Mummy.Meresamun.(800.B.C.).and.University. 

of.Belgrade’s.Mummy.Nesmin.(300.B.C.).will.be.referenced..Time. 

allowing,.a.short.software.demonstration.will.be.given.highlighting. 

the.digital.reconstruction.process. 



Wednesday, starting at 9:30 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms C and D 

(Continuing from Tuesday; please refer to page 83 in these Proceedings 

for Tuesday’s abstracts.) 

168 Relaxation Phenomena in the Adiabatic Phase Transition of 

Type I Superconductor Particles, PETER D. KEEFE (University. 

of. Detroit. Mercy,. 24405. Gratiot. Avenue,. Eastpointe,. MI. 48021. 

USA;.www.Keefengine.com;.PDK@ix.netcom.com). 

The. first. order. phase. transition. of. a. Type. I. superconductor. 

involves. thermal. and. electrodynamic. relaxation. processes. of. the. 

control. variables. for. which. the. relaxation. time. of. the. electrodynamic. 

relaxation.process.proceeds. from.an.initial.state.to.a.final. 

state.about.three.orders.of.magnitude.faster.than.the.caloric.relaxation.process.proceeds..In.the.first.order.adiabatic.phase.transition. 

of. macroscopically. sized. specimens,. ensemble. averaging. results. 

in.relaxation.time.differences.of.the.control.variables.being.unobservable,. 

the. relaxation. processes. being. considered. coupled. and. 

simultaneous;. the. phase. transition. is. isentropic.. In. the. first. order. 

adiabatic. phase. transition. of. mesoscopically. sized. particles,. volume-wide. 

coherence. results. in. relaxation. time. differences. of. the. 

control.variables.being.observable,.the.relaxation.processes.being. 

considered.decoupled.and.non-simultaneous;.the.phase.transition.is. 

not.isentropic. 

169 The Production of Electricity Out of a Heat Bath, RODERICH 

W. GRAEFF.(Private.Scholar,.Domagkweg.7;.D-78126.Koenigsfeld,. 

Germany. and. 102. Savage. Farm. Drive,. Ithaca,. NY. 14850;. 

rwgraeff@yahoo.com). 

The. author. reports. a. negative. temperature. gradient. in. carefully-insulated.vertical.columns.of.gases,.liquids.and.solids,.cold. 

at.the.top.and.warm.at.the.bottom..This.is.caused.by.the.effects.of. 

gravity..The.surrounding.environment.showed.a.positive.gradient.. 

The.temperature.difference.between.top.and.bottom.of.a.vertical. 

column.allows.the.production.of.electricity.out.of.a.heat.bath. 

The. author. will. demonstrate. this. effect. with. a. “Gravity. 


Machine,”.using.a.single.crystal.silicon.rod.and.water.as.the.heat. 

bath..This.represents.a.Perpetuum.Mobile.of.the.Second.Kind..It. 

strengthens.the.position.of.J.Loschmidt,.who.believed.and.declared. 

in.1876.that.a.vertical.column.of.a.solid.in.an.isolated.system.would. 

show.a.temperature.gradient.under.the.influence.of.gravity,.being. 

cold.at.the.top.and.warm.at.the.bottom. 

170 On Entropy in Eulerian Thermodynamics,. CHRISTIAN 

FRONSDAL.and.ABHISHEK PATHAK*.(Department.of.Physics.and.Astronomy,.University.of.California.Los.Angeles,.475.Portola.Plaza,.Box.951547,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095;.abhishekpathak@ 

ucla.edu).. 

To.the.student.of.thermodynamics.the.most.difficult.subject.is. 

entropy..In.this.paper.we.examine.the.actual,.practical.application. 

of.entropy.to.two.simple.systems,.the.homogeneous.slab.with.fixed. 

boundary.values.of.the.temperature,.and.an.isolated.atmosphere.in. 

the.presence.of.the.static.gravitational.field..The.first.gives.valuable. 

insight.into.the.nature.of.entropy.that.is.subsequently.applied.to.the. 

second.system. 

It.is.a.basic.tenet.of.thermodynamics.that.the.equilibrium.of. 

an.extended,.homogeneous.and.isolated.system.is.characterized.by. 

a.uniform.temperature.distribution.and.it.is.a.strongly.held.belief. 

that.this.remains.true.in.the.presence.of.gravity..We.find.that.this. 

is.consistent.with.the.equations.of.extended.thermodynamics.but. 

that.entropy.enters.in.an.essential.way..The.principle.of.equivalence. 

takes.on.a.new.aspect. 

171 A Generalized Second Law for Heterogeneously Coupled 

Energy Systems that Exhibit Equilibrium Temperature Differentials 

and Comments on Time Reversibility and Entropy,.CHRIS- 

TOPHER G. JESUDASON. (Department. of. Chemistry,. Science. 

Faculty,.University.of.Malaya,.Pantai.Valley,.50603.Kuala.Lumpur,. 

Malaysia;.jesu@um.edu.my). 

The.development.of.the.Zeroth.and.Second.laws.were.modeled. 

on. homogenous. mechanical. systems. defined. as. possessing. 

mass.and.conforming.to.Newton’s.laws.of.motion.and.the.First.law. 

of. thermodynamics.. The. deductions. and. theorems. derived. from. 

considerations.and.observations.of.these.mechanical.systems.were. 

presumed.to.obtain.for.other.bodies.or.systems.not.sharing.all.of.the. 

characteristics.of.these.mechanical.systems.and.interactions,.such. 

as. electromagnetic. (EM). radiation,. where. its. material. equivalent. 

pressure.is.half.of.that.of.Newtonian.corpuscles.for.the.same.kinetic. 

energy.flow.. 

One.could.conceivably.in.principle.observe.temperature.differentials.-violating.the.Zeroth.law.in.standard.form-.if.one.could.couple.this.form.of.energy.interaction.with.those.for.purely.mechanical.interactions,.if.equality.of.pressure.at.the.system.interfaces.is.a. 

stipulated.condition..A.simple.experiment.conducted.about.15.years. 

ago.under.vacuum.conditions.seems.to.suggest.such.possibilities.. 

The.Kirchhoff.radiation.,.Second.and.other.laws.are.generalized.to. 

accommodate.this.possibility.. 

Based.on.an.analysis.of.the.dynamical.equations.of.motion,. 

it.is.shown.that.these.equations.are.not.reversible.in.the.sense.as. 

defined,.despite.the.conviction.of.many.over.the.centuries.in.framing.thermodynamical.equations.based.on.the.reversibility.principle,. 

and.some.of.these.equations.will.be.discussed..It.is.concluded.that. 

entropy.evolves.according.to.the.irreversible.mechanical.laws.. 

99


172 Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and 

Entropy Generation:From Sadi Carnot’s Ingenious Reasoning to 

Holistic Generalization, MILIVOJE M. KOSTIC (Department.of. 

Mechanical.Engineering,.Northern.Illinois.University,.Dekalb,.IL 

60115 USA;.kostic@niu.edu). 

Sadi.Carnot’s.ingenious.reasoning.of.reversible.cycles.(1824). 

laid.foundations.for.the.Second.Law.before.the.Fist Law.of.energy. 

conservation.was.even.known.(Joule.1843).and.long.before.Thermodynamic. 

concepts. were. established. in. 1850s..A. century. later,. 

Bridgman.(1941).“complained”.that.“there are almost as many formulations 

of the Second Law as there have been discussion of it.”. 

Even.today,.the.Second Law.remains.so.obscure,.due.to.the.lack.of. 

its.comprehension,.that.it.continues.to.attract.new.efforts.at.clarification,.including.this.one. 

The. Laws of Thermodynamics. have. much. wider,. including. 

philosophical.significance.and.implication,.than.their.simple.expressions. 

based. on. the. experimental. observations.. The. Fundamental 

Laws of Nature:.The.Zeroth (equilibrium.existentialism),.The.First. 

(conservationism), The. Second. (directional. transformationalism), 

and The.Third.(unattainability.of.emptiness),.are.defining.and.unifying. 

our. comprehension. of. all. existence. and. transformations. in. 

the. universe.. The. forces,. causing. the. mass-energy. displacement,. 

thus.defining.the.process.direction,.are.manifested.by.tendency.of. 

mass-energy.transfer.in.time.towards.common.equilibrium.due.to. 

non-equilibrium.of.mass-energy.in.space..It.should.not.be.confused. 

with.local.creation.of.non-equilibrium.or.“organized.structures”.on. 

expense. of. “over-all”. non-equilibrium,. by. spontaneous. and. irreversible. 

conversion. (dissipation). of. other. energy. forms. into. the. 

thermal.energy,.always.accompanied.with.increase.of.entropy.(randomized.equi-partition.of.energy.per.absolute.temperature.level)..The.fundamental.laws.of.nature.are.considered.to.be.axiomatic.and.many.believe.they.could.not.be.explained,.proven.or.questioned..However,.everything.may.and.should.be.questioned,.reasoned,.explained.and.possibly.proven..The.miracles.are.until.they. 

are.comprehended.and.understood. 

The Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the 

Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Peru 

Wednesday, starting at 11:00a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

173 The Rio Muerto Project 2006-2010: Mummy Preparation, 

Mortuary Practice, and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku State (AD 

500-1000), PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN 1 *, ULRIKE M. GREEN 1 , 

ALICIA BOSWELL 1 , SARAH BAITzEL 1 , and PATRICIA 

PALACIOS 2 ( 1 Department. of.Anthropology,. University. of. California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;. 

2 Museo. Contisuyo,. Plaza. de. Armas,. Moquegua,. Peru;. psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu). 

Mortuary. excavations. at. the. Rio. Muerto. site. in. Moquegua,. 

Peru,. perhaps. the. best. preserved. Tiwanaku. site. in. South. America,.have.produced.an.important.sample.of.Tiwanaku.mummified. 

remains.and.a.trove.of.data.on.mortuary.practice..The.Tiwanaku. 

rituals.of.death.and.mourning.indicate.enduring.cultural.and.social. 

ties.between.lowland.colonies.and.the.civilization’s.homeland.in. 

the.high.altiplano..Shared.mortuary.elements.include.widely.shared. 

practices. of. body. preparation,. wrapping. and. positioning,. tomb. 

construction,.and.burial.offerings..At.the.same.time,.more.subtle. 

variability.in.Tiwanaku.mortuary.practices,.mourner’s.rituals.and. 

100 

ethnic.diacritics.such.as.cranial.deformation.between.distinct.cemetery.sectors.may.align.with.distinct.subgroups.or.cultural.identities. 

within.the.larger.Tiwanaku.civilization. 

174 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence 

from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru,.ELIzA- 

BETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S..GOLDSTEIN (Department. 

of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman. 

Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu).. 

Dress. is. among. the. most. important. means. of. communicating.roles.and.relationships,.both.in.life.and.death..The.mummies. 

and.other.well-preserved.interments.from.the.Tiwanaku.cemetery. 

sites.at.the.Rio.Muerto.archaeological.complex.(M43.and.M70).in. 

Moquegua,.Peru,.offer.a.rare.opportunity.to.examine.the.construction.of.the.identities.of.Middle.Horizon.people.as.they.are.mourned.and.interred.by.family.and.friends..Information.from.the.examination.of.the.garments.from.these.sites.has.provided.unprecedented. 

information.on.ideas.of.status,.gender.and.sex.roles,.and.the.roles. 

and.importance.of.children,.in.this.ancient.community. 

175 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data 

from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru,.ANDREW D. 

SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, SARAH I. BAITzEL, 

MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBEN- 

HEIMER, and LINDA yzURDIGA (Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La. 

Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu). 

The.superb.preservation.of.human.remains.at.Rio.Muerto.permits. 

an. unusual. opportunity. for. new. bioarchaeological. research. 

on.Tiwanaku.society..As.markers.of.individual.and.group.identity,. 

dietary.practices.convey.valuable.information.on.ethnicity,.gender,. 

and. status-based. differences. within. archaeological. populations.. 

Through.analysis.of.bone.carbon.and.nitrogen.stable.isotope.ratios,. 

we.reconstruct.the.paleodiet.of.the.Middle-Horizon.Tiwanaku.from. 

Rio. Muerto. in. the. Moquegua. Valley. of. Southern. Peru.. Working. 

with.mummified.remains.permits.analysis.of.both.traditional.bone. 

isotope.ratios.as.well.as.human.hair,.allowing.comparison.between. 

long.and.short-term.dietary.intake..Our.results.are.compared.to.previously. 

generated. data. from. the. earlier. Huaracane,. and. succeeding.Tumilaca.and.Chiribaya.populations,.and.to.highland.Tiwanaku. 

data. to. assess. dietary. changes. in. relation. to. political. and. demographic.changes.across.the.Tiwanaku.core.and.peripheral.regions..Additionally,.we.investigate.gendered.food.behaviour.in.the.peripheral.Tiwanaku.colony. 

176 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns 

in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku 

State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER. (University. of. 

North. Carolina,. Chapel. Hill,. Department. of. Anthropology,. 301. 

Alumni.Building.CB#3115,.Chapel.Hill,.NC.27599;.Sara.Becker@ 

unc.edu). 

Organized.labor.is. a.known. key.component.to.the.development. 

of. state-level. societies.. However,. concepts. of. labor. in. prehistoric.societies.can.sometimes.be.reduced.to.a.one-dimensional. 

idea,.overshadowing.the.actual.individuals.involved.in.activity.and. 

production.within.an.emerging.complex.society..Within.this.paper,. 

I. provide. a. comparative. framework. of. specific. skeletal. evidence. 

to.the.archaeological.record.by.using.biological.markers.to.infer. 

how.habitual.activity.varies.within.Tiwanaku.state.formation.both. 

in.the.Titicaca.Basin,.Bolivia.and.the.Moquegua.Valley,.Peru..The.

excellent.preservation.at.these.sites.including.mummified.or.partially.mummified.remains.along.with.these.bioarchaeological.activity.data.add.specific.insight.into.the.routine.of.individuals.and.their.contributions.to.the.social.groups.in.which.they.live,.revealing.divisions.of.labor.such.as.status.or.gender.differences. 




Wednesday, starting at 1:15 p.m. in KIPJ Room G 

177 Fundamental Osteoimmunology: From Stem Cells to Boneimmune 

Metabolism,. ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN* and 

FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI,.(UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Division.of.Oral.Biology.and.Medicine,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095-1668;. 

andreucsb@hotmail.com). 

Osteoimmunology.refers.to.the.regulating.interplay,.interaction,.and.(or).interconnectivity.between.bone.and.immune.biology.. 

The. interplay. begins. when. bone. provides. the. microenvironment. 

that.is.critical.for.the.development.of.the.hematopoietic.stem.cells. 

from. which. all. cells. of. the. mammalian. immune. system. derive,. 

and.they.in.turn.produce.various.immunoregulatory.cytokines.that. 

influence. the. fate. of. bone. cells.. Besides. sharing. signaling. molecules,.bone.and.immune.cells.have.a.common.site.of.origin..They. 

influence.each.other.not.only.after.maturation.and.activation,.but. 

also.at.the.formation.stage.as.apparent.in.the.role.of.osteoblasts.in. 

the.establishment.of.hematopoietic.stem.cell.niches.and.their.maintenance. 

in. bone. marrow..Abnormalities.in. immune. system. cause. 

skeletal. damages. that. eventually. lead. to. osteoimmunpathologies.. 

Various.inflammatory.mediators.and.cytokines.influence.the.pathogenic. 

mechanisms. involving. interactions. between. immune. cells. 

and. bone.. T-cell. mediated. immunity. as. well. as. T-cell. regulation. 

play.an.important.role.in.this.check.and.balance.interaction..Central. 

regulatory.mechanisms.of.the.immune.system.are.key.players.and. 

the.link.between.immune.system.and.bone.as.it.relates.to.regulation. 

of.immune.activation.and.bone.resorption. 

178 Psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunology and Temporomandibular 

Disorders,.FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI* and ANDRE 

BARKHORDARIAN. (UCLA. School. of. Dentistry,. Division. of. 

Oral.Biology.and.Medicine,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095-1668;.fchiappelli@dentistry.ucla.edu). 

Osteoimmunology.refers.to.the.study.of.the.interface.between. 

the. skeletal. and. immune. systems.. The. “osteo-immune. system”. 

pertains. to. the. complex. interactive. communication. between. the. 

physiology.of.bone.and.of.immunity,.that.is.the.finely.articulated. 

interacting. systemic,. cellular. and. molecular. regulatory. pathways. 

between. the. cell. populations. that. sustain. bone. metabolism,. the. 

osteoblasts.and.the.osteoclasts,.and.the.myeloid.and.lymphoid.cell. 

populations. that. bring. about. cell-mediated. immune. surveillance.. 

Immune.and.bone.cells.share.a.variety.of.mutually.cross-regulating. 

signaling.molecules,.growth.factors.and.signaling.pathways..Bone. 

and.immune.cells.arise.from.a.common.site.of.origin,.namely.the. 

bone.marrow,.which.is.rich.in.blood.supply,.and.autonomic.innervation,.that.ensures.well-distributed.neuroendocrine.modulation.of. 

bone,.immune,.and.osteoimmune.events..Osteoimmunopathology. 

refers.to.the.wide.spectrum.of.pathological.conditions.that.range. 

from.autoimmune,.to.inflammatory,.neoplastic.diseases,.and.joint. 


pathologies..We.will.explore.the.fundamentals.of.the.psychoneuroendocrine-immune-bone. 

crosstalk,. particularly. as. it. pertains. to. 

inflammatory. processes. proximal. to,. and. detrimental. to. the. temporomandibular.joint,.which.forms.the.articulation.the.upper.temporal. 

bone. superiorly,. and. the. mandibular. bone. (i.e.,. mandible,. 

“lower.jaw”).inferiorly..This.ginglymo-arthrodial.synovial.joint.is. 

a.complex.structure,.which.is.controlled.by.the.powerful.muscles. 

of.mastication,.and.the.support.provided.by.the.posterior.dentition.. 

States.of.physical.of.psycho-emotional.stress.or.anxiety.can.have. 

serious.impact.on.the.anatomy.and.the.functioning.of.this.joint..The. 

proximity.of.the.joint.to.critical.anatomical.structures.contributes. 

to.explaining.some.of.the.psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunopathology.observed.in.temporomandibular.joint.disorders. 

179 Systemic Correlates of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders,. 

GARy DEMERJIAN. (2701. W.. Alameda. Ave.. Suite. 606,. Burbank,.CA.91505;.drdemerjian@yahoo.com). 

The. temporomandibular. joint. (TMJ). articulates. the. mandible. 

with. the. maxilla.. Temporomandibular. joint. disorders. (TMD). 

are.dysfunctions.of.this.joint,.which.range.from.acute.to.chronic. 

inflammation,.trauma.and.dislocations,.developmental.anomalies,�. 

neoplasia.and.arthritis..TMD.manifest.as.signs.and.symptoms.that. 

involve.the.surrounding.muscles,.ligaments,.bones,.synovial.capsule,.connective.tissue,.teeth.and.innervations.proximal.and.distal. 

to.this.joint..TMD.induce.proximal.and.distal,.chronic.and.acute,. 

dull.or.intense.pain.and.discomfort,.muscle.spasm,.clicking/popping. 

sounds. upon. opening. and. closing. of. the. mouth,. and. chewing. 

or. speaking. difficulties.. The. trigeminal. cranial. nerve. V,. and. 

its. branches. provide. the. primary. sensory. innervation. to. the. face. 

and. TMJ.. Our. clinical. work. suggests. that. the. auriculotemporal. 

(AT). nerve,. a. branch. of. the. mandibular. nerve,. the. largest. of. the. 

three.divisions.of.the.trigeminal.nerve,.plays.a.critical.role.in.TMD. 

sequelae..As.the.three.divisions.of.the.Trigeminal.meet.at.the.Gasserian. 

Ganglion,. the.Trigeminal. bundle. enters. the. brainstem. and. 

forms. the.Trigeminal.Nucleus.of. the. Spinal.Tract..The.AT. nerve. 

provides.the.somatosensory.fibers.that.supply.the.joint,.the.middle. 

ear,.and.the.temporal.region..The.AT.nerve.establishes.an.important. 

bridge.to.the.sympathetic.system..As.it.courses.posteriorly.to.the. 

retro-discal.tissues.of.the.condylar.head.of.the.TMJ,.compression,. 

injury.or.irritation.of.the.AT.nerve.can.lead.to.significant.neurologic. 

and. neuro-muscular. disorders,. including. Cervical. Dystonia. (Torticolli),.Blepharospam.,.Strabismus,.gait.or.balance.disorders.and. 

Parkinson’s.disease.. 

Here,.we.propose.that.a.proteomic.signature.of.TMD.can.be. 

obtained. by. assessing. certain. biomarkers. in. local. (e.g.,. synovial. 

fluid.at.the.joint).and.distal.body.fluids.(e.g.,.saliva,.cerebrospinal. 

fluid),.which.can.aid.TMD.diagnosis.and.prognosis. 

180 Osteoimmunology I: Integrating Fundamental Osteoimmunology 

Research in Clinical Practice,.JAy SISON.(10921.Wilshire. 

Blvd.Suite.611,.Los.Angeles,.CA,.90024;.jaysison@aol.com). 

Periodontal.disease.affects.30-50%.of.the.population..The.disease.is.characterized.by.the.colonization.of.specific.bacterial.strains. 

around.the.supporting.structures.of.the.teeth..This.infection.elicits. 

a.host.immune.response.resulting.in.inflammatory.changes.affecting.the.surrounding.tissues..The.resulting.inflammation.can.lead.to. 

bone.destruction..The.loss.of.bone.reduces.support.for.the.teeth.and. 

can.result.in.tooth.loss..The.inflammatory.process.that.leads.to.the. 

destruction.of.the.bone.supporting.the.teeth.has.also.been.linked.to. 

the.progression.of.other.diseases.including.cardiovascular.disease.. 

101


This. disease. process. highlights. the. importance. of. the. interplay. 

between.the.immune.and.skeletal.systems..The.field.of.osteoimmunology.is.becoming.increasingly.important.in.understanding.those. 

systems.separately.and.the.biology.that.permits.crosstalk.between. 

them..The.history.and.recent.advances.in.the.field.of.osteoimmunology.in.oral.biology.are.reviewed.here. 

State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research 

Wednesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

181 Introduction to State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research,. 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 *, ALBERT zINK 2 , and NIELS LyNN- 

ERUP 3 .( 1 Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,. 

Switzerland;. 2 EURAC. -. Institute. for. Mummies. and. the. Iceman,. 

Bolzano,. Italy;. 3 Laboratory. of. Biological.Anthropology,. Department.of.Forensic.Medicine,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Denmark;. 

frank.ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch). 

Ancient. mummies. have. been. examined. for. centuries.. The. 

enormous.ongoing.advance.of.examination.modalities.allow.us.to. 

expand.research.issues..The.aim.of.this.symposium.is.to.review.the. 

current.“gold-standard”.for.scientific.studies.of.ancient.mummies. 

and.to.predict.future.developments,.both.in.terms.of.examination. 

standards.as.well.as.possible.“high-end”.single.case.methodologies. 

182 Macroscopic Investigation of Mummies,. SALIMA IKRAM. 

(American.University.in.Cairo,.New.Cairo,.Egypt;.salimaikram@ 

gmail.com). 

Traditional. macroscopic. investigations. of. mummies. remain. 

a.crucial.way.of.studying.these.artefacts..The.sensory.perceptions. 

of.the.examiner.often.elicit.new.data.from.the.mummy.that.is.not. 

available.through.radiography.or.CT.scans..This.form.of.analysis. 

should.always.be.the.first.step.in.engaging.with.the.mummy..Such. 

studies. provide. cultural.and.conservation.information,.as.well. as. 

help.formulate.research.questions.that.might.be.answered.by.more. 

technical.analyses,.including.digital.imagery.and.chemical.tests. 

183 CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummies,.FRANK J. RÜHL 1 * 

and NIELS LyNNERUP 2 ( 1 Centre. for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. 

University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 Laboratory. of. Biological. 

Anthropology,. Department. of. Forensic. Medicine,. University. of. 

Copenhagen,.Denmark;.frank.ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch). 

One.of.the.gold-standards.in.paleopathological.investigation. 

of. mummies. is. the. radiological. examination. using. both. conventional.X-rays.and.more.advanced.methods..Computed.tomography.(CT).represents.the.gold-standard.of.X-ray.based.3D-imaging.systems,.however.more.sophisticated.methods.of.radiological.analysis,. 

such.as.magnetic.resonance.imaging.(MRI).offer.new.diagnostic. 

possibilities.. In. the. last. decades,. these. major. imaging. modalities. 

show.remarkable.technological.advances..The.aim.of.this.presentation.is.to.give.an.overview.of.the.current.impact.and.pitfall.of. 

ancient. mummy. imaging,. particularly. focusing. on. CT. and. MRI.. 

Various.case.reports.of.natural.and.artificial.mummies.examined.by. 

CT.and.MRI.will.highlight.the.diagnostic.sensitivity.and.specificity. 

of.these.modalities..Also,.the.best.practice.(technical.parameters,. 

diagnostic.indications).in.using.these.two.major.radiological.techniques.will.be.briefly.addressed. 

184 State-of-the-Art of High Resolution Imaging of Ancient Mummified 

Tissue,. FRANK J. RÜHLI* and JOHANN WANEK. 

102 

(Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;.frank.ruhli@uzh.ch). 

The.diagnostic.analysis.of.mummified.tissue.using.computed. 

tomography. (CT). or. planar. X-ray. imaging. is. often. accompanied. 

by. histological. work.. However,. resection. and. rehydration. processes.destroy.valuable.skeletal.remains..Therefore,.three.dimensional.imaging.techniques.such.as.synchrotron-based.tomographic. 

imaging,. microCT. or. the. nuclear. magnetic. resonance. (NMR). 

method.have.become.increasingly.important.tin.the.investigation. 

of. the. inner. structure. of. the. shrunken. tissue.. Such. sophisticated. 

imaging. techniques. with. a. spatial. resolution. between. 0.4. to. 500. 

microns.allow.the.investigation.of.micro.cracks,.calcifications.or. 

muscle.fibres,.which.are.invisible.with.conventional.clinical.imaging.systems.Beside.the.application.of.ionizing.imaging.techniques.increasing,.research.activities.are.now.being.performed.using.a.non-ionizing.approach.(e.g..NMR).to.preserve.ancient.DNA..Previous.studies.have.indicated.that.the.application.of.different.nuclei.such.as.1H. 

and.23Na.may.improve.anatomical.information.of.salt.mummies. 

185 3D-Analyses and 3D-Visualisations, NIELS LyNNERUP 

(Laboratory. of. Biological. Anthropology,. Department. of. Forensic. 

Medicine,. University. of. Copenhagen,. Denmark;. NLY@sund. 

ku.dk). 

CT-scanning. has. emerged. as. a. powerful. instrument. for. the. 

study. of. mummies.. As. a. completely. noninvasive. procedure,. it. 

enables.a.“look.inside.”.Basically,.the.CT-scanner.renders.the.studied.object.as.a.series.of.slices..These.slices.may.be.“re-stacked,”. 

making.multiplanar.visualisation,.i.e..viewing.from.different.slice. 

planes,.as.well.as.full.3D.visualisations.possible..However,.there.are. 

some.pitfalls..These.are.partly.due.to.the.nature.of.X-rays.as.well.as. 

the.workings.of.the.CT-scanner..Furthermore,.there.are.issues.concerning.the.image.building.process,.including.significant.data.loss.. 

To. work. around. these. problems. one. may. apply. certain. software. 

which. allows. interactive,. single-slice. manipulation. and. editing,. 

but.there.is.some.subjectivity.involved..Bias.in.viewing.CT-scan. 

images.and.derived.3D.visualisations.is.thus.introduced,.which.may. 

have.a.bearing.on.interpreting.pathologies.and.pseudopathologies. 

186 Histological Investigation of Human Mummified Remains – 

Potential and Drawbacks of the Analysis of Ancient Soft Tissue 

Material,. FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, ASTRID GRUMER 1 , BAR- 

BARA PICHLER 1 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , FRANz 

SCHROFFENEGGER 2 , EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 2 , and 

ALBERT zINK 1 .( 1 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Viale.Druso.1,.39100.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

2 Department.of.Pathological.Anatomy.and.Histology,.General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

frank.maixner@eruac.edu). 

Histology,.the.microscopic.study.of.differentially.stained.tissue.sections.has.become.a.essential.tool.in.various.biological.and. 

medical.scientific.fields..The.application.of.this.valuable.technique. 

ranges.from.basic.tissue.typing.and.pathological.diagnostics.to.the. 

identification.of.trace.elements.in.the.sample.such.as.iron.or.calcium..Like.other.techniques.in.medicine,.tissue.histology.was.also. 

applied.to.mummy.research.for.its.potential.to.determine.the.degree. 

of.tissue.conservation.and.to.identify.possible.pathological.changes.. 

However,.compared.to.modern.tissue.material,.ancient.specimens. 

require.special.re-hydration.steps.prior.to.paraffin.embedding.and. 

often. display. different. staining. characteristics.. Based. on. a. study. 

of. Mekota. and. Vermehren. (2005). we. re-investigated. various.

e-hydration. solutions. with. skin. tissue. samples. from. different. 

mummy.types..Results.indicate.a.high.variability.of.the.methods. 

in.question.in.terms.of.re-hydration.efficiency,.preservation.of.tissue.details.and.staining.characteristics..Mekota,.A.M.,.Vermehren,.M..(2005).Determination.of.optimal.rehydration,.fixation.and.staining.methods.for.histological.and.immunohistochemical.analysis.of. 

mummified. soft. tissues,. Biotechnique and Histochemistry 80(1),. 

7-.13. 

187 Molecular Investigations of Microbial Communities in Mummified 

Human Remains, FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, THOMAS 

RATTEI 2 , GUADELUPE PINAR 3 , KATJA STERFLINGER- 

GLEIXNER 3 , DARIO. PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , GIOVANNA 

CIPOLLINI 1 , and ALBERT zINK 1 . ( 1 EURAC. -. Institute. for. 

Mummies. and. the. Iceman,.Viale. Druso. 1,. 39100. Bolzano,. Italy;. 

2 Department. of. Computational. Systems. Biology,. University. of. 

Vienna,.Austria;. 3 Institute.of.Applied.Microbiology,.University.of. 

National. Resources. and.Applied. Life. Sciences,. Vienna,.Austria;. 

frank.maixner@eurac.edu). 

Mummified. human. remains. can. be. regarded. as. an. independent. 

“ecosystem“. in. which,. on. the. one. hand,. highly. specialized. 

microorganism.thrive,.some.of.which.are.involved.in.degradation. 

processes..On.the.other.hand,.traces.of.ancient.DNA.in.these.specimens.could.provide.detailed.insight.into.the.past.microbiome.of.this.mummy.consisting.of.beneficial.and.potentially.pathogenic.bacteria.. 

Until. recently,. the. vast. majority. of. complex. microbial. communities.were.largely.underestimated.due.to.major.technical,.time,. 

and.financial.constraints..Therefore,.our.knowledge.of.mummified. 

bodies.as.“ecosystems”.is.limited..However,.advancements.in.highthroughput. 

next-generation. sequencing. technology. have. yielded. 

powerful.new.tools.in.terms.of.cost.effectiveness,.time.saving.and. 

data.recovery..“In-depth”.sequencing.of.phylogenetic.marker.genes. 

will.shed.light.into.the.spectacular.microbial.diversity.in.various. 

habitats.in.and.on.mummies. 

188 State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research: Coprolites, KARL 

J. REINHARD. (School. of. Natural. Resources,. Hardin. Hall. 719,. 

University. of. Nebraska,. Lincoln,. NE. 68583-0987;. kreinhard1@ 

mac.com). 

Coprolites.are.a.source.of.a.diversity.of.data.regarding.infection,.medicine,.diet,.and.environment.of.the.decedent..New.methods.are.introduced.yearly.for.each.of.these.topics..Highlighted.in. 

this. presentation. are. several. issues.. Refined. parasite. diagnosis. is. 

offered.by.molecular.and.chemical.methods..The.analysis.of.starch. 

represents.the.latest.revolution.in.paleonutrition.and.is.immediately. 

applicable. to. mummy. studies.. Starch. grains. not. only. show. what. 

starch. sources. were. eaten,. but. also. the. manner. of. preparation. of. 

specific. foods.. Diatom. studies. of. coprolites. are. on. the. horizon.. 

Diatoms.reveal.different.aquatic.environments.exploited.by.ancient. 

peoples..By.applying.aeropalynology.data.regarding.season.variations.in.natural.pollen.rain,.it.is.possible.to.determine.in.what.month. 

of.the.year.an.individual.died. 

When.ecological.and.parasitological.data.are.combined,.patterns.of.climate.variation,.diet,.and.infection.can.be.discerned..For. 

example, El Niño.events.at.the.coast.of.Chile.caused.variation.in. 

Chinchorro.exploitation.of.fish.species..This.in.turn.affected.prevalence.of.tapeworm.infection. 

Taphonomy. is. a. concern..The. preservation. of. remains. from. 

mummy.coprolites.is.variable..By.analysis.of.insects,.mites,.and.the. 

ecology.of.preservation,.one.can.assess.the.preservation.potential. 


of. the. microfossils. from. coprolites..This. will. allow. one. to. interpret.whether.the.absence.of.a.class.of.microfossils.is.due.to.poor.preservation.conditions..In.conclusion,.a.holistic.approach.to.coprolite.analysis.results.in.the.placement.of.pathological.conditions.in. 

behavior.and.environmental.contexts. 

189 Preservation of Human Mummified Remains,. ALBERT 

zINK 1 *, MARCO SAMADELLI 1 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MAS- 

CALI 1 , and EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 2 .( 1 EURAC.-.Institute. 

for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Viale.Druso.1,.39100.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

2 Department.of.Pathological.Anatomy.and.Histology,.General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy;.albert.zink@eurac.edu).The.preservation.of.human.mummified.remains.often.represents.a.major.problem,.both.in.the.original.find.sites.as.well.as.in. 

secondary.depositories,.such.as.collections.or.museums..Changes. 

of.the.microclimate.surrounding.mummy.burials.that.can.be.caused. 

by.excavation.or.building.activities,.tourism.exploitation.or.natural. 

influences. often. lead. to. a. decline. of. the. natural. preservation. 

conditions..In.particular,.the.increase.of.humidity.and.insufficient. 

ventilation.enhance.the.growth.and.spread.of.microorganisms.that. 

could.result.in.major.damage.to.mummified.remains..The.storage.of. 

mummies.in.museums.or.collections.faces.the.specific.challenge.of. 

recreating.the.natural.climatic.conditions..This.often.proves.problematic,.as.the.optimal.preservation.conditions.for.mummies.from. 

different.geographic.areas.are.not.always.fully.understood,.and.also. 

due.to.the.high.costs.required.for.maintaining.and.displaying.the. 

human.remains. 

We.present.examples.of.different.mummy.find.sites,.such.as. 

in.Egypt.and.Sicily,.where.the.natural.preservation.conditions.have. 

changed.and.how.this.has.influenced.the.natural.storage.of.these. 

mummies.. Moreover,. different. solutions. for. the. conservation. of. 

mummies.in.museums.will.be.discussed..As.an.example,.the.Tyrolean.Iceman.is.stored.in.a.specially.designed.cooling.chamber.that.emulates.the.cold.and.humid.environment.in.which.he.was.naturally.preserved.for.more.than.5000.years..Modern.showcases.allow.the.use.of.nitrogen.and.a.precise.control.of.temperature.and.humidity.. 

In. this. context,.possible. solutions. for. more. efficient.and. less. 

expensive.preservation.systems.will.be.considered. 

190 Dental Studies,.ROGER SEILER* and FRANK J. RÜHLI. 

(Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;.rogerseiler@bluewin.ch). 

For.many.years,.mummies.have.been.systematically.examined,. 

e.g..in.Switzerland..We.are.currently.completing.the.inventory.of. 

Swiss.mummies.with.a.special.emphasis.on.oral.findings..When.it.is. 

interpret.mummy.oral.pathologies.in.more.detail..These.pathologies. 

are.dental.wear.such.as.abrasion,.attrition,.erosion,.and.the.combination.there.of;.caries,.periodontal.destruction.and.apical.lesions.of. 

the.alveolar.bone..In.addition,.possible.postmortem.changes.in.the. 

dentition.relative.to.the.mummification.process.may.be.found..The. 

use.of.3D-reconstructions.alone.has.in.many.cases.limited.informative.value..Therefore,.axial.images.and.2D-panoramic.reformatted. 

images.are.necessary.in.order.to.obtain.additional.information.for. 

the.diagnosis.of.caries.and.periodontal.destruction.in.mummies..We. 

are.also.trying.to.estimate.the.clinical.relevance.of.these.pathological.findings.in.mummies.in.general. 

103


191 Advancing the Stable Isotopic Analysis of Mummies: Some Suggested 

Future Directions, CHRISTINE D. WHITE 1 * and FRED 

J. LONGSTAFFE 2 ( 1 Department.of.Anthropology,.The.University. 

of.Western.Ontario,.Canada;. 2 Department.of.Earth.Sciences,.The. 

University.of.Western.Ontario,.Canada;.white2@uwo.ca). 

This. paper. reviews. the. current. methodological. state. of. stable. 

isotopic. analyses. on. mummy. tissues. and. their. usefulness. in:. 

1). understanding. pathological. and. physiological. processes,. and. 

2). reconstructing. diet,. geographic. mobility,. long-. and. short-term. 

environmental.change.in.past.populations..The.potential.of.research. 

designs.that.involve.use.of.the.tissue.clock.through.multiple.and. 

incremental.tissue.analyses,.combinations.of.different.isotopes,.the. 

integration.of.isotopic.data.with.other.forms.of.data,.and.forms.of. 

instrumentation.that.provide.highly.specific.data.are.discussed.in. 

light.of.future.directions 

192 Using Rapid Prototyping in Mummy Studies – Bridging Science 

and Public Presentation,. HEATHER GILL-FRERKING* 

and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL. (German. Mummy. Project,. 

Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. Mannheim,. Germany;. Heather.Gill- 

Robinson@mannheim.de). 

The. application. of. medical. imaging. in. mummy. studies. is. 

common,.and.the.importance.of.these.methods.for.the.analysis.of. 

mummies.is.clear..Aside.from.the.analysis.of.the.2D.images,.and. 

the.reconstruction.of.virtual.3D.models,.data.from.medical.imaging. 

can.be.used.to.create.physical.3D.models.through.the.use.of.various.rapid.prototyping.techniques..The.models,.which.can.be.made. 

to.scale.to.create.a.replica.of.an.object.or.skeletal.element,.can.be. 

used.to.assist.in.the.non-destructive.analysis.of.the.mummy.and. 

accompanying.artifacts,.or.to.create.a.model.of.the.skull.for.facial. 

reconstruction,.for.example. 

This.paper.discusses.the.use.of.rapid.prototyping.in.the.German.Mummy.Project..Specifically,.we.present.two.cases.of.South. 

American. mummies,. in. which. objects. associated. with. the. mummies,.but.not.visible.for.analysis,.were.reproduced.using.binder.jet.printing..Through.the.creation.of.the.physical.3D.models,.identification.of.objects.was.possible,.which.enabled.a.more.accurate.contextual.interpretation.of.each.of.the.mummies..The.replicas.of.the. 

objects.were.then.displayed.with.the.mummy.during.exhibition,.in. 

order.to.help.the.visitor.understand.the.mummy.as.a.person,.and. 

recognize.the.importance.of.non-destructive.methods.of.analysis.in. 

mummy.studies. 

193 Next Generation Sequencing Technology in Mummy Studies: 

The Genome of the. Tyrolean Iceman,. ANGELA GRAEFEN 1 *, 

ANDREAS KELLER 2 , MARKUS BALL 3 , MARK MATzAS 4 , 

VALESCA BOISGUERIN 4 , FRANK MAIXNER 1 , PETRA 

LEIDINGER 2 , ANDRE FRANKE 5 , JENS MAyER 2 , RABAB 

KHAIRAT 3 , JESSICA SPANGLER 6 , STEPHEN McLAUGH- 

LIN 6 , MINITA SHAH 6 , CLARENCE LEE 6 , TIMOTHy 

HARKINS 6 , ALEXANDER SARTORI 6 , JAN HAAS 7 , HUGO 

KATUS 7 , BENJAMIN MEDER 7 , NIKOLAUS BLIN 3 , ECK- 

ART MEESE 2 , CARSTEN PUSCH 3 , MARCO SAMADELLI 1 , 

EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 8 , and ALBERT zINK 1 ( 1 EURAC.-. 

Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 2 Department. 

of. Human. Genetics,. Saarland. University,. Homburg,. Saar,. Germany;. 

3 Division.of.Molecular.Genetics,.Institute.of.Human.Genetics,. 

University. of. Tübingen,. Germany;. 4 Febit. Biomed. GMBH,. 

Heidelberg,. Germany;. 5 Institute. of. Clinical. Molecular. Biology,. 

Christian-Albrechts-University. Kiel,. Germany; . 6 Lifetech/Applied. 

104 

Biosystems,.Beverly,.MA.01915,.Foster.City,.CA.94404;. 7 Department. 

of. Internal. Medicine. III,. University. of. Heidelberg,. Heidelberg,.Germany;. 

8 Department.of.Pathological.Anatomy.and.Histology,.General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy;.angela.graefen@eurac.edu). 

Whole.genome.sequencing.approaches.are.rapidly.gaining.in. 

popularity.within.the.field.of.ancient.DNA..However,.most.human. 

palaeogenomic. studies. have. been. carried. out. on. skeletonised. 

human.remains.(or.other.remains.such.as.hair),.so.that.the.opportunities.of.comparing.genomic.and.physical.data.(such.as.phenotypic.appearance.or.non-skeletal.afflictions).are.strictly.limited..We. 

present.here.the.preliminary.results.of.the.whole-genome.analysis. 

of.the.5300.year-old.Tyrolean.Iceman,.carried.out.using.Applied. 

Biosystems/Lifetech.SOLiD4.sequencing.technology,.and.outline. 

the.methods.used.for.sample.preparation.and.sequencing..Success. 

rates.on.genome.coverage.and.depth.proved.to.be.very.high,.despite. 

the.small.sample.size.used.for.library.preparation..Genomic.data. 

was.analysed.with.regard.to.functional.and.clinically.relevant.polymorphisms,. 

as. well. as. phylogenetic. implications.. Clinically. relevant.SNPs.were.compared.with.existing.radiological,.pathological,.and.morphological.insights.from.previous.studies.to.evaluate. 

the.possibility.of.a.potential.genetic.predisposition..Furthermore,. 

the. genomic. data. serves. as. a. reference. database. for. significant. 

genetic.polymorphisms.identified.in.future.genome-wide.association.studies. 


University in K–12 Science Education 

Wednesday, starting at 2:00 p.m. in KIPJ Room A 

194 UC Berkeley’s Response to The Gathering Storm: Cal Teach 

and MfA Berkeley, NICOLE NUNES,.(College.of.Letters.and.Science,.University.of.California,.Berkeley,.367.Evans.Hall,.MC.3860,. 

Berkeley,.CA.94720-3860; nunesn@berkeley.edu). 

Improving.science.and.math.education.is.a.national.imperative,.and.it.is.widely.acknowledged.as.a.critical.engine.for.careers.in.science,.technology,.engineering.and.math.(STEM).fields,.innovation,.economic.growth.and.U.S..competitiveness..In.response.to. 

this.need,.UC.Berkeley.has.launched.two.complementary.programs. 

to.address.the.recruitment.and.retention.of.quality.teachers.–.Cal. 

Teach.and.Math.for.America.(MfA),.Berkeley..Cal.Teach.Berkeley. 

is.a.new.undergraduate.teacher.credential.program.that.promotes. 

teaching. as. a. career. through. coursework. and. field. placements. in. 

local.schools..The.program.allows.undergraduates.to.obtain.a.teaching. 

credential. along. with. their. undergraduate. degree. in. science,. 

math.or.engineering..MƒA.Berkeley.offers.Master.Teacher.Fellowships.to.secondary.math.and.science.teachers.to.help.them.continue.to.develop.the.skills,.commitment,.professional.support,.and.leadership.development.they.need.to.continue.teaching.in.urban.schools.. 

Both. programs. focus. on. developing. quality. teaching. practices. 

through. the. integration. of. strong. content. knowledge,. an. inquiry. 

approach. to. teaching. informed. by. experience. doing. scientific. 

research,.and.extensive.experience.working.in.urban.classrooms.. 

Through.collaboration.between.the.Graduate.School.of.Education. 

and.STEM.faculty,.these.two.programs.leverage.the.strengths.of.the. 

university.to.support.K-12.math.and.science.education. 

195 Content-Intensive Courses in UC San Diego’s Science Education 

Minor: Preliminary Results on Their Effects on Pre-Service

Science Teachers,. JOHN CzWORKOWSKI (Department. 

of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,. University. of. California,. San. 

Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive.#.0303,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0303;.jczworkowski@ucsd.edu).. 

The. California. Teach. Program. at. the. University. of. California.is.the.product.of.a.state-wide.initiative.to.increase.the.number. 

of.highly-qualified.science.and.math.teachers.in.the.state..At.UC. 

San.Diego,.the.Program.spurred.the.creation.of.a.Science.Education.Minor,.designed.through.a.cooperative.effort.of.faculty.in.the. 

sciences,. mathematics,.and. education,. which. offers. students. academic.work.and.field.experiences.that.provide.a.holistic.preparation.for.their.future.work.as.science.and.math.teachers,.including. 

integration.of.significant.science.content.with.theories.of.learning. 

and.teaching.in.several.innovative.courses..The.content-intensive. 

courses.in.the.Minor,.and.preliminary.results.on.outcomes.for.the. 

participating.students,.will.be.described.in.the.presentation..There. 

are. strong. indications. that. the. courses. are. positively. influencing. 

students’.attitudes.toward.teaching,.that.students’.own.learning.of. 

science. has. become. more. sophisticated,. and. that. a. foundation. is. 

being. laid. for. development. of. the. students’. pedagogical. content. 

knowledge. 

196 Growing a Culture for Science Education in the University 

of Arizona’s College of Science, DEBRA TOMANEK.(Office.of. 

Instruction. and. Assessment. and. the. College. of. Science. Teacher. 

Preparation. Program,. University. of.Arizona, 1500. E.. University. 

Blvd.,.Bldg..70,.Tucson,.AZ.85721;.dtomanek@email.arizona.edu). 

Colleges.of.science.at.many.research.universities.have.long. 

histories. of. engagement. in. science. education. outreach. activities.. 

This.is.especially.common.at.land-grant.research.institutions.like. 

the.University.of.Arizona.(UA)..However,.in.recent.years,.the.UA. 

has.been.a.leader.in.developing.a.culture.for.science.education.that. 

goes.beyond.its.outreach.mission..The.development.of.this.culture. 

has. resulted. in. a. science. teacher. preparation. program. for. undergraduate.science.majors.who.wish.to.become.secondary.level.science. 

teachers,. a. College. of. Science. based. promotion. and. tenure. 

system.that.values.scholarly.productivity.in.the.areas.of.teaching. 

and.learning,.and.the.preparation.of.doctoral.students.who.pursue. 

research.on.science.teaching.or.learning.while.earning.their.degrees. 

in.science..These.products.of.the.UA.College.of.Science.culture. 

for.science.education.have.also.resulted.in.unexpected.outcomes. 

such. as. increased. collaborations. between. scientists. and. science. 

educators.in.funded.grant.projects,.greater.awareness.by.scientists. 

of.research.on.teaching.and.learning,.and.higher.cumulative.GPAs. 

for.science.majors.in.the.College.of.Science.based.program.than. 

the.national.GPA.average.for.students.majoring.in.education-based. 

teacher.preparation.programs. 

197 Leveraging a Collaborative Partnership to Achieve High 

Quality Professional Development for Science Teachers, KENT 

J. CRIPPEN.(Department.of.Curriculum.and.Instruction,.University.of.Nevada,.Las.Vegas.College.of.Education,.4505.S..Maryland. 

Parkway,. Box. #453005,. Las.Vegas,. NV. 89154-3005;. kcrippen@ 

unlv.nevada.edu).. 

The. unique. attributes. of. an. urban. environment,. such. as. 

issues.of.diversity.and.large.student.populations.learning.English. 

as.a.second.language,.necessitate.unique.solutions.for.improving. 

K12.STEM.education..By.breaking.down.traditional.barriers.and. 

leveraging. collaborative. partnerships,. the. nation’s. research. universities.have.an.important.role.to.play.in.this.endeavor,.including. 


teacher. professional. development.. This. presentation. describes. a. 

professional. development. model. that. uses. a. learning. community. 

approach.with.a.collaborative.partnership.that.includes.a.university,. 

school.district,.and.regional.professional.development.organization. 

in. order. to. improve. current. K-12. teachers. and. STEM. education.. 

This.approach.leverages.each.institution’s.attributes.and.resources. 

in.order.to.overcome.institutional.barriers.and.provide.high.quality.professional.development.for.teachers..Evaluation.results.from. 

a.recent.project,.Project.PASS.are.used.to.characterize.the.model. 

and. its. effectiveness. for. increasing. teacher. content. knowledge,. 

reforming.the.classroom.characteristics.of.teacher.participants,.and. 

improving.student.performance. 

198 More Than Outreach: Starting a Charter School on a Research 

University Campus, BARBARA SAWREy.(Academic.Affairs.and. 

Department.of.Chemistry.and.Biochemistry,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive.#.0001,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093- 

0001; bsawrey@ucsd.edu). 

How.does.a.charter.school.fit.into.the.mission.of.a.research. 

university,.and.how.do.the.two.institutions.sustain.a.relationship?. 

In.2000.The.Preuss.School@UCSD.opened.its.doors.on.the.UC.San. 

Diego.campus..Today.it.serves.826.diverse.students,.all.of.whom. 

are.from.low-income,.first-generation.college.families..The.school. 

teaches.grades.6-12,.with.a.longer.school.day.and.a.longer.school. 

year.than.other.San.Diego.public.schools..Ninety.four.percent.of. 

the.2010.graduating.class.was.accepted.at.a.four-year.college.or. 

university..The.challenges.of.creating.the.school.were.many,.but.the. 

success.has.been.even.greater.than.expected,.often.in.unforeseen. 

ways..Many.of.the.outcomes.and.challenges.will.be.highlighted.in. 

the.session.. 


Thursday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

199 Incidents in the Sierra Tarahumara, ENRIQUE CHACÓN 

SORIA . (Centro. INAH. Chihuahua,. Paseo. Bolívar. No.. 608,. Col.. 

Centro,.Chihuahua,.CP.31000;.chaconsoria@gmail.com). 

While. searching. for. Francisco. Villa’s. body. in. the. “Cueva 

del Gigante”. in. the.Alta.Tarahumara.near.the.town. of. Guerrero,. 

Chihuahua,. México. in. January. 2010,. a. group. of. 20. infant. bodies,.including.nine.mummies,.were.found.and.illegally.extracted.. 

One.of.the.skulls.showed.a.bullet.sized.hole.and,.due.to.the.actual. 

violent.regime.in.the.area,.the.excavation.site.was.believed.to.be. 

a.“narco fosa”.(narco.mass.grave)..Authorities.were.informed.of. 

this;.preliminary.forensic.and.contextural.studies.indicated.that.the. 

bodies.were.not.modern.but.historic,.if.not.pre–Hispanic,.and.so.the. 

Chihuahua.INAH.(Instituto.Nacional de Antropología e Historia). 

office.took.responsibility.of.the.discovery.and.classified.it.as.illegal. 

destruction.of.cultural.heritage..The.analysis.on.the.associated.artifacts,.such.as.pottery,.corn,.cloth.made.up.of.vegetable.fibers,.cords,. 

wooden.artifacts,.etc.,.indicated.that.“Cueva del Gigante”.was.a. 

Tarahumara.burial.ground.of.approximately.1200.to.1500.A.D..In. 

order.to.address.the.questions.“what.is.the.economic.and.cultural. 

value.of.a.mummy.from.the.Sierra.Tarahumara?”.and.“what.is.the. 

purpose.of.looting?”.this.study.analyses.all.the.previously.registered.cases.of.mummies.in.the.Sierra.and.integrated.several.points. 

of.view.from.different.social.actors.(First.Nations.and.Mestizos). 

on.looting.and.preservation.of.human.burials.and.their.associated. 

cultural.material. 

105


200 The “Why” of the Mortuary Context of Mexican Mummies, 

ILÁN LEBOREIRO* and JOSEFINA.MANSILLA.(Dirección. 

de.Antropología.Fisica,.Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,. 

Reforma. y. Gandhi. s/n,. Col.. Polanco,. México,. D.F.. 11560;. 

ilanleboreiro@hotmail.com).. 

The. cultural. practices. around. death. expressed. by. ancient. 

human.groups.through.the.bioarchaeological.context,.has.been.of. 

great.interest.to.anthropology.since.the.nineteenth.century..Without.a.doubt,.those.practices.imply.the.manipulation.of.the.cultural. 

material,. reflecting. social. relations. and. cultural. ideals,. being. the. 

human.body.the.principal.element.to.consider.in.the.mortuary.context..The.vast.majority.of.mummified.bodies.found.in.México.have.been.the.result.of.donations,.looting,.or.archeological.rescues..Nevertheless,.even.when.the.mortuary.context.from.which.those.mommies.come.from.is.modified.or.destroyed,.it.is.sometimes.possible. 

to.reconstruct.that.context,.meaning.that.we.can.have.an.idea.of.the. 

“how”.of.a.burial.site..But.to.be.able.to.understand.the.“why”.of. 

a.mortuary.context,.implies.a.different.methodology..In.this.study. 

we.integrate.the.interdisciplinary.analysis.around.the.mortuary.contexts.appealing.to.the.ethnohistorical.testimonies.that.describe.the. 

cultural.aspects.of.the.ethnic.groups.from.Northeast.México,.and. 

contrasted.the.bioarcheological.evidences.with.the.available.data. 

from.burial.ritual.practices. 

201 Brief Overview about the Mexican Mummies, JOSEFINA 

MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Dirección. de. Antropología. 

Fisica,. Instituto. Nacional. de. Antropología. e. Historia,. 

Reforma. y. Gandhi. s/n,. Col.. Polanco,. México,. D.F.. 11560;. dra_ 

mansilla@yahoo.com).. 

Mummified. bodies. in. México. have. been. documented. since. 

the.pre-Columbian,.this.phenomenon.is.mostly.due.to.the.dry.or. 

semiarid.environment.of.some.caves,.crypts,.underneath.churchs’. 

floors,.or.other.places.where.the.corpses.quickly.suffer.dehydration,. 

therefore. avoiding. the. natural. process. of. decomposition. changes. 

attributed.to.microbial.and.autolytic.actions..The.aim.of.this.paper. 

is.to.describe.and.compare.the.different.bioarchaeologial.characteristics.of.some.of.these.corpses.through.different.epochs.in.México. 

202 México’s Most Ancient Mummy: Tm-c-247 at Romero´s Cave, 

JOSEFINA MANSILLA* . and ILÁN LEBOREIRO.(Dirección. 

de.Antropología.Fisica,.Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.Col..Polanco,.México,.D.F.,.11560;. 

dra_mansilla@yahoo.com). 

Back.in.the.1950´s.the.archeological.research.conducted.by. 

Richard. McNeish. in. the. South. of. Tamaulipas. has. been. of. great. 

significance.for.the.modern.Mexican.archaeology..His.methodical. 

excavations.in.the.region.unraveled.the.history.of.the.Prehispanic. 

groups.that.inhabited.that.area..In.the.Southwest.zone.of.the.state,. 

in.1955,.McNeish.excavated.the.caves.at.the.Infiernillo.Canyon,. 

particularly.the.Romero,.Valenzuela.and.Ojo.de.Agua..He.established.a.stratigraphical.cultural.sequence.based.on.food.remains.and. 

archaeological.material,.covering.approximately.from.7000.B.C..to. 

1500.A.D..In.the.Romero.cave.at.the.Ocampo.region,.catalogued. 

as.Tm-c-247,.he.reports.nine.human.burials.found.among.the.sixteen.settlements.in.that.cave..Even.when.he.doesn’t.refer.to.them. 

explicitly.as.mummies,.he.thoroughly.details.the.cultural.material. 

associated. to. each. one. of. these. burials.. Once. he. concluded. with. 

the.excavations.and.until.the.last.five.years,.the.“McNeish.Mummies”.were.believed.as.vanished..Fifty.years.went.by.until.the.rediscovery.of.these.mummies;.we.have.recently.studied.them.and. 

106 

here. are. some. bioarchaeological. results,. such. as. the. radiocarbon. 

analysis.which.determined.that.of.one.of.the.mummies.is.the.most. 

ancient.Mexican.mummy. 

203 Ancient DNA from Mummified Tissue in México: A Case Study 

for the Early Colonization of the Americas, CRISTINA VAL- 

DIOSERA 1 *, COLIN SMITH 1 , MORTEN RASMUSSEN 1 , 

VICTOR MORENO 1 , ESKE WILLERLEV 1 , ILÁN LEB- 

OREIRO 2 , and JOSEFINA MANSILLA 2. ( 1 Center.for.GeoGenetics,.Geologiske.Museum,.Oster.Voldgade.5-7;.1350,.Copenhagen. 

K,. Denmark;. 2 Dirección. de.Antropologia. Fisica,. Instituto. Nacional.de.Antropologia.e.Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P..11560,. 

México. D.F.. cvaldioser@yahoo.es;. ilanleboreiro@hotmail.com;. 

dra_mansilla@yahoo.com). 

Ancient.DNA.can.be.obtained.from.several.different.sources. 

such. as. bone,. teeth,. hair,. seeds,. coprolites. and. soil,. of. different. 

ages.and.environments..Mummified.material.represents.an.excellent.source.of.DNA.due.to.its.exceptional.molecular.preservation.. 

Moreover,.mummy.hair.provides.one.of.the.best.possible.sources.of. 

ancient.DNA.as.hair.is.robust.to.human.contamination.that.blights. 

such. studies. and. hair. sampling. is. less. destructive. than. sampling. 

teeth.or.bones..Here.we.present.preliminary.results.obtained.from. 

ancient.DNA.analysis.of.pre-Columbian.mummies.from.México.. 

As. part. of. an. ongoing. project,. this. data. is. combined. with. the. 

anthropological. context,. radiocarbon. dates,. and. novel. stable. isotopic.techniques.to.provide.information.about.the.genetic.diversity. 

of. Amerindian. populations. in. México. and. palaeodietary. preferences.of.these.individuals..This.data.will.be.integrated.further.into.a. 

larger.study.of.ancient.DNA.with.samples.spanning.both.the.North. 

and.South.American.continents.and.the.time.range.of.the.earliest. 

colonizers.. Within. this. continental. and. temporal. framework. the. 

Mexican.samples.discussed.here.represent.an.optimal.case.study.to. 

analyze.the.genetic.diversity.in.the.Americas.right.before.European. 

contact.at.approximately.500.years.ago..Part.of.these.populations. 

are.thus.some.of.the.latest.samples.(i.e..longest.surviving.lineages). 

and. they. represent. an. important. location. in. the. continent. where. 

gene.flow.will.almost.certainly.have.taken.place. 

204 Traditions of the Ancient Northern Mexican Desert: Furwrapped 

and Flexed Positioned Mummies of Infant Cadavers, 

LETICIA GONzALEz 1 *, JOSEFINA MANSILLA 2 , SANDRA 

POMPA 3 , MARCO ANTONIO RODRIGUEz 4 , and ILÁN 

LEBOREIRO 2 ( 1 Museo. Regional. de. La. Laguna,. Bosque.Venustiano.Carranza.s/n,.Torreon,.Coahuila,.C.P..27000;. 

2 Dirección.de. 

Antropología. Fisica,. Instituto. Nacional. de.Antropología. e. Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P..11560,.México,.D.F.;. 

3 Universidad. 

Nacional.Autonoma.de.México,.Instituto.de.Ecología,.Laboratorio. 

de.Ecologia.y.Conservacion.de.Fauna.Silvestre,.Ciudad.Universitaria,.C.P..04510,.México.D.F.;. 

4 Universidad.Nacional.Autonoma.de. 

México,.Instituto.de.Ecología,.Laboratorio.de.Evolución.Molecular. 

y. Experimental,. Ciudad. Universitaria,. C.P.. 04510,. México,. D.F.;. 

legoar@yahoo.com).. 

In. the. northern. Mexican. desert,. several. infant. mummies,. 

flexed-positioned,.wrapped.in.animal.skin.and.woven.mat.(petate),. 

have.been.found.buried.or.in.caves..From.these,.two.cases.from.the. 

Cuatrociénegas.region.with.these.features.are.described.and.analyzed..We.also.discuss.the.one.published.by.Walter.Taylor.(1968).in.the.same.region..These.two.Mexican.cases.are.compared.and.discussed.with.the.ones.described.in.Texas,.being.these.sites.are.ecologically.similar.and.were.used.by.the.same.hunter/collector.tribes.

culturally..One.of.the.infants.was.radiocarbon-dated.to.be.918.+.26. 

B.P..Samples.from.the.fur.used.to.flex.and.wrap.the.infant.were.collected.in.order.to.determine.if.it.is.mule,.white-tailed.deer.or.other. 

animal..Using.Pääbo.technique.and.Quiagen.Kit.modified.to.isolate. 

DNA,.we.amplified.the.third.variable.region.of.mitochondrial.gene. 

D-Loop.and.sent.it.to.sequencing..Sequences.obtained.were.analyzed.to.determine.at.least.the.genus.of.the.organism’s.sample..The.geographical.ranges.of.both.species.of.deer.overlap.in.the.Cuatrociénegas. 

region,. and. several. authors. mention. the. almost. perfect. 

DNA. similarity. between. species,. mainly. in. the. border. region. of. 

México.and.the.United.States..We.also.identified.the.principal.plant. 

component.of.the.“petate” and.other.elements.of.the.burial.bundle. 

205 Characterization of Mummy Hair at Nanometric Level Through 

Atomic Force Microscopy, CARMEN PIJOAN 1 *, PEDRO 

BOSCH 2 , CARLOS FLORES 2 , JOSEFINA MANSILLA 1 , 

ILÁN LEBOREIRO 1 , and MARíA TERESA MENENDEz- 

TABOADA 3 ( 1 Direccion. de.Antropología. Fisica,. Instituto. Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Reforma.y.Gandhi.s/n,.C.P..11560,. 

México,.D.F.;. 2 Universidad.Nacional.Autonoma.de.México,.Instituto. 

de. Investigaciones. en. Materiales,. Ciudad. Universitaria,. C.P.. 

04510,.México.D.F.;. 3 Escuela.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,. 

Periférico.Sur.y.Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030.México,.D.F.;.cmpijoan@ 

yahoo.com). 

The.characterization.of.human.hair.has.been.usually.reduced. 

to.morphology.at.a.micron.level.through.scanning.electron.microscopy. 

images.. However,. nowadays. atomic. force. microscopy. has. 

been.shown.to.be.an.adequate.technique.to.study.hair..The.main. 

advantage.of.such.method.is.that.it.does.not.require.any.pretreatment.of.the.sample,.i.e..no.covering.with.a.conductor.material.or. 

high.vacuum..The.disadvantage.is.that.it.does.not.have.high.focus. 

depth..Results.obtained.with.atomic.force.microscopy.have.been. 

reported.for.contemporary.hair,.but.none.can.be.found.in.the.bibliography.for.mummy.hair..Only,.in.a.previous.work,.we.have.shown. 

how. scanning. electron. microscopy. and. atomic. force. microscopy. 

are.complementary.techniques.in.the.characterization.of.mummy. 

and.contemporary.hairs,.mummy.materials.came.from.adults.and. 

children.found.in.La.Ventana.cave,.North.México..In.this.study,.we. 

compare.mummy.hair.(adult.female).and.the.corresponding.contemporary.hair.images.obtained.by.atomic.force.microscopy.at.a.higher.amplification..The.alterations,.easily.observed.at.a.macroscopic.level,.respond.to.modifications.of.the.nanometric.structure. 

206 Trace Elements in Ancient Tarahumara Mummy Hair, MARíA 

TERESA MENENDEz-TABOADA (Escuela.Nacional.de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Periférico.Sur.y.Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030,.México,. 

D.F.;.terehueza@hotmail.com). 

This.study.integrates.a.variety.of.techniques.that.help.determine.the.concentrations.of.trace.elements.in.Prehispanic.mummy. 

hair..Human.recent.hair.samples.and.from.Tarahumaran.mummies. 

were. analyzed;. results. were. obtained. using. X-ray. Fluorescence. 

(FRX),.Scanning.Electron.Microscopy.(SEM),.Energy.Dispersive. 

X-ray. Spectroscopy. (EDS),. Neutron.Activation.Analysis. (NAA),. 

Attenuated.Total.Reflectance-Fourier.Transform.Infrared.Spectroscopy.(ATR-FTIR).and.X-ray.Diffraction.(DRX);.these.results.give.a.great.approach.of.the.diet.and.the.environment.of.these.individuals,.and.their.population..Another.important.finding.was.the.contamination.and.preservation.hair.level..Also.a.comparison.between. 

ancient.hair,.modern.hair.and.burial.soil.was.made..The.Prehispanic. 

samples. showed. higher. concentrations. in. trace. elements. related. 


with. the. environment,. such. as. aluminum,. potassium. and. silicon;. 

later.with.the.ancient.washed.hair,.the.results.revealed.a.higher.vegetable. 

food. intake. than. those. of. contemporary. samples;. this. was. 

principally.demonstrated.with.the.magnesium.and.zinc.concentrations.in.both.kinds.of.samples. 

207 Analysis of the Genetic and Historical Context of Two Prehispanic 

Mummies from México: Phylogeography as an Approach to 

Complement the Understanding of Past Populations, ANA SER- 

RANO* and MARIEL DURÁN. (Escuela. Nacional. de.Antropología.e.Historia,.Periférico.Sur.y.Zapote.s/n..C.P..14030.México,. 

D.F.;.banana_kaiser@hotmail.com;.marielgeinfisher@msn.com). 

The.study.of.indigenous.populations,.whether.contemporary. 

or.extant,.in.México.and.the.south.of.United.States.is.based.mainly. 

in.three.cultural.areas.defined.as.Mesoamerica,.Aridoamerica.and. 

Great.Southwest..The.analysis.of.the.populations.around.these.areas. 

is.mainly.supported.by.their.geography,.family.or.linguistic.group. 

and.cultural.traits..But,.what.about.biology?.Physical.Anthropology,.through.Phylogeography,.allows.us.to.understand.the.human. 

being.from.a.bio-cultural.perspective..This.work.took.as.reference. 

this.perspective.with.the.purpose.of.visualize.the.different.relationships.between.two.mummified.individuals.from.south.Tamaulipas,. 

discovered.by.Richard.MacNeish.during.his.expeditions.between. 

1955.and.1956,.and.the.relationships.of.these.with.other.populations.from.México.and.the.south.of.United.States..We.look.forward.to.make.a.characterization.of.the.mtDNA.Haplogroups.in.prehispanic.populations.from.the.north.part.of.México.to.obtain.information.that.contextualize.archaeological.and.historical.data.from.groups.which.populated.the.area.to.draw.different.kinds.of.comparisons..Our.results.indicated.that.the.most.ancient.of.the.mummies.belong.to.Haplogroup.A.(d13C=-12.8.2583.±.38),.meanwhile. 

the. other. belongs. to. Haplogroup. C. (d13C=-9.4. 870. ±. 29).. Both. 

mummies.differ.in.their.Haplogroup.and.in.their.antiquity;.there.is. 

a.gap.of.almost.2000.years.between.them..Furthermore,.genetically. 

Sample.2.(hap.C).is.related.to.populations.from.north.México.and. 

south.United.States..On.the.other.hand.Sample.1.(hap.A).is.associated.with.populations.from.the.central.part.and.south.of.México. 

Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy 


208 Introduction: Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy, BOB 

BRIER (C.W.. Post. Campus,. Long. Island. University,. Greenvale,. 

NY.11548,.USA;.Mummy123@aol.com). 

Although.much.has.been.written.about.mummification.practices.in.ancient.Egypt,.little.of.this.deals.with.mummies.of.the.Old.Kingdom..Part.of.the.reason.for.this.lack.or.research.is.the.relative.scarcity.of.mummies.from.the.Pyramid.Age..In.the.Americas,. 

the.only.Old.Kingdom.mummy.that.we.know.of.is.in.the.Michael. 

C..Carlos.Museum.in.Atlanta,.Georgia..A.recent.exhibition,.“Life. 

and.Death.in.the.Pyramid.Age:.The.Emory.Old.Kingdom.Mummy”. 

gave.us.an.opportunity.to.study.this.mummy,.which.has.never.been. 

on.display.before..This.symposium.presents.the.preliminary.findings.of.this.study 

209 A History of the Oldest Egyptian Mummy in the Americas,. 

PETER LACOVARA 1 and.BOB BRIER 2 *.( 1 Michael.C..Carlos. 

Museum,.Atlanta,.GA;. 2 C.W..Post.Campus,.Long.Island.University,. 

Greenvale,.NY.11548,.USA;.mummy123@aol.com). 

107


The.Michael.C..Carlos.Old.Kingdom.mummy.was.purchased. 

in.the.beginning.of.the.20 th .century.by.Emory.theology.Professor. 

William.Arthur.Shelton..This.paper.presents.a.history.of.his.buying. 

trip,. discusses. the. practice. of. purchasing. mummies,. during. 

this.period,.and.then.discusses.the.significance.of.an.Old.Kingdom. 

mummy.to.current.mummy.studies. 


Mummy,. MONIQUE OSIGBEME 1 *, CHENERE PIERCE 

RAMSEy 2 , MALU TANSEy 3 , JOSHUA ROBINSON 4 , JOHN 

KINGSTON 4 , and ARRI EISEN 5 .( 1 Undergraduate.Class.of.2012,. 

Emory. University,. Atlanta,. Georgia;. 2 School. of. public. Health,. 

Emory.University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;. 3 School.of.Medicine,.Emory. 

University,. Atlanta,. Georgia;. 4 Anthropology. Department,. Emory. 

University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;. 5 Biology.Department,.Emory.University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;.mosigbe@emory.edu). 

The.comprehensive.conservation.project.undertaken.in.2010- 

11. afforded. an. unprecedented. opportunity. to. examine,. analyze,. 

and.document.the.preserved.human.remains..Physical.evaluation,. 

radiographic.imaging,.microscopic.examination,.and.stable.isotope. 

analysis. of. the. bones. and. teeth. were. undertaken. to. gather. clues. 

about.the.individual’s.life.and.death,.including.diet.and.health..A. 

sample.from.what.was.presumed.to.be.the.brain.was.studied.with. 

the. hope. of. confirming. the. tissue,. typing. blood,. and. obtaining. 

genetic.information. 

211 Project Update on the Conservation Treatment of the Carlos 

Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MIMI LEVEQUE 1 * and 

RENÉE STEIN 2 . ( 1 Conservator,. Peabody. Essex. Museum. and. 

Archaea.Technica.Conservation;. 2 Conservator,.Michael.C..Carlos. 

Museum,.Emory.University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;.mimileveque@msn. 

com).. 

In.preparation.for.exhibition,.the.wrappings.and.remains.were. 

examined. for. evidence. of. mummification. procedures. and. burial. 

practices..Samples.from.the.linen.wrappings.and.coffin.were.radiocarbon.dated;.salts.and.resins.associated.with.the.body.were.characterized;.and.the.wood.species.used.for.the.coffin.was.identified..The. 

weave.structures,.construction.details,.and.layering.methods.of.the. 

linens. were. recorded. through. photographs. and. drawings.. Dust,. 

debris,.and.old.packing.materials.were.gently.removed..Through. 

careful. manipulation,. bones. were. re-aligned. and. contoured. supports.were.created.to.relieve.stress.on.the.weak.skeleton.and.fragile. 

wrappings.. Linens. with. extensive. insect. damage. were. stabilized. 

and.reinforced..Missing.sections.of.the.wrappings.were.fabricated. 

and.integrated.with.the.existing.ancient.wrappings.to.present.a.unified.appearance.for.exhibition. 




212 Introduction: An Overview of the HORUS Study,.RANDALL 

C. THOMPSON.(The.Mid.American.Heart.Institute.and.Professor. 

of. Medicine,. University. of. Missouri,. Kansas. City,. MO;. rthompson@cc-pc.com). 

The. HORUS. study. investigators. have. been. provided. an. 

exceptional. opportunity. to. investigate. the. medical. history. of. 

ancient.humans..The.generosity.of.the.Egyptian.Supreme.Council. 

108 

of.Antiquities. and. more. recently,. museums. across. the. US,. have. 

allowed.the.team.to.delve.inside.the.remains.of.Egyptian.mummies. 

dating.as.far.back.as.1981.BCE..In.addition.to.imaging.45.mummies.at.the.Egyptian.Museum.of.Antiquities,.the.team.has.received. 

the.CT.images.of.13.mummies.from.the.Metropolitan.Museum.of. 

Art.in.New.York,.five.from.the.Bowers.Museum.in.Santa.Ana,.CA,. 

two.from.the.University.of.Pennsylvania.Museum.of.Archaeology. 

and.Anthropology,.and.one.each.from.the.Nelson-Atkins.Museum. 

in. Kansas. City. and. the. Museum. of. <strong>World</strong>. Treasures. in. Wichita.. 

Focusing.on.atherosclerosis,.the.team.found.it.to.be.commonplace. 

in.ancient.Egypt..This.finding.raises.the.potential.that.our.current. 

understanding. of. the. etiology. of. atherosclerosis. may. be. strikingly. 

incomplete.. For. example,. Finch. and. others. have. suggested. 

that.infection.could.play.an.important.role..Could.atherosclerotic. 

lesions.be.infectious,.analogous.to.H.pylori.in.the.gut?.Could.it.be. 

analogous.to.rheumatic.heart.disease,.a.post.inflammatory.response. 

to.a.specific.infection.or.a.burden.of.infections,.parasitic,.or.otherwise,. 

in. a. less. than. hygienic. ancient. environment?. Could. such. 

a. nonhygienic. environment. over. the. course. of. human. evolution. 

have.stimulated.a.pleotrophic.response.-.predisposing.to.a.genome. 

effective.at.fighting.infection.early.in.life.but.reacting.against.itself. 

within.the.vessel.wall.later.in.life? 

213 The HORUS Study – The Hunt for Atherosclerosis,.L. SAM- 

UEL WANN. (The. Wisconsin. Heart. Hospital,. Milwaukee,. WI;. 

samuelwann@gmail.com). 

We. have. previously. shown. that. ancient. Egyptians. had. atherosclerosis..The.aim.of.this.study.was.to.determine.the.incidence,. 

predictors,.and.severity.of.atherosclerosis.among.ancient.Egyptians. 

mummies..We.used.modern.X-ray.computed.tomography.to.study. 

52.ancient.Egyptian.mummies,.searching.for.evidence.of.arterial. 

calcification. as. a. marker. for. cardiovascular. (CV). disease.. The. 

mummies.were.selected.from.a.variety.of.eras.and.were.chosen.on. 

the.basis.of.their.good.state.of.preservation.and.the.likelihood.that. 

CV.tissue.could.be.present..Images.were.interpreted.by.a.consensus. 

of.seven.imaging.physicians.and.historical.data.of.the.individual. 

mummies..Age.at.the.time.of.death.was.determined.by.Egyptologists,. 

preservationists,. and. an. anthropologist. from. the. HORUS. 

investigators. 

Of.the.52.mummies,.the.mean.age.at.time.of.death.was.38.1.±. 

12.y..(17.females,.33.males.and.2.undetermined)..Identifiable.CV. 

tissue.was.found.in.44.mummies,.and.20.(45%).of.these.had.either. 

definite.atherosclerosis.(defined.as.calcification.within.the.wall.of. 

an.identifiable.artery,.n=12).or.probable.atherosclerosis.(defined.as. 

calcifications.along.the.expected.course.of.an.artery,.n=8)..The.20. 

mummies. with. definite. or. probable. atherosclerosis. were. older. at. 

time.of.death.(mean.45.1.±.9.2.y).than.the.mummies.with.CV.tissue. 

but.no.atherosclerosis.(34.5.±11.8.y),.(p

Since.the.18 th .century,.lifespans.have.increased.globally.from.a.life. 

expectancy.at.birth.(LE o ).of.25-40y,.to.>80y.in.healthy.countries;. 

the.LE 70 .has.also.more.than.doubled..Although.the.demographics. 

of.ancient.Eurasia.are.incompletely.documented,.life.expectancies. 

may.be.approximated.by.those.of.18th.century.Sweden.and.the.20 th . 

century.Tsimane..The.Tsimane.are.an.indigenous.forager-farming. 

people.of.the.lowland.forest.and.savannas.of.Amazonian.Bolivia.. 

Thus.for.ancient.Egypt.and.Greece,.the.LE o .is.estimated.at.about. 

30y..Those. reaching. age. 30. lived. 25. more. years,. i.e.. about. 50%. 

less.than.today..Infections.are.likely.to.have.been.the.main.cause. 

of.death.in.ancient.Egypt.as.in.the.Tsimane.and.other.pre-industrial. 

peoples.. Nonetheless,. advanced. atherosclerosis. with. calcification. 

is.documented.in.Egyptian.mummies,.e.g..18th.Dynasty,.(ca.1550. 

BCE),. and. indicated. for. the. Tyrolean. Iceman. (3300. BCE),. estimated.to.be.age.40-50..The.apparently.premature.calcification.suggests.aging.was.accelerated,.commensurate.with.the.shorter.adult. 

life.span..Environmental.interactions.with.vascular.pathology.merit. 

consideration.in.premature.mortality.in.ancient.Egypt,.e.g..in.modern.Europe,.cardiovascular.pathology.increases.risk.of.heart.attack. 

during.infections.and.dust.storms. 

A.model.for.ancient.Egyptians.may.be.the.Tsimane.which.have. 

LE o .of.42.y.and.prevalent.chronic.infections.with.elevated.blood. 

C-reactive.protein,.but.few.other.risk.indicators.of.vascular.disease.. 

Comparisons.of.the.meager.Tsimane.diet.with.that.of.ancient.Egyptians.may. 

give.insights.about.heart.disease.and.rates. of.vascular. 

aging. 

215 Demonstration of Cardiovascular Disease on CT Scans in 

Egyptian Mummies – Examples from 52 Mummies, RANDALL C. 

THOMPSON.(The.Mid.America.Heart.Institute.and.Professor.of. 

Medicine,.University.of.Missouri,.Kansas.City,.MO;.rthompson@ 

cc-pc.com). 

CT.evidence.of.ancient.heart.disease.has.never.been.described.. 

In.ancient.Egypt,.hearts.were.often.removed.during.mummification,. 

but.the.process.varied.over.3000.years.and.sometime.cardiac.structures.were.left.intact..We.performed.whole.body.CT.scanning.on.52. 

ancient.Egyptian.mummies.(Siemens.Emotion.6,.GE.Lightspeed). 

systematically.looking.for.cardiovascular.diseases..Of.the.52.mummies,.intact.hearts.were.present.in.15,.and.cardiac.remnants.were. 

present.in.15..Although.the.cardiac.structures.were.often.distorted,. 

in.two.mummies.heavy.coronary.calcifications.were.present,.a.man. 

from.the.Ptolemaic.period.circa.2300.years.ago.(ya),.and.a.woman. 

from.the.17 th .dynasty.period,.3550.ya..The.coronary.calcium.score. 

in.the.former.was.>.1000.AU..Three.other.mummies.had.probable. 

coronary. calcifications.. Very. heavy. mitral. annular. calcifications. 

were.found.in.a.woman.from.the.new.kingdom.period.(3150-3350. 

ya)..A.woman.from.the.18 th .dynasty.(3350.ya).had.dense.calcifications.in.the.inferior.left.ventricular.myocardium.highly.suggestive. 

of.calcified.old.MI..All.of.these.eight.mummies.had.evidence.for. 

generalized.atherosclerosis.with.calcifications.in.other.arterial.locations..Mummies.with.intact.hearts.were.more.likely.to.have.atherosclerosis.(p


consistent.with.the.anatomical.preservation.methods.described.in. 

18 th .to.20 th .century.literature,.especially.those.from.Italy. 

218 Development of a New Glass Case System for Mummies Conservation,. 

MARCO SAMADELLI1 *, DARIO PIOMBINO- 

MASCALI1 , F. U. ROLLO2 , VITO C. FERNICOLA3 , and 

ALBERT zINK1. ( 1EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Ice man,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 2UNICAM,. Scuola. di. Bioscienze. e. Biotecnologie.dell’Università.degli.Studi.di.Camerino,.Camerino,.Italy;. 

3I.N.RI.M.,. Torino,. Italy;. Marco.Samadelli@eurac.edu;. dario. 

piombino@eurac.edu). 

The.goal.of.this.project.was.to.construct.a.new.type.of.glass. 

case.combining.the.requirements.of.proper.conservation.and.presentation.of.mummies.in.museums.or.in.their.original.find.sites..For.this,.different.techniques.already.in.use.within.museum.environments.were.analyzed.and.a.new.concept.of.an.optimized.glass. 

case. was. developed..As. a. model,. a. glass. case. was. designed. for. 

the.mummy.of.Rosalia.Lombardo,.who.is.preserved.in.the.Capuchin.Catacombs.in.Palermo.and.is.often.referred.to.as.the.sleeping. 

beauty..In.a.first.step,.the.mummy.environmental.conditions.were. 

analyzed.in.order.to.obtain.the.ideal.conservation.parameters..The. 

design.of.the.glass.case.was.accompanied.by.mathematical.calculations.to.ensure.that.the.casing.not.only.contributes.to.better.conservation,.but.also.eases.maintenance.and.allows.better.visibility.. 

In.the.newly.developed.glass.case,.the.humidity.can.be.adjusted.to. 

exact.specifications.by.means.of.a.special.humidifier..Additionally,. 

the. humidifier. can. also. be. used. for. disinfection. and. sterilization. 

purposes.by.adding.chemical.solutions..Finally,.a.wireless.system. 

is.included.to.monitor.the.atmospheric.conditions.in.the.glass.case,. 

thereby.allowing.constant.surveillance.of.the.conservation.parameters..The.new.glass.case.is.constructed.in.such.a.way.that.it.can. 

be.adapted.to.all.kinds.of.dry.mummies.conserved.under.different. 

environmental.conditions. 

219 The Royal Mummies of Ancient Egypt: A History Re-written 

by Science,. ALBERT zINK 1 *, yEHIA z. GAD 2 , SOMAIA 

ISMAIL 2 , PAUL GOSTNER 3 , ASHRAF SELIM 4 , CARSTEN 

M. PUSCH 5 , and zAHI HAWASS 6 ( 1 EURAC. -. Institute. for. 

Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Viale.Druso.1,.I-39100,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

2 National. Research. Center,. El-Buhoth. St.,. Dokki,. Cairo,. Egypt;. 

3 Department.of.Radiodiagnostics,.Central.Hospital.Bolzano,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

4 Cairo.Scan.Radiology.Centre,.Soliman.Abaza.St..35,. 

Mohandesseen,.Giza,.Egypt;. 5 Institute.of.Human.Genetics,.Division. 

of. Molecular. Genetics,. University. of.Tübingen,.Wilhelmstr.. 

27,.D-72074,.Tübingen,.Germany;. 6 Supreme.Council.of.Antiquities,.3.El.Adel.Abou.Bakar.S.,.Zamalek,.Cairo,.Egypt;.albert.zink@ 

eurac.edu). 

Tutankhamun.is.probably.the.best-known.pharaoh.of.ancient. 

Egypt,. due. to. the. discovery. of. his. undisturbed. tomb. by. Howard. 

Carter.in.1922..Despite.the.perfect.preservation.of.the.tomb.and.the. 

many.precious.grave.goods,.no.clear.information.on.Tutankhamun’s. 

ancestry.could.be.revealed..In.our.study.we.investigated.the.familial. 

relationships.between.11.royal.mummies.of.the.late.18 th .dynasty,. 

dating. from. circa. 1410-1324. BC. and. presumed. to. be. kindred. of. 

Tutankhamun..The.royal.mummies.underwent.a.detailed.anthropological,.radiological,.and.genetic.study..The.results.of.the.genetic. 

fingerprinting.enabled.the.construction.of.a.5-generation.pedigree. 

of.Tutankhamun’s.immediate.lineage.and.the.identification.of.his. 

parents..In.contrast.to.previous.assumptions,.the.paleopathological. 

analyses.revealed.no.signs.of.gynecomastia.and.craniosynostoses. 

110 

(such.as.Antley-Bixler.syndrome).or.Marfan.syndrome.in.the.royal. 

mummies.. In. Tutankhamun,. we. diagnosed. a. severe. avascular. 

bone.necrosis.(Köhler.disease.II).that.would.have.caused.walking. 

impairment..Additionally,.the.detection.of.ancient.Plasmodium falciparum.DNA.revealed.the.presence.of.malaria.tropica.in.Tutankhamun..In.summary,.by.using.a.multidisciplinary.scientific.approach,. 

we.were.able.to.significantly.contribute.to.a.better.understanding.of. 

the.ancestry.and.disease.of.Pharaoh.Tutankhamun. 

220 Marking with Needles and Lancets: The Antiquity of Therapeutic 

Tattooing, LARS.KRUTAK (Repatriation.Office,.Department. 

of.Anthropology,.National.Museum.of.Natural.History,.Smithsonian.Institution,.10 

th .and.Constitution.Avenue.NW,.MRC.138,.P.O.. 

Box.37012,.Washington,.DC.20013;.krutakl@si.edu). 

For.thousands.of.years,.peoples.around.the.world.have.marked. 

their.bodies.with.various.types.of.tattoos..This.painful.form.of.body. 

art. was. not. just. the. latest. fashion,. it. was. a. visual. language. that. 

exposed.an.individual’s.desires.and.fears.as.well.as.ancient.cultural. 

values.and.ancestral.ties.that.were.written.on.the.body. 

However,.many.other.forms.of.tattooing.also.embodied.therapeutic.values,.and.the.surfaces.of.the.human.body.became.the.location.where.preventive.spiritualistic.medicine.was.practiced..Drawing.on.the.paleopathological.record.of.tattooed.mummies.and.ethnographic.research,.this.paper.will.explore.the.indelible.legacy.of. 

curative.corporeal.marking.to.reveal.the.complex.system.of.tools,. 

techniques,.and.beliefs.by.which.ancient.and.more.recent.cultures. 

attempted.to.control.their.bodies,.lives,.and.experiences. 

221 Zweeloo Woman: Multidisciplinary Investigation of a Bog 

Body, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 1,2 *, DON BROTHWELL 3 , 

WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN 4 *, CHRISTINA PAPAGEOR- 

GOPOULOU 5 , PAUL GOSTNER 6 , PATRIzIA PERNTER 6 , 

EDUARD EGARTER VIGL 7 , FRANK MAIXNER 8 , MAREK 

JANKO 9,10 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 8 , GRAzIA MAT- 

TUTINO 1 , FRANK J. RÜHLI 11 , and ALBERT zINK 8. ( 1 Laboratory.of.Criminalistic.Sciences,.Department.of.Anatomy,.Pharmacology.and.Legal.Medicine,.University.of.Turin,.Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 

2 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR. 

6578. CNRS-EFS,. Faculty. of. Medicine,. Secteur. Nord,. Batiment. 

A-.CS80011,.University.of.Marseilles,.Boulevard.Pierre.Dramard,. 

13344.Marseilles,.France; 3 BioArch,.Department.of.Archaeology,. 

University.of.York,.The.King’s.Manor,.York.Y01.7EP,.UK; 4 Drents. 

Plateau,.Stationsstraat.11,.9401.KV.Assen,.The.Netherlands;. 5 Institut.für.Anthropologie,.Johannes.Gutenberg.-.Universität,.SB-II.Colonel. 

Kleinmann-Weg. 2,. D-55128. Mainz,. Germany;. 6 Department. 

of.Nuclear.Medicine,.General.Regional.Hospital,.Via.L..Böhler.5,. 

39100.Bolzano,.Italy;. 7 Department.of.Pathology, General.Regional. 

Hospital,.Via.L..Böhler.5,.39100.Bolzano,.Italy;. 8 EURAC.-.Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Viale.Druso.1,.39100.Bolzano,. 

Italy;. 9 Department.of.Earth.and.Environmental.Sciences,.Ludwig. 

-. Maximilians. -. Universität. München,. Schellingstraße. 4,. 80799. 

Munich,. Germany;. 10 Center. for. NanoSciences, Ludwig. -. Maximilians.-.Universität.München,.Schellingstraße.4,.80799.Munich,. 

Germany;. 11 Zentrum.für.Evolutionäre.Medizin,.Zürich.Irchel.-.Universität,.Winterthurerstr..190,.8057.Zürich,.Switzerland;.raffaella. 

bianucci@unito.it;.raffaella.bianucci@gmail.com). 

The.bog.corpse.of.an.adult.female.individual.from.the.Roman. 

period.(78-.233.AD).was.unearthed,.in.1951,.in.the.“Damsel’s.Bog”. 

near.the.village.of.Zweeloo.(The.Netherlands).. 

“Zweeloo. woman’s”. skeleton. shows. signs. of. pathology.

affecting.both.forearms.and.lower.legs..Long.bone.measurements,. 

stature. assessment. and. CT. scan. were. carried. out. to. assess. the. 

degree.of.micromelia.and.possibly.dwarfism. 

Atomic.force.microscopy.imaging.and.histology.were.used.to. 

assess.the.degree.of.preservation..The.radiological.findings.were. 

consistent.with.Léri-Weill.dyschondrosteosis.(DSC),.a.dominantly. 

inherited.dysplasia.marked.by.short.stature.with.mesomelic.shortening. 

of. middle. segments. of. the. forearms. and. lower. legs.. Only. 

three.cases.of.probably.or.indicative.DSC.have.been.described.so. 

far.in.pre-modern.societies..This.is.the.first.case.of.DSC.syndrome. 

recognized.in.a.2 nd .century.bog.body.from.The.Netherlands.. 

Atomic.force.microscopy.imaging.(AFM).of.the.skin.showed. 

evidence. of. a. moderate. decomposition. of. type. I. collagen. fibrils.. 

A.good.state.of.preservation.of.bones.and.abdominal.organs.was. 

shown.histologically. 

The.eggs.of.the.lancet.liver.fluke.Dicrocoelium dendriticum. 

were. found. embedded. in. the. liver. parenchima.. Dicrocoeliasis. 

is.contracted.by.the.oral.uptake.of.infected.ants.attached.to.vegetables..This.infection.is.quite.rare.in.humans.and.has.never.been. 

described.in.a.bog.body.. 

Whether. Zweeloo. woman. was. intentionally. killed. or. died. a. 

natural.death.remains.unclear. 

222 Mummies in Private Collections: Aspects of Law, Ethics, and 

Heritage, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING 1 * and CHRISTO- 

PHER FRERKING 2 ( 1 German.Mummy.Project,.Reiss-Engelhorn. 

Museums,. Mannheim,. Germany;. 2 Attorney-at-Law. and. Independent. 

Scholar,. Mannheim,. Germany;. heather.gill-robinson@ 

mannheim.de). 

Most. mummy. research. is. conducted. with. mummies. from. 

archaeological. sites. or. museum. and. institutional. collections.. In. 

some.cases,.however,.mummies.may.be.held.in.private.collections. 

and.“owned”.by.individuals..Many.of.these.collections.are.clandestine,. 

while. others. are. known. publicly.. Numerous. questions. arise. 

about.mummies.held.in.private.collections..Aside.from.the.obvious. 

questions.related.to.the.authentic.provenience.of.the.specimen.and. 

the.manner.in.which.the.specimen.was.acquired,.researchers.who. 

have.the.opportunity.to.work.with.mummies.from.private.collections.must.consider.other.issues..For.example,.what.is.the.specific. 

right.of.access.to.the.mummy,.and.who.owns.any.data.collected. 

during.the.course.of.research.projects?.Are.limitations.placed.on.the. 

types.of.investigations.that.can.be.conducted,.or.on.which.results. 

can.be.published.or.otherwise.publicly.released?.Is.it.acceptable.for. 

researchers.to.work.with.mummies.held.in.private.collections,.and. 

what.are.the.challenges,.both.ethical.and.legal?.These.are.just.a.few. 

issues.that.face.mummy.researchers.who.work.with.mummies.from. 

private.collections. 

This.paper.will.explore.some.of.the.aspects.of.law.and.ethics. 

related.to.human.mummies.held.in.private.collections.and.consider. 

the.impact.of.such.collections.on.national.and.international.heritage,.archaeology,.and.mummy.studies.as.a.discipline. 

A Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Tissue 

Analyses: The Case of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi 

Thursday, starting at 3:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

223 The Value of Morphological Observations of Soft Tissues of 

Frozen Ancient Corpses, MARíA VICTORIA MONSALVE 1 , 


ELAINE HUMPHREy 2 , and DAVID WALKER 1 * ( 1 Department. 

of. Pathology. and. Laboratory. Medicine,. University. of. British. 

Columbia,. 2350. Health. Sciences. Mall,. Vancouver,. BC. V6T. 

1Z3;. 2 Department.of.Mechanical.Engineering,.University.of.Victoria,.PO.Box.3055,.STN.CSC,.Victoria,.BC,.Canada,.V8W.3P6;. 

dwalker@hli.ubc.ca). 

We.will.consider.three.sets.of.observations.we.made.from.the. 

frozen.corpse.of.Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi..The.body.was.found.in.a. 

Northwest.British.Columbian.glacier.in.1999.and.was.dated.to.be. 

approximately.500.years.old..First.we.will.show.the.extent.to.which. 

hard.and.soft.tissues.were.preserved.in.the.frozen.corpse..Second. 

we.will.consider.the.apparent.types.of.microorganisms.seen.in.various.tissues.and.comment.on.possible.health.consequences..Finally. 

we.will.show.how.the.presence.of.pulmonary.anthrocosis.assisted. 

in.differentiating.between.lung.parenchyma.and.non-parenchymatous.tissues.from.his.frozen,.compressed.lungs. 

As.expected.the.integrity.of.hard.tissues.like.bone.were.well. 

preserved..We.found.unexpectedly.well.preserved.subcellular.detail. 

in.soft.tissues.in.organs.of.the.corpse.that.had.apparently.remained. 

frozen. since. death.. Ultrastructurally,. we. could. identify. bacteria. 

and.possibly.fungi.in.soft.tissues.such.as.heart,.lung.and.skeletal. 

muscle..In.the.compressed.lung.of.Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.we.saw. 

that.anthracosis.that.usually.occurs.around.conducting.airways.was. 

present.in.tissues.we.believed.to.not.be.compressed.parenchyma. 

and.absent.from.what.we.believed.to.be.parenchyma. 

In.summary.we.suggest.that.in.ancient.frozen.corpses.one.may. 

find.and.identify.important.tissue.types.and.pathogens.in.regions.of. 

soft.tissues.that.apparently.have.not.been.exposed.since.the.time.of. 

death.but.remained.in.ice.or.within.body.cavities..All.of.this.suggests.that.one.can.do.more.in.terms.of.assessing.the.possible.state.of. 

well.being.of.such.an.individual.than.previously.imagined. 

224 FTIR Spectromicroscopy Investigations of Preserved Tissue 

from Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi, LUCA QUARONI 1 *, COLLEEN 

CHRISTENSEN 2 , and MARíA VICTORIA MONSALVE 3 

( 1 Swiss.Light.Source,.WSLA/118.Paul.Scherrer.Institut;.CH.5232. 

VILLIGEN-PSI,.Switzerland;. 2 Department.of.Agriculture.and.Bioresources,.University.of.Saskatchewan,.51.Campus.Drive,.Saskatoon,.SK,.Canada,.S7N.5A8;. 

3 Department.of.Pathology.and.Laboratory.Medicine,.University.of.British.Columbia,.2350.Health.Sciences.Mall,.Vancouver,.BC,.V5K.2Z7;.luca.quaroni@psi.ch). 

Fourier. Transform. Infrared. (FTIR). spectroscopy. is. a. useful. 

technique.for.the.compositional.analysis.of.tissues..Absorption.of. 

radiation.in.the.mid-infrared.spectral.region.provides.rich.information.on.the.molecular.properties.of.the.sample,.in.particular.regarding.composition.. 

To. gain. insight. into. postmortem. degradation. in. glacier-preserved.corpses,.we.analyzed.tissue.from.the.Kwäday 

Dän Ts’ìnchi. 

remains.using.synchrotron.based.FTIR.spectromicroscopy..Previously,. 

we. analysed. biceps. muscle. tissue.. We. are. now. following. 

up.on.past.work.by.analysing.trapezium.muscle.tissue.of.Kwäday 

Dän Ts’ìnchi. and. an. unbalmed. cadaver.. In. many. portions. of. the. 

biopsies.subject.to.analysis,.Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.remains.display. 

mid.infrared.absorption.spectra.that.are.similar.to.those.of.modern. 

day.tissue,.with.only.limited.evidence.of.degradation..In.particular,. 

retention. of. alpha-helical. secondary. structures. appears. common. 

throughout. the. sample,. suggesting. several. muscle. proteins. have. 

been.preserved,.partially.or.entirely..In.contrast,.the.ester.carbonyl. 

group.of.phospholipids.appears.to.be.hydrolyzed.throughout.large. 

portions.of.the.sample..This.is.in.agreement.with.previous.work. 

111


detecting.formation.of.adipocere.in.the.remains..Furthermore,.we. 

were.able.to.identify.areas.with.high.concentrations.of.polysaccharides,. 

possibly. derived. from. the. partial. degradation. of. glycogen,. 

and. a. high. content. of. as. yet. unidentified. carboxylate-containing. 

molecules,.perhaps.also.derived.from.processes.of.ester.hydrolysis.. 

Overall,.the.use.of.FTIR.spectromicroscopy.provided.us.with.an. 

overview.of.major.compositional.changes,.or.lack.of.them,.within. 

the.sample,.allowing.us.to.assess.the.state.of.preservation.of.the. 

Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.tissues. 

225 The identification of a Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the 

Ancient Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi Individual, TREENA SWAN- 

STON* 1 , HARRy DENEER 2 , and ERNIE WALKER 1 .( 1 Department. 

of.Archaeology. and.Anthropology,. University. of. Saskatchewan,. 

55. Campus. Drive,. Saskatoon,. SK,. Canada,. S7N. 5B1;. 

2 Department.of.Pathology.and.Laboratory.Medicine,.University.of. 

Saskatchewan,.103.Hospital.Drive,.Saskatoon,.SK,.Canada,.S7N. 

0W8;.treena.swanston@usask.ca). 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). is. the. pathogen. responsible.for.the.disease.tuberculosis.in.humans..According.to.the.<strong>World</strong>. 

Health.Organization,.one.in.three.individuals.worldwide.has.a.latent. 

MTB.infection,.and.5.to.10%.of.infected.individuals.will.develop. 

the.disease..The.analysis.of.ancient.microbial.DNA.associated.with. 

past.human.infections.is.useful.in.defining.the.spatial.and.temporal.associations.between.humans.and.their.pathogens..In.1999,.an. 

ancient.individual.was.recovered.from.a.glacier.in.northern.British. 

Columbia,.Canada..Radiocarbon.dates.of.the.Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi 

site.indicated.a.timeframe.of.AD.1670.to.1850,.which.is.either.precontact.or.early.European.contact.for.that.area..Based.on.current.M. 

tuberculosis.infection.rates.and.the.potential.for.determining.if.the. 

site.was.precontact.based.on.identifying.M. tuberculosis.polymorphisms.associated.with.specific.populations,.the.ancient.individual’s.tissues.were.tested.for.the.presence.of.M. 

tuberculosis.DNA. 

Even.though.a.pathological.and.histological.examination.was.negative,.M. 

tuberculosis.complex.DNA.was.identified.in.the.lung.tissue. 

with.primers.specific.for.the.IS6100.insertion.sequence..Additional. 

evidence.of.MTB.DNA.was.determined.through.the.amplification. 

of.regions.within.the.Rv3479,.gyrB.and.katG.genes. 


Thursday, 4:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

226 Assessment of the State of Preservation of Archaeological Keratin 

Fibers – A Study of Different Analytical Approaches, GABRI- 

ELE WORTMANN*, ALAA JABUR, and FRANz-JOSEF 

WORTMANN (Textile. and. Paper,. School. of. Materials,. University.of.Manchester,.Manchester,.UK;.gabi.wortmann@manchester. 

ac.uk). 

Keratinous.materials,.such.as.human.and.animal.hair.or.woollen. 

textiles,. are. very. stable. and. resistant. to. environmental. influences..Consequently.it.is.often.found.together.with.historical.and. 

archaeological. human. or. animal. remains.. Environmental. conditions. 

during. preservation. induce. specific. chemical. and. physical. 

changes. to. the. keratin. material.. Humidity,. temperature,. pH. and. 

specific.chemical.influences.during.the.preservation.process.change. 

fibre.proteins.in.different.ways. 

The.degree.of.structural.stability.of.the.fibres.gives.an.indication.about.storage.conditions.and.can.be.used.as.a.guideline.in.view. 

for.the.conservation.of.the.keratin.fibres.. 

112 

The.state.of.preservation.of.the.intermediate.filaments.(IF).as. 

well.as.the.degree.of.cystine.modification.in.the.intermediate.filament.associated.proteins.(IFAPs).gives.evidence.of.the.mechanical. 

properties.and.stability.of.the.keratin.fibres.. 

Non-destructive.and.destructive.analytical.techniques.can.be. 

used.for.damage.assessment.of.keratin.material.and.both.approaches. 

elucidate.specific.facets.of.the.changes.of.the.molecular.and.morphological.structure.of.the.fibres..The.comparison.of.several.analytical.tools.gives.an.example.for.the.information.value. 

of.these. 

different.analytical.approaches.. 

227 The Richest Ornament: Hair Analyses of Women from the Kellis 

2 Cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt,. LANA J. WILLIAMS*, 

TOSHA L. DUPRAS, and SANDRA M. WHEELER (Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.Central.Florida,.Orlando,.FL. 

32816;.ljwillia@mail.ucf.edu). 

From.an.archaeological.perspective,.hair.serves.not.only.as.an. 

ornament.of.appearance.but.also.provides.insight.into.social.and. 

economic.standing,.health.status,.and.seasonal.cycles.of.customs. 

and.practices..To.date,.the.remains.of.76.women.between.the.ages. 

of.16.and.70.years.of.age.at.death,.all.retaining.well-preserved.hair,. 

have.been.recovered.from.the.Kellis.2.Cemetery,.Dakhleh.Oasis,. 

Egypt..These.women.are.thought.to.be.associated.with.the.nearby. 

Roman. administrative. center. of. Kellis. (c.. 50–450. AD).. Macroscopic.study.on.this.portion.of.the.cemetery.population.has.yielded. 

results. concerning. hairstyles. and. hair. preparation. prior. burial.. 

Microscopic.study.has.provided.insight.into.practices.of.hair.care. 

and.general.living.conditions.within.the.community..Isotopic.analyses.have.provided.an.even.greater.wealth.of.information.concerning.health.status,.pregnancy,.seasonal.diet,.and.the.aging.process. 

among.these.women. 

228 Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation into 

Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, Peru, LAUREN 

CADWALLADER. (Department. of. Archaeology,. University. of. 

Cambridge,.Downing.Street,.Cambridge,.CB2.3DZ,.UK;.lc340@ 

cam.ac.uk).. 

The.lower.Ica.Valley,.though.today.largely.an.unpopulated.and. 

arid.desert,.is.rich.in.archaeological.remains.of.settlement.and.irrigated. 

field. systems. spanning. approximately. 2000. years. from. the. 

Early.Horizon.(500.B.C.).to.the.Spanish.Conquest..This.research. 

aims.to.understand.how.subsistence.strategies,.influenced.by.both. 

biological.and.social.factors,.evolved.during.this.period.using.isotopic. 

analysis. of. human. tissues.. Previous. archaeobotanical. work. 

suggests. that. a. gradual. transformation. took. place. as. natural. and. 

anthropogenic. changes. took. their. toll. on. the. environment..Additionally,. 

repeated. cultural. transitions. provided. social. impetus. for. 

economic.based.changes. 

Isotopic.dietary.information.obtained.from.mummified.human. 

remains.has.been.used.to.investigate.three.main.transitions:.a).the. 

Late.Ocucaje.to.Early.Nasca.cultural.transition.(c..200.B.C..-.200. 

A.D.);.b).the.Late.Nasca.to.Wari.transition.(c..800.-.1000.A.D.). 

during.which.there.was.a.gradual.collapse.of.the.desert.ecosystem;. 

and.c).the.transition.from.the.Wari.to.the.regionally.developed.Ica- 

Chincha.period.(1000.-.1400.A.D.).. 

Results.from.the.isotopic.analysis.of.bone.collagen.show.the. 

diet.of.each.period.to.be.subtly.different,.with.a.range.of.resources. 

potentially. being. exploited.. Several. explanations. can. be. put. forward. 

indicating. that. the. subsistence. strategies. cannot. be. simply. 

defined.as.‘hunter-gatherer’.or.‘agriculturalist’..Isotopic.analysis.of.

hair.samples.is.used.here.to.explore.seasonal.resource.use.in.each. 

of.these.cultures.in.an.attempt.to.tease.out.information.about.the. 

mixed.economies.employed.by.these.populations. 

229 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Hair from Inca- 

Period Mummies: Exploring Mobility and Resource Use in Central 

Peru, JOCELyN S. WILLIAMS 1 *, ANDREW S. WILSON 2 , 

EMMA BROWN 3 , ANDREW GLEDHILL 3 , and M. ANNE 

KATzENBERG 4 ( 1 Assistant.Professor,.Department.of.Anthropology,.Trent.University,.2140.East.Bank.Drive,.Peterborough,.ON,. 

K9J.7B8,.Canada;. 2 Lecturer.in.Forensic.and.Archaeological.Sciences,.School.of.Life.Sciences,.University.of.Bradford,.Bradford,. 

West.Yorkshire,.BD7.1DP,.UK;. 3 Division.of.Archaeological,.Geographical. 

and. Environmental. Sciences,. School. of. Life. Sciences,. 

University.of.Bradford,.Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,.BD7.1DP,.UK; . 

4 Professor,. Department. of. Archaeology,. University. of. Calgary,. 

2500.University.Drive,.NW,.Calgary.AB,.T2N.1N4,.Canada;.jocelynwilliams@trentu.ca;.a.s.wilson2@bradford.ac.uk).. 

Peru.is.composed.of.numerous.biomes.that.lie.within.a.small. 

area;.in.certain.parts.of.Peru.one.can.move.through.all.three.biomes. 

within.200.kilometers..As.such,.both.prehistoric.and.modern.Andean. 

societies.often.utilize.a.variety.of.ecological.zones.at.different.altitudes.(i.e.,.vertical.control/verticality)..In.contrast,.Rostworowski. 

de.Diez.Canseco.(1977;.1978),.argues.that.coastal.populations,.due. 

to.the.abundance.of.agricultural.land.and.marine.resources.in.their. 

immediate.area,.would.be.involved.in.a.horizontal.economy,.controlling.large.river.valleys.and.beach.access..Because.hydrogen.and.oxygen.isotope.values.in.precipitation.differ.with.altitude.and.temperature.it.is.possible.to.explore.whether.coastal.populations.practiced.a.vertical.or.horizontal.economy.using.incremental.samples. 

of.preserved.hair..For.this.research.project.we.sampled.hair.from. 

13.individuals.(10.adults,.3.subadults).and.analyzed.the.hydrogen. 

and.oxygen.isotopic.composition.of.sequential.one.cm.increments. 

(where. 1cm. =. 1. month).. The. isotope. data,. for. most. individuals,. 

show. minimal. variability. from. month. to. month.. This. indicates. 

that.most.of.the.individuals.were.not.regularly.travelling.between. 

the.coast.and.highlands.(i.e.,.they.were.not.practicing.verticality).. 

However,. some. individuals. exhibited. above. average. variability. 

in.their.hydrogen.or.oxygen.isotopic.composition.from.month.to. 

month..When.compared.to.isotopes.that.reflect.diet.(S,.C.and.N),. 

the.variability.in.δ 2 H.and.δ 18 O.is.likely.due.to.the.seasonal.fluctuations. 

in. resource. availability..These. data. support. earlier. research. 

suggesting.coastal.populations.do.not.utilize.verticality.but.rather. 

rely.on.a.horizontal.economy. 

230 Insight into the Final Months of the Capacocha from El Plomo 

Using Stable Light Isotope Data,.ANDREW S. WILSON 1 * and 

MARIO M. CASTRO 2 ( 1 School. of. Life. Sciences,. University. of. 

Bradford,.Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,.BD7.1DP,.UK;. 2 Department. 

of.Anthropology,. University. of. Chile,. Santiago,. Chile;.Anatomy. 

unit,.Department.of.Morphology,.Faculty.of.Medicine,.University. 

of.Chile,.Santiago,.Chile;.a.s.wilson2@bradford.ac.uk). 

La Momia del Cerro El Plomo,.the.well.preserved.remains.of. 

an.Incan.child.found.on.Cerro.El.Plomo.in.1954.in.the.Andes,.was. 

the.first.discovery.of.a.capacocha.at.a.high-altitude.site.in.South. 

America..The. mummy. recovered. from. his. mountain-top. tomb. at. 

17,700.ft.is.now.curated.by.the.National.Museum.of.Natural.History.in.Santiago,.Chile. 

When. discovered,. the. frozen. remains. of. the. El. Plomo. boy. 

were.accompanied.by.a.dizzying.array.of.ornate.textiles,.and.other. 


artefacts.suggestive.of.an.Imperial.rite,.including.small.bags.containing.human.tissue.(deciduous.teeth.and.nail.clippings).and.distinctive.human.and.animal.figurines.as.offerings. 

This.paper.will.describe.the.results.of.a.recent.re-evaluation.of. 

these.remains,.exploiting.unique.data.represented.by.the.incremental.growth.of.hair..Sequential.isotopic.measurements.along.the.hair. 

shaft. illustrate. dietary. and. physiological. changes. concerned. with. 

the.final.months.of.El.Plomo’s.life.and.contribute.new.insight.into. 

the.preparations.that.preceded.his.death. 

231 Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive Plants 

in Andean Archaeological Populations,. EMMA BROWN*, 

ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB JANAWAy, and 

TIMOTHy TAyLOR (Archaeological. Sciences,. University. of. 

Bradford,. Richmond. Road,. Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,. BD7. 1DP,. 

UK;.elbrown@bradford.ac.uk).. 

Psychoactive.plants.have.played.a.significant.role.in.Andean. 

cultures.for.millennia..This.is.evident.in.the.archaeological.record;. 

for.example.the.depiction.of.San.Pedro.cactus.(Echinopsis pachanoi).on.Cupisnique.vessels.(c.1000-200.BC),.snuff.trays.and.tubes. 

from.San.Pedro.de.Atacama.(c.200-900.AD).and.in situ.coca.leaves. 

in.the.cheeks.of.Chiribaya.mummies.(c1150-1300.AD)..A.number. 

of.practices,.such.as.coca.chewing.and.folk.healing.using.ayahuasca. 

and.San.Pedro.cactus.are.still.practiced.in.parts.of.Peru.and.Ecuador. 

Despite.the.evidence.for.the.use.of.a.number.of.psychoactive. 

plants.in.Andean.cultures,.the.use.of.these.plants.is.not.fully.understood..This.is.particularly.true.for.plants.imbibed.as.decoctions.that. 

do.not.require.a.specific.vessel.or.equipment.for.ingestion. 

A. novel. method. for. investigating. the. use. of. psychoactive. 

plants.in.antiquity.is.the.analysis.of.hair.for.drug.compounds..The. 

approach.taken.for.this.research.project.involves.the.use.of.liquid. 

chromatography.electrospray.ionisation.tandem.mass.spectrometry. 

(LC-ESI-MS/MS).to.detect.a.select.number.of.compounds,.including. 

mescaline,. atropine,. cocaine,. and. N,N-dimethyltrypamine. 

in.hair.samples.from.Cabuza.(1100-1400.AD).populations.in.the. 

Azapa.Valley. 

232 Biologic Rhythms in Ancient Hair, ANTONIO LANzIROTTI 

1 , MIKE SPILDE 2 , CLIFFORD QUALLS 3 , RAF- 

FAELLA BIANUCCI 4,5,6 , MARIO GIUSIANI 4 , VALENTINA 

GIUFFRA 4 , GINO FORNACIARI 4 ABDUL-MEHDI ALI 2 , 

LARRy AGENBROAD 7 , and OTTO APPENzELLER 8 *. 

( 1 National. Synchrotron. Light. Source,. Brookhaven. National. Laboratory,. 

Upton,. NY. 11973;. 2 Department. of. Earth. and. Planetary. 

Sciences,. University. of. New. Mexico,.Albuquerque,. NM. 87131;. 

3 Department. of. Mathematics. and. Statistics,. University. of. New. 

Mexico,. Albuquerque,. NM. 87131;. 4 Division. of. Paleopathology,. 

History. of. Medicine. and. Bioethics,. Department. of. Oncology,. 

Transplants. and.Advanced. Technologies. in. Medicine,. University. 

of.Pisa,.Italy;. 5 Laboratory . of.Criminalistic.Sciences,.Department.of. 


Italy;. 6 Biocultural. Anthropology. Unit,. UMR. 6578. CNRS-EFS,. 

Faculty.of.Medicine,.University.of.Marseilles,.France;. 7 The.Mammoth.Site.Hot.Springs,.South.Dakota,.USA;. 

8 NMHEMC.Research. 

Foundation,.Albuquerque,.NM.87122;.ottoarun12@aol.com). 

The. pulsing. of. life. is. synchronous. with. the. rotation. of. the. 

earth.around.the.sun..These.pulses.occur.every.24.hours,.at.“circadian”.intervals,.but.there.are.longer.rhythms.recurring.at.weekly,.monthly,.yearly.or.decadal.intervals..The.rhythms.are.found.in.unicellular.and.gigantic.multicellular.animals.and.each.tissue.has.its. 

113

ABSTRACTS.–.Contributed.Oral.Papers 

own.rhythmicity,.synchronized,.in.those.with.a.nervous.system,.in. 

the.hypothalamus,.the.“master.time.keeper”.of.the.brain.. 

The.pulsing.is.affected.by.geography.and.modified.by.water. 

and.food.intake.and.biological.poisons..Hair.is.a.repository.of.biologic.rhythms.which.give.insight.into.physiology.and.disease.. 

Here.we.used.variations.in.hydrogen.isotope.ratios.along.the. 

length.of.hairs.and.microfocused.synchrotron.X-ray.fluorescence. 

analyses. of. mammoths’. hairs. from. widely. separated. locations. in. 

Siberia.and.hair.from.ancient.Italian.nobility,.poisoned.with.mercury,.to.show.that.such.hairs.are.a.readily.available.archive.of.life. 

style.and.of.disease.. 

We.propose.that.similar.analyses.of.archaeological.specimens. 

could.give.insight.into.the.biology.and.pathology.of.ancient.people. 

and.animals. 

114 

CONTRIBUTED ORAL 

PRESENTATIONS 


CONTRIBUTED PAPERS: SESSION I 

Sunday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 

233 Microscopic and Molecular de.novo.Analysis of the Iceman’s 

Stomach Content, FRANK MAIXNER 1 *, EDUARD EGARTER 

VIGL 2 , ANDREAS KELLER 3 , ANDRE FRANKE 4 , KLAUS 

OEGGL 6 , GIOVANNA CIPOLLINI 1 , ANGELA GRAE- 

FEN 1 , PAUL GOSTNER 5 , DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 1 , 

MARCO SAMADELLI 1 , and ALBERT zINK 1 ( 1 EURAC. -. 

Institute.for.Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Viale.Druso.1,.39100.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

2 Department.of.Pathological.Anatomy.and.Histology,. 

General.Hospital.Bolzano,.Italy; .3 Department.of.Human.Genetics,. 

Saarland.University,.Homburg,.Saar,.Germany;. 4 Institute.of.Clinical. 

Molecular. Biology,. Schittenhelmstr.. 12,. Christian-Albrechts. 

University. Kiel,. 24105. Kiel,. Germany;. 5 Department. of. Radiodiagnostics,. 

Central. Hospital. Bolzano,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 6 Institute. of. 

Botary,.University.of.Innsbruck,.Sternwartestr..15,.Innsbruck.6020,. 

Austria;.frank.maixner@eurac.edu). 

Until. recently,. the. Iceman´s. stomach. had. not. been. found. 

radiologically. and. was. therefore. assumed. to. be. empty.. During. a. 

recent.re-examination.however,.the.Iceman’s.stomach.was.not.only. 

identified. radiologically,. but. also. shown. to. be. completely. filled.. 

This.circumstance.not.only.sheds.new.light.on.the.final.hours.leading.up.to.the.Iceman’s.untimely.death,.but.also.on.to.general.life. 

and.nutritional.habits.in.the.Neolithic.era..A.sample.of.the.stomach. 

content. has. been. taken. in. November. 2010. and. first. subjected. to. 

macroscopic.and.microscopic.investigations..In.addition.we.started. 

a.series.of.molecular.analyses.of.the.stomach.material.aiming.to. 

identify.the.nature.of.the 

234 Terahertz Imaging of Ancient Mummies,. LENA OEHR- 

STROEM 1 , ANDREAS BITzER 2 , MARKUS WALTHER 3 , 

THOMAS BÖNI 4 , GIOVANNI COLACICCO 5 , and FRANK J. 

RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 Swiss.Mummy.Project,.Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

2 Department.of.Molecular. 

and.Optical.Physics,.Albert-Ludwigs-University,.Freiburg.im.Breisgau,.Germany,. 

3 Institute.of.Applied.Physics,.University.of.Bern,. 

Sidlerstr.. 5,. CH-3012. Bern,. Switzerland;. 4 Orthopedic. University. 

Clinic. Balgrist,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 5 Division. of. 

Neuroanatomy. and. Behaviour,. Institute. of. Anatomy,. University. 

of.Zürich,.Winterthurerstr..190,.8057,.Zürich,.Switzerland;.lena@ 

ohrstrom.ch).. 

Ancient. Egyptian. mummified. objects. are. investigated. using. 

non-ionizing. Terahertz. time-domain. imaging. and. the. results. are. 

compared. with. corresponding. images. obtained. by. conventional. 

computed.tomography. 

Computed.tomography.is.currently.the.gold-standard.in.noninvasive. 

diagnostic. imaging. of. mummies.. The. radiation. used. in. 

CT.is.high.energetic.and.possibly.damages.the.already.fragmented. 

DNA..Terahertz.though.is.a.very.low.energetic.radiation.and.completely.harmless.to.human.cells..The.aim.of.the.present.study.was. 

to.show.the.feasibility.of.Terahertz.imaging.in.ancient.mummies.. 

THz.time.domain.imaging.was.used.for.the.very.first.time.in.historic.specimens..An.artificially.embalmed.ancient.Egyptian.human. 

mummy.hand.(ex-collection.Musée.d’Orbe.Switzerland,.ca..1300. 

BC). and. a. macerated. human. lumbar. vertebra. (Galler. collection,. 

Pathology. Department,. University. Hospital,. Zürich,. Switzerland,. 

ca.. 1950. AD). were. examined. by. a. standard. THz. time-domain. 

spectroscopy. system.. Correlative. multislice. conventional. X-ray. 

and.CT.images.were.performed..Our.results.demonstrate.that.THz. 

imaging.allows.mummy.tissue.and.bone.discrimination;.however,. 

imaging.by.conventional.X-ray.in.particular.reveals.higher.spatial. 

resolution. 

THz.time-domain.imaging.also.provides.spectroscopic.information.within.a.wide.frequency.range,.which.makes.it.possible.to. 

identify.different.tissue.types.or.characteristic.absorbing.chemical. 

substances.whereas.X-rays.rather.provide.density.information..The. 

composition.of.embalming.resin.possibly.could.be.detected.using. 

Terahertz.radiation. 

Terahertz.radiation.provides.a.completely.non-invasive.diagnostic.imaging.modality.for.historic.dry 

material. 

235 Comparative CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummified 

Tissues, LENA OEHSTROEM 1 , HENDRIK von WALD- 

BURG 1 , PETER SPEIER 2 , MICHAEL BOCK 3 , and FRANK 

J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 Swiss. Mummy. Project,. Centre. for. Evolutionary. 

Medicine,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 Siemens. Medical. 

Solutions,.Erlangen,.Germany;. 3 German.Cancer.Research.Centre,. 

Heidelberg,.Germany;.lena@ohrstrom.ch).. 

As. ancient. Egyptian. and. Peruvian. mummies. are. extremely. 

valuable.historic.relics,.their.completeness.should.be.guaranteed.. 

Thus,.non-invasive.investigation.methods.are.most.desirable..Computed.tomography.(CT).is.currently.the.gold-standard.in.radiological.mummy.research..The.radiation.though.is.high.energy.and.damages. 

the. already. fragmented. DNA.. Magnetic. resonance. imaging. 

(MRI).-.while.operating.with.electromagnetic.field.-.does.not.affect. 

this. sensitive. DNA.. In. recent. decades. MRI. couldn’t. be. applied. 

in.mummified.tissue,.because.of.its.high.water.content..Recently,. 

this.method.has.been.demonstrated.for.the.first.time.in.mummies. 

using.the.special.ultra-short-echo-time.(UTE).technique..The.aim. 

of. the. present. study. was. to. evaluate. the. value. of. MR. images. in. 

comparison.to.CT.images.of.ancient.mummies..We.acquired.and. 

analysed.data.from.two.ancient.Egyptian.mummified.hands.and.an. 

ancient.mummified.head.(circa.1500-1100.BCE),.as.well.as.from. 

an. ancient. Peruvian. mummy. (circa. 1100. CE).. Signal. intensity. 

and. signal. variance. were. evaluated. using. a. qualitative. scale. and.

compared..Additionally.contrast-to-noise.and.signal-to-noise.ratios. 

have.resolution..Magnetic.resonance.imaging.is.still.in.its.infancy. 

and.further.research.is.required..However,.this.study.demonstrates. 

that.additional.information.can.be.gained.by.using.MRI..There.is. 

great.potential.in.the.use.of.MRI.in.historic.specimens,.so.the.quality.can.hopefully.be.improved.in.the.future.to.increase.the.use.of. 

this.non-invasive.modality. 

236 A Medieval Infant Burial from Quimper (Bretagne–France): 

An Example of Brain Preservation in Wetland, VERONIQUE 

GALLIEN 1,2 *, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU 3 , 

RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 4,5,6 , ANNE DIETRICH 1,7 , FRAN- 

COIS GUILLON 8 , KATHARINA RENTSCH 9 , MAANASA 

RAGHAVAN 10 , MARIA-INES HOFMANN 11 , GIOVANNI 

COLACICCO 11 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 11 ( 1 INRAP,. French. 

National.Institute.for.Preventive.Archaeological.Research,.20.rue. 

Hippolyte.Foucault.F-72220.Le.Mans,.France;. 2 Biological.Anthropology,. 

UMR. 6130. CNRS-CEPAM,. University. of. Nice. Sophia. 

Antipolis,. Campus. Saint-Jean-d’Angély,. 24. avenue. des. Diables. 

Bleus,. F-06357. Nice. cedex. 4,. France;. 3 Zentrum. für. Evolutionäre. 

Medizin,. Zürich. Irchel. -. Universität,.Winterthurerstraße. 190,. 

8057. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 4 Laboratory. of. Criminalistic. Sciences,. 

Department. of. Anatomy,. Pharmacology. and. Legal. Medicine,. 

University.of.Turin,.Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 

5 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR.6578.CNRS-EFS,.Faculty. 

of.Medicine,.Secteur.Nord,.Batiment.A-.CS80011,.University.of. 

Marseilles,.Boulevard.Pierre.Dramard,.F-13344.Marseille,.France; . 

6 Division. of. Paleopathology,. History. of. Medicine. and. Bioethics,. 

Department.of.Oncology,.Transplants.and.Advanced.Technologies. 

in.Medicine,.University.of.Pisa,.Italy.;. 7 Environmental.Archaeology,.UMR.7041,.CNRS-ArScAn,.University.of.Nanterre,.Maison. 

René.Ginouvès,.21.allée.de.l’Université,.F-92023.Nanterre,.France;. 

8 Medecine.and.Health,.Avicenne.Hospital,.125.Rue.de.Stalingrad,. 

F-93009.Bobigny.Cedex,.France;. 9 Institute.for.Clinical.Chemistry,. 

University. Hospital. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 10 Center. for. GeoGenetics,.Natural.History.Museum.of.Denmark,.University.of.Copenhagen,.Copenhagen,.Denmark;. 

11 Zentrum.für.Evolutionäre.Medizin,. 

Zürich.Irchel.-.Universität,.Winterthurerstraße.190,.8057.Zürich,. 

Switzerland;.veronique.gallien@inrap.fr). 

During.an.excavation.carried.out.in.1998.in.the.forecourt.of. 

Quimper’s. Cathedral. (Bretagne--France),. a. wooden. infant. coffin. 

from.the.13 th .century.AD.was.unearthed..The.corpse.of.an.infant,. 

aged.18-24.month-old,.was.recovered..The.skull.showed.evidence. 

of.a.circular.fracture.involving.the.cranial.vault.without.signs.of. 

healing..Inside.the.skull,.an.astonishingly.well-preserved.cerebral. 

material.was.found.. 

Macroscopic. examination. of. the. brain. showed. an. excellent. 

preservation.of.its.main.structures.(sulci.and.gyri),.and.histology. 

showed.remarkable.morphological.details..Differentiation.between. 

grey.and.white.matter.was.clear..Grey.and.white.matter.could.be. 

readily.recognised..Blood.vessels,.glia,.and.Nissl.bodies.as.well.as. 

neurons.and.dendrites.could.be.identified.. 

Hemosiderin.deposits.were.present.on.the.outer.surface.of.the. 

cortex.but.no.signals.of.a.cerebral.hemorrhage.were.identified.by. 

CT.scan.and.MRI..The.deposits.of.hemosiderin.may.indicate.that. 

the.child.had.subdural.bleeding.due.to.the.skull.fracture.but.we.have. 

no.evidence.to.suggest.that.this.was.the.cause.of.death..The.presence.of.hemosiderin.suggests.that.the.bleeding.occurred,.at.least,. 

several.days.before.the.death.of.the.infant. 

Here. we. provide. evidence. of. a. unique. paleo-case. of. 


well-preserved. cerebral. material.. Furthermore,. we. provide. new. 

information.on.the.funerary.practices.and.techniques.used.in.coffin. 

construction.in.Medieval.France. 

237 Dental Pathologies of the Iceman, ROGER SEILER 1 *, 

ALBERT zINK 2 , PAUL GOSTNER 3 , EDUARD EGARTER 

VIGL 4 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 ( 1 Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,. 

University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 2 EURAC. -. Institute. for. 

Mummies.and.the.Iceman,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 3 Department.of.Radiodiagnostics,.Central.Hospital.Bolzano,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 

4 Department. 

of.Pathological.Anatomy.and.Histology,.General.Hospital.Bolzano,. 

Italy;.rogerseiler@bluewin.ch). 

Exactly.twenty.years.ago,.the.Iceman.was.discovered.in.the. 

Italian.Alps.and.he.has. been.recognized.as.an.important.historic. 

find..Since.then,.he.has.been.examined.thoroughly.both.anthropologically.and.medically..However,.oral.pathologies.were.not.found.. 

Now,.using.the.available.CT-scans,.we.analyzed.the.viscerocranium. 

region.in.more.detail.and.were.able.to.demonstrate.several.different. 

pathological. changes.. In. addition. to. the. known. pathological. 

changes.such.as.abrasions.and.the.central.upper.diastema,.we.found. 

evidence.of.damage.to.the.dentition..Especially.the.molars.of.the. 

upper.jaw.showed.loss.of.alveolar.bone.as.a.sign.of.periodontitis.. 

Evidence.of.mechanical.trauma.was.found.on.two.teeth..A.surprising.find.was.the.high.frequency.of.caries..This.finding.may.indicate. 

a.diet.change.in.the.Neolithic.transition.phase;.however,.this.should. 

be.interpreted.with.caution. 

238 Evidence Based Paleopathology: Meta-analysis of PubMedlisted 

Scientific Studies on Pre-Columbian, South American Mummies,.KATI 

DAGEFOERDE and FRANK J. RÜHLI*.(Centre. 

for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. University. of. Zürich,. Switzerland;. 

kati@dagefoerd.com). 

The.aim.of.our.study.was.to.review.all.Pubmed®-listed.scientific.studies.performed.on.Pre-Columbian.South.American.Mummies..A.total.of.69.studies.have.been.found.(1975-2005)..Reviewed.criteria.include.e.g..method.of.examination,.mummification.(spontaneous.or.by.intention),.paleopathological.diagnoses.and.individual.age.of.mummies.as.well.as.historical.age,.which.ranges.from.9000.–.500.years.BP,.mostly.(if.reported).from.the.Chiribaya.culture..The. 

average. age. of. 33. individually. reported. mummies. was. 

ca..20.years..Only.seven.studies.included.computed.tomography,. 

thirteen. studies. used. classical. X-ray. as. the. examination. method.. 

Nine. studies. analysed. parasitological. related. diseases,. especially. 

Trypanosoma cruzi..Among.all.reported.infectious.diseases.(N=11),. 

there. are. five. studies. presenting. cases. of. Tuberculosis.. We. also. 

compared.our.results.inter-culturally:.In.69.studies.(21.case.reports. 

and.48.epidemiological.studies).about.6537.mummified.individuals. 

were.analysed..In.contrast,.meta-analytic.data.for.Ancient.Egyptian. 

mummies.(Zweifel.et.al..2006).showed.about.3000.analysed.individuals. 

in. 131. studies. (85. case. reports. and. 46. epidemiological).. 

Ancient.Egyptian.mummies.were.shown.to.be.intentionally.mummified.overall,.whereas.the.given.Pre-Columbian.mummies.show. 

a.great.variety.in.terms.of.spontaneous.mummification..However,. 

ritualistic.mummification.methods.were.practiced.also.(N=2)..All. 

this.shall.help.to.improve.evidence-based.research.in.paleopathology.in.general. 

115


239 The Value of Ancient Mummified Tissue for Clinical Research: A 

Perspective,.FRANK J. RÜHLI (Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,. 

University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;.frank.ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch). 

The.value.of.historic.remains.for.the.study.of.the.evolution.of. 

human. morphology. and. disease. patterns. has. become. increasingly. 

recognized.. Samples. of. mummified. soft. tissue. -. natural. mummies. 

such.as.the.Neolithic.Iceman.“Ötzi”.or.artificial.mummies.such.as. 

Ancient.Egyptian.mummies.are.crucial.to.the.advances.of.clinically. 

oriented.evolutionary.medical.research..Ancient.mummies.are.a.rich. 

source.of.information.about.past.human.biological.conditions.as.they. 

originated.world-wide.and.from.different.cultures.and.time.periods. 

(Cockburn.and.Cockburn.1980;.Aufderheide.2003)..Mummies.preserve.soft.tissues.and.are.likely.to.yield.more.ancient.DNA.than.skeletal.remains..Contributions.made.by.mummy.studies.to.our.medical.knowledge.are.increasing,.particularly.in.the.study.of.infectious.diseases.(Aufderheide.2003;.Lynnerup.2007)..Naturally.and.artificially.mummified.human.remains.have.been.the.source.for.genomic.analyses.of.the.adaptive.evolution.of.Mycobacterium.strains.(Zink,.Sola. 

et.al..2003).or.with.more.recent.mummified.samples.for.the.analyses. 

of. the. Spanish. flu. (Taubenberger,. Reid. et. al.. 1997;. Reid,. Fanning. 

et.al..2000)..The.aim.of.this.presentation.is.to.review.the.contributions.ancient.mummies.can.do.towards.progress.in.modern.clinical. 

research..Aufderheide,.A.C..(2003),.The Scientific.Study of Mummies,. 

Cambridge.University.Press,.Cambridge,.UK.and.New.York;.Cockburn,.A.. 

and. E.. (1980),. Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures.. 

Cambridge.University.Press,.Cambridge,.UK;.Lynnerup,.N..(2007), 

“Mummies.” Yearbook, American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 

45:.162-190;.Reid,.A..H.;.T..G..Fanning,.et.al..(2000),.“Characterization.of.the.1918.“Spanish”.Influenza.Virus.Neuraminidase.Gene,”. 

Proc Natl Acad Sci.USA.97(12):.6785-6790;.Taubenberger,.J..K.,.A.. 

H..Reid,.et.al..(1997),.“Initial.Genetic.Characterization.of.the.1918. 

“Spanish”. Influenza. Virus.”. Science. 275(5307):1793-1796;. Zink,. 

A.. R.,. C.. Sola,. et. al.. (2003),. “Characterization. of. Mycobacterium. 

Tuberculosis.Complex.DNAs.from.Egyptian.Mummies.by.Spoligotyping.” 

J Clin Microbiol.41(1):.359-367 

240 The Chehr Abad Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP) – A Multidisciplinary 

International Mummy Research Project,. FRANK J. 

RÜHLI 1 *, AyDIN ABAR 2 , ABULFAzI AALI 3 , N. BOENKE 4 , 

DON BROTHWELL 5 , MARK POLLARD 6 , SAHAND SAEDI 7 , 

and THOMAS STÖLLNER 8 . ( 1 Centre. for. Evolutionary. Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

2 German.Mining.Museum. 

Bochum,. Institute. of. Archeological. Studies,. Ruhr. University,. 

Bochum,. Germany;. 3 Head. of. the.Archaeology. Museum,. Zanjan,. 

Iran;. 4 Institut. für. Archäologische. Wissenschaften,. Ruhr-Universität,.Bochum;. 

5 University.of.York,.UK. 6 Department.of.Archeology,. 

University. of. York,. UK,. 7 Abhar. University,. Iran; . 8 German. 

Mining. Museum. and. Ruhr. University,. Bochum;. frank.ruhli@) 

anatom.uzh.ch). 

The. first. mummified. salt. miner. was. incidentally. unearthed. 

at. the. salt. mine. near. Hamzehlu,. Iran. during. commercial. mining. 

activities.in.1993..Systematically.conducted.excavations.by.Abulfazi.Aali.(miras 

farhangi Zanjan,.Iran).led.to.the.salvage.of.spectacularly.well.preserved.salt.mummies,.clothing.and.underground. 

everyday. commodities. in. 2004/05.. The. project. was. relaunched. 

in. 2010. by. miras farhangi Zanjan,. and. the. Ruhr-University. of. 

Bochum.and.the.German.Mining.Museum.Bochum.in.cooperation. 

with.an.international.team..Target-oriented.work.led.to.a.detailed. 

understanding.of.stratigraphic.relations.between.layers,.finds,.and. 

formerly.excavated.mummies..As.assumed.before,.the.miners.had. 

116 

been. killed. during. at. least. two. mine. disasters,. which. happened. 

between.ca..2500.and.1500.years.ago..The.date.is.supported.by.a. 

number.of. 14 C.dates.taken.from.freshly.excavated.layers..Mummy. 

expert.PD.Dr..Ruehli.was.able.to.take.samples.of.bones.and.soft.tissues.from.all.ancient.victims,.which.were.sent.to.several.European. 

laboratories.for.further.analyses.. 

Work.will.be.continued.in.2011.bringing.together.specialists. 

from.Iran,.the.European.Union,.and.Switzerland.in.a.comprehensive.campaign..Besides.excavations.for.a.better.understanding.of.working.methods.of.ancient.mining,.it.is.planned.to.take.the.mummies.to.Tehran,.where.they.will.be.scanned.in.a.modern.3D-scanner. 

241 Archaeogenetic and Histological Analysis of Natural Mummification 

under High Salt Conditions: Investigation of the Chehr Abad 

Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP),.CHRISTINA WARINNER, NATAL- 

LIA SHVED, KARL LINK, and FRANK J. RÜHLI*.(Centre.for. 

Evolutionary.Medicine,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,. 

Switzerland;.frank.ruhli@anatom.uzh.ch). 

High-salt. burial. environments. can. lead. to. exceptional. organic. 

preservation. in. climates. and. geographical. regions. that. otherwise. 

rarely.produce.mummified.remains..In.this.study,.we.investigate.tissue. 

preservation.in.four.naturally.mummified.miners.from.the.Douzlakh. 

Salt.Mine.in.(Cherābād,.Zanjan.Province)..Radiocarbon.dating.of.the. 

bodies.indicates.at.least.two.separate.episodes.of.mining.hall.collapse. 

(1,500.BP.and.2,500.BP),.which.trapped.and.killed.the.miners..Gross. 

tissue.preservation.of.the.miners.was.variable,.ranging.from.complete. 

soft.tissue.mummification.to.near.skeletonization..Samples.of.hair,. 

skin,.muscle,.organ,.and.bone.from.four.miners.(mummies.2,.3,.5,. 

and. 6). were. further. analyzed. for. cellular. and. genetic. preservation.. 

Soft.tissue.histological.sections.were.stained.with.standard.and.special.histological.staining.methods,.including.H.and.E,.Goldner.Trichrome,.Sudan.Red,.Berlin.Blue,.and.Gram,.and.bone.and.hair.samples.were.investigated.for.mitochondrial.and.nuclear.genetic.markers.using.PCR..Preliminary.results.indicate.both.the.preservation.of. 

microscopic.tissue.structures.such.as.hair.follicles,.adipose.tissue,.and. 

muscle.fibers,.as.well.as.sub-cellular.structures,.including.intact.cell. 

nuclei..Plant.material.was.recovered.from.digestive.organs,.and.compact.plant.fibers.from.a.textile.were.also.identified..Genetic.analysis. 

confirms. the. presence. of. preserved. high. quality. ancient. DNA,. and. 

mitochondrial. ancestry. informative. markers. (AIMs). are. consistent. 

with.a.local.maternal.origin.for.the.miners..We.conclude.that.natural. 

salt.mummification.yields.exceptional.preservation.of.human.tissues. 

at.the.macroscopic,.microscopic,.and.molecular.level. 

242 Lyuba (41,910 BP), A Baby Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus. 

primigenius Blumenbach, 1799): Histological Findings, KARL 

LINK, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU, and FRANK 

J. RÜHLI*.(Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.Institute.of.Anatomy,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;.karl.link@anatom.uzh.ch).Lyuba.was.found.frozen.in.the.permafrost.of.the.Siberian.tundra.on.the.Yuribey.River.in.2007..She.is.the.best-preserved.mammoth.discovered.to.date..As.part.of.the.examination.of.Lyuba,.tissue.samples.of.hair,.muscle,.and.internal.organs.were.taken.by.endoscopy..The.sectioned.biopsies.were.stained.with.standard.and.special. 

histological.stains..In.general,.the.microscopic.preservation.of.the. 

tissue.was.not.as.good.as.the.overall.macroscopic.preservation,.and. 

no.clearly.identifiable.cell.nuclei.were.found.in.the.sections..The. 

best-preserved. structures. were. collagen. fibers,. which. gave. some. 

structural.semblance.to.the.organs..In.the.hairs,.evidence.of.pigmentation,.a.scaly.surface,.diagonal.intra-hair.structures,.and.a.medulla.

were.seen..Fat.droplets.could.be.identified.in.the.subcutaneous.fat. 

sample.and.several.organs..Bacteria.were.seen.on.the.lumen.side. 

of.the.small.intestine.and.cecum,.and.in.the.liver.and.lung.tissue.. 

In.addition,.fungi.and.pollen.were.found.in.the.lung.sample..In.the. 

wall.of.the.cecum.and.small.intestine.it.was.possible.to.demonstrate. 

blood.vessels.and.nerves..Iron.was.identified.in.the.vivianite.sample..The.histological.finds.support.the.theory.that.Lyuba.drowned. 

in.muddy.water..The.microscopic.tissue.preservation.indicates.that. 

Lyuba’s.body.underwent.at.least.one.freeze-thaw.cycle. 

243 CT-based Assessment of Relative Soft Tissue Alteration in Different 

Types of Ancient Mummy, CHRISTINA SyDLER 1 , THOMAS 

BÖNI 2 , ULRICH WOITEK 3 , and FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 Swiss. 

Mummy. Project,. Centre. for. Evolutionary. Medicine,. University. 

of.Zürich,.Switzerland,. 2 Orthopedic.University.Hospital.Balgrist,. 

University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland,. 3 Institute.of.Empiric.Research.in. 

Economics,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland.) 

Mummification.of.any.type.leads.by.definition.to.alteration.of. 

soft-tissue.morphology..Hitherto,.no.research.addressed.mummification-type.(e.g..artificial.versus.natural.mummies).specific.alteration.of.soft-tissue.shrinkage.as.assessed.by.computed.tomography. 

(CT)..Our.aim.was.to.test.whether.soft-tissue.alteration.is.specific. 

for. type. of. mummification..A. total. of. 17. human. mummies. have. 

been.investigated.by.CT..As.references,.four.recently.deceased.bodies. 

were. used..Type. of. mummification. included. ancient. Egyptian. 

style,.natural.Peruvian.mummies,.Ice.mummies.(including.the.Iceman,.South.Tyrol.Museum.of.Archeology,.Bolzano,.Italy,.ca..3,300.BC),.bog.bodies,.and.a.possible.Asian.mummy..As.diagnostic.goldstandard.the.CT.cross-sectional.data.set.of.the.visible.human.project. 

®.was.used..Soft-tissue.shrinkage.(area.in.number.of.voxels).was. 

defined.relative.to.area.of.bone..Measurements.were.taken.at.various. 

anatomically.defined.locations.(e.g..at.mid-metacarpus.5.and.at.cervical.vertebra.4)..Ice.mummies.-.independent.of.historic.age.-.show. 

the.highest.degree.of.preservation.most.likely.due.to.water.being. 

frozen.within.tissues..Relative.to.the.reference.sample.of.Ice.mummies.(35.measures),.all.other.types.of.mummies.show.significantly. 

(at.p


The. Brazilian. collection. of.Ancient. Egyptian. objects. comes. 

from.Thebes,.being.one.of.the.most.remarkable.pieces.the.sealed. 

coffin.of.Sha-Amun-em-su,.a.middle.aged.woman.described.as.a. 

former.singer.of.Amun’s.temple.at.Thebes..The.coffin.was.given. 

to. the. Brazilian. Emperor. Pedro. II. by. the. Khedive. of. Egypt. in. 

the. 19th. century.. Details. about. the. mummy. inside. the. coffin. are. 

in. the. hieroglyphic. coffin. decoration.. A. CT. scanning. provided. 

detailed.information.about.the.coffin’s.preservation,.the.mummy,. 

the.objects.inside.it.and.also.the.mummification.techniques..The. 

special.preparation.of.the.body.included.putting.a.package.in.the. 

neck’s.anterior.portion,.a.specific.hairdressing.style,.a.package.of. 

amulets.and.a.heart.scarab,.among.others..Comparing.this.mummy. 

with.Meresamun,.another.singer.of.Amun.found.in.Thebes,.today. 

in.exhibition.at.the.Oriental.Institute.in.Chicago,.show.they.shared. 

some.similarities.on.the.methods.of.mummification,.indicating.a. 

style.of.mummification.used.in.Thebes.during.the.Third.Intermediate.Period,.about.747.BC..The.gender.could.be.proved.based.on. 

skull.and.pelvic.features.and.the.age.on.partial.closure.of.the.skull. 

sutures,. dental. decay. and. backbone. arthrosis..A. large. nose,. dolicocephaly,.prognathism.and.narrow.face.fit.well.with.her.African. 

ancestry.. Dental. decay. and. other. characteristics. became. evident. 

from.the.CT.frames.and.3D.reconstructions,.being.consistent.with. 

the.person.described.in.the.coffin..The.fact.that.the.coffin.had.never. 

been.opened,.even.after.more.than.120.years.in.exhibition,.helps.to. 

confirm.the.mummy’s.identity,.providing.additional.information.to. 

the.curators.in.charge.of.Egyptian.exhibit.improvements. 

248 The Lost Mummies of Lower Nubia, JENEFER A. COCK- 

ITT*, RyAN J. METCALFE, and A.R. DAVID (KNH.Centre.for. 

Biomedical.Egyptology,.3.507A.Stopford.Building,.University.of. 

Manchester,.Oxford.Rd,.Manchester,.UK,.M13.9PL;.jenefer.cockitt@manchester.ac.uk). 

In.1907,.Sir.Grafton.Elliot.Smith.began.the.study.and.autopsy. 

of.a.large.collection.of.artificially.mummified.bodies.found.in.the. 

course. of. the. first.Archaeological. Survey. of. Nubia..These. mummies,. 

perhaps. the. largest. series. ever. found. in. Nubia,. demonstrated. 

clear. evidence. of. Egyptian. style. mummification,. together. 

with.some.more.novel.adaptations.that.appear.specific.to.the.area.. 

Despite. the. importance. of. this. collection. for. examining. both. the. 

evolution.of.burial.ritual.in.the.region.and.the.transmission.of.ideas. 

between.Nubia.and.Egypt,.the.mummies.are.now.all.but.forgotten.. 

There.are.now.few.known.surviving.examples.of.these.bodies.due. 

to.problems.with.recording.during.the.early.1900s.and.the.loss.of. 

several. of. the. most. outstanding. examples. in. the. bombing. of. the. 

Royal.College.of.Surgeons,.London,.during.the.1940s..Those.that. 

do.survive.remain.in.relative.obscurity. 

Here,.the.evidence.provided.by.the.surviving.mummies.and. 

the.available.archival.material.will.be.used.to.review.the.practise. 

of.artificial.mummification.in.Lower.Nubia..Dated.by.George.Reisner.to.the.Ptolemaic-Roman.period,.these.mummies.offer.a.unique.opportunity.to.study.an.almost.entirely.unknown.area.of.mummification,.developing.at.a.time.when.mummification.in.Egypt.itself. 

was.on.the.decline. 

249 Feathered Cape, Camelid Fiber, and Cordage – Peruvian 

Mummies in Oslo, GWyN MADDEN 1 , JORDAN KARSTEN 2 *, 

and ROSE DREW 3 ( 1 Grand.Valley.State.University,.Department. 

of. Anthropology,. 1. Campus. Drive,. Allendale,. MI. 49401;. 2 State. 

University. of. New. York,. Albany,. Department. of. Anthropology,. 

1400. Washington.Ave,.Albany,. NY,. 12222;. 3 University. of. York,. 

118 

Heslington,.York,.YO10.5DD.UK;.maddeng@gvsu.edu).. 

No. records. are. available. describing. the. acquisition. of. the. 

remains. or. their. culture. history.. Visual. observation,. radiography,. 

and.CT.scans.were.used.to.examine.the.remains..The.three.males. 

and. one. female. present. varying. quantities. of. material. remains,. 

including.remnants.of.a.feathered.cape,.headdresses,.camelid.wrappings,. 

and. thick. cordage.. Material. remains,. the. mummies,. and. 

radiocarbon.dates.suggest.affinity.with.the.Nazca/Paracas.of.Peru. 

250 The Meaning of Mummification among the Anga of the Aseki 

Region of Papua New Guinea: A Tradition in Transition, ANDREW 

J. NELSON 1 and RONALD G. BECKETT 2 *.( 1 The.University.of. 

Western.Ontario;. 2 Bioanthropology.Research.Institute,.Quinnipiac. 

University,.Hamden,.Connecticut;.c/o.16010.South.11 th .Place.#31,. 

Phoenix,.Arizona.85048;.ronald.beckett@quinnipiac.edu). 

The.Anga.are.the.only.existing.society.in.which.Smoke.Body. 

mummification.was.routinely.practiced.within.living.memory..As. 

such.it.provides.an.important.opportunity.to.explore.this.practice. 

using.ethnographic.methods..Several.studies.have.previously.been. 

conducted.on.this.group,.and.a.stereotypic.understanding.of.Anga. 

mummification.has.emerged..However,.our.recent.fieldwork.demonstrates.that.there.is.considerable.variability.within.this.culture,.both.across.the.entire.Anga.region.and.within.local.areas..Furthermore,.the.Anga’s.perception.of.the.practice.is.changing.demonstrating.the.continued.impact.of.missionary.efforts.as.well.as.the.effects. 

of.globalization.as.it.continues.to.encroach.on.the.Anga.and.their. 

cultural. traditions.. These. results. have. important. implications. for. 

other.studies.of.mummification.practices.which.seek.to.make.generalizations.across.space.and.time. 

251 Scientific Exploration of the Smoked Body Mummification 

Practice of the Anga of Koke Village, Papua New Guinea,.RON- 

ALD G. BECKETT 1 * and ANDREW J. NELSON 2 .( 1 Bioanthropology. 

Research. Institute,. Quinnipiac. University,. Hamden,. Connecticut;. 

2 The. University. of. Western. Ontario;. ronald.beckett@ 

quinnipiac.edu). 

Smoked.body.mummification.has.been.practiced.by.various. 

cultural. groups. in. Papua. New. Guinea. for. many. years. and. was. 

reported.in.the.earliest.ethnographic.information.of.the.region..This. 

study.reports.on.the.continued.scientific.study.of.the.Anga.mummification.practice.in.Koke.village.in.the.Aseki.region.of.the.fringe. 

of.the.Eastern.Highlands,.Morobe.Province,.Papua.New.Guinea.. 

This.research.adds.to.the.knowledge.gained.in.a.2008.expedition. 

where.much.of.the.smoked.body.process.was.studied..In.the.current. 

2010.study,.we.examined.the.nature.of.the.mummification.process. 

through.examination.and.characterization.of.the.microclimate.created.within.the.smoking.hut,.the.smoke.and.related.materials.used. 

in. the. process..Additionally,. we. gained. knowledge. of. procedural. 

steps.of.the.Smoked.Body.process.not.observed.in.the.2008.study. 

252 The Warrior Ways of the Anga, Trauma and Artifact Analysis, 

ANDREW J. NELSON 1 and RONALD G. BECKETT 2 *. 

( 1 Department.of.Anthropology,.The.University.of.Western.Ontario,. 

London,.ON,.Canada,.N6A.5C2;. 2 Bioanthropology.Research.Institute,.Quinnipiac.University,.Hamden,.Connecticut,.c/o.16010.South. 

11 th .Place.#31,.Phoenix,.Arizona.85048;.ronald.beckett@quinnipiac.edu). 

Early. ethnographic. reports. describe. the. Anga. as. a. cultural. 

group.wrought.with.intertribal.wars.often.brought.on.by.territorial. 

disputes..The.decrease.in.warring.practices.among.the.Anga.can.be.

attributed.to.the.increase.in.the.regional.missionary.efforts.in.the. 

early.1950’s..This.study.reports.on.the.examination.of.32.mummified.and.skeletal.remains.or.partial.remains.from.in.and.around.the. 

Aseki.region.of.Papua.New.Guinea..We.report.on.23.remains.from. 

Koke.village,.three.from.Oiwa,.five.from.the.Imauka.cave,.and.one. 

from.Yeakunga..The.examination.resulted.in.a.graphic.validation.of. 

the.manner.of.combat.and.retaliation.present.in.the.pre-missionary. 

Aseki.region..11.crania.had.enough.of.the.vault.preserved.and.bone. 

exposed.to.allow.an.assessment.of.whether.or.not.the.individual. 

had. suffered. a. depressed. cranial. fracture.. Of. those. 11,. five. had. 

depressed.or.penetrating.cranial.fractures..In.addition,.two.of.the. 

individuals.from.Oiwa.demonstrated.perimortem.slashing.wounds. 

to.the.skin..Therefore,.there.is.abundant.evidence.for.a.very.high. 

prevalence. for. violent. trauma. among. these. individuals. validating.the.early.ethnographic.reports..In.addition,.the.most.common. 

artifacts.associated.with.the.remains.were.weapons.such.as.bows,. 

arrows,.spears,.and.clubs..In.one.case,.a.weapon.said.to.belong.to. 

one.of.the.Koke.mummies,.fits.perfectly.into.one.of.the.penetrating. 

skull.fractures.observed. 

253 Assessment of the Restoration of the Smoked Body of 

Moimango, Former Clan Leader, Warrior, and Shaman of the Anga 

of Koke Village, Papua New Guinea, RONALD G. BECKETT 1 * 

and ANDREW J. NELSON 2 ( 1 Bioanthropology. Research. Institute,. 

Quinnipiac. University;. 2 Department. of. Anthropology,. The. 

University.of.Western.Ontario;.ronald.beckett@quinnipiac.edu). 

The.Anga.of.the.Aseki.region.of.Papua.New.Guinea.mummify. 

their.honored.dead.through.a.smoking.process..The.mummies.are. 

then.placed.on.display.on.a.ledge.or.cliff.niche.where.they.continue. 

to.be.active.members.of.village.rituals..While.the.mummification. 

process.produces.well.preserved.individuals,.the.cliff.display.and. 

the.subsequent.exposure.to.the.elements.causes.severe.deterioration.over.time..The.clan.leader.of.Koke.Village,.Gemtasu,.wants.to.rekindle.the.practice.of.Smoked.Body.mummification.and.be.mummified.in.the.traditional.manner.when.he.dies..The.restoration.of. 

Moimango,.his.father’s.smoked.body,.is.key.in.his.quest..Gemtasu,. 

by.tradition,.desires.to.‘see.the.face’.of.his.father.and.by.extension,. 

derive.a.continued.spiritual.connection..In.2008,.the.smoked.body. 

of.Moimango.was.assessed.and.restored.using.only.native.materials.with.the.results.reported.at.the.1 

st .Bolzano.Mummy.<strong>Congress</strong>.in. 

2009..In.2010.the.authors.returned.to.Koke.village.and.assessed.the. 

efficacy.of.the.restoration.procedures.developed.in.2008..We.report. 

on.the.efficacy.of.these.restoration.efforts..Many.of.the.methods. 

were.found.to.have.held.up.for.the.last.two.years..A.re-assessment. 

was.conducted.and.new.restoration.needs,.not.present.in.2008.were. 

required.and.are.reported.here. 

254 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH Centre 

for Biomedical Egyptology (Part I),. MICHAEL R. zIMMER- 

MAN 1 * and BARBARA H. zIMMERMAN 2 ( 1 Villanova.University,.Biology.Department,.800.E..Lancaster.Avenue,.Villanova,.PA;. 

2 Villanova.University,.Department.of.Computing.Sciences,.800.E.. 

Lancaster.Avenue,. Villanova,. PA. 19085;. michael.r.zimmerman@ 

villanova.edu.). 

As.a.Visiting.Professor.at.the.University.of.Manchester’s.KNH. 

Centre.for.Biomedical.Anthropology.in.the.Spring.2009.semester,. 

I.taught.a.course.in.paleopathology,.participated.in.the.Wellcome. 

Trust.funded.project:.Sir Grafton Elliot Smith and the.Archaeological 

Survey of Nubia:.Their Significance to the Palaeopathological 

Tradition,.and.donated.my.40.year.collection.of.mummy.specimens. 


to.the.KNH.Centre’s.International.Mummy.Tissue.Bank..A.database.was.developed.for.the.672.specimens..Information.from.the. 

database.was.incorporated.into.the.recent.invited.paper.written.by. 

Dr..Rosalie.David,.Director.of. the.KNH. Centre,.and.Michael.R.. 

Zimmerman.on.the.history.of.cancer.(Cancer: A New Disease, an 

Old.Disease, or Something in Between?.2010..R.A..David.and.M.R.. 

Zimmerman..Nature.Reviews.Cancer,.10:728-733.(advance.online. 

publication,.3.Sept..2010).. 

255 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH Centre for 

Biomedical Egyptology, (Part II: Mummies Meet the Digital Age), 

BARBARA H. zIMMERMAN 1 * and MICHAEL R. zIMMER- 

MAN 2 ( 1 Villanova.University,.Department.of.Computing.Sciences,. 

800.E..Lancaster.Avenue,.Villanova,.PA.19085;. 2 Villanova.University,.Biology.Department,.800.E..Lancaster.Avenue,.Villanova,.PA. 

19085;.barbara.zimmerman@villanova.edu). 

The.672.specimens.donated.by.Michael.R..Zimmerman.were. 

entered.into.a.computer.database.developed.by.Angela.Thomas.of. 

the. KNH. Centre. and. Barbara. Zimmerman.. The. specimens. consist.primarily.of.microscopic.slides.and.a.number.of.tissue.specimens..The.database.includes.a.KNH.ID.number,.an.original.institution.slide.or.specimen.number,.specimen.description,.diagnosis,. 

original. source,. natural. or. artificial. mummification,. provenance,. 

history. and. published. references.. The. database,. formatted. in. an. 

Excel. spreadsheet,. is. currently. being. used. by. post-graduate. students.in.the.KNH.Centre.program.in.Biomedical.and.Forensic.Studies.in.Egyptology..Researchers.may.apply.to.the.KNH.Centre.for.access.to.this.international.source.(http://www.knhcentre.manchester.ac.uk)..The.database.is.being.converted.to.a.full.database.management.system.with.a.web.based.front.end.accessible.world-wide.. 

256 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank at the KNH Centre 

for Biomedical Egyptology, University of Manchester, LIDIJA 

McKNIGHT*, A.R. DAVID, STEPHANIE ATHERTON, and 

CONSTANCE LORD (KNH.Centre.for.Biomedical.Egyptology,. 

University.of.Manchester,.3.507A.Stopford.Building,.Oxford.Road,. 

Manchester,.M13.9PT,.UK;.lidija.mcknight@manchester.ac.uk). 

The.ancient.Egyptians.were.the.only.civilisation.to.artificially. 

mummify.their.animal.dead..The.role.played.by.animals.was.underpinned.by.a.complex.and.often.contradictory.belief.system.which,. 

although.not.easy.to.understand,.tells.researchers.a.great.deal.about. 

the. civilisation. and. the. surrounding. environment.. Despite. this,. 

research. into. animals. in. Egypt. has. always. been. something. of. a. 

‘poor. cousin’. to. the. study. of. the. civilisation’s. human. population. 

through.the.analysis.of.their.physical.remains..It.is.hoped.that.this. 

project.will.redress.the.balance.in.this.regard.. 

The.Ancient.Egyptian.Animal.Bio.Bank.project,.which.commenced. 

in. Summer. 2010,. has. established. a. unique,. centralised. 

database. providing. up-to-date. written. and. photographic. records. 

of. mummified. animal. and. pseudo-animal. remains. from. ancient. 

Egypt. held. in. international. museum. collections.. The. Bio. Bank. 

contains.complete.records.on.the.acquisition.of.the.specimens,.the. 

geographic.provenance.and.date,.measurements.and.descriptions,. 

photographs,.radiographic.images.(X-ray.and.CT.scans.where.possible),.and.history.of.previous.studies.undertaken.with.the.results. 

obtained..It.combines.evidence.from.a.variety.of.sources.–.written,. 

artistic.and.archaeological.–.to.form.a.comprehensive.repository.of. 

knowledge..The.ultimate.aim.is.to.provide.a.safe.location.for.the. 

storage.of.information,.images.and.minute.samples.removed.from. 

such.specimens,.providing.an.unparalleled.bank.of.information.and. 

119


a.resource.for.use.by.future.generations.of.researchers. 

The.procedures.and.protocol.implemented.to.date.in.the.formulation.of.the.Bio.Bank.will.be.discussed.. 

257 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank – Preliminary Results 

of the Northern England Pilot Study,.LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, A.R. 

DAVID, STEPHANIE ATHERTON, CONSTANCE LORD, 

and KATHERINE CURRIE (KNH. Centre. for. Biomedical. 

Egyptology,.University.of.Manchester,.3.507AStopford.Building,. 

Oxford.Road,.Manchester,.M13.9PT,.United.Kingdom;.lidija.mcknight@manchester.ac.uk). 

The. first. stage. mailing. of. the.Ancient. Egyptian.Animal. Bio. 

Bank. identified. a. large. number. of. animal. mummies. located. in. 

museum.collections.in.Northern.England..In.order.to.test.the.principles.of.the.Bio.Bank.and.to.assess.the.viability.of.the.resource,.a. 

range.of.non-invasive.and.minimally.invasive.scientific.techniques. 

have.been.employed.to.discover.their.potential.value.on.material. 

of.this.nature.. 

Radiography. (X-ray. and. CT. scanning). have. been. employed. 

where. possible. in. order. to. obtain. a. non-invasive. insight. into. 

the. contents. of. the. bundles. and. the. methods. of. mummification. 

employed.. Samples. obtained. from. the. mummies. were. analysed. 

using.combinations.of.Microscopy,.Environmental.Scanning.Electron.Microscopy.(ESEM),.Histology.and.Gas.Chromatography.–. 

Mass. Spectrometry. (GC-MS). dependent. on. the. specific. research. 

questions.being.asked.. 

This.paper.will.present.the.preliminary.results.from.the.pilot. 

study.and.a.discussion.of.what.the.results.mean.to.the.future.direction.of.the.Bio.Bank.as.a.conservation.measure.and.as.a.resource. 

for.researchers. 

258 Pathology in Sacred Bird Remains: Evidence of Sub-standard 

Husbandry in Ancient Egypt? STEPHANIE ATHERTON (KNH. 

Centre.for.Biomedical.Egyptology,.University.of.Manchester,.UK;. 

Stephanie.Atherton@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk). 

Little.research.has.concerned.the.possibility.that.sub-standard. 

rearing.conditions.may.have.contributed.to.the.health.and.disease. 

of.sacred.birds.at.ancient.Egyptian.temple.complexes..Biological. 

research.has.shown.that.specific.components.of.a.captive.habitat.for. 

wild.animals.are.crucial.factors.for.successful.breeding.and.rearing. 

programmes..The.first.part.of.the.research.comprises.a.study.of.the. 

ancient.Egyptian.temple.complexes.to.identify.and.assess.captive. 

habitats.as.a.result.of.archaeological.and.literary.evidence..Examples.of.this.include.sector.7,.block.3.at.Saqqara,.which.is.described. 

as.an.“artificial.incubation.area”.for.rearing.Ibis.and.Falcon.species;. 

Tuna.el-Gebel,.which.has.been.described.as.a.“natural.biotope”.and. 

the.first.Ibiotropheia;.and.the.temple.of.Edfu,.which.describes.the. 

Festival.of.the.Coronation.of.the.Sacred.Falcon,.an.annual.celebration.when.a.sacred.bird.is.chosen.from.many.kept.within.the.temple. 

in.which.the.god.Re.is.manifest..Accompanying.this.research.is.the. 

examination.of.a.number.of.bird.mummies,.with.wrapped.specimens.being.radiologically.analysed.as.a.preservation.measure..The. 

results.include.interesting.pathological.conditions.including.Harris. 

Lines.and.healed.fractures,.which.may.point.to.sub-standard.husbandry.in.captive.habitats.at.ancient.Egyptian.temple.complexes. 

259 IMPACT – A PACS Based Collaborative Mummy Database 

Project, ANDREW J. NELSON 1 *, ANDREW D. WADE 1 , and 

GREG GARVIN 2 . ( 1 The. University. of. Western. Ontario;. 2 St.. 

Josephs’.Health.Care,.London.X-ray.Associates;.anelson@uwo.ca). 

120 

Many. advanced. imaging. applications. involve. the. detailed. 

analysis.of.one.or.a.few.images.or.objects..This.is.due.to.two.main. 

reasons:.the.time.intensive.nature.of.advanced.image.analysis.and. 

the.difficulty.of.storing.and.accessing.advanced.image.datasets..The. 

storage.and.access.issue.is.particularly.true.for.the.DICOM.data. 

sets. derived. from. CT. and. microCT. scanners..These. datasets. can. 

be.extremely.large.and.they.cannot.be.handled.by.regular.database. 

software.. This. paper. reports. on. a. project. that. is. currently. under. 

development.that.is.designed.to.create.a.large.scale.collaborative. 

database. of. mummy. studies. using. a. radiological. Picture.Archive. 

and.Communication.System..Mummy.studies.is.a.field.that.is.characterized. 

by. case. studies,. or. by. studies. of. small. series. of. mummies..This.is.largely.due.to.the.fact.that.few.mummies.have.been. 

x-rayed.or.CT.scanned.and.the.studies.that.do.exist.are.very.difficult. 

to. access..This. project. aims. to. establish. a. database. of. radiological.studies.of.mummies.by.inviting.individual.scholars.or.institutions. 

to. contribute. their. individual. studies. and. to. collaboratively. 

construct.a.much.larger.study.sample.than.could.be.possible.in.any. 

other.way..In.this.paper.we.will.explore.the.issues.that.need.to.be. 

solved.for.this.project.to.work..These.issues.fall.into.several.categories.–.issues.of.a.technical.nature,.issues.of.intellectual.property.and. 

issues.of.control.and.access..The.resolution.of.these.issues.will.have. 

important.implications.for.the.area.of.advanced.image.analysis.in. 

bioarchaeology. 

260 Re-thinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of a 

Diagnostic Trend (Case Study from a 19 th Century West Virginian 

Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD 1 *, CATHERINE GAITHER 1 , 

RAMONE GONzALEz 2 , RONALD G. BECKETT 2 , GER- 

ALD J. CONLOGUE 2 , CARLyNE COOL 3,4 , and STEVE 

GROSHONG 4 .( 1 Metropolitan.State.College.of.Denver;. 2 Quinnipiac.University;. 

3 University.of.Colorado,.Denver;. 4 National.Jewish. 

Health;.jhwoodw@yahoo.co.uk). 

The.specific.aims.of.the.study.was.to.first.biopsy.a.lesion.noted. 

on.plane.radiographs.and.computed.tomography.scan.taken.in.2001. 

and.then.to.rehydrate.and.examine.the.tissue.for.pathology. 

The. biopsy. was. performed. on. a. female. mummy. from.West. 

Virginia,. who. had. died. in. 1888.. The. procedure. was. done. at. the. 

Barbour.County.Historical.Society.Museum.in.Philippi,.West.Virginia..Approximately.half.the.lesion.was.removed.for.processing.. 

Samples. were. processed. at. National. Jewish. Health. laboratories. 

using.a.modified.version.of.the.Sandison.technique.to.rehydrate.. 

They.were.then.placed.in.a.tissue.processor,.embedded.in.paraplast. 

x-tra,.mounted.on.slides,.and.routinely.stained.with.hematoxylin. 

and.eosin. 

. Outcomes:. Severe. emphysema. and. moderate. to. marked. 

anthracosis.were.found..Research.into.anthracosis.revealed.generalized.use.of.the.term.to.describe.black.carbon.pigmentation.in.the. 

lungs,.despite.the.fact.that.medical.literature.defines.anthracosis.as. 

a.form.of.pneumoconiosis.marked.specifically.by.the.presence.of. 

coal.dust.in.the.lungs..Because.the.mineral.source.determines.particle. 

distribution. and. subsequent. lesion. development,. differential. 

diagnosis.between.the.different.forms.of.pneumoconiosis,.such.as. 

silicosis,.should.be.employed..Determining.the.source.of.the.pigmentation.may.be.a.vital.regional.or.economic.determinate. 

261 Elmer McCurdy, Mummified “Outlaw” from Oklahoma’s Wild 

West, JUDy MyERS SUCHEy (Forensic.Anthropologist,.Department.of.the.Coroner,.1104.North.Mission.Road,.Los.Angeles,.CA. 

90033;.jmsuchey@aol.com).

A.“wax.dummy”.at.an.amusement.park.in.Long.Beach,.California,. 

turned. out. to. be. an. adult. male.. This. discovery. occurred. 

on.December.7,.1976,.and.Thomas.T..Noguchi,.the.Chief.Medical.Examiner,.drew.nationwide.attention.to.the.case.with.his.press. 

release.. Representatives. from. Oklahoma. (the. legendary. Clyde. 

Snow,. Fred. Olds. of. the. Oklahoma. Historical. Society,. and. Ralph. 

McCalmont.from.Guthrie).came.to.the.Los.Angeles.Coroner.thinking.this.mummy.might.be.their.missing.outlaw.who.died.in.1911. 

during.a.shoot-out.with.a.sheriff’s.posse.in.the.Osage.Hills..This. 

paper.outlines.the.investigation,.as.I.assisted.Dr..Clyde.Snow.in.his. 

anthropological.work.on.the.case,.leading.to.the.identification.of. 

Elmer.McCurdy..In.this.presentation.we.follow.Elmer.from.the.Fun. 

House.to.the.Grave. 

262 A Contextual Analysis of a Mummy from the Sierra Gorda, 

Querétaro Region of México, Dated 900 to 1200 BC, ELIzA- 

BETH MEJíA 1 *, MARTHA BENAVENTE 2 , ALEJANDRO 

TERRAzAS 2 , and ALBERTO HERRERA 1 .( 1 INAH.Querétaro,. 

Andres. Balvanera. #2. Centro,. Querétaro,. Querétaro. CP. 76000,. 

México;. 2 Instituto.de.Investigaciones.Antropológicas,.Universidad. 

Nacional.Autónoma.de.México;.toluquilla2000@yahoo.com.mx). 

In.May.2010.a.shepherd.discovered.the.burial.of.a.partially. 

mummified.body.in.the.Sierra.Gorda.region.of.México..The.remains. 

were.wrapped.in.a.woven.matt.called.a.petate..The.Instituto.Nacional.de.Antropologia.y.Historia,.Querétaro,.was.notified,.and.anthropologists.were.sent.to.the.site.to.examine.the.burial.and.determine. 

the. archaeological. context. and. the. physical. characteristics. of. the. 

remains..This.paper.presents.the.joint.results.of.an.archaeological. 

and.physical.anthropological.approach.that.reveals.a.male.individual.whose.life.was.one.of.considerable.physical.stress..The.cultural. 

materials.associated.with.the.burial.reveal.he.had.sufficient.social. 

recognition.to.afford.him.a.special.burial.place.with.rich.offerings. 

to.accompany.it. 

‘263 Thinking Makes It So’: Reflections on the Ethics of Displaying 

Egyptian Mummies, JASMINE DAy.(Discipline.of.Anthropology. 

and.Sociology,.The.University.of.Western.Australia,.22.Coolidge. 

Street,.Perth,.Australia;.mummywoman@hotmail.com). 

Controversy. about. museums’. possession. and. exhibition. of. 

human. remains. has. usually. affected. those. identified. as. ancestral. 

remains.by.indigenous.peoples..Egyptian.mummies,.with.their.long. 

tradition. of. exhibition,. seemed. exempt. from. such. considerations. 

until. the. covering. of. unwrapped. remains. in. the. Egyptian. gallery. 

at. The. Manchester. Museum. in. 2008.. The. museum’s. representatives.argued.that.this.covering.responded.to.visitors’.objections,.but. 

subsequent.widespread.protest.against.the.measure.suggested.that. 

it.had.been.carried.out.with.inadequate.public.consultation..With. 

reference.to.the.Manchester.case,.I.will.present.two.arguments.to. 

expand.the.scope.of.current.debates.about.human.remains.display.. 

The. first. argument. favours. the. consideration. of. museum. visitors. 

from. cultures. other. than. those. represented. by. exhibited. remains. 

as.legitimate.stakeholders.in.the.remains’.management,.including. 

consideration.of.their.personal.reasons.and.historical.precedents.for. 

favouring.display..The.second.argument,.which.reveals.the.spurious.bases.of.many.objections.to.Egyptian.mummies’.display.and. 

demonstrates.their.derivation.from.misconceptions.promulgated.by. 

the.media,.shows.that.the.grounds.for.public.objections.to.human. 

remains.display.should.be.more.critically.examined..If.perpetuated. 

rather.than.halted,.the.display.of.mummies.could.be.used.to.actively. 

combat.disparaging.media.stereotypes..Human.remains.exhibition. 


is. not. inherently. offensive,. but. can. be. regarded. as. such. by. visitors.whose.cultural.backgrounds.fail.to.prepare.them.for.encounters. 

with.the.dead..Removing.the.dead.from.display.avoids.engagement. 

with.ethics.debates.rather.than.facing.the.challenge.of.finding.ways. 

to.respect.the.dead.by.facilitating.encounters.with.them. 

264 Cultural and Logistical Challenges in Preparing a Large 

Travelling Mummy Exhibition. for American Museums and Science 

Centers, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING 1 *, WILFRIED 

ROSENDAHL 1 , and JAMES DELAy 2 ( 1 German.Mummy.Project,.D5,.Museum.Weltkulturen,.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,.68159. 

Mannheim,. Germany;. 2 American. Exhibitions,. Inc.,. 1515. South. 

Federal.Highway,.Suite.211,.Boca.Raton,.Florida,.33432;.Heather. 

Gill-Robinson@mannheim.de). 

In.2007,.the.exhibition.“Mummies:.The.Dream.of.Everlasting. 

Life”.was.created.at.the.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums.in.Mannheim,. 

Germany..The.exhibition.included.more.than.50.human.and.animal. 

mummies.from.around.the.world,.loaned.from.numerous.museums. 

throughout.Europe..The.purpose.of.the.exhibition.was.to.show.the. 

various. forms. of. natural. and. artificial. mummification,. using. the. 

mummies. as. examples. of. preservation. in. different. environments. 

and.cultures..This.exhibition.was.first.presented.in.Manheim,.and. 

over.a.period.of.three.years.travelled.to.museums.in.Germany.and. 

Italy..In.2010,.a.related.exhibition.travelled.to.the.United.States.to. 

begin.a.3-year.tour.of.museums.and.science.centers. 

.This.paper.presents.a.discussion.of.the.challenges.associated. 

with.the.preparation.of.a.large.travelling.display.of.mummies..In. 

particular,.the.paper.highlights.the.differences.between.a.Europeancurated. 

and. American-presented. exhibition;. discusses. planning. 

the.physical.logistics.associated.with.the.exhibition;.presents.challenges.associated.with.international.academic.and.commercial.collaborations,.and.shares.some.interpretations.of.visitor.perceptions.of.the.exhibition.at.its.initial.American.venue,.the.California.Science.Center.in.Los.Angeles. 

265 Supernumerary Vertebrae and Other Spinal Pathology in Three 

17 th Century Crypt Mummies from Germany, HEATHER GILL- 

FRERKING 1 *, JAMES SCHANANDORE 2 , and WILFRIED 

ROSENDAHL 1 ( 1 German. Mummy. Project,. D5,. Museum. Weltkulturen,.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,.68159.Mannheim,.Germany;. 

2 Department.of.Biological.Sciences,.North.Dakota.State.University,. 

Fargo,.North.Dakota;.Heather.Gill-Robinson@mannheim.de). 

A.small.group.of.mummies.rest.in.the.von.Crailsheim.family.crypt,.at.Sommersdorf.Castle,.in.southern.Germany..All.of.the. 

mummies.date.to.the.1<strong>7th</strong>.century,.and.all.are.naturally.preserved,. 

due.to.the.air.flow.in.the.crypt.area..To.date,.the.German.Mummy. 

Project.has.examined.three.of.the.mummies.in.the.crypt:.the.Baron. 

von. Holz,. Sophie. von. Kniestätt. and. the. Baroness. Schenck. von. 

Geyern..There.is.limited.historical.documentation.related.to.these. 

individuals.and.very.little.was.known.about.the.three.adults. 

Using. a. Siemens. Definition. Dual. Energy. Source. CT. scanner.and.medical.imaging.software.(OsiriX.and.Mimics),.all.three. 

individuals.were.assessed.for.age-at-death,.evidence.of.trauma.or. 

pathology.and.identification.of.potential.cause.of.death..Analysis. 

of.the.CT.data.indicated.that.all.three.adults.had.evidence.of.spinal. 

pathology..All.three.had.non-sacralized.supernumerary.L6.vertebrae. 

and.one.of.three.also.had.an.apparent.C8.vertebra..Both.women.had. 

sacral.spina.bifida.occulta.and.extreme.spinal.curvatures,.the.severity.of.which.was.made.clear.through.the.2D.visualization.and.3D. 

reconstruction.during.the.medical.imaging..One.of.the.women.may. 

121


have.had.tuberculosis;.DNA.testing.for.this.is.pending..DNA.analysis.to.determine.the.genetic.relationship.between.all.three.individuals.has.been.inconclusive.so.far. 

266 Relic, Ritual or Residue: the ‘Saint Achilles’ Remains at Torre 

de Palma, Portugal, MARy LUCAS POWELL 1 and DELLA 

COLLINS COOK 2 * ( 1 130. Hamilton. Park,. Lexington,. KY;. 

2 Department.of.Anthropology,.Indiana.University,.701.East.Kirkwood. 

Avenue,. Bloomington,. IN. 47405;. paleomary@insightbb. 

com;.cook@indiana.edu). 

The.Torre.de.Palma.site.in.eastern.Portugal.includes.one.of.the. 

earliest.double-apsed.basilicas.in.western.Europe,.dating.from.5 th . 

century.CE..A.total.of.255.individuals.represent.more.than.13.centuries.of.mortuary.activity..A.prominent.tomb.contained.eight.hand. 

and.foot.elements.from.a.male.of.advanced.age..Both.calcanei.are. 

included..We.consider.three.hypotheses:.that.these.elements.constituted.a.special.relic,.perhaps.with.soft.tissue.preserved;.that.the.remainder.of.the.skeleton.was.translated.ritually.to.a.different.location.with.these.elements.left.intentionally.to.maintain.the.deceased. 

presence.in. the.church;.and. that.these.elements.were. left.behind. 

unintentionally.when.the.tomb.was.cleaned.to.prepare.it.for.a.new. 

occupant. 

267 Tattoos and a Scar: Visible Marks and Invisible Pathology of a 

South American Woman from the 14 th Century, HEATHER GILL- 

FRERKING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED 

ROSENDAHL (German.Mummy.Project,.D5,.Museum.Weltkulturen,. 

Reiss-Engelhorn. Museums,. 68159. Mannheim,. Germany;. 

Heather.Gill-Robinson@mannheim.de). 

Three.small.tattoos,.one.on.the.face.and.one.on.each.breast,. 

and.a.scar.on.the.left.breast,.are.visible.on.an.adult.woman.attributed. 

to. the. Chiu-Chiu. culture. of. South.America..As. part. of. the. 

evidence-based. examination. of. the. mummy,. the. tattoos. and. scar. 

were.recorded.and.interpretation.attempted,.within.the.bioarchaeological.and.cultural.context.of.the.mummy..The.specific.meanings. 

of.the.simple.tattoos.on.this.particular.woman.have.not.yet.been. 

determined. and. multiple. interpretations. must. be. considered..Tattoos.on.various.mummies.have.previously.been.interpreted.as.aesthetic.adornment,.indicators.of.social.status,.ceremonial.or.religious. 

symbols.and.possible.indicators.of.therapeutic.treatment..The.scar. 

on.the.breast.is.clearly.well-healed,.indicating.that.the.woman.survived.for.a.long.period.of.time.following.the.event.that.led.to.the. 

scar.. 

This.paper.will.describe.the.tattoos.and.scar.and.offer.potential.bioarchaeological.and.cultural.interpretations.for.both.the.deliberate.body.modification.and.the.scar,.including.the.results.of.the. 

medical.image.analysis.of.the.area.of.the.scar..This.paper.will.also. 

summarize.other.pathology.identified.during.the.medical.imaging,. 

in.an.attempt.to.understand.the.health.status.of.this.woman. 

268 An Interesting and Indeterminate Disease from the Nubian 

Pathological Collection, MERVyN HARRIS (KNH. Centre. for. 

Biomedical. Egyptology,. The. University. of. Manchester,. Room. 

3.507A,.Stopford.Building,.Oxford.Rd.,.Manchester.M13.9PT,.UK;. 

mervyn.harris@manchester.ac.uk).. 

The.Nubian.Pathological.Collection.is.a.collection.of.specimens. 

excavated. by. Elliot-Smith. and. Wood-Jones. during. their. 

extensive.“Archaeological.Survey.of.Nubia”.which.took.place.during.the.early.years.of.the.20 

th .century..The.collection.consists.of. 

specimens.included.because.of.their.particular.pathological.interest. 

122 

and.do.not.provide.insight.into.the.prevalence.of.any.particular.disease.amongst.the.population.of.ancient.Nubia. 

One.specimen.of.particular.interest.consisted.of.a.pelvis,.two. 

femora,.two.humerii.and.two.ulnae.and.radii.all.from.the.same.adult. 

individual.. Provenance. is. uncertain. but. may. date. from. the. Predynastic.period..The.specimen.itself.might.not.be.Nubian.although. 

it.is.contained.amongst.the.collection..The.pelvis.demonstrated.a. 

tri-radiate. deformity. and. the. developmental. abnormality. spina. 

bifida.occulta..Gross.callus.formation.was.noted.along.both.femoral.shafts.giving.the.appearance.of.extensive.soft.tissue.ossification..Both.ulnae.and.radii.were.bowed.and.ossification.of.the.intraosseous.membrane.was.noted. 

The.appearance.of.the.remains.suggested.a.number.of.possible. 

diseases.but.was.not.exactly.typical.of.any.one.in.particular..However,. 

the. specimen. demonstrated. several. specific. features. which. 

suggested.a.possible.diagnosis.of.type.V.osteogenesis.imperfecta. 

which.is.particularly.interesting.as.type.V.has.only.been.identified. 

within.the.last.decade. 

269 The Ankhpakhered Mummy Project, SABINA MALGORA 1 * 

and LUCA BERNARDO 2 ( 1 Egyptologist,.Curator,.and.Co-director.of.the.“Mummy.Project,” 

Castello.del.Buonconsiglio.di.Trento,. 

Trento,.Italy;. 2 Head.of.the.Department.of.Maternal.Fetal.Science,. 

Co-director.of.the.“Mummy.Project,”.Fatebenefratelli.and.Macedorio.Melloni.Hospital,.Milan,.Italy;.sabinamalgora@libero.it). 

The.mummy.of.Ankhpakhered,.a.priest.of.Min.in.the.Temple. 

of.Akhmin,.had.been.placed.inside.a.painted.wooden.sarcophagus,. 

dated.to.the.XXII-XXIII.dynasties..The.mummy.and.sacrcophagus,. 

conserved. in. the.Archaeological. and. Paleontological. Museum. of. 

Asti,. underwent. conservation. and. radiographic. examination..The. 

study. revealed. the. skeletonized. body. of. an. adult. individual..The. 

essential.parts.of.the.body.are.completely.disturbed,.with.canes.supporting.the.bones..No.amulets.and.jewellery.were.found. 

The. 3D. reconstructions. of. the. CT. scans. confirm. the. radiographic.survey..The.collected.data.suggest.that.this.individual.had. 

undergone.heavy.work.activities,.with.the.lower.part.of.the.body. 

showing.marked.stresses..These.aspects.do.not.seem.suitable.for.the. 

activities.of.a.high.priest. 

An.endoscopy.was.made.to.collect.samples.for.analysis.to.provide.more.reliable.data..The.tool.used:.Video-Broncoscope.STORZ,.61.cm.in.length,.external.diameter.5.9.mm,.with.operating.channel.of.2.2.mm.and.Broncoscope.STORZ,.44.cm.in.length,.external. 

diameter.10.5.mm.with.3.operating.channels..The.samples.taken. 

were:. fragments. of. bones,. canes,. bandages,. and. a. tooth.. Further. 

research.will.include:.DNA,.C14,.and.toxicology.testing..The.specialized. 

team. consists. of. a. toxicologist,. an. anthropologist,. and. a. 

forensic.pathologist,.with.the.use.of.a.diagnostic.centre..Future.tests. 

will.allow.us.to.understand.this.individual:.his.age.at.death,.cause. 

of.death,.other.pathologies,.when.he.was.buried,.reason.for.skeletonization,. 

and. where. the. body. was. before. being. buried. in. this. 

sarcophagus. 

270 Teeth Used as a Tool: Evidence of Task-related Dental Modifications 

from an Ancient Cemetery at Saqqara, Egypt, IWONA 

KOzIERADzKA-OGUNMAKIN (KNH.Centre.for.Biomedical. 

Egyptology,. University. of. Manchester,. Faculty. of. Life. Sciences,. 

3.507.Stopford.Building,.Oxford.Road,.Manchester,.England,.M13. 

9PT;.Iwona.kozieradzka-ogunmakin@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk).. 

Human.dentition.is.a.valuable.source.of.information.regarding.age,.diet.and.health..A.detailed.examination.of.teeth.could.also.

eveal.evidence.of.past.activity.patterns.that.required.a.use.of.‘a. 

third. hand’..The. use. of. teeth. as. a. tool. could. produce. distinctive. 

patterns.and.result.in.accidental.modifications.of.dentition;.these. 

changes. could. be. related. to. specific. tasks.. The. paramasticatory. 

function.of.teeth.could.offer.a.unique.insight.into.cultural.behaviour. 

of.the.past.population..A.collection.of.111.individuals.from.an.Old. 

Kingdom.and.Late.to.Ptolemaic.cemetery.in.Saqqara,.Egypt,.was. 

subjected.to.a.detailed.osteological.examination.that.yielded.several.examples.of.unusual.dental.abrasion..These.dental.modifications.were.studied.in.relation.to.habitual.activities.as.well.as.dietary. 

practices.that.could.possibly.be.associated.with.dental.attrition. 

271 Hearts and Minds: Excerebration and Evisceration in the 

Egyptian Mummification Tradition, ANDREW D. WADE* and 

ANDREW J. NELSON (Department.of Anthropology,.University. 

of.Western.Ontario;.awade4@uwo.ca). 

The.popular.and.academic.literature.abounds.with.normative. 

descriptions.of.the.treatment.of.the.cranial.and.abdominal-thoracic. 

cavities,. and. their. contents,. in. the. ancient. Egyptian. mummification.tradition..These.norms.are.largely.derived.from.the.classical. 

accounts.of.the.embalmer’s.art.by.Herodotus,.Diodorus,.Siculus,. 

Porphyry.,and.Plutarch. 

In.spite.of.the.high.degree.of.variability.apparent.in.the.literature.as.an.aggregate,.researchers.continue.to.focus.on.classical. 

and. modern. stereotypes. rather. than. on. the. rich. variability. in. the. 

Egyptian.mummification.tradition.as.it.evolved.across.Egypt.over. 

the.course.of.more.than.three.millennia. 

Recent. studies. by. the. authors. have. demonstrated. substantial. 

variability. in. the. excerebration. and. evisceration. traditions. of. 

ancient.Egyptian.embalmers..These.studies.have.called.into.question.the.long-held.classical.stereotypes,.particularly.dogmatic.class.associations,.through.comparison.with.empirical.data.from.the.literature.and.from.first-hand.observation.of.computed.tomography. 

scans. 

This.paper.will.discuss.integrated.results.of.the.ongoing.synthetic. 

evaluations. of. evisceration. and. excerebration. features. in. 

ancient. Egyptian. mummies,. drawing. from. adequate. descriptions. 

in.the.literature.and.from.a.sample.of.seven.mummies.examined. 

directly.using.computed.tomography.. 

This.study.compares.empirical.data.on.suites.of.excerebration. 

and.evisceration.features.with.classical.descriptions.of.evisceration,. 

excerebration,. and. organ. and. cavity. treatments.. Brain. and. body. 

cavity. treatments,. and. the. removal. and. treatment. of. organs. vary. 

between.time.periods,.sexes,.and.statuses,.and.are.discussed.in.relation.to.their.coincidence.as.suites.of.features,.their.treatment.in.the. 

literature,.and.their.radiological.appearance. 

272 Crime and Punishment: A Reconstruction of Mortuary Practices 

in Nomadic Mongolia Based on the Study of Human Burials 

from 3,000 BP (Bronze Age) to AD 1700 (Ming Dynasty),.BRUNO 

FROHLICH 1 , TSEND AMGALANTUGS 2 , DAVID HUNT 1 *, 

and KRISTEN PEARLSTEIN 1. ( 1 Department. of. Anthropology,. 

National. Museum. of. Natural. History,. Smithsonian. Institution,. 

Washington.DC,.USA.;. 2 Institute.of.Archaeology,.Mongolian.Academy.of.Sciences,.Ulaanbaatar,.Mongolia;.FROHLICH@si.edu).Human.mummified.remains.have.been.found.in.caves.in.several.Mongolian.aimags.(provinces)..To.present,.we.have.studied.18. 

individuals.from.the.Bronze.Age.(3,000.BP).to.the.Ming.Dynasty. 

(ca..AD.1650)..Cause.of.death.for.the.majority.of.these.burials.is. 

from. traumatic. events;. including. hanging,. strangulation,. broken. 


necks,.and.high.force.impacts..These.burials.are.generally.single. 

individuals,.but.two.instances.were.multiple.burials.with.both.sexes. 

and.a.range.of.ages..Variation.in.mortuary.practice.is.attributed.to. 

historical.periods,.however,.the.number.of.cave.burials.is.too.small. 

and.age.periods.extensive.to.represent.a.well-defined.population.. 

Previous.theories.suggested.that.cave.burials.were.shamanistic,. 

relating.to.spiritual.and/or.ritual.expression..However,.our.theory.is. 

more.simple.or.practical..Nomadic.groups.roam.well-defined.geographical.areas.for.suitable.grazing.areas..Distances.travelled.are.dependent.on.the.recovery.speed.of.the.landscape.from.the.destruction.of.grazing..Nomads.of.the.Gobi.Desert.travel.long.distances,. 

while.the.people.of.the.fertile.northern.Hovsgol.aimag,.travel.less. 

than.15.km.over.a.year..Ill-behaving.individuals.that.are.detrimental. 

to.the.group.(dangerous.or.a.liability).need.to.be.neutralized.for.the. 

good.of.the.group..This.would.be.accomplished.by.execution.of.the. 

individual,.and.in.instances,.include.execution.of.the.nuclear.family. 

due.to.lack.of.resources.to.sustain.them..This.interpretation.is.supported.by.Mongolian.ethnographic.record.in.the.way.criminals.are. 

punished,.in.order.to.eliminate.the.danger.of.these.individuals.for. 

the.survivorship.of.the.group/society. 

AAASPD 

EDUCATION SECTION 

Monday, starting at 8:40 a.m. in KIPJ 220 

273 Marine Invasive Species Assessment in San Diego Bay,.KATH- 

LEEN F. ESTRELLA*, GABRIEL L. TUKEMAN*, and.JAy 

S. VAVRA.(High.Tech.High,.2861.Womble.Rd.,.San.Diego,.CA,. 

92106;.kestrella@hightechhigh.org,.gtukeman@hightechhigh.org).. 

The.onslaught.of.invasive.species.pose.a.serious.threat.to.biodiversity. 

worldwide.. Urban. environments. tend. to. have. an. abundance.of.invasives.leading.to.billions.of.dollars.of.damage.across. 

the.U.S..Unlike.other.well.studied.urban.marine.environments.(eg.. 

San.Francisco.Bay).relatively.little.is.known.about.the.invasive.species.of.San.Diego.Bay.. 

In.2009,.High.Tech.High.established.a.cooperative.agreement. 

with.the.U.S..Navy.to.follow.the.National.Invasive.Species.Council. 

and.management.plans.which.help.prevent.the.spread.of.invasive. 

species..Students.of.the.HTH.Biotechnology.class.conducted.a.pilot. 

study.for.a.future.large.scale.ecological.survey.of.the.Bay.. 

Initially. students. learned. about. conservation. forensics. and. 

invertebrate.zoology,.and.then.were.assigned.different.taxonomic. 

groups.to.study.benthic.species.in.the.Bay..Subtidal.invertebrates. 

were.sampled.from.fouling.organisms.growing.on.weighted.ropes. 

placed.along.Grape.Street.Pier.in.San.Diego.Bay.since.2005..The. 

first. approach. to. identify. specimens. involved. comparative. morphology.and.taxonomic.keys..Later,.students.applied.DNA.barcoding.using.Cytochrome.Oxidase.C.Subunit.I.to.identify.species. 

A.variety.of.native.and.invasive.species.were.identified.through. 

this.study..This.included.invasives.such.as.numerous.tunicates.and. 

bivalves,.which.were.identified.and.barcoded..Several.native.species. 

were. also. identified,. which. comprised. of. several. species. of. 

bryozoans.and.molluscs. 

Through. these. surveys. and. collaboration. with. taxonomic. 

experts,.this.study.details.an.approach.for.the.early.detection.and. 

routine. monitoring. of. biodiversity. to. help. prevent. and. slow. the. 

spread.of.invasive.species.. 

123


274 A Model for Empowering Young People from Urban and 

Diverse Backgrounds to become Tomorrow’s Scientific Leaders, 

SHARA FISLER and LINDSAy GOODWIN* (Ocean.Discovery. 

Institute,. 2211. Pacific. Beach. Drive,. San. Diego,. CA. 92109;. 

lgoodwin@OceanDI.org). 

There.is.a.critical.need.for.programs.that.build.students’.scientific.understanding,.and.prepare.them.to.fill.the.roles.of.future. 

decision-makers.and.the.scientific.workforce..In.particular,.efforts. 

are.needed.to.reach.the.underserved.communities,.which.represent. 

the. greatest. untapped. talent. pool. in. the. sciences.. Ocean. Discovery.Institute’s.model.uses.authentic.scientific.discovery.to.generate.the.spark.that.makes.young.people,.from.the.most.urban.and. 

diverse.backgrounds,.eager.to.learn..As.they.use.science.to.discover. 

the.world.around.them,.they.discover.themselves.and.their.future. 

as.scientific.leaders..The.model.incorporates.education,.scientific. 

research,. and. environmental. stewardship. with. the. primary. guiding.principles.of.1).focusing.on.one.geographic.area,.allowing.us. 

repeated.exposure.to.students.and.families.as.they.grow.from.K-12;. 

2).integrating.our.efforts.into.the.broader.community,.helping.parents. 

and. teachers. to. attain. a. shared. vision. for. these. students;. 3). 

employing.a.hands-on,.action.oriented.approach.that.draws.upon. 

students’. assets. and. talents;. 4). engaging. students. in. authentic. 

research.side-by-side.with.practicing.scientists;.5).eliminating.the. 

unique.barriers.faced.by.urban,.diverse.young.people.as.they.study. 

science. and. pursue. higher. education.. The. success. of. this. model. 

includes. increasing. students’. science. performance,. attendance. in. 

college,.and.major.selection.in.the.sciences..This.work.uses.science. 

to.empower.young.people.to.transform.their.lives,.their.community,. 

and.ultimately.our.world. 

We.will.share.lessons.learned.from.over.ten.years.of.science. 

program.experience,.describe.the.best.practices.tested,.successful. 

approaches,.and.the.challenges.still.underway. 

275 Initial Results from Piloting a Science Literacy Concept Inventory,. 

EDWARD B. NUHFER 1 *, CARL KLOOCK, 3 CHRIS- 

TOPHER B. COGAN, 2 and GREGORy WOOD 4 ( 1 Director.of. 

Faculty. Development. and. Professor. of. Geology,. 2 Environmental. 

Science.and.Resource.Management.Program,.and. 4 Applied.Physics. 

Program,. California. State. University. (CSU). Channel. Islands,. 

1. University. Drive,. Camarillo,. CA. 93012-8599;. 3 Department. of. 

Biology,.CSU.Bakersfield,.9001.Stockdale.Hwy.,.Bakersfield,.CA. 

93311-1022;. ed.nuhfer@csuci.edu,. Carl_Kloock@firstclass1.csubak.edu,.Christopher.Cogan@csuci.edu). 

Nine. science. professors. from. five. science. disciplines. representing.four.campuses,.supported.by.funding.from.the.California. 

State.University’s.Office.of.the.Chancellor’s.Institute.for.Teaching. 

and.Learning,.began.a.project.in.2008.to.promote.science.literacy. 

in.general.education.science.courses..We.deduced.twelve.measurable. 

learning. outcomes. that. correspond. to. important. concepts. of. 

understanding.science,.in.contrast.to.the.usual.and.often.erroneous. 

presentations.of.“the.scientific.method”.commonly.found.in.textbooks.. 

Since. 2010,. CSU. and. University. of. California. guidelines. 

incorporated.our.work.to.assess.transferability.of.science.courses.as. 

general.education.courses.. 

The. team,. using. established. principles. of. concept. inventory. 

construction,. next. developed. a. Science. Literacy. Concept. Inventory.(SLCI).to.assess.the.twelve.outcomes.to.measure.conceptual. 

understanding.of.science.as.a.way.of.knowing.and.reasoning..We. 

pilot-tested.two.40-item.versions.at.universities.across.the.nation.. 

Reliability.is.good.(R.=.0.83),.and.some.results.are.surprising..As. 

124 

a. nation,. we. don’t. teach. science’s. valuable. conceptual. ways. of. 

knowing. in. general. education. courses,. even. though. institutional. 

catalogues.frequently.convey.that.science.literacy.is.the.justification.for.requiring.such.courses..Professors.are.science.literate.and.score.above.90.on.the.SLCI,.but.they.don’t.pass.this.understanding.on.to.their.undergraduates,.who.score.about.59..General.education.courses.teach.the.knowledge.and.applications.of.science,.but. 

they. produce. no. significant. difference. in. conceptual. understanding.of.the.evidence-based.reasoning.of.science..The.concepts.are. 

teachable,.but.poor.conceptual.understanding.persists.all.the.way. 

through.graduation. 

276 Investigating Novice-to-Expert Transitions in Undergraduate 

Biology Education,. KIMBERLy D. TANNER 1 *, JULIA I. 

SMITH 1,2 , and ELIJAH COMBS 1 .( 1 SEPAL:.The.Science.Education.Partnership.and.Assessment.Laboratory,.Department.of.Biology,.San.Francisco.State.University,.1600.Holloway.Avenue,.San. 

Francisco,. CA. 94132;. 2 Department. of. Biological. Sciences,. Holy. 

Names. University,. 3500. Mountain. Blvd.,. Oakland,. CA. 94619;. 

kdtanner@sfsu.edu). 

University. biology. education. aims. to. produce. students. who. 

possess.biology.expertise..However,.little.is.known.about.the.extent. 

to.which.biology.majors.develop.biological.expertise.during.their. 

undergraduate. years.. Expertise. has. been. described. in. cognitive. 

psychology. as. not. only. knowledge. within. a. discipline,. but. also. 

the.structure.of.that.knowledge..To.investigate.expertise.in.physics. 

education,.Chi.and.colleagues.developed.a.task.in.which.participants.were.asked.to.sort.physics.problems.into.groups.(Chi,.1981)..Through.this.card-sorting.task,.researchers.demonstrated.that.novices. 

sorted. problems. based. on. “surface”. features. (e.g.. pendulum. 

problems),.while.physics.experts.sorted.problems.based.on.“deep”. 

features.(e.g..Newton’s.first.law.problems),.suggesting.differences. 

in.how.these.populations.structured.their.knowledge.of.physics..We. 

have.developed.a.similar.card-sorting.task.to.investigate.differences. 

in.novice.and.expert.thinking.in.biology.education..Sixteen.biology. 

problems.were.adapted.from.undergraduate.biology.textbooks,.such. 

that.each.card.represented.both.one.hypothesized.“surface”.feature. 

in.biology.and.one.hypothesized.“deep”.feature..Guiding.research. 

questions. include:. To. what. extent. do. Biology. Faculty. (BF). sort. 

based.on.hypothesized.deep.features?.To.what.extent.do.Non-Biology.Majors.(NBM).sort.based.on.hypothesized.surface.features?. 

How.do.Entering.Biology.Majors.(EBM).and.Advanced.Biology. 

Majors.(ABM).perform.these.sorts,.and.to.what.extent.do.their.sorts. 

more.closely.resemble.NBM.or.BF?.Analyses.of.results.from.this. 

novel.card-sorting.task.collected.at.a.small,.private.college.and.a. 

large,.public.university.will.be.presented.at.the.conference. 

277 Development and Implementation of a Workshop on Inclusive 

Teaching for Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching Assistants 

by Postdoctoral Scholars at UCSD,. SANDRA L. CLEMENT*, 

SAURABH JOSHI, SUzANNE R. LEE, EVAN C. MERK- 

HOFER, STEFANIE OTTO, MARTA VICENTE-CRESPO, 

and GABRIELE WIENHAUSEN. (Division. of. Biological. Sciences,.University.of.California.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman.Drive,.La. 

Jolla,.CA.92093-0322;.slclement@ucsd.edu). 

The.loss.of.talented.students.from.Science,.Technology,.Engineering. 

and. Math. (STEM). majors. is. a. major. challenge. for. U.S.. 

technological.advancement.and.global.competitiveness.in.the.21 st . 

century.. Although. inclusive. teaching. strategies. can. help. student. 

retention,.formal.instruction.in.pedagogy.has.not.traditionally.been.

a.part.of.STEM.graduate.education.and.is.often.completely.absent. 

from. postdoctoral. training.. Thus,. increased. access. to. training. in. 

pedagogy. for. student. teaching. assistants. (TAs). and. postdoctoral. 

scholars.has.the.potential.to.improve.the.quality.of.instruction.in.the. 

STEM.classroom..In.order.to.provide.TAs.with.the.advice.and.tools. 

they.need.to.create.a.safe.learning.environment.that.respects.student. 

diversity.and.encourages.learning,.a.group.of.postdoctoral.scholars. 

in.the.Division.of.Biological.Sciences.at.UCSD.have.developed.a. 

TA.training.workshop.on.inclusive.teaching..We.began.our.development.of.this.workshop.by.reviewing.a.series.of.relevant.readings. 

and. discussing. the. roles. that. identity,. diversity,. and. unconscious. 

bias.play.in.the.classroom..Currently,.our.workshop.uses.a.combination.of.self-reflective.and.group.activities.to.personalize.diversity.issues.and.model.best.practices.for.inclusive.teaching..Based.on.participant.pre-.and.post-surveys,.this.workshop.has.been.successful.in.promoting.awareness.of.unconscious.bias.and.providing. 

strategies.that.participants.can.use.in.their.classrooms.to.facilitate. 

and.encourage.student.learning..We.will.discuss.the.format.for.our. 

workshop.as.well.as.the.process.for.preparing.postdoctoral.facilitators.and.efforts.to.ensure.sustainability.and.replicability. 

278 On Mathematical Education: Mathematics Neither Necessary 

Nor Sufficient for Science,.G. ARTHUR MIHRAM 1 * and DAN- 

IELLE MIHRAM 2 .( 1 P..O..Box.No..1188,.Princeton,.NJ.08542- 

1188;. 2 Department. of. French. and. Italian,. University. of. Southern. 

California,.650.W.35 th .St.,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90089;.dmihram@usc. 

edu). 

We.expand.on.the.ancient.(Greek).mathematicians’.appreciation—that.familiarity.with.mathematics.is.important.not.so.much. 

for.remembering.mentally.its.content.but.more.for.its.ability,.in.a. 

learner,.to.discipline.his/her.mind.for.adult.decision-making.. 

In.particular,.with.respect.to.Science.[being.that.human.activity. 

devoted.to.the.search.for.the.very.explanation.for.(i.e..for.the.truth. 

about).any.particular.naturally.occurring.phenomenon],.mathematics.is.neither.necessary.nor.sufficient.for.its.successful.conduct:. 

On.sufficiency:.Mathematics,.being.a.language.and,.therefore,. 

historically. a. subject. of. arts,. and. not. science,. faculties,. need. not. 

be.concerned.with.explaining.any.naturally.occurring.phenomenon. 

directly:.Euclidean.geometry. 

On.necessity:.Since.any.scientist.needs—as.his.explanation.of. 

the.naturally.occurring.phenomenon.observed.in.Nature—a.model,. 

he/she.can.chose.from.any.art.form.which.would.convey.it,.preferably.with.specificity:.the.cave.wall,.a.painting,.or.any.of.three. 

linguistic. forms:. (I). natural. language:. à. la. Darwin. (first-person);. 

(II). mathematics:. à. la. Newton. (third-person:. F=mXa);. or,. today,. 

(III). algorithmic,. computer-programming. languages. (second-person),. 

ideal. for. capturing. with. scientific. credibility. the. dynamics. 

of.any.living/social.system.since.the.decision,.providing.irregular. 

change(s). in. such. systems,. is. readily. expressed. as. an. algorithm,. 

which,.though.impeccably.logical,.is.not.mathematics:.to.wit,.‘.IF. 

IX.a,.b,.c.’... 

For.educators,.the.pertinence.of.mathematics.in.the.curriculum. 

of. tertiary. education. is. requisite;. Science. neither. necessarily. follows.from.its.use.nor.requires.that.it.be.employed.in.any.particular. 

scientific.explanation.(model).. 


AAASPD 

ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION 


279 The Seri, the Sun and the Slug: Cultural and Natural History 

of Berthellina ilisima (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) from the Central 

Sea of Cortez,. HANS BERTSCH 1 * and CATHy MOSER 

MARLETT 2 . ( 1 Universidad. Autónoma. de. Baja. California,. 192. 

Imperial.Beach.Blvd..#A,.Imperial.Beach,.CA.91932;. 2 SIL.International,.63955.E..Condalia.Pl.,.Tucson,.AZ.85739;.hansmarvida@ 

sbcglobal.net,.cathy_marlett@sil.org). 

The.Seri.people.of.western.Sonora.have.a.rich.and.profound. 

relationship.with.molluscs..In.addition.to.multiple.sustainable.uses. 

(for.food,.utensils,.tools,.etc.),.molluscs.form.an.important.component.of.their.folklore,.history.and.linguistics..They.gave.indigenous. 

names. to. over. 150. species. of. molluscs..Two. species. of. opisthobranch.molluscs.are.known.by.common.names.in.their.language:. 

Bulla gouldiana.Pilsbry,.1893,.and.Berthellina ilisima.(Marcus.and. 

Marcus,.1967). 

The.Seris.used.the.shelled.cephalaspidean.Bulla gouldiana.for. 

pendant.jewelry,.and.called.the.animal.cacaapxom.(‘what.fattens. 

[something]’).. 

Living. Berthellina ilisima. are. bright. yellow. to. orange-red,. 

reaching.60.mm.in.total.length..The.Seris.named.this.species.xepenozaah.(‘sun.in.the.sea’)..However,.this.species.is.not.eaten.nor. 

used. by. the. Seri.. Its. brilliant. color. and. commonness. called. their. 

attention.to.this.slug. 

Berthellina ilisima.ranges.throughout.the.Sea.of.Cortez.and. 

south.along.the.Mexican.and.Central.American.coastline.to.Panamá..It.also.occurs.in.the.Galápagos.Islands,.and.northerly.in.southern.California.during.warm.water.El.Niño.events..At.Bahía.de.los. 

Ángeles,.Baja.California.(an.area.known.to.and.probably.visited.by. 

the.Seri.people.for.centuries),.it.was.the.fourth.most.common.opisthobranch.observed.during.an.18-year.long.term.ecological.study.. 

This.species.showed.a.distinct.annual.August–June.life.cycle..Over. 

90%. of. egg. masses. were. seen. from. May–July;. copulating. pairs. 

were.seen.in.May.and.June..Examination.of.fecal.material.suggests. 

it.eats.haploscleridan.sponge. 

280 Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot of 

Australopithecus afarensis, JEFF MELDRUM 1 *, ESTEBAN 

SARMIENTO 2 , and PAUL MITCHELL 3 ( 1 Department.of.Biological.Sciences,.Idaho.State.University,.921.S..8th.Ave,.Pocatello,. 

ID.83209;. 2 Human.Evolution.Foundation;. 3 Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.Pennsylvania,.3451.Walnut.Street,.Philadelphia,.PA.19104;.meldd@isu.edu). 

In.a.recent.Science.report.on.a.complete.Australopithecus afarensis.fourth.metatarsal.(AL.333-160)..Ward.et.al..argue.that.this.bone.shows.the.foot.of.this.hominin.had.fixed.transverse.and.longitudinal.arches.and.conclude.that.this.taxon.was.an.habitual.biped,. 

unlikely.to.have.been.under.any.selection.for.arboreal.behaviors.. 

These. same. measurements. on. larger. samples,. including. all.African.ape.species,.humans,.and.baboons,.do.not.support.their.conclusions..The.authors.dismiss.other.skeletal.evidence.for.the.presence. 

or.absence.of.pedal.arches.in.A. afarensis.as.ambiguous,.incorrectly. 

asserting.that.key.bones.from.the.midfoot.have.been.lacking..Yet. 

they.ignore.all.of.the.literature.on.the.other.A. afarensis.foot.bones. 

from. the. same. AL. 333. locality. offering. more. extensive. studies. 

strongly.suggesting.the.AL.333.foot.possessed.considerable.tarsal. 

mobility.and.no.fixed.transverse.or.longitudinal.arches..While.the. 

125


makers.of.the.Laetoli.tracks.are.as.yet.indeterminate,.they.do.not. 

evidence. the. presence. of. a. modern. human-like. arch,. contrary. to. 

Ward.et.al.,.as.established.in.the.diagnosis.of.the.ichnotaxon.Praehominipes 

laetoliensis. MELDRUM. et. al.. 2011.. The. practice. of. 

inferring.overall.behavior.and/or.morphology.of.an.organism.based. 

on.a.single.element.should.be.viewed.critically..The.indications.of. 

mosaicism.in.the.transformation.of.the.bipedal.foot,.evidenced.in. 

the.foot.of.A. afarensis.as.well.as.other.early.hominin.feet,.render. 

broad.generalizations.based.on.a.single.element.suspect,.even.if.the. 

interpretations.of.that.element.are.accurate. 

281 Review of the Patterson-Gimlin Film as Evidence of an Unrecognized 

North American Ape, JEFF MELDRUM 1 * and BILL 

MUNNS 2. ( 1 Department. of. Biological. Sciences,. Idaho. State. University,.921.S..8th.Ave,.Pocatello,.ID.83209;. 

2 Bill.Munns.Creature. 

Gallery,.www.billmunnscreaturegallery.com;.meldd@isu.edu). 

The.Patterson-Gimlin.film.footage.remains.the.most.intriguing,.albeit.controversial.photographic.evidence.for.the.existence.of. 

sasquatch.. It. was. captured. on. 16mm. film. in. northern. California,. 

along. Bluff. Creek,. a. tributary. of. the. Klamath. River,. on. October. 

20,.1967,.by.Roger.Patterson.and.Bob.Gimlin,.of.Yakima.Washington..A.number.of.highly.popularized.claims.have.alleged.the.film.is. 

merely.a.hoax..We.address.the.assertion.that.the.film.depicts.“just. 

a.man.in.a.fur.suit”.by.three.means:.1).Using.photogrammetry.to. 

establish.a.reliable.digital.site.model.that.unifies.the.filmsite.landscapes.and.establishes.the.scale.of.the.subject,.with.height.reconstructed. 

at. 2.25. m;. 2).Assessing. the. potential. and. limitations. of. 

costume.fabrication.in.light.of.the.means.and.materials.available.in. 

1967;.and.3).Using.enhanced.digital.imagery.in.evaluating.the.subject’s.anatomy.and.movements.as.compared.with.humans.and.great. 

apes.. The. associated. footprint. evidence. has. already. formed. the. 

basis.for.a.new.ichnotaxon,.Anthropoidipes ameriborealis, MEL- 

DRUM.2007,.which.provides.footprint.morphology.correlated.with. 

the.distinctions.of.gait.evidenced.in.the.film.subject..These.combined.lines.of.assessment.offer.strong.evidence.for.the.film.subject. 

being.a.distinct.biological.entity.and.not.a.human.in.a.costume. 

AAASPD 

ECOLOGY, ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY, and 

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SECTION 

Monday, 8:40 a.m. in KIPJ 218 

282 Fungal Endophyte Growth in a Nitrogen-free Solution: Nitrogen 

Fixation Symbiosis May Extend Beyond Bacteria, RACHEL 

SEWELL NESTERUK 1,2 *, and RUSTy RODRIGUEz 2 

( 1 Department. of. Biology,. University. of. Washington,. 24. Kincaid. 

Hall,.Box.351800,.Seattle,.WA.98195-1800;. 2 United.States.Geological.Survey.Western.Fisheries.Research.Center,.6505.NE.65 

th .St,. 

Seattle.WA.98105;.rlsn@u.washington.edu).. 

Members. of. the. plant. family. Fabaceae. are. well. known. for. 

their.ability.to.form.symbioses.with.nitrogen.fixing.bacteria.such.as. 

Rhizobia..These.symbioses.allow.legumes.to.invade.poorly.developed.habitats.and.provide.a.competitive.advantage.over.their.neighbors.without.beneficial.nitrogen-fixing.symbioses..However,.there. 

may.be.other.symbiotic.microorganisms.besides.bacteria.that.are. 

capable.of.fixing.nitrogen.in.legumes..We.screened.several.isolates. 

of.vertically-transmitted.fungal.endophytes.cultured.from.Lupinus 

latifolius.collected.from.volcanically.disturbed.habitats.at.Mount. 

St..Helens.for.the.ability.to.grow.in.a.nitrogen-free.solution..The. 

126 

ability.of.endophytes.to.use.media.without.nitrogen.is.compared. 

between. habitats. defined. by. disturbance. severity..Additional. evidence.of.possible.nitrogen.fixation.is.presented.utilizing.PCR.reactions. 

of. DNA. extracted. from. fungal. endophytes. amplified. using. 

Nif.primers..The.evidence.combines.to.suggest.that,.in.addition.to. 

Rhizobia. partners,. plants. in. the. Fabaceae. may. also. retain. fungal. 

endophyte.partners.capable.of.providing.nitrogen.. 

283 A New Honey Bee Threat – the Phorid Fly Apocephalus 

borealis,. ANDREW CORE 1 *, CHARLES RUNCKEL 2 , 

JONATHAN IVERS 1 , CHRISTOPHER QUOCK 1 , TRAVIS 

SIAPNO 1 , SERAPHINA DENAULT 1 , BRIAN BROWN 3 , 

JOSEPH DERISI 2 , CHRISTOPHER D. SMITH 1 , and JOHN 

HAFERNIK 1 ( 1 Department.of.Biology,.San.Francisco.State.University,. 

San. Francisco,. California. 94132,. USA; 2 Department. of. 

Biochemistry.and.Biophysics,.University.of.California,.San.Francisco,. 

San. Francisco,. California. 94143,. USA; 3 Entomology. Section,.Natural.History.Museum.of.Los.Angeles.County 

Los.Angeles,. 

California.90007,.USA;.acore13@yahoo.com). 

Colony.Collapse.Disorder.(CCD),.a.syndrome.characterized. 

by.loss.of.hives.and.the.behavior.of.hive.abandonment,.threatens. 

honey.bees.(Apis mellifera) in.the.United.States.and.Europe..So.far,. 

the.main.causal.suspects.have.been.fungal.parasites,.viral.diseases. 

and. interactions. amongst. them.. While. viral. and. microsporidian. 

infections. have. been. linked. to. increased. mortality. and. declining. 

health.in.CCD.colonies,.studies.have.not.directly.addressed.behavioral.changes.involved.in.abandonment.of.hives..Here.we.report.that. 

Apocephalus borealis,.a.phorid.fly.native.to.North.America,.previously.known.to.attack.bumble.bees.and.paper.wasps,.has.begun.to. 

attack.the.non-native.honey.bee..Notably,.this.fly.has.a.profound. 

effect.on.parasitized.bees,.leading.them.to.abandon.their.hives.at. 

night..Through.DNA.barcoding,.we.confirm.that.phorids.that.attack. 

honey.bees.in.the.San.Francisco.Bay.Area.are.the.same.as.those. 

attacking.bumble.bees..We.sample.honey.bee.hives.throughout.the. 

Bay.Area,.and.demonstrate.that.the.majority.of.hives.yield.honey. 

bees.parasitized.by.phorids..We.investigate.diseases.co-occurring. 

with.A. borealis using.a.comprehensive.honey.bee.disease.microarray.chip..Bees.parasitized.by.A. 

borealis.carry.other.diseases,.some. 

linked.to.CCD..Adult.flies.and.larvae.also.test.positive.for.pathogens. 

that. have. been. implicated. in. colony. collapse.. Understanding.causes.of.the.hive.abandonment.behavior.we.document.could. 

explain. symptoms. associated. with. CCD.. Further,. knowledge. of. 

this.parasite.could.help.prevent.its.spread.into.regions.of.the.world. 

where.naïve.hosts.may.be.easily.susceptible.to.attack. 

284 Cutthroat Trout Phylogenetic Relationships: Geologic Processes 

Preserved in DNA,. DENNIS K SHIOzAWA 1 , PETER 

UNMACK 1 , DEREK HOUSTON 1 , JASON MATHIS 1 , and R. 

PAUL EVANS 2 *.( 1 Department.of.Biology,. 2 Department.of.Microbiology.and.Molecular.Biology,.Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,. 

Utah,.84602;.evansp@byu.edu). 

The.phylogeography.of.aquatic.organ.isms.in.western.North. 

America.has.been.strongly.influenced.by.the.complex.geological. 

history.of.the.region..Native.western.fishes,.because.they.require. 

sufficient. water. to. avoid. seasonal. and. long-term. temperature. 

extremes.and.desiccation,.carry.genetic.signals.that.are.constrained. 

over.geological.history.. 

Approximately. 14. subspecies. of. cutthroat. trout,. Oncorhynchus 

clarkii,. are. recognized. from. western. North.America.. Most. 

populations.are.seriously.threatened.or.endangered.mostly.due.to.

introgression,.predation,.and.competition.from.introduced.trouts.as. 

well.as.general.habitat..Here.we.present.data.from.multiple.protein. 

coding.mitochondrial.genes.in.a.combined.analysis.to.investigate. 

broader.phylogenetic.patterns.across.the.range.of.this.species..Three. 

moderate.to.strongly.resolved.main.lineages.are.identified.-.a.basal. 

cluster. consisting. of. Coastal,. Lahontan,. and. Westslope. cutthroat. 

trout,.a.Yellowstone.cutthroat.trout.and.Bonneville.cutthroat.trout. 

of.the.Bear.River.Basin.of.Utah.and.Idaho.clade.and.a.Colorado. 

River,.Greenback,.Rio.Grande,.and.Bonneville.(main.Bonneville. 

Basin).cutthroat.trout.clade..The.subspecies.are.strongly.resolved,. 

but. separation. of. subspecies. within. lineages. is. not. strongly. supported.by.bootstrap.values..Two.groups,.the.Yellowstone.and.Bear. 

River.Bonneville.cutthroat,.and.the.greenback.cutthroat.trout.have. 

proven.to.be.problematic.relative.to.their.taxonomic.status.as.well. 

as.original.distribution..These.are.further.examined.to.resolve.their. 

biogeographical.history. 

285 Emergence Times of the Giant Clam (Genus Tridacna) in 

Response to Varying Degrees of Disturbance in Areas of High and 

Low Human Impact, REBECCA F. SCHWARTz 1 * and IAN 

TIBBETTS 2 .( 1 Department.of.Marine.Science.and.Environmental. 

Studies,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcalá.Park,.San.Diego,.CA. 

92110,.rebeccas@sandiego.edu;. 2 Center.for.Marine.Studies,.University. 

of. Queensland.Australia,. 320. Gehrmann,. Brisbane,. QLD. 

4072,.i.tibbetts@uq.edu.au). 

Response.to.human.disturbance.mimics.response.to.predation. 

risk.in.many.prey.species,.as.responses.to.both.represent.similar. 

trade. offs. for. an. individual. in. terms. of. missed. opportunities,. for. 

example.to.feed.or.mate..To.balance.the.cost.of.such.risk-aversive. 

behavior,.many.species.have.evolved.plastic.behavioral.responses. 

to.threats..To.address.whether.such.behavioral.response.variability. 

exists.in.two.species.of.the.giant.clam,.genus.Tridacna,.this.study. 

quantified.post-disturbance.emergence.times.in.clams.from.an.area. 

of.high.and.low.human.impact.on.Heron.Island,.Great.Barrier.Reef,. 

Australia.. 

Results.indicate.that.individuals.from.an.area.of.high.impact. 

have.longer.emergence.times.than.their.counterparts.in.a.low.impact. 

area,.and.that.emergence.time.increases.with.intensity.of.stimulus.. 

This.suggests.that.highly.impacted.individuals.have.become.sensitized.to.disturbance.and.that.habituation.does.not.occur.as.disturbance.increases..This.process.has.consequences.for.the.health.of.giant.clam.species.on.the.Great.Barrier.Reef..As.functional.autotrophs.whose.endosymbiotic.zooxanthelle.depend.on.light.for.photosynthesis,.T. 

maxima.and.T. crocea.may.be.negatively.affected. 

by.longer.emergence.times.and.the.resultant.missed.opportunities. 

to.acquire.energy..Maintaining.the.health.of.these.two.giant.clam. 

species.has.serious.implications.for.the.overall.health.of.the.Great. 

Barrier.Reef,.as.Tridacnid.clams.are.major.contributors.to.bioerosion,.and.have.been.linked.with.higher.abundance.and.diversity.in. 

local.reef.fish.populations. 

286 Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Six Mile Cypress 

Slough, JOHN M. MURRAy (Integrated. Engineering. Department,.Southern.Utah.University,.351.West.University.Boulevard,. 

Cedar.City,.Utah,.84720;.murrayjm@suu.edu). 

A. study. of. the. hydrology. and. ecology. of. Six. Mile. Cypress. 

Slough,. a. subset. of. the. Tidal. Caloosahatchee. River. Basin,. Fort. 

Myers,.Florida,.was.initiated.and.funded.by.Lee.County,.Florida,. 

the. South. Florida. Water. Management. District. (SFWMD),. and. 

Florida.Gulf.Coast.University.in.2004..Six.Mile.Cypress.Slough,. 


the.heart.of.the.Six.Mile.Cypress.Watershed,.a.subset.of.the.Western. 

Everglades,. is. a. 9-mile. long,. 0.5-mile. wide. cypress. swamp. 

encircled.by.development..The.purpose.of.the.study.was.to.answer. 

the. question,. “Has. Six. Mile. Cypress. Slough. been. ecologically. 

impacted. by. regional. hydrological. changes?”. Understanding. the. 

ecology.and.hydrology.of.the.slough.required.that.field.investigations.and.3D.hydrological.simulations.of.the.slough.be.conducted.. 

An. integrated,. regional. simulation. model. based. on. field. investigations.was.developed.and.calibrated.for.predicting.hydrological. 

behavior.of.the.system..DHI.Water.and.Environment’s.MIKE.SHE/ 

MIKE. 11. 3-D. hydrological. simulation. software. was. employed.. 

Impact.assessment.was.performed.by.connecting.observed.and.simulated.hydropatterns.to.plant.communities.along.four.constructed.transects..Pine.flatwood,.wet.prairie,.cypress,.and.pond.communities.were.considered.since.they.interact.in.the.slough.in.complex. 

ways.related.to.hydrologic.conditions,.fire.regimes,.and.soils..The. 

study.indicated.that.Six.Mile.Cypress.Slough.Preserve.was.ecologically.impacted..The.average.wet.season.water.depth.will.not.sustain. 

cypress.communities.(Taxodium.spp.).in.the.slough..As.a.result.of. 

this.study,.ecosystem.restoration.of.Six.Mile.Cypress.Slough.was. 

initiated.by.Lee.County,.and.monitoring.of.the.ongoing.restoration. 

effort.is.currently.underway. 

AAASPD 

EARTH SCIENCES SECTION 

Monday, 10:40 a.m. in KIPJ 218 

287 Evidence for Large Scale Catastrophic Flooding in Eurasia,. 

GEORGE R. DE NEEF. (2106. Walnut. Lane,. Vista,. CA. 92084;. 

Marcontech@cox.net). 

This. paper. presents. pictorial. evidence. gleaned. from. Google. 

Earth.showing.shorelines,.topographical.flow.patterning,.drumlins,. 

tunnel.valleys,.flood.scours,.remnant.dry.falls.and.transverse.bars. 

covering.millions.of.square.kilometers.in.Central.Asia,.the.Mediterranean.region.and.Central.Europe.and.presents.a.discussion.of.the.flood..Corroborating.evidence.from.scientific.publications.is.presented,.erosional.landforms.are.used.to.show.how.this.flood.temporarily.raised.the.level.of.the.Mediterranean.approximately.300. 

meters.above.its.present.level.and.evidence.is.presented.linking.this. 

event.to.the.onset.of.the.Younger.Dryas.cooling.period. 

AAASPD 

HEALTH SCIENCES SECTION 


288 Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Is Caused Primarily by Cycling of 

Hypoxic Drive, Not CO 2 Cycling, WARREN G. GUNTHEROTH. 

(Department.of.Pediatrics,.(356320),.Division.of.Cardiology,.University. 

of. Washington. School. of. Medicine,. Seattle,. WA. 98195;. 

wgg@uw.edu). 

Cheyne-Stokes.respiration.(C-SR).or.periodic.breathing.was. 

reported.in.1909.by.Douglas.and.Haldane.after.voluntary.hyperventilation.in.normal.volunteers..They.concluded.that.this.cycling. 

reflected. hypoxic. drive.. Fifty. years. later,. Guyton,. Milhorn. and. 

others.used.animal.experiments.to.produce.C-SR.with.long.transit. 

times,.and.computer.modeling.with.“increased.gain”.of.the.respiratory.controller.based.on.CO2..In.1975,.we.published.on.hypoxic. 

apnea. and. gasping. using. continuous,. intra-arterial. recordings. of. 

127


CO2.and.O2.saturation.in.21.anesthetized.dogs,.using.fiberoptics. 

for.oxygen.saturation.and.a.flexible.pCO2.electrode..We.found.evidence.for.two.separate.domains.of.respiratory.control,.hypoxic.and. 

CO2.drives..We.also.observed.that.C-SR.occurred.during.recovery. 

from.hypoxic.apnea..A.reviewer.asked.that.we.remove.the.discussion.of.domains.and.C-SR..Recently,.I.reviewed.C-SR.in.PubMed. 

for.mechanisms.and.found.nearly.all.still.invoked.Guyton’s.factors.. 

I.then.reviewed.our.1975.records.that.confirmed.that.airway.occlusion. 

produced. moderate. hypoxia. and. marked. hypercarbia..When. 

the.airway.was.reestablished.(slide),.a.couple.of.strong.inspirations. 

sharply. increased. arterial. O2. that. suppressed. the. hypoxic. drive,. 

causing. apnea. despite. continued. high. CO2.. With. the. apnea,. the. 

CO2.rose.and.the.O2.level.fell;.the.latter.re-initiated.hypoxic.drive,. 

and.three.more.C-SR.cycles.followed,.ending.when.both.O2.and. 

CO2.reached.normal.levels..In.conclusion,.C-SR.is.a.phenomenon. 

of.hypoxia.with.oscillating.O2.levels.with.intermittent.suppression. 

of.hypoxic.drive.rather.than.CO2.oscillations.. 

Inspiration. was. recorded. with. a. solid-state. transducer. in. the. esophagus.. 

Arterial.pressure.was.via.a.catheter.into.the.abdominal.aorta..The.pCO 2 .and. 

oxygen.saturation.were.recorded.from.separate.catheters.advanced.from.the. 

femoral.arteries.into.the.aorta..The.occlusion.time.of.the.airway.was.5.3. 

minutes..The.oxygen.saturation.recovered.sharply.after.only.10.seconds,.The. 

sharp.rise.in.O 2 .saturation.suppressed.the.hypoxic.drive.and.apnea.occurred. 

for.15.seconds,.despite.the.CO 2 .of.60..After.only.four.apneas.the.O 2 .saturation.recovered.to.nearly.normal.but.the.CO 

2 .did.not.return.to.normal.for.130. 

seconds.reflecting.a.much.larger.pool.requiring.wash-out.than.the.pulmonary.blood.volume..(The.late.CO 

2 .was.lower.than.the.pre-asphyxiation.level. 

presumably.reflecting.metabolic.acidosis.causing.hyperventilation.. 

289 Eggsploitation in the Human Fertility Trade,. KALA PER- 

KINS.(Bioethics.Institute,.1.LMU.Drive,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90045;. 

dperkin4@lion.lmu.edu). 

Over.and.over.again,.young.women.are.coming.forward.who. 

share.this.…pain..Desperate.for.money.to.pay.the.bills,.they.sacrifice.their.own.health—physically,.psychologically.and.spiritually—. 

to.supply.eggs.to.the.fertility.industry..(Center.for.Bioethics.and. 

Culture) 

We. are. at. present. engaged. in. a. rapidly. expanding. fertility. 

trade..Opening.the.advertisement.section.of.the.campus.newspaper. 

on.most.major.universities,.one.may.likely.find.five.to.ten.solicitations. 

for. healthy,. attractive,. intelligent. young. women. to. undergo. 

a.series.of.drug.treatments.required.for.inducing.an.excess.of.egg. 

generation.from.their.ovaries,.for.harvesting.by.laboratories.specializing. 

in. supplying. human. eggs. to. couples. who. are. otherwise. 

unable.to.reproduce,.and.for.research..There.has.to-date.been.little.research.into.long.term.health.consequences.of.these.drugs.on. 

female.donors,.nor.is.there.mandatory.national.registry.as.yet.for. 

follow-up..Certain.major.hospitals.are.attempting.to.set.standards,. 

but.private.clinics.do.not.necessarily.adhere..Economic.motivation. 

runs.from.$5000.up.to.$30,000+,.for.the.optimum.subject..The.UK. 

is.at.the.forefront.of.legislative.guidelines,.having.originated.the. 

128 

IVF.procedure..According.to.the.literature,.the.US.has.not.found. 

comprehensive.legislation.required..Yet.more.and.more.cases.are. 

arising.of.ovarian.loss,.stroke,.cancer,.associated.heart.attacks.and. 

at.worst,.death.of.the.subjects.involved..What.is.called.for.is.the.use. 

science.that.is.grounded.in.moral.responsibility. 

AAASPD 

ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY 

and APPLIED SCIENCES 


290 Feedback Effects of Extracellular Matrix Composition on 

AMPK Signaling Pathway: Pathway to Novel Drug Therapeutics 

Targeting Atherosclerosis,.PRASHANTHI VANDRANGI 1 *, 

VICTOR G.J. RODGERS 1 , and JOHN yJ SHyy 2 .(Departments. 

of. 1 Bioengineering.and. 2 Biomedical.Sciences,.University.of.California.Riverside,.A220.Bourns.Hall,.900.University.Avenue,.Riverside,.CA.92521;.pvand002@ucr.edu). 

Atheroma. is. initiated. and. progressed. in. the. unhealthy. and. 

artheroprone.region.of.the.blood.vessel..During.the.process,.the.collagenous.subendothelium.(in.the.command.of.signaling.pathways). 

is. converted. to. a. fibrillar. subendothelium.. This. process. involves. 

the.deposition.of.fibronectin.and.fibrinogen.which.alters.the.release. 

of.NO.and.the.compliance.of.the.vessel.wall. [1] .Appropriate.ECM. 

composition.establishes.the.functioning.of.the.endothelial.signaling. 

pathways.in.the.vascular.intima. [2] .In.this.work,.we.use.immunocytochemical.methods.that.employ.the.distinct.variations.in.extracellular.matrix.to.study.the.characteristic.behavior.of.endothelial. 

cells. in. atheroprotective. and. atherogenic. stages.. We. hypothesize. 

that.owing.to.different.ECM.configuration,.AMP.modified.protein. 

kinase.(AMPK).phosphorylation.will.vary.with.flow. 

For.each.experiment,.the.sterilized.flow.circuit.is.maintained. 

at.37°C,.ventilated.with.95%.humidified.air.-.5%.CO 2 ,.and.connected.to.the.peristaltic.pump..A.parallel-plate.flow.channel.is.used. 

to.impose.laminar.flow.at.12.dyne/cm 2 .for.stipulated.time.intervals. 

on.a.confluent.monolayer.of.endothelial.cells.(ECs)..The.contribution.of.extracellular.matrix.for.atheroprone,.atherogenic,.and.atherosclerotic.stages.of.the.vasculature.and.their.effects.on.AMPK. 

signaling.pathway.is.explored.through.these.in-vitro.experiments.. 

Exploring. the. stress-related. AMPK. signaling. pathway. provides. 

striking. insights. into. the. onset. and. progression. of. atherosclerosis..We. 

identify. a. possible. feedback. response. between. NO. 

production.and.ECM. 

[1].Hahn.C,.Orr.AW,.Sanders.JM,.Jhaveri.KA,.and.Schwartz.MA..The.Subendothelial. 

Extracellular. Matrix. Modulates. JNK.Activation. by. Flow.. 

Circulation.Research.2009;104:995-U180. 

[2].Shyy.JYJ..Extracellular.Matrix.Differentiating.Good.Flow.versus.Bad. 

Flow..Circulation.Research.2009;104:931-932. 

AAASPD 

COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCES SECTION 


291 Mapping User Search Queries to Product Categories,.CARO- 

LyN T. HAFERNIK.(College.of.Information.Science.and.Technology,. 

The. Pennsylvania. State. University,. University. Park,. PA. 

16802;.cth132@ist.psu.edu). 

Gathering.detailed.information.about.user.product.interests.is.

ecoming.increasingly.important.for.online.advertisers..However,. 

when.gathering.this.information.maintaining.the.privacy.of.online. 

users.is.a.concern..This.research.is.part.of.a.larger.project.aiming. 

to.provide.privacy.preserving.advertising..Specifically.this.research. 

aims.to.provide.a.method.for.mapping.user.search.queries.to.actual. 

product.categories.while.limiting.how.much.information.on.a.user. 

leaves.a.user’s.computer..Product.information.gathered.from.two. 

large. shopping. websites. and. real. user. search. queries. from. a. log. 

file.are.used.to.match.user.search.queries.with.the.most.relevant. 

categories..Several.different.algorithms.for.choosing.the.most.relevant.product.category.while.storing.all.information.on.the.user’s. 

computer.are.evaluated.and.compared.to.a.baseline.where.search. 

queries.must.be.sent.off.of.the.user’s.computer..Our.findings.indicate. 

that. the. most. successful. algorithms. on. the. user’s. computer,. 

which.preserve.privacy,.can.match.the.results.of.those.where.information.is.sent.off.the.computer..Having.specific.fine-grained.product.categories.would.help.advertisers,.search.engines.and.marketers. 

by.providing.them.with.more.information.about.the.users..Better. 

information.on.user.product.interests.would.help.provide.more.relevant.ads.for.users..If.this.information.can.be.provided.while.still. 

preserving.the.privacy.of.the.users.than.users.may.be.more.willing. 

to.use.services.that.provide.personalized.ads. 

292 How Fast Does a Continued Fraction Converge?.C.E. FALBO. 

(Professor.Emeritus,.Sonoma.State.University,.Rohnert.Park,.CA;. 

current:.P..O..Box.606,.Joseph,.OR.97846;.clemfalbo@yahoo.com). 

Let.b.be.any.positive.number.and.let.u(b).be.the.positive.root. 

of.the.quadratic.equation.x 2 -bx-1=0..We.show.how.to.compute.the. 

rate. at. which. a. periodic. continued. fraction. converges. to. u(b).. It. 

turns.out.that.this.rate.depends.only.upon.b.and.not.upon.whether. 

the.limit.is.rational.or.irrational..What.makes.this.result.useful.is. 

that.every.irrational.number.is.either.u(b).or.-1/u(b).for.some.b..We. 

will.also.discuss.why.we.need.the.concept.of.the.nearest.rational. 

approximation.to.support.the.claim.that.b=1.produces.one.of.the. 

slowest.converging.continued.fractions. 

AAASPD 

CHEMISTRY and BIOCHEMISTRY SECTION 

Tuesday, 8:30 a.m. in KIPJ Room I 

293 Predictive Potential Unraveled with DockoMatic, REED B. 

JACOB* and OWEN M. McDOUGAL.(Department.of.Chemistry.and.Biochemistry,.1910.University.Dr,.Boise.State.University,. 

Boise,.ID.83725;.rbjacob@u.boisestate.edu). 

DockoMatic.is.a.graphical.user.interface.(GUI).that.was.developed. 

to. allow. the. experimental. scientist. access. to. computational. 

prediction..The.user.friendly.DockoMatic.interface.provides.a.suite. 

of.capabilities.originating.from.the.subordinate.software.programs. 

AutoDock,. TreePack,. Modeller,. and. X-Score.. The. focus. of. this. 

work.was.the.use.of.DockoMatic.to.create.novel.analogs.of.conotoxin.peptides.for.binding.prediction.to.homology.models.of.the. 

α3β2.nicotinic.acetylcholine.receptor.(nAChR)..This.was.followed. 

by. output. analysis. and. determination. of. ligands. with. the. highest. 

likelihood.of.binding.affinity.for.the.receptor..An.overview.of.the. 

capabilities.of.DockoMatic,.the.use.of.the.program.to.create,.bind,. 

and.evaluate.ligand.to.receptor.interactions,.and.the.future.directions.for.this.project.will.be.presented.. 


294 Collagen XI α1 Chain Amino Propeptide Structural Model and 

Glycosaminoglycan Interactions in Silico,. CHRIS MALLORy. 

(Department. of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,. 1910. University. 

Drive,.Mail.Stop.1520,.Boise.State.University,.Boise,.ID.83725;. 

chrismallory@u.boisestate.edu). 

A.crystal.structure.for.the.amino.propeptide.of.type.XI.collagen.α1.has.yet.to.be.determined..The.computer.program.MOD- 

ELLER.was.used.to.construct.a.homology.model.for.this.important. 

protein.based.on.the.crystal.structure.template.of.the.NC4.domain. 

of.type.IX.collagen.(PDB:.2UUR)..In.addition,.a.structural.model. 

for.a.dimer.of.the.Npp.α1.was.constructed.in.MODELLER.using.a. 

thrombospondin.dimer.(PDB:.1Z78).and.submission.of.two.monomer. 

subunits. to. ClusPro.. Interactions. between. each. model. and. 

heparan.sulfate.(disaccharide.and.decasaccharide).were.examined. 

using.AutoDock4..Results.support.the.increase.in.affinity.of.heparan.sulfate.for.the.dimer.over.the.monomer,.with.estimated.K 

i s.in. 

the. femtomolar. range..Alanine.replacement.of. basic.amino.acids. 

in.the.heparin.binding.site.provided.insight.into.the.importance.of. 

each.basic.residue.in.the.binding.of.heparan.sulfate..A.decrease.in. 

affinity.was.observed.with.each.subsequent.Ala.substitution;.a.finding.that.complemented.experimental.data. 

295 Bridging the Experimental to Computational Divide,.OWEN 

M. McDOUGAL. (Department. of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,. 

1910. University. Drive,. Mail. Stop. 1520,. Boise. State. University,. 

Boise,.ID.83725;.owenmcdougal@boisestate.edu). 

The.increasing.variety.of.freeware.software,.decreasing.computer.costs,.and.the.availability.to.cluster,.cloud,.and.parallel.computing.have.provided.scientific.experimentalists.the.opportunity.to. 

harness. the. power. of. computational. chemistry..This. presentation. 

will.address.the.evolving.use.of.computer.software.to.enable.undergraduate. 

student. researchers. to. obtain. results. that. just. ten. years. 

ago.would.have.been.limited.to.doctoral.candidates..Specifically,. 

an. experimental. investigation. of. pK a . determination. in. conotoxin. 

amino. acid. side. chains. as. determined. by. nuclear. magnetic. resonance.spectroscopy,.binding.studies.of.these.peptides.to.nicotinic.acetylcholine.receptors,.and.the.computational.prediction.that.complements.the.experiments.will.be.addressed. 

296 Biochemical Components Effecting Myocyte Membrane 

ATPase,. DAVID BLACKMAN. (retired,. UC. Berkeley,. current. 

address:.307.2nd.St.,.Phoenix,.OR,.97535;.Gribear@Mac.com). 

Of. three. components. theory. myocyte. function. will. be. presented.to.parts.of.this.triad.were.presented.in.previous.talks..The. 

pieces. converge. on. the. sodium. potassium. ATPase. system.. The. 

kinetic.equation.for.the.rate.limiting.step.is.quadratic.way.dependent.upon.the.serum.potassium..It.is.also.linearly.dependent.upon.ATP..ATP.concentrations,.mitochondrial.cytoplasmic.and.the.vicinity.of.the.sodium.potassium.ATPase.will.be.explored..Factor.affecting. 

the. mitochondrial.ATP. synthesis. is. cross. matrix. pH. gradient. 

which.is.the.source.of.the.energy.driving.the.production.of.ATP.. 

Because. sodium,. potassium. ATPase. is. linearly. dependent. upon. 

ATP,. and. quadratically. dependent. upon. extracellular. potassium,. 

ATP.is.a.minor.player.in.potassium.gradient.creation. 

129


AAASPD 

CELL and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION 

Tuesday, starting at 9:20 a.m. in KIPJ Room I 

297 Biochemical and Biophysical Study of Functional Characteristics 

of Hemoglobin Components from Caspian Sea Sturgeons 

(Acipenser. persicus and Acipenser. stellatus) Blood, SHOHREH 

ARIAEENEJAD 1 *, SHAHLA JAMILI 1,2 , MEHRAN HABIBI- 

REzAEI 3 , MOHAMMAD REzA FATEMI 1 , NAJMEH POUR- 

SASAN 4 , and ALIA MOOSAVI-MOVAHEDI 4 ( 1 Marine.Biology. 

Department,.Science.and.Research.Branch,.Iua,.Pobox:.14515-775,. 

Tehran,. Iran;. 2 Iranian. Fisheries. Research. Organization. of. Iran;. 

3 School.of.Biology,.College.of.Science,.University.Of.Tehran,.Tehran,.Iran;. 

4 Institute.of.Biochemistry.and.Biophysics,.University.Of. 

Tehran,.Tehran,.Iran;.Ariaee.sh@srbiau.ac.ir). 

Hemoglobin. (Hb). multiplicity. enables. fishes. to. adapt. themselves.with.different.ecological.and.environmental.conditions..In. 

the. current. study,. the. Hbs. of. two. Iranian. Sturgeon. species. have. 

been.investigated..After.extraction.of.Hb.from.blood,.the.isoelectric.focusing.study.has.shown.that.both.species.have.multiple.Hbs.with.different.isoelectric.points.and.the.dominant.Hb.can.be.identified.from.other.Hb.components..The.dominant.Hbs.of.these.species.has.been.purified.using.Ion-exchange.chromatography.on.CM-cellulose. 

column.. Fluorescence. spectrophotometery. studies. showed. 

that.the.Hbs.of.these.fishes.have.similar.structural.properties.with. 

each. other. and. clear. differences. with. human. Hb.. Comparing. the. 

heat. capacity. versus. temperature. of. different. Hbs. profiles. using. 

differential. scanning. calorimetry. (DSC). showed. varying. thermal. 

unfolding.characteristics..The.percentage.of.alpha-helix.and.betasheet.substructures.has.been.obtained.based.on.circular.dichroism. 

analysis.(CD).investigation..UV–vis.spectrophotometer.was.used. 

to.measure.oxygen.affinity.using.sodium.dithionite..Oxygen.affinity.and.structural.properties.of.these.Hbs.were.compared.using.Hb. 

oxygen.dissociation.curves.. 

298 Loss of Bacterial MTN Activity Causes Polyamine Deficiency, 

KEN CORNELL (Department. of. Chemistry. and. Biochemistry,. 

Boise. State. University,. Boise,. ID. 83725-1520;. kencornell@boisestate.edu). 

5’. Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine. nucleosidase.(MTN).is.a.microbe.specific.enzyme.important.in.purine.and. 

methionine. salvage. from. byproducts. of. S-adenosylmethionine. 

dependent.reactions.such.as.polyamine.synthesis,.biological.methylation,. 

autoinducer. and. vitamin. synthesis.. Interruption. of. MTN. 

activity.in.E. coli.leads.to.marked.decreases.in.intracellular.polyamine.content.and.decreased.growth.rates.that.are.largely.reversible. 

by.polyamine.supplementation..The.altered.polyamine.synthesis.is. 

most.likely.the.result.of.product.inhibition.of.polyamine.synthase. 

reactions. caused. by. the. accumulation. of. 5’. Methylthioadenosine. 

(MTA).. Proteomic. analysis. also. reveals. that. decreased. levels. of. 

polyamine.synthases.accompany.MTN.gene.knock-out..Additional. 

effects.on.a.wide-range.of.metabolic.pathways.are.found.with.MTN. 

deficiency,.underscoring.a.complex.set.of.mechanisms.of.action.that. 

will.be.exerted.by.anti-MTN.specific.drugs,.and.suggesting.routes. 

of.drug.potentiation.that.could.lead.to.potent.combination.therapies.. 

299 Exposure to TCDD (Dioxin) Increases Hepatic Stellate Cell 

Activation, WENDy A. HARVEy*, COLEy J. DOOLITTLE, 

JALISA J. ROBINSON, and KRISTEN A. MITCHELL. 

(Department.of.Biological.Sciences,.Boise.State.University,.Boise,. 

130 

ID.83278-1515;.wendyharvey@u.boisestate.edu). 

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. (TCDD). is. an. environmental. 

pollutant. in. the. family. of. halogenated. aromatic. hydrocarbons.. 

Exposure. to. TCDD. elicits. a. spectrum. of. toxic. effects,. 

many.of.which.are.rooted.in.aberrant.cell.proliferation,.activation. 

and. differentiation.. We. have. previously. shown. that. exposure. to. 

TCDD. suppresses. hepatocyte. proliferation. in. a. mouse. model. of. 

liver. regeneration. induced. by. 70%. partial. hepatectomy. (PH).. In. 

the.present. study,.we.tested.the.hypothesis.that.TCDD.alters.the. 

activation.of. hepatic.stellate.cells.(HSCs),. which.regulate.regeneration. 

through. the. production. of. soluble. mediators.. Mice. were. 

treated.with.TCDD.(20.µg/kg).or.peanut.oil.24.hr.prior.to.PH,.and. 

plasma.and.liver.tissue.were.collected.after.surgery..Exposure.to. 

TCDD.increased.expression.of.the.HSC.activation.marker.alphasmooth. 

muscle. actin. and. increased. levels. of. monocyte. chemoattractant. 

protein. (MCP)-1,. a. chemokine. abundantly. produced. by. 

HSCs.. Likewise,. in. vitro. studies. using. a. human. hepatic. stellate. 

cell.line.revealed.that.TCDD.treatment.increased.proliferation.and. 

MCP-1.production.and.impaired.the.ability.of.these.cells.to.store. 

retinoids�..Hence,.inappropriate.HSC.activation.may.contribute.to. 

impaired.liver.regeneration.in.TCDD-treated.mice.through.excessive.production.of.soluble.mediators,.leading.to.enhanced.inflammation.or.suppressed.hepatocyte.proliferation. 

300 Expression of Multipotency Markers in Adult Adipocyte- 

Derived Stem Cells as a Function of Time,.LAURINE J. SHAH- 

MIRIAN 1 * and KRISTINA I. BOSTROM 2 ( 1 Chaminade.College. 

Preparatory. High. School,. 7500. Chaminade.Ave,. West. Hills,. CA. 

91304;. 2 David.Geffen.School.of.Medicine,.University.of.California,.Los.Angeles 

10945.Le.Conte.Avenue,.Suite.3132.Los.Angeles,. 

CA.90095;.laurine.shahmirian@yahoo.com). 

White. mature. adipocytes. have. been. shown. to. lose. their. fat. 

in.culture.and.de-differentiate.into.de-differentiated.(DFAT).cells.. 

Immediately.after.the.loss.of.lipids,.DFAT.cells.express.several.stem. 

cell.markers.as.a.sign.of.multipotency..However,.it.is.not.known.for. 

how.many.cell.passages.the.cells.express.stem.cell.markers,.information.that.is.essential.in.defining.how.long.the.cells.can.be.used. 

a. source.of.multipotent.cells..To.test.the.longevity.of.DFAT.cell. 

expression.of.stem.markers,.mouse.DFAT.cells.were.cultured.for.up. 

to.10.passages..Cellular.RNA.was.extracted.after.each.passage,.and. 

cells.were.fixed.and.prepared.for.immunostaining.or.fluorescenceactivated.cell.sorting.(FACS)..Expression.was.determined.by.realtime.PCR.. 

Real-time.PCR.showed.that.expression.of.Oct3/4,.Nanog.and. 

SOX2,.pluripotency.markers,.gradually.decreased.to.near.undetectable.levels.over.10.passages..After.~.2.passages,.25%.of.baseline.(passage.0).for.at.least.2.additional.passages..Optimally,.DFAT.cells. 

should.be.used.for.regenerative.purposes.no.later.than.two.passages. 

after.the.isolation.of.adipocytes. 

301 Oncostatin M: Potential Target for Inhibiting Breast Cancer 

Metastasis to Bone, CELESTE BOLIN, KEN TAWARA, and

CHERyL L. JORCyK*. (Department. of. Biological. Sciences,. 

Boise. State.University,. 1910. University.Drive,. Boise,. ID. 83725;. 

cjorcyk@boisestate.edu). 

Oncostatin.M.(OSM).is.an.interleukin-6.(IL-6)-family.cytokine.that.has.been.implicated 

. in.a.number.of.biological.processes. 

including. the. induction . of. inflammation. and. modulation. of. the. 

extracellular.matrix..OSM.was.initially.shown.to.inhibit.the.proliferation.of.breast.cancer.cell.lines.in 

vitro.and.has.been.evaluated.as. 

a.potential.cancer.therapy..However,.evidence.in.the.literature.and. 

our.data.suggest.that.OSM.may.actually.promote.tumor.invasion. 

and.metastasis..Using.the.orthotopic.4T1.2.mouse.mammary.model. 

of.metastasis,.we.have.investigated.the.ability.of.OSM.to.enhance. 

the.formation.of.metastases.in.organs.such.as.lung.and.bone.in vivo.. 

OSM.expression.was.knocked.down.using.shRNA.in.4T1.2.cells,. 

which. endogenously. express. both. OSM. and. its. receptor.. These. 

4T1.2-OSM.cells.were.orthotopically.injected.into.Balb/c.mice.and. 

resulted.in.a.decrease.in.metastasis.to.bone.and.lung.compared.to. 

that.of.4T1.2-Lac.Z.control.cells..Metastases.were.quantified.using. 

qPCR.to.detect.the.vector.neomycin.resistance.gene.in.post-mortem. 

organ.samples..We.are.currently.investigating.the.specific.cellular. 

mechanisms.that.might.be.important.for.tumor.cell-derived.OSM. 

promotion.of.metastasis.to.bone,.such.as.hypoxia-inducible.factor.1. 

alpha.(HIF1α).and.vascular.endothelial.growth.factor.(VEGF)..Our. 

results.suggest.that.OSM.might.be.an.important.therapeutic.target. 

in.the.prevention.of.metastatic.breast.cancer.invasion.of.bone. 

Funded. by. ACS. RSG-09-276-01-CSM,. Susan. G. Komen. for. the. Cure. 

KG100513,.and.NIH/NCRR.P20RR016454. 

302 MicroRNA Signatures in Small Molecule Induced Cardiac 

and Neural Lineage-Specification Direct from Pluripotent Human 

Embryonic Stem Cells, XUEJUN H. PARSONS (San. Diego. 

Regenerative.Medicine.Institute,.San.Diego,.CA.92121.and.Xcelthera,.San.Diego,.CA.92121;.parsons@SDRMI.org). 

Human.embryonic.stem.cells.(hESCs).are.genetically.stable. 

with.unlimited.expansion.ability.and.unrestricted.plasticity,.proffering.a.pluripotent.reservoir.for.in.vitro.derivation.of.a.large.supply.of.disease-targeted.human.somatic.cells.that.are.restricted.to.the.lineage.in.need.of.repair..One.of.the.major.challenges.for.both.developmental.studies.and.clinical.translation.has.been.how.to.channel. 

the.broad.differentiation.potential.of.pluripotent.cells.to.a.desired. 

phenotype. efficiently. and. predictably.. Conventional. approaches. 

rely.on.multi-lineage.inclination.of.pluripotent.cells.through.spontaneous.germ.layer.differentiation,.resulting.in.inefficient.and.uncontrollable.lineage-commitment.that.is.often.followed.by.phenotypic. 

heterogeneity.and.instability,.hence,.a.high.risk.of.tumorigenicity.. 

To.overcome.these.obstacles,.we.resolved.the.elements.of.a.defined. 

culture.system.necessary.and.sufficient.for.sustaining.the.epiblast. 

pluripotence.of.hESCs,.serving.as.a.platform.for.de.novo.derivation. 

of. therapeutically-suitable. hESCs. and. effectively. directing. such. 

hESCs.uniformly.towards.clinically-relevant.lineages..Employing. 

the.defined.platform,.we.found.that.nicotinamide.(NAM).and.retinoic.acid.(RA).induced.respective.cardiac-.and.neural-lineage.commitment.direct.from.pluripotent.hESCs.that.further.progressed.to. 

beating.cardiomyocytes.and.ventral.neurons.with.drastic.increases. 

in.efficiency..To.uncover.key.regulators,.genome-scale.microRNA. 

(miRNA).profiling.was.used.to.identify.novel.sets.of.developmentinitiating.miRNAs..A.unique.set.of.pluripotence-associated.miR- 

NAs.was.down-regulated,.while.novel.sets.of.distinct.cardiac-.and. 

neural-driving.miRNAs.were.up-regulated.upon.lineage.induction.. 

Our.study.opens.new.dimensions.of.direct.control.and.modulation. 


of.hESC.fate.when.deriving.clinically-relevant.lineages.from.pluripotent.cells.for.regenerative.therapies. 

AAASPD 

HISTORY and PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE SECTION 

Tuesday, starting at 8:20 a.m. in KIPJ Room G 

303 The First Pacific Conchologist: Eusebio Kino SJ, Abalones 

and California’s Insularity,. HANS BERTSCH. (Universidad. 

Autónoma.de.Baja.California.Sur,.192.Imperial.Beach.Blvd..#A,. 

Imperial.Beach,.CA.91932;.hansmarvida@sbcglobal.net). 

Studies.on.molluscan.biogeography.are.dependent.upon.good. 

mapping.and.correct.identification.of.localities..Prior.to.the.works. 

of. Linnaeus,. Martyn. and. Eschscholtz,. Father. Eusebio. Francisco. 

Kino.made.the.first.collection.of.American.west.coast.shells..Interestingly,.this.missionary’s.proper.documentation.of.a.mollusc’s.distribution.changed.the.maps. 

Kino.recognized.that.blue.shells.given.him.by.the.indigenous. 

peoples.of.modern.Arizona.and.northwest.Sonora.were.the.same.as. 

he.had.seen.14.years.earlier.on.the.Pacific.coast.of.Lower.California,.but.were.not.present.in.the.Gulf.of.California..In.the.1600s.the. 

commonly.held.(and.mapped).European.belief.was.that.California. 

was.an.island..Could.their.presence.by.trade.on.mainland.Mexico. 

indicate.that.California.was.really.a.peninsula?.If.so,.he.could.supply.the.California.missions.by.an.overland.route.He.convened.the.First.International.Conference.on.the.Zoogeography.of.Northeast.Pacific.Abalones.at.San.Xavier.del.Bac.(≈32º. 

06’.20”.N;.111º.00’.30”.W).on.30.April–1.May.1700,.discussing.with. 

members.of.various.nations.the.origin.of.the.blue.shells.obtained.in. 

trade.from.the.Colorado.River.peoples..All.asserted.the.shells.came. 

from.the.opposite.coast.of.California,.a.ten.or.twelve.days’.walk.. 

After.further.expeditions,.and.crossing.the.Colorado.River.on.a.raft,. 

he.was.convinced.of.the.peninsularity.of.Lower.California. 

In.late.1701,.he.redrew.his.earlier.“insular”.map..After.it.was. 

printed.in.1705,.it.was.never.again.in.doubt.that.Lower.California. 

was.a.peninsula. 

304 Tracing the Birth of New Science in the Literature of the 17 th 

and 18 th Centuries,.FAyE MANKOWSKE.(Department.of.English,.University.of.San.Diego,.Founders.Hall.173,.5998.Alcalá.Park,. 

San.Diego,.CA.92110;.fayem@sandiego.edu). 

The. seventeenth. century. saw. the. birth. of. the. Royal. Society. 

of. London,. the. activities. of. which. were. to. prompt. a. fundamental. 

shift. in. the. study. of. Natural. Philosophy,. towards. a. paradigm. 

initially. known. as. “New. Science.”. Paradigm. shifts. are. generally. 

accompanied. by. uncertainty,. experimentation,. failures. and. intellectual.controversy,.and.the.movement.towards.New.Science.was. 

rife.with.these.elements..The.epistemological.shift.occurring.during. 

the. Renaissance. contributed. added. controversy. to. the. movement. 

towards.modern.science. 

This.paper.is.concerned.with.investigations.of.the.evolution. 

of.Natural.Philosophy.into.the.New.Science.in.the.context.of.the. 

seventeenth. century,. and. specifically. in. tracing. manifestations. of. 

this.evolutionary.shift.in.the.literature.of.the.seventeenth.and.eighteenth.centuries..The.ability.of.literature.to.provide.a.view.into.both. 

the. historical. realities. and. intellectual. controversies. surrounding. 

the.development.of.New.Science.allows.a.richer.knowledge.of.this. 

fundamental.movement,.and.of.the.philosophical,.ethical.and.pragmatic.questions.that.accompanied.its.evolution. 

131


305 Darwinian Evolution and Jack London: Dualistic Representations 

of Evolution and Social Darwinism in the Character of Buck, 

BERNADETTE E. SMITH (University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala. 

Park.Unit.#.8335,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.besmith@sandiego.edu). 

Jack.London’s.two.greatest.influences.were.Charles.Darwin. 

and. Herbert. Spencer,. and. their. theories. appear. in. varied. forms. 

throughout. London’s. writings.. The Call of the Wild in. particular. 

follows.the.character.Buck,.and.through.Buck.London.ruminates. 

upon. the. applications. of. evolution. and. social. Darwinism. in. the. 

natural.world..London.wrote.The Call during.a.time.when.science. 

and.literature.were.being.recognized.as.divergent.fields,.yet.London. 

himself.preserved.the.connected.nature.of.the.two.fields.through.his. 

liberal.education.and.his.writings..The Call of the Wild is.a.timeless. 

narrative.that.reflects.the.interconnectedness.of.man.to.the.natural. 

world..As.the.novel’s.hero,.Buck.is.a.character.that.can.be.appreciated. 

by. people. from. all. walks. of. life,. because. he. embodies. scientific.and.emotional.truths.that.are.inherent.to.life.in.the.natural. 

world..The.presentation.will.explore.the.ways.in.which.Buck,.and. 

his.fellow.canines.navigate.social.hierarchy.in.the.Yukon.territory’s. 

“law.of.club.and.fang,”.as.well.as.the.inherent.tension.between.selfpreservation.and.the.necessary.cooperation.to.maintain.survival.in. 

a. harsh.environment..By. the.end.of.London’s. novel,.Buck. hears. 

“the.call”.and.allows.his.natural.instincts.to.reign.supreme.in.a.land. 

of.vast.wilderness..Examining.London’s.two.greatest.literary.influences.allows.for.a.more.thorough.and.multi-faceted.appreciation.of. 

turn-of-the-century.literature.and.science. 

306 Public Mathematics and Discrete Policy: Federal Administrations 

and Mathematics Education Reform in the 20 th Century 

United States, EMILy T.H. REDMAN. (Department. of. History,. 

University.of.California.at.Berkeley,.3229.Dwinelle.Hall,.Berkeley,. 

CA.94720-2550;.ethredman@berkeley.edu). 

Mathematics. education. reform. continues. to. be. a. hot-button. 

issue.in.the.United.States,.yet.historical.analysis.on.this.subject.is. 

fragmented..The.literature.traditionally.conflates.it.with.efforts.in. 

science.education,.yet.upon.closer.investigation.it.is.clear.that.mathematics.education.reform.capitalized.on.the.post-Sputnik.explosion. 

of.interest.and.available.funds.in.parallel.to.those.in.science,.and. 

therefore. must. be. understood. as. a. wholly. separate. policy. issue.. 

During. the. 20 th . century,. a. multitude. of. actions. shaped. education. 

reform. efforts,. complicated. by. changing. federal. administrations,. 

competing.agency,.and.unsettled.questions.of.democratic.ideals.of.a. 

nation..This.paper.aims.to.outline.the.role.of.the.federal.government. 

in.mathematics.education.reform.efforts.throughout.the.second.half. 

of.the.20 th .century.as.a.function.of.changing.administrative.policy. 

Policy.decisions.in.the.U.S..that.were.made.in.the.wake.of.a. 

“victory.of.math.and.science”.in.WWII.directly.entered.the.classroom.in.the.mid-.to.late-twentieth.century,.at.the.same.time.dramatically.shifting.the.role.of.the.federal.government.in.guiding.and. 

effecting. this. reform..This. shift. was. not. a. result. of. a. contiguous. 

series.of.implemented.changes,.however,.but.must.be.understood.in. 

terms.of.discrete.eras.of.administrative.control..By.breaking.down. 

federal.involvement.in.mathematics.education.into.policy.decisions. 

made. under. particular. administrations,. I. question. the. traditional. 

narrative. of. education. reform. in.American. history. and. replace. it. 

with.a.more.appropriately.complex.picture.with.which.we.can.better.address.modern-day.issues.in.mathematics.education.reform. 

307 A Measurably Sanitary Landscape: Malaria and Flooded 

Rice Agriculture in California’s Great Central Valley, BARBARA 

132 

yABLON MAIDA.(Department.of.Geography,.1255.Bunche.Hall,. 

University.of.California,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095;.bymaida@ucla. 

edu). 

To. understand. malaria. in. California’s. Great. Central. Valley. 

requires. a. complex. vector/host/agent. relationship. model,. the. 

so-called.“malaria.knot.”.The.historical.ecology.of.malaria.in.the. 

Great.Central.Valley.addresses.seasonal.flooded.landscapes.on.the. 

one.hand,.and.purposeful.irrigation.on.the.other;.however,.a.vector. 

ecology.perspective.throws.light.on.the.complexity.of.Central.Valley.malaria,.and.its.interconnection.with.flooded.rice.agriculture.. 

With.von.Humboldt.as.exemplar,.Thomas.Logan,.first.California. 

State. Board. of. Health. secretary,. emphasized. environment. as. a. 

way.of.understanding.disease.patterns,.and.hypothesized.a.specific. 

malarial.environment.that.did.not.rely.on.miasma.as.an.explanation.. 

In.spite.of.this,.tangible,.recoverable.data.for.California’s.malaria. 

deaths. proved. elusive. to. professional. malariologists.. Even. after. 

1897,. when. the. anopheline. mosquito. was. isolated. as. vector,. the. 

premise.tended.toward.how.to.treat.the.insalubrious.environment. 

rather.than.the.individual..Was.a.malaria.diagnosis,.for.whatever. 

reason,.merely.a.casualty.of.its.own.complexity?.Would.the.precision.of.improved.techniques.determine.the.cause.of.death,.or.were. 

there.simply.too.many.or.too.few.possible.diagnoses.during.a.given. 

time.period?.Medical.topography.remains.a.valid.approach.to.these. 

questions..If.the.malaria.theory.did.anything.for.disease.etiology,. 

it. was. to. grant. a. better. understanding. of. ultimate. and. proximate. 

cause..These.causes.became.both.more.clear.and.more.elusive.in. 

the.twentieth.century,.when.the.Sacramento.Valley.gambled.on.a. 

crop.found.unexpectedly.suited.to.soil.and.climate,.one.having.the. 

potential.to.exacerbate.malaria’s.host-vector-agent.paradigm. 

308 Millennial Biology: The National Science Foundation and the 

Life Sciences, 1975-2005,. DONALD J. McGRAW (“Dr.. Donald. 

J.. McGraw,. Independent. Scholar/Contractor,”. P.O.. Box. 515,. 

Ephraim,.UT.84627;.donaldmcgraw@mac.com). 

At.recent.meetings.of.the.AAAS/Pacific.Division,.Dr..McGraw. 

has.presented.several.talks.in.a.series.of.interim.reports.on.the.status.of.his.book.being.written.under.contract.to.the.National.Science. 

Foundation..In.his.earlier.reports,.the.author.described.the.contract. 

and. the. research. period. efforts,. three. trips. of. six. weeks. each,. to. 

the.NSF.headquarters.in.Alexandria,.VA,.to.the.National.Archives,. 

etc.,.and.discussion.of.completed.draft.Chapters.1-3..For.the.present. 

interim. report,. Dr.. McGraw. will. describe. work. accomplished. 

on.the.sections.of.the.book.(Chapters.4-9),.which.bring.the.book.to. 

1991-2005.for.the.modern.period..The.chapters.from.those.purely. 

introductory.(1-3).include:.4.and.5,.social.sciences.and.behavioral. 

sciences,.respectively;.6.and.7,.the.micro.and.the.macro.ends.of.biology.from.1975-1990,.respectively;.Chapter.8,.the.Great.Reorganization. 

of. 1990-1991. in. which. BIO. splits. from. the. social/behavioral. 

sciences;.and,.finally,.Chapter.9,.the.first.modern.BIO.chapter.of.a. 

set.of.four.(final.four.in.the.book).that.deals.with.the.Division.of.Biological.Infrastructure.and.Resources.(DBI)..Work.on.the.remainder. 

of.the.book.will.be.purely.in.the.history.of.biological.sciences.at.NSF. 

from.1991-2005.and.will.examine.the.three.content.divisions.of.BIO:. 

MCB,.IBN,.and.DEB.and.will.occupy.the.remainder.of.2011,.with. 

completion.of.the.book.by.2012.when.the.contract.concludes. 

309 On Science: Natural Philosophy Its Basis, Analogy Its 

Advance,. DANIELLE MIHRAM 1 *. and G. ARTHUR MIH- 

RAM 2 .( 1 Department.of.French.and.Italian,.University.of.Southern. 

California,.650.W..35 th .St.,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90089;. 2 P.O..Box.No..

1188,.Princeton,.NJ.08542-1188;.dmihram@usc.edu). 

How. has. any. scientist. advanced. human. knowledge. historically?. 

This. paper,. compiled. as. an. annotated. bibliography,. concludes:.By.analogy..(A).Via.science.as.natural.philosophy:.see.the. 

1971.paper.[INT’L J GEN SYSTEMS 1:.41-60.and.281].on.human. 

knowledge:. role. of. models,. metaphors,. and. analogy,. revealing. 

indeed:. (B). analogy’s. fundamental. role,. a. finding. confirmed. in. 

natural. philosopher. Konrad. Lorenz’s. Nobel.Acceptance.Address,. 

1973.. 

First:.Science.is.that.human.activity.devoted.to.the.search.for. 

the.very.explanation.for.(i.e.,.for.the.truth.about).any.particular.naturally.occurring.phenomenon..In.The 

Origins of Modern Science,. 

H..Butterfield.concludes.that.modern.science.was—and.is.to.be— 

natural. philosophy. founded. on. observation—and. advanced. by— 

mental. reflexion. thereon. (his. p.. 90,. First. Collier. Edition,. 1962):. 

See.Roger.Cotes’s.preface.in.Newton’s.Mathematical Principles of 

Natural Philosophy.(2 nd .ed),.ca..1713. 

Second:.Any.advancement.of.(or.innovation.into).accumulating.human.knowledge.is.the.result.of.an.analogy-based.reflexion..On.analogy.indeed:.See.also.Lorenz’s.confirmatory.acknowledgement.in.the.Preface.to.An 

Epistle to Dr. Benjamin Franklin,.Exposition-University.Press,.NY,.1975(1974). 

We. note. two. contemporary. shortcomings:. 1.. Statisticians’. 

regression.theory.selects.the/a.mathematical.model.before.any.scientific.observation,.much.less.mental.reflexion,.has.been.made;.2..The.Scientific.Method.[IJGS,.ibid.].is.not.a.mimicry.of.the.mathematician’s.theorem-proving.process.(à.la.Euclid,.e.g.),.since.a.mathematician’s.innovation.(though.it.surely.be.founded.on.an.analogy. 

with.previous.mathematical.knowledge).need.not.be.at.all.the.result. 

from.any.observation(s).of.a.naturally.occurring.phenomenon. 

AAASPD 

GENERAL and INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SECTION 

Tuesday, starting at 11:00 a.m. in KIPJ Room G 

310 Pleistocene Ecology and the Rise of Civilization,.JEFFREy 

GRITzNER. (Department. of. Geography,. The. University. of. 

Montana,. 32. Campus. Drive,. Missoula,. MT. 59812-5040;. jeffrey. 

gritzner@umontana.edu). 

Several.lines.of.enquiry.converge.to.suggest.the.existence.of. 

relatively.complex.societies.during.the.Late.Pleistocene..It.would. 

appear. that. glacial. advance. and. topographic. barriers. constricted. 

and.channeled.migration.in.Eurasia,.and.that.the.intensification.of. 

interaction.led.to.the.so-called.Broad.Spectrum.Revolution.(BSR). 

of.the.Palaeolithic..The.BSR,.significant.environmental.change,.and. 

social.response.resulted.in.widespread.plant.and.animal.domestication. 

at. the. Pleistocene-Holocene. transition,. and. evidently. precipitated.other.areas.of.social.innovation.as.well..Recent.research,. 

including.the.reported.discovery.of.a.city.at.a.depth.of.thirty-six. 

meters. in. India’s. Gulf. of. Khambhat,. encourages. a. re-evaluation. 

of.settlement.history..It.has.been.proposed.that.the.city,.dated.at. 

9500.B.P.,.is.the.Dwarka.of.the.Mahabharata.that.was.consumed. 

by.the.Arabian.Sea..Similar.reports,.particularly.in.areas.affected. 

by.glacial.eustatism,.encourage.further.investigation..The.possible. 

existence.of.relatively.complex.Late.Pleistocene.societies,.coupled. 

with. the. effective. transmission. of. information. through. guild-like. 

structures.in.antiquity,.further.suggests.that.certain.classes.of.specialized.knowledge,.such.as.those.associated.with.systems.of.religion,.medicine,.and.architecture.emerged.in.the.more.distant.past. 


311 Across the Divide: An Expedition into the American West,. 

JOHN M. MURRAy 1 *, WENDy V. MURRAy 2 , and JOSEPH 

KAKAREKA 3 ( 1 Integrated. Engineering. Department,. Southern. 

Utah.University,.351.West.University.Boulevard,.Cedar.City,.UT. 

84720;. 2 Biology.Department,.Southern.Utah.University,.351.West. 

University.Boulevard,.Cedar.City,.UT.84720;. 3 College.of.Arts.and. 

Sciences,.Florida.Gulf.Coast.University,.10501.FGCU.Blvd..South,. 

Fort.Myers,.FL.33965;.murrayjm@suu.edu). 

The.Lakota.proverb,.“A.people.without.history.is.like.the.wind. 

on.the.buffalo.grass…The.wind.blows.and.the.grass.bends,”.suggests.that.the.events.of.“Across.the.Divide:.An.Expedition.into.the. 

American.West”.be.recorded..Inspired.by.having.lived.and.travelled. 

in. the.American.West,. a. group. of. Florida. Gulf. Coast. University. 

faculty. decided. FGCU. students. could. benefit. from. experiencing. 

that. magnificent. region. and. assembling. what. they. learned. into. 

an. integrated. whole.. In. Hamlet’s. words,. “There. are. more. things. 

in.heaven.and.earth,.Horatio,.than.are.dreamt.of.in.your.philosophy.”. 

We. hypothesized. that. exploration. in. the. tradition. of. Polo,. 

von. Humboldt,. Lewis. and. Clark,. Darwin,. Mead,. and.Armstrong. 

was.possible.in.the.21 st .century..Science,.history,.culture,.politics,. 

economics,.art,.media,.and.literature.set.the.stage.upon.which.this. 

6-week,. 6000-mile. adventure. would. unfold.. Experiencing. wildness,.solitude,.and.diverse.perspectives.would.expand.the.student’s.circle.of.understanding.and.action..Envisioning.fundamental.limits,. 

future. possibilities,.dichotomies,.divides,. shades. of. gray,. and. 

long-term.vs..short-term.thinking.would.exercise.their.intellectual,. 

emotional,.and.spiritual.faculties..Over.the.course.of.the.expedition,. 

we.hoped.students.would.develop.a.sense.of.place,.camaraderie,. 

and.self-knowledge;.exhibit.courage,.fortitude,.generosity,.and.wisdom;.and.most.importantly,.survive..A.systems.or.holistic.view.of. 

the.West.became.the.focus.of.the.expedition,.a.vision.that.could. 

provide.a.framework.for.future.leadership..This.paper.chronicles. 

ten.of.forty.field.experiences.during.this.transdisciplinary.Western. 

odyssey,.summarizes.what.was.learned,.and.suggests.strategies.for. 

future.explorations. 

312 Science and Law: A Meeting of the Minds,. DEBORAH M. 

HUSSEy FREELAND. (University. of. San. Francisco. School. of. 

Law,.2130.Fulton.Street,.San.Francisco,.CA.94117;.dhusseyfreeland@usfca.edu).Terminological.overlaps.between.science.and.law.can.be.confounding.. 

These. disciplines. share. many. terms,. but. pivotal. terms. 

point.in.different.directions.in.their.respective.disciplines..Crucial. 

terms.that.relate.to.truth.and.professional.judgment.in.both.law.and. 

science,.such.as.“fact,”.“uncertainty,”.and.“proof,”.are.superficially. 

identical.but.actually.homonymous..Their.latent.ambiguity.poses.a. 

high.risk.that.they.erroneously.will.be.regarded.as.identical..When. 

scientists. and. lawyers. are. unaware. of. the. epistemological. need. 

for.interdisciplinary.translation,.their.cooperation.is.unnecessarily. 

troubled.. 

For.instance,.in.a.legal.context.the.phrase.“scientific.fact”.may. 

sound.as.though.it.indicates.a.conclusively.determined.bit.of.reality,. 

while.if.“fact”.is.used.in.science.it.functions.more.as.a.placeholder. 

indicating.our.best.knowledge.at.the.moment..To.bring.information. 

from.science—in.which.it.is.subject.to.revision.as.our.understanding.deepens—into.law,.is.to.turn.it.into.something.more.definite.and. 

persistent:.to.transform.shades.of.grey.into.either.black.or.white.. 

If.unmarked,.this.redefinition.can.be.profoundly.misleading,.as.a. 

context-sensitive.scientific.account.is.silently.rendered.into.a.fixed. 

basis.for.legal.judgment.. 

133


Lawyers’.duties.include.avoiding.misrepresentation.before.the. 

court..A.lawyer.who.draws.from.science.without.building.a.translational.bridge.over.the.law-science.epistemic.gap.risks.misrepresenting.facts.and.uncertainties..It.follows.that.lawyers.are.duty-bound.to. 

work.with.scientists.to.translate.facts.and.uncertainties.from.science. 

to.law,.to.create.a.legal.account.that.preserves.their.significance.so. 

that.courts.may.fairly.rely.on.them. 

AAASPD 

PSYCHOLOGY SECTION 

Tuesday, starting at 1:40 p.m. in KIPJ Room 214 

313 Heterogeneity and Transgroupness of Individual Cognitive 

Types,. MAGOROH MARUyAMA. (Interactive. Heterogenistics,. 

3833.Nobel.Drive,.Suite.3333,.San.Diego,.CA.92122;.kuniko_marhyama@sbcglobal.net).This.paper.discusses.two.interrelated.topics:.(A).heterogeneity. 

of. individual. cognitive. types. and. (B). transgroupness. of. individual.types..(A).Beneath.the.surface.of.culturally.ritualized.and. 

socially.conditioned.behavior,.there.is.heterogeneity.of.individual. 

perceptual/cognitive/cogitative/design. types. (Maruyama. 1980,. 

1081,.2003),.abbreviated.as.“mindscape.types.”.Though.there.can. 

be.as.many.mindscape.types.as.there.are.individuals,.the.following.four.types.and.their.combinations.correspond.to.approximately.two-thirds.of.individuals.in.most.cultures:.Type.H:.homogenist,.heirarchial,.classifying,.sequential,.one.truth,.zero-sum;.Type.I:.heterogenist,.uniquing,.randomizing,.surprises,.temporary,.laissez-faire,.negative-sum;.Type.S:.heterogenist,.interactive,.inbreeding,.simultaneous,.stability,.positive-sum;.Type.G:.heterogenist,.interactive,. 

outbreeding,. simultaneous. evolution,. cogenerative,. poly-ocular 1 ,. 

positive-sum..(B).Individual.cognitive.types.cut.across.boundaries. 

between.cultural,.social,.geographic,.gender.and.other.commonly. 

used.stereotyping.categories. 

1 Binocular. vision. works,. not. because. the. two. images. are. additive,. but. 

because.the.differences.between.the.two.images.enable.the.brain.to.compute. 

invisible.dimensions.(for.example,.depth). 

AAASPD 

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and POLITICAL SCIENCES 

Tuesday, 2:00 p.m. in KIPJ 214 

314 Cartooning the Issues: Popular Understanding of Economic 

Policies, 1865-1919,.MARK ALDRICH (Department.of.Economics,. 

Smith. College,. Northampton. MA. 01063. MAldrich@Smith. 

edu). 

Popular. understanding. of. economic. events. is. central. to. the. 

proper.workings.of.a.democracy..Editorial.cartoonists.both.reflected. 

and.shaped.public.understanding.of.economic.issues.from.the.Civil. 

War.to.<strong>World</strong>.War.I..Employing.images.from.a.range.of.newspapers. 

and.magazines,.this.paper.shows.how.contemporaries.understood. 

the.tariff,.the.railroads,.the.rise.of.big.business,.monetary.and.other. 

economic.issues..Cartoons.also.chronicle.the.deep.divisions.over. 

these.subjects,.some.of.which.remain.with.us.to.this.day..Collectively. 

these. images. help. explain. how. popular. understanding. and. 

misunderstanding.of.events.shaped.political.and.economic.policies. 

in.the.19 th .and.early.20 th .centuries. 

134 

315 Ethiopia’s Planned Gibe III Hydrodam: Dismantling Pastoral 

Survival Systems, Armed Conflict and Political Destabilization in 

the Kenya-Ethiopia-Sudan Border Region, CLAUDIA J. CARR 

(Associate.Professor,.Department.of.Environmental.Science,.Policy.and.Management,.University.of.California.Berkeley,.Berkeley,. 

CA.94720;.claudiacarr@berkeley.edu). 

Efforts.by.indigenous.pastoral.societies.in.the.Sudan-Ethiopia- 

Kenya.transborder.region.to.adapt.to.large.territorial.expropriation. 

by.powerful.external.political.and.socioeconomic.forces.during.the. 

past.half.century.have.focused.on.diversification.of.their.economic. 

systems.. Faced. with. intensifying. geographic. confinement. and. 

unavoidable.overgrazing.of.lands.they.have.inhabited.for.centuries,. 

these.pastoral.groups.have.increasingly.turned.to.alternative.survival.strategies.-.namely,.recession.(flood).cultivation.in.small.areas.along.the.Omo.River.and.in.the.extensive.Omo.River.delta.of.Ethiopia.and.Kenya,.along.with.fishing.in.the.Omo.River.and.throughout. 

Kenya’s.Lake.Turkana.-the.highly.saline.Rift.Valley.lake.that.forms. 

the.terminus.of.the.Omo.River..Already.partially.constructed.but.not. 

yet.fully.funded,.The.Gibe.III.hydrodam,.planned.by.international. 

development.agencies.and.the.Ethiopian.government.as.the.world’s. 

second. tallest. dam. and. largely. for. export. of. power. to. surrounding.nations,.would.radically.reduce.the.Omo.River’s.flow.and.the. 

waters.of.Lake.Turkana,.thus.destroying.all.recession.cultivation,. 

fishing,.“last.resort”.grazing.and.other.subsistence.activities.within. 

the.region..The.result.would.be.the.full-scale.collapse.of.indigenous. 

economies.throughout.the.transborder.area..This.economic.collapse. 

would.cause.massive.scale.starvation.among.the.region’s.500,000. 

traditional.indigenous.peoples,.escalation.of.sporadic.and.localized. 

conflicts.to.full-scale.regional.armed.conflict,.government.repression.(particularly.in.Ethiopia).and.transborder.political.destabilization,. 

particularly. in. the. face. of. intensifying. arms. trafficking. and. 

conflict.within.southern.Sudan. 

316 Neoclassical Theory of the Fully Temporal System Yielding 

Completed Input/Output Substitution, THOMAS E. CHAMBER- 

LAIN (Independent.Researcher,.2107.Moray.Avenue,.Los.Angeles,. 

CA.90732;.tomchamb@ix.netcom.com). 

In.his.pivotal.contributions.during.the.Marginal.Revolution,. 

Walras.along.with.W.S..Jevons.assigned.subjective.utility.directly.to. 

market.goods.as,.in.effect,.a.simplifying.assumption—an.assumption. 

destined. to. become. the. keystone. of. neoclassical. economics.. 

But. this. “keystone”. assumption. caused. a. disregard. of. variable. 

duration-for-consumption. because. of. the. possibility. of. consumption-utility.double-counting..In.the.present.contribution,.we.provide.a.complete.formulation.of.the.essential.durations.(production,.consumption,. 

and. leisure). within. the. intratemporal. (e.g.,. single-day). 

interval,.and.then.extend.this.single-day.formulation.to.the.intertemporal.interval.for.assumed.periodic.equilibrium.accounting.for. 

labor-capital. function. and. utility. discounting..A. basic. concept. in. 

this.regard.is.a.new.constraint.on.the.commodity-based.utility.function—a.constraint.which.relates.the.consumed.amount.of.a.marketgood.to.its.corresponding.(variable).duration-for-consumption..As. 

an.application,.a.(neoclassical).intertemporal.relationship.between. 

labor-capital.marginal.productivities.and.investment.risk.is.derived.. 

Two.additional.applications.conclude.the.paper:.(1).Walras’s.input/ 

output.substitution.relations.are.completed.using.the.present.neoclassical.intratemporal.system;.and.(2).Forward.substitution.relations. 

are. formulated. using. the. newly-derived. intertemporal. system..As.part.of.(2),.the.natural.interest.rate.is.shown.equal.to.the. 

individual’s.discount.rate.for.the.economic.system.in.equilibrium..

Because.the.fully.temporal.system.provided.herein.unites.the.Gossenian.(1854).and.neoclassical.mathematical.systems,.the.Austrian. 

tradition. (after. Menger). and. neoclassical. tradition. (after. Jevons. 

and.Walras),.which.have.been.on.separate.paths.since.the.Marginal. 

Revolution.of.the.1870s,.are.closer.to.conciliation. 

317 The Science of Laws: Data Base of Cause and Effect Reports,. 

DAVID G. SCHRUNK 1 * and GARy B. SANER 2 . ( 1 Quality. of. 

Laws. Institute,. 14341. Horizon. Court,. Poway,. CA. 92064;. 2 Primero.Systems,.14123.Rasmussen.Way,.San.Diego,.CA.92129;.docscilaw@aol.com).. 

Each.field.of.science.is.characterized.by.its.own.accumulated. 

body. of. specialized. knowledge..The. exception. to. this. rule. is. the. 

science.of.laws.(i.e.,.laws.of.government)..Scientific.investigations. 

of.the.cause.and.effect.mechanisms.of.individual.laws.have.been. 

reported.in.peer-reviewed.sociologic,.economic,.and.medical,.etc.,. 

scientific. journals. for. more. than. a. century.. However,. these. studies.of.laws.have.not.been.organized.into.a.single.comprehensive.repository.of.knowledge..This.paper.presents.the.methods,.materials,.and.results.of.the.effort.to.create.a.data.base.of.the.scientific. 

reports.of.the.cause.and.effect.mechanisms.of.laws..The.advantages. 

of.having.a.separate.body.of.knowledge.of.the.science.of.laws.and. 

the.need.to.upgrade.and.expand.the.scope.of.the.data.base.are.also. 

discussed. 

318 Multidisciplinary Engineering Approach to the Design of Laws, 

DAVID G. SCHRUNK.(Quality.of.Laws.Institute,.14341.Horizon. 

Court,.Poway,.CA.92064,.docscilaw@aol.com). 

The.traditional.method.of.lawmaking.is.based.upon.testimony,. 

debate,. and. compromise..This. process. is. incapable. of. evaluating. 

the.interconnectedness.of.more.than.two.or.three.variables.in.the. 

design.of.a.law.of.government.and.is.thus.unable.to.create.laws.that. 

consistently.and.effectively.solve.societal.problems..To.improve.the. 

lawmaking.process,.a.multidisciplinary.engineering.approach.to.the. 

creation.of.laws.is.proposed.. 

Advances.in.modeling,.simulation,.and.computer.technologies. 

now.enable.design.teams.to.create.and.evaluate.models.of.systems. 

that.have.thousands.of.variables..For.the.solution.of.a.complex.societal.problem,.it.is.proposed.that.a.multi-disciplinary.team.(consisting.of.participants.from.the.fields.of.engineering,.law,.economics,. 

sociology,.political.science,.psychology,.and.statistics,.etc.).create. 

a.model.of.a.law.to.solve.the.problem..With.the.use.of.high.speed. 

computer.facilities,.the.model.would.then.be.simulated.and.parameters. 

adjusted. to. create. a. law. that. optimally. solves. the. problem.. 

This. approach. to. lawmaking. takes. advantage. of. recent. advances. 

in.engineering.design.technologies.and.has.the.potential.of.making. 

significant.improvements.in.the.ability.of.governments.to.satisfy. 

their.public.benefit.objectives.by.means.of.laws.. 

AAASPD 

ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY and 

APPLIED SCIENCES SECTION 

Tuesday, starting at 3:40 p.m. in KIPJ 214 

319 Prospective versus Retrospective View of Engineering Design 

Testing the Engineering Design Process Through Litigation, 

MICHAEL S. MORSE (Department. of. Electrical. Engineering,. 

University.of.San.Diego,.215.Loma.Hall,.5998.Alcala.Park,.San. 

Diego,.CA.92110). 


As.taught.and.as.practiced,.engineering.design.is.a.multi-step. 

forward.looking,.iterative.process..Engineers.are.taught.to.identify. 

the.problem.to.be.solved,.flesh.out.perspective.solutions,.identify. 

the.best.solution,.develop.the.solution,.analyze/test.the.solution.and. 

then.to.iteratively.return.to.earlier.steps.to.improve.the.design..Ultimately,.if.all.is.done.right,.the.final.design.should.be.the.best.design. 

possible.given.all.practical.constraints.and.realities..Unfortunately,. 

even.with.the.very.best.engineering.design,.there.will.be.failures.. 

If.the.product.of.engineering.design.is.successful,.failure.and.even. 

injury.are.both.inevitable.and.foreseeable..As.a.result,.it.is.predictable.that.engineering.design.will.be.tested.in.hindsight.through.the. 

litigation.process..Although.many.perceive.litigation.as.an.evil.that. 

renders.design.more.costly,.it.is.simply.part.of.the.process.and.part. 

of.what.drives.quality.in.engineering..Engineers.need.to.consider. 

how.to.design.with.the.real.specter.of.litigation.looming.large.if. 

they.are.successful.in.the.design..Engineers.need.to.consider.how. 

to.incorporate.preparations.for.retrospective.deconstruction.of.their. 

design.into.the.design.process..This.presentation.will.consider.how. 

product.litigation.is.to.a.large.extent.simply.one.additional.step.in. 

the.engineering.design.process. 


CONTRIBUTED PAPERS: SESSION III 

Thursday, starting at 11:30 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms A and B 

320 Development of a Nubian Pathological Ontology, RyAN 

METCALFE (KNH. Centre.for.Biomedical.Egyptology,.University.of.Manchester,.3.614.Stopford.Building,.Oxford.Road,.Manchester,.M13.9PL;.ryan.metcalfe@manchester.ac.uk). 

The.scientific.study.of.ancient.remains.has.moved.increasingly. 

away.from.isolated.case.studies.towards.large.scale.population.analysis..This.is.especially.the.case.in.areas.such.as.the.Sudan,.where. 

large.scale.rescue.archaeology.has.been.conducted.in.the.past,.and. 

is.currently.underway.to.excavate.sites.ahead.of.dam.building..Such. 

work. produces. great. quantities. of. material. for. analysis,. often. by. 

several.institutions.in.several.countries.. 

Many.other.fields.that.produce.large.quantities.of.information. 

for. analysis. have. adopted. specific. terminologies. (i.e.. ontologies). 

to.describe.their.data..This.greatly.increases.the.ease.with.which. 

samples.can.be.annotated.and.therefore.retrieved.for.future.analysis.and.comparison..Such.tools.have.significant.potential.for.use.in. 

large.scale.archaeology,.as.a.consistent.terminology.improves.data. 

retrieval.by.allowing.more.rapid.data.mining.of.published.works. 

and. catalogues.. There. is. also. the. advantage. of. speeding. up. the. 

description.of.artefacts.once.excavated..Using.an.appropriate.ontology.can.therefore.help.both.excavators.and.researchers.to.handle. 

the.sudden.influx.of.data.presented.by.rescue.archaeology.. 

The. initial. outline. of. our. ontology,. and. the. problems. raised. 

when.designing.a.terminology.for.use.on.samples.collected.over. 

more.than.a.century,.will.be.presented.in.the.hope.of.stimulating. 

debate.into.the.use.of.such.tools.in.archaeological.science..Although. 

the.focus.of.the.ontology.to.be.described.is.pathological,.the.underlying.theory.may.be.applied.to.other.areas.of.interest,.such.as.tomb. 

architecture,.pottery.or.other.artefacts. 

321 Rethinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag el 

Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt),.DAVID M..WHITCHURCH 1 * and R. 

PAUL.EVANS 2 .( 1 Department.of.Ancient.Scripture,. 2 Department.of. 

Microbiology.and.Molecular.Biology,.Brigham.Young.University,. 

135


Provo,.UT.84602;.dwhitchurch@byu.edu).. 

Since.1981,.Brigham.Young.University.under.the.direction.of. 

Dr..C..Wilfred.Griggs,.has.been.excavating.in.the.Fag.el.Gamous. 

cemetery.located.at.the.western.edge.of.the.Fayoum..The.authors. 

of.this.paper.have.been.excavating.for.the.past.decade..We.express. 

gratitude.to.the.Supreme.Council.of.Antiquities.for.permission.to. 

continue.this.work. 

The.Fayoum.functioned.for.centuries.as.a.cultural.and.religious. 

melting. pot. where. Greek. and. Roman. colonizers. integrated. with. 

native. Egyptian. populations.. Burial. shafts. in. the. Fag. el. Gamous. 

cemetery. are. oriented. on. an. east-west. axis. with. slight. seasonal. 

variations.due.to.solar.alignment..Older.burials.generally.occur.at. 

a.depth.between.one.to.two.and.a.half.meters.with.a.head.toward. 

the.east.orientation..Reversal.or.head-west.burials.consistently.are. 

found.above.head-east.burials..It.has.been.argued.that.the.directional.shift.of.these.burials.occurred.as.early.as.late.first.to.early. 

second.century.CE,.and.may.be.attributable.to.Christian.influences.. 

While. methods. in. dating. pottery. are. well. accepted. and. can. 

be.quite.reliable.in.many.archaeological.sites,.contamination.due. 

to. soil. disturbances. from. later. burials. and. sandy. soil. conditions. 

preclude. balks. with. well-defined. demarcation. of. substratum. and. 

add.significant.problems.of.dating.bias..This.presentation.reports. 

on.the.historical.context.of.the.Fayoum.during.the.Graeco-Roman. 

period..Tissue.samples.of.burials.were.subjected.to.AMS.radiocarbon.dating..The.directional.shift.of.burials.occurs.in.the.late.third. 

to.fourth.century.CE,.challenging.the.previous.dating.schema.for. 

this.cemetery. 

322 The Alleged Bog Body or the Identification of a South American 

Mummy via Multi-element Isotope Analyses, SANDRA 

LOESCH 1 , CHRISTINE LEHN 2 , ULRICH STRUCK 3 , PETER 

HORN 4 , STEFAN HÖLzL 4 , OLIVER PESCHEL 2 , ANDREAS 

NERLICH 5 , and BRIGITTE HAAS-GEBHARD 6 .( 1 Department. 

of. Physical. Anthropology,. Institute. of. Forensic. Medicine,. Bern. 

University,. Fabrikstr.. 29d,. CH-3012. Bern,. Switzerland; 2 Institute. 

of.Legal.Medicine,.University.of.Munich,.Nussbaumstr..26,.80336. 

Munich,. Germany; 3 Humboldt.University.of.Berlin,.Museum.für. 

Naturkunde,. Invalidenstr.. 43,. 10115. Berlin,. Germany; 4 Bavarian. 

State.Collection.of.Palaeontology.and.Geology,.Richard-Wagner- 

Str..10,.80333.Munich,.Germany; 5 Institute.of.Pathology,.Municipal. 

Clinic. Bogenhausen,. Englschalkingerstr.. 77,. 81925. Munich,. 

Germany; 6 Bavarian.State.Archaeological.Collection.and.Museum,. 

Lerchenfeldstr.. 2,. 80538. Munich,. Germany;. sandra.loesch@irm. 

unibe.ch). 

For. several. decades. a. female. corpse. was. exhibited. in. the. 

Bavarian. State.Archaeological. Collection. in. Munich.. Due. to. its. 

external.appearance.it.was.assumed.to.be.a.bog.body.from.a.South. 

German.peat.area.northwest.of.Munich..Radiocarbon.dating.indicated.an.age.of.approximately.500.years.BP..To.identify.its.origin. 

we. performed. stable. isotope. analyses. of. hair. and. tooth. samples.. 

The.analysis.of.stable.hydrogen-,.carbon-,.nitrogen-.and.sulphurisotopes.of.a.10cm.long.hair.strand.of.the.mummy.gave.evidence. 

that. it. actually. originated. from. South.America,. most. likely. from. 

the.South.Pacific.coastal.area..d13C.and.d15N.data.indicate.almost. 

exclusive.marine.nutrition.ten.to.three.months.ante.mortem.with. 

extraordinary.high.d15N.values..Results.of.stable.oxygen.isotopes. 

in.dentin.and.strontium.isotopes.in.enamel.and.dentine.of.one.tooth. 

maintain.our.hypothesis.that.the.mummy.does.not.originate.from. 

Europe..The.shift.both.in.nitrogen.and.hydrogen.isotope.patterns. 

of.the.hair.strand.over.the.last.three.month.of.the.young.female’s. 

136 

life. indicate. a. more. terrestrial. nutrition. pattern.. We. conclude. a. 

change.in.her.environment,.maybe.because.of.a.migration.to.higher. 

elevations.in.the.inland..Our.results.entailed.historical.investigations..They.revealed.that.Princess.Therese.from.Bavaria.might.have. 

brought.back.this.South.American.mummy.to.Southern.Germany. 

after.an.expedition. 

323 Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Ancient Egyptian 

Mummy;.X-ray, CT and MR Analysis,.MISLAV CAVKA 1,2 , GOR- 

DANA IVANAC 1,2 LEJLA AGANOVIC 3 *, GERT REITER 4 , 

SONIA NIELLES-VALLESPIN 5 , PETER SPEIER 5 , IVOR 

JANKOVIC 6 , IGOR URANIC 7 , and BORIS BRKLJACIC 1,2. 

( 1 University.Department.for.Diagnostic.and.Interventional.Radiology.in.University.Hospital.“Dubrava”,.6.Av..Gojka.Suska,.Zagreb. 

10000,.Croatia;. 2 University.of.Zagreb,.Medical.School,.3.Salata,. 

Zagreb. 10000,. Croatia;. 3 Department. of. Radiology. University. of. 

California,. San. Diego,. 3350. La. Jolla. Village. Drive,. San. Diego,. 

CA.92161;. 4 Siemens.AG.Healthcare,.2.Allee.am.Röthelheimpark,. 

Erlangen. 91001,. Germany;. 5 Siemens.AG. Healthcare,. 315. Strassgangerstrasse,.Graz.8036,.Austria;. 

6 Institute.for.Anthropological. 

Research,.32.Ljudevita.Gaja,.Zagreb.10000.Croatia;. 7 Archeological. 

Museum.Zagreb,.19.Nikola.Subic.Zrinski.Square,.Zagreb.10000,. 

Croatia;.mislav.cavka@yahoo.com).. 

An.Ancient.Egyptian.mummy.(“Mistress.of.the.House”,.named. 

Kareset,.Archeological.Museum,.Zagreb,.Croatia).was.brought.to. 

University.Department.for.Diagnostic.and.Interventional.Radiology. 

in. University. Hospital. “Dubrava”,. Zagreb,. Croatia..The. mummy. 

underwent. digital. radiographs,. computed. tomography. as. well. 

as. magnetic. resonance. (MR). imaging. employing. 3-dimensional. 

ultra-short-echo. time. (UTE). sequence,. a. MR. technique. allowing. 

to. image. ancient. dry. tissue.. Morphological. observations. on. the. 

skull,. the. size. of. the. greater. sciatic. notch. and. an. elongated. thin. 

linen.wrapped.structure.in.the.pelvic.region.(which.probably.represents.an.artificial.penis).indicate.that.the.remains.are.more.likely. 

of.a.male.than.a.femal..Stages.of.epiphyseal.plate.union.combined. 

with.a.moderate.dental.wear.suggest.age.at.death.between.20.and. 

30.years..Through.the.thorax.and.abdomen.four.long.linen.wrappings.can.be.clearly.identified,.which.should.correspond.to.visceral. 

packages,.a.practice.done.from.the.21 st .dynasty.onwards..Multiple. 

osseous.lytic.lesions.are.observed.throughout.the.spine.and.on.the. 

frontal.bone,.parietal.bone,.occipital.bone,.orbital.wall,.and.Turkish. 

saddle..Considering.the.sex,.age,.and.the.position.of.these.lesions,. 

we.suggest.that.the.likely.cause.of.death.was.the.Hand-Schueller- 

Christian’s.disease..Although.the.mummy.was.previously.dated.to. 

3 rd. century.B.C..based.on.the.properties.of.the.sarcophagi,.this.is.in. 

contrast.with.the.mummification.technique.used.which.is.more.in. 

line.with.the.technique.used.during.the.21 st .or.22 nd. dynasty..This.was. 

later.confirmed.by.radiometric.date.(C14).of.900-790.B.C.

CONTRIBUTED POSTERS 


Sunday, starting at 5:30 p.m. in KIPJ Rooms C and D 

324 The Bioarchaeology of Activity and Labour Under Inka Occupation: 

A Regional Analysis of Provincial Burials from Lima, 

Peru,. TRISHA M. BIERS 1 * and GUILLERMO A. COCK 

CARRASCO 2. ( 1 Department.of.Archaeology,.University.of.Cambridge,. 

Cambridge,. CB2. 3DZ,. United. Kingdom;. 2 ConsultPatCu. 

E.I.R.L..(Consultores.en.Patrimonio.Cultural),.777.Monte.de.Los. 

Olivos,.Santiago.de.Surco,.Lima.33,.Peru;.tmb40@cam.ac.uk). 

The.objective.of.this.project.was.to.construct.a.clearer.picture. 

of.provincial.life.at.the.administrative.centre.of.Puruchuco.on.the. 

central.coast.of.Peru.during.Inka.occupation.(A.D..1400-1532)..To. 

accomplish.this,.the.authors.created.an.osteobiography.of.a.sample. 

(N=81). of. adult. individuals. buried. at. Puruchuco. by. analysing. a. 

suite.of.markers.of.occupational.stress.(MOS).in.relation.to.associated.burial.objects.and.mortuary.treatment.to.test.ideas.about.the. 

relationship.between.activity.stress,.sexual.division.of.labour,.and. 

burial.patterns..The.MOS.examined.here.included.the.analysis.of. 

musculoskeletal. stress. markers. (MSM),. degenerative. changes. of. 

the.synovial.joints,.trauma.and.non-specific.periostitis.to.the.long. 

bones,.vertebral.pathologies,.and.the.analysis.of.robusticity.of.postcranial.indices.. 

Burial. inclusions. point. towards. a. variety. of. craftsmanship. 

present.at.Puruchuco such.as.weaving.kits,.worked.metal.ore,.and. 

agricultural.foodstuffs..A.series.of.“movement.models”.were.developed. 

to. examine. synergistic. muscle. processes. to. reveal. an. overall.workload.pattern.of.labour.for.the.Puruchuco.individuals..The. 

underlying.assumption.of.this.research.was.that.the.MOS.would. 

reflect.the.sexual.division.of.labour.within.the.population.with.further.contributions.to.identity.expressed.from.the.mortuary.material.. 

Though.caution.was.used.here.in.confirming.any.kind.of.personal. 

identity.per.individual,.commentary.on.the.overall.labour.patterns,. 

health,.activity.pressure.between.the.sexes,.and.burial.treatment.can. 

contribute.holistically.to.the.current.understanding.of.the.economic. 

importance.the.labour.of.coastal.communities.played.in.the.overall. 

expansion.of.the.Inka.Empire. 

325 Residential Mobility and Stress in Nasca, Peru: New Insights 

from Cortisol and Isotopic Analyses of Archaeological Hair,. 

EMILy WEBB 1 *, CHRISTINE WHITE 1 , STAN VAN UUM 2 , 

and FRED LONGSTAFFE 3 .( 1 Department.of.Anthropology, The. 

University.of.Western.Ontario,.208-740.Proudfoot.Lane,.London,. 

Ontario,.Canada.N6H.5H2;. 2 Department.of.Medicine,.University.of. 

Western.Ontario,.London,.Ontario,.Canada.N6H.5H2;. 3 Department. 

of.Earth.Sciences,.University.of.Western.Ontario,.London,.Ontario,. 

Canada.N6H.5H2;.ewebb7@uwo.ca). 

Residential.mobility.associated.with.movement.among.multiple.production.zones.was.an.integral.part.of.the.socioeconomic. 

strategies.of.many.Andean.societies..In.this.paper,.we.investigate. 

the. impact. of. mobility. on. individuals. from. Nasca,. Peru. (AD1- 

1000). through. reconstruction. of. diet. using. isotopic. analysis. and. 

reconstruction. of. stress. using. levels. of. cortisol,. a. hormone. produced.in.response.to.real.or.perceived.stress..Our.objective.is.to. 

assess.the.relationship.between.residential.mobility.(i.e.,.movement. 

among. isotopically-distinct. production. zones). and. experienced. 

ABSTRACTS.–.Contributed.Posters 

stress.by.integrating.incremental.isotopic.(δ 13 C,δ 15 N).and.cortisol. 

datasets.for.hair.samples.from.the.Nasca.region.(n=11)..We.hypothesized.that.it.would.be.possible.to.differentiate.between.seasonally. 

changing. diets. and. the. exploitation. of. multiple. production. zones. 

via.isotopic.analyses,.and.that.patterns.of.experienced.stress,.accessible.through.systemic.cortisol.levels,.would.also.vary.in.response. 

to.movement.about.the.landscape. 

.Two.distinct.types.of.residential.mobility.have.been.inferred. 

from.the.isotopic.data.for.seven.of.the.eleven.individuals.in.this. 

study..Cortisol.production.was.consistently.different.between.those. 

who. were. actively. moving. (short-term. mobility). and. those. who. 

relocated.more.permanently..For.individuals.engaged.in.short-term. 

mobility,.increases.in.cortisol.levels.coincided.with.periods.of.rapid. 

change.in.isotopic.composition..In.contrast,.those.who.resettled.in. 

a.new.locale.experienced.a.significant.reduction.in.cortisol.production,.and.thus.stress,.after.relocation..This.combination.of.datasets.enabled.the.reconstruction.of.individual.experiences.of.dietary.change,.stress.and.residential.mobility,.and.shed.light.on.the.affective.experiences.of.these.Nasca.individuals. 

326 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns 

in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku 

State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER. (University. of. 

North. Carolina,. Chapel. Hill,. Department. of. Anthropology,. 301. 

Alumni.Building.CB#3115,.Chapel.Hill,.NC.27599;.Sara.Becker@ 

unc.edu). 

Organized.labor.is. a. known. key.component.to.the.development. 

of. state-level. societies.. However,. concepts. of. labor. in. prehistoric.societies.can.sometimes.be.reduced.to.a.one-dimensional. 

idea,.overshadowing.the.actual.individuals.involved.in.activity.and. 

production.within.an.emerging.complex.society..Within.this.paper,. 

I. provide. a. comparative. framework. of. specific. skeletal. evidence. 

to.the.archaeological.record.by.using.biological.markers.to.infer. 

how.habitual.activity.varies.within.Tiwanaku.state.formation.both. 

in.the.Titicaca.Basin,.Bolivia.and.the.Moquegua.Valley,.Peru..The. 

excellent.preservation.at.these.sites.including.mummified.or.partially.mummified.remains.along.with.these.bioarchaeological.activity.data.add.specific.insight.into.the.routine.of.individuals.and.their.contributions.to.the.social.groups.in.which.they.live,.revealing.divisions.of.labor.such.as.status.or.gender.differences. 

327 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence 

from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru,.ELIzA- 

BETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S..GOLDSTEIN (Department. 

of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500.Gilman. 

Drive,.La.Jolla,.CA.92093-0532;.psgoldstein@dssmail.ucsd.edu).. 

Dress. is. among. the. most. important. means. of. communicating.roles.and.relationships,.both.in.life.and.death..The.mummies. 

and.other.well-preserved.interments.from.the.Tiwanaku.cemetery. 

sites.at.the.Rio.Muerto.archaeological.complex.(M43.and.M70).in. 

Moquegua,.Peru,.offer.a.rare.opportunity.to.examine.the.construction.of.the.identities.of.Middle.Horizon.people.as.they.are.mourned.and.interred.by.family.and.friends..Information.from.the.examination.of.the.garments.from.these.sites.has.provided.unprecedented. 

information.on.ideas.of.status,.gender.and.sex.roles,.and.the.roles. 

and.importance.of.children,.in.this.ancient.community. 

328 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope 

Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru,. 

ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, 

137


SARAH. I. BAITzEL, MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, 

SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and LINDA yzURDIGA (Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.California,.San.Diego,.9500. 

Gilman. Drive,. La. Jolla,. CA. 92093-0532;. psgoldstein@dssmail. 

ucsd.edu). 

The.superb.preservation.of.human.remains.at.Rio.Muerto.permits. 

an. unusual. opportunity. for. new. bioarchaeological. research. 

on.Tiwanaku.society..As.markers.of.individual.and.group.identity,. 

dietary.practices.convey.valuable.information.on.ethnicity,.gender,. 

and. status-based. differences. within. archaeological. populations.. 

Through.analysis.of.bone.carbon.and.nitrogen.stable.isotope.ratios,. 

we.reconstruct.the.paleodiet.of.the.Middle-Horizon.Tiwanaku.from. 

Rio. Muerto. in. the. Moquegua. Valley. of. Southern. Peru.. Working. 

with.mummified.remains.permits.analysis.of.both.traditional.bone. 

isotope.ratios.as.well.as.human.hair,.allowing.comparison.between. 

long.and.short-term.dietary.intake..Our.results.are.compared.to.previously. 

generated. data. from. the. earlier. Huaracane,. and. succeeding.Tumilaca.and.Chiribaya.populations,.and.to.highland.Tiwanaku. 

data. to. assess. dietary. changes. in. relation. to. political. and. demographic.changes.across.the.Tiwanaku.core.and.peripheral.regions..Additionally,.we.investigate.gendered.food.behaviour.in.the.peripheral.Tiwanaku.colony. 

329 Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive Plants 

in Andean Archaeological Populations,. EMMA BROWN*, 

ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB JANAWAy, and 

TIMOTHy TAyLOR (Archaeological. Sciences,. University. of. 

Bradford,. Richmond. Road,. Bradford,.West.Yorkshire,. BD7. 1DP,. 

United.Kingdom;.elbrown@bradford.ac.uk).. 

Psychoactive.plants.have.played.a.significant.role.in.Andean. 

cultures.for.millennia..This.is.evident.in.the.archaeological.record;. 

for.example.the.depiction.of.San.Pedro.cactus.(Echinopsis pachanoi).on.Cupisnique.vessels.(c.1000-200.BC),.snuff.trays.and.tubes. 

from.San.Pedro.de.Atacama.(c.200-900.AD).and.in situ.coca.leaves. 

in.the.cheeks.of.Chiribaya.mummies.(c1150-1300.AD)..A.number. 

of.practices,.such.as.coca.chewing.and.folk.healing.using.ayahuasca. 

and.San.Pedro.cactus.are.still.practiced.in.parts.of.Peru.and.Ecuador. 

Despite.the.evidence.for.the.use.of.a.number.of.psychoactive. 

plants.in.Andean.cultures,.the.use.of.these.plants.is.not.fully.understood..This.is.particularly.true.for.plants.imbibed.as.decoctions.that. 

do.not.require.a.specific.vessel.or.equipment.for.ingestion. 

A. novel. method. for. investigating. the. use. of. psychoactive. 

plants.in.antiquity.is.the.analysis.of.hair.for.drug.compounds..The. 

approach.taken.for.this.research.project.involves.the.use.of.liquid. 

chromatography.electrospray.ionisation.tandem.mass.spectrometry. 

(LC-ESI-MS/MS).to.detect.a.select.number.of.compounds,.including. 

mescaline,. atropine,. cocaine,. and. N,N-dimethyltrypamine. 

in.hair.samples.from.Cabuza.(1100-1400.AD).populations.in.the. 

Azapa.Valley. 

330 Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation into 

Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, Peru, LAUREN 

CADWALLADER. (Department. of. Archaeology,. University. of. 

Cambridge,.Downing.Street,.Cambridge,.CB2.3DZ,.UK;.lc340@ 

cam.ac.uk).. 

The.lower.Ica.Valley,.though.today.largely.an.unpopulated.and. 

arid.desert,.is.rich.in.archaeological.remains.of.settlement.and.irrigated. 

field. systems. spanning. approximately. 2000. years. from. the. 

Early.Horizon.(500.B.C.).to.the.Spanish.Conquest..This.research. 

aims.to.understand.how.subsistence.strategies,.influenced.by.both. 

138 

biological.and.social.factors,.evolved.during.this.period.using.isotopic. 

analysis. of. human. tissues.. Previous. archaeobotanical. work. 

suggests. that. a. gradual. transformation. took. place. as. natural. and. 

anthropogenic. changes. took. their. toll. on. the. environment..Additionally,. 

repeated. cultural. transitions. provided. social. impetus. for. 

economic.based.changes. 

Isotopic.dietary.information.obtained.from.mummified.human. 

remains.has.been.used.to.investigate.three.main.transitions:.a).the. 

Late.Ocucaje.to.Early.Nasca.cultural.transition.(c..200.B.C..-.200. 

A.D.);.b).the.Late.Nasca.to.Wari.transition.(c..800.-.1000.A.D.). 

during.which.there.was.a.gradual.collapse.of.the.desert.ecosystem;. 

and.c).the.transition.from.the.Wari.to.the.regionally.developed.Ica- 

Chincha.period.(1000.-.1400.A.D.).. 

Results.from.the.isotopic.analysis.of.bone.collagen.show.the. 

diet.of.each.period.to.be.subtly.different,.with.a.range.of.resources. 

potentially. being. exploited.. Several. explanations. can. be. put. forward. 

indicating. that. the. subsistence. strategies. cannot. be. simply. 

defined.as.‘hunter-gatherer’.or.‘agriculturalist’..Isotopic.analysis.of. 

hair.samples.is.used.here.to.explore.seasonal.resource.use.in.each. 

of.these.cultures.in.an.attempt.to.tease.out.information.about.the. 

mixed.economies.employed.by.these.populations. 

331 Archaeohelminthology of the Chiribaya Shepherd, Canis.familiaris, 

(AD 700-1476) from Southern Peru,.DENNIS J. RICHARD- 

SON 1 , SONIA GUILLÉN 2 , RONALD G. BECKETT 1 , WES- 

LEy KyLE 1 , GERALD J. CONLOGUE 1 *, and KATHERINE 

HARPER-BECKETT 1 ( 1 Bioanthropology. Research. Institute,. 

Quinnipiac.University,.275.Mt..Carmel.Ave.,.Hamden,.CT.06518;. 

2 Centro.Mallqui,.Casilla.63,.Ilo,.Peru;.Dennis.Richardson@quinnipiac.edu;.Gerald.Conlogue@quinnipiac.edu).. 

Although. many. studies. have. been. conducted. concerning. 

human. coprolites,. there. is. a. paucity. of. archaeohelminthological. 

data. from. non-human. animals.. Eight. coprolite. samples. were. 

examined.from.dogs.associated.with.the.Chiribaya.culture,.a.pre- 

Columbian.agrarian.and.pastoral.society.that.inhabited.the.lower. 

and.middle.regions.of.the.Osmore.River.in.southern.Peru.between. 

about.AD.700.and.1476..Tapeworm.eggs.(Diphyllobothrium.sp.). 

were.observed.in.three.coprolites..Eggs.of.the.nematodes.Toxocara 

canis, Trichuris vulpis,.and.Spirocerca lupi.were.observed.in.three. 

coprolites,. two. coprolites,. and. one. coprolite,. respectively.. These. 

data.constitute.the.first.report.of.these.helminthes.from.pre-Columbian.dogs.in.the.Americas.and.provide.a.review.of.archaeohelminthological.data.from.non-human.animals. 

332 Preliminary Results of the Histological Study of Ancient Skin 

Tissue Samples from the Chinchorro Mummies,.BRUNO DORE 1 *, 

BERNARDO ARIAzA 2 , ROSA BOANO 1 , and EMMA 

RABINO MASSA 1 .( 1 Department.of.Animal.and.Human.Biology,. 

University.of.Turin,.via.Accademia.Albertina.13,.I.10123.Torino,. 

Italy;. 2 Instituto. de. Alta. Investigación,. Departamento. de. Antropología.and.Centro.de.Investigaciones.del.Hombre.en.el.Desierto,. 

Universidad.de.Tarapaca,.Arica,.Chile;.bruno.dore@unito.it). 

The. study. focused. on. some. mummies. referred. to. the. Chinchorro.culture,.coming.from.the.sites.of.El.Morro.I,.Maderas.Enco. 

and.Valparaiso.in.northern.Chile.and.dating.approximately.to.5000. 

BP..The.specimens.are.now.housed.at.the.Museo.Arqueológico.San. 

Miguel.de.Azapa,.Universidad.de.Tarapaca,.Arica,.Chile. 

We.performed.histological.analyses.on.small.pieces.(10.mm). 

of. mummified.samples.in.order.to.assess.the. preservation.of.tissues,. 

cytological. characteristics. of. the. tissues. and. the. presence.

of. infesting. agents.. The. tissues. were. hydrated. and. then. treated. 

with. hematoxylin-eosin,. trichromic. Masson’s,. Mallory’s. and.Van. 

Gieson’s. and. PAS. staining.. The. preparations. were. examined. by. 

conventional. transmission. light. microscopy. and. polarized. light. 

microscopy. 

Traces. of. black. pigment. were. always. detected,. apparently. 

deposited.on.the.surface.of.the.integument..Histological.preservation.was.highly.variable.among.samples,.and.sometimes.in.different.parts.of.the.same.sample..Moreover,.in.the.same.histological. 

section,.we.could.observe.a.well-preserved.integument.as.well.as. 

the.same.structure.completely.altered.by.the.development.of.fungal. 

structures.(spores)..Yet.in.many.instances.it.was.possible.to.observe. 

histological.structures.sufficiently.preserved.to.allow.safe.identification.of.the.integument.of.a.bird,.feathers.and.their.follicles..In.no. 

circumstance.was.the.identification.of.mammalian.tissues.possible. 

333 Shrinking Misconceptions: A Neutral Perspective on Shuar 

Tsantsas,. CHEyENNE MCCARTHy* and BENJAMIN 

KOOBA.(Department.of.Anthropology,.University.of.San.Diego,. 

5998.Alcala. Park,. San. Diego,. CA. 92110;. cmccarthy@sandiego. 

edu). 

The.Shuar,.an.indigenous.tribal.culture.located.in.the.Upper. 

Amazon.of.Ecuador.and.Peru,.are.infamously.known.for.shrinking. 

their. dead. enemies’. heads..This. tradition. is. often. interpreted. 

with.bias.and.negativity..But.tsantsas.have.deeper.meaning:.they. 

maintain.the.delicate.balance.between.physical.and.spirit.worlds,. 

reinforce. Shuar. religious. ideology,. and. bestow. power. upon. their. 

makers..Tsantsas.are.sacred.talismans.that.Shuar.men.make.to.protect.themselves.from.the.vengeful.spirits.trapped.within.the.heads.. 

The.shrinking.process.involves.methodical.preparation.(including. 

shamanic.consultation),.extensive.time.and.energy,.and.is.followed. 

by.feasting.and.celebration..This.project.aims.to.foster.awareness. 

and.understanding.of.the.Shuar.by.presenting.an.objective.glimpse. 

into.their.unique.practice.of.making.tsantsas..We.diverge.from.the. 

traditional.biased.perspective,.and.instead.convey.the.history.and. 

significance. of. tsantsa. production,. in. order. to. dispel. misconceptions.. 

Tolerance. is. a. critical. anthropological. issue.. Our. poster. is. 

a.visual.medium.through.which.we.resolve.to.illustrate.our.goal:. 

diminishing.cultural.prejudice.and.increasing.tolerance..By.educating.the.public.about.the.Shuar.as.a.people,.we.encourage.respect. 

for.their.traditions,.and.acceptance.of.the.differences.between.our. 

culture.and.theirs. 

334 Historical Context of Tsantsa, TOBIAS HOULTON (Centre. 

for.Anatomy.and.Human.Identification,.MSI/TMW.Complex,.Dow. 

Street,. University. of. Dundee,. Scotland,. DD1. 5EH;. tobias.houlton@hotmail.com). 

Tsantsa.(shrunken.heads).are.of.historic,.religious,.and.tribal. 

significance..The.Shuar.tribes.of.South.America.are.renowned.for. 

the.ritual.of.tsantsa.production,.which.was.also.practiced.by.a.number.of.tribes.from.North-Western.South.America.and.Mesoamerica.. 

In.the.late.1800s,.native.tribesmen,.realising.an.opportunity. 

for.trade,.exchanged.superfluous.tsantsa for.guns.and.ammunition. 

from.interested.travellers..In.the.early.1900s,.the.Native.American. 

custom.of.head.shrinking.was.adapted.for.financial.gain.by.Western. 

settlers.in.Ecuador,.Columbia,.Panama,.and.Peru..Initially.produced. 

for.a.macabre,.but.brisk.curio.trade.among.Europeans.fascinated.in. 

authentic.tribal.shrunken.heads,.counterfeit.heads.were.acquired.via. 

unethical.sources.and.unscrupulous.standards. 

This. research. examines. the. development. and. social. context. of. 


tsantsa.production.among.Native.Indians.and.Europeans..Motivation.and.method.of.practices.often.perceived.as.magical,.idiosyncratic,.and.grim.are.explored. 

335 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the Shuar 

Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON (College.of.Anatomy.and.Human.Identification,.MSI/TMW.Complex,.Dow.Street,. 

University. of. Dundee,. DD1. 5EH,. Scotland;. tobias.houlton@hotmail.com). 

Original.MSc.research.was.on.a.tsantsa.(shrunken.head).from. 

the.McManus.Museum.in.Dundee.and.thought.to.be.from.the.Shuar. 

Tribes.in.South.America..It.challenged.recent.speculation.that.the. 

head. was. simian,. and. not. an. authentic. example. of. human. head. 

shrinking..The.tsantsa.was.assessed.for.sex.and.age.and.the.effects. 

of.shrinking.on.facial.morphology,.studied.using.pig.heads..A.3D. 

facial. approximation. was. attempted. using. a. laser. scanner. (Fast- 

SCAN.Scorpion).and.3D.modelling.software.(FreeForm.Modelling. 

Plus).. 

To.establish.the.identity.of.the.McManus.tsantsa,.morphologies. 

of. extant. authenticated. human. tsantsa,. a. shrunken. monkey. 

head,.and.living.simian.morphologies.were.assessed..Microscopic. 

hair.analysis.confirmed.the.tsantsa.as.human,.of.Mongoloid.ancestry..Population.demographics.resulted.in.the.head.being.estimated. 

as.male,.age.20-30.years.. 

The. tsantsa. scan. was. constructed. utilizing. craniofacial. measurements,. 

obtained. from. the. McManus. tsantsa. and. superimposed. 

subject.photographs..A.scanned.template.cranium.was.manipulated. 

in.FreeForm.to.conform.to.extant.Peruvian.craniofacial.measurements,.and.a.template.mandible.developed.using.Sassouni.Analysis,.providing.a.hypothetical.scaffold.for.reconstruction..Texturing.and.tribal.decoration.was.applied.with.Autodesk.Maya.2010..Verification.of.the.reconstruction.was.not.possible.due.to.the.absence.of. 

ante-mortem.photographs. 

336 Facial Reconstruction of an Anga Mummy, ANDREW J. 

NELSON 1 , VICTORIA LyWOOD 2 , and RONALD G. BECK- 

ETT 3 *.( 1 Department.of.Anthropology,.The.University.of.Western. 

Ontario,.London,.ON,.Canada,.N6A.5C2;. 2 John.Abbott.College,.21. 

275.Lakeshore.Road,.Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,.Québec,.H9X.3L9,. 

Canada;. 3 Bioanthropology.Research.Institute,.Quinnipiac.University,.Hamden,.Connecticut,.c/o.16010.South.11 

th. ,.Place.#31,.Phoenix,.Arizona.85048;.ronald.beckett@quinnipiac.edu). 

The.Anga. People.of.Papua. New.Guinea. are. known.to. have. 

practiced.an.elaborate.mortuary.ritual.that.consisted.of.smoking.the. 

body.of.their.loved.ones.in.a.special.hut.for.a.period.of.weeks..The. 

mummified.individuals.were.then.placed.on.cliff.faces.overlooking.their.lineage’s.territory..The.practice.was.halted.by.missionaries.40.to.50.years.ago..The.work.reported.on.here.arises.from.a.2010.expedition.to.study.Anga.mummies.and.to.undertake.an.ethnographic.study.of.the.modern.Anga.people..The.main.rationale.the. 

modern.people.offer.for.the.practice.is.that.the.descendants.wished. 

to.look.on.the.faces.of.their.people,.so.keeping.their.memory.alive.. 

Unfortunately,.the.ravages.of.time.have.led.to.the.deterioration.the. 

mummy’s.faces..The.project.described.here.demonstrates.the.use.of. 

forensic.techniques.to.reconstruct.the.face.of.one.mummy. 

The. mummy. described. here. is. Moimango,. a. leader,. warrior. 

and.shaman,.whose.descendants.still.live.in.the.village.of.Koke.. 

Standard. anatomical. photos. and. measurements. were. taken. of. 

Moimango’s.skull..Tissue.thickness.depths,.available.from.a.1903. 

study,.and.the.photos.and.measurements.were.used.to.create.lateral. 

139


and.frontal.sketches.of.Moimango’s.head..The.headdress.and.nose. 

ornament.were.included.as.per.family.memories..Photos.were.taken. 

of.the.Koke.villagers.for.additional.reference. 

.This.reconstruction.will.bring.Moimango’s.face.alive.for.his. 

descendants,.and.represents.an.important.development.of.the.repertoire.of.techniques.available.for.facial.reconstruction. 

337 Analysis of an Offering of Cultural Materials Associated with 

Partially Mummified Remains from Sierra Gorda, Querétaro, 

México,.ELIzABETH MEJíA 1 *, AURORA.MONTUFAR 2 , and 

ALBERTO HERRERA 1 ( 1 INAH.Querétaro,.Andrés.Balvanera.#2. 

Centro,.Querétaro,.Qro.,.CP.76000,.México;. 2 INAH,.Laboratorios. 

y.Apoyo.Académico;.toluquilla2000@yahoo.com.mx).. 

An.analysis.was.conducted.to.determine.the.context.of.a.burial. 

of.partially.mummified.remains.found.in.the.southern.part.of.Sierra. 

Gorda,.Querétaro,.México..From.the.analyses.of.characteristic.cultural.objects,.we.present.the.results.of.their.identification.and.their. 

significance.from.a.regional.point.of.view. 

338 Haida Mummy Rediscovered, GWyN MADDEN (Department. 

of.Anthropology,. Grand. Valley. State. University,. 1167.Au. Sable. 

Hall,.1.Campus.Drive,.Allendale,.MI.49401;.maddeng@gvsu.edu). 

In.1940,.Julian.Steward.was.led.to.a.Haida.internment.site.on. 

Dall.Island.in.Southeastern.Alaska..The.remains.of.four.individuals. 

were.observed,.three.were.skeletonized.and.one.was.well.mummified..Images.from.the.1940.expedition.show.preservation.was.excellent,.due.to.the.individual’s.burial.box.resting.off.of.the.ground.on. 

top.of.wooden.poles.and.sheltered.under.a.rock.overhang..Housed. 

at.the.Smithsonian.Institution,.current.observation.presents.an.individual.whose.skin.has.been.removed,.organs.likely.disposed.of,.and. 

most.of.the.skeleton.disarticulated..This.research.describes.further. 

the.history.of.the.find,.the.current.state.of.the.remains,.the.health. 

of.the.individual,.and.comparisons.to.similar.mummified.remains. 

reported.in.the.literature. 

339 The German Mummy Project, HEATHER GILL-FRERK- 

ING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSEN- 

DAHL (German. Mummy. Project,. D5,. Museum. Weltkulturen,. 

Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums,.68159.Mannheim,.Germany;.Heather. 

Gill-Robinson@mannheim.de). 

The.German.Mummy.Project.(GMP).was.created.in.2004.following.the.discovery.of.20.mummies.in.storage.at.the.Reiss-Engelhorn.Museums.(rem).in.Mannheim,.Germany..The.purpose.of.the. 

GMP.is.three-fold:.to.undertake.scientific.analysis.of.the.mummies. 

of.the.rem.and.other.institutions,.to.disseminate.the.results.of.the. 

research.in.academic.and.public.fora.and.to.undertake.conservation.of.the.mummies.to.ensure.their.preservation.for.the.future..To. 

date,.the.German.Mummy.Project.has.developed.research.plans.and. 

begun.preliminary.research.on.more.than.40.human.mummies..The. 

research.of.the.GMP.emphasizes.the.use.of.non-destructive.methods,.with.limited.physical.sampling.only.permitted.to.answer.specific.research.questions.that.could.not.be.addressed.through.other. 

non-destructive.methods..All.of.the.work.of.the.GMPis.conducted. 

as.part.of.an.international,.interdisciplinary.collaborative.team. 

This.poster.presents.an.overview.of.the.diverse.work.undertaken.by. 

the.German.Mummy.Project.to.date,.and.outlines.some.of.the.current.research.of.the.team. 

340 Standardizing Recording Forms for Mummy Studies, 


140 

BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (German. 

Mummy. Project,. D5,. Museum. Weltkulturen,. Reiss-Engelhorn. 

Museums,. 68159. Mannheim,. Germany;. Heather.Gill-Frerking@ 

mannheim.de).. 

The. importance. of. research. planning. and. consistent. data. 

recording.in.mummy.studies.is.irrefutable,.but.there.are.few.guidelines.and.examples.of.documentation.systems.in.mummy.studies.. 

The. team. of. the. German. Mummy. Project. has. developed. a. standard.protocol.that.is.applied.to.every.mummy.examined.within.the. 

framework.of.the.project,.whether.human.or.animal..This.protocol. 

includes.the.assignment.of.an.individual.identification.number.used. 

for.all.documentation.and.sampling;.the.completion.of.an.extensive.documentation.form.and.linking.of.the.standard.documentation. 

form. to. computer. files,. images,. medical. image. data,. results. 

of.externally-conducted.analyses,.and.publications.relevant.to.the. 

study.of.the.mummy..The.documentation.protocol.is.under.constant. 

revision,.including.the.planned.development.of.a.database.to.electronically.link.all.data.and.images.for.each.mummy.in.the.project. 

This.poster.presents.the.documentation.system.developed.by. 

the.German.Mummy.Project.for.the.recording.and.analysis.of.all. 

mummies.studied.within.the.framework.of.the.project..The.team. 

of.the.German.Mummy.Project.welcomes.the.input.of.our.mummy. 

studies.colleagues.for.the.further.development.of.a.useful,.effective. 

documentation.system.for.the.study.of.mummies. 

341 X-ray Imaging and its Impact on Ancient DNA: A Monte Carlobased 

Simulation, JOHANN WANEK 1 , LIz PARVIN 2 , and 

FRANK J. RÜHLI 1 * ( 1 Centre.for.Evolutionary.Medicine,.University.of.Zürich,.Switzerland;. 

2 Facilty.of.Science,.Open.University,. 

United.Kingdom;.johann.wanek@anatom.uzh.ch). 

Major. tools. in. diagnostic. imaging. of. ancient. mummies. 

research.are.based.on.X-rays,.such.as.computed.tomography..CT. 

is.still.considered.as.diagnostic.gold-standard;.the.excellent.image. 

quality.leads.to.higher.diagnostic.confidence.eg..for.the.identification.of.diseases..However,.numerous.ancient.mummified.remains. 

undergo.DNA.analysis.following.such.ionizing.radiation.exposures.. 

In.practice,.the.probability.for.an.ancient.DNA.damage.induced.by. 

X-rays.is.completely.unknown.because.no.experimental.data.are. 

available,.and.the.published.literature.is.very.limited.in.this.field.. 

We. present. statistical-based. algorithms. such. as. the. Monte. Carlo. 

calculation.to.simulate.physics.processes.in.anthropomorphic.phantoms..Using.this.method,.the.probability.of.X-ray.induced.ancient. 

DNA.degradation.can.be.predicted.eventually..First.results.show,. 

e.g.that.the.absorbed.energy.in.cells.depends.on.the.cell.distribution. 

in.tissue.if.planar.X-ray.imaging.is.used. 

342 The North American Mummy Database; An Interdisciplinary 

Online Resource,. S.J.. WOLFE (American. Antiquarian. Society,. 

185.Salisbury.Street,.Worcester,.MA.01609;.swolfe@mwa.org). 

The.North.American.Mummy.Database.is.a.work.in.progress. 

which. will. culminate. in. a. web-searchable. compilation. of. information. 

about. all. Egyptian. mummies. documented. to. have. been. 

imported.into.the.United.States.and.Canada..Researchers.will.be. 

able.to.search.on.a.number.of.access.points.in.order.to.find.information.on.any.of.the.more.than.eight.hundred.“individuals”.now. 

represented.in.the.database..Some.of.the.access.points.are.name,. 

sex,.location,.dynasty,.and.whether.or.not.still.extant..At.present. 

twenty.access.points.are.defined..Each.entity.will.connect.from.the. 

database.to.a.web.page.which.will.display.information.about.the. 

mummy,.and.links.to.other.websites.which.have.information.about.

that.mummy..The.database.will.not.be.static;.as.new.information.is. 

received.it.will.be.added.to.the.database.so.that.there.will.be.continuous.updating.and.growth. 

This.poster.session.will.show.sample.forms.and.pages,.and.list. 

the.present.access.points.available.for.searching..The.purpose.of.the. 

poster.session.is.to.introduce.the.mummy.community.to.the.database.and.to.solicit.information.about.what.sorts.of.data.researchers. 

would.find.useful.as.access.points. 

The.database.will.be.mounted.by.the.Egyptologists.Electronic. 

Forum.and.accessible.through.their.web.site..It.is.hoped.that.the. 

database.will.be.up.and.running.on.the.web.by.the.end.of.2011. 

343 New Findings on a Roman-period Egyptian Mummy at the 

University of Illinois,.SARAH U. WISSEMAN 1 *.and.DAVID R. 

HUNT 2 .( 1 Director,.Program.on.Ancient.Technologies.and.Archaeological.Materials,.Illinois.State.Archaeological.Survey,.University. 

of.Illinois,.704.S..Neil.St.,.Champaign.IL.61820;. 2 Department.of. 

Anthropology,. MRC112,. National. Museum. of. Natural. History,. 

P.O..Box.37012,.10th.and.Constitution.Avenue,.NW,.Washington,. 

D.C..20013-7012;.wisarc@illinois.edu;.HUNTD@si.edu). 

A.Roman-period.Egyptian.mummy.was.CT.scanned.and.analyzed.by.an.interdisciplinary.team.at.the.Spurlock.Museum.of.the. 

University. of. Illinois. during. the. early. 1990s. and. again. in. 2011.. 

The.goals.of.the.project.were.to.study.embalming.techniques.and. 

the.age,.sex,.and.cause.of.death.of.the.child.inside.the.wrappings.. 

Because.of.the.museum’s.desire.to.display.the.mummy.after.analysis,.no.autopsy.was.performed,.and.initial.analyses.were.conducted. 

using. non-destructive. medical. imaging.. However,. the. deteriorating.lower.portion.of.the.mummy.yielded.loose.samples.of.resins,. 

cloth,.insects,.wood,.and.bone,.as.well.as.pigment.from.the.tinted. 

stucco.on.the.exterior..The.red.pigment,.originally.identified.as.a. 

type.of.lead.oxide,.was.reanalyzed.two.years.ago.by.M..Svoboda. 

of.the.J..Paul.Getty.Museum.and.M.S..Walton.and.K..Trentelman. 

of.the.Getty.Conservation.Institute.as.part.of.a.larger.study.on.“red. 

shroud”. mummies.. Molecular,. trace. element,. and. isotopic. analyses.of.the.red.pigment.from.seven.of.the.nine.known.mummies.in. 

this.group.show.an.identical.composition..The.pigment.apparently. 

originated.outside.Egypt,.likely.produced.from.silver.refinement.at. 

Rio.Tinto,.Spain..This.finding,.along.with.similar.iconographic.and. 

decorative.features,.suggests.that.these.high-status.mummies.may. 

have.been.prepared.in.the.same.embalming.workshop. 

344 Mummified Baboons, Stable Isotopes, and the Location of 

Punt, GILLIAN L. MORITz 1 *, GILLIAN A. O. BRITTON 2 *, 

SALIMA IKRAM 3 , and NATHANIEL J. DOMINy 4 ( 1 Department. 

of. Ecology. and. Evolutionary. Biology,. Dartmouth. College,. 

Hinman.Box.5044;. 2 Department.of.Anthropology,.Dartmouth.College,. 

Hinman. Box. 0409,. Hanover,. NH,. 03755;. 3 Department. of. 

Sociology,.Anthropology,. Philosophy. and. Egyptology,.American. 

University.in.Cairo,.AUC.Aveue,.P.O..Box.74,.New.Cairo.11835,. 

Egypt;. 4 Department. of. Anthropology,. Dartmouth. College,. 6047. 

Silsby. Hall,. Hanover. NH. 03755;. Gillian.L.Moritz@Dartmouth. 

edu,.Gillian.A.O.Britton@Dartmouth.edu). 

The. Ancient. Egyptians. recognized. a. neighboring. political. 

state.called.Punt..Two.species.of.baboons.were.imported.from.Punt,. 

among. other. valued. commodities. such. as. incense,. electrum,. and. 

ebony..The.precise.location.of.Punt.is.unknown,.but.five.geographic. 

hypotheses. have. been. advanced. during. the. past. century.. To. test. 

among.these.competing.views,.we.measured.oxygen.stable.isotope. 

ratios. in. the. tissues. of. two. XXth-Dynasty. mummified. baboons.. 


These.animals,.which.were.recovered.from.royal.tombs.and.were. 

likely.pets,.were.contemporaneous.with.known.expeditions.to.Punt.. 

Oxygen.stable.isotopes.vary.predictably.as.a.function.of.rainfall.in. 

a.region,.which.in.turn.is.paralleled.in.an.animal’s.drinking.water. 

and.incorporated.into.its.bodily.tissues..As.a.result,.oxygen.stable. 

isotopes.in.the.hair.of.an.animal.can.be.used.as.a.chemical.record.of. 

where.it.lived..To.determine.the.isotopic.signature.associated.with. 

each.putative.Punt.location,.we.collected.and.analyzed.185.modern. 

baboon. hair. samples. from. Eritrea-Ethiopia,. Mozambique,. Somalia,.Uganda,.and.Yemen..A.match.between.one.of.these.isotopically. 

distinctive.locations.and.the.XXth-Dynasty.mummified.baboons.is. 

expected.to.help.resolve.a.longstanding.debate..Our.findings.agree. 

well.with.hypothesized.locations.in.Eritrea.and.northern.Somalia. 

345 Backroom Treasures: CT Scanning of Two Ibis Mummies 

from the Peabody Museum Collection,. ANDREW D. WADE 1 *, 

SALIMA IKRAM 2 , GERALD J. CONLOGUE 3 , RONALD G. 

BECKETT 3 , ANDREW J. NELSON 1 , and ROGER COLTEN 4 . 

( 1 University. of. Western. Ontario;. 2 American. University. in. Cairo;. 

3 Bioanthropology.Research.Institute,.Quinnipiac.University;. 4 Peabody.Museum.of.Natural.History;.awade4@uwo.ca). 

Museum. collections. of. Egyptian. human. and. animal. mummies.have.great.potential.for.research.and.museums.often.curate.larger.collections.than.those.on.exhibit..Scheduling.access.to.medical.imaging.facilities.is.often.complicated.for.mummies.on.display. 

because.of.the.important.environmental.controls.under.which.they. 

are.kept..Collections.in.storage.are.often.more.readily.available.in. 

terms.of.time.and.physical.access.than.those.on.exhibit. 

.In.the.Fall.of.2010,.two.Egyptian.ibis.mummies.from.Yale’s. 

Peabody. Museum. of. Natural. History,. not. currently. on. display,. 

were.made.available.for.computed.tomography.(CT).scans.at.the. 

Quinnipiac.University’s.Diagnostic.Imaging.Program.and.Bioanthropology.Research.Institute..These.ibises.varied.in.position,.were. 

dispatched.in.a.similar.manner.(spinal.fracture),.and.demonstrated. 

complete.evisceration.with.replacement.of.a.packet.made.up.of.the. 

gizzard.and.its.contents. 

Application.of.CT.to.the.study.of.mummified.remains.allows. 

for. detailed. three-dimensional. evaluations,. without. the. difficulties. 

of. superimposition. that. characterize. plain. film. radiographs.. 

Three-dimensional. visualization,. multi-planar. reformates. (MPR),. 

and. curve-linear. reconstructions. of. these. mummies. are. essential. 

for.close.examination.of.the.complex.curves.of.the.spine.and.the. 

contents.of.the.gizzard..These.manipulations.are.no.less.important. 

in.the.study.of.animal.mummies.than.they.are.for.those.of.humans. 


Mummy,. MONIQUE OSIGBEME 1 *, CHENERE PIERCE 

RAMSEy 2 , MALU TANSEy 3 , JOSHUA ROBINSON 4 , JOHN 

KINGSTON 4 , and ARRI EISEN 5 .( 1 Undergraduate.Class.of.2012,. 

Emory. University,. Atlanta,. Georgia;. 2 School. of. public. Health,. 

Emory.University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;. 3 School.of.Medicine,.Emory. 

University,. Atlanta,. Georgia;. 4 Anthropology. Department,. Emory. 

University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;. 5 Biology.Department,.Emory.University,.Atlanta,.Georgia;.mosigbe@emory.edu). 

The.comprehensive.conservation.project.undertaken.in.2010- 

11. afforded. an. unprecedented. opportunity. to. examine,. analyze,. 

and.document.the.preserved.human.remains..Physical.evaluation,. 

radiographic.imaging,.microscopic.examination,.and.stable.isotope. 

analysis. of. the. bones. and. teeth. were. undertaken. to. gather. clues. 

about.the.individual’s.life.and.death,.including.diet.and.health..A. 

141


sample.from.what.was.presumed.to.be.the.brain.was.studied.with. 

the. hope. of. confirming. the. tissue,. typing. blood,. and. obtaining. 

genetic.information. 

347 Evidence of Trepanation in a 26 th Dynasty Mummy from 

Akhmim, Egypt,.JONATHAN P. ELIAS 1 *, CARTER LUPTON 2 , 

and ROBERT D. HOPPA 3 ( 1 Akhmim. Mummy. Studies. Consortium.c/o.AMSCRESEARCH,.525.N..Hanover.Street,.Carlisle,.PA. 

17013;. 2 Milwaukee.Public.Museum,.800.West.Wells.St..Milwaukee,.WI.53233;. 

3 University.of.Manitoba, . 435.Fletcher.Argue.Building,.Manitoba,.Canada.R3T5V5;.director@amscresearch.com). 

Very.few.instances.of.surgical.trepanation/craniotomy.are.seen. 

in.the.Egyptian.archaeological.record..The.rarity.of.the.procedure. 

reflects.the.tendency.among.ancient.Egyptian.physicians.(reflected. 

in.the.Edwin.Smith.Surgical.Papyrus).to.avoid.operating.on.head. 

injuries.. Recent. CT. examinations. of. the. 26th. Dynasty. embalmer. 

Djedhor,.whose.mummy.(Milwaukee.Public.Museum.10264).was. 

found.at.Akhmim.around.1886,.have.revealed.evidence.of.a.surgical.opening.in.the.summit.of.his.cranium.having.substantial.dimensions.(53.mm.AP.x.43.5.mm.R-L)..This.opening.is.arguably.one.of. 

the.boldest.craniotomies.carried.out.in.ancient.Egypt..The.earliest. 

scan.carried.out.on.Djedhor.(1986).missed.this.feature.altogether.. 

A.second.scan.(June.2006).detected.the.feature,.and.provided.the. 

basis.for.a.3D-printed.model.of.the.skull.which.showed.a.lesion. 

in.the.upper.margin.of.the.subject’s.left.orbit..This.lesion.is.considered.serious.enough.to.have.induced.ancient.physicians.to.have. 

attempted.trepanation.as.a.means.of.reducing.pressure.for.purposes. 

of.the.subject’s.pain.relief..The.linkage.of.the.two.features.is.plausible..The.latest.CT.exam.(April.2011).was.undertaken.to.provide. 

better.views.of.the.edge.of.the.trepanation.hole.to.establish.whether. 

there.is.remodeling.of.the.bone.suggestive.of.healing,.or.whether. 

the.procedure.was.conducted.post-mortem.and.as.part.of.the.ritual. 

processing.of.Djedhor.during.mummification 

348 The Weird and the Wonderful – The Scientific Study of a Miniature 

Mummy, LIDIJA McKNIGHT 1 *, NATALIE McCREESH 1 , 

and ANDy GIzE 2 ( 1 KNH. Centre. for. Biomedical. Egyptology,. 

University.of.Manchester,.Stopford.Building,.Oxford.Road,.Manchester,.M13.9PT,.UK;. 

2 School.of.Earth,.Atmospheric,.and.Environmental.Sciences,.University.of.Manchester,.Williamson.Building,.Oxford.Road.,.Manchester,.M13.9PL,.UK;.lidija.mcknight@ 

manchester.ac.uk).. 

A. human-faced. oddity. purported. to. be. a. ‘human. baby,. animal.mummy.or.fake’.constructed.in.the.ancient.Egyptian.style,.was. 

subjected.to.scientific.analysis.at.the.KNH.Centre.for.Biomedical. 

Egyptology,.University.of.Manchester..The.study.aimed.to.ascertain.the.nature.of.the.object,.what.it.was.made.from,.why,.where. 

and.when.and.by.whom.it.was.made,.in.the.hope.of.furthering.our. 

understanding.. 

The. first. stage. of. the. investigation. was. a. thorough. nondestructive. 

radiographic. analysis. using. conventional. radiography. 

(X-ray).and.computed.tomography.(CT.scanning)..This.identified. 

the.nature.of.the.bundle.contents.and.helped.to.identify.similarities. 

with. mummified. animal. bundles. from. ancient. Egypt.. Small. 

samples.were.collected.for.study.using.Microscopy,.Environmental. 

Scanning. Electron. Microscopy. (ESEM),. Energy. dispersive. spectroscopy. 

(EDS). and. Gas. Chromatography-Mass. Spectrometry. 

(GC-MS)..ESEM.was.used.to.assess.homogeneity.of.the.sample. 

which.may.be.constructed.from.materials.such.as.linen,.resin,.wood. 

and.plaster..EDS.was.used.for.elemental.analysis..The.substances. 

142 

applied.to.the.exterior.of.the.bundle.and/or.the.coffin,.such.as.adhesives. 

or. ‘embalming’. materials. were. analysed. using. GC-MS. to. 

determine.chemical.composition.. 

As. very. few. of. this. type. of. miniature. mummy. are. thought. 

to.exist,.they.represent.an.intriguing.area.of.Egyptological.study,. 

and. as. such. they. merit. scientific. examination..The. results. of. the. 

research. has. allowed. for. comparisons. with. contemporary. human. 

and.animal.mummies.to.be.made. 

349 DNA, EDAX, and Radiocarbon Analysis of Burials and Textiles 

from the BYU Excavation of the Fag el Gamous Cemetery 

in Fayoum, Egypt,. ADDISON ALLEy 1 *, CHRISTOPHER 

EPPICH 1 *, MATTHEW BIGGS 1 , GARRETT MULLINS 1 , 

CARTER NEWEy 1 , DAVID M. WHITCHURCH 2 , RICHARD 

HECKMANN 3 , and R. PAUL EVANS 1 .( 1 Department.of.Microbiology.and.Molecular.Biology,.Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,. 

UT.84602;. 2 Department.of.Ancient.Scripture,.Brigham.Young.University,.Provo,.UT.84602;. 

3 Department.of.Biology,.Brigham.Young. 

University,.Provo,.UT.84602;.evansp@byu.edu). 

The.Fag.el.Gamous.cemetery.is.an.expansive.(125.hectares). 

and. densely. populated. (an. average. of. 1.7. burials. exhumed. per. 

square.meter).necropolis..Analytical.bone,.tissue.and.textile.samples.have.been.collected.as.permitted.by.and.under.the.direction. 

of.the.Supreme.Council.of.Antiquities..The.results.of.analyses.of. 

these.samples.have.been.used.to.inform.and.clarify.the.archaeological.efforts.. 

Burial. shafts. in. the. cemetery. are. uniformly. oriented. on. an. 

east-west. axis. with. multiple. interments. in. a. single. shaft. providing.a.temporal.gradient.of.burial.practices.and.potential.population. 

genetic. structure.. The. deepest. (3. meters). and. thus. oldest. burials. 

are.oriented.head.east.(HE)..Burials.in.the.same.shaft.at.depths.of. 

1.5.meters.and.less.are.interred.with.a.head.west.(HW).orientation.. 

The.head.west.orientation.is.generally.associated.with.the.arrival. 

and.adoption.of.Christianity..Comparison.of.HE.and.HW.mitochondrial.DNA.control.sequences.show.evidence.of.adoption.of.the.HW. 

burial. practice. by. the. extant. population. using. Fag. el. Gamous. as. 

well.as.immigration.of.a.new.group..EDAX.analysis.of.the.red.ribbons.associated.solely.with.HW.burials.confirm.that.the.dye.is.an.ochre.pigment..The.chronology.of.head.west.burial.practice.adoption. 

was. quantified. using.AMS. radiocarbon. dating. of. tissue. and. 

bone.samples.of.vertically.adjacent.HE.and.HW.burial.“pairs”.from. 

the.same.shaft..The.head.west.burial.practice.adoption.in.the.Fag.el. 

Gamous.cemetery.occurred.in.the.late.third.to.fourth.centuries.CE. 

350 Rethinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag el 

Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt),.DAVID M..WHITCHURCH 1 * and R. 

PAUL EVANS 2 .( 1 Department.of.Ancient.Scripture,. 2 Department.of. 

Microbiology.and.Molecular.Biology,.Brigham.Young.University,. 

Provo,.UT.84602;.dwhitchurch@byu.edu).. 

Since.1981,.Brigham.Young.University.under.the.direction.of. 

Dr..C..Wilfred.Griggs,.has.been.excavating.in.the.Fag.el.Gamous. 

cemetery.located.at.the.western.edge.of.the.Fayoum..The.authors. 

of.this.paper.have.been.excavating.for.the.past.decade..We.express. 

gratitude.to.the.Supreme.Council.of.Antiquities.for.permission.to. 

continue.this.work. 

The.Fayoum.functioned.for.centuries.as.a.cultural.and.religious. 

melting. pot. where. Greek. and. Roman. colonizers. integrated. with. 

native. Egyptian. populations.. Burial. shafts. in. the. Fag. el. Gamous. 

cemetery. are. oriented. on. an. east-west. axis. with. slight. seasonal. 

variations.due.to.solar.alignment..Older.burials.generally.occur.at.

a.depth.between.one.to.two.and.a.half.meters.with.a.head.toward. 

the.east.orientation..Reversal.or.head-west.burials.consistently.are. 

found.above.head-east.burials..It.has. been.argued.that.the.directional.shift.of.these.burials.occurred.as.early.as.late.first.to.early. 

second.century.CE,.and.may.be.attributable.to.Christian.influences.. 

While. methods. in. dating. pottery. are. well. accepted. and. can. 

be.quite.reliable.in.many.archaeological.sites,.contamination.due. 

to. soil. disturbances. from. later. burials. and. sandy. soil. conditions. 

preclude. balks. with. well-defined. demarcation. of. substratum. and. 

add.significant.problems.of.dating.bias..This.presentation.reports. 

on.the.historical.context.of.the.Fayoum.during.the.Graeco-Roman. 

period..Tissue.samples.of.burials.were.subjected.to.AMS.radiocarbon.dating..The.directional.shift.of.burials.occurs.in.the.late.third. 

to.fourth.century.CE,.challenging.the.previous.dating.schema.for. 

this.cemetery. 

351 Parasitology of the Piraino 1 Mummy, Sicily, Italy, KELSEy 

J. KUMM 1 *, KARL J. REINHARD 2 , DARIO PIOMBINO- 

MASCALI 3 , ADAUTO ARAÚJO 4 , and SCOTT L. GARDNER 5 

( 1 College.of.Education.and.Human.Sciences,.231.Mabel.Lee.Hall,. 

University. of. Nebraska-Lincoln,. Lincoln,. NE. 68508;. 2 School. of. 

Natural.Resources,.Hardin.Hall.719,.University.of.Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln.NE.68583-0987;. 

3 Istituto.per.le.Mummie.e.l’Iceman,. 

EURAC,. Viale. Druso. 1,. I-39100,. Bolzano,. Italy;. 4 Fundação. 

Oswaldo.Cruz,.Escola.Nacional.de.Saúde.Pública,1480.Rua.Leopoldo.Bulhões,.1480.21041-210,.Rio.de.Janeiro,.Brazil;. 

5 School.of. 

Biological.Sciences,.W529.Nebraska.Hall,.University.of.Nebraska- 

Lincoln.68508;.kjkumm02@gmail.com). 

The.EURAC.“SicMum.Project”.is.aimed.at.investigating.the. 

numerous.mummies.of.Sicily..Researchers.analyzed.26.bodies.of. 

religious.dignitaries.displayed.in.the.crypt.of.the.Piraino.Mother. 

Church,.in.the.Province.of.Messina..According.to.the.information. 

collected.in.the.Parish.Archives,.the.“Sepulcher.of.the.Priests”.was. 

funded.in.1771.and.was.used.between.1773.and.1858..During.a. 

2008.mummy.examination,.supported.by.the.National.Geographic. 

Society,.coprolites.were.recovered.from.the.abdomen.of.one.individual.labeled.as.“Piraino.1.” 

Piraino.1.is.a.clothed.body.that.belonged.to.an.unidentified. 

adult. male,. and. can. be. considered. a. spontaneous-enhanced. case. 

of. mummification..The. coprological. analysis. using. archeoparasitology.methods.revealed.an.intense.trichurid.infection..The.calculated. 

egg. concentration. was. 34,529. eggs/gram. of. coprolite..This. 

is. the. highest. recorded. egg. concentration. ever. recorded. from. an. 

archaeological.specimen..We.compared.our.measured.eggs.to.other. 

Trichuris.species.and.concluded.that.the.eggs.were.consistent.with. 

T. trichiura,.the.whipworm.of.humans..Epidemiologically,.whipworm.is.a.common.infection.today.that.is.found.dispersed.worldwide..Archaeological.findings.point.to.high.prevalence.in.the.past.. 

In.the.world.today,.and.in.the.archaeological.record.of.Europe,.T. 

trichiura. infection. is. usually. associated. with. Ascaris lumbricoides..The.presence.of.T. 

trichiura.and.absence.of.A. lumbridoides. 

has.two.explanations.in.acquired.immunity.and.used.of.medicinal. 

compounds. 

352 Forensic Palynological Analysis of Piraino 1, Sicily, Italy: 

Diet, Medicine, and Season of Death, MELISSA LEIN 1 *, DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 2 , and KARL J. REINHARD 3 ( 1 Forensic.Science.Degree.Program,.202.Entomology.Hall,.University.of. 

Nebraska-Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE.68583-0816;. 2 Istituto.per.le.Mummie.e.l’Iceman,.EURAC,.Viale.Druso.1,.I-39100,.Bolzano,.Italy;. 


3 School. of. Natural. Resources,. Hardin. Hall. 719,. University. of. 

Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln.NE.68583-0987).mlein28@huskers. 

unl.edu). 

Pollen.from.intestinal.contents.of.mummies.provides.important.clues.to.foods,.medicines,.and.season.of.death..Intestinal.contents.were.recovered.from.the.“Piraino.1”.mummy.from.the.“Sepulcher.of.the.Priests”,.Piraino.Mother.Church,.in.the.Province.of. 

Messina,.Sicily.. 

Using.standard.palynological.methods.and.pollen.concentration.technique,.we.quantified.the.numbers.of.pollen.grains.per.gram. 

of.coprolite..The.pollen.spectrum.was.dominated.by.Polygalaceae,. 

the.Milkwort.Family..Polygalaceae.pollen.is.rarely.found.in.archaeological.sites..Based.on.comparison.to.published.keys.and.consultation.with.Polygalaceae.experts,.we.determined.that.the.pollen.came. 

from.a.species.of.Polygala..Polygala.contains.medicinal.species.. 

It.is.possible.that.this.is.evidence.of.medicine.for.pulmonary.problems.suffered.by.Piraino.1.. 

We. found. nine. other. pollen. types.. Traces. of. Potamogeton. 

(pondweed). was. observed. in. preliminary. scans.. Multiple. grains. 

of.Brassicaceae.(mustard.family),.cereal.grains.(cultivated.grains),. 

Typha. (cattail). and. cheno. am. were. found.. Cheno. am. refers. to. a. 

similar.pollen.morphology.produced.by.over.1,000.species.in.the. 

goosefoot.family.Chenopodiaceae.and.the.pigweed.genus.Amaranthus..Single.grains.of.Castanea.(chestnut),.Fabaceae.(bean.family),. 

Salix. (willow),. and. Solanaceae. (tomato. family). were. found..The. 

preservation. of. the. pollen. was. poor. except. for. Polygala. and. the. 

cereal.pollen..Brassicaceae.and.cheno.am.have.been.part.of.the.natural.pollen.spectrum.in.Sicily.since.ancient.times..Brassicaceae.pollen.is.also.consumed.with.broccoli..Cereal.grains.were.consumed. 

with.prepared.food..Importantly,.background.arboreal.pollen.was. 

nearly.absent..This.indicates.that.Piraino.1.died.in.winter. 

353 Macrofossils, Microfossils and Dietary Interpretations for 

Piraino 1, Sicily, SARA LEROy-TOREN 1 *, DARIO PIOM- 

BINO-MASCALI 2 , and KARL J REINHARD 3 . ( 1 Lincoln. Public. 

Schools. Science. Focus. Program,. 1222. S. 27. Street,. Lincoln,. 

Nebraska.68502;. 2 Istituto.per.le.Mummie.e.l’Iceman,.EURAC,.Viale. 

Druso. 1,. I-39100,. Bolzano,. Italy; . 3. School. of. Natural. Resources,. 

Hardin.Hall.719,.University.of.Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE. 

68583-0987;.storen@lps.org). 

The. last. meals. of. decedents. can. be. reconstructed. from. vestiges.of.food.in.the.intestinal.tract..Microfossils.and.macrofossils. 

were.recovered.from.a.coprolite.within.Piraino.1,.the.mummy.of. 

a.Sicilian.religious.figure..In.reconstructing.the.details.of.cuisine,. 

macroscopic.analysis.must.be.interpreted.in.context.of.microscopic. 

remains. 

The.presence.and.absence.of.fossils.from.the.same.food.source. 

can.show.how.food.was.prepared.and.eaten..For.example,.cereal. 

grains.are.represented.in.Piraino.1.by.chaff.and.pollen,.but.not.by. 

starch..This.indicates.that.the.cereal.grains.were.prepared.in.a.way. 

that. dissolved. starch. but. preserved. more. durable. structures.. One. 

plausible. interpretation. is. that. grains. were. eaten. in. the. form. of. 

bread. 

Easier.interpretations.come.from.pine.nuts.which.were.typically.consumed.in.a.nearly-raw.state..Pine.nuts.(pignoli).are.small. 

with.thin.shells.and.it.is.likely.that.by.cracking.the.nuts.with.his. 

teeth,. pine. nut. fragments. were. ingested.. In. contrast,. grapes. are. 

represented.by.seeds,.stems,.and.microscopic.seed.fragments..This. 

collection.of.remains.could.represent.the.consumption.of.a.mash.of. 

grapes.or.jam..Leaf.and.stem.tissue.is.represented.only.by.xylem. 

143


and. phloem. sections.. These. generalized. plant. structures. would. 

come.from.a.variety.of.leafy.foods..Tiny.sections.of.intestine.were. 

found.impacted.in.the.matrix.of.other.food..Microscopic.analysis. 

indicates.that.this.could.have.come.from.natural.casing.used.in.traditional.sausages.. 

The.diversity.of.foods.shows.that.Piraino.1.had.a.nutritious. 

and.diverse.diet. 

354 Forensic Palynological Analysis of Intestinal Contents of a 

Korean Mummy,.PAULETTE ARGUELLES 1 *, KARL J. REIN- 

HARD 2 , and DONG HOON SHIN 3 ( 1 Forensic. Science. Degree. 

Program,.202.Entomology.Hall,.University.of.Nebraska-Lincoln,. 

Lincoln,. NE. 68583-0816;. 2 School. of. Natural. Resources,. Hardin. 

Hall.719,.University.of.Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln.NE.68583- 

0987;. 3 Division.of.Paleopathology,.Institute.of.Forensic.Medicine,. 

28,.Yongon-dong,.Chongno-Gu,.Seoul.National.University,.College. 

of. Medicine,. Seoul. 110-799,. South. Korea;. paulette_arguelles@ 

yahoo.com). 

Experimental.studies.show.that.pollen.resides.in.the.intestinal. 

tract.for.a.minimum.of.seven.days.to.at.least.21.days..Because.of. 

this.long.residence.time,.pollen.analysis.is.an.important.avenue.of. 

forensic.research..Pollen.provides.evidence.of.the.environment.of. 

the.decedent.as.well.as.foods.and.medicine..We.analyzed.a.coprolite. 

recovered.from.a.Korean.mummy..The.decedent.was.a.high-ranking.general.who.lived.during.the.16th.or1<strong>7th</strong>.centuries.Eighteen.pollen.types.were.recovered..These.ranged.from.hundreds.to.tens.of.thousands.of.pollen.grains.per.gram.of.coprolite.. 

Importantly,.comparison.of.the.coprolite.pollen.spectrum.to.modern. 

aeropalynology.studies.of.Korea.suggest.that.the.General.died.in. 

winter.between.mid-December.and.early-February.. 

Dietary.pollen.types.include.pollen.from.the.Apiaceae.(carrot. 

family),.Caryophyllaceae.(carnation.family),.Solanaceae.(tomatochile. 

pepper. family).. The. Solanaceae. family. was. restricted. to. 

Americans. in. prehistoric. times. and. represents. the. introduction. 

of.economic.plants,.possibly.chiles,.to.Korea.from.the.Americas.. 

Cereal. grain. pollen. was. also. present. and. represents. rice.. Pollen. 

consistent.with.dandelion.is.present.and.may.represent.its.use.as. 

food..Buckwheat.pollen.is.also.present..Buckwheat.was.cultivated. 

in.Korea.and.was.used.for.making.noodles. 

Tens.of.thousands.of.grains.from.water.plants,.pondweed.or. 

cattail,. dominate. the. pollen. spectrum.. We. believe. that. this. was. 

introduced.with.water..The.large.numbers.of.water-related.pollen. 

suggest.that.the.General.consumed.broth,.tea,.or.soup.for.a.considerable.time.before.death. 

355 Parasitism of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body with Overview 

of Bog Body Helminths,. NICOLE SEARCHEy 1 *, KARL J. 

REINHARD 2 ,.SCOTT L. GARDNER 3 , DON BROTHWELL 4 , 

WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN 5 , FRANK MAIXNER 6 , DARIO 

PIOMBINO-MASCALI 6 , ALBERT zINK 6 , and RAFFAELLA 

BIANUCCI 7,8 ( 1 School. of. Biological. Sciences,. 348. Manter. Hall,. 

University.of. Nebraska-Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE. 68588;;. 2 School.of. 

Natural.Resources,.Hardin.Hall.719,.University.of.Nebraska-.Lincoln,.Lincoln.NE.68583-0987;. 

3 H.W..Manter.Laboratory.of.Parasitology,.University.of.Nebraska-.Lincoln,.Lincoln.NE.68583-0514;. 

4 BioArch,. Department. of. Archaeology,. University. of. York,. The. 

King’s.Manor,.York.Y01.7EP,.United.Kingdom;. 5 Drents.Plateau,. 

Stationsstraat. 11,. 9401. KV. Assen,. The. Netherlands;. 6 EURAC-. 


7 Laboratory.of.Criminalistic.Sciences,.Department.of. 

144 


Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 8 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR.6578.CNRS-EFS,.Faculty.of.Medicine,.Secteur. 

Nord,.Batiment.A-.CS80011,.University.of.Marseilles,.Boulevard. 

Pierre.Dramard,.13344.Marseilles,.France;.nicole.searcey@huskers.unl.edu). 

Parasitological. examination. of. bog. mummies. is. frequently. 

productive.. A. review. of. findings. includes. Ascaris lumbricoides,. 

Trichuris trichiura,.and.false.parasites.introduced.into. the.digestive.tract.with.animal.foods..We.undertook.the.analysis.of.Zweeloo. 

Woman.to.assess.her.parasitic.state. 

The.Zweeloo.Woman.is.a.bog.mummy.from.the.Netherlands. 

dating. to. the. Roman. Period. (78-. 233. AD).. Microfossils. were. 

washed.from.an.intestine.section..Although.only.0.1.milliliters.of. 

sediment.were.recovered,.a.variety.of.microfossils.were.found..The. 

original.analysis.goal.was.the.recovery.of.parasite.eggs..Previously,. 

other. researchers. had. described. an. infection. of. the. lancet. fluke. 

Dricocoelium dendriticum in.the.liver..We.anticipate.finding.eggs. 

of.this.parasite..Although.the.mummy.was.positive.for.eggs.of.A. 

lumbricoides.and.Trichuris trichiura,.no.D. dendriticum.eggs.were. 

found..This.shows.that.intestinal.analysis.is.not.always.reliable.in. 

checking.for.helminth.infection..The.reasons.for.the.absence.of.the. 

eggs.are.explored.in.this.presentation.and.may.related.to.sample. 

size,.low.egg.production.or.taphonomic.problems. 

The.A. lumbricoides.and.T. trichiura findings.are.of.interest.. 

Compared.to.mummies.from.arid.regions.the.eggs.are.not.well.preserved..We.discuss.the.reasons.for.the.less.that.perfect.preservation. 

of.Zweeloo.Woman’s.parasite.eggs. 

356 Microfossil Analysis of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body,.KARL 

J. REINHARD 1 *, DON BROTHWELL 2 , WIJNAND VAN 

DER SANDEN 3 , FRANK MAIXNER 4 , DARIO PIOMBINO- 

MASCALI 4 , ALBERT zINK 4 , and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI 5,6. 

( 1 School. of. Natural. Resources,. Hardin. Hall. 719,. University. of. 

Nebraska.–.Lincoln,.Lincoln,.NE.68583-0987;.kreinhard1@mac. 

com;. 2 BioArch,. Department. of.Archaeology,. University. of.York,. 

The.King’s.Manor,.York.Y01.7EP,.United.Kingdom;. 3 Drents.Plateau,.Stationsstraat.11,.9401.KV.Assen,.The.Netherlands;. 

4 EURAC-. 


5 Laboratory.of.Criminalistic.Sciences,.Department.of. 


Corso.Galileo.Galilei.22,.10126.Turin,.Italy;. 6 Biocultural.Anthropology.Unit,.UMR.6578.CNRS-EFS,.Faculty.of.Medicine,.Secteur. 

Nord,.Batiment.A-.CS80011,.University.of.Marseilles,.Boulevard. 

Pierre.Dramard,.13344.Marseilles,.France;.kreinhard1@mac.com). 

The. methods. of. mummy. coprolite. analysis. have. long. been. 

established..However,.the.analysis.of.apparently.empty.intestinal. 

sections. is. a. challenge. and. methods. are. still. in. the. development. 

stage..We.demonstrate.that.even.empty.sections.can.contain.microfossils.. 

One. important. consideration. is. contamination. potential.. 

This. can. be. address. by. taking. control. samples. in. the. mummy’s. 

environment..However,.sometimes.analysis.is.done.decades.after. 

the. excavation. as. taken. place. and. control. samples. are. simply. 

unavailable..Such.is.the.case.of.the.analysis.of.a.section.of.intestine. 

from.the.Zweeloo.Woman. 

The.yield.of.microfossils.from.the.interior.of.the.intestine.was. 

high..Potential.dietary.remains.were.represented.by.a.diversity.of. 

starch.grains.from.several.plant.sources..Some.starch.was.apparently.eaten.raw,.but.some.grains.show.alteration.due.to.cooking.and. 

fermentation..Rodent.hair.fragments.were.also.found..This.suggests.

that.rodents.were.eaten..Previously,.the.analysis.of.Grauballe.Man. 

revealed. protozoan. cysts. from. a. dietary. squirrel. source.. Perhaps. 

small.mammals.were.a.common.part.of.Iron.Age.and.Roman.Period. 

diet. 

Also,.an.abundance.of.pollens.and.spores.were.found..Even. 

though.examination.of.the.intestinal.wall.showed.no.perforations,. 

some.pollen.grains.may.have.infiltrated.the.section.from.the.surrounding.bog..A.method.of.interpreting.the.contamination.potential. 

for.pollen.grains.is.presented..This.analysis.provides.one.more.case. 

study.that.will.contribute.to.the.establishment.of.standard.methods. 

for.the.analysis.of.seemingly.empty.intestine. 

357 Hounsfield Units Ranges in CT-scans of Bog Bodies and Mummies,.CHIARA 

VILLA.and NIELS LyNNERUP*.(Laboratory. 

of. Biological.Anthropology,. Institute. of. Forensic. Medicine,. University. 

of. Copenhagen,. Denmark;. chiara.villa@forensic.ku.dk;. 

NLY@sund.ku.dk). 

Mummification.processes,.either.artificial.or.natural,.preserve. 

the. tissues. from. postmortem. decay,. but. change. them. from. their. 

original. state.. In. this. study. we. provided. the. first. comprehensive. 

set.of.Hounsfield.Unit.(HU).ranges.specific.for.tissues.mummified. 

under.different.environmental.conditions.(peat.bog,.cold-dry,.and. 

hot-dry. environments).. We. also. analyzed. the. impact. of. different. 

museal. preservation. techniques. on. the. HU. ranges,. as. e.g.. in. the. 

Tollund.Man.and.Grauballe.Man,.bog.bodies.from.Denmark..The. 

mummies.were.compared.with.forensic.cases,.cremated,.and.inhumated.ancient.human.skeletal.remains,.and.fossil.animal.bones. 

Knowledge. of. the. typical. HU. range. for. the. different. tissues. 

in. mummies. may. prevent. misinterpretation. of. increased. or. 

reduced.radiodensity.as.evidence.of.paleopathological.conditions.. 

Finally,.we.demonstrated.the.practical.benefit.of.using.our.refined. 

HU. ranges. by. showing. the. improved. results. of. 3D. visualization. 

from. automatic. segmentation. in. an. Inca. mummy. from. Mount. 

Llullaillaco. 

358 Taphonomic Studies on the Joseon Mummies in Korea,. 

CHANG SEOK OH 1,2 *, MyEUNG JU KIM 3 , and DONG 

HOON SHIN 1,2. ( 1 Department. of. Anatomy,. 2 Institute. of. Forensic.Medicine,.Seoul.National.University.College.of.Medicine,.28. 

Yongon-dong,.Chongno-gu,.Seoul.110-799,.Korea;. 3 Department.of. 

Anatomy,.Dankook.University.College.of.Medicine,.Cheonan.330- 

714,.Korea;.oxman@snu.ac.kr). 

Though. the. environment. in. archaeological. site. of. Korea. is. 

not.favorable.for.preservation.of.human.and.cultural.artifacts,.very. 

well-preserved.human.remains.have.been.discovered.in.the.form. 

of.mummies,.from.the.Joseon.tombs.that.were.firmly.encapsulated. 

by.lime.soil.mixture.barrier.(LSMB)..We.originally.suspected.that. 

various.environmental.factors.(e.g..the.presence.of.LSMB,.coffin,. 

clothes,.charcoal,.humidity.and.pH).might.concern.with.the.mummification.in.Korea..In.order.to.get.the.answers.to.these.questions,.for.the.past.several.years,.we.performed.a.series.of.animal.experiments.that.were.designed.to.show.the.possible.mechanism.of.mummification.in.Korea..We.will.introduce.herewith.our.experiences.on. 

animal.experiment.for.studying.the.mechanism.of.mummification. 

in.the.lab.environment. 

This.study.was.achieved.with.the.support.of.national.R&D.project.hosted. 

by. National. Research. Institute. of. Cultural. Heritage. of. Cultural. Heritage. 

Administration.(NRICH-1107-B09F-1). 


359 Examples of Paleopathological Studies on Korean Mummies, 

MyEUNG JU KIM 1,a, *, yI-SUK KIM 2,a , CHANG SEOK 

OH 3,4 , JAI-HyANG GO 5 , IN SUN LEE 6 , and. DONG HOON 

SHIN 3,4 ( 1 Department. of. Anatomy,. 5 Department. of. Pathology,. 

Dankook. University. College. of. Medicine,. Cheonan,. 330-715,. 

Korea;. 2 Department.of.Anatomy,.Ewha.Womans.University.School. 

of.Medicine,.911-1,.Mok-6-Dong,.Yangcheon-gu,.Seoul.158-710,. 

Korea;. 3 Department.of.Anatomy,.Dankook.University,.College.of. 

Medicine,.Choenan.330-715,.Korea;. 4 Institute.of.Forensic.Medicine,. 

6 Department. of. Radiology,. Seoul. National. University. College.of.Medicine,.28,.Yongon-dong,.Chongno-gu,.Seoul.110-799,. 

Korea;. mjukim99@dankook.ac.kr;. cuteminjae@gmail.com).. 

a These.two.authors.have.equally.contributed.to.this.study. 

We.studied.a.number.of.Korean.mummies.who.were.buried.in. 

Joseon.Dynasty.tombs.of.16 th .–.19 th .century..In.this.study,.we.summarize.our.scientific.studies.on.the.Korean.mummies;.and.will.present.one.special.case.which.could.not.be.easily.met.for.the.several. 

year-experiences.of.our.studies..In.the.case,.to.identify.the.presence. 

of.diseases,.computed.tomography.(CT).scanning.was.performed. 

on.the.whole.body.of.the.mummy..CT.images.showed.that.calcifications.were.found.in.the.coronary.artery.and.aorta.as.well.as.hilar. 

region. of. lung,. indicating. characteristic. sign. of. tuberculosis..As. 

for.differential.diagnosis,.dissection.was.done.on.the.mummified. 

body;.and.we.could.discover.longitudinal.fatty.streaks.in.the.wall.of. 

aorta..The.obstruction.of.left.anterior.descending.artery.was.clearly. 

identified,.which.might.be.a.possible.cause.of.death.of.the.Joseon. 

female.. In. the. histological. study. of. the. aorta. sections,. localization.of.calcification.between.the.tunica.intima.and.media.was.also. 

observed,.strongly.suggesting.the.acute.myocardial.infarction.due. 

to.coronary.arterial.disease..Considering.good.state.of.preservation. 

of.human.remains.and.artifacts.found.in.lime.soil.mixture.barrier. 

(LSMB). tombs,. not. to. mention. the. rich. supplementary. information.available.from.historical.documents,.more.interesting.studies. 

could.be.challenged.in.near.future..This.study.was.achieved.with. 

the.support.of.national.R&D.project.hosted.by.National.Research. 

Institute.of.Cultural.Heritage.of.Cultural.Heritage.Administration. 

(NRICH-1107-B09F-1) 

360 Leishmaniasis in 15 th Century Italian Nobles and Mercury 

Treatment, ANTONIO LANzIROTTI 1 , RAFFAELLA 

BIANUCCI 2,3,4 , CLIFFORD QUALLS 5 , EzIO FERROGLIO 6 , 

ANDREAS G. NERLICH 7 , VALENTINA GIUFFRA 4 , GINO 

FORNACIARI 4 , and OTTO APPENzELLER 8 *.( 1 National.Synchrotron. 

Light. Source,. Brookhaven. National. Laboratory,. Upton,. 

NY. 11973,. USA;. 2 Laboratory. of. Criminalistic. Sciences,. Department. 

of. Anatomy,. Pharmacology. and. Legal. Medicine,. University. 

of. Turin,. Italy;. 3 Biocultural.Anthropology. Unit,. UMR. 6578. 

CNRS-EFS,.Faculty.of.Medicine,.University.of.Marseilles,.France;. 

4 Division. of. Paleopathology,. History. of. Medicine. and. Bioethics,. 

Department.of.Oncology,.Transplants.and.Advanced.Technologies. 

in.Medicine,.University.of.Pisa,.Italy; .5 Department.of.Mathematics.and.Statistics,.University.of.New.Mexico,.Albuquerque,.NM,. 

USA;. 6 Laboratory.of.Parasitology.and.Parasitic.Diseases,.Department.of.Animal.Production,.Epidemiology.and.Ecology,.University. 

of.Turin,.Italy;. 7 Institute.of.Pathology,.Academic.Teaching.Hospital. 

München-Bogenhausen,.Munich,.Germany;. 8 NMHEMC.Research. 

Foundation,. Albuquerque,. NM. 87122,. USA. (ottoarun12@aol. 

com). 

The.European.15 th. century.saw.an.epidemic.of.syphilis..Treatment. 

for. all. skin. lesions. at. that. time,. including. syphilitic. ulcers,. 

145


was.by.mercurial.ointments.copiously.applied.to.all.rashes.without. 

regard.to.etiology.. 

.We.examined.muscle.and.hair.from.Ferrante.of.Aragon,.King. 

of. Naples. (1469-1496),. and. bone. and. hair. from. Isabella. of.Aragon.(1470-1524)..We.used.immunoassays.to.detect.leishmaniasis. 

and.malaria.on.bone.and.muscle,.hydrogen.isotope.ratios.along.the. 

length. of. hair,. and. microfocused. synchrotron. X-ray. fluorescence. 

analyses.of.single.hairs.from.both.nobles.. 

. We. found. Isabella. and. Ferrante. positive. for. antibodies. to. 

visceral.leishmaniasis,.but.it.is.not.known.whether.they.suffered. 

from.syphilis..Both.had.high.levels.of.mercury.in.their.hair..Ferrante’s.hair,.over.a.period.of.two.days,.contained.mercury.reaching. 

10,000.ppm,.whereas.the.remaining.two.days.analyzed.were.around. 

150.ppm..This.implies.that.a.portion.of.the.mercury.was.externally. 

applied.to.the.hair.rather.than.accumulated.by.metabolic.processes.. 

The.growth.of.Ferrante’s.hair.was.12.cm/year,.Isabella’s.hair.2.cm/ 

year.(normal.growth.rate.~16-17.cm/year)..Tests.for.malaria.were. 

negative. in. both. individuals.. Biologic. rhythms,. as. judged. from. 

power.spectra.of.the.hydrogen.isotope.ratios.and.of.mercury.levels. 

at.micrometer.intervals.along.the.lengths.of.the.hairs.of.both.individuals,.were.severely.disrupted. 

.Our.results.extend.the.possible.therapeutic.range.of.mercury. 

ointments.to.leishmaniasis.in.Renaissance.Europe. 

361 Rethinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of a Diagnostic 

Trend, (Case Study from a 19 th Century West Virginian 

Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD 1 *, CATHERINE GAITHER 1 , 

RAMONE GONzALEz 2 , RONALD G. BECKETT 2 , GER- 

ALD J. CONLOGUE 2 , CARLyNE COOL 3,4 , and STEVE 

GROSHONG 4 . ( 1 Metropolitan. State. College. of. Denver,. Denver,. 

CO;. 3 Quinnipiac.University,.Hamden,.CT;. 3 University.of.Colorado,. 

Denver,.CO;. 4 National.Jewish.Health;.jhwoodw@yahoo.co.uk).. 

The.specific.aims.of.the.study.was.to.first.biopsy.a.lesion.noted. 

on.plane.radiographs.and.computed.tomography.scan.taken.in.2001. 

and.then.to.rehydrate.and.examine.the.tissue.for.pathology. 

The. biopsy. was. performed. on. a. female. mummy. from.West. 

Virginia,. who. had. died. in. 1888.. The. procedure. was. done. at. the. 

Barbour.County.Historical.Society.Museum.in.Philippi,.West.Virginia..Approximately.half.the.lesion.was.removed.for.processing.. 

Samples. were. processed. at. National. Jewish. Health. laboratories. 

using.a.modified.version.of.the.Sandison.technique.to.rehydrate.. 

They.were.then.placed.in.a.tissue.processor,.embedded.in.paraplast. 

x-tra,.mounted.on.slides,.and.routinely.stained.with.hematoxylin. 

and.eosin. 

Outcomes:. Severe. emphysema. and. moderate. to. marked. 

anthracosis.were.found..Research.into.anthracosis.revealed.generalized.use.of.the.term.to.describe.black.carbon.pigmentation.in.the. 

lungs,.despite.the.fact.that.medical.literature.defines.anthracosis.as. 

a.form.of.pneumoconiosis.marked.specifically.by.the.presence.of. 

coal.dust.in.the.lungs..Because.the.mineral.source.determines.particle. 

distribution. and. subsequent. lesion. development,. differential. 

diagnosis.between.the.different.forms.of.pneumoconiosis,.such.as. 

silicosis,.should.be.employed..Determining.the.source.of.the.pigmentation.may.be.a.vital.regional.or.economic.determinate. 

362 Dental Morphology of a Juvenile Mummy from the Shelton 

Expedition: Observations and Measurements Made from CT Scans 

and Stereolithography, HEATHER EDGAR 1 * and SHARA 

BAILEy 2 . ( 1 Department. of.Anthropology. and. Maxwell. Museum. 

of.Anthropology,. University. of. New. Mexico,.Albuquerque,. NM. 

146 

87131;. 2 Department. of. Anthropology,. New. York. University,. 25. 

Waverly.Place.New.York,.NY.10003;.hjhedgar@unm.edu). 

Dental.morphology.is.an.effective.method.with.which.to.trace. 

intra-. and. inter-population. relationships.. Dental. morphological. 

studies. analyze. data. from. observations. of. standardized. morphological.characteristics.found.on.the.crown.surfaces.of.teeth,.such. 

as.shovel-shaped.incisors.and.Carabelli’s.trait..The.fact.that.dental. 

morphology. is. genetically. controlled,. evolutionarily. conservative. 

and.comparable.through.time.makes.it.ideal.for.exploring.biological.distance.among.groups.as.well.as.individuals’.relationships.to. 

populations.. 

Usually.dental.morphological.data.is.gathered.through.direct. 

observations.of.teeth..However,.such.observations.are.often.impossible. 

when. studying. mummies.. For. this. study,. highly. precise. 

computed.tomography.images.of.a.mummy.from.the.1920.Shelton.Expedition.to.Egypt.were.employed.to.permit.non-destructive. 

observations. of. tooth. morphology.. First,. the. images. of. the. teeth. 

were.isolated.from.the.image.of.the.surrounding.tissue,.so.that.the. 

surfaces.of.the.teeth.could.be.visualized..Second,.the.tomographic. 

images.were.used.to.direct.stereolithographic.“printing”.of.the.teeth. 

for.direct.observation.and.measurement. 

The. resulting. images. and. “printed”. teeth. were. examined. in. 

order. to. score. dental. morphological. variants. of. the. occlusal. and. 

dentin-enamel. surfaces. of. the. deciduous. and. permanent. teeth.. 

These.observations.were.then.compared.with.dental.trait.frequencies. 

from. various. populations. that. inhabited. the. geographic. area. 

at. the. time. of. the. mummy’s. life..This. data. provides. information. 

about.the.mummy’s.biological.affiliation.that.would.not.have.been. 

possible. non-destructively. without. the. use. of. advanced. imaging. 

techniques. 

363 Preliminary Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy of Ancient 

Egyptian Embalmed Heads from the Museum of Anthropology 

and Ethnography of the University of Turin, Italy,. 

(MARIA GRAzIA BRIDELLI 1 , ALIDA DELL’ANNA 1 , 

ROSA BOANO 2 *, and SERGIA DE IASIO 3 . ( 1 Physics. 

Department,.University.of.Parma,.Italy;. 2 Department.of.Animal.and.Human.Biology,.University.of.Turin,.Italy;. 

3 Human. 

and.Animal.Biology.Department,.University.of.Parma,.Italy;. 

rosa.boano@unito.it). 

FTIR. spectroscopy. has. been. employed. to. verify. the. 

preservation.state.of.some.Egyptian.embalmed.heads.stored. 

in.the.Museum.of.Anthropology.and.Ethnography.of.Turin. 

(Italy).. The. aim. of. the. research. is. to. document. preserved. 

molecular.information,.cultural.treatment.and.general.condition. 

of. the. tissues. in. order. to. plan. modern. conservation. 

procedures..Eight.embalmed.heads.and.one.naturally.mummified.were.tested..Infrared.absorption.measurements.were. 

performed.in.transmission.mode,.within.the.4000-250.cm -1 . 

wavenumber.range.on.pellets.obtained.by.mixing.∼1.5.mg. 

of.sample.with.KBr.(100.mg)..The.infrared.spectra.of.the. 

ancient. skin. specimens. were. compared. with. the. spectrum. 

of.a.modern.skin.sample..The.preservation.of.the.samples. 

state.was.evaluated.on.the.base.of.the.position.and.shape.of. 

the.proteins.characteristic.bands:.Amide.A,.B,.I.II.and.III). 

and. lipids. (ν as (CH 2 ). and. ν s (CH 2 ),. δ sciss (CH 2 ). and. δ rock (CH 2 ).. 

Different. degrees. of. deterioration. were. observed:. some.

samples. were. in. a. quite. good. preservation. state. and. other. 

ones.displayed.a.rather.high.protein.deterioration.evidenced. 

in.the.deformation.of.Amide.I.and.II.features,.the.preservation.degree.growing.with.the.depth.of.the.layers.of.collected.skin..One.of.them.showed.a.very.high.degradation.state.testified.by.huge.modifications.of.the.protein.and.lipid.bands.and.by.the.presence.of.some.adipocere.characteristic.absorption.bands..The.naturally.mummified.sample.seemed.the.best. 

preserved..The. occurrence. in. the. spectra. of. some. features. 

extraneous.to.the.biological.nature.of.the.samples.has.been. 

related.to.embalming.chemicals. 


Monday, starting at Noon in KIPJ Rooms C and D 

HEALTH SCIENCES 

364 Association of Marijuana Use and Active Caries in a National 

Probability Sample,. MONIQUE R. BELIN*, EUGENIO 

AQUINO*, yAN WANG, HONGHU LIU, and MARVIN MAR- 

CUS (California.Endowment.Pipeline.Program,.Division.of.Public.Health.and.Community.Dentistry,.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,. 

10833.Le.Conte.Avenue,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095;.monique.belin@ 

email.saintleo.edu,.Aquino_Eugenio11@yahoo.com). 

According.to.the.National.Health.and.Nutrition.Examination. 

Survey. (NHANES),. there. were. approximately. 86. million. participants. 

that. reported. ever. using. marijuana.. Marijuana. users. are. 

known.to.develop.dry.mouth.and.to.eat.snacks.after.smoking..This. 

study.examines.the.association.between.marijuana.use.and.active. 

caries,.considering.demographic.and.behavioral.characteristics,.in. 

a.national.probability.sample..This.cross-sectional.analysis.utilizes. 

NHANES. 2005-2006. data.. The. study. sample. represents. a. total. 

weighted.population.of.146.million.adults.ages.20.to.59..The.dependent.variable.is.the.presence.or.absence.of.active.decay..Marijuana. 

use.is.the.independent.variable,.with.sociodemographic.variables. 

as.covariates..Using.a.multivariate.logistic.regression.analysis.with. 

complex.survey.design,.the.weighted.results.indicate.that.marijuana. 

is.a.significant.factor.when.demographic.and.behavioral.variables. 

are. included.. Furthermore,. marijuana. users. are. 34%. more. likely. 

to.have.caries.present.than.non-users..Females.are.26%.less.likely. 

than.males.to.have.active.caries..Those.with.the.lowest.education. 

(less.than.9 th .grade).were.almost.6.times.more.likely.as.those.with. 

the.highest.education.(above.college);.obese.people.are.36%.more. 

likely. as. non-obese..African.Americans. were. more. than. 2. times. 

more.likely.to.develop.dental.caries.as.whites,.while.Mexicans.were. 

50%.more.likely..There.was.no.difference.between.non-Mexican. 

Hispanics.and.whites..Unexpectedly,.sugar.intake.and.age.were.not. 

significant..This.analysis.indicates.that.marijuana.is.a.risk.factor.for. 

caries,.which.may.be.related.to.other.behavioral,.healthcare.access,. 

or.variables.not.included.in.this.study. 

365 Vitamin D Deficiency in Humans Associates with Delayed 

P300 Latency and Reduced Voltage Predicting Cognitive Decline, 

ERIC R. BRAVERMAN 1 , KENNETH BLUM 2,3 *, KENNETH 

PERRINE 1 , and UMA J. DAMLE 2 .( 1 Department.of.Neurological. 

Surgery,.Weill.Cornell.College.of.Medicine,.525.East.68 th .St,.New. 


York,. NY. 10065;. 2 Path. Foundation. NY,. 304. Park.Ave. South,. 6 th . 

Fl,.New.York,.NY.10010;. 3 Department.of.Psychiatry,.University. 

of.Florida,.100.Newell.Drive,.Gainesville,.FL.32610;.drd2gene@ 

aol.com). 

Low.levels.of.Vitamin.D.are.associated.with.substantial.cognitive.decline.in.the.elderly.using.MMSE..To.date,.no.study.has.evaluated.cognitive.decline.in.Vitamin.D.deficient.patients.attending.a. 

multidisciplinary.medical.clinic.utilizing.ERP.P300.measurements.. 

80. patients. having. varied. clinical. diagnoses. were. assessed. 

(mean. age=53.99;. [19.5y,. 79.7y]).. They. were. 58.75%. female. 

and. 41.25%. male.. We. compared. serum. 25(OH)D. deficient. (25. 

nmol/L).. 

Patients.with.Vitamin.D.deficiency.had.average.P300.latency. 

and.voltage.of.335.52ms.and.4.720microV,.respectively;.the.normal.Vitamin.D.group.had.average.P300.results.of.327.71ms.and. 

5.36microV,.respectively..The.average.PTH.levels.were.36.11pg/ 

mL.and.45.52.pg/mL,.for.the.Vitamin.D.deficient.and.normal.group,. 

respectively. 

ANOVA.of.gender.and.Vitamin.D.levels.was.not.significant. 

for.P300.latency,.but.the.interaction.term,.gender.x.Vitamin.D.level,. 

in.the.ANOVA.for.P300.voltage.was.significant.(F=4.40,.p=.039).. 

Examination. of. the. means. showed. that. for. males,. P300. voltage. 

was.significantly.greater.(t=-2.33,.p=.027).in.the.normal.(5.83).vs. 

low.(3.39).Vitamin.D.groups..Although.the.overall.model.for.PTH. 

was.not.significant,.examination.of.the.means.showed.a.trend.for. 

females,.such.that.PTH.was.significantly.greater.(t=-2.33,.p=.024). 

in.the.normal.(45.40).vs.low.(32.19).Vitamin.D.groups.. 

Our.data.concurs.with.reports.suggesting.Vitamin.D.deficiency. 

is.associated.with.increased.odds.of.cognitive.decline.in.the.elderly.. 

Further.exploration.of.a.possible.causal.relationship.between.Vitamin.D.deficiency.and.cognitive.decline.is.warranted. 

366 Relationship Between Adiposity and Physical Function in 

Older Adults, ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (Department. of. Biomedical. 

Engineering,. University. of. Nevada,. Reno,. NV. 89557;. 

ragavan@unr.edu). 

Mobility.related.disability.is.directly.related.to.markers.of.adiposity.such.as.body.mass.index(BMI).and.percentage.of.fat.mass.. 

Experts.even.recommend.maintaining.weight.to.prevent.excessive. 

loss.of.muscle.mass.in.old.age..Limited.studies.have.analyzed.the. 

ability. of. markers. of. central. adiposity. to. predict. future. disability. 

in.adults..In.this.study.direct.measures.of.physical.function.(sit.to. 

stand. (STS),. biceps. burl. (BCL),. balance. (BAL). and. back. scratch. 

(BCT)).were.analyzed.in.relation.to.BMI.and.age.in.333.participants. 

both.male.and.female..Participants.were.divided.into.six.age.groups. 

(70years(n=8)).and.the.mean.scores. 

from. physical. function. tests. for. older. obese. (BMI≥30kg/m 2 ). and. 

non.obese(BMI


367 Role of Muscle Mass in Weight Loss Among Obese Women, 

ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (Department.of.Biomedical.Engineering,.University.of.Nevada,.Reno,.NV.89557;.ragavan@unr.edu). 

Low. muscle. mass. associated. with. decreased. function,. can. 

be.an.indicator.of.higher.body.weight..Loss.of.muscle.mass.with. 

weight.loss.may.not.be.fully.recovered.with.weight.gain.in.old.age.. 

The.influence.of.age,.percent.body.fat(PFAT),.muscle.mass(MM),. 

body.water.content(BWC).and.body.mass.index(BMI).on.weight. 

loss(WL).over.a.period.of.12.weeks.was.investigated.in.two.groups. 

of.obese.(BMI.≥.30),.i).insulin.resistant.(fasting.insulin.level.≥.15. 

µU/mL,.n=44).and.ii).insulin.sensitive.(fasting.insulin.level.

vector.commands.to.navigate.around.the.obstacles.. 

After. a. series. of. trial. runs,. the. novel. navigation. yielded. an. 

average.run.time.of.38.45.seconds.while.the.conventional.navigation.resulted.in.an.average.run.time.of.140.57.seconds..The.addition. 

of. aerial. vision. from. the. quadrocopter. resulted. in. a. 72.6. percent. 

improvement.in.operation.time.for.the.ground.robot..These.findings. 

demonstrate. rich. data. provided. from. aerial. imagery. significantly. 

enhances.and.improves.robot.navigation. 

371 An Algorithm to Determine Protein Structure Using Secondary 

and Tertiary Structure Prediction,.VIKRAM SUNDAR.(The. 

Harker.School,.500.Saratoga.Ave,.San.Jose,.CA.95129;.14vikrams@ 

students.harker.org). 

Protein.structure.prediction.is.key.to.finding.cures.for.diseases. 

such.as.cancer..Today.biochemists.spend.years.determining.protein. 

structure..Determining.how.a.protein.folds.into.a.three-dimensional. 

shape.is.a.complex.problem..Protein.structure.has.four.levels:.primary,.the.sequence.of.amino.acids;.secondary,.the.local.structure;.tertiary,.the.location.of.a.subunit’s.atoms;.and.quaternary,.the.overall.structure..Secondary.structure.is.classified.into.motifs,.such.as. 

helices. or. sheets.. I. wanted. to. predict. tertiary. structure. by. using. 

residue.propensity,.the.probability.that.a.given.amino.acid.forms. 

a.particular.motif..To.validate.the.results.an.RMSE.analysis.calculated.the.error.in.the.predicted.structure..The.goal.for.this.algorithm. 

was.to.achieve.a.low.RMSE.in.80%.of.all.proteins..My.algorithm. 

built.a.table.of.residue.propensities.by.reading.the.entire.Protein. 

Data.Bank..Using.this.data,.it.predicted.secondary.structure.given. 

the.amino.acid.sequence..Then,.the.algorithm.performed.threading,. 

i.e..using.the.structure.of.known.proteins.with.similar.sequences.to. 

complete.the.predicted.structure..Finally,.my.algorithm.calculated. 

the.coordinates.of.the.central.atoms.of.each.amino.acid.in.the.protein.based.on.this.information..To.allow.viewing.of.the.predictions. 

sample.pdb.files.were.produced,.which.can.be.viewed.using.JMol.. 

My.algorithm.was.successful.in.producing.low-RMSE.predictions. 

in.80%.of.cases.tested..It.is.fail-fast,.meaning.that.confidence.values.are.high.for.predicted.structures..In.addition,.my.algorithm.predicted.structures.within.thirty.minutes,.a.major.improvement.over. 

the.years.biochemists.need. 

AGRICULTURE and HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 

372 Non-Cytotoxicity of Novel Antifungal Aminoglycosides in 

Mammalian Cells, SANJIB SHRESTHA 1,3 *, CHENG-WEI 

TOM CHANG 2,3 , MARINA FOSSO 2 , yUKIE KAWASAKI 1 , 

MICHELLE GRILLEy 1 , and JON y. TAKEMOTO 1,3 .( 1 Department.of.Biology,.Utah.State.University,.5305.Old.Main.Hill,.Logan,. 

UT.84322;. 2 Department.of.Chemistry.and.Biochemistry,.0300.Old. 

Main.Hill,.Logan,.UT.84322;. 3 Synthetic.Biomanufacturing.Center. 

(USTAR),.620.North.600.East,.Utah.State.University,.Logan,.UT. 

84341;.sanjib.shrestha@usu.edu). 

Many. neamine-based. aminoglycosides,. such. as. kanamycin,. 

and. streptomycin,. are. antibiotics. that. effectively. kill. bacteria.. In. 

contrast, novel. aminoglycosides. FG08,. FG03. and. K20,. derived. 

from.kanamycins,.are.inhibitory.to.fungi.and.oomycetes,.but.they. 

do.not.inhibit.bacteria..The.latter.compounds.share.the.structural. 

feature.of.a.C8.alkyl.chain.containing.a.glycosyl.moiety.attached. 

to.the.neamine.core..As.potential.fungicides.for.use.in.agriculture. 

and.medicine,.the.effects.of.these.novel.compounds.on.mammalian.cells.are.of.interest..The.purpose.of.this.study.was.to.examine. 


the.cytotoxicity.potential.of.FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.against.mammalian.cells..FG08.and.FG03.were.synthesized.from.kanamycin.B.and.K20.from.kanamycin.A..Cytotoxicity.activitities.were.evaluated. 

in. mammalian. cell. lines. C8161.9. (melanoma). and. NIH3T3. 

(mouse.fibroblast).by.measuring.the.activity.of.cellular.reductase. 

that. reduces. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium. 

bromide.(MTT).to.formazan..Antifungal.activities.were.determined. 

as. minimal. inhibitory. concentrations. (MICs). using. microbroth. 

dilution.growth.inhibition.assays..FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.showed. 

dose-dependent.cytotoxicities.to.C8161.9.and.NIH3T3.cells..Halfmaximal.cytotoxicity.(LC50).values.for.C8161.9.and.NIH3T3.cells. 

ranged.between.500.to.650.µg.mL -1 .and.250.to.650.µg.mL -1 .respectively..FG08.was.the.most.and.K20.the.least.cytotoxic..FG08,.FG03. 

and. K20 showed. antifungal. MICs. ranging. between. 7.8. and. 62.5. 

µg.mL -1 .against.Fusarium graminearum.and.15.6.and.65.5.µg.mL - 

1 against.Pythium ultimum..FG08,.FG03,.and.K20.are.not.cytotoxic. 

to.mammalian.cells.at.concentrations.equivalent.to.their.antifungal. 

MICs..These.novel.aminoglycosides.appear.attractive.for.applications.as.fungicides.in.medicine.and.agriculture. 

373 Scalable Production of Syringomycin E as an Organic Compatible 

Agrifungicide,. yUKIE KAWASAKI*, MICHELLE 

GRILLEy, and JON TAKEMOTO (Department. of. Biology,. 

Utah. State. University,. 5305. Old. Main. Hill,. Logan,. UT. 84322;. 

yukie.kawasaki@usu.edu). 

Syringomycin. E. (SRE). is. a. cyclic. lipodepsipeptide. produced. 

by. the. plant-associated. bacterium. Pseudomonas syringae.. 

It.displays.fungicidal.properties.and.may.have.a.role.in.microbial. 

competition. on. plant. surfaces.. SRE. is. lethal. to. a. broad. range. of. 

phytopathogenic.fungi.and.is.not.antibacterial.or.toxic.to.animal. 

cells..As.a.natural.product,.SRE.has.potential.for.use.as.an.organic. 

compatible.agrifungicide..For.such.applications,.standards.as.specified. 

by. the. USDA. National. Organic. Program. must. be. met..The. 

aims.of.the.project.are.to.develop.P. syringae.strains,.cell.growth. 

parameters,. and. SRE. purification. procedures. to. facilitate. SRE’s. 

use.as.an.organic.agrifungicide..P. syringae B301D.was.subjected. 

to.ultraviolet.light.mutagenesis.and.selection.procedues.to.obtain. 

isolates.with.enhanced.SRE.production..Growth.was.conducted.in. 

an. Omni-culture. (VirTis). bioreactor,. and. SRE. was. purified. after. 

isopropanol.extraction,.XAD-2.chromatography.and.HPLC..Isolate. 

G10.displayed.enhanced.SRE.production.in.a.newly.formulated.and. 

organic-compatible.growth. medium.(ISM). (50.µg. L -1 .SRE.in.48. 

h)..Approximately.50%.of.the.SRE.produced.was.recovered.after. 

extraction. and. chromatographic. purification. using. organic-compatible. 

isopropanol. throughout. the. process..A. P. syringae. isolate. 

(G10),.a.growth.medium.formulation,.and.purification.procedures. 

were.developed.for.the.scalable.production.of.SRE.using.materials. 

and.processes.compatible.with.USDA.National.Organic.Program. 

standards. 

EARTH SCIENCES 

374 Modeling the Climate Effects of 21 st Century Global Warming 

on Selected Ski Resorts in Western Canada,.MICHAEL PID- 

WIRNy.(Unit.2:.Biology.and.Physical.Geography,.Irving.K..Barber.School.of.Arts.and.Sciences,.University.of.British.Columbia,.Science.Building,.1177.Research.Road,.Kelowna,.British.Columbia,.Canada,.V1V.1V7;.michael.pidwirny@ubc.ca). 

The. Intergovernmental. Panel. on. Climate. Change. (IPCC). 

149


believes. the. continued. emission. of. greenhouse. gases. by. human. 

activity.will.further.increase.average.global.temperatures.by.1.1.to. 

6.4°.C.by.the.end.of.the.21 st .century..Being.able.to.predict.how. 

global.warming.will.modify.human.economic.systems.is.important. 

for. developing. adaptation. and. mitigation. strategies.. One. human. 

economic.system.that.may.be.detrimentally.influenced.by.warmer. 

temperatures.and.changes.in.precipitation.is.recreational.skiing.and. 

snowboarding..To.date,.research.on.the.influence.of.global.warming.on.this.recreational.sport.has.been.rudimentary..The.reason.for. 

this.is.the.lack.of.quality.climate.data.for.analysis..This.research. 

uses.spatially.interpolated.climate.data.to.determine.the.effect.of. 

global.warming.on.six.ski.resorts.in.Western.Canada.for.the.years. 

2050.and.2080..Three.climate.variables.were.selected.to.determine. 

the.influence.of.climate.change.on.the.viability.of.the.ski.resorts:. 

snowfall,.number.of.frost.days,.and.degree.days.

that.tree-growth.fluctuated.between.each.200-year.time.period,.with. 

the.greatest.growth.occurring.during.the.“Post-Industrial.Warming”. 

period. (1800-2000. C.E.).. The. results. also. show. that. high. elevation.tree.growth.correlated.well.with.low.elevation.growth.during. 

the. “Post-Industrial. Warming”,. but. high. and. low. elevation. tree. 

growth.did.not.correlate.during.the.“Little.Ice.Age”..This.shows. 

that.growth.conditions.were.similar.at.high.and.low.elevations.during.the.“Post-Industrial.Warming”.and.different.during.the.“Little. 

Ice.Age”,.which.reflects.the.climatic.inconsistencies.between.these. 

two.periods. 

378 The Bioclastic Composition of Carbonate Sediments in Hurricane 

Hole and other Coral Reef Environments, St. John, USVI, 

CASEy CHAPMAN* and SARAH GRAy (Department. of. 

Marine. Science. and. Environmental. Studies,. University. of. San. 

Diego,. 5998. Alcala. Park,. San. Diego,. CA. 92110;. caseych-10@ 

sandiego.edu).. 

Tropical.corals.tend.to.grow.in.clear.waters.with.minimal.suspended.sediments,.however.in.Hurricane.Hole,.a.bay.located.on.St.. 

John,.USVI,.a.coral.community.has.managed.to.flourish.at.the.head. 

of.the.bay’s.mangrove.habitat..Few.studies.have.been.conducted. 

in.this.bay.and.little.is.known.about.the.coral’s.health.and.method. 

of.survival..My.research.focused.on.the.carbonate.portion.of.the. 

bays’. bottom. sediment.. The. main. goals. of. my. research. were. to. 

identify.the.composition.of.carbonate.sediment.in.Hurricane.Hole,. 

determine.how.the.composition.varies.with.distance.from.the.shore,. 

and. to. compare. the. carbonate. composition. of. Hurricane. Hole. to. 

other.established.coral.reef.environments.around.St..John..Bottom. 

samples.were.collected.in.Hurricane.Hole.and.wet.sieved.into.size. 

fractions.>500µ.and.250-500µ,.then.identified.and.point.counted. 

up.to.300.grains..In.the.>500µ.size.fraction,.the.primary.sources. 

of.grain.production.were.echinoderms.and.Halimeda;.no.coral.was. 

found..In.the.250-500µ.size.fraction.however,.coral.was.found.to.be. 

one.of.the.main.bioclasts,.along.with.echinoderms.and.Halimeda.. 

The.fact.that.the.corals.in.this.bay.are.contributing.to.smaller.size. 

fractions.of.sediment.may.indicate.the.health.and.productivity.of. 

the.community..This.information.is.important.in.gaining.an.overall. 

understanding.of.this.unique.coral.habitat.. 

ECOLOGY, ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY 

and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 

379 Scrubbing the Air: Reducing Carbon Dioxide Levels with.Frageria.californica,.Galvezia.speciosa,.Heteromeles.argutifolia,.and. 

Salvia.clevelandii,.CAROLINE FROST.(Chaminade.College.Preparatory.School,.Los.Angeles,.CA.and.Loyola.Marymount.University,.Los.Angeles,.CA;.Frost_Owen@yahoo.com). 

The.purpose.of.this.study.is.to.explore.the.impact.on.a.plant’s. 

photosynthetic.rate.as.atmospheric.CO 2 .concentrations.are.increased.. 

I.used.the.following.four.plants,.native.to.Southern.California:.frageria. 

californica,. galvezia. speciosa,. heteromeles. argutifolia,. and. 

salvia.clevelandii..My.hypothesis.was.that.there.would.be.an.initial. 

increase.in.rate,.but.that.as.CO 2. increased,.the.stomata.would.start.to. 

shut.the.leaf.down..To.test.my.hypothesis,.I.used.a.LI-COR.6400XT. 

Portable. Photosynthesis. System,. in. the. lab. of. Dr.. Phillipa. Drennan. 

at. Loyola-Marymount. University..The. LI-COR. machine. uses. 

gas.exchange.principals.in.a.sealed.leaf.chamber.to.determine.the. 

amount.of.CO 2 .consumed.in.the.photosynthetic.process..Five.plant. 

specimens.of.each.species.were.tested.and.the.results.averaged.to. 


limit.the.influence.of.experimental.error..Independent.variables.such. 

as.atmospheric.pressure,.illumination.level.and.lab.air.temperature. 

were.limited.by.calibrating.the.LI-COR.machine.before.each.test..In. 

addition,.for.each.concentration.level.of.CO 2 ,.the.leaf.chamber.was. 

allowed. to. reach. a. steady. state. before. measurements. were. taken.. 

The.study.analyzed.the.photosynthetic.rate.and.the.efficiency.of.that. 

photosynthetic.rate.for.CO 2 .atmospheric.concentrations.of.250.ppm,. 

400.ppm.550.ppm.and.700.ppm..The.result.of.the.study.showed.at.an. 

illumination.of.1500.uMoles.flux,.salvia.clevelandii.had.an.increase. 

in. photosynthetic. rate. and. efficiency. for. all. concentration. levels.. 

Frageria.californica,.and.galvezia.speciosa.demonstrated.increased. 

inefficiency.demonstrating.that.the.biochemical.machinery.cannot. 

make.use.of.the.available.CO 2 . 

380 Examination of Physiological and Behavioral Effects on White 

Seabass Atractoscion. nobilis. in a Closed Recirculating System, 

SAMUEL M. HOLLEy. (Huntington. Beach. High. School,. 1905. 

Main.Street,.Huntington.Beach,.California,.92648.USA;.samuelmholley@gmail.com).. 

Over.the.past.25.years.the.white.seabass,.Atractoscion nobilis,. 

has.been.propagated.in.open.seawater.systems.as.a.means.to.sustain. 

population.of.the.commercially.important.fish..This.study.examines. 

the. feasibility. of,. and. baseline. parameters. necessary. for,. growing. 

white.seabass.in.a.closed.recirculating.system..Juvenile.white.seabass. 

were.obtained.from.Hubbs-Seaworld.Research.Institute.and.held.for. 

90.days.in.aquaria.containing.artificially.mixed.saltwater..Water.flow,. 

water.chemistry.system.design,.light.conditions,.seawater.composition,.behavior,.feeding.rate,.growth.rate,.stocking.density,.and.animal.stresses.were.documented..The.fish.were.held.at.an.average.temperature.of.19.0.°C..Other.than.water.chemistry.and.lighting,.the.conditions.and.behaviors.for.the.fish.were.very.similar.to.that.of.the.open.water.systems..Throughout.the.study,.the.main.discrepancies.occurring.in.an.artificial.environment.rather.than.in.a.natural.one.were.periods.of.high.nitrate.and.nitrite.levels,.fish.eating.behavior,.and.color. 

changes.in.the.fish.based.on.lighting.At.the.end.of.the.90.day.trial. 

period,.91%.of.22.fish.survived..Loss.of.only.9%.of.the.animals.is. 

well.within.the.acceptable.losses.that.occur.in.white.seabass.cultured. 

in.open.water.systems..While.this.study.documents.the.feasibility.and. 

baseline.parameters.necessary.for.the.propagation.of.white.seabass,. 

additional.experimentation.is.need.to.optimize.fish.growth. 

ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHAEOLOGY 

381 Analysis of Hair Attributed to an Unidentified Species of Primate, 

KyLE GRAGG, JEFF MELDRUM*, and HENNER 

FAHRENBACH (Department.of.Biological.Sciences,.Idaho.State. 

University,.921.S..8th.Ave,.Pocatello,.ID.83209;.meldd@isu.edu). 

Multiple.samples.of.hair.of.unknown.source.collected.independently.from.forested.habitats.throughout.western.North.America.were.characterized.and.contrasted.with.samples.of.human.and. 

non-human.primates,.as.well.as.various.wildlife.species.common. 

to. the. region.. Under. light. microscopy. the. samples. exhibit. many. 

distinct. but. remarkably. consistent. characteristics.. The. samples. 

range.in.color.from.dark.reddish.black.to.blonde,.resulting.from. 

varying.proportions.of.eumelanin.and.pheomelanin.pigment.granuals;.wavy.to.slightly.curly.in.parts;.mean.diameter.of.65μm.(range. 

58-73.μm);.cross-section.round.to.slightly.flattened.entire.length;. 

non-medullated,.or.minimal.fragmentary.medulla;.cuticle.an.irregularly.waved.mosaic;.scale.distance.intermediate;.margins.smooth. 

151


to. mildly. crenate;. 9-12. scales. per. 100. μm. linear. distance.. Most. 

hairs.had.smoothly.rounded,.worn,.uncut.termini..A.sample.from. 

Texas.was.of.particular.note,.due.to.the.quantity.of.hair.rolled.into. 

a.“dreadlock.”. 

Comparisons.of.the.samples.with.hair.characteristics.of.common.wildlife,.human.and.non-human.primates.resulted.in.no.positive. 

match..However,.the.sample.exhibits.both.human.and.non-human. 

primate.characteristics..Heavy.pigment.granule.concentration.differs.from.human,.where.pigment.is.concentrated.near.the.medulla. 

or.the.center.of.the.cortex..The.sample.seems.to.have.a.more.robust. 

cuticle.than.that.of.a.human.hair..This.evidence.suggests.that.there. 

is.an.unidentified.species.of.primate.in.North.America.that.has.a. 

mosaic.of.human.and.non-human.primate.hair.morphology. 

382 Incomplete Lumbar Spine and Its Applications in the Estimation 

of Sex,. MARIA JELACA-TAVAKOLI 1 * and MARy E. 

LEWIS 2 ( 1 Department.of.Behavioral.Sciences,.Southwestern.College,.900.Otay.Lakes.Rd.,.Chula.Vista,.CA.91910,.USA;. 

2 University. 

of. Reading,. Department. of.Archaeology,.Whiteknights,. Box. 

226.Reading.RG6.6AB.United.Kingdom;.mtavakoli@swccd.edu).. 

The.estimation.of.the.sex.of.unknown.individual.is.a.critical. 

step.for.any.forensic.anthropologists,.but.due.to.missing.elements. 

or. poor. preservation. of. the. remains. this. often. may. not. be. possible..This.blind.anthropometric.study.concentrates.on.lumbar.spine. 

because.it.often.survives.various.pre.and.post.mortem.assaults..The. 

study.further.reconfirms.that.sexual.dimorphism.in.human.lumbar. 

spine.exists.and.that.it.can.be.used.for.the.estimation.of.sex.through. 

means.of.osteometry,.even.in.cases.in.which.one.or.more.vertebral. 

segments.are.missing.and.all.while.fully.disregarding.ethnic.background..The.Maximum.Lumbar.Length.(ML).of.L4.and.L5.(144. 

vertebra,.N=.46.and.N=98.female.and.male).were.collected.from. 

the.Maxwell.Collection..The.sex.of.the.skeletal.population.was.first. 

estimated.when.ML’s.of.L4.and.L5.were.combined.and.compared. 

to.vertebral.standard.(23.30.cm).resulting.in.76%.accuracy..Missing. 

vertebral.dimensions.L1,.L2.and.L3.were.supplemented.by.its.standards.and.added.to.previous.estimates.(resulting.in.total.of.39.00. 

cm).which.when.compared.to.pre-recorded.biological.sex.showed. 

that.in.19.out.of.72.individuals.or.74%.of.the.cases.resulted.in.accurate.estimates..Durability.of.the.lumbar.spine.and.attributes.of.the. 

ML.as.well.as.applications.of.the.supplement.vertebral.standards. 

for.missing.spinal.elements.advocate.further.research.and.use.of.the. 

sexually.dimorphic.features.of.the.lumbar.spine.of.Homo sapiens. 

aiding.identification.of.sex.regardless.of.ethnic.background.in.clinical,.anatomical,.forensic.and.osteoarchaeological.contexts. 

ORAL BIOLOGY and DENTAL MEDICINE 

383 Developing a Rat Model of Facial Inflammation, CHARDON- 

NAy WARD 1 *, yATENDRA MULPURI 2 , and IGOR SPIGEL- 

MAN 2 . ( 1 Howard. Hughes. Medical. Institute. Pre-College. Science. 

Education.Program,. 2 UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.10833.Le.Conte. 

Avenue,.63-007. CHS,. Los.Angeles,. CA.90095;.rance4@verison. 

net).. 

Chronic. pain. is pain. that. persists. after. recovery. from. tissue. 

injury;. common. chronic. pain. symptoms. include. allodynia. and. 

hyperalgesia..Various.factors.lead.to.the.transition.from.acute.pain. 

to. chronic. pain..This. experiment. is. part. of. an. ongoing. endeavor. 

to.generate.an.animal.model.of.orofacial.pain.models..Objective:. 

Development. a. rat. model. of. inflammation.. Perform. behavioral. 

152 

testing.to.study.the.factors.involved.in.the.transition.from.acute.pain. 

to.chronic.pain..Methods:.Hind-paw.baseline.withdrawal.thresholds.were.measured.for.2.rats.over.6.days.in.response.to.mechanical. 

or.thermal.stimulus..Then.0.1.ml.of.1%.kappa.carrageenan.in.saline. 

solution.was.injected.into.the.right.hind-paw.of.each.rat.to.induce. 

acute. inflammation. in. the. right. hind-. paw.. Mechanical. and. thermal.withdrawal.measurements.were.done.post-injection..Results:. 

Baseline. withdrawal. threshold. was. 41.2g. ±3.0g. (±SEM). before. 

carrageenan. injection,. and. decreased. mechanical. stimulus. withdrawal. 

threshold. (8.6g. ±1.3g). and. gradually. returned. to. baseline. 

withdrawal.threshold.values.over.the.course.of.2.weeks..Surprisingly. 

thermal. withdrawal. latency. remained. unchanged. compared. 

to.baseline.measurements.for.the.duration.of.the.experiment..Conclusion:.This.research.has.shown.that.there.is.a.drastic.decrease.in. 

withdrawal.thresholds.to.a.mechanical.stimulus.but.no.change.in. 

response.to.a.thermal.stimulus.. 

384 Chronic Inflammation and Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Oral 

Keratinocytes, REBECCA UDOKOP 1 * and KI-HyUK SHIN 2 

( 1 Howard.Hughes.Medical.Institute.Pre-College.Science.Education. 

Program;. 2. UCLA. School. of. Dentistry,. Los.Angeles,. CA. 90095;. 

Rjustme11@aol.com). 

Previously,.Dr..Shin’s.laboratory.reported.that.chronic.inflammation.further.transformed.oral.keratinocytes,.leading.to.differentiation.resistance,.and.down-regulation.of.29.differentiation-related. 

genes..This.is.important.because.cancer.cells.do.not.differentiate,. 

as.such.it.is.important.to.study.this.link.between.gene.expression. 

and.differentiation.resistance..Objective: To.determine.if.the.downregulation.of.differentiation-related.genes.is.caused.by.inflammation. 

induced. epigenetic. regulation,. specifically. changes. in. DNA. 

methylation.. Methods: Among. those. 29. genes. previously. identified,14.genes.were.further.investigated.in.this.study..Oral.keratinocytes.experienced.chronic.inflammation.and.for.3.days.were.then. 

treated.with.5-aza-cdr,.a.demethylating.agent..The.genes.were.then. 

amplified.using.real-time.PCR..Results:.A.3-fold.criteria.was.used. 

to. determine. if. the. genes. were. methylated,. such. that. if. the. gene. 

expression.increased.by.3-fold.or.higher,.the.genes.were.thought. 

to.be.methylated..Four.genes.were.found.to.be.methylated..These. 

4.will.be.tested.further.to.discover.if.DNA.methylation.is.the.cause. 

of.the.down-regulation.of.genes.found.in.the.cells..Conclusion: Of. 

the.14.genes.that.were.tested,.4.genes.showed.a.3-fold.or.higher. 

increase.in.gene.expression..The.remaining.10.genes.that.did.not. 

show.the.3-fold.or.higher.criteria.will.also.be.examined.by.the.lab. 

for.other.potential.expression.differences..This.study.suggests.that. 

chronic. inflammation. may. down-regulate. differentiation-related. 

genes.by.DNA.methylation.. 

385 UBC9 Expression in Oral Cancerous Cells, BERENICE 

FLORES 1 *, MICHELLE PICENO 1 *, CHENXI SONG 2 , MIN 

zHANG 2 , and SHEN HU 2 ( 1 Howard. Hughes. Medical. Institute. 

Pre-College.Science.Education.Program,. 2 UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.10833.Le.Conte.Avenue,.Room.63-070.CPL,.Los.Angeles,. 

CA.90095,.2.Section.of.Oral.Biology;.berenicescience@aol.com,. 

michellepiceno@yahoo.com). 

Ubiquitin.Conjugating.Enzyme.(UBC9).is.an.E2-conjugating. 

enzyme.expressed.in.all.human.cells.and.functions.in.transferring. 

small. ubiquitin. modifier. (SUMO). to. targeted. proteins.. SUMO. 

adjusts.protein.function.through.post-translational.covalent.attachment. 

to. specific. amino. acids. in. targeted. proteins. throughout. the. 

sumoylation. pathway.. We. proposed. that. this. enzyme. may. play.

a. role. in. oral. cancer. tumorogenesis.. Objective:. To. examine. the. 

expression.level.of.UBC9.in.oral.cancer.cells,.UM1.and.UM2,.and. 

in.Normal.Human.Oral.Keratinocytes.(NHOK).cells..UM1.is.more. 

invasive. than. UM2.. Methods:. We. used. Western. blot. analysis. to. 

determine.the.protein.expression.level.of.UBC9.in.three.cell.lines.. 

SDS.PAGE.was.used.to.separate.the.protein.samples.from.NHOK,. 

UM1,.and.UM2.cells..Subsequently.Western.blot.analysis.with.anti- 

UBC9.was.used.to.determine.the.expression.level.UBC9.in.three. 

different.samples. Results:.The.normalized.intensity.for.UBC9.was. 

0.004677.in.NHOKs,.1.028168.in.UM1.cells,.and.0.010393.in.UM2. 

cells..UBC9.was.over-expressed.in.the.UM1.cells.compared.to.both. 

UM2.cells.and.NHOKs..Conclusion: Our.study.showed.that.UBC9. 

is.up-regulated.in.the.more.invasive.oral.cancer.cell.line,.suggesting. 

that.UBC9.may.play.a.role.in.oral.cancer.invasion.and.metastasis. 

386 Susceptibility of Oral Cancer Stem Cells to NK Cell Death 

versus their Differentiated Counterparts, CAMILLE BROWN 1 *, 

CANDy MACIAS 1 *, HELEN TSENG 2 , CAITLIN LANzON 2 , 

and ANAHID JEWETT 2 ( 1 Howard. Hughes. Medical. Institute. 

Pre-College. Science. Education. Program,. UCLA. School. of. Dentistry,. 

10833. Le. Conte. Avenue,. 63-007. CHS,. Los. Angeles,. CA. 

90095;. 2 The.Weintraub.Center.for.Reconstructive.Biotechnology,. 

UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.10833.Le.Conte.Avenue.63-014.CHS,. 

Los. Angeles,. CA. 90095;. camillebrown11@gmail.com,. candy. 

macias93@gmail.com). 

Stem.cells.are.more.sensitive.to.Natural.Killer.(NK).cell.directed. 

cell. death. versus. their. differentiated. counter. parts. Objective:. To. 

compare. the. differences. in. killing. ability. of. NK. cells. in. different. 

tumor.cell.lines.such.as.Oral.Squamous.Carcinoma.Cell.(OSCCs). 

versus.Oral.Squamous.Carcinoma.Stem.Cells.(OSCSCs).and.Mature. 

Laryngeal. Tumor. Cells. (HEp2-VEC). versus. Laryngeal. cancer. reprogrammed. 

stem. cells. (HEp2-IkB. (S32AS36A)).. Methods:. The. 

OSCCs.and.OSCSCs.were.isolated.from.patients’.tongue.tumors.and. 

the.NK.cells.were.drawn.from.healthy.blood.donors.and.purified..The. 

OSCCs,.OSCSCs,.the.HEp2-VEC,.and.the.HEp2-IkB.(S32AS36A). 

were.then.each.treated.with.four.treatments.regimen:.NK.untreated,. 

NK+anti-CD16,.NK-IL2.treated,.and.NK+anti-CD16+IL2..A.Chromium.51.release.assay.was.run.to.determine.the.amount.of.Chromium.51.released.during.the.NK.cell.induced.cell.death.process..Following.this.experiment.an.ELISA.binding.assay.was.run.to.measure. 

the. concentration. of. the. cytokine. interferon-gamma. (IFN-gamma). 

secretion.in.the.supernatant.samples..This.assay.helps.determine.the. 

effect. of. the. NK. cells. on. the. supernatant. samples.. Results: There. 

were. high. levels. of. cytokine. secretion. in. both. the. natural. and. the. 

re-programmed.stem.cells.but.low.levels.in.the.differentiated.cells.. 

Discussion:. Research. on. techniques. of. combined. procedures. may. 

benefit.from.the.results.as.simultaneous.use.of.two.different.methods. 

may.help.in.fighting.cancer..However,.this.warrants.further.research.. 

Conclusion: The.combination.of.chemotherapy,.radiation.and.NK. 

cell.death.processes.on.cancerous.stem.cells.and.their.differentiated. 

counterparts.is.a.possibility.for.the.elimination.of.oral.cancer. 

387 Combined Effects of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha on Dental 

Pulp Stem Cell Differentiation, XAVIER BROOKS 1 *, ESMER- 

ALDA ALVAREz 1 *, JU EUN OH 2 , SHEBLI MEHRAzARIN 2 , 

SUSAN BAE 2 , and MO KANG 2 . ( 1 Howard. Hughes. Medical. 

Institute.Pre-.College.Science.Education.Program,.UCLA.School. 

of.Dentistry, 10833.Le.Conte.Avenue.63-007.CHS,.Los.Angeles,. 

CA.90095;. 2 UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.10833.Le.Conte.Avenue. 

63-014. CHS,. Los.Angeles,. CA. 90095;. xavierbrooks007@gmail. 


com,.alvarezesmeralda17@yahoo.com).. 

Dental. Pulp. Stem. cells. (DPSC). are. mesenchymal. stem. cells. 

that.terminally.differentiate.into.odontoblasts.to.protect.the.pulp.in. 

response.to.dental.carries..Objective: To.explore.the.combined.phenotypic.effects.of.cytokines, 

TNF-alpha.and.TGF-beta1,.on.DPSC. 

proliferation. and. differentiation. into. mineralizing. cells.. Methods:. 

DPSCs.were.cultured.(37°C).and.treated.with.3.5µl.of.each.cytokine..Four.experimental.groups.were.used:.1).control.(no.cytokine). 

2). TNF-alpha,. 3). TGF-beta1,. 4). and. both. TNF-alpha. and. TGFbeta1.. 

Each. experimental. group. had. two. different. growth. media. 

used:.basal.media.or.induction.media,.media.was.changed.every.3-4. 

days..To.measure.the.level.of.ALP.compared.between.experimental. 

groups. and. media. types.Western. blot. assays. were. done..Alkaline. 

Phosphatase.(ALP).activity.assays.were.performed.to.measure.the. 

activity. of.ALP. also. between. media. type. and. cytokine. treatment.. 

Results: Qualitative. analysis. showed. no. apparent. difference. in. 

DPSC.proliferation.upon.treatment.with.any.of.the.cytokine.treatments..Cells.treated.with.TNF-alpha.showed.decreased.expression. 

of.ALP.compared.to.control.for.both.the.cells.treated.with.basal.and. 

induction.media..Cells.treated.with.TGF-beta1.showed.lower.levels. 

of.ALP.when.grown.in.induction.media.as.compared.to.basal.media. 

Treatment.with.combined.TNF-alpha.and.TGF-beta1.produced.relatively.no.sign.of.ALP.activity. 

Conclusion:.Western.blotting.showed. 

that.TNF-alpha.does.inhibit.the.differentiation.of.DPSCs.and.that. 

TGF-beta1.promotes.differentiation.as.seen.by.the.expression.level. 

of.ALP..ALP.activity.assay.showed.no.discernable.effects.of.TNFalpha.and.TGF-beta1,.together,.on.proliferation.of.DPSCs. 

CELL and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

388 The Effect of Ginkgo biloba on the Mouse Hippocampus,. 

ALEXA ARANJO. (Chadwick. School,. 26800. South. Academy. 

Drive,.Palos.Verdes.Peninsula,.CA.90274;.University.of.Southern. 

California,.Department.of.Biological.Sciences,.Neurology.and.Biomedical.Engineering,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90089;.alexaaranjo@gmail. 

com). 

Ginkgo biloba.leaf.extracts.have.been.used.for.nearly.5,000. 

years.to.treat.asthma.and.bronchitis.and.more.recently,.to.enhance. 

memory. and. concentration.. Full. mouse. brain. homogenates. were. 

treated.with.different.concentrations.of.a.flavone.glycoside.supplement.. 

The. sample’s. concentrations. of. cytoskeletal. proteins. actin. 

and.spectrin.were.found.by.Western.blotting..Similarly,.acute.hippocampal.slices.were.treated.in.varying.amounts.of.the.supplement,. 

and.actin.and.spectrin.concentrations.were.determined.via.Western. 

blotting..Cultured.hippocampal.neurons.were.treated.with.the.supplement.for.varying.amounts.of.times.to.see.the.effects.within.individual.neurons;.no.significant.increase.of.activity.was.noted..The. 

results.of.the.Western.blots.showed.that.increased.concentrations. 

of.Ginkgo biloba.lead.to.higher.concentrations.of.actin..Increased. 

amounts.of.cytoskeletal.proteins.are.indicative.of.enhanced.longterm.potentiation.in.synaptic.plasticity. 

389 Identifying Myostatin in Yellowtail (Seriola. lalandi) using 

Degenerate PCR,.ALySSA BERNARDI* and MARy SUE LOW- 

ERy.(Department.of.Biology,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998.Alcala. 

Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.alyssabernardi-12@sandiego.edu). 

In. recent. years,. gene. expression. associated. with. increased. 

muscle.growth.rates.in.livestock.and.finfish.aquaculture.has.become. 

a.focus.of.research..Myostatin.(MSTN).is.a.negative.regulator.of. 

153


skeletal.muscle.growth.in.vertebrates,.including.fish,.and.has.been. 

associated.with.limiting.the.size.of.muscle.masses.and.fiber.diameter,.thus.affecting.fish.growth..Primers.were.designed.for.degenerate.polymerase.chain.reaction.(PCR).based.on.the.conserved.MSTN.sequence.in.other.bony.fish..Using.Yellowtail.genomic.DNA.as.template,.two.fragments.of.the.California.Yellowtail.(Seriola 

lalandi). 

MSTN.gene.were.then.amplified,.cloned.and.sequenced..The.Yellowtail.MSTN.sequence.will.be.used.to.design.primers.for.qPCR.in. 

order.to.study.the.effects.of.exercise.on.expression.of.myostatin.in. 

juvenile.fishes.reared.under.elevated.current.velocity.. 

390 The Effects of Exercise on the Expression of Insulin-like Growth 

Factor in Juvenile Yellowtail,.SARAH JONES* and MARy SUE 

LOWERy (Department.of.Biology,.University.of.San.Diego,.5998. 

Alcala.Park,.San.Diego,.CA.92110;.sarah.jones-11@sandiego.edu). 

Insulin-like.growth.factor.(IGF-I).plays.an.important.role.in. 

animal.development.and.juvenile.growth..Exercise.has.been.shown. 

to. increase. IGF. expression,. especially. in. the. skeletal. muscle.. It. 

has.also.been.suggested.that.IGF-I.induces.hypertrophy.of.the.red. 

muscle,.which.we.also.saw.increased.with.exercise..To.test.whether. 

exercise. stimulates. an. increase. in. expression. of. IGF-I. in. the. red. 

muscle,.DNA.primers.were.designed.for.IGF.and.two.internal.controls,.beta-actin.and.beta-2-microglobulin..Using.quantitative.PCR. 

we.compared.the.relative.expression.of.IGF.to.our.internal.controls. 

in.exercised.and.unexercised.fish..When.normalized.to.beta-2-microglobulin,.IGF.expression.in.the.red.muscle.increased.with.three.days.of.exercise.at.60%.maximal.aerobic.speed..Our.results.demonstrated.that.exercise.did.affect.the.expression.of.beta-actin.and.it.cannot.be.used.as.an.internal.control..We.intend.to.test.muscle.samples.from.fish.exercised.for.longer.periods.to.determine.whether.the. 

upregulation.IGF-I.continues. 

391 Identification of a Second Site Suppressor of.cdc24.in.Schizosaccharomyces 

pombe, SHANI M.C. CHAPMAN* and SALLy 

G. PASION.(Department.of.Biology,.San.Francisco.State.University,.1600.Holloway.Avenue,.San.Francisco,.CA.94132;.chapman@ 

mail.sfsu.edu). 

Cdc24.protein.in.Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission.yeast). 

is.a.novel.protein.that.is.involved.in.maintaining.genome.stability.. 

Even.though.the.exact.function.of.this.protein.is.unknown.it.has. 

been.implicated.in.DNA.replication,.DNA.repair,.telomere.maintenance.and.sister.chromatid.cohesion..At.the.restrictive.temperature,. 

cdc24 cells. arrest. in. S. phase,. exhibit. chromosome. breakage. and. 

have.reduced.cell.viability..As.in.other.cdc.mutants,.cdc24.mutants. 

also.have.an.elongated.morphological.phenotype.at.the.restrictive. 

temperature..We.have.isolated.a.genetic.suppressor,.csc1.of.cdc24. 

that.suppresses.the.cdc24-G1.temperature.sensitive.phenotype:.in. 

the.presence.of.this.suppressor,.the.mutant.cdc24.can.form.colonies.at.34°C..The.genetic.suppressor.has.a.cold.sensitive.phenotype,. 

which.is.not.suppressed.by.cdc24..Further.analysis.will.allow.us. 

to. characterize. the. genetic. suppressor.. Identifying. a. new. genetic. 

interaction.will.help.provide.insight.into.the.elusive.role.of.cdc24. 

in.S. pombe. 

392 Ah Receptor Interacts with Activated Stat1 to Promote Cell 

Proliferation, CHERI L. LAMB*, BRIAN ELLSWORTH, and 

KRISTEN A. MITCHELL.(Department.of.Biological.Sciences,. 

Boise.State.University,.Boise,.ID.83278-1515;.cherilamb@u.boisestate.edu). 

The. aryl. hydrocarbon. receptor. (AhR). is. a. soluble,. 

154 

ligand-activated.transcription.factor.that.mediates.the.toxic.effects. 

of.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.(TCDD).and.related.chemicals..AhR.activity.has.been.shown.to.regulate.cell.cycle.progression.both.in.vitro.and.in.vivo,.although.the.mechanisms.are.unclear..Recent.evidence.indicates.that.the.AhR.may.regulate.cell.differentiation.and.inflammatory.responses.by.interacting.with.Stat1,.a.cytoplasmic.signaling.protein.that.regulates.the.transcription.of.genes. 

required.for.cell.growth,.survival.and.differentiation..The.goal.of. 

this.study.was.to.determine.if.alterations.in.STAT1.signaling.contribute.to.the.suppression.of.proliferation.observed.in.TCDD-treated. 

cells.. Rat. 5L. hepatoma. cells. were. serum-starved. for. 24. hr. and. 

released.with.serum.in.the.presence.or.absence.of.TCDD.(6nM).. 

After.24.hr,.cell.lysates.or.fractions.were.analyzed.by.co-immunoprecipitation.and.western.blotting..The.addition.of.serum.induced. 

proliferation.and.increased.levels.of.STAT1.protein.in.the.nucleus. 

of.vehicle-treated.cells,.but.not.in.TCDD-treated.cells..Furthermore,. 

phosphorylated. STAT1. (pSTAT1). coimmunoprecipitated. with. 

AhR.in.vehicle-treated.cells..In.contrast,.the.AhR.did.not.appear.to. 

interact.with.either.phosphorylated.or.unphosphorylated.STAT1.in. 

TCDD-treated.cells..Based.on.these.results,.it.is.conceivable.that.the. 

AhR-pSTAT1.interaction.facilitates.cell.cycle.progression.and.that. 

TCDD.treatment.suppresses.cell.cycle.progression.by.a.mechanism. 

that.involves.disruption.of.the.AhR-pSTAT1.interaction. 

393 Effects of the Orai1 Gene on the Skull Formation, AyANA 

USSERy 1 *, ROSA NAPOLES 1 , HyE-WON CHOI 2 , and 

JEANNE NERVINA 3 ( 1 Howard. Hughes. Medical. Institute. Pre- 

College.Science.Education.Program,.UCLA.School.of.Dentistry;. 

2 UCLA.School.of.Dentistry,.Box.951668,.Los.Angeles,.CA.90095;. 

3 University.of.Michigan.School.of.Dentistry,.Dentistry.2518,.Ann. 

Arbor,.MI.98109;.adussery@yaoo.com). 

Orai1.is.a.calcium.channel.protein.that,.when.mutated,.causes. 

hereditary. severe. combined. immunodeficiency. in. humans.. Mice. 

lacking.orai1.also.have.cyclical.alopecia,.eyelid.abnormalities.and. 

are. smaller. than. their. wildtype. (WT). littermates.. Objective: To. 

examine.the.role.of.orai1.on.mouse.skull.formation..Our.hypothesis. 

was.that.orai1.is.required.for.normal.skull.development..Methods:. 

Intact.skulls.from.WT.and.orai1-/-.knock-out.(orai1 KO).mice.were. 

dissected,.cleared.of.soft.tissue.and.fixed.in.ethanol.for.three.days.. 

The.skulls.were.then.placed.in.alcian.blue.(3mg/ml).at.37ºC.for.11. 

days.to.stain.cartilage..Skulls.were.then.washed.in.1%.KOH.for.24. 

h.and.rinsed.overnight.in.tap.water..The.skulls.were.then.stained. 

with. alizarin. red. (0.1%. in. solution). for. 4. h. in. order. to. visualize. 

mineralization..Finally,.the.skulls.were.rinsed.with.1%.KOH.and. 

20%.glycerol..Skull.anatomy,.suture.formation.and.mineralization. 

were.visualized.with.a.Leica.S6D.surgical.microscope..Results:.We. 

measured.the.lengths.of.the.orai1KO.mice.(n=4;.2.5.mm.±.0.02),. 

and.a.t-test.comparison.showed.no.significant.difference.from.the. 

WT.mice.(n=4;.2.4.mm.±.0.1;.p=0.51..Conclusion: Currently.no. 

significant.differences.in.skull.anatomy,.suture.formation.or.mineralization.between.orai1KO.mice.compared.to.WT.littermates.have.been.measured..Future.work.will.compare.larger.numbers.of.animals.and.measure.other.developmental.features.

A 

Aali, Abulfazi ........................ 47, 116 

Abar, Aydin ........................... 47, 116 

Abramzon, Fernando ............. 48, 117 

Achtemeier, Gary .................... 28, 77 

Adams, Judith E. ..................... 35, 95 

Afable, Patricia O. ................... 36, 97 

Aganovic, Lejla ............... 42, 54, 136 

Agenbroad, Larry .................. 44, 113 

Aguilar, Guillermo .................. 28, 77 

Aitken, Janice P. .......... 35, 37, 95, 98 

Aldrich, Mark ........................ 53, 134 

Ali, Abdul-Mehdi .................. 44, 113 

Alley, Addison ....................... 56, 142 

Altamirano, Alfredo ................ 27, 75 

Alvarez, Esmeralda ............... 59, 153 

Amgalantugs, Tsend .............. 49, 123 

Anselmo, Armand ................. 58, 150 

Appenzeller, Otto 31, 44, 57, 85, 113, 

145 

Appenzeller, Peter ................... 31, 85 

Aquino, Eugenio ................... 58, 147 

Arabone, Eric .......................... 28, 76 

Aranjo, Alexa ........................ 59, 153 

Araújo, Aduato ...................... 56, 143 

Arguelles, Paulette ................ 57, 144 

Ariaeenejad, Shohreh ............ 52, 130 

Ariaza, Bernardo .................. 55, 138 

Arp, Alissa J. ................... 2, 5, 13, 20 

Asingh, Pauline ....................... 22, 63 

Atherton, Stephanie ....... 49, 119, 120 

Atoche, Pablo .............. 20, 31, 61, 86 

B 

Bachmeier, Beatrice ................ 27, 76 

Bachofer, Steven ................. 5, 32, 88 

Bae, Susan ............................. 59, 153 

Bailey, Shara ......................... 57, 146 

Bain, Alan L. ............................. 5, 35 

Baitzel, Sarah I. ....... 38, 55, 100, 138 

Ball, Markus .............. 27, 39, 76, 104 

Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila ............... 34, 94 

Barkhordarian, Andre .. 5, 38, 39, 101 

Bartolome, Christian ............... 28, 77 

Beckenbach, Heidi .................. 23, 65 

Becker, Sara K. ....... 38, 55, 100, 137 

INDEX OF NAMES 

Numbers less than 61 refer to the page(s) where a name appears in the program. 

Numbers 61 and greater refer to the page(s) on which an author’s abstract may be found. 

Beckett, Ronald G. . 5, 46, 48, 49, 55, 

56, 57, 118, 119, 120, 138, 139, 

141, 146 

Begerock, Anna-Maria ... 49, 56, 122, 

140 

Belin, Monique R. ................. 58, 147 

Bem, Daryl J. .......................... 29, 81 

Benavente, Martha ................ 49, 121 

Beniamini, Paz ........................ 30, 83 

Bernardi, Alyssa .................... 59, 153 

Bernardo, Luca ...................... 49, 122 

Berry, William B.N. .................. 5, 37 

Bersin, Amalia R. .................. 58, 150 

Bertsch, Hans .......... 50, 52, 125, 131 

Besnoy, Amy ................. 5, 24, 25, 45 

Bessen, Erica J. ....................... 23, 64 

Bianucci, Raffaella ... 5, 27, 43, 44, 47, 

57, 74, 76, 110, 113, 115, 144, 145 

Biers, Trisha M...................... 55, 137 

Biggs, Matthew ..................... 56, 142 

Bitzer, Andreas ...................... 47, 114 

Blackman, David ................... 52, 129 

Black, Sue ............................... 37, 98 

Blin, Nikolaus ....................... 39, 104 

Blum, Kenneth ...................... 58, 147 

Boano, Rosa ............ 55, 57, 138, 146 

Bob-Manuel, Loliya .............. 58, 148 

Bock, Michael ....................... 47, 114 

Boenke N. ............................. 47, 116 

Boisguerin, Valesca ............... 39, 104 

Bolin, Celeste ........................ 52, 130 

Böni, Thomas .......... 47, 48, 114, 117 

Bosch, Pedro ......................... 41, 107 

Bostrom, Kristina I. ............... 52, 130 

Boswell, Alicia ...................... 38, 100 

Bos, Wouter ....................... 28, 78, 79 

Bourne, Philip ......................... 25, 70 

Bouwman, Abigail .................. 27, 76 

Bowman, Brianna J. ................ 23, 64 

Brancalfon, Antonio .............. 48, 117 

Braverman, Eric R. ............... 58, 147 

Brazil, Reginaldo Pecanha ...... 27, 75 

Bridelli, Maria Grazia ........... 57, 146 

Brier, Bob ... 5, 30, 31, 32, 41, 85, 89, 

107 

Britton, Gillian A.O............... 56, 141 

Brkljacic, Boris ............... 42, 54, 136 

Brockhoff, Sharlaine ............... 23, 64 

Bronson, Bennet ...................... 35, 96 

Brooks, Xavier ...................... 59, 153 

Brothwell, Don . 43, 47, 57, 110, 116, 

144 

Brown, Brian ......................... 51, 126 

Brown, Camille ..................... 59, 153 

Brown, Emma ......... 44, 55, 113, 138 

Brucker, Kyle A. ..................... 28, 79 

Buikstra, Jane ................................ 21 

Bukowski, John F. ................... 31, 86 

Bunje, Paul .................................... 37 

Burkhart, Hugh ....................... 26, 72 

Bush, Stephanie L. .................. 29, 81 

C 

Cadwallader, Lauren 44, 55, 112, 138 

Campion, Kelsey R. ................ 23, 65 

Cannell, John J. ....... 5, 13, 20, 45, 62 

Carli, Alberto ......................... 42, 109 

Carrasco, Guillermo A. Cock 55, 137 

Carr, Claudia J. ...................... 53, 134 

Carroll, John J. ................................ 5 

Carroll, Stephen ................ 32, 88, 89 

Carson, Virginia R. .................. 32, 88 

Carter, Sasha ........................... 29, 80 

Castagnoli, Giuseppe .............. 24, 68 

Castilla, Gustavo A. Ramírez 48, 117 

Castro, Mario M. ................... 44, 113 

Cathcart, Eric ................................ 14 

Cavka, Mislav ................. 42, 54, 136 

Ceballos, Marisol .................. 58, 148 

Chalmers, John H. ................... 31, 86 

Chamberlain, Thomas E. ....... 53, 134 

Chang, Cheng-Wei Tom ........ 58, 149 

Chapman, Casey ................... 58, 151 

Chapman, Shani M.C. ........... 59, 154 

Chianese, Robert L. . 5, 26, 52, 53, 73 

Chiappelli, Francesco .. 5, 38, 39, 101 

Choi, H.K. ................................. 5, 51 

Choi, Hye-Won ..................... 59, 154 

Choi, Yongki ........................... 23, 66 

Christensen, Colleen ............. 43, 111 

Christiansen, Robert L. ................... 5 

Christianson, Roger G. .................... 5 

Cipollini, Giovanna . 39, 47, 103, 114 

Clement, Sandra L. . 50, 58, 124, 150 

Clercx, Herman ....................... 28, 76 

Cockitt, Jenefer A. ..... 35, 48, 95, 118 

Cogan, Christopher B. ........... 50, 124 

155

INDEX 

Cohen, Eliahu .......................... 30, 83 

Colacicco, Giovanni . 32, 47, 90, 114, 

115 

Collins, Philip G.................. 5, 23, 66 

Colten, Roger ........................ 56, 141 

Combs, Elijah .............................. 124 

Conlogue, Gerald J. 5, 46, 49, 55, 56, 

57, 120, 138, 141, 146 

Cook, Della Collins ............... 49, 122 

Cool, Carlyne .......... 49, 57, 120, 146 

Corbin, Joshua G. .................... 33, 92 

Cordy-Collins, Alana .......... 5, 48, 54 

Core, Andrew ........................ 51, 126 

Cornell, Ken .......................... 52, 130 

Corso, Brad L. ......................... 23, 66 

Cortés, María Bárbara Zepeda 26, 71 

Creel, Sarah C. ........................ 31, 86 

Crippen, Kent J. .................... 40, 105 

Crosignani, B. ......................... 30, 83 

Currie, Katherine ................... 49, 120 

Curry, Adam M. ...................... 29, 82 

Czworkowski, John ........... 5, 40, 105 

D 

Dagefoerde, Kati ................... 47, 115 

Daizo, M. Belén .................... 48, 117 

Dallman, A. ............................. 28, 79 

Damle, Uma J. ....................... 58, 147 

Dansie, Lorraine ...................... 33, 92 

Dascanio, Kristin M. ............... 23, 64 

David, A.R. ............................. 35, 48 

Davis, Jeff ..................................... 36 

Day, Jasmine ............. 34, 49, 93, 121 

De Gruchy, Cindy ................... 33, 91 

De Iasio, Sergia ..................... 57, 146 

Delay, James ......................... 49, 121 

Dell’anna, Alida .................... 57, 146 

Delorme, Arnaud ..................... 29, 82 

Delre, E. .................................. 30, 83 

Demerjian, Gary .................... 39, 101 

Denault, Seraphina ................ 51, 126 

De Neef, George R. ............... 51, 127 

Deneer, Harry ........................ 43, 112 

Derisi, Joseph ........................ 51, 126 

De Souza, Sheila Mendonca .. 21, 48, 

117 

Dietrich, Anne ....................... 47, 115 

Diporto, P. ............................... 30, 83 

Di Sabatino, S. ............ 28, 30, 79, 83 

Dobyns, York .......................... 29, 82 

Dominy, Nathaniel J. ............. 56, 141 

Dommermuth, Douglas G. ...... 28, 79 

Donoghue, Helen D. ............... 27, 75 

Doolittle, Coley J. ................. 52, 130 

Dore, Bruno ........................... 55, 138 

Dorfman, Konstantin E. .......... 30, 84 

Draper, Thomas W. ............... 58, 148 

Drew, Rose ............................ 48, 118 

Duffy, Lawrence K. ................. 32, 89 

Dupras, Tosha L. ................... 44, 112 

Duraj, Halina ............................. 5, 26 

Durán, Mariel ........................ 41, 107 

E 

Edgar, Heather ...................... 57, 146 

Eisen, Arri ............... 41, 56, 108, 141 

Elias, Jonathan P. ................... 56, 142 

Elitzur, Avshalom C. ......... 24, 30, 83 

Ellsworth, Brian .................... 59, 154 

Elitzur, Avshalom C. ..................... 68 

Eppich, Christopher .............. 56, 142 

Erolin, C.D. ............................. 37, 98 

Estrella, Kathleen F. .............. 50, 123 

Ethell, Douglas W. .................. 33, 92 

Ethell, Iryna M. ....................... 33, 92 

Evans, R. Paul .... 42, 51, 54, 56, 126, 

135, 142 

F 

Fahrenbach, Henner .............. 59, 151 

Falbo, C.E. ............................ 51, 129 

Farge, Marie ...................... 28, 78, 79 

Farnum, John B. ...................... 33, 91 

Fatemi, Mohammad Reza ..... 52, 130 

Fedoroff, Nina V.............................. 5 

Fernando, Harinda J.S. . 5, 13, 19, 27, 

28, 61, 79 

Fernicola, Vito C. .................. 43, 110 

Ferroglio, Ezio .......... 27, 57, 76, 145 

Filho, José D. Andrade ............ 27, 75 

Finch, Caleb E. ...................... 42, 108 

Fisler, Shara .......................... 50, 124 

Flores, Bernice ...................... 59, 152 

Flores, Carlos ........................ 41, 107 

Fornaciari, Gino 27, 44, 57, 76, 113, 145 

Fosso, Marina ........................ 58, 149 

Fox, Ronald L. ........................ 31, 87 

Franke, Andre .......... 39, 47, 104, 114 

Freeland, Deborah M. Hussey ..... 53, 

133 

Frerking, Christopher ............ 43, 111 

Fricker, Helen A. ..................... 29, 80 

Frohlilch, Bruno .................... 49, 123 

Fronsdal, Christian .................. 37, 99 

Frost, Caroline ....................... 58, 151 

Frost, Stephen ................................. 5 

Fuller, Elliot J. ......................... 23, 66 

156 Numbers less than 61 refer to the page(s) where a name appears in the program. 


G 

Gad, Yehia Z. ........................ 43, 110 

Gaither, Catherine ... 49, 57, 120, 146 

Galdamez, K.M. ...................... 24, 67 

Galindo, Armando J. ....................... 5 

Gall, Christine M. ................... 33, 92 

Gallien, Veronique ................ 47, 115 

Galván, Veronica ................. 5, 33, 91 

Galvez, Lilia .......................... 58, 150 

Ganus, Melissa .................. 32, 88, 89 

Garamella, J.T. ............ 24, 30, 67, 84 

Garcia-Caceres, Uriel ............ 48, 117 

Garcia, Danielle N. ........... 29, 80, 81 

Gardner, Scott L. ..... 56, 57, 143, 144 

Garvin, Greg ......................... 49, 120 

Gath, Eldon ............................. 26, 72 

Gazzolo, Brandn ..................... 28, 78 

Gelfand, Julia .......................... 25, 69 

Gibson, Carl H. ....................... 28, 79 

Gilbert, James G. ..................... 35, 95 

Gille, Sarah T. ......................... 29, 80 

Gill-Frerking, Heather .................. 33, 

39, 42, 43, 49, 56, 91, 104, 111, 

121, 122, 140 

Giuffra, Valentina 27, 44, 57, 76, 113, 

145 

Giusiani, Mario ..................... 44, 113 

Gize, Andy ............................ 56, 142 

Gledhill, Andrew ................... 44, 113 

Glick, Robert ........................... 26, 73 

Glover, Winifred ..................... 35, 95 

Go, Jai-Hyang ....................... 57, 145 

Goldman, Crystal .......... 5, 24, 25, 70 

Goldstein, Paul S. 5, 38, 55, 100, 137 

Gonzalez, Leticia .................. 41, 106 

Gonzalez, Ramone .. 49, 57, 120, 146 

Gonzalez, Tania ....................... 26, 72 

Goodwin, Lindsay ................. 50, 124 

Gosliner, Terrence ........................... 5 

Gostner, Paul ... 43, 47, 110, 114, 115 

Graefen, Angela ... 33, 34, 39, 47, 91, 

94, 104, 114 

Graeff, Roderich W. ................ 37, 99 

Gragg, Kyle ........................... 59, 151 

Gray, Sarah ............................ 58, 151 

Greenblatt, Charles L. ............. 27, 75 

Green, Ulrike M. ................... 38, 100 

Greider, Kristen N. .................. 23, 65 

Grilley, Michelle ................... 58, 149 

Gritzner, Jeffrey .................... 53, 133 

Groshong, Steve ...... 49, 57, 120, 146 

Grumer, Astrid .......... 33, 39, 91, 102 

Guillén, Sonia ....................... 55, 138

Guillon, Francois ................... 47, 115 

Guntheroth, Warren G. .......... 51, 127 

H 

Haas, Cordula .......................... 33, 90 

Haas-Gebhard, Brigitte ... 42, 54, 136 

Haas, Jan ............................... 39, 104 

Habibi-Rezaei, Mehran ......... 52, 130 

Hafernik, Carolyn T. ............. 51, 128 

Hafernik, John ................... 5, 51, 126 

Hager, E. Randolph ................. 31, 87 

Harker, Joshua ......................... 37, 99 

Harkins, Kelly M. ................... 27, 74 

Harkins, Timothy .................. 39, 104 

Harper-Beckett, Katherine .... 55, 138 

Harris, Mervyn ...................... 49, 122 

Harvey, Wendy A. ................. 52, 130 

Harvig, Lise ............................. 22, 63 

Hawass, Zahi ......................... 43, 110 

Healey, Colleen ....................... 33, 91 

Heckmann, Richard ............... 56, 142 

Heckman, Paul .................... 5, 36, 37 

Héctor M. Pucciarelli ............ 48, 117 

Helly, John J. ........................... 29, 80 

Herrera, Alberto ...... 49, 56, 121, 140 

Ho, Chuimei ............................ 36, 96 

Hofmann, Maria-Ines ............ 47, 115 

Holly, Samuel M. .................. 59, 151 

Hölzl, Stefan ................... 42, 54, 136 

Hoppa, Robert D. .................. 56, 142 

Horn, Peter ...................... 42, 54, 136 

Houlton, Tobias ......... 37, 56, 98, 139 

Houston, Derek ..................... 51, 126 

Huang, Alice S. ............................... 5 

Humphrey, Elaine ................. 43, 111 

Hunt, David R. ..... 13, 19, 49, 56, 61, 

123, 141 

Huntsman, Molly M. ............... 33, 92 

Hunt, Steven R. ....................... 23, 66 

Hu, Shen ................................ 59, 152 

I 

Ibison, Michael ....................... 24, 68 

Ikram, Salima 33, 39, 56, 91, 102, 141 

Ismail, Somaia ....................... 43, 110 

Ivanac, Gordana .............. 42, 54, 136 

Ivers, Jonathan ...................... 51, 126 

J 

Jabur, Alaa ............................. 44, 112 

Jacobitz, Frank G. .. 5, 27, 28, 51, 78, 

79 

Jacob, Reed B. ....................... 52, 129 

James, Matthew J. ........................... 5 

Jamili, Shahla ........................ 52, 130 

Janaway, Rob .......... 44, 55, 113, 138 

Janko, Marek ......................... 43, 110 

Jankovic, Ivor .................. 42, 54, 136 

Jasco, Peter .............................. 25, 69 

Jesudason, Christopher G. ....... 38, 99 

Jewett, Anahid ....................... 59, 153 

Johannes, Jeff .......................... 31, 87 

Johnson, Ronn ......... 5, 23, 64, 65, 66 

Jones, Sarah ........................... 59, 154 

Jorcyk, Cheryl L. ............... 5, 52, 131 

Jordan, Andrew N. .................. 24, 68 

Joshi, Saurabh ......... 50, 58, 124, 150 

K 

Kakareka, Joseph .................. 53, 133 

Kandea, Yukio ......................... 28, 78 

Kang, Mo .............................. 59, 153 

Kanz, Fabian ........................... 37, 98 

Karsten, Jordan ..................... 48, 118 

Kastner, Ruth E. ...................... 24, 68 

Katus, Hugo .......................... 39, 104 

Katzenberg, M. Anne ............ 44, 113 

Kaufmann, Ina ................... 22, 62, 63 

Kaufmann, Ronald S. ... 5, 28, 29, 80, 

81 

Kaufmann, Walter E. ............... 33, 92 

Kawasaki, Yukie .................... 58, 149 

Keefe, Peter D. ........................ 37, 99 

Keller, Andreas ........ 39, 47, 104, 114 

Khairat, Rabab ...................... 39, 104 

Kim, Myeung Ju........ 34, 57, 93, 145 

Kim, Yi-Suk .............. 34, 57, 93, 145 

King, Jerry ............................... 31, 85 

Kingston, John ........ 41, 56, 108, 141 

Kloock, Carl .......................... 50, 124 

Kooba, Benjamin .................. 56, 139 

Kostic, Milivoje M. ............... 38, 100 

Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin, Iwona . 49, 

122 

Krutak, Lars .............. 35, 43, 96, 110 

Kumm, Kelsey J. ................... 56, 143 

Kyle, Wesley ......................... 55, 138 

L 

Lacovara, Peter ..................... 41, 107 

Lamb, Cheri L. ...................... 59, 154 

Lanzirotti, Antonio .. 44, 57, 113, 145 

Lanzon, Caitlin ...................... 59, 153 

Laporte, Léo .................................... 5 

Larson, Don ................................... 15 

Lau, Tammy ...................... 15, 36, 98 

INDEX 

Lauterborn, Julie C. ................. 33, 92 

Leboreiro, Ilán ........... 5, 41, 106, 107 

Lee, Clarence ........................ 39, 104 

Lee, In Sun ............................ 57, 145 

Lee, Suzanne R. ...... 50, 58, 124, 150 

Lehn, Christine ................ 42, 54, 136 

Leidinger, Petra ..................... 39, 104 

Lei, Kenny ............................. 58, 148 

Lein, Melissa ......................... 56, 143 

Leo, L. ..................................... 28, 79 

Leroy-Toren, Sara ................. 56, 143 

Leshner, Alan I. ............................... 5 

Lesyk, Sonia .......................... 48, 117 

Leveque, Mimi ...................... 41, 108 

Leviton, Alan E. .............................. 5 

Levy, Sharon ..................... 14, 20, 62 

Lewis, Mary E. ...................... 59, 152 

Lichter-Peled, Anat ................. 34, 94 

Liechtenstein, Lukas ............... 28, 78 

Link, Karl .............................. 47, 116 

Liu, Honghu .................. 58, 147, 148 

Loesch, Sandra .... 27, 42, 54, 76, 136 

Lombardi, Guido P. ......... 21, 48, 117 

Lonfat, Bettina M. Kreissl 22, 62, 63 

Longstaffe, Fred J. .. 39, 55, 104, 137 

Lord, Constance ............ 49, 119, 120 

Lowery, Mary Sue ...... 29, 59, 80, 81, 

153, 154 

Loy, Gareth ............................. 31, 86 

Lupton, Carter ....................... 56, 142 

Lynch, Gary ............................. 33, 92 

Lynnerup, Niels 5, 22, 39, 47, 57, 62, 

63, 102, 145 

Lyons, Mary ............................ 13, 19 

Ly, Pearl .............................. 5, 25, 45 

Lywood, Victoria ................... 56, 139 

Numbers less than 61 refer to the page(s) where a name appears in the program. 157 


M 

Macias, Candy ....................... 59, 153 

MacKenzie, Mark ................... 31, 85 

MacNeil, Michael D. ....................... 5 

Madden, Gwyn ........ 48, 56, 118, 140 

Mahalingam, Shankar ............. 28, 77 

Maida, Barbara Yablon ......... 53, 132 

Maida, Carl A. ... 5, 26, 36, 37, 53, 73 

Maixner, Frank 33, 34, 39, 43, 47, 57, 

91, 94, 102, 103, 104, 110, 114, 

144 

Malcom, Shirley ...................... 14, 36 

Malgora, Sabina .................... 49, 122 

Malicky, David M. .................. 31, 87 

Mallett, Xanthe ....................... 37, 98 

Mallin, D.J. ................. 24, 30, 67, 84 

Mallory, Chris ....................... 52, 129

INDEX 

Mankowske, Faye ................. 52, 131 

Mansilla, Josefina ...... 5, 41, 106, 107 

Marcus, Marvin ....... 37, 58, 147, 148 

Markwyn, Abigail ................... 36, 97 

Marlett, Cathy Moser ............ 50, 125 

Martin, Brandon S. .................. 33, 92 

Martín, Conrado Rodríguez ... 13, 19, 

20, 31, 61, 86 

Maruyama, Magoroh ............. 53, 134 

Massa, Emma Rabino ........... 55, 138 

Mathis, Jason......................... 51, 126 

Mattutino, Grazia .................. 43, 110 

Matzas, Mark ........................ 39, 104 

May, Edwin C. ........................ 29, 82 

Mayer, Jens ........................... 39, 104 

Mayer, Michael S. ......................... 14 

Maynard, Trevor ..................... 28, 77 

McCarthy, Cheyenne ............. 56, 139 

McCreesh, Natalie ................. 56, 142 

McDougal, Owen M. ........ 5, 52, 129 

McGraw, Donald J. ..... 5, 52, 53, 132 

McGuire, J.B. .......................... 30, 84 

McKnight, Lidija .... 49, 56, 119, 120, 

142 

McLaughlin, Stephen ............ 39, 104 

Meder, Benjamin ................... 39, 104 

Meese, Eckart ........................ 40, 104 

Mehrazarin, Shebli ................ 59, 153 

Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram ... 37, 98 

Mejía, Elizabeth ...... 49, 56, 121, 140 

Meldrum, D. Jeffrey ... 5, 50, 59, 125, 

126, 151 

Menendez-Taboada, María Teresa 41, 

107 

Merkhofer, Evan C. . 50, 58, 124, 150 

Metcalfe, Ryan J. 42, 48, 54, 118, 135 

Meyer, Carol Anne .................. 25, 70 

Michel, Leena ......................... 29, 82 

Mihram, Danielle .... 50, 53, 125, 132 

Mihram, G. Arthur .. 50, 53, 125, 132 

Mitchell, Kristen A. . 52, 59, 130, 154 

Mitchell, Paul ........................ 50, 125 

Mitterer, Christian ................... 34, 94 

Moddel, Garret .................. 24, 29, 82 

Molteni, Valeria E. .................. 25, 69 

Monge, Janet M. ........................... 42 

Monsalve, María Victoria . 5, 43, 111 

Montufar, Aurora .................. 56, 140 

Moody, Issa ............................. 23, 66 

Moosavi-Movahedi, Alia ...... 52, 130 

Moreno, Victor ...................... 41, 106 

Moritz, Gillian L. .................. 56, 141 

Morse, Michael S. ................. 53, 135 

Mullins, Garrett ..................... 56, 142 

Mulpuri, Yatendra ................. 59, 152 

Munns, Bill ........................... 50, 126 

Murphy, Eileen ........................ 35, 95 

Murray, John M. ...... 51, 53, 127, 133 

Murray, Steven A. ......................... 16 

Murray, Wendy V. ................. 53, 133 

N 

Napoles, Rosa ....................... 59, 154 

Nash, Stephen E. ..................... 35, 96 

Nelson, Andrew J. .... 48, 49, 56, 118, 

119, 120, 123, 139, 141 

Nelson, Sky E.......................... 29, 83 

Nerlich, Andreas G. 5, 27, 42, 54, 57, 

74, 75, 76, 136, 145 

Nervina, Jeanne ..................... 59, 154 

Nesteruk, Rachel Sewell ....... 50, 126 

Newell, Patrick ........................ 25, 70 

Newey, Carter ....................... 56, 142 

Nielles-Vallespin, Sonia .. 42, 54, 136 

Nishimura, Ishiro .................... 12, 19 

Nishita, J. Kenneth .................... 5, 53 

Nuhfer, Edward B. ................ 50, 124 

Nunes, Nicole ........................ 40, 104 

O 

Oeggl, Klaus ......................... 47, 114 

Oehstroem, Lena ................... 47, 114 

Oh, Chang Seok ........ 34, 57, 93, 145 

Oh, Ju Eun ............................. 59, 153 

Okamoto, Naoya ..................... 28, 78 

Oliver, Elena ......................... 58, 148 

Olmos-Serrano, Jose Luis ....... 33, 92 

Oluwasemilore, Ifeoma Ann ... 25, 70 

O’Madden, Nicholas F. ........... 23, 66 

Osborn, Karen J. ..................... 29, 81 

O’Shea, Thomas T. .................. 28, 79 

Osigbeme, Monique 41, 56, 108, 141 

Otto, Stefanie .......... 50, 58, 124, 150 

P 

Padman, Laurie ....................... 29, 80 

Palacios, Patricia ................... 38, 100 

Paluszkiewicz, Scott M. .......... 33, 92 

Pan, Hansheng ......................... 28, 77 

Panzer, Stephanie ...... 32, 42, 90, 109 

Paolo, Fernando S. .................. 29, 80 

Papageorgopoulou, Christina ... 5, 32, 

33, 43, 47, 89, 90, 110, 115, 116 

Parsons, Xuejun H. ............... 52, 131 

Parvin, Liz ............................. 56, 140 

Pasion, Sally G. ..................... 59, 154 

Pathak, Abhishek ..................... 37, 99 



Paulsen, Katja ......................... 33, 90 

Pearl, Alison ............................ 26, 73 

Pearlstein, Kristen ................. 49, 123 

Pellegrini, Gerald .................... 30, 84 

Perkins, Kala ......................... 51, 128 

Pernter, Patrizia ..................... 43, 110 

Perrine, Kenneth ................... 58, 147 

Peschel, Oliver ................ 42, 54, 136 

Petty, Anita .................... 5, 30, 31, 85 

Phillips, Genevieve ................. 31, 85 

Phommahaxay, Kelly .............. 33, 92 

Photinos, Panos ............. 5, 23, 24, 67 

Piceno, Michelle ................... 59, 152 

Pichler, Barbara ..................... 39, 102 

Pidwirny, Michael ................. 58, 149 

Pijoan, Carmen ...................... 41, 107 

Pilotte, Julie............................. 33, 91 

Pinar, Guadelupe ................... 39, 103 

Piombino-Mascali, Dario ............... 5, 

39, 42, 43, 47, 56, 57, 102, 103, 

109, 110, 114, 143, 144 

Plunger, Elizabeth M. ..... 38, 55, 100, 

137 

Pollard, Mark ........................ 47, 116 

Pompa, Sandra ...................... 41, 106 

Pournazeri, Sam ................ 28, 77, 78 

Poursasan, Najmeh ................ 52, 130 

Powell, Mary Lucas .............. 49, 122 

Press-Dawson, Andee ................... 37 

Press, William ................................. 5 

Princevac, Barko ..................... 28, 77 

Princevac, Marko .............. 28, 77, 78 

Pusch, Carsten ....................... 40, 104 

Pusch, Carsten M. ..... 27, 43, 76, 110 

Q 

Qualls, Clifford .. 31, 44, 57, 85, 113, 

145 

Quaroni, Luca ....................... 43, 111 

Quock, Christopher ............... 51, 126 

R 

Radin, Dean ............................. 29, 82 

Ragavan, Anpalaki J. ..... 58, 147, 148 

Raghavan, Maanasa .............. 47, 115 

Ramírez, Angeles ........ 20, 31, 61, 86 

Ramsey, Chenere Pierce . 41, 56, 108, 

141 

Randall, Tori .................................. 49 

Rasmussen, Morten ............... 41, 106 

Rattei, Thomas ...................... 39, 103 

Raubener, Sarah .................... 38, 100 

Raubenheimer, Sarah ............ 55, 138

Rauen, Kenneth M. ................. 30, 84 

Rawson, David A. ................... 34, 93 

Razak, Khaleel ........................ 33, 92 

Redman, Emily T.H. ............. 53, 132 

Redman, Samuel ..................... 36, 96 

Reifer, Thomas ........................ 26, 71 

Reinhard, Karl J. ...... 39, 56, 57, 103, 

143, 144 

Reisenbichler, Kim R. ............. 29, 81 

Reiter, Gert ...................... 42, 54, 136 

Renée, Stein .......................... 41, 108 

Rentsch, Katharina ................ 47, 115 

Richardson, Dennis J. ........... 55, 138 

Roberts, Charlotte ................... 27, 76 

Robinson, Jalisa J. ................. 52, 130 

Robinson, Joshua .... 41, 56, 108, 141 

Robison, Bruce H. ................... 29, 81 

Rodgers, Victor G.J. .............. 51, 128 

Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia . 21, 48, 

117 

Rodriguez, Jose M. ............... 58, 148 

Rodriguez, Marco Antonio .... 41, 106 

Rodriguez, Rusty ................... 50, 126 

Rogers, J. David ................ 26, 71, 72 

Rollo, F.U. ............................. 43, 110 

Roque, Rouel S. .............................. 5 

Rosendahl, Wilfried . 39, 49, 56, 104, 

121, 122, 140 

Rotschafer, Sarah .................... 33, 92 

Rottman, James W. .................. 28, 79 

Rowe, Marvin ............... 5, 30, 31, 85 

Rühli, Frank J. .................... 5, 22, 32, 

33, 39, 43, 47, 48, 56, 62, 63, 

89, 90, 102, 103, 110, 114, 115, 

116, 117, 140 

Runckel, Charles ................... 51, 126 

Rydell, Robert W. .......................... 35 

Rynn, Christopher ................... 37, 98 

S 

Saedi, Sahand ........................ 47, 116 

Saffon, Teri .................................... 48 

Saied, Adel .............................. 30, 85 

Samadelli, Marco . 33, 39, 40, 43, 47, 

91, 103, 104, 110, 114 

Saner, Gary B. ....................... 53, 135 

Santos, Diego M.................... 48, 117 

Sarkar, Sutanu ......................... 28, 76 

Sarmiento, Esteban ............... 50, 125 

Sartori, Alexander ................. 39, 104 

Savoy, Johnnie .............................. 37 

Sawrey, Barbara .................... 40, 105 

Schanandore, James .............. 49, 121 

Schmidt, Larry ........................ 25, 71 

Schneider, Kai ......... 5, 27, 28, 78, 79 

Schoenian, Gabriele .......... 27, 74, 76 

Schoeninger, Margaret J. 38, 55, 100, 

138 

Schraut, Bettina ....................... 27, 75 

Schroffenegger, Franz ........... 39, 102 

Schrunk, David G. ................. 53, 135 

Schubert, Thomas F. .................. 5, 31 

Schulman, L.S. ............ 24, 30, 67, 83 

Schulte, Nico ........................... 28, 77 

Schwartz, Rebecca F. ............ 51, 127 

Scully, Marlan O. .................... 30, 84 

Seapy, Dave ............................. 30, 85 

Searchey, Nicole ................... 57, 144 

Seethaler, Sherry ....................... 5, 40 

Seiler, Gretchen ............................... 5 

Seiler, Roger ............ 39, 47, 103, 115 

Selim, Ashraf ......................... 43, 110 

Semigran, Stu ................................ 37 

Seo, Min .................................. 34, 93 

Serano, Ana ........................... 41, 107 

Shachter, Amy ..................... 5, 32, 89 

Shaheen, Ronald ..................... 31, 87 

Shah, Minita .......................... 39, 104 

Shahmirian, Laurine J. .......... 52, 130 

Shaw, David E. ................................ 5 

Sheehan, Daniel P. 5, 24, 30, 66, 67, 84 

Sherlock, Rob E. ..................... 29, 81 

Shin, Dong Hoon ... 5, 34, 57, 93, 94, 

144, 145 

Shin, Ki-Hyuk ....................... 59, 152 

Shiozawa, Dennis K. ............. 51, 126 

Shoup, Richard ........................ 24, 68 

Shrestha, Sanjib ..................... 58, 149 

Shrimpton, Sarah ..................... 35, 95 

Shved, Natallia .... 32, 33, 47, 90, 116 

Shyy, John Yj ........................ 51, 128 

Siapno, Travis ....................... 51, 126 

Sims, Patrick C........................ 23, 66 

Sison, Jay .............................. 39, 101 

Smith, Bernadette E. ............. 52, 132 

Smith, Christopher D. ........... 51, 126 

Smith, Colin .......................... 41, 106 

Smith, Jr., Kenneth L. ............. 29, 81 

Smith, Julia I. .............................. 124 

Somerville, Andrew D. .. 38, 55, 100, 

137 

Song, Chenxi ......................... 59, 152 

Soria, Enrique Chacón .......... 41, 105 

Spangler, Jessica ................... 39, 104 

Speier, Peter ...... 42, 47, 54, 114, 136 

Spigelman, Igor ..................... 59, 152 

Spigelman, Mark ..... 5, 27, 34, 75, 94 

Spilde, Mike .............. 31, 44, 85, 113 

INDEX 

Sprintall, Janet ......................... 29, 80 

Staninger, Steven ...................... 5, 25 

Stapp, Henry P. ........................ 29, 81 

Steelman, Karen L. ................. 31, 85 

Stephenson, Jr., Don R. ........... 29, 80 

Sterflinger-Gleixner, Katja .... 39, 103 

Stern, Ben ................ 44, 55, 113, 138 

Stöllner, Thomas ................... 47, 116 

Stratton, Stephen ..................... 25, 70 

Struck, Ulrich .................. 42, 54, 136 

Sturz, Anne A. ......... 5, 25, 26, 28, 29 

Stweard, Oswald ..................... 33, 92 

Suchey, Judy Myers .............. 49, 120 

Sullivan, Julie ................................ 13 

Sundar, Vikram ..................... 58, 149 

Sviszinsky, Anatoly A. ............ 30, 84 

Swanston, Treena .................. 43, 112 

Sydler, Christina .................... 48, 117 

Numbers less than 61 refer to the page(s) where a name appears in the program. 159 


T 

Takemoto, Jon Y. ................... 58, 149 

Talley, Drew M. ............................ 16 

Tanner, Kimberly D. ......... 5, 37, 124 

Tansey, Malu ........... 41, 56, 108, 141 

Tan, Si ..................................... 28, 77 

Tavakoli, Maria Jelaca .......... 59, 152 

Tawara, Ken .......................... 52, 130 

Taylor, Timothy ....... 44, 55, 113, 138 

Tejada, Francisco A. .............. 48, 117 

Terrazas, Alejandro ............... 49, 121 

Thompson, Randall C. 5, 42, 108, 109 

Tibbetts, Ian .......................... 51, 127 

Tomanek, Debra .................... 40, 105 

Treloar, Elizabeth Baker ............... 14 

Trisciuoglio, Anna ................... 27, 76 

Tseng, Helen ......................... 59, 153 

Tukeman, Gabriel L. ............. 50, 123 

Tyson, Rose ......................... 5, 48, 54 

U 

Udokop, Rebecca .................. 59, 152 

Ukachi, Ngozi Blessing .......... 25, 70 

Unmack, Peter ....................... 51, 126 

Uranic, Igor ..................... 42, 54, 136 

Ussery, Ayana ........................ 59, 154 

V 

Valdiosera, Christina ............. 41, 106 

Van Buskirk, Richard W. ........... 5, 50 

Vandeburgt, Melissa Minds..... 25, 70 

Vanderklish, Peter W. .......... 5, 33, 91 

Van der Sanden, Wijnand 43, 57, 110, 

144

INDEX 

Van Doren, Gregory S. ............ 32, 89 

Vandrangi, Prashanthi ........... 51, 128 

Van Uum, Stan ...................... 55, 137 

Vavra, Jay S. .. 5, 37, 50, 58, 123, 150 

Velo, Ani P. ................................ 5, 31 

Venkatram, Akula .............. 28, 77, 78 

Vernet, Maria ........................... 29, 80 

Vicente-Crespo, Marta ... 50, 58, 124, 

150 

Vieten, Cassandra .................... 29, 82 

Vigl, Eduard Egarter 33, 39, 40, 43, 47, 

91, 102, 103, 104, 110, 114, 115 

Villa, Chiara .......................... 57, 145 

Viviano, Carolyn ..................... 32, 88 

Von Waldburg, Hendrik......... 47, 114 

Vu, Henry ................................ 28, 77 

W 

Wade, Andrew D. ... 49, 56, 120, 123, 

141 

Walker, David ....................... 43, 111 

Walker, Ernie ......................... 43, 112 

Walther, Markus .................... 47, 114 

Wanek, Johann ... 32, 39, 56, 90, 102, 

140 

Wang, Yan ..................... 58, 147, 148 

Wann, L. Samuel ................... 42, 108 

Ward, Chardonnay ................ 59, 152 

Warinner, Christina ............... 47, 116 

Webb, Emily.......................... 55, 137 

Weibel, Deana ......................... 36, 97 

Weise, David R. ...................... 28, 77 

Weiss, Gregory A. ................... 23, 66 

Wharton, Ken .......................... 24, 67 

Wheeler, Sandra M. .............. 44, 112 

Whitchurch, David M. ..... 42, 54, 56, 

135, 142 

White, Christine D. . 39, 55, 104, 137 

Wienhausen, Gabriele .... 50, 58, 124, 

150 

Wilkinson, Caroline 5, 35, 37, 95, 98 

Willerlev, Eske ...................... 41, 106 

Williams, Jocelyn S. .... 5, 43, 44, 113 

Williams, Lana J. .................. 44, 112 

Wilson, Andrew S. 5, 43, 44, 55, 113, 

138 

Wisseman, Sarah U. .............. 56, 141 

Woitek, Ulrich ....................... 48, 117 

Wolfe, S.J. ............. 5, 34, 56, 93, 140 

Wolf, Fred Alan ....................... 29, 83 

Wood, Gregory ...................... 50, 124 

Woodward, Julia...... 49, 57, 120, 146 

Wortmann, Franz-Josef ......... 44, 112 

Wortmann, Gabriele .............. 43, 112 

Y 

Yamamoto, Yoshiko ................ 36, 97 

Yin, Zhi-Yong ....................... 58, 150 

Yoshimatsu, Sunori ................. 28, 78 

Yzurdiga, Linda ...... 38, 55, 100, 138 

Z 

Zavon, Bonnie ......................... 25, 69 

Zhang, Min ............................ 59, 152 

Zhu, Zixu ................................. 29, 82 

Zimmerman, Barbara H. ....... 49, 119 

Zimmerman, Michael R. ....... 49, 119 

Zink, Albert 5, 27, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 

43, 47, 57, 75, 91, 94, 102, 103, 

104, 109, 110, 114, 115, 144 


Numbers 61 and greater refer to the page(s) on which an author’s abstract may be found.

7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?